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CERTAIN 
 
 ABORIGINAL REMAINS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 NORTHWEST FLORIDA COAST 
 
 PART I. 
 
 BY 
 
 CLARENCE B. MOORE. 
 
 REPRINT FROM THE JOURNAL OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL 
 
 SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, VOLUME XI. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, 1901. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA : 
 
 P. C. STOCKHAUSEN, 
 
 53-55 N. yth St., 
 
 1901. 
 
OUTLINE MAP OP FLORIDA 
 
 Showing author s explorations 
 
 Scale in miles 
 1901 
 
 o\ Search 
 
 1 1 563? 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE NORTHWEST 
 
 FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 PART I. 
 BY CLARENCE B. MOORE. 
 
 During the past ten seasons we have investigated aboriginal remains in the 
 southern United States and have devoted most of that period to Florida and to the 
 States that border it, Alabama and Georgia. By the outline map of Florida which 
 we give, showing the territory covered by our work in that State, it will be seen 
 that nearly all the waterways had been investigated by us, except the northwest 
 coast. Now, this portion of Florida should be of great interest archseologically, 
 bordering, as it does, a section stretching across much of southern Georgia and 
 most of southern Alabama, and an investigation by us looking to the tracing of 
 possible influence from States where we have done so much work, on peninsular 
 Florida, which we know so well, through the coast-territory, seemed to be worth 
 our while. 
 
 Beginning, then, in the winter of 1901, at Perdido bay, the coast-boundary 
 between Alabama and Florida (see map), we explored carefully eastward, including 
 Pensacola bay, Santa Rosa sound and Choctawhatchee bay. Our results, which 
 are largely based on the discovery of earthenware, are given in this part of our 
 Report. 
 
 It is our hope, next year, if all goes well, carefully to cover St. Andrew s, and 
 St. Joseph s, bay, Apalachicola bay, St. George s sound, Apalachee bay and all the 
 lower northwest coast to Tampa, including, perhaps, parts of some of the rivers 
 that enter the Gulf along our route. 
 
 The mounds of the section we have explored, we know from experience, and of 
 the territory we hope to visit, from reliable accounts, have been exposed to relent 
 less attack by seekers for buried treasure. In no part of Florida is the pursuit of 
 this ignis fatuus so intense, and persons, otherwise sane, seemingly, spend consider 
 able portions of their time with spade and divining rod in fruitless search. Fortu 
 nately, the mounds, though injured, have not been destroyed. 
 
 In the way of legitimate research, Mr. S. T. Walker in the Smithsonian Report 
 for 1883, 1 gives an account of his explorations along Pensacola bay, Santa Rosa 
 sound and Choctawhatchee bay, with maps and with figures of human and animal 
 
 1 Pg. 854, et seq. 
 
 54 JOUEN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
422 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 heads which have served as handles for earthenware. Mr. Walker failed to find 
 the deposit of earthenware in the great mound at Walton s Camp. 
 
 Professor Holmes informs us that an interesting collection of earthenware was 
 taken from the mound at Bear Point, Perdido bay, by Mr. Parsons, then of the 
 Coast Survey, and we are indebted to Professor Holmes for a series of illustrations 
 of these vessels which resemble those found by us, and which will form a plate in 
 Professor Holmes forthcoming report on aboriginal earthenware of the United 
 States, to be published by the Bureau of Ethnology. 1 
 
 In the Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of 
 Science, 1875, page 282, et seq., G. M. Sternberg, Surgeon, U. S. A., publishes an 
 account of " Indian Burial Mounds and Shellheaps near Pensacola, Florida, Bay." 
 The author describes his explorations in the Bear Point Mound and in the mound 
 at Walton s Camp, Santa Rosa sound, where he, also, we note, missed the great 
 deposit of earthenware. 
 
 The student of the archaeology of this part of the Florida coast is doubtless 
 familiar with " The Narrative of Alvar Nunez Cabe^a de Vaca," 2 who landed at 
 Tampa in 1527 with part of an ill-fated expedition, and who spent six years (1528- 
 1533) as a prisoner among the aborigines of the northwest Florida coast, living at 
 places where explorations treated of in this volume were carried on, on Santa Rosa 
 Island (Malhado Island) and near Pensacola bay. The inhabitants of this section 
 are described as poor. We are told (p. 50) " for three months in the year they eat 
 nothing else than these [oysters] and drink very bad water. There is great want 
 of wood, and mosquitoes are in very great numbers. The houses are of mats, set 
 up on masses of oyster shells, which they sleep upon, and in skins, should they 
 accidentally possess them." Nevertheless, these coast aborigines were possessed of 
 earthenware. " Before their houses were many clay pitchers of water," we are 
 told (page 35). 
 
 Dr. M. G. Miller, who has accompanied us in all our mound work, determined, 
 as to human remains, this season, as before, and aided in our work generally and in 
 putting this Report through the press. 
 
 1 We would call the attention of any reader wishing a more thorough acquaintance with the 
 aboriginal ware of this country to: 
 
 " Pottery of the Ancient Pueblos." 
 
 " Ancient Pottery of the Mississippi Valley." 
 
 " Origin and Development of Form and Ornament in Ceramic Art." 
 
 All by Professor Holmes and all in the Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 
 1882-1883; and in the same volume "A Study of Pueblo Pottery as Illustrative of Zuiii Culture 
 Growth," by Frank Hamilton Gushing. 
 
 " Archaeological Expedition to Arizona in 1895," by Jesse Walter Fewkes. Seventeenth 
 Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1895-1896. 
 
 "Illustrated Catalogue," etc., by William H. Holmes. Third Annual Report of the Bureau 
 of Ethnology, 1881-1882. 
 
 "Contributions to the Archaeology of Missouri, Part I, Pottery," by the Archaeological Section 
 of the St. Louis Academy of Sciences. 
 
 " Antiquities of Tennessee," by Gates P. Thruston, 
 
 Various Reports on Antiquities of Florida, Georgia, South Carolina and Alabama, by Clarence 
 B. Moore. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Volumes X and XI. 
 
 2 English translation by Buckingham Smith. Privately printed, Washington, 1851. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 423 
 
 List of Mounds Investigated. 
 (See Map) 
 
 Bear Point, Perdido bay. 
 
 Near Bear Point, Perdido bay. 
 
 Josephine P. 0., Perdido bay. 
 
 Maester Creek, Blackwater bay. 
 
 Graveyard Point, East bay. 
 
 Santa Rosa sound (2). 
 
 Walton s Camp, Santa Rosa sound. 
 
 Don s Bayou, Choctawhatchee bay. 
 
 Black Point, Choctawhatchee bay. 
 
 Rocky Bayou, Choctawhatchee bay (2). 
 
 Basin Bayou, Choctawhatchee bay. 
 
 Jolly Bay, Choctawhatchee bay. 
 
 Black Creek, Choctawhatchee bay (3). 
 
 Near Point Washington, Choctawhatchee bay. 
 
 Cemetery near Point Washington, Choctawhatchee bay. 
 
 Hogtown Bayou, Choctawhatchee bay. 
 
 MOUND AT BEAR POINT, PERDIDO BAY, BALDWIN COUNTY, ALA. 1 
 
 This mound was in woods about 150 yards in a N. W. direction from Bear 
 Point, on land belonging to Mr. Arthur B. Jones, of Chicago, 111. 
 
 The mound, which had been fairly riddled by previous digging, was roughly 
 circular in outline, with a diameter at base of 80 feet. The summit plateau, also 
 circular, was 63 feet across. As the mound was partly surrounded by depressions, 
 whence sand for its making had come, its southern portion, built up against a 
 natural slope, was somewhat difficult to determine as to height. On the northwest 
 side the mound was 7 feet 2 inches above the general level and 8 feet on the north 
 east side. Measured from the south, it was but 1 foot 8 inches above the adjoining 
 territory. Forest trees were on the plateau, including a fallen live oak 10 feet in 
 circumference, 4 feet from the base. 
 
 The mound was dug through by us beginning at the extreme margin of the 
 northern portion with a line of men extending about 50 feet. As no interments 
 were met with until the summit plateau was reached, portions of the remaining 
 marginal parts were omitted. 
 
 The mound was of yellowish sand, unstratified. A dark band marked the 
 base, which was the original surface of the surrounding country. From the surface 
 of the summit plateau in the northerly portions of the mound, to the base, was 5 
 feet 4 inches, and this depth was maintained until the slope of the ridge to the 
 south was reached, where the mound and the slope merged. 
 
 1 As Perdido bay is the coast boundary between Alabama and Florida, we have included this 
 mound. 
 
424 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 Some distance in from the margin, a second dark band began from 2 to 2.5 feet 
 above the base. This band, which contained bits of charcoal and debris, marked a 
 period of occupation, making it evident that the aborigines, after living for a while 
 on a low mound, had heightened it and used it for burial purposes. Few burials 
 were found below the upper band, and when they were met with, the band had 
 been cut through. Two good examples of the domiciliary mound heightened and 
 then used for burials have been described by us in preceding Reports ; namely, the 
 great Shields Mound, near the mouth of the St. John s river, Florida, and the 
 mound at Matthew s Landing, Alabama river. 
 
 In all, human remains were met with in forty-four places, counting only such 
 burials as were seemingly undisturbed by previous digging. 
 
 Unless otherwise stated, burials were above the upper dark line in the mound. 
 
 Burial No. 1. Two femurs and part of a radius. 
 
 Burial No. 2. Two skulls with a conch-shell in association. These skulls. 
 like all others in this mound, were badly decayed and are spoken of as skulls 
 because enough of them remained to show that two crania, or the better part of two 
 crania, had been interred. 
 
 Burials Nos. 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 16, 17, consisted each, of a single skull, unas- 
 sociated with other bones. With Burial No. 12 were two shell beads. 
 
 Burial No. 6. A lone skull covered by a circular dish inverted, unfortunately 
 badly crushed. This dish, without basal perforation, of rather coarse, black ware, 
 has incised decoration on the inner surface and a row of notches around the rim. 
 Its diameter is 15.75 inches; its depth, 4 inches. A former cracked portion had 
 been held together by cords or sinews running through perforations on either side 
 of the crack. Incidentally, it is of interest to note that this method of repair was 
 in use in Egypt probably 5000 years ago. 1 This dish has been sent to the Museum 
 at Memorial Hall, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. 
 
 Burial No. 10. Part of a femur, possibly a late disturbance. 
 
 Burial No. 11. A few decayed fragments of one or two long-bones with a chert 
 lancehead over 4 inches in length. 
 
 Burial No. 13. A grave or a late disturbance. A pit running from, or from 
 near, the surface, cutting through the upper dark band and extending almost to the 
 base of the mound. On the bottom was a bit of a skull and a humerus. 
 
 Burial No. 14. Fragments of decaying long-bones lying in sand unquestion 
 ably undisturbed. 
 
 Burial No. 15. A bunch of badly decayed bones, principally long-bones, with 
 out a skull. 
 
 Burials Nos. 18, 26, 27, 33, 44. Each a skull with a few other bones. 
 
 Burial No. 19. A few bones without a skull. 
 
 Burial No. 20. Bones falling in caved sand. With them was a quadrilateral 
 
 "Naquada and Ballas," by W. M. Flinders Petrie, D. C. L., L. L. D., and J. E. Quibell, B. A., 
 London, 1896. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 425 
 
 vessel with four rudimentary feet. The decoration is an incised representation of 
 animal paws. Diameter at opening 3.6 inches ; height, 2 inches (Fig. 1). 
 
 Burial No. 21. Over the skull of a 
 child, with which were four large shell 
 beads, was an inverted bowl broken into 
 many pieces. This bowl, since put together, 
 is 11.25 inches in maximum diameter and 
 4.25 inches in depth. It has no basal per 
 foration. The decoration, incised, Profes 
 sor Holmes tells us, consists of a conven 
 tionalized animal head showing the eye 
 and teeth. On either side are other parts 
 of the animal s body highly conventional 
 ized (Fig. 2). This symbolism on earthenware, which reached its greatest extent 
 along the Gulf coast, will be treated exhaustively by Professor Holmes in his forth 
 coming work, to which we have already referred. 
 
 FIG. 1. Vessel with Burial No. 20. Mound at Bear 
 Point. (Two-thirds size.) 
 
 FIG. 2. Vessel with Burial No. 21. Mound at Bear Point. (Half size.) 
 
 Burial No. 22. A skull with a few long-bones. With the bones was a beauti 
 ful bottle of smooth black ware, with a globular body incised in an interesting way 
 over every portion. A white substance, placed in the linesj greatly emphasizes 
 them. The neck of this bottle is missing through an early fracture. Maximum 
 diameter, 3.25 inches. Near the vessel lay an iron nail. 
 
 Burial No. 23. Part of a dish of smooth black ware with the remainder 
 probably cut away by recent digging. Beneath were disturbed bones. 
 
 Burial No. 24. Certain long-bones without a skull. An arrowpoint lay with 
 them. 
 
 Burial No. 25. Part of a dish of black ware, well smoothed, with an incised 
 line encircling the interior below the margin. Recent digging had removed a con- 
 
426 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 siderable part of this plate and possibly some bones, as a single molar only was 
 present. 
 
 Burial No. 28. At the base of a pit beginning at or near the surface, which 
 extended through the upper dark band and a short distance below the base, were 
 remains of what had been a wooden box about 2 feet square. Little more than 
 dust remained. Badly rusted nails and small clamps of iron were present. Within 
 the remains of the box, packed together, were : two skulls ; four femurs ; four 
 tibiae ; two scapulae ; one clavicle ; certain ribs and vertebrae ; also glass beads. 
 
 Burial No. 29. Skull and certain bones of an adult with some bones of a 
 child, without the skull. With these were thirty large shell beads and three shell 
 hairpins, the shanks partly decayed. 
 
 Burial No. 30. Under an inverted bowl in fragments were : a small bit of 
 shell and certain milk teeth ; bitumen ; twelve silver buttons ; glass beads ; an 
 undated silver Coin of Spanish-Mexico, which, we were informed at the United 
 States Mint, was struck by Charles and Joanna between 1521 and 1550 A.D. ; 
 an iron spike ; a small piece of sheet brass or copper with stamped decoration, 
 evidently European. The bowl, which has been pieced together, is of black ware ; 
 has a maximum diameter of 15.4 inches, a depth of G.75 inches. This bowl, whose 
 decoration is much like that of Vessel No. 53 (Fig. 109) from the Cemetery near 
 Point Washington, has been sent to the Museum of Natural History, New York 
 City. We could not determine as to perforation through the absence of a part of 
 the base. 
 
 Bitumen, as the reader is doubtless aware, was used by the aborigines as a sort 
 of cement to hold in place in their sockets knives and the like. We shall have 
 occasion again to speak of bitumen in describing the mound near Maester creek, 
 East bay, which is not far from the ancient settlement of Charruco, where Cabe^ a 
 de Vaca went to live after leaving the aborigines on Santa Rosa Island. 
 
 Burial No. 31. Over the skull of an adult lay a circular dish of black ware in 
 fragments. The rim is notched and a 
 
 single incised line runs around the inside 
 about 3 inches below the margin. This 
 dish, imperforate as to its base, was sent 
 to the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, 
 Mass., where it has been carefully pieced 
 together. We are indebted to Professor 
 Putnam for photographs of this dish and 
 of all vessels which, sent to the Museum 
 from time to time in a fragmentary con 
 dition have there been put together. 
 
 Below the dish, lying on its side, was 
 an imperforate vase, having a semi-glo- 
 bular body and slightly expanding neck 
 with a diameter at aperture of 5.6 inches, a height of 4.25 inches (Fig. 3). 
 
 FIH. 3. vessel with Burial NO. si. 
 Point - (Half size 
 
 Mound at Bear 
 
 This 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 427 
 
 vessel contained a number of marine bivalves which Mr. H. A. Pilsbry, of the 
 Academy of Natural Sciences, has identified as Callista gigantea. 
 
 Burial No. 32. Certain bones of an infant and twenty-two large shell beads. 
 
 Burial No. 34. Inverted and covering an adult skull with a few vertebrae, 
 was a badly crushed bowl of black ware having incised decoration much similar to 
 that on Vessel No. 31 (Fig. 28) from the mound at Walton s Camp. This bowl, 
 which has been sent to the Museum of Natural History, New York City, is 17 
 inches in maximum diameter and 7 inches deep. A perforation had been made 
 through the base. 
 
 In preceding Reports we have described the custom obtaining, mainly in 
 peninsular Florida, to perforate the base of vessels put with the dead in order 
 to " kill " the pot, it is believed, to free its soul to accompany that of the departed. 
 We have described also, how, to a limited extent, this custom was noticed by us in 
 the case of burial urns up the Alabama river and along the Georgia coast. We 
 shall see in this Report how largely this basal perforation was practised along the 
 northwest coast of Florida. 
 
 Burial No. 35. The skull of an adult with part of a bowl lying to one side. 
 A former digging had seemingly carried away the other part. 
 
 Burial No. 36. Inverted and lying over a child s skull crushed flat, was a 
 small, circular dish of black ware very badly broken. There is a certain amount of 
 incised decoration on the inner surface. The base has a perforation. This bowl 
 was sent to the Peabody Museum. 
 
 Burial No. 37. The skull of a young adult was covered by an inverted bowl 
 badly crushed, having an incised decoration much like the design shown on Vessel 
 No. 41 (Fig. 35) from the mound at Walton s Camp. This bowl has been sent to 
 the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 With the skull were : two shell ear-plugs ; two iron nails ; a section of shell 
 somewhat worked; a quartz pebble; three bits of chert; an imperforate vase of 
 black ware with incised decoration, lying on its side, 5.5 inches in maximum 
 diameter of body and 4.25 inches in height (Fig. 4). 
 
 Burial No. 38. Over the skull of an adolescent lay a bowl of brown ware 
 having the body encircled by two incised lines below the margin. One handle 
 which had stood upright above the rim, and was probably the head of a bird or of a 
 quadruped, is missing. The other handle, semi-oval in shape, extends at right 
 angles from the opposite side of the bowl. There is a basal perforation. This 
 bowl has been sent to the Museum of Natural History, New York City. 
 
 Burial No. 39. Two skulls, one of an adult, the other of a child, and a bit of 
 femur were covered by a bowl with base-perforation, 13.25 inches in maximum 
 diameter, 6.5 inches in height (Fig. 5). The decoration, incised, consists of a 
 series of the figures shown in the half-tone reproduction. Professor Holmes 
 believes the central one to be a conventional animal head with conventionalized 
 parts of the body on either side. 
 
 Burial No. 40. A pit running from the surface to the base of the mound, 
 
 55 JOUEN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
428 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 V 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 FIG. 4. Vessel with Burial No. 37. Mound at Bear Point. (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 5. Vessel with Burial No. 39. Mound at Bear Point. (Half size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 429 
 
 which at this point was about 4 feet down. Toward the bottom of this pit had 
 been thrown two skulls and some other bones not in contact, but separated by a 
 certain amount of sand. Above all these more sand had been placed, and then a 
 small pile of bones consisting of certain long-bones, a clavicle and a skull which 
 was badly crushed. Immediately above these, forming an apex to the pile was the 
 skull of an adult capped by an inverted bowl broken but since pieced together. 
 
 FIG. 6. Vessel with Burial No. 40. Mound at Bear Point. (Half size.) 
 
 This bowl, 11.75 inches in maximum diameter and 5.5 inches high, has a small 
 basal perforation. The decoration consists of two animal paws between a design 
 made up of parallel curved lines surmounted by a punctate line. The small addi 
 tion to this design shown in the half-tone occurs but once, and was probably inserted 
 to fill space (Fig. 6). Beneath one of the 
 skulls was a piece of iron. 
 
 Burial No. 41. An inverted bowl of 
 black ware, parts of which were not found, 
 lay over what had perhaps been a burial 
 of which practically nothing remained. 
 
 Burial No. 42. A skull with some 
 long-bones, having in association a discoi- 
 dal stone of volcanic rock, 3.5 inches in 
 diameter, and an object of iron, probably 
 the handle of a cutlass. 
 
 Burial No. 43. In a broad pit reach 
 ing almost to the base of the mound were scattered five skulls and a great mixture 
 of other bones, mostly long-bones. 
 
 Several small vessels were found unassociated. A vase of black ware (Fig. 7), 
 
 FIG. 7. Vessel of earthenware. Mound at Bear 
 Point. (Half size.) 
 
430 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 imperforate, has incised decoration. Its maximum diameter is 5.1 inches; its 
 height, 3 inches. This vase lay inverted, but unassociated with human remains. 
 Probably recent digging had removed them. 
 
 In form and style of decoration the vessels surmounting burials in the Bear 
 Point mound resemble somewhat those found by us capping urns on the Alabama 
 river, but while the earthenware on the Alabama usually contains a large admix 
 ture of pounded shell, that of Bear Point, as a rule, has no shell, and where it is 
 present, it is finely powdered and appears here and there in the vessel sparsely. 
 
 Sherds came from the mound in great numbers and in considerable variety. 
 Some had been dropped singly during the making of _ ______ __ 
 
 the mound, while others lay 
 
 together in undisturbed sand. 
 
 On the surface, where diggers 
 
 had thrown it, was much bro- 
 FIG. adoration on sherd. ken ware , and quantities lay 
 
 tnrd ! P int in their refilled excavations. 
 
 (One-third size.) _ FlG g._Decoration on sherd. Mound at 
 
 Among the Sherds, loose in the Bear Point. (One-third size.) 
 
 sand, were several with complicated stamp decoration. 
 
 Others had the loop-shaped handle so common in the middle Mississippi district 
 and which we found along the Alabama river. Fig. 8 shows a " wall of Troy " 
 decoration from a sherd in the Bear Point mound. Another sherd has a complica 
 ted and very neatly incised decoration as shown in Fig. 9. Various animal heads, 
 handles of vessels, were met with, several together beneath the roots of a large tree. 
 
 In Fig. 10 we show a number of these handles of vessels : a, probably the head 
 of a deer ; 6, a human head with the ears pierced, a duplicate to one found near by, 
 doubtless from the same vessel; c, a quail s head; d, undetermined; e, head of a 
 duck ; f, a rabbit s head. 
 
 Throughout the mound, with human remains at times and again loose in the 
 sand, where perhaps they had been thrown by recent digging, were many pieces of 
 red oxide of iron of a bright crimson color, some showing where parts had been 
 chipped off, probably for grinding, and others having a concave surface where 
 material had been rubbed out for use as paint. With the red oxide, at places, was 
 limonite for yellow paint. When Cabec,a de Vaca was living with the aborigines of 
 Charruco he made little trading trips to the westward going to the same Perdido 
 bay where we found this paint in such abundance. He tells us (page 54), " such 
 were what I carried into the interior * * * [conches that are used for cutting, 
 etc.] , and in barter for them I brought back skins, ochre with which they rub and 
 color their faces, and flint for arrowpoints, cement and hard canes of which to make 
 arrows, and tassels that are made of the hair of deer, ornamented and dyed red." 
 
 Five hammer-stones lay together. 
 
 Loose in the sand, but probably in many cases disassociated from human 
 remains by the constant digging to which the mound had been subjected, were : 
 many hammer-stones ; pebble-hammers ; hones deeply grooved by sharpening of 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 431 
 
 Fi. 10. Handles of vessels. Mound at Bear Point. (Full size.) 
 
432 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 tools ; over one dozen arrowheads or knives ; two " celts " apparently of sedimen 
 tary rock, each over five inches in length ; two small chisels , seven discoidal 
 stones of various rocks, including porphyry 1 and shaly ferruginous sandstone, 1.1 
 to 2.75 inches in diameter. 
 
 In this mound, for the first time in our experience, we met with a form of 
 burial where a solitary skull, or a skull with a few bones, is covered by an inverted 
 bowl. In peninsular Florida we have not found vessels used to cover interments. 
 In Georgia, urns containing single skeletons and capped by inverted bowls are 
 found, also cremated remains similarly treated or placed upon the ground with a 
 bowl turned over them. On the Alabama river, where we met with crema 
 tion but once, we found large vessels, capped by others inverted, sometimes 
 containing remains of several individuals. The reader will see that the form of 
 burial noticed at the Bear Point mound continues along the upper part of the 
 Florida coast. 
 
 In the Bear Point mound were many objects of European provenance, showing 
 some of the burials at least to be of post-Columbian date. This mound clearly 
 adds to the force of what we have always maintained, that when articles were 
 valued by the aborigines, they were interred with the dead, and that it is unlikely 
 that a mound of any size containing no objects showing white contact, was made 
 after intercourse with whites was begun. 
 
 MOUND NEAR BEAR POINT, PERDIDO BAY, BALDWIN COUNTY, ALA. 
 
 About one mile W. S. W. from Bear Point, in a garden belonging to Mr. Bill, 
 resident on the place, is a mound with shell-fields adjoining. The mound, much 
 spread by continual ploughing, has a present height of 30 inches, a base diameter 
 of 48 feet. It is impossible to estimate the original dimensions and inadvisable to 
 give them from hearsay. The entire southern half of the mound, from the margin 
 and central parts of the northern portion, were dug through by us showing the 
 mound to be of unstratified sand. There had been some comparatively recent 
 disturbance. 
 
 Burials were first encountered 19 feet from the center. Seven in all were met 
 with, consisting of bunches of bones badly decayed, rather loosely deposited, some 
 times with, and sometimes without, the skull. 
 
 Two arrowheads, one of quartz, were with the burials, also numerous sherds, 
 the small check-stamp predominating. Others were undecorated or had incised 
 lines or punctate markings, or a larger check-stamp. Several bits of fine, smooth 
 ware bore bright crimson paint. None of the sherds, so far as noticed, had inter 
 mixture of pounded shell, though ware of this kind lay on the surface of adjacent 
 shell-heaps. 
 
 In the mound, also, were hammer-stones, hones and bitumen which, as we 
 have said, was used as cement. 
 
 1 Theodore D. Rand, Esq., of the Academy of Natural Sciences, has kindly determined for us 
 the rocks mentioned in this Report, as accurately as possible without mutilation of specimens. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 433 
 
 MOUND NEAR JOSEPHINE POSTOFFICE, PERDIDO BAY, BALDWIN COUNTY, ALA. 
 
 A small sand mound about three-quarters of a mile in a northerly direction 
 from the landing at Josephine Postoffice, in pine-woods, was dug through by us 
 without result. The mound was doubtless the former site of a tepee. 
 
 At Inerarity Point, on the Florida side of the bay (see map), are numerous 
 shell-fields and small shell-heaps. In addition to extended inquiries, careful search 
 failed to locate a burial mound at this place. 
 
 MOUND NEAR MAESTER CREEK, BLACKWATER BAY, SANTA ROSA COUNTY, FLA. 
 
 Blackwater bay is an extension of East bay, which is a part of Pensacola bay. 
 The mound, in sight of where Maester creek enters Blackwater bay, was dug 
 through by us by permission of Mr. Frank Berrian, agent, who resides nearby. 
 The mound, of sand, circular in outline, 3 feet high, 30 feet across the base, 
 unstratified, had been dug into in two places by treasure hunters. 
 
 In addition to bones disturbed by former digging, and to burials of which 
 almost no trace was left, human remains were met with by us at sixteen points. 
 The form of burial included the bunch, the lone skull, and, in one place, a bunch 
 of long-bones without a skull. 
 
 Beneath a cranium, together, were six cannon bones of the deer. Five were 
 broken or partly decayed. One showed an end cut off squarely and seemingly had 
 served as a handle of some sort. A lancepoint of chalcedony, 5.5 inches long, lay 
 loose in the sand, also an arrowpoint of the same material and one of quartzite. In 
 addition were a grooved hone and a small slab of red oxide of iron, showing a con 
 cavity through use. A number of masses of bitumen, one about the size of a cocoa- 
 nut lay together. We have before referred to how Cabega de Vaca made trading 
 excursions from Charruco, an aboriginal settlement which cannot have been far 
 from this mound, over to the head of Perdido bay, and brought back, among other 
 things, ochre to be used as paint and cement which we know to have been bitumen, 
 in all probability. 
 
 The earthenware in the mound consisted of five vessels, all deposited singly in 
 the extreme marginal western part of the mound between south and northwest. 
 They were unassociated. 
 
 Vessel No. 1. A perforate vase with semi-globular body, constricted neck and 
 rim slightly flaring. The decoration consists of roughly incised perpendicular lines 
 around the neck starting from a punctate circle about one-half inch below the rim. 
 Maximum diameter, 6.25 inches ; height, 5 inches ; diameter of opening, 4.5 inches. 
 
 Vessel No. 2. A bowl of excellent ware, semi-globular body, incurving toward 
 the aperture, and perforate base. The decoration consists of incised and punctate 
 markings (Fig. 11). Maximum diameter, 9 inches; depth, 5 inches; diameter of 
 opening, 6.2 inches. 
 
434 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 FIG. 11. Vessel No. 2. Mound near Maester creek. (About seven-ninths size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 3. A bowl found inverted, oblate spheroid in shape, imperforate. 
 The ware is fairly good. The decoration consists of incised lines and punctate 
 markings around the rim as shown in Fig. 12. 
 
 Vessel No. 4. A bowl badly broken, with faint check stamp markings. 
 
 Vessel No. 5. An undecorated bowl of about three quarts capacity. The 
 base has a perforation. 
 
 Flo. 12. Vessel No. 3. Mound near Maestcr creek. (Half size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 435 
 
 MOUND NEAR GRAVEYARD POINT, EAST BAY, SANTA ROSA COUNTY, FLA. 
 
 The locality takes its name from a modern graveyard adjoining a small church. 
 The church, which faces the water, is in full sight of the mound, which has been 
 under cultivation and seems greatly extended by it. The mound is roughly circu 
 lar in outline. Its present diameter is about 75 feet; its height, 2.5 feet. Careful 
 trenching convinced us that the mound was domiciliary in character. 
 
 Two and one-half miles in a westerly direction from the mound at Graveyard 
 Point we dug through, without result, a small mound in woods, where treasure 
 seekers had left a considerable excavation. 
 
 Other small mounds located during a careful search of ba}-s around Pensacola 
 had been too badly cut to pieces by seekers after treasure to invite investigation. 
 
 MOUNDS NEAR SANTA ROSA SOUND, SANTA ROSA COUNTY, FLA. (2). 
 
 About twelve miles from the western extremity of Santa Rosa sound, northern 
 side, on ground formerly cultivated, and in full view of the water, were undergrowth 
 removed, are two mounds but a few yards apart, surrounded by a considerable shell 
 deposit. Each has been much spread by the plough. 
 
 The larger mound, circular in outline, has a base diameter of 81 feet. The 
 summit plateau is 52 feet across. The height of the mound is 3.5 feet. To the 
 northwest is an excavation 80 feet across and 5 feet 9 inches deep in the center, 
 whence sand was taken for the building of the mound. Careful trenching indicated 
 the mound to be domiciliary in character. 
 
 The smaller mound, 26 feet across the base and 2 feet 9 inches high, had been 
 built after the thin shell deposit which covered the field was made, since this deposit 
 extended beneath the mound. Above this shell was from 1 to 1.5 feet of sand in 
 which were numbers of burials. Such as were met with by us in digging part of 
 the mound lay flexed on the right side or showed disturbance, probably aboriginal. 
 There were no artifacts with the remains, and such sherds as were met with had 
 evidently been gathered with the material for the mound. These sherds showed 
 variously the check-stamp, the complicated stamp, incised decoration and crimson 
 paint. 
 
 MOUNDS AT WALTON S CAMP, SANTA ROSA SOUND, SANTA ROSA COUNTY, FLA. 
 
 Walton s Camp, which got its name during the Civil War, is near the eastern 
 extremity of Santa Rosa sound, northern side, on property belonging to Mr. J. T. 
 Brooks, resident on the place. 
 
 At the water s edge is a shell-heap of considerable size. About 150 yards in a 
 N. E. by N. direction, across a cultivated field, on the edge of woods, is a mound 
 roughly oblong with rounded corners, having a major diameter of base of 223 feet 
 east and west, parallel to the sound. The minor base-diameter is 178 feet. The 
 summit plateau is 179 feet by 135 feet. 
 
 56 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
436 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 A graded way, 78 feet from its beginning to the edge of the summit plateau, 
 joins the mound on the southern side, somewhat east of the center. 
 
 The mound is so surrounded by depressions, whence material for its construc 
 tion was taken, that its exact height above the general level is difficult to get from 
 the exterior. From a point on the southern side the altitude is 10 feet, 7 inches; 
 from the northern side, 12 feet. In the digging it was found that the depth of the 
 mound from the surface of the summit plateau to the base was probably about 12 
 feet on an average. 
 
 There had been much previous digging, the entire central portion of the mound 
 being fairly riddled with excavations. 
 
 During our investigation eleven men on an average dug for seven days. This 
 digging consisted of trenching at various points to determine the construction of the 
 
 Hi mwnu AT WALTON S CAMP 
 
 Seel tin (ft! 
 
 FIG. 13. Plan of mound at Walton s Camp, showing excavations. 
 
 mound ; the removal of a large part of the summit plateau to a depth of from 3 to 
 5 feet; the investigation of much of the marginal portion on the northern side of 
 the mound (see diagram, Fig. 13, on which our principal work is shown). 
 
 Not far from the base, on the northern side, a trench 67 feet across at the start 
 was continued in about 75 feet, converging to 45 feet at the end. This trench did 
 not follow the base after sufficient work had been done to show we were dealing 
 with a mound originally used for domiciliary purposes and later heightened and 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 437 
 
 broadened much in the manner of the mound at Bear Point, and of others of this 
 class found elsewhere by us. Since writing our conclusions on this subject we have, 
 on our return, read Mr. Walker s account of his visit to this mound, and find he, 
 also, realized the fact of its enlargement at various periods. 
 
 Not far from the margin on the northern side, a black band about 7 inches 
 thick was met with -4 feet from the surface of the mound, approximately. This 
 band, like the one in the mound at Bear Point, colored by charcoal and organic 
 matter, was the ordinary layer of occupation. The band did not continue through 
 the mound, and was not found at the extremities or in the southern portion. 
 
 The central part of the summit plateau, say about 55 feet in diameter, had 
 been heightened about 2 feet by a layer of shell covered with sand. Where this 
 layer began, on the northern side, it was from 6 to 8 inches in thickness. This 
 deposit of shell and sand was not taken into account in our measurement of the 
 height of the mound. 
 
 No burials were met with in the northern part of the mound until 35 feet in 
 from the margin of the summit plateau, and then only disturbed fragments left by 
 former, digging, no intact burials being found prior to the abandonment of the trench 
 almost at the center of the mound. The western end and the northeastern portion 
 of the mound showed no trace of use as places of interment. 
 
 Beginning almost exactly at the southeastern corner of the plateau and extend 
 ing a little down the slope were burials, many of which were capped by inverted 
 vessels of earthenware. The area where burials with earthenware were most 
 numerous extended 39 feet to the westward and 32 feet to the northward of this 
 southeastern corner. But one large vessel was found farther in and a few small 
 ones which accompanied, but did not lie over, burials. Interments uncovered by 
 boAvls extended considerably farther into the mound and to the westward from 
 where the covered burials lay. Burials, then, in the mound were about as follows : 
 in the area to the southeast, as described by us, w r ere various forms of burial, includ 
 ing some of the variety met with by us at the Bear Point mound, where lone skulls, 
 or skulls with a few bones, were capped by inverted bowls. In the extreme south 
 ern portion of the central part of the mound were burials without the down-turned 
 bowl, and in the northern part of the center, presumably the same form of burial 
 had existed, as parts of large bowls were not found with the disturbed remains, but 
 all this area, except the comparatively small portion to the south, which was exca 
 vated by us, had been so thoroughly dug into by others that exact determination as 
 to form of burial was impossible. Still, judging from the absence of fragments of 
 large vessels, to which we have referred, and that there is no history of the finding 
 of vessels there, we believe all the burials in this central area were similar in form 
 to those met with by us in its southern margin. Roughly speaking, that part of the 
 mound where all burials were without earthenware corresponded with the central 
 shell deposit of which we have spoken, and which is shown on the plan, and we 
 believe this shell deposit was placed in the mound in connection with these burials. 
 
 It has seldom been our fortune to investigate a mound where exact determina- 
 
438 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 tion of burials was so difficult, for, in addition to the great amount of later disturb 
 ance, aboriginal burials were so spread that it was difficult to say where one burial 
 ended and another began. According to our account, kept with the strictest atten 
 tion, 66 burials were met with, none, we believe, over 3 feet in depth. Such of 
 these as were accompanied by vessels of earthenware will be described, particularly, 
 later. Other burials were some at full length, some bunched. In addition, there 
 were solitary skulls and fragmentary parts of the skeleton. Cremation was absent. 
 Few artifacts, save earthenware, were met with, either loose in the sand or 
 with the dead. There were : pebble-hammers ; three large, flat hones of fine 
 grained ferruginous sandstone; shell beads with a number of burials; two shell 
 hair-pins ; three discoidal stones, one of granitoid rock ; two rude cutting imple 
 ments of quartzite; two hatchets, one, 9 inches long, of indurated slate; a flat 
 
 chisel of the same material, 7 inches 
 long ; a bead of bone, 2 inches in length ; 
 several masses of red oxide of iron, hol 
 lowed out by use as paint ; a bead of red 
 jasper, 1 inch in length ; many arrow and 
 spear points, some loose in the sand, 
 others with interments. In addition, 
 was a lancehead 3.6 inches in length 
 
 C 
 
 and 2.6 inches broad, of most unusual 
 form, being heart-shaped as to outline. 
 Mr. Rand is unable to identify the rock 
 of which this lancepoint was made, with 
 out mutilating the specimen. Upon the 
 material is a deposit which at first was 
 supposed to be calcareous, but which 
 failed to react with acid (Fig. 14). This 
 interesting specimen lay with two arrow- 
 points near an adult skull. 
 
 The earthenware in the mound at 
 Walton s Camp was its especial feature. 
 Forty-nine vessels, more or less com 
 plete, were taken out by us in addition 
 to some small ones badly broken, which, showing no feature of particular interest, 
 and not in association with burials, will not be described by us. 
 
 Many vessels among those taken out, we regret to say, were broken by our 
 men since, lying superficially beneath masses of roots, they were, of necessity, 
 exposed to blows from spades or axes. Many more were found crushed to pieces 
 by roots or by weight of sand, aided, no doubt, by the effect of frost. 
 
 In the mound, with whole vessels, were great numbers of fragments in undis 
 turbed sand. Sometimes parts of vessels had been interred, and often parts, broken 
 to pieces, lay in a little pile. Again, numbers of fragments were heaped together. 
 
 Flo. 14. Lancepoint. Mound at Walton s Cauip. 
 (Full size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 439 
 
 These often carne from many vessels, being a few parts of each so that it seemed as 
 though fragments, usually decorated, had been saved for burial in the mound. 
 These heaps were not found immediately with human remains and were probably 
 buried in a general way. We shall have occasion again to speak of this custom in 
 describing the cemetery near Point Washington. 
 
 All through the mound were single fragments of vessels which had got in dur 
 ing the period of occupation or with sand from neighboring fields during construc 
 tion. These sherds bore, as a rule, the check-stamp as decoration and also various 
 combinations of the complicated stamp. We found no stamped earthenware in 
 conjunction with burials, though there was abundance of it in fragments on the sur 
 face of surrounding fields where the aborigines had lived. It would seem, then, 
 that the stamped decoration was in use on vessels intended for domestic purposes 
 and not on mortuary ware. 
 
 There is a wide range in the quality of the ware from the mound at Walton s 
 Camp. Some is excellent, much is inferior. As in the ware in the Bear Point 
 mound, small quantities of finely pounded shell are present in places, that is to say 
 locally and not in even mixture throughout the vessel. There is one exception, 
 however, a small vessel where shell coarsely pounded shows on the surface even, as 
 is often the case on vessels of the middle Mississippi district and from the Alabama 
 river. The loop-shaped handle, so often found in the districts we have just named, 
 was present in the mound at Walton s Camp. 
 
 A number of heads of earthenware, which had served as handles on vessels, 
 were loose in the sand. 
 
 The predominating forms of ware in this mound were the bowl and the dish, 
 and it is interesting to note that a form of dish entirely new, we believe, was dis 
 covered by us, namely, a six-pointed, or star-shaped style. 
 
 Perforation of the base of vessels was almost universal in this mound, not only 
 in the case of those buried directly with dead, but fragments which included the 
 base had also the perforation, though the remainder of the vessels was not present. 
 We are unable to decide whether parts of vessels were "killed" before interment in 
 the heaps of ware we have described, or whether vessels, having undergone perfor 
 ation, were broken and then scattered here and there in the mound. 
 
 In peninsular Florida we noted, and were first to describe, a curious custom, 
 an account of which we take from one of our preceding publications. " This was 
 the only occurrence in the mound of ready-made mortuary ware. For the benefit 
 of those not familiar with our previous Reports on the Florida mounds, we may say 
 that it was the custom in that State often to knock out the bottom, or to make a 
 hole through the bottom, of earthenware vessels, previous to inhumation with the 
 dead, and that this custom is believed to have been practised with the idea that the 
 mutilation killed the vessel, freeing its soul to accompany that of its owner into 
 the next world. Apparently, however, it entered the minds of the more thrifty 
 among the aborigines that vessels of value might serve a better purpose, and hence 
 there arose a class of ceremonial ware, usually small in size, often of fantastic 
 
440 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 design and always of flimsy material, with bases perforated during the process of 
 manufacture. This cheap ware was probably kept on hand and did duty for 
 vessels more valuable and less readily spared." 
 
 In the mound at Walton s 
 Camp we met with this ready- 
 made mortuary ware in one case 
 only, the most westwardly occur 
 rence in our experience. It is 
 interesting to note this fact since 
 perforation of the base made after 
 completion of the vessel occurs to 
 the westward and up the Alabama 
 river, though sparingly. 
 
 We shall now give a descrip 
 tion of the various vessels taken 
 from the mound by us and of 
 their finding. 
 
 Vessel No. 1. A vase, per 
 forate as to base, found lying on 
 its side near human remains. The 
 
 body, oblate Spheroid, is deCOra- FlG - 15 -~ Vessel No. 1. Mound at Walton s Camp. (Half size.) 
 
 ted with the current scroll. The neck, slightly flaring, has incised and punctate 
 decoration as shown in Fig. 15. Height, 6 inches; maximum diameter. 5.5 inches. 
 This vessel, when found, had parts missing, and, in addition, was struck by a spade. 
 
 FIG. 16. Vessel No. 2. Mound at Walton s Camp. (One-third size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 2. An imperforate bowl found inverted over the skull and some 
 bones of a child, with which were two shell hair-pins and an arrowpoint or knife. 
 This bowl is 15.4 inches in maximum diameter /ind 7 inches in depth. It has an 
 interesting incised symbolical decoration. The design, which is repeated around 
 the vessel, is shown in Fig. 16. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 441 
 
 Vessel No. 3. This bowl was found in four pieces with fragments of other 
 vessels. Cemented together, it measures 6.5 inches in maximum diameter and 2.8 
 inches in depth. There is a basal 
 perforation. The decoration, in 
 cised and punctate, is shown in 
 Fig. 17. 
 
 Vessel No. 4. This vessel, 
 of inferior ware and without deco 
 ration save a scalloped margin, 
 lay crushed to fragments near a 
 single skull with which were four 
 
 arrowpoints Or knives and the FIG. 17. Vessel No. 3. Mound at Walton s Camp. (Half size.) 
 
 curious lancepoint we have figured. 
 
 Vessel No. 5. A circular dish of inferior black ware inverted over a few 
 phalanges. The decoration, rather rudely done, is incised. The basal perforation 
 is to one side of the center. Diameter, 13 inches; depth, 2.5 inches (Fig. 18). 
 
 FIG. 18. Vessel No. 5. Mound at Walton s Camp. (One-third size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 6. A bowl found crushed to pieces, inverted over a solitary skull. 
 The base has a perforation. The decoration, a species of scroll, is incised. The 
 fragments were sent to Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass., whence the photo- 
 
442 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 graph used in the half-tone was furnished us with the measurements : maximum 
 diameter, 17.25 inches; depth, 5.75 inches (Fig. 19). 
 
 Vessel No. 7. The larger part of a six-pointed dish of black ware, found in 
 fragments and sent to the Davenport Academy of Natural Science, Davenport, 
 Iowa. We shall have occasion, later, to refer to this type. 
 
 FIG. 19. Vessel No. 6. Mound at Walton s Camp. (Two-sevenths size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 8. A bowl, broken, with base perforation, found lying about 2 feet 
 from a bunched burial, at an angle of about forty-five degrees, aperture up. It has 
 been pieced together and sent to the Museum at Memorial Hall, Fair-mount Park, 
 Philadelphia. The decoration, incised, is much like that on Vessel No. 40 (Fig. 
 102) from the cemetery near Point Washington. Maximum diameter, 10.2 inches; 
 depth, 4.1 inches. 
 
 Vessel No. 9. This vessel, much resembling a cap in shape with visor before 
 and behind, is said to belong to a class modelled after trays of wood. It is unbroken 
 
 FIG. 20. Vessel No. 9. Mound at Walton s Camp. (Half size.) 
 
 save for a basal perforation. It is of yellow ware, and is notched around the 
 margin except at the handles. There is an incised meander decoration. Major 
 diameter, 10.5 inches; minor diameter, 8.25 inches; depth, 3.6 inches (Fig. 20). 
 It lay, inverted, over a single fragment of bone, though others had probably 
 disappeared through decay. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 443 
 
 Vessel No. 10. A small bowl found with many fragments of earthenware just 
 below the sin-face. 
 
 Vessel No. 11. This interesting bowl of excellent red ware is intact with the 
 exception of a mortuary perforation. It lay, inverted, over the skull of an adult, 
 the skull of an adolescent, a few vertebras and the clavicle of a child. The deco 
 ration, incised, uniform all around, consists of a series of conventionalized heads in 
 which the eye and teeth are prominent. Maximum diameter, 15.25 inches; depth, 
 6 inches (Fig. 21). 
 
 FIG. 21. Vessel No. 11. Mound at Waltou s Camp. (About half size.) 
 
 Vessels Nos. 12 and 13. Small bowls from the same deposit as Vessel No. 10. 
 One has three small handles. A fourth handle is missing. The other, with incised 
 and punctate decoration much resembling that on Vessel No. 24, this mound, has 
 been sent to Memorial Hall, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. Both vessels are per 
 forate as to the base. 
 
 Vessels Nos. 14, 15, 16. Vessel No. 14, a counterpart of Vessel No. 9, this 
 mound, lay inverted, in fragments, on a dish of black ware also inverted. This 
 dish, with incised and punctate decoration, is six pointed, or star-shaped. There 
 is a base-perforation. Maximum diameter, 14.75 inches; depth, 3 inches (Fig. 22). 
 This interesting type, as we have stated, we believe to be new. Professor Putnam 
 and Professor Holmes had not seen it previously. Partly between Vessels Nos. 14 
 and 15 lay a portion of a vessel in fragments. All this ware lay above an infant s 
 skull. Vessel No. 14j pieced together, has been sent to Memorial Hall, Fairmount 
 Park, Philadelphia. 
 
 Vessels Nos. 17 and 18. Small bowls found together just below the surface 
 apart from human remains. 
 
 Vessels Nos. 19 and 20. Vessel No. 19, a circular dish of crude black ware, 
 
 57 JOURX. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
444 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 8.5 inches in diameter and 1.5 inches in depth, having incised decoration on the 
 inner surface, lay face down on Vessel No. 20, which, inverted, was over a few 
 fragments of the bones of a child. These bones lay upon a large portion of another 
 dish. Vessel No. 20, a bowl of brown ware, intact with the exception of a basal 
 
 FIG. 22. Vessel No. 15. Mound at Walton s Camp. (About half size.) 
 
 perforation, has an admirably executed incised and punctate decoration as shown in 
 Fig. 23. Maximum diameter, 13.8 inches; depth, 6.5 inches. Vessel No. 19, also, 
 is perforate. 
 
 Vessel No. 21. A small, rude, imperforate bowl, undecorated with the excep 
 tion of four knobs on the margin, lay about 1 foot from human remains. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 445 
 
 Fio. 23. Vessel No. 20. Mound at Walton s Camp. (Half size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 22. A large fragment with much of the rim missing lay, inverted, 
 over a skull with a few other bones. 
 
 Vessel No. 23. A star-shaped dish of black ware, found crushed, with a small 
 portion missing, has been sent to the Peabody Museum. No human bones were 
 found in association. 
 
 Vessel No. 24. An imperforate bowl found inverted over the skull of an infant. 
 The decoration is a series of partially interlocked scrolls with punctate and lined 
 work in addition. Maximum diameter, 12.5 inches; depth, 5.3 inches (Fig. 24). 
 
 ; b - ^^a^ 
 . vv *">^ 
 
 FIG. 24. Vessel Xo. 24. Mom d at Walton s Camp. (Half size.) 
 
446 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 Vessel No. 25. A bowl 6.8 inches in diameter and 2.9 inches in depth, with 
 perforate base and incised and punctate decoration. This bowl came from just 
 below the surface (Fig. 25). 
 
 Vessel No. 26. A bowl of black ware, perforate, having a notched rim, incised 
 
 and punctate decoration, lay 
 near Vessel No. 24. Maximum 
 diameter, 6 inches; depth, 3.2 
 inches. This bowl, with small 
 protuberances, is, doubtless, a 
 life-form somewhat resembling 
 Vessel No. 49, this mound, 
 which, however, is more clearly 
 denned, distinctly representing 
 
 FIG. 25. Vessel No. 25. Mound at Walton s Camp. (Half size.) r- i 
 
 Vessel No. 27. A perforate bowl found lying on its side near human remains. 
 The decoration is similar to that of Vessel No. 40 (Fig. 102) from the Cemetery 
 near Point Washington. Maximum diameter, 5.1 inches; depth, 2.8 inches. 
 
 Vessel No. 28. Found, badly crushed, inverted over a few fragments of bone. 
 ======= _ === _^ The decoration, which Profes 
 sor Holmes believes to be a 
 highly conventionalized head 
 with the eye above and parts 
 of the body on either side, is 
 shown in Fig. 26. 
 
 Vessel No. 29. A perfor 
 ate bowl in fragments found 
 inverted over a skull and some 
 bones of an infant and certain 
 bones of a child with which 
 were a considerable number of 
 shells of Marginella, pierced 
 to use as beads. The decoration consists of a repetition of three upright w r avy lines. 
 This bowl is now at the Peabody Museum. 
 
 Vessel No. 30. A perforate vessel 5.5 inches by 4.6 inches and 2.8 inches in 
 depth, representing a frog much after the manner of the ware of the middle 
 Mississippi district. The legs, fashioned separately and pressed upon the body, 
 have fallen off in part (Fig. 27). 
 
 Vessel No. 31. A bowl found, badly crushed, inverted over the skull of an 
 adult. This bowl, which has been pieced together, and sent to the Museum of 
 Natural History, New York, is imperforate. The decoration, incised and punctate, 
 consists of a series of designs as shown in Fig. 28, which doubtless represents jaws 
 with teeth and possibly an eye in the center. Maximum diameter, 16 inches; 
 depth, 5 inches. 
 
 FIG. 26. Decoration. Vessel No. 28. Mound at Walton s Camp. 
 (One-third size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 447 
 
 Vessels Nos. 32 and 33. A bowl with a single handle almost upright and the 
 current scroll decoration. The base is perforate. The dimensions are 5.5 inches 
 long by 5 inches across ; the height, 2.5 inches (Fig. 29). This bowl lay inverted 
 just below the surface with no bones in association. Beside it lay Vessel No. 33, 
 also inverted, in fragments. 
 
 Vessel No. 34. A small, perforate bowl with incised and punctate decoration 
 (Fig. 30). 
 
 FIG. 27. Vessel No. 30. Mound at Walton s Camp. (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 28. Decoration ; Vessel No. 31. Mound at Walton s Camp. (One-fourth size.) 
 
 FIG. 30. Vessel No. 34. Mound at 
 Walton s Camp. (Half size.) 
 
 FIG. 29. Vessel No. 32. Mound at Walton s Camp. (Two-thirds size.) 
 
448 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 Vessel No. 35. Small bowl badly broken. 
 
 Vessels Nos. 36 and 37. Both perforate as to the base. Vessel No. 36* (Fig. 
 31), 7.8 inches maximum diameter, 2.5 inches in depth, with the favorite partially 
 interlocked scroll decoration, was found inverted over Vessel No. 37 standing upright. 
 
 FIG. 31. Vessel No. 36. Mound at Walton s Camp. (Three-quarters size.) 
 
 The base of Vessel No. 37 rested upon a number of fragments of pottery piled one 
 upon another in such relation to each other that it was evident the breakage occurred 
 before the fragments were placed together. These pieces, when put together, 
 formed part of a dish, only. Vessel No. 37, a pot, has four loop-shaped handles 
 and incised and punctate decoration. Its maximum diameter is 5 inches ; its height, 
 
 :> -.i?* 
 
 ... 
 . . 
 
 FIG. 32. Vessel No. 37. Mound at Walton s 
 Camp. (Half 1 size.) 
 
 FIG. 33. Section of Vessel No. 38. 
 (Half size.) 
 
 3.2 inches (Fig. 32). There is a deposit of soot showing domestic use, a rare occur 
 rence among mortuary vessels in this part of Florida. 
 
 Vessel No. 38. This vessel with incurved rim and incised decoration on the 
 upper portion, rather rudely executed, has a basal perforation. The vessel lay near 
 the four preceding ones, apart from human remains. Diameter, 9 inches ; diameter 
 of aperture, 5 inches; height, 2.75 inches (Figs. 33, 34). 
 
 Vessel No. 39. Certain fragments of a dish piled one on the other over a few 
 decaying fragments of the bones of an infant, with which were shell beads. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 449 
 
 FIG. 34. Vessel No. 38. Top view. Mound at Waltou s Camp. (About seven-uinths size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 40. This bowl of about 3 pints capacity, with perforate base, 
 though inverted, was not associated with human remains. The decoration consists 
 of notches at the rim and a single incised line with five small knobs. 
 
450 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 Vessel No. 41. Parts of a bowl lying over a few remnants of long-bones of a 
 
 young person. The decoration consists of a series of designs similar to the one 
 
 shown in Fig. 35. 
 
 Vessel No. 42. A double cup found by the side of the skull of a child. 
 
 Diameters, 4 inches by 2.5 inches ; 
 height, 2.6 inches. There is a scroll 
 decoration incised on the rather in 
 ferior ware (Fig. 36). Each base 
 is perforate but not through the 
 knocking out of fragments as in 
 the other cases noted by us, but by 
 means of careful cutting while the 
 clay was soft. We have referred to 
 
 this custom, so often met with in peninsular Florida, at the beginning of the 
 
 description of this mound. 
 
 FIG. 35. Decoration ; Vessel No. 41. Mound at Walton s 
 Camp. (One-third size.) 
 
 Flo. 36. Vessel No. 42. Mound at Walton s Camp. (Full size.) . 
 
 Vessel No. 43. A bowl of poor material with incised decoration, having on 
 
 one side, as handles, two upright 
 effigies of the human head. At the 
 other side, a flat handle such as 
 usually represents the tail in bird- 
 effigy vessels of the middle Missis 
 sippi district, projects horizontally. 
 A considerable part of the base is 
 missing. Maximum diameter, 9 
 inches ; depth, 4 inches (Fig. 37). 
 
 ^^^^^^ Vessel No. 44. A small vessel 
 
 shtittered by a blow from a spade. 
 
 FIG. 37. Vessel No. 43. Mound at Walton s Camp. . . 
 
 (One-third size ) Infant bones were in association. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 451 
 
 Vessel No. 45. A bowl, crushed to pieces, inverted over fragments of the 
 skull of an infant or of a young child. With the exception of a few missing parts, 
 this bowl has been pieced together, showing a perforation of the base. Maximum 
 
 diameter, 16 inches; height, 5.5 inches. 
 The decoration, shown in Fig. 38, may 
 be divided into three parts, the two to 
 the right of the reader are repeated 
 around the bowl. The part to the left 
 appears but once. This bowl has been 
 sent to the American Museum of Natural 
 History, New York City. 
 
 Vessel No. 46. An imperforate 
 bowl of about one pint capacity, of ex 
 cellent ware highly smoothed, having five 
 encircling, incised lines below the rim (Fig. 39). It lay near the skull of a child. 
 
 Vessel No. 47. A small, imperforate pot 
 with two loop-shaped handles, found inverted, 
 by the side of an infant s skull with which 
 were three mussel shells. 
 
 Vessel No. 48. A flat-bottomed perforate 
 cup of inferior ware, with rude, symbolical deco 
 ration, found near the surface. This cup, struck 
 by a spade, has been pieced together. Diameter 
 of aperture, 4.5 inches; of base, 2.8 inches; depth, 
 3 inches (Fig. 40). 
 
 FIG. 38. Decoration, Vessel No. 45. Mound at Walton s 
 Camp. (One-third size.) 
 
 FIG. 39. Vessel No. 46. Mound at Walton s 
 Camp. (Half size.) 
 
 FIG. 40 Vessel No. 48. Mound at Walton s Camp. (Two-thirds size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 49. Part of a bowl of about two quarts capacity, in fragments, 
 found with other ware, apart from human remains. This interesting bowl, showing 
 the influence of the middle Mississippi district, is a life-form representing a fish. 
 On one side a clearly defined head projects. Half way around, on either side, 
 projections doubtless represent fins. That part of the bowl which included the 
 
 58.JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
f- 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 453 
 
 tail is missing. The decoration, found on various vessels representing fish, perhaps 
 symbolizes fins (Fig. 41). 
 
 FIG. 41. Vessel No. 49. Mound at Walton s Camp. (Half size.) 
 
 Fig. 42 shows five handles of bowls, representing heads of birds, from the 
 mound at Walton s Camp. 
 
 Four interesting sherds have been selected from those found at the Walton s 
 
 FIG. 43. Sherd. Mound at Walton s Camp. 
 (Half size.) 
 
 FIG. 44. Sherd. Mound at Walton s Camp. 
 (Half size.) 
 
 Camp mound. Fig. 43 shows the head of an owl with conventionalized wing. Fig. 
 44 gives the complicated stamp decoration already described as coming from the 
 
454 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 FIG. 45. Sherd. Mound at Walton s Camp. (Half size.) 
 
 midden refuse in the mound. Fig. 45 represents a head, a series of which evidently 
 
 ran around the vessel. The drawing is made from two fragments, one of which 
 
 shows one portion of the head; 
 the other, the remainder. Fig. 
 46, when turned on end, shows 
 a head with eye, mouth and 
 teeth. 
 
 In the cultivated field to 
 the west of Mr. Brooks house 
 and about one-quarter of a mile 
 . in a westerly direction from the 
 great mound, in full view from 
 
 the Sound, is a sand mound at present 7.5 feet in height. It had been much dug 
 
 into before our visit. Careful in 
 
 vestigation on our part met with 
 
 no success and confirmed our be 
 
 lief that the mound had been 
 
 erected for domiciliary purposes. 
 Various small mounds are. in 
 
 the neighborhood of the great one 
 
 investigated by us. Careful dig 
 
 ging convinced us that all were 
 
 of a domiciliary character. In 
 
 one containing midden refuse with 
 
 much shell was a piercing imple 
 
 ment of bone and a buck-horn 
 
 handle with a socket to receive 
 
 an implement. FIG. 46.-Sherd. (Full size.) 
 
 MOUND NEAR DON S BAYOU, CHOCTAWHATCHEE BAY, SANTA ROSA COUNTY, FLA. 
 
 Gamier s Bayou is near the western extremity of Choctawhatchee Bay. Don s 
 Bayou enters Garnier s Bayou on its western side. 
 
 In scrub, about 200 yards in a westerly direction from the landing, at the 
 head of Don s Bayou, in a field on Government property showing signs of earl} 
 cultivation, is a mound of irregular outline, greatly spread by the plough, appar 
 ently. The major and minor basal diameters are 80 feet and 50 feet respectively. 
 The present height is 3 feet. Thorough trenching showed the mound to be of sand 
 and probably erected as a dwelling site. 
 
 MOUND NEAR BLACK POINT, CHOCTAWHATCHEE BAY, WALTON COUNTY, FLA. 
 
 About one-quarter mile in a northwesterly direction from Black Point, in 
 scrub, formerly a cultivated field, on Government property, is a rather symmetrical 
 mound of circular outline with basal diameter of 83 feet. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 455 
 
 The diameter of the summit plateau is 46 feet. Thorough trenching showed 
 the mound to have been a place of residence only. Isolated sherds lay here and 
 there in the sand of which the mound was composed, some of excellent quality, 
 undecorated, with the check-stamp, with the complicated stamp and with incised 
 decoration. 
 
 MOUNDS NEAR ROCKY BAYOU, CHOCTAAVHATCHEE BAY, WALTON COUNTY, FLA. 
 
 On the west side of Rocky Bayou, about 1.5 miles up, in scrub, not far from 
 the water s edge, was a mound, circular in outline, 28 feet across the base and 2 
 feet 3 inches in height. A small trench had been dug through the central part. 
 
 This mound, which was demolished by us, was of unstratified sand. Three 
 badly decayed skulls, each with some fragments of other bones, were met with and 
 a few small pieces of bone lying alone. 
 
 About 8 inches below the surface, apparently unassociated, was a tobacco pipe 
 of soapstone, similar to those we have found in mounds near the mouth of the St. 
 John s river, Florida, where the orifice for the stem almost equals in size the bowl 
 of the pipe. In shape the pipe forms almost a right-angle with one side 4 inches 
 in length, the other side, 3 inches. 
 
 With human remains, near together, were five small vessels of yellow ware, 
 
 all perforate as to the base. Three 
 are undecorated bowls, each of about 
 one-half pint capacity. Another, 
 semi-globular, 3.6 inches in maxi 
 mum diameter, has the rim turning 
 inward to leave an aperture of about 
 1.7 inches. The height is about 2.4 
 inches. The fifth vessel has the 
 form of a gourd. Its length is 4.6 
 inches ; its height, 2.8 inches. The 
 
 Fia.47.-Goard-sl.aped vessel. Momul at Rocky Bayou, diameter of aperture is 1.4 inches 
 
 (Two-thirds size.) (Fig. 47). The end of the stem has 
 
 a small irregular hole which seems to have come through decay. 
 
 A graceful "celt," probably of igneous rock, with well-ground edge and rounded 
 end, 8.5 inches in length, lay near the surface. 
 
 In various parts of the mound were several vessels, parts of vessels and sherds, 
 of no particular interest. 
 
 About 100 yards cast of the eastern side of the mouth of Rocky Bayou, in a 
 field formerly cultivated but now overgrown with scrub, is a mound of irregular 
 outline, with basal diameters of 72 feet and 112 feet. The height is 4 feet. Careful 
 trenching gave every indication that the mound had been domiciliary in character. 
 
456 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 MOUND NEAR BASIN BAYOU, CHOCTAWHATCHEE BAY, WALTON COUNTY, FLA. 
 
 This mound was in thick scrub, about one-quarter mile in a westerly direction 
 from the first habitation on the western side of the bayou, on property of Mr. 
 George Berry, of Portland, Fla. The mound proper had a diameter of base of 40 
 feet, a height of 6 feet 6 inches. A graded way 28 feet long and 20 feet across, 
 where it joined the mound on its S. W. side, was about 3.5 feet lower than the 
 mound where it united with it. 
 
 A hole involving half of the central part of the mound had been dug previous 
 to our visit. 
 
 The mound, with the exception of certain marginal parts, was dug through by 
 us. Careful search failed to discover that dark line which we usually recognize as 
 marking the base. The outer part of the mound at the N. E. side was composed 
 entirely of black, loamy sand, rich in organic matter, having a maximum depth of 
 6 feet. This did not seem to be midden material, but muck from swampy ground 
 near by. The remainder of the mound was of yellow sand, with black sand above 
 it in varying depths, but nowhere approaching the depth of the black sand at the 
 side of the mound. 
 
 While the former digger doubtless disturbed certain burials, yet, as the excava 
 tions made by him converged considerably, it is not likely a large percentage was 
 affected. It is probable that certain burials had disappeared through decay, as, in 
 addition to some scattered bones, but four burials were met with by us. Three of 
 these consisted of decaying fragments of skull with friable pieces of long-bones, all 
 between 6 and 7 feet in depth. A number of long-bones in fragments lay together. 
 
 Five and one-half feet from the surface was a bowl 3 inches in diameter, with 
 perforate base. No remains were found near it, though it is likely a burial had 
 lain with it. 
 
 No artifacts were with burials, practically all objects met with by us being 
 near the bottom of the deposit of black loam on the northeastern side of the mound, 
 in which were no burials. 
 
 Near together were four undecorated bowls all with base-perforation and all 
 slightly broken in addition. Near them lay many pieces of mica. 
 
 Several fragments of excellent yellow paste lay somewhat scattered. Pieced 
 together, they showed a fragment 7.5 inches in height, of a cylindrical vessel with 
 flat base. The design, carefully made with a blunt point, is symbolical. The head 
 of a duck stands out in relief for a handle (Fig. 48). Most careful search was made 
 for the remainder of this vessel throughout the entire deposit of dark sand, and we 
 are forced to believe that the fragments obtained by us represent all that was in the 
 mound, and that this portion of the vessel, as Mr. Fewkes says of another class of 
 objects, "should come under the group of sacrifices called substitutional, or symboli 
 cal, a part for the whole." 1 
 
 A number of scattered fragments formed part of a pot decorated with crimson 
 paint. 
 
 " Property-right in Eagles among the Hopi," American Anthropologist, October-December, 
 p. 690. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 457 
 
 Also in fragments, rather closely associated, immediately on the base of the 
 black loam deposit was a large part of an effigy-vase of yellow ware. The figure 
 is that of a male in a squatting position. Its height is 9.5 inches. It is 6.5 inches 
 across the shoulders and has a maximum thickness of 5.3 inches. The diameter of 
 the aperture, which is at the top of the head, is 3.4 by 3 inches. The arms, which 
 
 FIG. 48. Fragment of vessel. Mound near Basin Bayou. (About two-thirds size.) 
 
 had been fashioned separately and fastened to the body by pressure, are missing. 
 Around the head is a band, part of which has fallen from the forehead and part 
 from the back. Much of the base is wanting. This interesting effigy, taken from 
 the front and from the side, is shown in Figs. 49, 50. 
 
 Isolated sherds showed fine ware with incised decoration. The complicated 
 stamp was represented by four varieties. 
 
 No use of powdered shell with the paste was noted. 
 
458 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 459 
 
 MOUND NEAR JOLLY BAY, CHOCTAWHATCHEE BAY, WALTON COUNTY, FLA. 
 
 Jolly bay is at the eastern end of Choctawhatchee bay. Landing at the head 
 of Jolly bay, on the north side, and keeping about one mile inland in an N. N. W. 
 direction, a mound is reached in pine woods on the verge of hammock land near a 
 fine stream of water. The mound, on property of Mr. R. L. Burnham, resident on 
 the place, was investigated by kind permission of the owner. The mound had been 
 dug into more extensively than any of its size it has been our fortune to see and, 
 as usual, vain search for treasure was the motive of the wreck. Little beyond the 
 sloping portion of the mound and part of the eastern end remained intact. Fortu 
 nately for us, deposits of earthenware in mounds in this section of the country are 
 often marginal, so that we believe little, if any, pottery was destroyed by previous 
 digging. We were informed by Mr. Burnham that he had been present when others 
 were seeking for gold, and had witnessed the finding of but one pot since the dig 
 ging began, twenty years ago. 
 
 The height of the mound as we found it, was 3 feet 9 inches ; its diameter east 
 and west was 70 feet and 55 feet north and south. Its summit plateau was 51 feet 
 by 38 feet. 
 
 All undisturbed parts of the mound which was composed of unstratified sand, 
 were dug through by us. 
 
 Twenty-seven undisturbed burials were met with. These were lone skulls; 
 skulls with a few fragments of long-bones, and, occasionally, long-bones without the 
 skull, all badly decayed. 
 
 With one skull was a lancepoint 5 inches in length. Another skull had eight 
 arrowpoints or knives, five of quartzite, three of jasper. 
 
 With a burial was a piercing implement made from the column of a Fulgur. 
 
 A small chisel of undetermined rock, a broken "celt" and several arrowpoints, 
 one of blue quartz, lay loose in the sand. 
 
 On the southern side of the mound, beginning at the general level, dark sand 
 extended below the surface, continuing into the slope for a considerable distance. 
 In this sand were several vessels, and burials also were present in it. 
 
 In all, fourteen vessels were met with, all but one or two in the sloping portion 
 of the mound, and none much farther in than the margin of the summit plateau. 
 
 We give in detail a description of the vessels. 
 
 Vessel No. 1. A little below the surface, almost at the beginning of the 
 upward slope, with no bones in association, lay an interesting dish of yellow ware, 
 five pointed, with basal perforation. The decoration, which is incised and punctate, 
 is evidently symbolical. Maximum diameter, 7.5 inches; depth, 2.3 inches (Fig. 51). 
 
 Vessel No. 2. 2 feet 10 inches down, inverted over the skull of an infant, with 
 other bones near by in a condition resembling sawdust, was a bowl with incised 
 decoration much the same as that on Vessel No. 20 (Fig. 23) from the Walton s 
 Camp mound. Maximum diameter, 8.8 inches; depth, 4 inches. The base is 
 imperforate. On the sides of the bowl is much soot indicating use for domestic 
 purposes. 
 
 59 JOUEN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
460 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 Vessel No. 3. 3 feet 3 inches down, upright, unassociated, was an undecorated, 
 perforate bowl of excellent ware. The rim, thickened, projects horizontally about 
 .5 inch. Maximum diameter, 6.5 inches; depth, 2.7 inches. 
 
 FIG. 51. Vessel No. 1. Mound near Jolly Bay. (About full size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 4. This vase, with perforate base, undecorated, of about one quart 
 capacity, has a globular body and an upright neck, slightly expanding, 1.25 inches 
 
 high. 
 
 r I 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 461 
 
 Vessel No. 5. A rude, undecorated bowl of about one quart capacity. 
 
 Vessel No. 6. A bowl, 3 feet down, inverted over a fragment of human bone. 
 The ware is inferior. The 
 decoration is incised. From 
 one side a head, probably 
 representing that of a frog, 
 projects. Opposite, a tail, 
 apparently, has been lost - -V*% 
 through breakage (Fig.52). 
 Maximum diameter, includ 
 ing head, 3.6 inches ; depth, 
 1.8 inches. 
 
 Vessel No. 7. 3 feet 
 down, lying on its side, un- 
 associated, was a perforate 
 
 Fi. 52. Vessel No. 6. Mound near Jolly Bay. (Full size.) 
 
 vessel with undecorated, globular body and upright neck, slightly flaring, 2 inches 
 in height. The neck has a poorly defined check-stamp decoration. 
 
 Vessel No. 8. This bottle, imperforate, of dark ware, is probably the most 
 
 FIG. 53. Vessel No. 8. Mound near Jolly Bay. (Full size.) 
 
462 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 interesting vessel taken by us from the Florida coast. It fell with caving sand, so 
 that data as to its association with human remains were not obtainable. The body, 
 which tapers to a flat base 1.8 inches across, has a maximum diameter of 5 inches. 
 
 The undecorated upright neck 
 expands slightly. The height 
 is about 4.5 inches. The deco 
 ration, carefully engraved, rep 
 resents, on one side of the body 
 of the bottle, a head wearing a 
 grotesque mask having the beak 
 of a bird and the bird s eye so 
 often shown on aboriginal work. 
 Above the head is a conven 
 tionalized serpent marking. The 
 engraved decoration is shown 
 on the half-tone representation of the bottle (Fig. 53) and diagrammatically in 
 Fig. 54. 
 
 On the opposite side of the bottle is an engraved design representing an eagle 
 
 FIG. 54. Engraved decoration on Vessel No. 8. (Half size.) 
 
 FIG. 55. Vessel No. 8. Opposite side. (Full size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 463 
 
 with extended wings and head turned to the reader s left (Figs. 55, 56). Two 
 vertebrae of a child were in the sand within this bottle. 
 
 Flo. 56. Engraved decoration on Vessel No. 8. Opposite side. (Half size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 9. Fragments of part of a bowl. 
 
 Vessel No. 10. Bowl, perforate base, inferior ware with four incised, encir 
 cling, parallel lines. Maximum diameter, 8.25 inches ; depth, 5.2 inches. From 
 the rim, projecting obliquely upward, are six rude animal heads, much resembling 
 in style those shown on Vessel No. 13, this mound. 
 
 Vessel No. 11. A bowl with rough, incised decoration and in-turned rim a 
 
 little less than 1 inch in width. 
 From the body are four projections. 
 This vessel, which rudely represents 
 
 _ -^_ ^ ,. -^ _ a life-form, lay tilted on its side 2 
 
 " " feet below the surface. No bones 
 
 were in association. The base is 
 perforate (Fig. 57). 
 
 Vessel No. 12. A rather rude, iin- 
 perforate bowl with bird-head han 
 dle and conventional tail on the op 
 posite side. The decoration on the 
 upper part of the bowl, which is slightly thicker than the lower part, is incised. 
 Diameter of body, 7 inches; depth, 4.75 inches. 
 
 Vessel No. 13. A bowl of inferior ware, perforate, with undecorated body and 
 four projections, rude representations of animal head (Fig. 58). Maximum diame 
 ter, 7.6 inches; depth, 4.4 inches. This bowl has been used for culinary purposes. 
 Vessel No. 14. Soon after our work on this mound began, parts of a vessel of 
 dark ware, the body surrounded by several incised lines, were thrown out by a 
 digger. Somewhat later other parts were met with. About two hours after this 
 the same digger found several other fragments of this vessel, much farther in. At 
 the end, almost the entire vessel was present and such small parts as were missing 
 no doubt escaped our attention and that of the digger. From all this it would 
 
 FIG. 57. Vessel No. 11. Mound near Jolly Bay. 
 (About half size.) 
 
464 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 FIG. 58. Vessel No. 13. Mound near Jolly Bay. (Half size.) 
 
 FIG. 60. Handle of vessel. Mound near 
 Jolly Bay. (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 59. Handle of vessel. Mound near Jolly Bay. 
 (Full size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 465 
 
 seem tha^ an entire vessel had been broken and its parts scattered on the sand dur 
 ing the construction of the mound. 
 
 FIG. 61 Handle of vessel. Mound near Jolly Bay. (Half size.) 
 
 Loose in the sand were three handles of vessels ; two representing human 
 heads (Figs. 59, 60), and one the head of a fish, neatly executed (Fig. 61.) 
 
 MOUNDS NEAR BLACK CREEK, CHOCTAWHATCHEE BAY, WALTON COUNTY, FLA. (3). 
 
 These mounds lay in sight of each other in an old field about 2.5 miles up 
 Black Creek and one mile inland in a southwesterly direction from Mr. David 
 Evans lower landing. 
 
 The mounds had all been under cultivation, and evidently all had been greatly 
 spread by the plough. The smallest was less than one foot in height. The others 
 were 70 feet and 96 feet in diameter and 1.5 feet and 4 feet in height, respectively. 
 All these mounds were carefully trenched with no result, save to indicate their 
 former use as places of domicile. 
 
 MOUND NEAR POINT WASHINGTON, CHOCTAWHATCHEE BAY, WASHINGTON 
 
 COUNTY, FLA. 
 
 This mound was about two miles in a westerly direction from Point Washing 
 ton, near a spring of excellent water. The spring feeds a pond from which a nar 
 row creek, navigable for small boats, runs to the bay, somewhat over a mile distant. 
 The mound, on the property of Mr. Simeon Strickland, Sr., of Point Washington, 
 who kindly permitted us to dig, was of circular outline, 36 feet across the base and 
 6 feet high. Previous diggers, treasure seekers, we were told, had made a large 
 hole in the center, probably 8 feet in diameter, and had driven a trench in from 
 the margin. 
 
 The mound, of yellow sand without stratification, was demolished by us. 
 
 Burials were central to a certain extent, the first being met with 8 feet in from 
 the margin. In all eleven were met with by us at depths varying from 2 feet to 
 the base of the mound, and doubtless a considerable number was destroyed by the 
 hunters for gold. The form of burial was the solitary skull, sometimes accompanied 
 by a few fragments of other bones or, occasionally, long-bones without the skull 
 
466 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 were met with. On the center of the base of the mound, 6 feet down,was the 
 only skeleton found, being the bones of an adolescent lying at length to the knees, 
 with the lower legs flexed under. 
 
 With the exception of a thick sheet of mica below this skeleton, no artifacts 
 were met with in the mound in direct association with the dead. Two arrowheads 
 were loose in the sand, as was a ball of galena, about 2 inches in diameter. There 
 was present, also, a part of a small disc of copper, or of brass, too minute and 
 too corroded for determination. 
 
 While no tributes were placed immediately with burials, yet, as we have 
 seen to be the case elsewhere, there was in this mound a large deposit of 
 earthenware, marginal in the main, placed generally. 
 
 In the N. E. part of the mound, not far from the margin, where the mound 
 was a trifle over two feet in height, was sand much darker than the rest, though 
 not so markedly in contrast as was the black loam in the marginal part of the 
 mound near Basin Bayou. In this sand in the Point Washington mound, in close 
 association, in contact even or, at times, one placed partly within another, were 
 ten vessels of from one pint to two quarts capacity, approximately, the under 
 o nes lying on the base of the mound. A short distance away were five additional 
 vessels while, a little further in, lay a number of others. In all, thirty-eight ves 
 sels of earthenware came from the mound, all, save two, from or from the vicinity 
 of, the place we have noted. Of the two exceptions, one was from the margin, 
 but several yards distant from the rest, while the other fell with caving sand from 
 near the surface. This vessel was imperforate as to the base and was the only 
 pne met with by us in the mound clearly without mortuary mutilation, though 
 several were too fragmentary for determination. 
 
 One of the groups of vessels lay with their bases resting upon great frag 
 ments of much larger vessels, as on a floor. 
 
 In two cases vessels whose bodies tapered to the base, had the base entirely 
 knocked away instead of perforated simply. In one case, the base was found 
 later, some distance from the vessel to which it belonged. 
 
 Of the thirty-eight vessels found by us none exceeded two quarts in capacity, 
 
 and in none was admixture of powdered 
 shell apparent. The paste, yellow, as a 
 rule, ranged from inferior to most excel 
 lent quality, resembling the ware of pen 
 insular Florida. Many were undecora- 
 ted ; others offered no novelty in shape 
 or ornamentation, while others, again, 
 were crushed to fragments. We shall, 
 therefore, confine ourselves in descrip 
 tion to vessels worthy of especial notice. 
 Vessel No. 1. This vessel, of ex 
 cellent ware, was found in a number of 
 pieces and without a base. The design 
 is incised (Fig. 62). 
 
 FIG. 62. Vessel No. 1. Mound near Point Washington. 
 (Half size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 467 
 
 Vessel No. 2. This vase has the lower half of the body hemispherical ; 
 the upper part somewhat constricted. The neck is slightly flaring. There have 
 
 been four small projections from the rim, 
 of which two remain. Encircling the rim 
 on the upper surface is an incised line. 
 The ornamentation, incised, is a cross- 
 hatch beneath two arching parallel lines. 
 Maximum diameter, 5.5 inches ; height, 
 4.5 inches (Fig. 63). 
 
 Vessel No. 5. A vase of thick ware 
 with flat base, and quadrilateral as to the 
 lower part of the body. The upper part 
 turns inward. The neck is upright. The 
 ornamentation, incised and punctate, 
 shown on the two sides in Fig. 64, is re- 
 
 j ,1 ,1 , n , 
 
 peated on the other two sides. Capacity 
 about one pint. 
 
 Vessel No. 6. An acorn-shaped vessel of less thsin one pint capacity, with 
 pinched decoration, perhaps intended to imitate the acorn (Fig. 65). 
 
 FIG. 63. Vessel No. 2. Mound near Point Washington. 
 
 (HHir size) 
 
 . 
 
 FIG. 64. Vessel No. 5. Mound near Point Washington. (Full size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 14. This vase, of inferior ware, resembles Vessel No. 5, this 
 mound, as to shape of body which, in this case, is undecorated. The vessel, which 
 
 60 JOUEN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
468 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 _A -r *-- 
 
 Fl. 65. Vessel No. 6. Mound near Point Wxsh- 
 ington. (Two-thirds size.) 
 
 FIG. 66. Vessel No. 14. Mound near Point Wash 
 ington. (Half size.) 
 
 flares slightly at first and then becomes upright, has six parallel circles of punctate 
 markings. Capacity about one quart (Fig. 66). 
 
 Vessel No. 18. This interesting vessel of thick and excellent ware, a light 
 yellow with many traces of crimson paint, somewhat resembles in shape of body 
 Vessel No. 5. The head of an owl projects horizontally from one side. On either 
 
 
 FIG. 67. Vessel No. 18. Mound near Point Washington. (Full size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL MOUNDS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 469 
 
 side, behind the head, are deeply incised representations of wings. An incised tail 
 is opposite the head. Just above the tail is a neatly made perforation as for 
 suspension. Presumably a corresponding one on the opposite side has been omitted. 
 The capacity is less than one pint (Fig. 67). 
 
 FIG. 68. Vessel No. 19. Mound near Point Washington. (Full size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 19. This vessel, of good yellow ware, bearing traces of crimson 
 paint, has a double compartment with a human head between for a handle. The 
 decoration, incised and punctate, is confined to one compartment. The closing of 
 the scroll is a treatment similar to that found on vessels from Yucatan (Fig. 68). 
 
 Vessel No. 21. The body is semi-globular, with high and slightly expanding 
 neck. The base is flat. The body is undecorated. Around the neck is an inter 
 esting complicated decoration conferred by the use of a stamp. Maximum 
 diameter, 5.75 inches ; height, 6 inches (Fig. 69). 
 
 Vessel No. 22. A bowl with semi-globular body and thickened rim, of about 
 three pints capacity. The interior has a coat of crimson paint, as has part of the 
 outside. 
 
 Vessel No. 25. A vase of flattened outline, of most excellent yellow ware 
 
470 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 Fio. 69. Vessel No. 21. Mound near Point Washington. (Three-quarters size.) 
 
 and with gracefully rounded rim. The complicated decoration, beautifully carved, 
 confined to the upper portion, is practically all shown in Fig. 70. Fig. 71 gives the 
 outline of the side. Maximum diameter, 6 inches ; height, 3 inches ; diameter of 
 aperture, 3.5 inches. 
 
 Vessel No. 27. A pot with two encircling lines of punctate markings 
 (Fig. 72). 
 
 Vessel No. 29. A pot with ovoid body, of about two quarts capacity. A 
 thick rim flares slightly. A border .5 inch in diameter, consisting of complicated 
 stamp decoration, is just below the rim. Diameter, 5.6 inches; height, 6.8 inches 
 (Fig. 73). 
 
 Vessel No. 35. In shape an inverted truncated cone. The ware, bright 
 yellow, has been colored crimson about one inch below the rim. Next follows a 
 band about 1.75 inches broad, without paint, with incised decoration. The 
 remainder of the vessel is crimson. Parts are missing. Height, 6 inches; 
 maximum diameter, 4.5 inches (Fig. 74). 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 471 
 
 FIG. 70. Vessel No. 25. Mound near Point Washington. (About one-sixth oversize.) 
 
472 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 FIG. 71. Section of Ves 
 sel No. 25. (Half 
 
 SIZe -> FIG. 72. Vessel No. 27. Mound near Point Wash 
 
 ington. (Half size.) 
 
 W 
 
 FIG. 73. Vessel No. 29. Mound near 
 Point Washington. (One-third 
 
 size.) 
 
 FIG. 74. Vessel No. 35. Mound near Point Wash 
 ington. (One-third size.) 
 
 FIG. 75. Vessel No. 38. Mound near Point Washington. 
 (Half size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 38. A fragment of a vessel of eccentric form, of very superior 
 ware, beautifully decorated. Traces of crimson paint remain (Fig. 75). 
 
 CEMETERY NEAR POINT WASHINGTON, CHOCTAWIIATCHEE BAY, 
 WASHINGTON COUNTY, FLA. 
 
 Over a score of years ago, we were told, persons living at Point Washington 
 noticed earthenware vessels, or parts of vessels, projecting above the ground in a 
 hammock about 3.5 miles west of their settlement. Incidentally, it may be said 
 that the word hammock is used in certain parts of the Southern United States to 
 describe a tract of land on which grow the palmetto, the oak and certain other trees, 
 in contradistinction to the pine barrens, the swamp, the marsh, or the prairie. This 
 hammock, which is about three acres in extent, lies in from the bay and is 
 surrounded by pine woods. It is said that former visitors from the town obtained 
 a number of vessels at this place, though we saw but little evidence of former 
 digging, either on or below the surface. 
 
 r 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 473 
 
 Four and one-half days were passed by us at the cemetery with ten men to 
 dig and three men to supervise. 
 
 About one-quarter of an acre was dug through by us and it is our belief that 
 that part of the hammock containing burials was thoroughly dug by us. the limit 
 being determined not only by the spade but by sounding rods of iron which we 
 found so useful in our work at the aboriginal cemetery at Durand s Bend, Alabama 
 river. 
 
 The cemetery near Point Washington was not exactly level, there being a 
 number of irregular rises in the ground with flat spaces between. These rises, which 
 probably did not exceed a foot in height, in three cases contained large deposits of 
 human bones, solid masses with outlying bones here and there, these bones not being 
 enough apart to call them separate burials, nor yet so closely associated that they 
 might be considered one interment. One of these deposits had seventeen skulls, all 
 of adults but one, as to which we had not sufficient data to judge. Numbers of 
 long-bones accompanied the skulls. In other parts of the cemetery were single 
 skulls, others with long-bones and, in a few cases, long-bones without the crania, in 
 addition to the burials found under earthenware vessels, which will be taken 
 up later. 
 
 Certain skulls from the cemetery showed marked flattening as by compression. 
 Captain Bernard Romans, in his " A Concise Natural History of East and West 
 Florida," 1 page 82, tells us, speaking of the Choctaws, " their women disfigure the 
 heads of their male children by means of bags of sand, flattening them into 
 different shapes, thinking it adds to their beauty." 
 
 Artifacts other than vessels of earthenware were not numerous. A piece 
 of iron lay near a skull and glass beads were with a number of burials. There 
 were also : shell beads in many places ; several undecorated gorgets of shell ; a 
 hoe-shaped implement of calcareous lime-stone, much disintegrated, with one of 
 the masses of skulls ; a large hone with a burial ; eleven bits of chert and two 
 arrowpoints together, with human remains ; two glass finger-rings loose in the sand ; 
 two pendants of shell resembling barbless arrowpoints in shape, with a burial ; a 
 piercing implement of shell, wrought from a columella, with two circular grooves. 
 
 While the burials without earthenware covering were largely in the low 
 mounds, burials under vessels were chiefly in the slopes of the mounds or in the 
 levels and depressions between them. 
 
 At certain places in the cemetery, from a few inches to one foot below the 
 surface, as in other cases reported by us, but still more noticeably so, lay quantities 
 of earthenware over considerable areas. No burials were with or beneath these 
 deposits which, at places, were so near together as almost to resemble a floor. 
 These deposits were made up of fragments of vessels, some very large ; occasionally 
 a small, well-made vessel, usually with some imperfection ; or bowls rarely over 
 one quart in capacity, of poor material, often undecorated and sometimes broken 
 in addition. 
 
 During our entire investigation, though particular care was exercised and 
 
 1 New York, 1775. 
 
474 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 the matter was constantly kept in view, no vessel of any size was reconstructed 
 from pieces present in these deposits. Parts of smaller vessels, probably intended 
 for domestic use, lay among the sherds. It has suggested itself to us that possibly 
 vessels broken in domestic use were put aside and carried in numbers to the 
 cemetery, where these fragments were spread upon the surface with small, unbroken 
 vessels, not with, but near, the burials. In lapse of time leaf mould and shifting 
 sand could readily account for the superficial depth at which these deposits were 
 found. Fragments, during conveyance and deposit, would become greatly mixed, 
 which would account for our inability to find full complement of parts of vessels 
 and, moreover, as it seemed to us that decorated portions predominated, it may 
 be that such parts were more carefully preserved. A definite method to settle 
 this question, to which we have already referred in our account of the mounds 
 at Bear Point and at Walton s Camp, would be to preserve each fragment of 
 ware found during an investigation and, at the end, to endeavor to restore vessels 
 from parts found at various points. This herculean task, however, could be 
 attempted reasonably only in the case of a cemetery which had never undergone 
 previous disturbance. 
 
 The earthenware at the cemetery contained practically no admixture of 
 pounded shell, though here and there a small amount was present locally in 
 vessels as was the case with those in the mound at Walton s Camp. 
 
 When bowls lay inverted over burials, such burials were from 1 to 3.5 feet in 
 depth. 
 
 Vessel No. 1. A life-form of coarse yellow ware, imperforate. The decoration 
 is punctate. There are small holes at either end for suspension. Length, 4.1 
 
 FIG. 76. Vessel No. 1. Cemetery near Point Washington. (Full size.) 
 
 inches; maximum diameter, 2 inches; depth, 1.6 inches (Fig. 76). A small part 
 of the tail was broken by a trowel. This interesting little vessel lay apart from 
 burials with many pieces of broken ware. 
 
 Vessel No. 2. A bowl found in fragments but since pieced together. The base 
 is perforate ; the decoration, incised. Maximum diameter, 10 inches ; depth, 5 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 475 
 
 inches (Fig. 77). No human remains were found with this bowl though probably 
 they had disappeared through decay. 
 
 Vessel No. 3. Found lying on its side, crushed to fragments. 
 
 Vessel No. 4. Inverted, crushed to fragments, parts missing. 
 
 Vessel No. 5. Inverted, imperforate base. The decoration is a partially inter 
 locked scroll rudely done. There are notches around the rim. Maximum diameter, 
 12.75 inches; depth, 7 inches. 
 
 Flu. 77. Vessel No. 2. Cemetery near Point Washington. 
 (One-third size.) 
 
 Flo. 78. Vessel No. 7. Cemetery near Point 
 Washington. (One-third size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 6. One half of a large star-shaped dish lying inverted over a 
 fragment of a skull, three large shell beads and two pebbles. 
 
 Vessel No. 7. A pot three pints in capacity, perforate, with rough decoration 
 on the neck (Fig. 78). This pot lay inverted just beneath the surface. 
 
 Vessel No. 8. About the same size as Vessel No. 7 and lying in fragments 
 near it. 
 
 Vessel No. 9. A vessel of eccentric shape with incised and punctate decoration, 
 perforate and with two small holes for suspension. Length, 6 inches ; maximum 
 diameter, 2.7 inches; height, 1.7 inches; diameter 
 of aperture, 1.3 inches (Fig. 79). 
 
 FIG. 79. Vessel No. 9. Cemetery near Point Washington. (Half size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 10. A water-bottle of black ware, 
 interestingly incised on body and on base. A white 
 material has been rubbed into the lines. The base 
 is perforate. There are two small holes for suspension, at the rim. Maximum 
 diameter, 4 inches ; height, 4 inches ; aperture, 1.2 inches (Fig. 80). This bottle 
 lay with the seventeen skulls and the mass of bones to which we have referred. 
 
 FIG. 80. Vessel No. 10. Cemetery near Point 
 Washington. (Half size.) 
 
 61 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
476 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 FIG. 81. Vessel No. 11. Cemetery near Point Washington. (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 82. Vessel No. 12. Cemetery near Point Wash 
 ington. (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 83. Vessel No. 13. Cemetery near Point 
 Washington. (One-third size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 477 
 
 Vessel No. 11. A bottle similar to Vessel No. 10, with base perforation, holes 
 for suspension and white material in the incised lines. Maximum diameter, 4.6 
 inches; height, 4.4 inches; aperture, 1.4 inches (Fig. 81). This bottle lay almost 
 in contact with one of the skulls to which we have referred. 
 
 Vessel No. 12. A bottle of inferior ware, rudely incised. The base is imper- 
 forate. Maximum diameter, 2.5 inches; height, 3.1 inches; aperture, 1 inch 
 (Fig. 82). This bottle lay about 2 feet 8 inches down and about 9 inches below the 
 mass of bones to which reference has been made. With it were small fragments 
 of human remains. 
 
 Vessel No. 13. An undecorated, wide-mouthed bottle with body heart- 
 shaped in outline. The base is perforate. This bottle lay almost inverted. No 
 bones remained near it. Diameter of body, 6.6 inches; height, 7.5 inches; 
 diameter of aperture, 3.8 inches (Fig. 83). 
 
 Vessel No. 14. An imperforate bowl partly crushed by a large root, since 
 pieced together. The decoration, incised, represents highly conventionalized bird- 
 wings though, in this case, the head and the tail of the bird do not appear 
 
 FIG. 84. Vessel No. 14. Cemetery near Point Washington. (One-third size.) 
 
 on the bowl. In one instance, to the reader s left, on the bowl (Fig. 84) 
 the circle has not been filled in as have the others. Maximum diameter, 13 
 inches ; depth, 6.3 inches. This bowl lay inverted over the skull of an adult. 
 Beneath the skull were a number of long-bones while one foot lower down was 
 another skull. These bones were apparently the advance guard of a mass of 
 remains behind and to one side of them which formed the deposit with the 
 eleven crania to which we have referred. 
 
 Vessel No. 15. Possibly part of a small bottle, though the aperture seems 
 too smooth to mark the presence of a fracture. The decoration, incised and 
 punctate, confined to the top of the body, is given, with section, in Fig. 85. 
 
 Vessel No. 16. A large fragment lying by the side of Vessel No. 17. The 
 decoration, a common one, consists of a series of concentric diamonds with 
 central circles. 
 
478 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 FIG. 85. Vessel No. 15. Top view and section. Cemetery near Point Washington. (Full size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 17. An imperforate bowl of black ware found, badly crushed, 
 inverted over a human skull with a fragment of clavicle and some vertebrae 
 With these was a chisel of iron or of steel. This bowl, put together with the 
 exception of a small part of the rim, which is wanting, has an incised decoration 
 shown in Fig. 86. Maximum diameter, 15.5 inches ; depth, 6.4 inches. 
 
 FIG. 86. Decoration, Vessel No. 17. Cemetery near Point Washington. (One-third size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 18. A bowl, badly crushed, found turned over the skull of an 
 adult, about 2 feet from Vessels Nos. 16 and 17. This bowl, 3 feet 6 inches down, 
 lay at a considerably greater depth than the vessels ordinarily. The decoration, 
 incised, is a form of the partially interlocked scroll. The fragments of this bowl 
 were sent to the Davenport Academy of Natural Science, Davenport, Iowa. 
 
 Vessel No. 19. A bowl found upright in one of the deposits of sherds. The 
 base is perforate. The decoration is incised scroll and punctate, much like that of 
 Vessel No. 24 (Fig. 24) from the mound at Walton s Camp. Maximum diameter, 
 9.5 inches ; depth, 4.5 inches. 
 
 Vessel No. 20. A bowl with perforate base, lying just beneath the surface 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 479 
 
 with no associated remains. The decoration, incised, is in the main similar to that 
 of Vessel No. 40 from this cemetery. Maximum diameter, 6.8 inches ; depth, 3 
 inches. 
 
 Vessel No. 21. A large fragment of a vessel, lying over a skull. 
 
 Vessel No. 22. Found just below the surface, lying on its side in the deposit 
 of sherds, containing, and surmounted by, parts of other vessels, was a vessel of 
 two compartments, which, we believe, represents the open bivalve rather more 
 conventionalized than is sometimes seen in the ware of the Mississippi district, a 
 good example of which may be found on Plate VI in Thruston s excellent 
 
 FIG. 87. Vessel No. 22. Cemetery near Point Washington. (About seven-elevenths size.) 
 
 " Antiquities of Tennessee." The decoration on the body consists of a form of 
 incised scroll. On the base of one compartment are concentric circles. On the 
 other base, these circles begun, have not been completed. There are no basal 
 perforations (Fig. 87). 
 
 Vessel No. 23. An imperforate bowl inverted over fragments of the skull of 
 
 a child or of an infant, 11.5 
 inches maximum diameter, 6.5 
 inches in depth. The decora 
 tion, incised, is shown in Fig. 
 88. By a small crack near 
 the rim three holes, intended to 
 allow a sinew or a cord to 
 strengthen the parts, have been 
 begun but not completed. 
 
 Vessel No. 24. A large fragment from the pottery layer, having on one side 
 an animal head for a handle. 
 
 Vessel No. 25. A perforate bowl inverted over the skull of an old person, 
 
 FIG. 88. Decoration, Vessel No. 23. Cemetery near Point Washington. 
 (About one-third size.) 
 
480 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 which showed marked artificial flattening. Maximum diameter, 13.2 inches; 
 
 depth, 6 inches. The decoration is shown in Fig. 89. This bowl, mounted over 
 
 the skull which was found be 
 neath it, placed upon sand and 
 roots from the cemetery, has 
 been sent to the Museum at 
 Memorial Hall, Fairmount 
 
 Fio. 89. Decoration, Vessel No. 25. Cemetery near Point Washington. "ark, P hlladelpllia. 
 
 (One-third size.) Vessel No. 26. A little 
 
 above Vessel No. 25 and to one side of it was an unbroken, imperforate bowl, 
 lying over the skull of an adult with which were one piece of tibia, one ulna, 
 one clavicle, part of a humerus, a piece of a pelvis and one half of a lower jaw. 
 On the upper part of the bowl is incised decoration, evidently symbolical, while 
 designs representing animal legs and paws encircle the body of the bowl. Maxi 
 mum diameter, 15 inches; depth, 6.8 inches. This bowl, mounted over the burial 
 found beneath it (Fig. 90) is at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 
 where may be seen the principal part of all our collections. 
 
 Vessel No. 27. Immediately under the burial with Vessel No. 26 lay an im 
 perforate bowl over the skull of a woman. The incised decoration is a combination 
 
 of the favorite scroll. 
 Maximum diameter, 11 
 inches ; depth, 5 inches. 
 This bowl with its skull 
 and with sand from the 
 cemetery, has been sent 
 to the Free Museum of 
 Science and Art, Univer 
 sity of Pennsylvania, 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Vessel No. 28.- 
 This little vase was 
 found, upright, slightly 
 mutilated, in a layer of 
 fragments. Incised dec 
 oration is on top and 
 interesting incised sym 
 bolical decoration sur 
 rounds the body. Maxi- 
 
 Fio. 91 Vessel No. 28. Outline. 
 Cemetery near Point Wash 
 ington. (Half size.) 
 
 FIG. 92. Same vessel, top decora 
 tion. (Half size.) 
 
 FIG. 93. Same vessel, decoration of body. (Half size.) 
 
 mum diameter, 3.2 inches; height, 3 inches; aperture, 1 inch (Figs. 91, 92, 93). 
 
 Vessel No. 29. This little vase was found inverted but apart from human 
 remains. A part of the base was knocked in by the blow of a spade. There 
 is rude, incised decoration of curved lines on the body and on the neck. 
 Maximum diameter, 2.7 inches; height, 3.5 inches (Fig. 94). 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 481 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
482 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 Vessel No. 30. This interesting, 
 imperforate, dipper-shaped vessel lay in 
 verted over fragments of the skull of an 
 adult. Incised decoration of diamonds, 
 circles and straight lines surrounds the 
 upper part of the body. A solid handle, 
 3 inches in length, projects horizontally 
 from one side. Diameter of bowl, 8 
 inches ; depth, 3.4 inches (Fig. 95). 
 
 Vessel No. 31. This graceful, im 
 perforate vessel, evidently modelled after 
 a section of a gourd, lay inverted over 
 the skull of an adolescent, about one-half 
 foot distant from Vessel No. 30. At the 
 end of the handle is a small hole for sus 
 pension. The incised decoration is shown 
 on Fig. 96. Diameter of body, including 
 handle, 10.3 inches; breadth of body, 7.1 
 inches ; depth, 3 inches. 
 
 Vessel No. 32. This vessel, repre 
 senting an owl with the head and conven 
 tional tail and incised decoration of con 
 ventionalized wings, lay somewhat crushed by roots over a skull in fragments (Fig. 
 97). Maximum diameter, 11.5 inches; depth, 4.8 inches. 
 
 Vessel No. 33. This bowl lay over the skull of an adult, in contact with 
 Vessel No. 32. The upper part of the body is surrounded with incised decorations, 
 
 FIG. 94. Vessel No. 29. Cemetery near Point Washington. 
 
 (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 95. Vessel No. 30. Cemetery near Point Washington. (About seven-elevenths size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 483 
 
 FIG. 96. Vessel No. 31. Cemetery near Point Washington. (About seven-tenths size.) 
 
 FIG. 97. Vessel No. 32. Cemetery near Point Washington. (Half size.) , 
 
 among which may be recognized the usual aboriginal bird s eye and symbolical 
 designs often found on vessels representing fish. The base of the bowl is imper- 
 forate (Fig. 98). Maximum diameter, 18.8 inches ; depth, 9 inches! 
 
 Vessel No. 34. This bowl lay inverted on one side of the base of Vessel No. 
 35. The base was imperforate, but a piece has been knocked out by a blow 
 from a spade. 
 
 Vessel No. 35. A perforate bowl of light-colored ware, found inverted over a 
 few fragments of a skull. The incised design is much like that on Vessel No. 
 
 62 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
484 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 ^^5? 
 
 FIG. 98. Vessel No. 33. Cemetery near Point Washington. (One-third size.) 
 
 50, from this cemetery, which, however, has projecting heads. Maximum diameter, 
 14.3 inches ; depth, 5.5 inches. 
 
 Vessel No. 36. This interesting bowl, of excellent ware, perforate as to its 
 base, has on one, side projecting slightly, what seems to be a representation of the 
 
 FIG. 99. Vessel No. 36. Cemetery uear Point Washington. (About seven-fifteenths size.) 
 
UNIVERSITY 
 
 or 
 
 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 485 
 
 head of a frog much in the manner of heads we see on bowls from Nicaragua. 
 Below are incised designs intended for legs and feet. Symbols encircle the upper 
 part of the bowl. Maximum diameter, 15.7 inches; depth, 7.2 inches (Fig. 99). 
 
 Vessel No. 37. This bowl, badly crushed by roots, lay inverted over the 
 skull of an adult. Restored, the base shows a perforation. The decoration, the 
 well-known scroll, has a pink material inset in the lines (Fig. 100). Maximum 
 diameter, 15.5 inches; depth, 7 inches. 
 
 Fi. 100. Vessel No. 37. Cemetery near Point Washington. (One-third size.) 
 
 Vessel No. 38. Inverted, but with the rim slightly tilted upward, were two 
 halves of a bowl over a skull in fragments with a few long-bones. These two 
 halves did not lie as though placed in the mound as a whole, and subsequently 
 
 FIG. 101. Decoration, Vessel No. 39. Cemetery near P.oint Washington. (One-third size.) 
 
 fractured, since a broken margin of one side was turned away from the correspond 
 ing margin of the other side. 
 
 Vessel No. 39. This beautiful little bowl of black ware, imperforate, lay on 
 its base, unassociated. The decoration, incised, is shown in Fig. 101. The upper 
 part, the partially interlocked scroll, is uniform throughout. Below, the designs 
 would seem to connect the vessel with that class bearing projecting heads and tails 
 of fish, on which some of these symbols often appear. Maximum diameter, 5.5 
 inches ; depth, 2 inches. 
 
 Vessel No. 40. Resting on its base was a perforate bowl (Fig. 102), 15.8 
 inches in maximum diameter and 8.2 inches in depth. The incised decoration 
 represents a conventional animal head with other parts of the body. Within this 
 
486 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 FIG. 102. Vessel No. 40. Cemetery near Point Washington. (Half size.) 
 
 FIG. 103. Vessel No. 45. Cemetery near Point Washington. (About five-sixths size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 487 
 
 bowl were decaying fragments of a skull and other bones. Capping the bowl was 
 a large fragment of a vessel, inverted. Here for the first time on the Florida coast 
 we find the regular enclosed burial so often described by us as present along the 
 Alabama river and in mounds of the Georgia coast. 
 
 Vessel No. 41. This imperforate bowl was found inverted over fragments of a 
 skull of an adult. Part of the ware had been crushed in by a large root and the 
 bowl received a blow from a spade, in addition. The incised decoration is a variety 
 of scroll similar to that on Vessel No. 20 (Fig. 23) from the mound near Walton s 
 Camp. Maximum diameter, 16.3 inches ; depth, 8.3 inches. 
 
 Vessel No. 42. A bowl crushed to fragments by a large root, inverted over 
 the fragments of a skull of an adult. To one side lay a single shell bead. This 
 bowl was sent to the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 Vessel No. 43. A perforate, six-pointed, or star-shaped, dish of black ware 
 with the decoration usual on these dishes, somewhat rudely executed, lay turned 
 over some fragments of bone resembling sawdust more than anything else. 
 Maximum diameter, 17.2 inches; depth, 4.2 inches. Holes have been drilled on 
 either side of a crack to permit the lashing together of the parts. This vessel, 
 which, as we have said before, is of an entirely new type, has been sent to the 
 National Museum, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Vessel No. 44. A bowl of yellow ware, badly crushed by roots. The dec 
 oration is a form of the favorite scroll. 
 
 Vessel No. 45. A bowl found in contact with Vessel No. 44, having for 
 handles on one side, three rude models of birds heads, one looking in, two looking 
 out, and on the other, the conventional bird s tail. The incised decoration, as might 
 be expected, represents conventional bird-wings (Fig. 103). Diameter of body, 7.75 
 inches; height, 2.7 inches. This vessel, part of which was badly crushed by roots, 
 lay over minute fragments of bone. 
 
 Vessel No. 46. An imperforate dish of yellow ware, of the six-pointed type, 
 found over certain bones of a child, with shell beads. This dish, badly crushed 
 when found, has been pieced together, showing the usual decoration on vessels 
 of this type. Maximum diameter, 18 inches ; depth, 4.7 inches. 
 
 Vessel No. 47. A bowl with basal perforation, found lying over a skull, 
 occiput down. Pressure against the chin had caused the side of the bowl to give 
 way. One foot distant and a little above the level of the inverted rim of the bowl 
 were certain long-bones. The skull, which was much better preserved than were 
 most from this cemetery, was sent with the bowl and sand for mounting, to the 
 Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass. The decoration on the bowl is similar to that 
 on Vessel 41 (Fig. 35) from the mound at Walton s Camp. 
 
 Vessel No. 48. A bowl found crushed to fragments, lying over the skull of 
 an adult. The pieces, carefully collected, were sent to the American Museum of 
 Natural History, New York City. 
 
 Vessel No. 49. A pot, imperforate, with notches around the rim and a 
 
488 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 six-pointed margin. This pot was found inverted (Fig. 104). Maximum diameter, 
 5.5 inches; depth, 3.7 inches. 
 
 Vessel No. 50. An imperforate boAvl of light-colored clay, found, badly 
 
 crushed, turned over the skull of an adult. 
 The incised decoration consists of diamonds, 
 small circles, etc., similar to other vessels 
 already figured. From either side a head, 
 presumably that of a frog, projects (Fig. 
 105). Again we would call attention to 
 bowls of Nicaragua in connection with these 
 small heads, projecting from the side. Max 
 imum diameter, 14.5 inches; depth, 6.8 
 inches. 
 
 Vessel No. 51. A bottle of black ware, 
 found lying on its side with a deposit of 
 
 Incised decoration shown in Fig. 106, covers the body and 
 imperforate base. Diameter of body, 3.9 inches; length of neck, 1.2 inches; 
 height, 4.8 inches. 
 
 Vessel No. 52. This handsome bowl of black ware, imperforate "(Fig. 107) has 
 
 FlO. 104. Vessel No. 49. Cemetery near Point 
 Washington. (Half size.) 
 
 scattered bones. 
 
 FIG. 105. Vessel No. 50. Cemetery near Point Washington. (One-third size.) 
 
 incised decoration, with light colored material inset in the lines (Fig. 108). It lay 
 in a mass of human bones loosely scattered. Maximum diameter, 4.9 inches; 
 depth, 3.5 inches. 
 
 Vessel No. 53. An imperforate bowl with lined decoration and conventional 
 legs and paws below, lay inverted in the same mass of bones as Vessel No. 52 and 
 about one yard from it (Fig. 109). 
 
 Vessel No. 54. This vase, of inferior yellow ware, lay on its side in the same 
 mass of bones from which came Vessel No. 51. The decoration is punctate with 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 489 
 
 FIG. 106. Vessel No. 51. Cemetery near Point Washington. (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 107. Vessel No. 52. Cemetery near Point 
 Washington. (Two-thirds size.) 
 
490 CERTAIN "ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 the favorite scroll (Fig. 110). There is a basal perforation made previous to 
 baking. Maximum diameter, 3.6 inches ; height, 3 inches. 
 
 FIG. 108. Decoration, Vessel No. 52. Cemetery near Point Washington. 
 (One-third size.) 
 
 FIG. 109. Vessel No. 53. Cemetery near Point Washington. (About seven-twelfths size.) 
 
 FIG. 110. Vessel No. 54. Cemetery near Point Washington. 
 (Full size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 491 
 
 Vessel No. 55. A bowl, imperforate, with symbolical decoration rudely 
 executed (Fig. 111). Maximum diameter, 6.5 inches; depth, 3.5 inches. This 
 bowl, one side of which was crushed by a blow from a spade, lay over the skull of 
 a child. 
 
 Vessel No. 56. This vessel lay on its side, in the pottery deposit just beneath 
 the surface. The ware is poor and rather rudely decorated. The rim has two per 
 forations for suspension, a feature seldom met with in this section. A basal 
 perforation lies to one side of the center. Parts of the vessel are missing. 
 Maximum diameter, 5.3 inches; height, 4 inches; aperture, 4.5 inches (Fig. 112). 
 
 Vessel No. 57. This small, six-pointed dish of bright yellow ware, perforate as 
 to the base, lay in a deposit of pottery and, like nearly all vessels from such deposits, 
 it is imperfect, having one corner missing. 
 
 FIG. 1H. Vessel No. 55. Cemetery near Point 
 Washington. (Half size.) 
 
 FIG. 112. Vessel No. 56. Cemetery near 
 Point Washington. (Half size.) 
 
 Fig. 113 shows a number of handles of vessels from the cemetery near 
 Point Washington. The heads of various birds are shown in a, b, c, f, h, and 
 i. An unusual form, two birds heads, each looking in an opposite direction, is 
 shown in g. The head of a turtle is poorly represented by j. In reality the head 
 is very life-like, being of black ware decorated with red paint. The animals 
 represented in d and e are doubtless dogs. Cabe^a de Vaca, during his travels, 
 met with many aboriginal dogs. 
 
 . In Fig. 114 we have additional handles of vessels from the cemetery. 
 
 Heads of owls, presumably, are 
 shown in a and c. We have 
 in b an entire bird with a head 
 disproportionately large. A 
 bird s head is shown in d. An 
 other dog is figured in e. 
 
 Fig. 115 shows symbolical 
 decoration on a large sherd. 
 
 FIG. 115. Decoration from part of vessel. Cemetery near 
 Point Washington. (One-third size.) 
 
 63 JOUEN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
CL 
 
 FIG. 113. Handles of Vessels. Cemetery near Point Washington. (Full size.) 
 
Fi. 114. Handles of Vessels. Cemetery near Point Washington. (Full size.) 
 
494 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 The head of an owl, a handle on a vessel, is shown in Fig. 116. The 
 ware is most excellent and there is decoration with red paint. 
 
 Fig. 117 gives a large frog s head. 
 
 In Figs. 118, 119, we have two views of a 
 part of a vessel which has had the head of a bird 
 projecting upward and wings extending horizon 
 tally as handles. 
 
 A human head belonging to a bowl is shown 
 in Fig. 120. This head is hollow and small objects 
 within rattle when shaken. Fig. 121 represents 
 a fragment of a vessel having for a handle the 
 head of a serpent. To the reader s left may be 
 seen a place on the vessel from which another 
 head, presumably that of a serpent also, has dis 
 appeared. To one familiar with the markings on 
 a Florida rattlesnake, the diamond-shaped design on the vessel must be highly 
 
 FIG. 116. Sherd. Cemetery near Point 
 Washington. (One-third size.) 
 
 FIG. 117. Sherd. Cemetery near Point Washington. (Ahout two-thirds size.) 
 
 Flo. 118. Sherd. Cemetery near Point Washington. 
 (Half size.) 
 
 FIG. 119. Same. Another view. 
 
 (Half size.) 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 495 
 
 suggestive. The aborigines of Florida, in common with those of many other places, 
 held the serpent in high esteem. " Nor have I seen a savage who would willingly 
 kill a. snake," says Captain Bernard Romans in his "Concise Natural History of 
 East and West Florida." 1 
 
 
 FIG. 120. Handle of Vessel. Cemetery near i j oint Washington. (Full size.) 
 
 William Bartram, who travelled in Florida before our Revolutionary War, tells 
 most amusingly of how a rattlesnake, having full possession of an Indian village, 
 
 was killed by him, and how, afterward, 
 certain braves feigned a fierce attack 
 upon him, with much noise, that the 
 manes of the snake, believing them to 
 be his avengers, might be appeased. 2 
 
 We have found a small effigy of a 
 snake in copper in the mound at Mt. 
 Royal, St. John s river, Florida, which 
 place we believe to be the site of the 
 town of the great King, near the lake 
 
 Fics. 121. Sherd. Cemetery near Point Washington. 
 (One-third size.) 
 
 1 Page 101. 
 
 2 Travels. Dublin, 1793, p. 258 et seq. 
 
496 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 (Lake George) visited by part of the colony of Huguenot French on their journey 
 up the river, the rest remaining at Fort Caroline near the river s mouth. 
 
 MOUND NEAR HOGTOWN BAYOU, CHOCTAWHATCHEE BAY, WASHINGTON 
 
 COUNTY, FLA. 
 
 At Hogtown Bayou are the principal shell deposits of Choctawhatchee bay, 
 which are extensive, but in no wise comparable with those of the St. John s river, 
 or with many on the Florida east coast, or on parts of the west coast, farther south. 
 
 It is our belief that a cemetery lies undiscovered at this place, as previous 
 search by others has failed to locate a mound there, and careful investigation on 
 our part availed only to find a small mound near the water s edge, about one mile 
 up the bayou on the south side. This mound contained no burials. 
 
 The results of our exploration of the northwest Florida coast, so far as we 
 have gone, that is from the Alabama boundary to the easternmost extremity of 
 Choctawhatchee bay, are of considerable interest. 
 
 A new form of burial has been met with in our work, namely, that where a 
 lone skull or a skull with a few bones lies beneath a down-turned vessel of earthen 
 ware. In but one case was the enclosed form of burial found, i. e., where human 
 remains placed in a vessel are covered by an inverted dish, bowl or large fragment 
 of earthenware. Incidentally, we may say the inverted vessel over human remains 
 lying on sand prevails in Georgia, but these remains have been cremated, while 
 cremation has not been met with on that part of the northwest Florida coast inves 
 tigated by us. 
 
 Little of interest but earthenware has come from the mounds and cemeteries 
 lately explored by us, but of earthenware a most striking collection has been 
 obtained. This ware is purely aboriginal in style, no trace of European influence 
 appearing in its make or decoration, which latter is largely symbolical. A mix 
 ture of cultures is plainly apparent in this ware. We have many of the life-forms 
 of the ware of the middle Mississippi district, but the admixture of coarsely 
 powdered shell in use in that section is wanting in the clay of vessels here. We 
 find the complicated stamp decoration of Georgia and of Carolina, but the temper 
 ing of the clay with small pebbles forming " gritty ware " is not met with. We 
 encounter in this northwest Florida district, ware from the soft paste of the kind so 
 well known in peninsular Florida to the eastward, while, on the other hand, we find 
 the black, polished ware of Mississippi and districts to the westward of our field of 
 research. 
 
 The small check-stamp found everywhere else by us is also abundantly present 
 in the district we have lately explored. 
 
 Perforation of the base of earthenware interred with the dead, so widely prac 
 tised in peninsular Florida and occasionally met with in lower Georgia and Alabama, 
 though unknown, we believe, in the middle Mississippi district which seems so 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 497 
 
 greatly to have influenced the ware of the northwest Florida coast, is very preva 
 lent in this coast district. This mutilation of base consisted in the knocking out 
 of a small portion before interment with the dead in fulfilment of some ceremonial 
 rite. In peninsular Florida, as we have already pointed out in this Report, the 
 aborigines went a step farther and prepared in advance, presumably, flimsy mortu 
 ary ware with a base-perforation made during process of manufacture. This ready 
 made mortuary perforation, which we have never encountered in Alabama, Georgia 
 or Carolina, was met with by us, in our researches this season in very few instances 
 and to the eastward of Pensacola bay only. It might seem that the custom to 
 perforate the base of earthenware by fracture, originating in Florida, or brought 
 there from we know not where, spread upward and sideward to a limited extent and 
 that ready made mortuary perforation, probably a refinement and an afterthought, 
 was less widely disseminated. All this, however, before final conclusion, had best 
 await results of work we hope to be able to do the coming season. 
 
MAP OF THE TOMBICBK RIVER FROM COLUMBUS 
 
 Reduced from Governments 
 Seal* in miles 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE TOMBIGBEE RIVER. 
 
 BY CLARENCE B. MOORE. 
 
 Two years ago, in 1899, we investigated the antiquities of the Alabama and 
 Mobile rivers 1 with rather interesting results, showing the existence on the Alabama 
 river of the custom of plural burials of uncremated remains in urns, these urns 
 being capped by other vessels inverted. 
 
 It seemed to us that an investigation of the Tombigbee river, which, with the 
 Alabama, forms the Mobile river, would be desirable. 
 
 To facilitate and greatly to expedite our work, J. S. Raybon, Captain of the 
 flat-bottomed steamer from which our mound work is done, started with a compan 
 ion from Columbus, Miss., on the Little Tombigbee river, and pursued a downward 
 course to the junction of that river with the Black Warrior and on down the Tom 
 bigbee river (see map) to its union with the Alabama, in all a distance of about 
 334 miles. 
 
 In this work, which was most conscientiously done, Captain Raybon spent 
 nearly four months, and located, we believe, nearly every camp-site and mound of 
 the entire territory covered by him. The owners of these antiquities, addressed in 
 advance, almost unanimously granted permission to investigate, so, from the outset 
 of our work in the winter of 1901, our entire time could be devoted to direct 
 research. 
 
 Elaborate charts, in sections, kindly furnished us by Major William T. Rossell, 
 U. S. Engineer, Mobile, Ala., and R. C. McCalla, Esq., Assistant Engineer, Tusca- 
 loosa, Ala., greatly facilitated our work. 
 
 We had hoped, on the Tombigbee river, to locate cemeteries at or near locali 
 ties showing former aboriginal occupation, but after much search with sounding rods 
 and with trenches without favorable result of any sort, work on camp-sites was- 
 abandoned and mounds alone were looked into. 
 
 After six weeks work vigorously pushed by our large party, including our 
 trained diggers aided by ample local assistance, where necessary, so little in a posi 
 tive way had been gained by us that our search was given up at Bickley s Landing, 
 29 miles below Demopolis, Ala., and 178 miles from Columbus, Miss, our starting 
 point. From Bickley s Landing to the union of the Tombigbee with the Alabama 
 is a distance of 156 miles, left uncovered by us. Reports from this territory were 
 less encouraging than had been those from that investigated by us. 
 
 1 "Certain Aboriginal Remains of the Alabama River," Journal of the Academy of Natural 
 Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. XI. 
 
 64 JOURN. A. X. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
500 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE TOMBIGBEE RIVER. 
 
 We give, for the use of any future explorer, a list of camp-sites and mounds on 
 the Little Tombigbee and Tombigbee rivers, as located by Captain Raybon. We are, 
 of course, unable to vouch for the nature of those below the end of our investiga 
 tion and show on the map only such as were visited by us. 
 
 We wish to extend sincere thanks to all owners of property who kindly granted 
 us permission to investigate, and where such permission was accorded it is so stated 
 in our list. 
 
 Butler s Gin, mound, James Cox, Esq. 
 
 Chowder Spring, mounds, William S. Mustin, Esq,, permission. 
 
 Chowder Spring, mound, Messrs. Halbert & Vaughn, permission. 
 
 Halbert Lake, mound, P. M. Halbert, Esq. 
 
 Moore s Bluff, camp-sites, J. T. W. Hairston, Esq., permission. 
 
 Moore s Bluff, camp-site, W. Snowton, Esq. 
 
 Blue Rock Landing, camp-sites, A. B. Mybrick, Esq., permission. 
 
 Wild Cat Bend, mound and camp-site, J. T. W. Hairston, Esq., permission. 
 
 Union Bluff, camp-site, Hon. T. B. Franklin, permission. 
 
 Opposite Union Bluff , mound, J. T. W. Hairston, Esq., permission. 
 
 Jim Creek, camp-site, William Baldwin, Esq. 
 
 Pumpkin Landing, camp-site, Mrs. S. C. Monk. 
 
 Davis Gin Landing, mound and camp-site, J. E. Stewart, Esq. 
 
 McLaren s Landing, mound and camp-site, Winston Jones, Esq. 
 
 Pickensville Landing, camp-site, Mrs. W. A. Peterson, permission. 
 
 Pickensville Landing, camp-site, W. H. Horton, Esq., permission. 
 
 Jackson Landing, camp-site, Mrs. Elizabeth Jones. 
 
 Ringgold s Bluff, camp-site, Milton B. Curry, Esq., permission. 
 
 Ringgold s Bluff, mound and camp-sites, Mrs. Susan West, permission. 
 
 McFatton Landing, mound and camp-site, B. B. Cohen, Esq., permission. 
 
 Carraway Landing, camp-site, Mrs. Caroline Carraway. 
 
 Memphis Landing, mound, Mr. Mouchett, permission. 
 
 Blubber Creek, mounds, Lee Stone, Esq., permission. 
 
 Coleman Landing, mounds and camp-sites, A. H. Cooper, Esq., permission. 
 
 Clanton Landing, camp-sites, Mrs. Henrietta Bradford, permission. 
 
 Stone s Ferry, camp-site, Richard Lang, Esq. 
 
 Summerville, mound, James B. Summerville, Esq., permission. 
 
 Kearney s Bluff, camp-site, William Hagaman, Esq., permission. 
 
 Ballard Lake, camp-site, William Hagaman, Esq., permission. 
 
 Cat-fish Landing, camp-sites, James Luke, Esq., permission. 
 
 Windham Landing, mound and camp-sites, W. B. Peebles, Esq., permission. 
 
 Sipsey Landing, camp-site, D. Poynor, Esq., permission. 
 
 Hill s Landing, camp-site, John W. Cook, Esq., permission. 
 
 Opposite Barnes Gin, camp-site, John W. Cook, Esq., permission. 
 
 Barnes Gin, camp-site, Messrs. W. M: and J. A. Halsell, permission. 
 
 Kibbler s Landing, camp-site, Messrs. W. M. and J. A. Halsell, permission. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE TOMBIGBEE RIVER. 501 
 
 China Bluff Landing, camp-site, John W. Cook, Esq., permission. 
 
 Craig s Landing, mounds, John W. Cook, Esq., permission. 
 
 Taylor s Landing, mounds, Mrs. Jane Pettit, permission. 
 
 Smith s Ferry, camp-site, Hugh Lang, Esq., permission. 
 
 Goodson s Landing, mound and camp-site, Logan Waller, Esq., permission. 
 
 Noxubee river, camp-sites, R. Hibler, Esq., permission. 
 
 Gainesville, camp-site, B. May, Esq. 
 
 Gainesville, camp-site, Dr. Williams, permission. 
 
 Jolley s Woodyard, mound, J. H. Rogers, Esq., permission. 
 
 Swilley Landing, camp-site, Freemon Cook, Esq., permission. 
 
 Croft Landing, camp-sites, J. J. Drew, Esq., permission. 
 
 Cook Landing, mound and camp-site, B. A. J. Outland, Esq., permission. 
 
 Cook Landing, mound,. J. C. Childs, Esq. 
 
 Bates Gin, camp-site, Samuel Jones, Esq., permission. 
 
 Hayes Ferry, camp-site, E. F. Bouchelle, Esq., permission. 
 
 Epes, mound, Doctor Epes. 
 
 Hilman s Landing, mound, J. J. Hilman, Esq., permission. 
 
 Martin s Ferry, camp-sites, J. J. Hilman, Esq., permission. 
 
 East Bluifport, camp-sites, James Hewbanks, Esq., permission. 
 
 Durden s Ferry, camp-site, Louis Salem, Esq. 
 
 Durden s Ferry, camp-site, W. B. Baltzell, Esq., permission. 
 
 Lipscomb Gin, mounds and camp-sites, E. P. Lipscornb, Esq. 
 
 Brasfield Landing, mound, J. S. Brasfield, Esq., permission. 
 
 Cole s Landing, mounds and sites, Mrs. Hugh Cole, permission. 
 
 Gather s Landing, mound and site, Messrs. Mayer Brothers, permission. 
 
 Tutt s Landing, camp-site, Messrs. Mayer Brothers, permission. 
 
 Demopolis, mound, Hon. T. F. Howze, permission. 
 
 Spragins Mill, mound, T. S. Spragins, Esq., permission. 
 
 Simmons Landing, mounds, Robert B. Flowers, Esq., permission. 
 
 West Pace s Landing, mounds, J. B. Meriwether, Esq., permission. 
 
 Moscow, mounds, R. W. Larkins, Esq., permission. 
 
 Hart s Lower Landing, camp-site, J. T. Hart, Esq., permission. 
 
 Black Bluff, camp-site, Abram Abrams, Esq. 
 
 Bryan s Burn, mound, John Erwin, Esq. 
 
 Beck s Sawmill, mounds, Thomas J. Beck, Esq., permission. 
 
 Bickley s Landing, mounds, Mrs. M. E. Crane, permission. 
 
 Rembert Landing, mounds, D. J. Meador, Esq., permission. 
 
 Oakchia Landing, mounds, W. B. Gilmer, Esq. 
 
 Stiner Landing, mounds, K. Stiner, Esq. 
 
 Breckenridge Landing, mounds, Messrs. J. D. Carter and Brother, permission. 
 
 Breckenridge Landing, mounds and camp-sites, W. H. Evington, Esq. 
 
 Mann s Ferry, mounds, Hon. W. H. Taylor, permission. 
 
 Mann s Ferry, mounds, Misses M. E. and E. V. Luther, permission. 
 
502 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE TOMBIGBEE RIVER. 
 
 Mann s Ferry, mounds, Messrs. H. A. and D. D. Woolf, permission. 
 
 Brown Landing, mounds, J. A. Walters, Esq., permission. 
 
 Tuskahoma, mound, B. B. Nobles, Esq., permission. 
 
 Campbell s Landing, mound, S. P. Noble, Esq., permission. 
 
 Opposite Bashi Creek, camp-site, J. S. Henson, Esq., permission. 
 
 Bashi Creek, mound, S. P. Noble, Esq., permission. 
 
 Opposite Wildcat Landing, mound and camp-site, S. P. Noble, Esq., permission. 
 
 Turner s Shoals, camp-site, Mrs. Monetta. 
 
 Opposite Oktippa Creek, camp-site, Mrs. E. Monetta. 
 
 Opposite Powe s Landing, mounds, II. A. Powe, Esq., permission. 
 
 Thornton s Upper Landing, mound, T. J. Cowan, Esq., permission. 
 
 Thornton s Upper Landing, camp-sites, J. P. Armistead, Esq., permission. 
 
 Cox s Landing, mound, J. W. Nichols, Esq., permission. 
 
 Bass Landing, mound, D. B. Bass, Esq., permission. 
 
 Malone s Landing, mound and site, Mrs. Henrietta Malone, permission. 
 
 Buck Landing, mound, Mrs. Henrietta Malone, permission. 
 
 Santa Bogue Creek, mound, F. Boykin, Esq. 
 
 Peavy s Landing, mound, F. Boykin, Esq. 
 
 Jackson, mounds, Charles Saint, Esq., permission. 
 
 Jackson, mound, C. W. Zimmerman, Esq., permission. 
 
 Jackson, mound, T. I. Kimbell, Esq., permission. 
 
 Bolan s Woody ard, mound, James Richardson, Esq. 
 
 Games Upper Landing, mound, H. L. Gaines, Esq., permission. 
 
 Carney s Bluff, mound, P. A. Bryant, Esq., permission. 
 
 Payne s Woodyard, mound, T. H. Bush, Esq. 
 
 Mclntosh Landing, mound, A. F. Hook, Esq., permission. 
 
 Upham s Mill, mound, William Mehars, Esq. 
 
 Cut-off, mound, C. G. Foot, Esq., permission. 
 
 Cut-off, mound, G. D. Tuatt, Esq. 
 
 MOUND AT BUTLER S GIN, LOWNDES COUNTY, Miss. 
 
 The mound, oblong in shape, is in a cultivated field about 200 paces S. S. E. 
 from the landing, o n property of Mr. James Cox, of Columbus, Miss. It is 8 feet 
 high, with basal diameters of 128 feet and 180 feet. The diameters of the summit 
 plateau are 80 feet and 137 feet. This mound is a refuge in flood time, and has 
 houses upon it. No investigation was allowed. 
 
 MOUNDS NEAR CHOWDER SPRING LANDING, LOWNDES COUNTY, Miss. 
 
 In a cultivated field, about 250 yards N. N. E. from the landing, on property 
 of William S. Mustin, Esq., of Columbus, Miss., is a mound of circular outline, 5 
 feet 8 inches high, 80 feet across the base. Part has been under cultivation. On 
 the other portion is a small log cabin. Considerable excavation in various parts 
 showed the mound to be of sandy clay. This mound was probably domiciliary. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE TOMBIGBEE RIVER. 503 
 
 About 100 yards N. N. W. from the preceding, in woods bordering the field, is 
 a mound on property of Messrs. Halbert and Vaughn, Columbus, Miss. The 
 mound is of sandy clay. Wash of freshets has made its outline irregular. It is 5 
 feet 3 inches in height and 90 feet by 104 feet across the base. The mound was 
 largely dug into by us to the base, including central parts, resulting in the finding 
 of several bunched burials and a number of isolated bones. We may say here, 
 for the benefit of those not familiar with mound work, that the bunched burial 
 consists of a lot of loose bones piled together in a heap. It was often the aboriginal 
 custom to expose the dead until the flesh disappeared and to bury the bones at 
 certain intervals of time. One small, rude, clay pot with a loop-shaped handle at 
 either side of the rim was found unassociated. 
 
 In the Burrell field, about one-half mile in a straight course N. E. from Wild 
 Cat Bend, is a mound on the property of J. T. W. Hairston, Esq., of Martinsville, 
 Va. It is of clayey sand, 3 feet 2 inches high, and 60 feet by 70 feet across the 
 base. This mound was largely excavated without result. 
 
 In the same field, which was a dwelling site, apparently, considerable sound 
 ing was done with iron rods. About one foot below the surface one skeleton was 
 met with, buried on the left side with the thighs at right angles to the body and 
 the legs parallel to the thighs. 
 
 COLEMAN MOUND, LOWNDES COUNTY, Miss. 
 
 This mound, well known through all the district, probably originally was a 
 parallelogram in shape, but the washing of high water has made the outline irregu 
 lar. It is about one mile in a northerly direction from Union Bluff, on property of 
 J. T. W. Hairston, Esq., of Martinsville, Va. Though the owner courteously gave 
 us permission to dig, we refrained from doing so, as the mound was of the regular 
 domiciliary type and, farthermore, its great value as a place of refuge, and the 
 presence of a number of houses upon it, made investigation inexpedient. 
 
 MOUNDS NEAR GOOSE POND, PICKENS COUNTY, ALA. 
 
 Goose Pond is in the swamp about one mile in a westerly direction from Mc- 
 Fatton Landing. Near the pond are three mounds, within a few feet of one 
 another, on property of B. B. Cohen, Esq., Sheffield, Ala. 
 
 The most northwesterly, about 30 feet in diameter and 2 feet 3 inches in 
 height, had a previous excavation in the center, about 5 feet in diameter. Con 
 siderable digging on our part in the loamy sand yielded one bunched burial a pile 
 of bones surmounted by a skull. 
 
 The middle mound had been cut to pieces by previous digging. 
 
 The most southeasterly of the mounds, of loamy sand, 24 feet diameter of base, 
 1 foot 9 inches in height, though previously untouched, yielded nothing to a care 
 ful examination. 
 
504 CERTAtN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE TOMBIGBEE RIVER. 
 
 "-- 
 
 MOtMSATIUUKICIEH 
 
 Fio. 1. Mounds at Blubber Creek. 
 
 MOUNDS NEAR BLUBBER CREEK, PICKENS COUNTY, ALA. 
 
 About 130 feet from the river s bank and 300 yards south of Blubber creek, 
 approximately, were five mounds on property of Lee Stone, Esq., Birmingham, Ala., 
 nearly in a straight line N. W. and S. E., and two in a more southerly direction, as 
 
 shown in the plan (Fig. 1). 
 
 Mound A, the most northwesterly, like 
 all the others, consisted of sand, with perhaps 
 a slight admixture of clay. A great tree 
 grew upon it, filling it almost solidly with 
 roots. Slight investigation yielded nothing. 
 Mound B was practically dug away. At 
 the center of the base were a few fragments 
 of bones, badly decayed, and teeth of an in 
 fant. With these were a few small shells, 
 perforated for use as beads, and a small num 
 ber of shell beads. With these bones was a 
 water- worn boulder, 11 inches in diameter 
 and three inches thick, considerably pitted 
 on either side doubtless used for pounding 
 maize. Beneath this stone was a great number of pebbles, some broken. 
 
 Mound C was entirely dug away. At two points were a few fragments of 
 human bone and, 30 inches down at the center of the base, were some bones of a 
 child with milk teeth, having shell beads at the neck. 
 
 Mound D was dug out as to its central parts. One human tooth alone was 
 met with. 
 
 The central parts of Mound E were dug through. The bones, or part of the 
 bones, of an adult were met with 20 inches down ; also fragments of bones near 
 the margin. 
 
 Mound F seemed to have been a dwelling site and to have grown by slow 
 deposit. The sand was dark with organic matter, and fire-places were here and 
 there. There were much broken pottery and two discs cut from fragments of pots. 
 Discs of this kind, of which we have frequently written before, were doubtless used 
 in a game. They are found in various parts of the United States and Canada, and 
 have been met with by us in numbers along the Alabama river, in South Carolina 
 and in Georgia, but not in peninsular Florida. 
 
 Mound G was centrally dug out. A few decayed bones of an adult were met 
 with and a rude arrowhead of chert loose in the sand. 
 
 MOUND AT SUMMERVILLE, PlCKENS COUNTY, ALA. 
 
 In a great cultivated field, about one-half mile in an easterly direction from 
 the landing, on property of James B. Summerville, Esq., of Stone, Ala., is a mound 
 roughly circular in outline, rising about 11 feet above the general level, though. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE TOMBIGBEE RIVER. 505 
 
 from excavations near the base, whence material for the mound came, it seems 
 much higher. It is circular in outline, 172 feet across the base, with a diameter 
 of 100 feet on the summit plateau. This mound, of great value to the owner, 
 to pen stock in time of freshet, was entrusted to us with a courtesy that marked 
 so many mound proprietors of Mississippi and of Alabama. As excavations on 
 the sides, though refilled, would leave the mound subject to wash when exposed 
 to water, trenches were dug on the summit plateau only. A number of these 
 showed the mound to be of clayey sand with here and there fire-places and refuse 
 material. This mound, like others of its class, was erected, doubtless, as a living 
 site and a place of refuge. 
 
 MOUND AT WlNDHAM LANDING, PlCKENS COUNTY, ALA. 
 
 This mound, on the edge of a cultivated field, about 150 yards N.W. from the 
 landing, on property of W. B. Peebles, Esq., of Vienna, Ala., was 19 feet in 
 diameter and 1 foot 8 inches high. The removal of two-thirds of the mound, 
 including the center, showed neither burial nor artifacts. 
 
 MOUND AT COOK S LANDING, GREENE COUNTY, ALA. 
 
 In a cultivated field, about 300 yards in a N. N. E. direction from the landing, 
 on property of J. C. Childs, Esq., of Warsaw, Ala., is a mound covered with trees, 
 very symmetrical, 5 feet high, 35 feet across the base. Previous to our coming, a 
 trench had been dug in from the margin and the immediate center of the mound 
 removed. The southern half of the mound was dug through by us, showing it to 
 be of clayey sand in places and of clay in others. No bones or artifacts were found. 
 
 MOUND NEAR HILMAN S LANDING, SUMTER COUNTY, ALA. 
 
 In a cultivated field about one-half mile S. E. from Hilman s Landing is a 
 mound 6.5 feet in height, on property of J. J. Hilman, Esq., of Epes, Ala. Wash 
 of water in time of freshet had given it a rather irregular outline. Its diameter of 
 base is about 108 feet, and that of the summit plateau is 62 feet. As houses were 
 upon it, and as it was clearly of a domiciliary type, no digging was done by us. 
 
 CAMP-SITE, EAST BLUFFPORT LANDING, GREENE COUNTY, ALA. 
 
 At East Bluffport, on property of Mr. James Hewbanks, colored, are extensive 
 fields, over which the river has swept at times, giving them the appearance of the 
 cemetery at Durand s Bend on the Alabama river, which we have described in 
 another Report. Arrowheads of chert, small bits of human bone and fragments of 
 pottery are abundant in places, but, unlike the case at Durand s Bend, the potsherds 
 were, as a rule, small and undecorated, coming, seemingly, from cooking utensils of 
 moderate size rather than from great burial urns or from the decorated vessels that 
 usually surmounted them. A careful examination of the territory yielded nothing 
 
506 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE TOMBIGBEE RIVER. 
 
 FIG. 2. Knife. East Bluff- 
 port Lauding. (Full 
 size.) 
 
 underground, and, besides arrowheads, only a small semilunar knife, chipped from 
 a jasper pebble, from the surface (Fig. 2). From the owner of the property we 
 
 obtained a rude undecorated earthenware pipe of considerable 
 
 size, somewhat broken. 
 
 BRASFIELD MOUND, BRASFIELD LANDING, GREENE COUNTY, ALA. 
 This noble mound towers above cultivated fields about 
 one-half mile in a N. E. direction from Brasfield Landing, on 
 property of J. Stanhope Brasfield, Esq., of Demopolis, Ala. 
 This mound and the Grant mound near the mouth of the 
 St. John s river, Florida, are the most impressive in appear 
 ance it has been our fortune to meet with. The mound, on 
 land high above the wash of freshets,, has to-day as sharp an 
 outline, practically, as when it was completed. Oblong in 
 shape, its upward slope is at an angle of 30 degrees. Its 
 base has a length of 200 feet running N. W. by N. and S. E. by 
 S. and a minor diameter of 168 feet. The summit plateau is 
 135 feet by 105 feet. The mound, measured at the ends, is 
 about 19 feet in height. At the sides it is somewhat less, 
 
 owing to an upward slope of the surrounding territory. There is no graded way 
 or means of access to the summit save by clambering up the sides. Certain ter 
 races in the neighborhood, we were told, had no connection with the mound, being 
 circle-ditches made in recent times to prevent the wash of rain. As domiciliary 
 mounds of this character sometimes have burials near the surface, trenches were 
 dug in the summit plateau with no other result than to show the mound to be 
 made of various materials of sand, of clay and of sand and clay. 
 
 It was such mounds as this, doubtless, that De Soto s men saw on their march, 
 and an extract from Pickett s " History of Alabama," l taken from Garcillasso de 
 la Vega, may not be out of place : 
 
 " The houses of the Chiefs, with but few exceptions, stood upon large and 
 elevated artificial mounds. When the Indians of 1540 resolved to build a town, the 
 site of which was usually selected upon low, rich land, by the side of a beautiful 
 stream, they were accustomed, first, to turn their attention to the erection of a 
 mound from twenty to fifty feet high, round on the sides, but flat on top. The 
 top was capable of sustaining the houses of the Chief and those of his family and 
 attendants ; making a little village by itself of from ten to twenty cabins, elevated 
 high in the air. The earth to make this mound was brought to the spot. At the 
 foot of this eminence a square was marked out, around which the principal men 
 placed their houses. The inferior classes joined these with their wigwams. Some 
 of these mounds had several stairways to ascend them, made by cutting out incline- 
 planes, fifteen or twenty feet wide, flanking the sides with posts, and laying poles 
 horizontally across the earthen steps, thus forming a kind of wooden stairwav. 
 
 1 P. 64 et seq. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE TOMBIGBEE RIVER. 507 
 
 But, generally, the lofty residence of the Chief was approached by only one flight 
 of steps. These mounds were perpendicular, and inaccessible, except by the avenues 
 already mentioned, which rendered the houses upon them secure from the attack 
 of an Indian enemy. Besides the motive of security, a disposition to place the 
 Chief and his family in a commanding position, and to raise him above his subjects, 
 caused the formation of these singular elevations." 
 
 MOUND AT COLE S LANDING, GREENE COUNTY, ALA. 
 
 This mound, circular in outline, 3 feet in height, 36 feet across the base, is but 
 a few yards from the river bank, about 200 yards in a N. W. direction from the 
 landing. It is on property controlled by A. Y. Sharpe, Esq., of Demopolis, Ala. 
 All the central part of the mound, which was of hard clay, was carefully dug 
 through by us. No interments were met with but, loose in the clay, was a polished 
 hatchet of volcanic rock. 
 
 MOUNDS AT SPRAGINS MILL, MARENGO COUNTY, ALA. 
 
 Spragins Mill is about eight miles below Demopolis, on the east side of the 
 river. The mounds, which were beautifully rounded and but a few yards apart, 
 were 150 yards from the water and one-quarter mile in a northerly direction from 
 the mill, on property of T. J. Spragins, Esq., of Demopolis, Ala. 
 
 The southernmost mound, circular in out 
 line, 3 feet 4 inches high, had a basal diameter 
 of 40 feet. The mound, which was intact, was 
 dug through by us, save a marginal part on one 
 side. It was unstratified, of brownish sand. In 
 addition to a few scattered bones, human re 
 mains were found at five points. 
 
 Burial No. 1. Decaying skull and a few 
 fragments of long-bones. 
 
 Burial No. 2. Skull, long-bones of legs, 
 one humerus, all crumbling through decay. 
 
 Burial No. 3. Skull with scattered bones. 
 With these were two rudely-shaped bits of 
 shell, perforated, and a triangular shell pendant, 
 pierced for suspension (Fig. 3). 
 
 Burial No. 4. Nearly 3 feet down and just 
 below the center, four crania and a pile of vari 
 ous bones. With one skull was a small, neat 
 arrowhead and nearby lay a lancehead of quartzite, 5 inches in length. 
 Burial No. 5. Skull of an adult, alone. 
 
 The northernmost mound, 4 feet 9 inches high, had a diameter of 40 feet 
 across the base and resembled the other in shape and in material. A hole about 
 
 FIG. 3. Shell pendant. Mound at Spragins 
 Mill. (Full size.) 
 
 65 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
508 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE TOMBIGBEE RIVER. 
 
 2 feet in diameter had previously been dug near the center. This mound was 
 practically dug through by us. Human remains were present in nine places. 
 
 Burial No. 1. A single femur. 
 
 Burial No. 2. A skeleton of an adult, flexed on the right side, heading S. 
 
 Burial No. 3. Skeleton of an adult, flexed on left side, heading N. N. W. 
 
 Burial No. 4. Skeleton of a powerful adult, male, flexed on the left side, 
 heading E. In contact with the skull were seven fish-hooks of bone, each about 1 
 inch in length. Four were more or less decayed. The reader of our Report of the 
 Alabama river l may recall that in a mound near Montgomery we found a large 
 fish-hook of shell, said to be the only one of that material ever met with east of 
 the Pacific slope, and one of bone. Bone fish-hooks are 1 ess uncommonly met 
 with, though far from numerous. These two cases are the only ones where fish 
 hooks have been found by us. 
 
 The hooks from the mound at Spragins Mill and from the Alabama, like most 
 others we have seen figured as coming from the United States, are unbarbed. 
 Ran, 2 however, shows a barbed fish-hook from New York. A barbed hook is 
 figured in the Archaeological Report, Minister of Education, Ontario, 1900. The 
 barbed hook may possibly be a more northern type. Eskimo influence has been 
 suggested. 
 
 Burial No. 5. Skeleton of adolescent, full length on back, heading N. E. 
 
 Burial No. 6. Lower part of a skeleton, lying in the same direction and by 
 the side of Burial No. 5. The upper part had been removed by the previous exca 
 vation of which we have spoken. 
 
 Burial No. 7. Bones disturbed by the plow or by cattle. 
 
 Burial No. 8. Near the center, 4 feet down, on the black basal line, a skeleton 
 of an adult, flexed on the left side, heading N. 
 
 Burial No. 9. Skeleton of an adult, flexed on right side, heading S. W. 
 
 Loose in the sand, separately, were : a pitted hammer-stone of considerable 
 weight ; a pitted smoothing-stone ; a small and handsome chert arrowhead ; a rude 
 arrowhead. Together, were deposited five hammer-stones, the largest 6 inches in 
 diameter. Four were more or less pitted. With these was a large pebble, rudely 
 notched on opposite sides for attachment. Near these were : a stone with three 
 pits ; pitted hammer-stone ; a triangular pebble chipped on one side to a rude cut 
 ting edge. A pebble similarly treated was found elsewhere in the sand. 
 
 MOUNDS NEAR SIMMONS LANDING, SUMTER COUNTY, ALA. 
 
 In the swamp, about 1.5 miles, from the landing, in a W. by S. direction, on a 
 ridge, were three mounds in sight of each other. The most westerly, of unstrati- 
 fied sand, had basal diameters of 34 feet and 40 feet. The height was 3.5 feet. 
 No trace of previous examination was apparent. The mound was dug through by 
 us with the exception of a small portion surrounding a tree. The results were as 
 follows : 
 
 1 Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. XI, p. 322. 
 "Prehistoric Fishing," p. 128. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE TOMBIGBEE RIVER. 509 
 
 Burial No. 1. 2 feet to 3 feet from the center, 4 feet down, on the base, was 
 a lone skull with a few rough shell beads. 
 
 Burial No. 2. 3 feet down, a skeleton flexed on the right side, the skull 8 
 feet from the center, the rest of the skeleton extending toward it. 
 
 Burial No. 3. 2 feet down, about 6 feet from the center, a bunch of bones 
 with two skulls. 
 
 The second mound, 50 paces in an easterly direction from the former, was 26 
 feet across the base and 2 feet high. Traces of a small trench were apparent. 
 The mount was dug through by us. 
 
 Near the center, 2 feet down, was a skull, and then, at a distance, thighs, legs 
 and feet. Apparently the earlier trench was responsible for the missing bones. 
 With the skull were a few rough shell beads. 
 
 The third mound was 17 paces in an easterly direction from the second. The 
 base-diameter was 21 feet; the height 3 feet. There seemed to have been no 
 previous examination. The mound was demolished by us except a small marginal 
 part around a tree. Twenty-six inches down, near the center, was a bunched 
 burial with a cranium on top. 
 
 MOUNDS NEAR WEST PACE S LANDING, SUMTER COUNTY, ALA. 
 
 These mounds, of which we located over one dozen, are on Cedar Ridge, which 
 runs through the swamp about 3.5 miles in a S. W. direction from Simmon s Land 
 ing, on property of J. B. Meriwether, Esq., of Demopolis, Ala. The mounds, of 
 sand and of circular outline are irregularly placed along the ridge which runs in 
 a north and south direction. The most northerly mound has a height of 2 feet, 
 a diameter of 30 feet. The next, with a diameter of 20 feet and 17 inches high, 
 is 94 feet from the former in a S. W. by S. direction. The third mound, 428 feet 
 from the second, is 3 feet high and 33 feet across the base. The otlier mounds are 
 less widely separated. None is over 3 feet in height. Unfortunately, the principal 
 ones had been dug into previously in central parts. Supplementary investigation 
 accorded these resulted in the discovery of a few disturbed human bones. Three 
 mounds, apparently intact, were centrally dug out by us. In one nothing was met 
 with. In another were loose bones in three places. The third, near the center, 
 had a skeleton of a young adult, lying at full length on the back. 
 
 t 
 
 MOUNDS NEAR Moscow, SUMTER COUNTY, ALA. 
 
 In a cultivated field, about 1 mile in a westerly direction from the landing, on 
 property of Robert W. Larkins, Esq., Coatopa, Sumter County, Ala., was a mound 
 apparently intact in respect to investigation, but much spread through cultivation. 
 The diameter of base is 30 feet; the height, 3 feet. A central excavation was 
 made by us 19 feet by 20 feet, through clayey sand, unstratified, to the base. 
 
 Burial No. 1. 3 feet down, 8 feet from the center, were several fragments of 
 long-bones under the skull of an adult. 
 
510 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE TOMBIGBEE RIVER. 
 
 Burial No. 2. 5 feet from the center, 2 feet down, lay a large bunch of long- 
 bones, including three humeri, with the skull of an adult on top. To one side was 
 another skull. 
 
 Burial No. 3. 4 feet down, about 5 feet from the center, was a skull from 
 which the lower jaw was wanting, over a femur and part of an ulna. 
 
 In woods on high ground, about 1 mile in a southerly direction from Moscow 
 Landing, about 400 yards from the river, were eight mounds, also on property 
 belonging to Mr. Larkins. Three of these were investigated by us. 
 
 Considerably the largest was 26 feet across the base and 3.5 feet in height. 
 There was no trace of previous digging. The mound, practically dug through by 
 us, was of a mixture of sand and clay, unstratified. 
 
 Burial No. 1. 2 feet 8 inches down, 6 feet from the center, were portions of 
 two humeri. 
 
 Burial No. 2. 1 foot down, 5 feet from the center, lay an isolated skull. 
 
 Burial No. 3. 3 feet 4 inches down, 3.5 feet from the center, was a skull and 
 part of one humerus. 
 
 Burial No. 4. At the same level and about half a foot from Burial No. 3, lay 
 the skull of a child with two fragments of long-bones. Six inches away were five 
 cannon bones of deer piled parallel to one another. 
 
 Burial No. 5. 2 feet from the center, 1 foot down, was a lone skull, crushed 
 and rotten, as were all in this mound. 
 
 An arrowhead and a scraper lay loose in the sand. 
 
 A slight elevation near by yielded no results. It was probably the site of a 
 tepee. 
 
 The next largest mound in the group was 2 feet high and 22 feet across the 
 base. We noticed no trace of previous examination. 
 
 An excavation 11 feet by 12 feet in the center showed human remains, dis 
 turbed by one of our diggers before inspection by us. Nearby were : a bit of stone ; 
 a bone with a groove worn into it ; a rough arrowhead ; several chips of chert ; and 
 a rude, undecorated tobacco-pipe of earthenware with a former fracture, which was 
 considerably increased by a blow from a spade. 
 
 MOUND NEAR SUCARNOCHEE CREEK, SUMTER COUNTY, ALA. 
 
 Likewise on the property of Mr. Larkins, on a tongue of land between the 
 river and Sucarnochee creek, about 35 yards from the edge of the bluif and 1.25 
 miles below Moscow, approximately, was a symmetrical mound in the woods. Its 
 height was 4 feet; its basal diameter 25 feet. This mound, which showed no 
 previous investigation, had so inviting an appearance that it was entirely dug 
 through by us except a small portion around the roots of a large tree. The mound 
 was composed of clay with but a slight admixture of sand. In different parts of the 
 mound were : 
 
 Burial No. 1. A lone skull, badly decayed. 
 
 Burial No. 2. A solitary skull, crushed flat. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE TOMBIGBEE RIVER. 511 
 
 Burial No. 3. Centrally, a single skull in fragments. With it was part of 
 what must have been a fine weapon of quartzite, a spearhead or a dagger. The 
 fragment, from which a part is missing at either end, is 7 inches in length. 
 
 Burial No. 4. Two femurs. 
 
 MOUND AT BRYAN S BURN. SUMTER COUNTY, ALA. 
 
 In a great cultivated field, about one-half mile W. N. W. from the landing, on 
 property of John Erwin, Esq., Greensboro, Ala, is a mound which has been badly 
 washed, 150 feet long by 106 feet across. Its height is 5.5 feet. It is known far 
 and wide as " The Indian Mound. A number of excavations indicated the mound 
 to belong to the domiciliary class. 
 
 MOUNDS NEAR BICKLEY S LANDING, MARENGO COUNTY, ALA. 
 
 About one-half mile in a southerly direction from the landing, on property of 
 Mrs. M. E. Crane, of Myrtlewood, Ala., forty mounds, in sight one of another, many 
 marginally in contact, were located by us, and possibly some escaped our notice. 
 These mounds were nearly all of circular outline and none exceeded 5 feet in 
 height. All were seemingly intact. All were above high-water mark and most 
 were symmetrical, though a few had been a little spread by cultivation. 
 
 Ten of these mounds were entirely dug through by us, except marginal parts 
 surrounding large trees. All were composed of a mixture of sand and clay and 
 un stratified. 
 
 Mound I. 4 feet high, 26 feet basal diameter. 
 
 Burial No. 1. 2 feet 7 inches down, a crushed skull with some teeth and 1 
 foot away, three cervical vertebrae and more teeth. With the 
 skull were a drill and a knife (Fig. 4), chipped from jasper peb 
 bles, and a lot of pebbles and chippings. 
 
 Burial No. 2. 4 feet from center, 3 feet 4 inches down, 
 were fragments of femurs ; two tibiae, one with foot bones and 
 an extra os calcis, the other with os calcis and astragalus 
 only. Nearby was a large layer of charcoal. 
 
 Burial No. 3. 3 feet down and 4 feet from center lay a 
 lone skull and several cervical vertebrae. With these were : 
 FIG. 4. Knife chipped from one knife qhipped from a pebble; a hammer-stone the size of a 
 FeVs Landing. (Full size.) clenched hand; sixty-one pebbles, doubtless material for drills, 
 
 etc. ; eight pebbles partly chipped. 
 
 Burial No. 4. 5.5 feet from center, 3 feet down, was a skeleton at full length, 
 with the exception of one thigh, which lay at an angle. With the bones were : 
 decayed shells ; pebbles ; small arrow-points ; a hammer-stone ; decaying animal 
 bones, possibly implements ; and a drill beautifully chipped from a jasper pebble, 
 the surface of which showed on the base of the drill (See Fig. 5). 
 Mound II.. Diameter, 18 feet; height, 3 feet. 
 
512 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE TOMBIGBEE RIVER. 
 
 T 
 
 Burial No. 1. 2 feet downj 
 about 6 feet from center, a solitary 
 skull. 
 
 Burial No. 2. Near center, 1 
 foot down, seven skulls with a large 
 collection of various bones. 
 
 Burial No. 3. 16 inches below 
 the preceding, a lot of long-bones. 
 
 Mound III. 3 feet high, 22 
 
 FIG. 5. Drills chipped from pebbles. Mounds at Bickley s feet diameter. 
 
 Landing. (Full size.) -vr i i 
 
 burials were met with in 
 
 this mound and it is likely all traces of bones had disappeared through decay 
 since human remains in the other mounds were in a very bad condition. A 
 large hammer-stone was the only artifact met with. 
 
 Mound IV. 4.5 feet high, 25 feet in diameter. 
 
 Burial No. 1. 4 feet from center, at short distances apart and at somewhat 
 different depths, but all probably thrown together on the slope of the mound as 
 it was forming, were a skull and femur, one femur and two tibiae and a single skull. 
 
 Burial No. 2. 3 feet from center, 2 feet down, were two femurs, one tibia, 
 one humerus. 
 
 Burial No. 3. 5 feet from the center, 4.5 feet down, was a skeleton which 
 had been interred while partly held together by ligaments. The skull and some 
 vertebras lay a short distance away and one humerus was reversed as to position. 
 
 Burial No. 4. 4 feet from the center, 2 feet down, was a single skull. 
 Associated with it were some pebbles, some flakes and an arrowpoint. Another 
 skull lay a short distance farther in. 
 
 Burial No. 5. A lone skull 5 feet from the center, 1.5 feet down. 
 
 Burial No. 6. 5.5 from the center and 4.5 feet down, were fragments of 
 pelvis, a femur and a tibia. 
 
 Burial No. 7. 2.5 feet from the center, 5.5 feet down, lay a solitary skull. 
 
 Burial No. 8. 4 feet from the center, 1 foot 8 inches down, a skull of a child. 
 
 Mound V. This mound, unlike the others given here, was oblong in shape, 
 tapering at the ends and slightly crescentic. Its basal diameters were 40 feet 
 and 20 feet ; its height, 2 feet 7 inches. 
 
 Burial No. 1. 10 feet from center and 2 feet down, were one humerus, two 
 femurs and two tibiae. 
 
 Burial No. 2. At the center, 3.5 feet down, on the basal line, lay a skull 
 with other bones, in fragments. With these was a rude tobacco pipe of earthen 
 ware broken to pieces by the digger, also pebbles and animal bones. 
 
 Burial No. 3. 10 feet from center, 3 feet down, lay one skull and fragments 
 of various bones. 
 
 Mound VI. 1 foot 3 inches high, 21 feet diameter. 
 
CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE TOMBIGBEE RIVER. 513 
 
 Burial No. 1. At the center, 2 feet 3 inches down, were a few badly decayed 
 fragments of long-bones showing serious inflammatory disease. 
 
 Burial No. 2. 2 feet down, 3 feet from center, was a single skull. Part 
 immediately with this skull and part between it and Burial No. 1, were thirteen 
 small arrowpoints, some delicately made ; a lancehead ; a small hone ; flakes ; a 
 large arrow or spearpoint; a decayed bone implement and certain bones of a 
 deer and of a rodent. 
 
 Mound VII. 3 feet high, 24 feet diameter. 
 
 Burial No. 1. 4 feet down, 3.5 feet from the center, were fragments of human 
 bones including parts of two skulls, burnt and calcined. At first glance it seemed 
 as though cremation had been practised but the presence close to the bones of 
 a hole extending down from the surface, where a stump had burnt out and 
 baked the surrounding clay, showed the fire to have been accidental. Fragments 
 of charcoal from the part of the tree above ground still lay upon the surface. 
 
 Mound VIII. 3 feet high, 26 feet diameter. 
 
 Burial No. 1. 5 feet from center, 2 feet down, were a skull, a tibia and a 
 femur. 
 
 Burial No. 2. 1 foot 10 inches down, were fragments of a skull in caved soil. 
 
 Burial No. 3. 4 feet from center, 3 feet 8 inches down, was a skull with some 
 cervical vertebrae and part of one shell bead. 
 
 Burial No. 4. 2 feet from center, 4 feet down, lay a pelvis, a bit of femur 
 and other loose bones nearby. With these were a hammer-stone and an awl 
 chipped from a pebble. 
 
 Burial No. 5. 3 feet 8 inches down, 4.5 feet from the center, were two femurs 
 and heel bones. 
 
 Mound IX. 3 feet high, 22 feet diameter. 
 
 Burial No. 1. 5 feet from center, 2 feet down, a lone skull and a lancepoint. 
 
 Burial No. 2. 3 feet 6 inches from center, 2 feet down, were scattered frag 
 ments of bones. 
 
 Burial No. 3. 3 feet 4 inches down, were a skull and a few cervical vertebrae. 
 Another skull lay above. 
 
 Burial No. 4. At center, 8 inches down, were some long-bones. 
 
 Mound X. 3 feet high, 20 feet diameter. This mound was the only one 
 investigated by us which had been ploughed over. 
 
 Burial No. 1. 2.5 feet from the center were one tibia and part of a pelvis. 
 
 Burial No. 2. 2 feet from the center lay a solitary skull near the surface. 
 
 Burial No. 3. At the center, 2.5 feet down, were a skull, a humerus and 
 some vertebrae. With them were : pebbles ; a pebble-hammer ; a bone piercing 
 implement; an arrowpoint; a cannon bone of a deer; decayed shell beads. 
 
 At Bickley s Landing, as we have stated, our investigation of the Tombigbee 
 river was abandoned. Though the results cannot be considered of great interest, 
 there are points to which it may be well to call the attention of the reader. 
 
 Presumably cemeteries, unmarked above ground, are on the Tombigbee as 
 
514 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE TOMBIGBEE -RIVER. 
 
 they are on the Alabama, but there is no history of their discovery and nowhere 
 along the river, on the surface, did we find fragments of vessels that seemed to 
 have been for other than household use, judging from the fact that they formed 
 parts of comparatively small vessels. 
 
 Readers of our Report on the Alabama river may recall that in connection 
 with one burial only on all that river was cremation met with by us. On the 
 Tombigbee, it was not found at all. Now, in peninsular Florida, cremation is 
 met with to a certain extent. Cremated bones are found sometimes lying mixed 
 with unburnt bones and calcined fragments of human bones lie in or near fire 
 places, though we do not recall having met with there on any occasion, masses 
 of calcined fragments away from unburnt bones and with no fire-place in the 
 vicinity, such as we found so often in Georgia. Still, the use of fire in connection 
 with burials obtained at times in the mounds of the peninsula, though it was far 
 from general. Cremation then, in the peninsula, such as it was, can hardly have 
 reached there from southern Alabama where its use was so extremely limited, 
 especially as the use of fire in connection with human remains was not met with 
 by us in that portion of northwestern Florida through which it would have to 
 pass to reach the peninsula from Alabama. We must look, therefore, we think, 
 to Georgia as the territory through which cremation passed to reach Florida for. in 
 Georgia, isolated pockets of fragments of cremated bones ; masses of cremated 
 fragments, placed on the ground and covered with inverted vessels ; and vessels 
 filled with cremated remains and capped by inverted bowls were plentifully met 
 with by us. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE N. W. FLORIDA COAST. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 Aboriginal dogs, 491. 
 
 Bartrain, William, curious ad 
 venture of, with serpent, 495. 
 
 Basal perforation, 427, 439, 440, 
 466. 
 
 Basal perforation before baking, 
 440, 450, 497. 
 
 Basin Bayou, mound near, 456. 
 
 Bear Point, mound at, 423. 
 
 Bear Point, mound near, 432. 
 
 Beautifully carved vessel, 471. 
 
 Bird-head effigies as handles of 
 bowls, 453. 
 
 Bitumen, 426, 432, 433. 
 
 Black creek, mounds near, 465. 
 
 Black Point, mound near, 454. 
 
 Bottle, engraved decoration, 461, 
 462. 
 
 Cabe9a de Vaca, 422, 430, 433, 
 491. 
 
 Cemetery near Point Washing 
 ton, 472. 
 
 Choctaws, flattening of heads 
 among, 473. 
 
 Coin, silver, 426. 
 
 Concluding remarks, 496. 
 
 Crushed shell rarely present in 
 earthenware, 439. 
 
 Cup with double compartment, 
 450. 
 
 Decoration of earthenware, 439. 
 
 Decoration of incised face, 454. 
 
 Dipper shaped vessel, 482. 
 
 Dish, five pointed, 459. 
 
 Dishes, six-pointed, or star- 
 shaped, 439, 443, 444, 487, 491. 
 
 Dogs, aboriginal, seen by Ca- 
 bec.a de Vaca, 491. 
 
 Dogs, effigies of, as handles of 
 vessels, 491. 
 
 Don s Bayou, mound near, 454. 
 
 Double compartment, vessels 
 with, 469, 479. 
 
 Double cup, in earthenware, 450. 
 
 Duck-head in relief on sherd, 
 456, 457. 
 
 Ear-plugs of shell, 427. 
 Earthenware, character of, 430, 
 
 466, 496. 
 
 Effigy-vase of human form, 457. 
 Enclosed burial, one example of, 
 
 487, 496. 
 Engraved decoration on bottle, 
 
 461, 462. 
 
 Finger- rings of glass, 473. 
 Five-pointed dish, 459. 
 Flattening of skulls among the 
 
 Choctaws, 473. 
 Frog-shaped vessel, 446, 447. 
 
 Galena, ball of, 466. 
 Gourd shaped vessel, 455, 482. 
 Graveyard Point, mound near, 
 435. 
 
 Heads of animals, effigies of, as 
 handles of vessels, 430, 488, 
 491, 494. 
 
 Hoe-shaped implement, 473. 
 
 Hogtown Bayou, mound near, 
 496, 
 
 Holmes, Professor, 422, 425, 427. 
 
 Human heads, effigies of, as han 
 dles, 464, 465, 469, 494. 
 
 Human head, effigy of, as han 
 dle, containing objects which 
 rattle, 494. 
 
 Inerarity Point, 433. 
 Inverted vessels over burials, 
 437. 
 
 Jolly Bay, mound near, 459. 
 Josephine P.O., mound near, 433. 
 
 Lance-head, heart-shaped, 438. 
 Life-forms in earthenware, 446, 
 
 447, 451, 461, 463, 468, 474, 
 
 482, 484, 487. 
 
 Maester creek, mound near, 433. 
 Maps, 419, 420. 
 
 Marginal deposits of earthen 
 ware, 459, 466. 
 
 Material inset in incised lines, 
 425, 475, 477, 485, 488. 
 
 Mortuary ware, ready made, 439, 
 440. 
 
 Mounds investigated, 423. 
 
 Perforation of base of vessels, 
 
 427, 439, 440, 496. 
 Point Washington, mound near, 
 
 465. 
 Putnam, Professor, 426. 
 
 Rattlesnake, markings of, shown 
 
 on vessel, 495. 
 
 Rocky Bayou, mound near, 455. 
 Romans, Bernard, 473, 495. 
 
 Santa Rosa Sound, mounds near, 
 
 435. 
 
 Scroll, Yucatec treatment of, 469. 
 Serpent, effigy of head of, for 
 
 handle, 494. 
 Serpents, aboriginal veneration 
 
 for, 495. 
 Silver coin, 426. 
 Six-pointed, or star-shaped, 
 
 dishes, 439, 443, 444, 487, 491. 
 Skulls, single, interred under 
 
 bowls, 432, 
 Stamp, small check, seemingly 
 
 universally present in Florida, 
 
 496. 
 Symbolism on earthenware, 425. 
 
 Tobacco pipe of soapstone, 455. 
 Urn-burial, another form of, 496. 
 
 Vessel beautifully carved, 471. 
 Vessel representing open bivalve, 
 
 479. 
 Vessel with double compartment, 
 
 469. 
 Visor-shaped projections, vessel 
 
 with, 442. 
 
 Walton s Camp, mounds at, 435. 
 
516 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 CERTAIN ABORIGINAL REMAINS OF THE TOMBIGBEE RIVER. 
 
 Awl chipped from pebble, 513. Discs of earthenware, 504. 
 
 Bickley s Landing, mounds at, 
 
 511. 
 Blubber Creek, mounds near, 
 
 504. 
 
 Bone fish-hooks, 508. 
 Brasfield mound, 506. 
 Bryan s Burn, mound at, 511. 
 Bunched burials, 503. 
 Butler s Gin, mound at, 502. 
 
 Camp-sites and mounds on Tom- 
 
 bigbee river, 500. 
 Chowder Spring Landing, 
 
 mouuds near, 502. 
 Coleman mound, 503. 
 Cole s Landing, mound at, 507. 
 
 Drills chipped from jasper peb 
 bles, 511. 
 
 East Bluffport Landing, camp 
 site, 505. 
 
 Fish-hooks of bone, 508. 
 Goose Pond, mounds near, 503. 
 
 Hatchet of volcanic rock, 507. 
 Hilman s Landing, mound near, 
 505. 
 
 Knife, semi-lunar, chipped from 
 jasper pebble, 506. 
 
 Mortar made from boulder, 504. 
 Moscow, mounds near, 509. 
 Mounds and camp-sites of Tom- 
 
 Cook s Landing, mound at, 505. bigbee river, 500. 
 
 Pendant of shell, 507. 
 Pitted hammer-stones, 508. 
 
 Remarks, 513. 
 
 Simmon s Landing, mounds near, 
 
 508. 
 
 Spragins Mill, mounds at, 507. 
 Sucarnochee creek, mound near, 
 
 510. 
 Summerville, mound at, 504. 
 
 Tobacco pipes, 506, 510, 512. 
 
 Urn burials on Alabama river, 
 499. 
 
 Windham Landing, mound at, 
 
 505. 
 West Pace s Landing, mounds 
 
 near, 509. 
 
 rye. 
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