? / > / 
 
 /L

 
 TREATISE 
 
 KELATIVE TO THE 
 
 Testing of Water-Wheels 
 
 AND 
 
 MACHINERY, 
 
 Inventions, Studies, and Experiments, with Suggestions 
 from a Life's Experience. 
 
 BY JAMES EMERSON, 
 WILLIMANSETT, MASS., U. S. 
 
 SIXTH EDITION. 
 
 PRICK, 1.00. 
 1894,
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, September 20, 18*4, 
 
 liv .IAMKS EMEHSOX, 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 ./// ri'.iht.t nxcrved. 
 
 A comparison of this work with any and all others treating of milling 
 hydrodynamics, I think, will show that I have done more to make the 
 matter a science than has been done by all other engineers that have lived 
 during the past century. A few of the unthinking raised objections to the 
 mixing of religion with business in the fourth edition, but it has ever 
 seemed to me that any religion deserving of respect is good for everyday 
 use, a comfort in sorrow, a joy in our pleasures. I have copyrighted the 
 book that its contents may be kept together. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Some trn years since, through the invention of an instrument for weighing 
 the power required to drive machinery, I became interested in the testing of lur- 
 bine water wheels. Previously such tests had only been possible for the wealthy. 
 The apparatus used for the purpose, though expensive, was crude, clumsy and 
 unreliable, while I he formulas for computing water used were tedious for the ini- 
 tiated and impossible of application by the multitude, consequently few of those 
 using wheels were able to demonstrate the absurdity of the fabulous claims made 
 by the most of the turbine build rs, and for years confusion h.;d reigned, alike 
 injurious to the manufacturer and honest builder. Years c f experience that will 
 be mentioned in the last part of this work made me fully aware of the task it would 
 be to bring o:der out of sucli confusion; still t!.e attempt was made, and has since 
 been continued without a thought of abandonment. Those who have only wit- 
 nessed the test of turbines at the Ilolyoke flume have little idea of the operation 
 as conducted by engineers of the pa-t; ban els of oil and a small army of assist- 
 ants were required, i-o that tl e cost run up into the thousands. The average cost 
 per wheel in 1869 was $2,000. The superintendent of the Nilcs Iron Works of Cin- 
 cinnati, O., came to me at Lowell, in order to make arrangements for the test of a 
 Kindleberger wheel; he offered $600, but under the then existing conditions it 
 could not be done. Weeks and even months weie consumed in the test of a single 
 wheel. The experiei ce that year convinced me that such expenditures of time 
 and money were entirely unnecessary, and plans were soon completed for demon- 
 strating that fact. Many ideas then prevalent had to be considered. In the first 
 place, a testing flume w th suitable apparatus was an expensive affair, while my 
 means were very limited ; then a-ain it was supposed by all, that wheels of the 
 same make were all of the same proportional efficiency, so that each builder 
 would only need to have one wheel tested, consequently the patronage would 
 be very irregular, while the expense would be constant, as experiincrd help 
 would be required, ar.d such help could only be retained by constant employment, 
 or at least constant pay; the latter difficulty was surnioui ted by doing all of the 
 most difficult acd hardest work myself, simply employing a laborer for each test, 
 while my daughter limed ; kept the records of gauges during the trials, gave me 
 the power every two minute", in order to enable me to change the weight cor- 
 rectly, then made the computations and copied the results. This continued for 
 a year or more ; then Miss Charls A. Adams, ' Charla" succeeded my daughter, 
 and such success as I have had in aiding the improvement of turbines, by ena- 
 bling builders of small means to ascertain the exact value of their numerous 
 plans, and establishing the testing system, is due in a great measure to her un- 
 wearied patience, caie and attention. She has had the entire mathematical part 
 of the work to do, not only of the tests, but that necessary for the preparation 
 of a large portion of the tables published in this work ; she h is kept records of all 
 tests, and prepared numerous copies of the same for public institutions and for
 
 turbine builders; in all, she has proved her fitness for the purpose, and not only 
 her fitness, but woman's adaptability for such work. The practice of testing tur- 
 bines has caused many changes and exploded many theories; of course this has 
 not been done without destroying the hopeg of many builders, at the same time 
 it has been the means of bringing the best wheels prominently be-fore the public. 
 The tests have at all times beeu open to the public; builders have been desired 
 to bring engineers to assist, and such have ever been welcome. It is a difficult 
 matter to make purchasers realize that wheels made from the same patterns 
 vary exceedingly in efficiency, yet there are few manufacturers ignorant of the 
 fact that a wheel of any make doing well in a mill gives no assurance that 
 anothi r of the same make will give equal satisfaction. Ninety per cent, wheels 
 are much sought for, but there are plenty of 80 per cent, wheels that will do fir 
 better than many that have given higher results. Ninety per cent, is only 
 obtained under the most favorable conditions, and such can not be continued 
 long in practical use. 
 
 Illustrations published in the first edition of this work have been found very 
 convenient for reference in law and other cases, consequently a greater variety 
 has been published in this edition. 
 
 That I know but little about the exact lines necessary for the production of a 
 good turbine is not, perhaps, a legitimate excuse for the absence in this work of 
 directions for turbine building, because the most minute formulas to be found 
 upon the subject have undoubtedly been published by those who knew still less 
 about it than myself, but such formulas seem to have hindered rather than to 
 have aided turbine improvements, for it is very certain that the best turbine 
 builders have given little heed to such formulas, hence I have not attempted to 
 do what I could not do well. 
 
 Some of my Annual Reports were electrotyped, and various items from those 
 have been used in this work, and where such reports of tests have been used, 
 the numerous changes of weights are given in full ; while in oth< rs only the best 
 tost at whole pate is given; and it may be well here to state that there is a cer- 
 tain speed at which any turbine does its best, ar.d to find that point it is necr s- 
 sary to try m:iny changes of we'ghts. Wheels made from the same patterns 
 seldom do their best at the same speed, and this variation is the cause of consid- 
 erable loss of power through incorrect gearing for speed. 
 
 It is also necessary to state that there i? always a leakage into the measur- 
 ing pit during a test, which is to be dedu- ted from the quantity flowing over the 
 weir; this leakage may not be given in some of the reports, but if the depth oa 
 the weir is given, the difference between the quantity as found per tables for tlwt 
 depth, and the cubic feet given in the report of ten will give the leakage, that 
 is, if the length of weir is piven. The (.missions are owing to the use of only a 
 part of the electrotyped reports. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON. 
 
 WILLIMANSETT, MASS., October 1, 1878.
 
 INTRODUCTION TO THE SIXTH EDITION. 
 
 The first edition of this work sold before it was out of the bindery, 
 the second soon after it came out, over half of the fifteen hun- 
 dred copies of the third edition within three weeks after it was 
 issued ; then I gave up ray time to the purpose of finding a safe 
 system for car heating, and for eleven years the electrotyped pages 
 of my book were left without care, then were picked up and placed 
 in the fourth edition as they could be found. The fourth and fifth 
 editions were but stepping stones to this. I have desired to pro- 
 duce a work of value in which anyone taking it up can find some- 
 thing of interest. Years ago a widely known publisher informed 
 me that technical or scientific works were seldom asked for except 
 by the few interested in the subject treated, consequently were 
 likely to remain upon his shelves until shopworn. It has been my 
 study since to prevent such repose of my writings. I have shown 
 something of my work that my claims for consideration may be esti- 
 mated. Would it not be well for would-be leaders to do the same ? 
 
 My wanderings and chances for observation have been wide, my 
 reading extensive. I have found that from one to four hours 
 sleep in each twenty-four is sufficient for me, consequently have 
 been able to devote twenty of each twenty -four hours to study or 
 thought, yet I have never found time to gain wealth or desire it. 
 
 If I have written slightingly of Christianity, it is because I have 
 studied its career from its foundation, if that can be determined 
 within three centuries, without finding a single instance where it 
 has benefited mankind. Of course I would not imply that there are 
 not many good men and women that call themselves Christians, but 
 how any intelligent person can recall the doings of the Christian 
 devils who blotted out a higher civilization in Mexico and Peru, who 
 annihilated the aborigines of this country, and who degraded and 
 almost obliterated the Sandwich Islanders, and the shiploads of 
 rum. rifles, gunpowder, Bibles and thin veneer of missionaries now 
 being sent to Africa, and think Christianity less bloody than the 
 superstition of Dahomey, is a mystery to me. Its blasphemous 
 atonement hobby to me seems degrading to mankind and an im- 
 peachment of the Creator's wisdom and justice. Within fifty years 
 I believe it will be considered an atrocity of the past. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON. 
 
 WlLLIMANSETT, MASS., Oct. 1st, 1894.
 
 Emerson's Swimming Machine. 
 
 This device is designed particularly for women and children, 
 though, of course, is equally suitable for men or boys. It gives the 
 exact motions of the best swimmers, and is operated by a crank, as 
 shown. It may be placed in a nursery tank or bath tub, or in a 
 larger tank, where the water may be warmed for winter practice, or 
 arranged singly or in groups like the merry-go-rounds near places 
 of public amusement in the summer. 
 
 Men or boys may go to the rivers or ponds, strip and plunge in 
 with but little restriction ; women and girls are restrained by con- 
 ventionalities from doing so, consequently have but little chance 
 to learn to swim, though quite as capable to do so as men or 
 boys. Yet, as all travel, women are subject to the same dangers 
 from shipwreck, the capsizing of boats, bridge disasters, etc., etc., 
 as men. 
 
 All incapable of swimming cling together and drown in clusters, 
 while if capable of swimming each would strive to keep apart as far 
 as possible unless closing for the purpose of aiding the helpless. 
 
 The Kanaka children of the Pacific, like ducks, learn to swim 
 almost assoon as born, giving their mothers little cause for anxiety 
 about being in the water. Are our mothers less intelligent than 
 those natives ? 
 
 Every mother would enjoy seeing her wonderful baby swim, 
 which is easily practicable with a nursery swimming machine for 
 the bath tub. What beautiful sights the surf at our beaches would 
 present summers if our home mermaids would all learn to swim and 
 laughingly sport in the waves instead of as now shudderingly step 
 into the water half way up to the knees, then squeal, as graphically 
 expressed by a lady acquainted with the ways of lady bathers. 
 Learn to swim at home in the winter, then have pleasant times at 
 the beach in the summer.
 
 EVOLUTION OF 
 
 WATER WHEELS. 
 
 r^ 
 
 ^Tyler's New Scroll America 
 
 OVERSHOT WHEEL 
 
 T. H. Risdon and others whose names are familiar to manufacturers 
 are entitled to much credit in connection with improvements of the 
 turbine, but they used modified combinations of the illustrated devices 
 above in which to obtain the results credited them in this work.
 
 10 
 
 McCORMICK'S IMPROVED TURBINES, 
 
 The Practical Effect of Efforts to Improve, 
 
 Fallen Idols, Destroyed by the Iconoclastic Testing System. 
 
 OVERSHOT WHEEL 
 
 Uriah A. Boyden did much to establish faith in the practicability of 
 determining the efficiency of turbines by tests, but his ideas were 
 extravagantly expensive, and Impracticable with ordinary means. 
 There is no evidence however that he ever gained higher efficiency 
 than that obtained by M. Fourneyron.
 
 11 
 BOYDEN'S 
 
 IMPROVED FOURNEYRON TURBINE. 
 
 WITH EMERSOJS'S MEASURING, GATE REGISTER. 
 
 The White Elephant of the Lowell Corporations.
 
 12 
 
 THE TURBINE OF 1594. 
 
 WITH EMERSONS MEASURING 
 
 BY J. & W. JOLLY, 
 
 GATE REGISTER..
 
 Horizontal Wheels. 
 
 For a few years past there has been a craze for twin horizontal wheels, as 
 was the case a few years ago for V shaped belts. For high falls and small 
 wheels it may be well to have such, but for ordinary falls and wheels there is 
 little to show in their favor, unless in coarse work such as pulp mills, where 
 the grinder is placed upon the same shaft as the wheels, doing away with 
 belts or gears; but good gears cause but little loss in transmission, say two 
 per cent., and open belts not more than four, while the loss in horizontal 
 wheels would be double that at least. Sec tests, pa ire 351. In a recent case in 
 litigation at "SVillimantic, Conn., a pair of Humphrey twin wheels tabled to 
 transmit 100 h. p. under the IT feet working bead there were put into a 
 mill supposed to require the power named. The wheels proved insufficient 
 and two of tabled 125 h. p. capacity were substituted; those drove the 
 machinery leaving but little surplus power. The race above was 12Jx6 
 feet deep, the tail race GJx2 feet depth of water, the velocity above was 
 estimated one foot, below at six feet per second, or 72 cubic feet per second 
 plump. From my knowledge of the Humphrey wheel, also of the loss from 
 being placed upon horizontal shaft, my estimate was 35 per cent, efficiency. 
 
 An expert used to testing the same kinds of machinery in the linen mill 
 there was put upon the witness stand. He knew nothing of our previous 
 estimates, yet he estimated the force required to drive the machinery in the 
 mill at 39 h. p. 
 
 Adding 25 per cent, to his estimate for driving the shafting, or say 9 
 h. p., which would be proper, as the mill had its full supply of shafting, 
 though but partially tilled with machinery, and his estimate would agree 
 substantially with mine. Other wheels undoubtedly do much better, but 
 for general use I think time will prove the turbine much the most econom- 
 ical ; the plan is mechanically imperfect. All used to testing wheels know 
 how the efficiency is cut down by the least rub at the side of curb, and the 
 weight must soon cause the bearings and shaft to wear down, the lower 
 side of the wheel will rub, and the upper side will l>e open and leaky.
 
 14 
 
 J. & W. Jolly's Holyoke Turbine, Holyoke, 
 Mass., U. S. 
 
 As the Messrs. Jolly unquestionably stand at the head as turbine 
 builders, not only in this but in all other countries where turbines 
 are known, this work would be incomplete without a brief account 
 of their rise and method of doing business, in connection with the 
 illustrated evolution and description of such improvements during 
 the past half century. JAMKS EMKKSOX, 
 
 WlLLIMANSETT, July 1, 1894.
 
 15 
 
 The Hoiyoke Turbine, Manufactured by J. & W. 
 Jolly. 
 
 This turbine has been brought to its present perfection through 
 the continuous labor of John B. McCormick, under the supervision 
 and at the expense of the Messrs. Jolly, and is now without ques- 
 tion the most perfect water wheel in existence. It has no pretended 
 equal, and i& so known throughout this country and the British 
 Provinces, and has become so well known in Europe that the call 
 for wheels from there the present season has kept the old shop of 
 the Messrs. Jolly in constant operation during the past depression 
 in business and a new -shop has been opened for home work. 
 
 This turbine in name is made by several other builders and in 
 fact is but the Hercules improved, yet the proximity of the testing 
 flume and the enterprise of the Messrs. Jolly to make use thereof 
 have caused their wheels to stand upon a plane not reached by any of 
 their competitors and with such certainty that they will test against 
 any and all contestants upon the conditions that the owners of the 
 inferior wheel shall pay the expense for testing both wheels, and 
 that from five to twenty-five per cent, will be allowed each con- 
 testant at the start, the exact allowance being determined by the 
 make of wheel. So well is the fact of the superiority of Messrs. 
 Jolly's wheel established that the Rodney Hunt Machine Co., of 
 Orange, Mass., one of the largest turbine building firms in the past 
 of the country, finding that the intelligent manufacturers of the 
 times have come to realize the difference between the turbine of 
 twenty years ago and the Jolly wheel of to-day, have contracted 
 with the Messrs. Jolly for turbines with which to supply their 
 customers instead of trying to force their own of inferior make? upon 
 those sufficiently intelligent to desire the best. This act speaks 
 well for the honor and fair dealing of the Hunt company and opens 
 the way for a new departure for turbine builders of the old styles 
 that lack testing facilities that may enable them to produce turbines 
 of modern efficiencies and capacities. An old style turbine builder 
 of moderate intelligence trying to sell turbines of the past must 
 feel something as the ancient blacksmith with his pod augers of 
 Revolutionary days would feel if brought into competition with the 
 effective and highly finished auger bit of the present time. 
 
 The certified tests published upon the next page represent the 
 guaranteed capacities and efficiencies of several sizes of the Jolly 
 turbines, and all of the many sizes have been or will be brought to 
 the same standard before being offered for sale. 
 HOLYOKE, MASS., U. S., 1894.
 
 16 
 
 Copied from certified tests made on the dates named, and signed by 
 A. F. SICKMAN, engineer in charge of experiments, E. S. WATERS, Hyd. E. 
 The originals of these certificates can be seen at any time at our office. 
 J. & W. JOLLY, HOLYOKE, MASS. 
 
 Test of a 12-inch Wheel. 
 
 Jan. 8th, 1890. 
 
 
 Head. 
 
 Rev. per 
 Min. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Cubic feet 
 per Sec. 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 
 18.02 
 18 10 
 
 4W.7 
 
 420 
 
 17.00 
 
 14 71 
 
 9.82 
 8 60 
 
 84.73 
 83 34 
 
 
 18.10 
 18.18 
 
 is.-js 
 
 469.7 
 37C.5 
 336.7 
 
 11.45 
 8.60 
 6.15 
 
 7.25 
 (>.01 
 4.74 
 
 76.91 
 69.41 
 
 Test of a 27-inch Wheel. 
 
 April 21st, 1891. 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 Part Gate, 
 
 15.16 
 15.13 
 16.W 
 
 15 24 
 
 179.50 
 195.75 
 191.50 
 179 25 
 
 73.21 
 66.38 
 57.04 
 46 00 
 
 52.30 
 45.85 
 40.05 
 3430 
 
 81.42 
 84.38 
 82.68 
 
 77 60 
 
 " 
 
 15.31 
 
 171.00 
 
 32.91 
 
 27.58 
 
 68.73 
 
 Test of a Second 27-inch Wheel. Nov. 18th and 19th, 1891. 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 Part Gate, 
 
 16.83 
 17.14 
 17.21 
 
 187.75 
 194.25 
 180.00 
 
 84.63 
 80.46 
 69.07 
 
 84.74 
 48.57 
 43.97 
 
 80.96 
 
 83.49 
 80.48 
 
 " " 
 
 17.44 
 j 17.68 
 
 184.00 
 181.50 
 
 56.04 
 40.91 | 
 
 37.50 
 30.26 
 
 75.55 
 67.41 
 
 Test of a 33-inch Wheel. 
 
 June 13th, 1890. 
 
 Part Gate, 
 
 14.87 
 14.98 
 15.06 
 15.35 
 
 144.50 
 138.50 
 145.33 
 134.50 
 
 95.83 
 82.58 
 65.43 
 47.46 
 
 67.99 
 59.91 
 50.48 
 39.94 
 
 83.65 
 81.21 
 75.96 
 68.32 
 
 Test of a 39-inch Wheel. 
 
 April 1st, 1891. 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 Part Gate, 
 
 16.60 
 16.77 
 17.14 
 
 124.40 
 127.25 
 126.33 
 
 179.74 
 166.79 
 146.33 
 
 118.72 
 105.49 
 92.57 
 
 80.41 
 83.13 
 81.31 
 
 ** " 
 
 17.34 
 17.65 
 
 125.75 
 112.33 
 
 122.66 
 89.03 
 
 81.11 
 64.68 
 
 76.89 
 68.76 
 
 Test of a 48-inch Wheel. 
 
 Oct. 10th, 1892. 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 Part Gate, 
 
 13.44 
 13.84 
 13.64 
 14.19 
 14.58 
 
 89.12 
 90.50 
 89.50 
 92.37 
 88.62 
 
 198.16 
 187.44 
 154.29 
 128.86 
 99.87 
 
 102.13 
 145.25 
 124.88 
 105.60 
 86.80 
 
 80.21 
 82.24 
 79.90 
 75.85 
 69.61 
 
 Test of a 51-inch Wheel. 
 
 June 28th, 1890. 
 
 Part Gate, 
 
 12.99 
 13.09 
 13.17 
 
 87.62 
 83.00 
 88.00 
 
 197.34 
 171.77 
 139.27 
 
 157.32 
 140.72 
 119.80 
 
 85.32 
 82.39 
 77.99 
 
 " " 
 
 13.93 
 
 84.25 
 
 110.26 
 
 98.72 
 
 70.84 
 
 Test of a Second 51-inch Wheel. March 5th, 
 
 Part Gate, 
 
 12.26 
 12 19 
 
 81.50 
 80 20 
 
 176.36 
 144 21 
 
 153.28 
 131 23 
 
 82.75 
 
 " " :::::::::::::::: 
 
 12.35 
 12.48 
 
 77.50 
 73.12 
 
 111.02 
 81.56 
 
 109.38 
 87.90 
 
 72.47 
 65.56
 
 John B. McCormick .and Esoteric Science. 
 
 As producer of the most perfect water wheel, Mr. McCormick's 
 name is likely to have a niche in the temple of turbine fame. No 
 other person has had such chance to observe the effect of slight 
 changes of construction and position of parts, yet, after causing the 
 expenditure of a hundred and fifty thousand dollars in experiment- 
 ing, should some accident destroy the patterns for his turbine the 
 whole would have to be done over again upon the same " Cut and 
 try " system, for not a drawing exists that would enable another to 
 reproduce his results. 
 
 Who is to blame for this esoteric state of that science ? We 
 have just emerged from the bondage of superstition but, far from 
 lie ing freed therefrom, we are in a haze of mysticism. We may 
 smile at the science of Lucretius or the elder Pliny, but a century 
 hence I venture to predict that there will be cause for broad 
 laughter for those who look back to the popular notions of to-day. 
 A half century since, had a visionary crank hinted at the use of the 
 bicycle or the telephone so common to-day it is easy to imagine the 
 wise sneer of the Huxley type of scientist of the time. 
 
 Who will explain the fact that the turbine often does considerable 
 work while running faster than the water that drives it, and at its 
 best returns over ninety per cent, of the force expended? 
 
 Who can explain the cause of gravitation or cohesion, or disinte- 
 gration and cohesion, as daily utilized in the electrotypers' art ? 
 Never was there the utterance of a weaker mess of bosh than that 
 Newton discovered the law of gravitation ; he simply discovered its 
 effect in some cases, but as to its cause we know no more than was 
 known by Pythagoras. I have seen the Andes mountains, every 
 line, peak, and shadow sharply defined as though not ten miles 
 distant, yet I was sailing a thousand miles away. Who will 
 lucidly explain the cause of mirage ? I believe such mirage is 
 evidence that science will produce the means for seeing distant 
 objects as we talk by telephone. A few years since double turbines 
 were the rage, but science proved the idea to be erroneous, as I 
 believe it will do with the " triple expansion " hobby ; but let it be 
 understood that steam compared to hydraulic science is in its 
 childhood. Water as a motor returns ninety per cent, of its 
 weight, steam but ten or fifteen per cent, of its heat force. 
 
 I have seen tables and chairs move without visible force being 
 applied to cause the movement. I have seen the arms of a man 
 placed through the arms of a chair ; the hands tied firmly together ; 
 then wound over with adhesive plaster by the late J. C. Ayer ; on 
 turning off the light the hands were instantly withdrawn from the 
 chair without separation of hands. I believe this was done through 
 natural law not yet understood and that it.s study will aid in the 
 understanding of the law of cohesion and disintegration, but the 
 cause will be made clear through the crank instead of by the popu- 
 lar scientist.
 
 18 
 Emerson's Measuring Gate Register. 
 
 Description and Operation. 
 
 The illustrations show plan and elevation, also connections to 
 turbine gate. 
 
 In the elevation the bed-plate B is shown upon the wheel shaft 
 A above the driving gear C, which drives gear D, on the arbor of 
 which, back of the upright stand I, may be seen, represented by 
 dotted lines, a small bevel pinion working into bevel gear F, the 
 arbor of which is connected to the arbor of the counter N. which 
 counts one for every ten revolutions of the turbine wheel shaft. 
 On the end of the gear and counter arbor T, there is the disk or 
 crank G, that through the catch P actuates the ratchet wheel J, 
 which has some number of teeth equably divisible by ten. pref- 
 erably two or more hundred, that the loss of a fraction of tooth 
 may be as small as possible. The movement of the catch P is ex- 
 actly one-tenth of the circumference of the ratchet, or twenty teeth 
 of the two hundred in its periphery, consequently ten full strokes 
 of the catch P give the ratchet wheel J a complete revolution, 
 and an increase of one in the number shown by the counter 0, or 
 an increase of one for each hundred revolutions of the turbine 
 shaft. An examination of the Holyoke turbine, second page, will 
 show the connection of its gate with the shield K of the register 
 by the rod Q. The rod C is the ordinary gate rod for opening 
 the gate by hand. As the gate is raised the rod Q moves the shield 
 K in proportion to the opening of the gate under the actuating 
 catch P, and, of course, proportionally reducing the rotation of 
 ratchet wheel J, consequently more movements of the catch P will 
 be required to give the ratchet wheel J a complete revolution and 
 change of figure on the counter O. At the close of any trial add 
 a cipher to the sum shown by the counter N, and the revolutions 
 of the wheel shaft will be given ; add two ciphers to the product 
 of the counter 0, and, if the wheel has run with full gate during 
 the whole trial, the representations of the two counters will be the 
 same, but if the gate has been but partially open during- the time, 
 then the product, of the counter will be proportionally less, and 
 a division of that sum by the greater sum shown by the counter 
 N will give the true average percentage of gate opening during the 
 time the count has been kept. For untested wheels it will be nec- 
 essary to make such test to obtain the proportional discharge, but 
 that will simply require a weir and control of wheel and discharge 
 by the ordinary work of the mill. 
 MAY 1, 1894.
 
 19 
 
 EMERSON'S MEASURING GATE REGISTER 
 
 PLAN 
 
 (For particulars apply to J. & W. Jolly, Holyoke, Mass., U. S.)
 
 Obsolete Methods of Lowell Water Power. 
 
 A prominent excuse for the low standard of wages paid the 
 operatives at Lowell is the continued use of obsolete machinery 
 and appurtenances. Now arises the question, Why this contin- 
 uance ? Why continue the use of turbines that waste water to 
 such an extent that three thousand horse power have to be made 
 good by burning thousands of tons of coal ? Why go to Lawrence 
 for an engineer to divide the Lowell water power when that engi- 
 neer in twenty years has not made one step in advance towards 
 simplicity, accuracy, and economy, when the division can be made 
 by modern improvements at a tithe of the cost of the obsolete 
 methods of Lawrence and with far greater accuracy ? 
 
 Gentlemen, managers of the Lowell coi-porations, it is well to 
 stop and consider at times. Early in the century, for the purpose 
 of encouraging home manufactures, the control of the beautiful 
 Merrimac river was given to a few capitalists ; it naturally belonged 
 to the people. It was pure, stocked with fish that any one might 
 catch and enjoy as healthy food. Your works polluted its waters, 
 killed the fish, and poisoned the atmosphere ; and for this what 
 return is made the true owners of the river ? High salaries to a 
 comparatively few officials and starvation wages to the many upon 
 the excuse of continued use of obsolete machinery and methods of 
 doing business. Is there any pretense that the corporations of 
 Lowell have not paid fair returns for the money invested or are 
 unable with intelligent management to have the use of the best 
 machinery known as well as the most perfect turbines for the 
 economy of its water power ? 
 
 Why foolishly waste water power that justly belongs to the peo- 
 ple, then uselessly expend large amounts to purchase coal to make 
 the unnecessary waste good, then plead poverty as an excuse for 
 low wages to your operatives ? 
 
 Why do you do these things unless for the purpose of living in 
 not only sylvan shades but in the retirement of grassy streets ? 
 
 The puerility of your excuses for your low standard of wages is 
 made so palpable by the yearly building of new mills at Fall River, 
 and the rapid growth of that city, which is caused by the large 
 profits obtained through the acceptance of your standard of remu- 
 neration of labor, that you even ought to be able to see the point, at 
 any rate the laborer will see it, and the laboring class will ever have 
 the most votes, and if the people gave the people can take away.
 
 Engineers with Many Gauge Hands. 
 
 After a century of conjecture, wild theories, and experimenting 
 for the purpose of finding the most perfect engine of transmission 
 of the power evolved from falling water, the Hercules type of 
 turbine is accepted as the best. Reputable builders of intelligence 
 are now trying to excel with that ; to do so each builder should 
 have a testing flume near by, for power is expensive, and the 
 amount should no more be left to conjecture than is that of gold, 
 coal, wool, or groceries. 
 
 A far better class of engineers is needed than such as has been 
 dumped oflt by our colleges and schools for the last half century, 
 ("an any one of the lot be named who has made any improvement 
 in milling hydraulics, dynamics, or machinery, or for ascertaining 
 the power used, or for economy, accuracy, or convenience ? A 
 turbine of any size, proportionally changed, should give the same 
 efficiency for any other size, but the " cut and try " system of 
 building still continues. An engineer of the college class is best 
 described by the term "Fussy," much formula, and many deci- 
 mals. 
 
 Under the head of the testing system described in this work, two 
 series of tests of a Leffel wheel may be seen, one by Hiram F. 
 Mills, with a small army of gauge hands, the other by myself ; my 
 figures being taken from the same gauge hands, a difference of six 
 per cent, is shown ; that difference I have never been able, to recon- 
 cile to myself satisfactorily. 
 
 The Victor turbine has furnished me a still stronger case. One 
 of the make, a fifteen inch, was furnished to make gear, belt, and 
 draft tube experiments reported in this work ; it gave the remarka- 
 ble efficiency of 92.58 per cent. Many experts with schools and 
 colleges witnessed its trial ; it was taken from flume, reset, and 
 retested over and over. Another wheel made from the same pat- 
 terns was then procured and tested ; that gave 76.57 per cent. Of 
 course such a difference caused a great sensation and inquiry ; the 
 ninety-two per cent, wheel was then set and again tested to make 
 sure the apparatus was in order ; less than one-fourth of one per 
 cent, difference was found in the test of that wheel. A third fif- 
 teen inch was then tried that gave 77 per cent, and a trifling frac- 
 tion over ; then a twenty inch was tried that gave a little over 7!) 
 per cent. A few days later, during my absence, the wheels were 
 reset and tested by Clemens Ilerschel ; he, like Mills, required 
 many gauge hands ; he reported the efficiency of the three wheels 
 a fraction above 80, 87, and 89 per cent. On my return, William 
 A. Chase, agent of the Water Tower Company, was called in to 
 aid in making a retest of the wheels ; the second fifteen inch wheel 
 was set and tested, Mr. Chase keeping the time by a stop watch ; 
 the wheel gave an efficiency of 76.34, or less than one-fourth of one 
 per cent, difference between that and its first trial. During the 
 first ten years of the testing system various parties retested the 
 same wheel as new. for the purpose of breaking up the system if it 
 proved unreliable ; it still continues, but three operators are suffi- 
 cient in a properly constructed testing flume for reliable work. 
 
 JAMES EM Kit SON.
 
 The Testing System. 
 
 Having terminated my connection with the business of testing 
 turbines, it may be well to give a brief account of the conception 
 of the business as a system. 
 
 Such tests were made in Europe early in the present century; in 
 this country, by Uriah A. Boyden, from 1843 to 1859. I have found 
 it impossible to obtain any authentic record of Mr. Boyden's tests, 
 though there are rumors of fabulous results. Mr. Francis, in the 
 work called " Lowell Hydraulic Experiments," states that data fur- 
 nished him for computation gave 88 per cent. He does not vouch 
 for the data furnished, nor does it appear that such data was fur- 
 nished by a disinterested engineer in any case. Mr. Francis fol- 
 lowed Mr. Boyden in making such tests, but he, like.the former, 
 made them so expensive as to be beyond the reach of any but 
 wealthy corporations, while the manufacturing interest required a 
 definite knowledge of the efficiency of the various kinds of turbine 
 plans then springing into existence. 
 
 In 1859-60, the city of Philadelphia gratuitously tested a variety 
 of small wheels for different builders, but the plan for doing it was 
 so defective that the tests had but little influence. In 1867, the 
 Chase Turbine Co., of Orange, Mass., employed me to construct a 
 dynamometer or brake for testing turbines. The friction bands that 
 may be seen on the ship windlass, in another part of this work, gave 
 me the idea of controlling a turbine in that way, for I had brought 
 many a ship to by such bands. The Prony brake had never been 
 heard of by me at that time, nor until my brake was completed. 
 
 In 1868, A. M. Swain asked me to get up a suitable brake, and 
 test one of his wheels at Putnam, Ct. Six months' time and 81,700 
 were expended in preparing the instrument. The company was 
 persuaded to construct a flume at the " overflow" of the Wamesit 
 Power Co., Lowell, Mass. A 42-inch Swain wheel was set, and 
 tested by Mr. Swain and myself. The results were such that the 
 company was urged to employ an engineer with at least a theoretical 
 knowledge of such tests. H. F. Mills, then of Boston, was selected 
 for the purpose. The company then held a meeting and authorized 
 Mr. Swain and myself to make arrangements for a public trial, and 
 the following notice was issued : 
 
 IMPORTANT TEST OF TURBINE WATER WHEELS, AT LOWELL, MASS., 
 JUNE 16, 1869. 
 
 SIR : The Swain Turbine Co. has just completed extensive arrangements for a 
 competitive test of Turbine Water Wheels. A flume and weir of the most ap- 
 
 proved plan, to supply and measure the water used, has been constructed. Eru- 
 erson j s Dynamometer will be used to test the power of the wheels. 
 
 The "pit" is fourteen feet in width; head of water varying from twelve to 
 sixteen feet. Each competitor will select size and finish of wheel to suit himself. 
 The Swain Wheel to be tested was built before the test was thought of, and is in 
 no way superior to the average of wheels furnished by the company. It is forty- 
 two inches in diameter, and will be tested on the 16th day of this month. 
 
 The Swain, Leffel, Bodine-Jonval and Bryson Turret wheels 
 were entered. The measuring pit was fourteen feet wide, thirty in 
 length and at first a little over three feet in depth below crest of 
 weir the wheels, standing inside at the upper end in a quarter turn 
 or iron flume, being about twenty feet from the weir. In this dis- 
 tance there were three separate racks to check the rushing water.
 
 The Swain wheel had thin sheet steel buckets, which made it very 
 light for its diameter ; yet, when set, it was barely possible to turn 
 it by the coupling upon the top of its shaft the coupling being 
 twenty inches in diameter, made that size to connect with brake. 
 Mr. Swain "guessed the wheel would go, only put the water to it." 
 
 The Leffels knew better than to lose fifty or a hundred pounds in 
 that way, so, when their wheel was set, it turned about as easy as a 
 child's top. Of course, an engineer of experience would have re- 
 fused to have tested a wheel running as hard as the Swain did, or to 
 have tested a wheel of that size at all in a pit so small and filled 
 with racks, for a good wheel would have little chance against one of 
 low efficiency. The working surfaces of the brake and band were 
 made of steel and iron.- Both being fibrous, little strips tore from 
 each, often checking, and at times bringing the wheel to a sudden 
 stop, so that it was difficult to make steady tests of many minutes' 
 duration. A bell was connected to the wheel-shaft, which struck 
 at each fifty revolutions of the wheel. Instead of making each 
 test with a given weight separate and distinct by itself, observers 
 were placed at the different gauges, with watches set to the same 
 time. As the wheel ran very unsteady at the best often stopping 
 entirely it was necessary to reject many of the observations, and 
 it will readily be seen that the difficulty would be in placing the 
 right patches together. That this is not imaginary, the following 
 tables of results are given. The first is a copy of Mr. Mills' report, 
 the second is a record of tests taken by myself, the same gauge 
 hands being employed in each case, and the conditions being pre- 
 cisely the same for both. My tests, however, were taken upon the 
 same plan that I have followed continuously for more than ten 
 years : that is, to make each test for a given weight complete and 
 distinct in itself. Mr. E. A. Thissel made a record of the gauges, 
 as given by each of the hands employed, and as it agreed exactly 
 with the notes I had taken of all, his record is given in the table. 
 MODE OF CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 Observers were stationed at various points, as follows: 
 
 Mr. J. B. Hale, at the hook-gauge, observed every minute, and a part of the 
 time every thirty seconds, the reading of the hook-gauge, which indicated the, 
 depth of water upon the weir. 
 
 Mr. R. A. Hale observed the height of the water in the forebay and in the pit, by 
 means of the scale (D) passing from the lower box to the upper every minute. 
 
 Mr. E. A. Thissel noted the time of the striking of the bell, which indicated 
 the speed of the wheel, to the nearest quarter second. 
 
 Mr. James Emerson, by means of the hand-wheel (M) regulated the friction so 
 that the index (E) should be kept as near to zero as possible, and thus the scale 
 beam be kept level. 
 
 Another assistant observed as rapidly as possible the actual position of the 
 index during the experiment. 
 
 Another kept the oil cups (T) supplied with oil, and, by a cock attached to each, 
 regulated the amount flowing upon the friction surfaces. 
 
 Another attended the gate and kept the racks clear of obstructions. 
 
 The writer kept a record of the weights in the scale-pan, the heights of gate, 
 all irregularities in the motion or disturbing causes of any kind that would affect 
 the results of the experiment, and sufficient observations of each class to check 
 the accuracy of all of the notes. 
 
 At intervals, during a series of experiments, all of the watches were compared 
 with the standard, and differences noted, that there might be no difficulty in 
 selecting the observations which applied to the time when the conditions for 
 afi'iiratc results obtained. Recorded in the following '.naimer :
 
 MA 
 
 i*ii!lfe|SMMMW8M(JMMKMJ 
 
 l c >l-> 
 
 ~ - 
 
 a r 
 
 '' 
 
 
 
 - ~ "3 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 ' 
 
 o o o o o 
 
 oooo q q q q q 
 
 " 
 
 I 1
 
 Tests on Left'el Wheel. 
 
 Date, Oct. 12, 1869. The first 19 tests L of weir was 10.052. Correction, .733. 
 
 " " 1, " The next 7 " " <; 
 
 " " 11, " The next 5 " " " 
 
 Weight of water used for all these tests was 62.: 
 group of ' 7 tests," the first 3 were made with holt 
 in the remaining 4 witli holes open. 
 
 No correction 
 
 >s. per cubic foot. In the 
 i wheel plates closed, and 
 
 No. 
 Test. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weir. 
 
 Gfttft 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev. 
 
 leriniii. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Cu. feet 
 
 )er sec 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Rel. 
 Veloc 
 
 1 
 
 4.28 
 
 1 7:30 
 
 4-5 
 
 670 
 
 K38 
 
 42.03 
 
 3266 
 
 .795 
 
 .795 
 
 2 
 
 4.17 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 135 
 
 41.11 
 
 :;2..V2 
 
 .787 
 
 .799 
 
 3 
 
 4.01 
 
 l.9i\ 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 127 
 
 38.68 
 
 29.84 
 
 .817 
 
 .739 
 
 4 
 
 * 
 
 l.tlti'J 
 
 >* 
 
 
 ]'24 
 
 37 76 
 
 2975 
 
 .799 
 
 .722 
 
 5 
 
 (i 
 
 1.674 
 
 .. 
 
 6T5 
 
 125 
 
 :38.35 
 
 2998 
 
 .806 
 
 .725 
 
 6 
 
 < 
 
 l.r,::; 
 
 
 
 ( 
 
 ( * 
 
 29.94 
 
 .807 
 
 .725 
 
 7 
 
 3.98 
 
 1.672 
 
 <* 
 
 660 
 
 126 
 
 37.80 
 
 29.89 
 
 .798 
 
 .733 
 
 8 
 
 3.S6 
 
 1 671 
 
 
 TOO 
 
 120 
 
 38.18 
 
 29^84 
 
 .815 
 
 .701 
 
 
 4.4N 
 
 1761 
 
 7 - 
 
 740 
 
 130 
 
 4373 
 
 34.18 
 
 .780 
 
 .744 
 
 10 
 
 4.21 
 
 1.761 
 
 .. 
 
 750 
 
 128 
 
 43.64 
 
 34.18 
 
 .793 
 
 
 11 
 
 4.18 
 
 1.762 
 
 
 768 
 
 126 
 
 43.24 
 
 31.22 
 
 .786 
 
 J28 
 
 12 
 
 4.16 
 
 1.7SII 
 
 Full 
 
 
 130 
 
 44.61 
 
 35.11 
 
 .792 
 
 .753 
 
 13 
 
 4.17 
 
 1.7S2 
 
 
 760 
 
 
 44.91 
 
 35.21 
 
 .789 
 
 .747 
 
 14 
 15 
 
 4.20 
 4.16 
 
 1.782 
 
 ., 
 
 765 
 
 
 
 45.20 
 
 35.16 
 
 as 21 
 
 .794 
 .800 
 
 .747 
 .748 
 
 16 
 
 14.18 
 
 1.782 
 
 Cl 
 
 
 <( 
 
 
 35.21 
 
 .799 
 
 .747 
 
 17 
 
 4.92f> 
 
 1.378 
 
 2-5 
 
 400 
 
 115 
 
 20.91 
 
 17.12 
 
 
 .649 
 
 18 
 
 
 1.364 
 
 
 :;-! 
 
 125 
 
 W.32 
 
 16.57 
 
 !690 
 
 .703 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 1.354 
 
 
 
 320 
 
 128 
 
 18.62 
 
 16.18 
 
 .680 
 
 .720 
 
 1 
 
 15.21 
 
 1.136 
 
 3-5 
 
 175 
 
 111 
 
 8.S3 
 
 7.88 
 
 .650 
 
 .619 
 
 2 
 
 
 1.134 
 
 
 170 
 
 115.2 
 
 8.90 
 
 7.82 
 
 
 .643 
 
 3 
 
 15.22 
 
 1.132 
 
 <* 
 
 160 
 
 <* 
 
 8.38 
 
 7.77 
 
 1626 
 
 .642 
 
 4 
 
 15.21 
 
 1.129 
 
 u 
 
 150 
 
 122.4 
 
 8.35 
 
 7.68 
 
 .630 
 
 .683 
 
 5 
 
 15.23 
 
 1.127 
 
 * 
 
 140 
 
 V27.S 
 
 8 13 
 
 7.63 
 
 .617 
 
 .713 
 
 6 
 
 15.24 
 
 1.127 
 
 if 
 
 185 
 
 1U0.2 
 
 7.99 
 
 7.63 
 
 .606 
 
 .726 
 
 
 
 1.126 
 
 
 180 
 
 138.2 
 
 7.69 
 
 7.PO 
 
 .586 
 
 .742 
 
 8 
 
 it 
 
 1.127 
 
 
 
 135 
 
 l:lu 2 
 
 7.99 
 
 7.63 
 
 .606 
 
 .726 
 
 9 
 
 14.26 
 
 1.526 
 
 3-5 
 
 500 
 
 122.4 
 
 27.82 
 
 23.26 
 
 .740 
 
 .705 
 
 10 
 
 14.21 
 
 1.527 
 
 
 H 
 
 * 
 
 
 23.01 
 
 .741 
 
 .707 
 
 11 
 
 
 1.535 
 
 
 
 475 
 
 1248 
 
 26.95 
 
 23.33 
 
 .707 
 
 .720 
 
 12 
 
 14 '^o 
 
 1.521 
 
 
 460 
 
 127.8 
 
 26.72 
 
 23.05 
 
 .719 
 
 .737 
 
 13 
 
 " 
 
 1.521 
 
 * 
 
 465 
 
 * 
 
 27.01 
 
 23.05 
 
 .727 
 
 .737 
 
 14 
 
 14.56 
 
 1.147 
 
 J-5 
 
 180 
 
 133.2 
 
 7.87 
 
 8.18 
 
 .583 
 
 .760 
 
 15 
 
 14.40 
 
 1.149 
 
 
 135 
 
 133.0 
 
 8 10 
 
 8.24 
 
 .600 
 
 .755 
 
 16 
 
 14.4f, 
 
 1.146 
 
 
 140 
 
 127.8 
 
 8.14 
 
 8.15 
 
 .610 
 
 .732 
 
 17 
 
 14 Hi 
 
 1.741 
 
 Full 
 
 725 
 
 133.2 
 
 43.90 
 
 33.20 
 
 .822 
 
 .770 
 
 18 
 
 14.13 
 
 1.736 
 
 ** 
 
 ** 
 
 
 *< 
 
 32.95 
 
 .832 
 
 .771 
 
 19 
 
 
 1.742 
 
 *t 
 
 730 
 
 127.8 
 
 43.41 
 
 33.24 
 
 .797 
 
 .740 
 
 20 
 
 14.15 
 
 1.745 
 
 
 :;;:> 
 
 129.6 
 
 43.30 
 
 33.39 
 
 .809 
 
 .750 
 
 21 
 
 14.02 
 
 1.775 
 
 i 
 
 * 
 
 127.8 
 
 4270 
 
 34.87 
 
 
 .743 
 
 1 
 
 12.22 
 
 1.061 
 
 None given 
 
 70'J 
 
 12') 
 
 38 18 
 
 35.81 
 
 '770 
 
 .747 
 
 2 
 
 12.09 
 
 1.045 
 
 * 
 
 725 
 
 11.V4 
 
 3803 
 
 35.01 
 
 .7U3 
 
 .721 
 
 3 
 
 12.01 
 
 1.045 
 
 ' 
 
 675 
 
 125 
 
 38.35 
 
 35.01 
 
 .804 
 
 .784 
 
 4 
 
 12.73 
 
 1.077 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 36.61 
 
 .72.; 
 
 .761 
 
 
 12.51 
 
 1.077 
 
 ** 
 
 700 
 
 120 
 
 38.1S 
 
 3661 
 
 We 
 
 .738 
 
 6 
 
 12.30 
 
 1.061 
 
 < 
 
 725 
 
 115.38 
 
 38.02 
 
 ^5.81 
 
 .TB2 
 
 .715 
 
 7 
 
 12 12 
 
 1.061 
 
 " 
 
 760 
 
 111 
 
 3784 
 
 35.81 
 
 .769 
 
 .694 
 
 1 
 
 14.23 
 
 1.010 
 
 
 
 '725 
 
 127.6 
 
 42 Or. 
 
 33.29 
 
 
 .737 
 
 2 
 
 14.08 
 
 1.047 
 
 ** 
 
 730 
 
 136.6 
 
 4745 
 
 35.11 
 
 'MI 
 
 .793 
 
 3 
 
 14.105 
 
 1.076 
 
 
 
 800 
 
 127.6 
 
 46.40 
 
 36.56 
 
 .794 
 
 .741 
 
 4 
 
 14.08 
 
 1.011 
 
 *t 
 
 750 
 
 125 
 
 42.61 
 
 33.34 
 
 .801 
 
 .724 
 
 5 
 
 14.08 
 
 1 .034 
 
 " 
 
 600 
 
 150 
 
 4091 
 
 34.47 
 
 .744 
 
 .870
 
 I have seen sufficient the past year to convince me that tests 
 made with so many gauge hands are very unreliable. 
 
 I would not be understood as vouching for the efficiency of the 
 wheel, as given by Mr. Mills or myself, for my experience since has 
 made me very skeptical about tests made in pits so limited as to re- 
 quire tbe use of racks to still the water discharged ; but, as those 
 tests were made under the same conditions, the discrepancies have 
 made me cautious about using unnecessary formula for mere effect. 
 That much of the formula for testing turbines, published by Mr. 
 Francis, is for effect, it is charitable to believe. The plan is un- 
 doubtedly that followed by Mr. Boyden, and it is not creditable to 
 his ability to suppose he believed several pipes, leading from differ- 
 ent heads, would fill a tank to the average depth of the whole, yet 
 that is what his perforated pipes around the wheel and across the 
 pit leading to the gauge-tanks mean. With filtered water, plenty of 
 help, abundance of time, and no regard for expense, the plan would 
 not prevent accuracy ; but for practical tests under ordinary con- 
 ditions, with sediment in the water, such pipes are anything but 
 desirable, and under no possible conditions are they necessary. 
 The dash-pot is another source of error. It is absolutely necessary, 
 with such a brake as Mr. Boyden used, also with the best brake 
 that can be made, for some wheels, while there are others that can 
 be tested without it ; but the greatest care should be taken to hare 
 the plunger work as sensitively as possible. The pipes connecting 
 the gauge-tanks with pit andforebay are matters of great importance. 
 Of course, the smaller they are, the steadier the level of the surface 
 in the tanks. The machine engineer likes small pipe connections, but 
 the practical engineer has them large, that the surface of the water 
 in the tanks may represent the true surface in pit or forebay. The 
 water may rise and fall quick, as it should if it does so in pit or fore- 
 bay, but it is easy to get the mean of the variations by observing the 
 extremes. Racks, as usually constructed, take up one-half of the 
 cross-section of the pit; a very fine rack more than that, if made of 
 wood, and of coiirse stops the water, causing it to be higher above 
 than below them. This gives accelerated velocity to the water. 
 Following the plan faithfully for two years, it proved to be a perfect 
 trap for catching errors. The tank connections were then enlarged, 
 the pit lengthened and made deeper ; the perforated pipes and racks 
 were abandoned, the dash-pot was reduced in size, and tlie plunger 
 made perfectly free after which changes, there was no difficulty in 
 making tests that would repeat a very necessary achievement in a 
 business where suspicious patrons were in the habit of keeping tested 
 wheels months, perhaps years ; then, after repainting, return them 
 as new to be retested, as was often done. The bane of engineering 
 has been too much desire for display of mathematical exactitude, 
 without much regard for the mechanical devices used with which to 
 procure data to work from. Look at the coarse brake and scale 
 beam used by Mr. Boyden, also by Mr. Francis, then at proportions 
 as given by the latter in Lowell Hydraulic Experiments :
 
 Prony Brake. 
 
 Length of brake was found to be 9.745 feet. 
 
 Effective length of vertical arm, 4.;">00 " 
 
 Effective length of horizontal arm, 5.000 " 
 
 Consequently, effect in length was 9.745X5-J-4.5=10.827778 feet. 
 
 Why not have made the brake and armsof lengthsreadily expressed 
 in whole numbers, thus doing away with decimals? Made in any 
 lengths, a coarse oak timber, with an inch and a half round iron 
 bolt through it for a fulcrum, would be a poor substitute for a light 
 iron scale-beam with knife-edge pivots. Weighing what a turbine 
 will pull, means the same as what groceries weigh, and needs the 
 same perfection of weighing apparatus to do it well. The plan, 
 when used by Mr. Boyden, was up to his time, perhaps, but a gene- 
 ration has since passed away, and vast improvements in almost every 
 mechanical device have been made in the time, and practical engi- 
 neers accept the improvements in turbine testing, as in other matters ; 
 but the machine engineer turns back to the oak brake and many 
 decimals as anxiously as a duck takes to water. Turbine building 
 is not a science, nor is it likely to be, until reputable builders, who 
 would willingly test wheels before delivery, are protected from 
 ruinous competition by the ignorant and irresponsible, who promise 
 so readily, caring little about the efficiency of their wheels so long 
 as they sell. To test each wheel before delivery would necessitate 
 its being done quickly and cheaply, which would be impossible with 
 the Boyden-Francis apparatus, nor would it be possible under any 
 conditions with such an apparatus to make such tests as were easily 
 taken to determine the effect of flanged cylinder gate and flaring 
 draft tube, recorded in the report of Hydrodynamic Experiments. 
 
 Engineers. 
 
 Of the hundreds of young men who yearly graduate from our 
 educational institutions, how few of them are ever likely to reflect 
 credit iipon the name, simply because nature never intended them 
 for the business. The term is derived from the word ingenuity ; 
 geniuses are not the product of schools, but of birth. No education 
 will ever produce an engineer or mechanic, though it may machines. 
 No mere aptitude for mathematics will make up for lack of fertility
 
 28 
 
 in expedients so often demanded. An engineer should have inge- 
 nuity, sound judgment, and decision of character for emergencies. 
 Without such characteristics no one will ever make a permanent rep- 
 utation as an engineer. The calling has received the most of its 
 renown from those who made no pretense of being engineers. 
 Watt, Fulton, Stevenson, and others of the kind, were only con- 
 sidered engineers after their reputation had heen made. Our yellow- 
 plush propensity to accept heroes at their own estimate, if they only 
 shout loud enough, has much to do with the continuance of un- 
 founded pretensions. Many will remember the shout that went up at 
 the debut of the Monitor. "Form a national society of engineer*, 
 and place John Erricsson at the head," was the cry. Had the 
 Monitor encountered a storm on her passage out, as she did when 
 she became the coffin for a hundred men, how different the result. 
 For years previous, Mr. Erri^sson had been the laughing stock of 
 the country, and his achievements, before and since, indicate that, 
 though he may have some original ideas, he lacks the judgment 
 necessary to make them safely useful. 
 
 Of our many engineers, we doubtless have those who, if favored 
 with opportunities, would deservedly become noted ; but the terri- 
 ble disasters of the past few years, caused by the destruction of 
 dams and bridges, would hardly indicate that the best have been 
 employed in the most responsible positions. 
 
 It is not my purpose to write of engineers in general, but of those 
 who are called, or who call themselves, hydraulic engineers; of 
 this class J. B. Francis has long stood at the head, so far as the call- 
 ing relates to milling matters. For many years Mr. Francis has 
 had charge of all the property of the Lowell Water Power Co., 
 and general supervision of from twenty to forty large mills. He 
 is thoroughly versed in all of the theories, but it would be absurd 
 to suppose he has had much time to devote to the details that 
 make up the supposed knowledge of a hydrodynamic engineer. 
 The continued use of poor turbines, when those much better could 
 be had at one-half the cost of those used, prove plainly that he 
 knows but little of the common characteristics of the ordinary tur- 
 bine. The Francis weir formula is excellent, but 1 have had very 
 disagreeable reasons for doubting whether lie, or any of the so- 
 called hydraulic engineers, realize how slight a change in proportion 
 of pit renders the formula worthless. 
 
 H. F. Mills of Lawrence, Mass., has experimented much, and. in 
 my opinion, is as good an engineer of the class as can be found : but 
 he travels in a fixed groove. That he measures the water used by 
 the mills there as accurately as may be done by the machine meth- 
 ods, I have no doubt; nor any doubt that it might be done still more 
 accurately by simpler plans, at one-tenth of the cost at which he 
 does it. There are many others that might be named, but they are 
 all of about the same pattern much formula relating to ancient 
 theories, but with little practical knowledge of the requirements 
 necessary to make manufacturing profitable under the sharp compet- 
 itive conditions of to-day. Economy seems to be one of the lost 
 arts with the whole class, but the following cross-examination of 
 one of them will speak for itself:
 
 39 
 
 "EMINENT HYDRAULIC ENGINEER." 
 
 The announcement may often be seen in the papers that John 
 Smith, the eminent hydraulic engineer, has been called in to exam- 
 ine some prospective water power, mill, reservoir, dam, embank- 
 ment or some milling matter of interest. Civil engineering seems 
 to cover canal, mill, reservoir and dam building, so it is reasonable 
 to suppose Mr. Smith, as a hydraulic engineer, has been called in 
 to advise about the use of water power or its transmission. And 
 that those interested may banish future anxiety, should Mr. Smith 
 report favorably, we will put him on the stand for examination. If 
 the reader thinks some other engineer more eminent than Mr. Smith, 
 No ! well, then, Mr. Smith will you please take the stand. 
 
 Mr. Smith, what is you? age? 
 
 Ans. Fifty-seven years. 
 
 What is your occupation or profession? 
 
 Ans. Hydraulic engineering 
 
 How long have you followed that business? 
 
 'Ans. I served seven years apprenticeship and have followed the 
 business thirty years. 
 
 You are thoroughly informed in all the minutia of the business? 
 
 -4ns. (Modestly) I believe I have the credit of being so. 
 
 You understand water power and the various means used for its 
 transmission and application to drive machinery? " 
 
 Ans. I think I do, thoroughly. 
 
 You also understand the various methods used for measuring 
 water used to drive machinery? 
 
 Ans. I do. 
 
 Name the various methods with which you are familiar. 
 
 Ans. The weir, aperture, floats and current metre. 
 
 You are often called upon by mill owners to measure water? 
 
 Ans. Quite often. 
 
 Which of the methods named do you consider best? 
 
 Ans. Well, where it is convenient, the weir. 
 
 Have you ever personally verified measurements made by either 
 methods, so as to be able to vouch for their accuracy? 
 
 Ans. W-e-1-1 N-o, not personally. 
 
 Suppose the flume leading to a wheel to be so large that the water 
 flows, say, one-half foot per second, would not the slip with a cur- 
 rent metre be so great as to leave little chance for accuracy? 
 
 Ans. W-e-1-1 it might. 
 
 Do you, of your own knowledge, know that accurate measurements 
 of water can be made with a current metre under any conditions? 
 
 Ans. No. 
 
 In measuring with floats, do you make an allowance for the aver- 
 age instead of apparent velocity? If so, how much? 
 
 Ans. I 7iiake an allowance of 20 per cent. 
 
 Is 20 per cent, fixed upon as a matter of judgment or positive 
 knowledge? 
 
 Ans. W-e-1-1 that is the allowance generally made with float 
 measurements. 
 
 Then float and current metre measurements have considerable 
 guess work about them?
 
 30 
 
 Ans. W-e-1-1 under favorable conditions they may approximate, 
 
 Can you personally vouch for the accuracy of aperture measure- 
 nients ? 
 
 Ans. W-e-M N-o. 
 
 Do you know the least possible cross section of stream in meas- 
 uring pit in proportion to the flow on the weir that will give correct 
 measurement? 
 
 Ans. I do not. 
 
 Suppose the pit to be fourteen feet wide, with vertical sides ; place 
 a weir across, with end contractions, depth below the crest four feet, 
 length of weir ten feet ; then further down stream have another weir 
 exactly the same, except the depth below the crest to be two feet; 
 let the discharge from the mill flow over both weirs, would the depth 
 on each show the same, supposing the discharge to be fifty feet per 
 second? 
 
 Ans. W-e-1-1 r-e-a-1-l-y I well, I don't know. 
 
 Suppose the end contractions to be removed, what allowance 
 would be necessary to deduct from the width to correct for the fric- 
 tion of the flowing water upon the rough side walls? 
 
 Ans. Well, something ; I don't know just how much. 
 
 You have had experience with all of the water wheels in use from 
 the old undershot to the modern turbine ? 
 
 Ans. Constant experience for more than thirty years. 
 
 You often advise manufacturers as to the best kind for use? 
 
 Ans. Very often. 
 
 You understand the principle of each? 
 
 Ans. I think so, thoroughly. 
 
 The undershot is designed for Low heads, is it not? 
 
 Ans. It is. 
 
 Which is the most efficient, undershot or breast wheel? 
 
 Ans. Oh, breast wheel, by all means. 
 
 Do you mean to say that for one foot head, a breast wheel would 
 do better than an undershot? 
 
 Ans. Oh w-e-1-1 for one foot well, I don't know. 
 
 What is the maximum useful effect of an undershot wheel? 
 
 Ans. I don't know. 
 
 What is the exact relative velocity for an undesrhot wheel? 
 
 Ans. I don't know. 
 
 Have you had much to do with breast and overshot wheels? 
 
 Ans. Yes, indeed, very much. 
 
 Which is best? 
 
 Ans. W-e-1-1 some think the breast, others the overshot. 
 
 Never mind what others think. What do you know? 
 
 Ans. ~ W-e-1-1 I never tested either, but I think 
 
 Don't want to know what you think. Do you know? 
 
 Ans. No. 
 
 What is the proper velocity for the periphery of either? 
 
 Ans. W-e-1-1 some say five feet per second ; from five to eight 
 feet per second is probably the 
 
 Don't want any probablv- Do von know ? 
 
 Ans. No.
 
 31 
 
 What is the maximum useful effect a breast wheel will give? 
 Ans. W-e-1-1 I have read of 75. 
 
 Don't care anything about what you have read. Do you know? 
 Ans. No. 
 
 Do you know any better about the overshot? 
 Ans. No. 
 
 Mr. Smith, you are well informed as to turbine wheels? 
 Ans. Certainly; intimately so. 
 
 Which is the best discharge for a turbine inward, outward or 
 downward? 
 
 Ans. W-e-1-1 there are many opinions about that. 
 Wasn't asking about opinions, but about what you know. 
 Ans. Well, the Boyden turbine is outward discharge, and I be- 
 lieve that 
 
 Don't want to know about what you believe. Do you know? 
 Ans. Well, every body knows the Boyden has given the highest 
 useful effect. 
 
 Don't care for what every body knows. Do you know? 
 Ans. Well, I know Mr. Boyden reported 
 Did you \ test a Boyden wheel? 
 Ans. No. 
 
 Did you ever know of a disinterested engineer testing one who 
 reported remarkably high efficiency? 
 Ans. W-e-1-1 no. 
 
 Did you ever know of a Boyden wheel being used where the water 
 supply was insufficient for over half gate, or half of whole gate dis- 
 charge, several months of the year, that gave satisfaction? 
 Ans. W-e-1-1 no perhaps not. 
 
 Have you taken pains to ascertain whether there are other tur- 
 bines that are better than the Boyden? 
 
 Ans. No, for I don't believe there are such. 
 Please give your reasons for such belief. 
 Ans. W-e-1-1 I well oh, cause I don't believe it. 
 So you have never taken pains to ascertain the real efficiency of 
 the many other kinds of turbines? 
 Ans. No. 
 
 What is the proper relative velocity of the turbine with the water 
 that drives it? 
 
 Ans. I don't know. 
 
 How do you know what proportional gears to use to connect tur- 
 bine witli the machinery to be driven? 
 
 Ans. Oh, I gear according to the table representing wheel. 
 What, when you know nothing certainly of the wheel? 
 Ans. W-e-1-1 yes there is no other means of doing it. 
 Are all turbines of the same make of the same efficiency? 
 Ans. Certainly, or, at least, I suppose so. 
 
 You never have been to see such wheels tested in order to learn 
 their peculiarities? 
 Ans. No, not T- 
 
 And why not? Has it not been your duty to do so before advis- 
 ing manufacturers in such matters?
 
 Ans. Well, I have no faith in the testing that has been done. 
 
 Why not? Have you any real cause for doubt? 
 
 Ans. Well, many wheels have been reported as giving better 
 results than is claimed for the Boyden, and well, I don't believe it 
 at all. 
 
 Do you, of your own knowledge, know that there are not fifty 
 kinds of turbines better than the Boyden? 
 
 Ans. Oh, of course I know there are not. 
 
 Do you solemnly swear that you know there are not? 
 
 Ans. Oh, well, perhaps I can not swear that I know, but then 
 you know I 
 
 Please remember you are under oath. Do you mean to be under- 
 stood that, of your own knowledge, you know anything about the 
 matter? 
 
 Ans. Well, perhaps not; but I know what I think. 
 
 Quite likely, but that is not important 
 
 Are you aware that the turbine will do considerable work while 
 running at a greater velocity than the water that drives it? 
 
 Ans. I have heard so, but do not know it to be so. 
 
 Supposing it to be so, can you account for its so doing? 
 
 Ans. I can not account for it. 
 
 What is the proper shape for a turbine bucket, and in what direc- 
 tion should it project from the center of the wheel? 
 
 Ans. Oh, there are many opinions ; I don't know. 
 
 Please give the exact positions for the chutes to stand. 
 
 Ans. Oh, each builder suits himself; I don't know. 
 
 Which should have the largest openings, the chutes or buckets? 
 
 Ans. Some builders think the chutes, others the buckets ; I don't 
 know. 
 
 Why is it that two wheels, built exactly alike, placed in the same 
 pit side by side in one the step burns down every month, in the 
 other never? 
 
 Ans. I don't know. 
 
 Which is best for buckets, sheet iron, sheet steel, bronze or cast 
 iron. 
 
 Ans. I don't know. 
 
 In all parts of the country water powers of any size are owned 
 by several parties. Do you know of any means for dividing the water 
 so that each may have his proper share, whether the supply is much 
 or little? 
 
 Ans- I do not know of any means for such division. 
 
 Does a turbine, having a draft tube for part of the fall, do as well 
 as one set in the tail water? 
 
 Ans. I don't know. 
 
 Have you taken no pains to ascertain? 
 
 Ans. Well no. 
 
 What is the proper diameter for draft tube for a given discharge? 
 
 Ans. I don't know. 
 
 Suppose a draft tube to lead down stream at an angle of forty- 
 five degrees, or still nearer a horizontal line, what would be the 
 effect?
 
 A ns. I suppose they would do well ; I don't know. 
 
 Which transmits power with the least loss, belts or gears ? 
 
 Ans. Oh, belts, I think, decidedly. 
 
 Do you know anything about it positively ? 
 
 Ans. No. 
 
 Which causes the greatest loss, bevel or spur gears ? 
 
 Ans. Oh, bevel, by all means ; at least I think so. 
 
 Do you know ? 
 
 Ans. W-e-l-I no. 
 
 Have you ever taken any pains to ascertain the loss, if there is 
 any, caused by the use of belts, gears, or draft tubes ? 
 
 A ns. W-e-1-1 no, not personally. 
 
 Mr. Smith, will you be so kind as to state what knowledge about 
 hydrodynamics is actually necessary to entitle a person to be con- 
 sidered an eminent hydraulic engineer '( 
 
 Ans. Oh, well he must know all about water power and mills 
 and things. 
 
 v Vrtainly, but please give particulars. 
 
 Ans. Oh well he must know why, he must know all about it. 
 
 Well, Mr. Smith, that will do for the present. 
 
 "OVER -EDUCATION. 
 
 " Like over-production, our caption is in some senses a misnomer, 
 for no one can be over-educated in the true development of his best 
 faculties for worthy ends. But there is a great deal of school and 
 college education that is aimless, disproportionate, and cumbersome- 
 There are too many mediocre professional men, lawyers, doctors, 
 ministers, school teachers, writers ; few skilled artisans, farmers, 
 gardeners, intelligent laborers technically educated for various 
 spheres that are fundamental to well-ordered society. Society is 
 top-heavy, with too much top and too little bottom. There is too 
 much high-school dabbling that is not thorough enough for mental 
 gymnastics, nor practical enough for the utilitarian necessities of 
 those who must graduate into the hard work of the common and 
 laborious pursuits which ballast society. The great law will assert 
 itself, and all true education must lay its account with it, that by the 
 sweat of the brow we must eat our bread. That is not good Amer- 
 ican education which would spoil a farmer's boy for the old home- 
 stead, or the farmer's girl for housekeeping. There is too large a 
 crowd of unfit female school teachers. There are too many useless, 
 third-rate lawyers hankering after office ; too many goodish minis- 
 ters, unskilled doctors, ignorant apothecaries and engineers. Hence 
 there are multitudes of our boys and girls who are over-educated, 
 in the sense that they are unfitted by an aimless and merely bookish 
 education for any patient and earnest life-work which will utilize
 
 34 
 
 them as producers, and develop their individuality into the manly 
 or womanly consummation of a stanch character and a robust and 
 useful life." 
 
 Our common school system is at fault for this. What would be 
 thought of the person who should treat everything growing upon 
 his farm with the same care planting beans, strawberries, cabbages, 
 onions, wheat, weeds, and pumpkins all in the same way ; plowing 
 a little here, digging a little there, going over much surface none 
 deep ? Would not the results resemble the product of our schools 
 a smattering of everything, a real knowledge of nothing ? every 
 graduate rushing for the position of major-general not one willing 
 to accept that of private ? Is it not evident that the system is pro- 
 ductive of the idea that honest labor is degrading ? that the proper 
 aim for the young man is office or a profession ; for the young woman, 
 wealthy marriage ? Under its influence, are our Presidents, members 
 of Congress and Legislatures, and officials in general, selected from 
 the first or even second class minds of the country ? Will our officers 
 or teachers, male or female, compare favorably, intellectually, with 
 our native mechanics 1 Pay high salaries, and get the best ! is the 
 constant shriek of the office-holder and teacher which means, get 
 those who will shriek loudest for more pay and less labor. Of all 
 the trashy ideas prevalent, there is none more shallow than the 
 pretense that high salaries insure the best services. High salaries 
 to the few means degradation to the many really a relic of barba- 
 rism the feudal lord and subjected serf. Salaries so high as to be 
 desirable in themselves are far more likely to be obtained by the 
 unscrupulous pretender than the worthy proficient, as is patent to 
 every one having any knowledge of the way the offices throughout 
 the country are filled. I hope and think the time will come when 
 our school system will limit the studies to the common Knulish 
 branches, and in those, give every child in the country a thorough 
 course, leaving those desiring a higher education to obtain it at 
 their own expense as a luxury a real luxury to the proper 
 minds, but unappreciated by the multitude. Even were it possible 
 to give every child a thorough education, gratuitously, in all the 
 -studies now merely skimmed over, it would be a matter of very 
 doubtful utility. Possessions are valued somewhat in proportion 
 to their difficulty of attainment ; inherited property is seldom valued 
 like that earned by years of hard labor. It can hardly dignify the 
 high educational system to have the brilliant valedictorian wait idly 
 for a year or two for something grand to turn up and then settle 
 down as keeper of a peanut stand. Limiting the education at the 
 public expense to the branches named will, I believe, produce a 
 higher civilization than the present trashy method less of the 
 professional, more of the practical ; better mechanics, farmers, 
 engineers, doctors, teachers, fathers, mothers, and wives.
 
 35 
 The Effects of Forty Tears of Massachusetts School System. 
 
 Nursery for a nation ol 
 Roughs and Gamblers. 
 
 tzadolphus - 
 , the guvner 
 wants me to help 
 in the shop 1 
 
 Aiwlina -Oh 
 cruel! And ma 
 wants me to darn 
 my own stockings.
 
 30 
 
 !i 
 
 s i 
 
 II 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 S^l Uli^G **! |s| : Jg'3 
 ^,lj -s-S 2^*35 J ^5 "^^s IP"^ 
 
 1 Si fi 111! 
 
 *sr! 
 
 lui*i; IP 1 : 
 mini .2 p= i 
 
 sj&sg^e-s'sSES ,g 
 silgclstsssfsj 
 
 l^ilisijfii!:-, 
 
 f |fl|jlil!ls 
 
 .*> 2 ao^oS5 J 
 
 Ill-il 
 
 If 

 
 38 
 
 THE EMERSON POWER SCALE. 
 
 To produce the perfect instrument herewith illustrated has 
 required perhaps a hundred plans and changes, made at a cost of 
 some 830,000, and a quarter of a century in time. 
 
 Each size is graduated upon a circle of a given number of feet, 
 and the revolutions per minute must be multiplied bv that number 
 in computing the results of trial. 
 
 As these scales are all constructed upon the same principle as 
 the ordinary platform scales, and are common in the best mills, it 
 is unnecessary to describe them here. 
 
 The illustrations represent the perfected scale, which weighs after 
 connection, let the shaft run either way ; also the register counter. 
 
 The ability to weigh when the shaft is running in either direction is 
 made practicable by the use of the double connections 1 1 to the 
 bell crank levers K K, the connections 1 1 being slotted at connect- 
 ing point as shown in Fig. 3. 
 
 The register counter shown in Fig. 1 consists of worm M on 
 shaft, into which works gear N having a hundred teeth, and the 
 head of pendulum B, which forms a shield over nine-tenths of the 
 ratchet gear A back of shield. 
 
 The pendulum B raises one-tenth of a circle, the ratchet gear has 
 one hundred teeth, and if the weight was always at the maximum, 
 say 100 pounds, the hook C would rotate the ratchet gear at every ten 
 movements, but as the weight constantly varies, often from zero to 
 the maximum, the shield prevents the hook C from carrying the 
 ratchet gear any more than due the weight at each movement. 
 
 As it requires ten operations of the hook C to cause a complete 
 rotation of the ratchet A, supposing the weight to be at its maxi- 
 mum, a cipher must invariably be added to the registered figures 
 shown on the register H, as 976 must read 9760. 
 
 To get the real revolutions of the shaft, two ciphers must be added 
 to the registered figures on register I, as the 12035 must read 
 1203500, which divide by the number of minutes in the run, say 
 for a week of sixty hours, or 3600 minutes, as follows : 
 
 Maximum graduation of quadrant, 100 pounds ; registered figures 
 as shown, 976; add cipher, 9760; registered figures on register I, 
 12035 ; divide the figures of register H by those of register 1, 9760 -*- 
 12035 = .81 as the average weight during the sixty hours' trial. 
 - Now to obtain revolutions per minute take 12035, add two 
 ciphers, 1203500 -v- 3600 = 334.3 revolutions per minute, multiplied 
 by, -say, graduation of No. 3 scale, 6 ft. = 2006 ft. X 81 pounds= 
 162486 ft. pounds -r 33000 = 4.92 h.p. 
 
 For Information about the scale inquire of the manufacturers, 
 
 EMERSON POWER SCALE CO. 
 
 FLORENCE, MASS.
 
 Fig.3.
 
 41 
 
 THE COTTON MILL SCALE. 
 
 Illustration 1-4 Size. 
 
 The above illustration represents scales designed for cotton mills, to be 
 used in testing the power required to drive spinning frames, fly frames, slub- 
 bers, and other light running machines, having tight and loose pulley out- 
 side of fratnes. 
 
 Graduated upon a two-foot circle.
 
 Water Measurements. 
 
 The lack of a practical knowledge of hydraulics a generation since caused a 
 looseness in coii'racts perUiui .g 10 milling matters that has b >en produeiive 
 of au immense amount of vexatious and expeusive litigation. It is only 
 necessary to glance at the methods adopted by the various Water Power 
 Companies of the country for determining the quantity of water leased, as pub- 
 lished on preceding pages, to learn that there has been no generally recognized 
 standard for such measurements even among those claiming to be engineers and 
 experts in such matters; it would seem that the average boy, ten years of age, who 
 has ever played with toy water wheels would be able to provide something more 
 definite than the Oswego plan. One great cause for the looseness in contracts has 
 been the difference between the actual and theoretical discharge of water through 
 an aperture of any size under a given head. The difference is only understood 
 now by a very few. There are turbine builders who suppose that their wheels 
 discharge the full quantity theoretically due their openings, while those calling 
 themselves engineers generally believe the discharge of such wheels to invaria- 
 bly be about 60 per cent, due their openings, when in fact the discharge of turbines 
 varies all the way from 35 to 100 per cent., and in s;iec:al cases perhaps still more. 
 The discharge through an aperture in the side of a penstock may be made to differ 
 50 per cent. An aperture one foot square, its center under two feet head, cut with 
 edges at right angles with the face of the planks inside the penstock, leaving 
 perfect sharp corners presented to the water as it issues, (see Fig. 1,) will dis- 
 
 MNTRAGTED DISCHARGE g FRE^DJSCrlARSE. . 
 
 = I 
 
 charge about 6% cubic feet per second ; but 
 
 . ' " --- ------- 1 --- v.. ..,v.^i.v^ TJ II'L ian.cu jiuu uuilhiuei IIUOI1 
 
 in preparing a work that was to be offered to the public as a guide in such mat- 
 ters. "The following extract from the Work, page 96, is triven, however to show 
 that the publisher had an impression that there was a difference. 
 
 Article 55. 
 
 OF THE FRICTION OF THE APEKTUBES OF SPOUTING FLUIDS. 
 
 The doctrine of this species of friction appears to be as follows : 
 1. Ihe ratio of the friction of round apertures, is as their diameters nearly; 
 while the quantity expended is as the squares of their diameter. 
 Ipn^l in < ?. nctlon of , ftn aperture of any regular or irregular figure is as the 
 areas of f " e ** ^ "*"** ' *" qu " 

 
 3. The less the heart or pressure, and the larger the aperture, the less the 
 ratio of the friction ; therefore, 
 
 4. This friction need not be much regarded, in the large openings or 
 apertures of undershot mills, where the gates are from 2 to 15 inches in 
 their shortest sides ; but it very sensibly affects the small apertures of high 
 
 overshot or undershot mills, with great heads, where their shortest sides 
 are from five-tenths of an inch to two inches. 
 
 This' seems to be proved by Smeaton.in his experiments; (see table. Art. 67;) where, 
 when the bead was 33 inches, the sluice small, drawn only to Hi.' tirst hole, the velocity 
 was only such as is assigned by theory to ahead ot 15.85 inches, uhii-h In- calls virtual 
 head. But when the sluice was larger, drawn to the sixth hole, and head 6 inches, the 
 virtual head was 5.: inches. I'.ul seeing (here is no theorem yet discoverd by which we 
 can truly determine t lie qua MI it. \ oreffleci f the friction according to the size of the aper- 
 ture and height of the head, we cannot, therefore, by the established laws of hydro- 
 statics, determine exactly the velocity or quantity expended thro 
 which renders the theory in these cases but little better than co 
 
 OBSOLETE AUTHORITIES IN HYDRAULIC CASES IN 
 LITIGATION. 
 
 In milling cases on trial, old English or American works are 
 brought in as authority. These a half century since were useful 
 because there was nothing better, but a revolution has taken place 
 in such matters and there is now no difficulty in elucidating any 
 matter pertaining to milling hydrodynamics so as to leave no just 
 cause for dispute. 
 
 Oliver Evans has perhaps been considered the best milling au- 
 thority up to 1860, but he simply copied the most of his ideas from 
 old English works. His ideas of spouting fluids, article 55, show 
 beyond chance for dispute that neither he nor his authorities knew 
 anything about the law governing such spouting or the discharge 
 through apertures. 
 
 It is now positively known that all apertures, large or small, round 
 or square, discharge about 60 per cent, of the theoretical quantity 
 due the opening, if the aperture is cut squarely through the plank, 
 leaving sharp corners, as shown fig. 1st, opposite page. 
 
 The following note, copied from page 114 of his book, shows how 
 little reliance can be placed in his authorities : 
 
 " After having published the first edition of this work, I have been in- 
 formed, that, by accurate experiments made at the expense of the British 
 government, it was ascertained that the power produced by 40,000 cubic 
 feet ol water descending 1 foot will grind and bolt 1 bushel of wheat. If 
 this be true, then to find the quantity that anv stream will grind per hour, 
 multiply the cubic feet of water that it affords per hour, by the virtual de- 
 scent, (that is, half of the head above the wheel added to the fall after it 
 enters an overshot wheel,) and divide that product by 40,000, and the quo- 
 tient is the answer in bushels per hour that the stream will grind." 
 
 It certainly should do so, for 40,000 cubic feet of water falling one 
 foot evolves 75.5 h. p. Quite likely some essential feature of the 
 experiment is left out so that the statement is worthless, as is in- 
 variably the case with their reports. 
 
 For, owing to their want of knowledge in such matters, they failed 
 to give the necessary data to make their statements useful; for 
 instance, in mentioning the discharge of water through apertures, 
 they don't describe the form of the apertures, yet, as may be seen 
 by the diagrams opposite, the discharge may be made to vary 
 through the same sized aperture more than fifty per cent.
 
 44 
 
 From personal acquaintance with turbine builders and their ways 
 it has seemed doubtful to me whether any work published previous 
 to the commencement of the testing system in 1869 has, except in a 
 negative way, been of any help towards the improvement of the 
 turbine or knowledge of milling hydrodynamics. 
 
 To ascertain whether the opinion was well or ill founded, the 
 following letter was sent to John B. McCormick, who, through 
 personal predilection, perseverance and unequaled opportunity for 
 experimenting, unquestionably stands unrivaled in the knowledge of 
 turbine construction. 
 
 Willimansett, Mass., Feb. 27, 1892. 
 John B. McCormick, Holyoke, Mass. 
 
 Dear Sir : Believing that the continued use of old text books as 
 authority in matters pertaining to hydrodynamics has a tendency 
 to cause the production of an inferior class of engineers, I /////'/ 
 ask whether, except to avoid their errors, you have been aided in your 
 turbine improvements by any hydraulic work published previous to 
 the publication of tests in 1869. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 JAMES EMERSON. 
 
 REPLY. 
 
 Holyoke, Mass., March 1, 1892. 
 James Emerson, Willimansett, Mass. 
 
 Dear Sir : Yours of the 27th duly received, and in reply will say : 
 The old text books have not been beneficial to the writer, and their 
 teachings were entirely disregarded in the production of the 
 " Hercules " and other wheels which have been produced and per- 
 fected since by the undersigned. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 JOHN B. MCCORMICK. 
 
 But the worst of all is Haswell, who poses as universal instructor 
 for the present time, and presents a hash of old theories that have 
 been out of date for a generation past, seriously describing the con- 
 struction of undershot, overshot, breast, Poncelet, Fourneyron, 
 Boyden, Jouval, and other antique water wheels that have as little 
 chance for future use as has the old stage coach of a half century 
 since. 
 
 He gives the possible efficiency of the overshot at 84 per cent., 
 and that of the breast wheel at 93. As actual trial under the same 
 conditions proves that the turbine will do nearly double the work 
 that can be done with the breast wheel, it may safely be stated 
 without fear of successful contradiction that the breast or overshot 
 wheel was never made that could exceed 67 per cent, useful effect. 
 
 Mr. Haswell asserts that large turbines give a higher efficiency 
 than small ones, but the testing of twenty years proves the contrary 
 to be the case, as quite likely it would with the breast and overshot. 
 
 Mr. Harwell's mind is in an excellent condition to receive in- 
 struction in hydrodynamics. 
 
 It is the study of such authorities that produce such depositions 
 as the following :
 
 45 
 
 ETHAN S. REYNOLDS 
 
 vs. 
 INDIANA PAPER CO. et al. 
 
 IN ST. JOSEPH CIRCUIT COURT, ) 
 STATE OF INDIANA. J 
 Complaint No. 25(50. 
 
 Depositions of Mr. Clemens Herschel, duly sworn, testifies as 
 follows : 
 
 Direct Examination. 
 
 Q. You may state your name and residence and occupation ! 
 
 A. Clemens Herschel, hydraulic engineer, at Holyoke, Mass. 
 
 Q. How long have you been hydraulic engineer, located in Hol- 
 yoke? 
 
 A. I have been here since April, 1880. 
 
 Q. How long have you been practicing your profession as a 
 hydraulic engineer '( 
 
 A. Twenty odd years. 
 
 (I What institutions are you a graduate of ? 
 
 A. I am a graduate of the Lawrence Scientific School, Harvard 
 University, and Polytechnic School of Karlsruhe, Germany. 
 
 Q. What position do you occupy in Holyoke with reference to 
 the Holyoke Water Power ( 'o. ' 
 
 A. I am their hydraulic engineer. 
 
 Q. Why is the amount of discharge different under different 
 heads ? Will you explain that to us '{ 
 
 A. That is because it is an impossibility that the head, acting 
 on the wheel, shall ever be the same as the head contained in the 
 race, and the allowance for that difference which I made to get the 
 water off and on the wheel, as it is called, is one foot, that being 
 my judgment, and also being a usual measurement, and contained 
 in a great many leases with which I am acquainted. 
 
 Q. I understand you to say, as an engineer, that the allowance 
 of one foot is a proper allowance to make, and one that is usually 
 used or allowed '{ 
 
 A. It is both a proper and a usual one. One foot off of six feet 
 is a difference of 16f%, one foot off of ten feet is only a difference 
 of 10% ; that is a reason the quantities I have reached vary from 
 2074 to 2156, at six and ten feet respectively. 
 
 Q. Would measurements of the depth of water at the flume 
 alone indicate the head ? 
 
 A. It would not. 
 
 Cross Examination by Mr. Hubbard, for the Plaintiff. 
 
 Q. Mr. Herschel, why is the difference between 16f% off for 
 six foot head and 10% off for ten foot head made ? 
 
 A. Because in any case, this per cent, represents just one foot, 
 and one foot is the usual and customary allowance, and the proper 
 one, in my opinion, and the one that obtains in actual practice. 
 
 Q. Would the same percentage be true as to the cubic feet dis- 
 charged per second or per minute under the same head '( That is, 
 six and ten feet off, 16f% and 10% respectively '(
 
 A. By no means. 
 
 Q. Please explain how you arrive at the 16% deduction on 
 account of a difference of one foot between the actual level of the 
 water in the canal and the tail race, and the actual level between 
 the water immediately above and below the wheel ? 
 
 A. That percentage is arrived at only in the case of a six foot 
 head being the total, which we in Holyoke call available head. The 
 allowance of one foot is made to get the water to and off the wheel, 
 and one which is customary and proper, as I have explained. One 
 foot being one-sixth of six, it results in reducing the head available, 
 in order to get the head acting on the wheel, by one-sixth, or 16 % 
 in this particular case. 
 
 Q. Is it not a fact, then, that if the mills were located at, say, ten 
 rods distance from the main canal, and the- flumes were too small in 
 proportion to the amount discharged by the wheel to maintain a con- 
 stant, or nearly so, level in the flume, then the loss of head might 
 be more than one foot ? 
 
 A. It would be, under those circumstances, more than one foot. 
 I have known it to be one or two feet, and perhaps, in extreme cases, 
 four feet. I arrived at the figure, one foot, from reports made 
 to me by Mr. Smith of the locality, and in the exercise of such judg- 
 ment as I have in these matters. 
 
 Q. This means, then, does it, in short, a deduction for the loss 
 of head in getting the water to the wheel depending upon the dis- 
 tance of the wheel from the canal, and the size of the flume and 
 fore-bay 1 
 
 A. It depends upon that and other facts. The construction of 
 what is called the rack, in front of the fore-bay, has usually quite an 
 effect on it, the size of the flume, and whether the water turns at 
 right angles or not, and how it turns. The mere length of the 
 flume and tail ra,ce has rather a minor influence than some other 
 structures and circumstances that occur in these cases. 
 
 Q. Then you include in addition to the items mentioned in my 
 previous questions the loss of head by the means of the tail race ? 
 
 A. Yes, sir. 
 
 Q. And you arrive at this from statements made to you by Mr. 
 Smith of the conditions of the premises of the Indiana Paper Co., 
 in September, 1888, do you not ? 
 
 A. Partly so, but more largely from my judgment as to the pro- 
 priety of the allowance of one foot from such loss of the total avail- 
 able head, in order to get the head acting in the wheel, which 
 latter is the head which gives the discharge for the wheel. 
 
 Q. You have never seen the premises of the Indiana Paper Co. '< 
 
 A. Never. 
 
 Q. Personally, you know nothing of the actual construction of 
 the head and tail race except as reported by others '? 
 
 A. I know it only from the report of Mr. Smith and others, 
 and also from my judgment of what such structures look like in 
 the Western states. 
 
 CLEMENS HERSCHEL. 
 HENRY K. HAWES, 
 
 Notary Public.
 
 47 
 
 Had I not heard the foregoing deposition read in court, I should 
 have been slow to believe that any one claiming to be an engineer 
 would utter such stuff. 
 
 The slightest acquaintance with water powers shows that all vary 
 in head more or less, consequently an allowance is made so that a 
 tenant shall have no cause for action if the head drops somewhat 
 from the usual height. This is done at Holyoke ; nineteen feet are 
 deeded, where there usually are twenty. Mr. Herschel has mistaken 
 this practice for safety, as the rule for head when computing the 
 discharge of a wheel. 
 
 All he was required to do for the Indiana Paper Co. was to 
 measure the apertures, of the several wheels, then give their dis- 
 charge for given heads, say three, four, rive, and six feet. 
 
 His success as engineer while at Holyoke hardly warranted his 
 gratuitous fling at Western water powers. 
 
 There are many dams built by farmers and mechanics at the 
 West, that such engineers as Mr. Herschel would find it difficult to 
 equal ; the one at South Bend, upon which the Indiana Paper Co. 
 is located, is across the St. Joseph River, the bottom of which is so 
 soft that the dam is constantly settling. 
 
 It was testified in court at the time Mr. Herschel's deposition was 
 read, that the year before a part of the dam had been raised eighteen 
 inches to restore it to its original height. At Mishawaka, fifteen 
 miles east of South Bend, the dam was built by a farmer and is 
 really a creditable piece of engineering for a professional dam build- 
 er, as are many other dams and mill arrangements that may be 
 found West. Their worst feature is that they are nearly all over- 
 worked. 
 
 DAMS. 
 
 Engineers differ much in opinion as to the proper way to con- 
 struct dams. Stone dams, as a rule, have not proved so safe as 
 one would naturally expect ; yet with proper construction and suf- 
 ficient material such dams should stand. 
 
 That pent up water has mighty force is proved by the vast ravines 
 and notches in mountain ranges wherever such ranges exist. 
 
 I have had occasion to admire dams built of the boles of trees, 
 the butts down stream packed closely and bolted one upon another 
 from bottom to the top, then loaded down with rocks and gravel. 
 These structures are often built upon soft mud bottoms or quick- 
 sand by men making no claim to be considered engineers, yet their 
 work is perhaps superior to many professional engineering jobs. 
 
 There is a stone dam at Windsor, Vt., forty feet in height, that 
 has stood a half century and seems good for the other half. The 
 stones are laid without cement, but planked upon the up-stream 
 side. A stone dam with earth embankment below to me seems a 
 poor arrangement, frost or no frost, while such embankment above 
 or up-stream should be very useful.
 
 48 
 
 Hercules Turbine. 
 
 As the "Hercules turbine " is placed at the head of the illustrated 
 representation of the evolution of water wheels upon a preceding 
 page, its history here is necessary. Early in 1876 Messrs. McCor- 
 niick and Brown of Brookfield, Pa., sent four twenty-four inch 
 turbines to the Holyoke Testing Flume to be tested. Up to that 
 time turbines of various makes, twenty-four inches diameter, under 
 eighteen feet head, ranged in capacity from fifteen to twenty-five 
 horse power ; these wheels transmitted seventy horse power under 
 that head, and an efficiency so remarkable that the first was taken 
 from the flume, examined, reset, and tested again and again. 
 Experts and several turbine builders of acknowledged ability, such 
 as T. H. Risdon, K H. Whitten, and others, were called in to assist 
 in making the test so that no chance for questioning the accuracy 
 of the trials should remain. As may be seen upon another page 
 further along in the book, I advised the abandonment of all earlier 
 plans, and that builders should unite upon the plans of the Hercules 
 and strive to perfect the turbine, but the inventor of the Hercules. 
 and its wet nurse, Brown, hankered for the Golden Fleece. Be- 
 fore reaching Colchis, however, they were brought up by the Harpies 
 at Dayton, Ohio, where, in imitation of the fabled gods, an illegiti- 
 mate offspring of the third class order, called the "Victor," was 
 born. Hercules feeling sadly shorn, called upon Stephen Hoi- 
 man of the Holyoke Machine Company for aid to help strangle 
 the snakes that had invaded the infantile cradle of the young god. 
 The implored aid was readily accorded and the creeping Hercules 
 started out to annihilate the hydra with its hundred heads under 
 the names of the Boyden, Jonval, Leffel, American, Humphrey, 
 Craig, Ridgeway, Hunt Machine Company, Chase, Success, Burn- 
 ham, Risdon, and a host of others, and then to clear the Augean 
 stables of the dead rot of rubbish sent out by the colleges, under 
 the names of hydraulic engineers, filled with obsolete formulas and 
 mythical ideas that should have been condemned a half century 
 since, for there is nothing in milling hydraulics that may not read- 
 ily be elucidated so that all may understand. 
 
 To Stephen Holman vast credit is due for his liberality of expendi- 
 ture in his efforts to perfect the turbine, but, after placing the Her- 
 cules upon a plane above that of all others, he has depended too 
 much upon patents and trade-marks, for such obstacles are futile 
 to stop the march of progress, so that the Hercules of to-day is but 
 a second-class turbine. The first twent-four inch Hercules tested 
 
 under eighteen feet head gave over seventy horse power. Its 
 guaranteed power for that head is but sixty-five, while J. & W. 
 Jolly guarantee seventy-nine horse power for the same size and 
 
 priced wheel ; and each builder is equally reliable or responsible 
 for guarantee. 
 
 MAY 1st, 1894.
 
 40 
 
 LITIGATION TO SETTLE QUESTIONS IN DISPUTE. 
 
 All who have read Juvenal's Satires will recall the surprise he 
 expresses, that where ropes, daggers, and high buildings render 
 suicide so easy, any man can be fool enough to marry ; so it is 
 equally a matter for surprise that a man having a mill pond large 
 enough to drown himself in should resort to law to decide who 
 owns the pond. 
 
 A lawyer that takes up a case desires to win, and, as is natural, 
 will do so if he can, right or wrong. Any trickery that can be made 
 to appear legal may be resorted to with approval. 
 
 A sucking Blackstone with impudent assurance may browbeat 
 and bully a 'witness so klTg as he keeps within the legal nits, and a 
 very shallow fool can, and often does, ask questions that a wise 
 man cannot answer simply because he is not allowed to explain 
 and show that the question has no application to the case in hand. 
 An annoyance that practical witnesses often have to contend with 
 are works of shallow, conceited aspirants, who desire to shine as 
 that " Eminent Hydraulic Engineer," or as the " Great Doctor 
 Squills." The less such authors know, the more hair-splitting and 
 profound will be their theories, that is if profundity consists in 
 unintelligibility. Could such frauds be examined by capable 
 members of their calling their pretensions would at once be made 
 apparent, as in the case of the eminent engineer, John Smith.* 
 
 A sharp, unscrupulous attorney might, in fact often does, study 
 up such shallow publications, and seemingly confounds an intelli- 
 gent engineer or physician, simply because either has such con- 
 tempt for the ignorant stuff presented as science, that, feeling that 
 others should see the palpable absurdity as well as themselves, they 
 treat the whole with contempt. There are few cases in milling 
 matters that cannot readily be explained in a few minutes if the 
 attorney would state the case clearly, then allow the witness to tell 
 what he knows about it in as few words as possible. Certainly such 
 would be much the quickest way to obtain the merits of a case from 
 an intelligent expert ; instead of which he is often kept under a 
 shower of questions, for hours, nine-tenths of which have little bear- 
 ing upon the case in hand, the attorney upon his side treating 
 him like a charge of dynamite, likely to explode unexpectedly, the 
 opposing attorney operating from the start as though he had a 
 criminal to deal with. 
 
 For myself I can say with truth that I never took the witness 
 stand with a desire to favor either side, and have seldom left it with- 
 out feeling outrti(/e<L The dignity of the law and courts are often 
 lauded, but my experience has not enabled me to see it. 
 
 Think of the immense flunkyism there must be latent in human 
 nature to cause the free-born citizen to dress in his granny's old 
 silk gown in order to equip himself for the supreme bench. No 
 wonder the owl, the stupidest of birds, is selected to represent 
 wisdom. 
 
 For untold ages it has been found impossible to make laws that human i 
 cannot evade; then why, like Mrs. Partington, continue to attempt the impossi 
 not obliterate every Statute, then re-i-nad a tVw broad principles and compel i 
 inentof all disputes by arbitral ion m the li^-hi ofcurreHl Inteffigeaee ?
 
 50 
 
 The Selection of Turbines 
 
 is a matter upon which a manufacturer's success in business often depends, 
 yet in which the least practical knowledge is generally used. The common 
 practice is to guess at the power required, the water at command, the best 
 kind of wheel ; finally, at the size of that. That such a system exists is 
 owing to two facts ; First, that we have had no really practical milling en- 
 gineers; Second, to man's desire to get more than he is willing to pay for 
 to the same disposition that causes him to buy lottery tickets, or to gam- 
 ble in stocks and he exclaims : "I do not see why, if one is good, another of 
 the same kind must not be so, too." Suppose he does not see, does he not 
 know of plenty of cases to prove that it is not so? And there are good reasons 
 for its not being so. For a number of years certain turbine builders made 
 expensive efforts to gain high results. So long as the greatest possible care 
 was given to each branch of the business, so long were high results generally 
 obtained; but the moment such care was abandoned, and the business 
 conducted with the ordinary care common in foundry and machine work, 
 the ninety per cent, wheels dropped to eighty or less ; then, in a little time, 
 the patterns became warped or worn, or less care was used in setting them 
 exact, as they were being molded, and the wheels made from them would 
 give seventy-four or seventy-five per cent., though wheels made from the 
 same patterns a year before often gave from eighty-five to ninety per cent. 
 Too much time and money have been expended upon such wheels, any way, 
 though in years past it was a matter of less consequence than now, except 
 that it created or encouraged a false idea of the value of such wheels. 
 
 The Boyden and Tyler scroll wheels were rivals for a generation the 
 Boyden being used by large corporations under the most favorable con- 
 ditions ; the Tyler in the backwoods, under conditions in which the Boyden 
 would have been unable to work at all. Many of each have been used 
 twenty years without requiring repairs. If the point could be accurately 
 determined as to the economy in the use of water, there is not a shadow o'f 
 proof to show that the decision would be favorable to the Boyden; while 
 the cost would be ten and the trouble in keeping the wheels clean and in 
 working condition would be as a hundred to one in favor of the Tyler. Both 
 are now, however, of the past, and out of place where economy is desirable. 
 But, says a manufacturer, " My mill is on the upper level, where the head is 
 always the same, and I buy so 'many cubic feet per second ; so what use is it 
 for me to have a particularly good part gate wheel? " 
 
 There are two good reasons for preferring such wheels : First, a good part 
 gate wheel uses water in proportion to the work it has to do. and there are 
 times in all mills when more or less of the work is stopped. (Jood part gate 
 wheels save water at such times, which benefits all on the same fall ; but a 
 more important point is, that during low water in the dry season, when the 
 supply is insufficient to do the work without the aid of steam, tlie mill 
 having good part gate wheels can utilize whatever there is of water, while 
 those s having Boyden, or any of the popular whole gate wheels, can realize 
 but little benefit from a two-thirds and nothing from a half supply. 
 
 There is one, and only one, method of securing a valuable turbine without 
 any risk, and that is to ascertain first exactly what is needed, which may 
 readily be done by measuring the water that is to be used and the power t he 
 mill requires; then apply to a respectable turbine builder, use ordinary 
 common sense in the matter, and not expect that a wheel of a given capacity 
 can be made in so perfect and durable a manner for four hundred as one that 
 costs four thousand dollars. The idea is equivalent to the quandary of the 
 youngjnan who hesitated as to whether he should give his girl a piano or a 
 pint of peanuts. Pay a fair price, and insist that the wheel shall be thoroughly 
 made in every way, and tested before acceptance ; and, unless it gives an 
 average Useful effect of 76 per cent, from half to whole gate, refuse to take 
 it. A wheel that will give such an average is g< >od. and will do a third more 
 work with the same water, under the ordinary working conditions, than any 
 Boyden or Victor ever made. There is another and very erroneous plan of 
 fitting up mills : that is, to use wheels much too large for the work with the 
 ordinary head, in order to avoid stoppage during backwater. Such wheels 
 are entirely out of place, for if geared for the ordinary head they run at great 
 loss through waste of water at all times during the ordinary head, because 
 too large; and, during backwater, because geared for a high-speed.
 
 51 
 
 Turbines Running Faster than the Water that 
 Drives Them. 
 
 We often hear of destructive collisions when heavy bodies meet, but never 
 when two bodies are moving in the same direction the forward one the 
 faster ; yet the turbine often moves faster than the water that drives it, and 
 does good work. [See, for example, Upham wheel, test 13; weight, 100 pounds: 
 revolutions, 300 per minute.] The wheel was 30 inches in diameter, on what 
 would be the pitch-line of gear of that shape. Any one acquainted with such 
 matters can get the circumference and spurting vel< ><-ity of water for the head 
 given, and thus verify the statement. Such turbine builders as claim to be 
 scientific have a theory to fit the case, but do not agree well with each other. 
 Will not some of our college professors or students, those engaged in such 
 studies, give it attention? and in so doing take into consideration the fact 
 that the Upham wheel discharges the water obliquely outwards near the 
 periphery of the wheel, where its velocity is greatest, 'instead of near the 
 center, where the velocity of the wheel is less than the spurting velocity of 
 the water seemingly a sufficient proof that theories based upon the central 
 discharge idea are incorrect. 
 
 Many explanations have been sent to me in relation to the above, 
 none from the colleges or engineers. Judge Waldron of Maine 
 readily accounted for the fact upon the same principle that an ice 
 boat often sails faster than the wind that drives it. Many of the 
 explanations have been lengthy, accompanied with diagrams, but 
 the simplest solution that occurs to me is the wedge that often 
 flies from the frosty log ; the wedge to open the cleft one inch may 
 enter three, consequently moves three times as fast as the cleft 
 parts when it flies out. 
 
 Backwater under Conditions Difficult of Settlement. 
 Many cases of backwater for which complaints have been and 
 still are being made, have arisen through the effect of a rapid 
 current produced by a fall in the stream or the discharge of water 
 from a mill located upon the fall the current having carried the 
 loose sand, mud, gravel, sawdust, bark, or other debris forming the 
 bed of the stream down to a wider or more level place where the 
 velocity was less, and there depositing it. forming a bar across of a 
 greater or less height, as the case might be, raising the water above 
 causing a fall below. In earlier times, when locating a mill upon 
 such a fall, the wheels were seldom placed so low as to receive the 
 full effect of the fall, for, through the abundance of water, the com- 
 paratively little power required could be obtained at less expense 
 with a portion of the available head. In time, another mill was 
 erected further down stream, the dam for which flowed the water 
 back upon the bar above, without in any way interfering with the 
 power of the mill above. These conditions continued for years 
 without question. As the country became settled, the supply of 
 water grew less, the power more valuable and better cared "for. 
 The upper mill was enlarged, the wheel-pit lowered, the wheels 
 placed at the bottom, and the bar removed. Of course the water 
 from the dam below flowed back into the upper wheel-pit and ob- 
 structed the wheels. Under such circumstances, it is apt to cause 
 the owner of the upper mill to insist that the lower dam has gradu- 
 ally been raised above the title thereto. There are plenty of mills 
 yet, the discharges from which are raising such bars, and so gradu- 
 ally as to be overlooked and neglected, which will surely cause 
 trouble in time.
 
 52 
 Testing Flume and Turbine Testing. 
 
 The testing system, or practice of testing turbines before purchase to deter- 
 mine their value, has become so general that there is no turbine builder of any 
 reputation, who has not found it necessary to submit his wheels to such trial, 
 in order to enable him to sell them; this being the case it is proper that the 
 method by which such te-ts are determined should be made familiar to all inter- 
 ested. Ten years since the testing of a tu> bine was :i serious matter, and could 
 only be accomplished at a great outlay of time and money, the expei se extend- 
 ing" into the thousands ; while the apparatus used was so crude, and the compli- 
 cations were so numerous, that the matter was understood by but few, and was 
 believed in by less; thousands and tens of thousands of dollars have since beui 
 expended in simplifying the process of computation of results obtained, the manner 
 of obtaining them, and in ridding the system of rubbish of no earthly use. In the 
 first place it should be thoroughly understood, that weighing the power of a 
 wheel, or in other words what it will pull while running at a certain speed, is 
 precisely the same in principle as to weigh what a horse or man can pull while, 
 traveling at a fixed speed, or as in weighing groceries ; consequently an accurate 
 scale beam with knife edges and sealed weights are required as much in the one 
 case as the other: the pounds named i.i testing a wheel mean precisely the same 
 as in weiirhing hay or sugar; and if a proper weighing and controlling instru- 
 ment is used, the wheel will be kept at the same speed so long as a givi n weight 
 is carried: consequently the gausres remain constant with the same weight on 
 scale, and with the same head of water, so that six different persons taking the 
 gauges add exactly six times to the chances for errors in testing a wheel, and as 
 much more to the' co^t. Testing with proper apparatus and conveniences is a 
 very simple matter, but it requires experience to make such test reliable ; and 
 though an engineer may have the formula committed to memory, he will need 
 considerable experience practically before he will be able to make tests that can 
 be depended upon. 
 
 WEIR MEASUREMENTS. 
 
 Within the past few years much has b'-en said and written for and against Un- 
 reliability of measurements of water flowing over weirs ; this lias arisen through 
 the great diversity of results obtained by different persons, who have used the 
 same formula for computation of data. Turbines of almost every make, tested by 
 th"ir builders, have seemingly Driven high useful effect ; while in actual use few 
 of them have proved economical in the use of water. This has had a tendency to 
 discredit weir measurements, but unjustly so, as may readily be explained, for 
 the matter is one of great simplicity, notwithstanding the complications thrown 
 around it by tho-;e who have supposed along array of decimals denote profun- 
 dity and accuracy. Any weir under exactly the same conditions will repeat 
 results invariably; but a formula based upon pertain conditions, will not give 
 correct results if those conditions are changed. All brooks and rivers vary 
 much in width and depth, yet the same water flows through the narrow as well 
 as the wide places, the velocity, of course, varying with the cross section of the 
 stream. The velocity, however, does not cease immediately upon entering a 
 wider or deeper part.'but continues until the momentum is lost, and the general 
 level attained ; this of itself would prove the necessity of placing a weir at a 
 considerable distance from the discharge of a higher head. The Francis for- 
 mula is bas d u >on the natural flow of the water, which for a depth of one foot 
 over a weir is about three feet four inches per second; and it must be evident 
 chat such formula is entirely inapplicable where the velocity is four or five feet 
 per second, as it may he if the weir is placed close to the disrhar: e of a poor 
 turbine, where the water leaves the wheel with half the velocity due the head: 
 "here a cross section of pit or stream approaching the weir is but little 
 ater than the capacity <f the weir itself. It is plain that under such condi- 
 s thfle velocity will vary according to the useful effect of the wheel, and 
 equally plain that no reliable correction for velocity can be applied. Had this been 
 considered, much trouble and expense might have been saved the past twenty- 
 five years; for it is not likely any builder would have knowi igly continued the 
 manufacture of forty per cent, turbines. The cross section of a pit or stream, up 
 Stream from a weir, should be :it least five times the cross sec:ion of the stream 
 flowing over it; and for a discharge of two thousand cubic feet per minute, the 
 weir should be fifty feet from the discharge of the turbine, or opening into pit. 
 Racks should never be used, as they obstruct and raise the water so that it 
 passes through with renewed velocity. If there is a horizontal discharge 
 
 great 
 tions
 
 53 1 
 
 towards the weir, check the current by zigzag breakwaters. For measuring the 
 flow of a river the weir or dam cannot be too large, but it may be for measuring 
 the discharge from a mill where a governor is used, as the varying discharge, 
 caused by adding or throwing off machinery, may prevent accuracy if too much 
 time is required for the water to find its proper level. 
 
 THE SAME WHEELS TESTED IN PITS OF DIFFERENT CAPACITY. 
 
 July 24 and 26, two wheels were tested at Holyoke flume ; these had previously 
 been tested in another flume, the measuring pit of which was about nine feet in 
 width, two feet in depth below crest of weir, while the weir itself was twenty 
 feet from the wheel. The following results were obtained : 
 
 Largest Wheel : Stilwell & Bierce Flume. 
 Head, 7.64 feet Discharged, 1178.00 cubic feet. Percentage, .8785 
 
 Holyoke Flume, largest wheel : 
 IIead : 1840 Discharged 2233.55 cubic feet. Percentage, .7520 
 
 Reset and again tested: 
 
 Head, 18.07 Discharged 2214.66 cubic feet. Percentage, .7533 
 Theoretical discharge for head of 18.40 feet, based upon the Sllwell & Bierce 
 test should be 1828.7 cubic feet. 
 
 Smallest Wheel : Stilwell & Bierce Flume. 
 Head, 7.82 feet Discharged 761 cubic feet. Percentage, .8604 
 
 llolyoke Flum : 
 Head, 18.33 Discharged 1387.27 cubic feet. Percentage, .7777 
 
 Taken out, overhauled, then re-tested : 
 Head, 18.44 Discharged 3400.31 cubic leer. Percentage, .7753 
 
 The head was then reduced, and it was again tested : 
 Head, 7.85 Discharged 869,34 cubic feet. Percentage, .7724 
 
 Theoretical discharge, based upon Stilwell & Bierce test, for 18.44 feet head, 
 should be 1168.5 cubic feet. 
 
 These tests show how little reliance can be placed in measurements made in a 
 pit of insufficient capacity, yet how accurately a proper pit and weir will repeat; 
 at the same time they explain how the high results reported so often by inter- 
 estad parties are obtained. 
 
 Illustrations and description of testing flume and apparatus of the present 
 time are herewith given: Fig. 1, represents the dynamometer, or weighing 
 instrument; Fig. 2, an elevation of a testing flume; Fig. 3, a plan view of the 
 same ; Fig. 4, the hook gauge. Through an opening in the side of fore-bay Fig. 
 1, may be seen a turbine wheel with its shaft extending upwards, on the upper 
 
 end of which, above fore-bay, is secured the instrument for weighing the power 
 transmitted from the water discharged. To ascertain the useful etiect it is nec- 
 essary to know the head under which the wheel works, also the quantity of 
 water discharged by it in a given time. The head is the difference in height 
 between the surface level of water in pit and fore-bay when the loheel J> running. 
 at which, time there is generally too much disturbance in the water to allow of 
 accuracy by direct measurement, thus necessitating the use of the ta ks A and 
 B; the tank A is connected with water in fore-bay by a short piece of three- 
 fourths inch steam or gas pipe, through which the water flows too slowly t > 
 cause ebullition, but fast enough to keep the surface in tank equal in height with 
 that in fore-bay; from the bottom of the tank a rubber pipe extends to the bot- 
 >o?. c" 2- j'^fv'tube, placed beside the measuring pole at the right. The tank B 
 .3 connected with the water in pit by a rubber or flexible pipe, that the tank may 
 be raised or lowered, in order to keep the top of the tank nearly even with the 
 surface of tail water in the pit; with this arrangement the point of the hook. 
 which may be seen at the lower end of the measuring pole, will be perceptible 
 the instant it breaks the surface of the water in the tank. This hook and the 
 p >le is raised or lowered by a ha id nut sh wn above the t;ink. The pole is grad- 
 uated in tenths and hundredths of feet from the point of the hook to the top of the 
 pole, so that after the point of the hook is adjusted to the surface of the water in 
 the tank, the exact head may be found opposite the surface in the glass tube or 
 tank A.. The tank C, which is also connected with the water in the pit by a flex- 
 ible pipe, slides up or down on two parallel rods, and is kept at any height by a 
 counterpoise ; above this the hook gauge is firmly fixed to a timber in such a 
 position that the point of the hook will drop in a perpendicular line through the 
 center of the tank, and it will save making corrections for each measurement by 
 placing the point of the hook exactly level with the crest of the weir when the 
 scale of the gauge is standing at zero.
 
 Emerson's Improved Brake. 
 
 Manufactured by the Fales & Jenks Machine Co., Pawtucket, R. I. 
 
 FIG. 1.
 
 55 

 
 50
 
 llv-JT!
 
 58 
 
 The proper dimensions for a testing flume are, of course, determined by the 
 size of the wheels to be tested. The fore-buy, in diameter, should at least be 
 twice that of any wheel placed in it, while the width of the pit should equal one 
 and a half times the length of the weir; below the crest of which the depth 
 should equal four times the depth of the stream likely to flow over it. The weir 
 should stand at least twenty feet from the wheel, and at an exact right angle 
 with the flow of the water. 
 
 The dynamometer, or instrument used to determine the power transmitted, is 
 simply un improved " prony brake." The wheel B is secured 10 the shaft of the 
 water-wheel, and its speed is controlled by the frictio,n-band A, which is con- 
 nected to the scale-beam as shown, the point of connection describing a circle of 
 a given number of feet. The rim of the wheel and the friction-band are hollow, 
 and are kept cool by streams of cold water passing through them; the water in 
 the rim of the wheel being supplied through its hollow arms and the. pipe, 
 shown in the engraving. The wheel B, is made of cast iron, the friction- 
 band of " composition" or "gun metal." The hands of the "counter" are so 
 arranged in connection with a worm gear, that they can be made to rotate in the 
 same direction the hands of a clock move, whichever way the wheel being tested 
 may revolve. 
 
 The hand wheel for operating the friction-band through the screw M, has a 
 "universal joint" in its shaft, which is arranged with a slide to prevent fraud 
 while testing. The connection of the band with the scale-beam is made by 
 knife-edged links, and the pivot of the beam is also knife-edged. The weights 
 are suspended at one end of the beam as shown at C ; at the other c nd is the 
 " dash-pot "D, (it is better to have " dash-pot " at the same end as the weights,) 
 filled with water to hold the beam steady. The pot is made of cast iron, bored 
 out perfectly true. The plunger on the end of the rod is a thin disk of iron 
 turned to fit the pot loosely, so as to allow it to move perfectly free ; it has six 
 three-eighths inch holes through it, stopped with brass thumb screws; one or 
 more of these may be removed at any time to render the beam more sensitive, 
 but the screws must be left lying on the plunger, that the weight may not be 
 changed. To prepare the instrument for testing, the "dash-pot" should be 
 filled with water, the screws removed from the holes in the plunger, but left 
 upon it, the beam leveled with the indicator standing at zero, as shown at E: 
 then place a small weight in the scale-pan, and observe the number of seconds 
 required for the weighted end to settle one-half inch ; then change the weight 
 to the other end of the beam, the same distance from the fulcrum, and change 
 the balance weight until the beam is balanced ; then return the screws to the 
 holes in the plunger, and connect the beam to the friction-band by the links for 
 that purpose. 
 
 When testing, I find that the simplest and surest method of obtaining the 
 correct number of revolutions of the wheel, is to hold the hands of the counter 
 at zero until the ' timer " is ready; then to run several minutes, and divide the 
 number run to obtain the revolutions per minute. 
 
 The most perfect measurement with the hook g ,_ 
 
 ing the top of the tank C, nearly level with the surface of the water 
 
 looking 
 
 surface. 
 
 In testing a wheel I begin with a light weight, say for a 30-inch wheel under 
 fifteen feet head, start with 100 pounds, run two minutes the man at the wheel 
 keeping the beam level then change to 125 pounds and repeat. Continue to 
 change 25 pounds every two minutes until the speed of the wheel is reduced 
 below its best point, which is reached, we will say, when it is carrying 250 
 pounds; then reduce the weight to 235 pounds, and change ten pounds every 
 two minutes until the best point is again passed, which is found, say, when it is 
 carrying 255 pounds; reduce the weight to again, say, 242 ' 2 pounds and change 
 the weight five pounds at a time every five minutes. Sometimes, when not in a 
 hurry, I commence with 100 pounds and run to 700, or even 800; then again, I 
 might start on the same wheel (if I knew about the proper weight for it) say 
 with 600 pounds, and not change more than 100 during the whole test. Some 
 parties desire to have their wheels tested with as short a ranee of weights 
 as can be used and the wheel's best speed be found, for the purpose of 
 showing even results through the whole test; but to the initiated, such results 
 would appear no better than where greater changes were recorded if the weights 
 varied with the spe.d. Of course, the more the speed of a wheel can be varied 
 
 The most perfect measurement with the hook gauge can be obtained by keep- 
 ing the top of the tank C, nearly level with the surface of the water in it, then by 
 looking across it the point of the hook may be seen the moment it breaks the 
 
 with the spe.d. Of course, the more the speed of a wheel can be varied 
 t affecting its percentage the better, but that is only determined by using 
 range of weights while testing it. 
 
 a long range of weights while testing it
 
 59 
 
 The power transmitted by the wheel is determined as follows : Suppose the 
 scale beam is attached to the friction brake at a point, which, if revolving, 
 would describe a circle of 20 feet, and the wheel running one hundred revolu- 
 tions per minute, holds the beam at zero when loaded with 500 Ibs., 20X100= 
 2000 X 500 100000-i-33000 gives 30.30 horse-power ; divide the transmitted power, 
 by the power of the water used, to ascertain the useful effect of the wheel. 
 
 An example is here given of finding the useful effect, after testing a turbine, 
 as followed in 1869; and when it is understood that a hundred different weights 
 might be tried iu testing a wheel, and that during the trial some six or seven dif- 
 ferent observers were taking notes every thirty seconds, and that all of these 
 observations had to be made to agree it will readily be seen that there were wide 
 openings for errors. 
 
 TEST 17 TTLEK WHEEL, September 21 and 23, 1871. 
 149.2 Rev. per m. 
 
 20 Circumference of circle 
 
 2M4.0 
 
 300 Lbs. 
 
 33000)895200 Foot lbs.)27.13 H. P. of wheel. 
 66000 
 
 Q. per sec.=3.33 (10. In H) II ' 
 
 1.0615 Height of water on weir. 
 .0145 Correction for weir level. 
 
 1.0470 
 
 .2 Number of end contractions x 0.1. 
 
 .20940 
 6.00000 Length of weir . 
 
 :>.7'.ifK>=0.7 
 
 3.33=0.5224442 
 
 1.047=0.0199467 ( 
 
 0.0099733 I 
 
 60=1.77* 15 13 
 
 1239.48=3.0932391=0. per min. 
 15.695=1 .1957613=Fall. 
 62.336=1.7947389=Weight of cubic foot. 
 
 33000 ( a c ) =5.481 4861=Horse Power. 
 
 36.75=1. 5652254=H. P. of water. 
 27 13=1.4334498=H. P. of whsel. 
 
 .7383=1. 8682244=Ratio, or, percentage. 
 
 The formula for correcting the depth for the velocity of the water approac 
 ing the wfir is 
 
 H'=[ 
 
 in which the factor 
 
 h--= ; 
 2g
 
 v being the velocity found by dividing the Q per second by the section of the 
 stream approaching the weir. As the flume approaching the weir was 14 feet 
 wide, and the bottom of it was 3-5 feet below the crest of the weir, it follows that 
 the area of a section of the stream, when there was 1.047 feet of water flowing 
 over, is 14 (3.5-f-1.047)=63.658 square feet. 
 
 Q per sec.=20. 658=1.3150883 
 Section=63.6a8=-^l. 8038530 
 
 1.5112353=Y 
 2 
 
 1.0224706=v 
 2.1916296=2 g(a C 
 .0016=3.2141002=A 
 2.6070501 
 
 .0001=5.8211503=^,2- 
 Tben H-r-A=1.047-|-.0016=1.0486. 
 1.0486=0.0206099 
 0103049 
 
 1.0738=0.0309148=(H+A) 2 
 
 Then (H-h/t) 3 A2=1.0738 .0001 
 1.0737=0.0308830 
 0.0102943 
 
 1.0486=0.0205887 
 
 1.0486=H'=corrected depth on the weir. 
 
 Substituting H' for H in the weir formula first given above, we find the . 
 reeled Q to be 1242.25 cubic feet per minute. 
 
 1.0486 
 
 .20972 
 6.00000 
 
 5.79028=0.7626996 
 
 3.33=0.. VJ24442 
 
 1.0486=0.0206099 
 
 0103049 
 
 60=1.7781513 
 
 1242.2.J=:U>H42U<.l'. 
 15.695=1.1957613 
 62.336=1.7947389 
 
 33000 (a c)=5. 4814861 
 
 1.5661962 
 
 27.13=1.4334498 
 
 Ratio of useful effect .7366=1.8672536 
 
 To work out the foregoing without the use of logarithms, apph ing all of the 
 corrections as was then done, would cover many pages f this work. A hund- 
 red different wt ights and speeds were likely to be tried in testing any wheel, 
 each change requiring the same tedious process, so that days, perhaps weeks, 
 were required to ascertain the value of a wheel. It was customary with some 
 engineers to work out a few tests, then to "plot" the lemainder on ' diagram 
 paper;" but thi< was found to be unreliable in working out my weir tables, and or 
 course, was equally so in working out tests. With reliable apparatus for testing 
 a wheel, but few corrections are necessary, and only three persons are required 
 in making tests. One having the whole in charge, and who takes weight, revo- 
 lutious of wh el, and the head and weir gauges, assi-ted by a "timer," arid one
 
 61 
 
 who controls the speed of the wheel. A testing flume is filled and emptied so 
 often that it will leak more or less, and this leakage is into measuring pit, so that 
 after a wheel is set ready to test, its gate is closed and sprinkled with sawdust to 
 prevent leakage, that would affect results of trial; then the flume is tilled with 
 water, and the leakage of the flume taken at the weir. Suppose the length of 
 weir to be six f et, and depth of I akage to be .183 of a foot; opposite to this in 
 weir table and column for 6 ft. weir will be found 93.28 cubic leet per minute, and 
 this quantity is to be taken from every test made of that particular wheel, sup- 
 posing ;he water not to be drawn from the flume during the test; if it is, then 
 the leakase must be taken a< before. To illustrate, a test as now taken is here 
 given. The point of attachment of brake to scale beam is ten leet, and each rev- 
 olution must be multiplied by ten to yet correct speed. Look in weir table below 
 for cubic feet discharged. "Test of an 18-inch Wetmore wheel, September 30, 
 1876: 
 
 Head. Weight. Rev. per min. Weir. 
 
 No. 7. 18.SO 162.5 305 .650 
 
 Quantity as per table 624 6293.28=521.34 cubic feet per minute. 
 521.34 X 18.80 X 62.33_ __ 
 
 33000 -=17.91 II. P. of water. 
 
 305 X 10X162.0 
 
 33000 15 -02 
 
 Formula for Tabling Wheels. 
 
 Q=quantity discharged per second at any head, h. 
 
 V=velocity due head h. 
 
 Q ( =quantity with any head 
 
 V =velocity due head 
 
 R=relative velocity. 
 
 D=diameter of wheel. 
 
 The Q having been determined for any given head, to find it for any 
 other head Q/=QXv' 
 V 
 
 The horse power having been determined for any given head, to find it for any 
 other head H. P. X V'H' 
 
 vxn " 
 
 The revolutions having been found for any given head, to find them for any 
 other head X^O^uumber of revolutions per minute. 
 
 R=relative velocity, determined by experiment. 
 
 Having the outlet of one wheel ot a certain pattern measured and its power 
 do ermiued, the power of another of similar pattern is approximately obtained 
 by comparing the outlet with the one experimented upon. 
 
 Steam and Pressure Gauges. 
 
 Is it a matter of impoitance that such instruments should indicate correctly, 
 and if so, do those using them take pains to verify their accuracy? Eecently 
 while testing the turbines used at the water works of St. Jolmsbury, Vt., it i-ame 
 in my way, also, to test the accuracy of the pressure gauges used there ; these 
 were made by the Utica Steam Gauge Co , Utica, N. Y. The ti st was made by 
 getting the exact area of the waste valve, usinir a knife-rd'jred pivoted beam 
 resting on a knife-edgi d top of valve piston then with sealed weights the press- 
 ure in pipe wa-i accurately ascertained, and to be 11 per cent, less than that 
 frhowu by the pressure gauge.
 
 62 
 
 Elkhart Mills, Power, and the Water Used to Produce It. 
 
 MESSRS. MILLER & MAXON.-<7enemn: Nearly a year since, act- 
 ing for the manufacturers hereinafter to be mentioned, you employed me to 
 ascertain the power used by the said manufacturers, and the quantity of 
 water necessary to produce the power used and the power deeded. 
 
 My only instructions were to do it by the most perfect methods known 
 to me and do it right. A preliminary trial was made in June last, and all in- 
 terested in such matters were invited to witness all tests, particularly the 
 members of the Hydraulic Company and their attorney, and to all desirous 
 of knowing the matter was fully explained. 
 
 Except in cases of indefinitely worded deeds, there is no feature in the 
 use of water, or power in mills, that may not be elucidated and made so plain 
 as to leave no shadow of excuse for litigation except that of a desire to get 
 that which belongs to another. 
 
 The deeds in each case to be named give a definite amount of power with 
 right to use sufficient water to produce it, under the conditions specified, a 
 positive condition of which is that measurement of the water shall be after 
 it issues from the wheel. 
 
 Two power scales of different capacities were purchased of their manu- 
 facturers, Emerson Power Scale Co., Florence, Mass. ; these are made upon 
 the same principle as the ordinary Fairbanks scale, but rotary. The largest 
 carries its load nine, the smallest six, feet at each revolution of shaft to which 
 it is affixed. 
 
 To operate : the key is removed from driving pulley, thus leaving pulley 
 loose upon its shaft ; the scale is then placed on shaft close to hub of pulley, 
 and rigidly keyed to the shaft. There are spurs projecting from the rim of 
 scale to which the levers of scale connect to the arms of the pulley, so that 
 all of the strain from belt rests upon the scale, and that strain or weight is 
 shown upon scale in pounds as on the ordinary scale beam. 
 
 Muzey's Starch Mill, capacity 1,000 bushels of corn or 24,000 pounds 
 starch per day, 2 Eclipse turbines, one 48, the other 54, inches in 
 
 diameter. 
 48 inch or its work weighed January 5, rev. 118x9=1062x875= 
 
 929,250-^33,000 28.15 h. p 
 
 54 inch or its work weighed January 6, rev. 90x9=810x1150= 
 
 931,500-^-33,000 28.22 h. p. 
 
 Total power used, all machinery in full operation 56.37 h. p. 
 
 Globe Tissue Paper Mill, capacity one ton per day, 3 turbines, American 66, 
 
 Victor 25 and 30 inches. 
 66 inch American or its work weighed Jan. 15, rev? 99x9= 
 
 891x1325=1,180,575-^33,000 35.77 h p 
 
 30 inch Victor, washer wheel, Jan. 17, rev. 90x6=540x825= 
 
 445,500 ~ 33,000 13.50 h p 
 
 25 inch Victor, 84 inch paper machine, paper running 97 ft. 
 
 per minute, rev. 44.5x9=400.5x1491 =,~>sx.7:',r> - ;;:{,000 17.84 h. p. 
 
 Total power for 4 Beating engine. Washer, Jordan, 
 Pumps, Paper Machine, Rag Cutter and Duster 67.11 h. p. 
 
 Elkhart Knitting Mills. 
 
 2 set 48 inch Cards, 3 Jacks, in all 720 Spindles, 2 Parker Twisters, 96 
 spindles each, 4 Spoolers, Dusters, Dryer and Fan, Stocking Dryer 
 
 and Fan, Kulp Winders, Hydro Extractor, 60 Knitting Machines. 
 Power to drive all weighed Jan. 9, rev. 250x6=1500x425= 
 
 637,500 -=- 33,000 19.31 h. p. 
 
 Kulp & Umel Planing Mill. 
 Two Rip Saws, Lathe, Matcher, Resaw, Daniels Planer, 26 inch Fay Planer, 
 
 Molder, Sand Paper Machine, and Sticker. 
 Usual machinery running, rev. 200x6 = 1200x630 = 756,000 
 
 33,000 ..' 2290h p 
 
 With every machine in mill running, Jan. 12, rev. 175x6= 
 
 1050x825=866,250 33,000 26 *>5 h p
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 C. G. Conn's Musical Instrument Works. 
 Every machine in works running, rev., Jan. 21, 130x9= 
 
 1170x320=374,400 -f 33,000 11.35 h. p. 
 
 Sage Brothers' Flouring Mill, capacity 280 barrels per day. 
 Deeded right to use sufficient water to drive five runs of four foot huhrs 
 to grind l. r > bushels of red merchantable wheat per hour, one run to grind 40 
 bushels of corn per hour, also smut mills and all necessary machinery to 
 prepare flour and meal for market ; as 
 one wheel of same capacity is allowed 
 for four runs of buhrs, the quantity 
 deeded is sufficient practically to drive 
 seven and a half runs each, grinding 
 15 bushels of hard wheat per hour. 
 Messrs. Kulp & Umel with similar 
 deed to two and a half. A 4 foot buhr 
 driven by spur gears was disconnected 
 from turbine and connected to a hori- 
 zontal shaft by a pair of bevel gears, 
 the driver having o(i, the driven 42. 
 teeth; a belt running horizontally from 
 another line of shafting drove the 
 stone The power scale was placed on 
 shaft close lo gears driving buhr. 
 
 iMr. J. W. Lamb, of Constantino, 
 Michigan, an experienced miller, was 
 employed to do the grinding, com- 
 mencing Saturday, lilth. After mak- 
 ing some experiments he had pulleys 
 changed, stones redressed and seemed 
 to take the utmost care to make the 
 tests absolutely accurate, and I believe 
 did so ; four days were expended in 
 making the several trials. 
 
 An excellent weir 20 feet in length 
 was used for measuring the discharged 
 water. There was a leakage of 185 feet 
 per minute to be deducted from the 
 quantity flowing over the weir indicat- 
 ed by the depth during each test ex- 
 cept the last. 
 
 A 4s-inch Leif'el wheel was used, and 
 nearly at its full capacity during the 
 
 The largest scale was used, making 
 the trials tabled below so that the rev- 
 olution of shaft must be multiplied 
 by 9 to get feet the load is carried ; 
 that sum must be multiplied by the 
 weight, to find the foot pounds ; di- 
 viding those by 33.000 will show the 
 work done in h. p. 
 
 Multiply cubic feet by the head, and 
 that sum by 62.34, weight of a cubic 
 foot of water, to find power of water 
 used. 
 
 Dividing the work power by the power 
 of water will show useful effect of the 
 turbine. 
 
 While making the experiment it re- 
 quired the miller's constant attention 
 to grind fifteen bushels of wheat per 
 hour ; indeed it was evident that it 
 would be impracticable to make a 
 business of grinding that quantity, so it was found necessary to do it upon 
 two stones, requiring 21 h. p. of water per each run, grinding seven and a
 
 half bushels per hour, or 42 horse power for grinding fifteen bushels, and 
 
 lf equal runs for 
 
 chinery, to prepare the product for market, would equal 2(52 J^ a. p. 
 ater for the quantities deeded. In grinding corn twenty bushels per h 
 as all that could be done well with forty-two h. p. of water ; to grind 
 
 the forty bushels would require at least eighty-four and the full hundred to 
 grind and prepare the meal for market, making for the Sage Brothers' mill 
 :((i2^ h. p. Indeed I believe it will be impossible under the existing con- 
 ditions to do that amount of work with the quantity named. 
 
 Messrs. Kulp & Umel have the right to two fifteen bushel runs, and ma- 
 chinery equal to five run of buhrs grinding seven and a half bushels of 
 wheat per hour ; the same rate entitles them to one hundred and live h. p. of 
 water. 
 
 Allowing the same rate for the other mills, that is, three h. p. of water 
 for each two h. p. of work, Muzzy's starch mills are entitled by deed to one 
 hundred and thirty-five h. p., the Globe Tissue Paper Co., ninety, 0. G. Conn 
 and the Knitting mill each forty-five. These are common rates, and the 
 grinding tests show the allowance to be none too much, in fact not enough 
 unless the head can be kept somewhere near the height at which the wheels 
 are set for. A wheel set under nine feet head will of course give more power 
 under ten, but it by no means follows that it will do it with less water. 
 
 There were two hundred and forty-seven h. p. of water flowing through a 
 break in the flush boards on the dam January 3, current month, but the mills 
 on the other side of the river were not at work, yet the water in race drew 
 down during the day. 
 
 Sage Brothers, Kulp & Umel, Tissue Paper Co., Knitting Mill Co., C. G. 
 Conn and Muzzy Starch Co. still have an unused right to .'J(iO h. p. more of 
 water than they take. If they call for that it is somewhat difficult to con- 
 ceive where it is coming from. 
 
 My record of measurement of discharge from turbines used in the Com- 
 bination board, Excelsior starch and Elkhart paper mills, proved them capa- 
 ble of using five hundred h. p. of water, which, added to the quantity deeded 
 to the other six mills this side, make for the two-thirds this side the river 
 1282, plus 641 for the other side, equaling nineteen hundred and twenty h. p. 
 for the whole. 
 
 Six inches water flowing over dam falling ten feet evolves about 398 
 h. p. : 9 inches, 730 ; 12 inches, 1120 ; 15 inches, 156!) ; Is inches, 204s. 
 
 It should be borne in mind that though the rainfall may be equal now 
 to what it was fifty years ago, yet the cultivation and drainage of the land 
 causes a much more rapid evaporation and clearance of the supply than for- 
 merly. 
 
 The following results obtained from measurement of water used at differ- 
 ent mills will prove my allowance for water to produce the deeded power to 
 be moderate. 
 
 The rate of mills is based upon some generally understood matter per- 
 taining thereto. 
 
 Cotton mills upon their number of spindles ; woolen mills upon number 
 of sets ; paper mills upon number of tons made per day ; flouring mills upon 
 number of barrels of flour per day. As the rate of mill denotes its value, it is 
 not likely to be underrated, and there is often reason to doubt whether the 
 entire amount of work is done that its rate would indicate. Certainly the 
 rate is rarely exceeded. 
 
 To ascertain how much power is required to grind a bushel of wheat, it is 
 simply necessary to measure the water used when tin- mill is doing its ordi- 
 nary work, and divide the power of that by the bushels ground per hour. 
 
 The least power per bushel used at any mill that 1 have ever tested was 
 at Lanesboro, Minnesota, White & Beynon : 3.18 h. p. per bushel ; test made 
 in 1874. New mill in perfect order. Head about 24 feet. 
 
 The following results made four years ago at Mishawaka will show what 
 a difference there is in such matters, and it is necessary that it should be 
 considered, to understand what is necessary in the case in hand. 
 
 ST. JOSEPH MILLING COMPANY, MISHAWAKA, July 6, 1884. 
 Ordinary discharge of water 8!^ feet head 6174 cubic feet per minute, the 
 power of which is 93.35 h. p. Capacity of mill rated 100 barrels per day of 24 
 hours.
 
 100 barrels at 4>/o bushels=450 bushels -f- 24 hours = 18.75 bushels per 
 *iour ; 93.35 h. p. -f 18.75 bushels=4.!>7 h. p. of water per bushel. 
 
 RIPPLE MILL, MISHAAVAKA, IND., July 8, 1884. 
 
 A. & J. H. EHERHART & Co., PROPRIETORS. Ordinary discharge of 
 water !i.~>40 cubic feet per minute, the power of which is 114.08' h p Capac- 
 ity of mill rated 130 barrels in 24 hours. 
 
 130 barrels by 4 bushels=585 -^ 24 hours=24.4 bushels per hour ; 114.08 
 h. p. -^ 24.4 bushels=4.68 h. p. of water per bushel. 
 
 MlSHAWAKA MILL, MlSHAWAKA, IND., July 11, 1884. 
 
 W. & J. MILLER, PROPRIETORS. Ordinary discharge of water 1634 
 cubic feet per minute, the power of which is 185.72 h. p. Capacity of mill 
 rated 175 barrels per day of 24 hours. 
 
 175 barrels x 4!/ bushels ="787.5 -=- 24 hours=32.8; 185.72 h. p. -r 32.8 
 bushels=5.(>f> h. p. of water per bushel. 
 
 Highgate. Vt., July 4, 5 and 6, 1885. 1 measured the water discharged 
 from an excellent tub wheel grinding wheat, the result was to be used in a 
 case in litigation and special care was taken. 
 
 To grind the ordinary wheat used there it required 5.2 h. p. per bushel. 
 For the hard red wheat 5.!t h. p. per bushel. 
 
 Twenty years ago a revolution was taking place in regard to the best 
 methods of utilizing the power of falling water ; the turbine was taking the 
 place of the earlier overshot and breast wheels, its compactness for its ca- 
 pacity astonished those interested, and the claims for it were so extravagant 
 that manufacturers were bewildered and hardly knew what to do. The deeds 
 of that and earlier times also were often very indefinite. 
 
 There were such doubts and conjectures about turbines, milling hy- 
 draulics, and dynamics that a series of experiments were instituted for the 
 purpose of making such matters clear. Instruments of the simplest and 
 most accurate effectiveness possible were substituted for the crude devices 
 then in use. 
 
 It was a common idea then that a turbine to be really efficient should be 
 built for the head under which it was to work ; that an aperture would 
 not discharge proportionally the same under different heads or different 
 sizes ; that more work could be done with the same wheel in the night than 
 in (he day-time, etc., etc. 
 
 A testing tiume was constructed and for several years turbines -uerr 
 tested under 18, 12 and 6 foot heads. In rovind numbers the wheel that would 
 give KID h. p. under 18 feet, would give but 50 under 12 and L'O under 6 feet. 
 
 A short experience proved many common ideas to be fallacious, the same 
 apertures discharged proportionally for any head and the turbine that was 
 good under one head was proportionally efficient under all others, and gave 
 the same results night or day. 
 
 At that time 7,'i to 75 per cent, seemed to be a sort of normal efficiency ; 
 almost any aspirant for fame as turbine builder could reach that point. 
 
 The deeds of the Elkhart Hydraulic Company are in a measure based 
 upon the merits of the American turbine, and as various kinds are in use 
 under those deeds it is essential to show such to be equally effective, 
 
 J he following results obtained by tests of wheels built before the system 
 of testing was established will show the efficiency of the ordinary American 
 turbine for a range of sizes :
 
 66 
 
 AMERICANS TESTED THE DATES NAMED : 
 Test of 48-inch, January 29, 1874. 
 
 No. of Test. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev.p'r 
 Min. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Cubic 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 17 65 
 
 1320 
 
 107 8 
 
 86 24 
 
 3418 11 
 
 7.",' is 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 1766 
 
 1100 
 
 1103 
 
 73.53 
 
 3010 79 
 
 .7316 
 
 
 17 76 
 
 960 
 
 104 
 
 co :>i 
 
 2.",! 14 01 
 
 6948 
 
 " " 
 
 18.16 
 
 500 
 
 106 
 
 32.12 
 
 1690.47 
 
 .5548 
 
 September 29, 1873, 42-inch, right hand. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 Part Gate 
 
 17.93 
 1798 
 
 1200 
 990 
 
 113.6 
 
 1185 
 
 61.36 
 53.32 
 
 2.-.69.S.-, 
 2218 55 
 
 .TiiliO 
 .7094 
 
 
 18.30 
 
 18.45 
 
 650 
 440 
 
 120 
 119.5 
 
 35.46 
 
 23.90 
 
 1213.'o8 
 
 .7065 
 .5666 
 
 October 1, 1873, 42-inch, left hand. 
 
 
 18 00 
 
 980 120 
 
 53.45 
 
 2275 17 
 
 .6946 
 
 
 18 13 
 
 820 1 121 
 
 45 10 
 
 1918 04 
 
 6884 
 
 " " 
 
 18.43 
 
 420 | 116.5 
 
 22.24 
 
 1160.60 
 
 .5479 
 
 November 11, 1873, 25-inch wheel. 
 
 
 18 30 
 
 260 
 
 207 
 
 "4 46 
 
 983 53 
 
 7is r ( 
 
 
 18 39 
 
 220 
 
 205 
 
 ''0 16 
 
 880 49 
 
 
 " " 
 
 18.60 
 
 110 
 
 208 
 
 10.40 
 
 5.V..C9 
 
 .5323 
 
 November 12, 1873, 20-inch wheel. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 18.85 
 18 55 
 
 130 253.5 
 
 14.97 
 
 606.54 
 
 .6938 
 
 
 18 63 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 18.77 
 
 50 ! 225.5 
 
 5.13 
 
 285.15 
 
 .507.' 
 
 August 5, 1874, 60-inch wheel. 
 
 Whole Gate, 1 
 3. 
 5 
 
 " 9!!!!!!!"! 
 11 
 
 16.63 
 15.94 
 14.88 
 14.82 
 14.91 
 14 73 
 
 3000 
 2700 
 2500 
 2550 
 2300 
 2600 
 
 88.1 
 80.3 
 80 
 76.5 
 79.5 
 
 147.27 
 131.40 
 121.21 
 118.22 
 110.81 
 
 6358.90 
 6220 86 
 5S.-59.12 
 6848.43 
 
 ."MH. 40 
 
 .7315 
 .TOl's 
 .7394 
 .6863 
 .6690 
 
 " 13 
 
 14 75 
 
 
 
 1 A<V ' 
 
 
 
 Part Gate, 15 
 
 15 02 
 
 24 r >0 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 17 
 
 15 12 
 
 
 
 
 .it i . ..>} 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 on Vn 
 
 
 . (018 
 
 " 23 ...........'. 
 " 25 
 
 16.41 
 
 17.88 
 15:47 
 
 1400 
 050 
 
 3900 
 
 80.5 
 68.5 
 000 
 
 73.18 
 39.43 
 000 
 
 369.3.02 
 2296.70 
 5700.95 
 
 .6404 
 .5093 
 .0000 
 
 June 7, 1873, 48-inch wheel. 
 
 Whole Gate, 1. 
 
 ' ' 2 . . 
 
 11.91 
 
 700 
 
 103.5 
 
 43.90 
 
 l'7"i>.sn 
 
 .7224 
 
 ' 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 4 
 5.... 
 
 11.92 
 
 850 
 
 96.5 
 
 49.41 
 
 2845.02 
 
 .7484 
 
 ' 6 
 
 n'oo 
 
 900 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 . . 
 
 11.87 
 
 920 
 
 86.8 
 
 48.40 
 
 2857^54 
 
 '7658 
 
 ' 9 
 
 11 92 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 10 
 11 
 
 11.92 
 11.92 
 
 860 
 880 
 
 88.5 
 90.5 
 
 46.43 
 
 is.iy, 
 
 2sl2 50 
 2841.77 
 
 .7535 
 .7546 
 
 Average per cent, under most favorable conditions, .7232.
 
 07 
 
 Leffel 30-Inch, Tested in 1872. 
 
 No. of Test. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev. p'r 
 Min 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Cubic" 
 Feet. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 \Vbole Gate, 1 
 
 15.60 
 
 300 
 
 201 
 
 27.41 
 
 1429.12 
 
 ,650 
 
 " 3 
 
 15.54 
 
 320 
 
 194 
 
 28.22 
 
 1455.57 
 
 .662 
 
 * * 5 
 
 15.48 
 
 340 
 
 187 
 
 28.90 
 
 1403.74 
 
 .675 
 
 " 7 
 
 15.425 
 
 360 
 
 181.5 
 
 29.70 
 
 1469.87 
 
 
 ** <) 
 
 15.41 
 
 380 
 
 175 
 
 30.23 
 
 1469.87 
 
 .706 
 
 11 
 
 15.395 
 
 400 
 
 175 
 
 31.82 
 
 1471.92 
 
 .743 
 
 " 13 
 
 15.38 
 
 420 
 
 162.5 
 
 31.02 
 
 1471.92 
 
 .725 
 
 " 15 
 
 15.38 
 
 440 
 
 151.5 
 
 30.30 
 
 1471.92 
 
 .708 
 
 11 17 
 
 15.37 
 
 47.5 
 
 136.6 
 
 29.26 
 
 1469.87 
 
 .686 
 
 " 1<) 
 
 15.32 
 
 405 
 
 157.5 
 
 28.99 
 
 1461.76 
 
 .685 
 
 
 1~> ;;;;") 
 
 415 
 
 151 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 -15733 
 
 415 
 
 154 
 
 29.05 
 
 1465.78 
 
 .683 
 
 " 25 
 
 ir>.:;:; 
 
 495 
 
 162 
 
 20.82 
 
 1461 69 
 
 .704 
 
 27 
 
 15.31 
 
 415 
 
 154 
 
 29.05 
 
 1463.74 
 
 .687 
 
 % Gate, 29 
 
 15.65 
 
 300 
 
 161 
 
 21.95 
 
 1106.73 
 
 .664 
 
 )4 " 31 
 
 K; 11:17 
 
 180 
 
 165 
 
 13.13 
 
 637.42 
 
 .5:il 
 
 Victor Turbine, Made by Stilwell & Bierce, Dayton, Ohio, 
 Tested the Dates Named. 
 
 Test 
 
 :>f a 25-ii 
 
 ch wh 
 
 el, July 
 
 >5, 1877. 
 
 
 
 No. of Test. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weigh 
 
 . Rev. p'r 
 u Min. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet. 
 
 Pei- 
 Cent. 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 Is 04 
 
 625 
 600 
 
 200 
 198 
 
 56.81 
 54 00 
 
 2214.55 
 
 ""OS 44 
 
 .7533 
 .7192 
 
 
 18.13 
 
 500 
 
 208 
 
 47.27 
 
 
 .7042 
 
 Test of a 26- inch wheel, July 26, 187 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 is.:;:; 
 
 18 41 
 
 500 
 425 
 
 246 
 269 
 
 37.27 
 34 64 
 
 l:is7.27 
 184 30 
 
 .7777 
 
 
 18.43 
 
 7.97 
 
 390 
 
 75 
 
 246 
 246 
 
 29.07 
 
 5.59 
 
 1145.59 
 
 757.93 
 
 .7305 
 .4911 
 
 Test of a 15-inch wheel, March 26, 1878. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 18.34 
 
 Is 10 
 
 300 
 300 
 
 323 
 
 321.5 
 
 29.36 
 
 2922 
 
 974 
 970 
 
 .8705 
 .8808 
 
 
 18.39 
 
 160 
 
 326.5 
 
 15.83 
 
 755 
 
 .6035 
 
 " 
 
 18.74 ! 
 
 100 
 
 I 320 
 
 9.09 
 
 492 
 
 .5220 
 
 Eclipse Double TV 
 
 p, Manufactured by the same Co. 
 
 nch Eclipse wheel. 
 
 1 Head. 
 
 Kev.p'r 
 Minute. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 
 
 
 18.79 
 18.93 
 
 184.5 
 170 
 
 33.85 
 81.66 
 
 1253 
 1214 
 
 .7628 
 
 .7280 
 
 * 
 
 
 19.10 
 
 173.5 
 
 24.44 
 
 1026 
 
 .6497 
 
 
 
 19.10 
 
 165 
 
 18.00 
 
 862 
 
 .5786 
 
 
 
 19.18 
 
 166.6 
 
 12.11 
 
 699 l .4779 
 
 
 It will be seen by the tabled tests of wheels that tha American is not ex- 
 ceptionally economical, nor is it possible for any wheel to be economical 
 where there is a variation in the head of one-third, though of course a good 
 part gate wheel is better than one only efficient at whole gate. There is an 
 idea that turbines discharge 60 per cent, of the theoretical quantity due their
 
 openings. The idea originated from obsolete wheels of the Fourneyron type. 
 Of the modern wheels I have had care of tabling hundreds, yet have never 
 known of one reaching 55 per cent, of its opening ; 52 perhaps is a fair aver- 
 age, 49 about all the American can do. 
 
 An aperture that will measure, will discharge a trifle short of 60 per cent, 
 but such aperture can never be used in a forebay to determine the quantity 
 of water used in a mill ; it is absolutely impracticable for that purpose. 
 
 A weir in forebay is also impracticable unless a manager stands beside it 
 at all times to give the proper depth for quantity, and then only at a serious 
 loss of head, and if such weir is placed below discharge of wheel, it also 
 causes such loss of head that wheels subject to such changes can never be 
 economical. 
 
 To divide water in proportion to ownership at dam or conduit with weir 
 belongs to the ideas of the past. The water may go through one opening two 
 feet per second, the other six, depending upon the size of wheels below. It 
 is true that the water cannot be drawn below crest of weir by either party, 
 but the one with the most capacious wheel will take water in proportion, 
 and the expense of weir may be saved by fixing upon a mark below which 
 the water shall not be drawn. 
 
 A gate and float arrangement may be put in flume or forebay by which 
 proportion or quantity of water may be delivered without perceptible loss of 
 head, the whole working automatically ; and \yhile the quantity due is ad- 
 hered to the gate will stand open, but if more is attempted to be taken the 
 gate closes in proportion, and a proportional loss of head results, though the 
 full quantity of water is still supplied. The arrangement is simple and more 
 accurate than a weir, and with it the head is invariably kept at a standard 
 height ; if the supply is sufficient, it is given in full, if not, in proportion. 
 
 With such an arrangement and good wheels water may be economized to 
 the highest practicable extent. 
 
 More precaution will be used in the selection of wheels when the fact be- 
 comes understood that turbine building is not a science, it is simply " cut 
 and try." There are some who can do better than others, but the best can- 
 not goto work and be perfectly sure to reach the results aimed at, and how- 
 ever well one may do himself he cannot teach another how to do the same. 
 Owing to uncertain causes, such a.s warping of patterns, shrinking or expan- 
 sion of castings, turbines made from the sam^ patterns often differ exceed- 
 ingly in useful effect. Large wheels in particular are the most likely to fail 
 because the expense has prevented experimenting upon them. A case that 
 almost every manufacturer of twenty years' experience will recall may in- 
 terest. It is of the Manville, R. I., mill so profusely illustrated in the Leffel 
 circular fifteen years since. The artist drew somewhat upon his imagina- 
 tion. The mill is shown with four 84-inch wheels, while it never had but 
 three, those being helped out by an engine of l:;o indicated h. p. The tabled 
 power of the three 84-inch wheels and the 430 h. p. engine rate something like 
 1700 h, p. The manager ran under those conditions many years, then applied 
 to me about procuring another 84-inch Leffel or some other of like capacity 
 In the conversation that ensued, the question of power was raised and 1 told 
 him that the whole mill did not need *00 h. p. The idea was poohed at, but 
 a test soon proved that fact, and the only thought since has been to exchange 
 and get better turbines of less size but greater efficiency. 
 
 Intelligent co-operation between those who let and those who use power 
 will prevent litigation and increase by far the effectiveness of the power 
 used. But to do this it must be borne in mind that a turbine runs at a rela- 
 tive velocity with the water that propels it, and can only doits best work at 
 one point for a given head, and declines rapidly either way at any deviation 
 from that head ; unless the wheel is exceptionally good a'., part gate. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON. 
 ELKHART, IND., January 30, 1889.
 
 Division or Measurement of "Water Power. 
 
 The time can not be distant when those interested will look back and smile at 
 the crude methods continued in use up to this time to determine the quantity of 
 water used by the different parties taking power from the same fall methods 
 well enough a half century since, when the most of such power was running to 
 waste, but simply ridiculous now, when the demand is far beyond the supply. 
 
 The float method in use at Lowell can hardly be considered anything more 
 than a preliminary to guessing at the quantity used. It, however, does not 
 interfere with the operations of the mills, but any agent may favor his discharge 
 
 occurred at times. Mr. Francis has seemed ready to adopt a better plan, when- 
 ever such is found, thougK his many cares have prevented him from experiment- 
 ing personally for the purpose of developing one. 
 
 There are or were various methods in use at Lawrence wiers here, shanties 
 there; weirs to measure, leaks, a weir to test the tenter examinations of appa- 
 rent gate opening, examinations in every conceivable place except, perhaps, the 
 right one. Yet, what would the whole amount to in case those interested should 
 combine for the purpose of deceiving those making the measurements? It. is 
 not likely that such a combination exists, but a method that c 
 that way is a very imperfect one, and the use of such indicate 
 " fertility in expedients" necessary to meet emergencies so common in the engi- 
 neering business. The continued dependence upon old foreign methods is dis- 
 creditable alike to those having charge of the immense water powers of this 
 country and the ingenuity of our people. 
 
 Several years ago, and before any arrangements were made for measuring the 
 power at Ilolyoke, I advised the agent of the Water Power Co. to arrange to 
 measure the discharge from the mills, then being constructed, in the tail-race of 
 each ; also to have all wheels that were to be used in Ilolyoke tested before being 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ind 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 with a 
 
 previous discharge in a testing flume, when the whe 
 
 B< 
 
 <"iue -i wheel 
 
 can dis 
 used in 
 
 harge i>oOO cubic feet per minute, it by no means folk 
 
 ws t 
 tuall 
 
 nit quantity is 
 y ret uired, to 
 
 have a surplus power for emergencies. The buckets and chutes of a wheel 
 become rough, get broken, become clogged, or it would require but little inge- 
 nuity to so change the gate arrangement as to deceive completely as to the state 
 of gate opening. Any pretense of giving the discharge of one wheel by com- 
 
 Earison with that found by test of another of the same make, could only be done 
 y ignoring the knowledge gained from a dozen years of constant experience in 
 tin-bine testing, namely : That builders are constantly changing their plans; 
 still further, that two wheels designed to be exactly alike, made from the same 
 pattern, often vary wildly in their discharge. In short, the adoption of such a 
 plan for measurement would have been the acknowledgment of such ignorance 
 and incompetency in such matters, that I advised a series of experiments for the 
 purpose of finding an accurate but simple and inexpensive plan for measure- 
 ment of the water used by manufacturers, free from interference with the work 
 of the mill, or that could be affected by parties interested. The purpose was 
 suggested in the last edition of this work, in the description of the Ilolyoke
 
 70 
 
 Testing Flume. It is a pleasure to state that that purpose has been accom- 
 plished by the finding of a simple automatic method by which the water flowing 
 over any fall may be accurately measured or divided, so that each owner can 
 have the exact quantity belonging to him and no more, unless by consent of the 
 others. The operation is continuous. An illustration of the plan may be seen 
 upon next page. 
 
 D represents the ordinary head gate to race, raised sufficiently to supply the 
 mill and keep the water to its proper height. K represents a wicket gate placed 
 in the lower end of race and near penstock, in which the turbine stands. T, a 
 cylindrical tank, with a square recess on one side near the bottom. In this re- 
 cess there are two openings: one to let the water in, and another to let it out 
 down through the pipe, C. shown by dotted lines. These openings are opened or 
 closed by the swinging cover or valve, e, which works upon the center pivot, t. 
 The valve is connected to the float, F, by a rod connected at x. In the tank, T, 
 there is placed the float, N, which has a rigid central shaft projecting upwards, 
 connecting at the upper end to the wicket gate, K, by the bell crank, A, and 
 rod, B. 
 
 OPERATION. 
 
 The head gate, D, is raised sufficiently to keep the canal, race or flume filled 
 to a fixed water level, when the quantity agreed upon is being used. The float 
 buoy, F, is half submerged at that time, and both the openings in the tank, T, 
 are closed or opened alternately in a slight degree with the oscillations of the 
 surface water acting upon the float, F. The wicket gate is kept at a fixed open- 
 ing so long as the draught is constant. Suppose, however, the mill owner 
 attempts to take more than agreed upon, and opens his wheel gates accordingly? 
 The velocity of water in the race instantly increases, the surface level drops, a'i:d 
 with it the float, F, which opens the inlet to the tank, T, and, as that tills, the 
 floating buoy, N, rises, and the wicket, K, closes until the velocity is checked 
 and the surface level is restored to its proper position. If it becomes too liiiji. 
 the float, F, opens the outlet and the water in tank, T, is discharged <lon 
 through the pipe, C, shown by dotted lines. This opens the wicket more, so 
 that the quantity due the mill is always ready, if the general supply is sufficient ; 
 if not, then all the head gates upon the fall are to be opened in proportion, so 
 that each mill will invariably get its share. If one attempts to take more, he 
 will simply lose power through loss of head, in proportion to the quantity he 
 unjustly tries to appropriate. 
 
 To measure or deliver a given quantity, it is only necessary to adjust the 
 wicket gate in unison with the proper surface leVel until the discharge is the 
 exact quantity agreed upon, which may be determined by a weir below, or in 
 any manner that may be selected; then, when the discharge is right, secure the 
 wicket gate and floats in a manner beyond chance for change, unless by consent. 
 
 The method is not theoretical, for I have had it in use many months and have 
 watched its operation daily. It is sensitive far beyond my anticipations when 
 first planned. It may be easily applied to the turbines or other devices used 
 to operate head or overflow gates. With its aid the surface level in a canal or 
 race may be kept constant, so that the most perfect economy is practicable, for 
 it prevents the drawing down of head and the use of an unnecessary quantity of 
 water to make up therefor. It will not strike for higher pay, go to sleep, or 
 become careless. I believe it to be perfectly practicable for measuring or divid- 
 ing water used for power under any condition likely to occur, and far more accu- 
 rately and cheaply than any other plan known. 
 
 By using a hanging balanced gate, like Fig 2, and which may be operated sub- 
 stantially as the wicket described, a perfect aperture discharge may be obtained. 
 Such a gate may be used temporarily at almost any mill, as now arranged, and 
 at any, as they may be arranged ; so that wheels may be tested in the mills where 
 they are used, without detention, instead of necessitating u testing flume made 
 purposely for such tests. 
 
 A special testing flume in the future can onlv denote incompetency. for every 
 mill may and should bo a perfect te<timr apparatus by which the slightest defect 
 in efficiency or power should instantly be made apparent. Competition will 
 soon compel greater economy in manufactures, and particularly in the power 
 required; and certainly a vast savins is possible in that, for there are thousands 
 and tens of thousands of tons of coal annually consumed in the New England 
 States alone, to make up for the water power wasted through ignorance or thrift 
 less management.
 
 Turbine Against Breast Wheel. 
 
 BREAST WHEEL 
 
 Messrs. Smith, Nortliam & Robinson, of Hartford, Ct., have a grist mill four 
 miles from Hartford, that had n breast wheel 10 feet in diameter, 13 feet length 
 of buckets, divided into three sections of 4 feet 4 inches each ; the buckets were 
 18 inches in depth; three piles, in sections to correspond with wheel ; the upper 
 gale opening, 5| inches; the next lower, 3; the bottom one, :; inches; head, 
 12 feet. The breast wheel was supposed to be so superior to a turbine, that it 
 had been kept in, though it was troubled much by ice during each winter. The 
 firm consulted me upon the subject, and, after months of hesitation, concluded 
 to change, and to follow iny directions upon the following terms : The turbines 
 to be selected by me, and tested before acceptance; the plans for change to be 
 furnished by Wra. J. Sunnier; my remuneration to be a barrel of bran or flour, 
 according to my success. A weir was constructed in the stream below the mill; 
 the breast wheel and turbine to be tested in the mill, by grinding the di>- 
 charge to be measured from each below the mill, under exactly the same con- 
 ditions. The turbines, 20 and 'Jo-inch New American, were tested by me at IIol- 
 yoke before acceptance. Results are given below. 
 
 25-lNCH NEW AMERICAN WHEEL, TESTED OCT. 15, 1880. 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 Minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Percentage 
 
 16.29 
 
 400 
 
 219.5 
 
 39.90 
 
 1583 
 
 .8193 
 
 16.31 
 
 32r> 
 
 225 
 
 33.23 
 
 1337 
 
 .8266 
 
 16.31 
 
 325 
 
 219 
 
 32.35 
 
 IMC 
 
 .8410 
 
 16.33 
 
 250 
 
 218.5 
 
 24.82 
 
 1032 .TTTii 
 
 16.48 
 
 175 
 
 224.6 
 
 17.86 
 
 7*4 .7318 
 
 20-lNCH NEW AMERICAN WHEEL, TESTED OCT. 14, 18SO. 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Hev per 
 Minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Percentage 
 
 15.20 
 
 290 
 
 260.5 
 
 22.89 
 
 1001 
 
 .7968 
 
 15.38 
 
 255 
 
 258 
 
 19.91 
 
 840 
 
 .8180 
 
 15.41 
 
 230 
 
 258 
 
 17.98 
 
 754 
 
 .8192 
 
 15.45 
 
 210 
 
 252 
 
 16.03 
 
 671 
 
 .8188 
 
 15.63 
 
 155 
 
 253 
 
 11.88 
 
 522 
 
 .77US
 
 Before taking the breast wheel out, it was tested by grinding corn and measur- 
 ing water below. The stones were sharp and in good condition. The head was 
 12 feet ; gates opened in full. Ground old corn coarse, but very sharp, clean, even 
 grit meal. The change was made; then the turbines were 'tested in the same 
 way, but I think the corn stones were not in so good condition as when the 
 breast wheel was tried, but maybe mistaken. New corn was ground with the 
 25-inch turbine. The coarsest part of the meal was as near like that ground by 
 the breast, wheel as was possible to make it; but it was uneven, much of it 
 being quite line. This was attributed to its being made from new corn. The 
 miller made every effort to make the trial fair. The results are given below. 
 The rye stone was driven bv the 20-inch wheel, the gate being opened about 
 two-thirds all that could be used. The Hour produced was the nicest I have 
 ever seen made from rye. 
 
 TEST OF BREAST-WHEEL, AT FULL GATE. 
 
 Head, 12 feet; length of wejjy40 feet; depth on weir, 8 13-16 inches; quantity 
 nf water, 1259 cubic feet per minute; 28.08 horsepower. Ground 20;">0 pounds 
 per hour, or }.'.', bushels per each horse power of water used. 
 
 TEST OF 25-lNCH NEW AMERICAN WHEEL, 
 
 Ii having replaced the above-mentioned breast wheel. Head and length of weir 
 the same. 
 
 Full Gate. Depth on weir, 8 ln-16 inches; 1260 cubic feet per minute; 28.7 
 horse power. Ground 352S pounds per hour, or 2.2 bushels per each horse 
 power of water used. 
 
 (rate Opened Two-thirds. Depth on weir, 7 15-16 inches; 1059 cubic feel per 
 minute; 24 horse power. Ground 29JO pounds per hour, or 2.10 bushels per 
 each horse power of water used. 
 
 Gate Half Opened. Depth on weir, 7 inches; 879 cubic feet per minute ; 19.9 
 horse power. Ground 241)0 pounds per hour, or 2.1 bushels per each horse 
 power of water used. 
 
 TEST OF 20-lNcii NEW AMERICAN WHEEL IN SAME MILL. 
 
 Depth on weir, 6J inches; 789 cubic feet; 17.9 horse power. Ground four 
 bushels of rye in seventeen minutes, or 14.1 bushels per hour. Eighty per 
 
 cent, of power of water used; 14.". horse power, or substantially a bushel per 
 horse power. 
 After a few weeks' time, the proprietors sent me a barrel of" Pillsbury's best." 
 
 Burning or Wearing Down of Step 
 
 May, and does happen with any make of turbines. Two turbines of the same 
 make, seemingly exactly alike, and placed in a pit side by side, the step of one 
 may wear down monthly, the other not at all. The cause was attributed to 
 pressure from downward discharge; but if oightv per cent, is used to rotate 
 wheel, the. other twenty would be no more weight with downward than any 
 <>t her discharge. The Swain was noted for wearing down step. I knew of one 
 21-inch wheel that had nineteen steps in thirteen months. Others of the make 
 had to be suspended by collars on shaft. A 36-inch wheel of the kind was 
 sent to me to be tested. A collar that should have been on to keep wheel in 
 place was left off. When the gate was opened, the pressure raised the wheel and 
 brake, and it was impossible to test it until one hundred and fifty pounds were 
 added to the brake to keep the wheel down upon the step. The Boydeu wheels 
 used at Lowell are suspended by neck on shaft, as are the Kilburn & Lincoln 
 wheel of Fall River. The Kisdon has a counterpoise above the wheel, drum- 
 shaped (see his new wheel). Many plans have been tried. A common one is to 
 channel top of step; another is to lead water from the penstock through apiece 
 of %-inch steam pipe, to bottom of step a hole up through first being made ; 
 some chamber the lower part of step, then make numerous small holes up 
 through, like the top of a pepper-box, taking water from the flume through 
 pipe. Great, weight upon the step in the way of .shafting, gearing, &c.., should 
 be avoided when possible.
 
 Railroad Suggestions. 
 
 It may be said that such suggestions are out of place in a work of this kind, 
 but my experience has been gained from experiments made in many parts of the 
 country often in very distant parts ami the railroads have much to do with 
 my ability to obtain such experience, consequently are part of the instruments I 
 work with. 
 
 The rather common practice of roasting car-loads of passengers, when col- 
 lisions or'other accidents occur upon our railroads, has caused an agitation of 
 the subject of car-heating. Safety as well as comfort is desired. The ancient 
 and semi-barbarous plan of placing a stove at each end fails to give either, while 
 such stoves take space for eight seats, disfigure and injure the cars, half roast a 
 few near them, leaving the larger proportion to sit with cold feet and generally 
 uncomfortable throughout the passage. Why not have a boiler for heal ing 
 placed in the baggage car, to furnish steam for heating the passenger cars with 
 safety ? 
 
 Another want, is light trains between commercial centres and neighboring 
 cities trains that may readily be stopped and started, something as borac-cari 
 are ; that is, within reasonable distances. Such trains should be made up of 
 light engines and cars, and have commutation fares. With such in operation, 
 there would be no need of the heavy or through trains stopping so often. The 
 manager of the ordinary railroad should feel ashamed to have a horse-railroad 
 run for miles alongside," as from Boston to Lynn, and pay expenses. 
 
 Sunday trains on all roads arc also much needed. Those who object to such, 
 are impracticable persons, who do it through ignorance, and without considera- 
 tion of the changes that have taken place since (he Jewish Sabbath was institu- 
 ted. At that time, labor was continued for from fourteen to sixteen hours per 
 day; indeed, it is within the memory of those of middle age, when the hours of 
 labor were nearly the same in the New England States. Asa day for rest. Sun- 
 day has no such claim as formerly. The God of Moses had reason for requiring 
 such a day; but the God of to-day has not. Besides, ages of experience lias 
 proved that He has been cheated constantly, for the most bigoted believer lias 
 never hesitated to lie in bed three hours later Sunday than other mornings ; then, 
 at evening, say : " Well, boys, we have got a hard day's work to do to-morrow, 
 so we must go to bed early." All nature ignores the day : the billows rage as 
 
 fiercely, the thunder is as loud, the tempest is as destructive, the blossoms 
 beautiful, vegetation and animal life as progressive upon that as upon any other 
 day in the week. In Moses' time, families and tribes were separated but little. 
 
 How different now! Business necessities often separate the nearest rel 
 The father of a family is often hundreds of miles away. It has happened three 
 times in my own experience that telegrams, announcing the dying condition of 
 members of my family, have been received late Saturday evening, and it is not 
 likely my experience in that way is exceptional. Those who desire to observe 
 the day as sacred, should be allowed to do so without hindrance ; but it is very 
 different when such believers trv to compel all others to do the same. Our pris- 
 ons are filled with theoretical believers in the idea, if we may judge from the 
 declarations of those about to be hanged for murder. If such is the effect of be- 
 lieving one day better than another, would it not be better to teach that all days 
 are. good, and mix religion with business? 
 
 Water Supply for Cities. 
 
 Now that there is a general complaint of waste of water, and apprehension 
 that the supply will soon be much less than the demand, would it not be well to 
 have a high service for extinguishing fires, and a low one for domestic use, or 
 have the discharge for the latter retarded? The unthinking user leaves a fan- "I 
 open just as long, in most cases, where the pressure is a hundred pounds f s v 
 inch as where it is onlv five or ten.
 
 Apparatus for Regulating the Flow and Delivery 
 
 of Water Through Canals, Flumes, and 
 
 Water-Ways. 
 
 Specification Forming part of Letters Patent No. 275,371, 
 dated April 10, 1883. 
 
 The object of my invention is, first, to maintain water in a canal or water- 
 way at a uniform height during its passage to the outlet or flume ; second, 
 from this established uniform height of water in the canal or water-way to 
 make a proportional division of the water at the outlets, giving to each con- 
 sumer of water at his respective outlet the amount of water to which each is 
 entitled, or a proportional amount of the whole to which each is entitled ; 
 third, to measure the amount given to each ; and, fourth, to prevent any one 
 A the consumers from using any more water than he is entitled to, the 
 whole apparatus operating automatically, and being based on the Jtxed taw 
 that any given velocity of water is acquired through a corresponding loss of 
 head. 
 
 This apparatus is applicable to be used at falls where the water is owned 
 by several parties and is to be proportionally divided between them. It is 
 also applicable for use where the water is owned by one company or owner, 
 and is sold or leased, and a stated quantity is to be measured out to each 
 purchaser or to each party leasing. It is also applicable for use for govern- 
 ing the flow of water from reservoirs, where water is stored for irrigation or 
 for manufacturing purposes, and also for regulating the height of water in 
 rivers or ponds to prevent backflowage in cases where movable dams or flush- 
 boards are employed. 1 accomplish these objects by the apparatus substan- 
 tially as hereinafter described, and illustrated in the accompanying draw- 
 ings, in which 
 
 Figure I. is apian view representing a canal, and showing my invention as 
 applied to the opei-ation of wicket-gates, or those pivoted in a vertical posi- 
 tion at one end of the canal, for the head gates, and also at the other end, 
 or at the flumes, where the water would be drawn from the canal and used 
 for manufacturing or other purposes. Fig. II. is a vertical section of the same 
 at line A of Fig. I. Fig. III. is a plan view representing a canal provided 
 with vertical sliding head-gates at one end, and the gates at the other end or 
 in the flumes, where the water would be drawn from the canal for use, being 
 pivoted to or hung upon a bar placed in a horizontal position. Fig. IV. is an 
 enlarged plan view of a flume and draft-tube, with a swinging gate hung in 
 said Hume and operated according to my invention in dividing and measur- 
 ing the water drawn from the canal through said Hume. Fig. V. is a part 
 vertical section of the same at line B of Fig. IV., showing the swinging gate 
 and the lifting-float which operates it and the draft-tube and also a part ver- 
 tical section at line D of Fig IV., showing the construction of the governing- 
 float which operates the valve controlling the flow of water into and out of 
 the tank containing the lifting-float. Fig. VI. is a vertical section of the valve 
 and its case, which controls the flow of water into and out of the tank con- 
 taining the lifting-float, at line E of Fig. V. Figs. VII., VIII., and IX. are sec- 
 tional views representing details of the valve and its case as applied to and 
 used at the flumes or outlets of the canal. 
 
 In the drawings, let 1 represent the side walls of a canal or water-way, at. 
 one end of which is made the ordinary bulk-head, as b, provided with gates, 
 as 2, to admit the water into the canal or water-way when opened for that 
 purpose. 
 
 The ordinary head-gates may be used ; but in this application I have shown 
 pivoted gates, as being more easily operated, this class of gates being shown, 
 a at 4, pivoted at 5 in the bulk-head at one end of the canal, 1, and in the
 
 flumes at the opposite end of the canal, in Figs. I. and II. In the use of this 
 pivoted gate to control the flow of water, the gate being set in an upright 
 position to turn upon its post 5 as a pivot, an arm, as 0, is secured t<> its up- 
 per end, to which is attached a horizontal rod, 7, connected with one arm of 
 a bell-crank lever, 8, pivoted at 9, the other arm being connected with n ver- 
 tical rod, as 10, extending through the top of a tank containing a float, I:;, to 
 which the lower end of the rod 10 is secured. A smaller tank, as 15. is made 
 upon or is so connected with the canal or its side wall that the water may 
 flow freely into said tank, either by making the side next the canal wall 
 open, as at 14, or by connecting said tank with the canal by a pipe, with its 
 end opening into the canal, so that the water of the canal may now through 
 said pipe into the lower portion of the tank to fill the latter iip to tin- sunn- 
 level as the water iu the canal. This tank, as 15, I make preferably of rect- 
 angular form, and it contains a float, 1(1, which I make of a form iif horizon- 
 tal section to fit approximately the interior of the tank, but so that the float 
 may move up and down freely, but not revolve therein. This float may be 
 m:ide of any suitable buoyant material ; but I prefer to make it of sum.- thin 
 sheet metal, and hollow, and perfectly water-tight. A socket, as 24, extends 
 vertically through this float, through which extends a rod, 17, whose upper 
 end has a screw-thread made thereon, adapted to receive a nut, as 1>, turned 
 on to the upper end of the rod, with a shoulder, h, above and below the float. 
 and this rod 17 extends down through the bottom of this tank 15. with its 
 lower end attached to an arm, 20, secured to the hub of a valve. 73, inclosed 
 within and fitting a cylindrical valve-case, 19, the hub extending out 
 through the case at its axis. This valve-plug fits the interior of the case, so 
 as to move freely therein, and is approximately of semi-cylindrical form, of 
 sufficient extent in its circumference to cover the inlet and outlet ports in tin- 
 case, and a pipe, 21, opens atone end into the canal and at the other end 
 into the valve-case, 19, at the periphery, at the upper side, so that the water 
 may pass from the canal through this pipe into the valve-case. The opening 
 of this pipe in the valve-case forms its inlet-port, and the opening of a pipe, 
 23, into the valve-case, on its lower side and nearly opposite the pipe 21, 
 forms the outlet-port of the valve-case, this pipe or opening 23 being merely 
 to permit the water to flow out of the valve-case and to conduct it away 1<> 
 some waste-conduit, if desired. Another pipe, 22.opening into the valve-case 
 at the side, extends to and opens within the tank 11, preferably in its lower 
 portion. 
 
 It will be seen by referring to Fig. VII. that when the arm 20 (shown in 
 dotted lilies in that figure) is in a horizontal position the inlet-port or open- 
 ing of the lower end of the pipe 21 in the valve-case is closed, being covered 
 by the tipper end of the valve 73, and the opening of the upper end of tin- 
 pipe 23 in the valve-case or outlet-port is covered by the lower end of the 
 valve 73. 
 
 By referring to Fig. VIII. it will be seen that when the arm 20 (shown in 
 dotted lines) is inclined above a horizontal position the valve is moved so as 
 to open the upper or inlet port and close the lower or outlet port, and when 
 this arm is inclined below its horizontal position the upper or inlet port is 
 closed and the lower or outlet port is opened, as shown in Fig. IX. Of course 
 with the valve in this position, shown in Fig. VII., water can neither flow into 
 the valve-case through the pipe 21 nor out of it through the pipe 23 ; but with 
 the valve in the position shown in Fig. VII t. water may flow into the valve- 
 case through the pipe 21, and thence through the pipe 22 into the tank 11. to 
 raise the float therein, anil with the valve in the position shown in Fig. IX. 
 water may flow out of the tank 11 into the valve-case, and thence out throimh 
 the pipe 23. It will be seen that by this construction of valve the latter may 
 be "moved with the least possible friction in its case, and a very slight change 
 in the height of the water in the canal to change the vertical position of the 
 float 16 will be sufficient to operate the valve to open or close the ports in its 
 case. 
 
 Referring to Fig. II., suppose it is desired to maintain the water in the 
 canal at the height indicated by the dotted line L. The permanent or slid- 
 ing head-gates, as 2, are raised'to give the desired opening for the water to 
 flow in, and the nut 18 is turned on to the upper end of the rod 17 until the 
 float If, in the tank 15 is sustained at the height shown in Fig. II. by the water 
 which flows into said tank from the canal. While in this position the valve 
 is held in the position shown in dotted lines in Fig. II., and the water flows
 
 FIG.L
 
 78 
 
 from the canal through the pipe 21, case 19, and pipe 22 into the tank 11, 
 raising the float 13 into the upper part of the tank and holding the pivoted 
 . sate 4 wide open, or in a position lengthwise the canal, as shown in Fig. 1., 
 so that the water may flow into the canal past the gate 4, on each side the 
 latter but as the float 16 is so adjusted, if the water should rise in the canal, 
 the float 16 would be raised, and the arm 20 of the valve would be inclined 
 above a horizontal position and the valve moved into a position to open the 
 outlet-port into the pipe 23 and close the inlet-port from the pipe 21, and the 
 water would flow out from the tank 11 through the pipes i>2 and 2:;, and t he- 
 valve and the float 13 would fall and close the gate 4, or partially close it. 
 until the water should fall nearly to the desired level at the line L, and 
 when the inlet port or pipe 21 began to open as the float 16 was lowered by 
 the fall of the water the tank would be slowly filled again and the float 1.; 
 would rise, and the gate 4 would be gradually opened t<> keep up the supply 
 of water in the canal. This float 16 may be so nicely adjusted by turning the 
 nut 18 either up or down that the slightest rise of water in the canal, and 
 consequently in the tank 15, will operate the float 16, and the valve and the 
 gate 4 will be shut sufficiently to keep out the excess of water over that 
 required for use in the canal. The gate 4 is always wide open as long as the 
 water remains at the lowest desired level, and when the water rises above 
 this level the gate 4 is partially shut. 
 
 The flumes, as 25, at the points along the canal where the water is drawn 
 therefrom, may be supplied with the same kind of gate, 4, each of which is 
 operated by float 16, valve and its case l!i, and lifting-float 13 in the same 
 manner as the head-gate is operated, as above described, except that the arm 
 6 is attached to the post or pivot 5 of the gate in an opposite position from 
 that in which it is attached to said post or pivot at the supply end of the 
 canal. These flume-gates also operate to partially close and prevent any 
 excess of water from passing into the flume over that amount previously 
 determined upon. For example, suppose a manufacturing establishment to 
 be located at any point along the canal, say at N, and to draw the water 
 from the canal through the flume containing the single gate 4 at that point. 
 This flume is provided with a tank, 15, containing a valve operating float, li>. 
 like that hereinbefore described for the head-gate, into which tank the water 
 may flow from the flume through a pipe whose orifice 14 opens into the flume, 
 above the gate, in a direction opposite the flow of the current, and a val vi- 
 and its case 19, like that above described for the operation of the head-gate, 
 is connected with the float 16 by a rod, 17, with a tank connected by a pipe 
 with said valve-case, and containing a lifting-float, as 13, which is connected 
 with an arm, as 6, on the gate 4 in the flume by rods 10 and 7 and bell-crank 
 lever 8, all as above described for the head-gate at the bulk-head. 
 
 It will be seen that in using the valve and its case 19 at the head-gate at 
 the bulk-head b the arm 20 is so attached to the hub of the valve that as the 
 float 16 is raised by the water in the tank 15 and in the canal the valve is 
 moved so that the water may flow out of the tank II. and by the falling of 
 the lifting-float 13 the head-gate 4 will begin to close ; but at the flumes the 
 arm 20 is attached to the hub of the valve 73 in a reversed position, or as 
 shown in dotted lines in Figs. V., VII., VIII., and IX., so that as the water 
 falls in the flume the falling of the float 16 in the tank 15 would move the 
 valve 73 into a position to permit the water to flow from the tank 11, and 
 the lifting-float 13, in falling, would close the gate 4 in the flume LT>. 
 
 In the above explanation I have referred to the details of the tanks and 
 valve, as shown in Fig. I., at the head of the canal or bulk-head, because pre- 
 cisely the same arrangement is used at the flumes as at the bulk-head, u itli 
 the exception that the arm 6 is attached to the pivot or post 4, and the arm 
 2Q is secured to the valve 73 in a reversed position when applied and used at 
 the flumes. For illustration, two other manufacturing establishments may 
 be drawing water from the canal one at O and another at P and these 
 flumes may be located any distance apart and along the side of the canal, or 
 at its termination. For convenience I have represented them at the latter 
 point, and side by side. Suppose that the party at N owns or has leased one- 
 sixth of all the water which flows through the canal, the party at O three- 
 sixths, and the party at P two-sixths, each flume-opening being of the proper 
 area to permit that quantity of water to flow through at a given velocity- 
 say of two feet per second. These flume openings being the ordinary head- 
 gates, they may be changed to give different areas of opening at different sea-
 
 71) 
 
 sons of the year to meet the usual changes in the supply of water at such 
 times, if found advisable. With the water at the height indicated by the 
 line L the nut 18 011 the rod IT is turned so that the float 10 in the tank 15 
 holds the valve at the flume X in such a position that the float 1:; in the tank 
 11 at that flume will hold its gate 4 in a position wide open, as shown in Fig 
 1. Inasmuch as tin- amount of water which can be drawn from a flume de- 
 pends upon the velocity at the outlet of the flume at a given head, this 
 additional use would tend to draw the water down or reduce its height in the 
 flume, and the water in the tank 15 being always at the same level with that 
 in the flume, the float 10 would fall and move the valve into a position to 
 peimit the water to flow out of the tank 11 through the pipe '''' valve 19 and 
 outlet 23, and the lifting-float 13 would fall and partially shut 'the gate 4 in 
 the flume, which would of course reduce the quantity of water passing into 
 the flume ata greater velocity until his proper proportional quantity of one- 
 sixth was reached, when the head and float would rise to their normal con- 
 dition, allowing him still his proportional quantity, though at a loss of head 
 in proportion to the quantity which he attempts to overdraw. In like man- 
 ner the other owners or lessees at other points are governed or controlled in 
 their use of water. 
 
 In Fig. I. there are two gates in the flume at O, one of which is provided 
 with a double arm 6, one of whose ends is connected with the arm of the 
 other gate by a rod, -21;, and the other end is connected with the bell-crank 
 lever 8, connected with the lifting-float 13 in the tank 11 so that the move- 
 ment of said float will operate both gates at the same time. 
 
 The flumes may be provided with the ordinary lifting or vertically-sliding 
 gates L'. which may be closed at any time for the purpose of making repairs 
 in the flume, or for any other purpose. 
 
 The tanks 15, connected with all the flumes, should all be securely locked 
 and be kept under the charge of one man, so that no other person could have 
 access to them ; or the tanks ir. might be all located in one building or office 
 and each be connected with its flume by a pipe, and all locked and in charge 
 of one person. 
 
 If desired, a dial, 30, having a graduated scale, may be placed in any con- 
 venient fixed position Hear the pivot or post 5 of each gate in the flume, with 
 an index secured to the post, as shown at P in Fig. I., so that a glance at the 
 index and dial at any time would show how far open each gate was as to the 
 area of its aperture, so that a slight computation might give approximately 
 the quantity of water passing through. 
 
 It will be seen that this apparatus furnishes a very reliable system of main- 
 taining the water in a water-way or canal at a standard height to give a uni- 
 form head, and with that head,' to divide the water flowing through, giving 
 to each owner or lessee the quantity to which he is entitled, and preventing 
 any attempt on the part of either owner or lessee from using a greater quan- 
 tity than that to which he is entitled. 
 
 In Figs. III., IV., and V. is shown a modification of the same invention as 
 applied to gates arranged to move on a horizontal pivot for the purpose of 
 measuring the amount of water passing through the gate- aperture, Figs. IV. 
 and V., showing an enlarged detailed view, in which 3."> represents a horizon- 
 tal bar fixed in the sides of the flume, to which are hung, so as to swing freely 
 thereon, the arms 34, whose free ends are secured to the gate 36. The out- 
 side of this gate should be made convex in its cross section upon a curve 
 whose radius is the distance from the outside of the gate to the horizontal 
 bar 33, and the gate-aperture 71. made in front of the gate and through the 
 front wall 32 of the flume, should have its ends curved vertically, as at 68, 
 so that the ends of the gate 30 should approximately lit the aperture when 
 the gate is shut. 
 
 The tank 11 for the lifting-float 13, when applied to a swinging gate of this 
 construction and used in the position shown in the drawings, is made be- 
 neath the floor of the flume, and the lifting-rod 10 in this case extends up 
 through this floor, and may be connected with a cross-bar extending from 
 one arm, 34, to the other, of the gate 30, as shown in Figs. IV. and V. 
 
 The chamber 75 for the wheels 28 may be covered by a horizontal partition, 
 70, if desired, with a small horizontal aperture, as G'l, through the front 
 wall 32 of the flume, which would form a draft-tube in which the wheels 
 were located, the water in the flume flowing through this aperture 69 and 
 covering the horizontal partition 70, to pack the apertures to the wheel-
 
 80 
 
 Fi r .3
 
 SI 
 
 chamber, these wheels representing those used by the establishment located 
 at that point and drawing water from the canal. 
 
 A scale, 00, may extend up vertically in any convenient place, with its 
 lower end pivoted to the end of the gate :.:r,, and the graduations on the scale 
 may indicate the vertical opening and fractions thereof of the gate-aperture. 
 Suppose, for example, that the gate-aperture should be ten feet horizontally 
 and two feet vertically, and a glance at the scale should indicate that the 
 lower edge of the gate 30 was just one foot above the lower edge of the gate- 
 aperture. It would require but a few minutes' computation, knowing the 
 area of open aperture and velocity, to ascertain just how much water was 
 flowing through the apcrimv beneath the gate, so that the quantity of water 
 being used by the party drawing from that Hume may be easily and accu- 
 rately measured at any time by a glance at the scale to see how much it pro- 
 jects' above the t<>] of the wyll of the flume, or any other horizontal line 
 across the scale as an indicator. 
 
 The operation of the float 10 within its tank 15, connected with the flume 
 shown in Figs. III., IV., and V"., and also the valve-case Unconnected with said 
 float and with the tank 11 of the lifting-float l:i, is precisely like that herein- 
 before described as used in Figs. I. and II., except that its action is reversed 
 that is to say, the tank is so connected with the flume in Figs. IV. and V. 
 that the water may flow freely through the orifice 14 and the pipe leading 
 therefrom into the tank 15, so that the float 10, being properly adjusted bv 
 the nut 18 on the rod 17 above the float, will be held at a certain height in 
 the tank 15 by the \\:rt -r therein, the valve in the case 111 being held in a po- 
 sition to retain the proper quantity of water in the tank 11 to sustain the 
 float 13 and gate 36 at such a height as to allow the quantity of water to flow 
 through the gate-aperture 71 at th" fixed velocity 10 which the party is enti- 
 tled, at the given head which is maintained in the canal by the head-gates, 
 as hereinbefore described. If the party wishes to use more water than that 
 which would flow through the gate-opening 71 at a given velocity say two 
 feet per second the water would begin to fail in that part of the flume in 
 which the g ite 30 is pivoted, anil also would fall in the tank 15, owing to the 
 increased velocity of the water passing through the gate-aperture 71, and 
 the float 10 would' fall and change the valve, so that the inlet from the pipe 
 lil would be opened and the outlet at 23 be closed, permitting the water to 
 flow into the tank 11, raising the lifting-float 13 and opening the gate 36 to 
 give a larger aperture and permit more water to pass through the gate aper- 
 ture 71 until the velocity was reduced to the stated two feet per second, and 
 this increased opening of the gate-aperture would be accurately indicated by 
 the scale, and the amount of water could then easily be computed. If the 
 water in the reservoir should be exceedingly low, so that the water in the 
 canal should remain at a much lower level than at the line L, the nuts on 
 the rods 17 above the floats 10 ar; readjusted according to the height of water 
 in the canal, and each party will then be able to draw his proportional quan- 
 tity of the water, and no more, instead of bis full quantity, as when the 
 water is abundant. 
 
 It will be seen that when the float 1C is once adjusted for any certain 
 height at which it is desired to maintain thv water, by turning the nut 18 on 
 the rod 17 either up or down, the float will operate automatically to move 
 the valve into such a position as to regulate; the amount of water ri tained in 
 the lifting tank 11 to operate the gate, and keep the proportions of the sup- 
 lily of water in the canal equal to the demand or amount used therefrom. 
 
 It will be seen that by merely reversing the position of the arm 20 on the 
 hub of the valve 73 the 'falling of the water and the float 10 will operate the 
 valve to permit the water to flow into the lifting tank to close a gate, or to 
 open it, according to the position in which the said arm is secured. 
 
 It is evident that in cases where a single individual, firm, or corporation owns 
 all the water which runs in the canal or water-way, or owns the entire water 
 privilege, and is only using from one flume, or when it is not desired to 
 divide the water among the different flumes through which it is drawn from 
 the canal to be used, but only to maintain the water in the canal or water- 
 way at a uniform height, if may be done by using the apparatus as con- 
 nected with the head-gates at the bulk-head alone. 1 n any case, whether used 
 at the head-gates or those in the flume, or both, the tanks 15, containing the 
 operating floats 16, together with their respective valves, and the pipes or 
 water-connections, should all be located under cover to avoid being frozen up
 
 in winter, and the tanks 15, with their floats 16, might be located conven- 
 iently in some office, and under the control of one man ; and instead of tak- 
 ing the water from the canal into the tank 11 through the valve-case 19 and 
 inlet 21 it may be taken from the reservoir or river by connecting the pipe 
 therewith, if it should be more convenient. 
 
 T. A. CCRTIS, 
 
 N. E. DWINNKLL. 
 
 QUESTIONS OFTEN ASKED ME IN COURT 
 ANSWERED. 
 
 Have I ever been to college or technical school ? 
 
 No ; but the teachers and graduates of such institutions often 
 come to me for information. 
 
 Have I studied hydraulic works by different authors 1 
 
 I have looked through such occasionally. 
 
 Have I ever run levels between mills as a surveyor does ? 
 
 No ; the cause for effect can better be ascertained by doing it by 
 the water if one knows how to do it. 
 
 Why do I answer so positively while others professing to teach 
 the science hesitate ? 
 
 Because my answers are based upon knowledge obtained by per- 
 sonal experiments. 
 
 How do I know that weir and aperture measurements are cor- 
 rect? 
 
 By catching the discharge from weirs and apertures in tanks, 
 then cubing the contents. 
 
 How did I prepare my weir tables, did I work them all person- 
 ally? 
 
 No ; I never learned the formula for working up such tables, but 
 employed cheap help to work up a set of tables from the Francis 
 formulae, then cubed the discharge in tanks varying in capacity 
 from two feet up to twenty-five thousand feet. 
 
 How do I know that tests of wheels by such tables are correct ? 
 
 By testing the same wheels at several different testing flumes 
 remote from each other. 
 
 How do I know that float and current meter measurements are 
 worthless ? 
 
 By testing the same streams or discharges by weir. 
 
 SUGGESTION FOR CAPITALISTS. 
 
 As the hours of labor are reduced so that invested capital in 
 mills stands idle two-thirds of the time why not employ two or 
 three sets of hands and keep the work in operation the most of the 
 time, thus making a plant of a million turn out the same quantity 
 now done by one of double that cost ?
 
 Preliminary Proceedings for Legal Division of 
 Water Power. 
 
 State of Iowa, ) 
 Linn County. ) ss ' 
 
 To James Emerson of Willimansett, Massachusetts, Samuel Sherwood of 
 Independence, Iowa, and S. N. Williams of Alt. Vernon, Iowa. 
 
 GREETING Whereas, on November 1st, A. D. If-Mi. in an action now pend- 
 ing in the district court of said Linn county, wherein N. K. Brown is plaintiff, 
 and Susan Brown, W. S. Cooper, Sarah E. Leach, E. E. Leach, Herman L>. St. 
 .John, and Charles Clay arc defendants, it was found by the said court that the 
 said plaintiff, N. E. Brown, is the owner in fee simple of the undivided two 
 sixty-fourths ( B 2 ? ) of the following descrihed property situated in Linn county 
 and the state of Iowa, to wit: 
 
 'Jhe -rater power cheated, situated on, across and adjacent to the Cedar 
 river at Cedar Kapuls, Linn county. Iowa, consisting of a mill dam con- 
 structed across the Cedar river at said Cedar Uapids with an abutment or 
 bulk head upon and against either bank of said river, including race ways on 
 each side of said river from said dam, the water power and tiowage created 
 by said dam and race ways, and the right to have, build, and maintain 
 said dam, race ways, and power; said dam. abutments, and bulk heads being 
 more particularly described as follows, to wit: 
 
 Said dam being at and between Fractional Block Two (2) in Cedar Rapids. 
 Iowa, and Ely & Angle's addition to West Cedar Hapids, in Linn county, 
 Iowa, one of said bulk heads and the east end of said dam being upon lots 
 "J," "K," " L," and " M " in Fractional Block Two (2) in Cedar Kapids. 
 Iowa, and the other of said bulk heads and the west end of said dam being 
 on lots twenty-three !-''->) and twenty-four (1M) of Ely & Angle's addition 
 to West Cedar Kapids. in Linn county. Iowa, and the street and land adjacent 
 thereto; that the defendant, Susan Brown, is the absolute owner of the un- 
 divided fifty-five sixty-fourths ( ;;). and the one-third (J) of the two sixty- 
 fonvths ( i; -,)In all of the one hundred sixty-seven one hundred ninety seconds 
 (JP) of said property: that the said \\'. S. Cooper is the owner of the 
 undivided one-sixteenth ',',;) of the said property; that the defendants, Her- 
 man I). St. John and Charles Clay, are together the owners of the undivided 
 one sixty-fourth i,^) of said property, and that the defendants, Sarah K Leach 
 and E. E. Leach, are together the owners of the one forty-eighth (j'g) of said 
 property and entitled to the use of the said one forty-eighth ( ' 8 ) on the west 
 side of s'aid Cedar river. 
 
 And it was then and there ordered, adjudged, and decreed by said district 
 court ihat the said shares and title of the said parties respectively in and to 
 said property be confirmed, and that partition thereof between said parlies 
 be made. And that said water power and property hereinbefore described be 
 partitioned and so measured and meted out to the several owners thereof 
 according to their several rights and interests as hereinbefore set forth so that 
 each of said owners shall receive and use of said water power, as developed, 
 his or their own proper share and no more, at any and all stages of the water 
 and in whatever condition said water power and improvements may be, viz : 
 
 To said W. S. Cooper the four sixty fourths ( ( ) of said power; to said 
 Herman I). St. John and Charles Clay together the one sixty-fourth (fa) 
 of said power; to said Susan Brown the one hundred sixty seven one hun- 
 dred ninety seconds (\'.\ 7 ,) of said power and property; lo said N. K. Brown 
 the two sixty-fourths (,?;) of said power and property, and to said Sarah K. 
 Leach and K. E. Leach toge'her the one forty eighth f.^i of the whole of said 
 power and property, the latter to be used on the west side of said river, that 
 each of them may enjoy and use the same severally, and, each to have his or 
 their full use thereof, uninterrupted by interference, invasion, or diminution 
 from the other, and no more. 
 
 And whereas, on the I'Jth day of November, A. D. 1889, and the 13th day of 
 February, A. D. 1890, in said action it was ordered, adjudged, and decreed
 
 by said court that to effect said partition, sue] partition of said property 
 between said parties to said action be made by James Kmersun of Willlman- 
 sett, Massachusetts, Samuel Sherwood of Independence. Iowa, and S. N. Will- 
 iams of Alt. Vernon, Jowa, referees and commissioners for that purpose: and 
 that to enable such commissioners and referees to make such partition, they 
 were authorized as against any and all persons to enter upon said premises 
 and take control of said water power, dam. and race ways for the reasonaliii- 
 time required to do said work, opening and closing the same at pleasure and 
 as in their judgment may be necessary, stopping any and all water wheels 
 and mills operated by said power anil for such time or times as may be neces- 
 sary and reasonable, and that in making said partition the said referees ascei 
 tain the quantity or volume of water now used at and by said power am! dam. 
 and the exact power and quantity that each party shall be entitled to draw 
 off or use under the varying stages of the water in the aforesaid river, and 
 said referees are further authorized by said court to make such recommenda- 
 tion in their report as they deem advisable for the future maintenance and 
 use of the interests of the several parties in said action in said water power. 
 
 Now, therefore, you are hereby empowered and commanded to make par i- 
 tion of the water power and property above described between the plaintiff. 
 N. K. Brown, and the defendants, Susan Brown, \V. s Cooper. Sarah K 
 Leach, E. E. Leach, Herman D. St. John, and Charles Clay, by assigning \ 
 N. E. Brown, the two sixty fourths ( e z j) thereof, to said W. >. Cooper, the four 
 sixty-fourths (A) thereof, to the defendants, Herman I). St. John and Charles 
 Clay together, the one hundred sixty-seven one hundred ninety seconds- IH 
 thereof, and to the defendants. Sarah E. Leach and K K. Leach together, the 
 one forty-eighth ( 3 1 H > thereof, the said one forty-eighth ,V to be used on the 
 west side of said river, all in severally according to law. that each of said par- 
 ties may enjoy the use and portion thereof belonging to him. her. or them, in 
 severalty, and have his and their full use thereof, uninterrupted by intrrlt-r- 
 ence, invasion, or diminution from the other, and no more: such partition t< In- 
 made as hereinbefore provided and directed: and you are further directed to 
 make report in writing of such partition, and your doings under this commis- 
 sion and said decree, and of all expenses and costs pertaining to the same, as 
 soon as can be done with reasonable diligence, to our said district court. You 
 are further authorized to make such recommendations in your said repori as 
 you deem advisable for the future maintenance and use of the inteivsi.-. nt 
 the several parties to said action in said water power. 
 
 WITNESS my hand and the seal of the said court hereto affixed thi.- !'th 
 day of June, A. D. 1890. 
 
 O. S. LAMB, 
 Clerk of the district court of Linn County, Iowa. 
 
 N. E. BROWN, Plaintiff, "I 
 
 SUSAN BROWN, W. S. COOPER, T m a *^ ll <vln2 l f T i,,r, 
 
 SARAH E. LEACH, E. E. LEACH, 
 HERMAN D. ST. JOHN, and CHARLES 
 CLAY, Defendants. 
 
 State of Iowa, ) 
 Linn County. ) 
 
 We. James Emerson, Samuel Sherwood, and S. N. Williams, do severally 
 swear, that we will well and faithfully perform the duties of referees in tin- 
 above entitled cause, and make a just and equitable partition therein, accord- 
 ing to the best of our knowledge and ability. 
 
 .TAMES EMERSON, ) 
 
 SAM TEL SI I Ki; WOOD,} Kfftrer*. 
 S. N. WILLIAMS, ) 
 
 Subscribed and sworn to before me by the said James Emerson, Samuel 
 Sherwood, and S. N. Williams, on this 28th day of June, ,\. D. !*'. 
 
 U. C. BLANK. 
 Notary Public in and for Linn County, Iowa.
 
 85 
 
 REPORT OF REFEREES. 
 
 STATE OF IOWA, I 
 LINN COUNTY. J 
 
 Keport of referees in answer to decree of Linn County District Court order- 
 ing the partition of the water power at Cedar Kapids of said County ; N. E. 
 Brown, plaintiff ; Susan Brown, W. S. Cooper, Sarah E. and E. E. Leach, 
 Herman L>. St. John and Charles Clay, defendants. 
 
 We, the referees, met at Cedar Kapids July 29, 1800, and qualified as 
 required. Mr. Kmerson took charge of the numerous preparations necessary 
 for dividing the water ; Professor Williams having charge of various tests for 
 ascertaining the cost of steam power at Cedar Kapids and estimated valuation 
 of water power at Waterloo -and Cedar Falls and other matters, while Mr. 
 Sherwood, from his general knowledge of water power, and especially for 
 his early acquaintance with the Cedar Rapids water power, was held in 
 reserve us adviser uud assistant. 
 
 The first act necessary was to put the dam in order that the whole flow of 
 water in the river should pass over its crest for measurement. 
 
 The top of dam was raised some ttn inches at the lowest point and divided 
 into twenty-nine twenty feet sections and two of ten feet each ; division 
 planks were established between each section and a small post rigidly 
 secured to the dam eighteen inches up stream, from crest of weirs at middle 
 of eai-h. These posts were leveled at the top to correspond to the exact 
 level of weirs : then in case the weight of overflow should cause sectional 
 depressions one end of crest plank would be likely to be as much above the 
 top of post as the other would be below. 
 
 The bottom edges of cresting planks were well imbedded in Portland 
 cement, making a perfectly tight joint the whole length of darn. The plank- 
 ing of dam is doubled, the upper ends of top planks are scoured off by ice and 
 overflow so that water flowing over runs down back between the two layers, 
 presenting the appearance of extensive leakage under the dam. The cresting 
 planks are placed up stream from the worn off upper planks, and while the 
 surface of water was below the crest of weirs there was no show of leakage 
 through the planking from end to end of dam ; at the bottom there wero 
 three leaks, but so small that there were no whirlpools or other indications 
 of their source above. Gravel would make the dam as tight as a dam built 
 upon searny rock can be made, but gravel can only be procured at a cost of 
 two dollars per cubic yard, and at that price with difficulty. Sawdust and 
 other debris were used until the leakage was reduced to the lowest stage 
 possible. 
 
 The openings to the races were stopped ; on the west side by a temporary 
 dam, on the east side by planks at the openings in wall at its head, and 
 the leakage from each rare was measured by weir or aperture. 
 
 Wednesday, August 1.'!, water flowing over the crest of dam or weirs 
 seemed to have reached its height and a hasty measurement was made, the 
 result showing a flow of over thirty-nine thousand cubic feet per minute in 
 the river The next morning Messrs. Sherwood arid V\ illiams joined with me 
 in milking the most < aref'ul measurement possible. An improvised hook 
 gauge and gauge tank for quieting the surface of the water were used, so that 
 the greatest exactness was obtained, the measurements on dam and in the 
 two races aitgregniing :',!>, r,:i!i.i:; cubic feet per minute, to which I add one- 
 fourth additional, making the maximum flow of 49,624.28 cubic feet pe 
 minute as the largest quantity likely to flow in the river at any season of th 
 year, except during freshets; or that can be made useful through th 
 head-gate openings on east side of the river. 
 
 I make this addition not because 1 believe there is such quantity that ca 
 be utilized under existing conditions, but because the ownership of all th 
 parties aside from Mrs. Brown is so small that it is better to do so than to 
 leave any excuse for further litigation. 
 
 St. John & Clay's mill has wheels that under eight feet head will discharge 
 11,121 cubic feet of water per minute, = 167.9 h.p. of water, of which about 112
 
 effective h.p. may be realized. Their ^ of the whole power is 775.4 cubic 
 feet of water per minute, which falling * feet = 11.7 h.p., or 9 h.p. net. 
 
 N. E. brown's wheels with eight feet head will discharge 14,000 cubic feet 
 per minute, or 2lo.2 h.p of water, but ihey are so out of repair that nn 
 accurate estimate of net effect can be made. His 3 'j of the whole power is 
 l,5n>.x cubic feet per minute, which falling eight feet"= 23 4 h.p. of water, or 
 lt> to 18 effective h p. 
 
 Cooper's wheels under seven feet head can discharge about !i,xOO cubic feet 
 per minute, = 129 h p. of water, or from Mi to 100 h.p. net. His j' B of 49,624.3 
 cubic feet = 3,lol.5 cubic feet per minute, which falling seven feet = 41 h.p. 
 of which 28 to 35 may be made effective 
 
 I.each's wheels under six feet head will discharge about 7,000 cubic feet per 
 minute, or 79 3 h.p. of water, from which 50 to CM h p. net should be realized. 
 His ,' g of 4!l,624.o cubic feet = 1,033.8 cubic feet per minute, which falling six 
 feet =116 h.p , of which 8 to 10 may be made effective. 
 
 Visits have been made to Waterloo and Cedar Falls for the purpose of 
 examining the dams at those places, and to get an estimate of the value of 
 water power there. 
 
 At Waterloo the dam is more leaky than the one here. At Cedar Falls the 
 dams were not filled to the crest, yet showed free leakage. 
 
 Two owners at the Falls estimated the value of the water thereat ten 
 dollars per square inch, and more if free from litigation or diminution 
 through the year. 
 
 At Waterloo the water power there is valued at twenty-five thousand 
 dollars, and twice that could it be changed to Cedar Kapids, on account of 
 better facilities here. 
 
 It was stated there by several millers, that the power there had been good 
 for the season, though it had diminished somewhat lately-some said ten per 
 cent. ; others thought perhaps a little more, but all said that twenty-five pel- 
 cent additional would make a large supply. 
 
 One thousand inches of water under eight feet head = 9,450 cubic feet per 
 minute, or less than eilher of the mills are fitted for using from the tast 
 race at Cedar Rapids 
 
 The decree requires a proportional division of the water here. Such 
 division will shut down every mill concerned, except Cooper's, and his much 
 of the time, for the maximum and minimum flow will be divided. The flow 
 to-day, August 21, is but about 37,000 cubic feet, and has been less since the 
 largest measurement was found, and at many times during the year is much 
 less, for the water is of len drawn down by the wheels in use two or three 
 feet below the crest of dam 
 
 Preparations will at once be commenced for division according to the 
 decree. The race is ample in capacity to carry several times the amount ;>t' 
 water due the mills taking water therefrom, but that of necessity will have 
 to be closed while the bulkheads are being put in and kept so until the work 
 is completed. Wing dam and head-gates will have to be erected on the w est 
 side, that the division of water may be made at the head of that race that the 
 loss from leakage of the race may fall upon the proper person. The decree 
 will be carried out with all possible expedition. 
 
 Hut it will take time to complete arrangements for doing it, and soon the 
 water will be so cold that workmen will be unwilling to work in it, besides 
 . the closing of the mills without notice has discommoded farmers very much, 
 so that the water islet into the east race this 2."th day of August with the 
 distinct understanding that both races will be closed again the 1st day of May 
 next, and kept so until preparations for the proportional partition of the 
 water are completed, then each owner will receive the exact quantity due 
 and no-more, until settlement is made for the excess drawn from August i>5, 
 current month, to May 1, 1891. At least such will he the course recom- 
 mended by the referees, for the value of such excess is shown by the tests of 
 steam power herewith annexed. 
 
 1 he water power here is more valuable than the one at Waterloo or Cedar 
 Falls, for the dam sets the water back six miles or more, furnishing a larger 
 reservoir and steadier power if properly used, but for one-eighth of the owner- 
 ship to draw all the water without paying any rent, leaves the one owning 
 seven-eighths little encouragement for keeping dam and races in order. 
 Properly used the power ought to be of great benefit to the city. 
 
 JAMES EMKRSON.
 
 8? 
 
 Having had charge of the steam tests, an abstract of the more important is 
 given herewith. J have carefully examined Mr. Emerson's statements of 
 work done, with results, and find them correct. A complete report of details 
 of statements, also testimony taken in connection with the water powers at 
 Cedar Falls aud Waterloo, has been prepared arid can be furnished if 
 desired. S. N. WILLIAMS. 
 
 Tests have been made with a Westinghouse compound, a Buckeye, and a 
 common slide valve engine, for the purpose of ascertaining the cost of steam 
 power here. These were made by keying a No. 4 power scale to the main 
 line of driving shaft, taking the key from the driving pulley, allowing its 
 arms to rest upon projecting parts of the scale, thus weighing the power in 
 Transmission, the scale at each revolution carrying the load nine feet. The 
 number of revolutions per'minute, multiplied by nine, that product multi- 
 plied by the weight, giving the foot pounds. 
 
 TEST OF ST. JOHN & CLAY'S MILL, AUGUST 21. WOODBURY DOUBLE 
 SLIDE VALVE ENGINE, CYLINDER 13J x 18. 
 
 Speed of shaft and scale 189 revolutions per minute. 
 
 Power to run shafting and machinery, .... 20.85 li.p. 
 
 Maximum power developed during test, .... 46.18 h.p. 
 Pounds of nut coal per horse power per hour. ... 11.3 
 
 11.3 pounds of coal multiplied by 24 = 12,570 pounds, at $2.25 per ton = in 
 round numbers 14.00 for the 46.1s h.p. developed. Two engineers without 
 fireman at .^.r.O per day each = 85.00 ; added to the $14.00 = $19.00 per day 
 lor running such a mill with steam power. An engineer who fires and runs 
 an engine twelve hours per day, and whose ability is such that his services 
 are worth less than the price named, is a standing menace to the neighbor- 
 hood 
 
 The tests below were made at the electric light works and were made under 
 more favorable conditions than generally prevail in manufacturing establish- 
 ments. 
 
 WESTINGHOUSE COMPOUND ENGINE, 10 x 18 x 10, HEINE BOILER WITH 
 STOKER. BATED 65 H.P. AT 100 POUNDS STEAM. TEST No. 1, AUG. 9. 
 Slack coal ; pump run by separate boiler. 
 
 Pounds of coal per horse power by power scale, ... 11.17 
 
 Average net weight as shown by power scale, .... 335. 
 
 Average ampere load, --.-... 19.70 
 
 Average steam pressure, ------- 101.6 
 
 Average speed, --.---.- 314.8 
 
 Average horse power, .-.--..- 33.10 
 
 WESTINGHOUSE ENGINE, HEINE BOILER, RONEY STOKER. TEST No. 3, 
 
 AUG. 11. 
 Average steam pressure, ------- 114.6 
 
 Average speed of shaft and scale, --..-- 312.68 
 Average net weight, - .... . 551.35 
 
 Average horse power, - - - - - - - -46.16 
 
 Pounds coal per horse power, slack at 1.25 per ton, - - 8.24 
 
 Maximum horse power steam at 112, - .... 55.71 
 
 Maximum ampere load, ............ 33.5 
 
 The maximum load on Westinghouse Engine shows 10.5 16 candle-power 
 lamps to the horse power. This is not by actual count, but is estimated from 
 ampere load after deducting liberal amount for loss in wire and converters.
 
 88 
 
 BUCKEYE ENGINE, HEINE BOILER WITH STOKER, RATED 75 11. P. AT so 
 
 POUNDS STEAM. TEST NO. 5. AUGUST 17. 
 
 - Cylinder 12 by 24, slack coal, pump run by same boiler. 
 
 Pounds coal per horse power, - - 9.64 
 
 Average net weight, - ----- 647.30 
 
 Average ampere load, -------- 26.40 
 
 Average steam pressure, - ...... 108.4 
 
 Average speed, - - 434. 
 Average horse power, - - - 74 57 
 
 BUCKEYE ENGINE, BABCOCK, WILCOX & ERIE BOILERS. TEST No. 4. 
 AUGUST 15. 
 
 Average steam pressure, - - 97.6 
 
 Average speed of shaft and scale, 4:u;.!i 
 
 Average weight, pounds, ------- w,-^ 
 
 Average horse power, ---.-.. ;s.<i 
 
 Coal pounds per horse power, air-slacked lump, ... 7.gg 
 
 Maximum h.p.' steam at 96, 92.2 
 
 Maximum ampere load, ------- :;.-,. 
 
 Maximum number of arc lamps, ------ 42. 
 
 I was here over forty years since, about mid winter ; the water was lower 
 then than it was the 14th of August, the day the measurement was taken. At 
 that time Mr. Greene had leased his lumber mill to William Harmon from 
 Maine, and in a few days after starting it parties running the mill now owned 
 by Messrs. St. John & Clay said Mr. Harmon was drawing the water so much 
 that it interfered very much with their mill. Mr. Harmon said the same, or 
 that their mill drew the water from his mill. I do not know that there was 
 any other water used at that time. Having been present August 14, the day 
 the measurements were made here at Cedar Rapids, I can unhesitatingly 
 state that they were correct, as they were made in the same way as the 
 measurements were made at Lowell and Holyoke, Mass., in their testing 
 flumes. I have proven these correct beyond a doubt by actual experiment in 
 my own testing flume at Independence, Iowa, which I have had over ten 
 years. I have been present many times at the water-wheel test at Holyoke. 
 conducted by Mr. James Emerson. I have also been familiar with the Cedar 
 Hiver since 1847 ; have been employed at Cedar Falls ; also at this place 
 for forty years since at millwright work. Have seen the liver at different 
 stages, and at the time the measurement was made here, to the best of my 
 knowledge, state that Mr Emerson has made a fair and honest report of the 
 quantity of water, also of the power at the time of the measurement, which 
 1 am satisfied are as near correct as can be made. 
 
 S. SHERWOOD, SR. 
 
 Mrs. Susan Brown, defendant and principal owner, is hereby directed to 
 see that all practicable preparations are made for carrying out the decree as 
 soon after the closing of the mills, May 1, 1891, as is possible. 
 CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA, August 28, 1890. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON, 
 S. N. WILLIAMS, 
 S. SHERWOOD, JR. 
 
 F0r more than twenty years parties owning less than one-eighth 
 of this power have used the whole without paying rent, at the same 
 time keeping up a continuous complaint that the principal owner 
 would not keep the dam races, etc., in repair. 
 
 The commission was appointed to make a permanent automatic 
 division of the water, according to ownership. To do this, permanent, 
 head gates at each race were required which the Browns declined 
 to furnish, consequently the decree of the court could not be carried 
 out. 
 January 1, 1892. JAMES KMKBSON.
 
 89
 
 00
 
 91 
 
 Holyoke and Its Water Power. 
 
 Some eighty miles from the mouth of the beautiful Connecti- 
 cut, almost in the shadowof Mounts Tom and Holyoke, there 
 is a fall of nearly sixty feet in a short distance that once formed 
 what was called the " Great Rapids," near which, from time imme- 
 morial, tlic aborigines of the country gathered in great numbers in 
 quest of fish and game; and until within a few years "Indian 
 fireplaces " have dotted the banks that are now covered with mills ; 
 indeed, Indian skeletons, implements and arrow heads are often 
 found in the vicinity at this time. Near the foot of the falls the 
 river makes a sharp turn to the right, and in this curve is situated 
 the city of Holyoke. In 1831 this place was a part of West Spring- 
 field, known as " Ireland Depot," with but few inhabitants, and 
 those of but little account. In that year the Hadley Falls Co. was 
 tunned, and a small cotton mill of 4000 spindles, (known until 
 recently as Hampden, Jr.,) was erected, receiving its power through 
 a canal, and wing dam running obliquely up the river, which at this 
 point is wide, with rock bottom. A power so immense and conven- 
 ient to the business centers of the country was not likely to escape 
 the notice of capitalists. The volume of water flowing in the river 
 in ordinary seasons, was found to be about 6000 cubic feet per sec- 
 ond, or for the fall about 30,000 h. p. ; but allowing one-third dimi- 
 nution for the driest seasons the available minimum was rated ai 
 20.000 h. p. In 1845, it was decided to construct a dam across the 
 river, and one with a base of GO and a height of 30 feet was 
 completed Nov. 19, 1847, but before filling to the top it rolled over 
 and went down stream ; this was a severe loss, but the experience 
 was valuable. The dam now standing was completed Oct. 22, 
 1849; it had a base of 80 and a height of 30 feet, the upstream 
 incline having a face of 90 feet besides gravel filling at base. 
 The dam is constructed of timber 12 inches square, crossed and 
 bolted, the openings filled with stone. As the bed of the river 
 is rock it was not supposed that the overflow would wear to any 
 perceptible extent, but in 18G8 it was found that cavities frorn
 
 92 
 
 8 to 25 feet in depth had been cut close up to the dam, and in the 
 years 1868, '69 and '70 the Holyoke Water Power Co. made expend- 
 itures amounting to .$400,000 in the construction of an apron 
 of heavy timber work filled with stone to fill the space caused hy 
 the action of the water. This apron is united to the dam in the 
 strongest manner possible, is 50 feet in width and 52 in height. 
 its base resting 22 feet below that of the dam. Starting from tin- 
 crest, which is plated with iron, the apron slopes down stream nearly 
 to the water below. The whole structure is 130 feet wide, 30 feet 
 high from bed of river and 1019 feet in length between abutments. 
 There are three levels of canals, with a total fall of f><; feet. The 
 main artery of the system, starting with a width of 140. and a water 
 depth of 22 feet, extends eastward past the great waste weir about 
 a thousand feet and then sweeps southward in a right line for a 
 distance of more than a mile. The second level canal extends 
 northerly for a mile and more, parallel with the first, and 4(><> feet 
 easterly from it, and thence easterly and southerly for a mile and a 
 quarter more, at a distance of about 400 feet from the river, this 
 marginal portion of the second level affording mill-sites along its 
 whole length, from which the water used passes directly into the 
 river. The third level canal, 100 feet wide and 10 feet deep, is also 
 a marginal canal, with mill-sites along its entire length, and extends 
 3,550 to the other terminus of the same canal, thus making with 
 the latter, a line of marginal canals, around and near the whole 
 water front of the city. 
 
 " Like other commodities which are bought and sold, water-power 
 here has its own unit of measurement, called a mill-power, which 
 is thus defined in the deeds of the Holyoke Water Power Com- 
 pany: 
 
 " ' Each mill-power at the respective falls is declared to be tl e 
 right, during sixteen hours in a day, to draw from the nearest canal 
 or water course of the grantors, and through the land to be granted. 
 38 cubic feet of water per second at the upper fall, when the head 
 there is 20 feet, or a quantity inversely proportionate to the height 
 at the other falls.' " 
 
 thirty-eight cubic feet per second under 20 feet head is Wi.20 
 horse-power, 67 per cent, of which is 57.75 horse-power that may 
 be realized. The annual rental per mill-pi >wer is 2(>0 < unices of silver 
 of the standard fineness of the coinage of 1859, which is in practice 
 paid in current funds, and amounts to about $300 a year, for 16 
 hours per day, or $450 for 24 hours per day. The regular suppl\ 
 is now exhausted and only surplus is now leased.
 
 The claims in the foregoing were copied from printed statements at a time 
 when the local idea prevailed that the Ilolyoke water power was nearly inex- 
 haustible. Interested parties have criticised them, and blamed me for their pub- 
 lication. My desire is to make this work useful to the real engineer of the 
 future, and to all interested in such matters. The Connecticut river, like a 
 small brook, rises and tails rapidly; its extremes of supply are great; the maxi- 
 mum of 6000 cubic feet per second is moderate, as it is often more than six times 
 that. During the eight years in which I have had occasion to notice its flow, the 
 sheet over the dam for a large portion of each year lifts varied from one to ten 
 feet iii depth often five or six. In two or three of the eight years, the overflow 
 has continued through the entire year; in each of the others, for a brief period 
 in summer, the dam has beep- thy. The minimum I should estimate at from 
 2000 to 2500 cubic feet per second; at any rate, the whole of the river passed 
 i nto the main canal through the twelve head gates, each 8x15 feet. The past 
 summer was exceptional phenomenal, in fact. The water in the river was 
 lower than ever before knowu; the supply was insu-iieient for the power re- 
 quired; consequently, the head was continually falling while the mills were 
 running. The dam, when filled, sets the water back several miles; the banks 
 are irregular, so there was no way to measure the supply except to keep the 
 head gates shut a sufficient length of time to make it certain the natural supply 
 was flowing over the dam. This was not done, and no measurement worth the 
 name was made. I was up and down the river many times during the lowest 
 stage of water. In many places the river was easily fordable. There was one 
 place, in particular, some three miles above the dam, that attracted my atten- 
 tion most. The deepest part could not have exceeded three feet, while much 
 of the width was less than a foot in depth. It was deeper above, so that the 
 velocity over the bar was moderate. A cross section of two by two hundred 
 feet, with a velocity of three, or twelve hundred cubic feet per second, I think, 
 would cover the flow ; but suppose it to have been fifteen hundred, that quan- 
 tity, falling fifty-six feet, would evolve 9520 h. p., or, accumulated and used in 
 ten of the twenty-four hours, would produce 22,848 h. p. There were a few days 
 in which the supply was insutlicient to run the whole of the mills, even that 
 length of time, I think. 
 
 That the water power at Ilolyoke may at all times equal 30,000 h. p. is merely 
 a question of reservoirs to retain some of the abundant surplus ten mouths of 
 each year, to be used in the other two. 
 
 The haste for large immediate dividends has harnessed the noble river to a 
 business insatiate in its demand for more; the paper manufacturer that has all 
 the power he wants, is a phenomenon. Except the hebdomadal stop, more for 
 repairs than prayers, the draught from the pond is unceasing. The water power 
 sufficient to give employment to a thousand hands in the manufacture of paper 
 would be abundant for the employment of six thousand in the manufacture of 
 cotton <joods. The effect of this upon the future of llolyoke is conceivable. The 
 idea of an inexhaustible supply of water at Ilolyoke caused many of the wheel- 
 pits to be made of less depth than that necessary for utilizing the whole head 
 during the dry season, but the greatest loss occurs through the use of poor 01 
 ill-adapted turbines turbines much too large for their capacity in ordinary 
 times, that there may be no detention during backwater. But Holyoke is not 
 exceptional in this, for at least one-third of all the water power of the country 
 that is used is so wasted ; and of the three great powers of this state Holyoke, 
 Lowell and Lawrence it is safe to estimate the waste at a greater quantity than 
 would be necessary at either of the falls to produce a greater powjr than that 
 realized from the whole fall of the Merrimac river ht either Lowell or Lawrence.
 
 94 
 
 The rates of the principal Water Power companies of the country 
 are here given for the convenience of those interested in such mut- 
 ters. It will be seen that a "Mill-Power" is a verv indefinite- 
 matter, and it may be well here to give its origin, which is as fol- 
 lows : Early in the present century, there was a mill at Waltham, 
 Mass., containing 3,584 spindles; the company owning that mill 
 colonized Lowell, and the supposed power required at the Waltham 
 mill, was that fixed upon as a "Mill Power" at Lowell, which is 
 here given : 
 
 LOWELL, MASS. 
 
 Each mill-power or privilege ;it the respective falls is decl n'od to be the right 
 to draw from the nearest canal or water course of the said proprietors so much 
 water as, during 15 hours in every day of 24 hours, shall give a power equal to 
 25 cubic feet per second at the great fall, when the fall there is 30 feet, or enough 
 to give the same power at any of the other falls. The whole owned by the Com- 
 panies, none to let or sell. 
 
 OFFICE OF ESSEX COMPANY, LAWRENCE, MASS., June 10, 1*77. 
 JAMES EMERSON : DEAR SIK : Yo.ir letter of this date is at hand. A " .Mill 
 Power" at Lawrence is denned to be the "right to draw so much water as shall 
 give a power equal to 30 cubic feet of water per second, when ihc head is '2:> feet," 
 "or not more than 16 hours iu each day of 24 hours. For this the charge ' 
 
 U. S. BUNTING COMPANY, LOWELL, MASS., Aug. 1, 1877. 
 MR. JAMES EMEKSON: DEAR SIR: Replying to your favor of June 16th last 
 to D. W. C. Farrington, I have to say with regard to the subject upon which 
 you made inquiries of him, that it is the custom of the Wamesit Power Com- 
 pany of Lowell to let floor room to their tenants at a stipulated sum, depending 
 upon location, Ac., &c ; and then the power is hired at $75 per year, per horse 
 power extra When any question is raised on either side as to the power actu- 
 ally used, we apply a Dynamometer of your make, and measure it as near as 
 possible. 
 
 WALTER H. MCDANIELS, Supt. 
 
 OFFICE op AMERICAN PRINT WORKS, 
 
 FALL RIVER, MASS., June 18. 1877. 
 
 jAtf.E9 EMERSON: DEAU SIR: Your favor of the 16th inst. is at hand. In 
 reply would say, that the water-power in Fall River is not let, but the stock in the 
 Watuppa Reservoir Co., which controls the water-power, is held by the several 
 Corporations using the power in proportion to the height of their respective falls, 
 and no charge is made for use; but the expense of maintaining the Reservoir 
 Company is borne by assessments upon the several Corporations, from time to 
 time,- pro rat a, according to height of fall of each. There is but a single outlet 
 from the Reservoir. The total fall from Reservoir to tide water is 128 feet ; and 
 the mills are located one below another, so ihat they each get prec sely the same 
 quantity of water, as each mill lakes just what the one above it delivers. Tin 
 quantity is about 121 cubic feet per second. I am just now unable to give an 
 answer tfaat would be satisfactory to myself as to the comparative cost of water 
 aud steam-power. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 THOS. J. BORDEN, Treas , 
 
 Watuppa Reservoir Co.
 
 OFFICE MINNEAPOLIS MILL Co., 
 MINNEAPOLIS, MINK., July 5, 1877. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON: DEAR SIR: With reference to renting power, I would say 
 that rentals are made at so much for Mill Power, which is designated as 30 cubic 
 fi-et of water per second, with head of 22 foet. Present price for Mill Power 
 $1000 per year, but from this back to earlier dates rates decrease considerably. 
 Yours truly, 
 
 H. II. DOUGLASS, Eng. and Agt. M. M. Co. 
 
 BELLOWS FALLS, VT., June 28, 1877. 
 
 .TAMES EMERSON: DEAR SIR: Yours of the 22d is just received ; a Mill 
 Power, in our lease, is the right to draw equal to 30 cubic feet per second, under 
 25 feet head. Price for a Mill Power is 387 ounces Troy Weiuht of silver, of the 
 present standard business of the silver coin of the United States, as an equiva- 
 lent in gold, which is 450 dollars. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 ROBERTSON, MOORE & Co. 
 
 MANCHESTER, N. H., June 29, 1877. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON : DEAR SIR : The rule for a Mill Power here is as follows : 
 Divide 725 by the number of fet fall minus 1. and the quotient will be the num- 
 ber of c:.bic feet per second for a Mill Power on tluit fall. For instance : The 
 fall ut the upper level is -M feet; then 725 divided by 19=38.1. which is number 
 of cubic feet per second for that fall. The Mill Powers are let to manufacturing 
 concerns at aii annual rent of $300 each. This includes the land neee'ssary to use 
 the power on, together with some room for tenement blocks, but no buildings or 
 machinery. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 JOSEPH B. SAWYER, C. E. 
 
 THE OSWEGO CANAL COMPANY, OSWEGO, N. Y- 
 
 The Lessees at their joint option may be allowed for each run of classified 
 water, either; 1st. One thousand cubic feet per minute; or 2d So much as 
 will be drawn through a central discharge water-wheel of the kind now used on 
 the Canal, with a spout, the cross section of which shall be 133> square inches 
 at the smallest point, provided the outlet does not exceed in diam< ter one- 
 ha'f the diameter of the wheel, nor in cle;ir opening a surface, 3' times the sec- 
 tion of the spout; or 3d. So much as will be drawn through a Reynolds wheel 
 with a spout, the cross section of which measures 160^ square inches at the 
 smallest point, provided the total outlet does not exceed the section of the spout 
 more, than 50 per cent., and the superficial center of the outlet is not over 2-3 the 
 radius of the wheel from the center thereof. The second and third alternatives 
 are estimated to give the same quantity of water, and equal to about 1175 cubic 
 feet per minute, when the clear head on the wheel is 1(5 feet. 
 
 DAYTON, OHIO, July 12, 1877. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON: DEAR SIR: Water-power is supplied to the mills on the 
 three levels or falls through metallic gawjts; calculated and adapted to pass 
 under a certain head so many cubic feet per minute. For example, in the Day- 
 ton Hydraulic Company we give a head of !> inches above the cenU-r of the 
 gauge, and with that head give 2:S3>.< cubic feet per minute for one pover. The 
 Companv beiow us, under I believe the same bead, over a 10! 2 ' feet overshot, give 
 :',0() cubic feet per minute for one power. The price per power (or "run of 
 stone," as it was originally called,) is, I believe, uniformly here $200 per year. 
 You wish, also ihe relative cost between steam and water-power. Water-power at 
 $200 per year for one run of 5' 4 ' horse-power, would cost eleven sixty-eiglit one 
 hundredths dollars per day for 100 horse power. Steam, with the latest improved 
 steam-engine, as tested by experts, will give one horse power with 3 Ibs. coal 
 per hour; coal at $3 per ton would be ten eisrhty one hundredths dollars for 100 
 horse power per day of 2-t hours. An engine of this kind, with boilers, would 
 cost about $5000. Water-wheel, with the same power, " under an ordinary fall 
 12 or 13 feet," with penstock and flume would cost about $2000. The foundation 
 for steam-engine would cost about the same as it would to dig a wheel pit. With
 
 9G 
 
 an ordinary slide valve engine, such as we use, costs about $27 per day " 24 
 hours" for 100 horse power. If I can give you further information, will cheer- 
 fully do so. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 JOHN G. LOWK, Sec'y & Sup't D. II. Co. 
 
 OusATON'c WATER COMPANY, 
 BIRMINGHAM, CONN. : July 16, 1877. 
 
 JAMKS EMERSON : DEAR SIR: Yours of the 14ih is at hand. Our terms for 
 the rent of water, per year, are $250 ^>er square foot, 12 hours per day, one 
 square foot being a discharge of live cubic feet per second. We use the weir 
 measurement adopting J. b. Francis' formula for the computations. What we 
 designate as a square foot of water under our head is equivalent, to 12. r> horse- 
 power, in short $20 per horse-power per year is about the cost of water here. 
 With reference to lot and building-, the Company oft'er inducements in propor- 
 tion to the desirability of the business tn be located. 
 Respectfully yours, 
 
 D. S. BRINSMADE, Secretary. 
 
 WINDSOR LOCKS, CONN. 
 
 Usual head 24 to 28 feet. Water rented so much per inch, yearly, price vary- 
 in,' with date of lease; extra water now charged at the raie of from two to two 
 and a half dollars per inch; quantity determined by apertures through iron 
 plate ; apertures, parallelograms with parallel interior edges, center of aperture 
 to be 2> feet below the surface. 
 
 UNIONVILLE, CONN. 
 
 Water rented as follows: The one hiring to be entitled to such quantity as can 
 be drawn through an opening one foot square, the center of the opening to be 
 under two feet head ; I think the power is now owned by the several companies, 
 and that there is none to rent. 
 
 COHOES, N. Y., July 14. 1877. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON: DEAR SIR'. Your favor of 10th inst. to hand. I under- 
 stand the charges of the Cohoes Company to be $200.00 per Mill Power per yc ar, 
 or $20.00 per horse power which includes use of water and rent of land. The 
 leases define the term "Mill Power," as " a Water-Power equivalent to the 
 power given by the discharge and use of six cubic feet of water in each second, 
 when the fall is 20 feet." 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 WM. T. HORROBIN. 
 
 OFFICE OF THE DUNDEE WATER-POWE-I & LAND Co., 
 
 87 Leonard Street, NEW YORK, July 12, 1S77. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON: DEAR SIR: Your letter of 10th inst., received. The 
 Company leases its Mill Sites with one or more " Mill Powers." charging $700 
 per uear for tucfi Mill Power. This price includes the rental ot Mill Site. By 
 one Mill Power is conveyed the right to draw from the nearest race-way or canal 
 8)4 cubic feet of witer per second, fall of 22 feet. 
 Respectfully, &c., 
 
 M. WALKER, Secretary. 
 
 TURNER'S FALLS, MASS. 
 
 Rent per year for each h. p. of water used $7.50 or about $10 for each h. p. 
 that may be utilized by the use of good water wheels.
 
 97 
 
 DISPUTE ABOUT THE QUANTITY OF WATER USED. 
 
 Ill a case at Jordan, N. Y., there was a dispute about the discharge of a 
 wheel. The lease granted the right to use what water could be drawn through 
 an opining 10x17 inches into a scroll wheel. Th,: discharge of the wheil was 
 in asurod over a w< ir; the builder objected on the excuse' that he knew nothing 
 about such matters ; to get over that' difficulty a mark was made to indicate the 
 depth from the discharge of the wheel; then its gate was closed and an opening 
 HixlT inches cut in the bottom of the penstock near the wheel; the water was 
 then let in and the discharge through the opening compared, and was found to 
 be considera -le less t'mi that of wheel. Oi course there was no chance to dis- 
 pute that point. 
 
 DISPUTE ABOUT WOKK BONE. 
 
 In a recent case at North Sunderland, Ma<s., that had been in dispute four 
 years, and quite a sum had been expended in li igation, my services were 
 required in court, where the expert testimony was so scientific that it was beyond 
 my comprehension. A proposalwas made and adopted, that the court adjourn 
 to meet at the mill, where the case could be settled so that all could understand. 
 The case was as follows : A turbine had been put into the mill, under the agree- 
 ment that with 15 inches of water, under (3:2 feet head, it should grind 35 bushels of 
 corn per hour. Arriving at the mill, a weir was constructed beiow the wheel, the 
 gate was then raised until 15 inches or 31)4.0 cubic ieet of water per minute flowed 
 over th.e weir; with that quantity the wheel ground 61 and a fraction bushels per 
 hour. The suit ended there, and the owner seemed pleased that he owned a 
 more valuable power than he had thought. Other tests were made, from which 
 it appeared that 2 07 bushels were ground per each horse-power utilized. The 
 bulu- was five feet in diameter, and kept down to 145 revolution'- per minute. 
 
 DISPUTE AS TO WHICH USED THE MOST WATEB. 
 
 To settle a case at Auburn, N. Y., where a flue power is owned by L. W. Nye 
 and the Auburn Mf'g Co., weirs were put in above their mills, the wheel gales 
 opened in full, then a thousand cubic feet per minute was allowed to flow into 
 eaeh tail rate through flume and wheel; permanent marks were made on iron 
 scales, firmly secured to the wall of each tail race, then marks w< re added for 
 1500, 2000. 2.-.00, aooo, 35UO, 4uno, 4500, 5HOO, and finally 5:236, as the maximum 
 the Manufacturing Company's wheel could discharge. The discharge of Mr. 
 iS'ye's wheel had stopped at 3!ioi5 eubic feet per minute. The scah s in th" tail 
 races remain and denote at any time the quantity of water used by each party. 
 The weirs above the mills were removed as soon as the scales were marked. In 
 well constructed tail races the quantity used may be very accurately denoted, 
 though, of course, the plan will not answer where the water from different mill? 
 is discharged into the same pit, or where there is backwater. 
 
 Backwater Suits. 
 
 There are mill-owners in all parts of the country, w 
 injured by backwater from dams below; to such, the case of L. L. Brown & Co. 
 vs. H. N. Dean & Son of South Adams, Mass. , will be of interest. Where Brown's 
 paper mill, M. M., now stands, was started 60 years since a saw and grist mill;
 
 118 
 
 as may bo seen in sketch; this is near the head of one of the branches of the 
 river which forms the island. Dean's tannery was afterwards located on the 
 race 6; the dotted line 3 represents the dam therefor; the crest of this dam was 
 about level with the bottom of the saw mill wheel pit; flush boards were used to 
 raise the dam still higher, as the bed of the scream above was then so high as to 
 prevent flowage back into saw-mill pit as claimed by Mr. Dean. There seems to 
 have been a dispute about the right to use the flush boards, though it was con- 
 ceded that they were almost constantly iu use, though at times removed when 
 power was not required at the tannery. Afterwards Mr. Dean purchasi d an old 
 fulling mill privilege, and moved his tannery further down stream ; erecting a new 
 dam which is marked 5, the water being conveyed to tannery through the race 8. 
 The dotted line 4 represents the fulling mill dam but little ot' which remains, though 
 there is sufficient to show that it was at least 5 > 2 ' inches higher than the new dam, 
 the crest of which is six or seven inches higher than the floor of wheel pit in what 
 is now Brown's paper mill; the stream over the uewdain is 38,'^ feet in width; at 
 the old tannery dam it is considerably narrower. The crest of the o!d dam is 
 removed, still the foundation is but a little lower than the crest ot the new dam. 
 Two 4S-inch Swain turbines, 1 and 2, have been placed in Brown's mill to drive 
 the machinery; these take the water from the pond p, through the sluices shown; 
 the discharge from the upper one passes down through arched races 7, 7, and is 
 discharged below the lower turbine into the main race, which is here but a little, 
 if any, over 14 feet in width ; this race has rough stone side walls. These wheels 
 unitedly discharge from 125 to 138 cubic feet of wa er per second; and the depth 
 iu race is 25 inches where the width is 14 feet; 23 ^ inches where the width is 18 
 feet, and still less as the width increases ; as it flows over the new dam it is but 
 nine inches iu depth ; the velocity is much greater below the old tannery dam than 
 above. Mr. Brown claims that the new Jam backs the water on to his wheels; 
 to prove this, witnesses testify that until the new dam was constructed there 
 never was any water in his wheel pit when his gates were closed, but now there 
 always is. It was proved by Brown's witness that in race 6 Dean had b l ,i to (3 
 ft. head, and lie now has but 5, while he discharges into the river much lower down. 
 Mr. Brown denies that the race has ever been lowered, but the bottom is now 
 composed of small pebbles and gravel, while for miles, above or below the mill, 
 the bed of the river is literally paved with stones rounded by attrition, varying 
 in size from two inches to as many feet. With a discharge fi om good wheels of 
 138 cubic feet per second, the depth over a 14 foot weir would be 25 inches, so 
 that it is plain that Dean's dam is not the cau-e of the depth in the tail race of 
 Brown's mill. That there was no water in the saw mill pit while Dean's mill was 
 at race 6 is readily accounted for from tlu fact that that race drained the saw mill 
 pit while it was open, but that race was tilled up when the new dam was con- 
 structed. The water in the pit since, when wlierl gates are shut, is simply 
 standing, not backwater. Though denying that the race had been lowered it 
 was not denied by Mr. Brown that the boulders had been cleared out of the race, 
 and of course it would have been usebss to remove these boulders unless they had 
 obstructed the discharge from the mill above. From the character and tone of 
 Brown's witnesses it was evident that they were sincere in their statements ; but 
 n iture furnishes better evidence that the tail race had be n lowered, also, that if 
 .Dean had a right of 5,^ to 6 feet, head at race 6 he could not possibly encroach upon 
 the privilege above, with a 5 foot dam at race 8. I was not called into the case 
 until the day before the tr.al commenced, and had no knowledge of the place 
 before, so that I was unable to account for the water standing in Brown's \>it 
 after Dean's new dam was constructed, until it happened to be mentioned that 
 the race 6 was filled up as soon as the tannery was moved to the new dam ; then 
 the cause became plain, but it was tao late to explain, and the fact is only men- 
 tioned that lawyers engaged in such cases may understand that STANDING water 
 in a wheel pit is benelicial instead of injurious. As the wheels in Brown's mill 
 discharge double the water used by Mr. Dean, it would have been much less 
 expensive to have furnished Mr. Dean with a larger wheel so that he could have 
 obtained more power even with less head. 
 
 Vexatious Waste of Water. 
 
 One of the most vexatious greivances suffered by manufacturers arises through 
 the following circumstances. Suppose a dozen mills to be located within a short 
 distance upon the same fall, one above the other; eleven of them have wheels
 
 willi which tlic natural il >\v of the stream is amply sufficient to keep their 
 machinery in constant motion; but the upper mill of the dozen has wheels of the 
 poorest kind, so that they require double the water necessary to do the work of 
 mill, and the owner, through mulish pervi rscness continues their use, each day 
 exhausting his pond by noon, then as half of the w.iter has flowed over the dams 
 bflow, all of the mills have to st:ind idle the rest of the day. Of the equity in 
 such a case there can be but one opinion; no engineering skill can aid, and 
 only the strong arm ot the law can remedy the matter. Such cases arc very 
 common. 
 
 "Efficiency, Useful Effect, or Percentage." 
 
 What is the Real Working Head? 
 
 The term "Head" as used in connection with water-power means the differ- 
 ence in height from the surface of water in wheel pit to the surface in the penstock 
 above, when the wheel i-< running. 
 
 What is a Square Inch of Water ? 
 
 A square inch of water means a stream exactly an inch square, its length 
 depending upon the head from which it issues ; for a head of four feet, it means 
 a stream an inch square, 16.04 feet in length, per second; for a head of a hundred 
 feet, a stream an inch square, 80.:>5 feet in length, per second. To turn this into 
 cubic feet, multiply by 12, then divide by 1728. 
 
 Pressure of Water on Dams and Boilers. 
 
 The pressure depends upon the length of dam and depth of water. It makes 
 no difference whether the pond extends back a rod or a mile. So of steam 
 boilers the large boiler requires thicker iron, simply because there are more 
 square inches of snrfac-e. 
 
 What Power is Required to Drive a Run of Stones. 
 
 A more difficult question to answer, because the quantity ground in a given 
 time has much to do with it ; experienced millers west do not use more than fif- 
 teen horse-power per run, including receiving grain, flouring and delivery in 
 barrels. White & Beynou, Lanesboro, Minn, have six run of stones; have 8!) 
 horse-power of water, about 72 horse-power actual; keep five run at work, the 
 sixth being stopped for sharpening. White, Nash & Co. of the same place have 
 the same power, live run of stones, four kept constantly running; use their 
 wheel at part gate. It will be seen by examination of the Dayton, Ohio, water 
 renting rate that ">'., h. p. has been considered sufficient for a run of stones, 
 while with the 1000 cubic fett allowed at Oswego, N". Y., used on a Reynolds 
 wheel would not realize more than 15 h. p., so that 15 h. p. for each run of stone 
 and necessary machinery is a liberal allowance.
 
 100] 
 Loss of Head through, the Use of Small Conduit. 
 
 A belief prevails among turbine builders that where the water approaches 
 a wheel with perceptible Telocity that there is a corresponding los< of hea-1 
 >o that the wheel can not transmit the power due the head. Such is not my 
 belief, for there seems to be no good reas >n for ignoring tli momentum {ruined 
 by such velocity, that is within reasonable limits. The woolen mill of Beebe, 
 Webber & Co., of Holyoke, is locate I below the s cond level. Head varies f. om 
 eleven to txvelve feet. Originally the use of only five sets of machinery was 
 contemplated. The water is brought to the mill through a round wooden trunk 
 7o feet in length, with an inside diameter of 57 inches. The wheel pit is circular, 
 U feL-t in diameter, and 2% feet in depth. A five foot Tyler Scroll whe, 1 had 
 been used fourteen years, but was unable to transmit pumoient power to drive 
 the eight sets of machinery now iu the mill, and it was found to be necessary to 
 obtain more power, but the small size of trunk and shallowncss of pit caused 
 wheel builders to hesitate, th ou^h fear that the loss from head would more th in 
 equal any irain that could be obuined through increase in size of wheel. I rec- 
 ommended the use of a 60-inch turbine, and the builders, Messrs. Fales, Jenks & 
 .Sons were induced to guarantee eighty-live h .rse-power under the existing con- 
 ditions. The wheel was set and my brake applied. Before the <;ate was opened 
 the differenc ! between the 1 -vd of the two cannls was found to be 11 fei t, 8 
 inches. For that head I calculated that 4000 pounds should balance the f .rce of 
 thedischarg; with the gate op'ii and the wheel h Id stationary by the brake, 
 and on opening the gate that weight which had b 'en put on the b"am was found 
 to exactly balance, though the head on the wheel was 1 ss than ten feet. Ui der 
 ordinary conditions th wheel used will carry at its b st speed exactly half what 
 it will balance when held stationary by the brake ; but th veloc ty of th- water 
 seemed to change its character somewhat, for it gave its highest result, 88.66 h. 
 p., carrying 1900 pounds at 77 revolutions per minute ; its tabled speed was s.-v- 
 eral revolutions less; at that speed the head as shown by a glass tube inserted 
 iu penstock directly over thj whc- 1 was found to b 10,'< f ; et. 
 
 Turbine Builders' Theories. 
 
 It is an old theory in turbine building that turbines should carry about half what 
 they can lift when held stationary; with gate opt ued in full, the Houston wheel 
 almost invariably do s so, and there area few others that approach that rate, 
 while, th -re are many that do not. Many of th- liisdou wheels ru i with three- 
 fourths of what th'ycan lift. Som ; wheels will run with, say, nine hundred 
 pounds, a:id only lift on . thousand. A few days since a wheel was brought to by 
 tested; it was set and tri d first while held by brake; gate open, d in full, it bal- 
 anced 470 pounds, head 18.59 feet, discharging 928 cubic feet p>T in nute. It was 
 started with 300 pounds making 178 revolutions per minute, and dischan in- liMl 
 cubic feet of water; weight was gradually added, the speed decreasing with 
 each addition, while ih- discharge increased. Discharging 1289 cubic feet, it 
 mad'.i 124 revolutions per minute and carried 47;") pounds. It was stopp; d by 
 brake, then of course eould not start until partially unloaded. Ir, will be obvi- 
 ous to all that the more surplus lifting power a turbine his the steadier it will 
 run under sudden changes produced bv adding or throwing oft' machinery ; ihe 
 wheel was a central disch.,rg-. Builders Mart ing with such are behind the 
 
 A Proposition of Seeming Equity that has no 
 Merit. 
 
 A common proposition, and to those unacquainted w'th the subject a seem- 
 ingly f.dr one, is that two turbines shall be connected together and their merits 
 determined by ascertaining which shall drive the other. Such a test would be 
 perfectly worthless. The pitch of the buckets of one might be such that it 
 would under the head tried carry 100 pounds, and make 200 revolutions per min- 
 ute, while those of the other might be such that it would carry 200 pounds and
 
 101 
 
 make 100 revolutions per minute, both using the same quantity of water durius, 
 the trial. Of course the slow wheel would drive the fast one, but other thing* 
 being equal the fast wheel would be the best. 
 
 Backwater. 
 
 Turbines of any inaks are not perceptibly effected by backwater except 
 through loss of head. I think a slight difference was found by u commission 
 appointed by the French government to experiment with the Fourneyron 
 wheels. I have in two or three cases where long draft-tubes were used, thought 
 the loss greater than should occur from the loss of head, but have bud no 
 cha:ice to determine the mutter by actual test. 
 
 Submerging Turbines. 
 
 Many builders i-isitt that it is essential that a turbine should discharge under 
 water, but it is doubtful for the same he id whether it makes any difference if 
 the wheel is properly made, though it prevents trouble from ice and generally 
 extra head is gained by submerging lower part of wheel. 
 
 Draft Tubes. 
 
 If a draf.-tubc for any considerable proportion of the head is used, its lower end 
 should be submerged to such depih as to render its immersion constant, other- 
 wise when first starting up only the head above the wheel will be available until 
 the discharge has exhausted the air from the tube, then when it does lake hold, 
 unless the gate of the wheel works very quick the speed is wild for a short time. 
 Where there is backwater some length of time, a short draft-tube renders it 
 convenient to get at the wheel in case it is necessary to do so, but in most caes 
 I should prefer to have the lower part of a turbine stand in the tail water. 
 
 Percentage of Discharge. 
 
 The discharge of a turbine in proportion to its openings depends upon its con- 
 struction. With those of a central discharge it is the least; with such wheels ol 
 lair efficiency it is likely to range between 40 and 50 per cent., with outward dis- 
 charge, BO per cent, and upwards, while with those discharging the water down- 
 wards it averages about 55 per cent. Uhe chutes of a curb are made much 
 larger at their outer than their inner ends, consequently, can pass much more 
 water than the wheel will discharge, though the openings of the wheel may be 
 somewhat the largest, so that the openings of the wheel govern the discharge. 
 In the past, engineers have expended more time inventing impossibilities and 
 hair splitting theories than in determining by simple tests points in dispute easy 
 of solution. It is hardly possible that a case can ever arise in milling matters 
 that a really hit 'lligent engineer cannot readily solve the difficulty, and make it 
 so simple and plain as to give no excuse for litigation, and what is more to the 
 point, in many raes both parties can be benefited at a tithe of the expense 
 caused by a suit at law. If there is a difference of opinion about power used, 
 the matter may readily be determined, as may be the case if the dispute is about 
 the quantity of water used; and the power of steam is as readily determined as 
 that of falling water. A few plans tried by myself are lure j.ivtn : 
 
 "DISPUTE ABOUT EFFICIENCY OF TURBINE." 
 
 Thomas Harris, of Providence, R. I. expended something like $0,800 experi- 
 menting with four Leffel wheels in a mill at Putnam, Ct., head of 28 feet. A 40- 
 inch wheel was tried first, then a deeper wheel, same size, then a 48-inch wheel, 
 then a srcond 48-inch of extra depth ; the speed of looms could not be got above 
 12j picks per minute. I was called in to test the power and select a suitub e 
 wheel. By stopping eleven spinning frames the rest of the machinery was 
 brought up to speed. The wheel was then tested and found to give 186 h. p. 
 Allowing 17 h p. for the eleven spinning frames, and 20 additional for cold morn- 
 ings and backwater. I selected a wheel of 220 h. p. Since that win el was 
 placed in the mill, the production has been inert as< d 1000 yards per day. 40-inch 
 sheeting, whiln the disch.irge of water has been one-fifth less than required for 
 'Ue. Leffel wheel. The expense of changing, my charge included, was $1,500.
 
 102 
 
 Highest Possible Results Guaranteed. 
 
 For years past turbine builders of a certain cla-s have unhesitatingly promised 
 what they well knew at the time their wheels could not do. The practice has 
 been so general Unit even in court it has been offered and rather accepted as an 
 excuse, taut though the wheel only accomplished one-half what was promised, 
 the guarantee was no more extravagant than the average turbine builder would 
 give, simply because there was no mean* within the reach of ordinary builders 
 for determining such matters. The case is very different i ow and purchasers 
 are less inclined to submit or juries to excuse, and builders will do well to take 
 heed accordingly. It has beer, my lot within two years to be employed as expert 
 in four different cases ia which the same builder has been interested'. 
 
 "Chipping Buckets." 
 
 Has been mentioned frequently in these reports; the plan lias been tried with 
 many kinds, not always successfully; it does not have mucli effect on the [llisdoii 
 wheel, thu reversed curve* of the buckets of that wheel seeming to an-wi r the 
 same'purpose. Clapping away the edge of buckets reduces diameter of wheel 
 above the bottom of i-hutes, so that its speed is usually iiici eased thereby. 
 While increasing whole gate results it usually injures the 
 It would seem 
 
 (See Tyler's tests.) While increasing whole gate results it usually injures 
 wheel at part gate. It would seem that where the cdsrcs of the bucke s ext 
 close to end of chutes that they act like a fan or rotary pump and draw the water 
 
 wheel at part gate. It would seem that where the cdsrcs of the bucke s extend 
 close to end of chutes that they act like a fan or rotary pump and draw the water 
 into the wheel. Chipping the buckets away often reduces the discharge. Increas- 
 te opening does not increase discharge beyond a certain limit, th 
 ave go jd effect by changing direction of water through the chutes. 
 
 Tight Gates, or Good Part Gates. 
 
 Probably a hundred objections have been made to wheels with leaky gates 
 where one has been made to those only reasonably efficient while working with 
 gate opened in full, which can never be the caso if a governor is necessary. The 
 most leaky, fly-trap gate in use can not waste more than four or live percent., 
 while the' Boyden. Houston, Collins. Hunt, Geyeline and many other wheels oi 
 the same nature waste from 25 to 50 per cent, daily, if run from one-third to 
 three-fourths gate as wheels are often used. 
 
 Variation of Turbines. 
 
 One of the mo-t dimrult matters in relation to turbines, is to make purchasers 
 realize the fact that wheels made from the same patterns vary exceedingly in 
 useful effect; yet it has been well understood for twenty years past that a tur- 
 bine doing well in a mill affords no guarantee that another of -the s UK- make 
 will srive equal satisfaction in another mill; hence the uncertainty that has pre- 
 vailed for years past. My report of tests will sh"W this to be the ease with 
 wheels of all makes. But a few special c ises are given here : The Tyler wheel 
 first; a 30-inch flume wheel tester! April 20, 187C. 
 
 ^Remark:. 
 
 No. of Test. 
 
 Head. 
 
 W'ht. 
 
 IJev. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 wyf 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Leakage, 70.77 
 
 April 20, 1876. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cubic feet, 
 
 Who'e Gate. 
 
 18.43 
 
 375 
 
 1685 
 
 28.72 
 
 705 11-245.64 
 
 .6618 
 
 The buckets were cu, baek to first white line shown on diagram of wheel, (see 
 i xt page), then it was tested again. 
 
 202 34 43 
 
 1226.55 .7970 
 
 April 21 18.65 
 
 The buckets were then chipped back to the second line ; the gate, an inside reg- 
 ister, had six openings 2, ' x 12 inches; these openings were increased to three
 
 103 
 
 inches in width, to twelve inches in height; ther 
 time, April 22. 
 
 Whole Gate. 
 
 Leakage, 67.83 cubic feet. 
 Length of \Veir 10 feet. Temp, 
 of water, 45 Fall, Weight of 
 water per cubic foot, 62.378. 
 Circumference of Circle 15 ft., 
 application of two pounds at 
 the periphery rotated wheel. 
 Part Gate 
 
 the wheel was tested a third 
 
 ls.:,o 
 18.50 
 1S.50 
 ls.4S 
 18.49 
 IS. 50 
 Is. 50 
 
 58.'.i3 
 19.01 
 
 2125 
 
 213.5 
 
 215 
 
 213.5 
 
 197 
 
 000 
 
 37.32 
 37.67 
 
 37.52 
 37.27 
 .'37.40 
 37.13 
 
 37. (in 
 
 31 7(i 
 2S.50 
 26.56 
 21.35 
 15.63 
 10. IS 
 5.37 
 
 HSO.KI 
 
 1197.81 
 1197.81 
 1192.77 
 
 11S5. 22 
 MSn.l'.i 
 
 iu:;7.:;s 
 
 ^709- 
 
 The tests of the 22 I were too regular to allow of doubt as to their accuracy; 
 they were not made in haste ; the wheel was stopped after the third test, result 
 worked out and the matter considered. 
 
 The wheel was returned to shop and refinished; the edges of the buckets being 
 smoothed up, holes were drilled in the heavy side of wheel and plugged with 
 wood to balance it, then it was sent to Centennial, afterwards returned to me for 
 re-test. The moment its gate was opened after it was set for test, it was evident 
 it had been changed; it was so sensitive that it was almost impossible to control 
 it with the brake. It could not be made to work e >.sy, though tried in various 
 ways. The data and results below are the best obtained : 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 T 875 
 
 Ke volu- 
 tions. 
 
 221 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 37.67 
 
 Weir. 
 
 A94 
 
 Dis- 
 charge. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 .8242 
 
 The leakage into pit from flume was 72.73 cubic feet, per minute; adding ten 
 pounds to the weight 10 make up for the difference required to rotate the wheel, 
 would have iucrea>ed the power to 38.67, and percentage to 84.62. After the 
 trial the step was found to be cinted over; the wheel was taken to machine 
 shop and changed three times after the first tria 1 , making four trials in all, vary- 
 ing but slightly from the first test. The last time it was taken to the shop the 
 lower rim was reduced by a chip 1-32 of an inch all around it, causing an 
 increased discharge. The data and results of best t r s;s of the trial, before ai.d 
 
 after reducing rim, an? given below to show the accuracy of weir measurements 
 compared with theoretical discharge due the increased area of opening. Results 
 of test before the rim was turned off, then after it was reduced : 
 
 
 Head. 1 Weight.] Rev. 
 
 Powe'r. 
 
 charge. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Before 
 After 
 
 18.40 
 18.39 
 
 375 1 218 
 385 1 214.4 
 
 37.16 
 37.52 
 
 1328.45 
 1353.80 
 
 .8061 
 .8010 
 
 Actual increase as per weir measurement, 
 Theoretical discharge due the increased opening 
 
 Test of a 43-inch Risdon wheel, April 28, J874. Same brake used 
 the Tyler. Correction for leakage into pit 77.74 cubic feet. Weigh 
 
 Tyl 
 per cubic foot, 62.38. 
 
 pit 77 
 Length of weir, 10 feet. Temperat 
 
 25.36 cubic feet 
 25.31 cubic feet 
 as for testing 
 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Weir. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 
 17. m 
 
 1200 
 
 151 
 
 82.36 
 
 1.256 
 
 2664.03 
 
 .9132 
 
 
 17 93 
 
 1200 
 
 148 
 
 80.72 
 
 1.260 
 
 2676.91 
 
 .8877 
 
 t <t 
 
 17.92 
 
 1200 
 
 148.3 
 
 80.89 
 
 1.261 
 
 2680.14 
 
 .8910 
 
 ( K 
 
 17.90 
 
 1250 
 
 144.5 
 
 82.10 
 
 1.264 
 
 2689.82 
 
 .9021 
 
 .1 
 
 1798 
 
 1150 
 
 146.5 
 
 76.58 
 
 1.195 
 
 2469.92 
 
 .9121 
 
 
 1800 
 
 1200 
 
 137.5 
 
 75.00 
 
 1 .203 
 
 2495.13 
 
 .8834 
 
 t (f 
 
 18.17 
 
 1000 
 
 147 
 
 66.82 
 
 1.127 
 
 225S.K4 
 
 .8613 
 
 
 18.29 
 
 850 
 
 150 
 
 57.95 
 
 1.045 
 
 2012.02 
 
 .8331 
 
 ( 
 
 18.30 
 
 700 
 
 138.6 
 
 41.10 
 
 .932 
 
 1686.47 
 
 .7559 
 
 ' 
 
 18.43 
 
 650 
 
 148 
 
 4372 
 
 .932 
 
 1686.47 
 
 7439
 
 104 
 
 The report of the foregoing 
 one like it. The order was 
 Mr. Risdon built one from t 
 Eight pounds rotated the wh 
 
 test caused Otto Troost of Wiuona, Minn., to order 
 to set one as good, let the cost be what it would, 
 he same patterns and sent it to me to be tested. 
 el. The result ar, s.'iven below : 
 
 Whole Gate, July 8, 17.83 
 
 1200 
 
 142.5 
 
 77.73 
 
 1.290 
 
 27963] 
 
 .S2(>4 
 
 17.82 
 
 1220 
 
 138.6 
 
 76.80 
 
 1.2!tl 
 
 27!i*.2:> 
 
 .8159 
 
 17.82 
 
 1240 
 
 Lp 
 
 76.65 
 
 1 .2'JO 
 
 27'.i:,.:;i 
 
 .8158 
 
 Leakage 56.57 cu.ft. 17.80 
 
 nan 
 
 143.5 
 
 7695 
 
 1.286 
 
 27*2.27 
 
 .8157 
 
 Wgl.of water 62 2S:, 17.79 
 
 11$ 
 
 145 5 
 
 76.72 
 
 1 .2x4 
 
 2775.7? 
 
 .8231 
 
 
 17.79 
 
 1140 
 
 147.:, 
 
 76.43 
 
 1 .2v_ 
 
 .'7C.9.27 
 
 .8220 
 
 Part Gate, 
 
 17.84 
 
 1100 
 
 142.5 
 
 71.26 
 
 1.230 
 
 26: H 98 
 
 .8136 
 
 
 17.84 
 
 112.') 
 
 ljiS.7 
 
 71.50 
 
 1.232 
 
 
 .8140 
 
 c. 
 
 17.92 
 
 040 
 
 148 
 
 63.23 
 
 1.160 
 
 2881.74 
 
 .7886 
 
 ci <( 
 
 17.92 
 
 960 
 
 HI;.-, 
 
 63.92 
 
 1.162 
 
 2.".87.94 
 
 .7bl5 
 
 (t 
 
 17.92 
 
 980 
 
 143.6 
 
 63.95 
 
 1.164 
 
 2394.16 
 
 .1867 
 
 
 
 17.91 
 
 lew 
 
 142 
 
 64.54 
 
 1.166 
 
 24nii.:;s 
 
 .7954 
 
 Taken to machine shop, then re-tested July 9th ; required 11 pounds to rotate 
 wheel. 
 
 I 18.00 | | 141.5 77.18 : 1.289 : 2782.45 ; .8168 
 
 Again taken to shop, then re-tested July 13. 
 : 17.97 | ; 146 i 76.32 | 1 .286 2772.69 .8119 
 
 Taken to machine shop a third time, re-tested July 16. 
 
 7H.24 
 
 1.284 2766.19 | .8131 
 
 I will here explain about slight changes mentioned in report of Risdon' s tests. 
 First, a 25-inch Kisdon wheel was tested. June 16, 1874; it pave 75 per cent use- 
 ful effect. Mr. Kisdon had it taken to shop and the lira of wheel reduced the 
 lightest chip possible ; the wheel was re-tested the next day and gave .8704 per 
 cent. A second 25-inch was tested July 20. 
 
 Rev. per AI. HoreaFWt 
 232 I 22^49 
 
 Cubic feet. ; Per Cent. 
 
 The wheel was taken to tin shop and the b.idge tree k 
 inches ; then re-tesu d July 21 . 
 
 vered one and a half 
 
 Head. 
 18.61" 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev. perAI. Hor-e I'.nver Cubic feet. . Per Cent. 
 256 24. *2 I 823.06 I .8593 
 
 A 54-inch Risdon was tested, July 12, 1876 
 
 Weight, 
 
 -.pcrM. H..rsc Power, Cubic feet, i Per Cent. 
 TOT I 123.21 I 5047.72 I i7586 
 
 When the wheel was put together the chutes projected too far inward, and the 
 inner ends were cut off leaving them square across, and about half an inch in 
 thickness; after the test the wheel was taken out and the back si.le of the ini -r 
 end of chutes were chipped away, leaving the ends a "quarter round;" this 
 added ten square iuches to the openings; the wheel was re-tested Aug 1. 
 
 Head. i Weight. | Rer.p.-r M. Horse l'..wer ( ubi,- f. 
 8.66 ' 1400 78.5 ' 49.95 I 3742 5- 
 
 Percent. 
 
 .M77 
 
 Similar variations will be found in testing any m;ike of wheels. When tin- 
 system, of testing commenced some ten years sfnce, there w s hardly a wh- 1 
 trie.l that was in a condition to run until various alteration* had been made : ti.e 
 step was our. of place, or the followers were made of season ?d w od and would 
 swell and bind the wheel as soon as wet. Few balanced tli ir wheels, and it 
 r;ally needed a machine shop to put wheels in order before thev c >uld be tested ; 
 days, sometimes weeks were required t<> test a wheel. BuiMcrs do better row, 
 still many wheels are yet sent to me th it are in no condition to be tiied in a 
 testing flume or mill. The test of an Eclipse wheel is given on next page to 
 show the effect of tight followers and swollen step; these were loosened before 
 second trial :
 
 lOf, 
 
 THE POWER REQUIRED TO GRIND WHEAT, 
 COBX, Etc. 
 
 When the testing system commenced it was supposed that there 
 was great waste of power, as the opinion prevailed that a bushel 
 of wheat per hour could be ground for each horsepower expended. 
 
 Much pains was taken to obtain data to determine that point, and 
 several imperfect trials were reported in the second and third 
 editions of this work. 
 
 The first, a trial at North Sunderland, Mass., a half insane miller 
 doing what he called the grinding, which simply consisted of crack- 
 ing the corn, leaving it about the same as what is called hominy. 
 The same was the case' in the turbine against breast wheel test, 
 near Hartford, Conn. "What power is required to drive a run of 
 stones," is another case often referred to. The value of the TURBINE 
 AGAINST BREAST WHEEL tests consists in showing the comparative 
 merit of the breast wheel and turbine, and the difference in power 
 required for cracking corn or grinding it, and to show that where 
 everything is in perfect condition for a spurt, a bushel of rye or 
 wheat perhaps may be ground per hour per horse power, as a horse, 
 may trot a mile in two and one-fourth minutes, but the same horse 
 would be killed in a week if compelled to do ten miles per hour ten 
 hours per day. So I will refer those desirous of information about 
 grinding to the report of the Elkhart, Indiana, tests. These were 
 made, by the most exhaustive method possible. 
 
 No pains or expense was spared in preparation or testing, then 
 the results were carefully worked up while every point was fresh 
 in mind, and it was my urgently expressed wish that the opposing 
 party, upon the completion of the making up of the report of results, 
 should immediately be furnisheflP freely with copies thereof; other 
 counsel prevailed and the reports were held for two years, then 
 brought into court. In that time I had patented many inventions, 
 acted as expert in numerous cases of hydrodynamics, and the 
 Elkhart case had passed from my mind as though it had never 
 been there. The printer in making up the report seemed to have 
 pied the form containing the table of results of grinding, after I had 
 read the proof, so there were numerous errors, but that was a 
 matter of little consequence, for the summing up for the report 
 was done from the results of tests before the table was made, and 
 1 here state that those results are as perfect as I believe it is possible 
 to make such. 
 
 While in charge of a testing flume, it was my invariable rule to 
 refuse to make any test that could not be openly witnessed and 
 
 publicly reported ; the Elkhart tests were the first and will be the 
 last made by me that cannot be reported as soon as made. 
 
 It was a practice for wheel builders to have wheels tested, hold 
 them awhile, repaint, then send them as new wheels to be retested. 
 Messrs. Stout, Mills Temple of Dayton, Ohio, Messrs. Fales & 
 Jenks of Pawtucket, R. I., and John Tyler of C'laremont, N. H.,did 
 so, quite likely others. I presume that any party who did so will 
 give their experience upon application. 
 
 A retest of the same wheel, unless some change has been made 
 therein, should not vary over one-fourth of one per cent.
 
 106 
 Water Wheel Royalties. 
 
 Upon what system of reasoning does the turbine patentee claim royalty upon 
 plans of no certain value? To render a patent valid the inventor inusi have plans 
 so well defined that he can describe them so that those skilled in the art may 
 readily build from such plans or description thereof; if he can no! do so, \vhat 
 right has he in the invention? There has been too much sympathy for the 
 " poor inventor " and not enough generally for those who find menus to carry 
 out such inventions; an arr.mgi ment generally that the inventor shall fr.id expe- 
 rience or plans, the capitalist in mey for the inventor to live upon and cx\>( -iuirnt 
 with. For months, perhaps year-, the inventor slashes awav wilh little consid- 
 eration far anything but his own fancies, and if a true inventor, en joy ing much 
 i>i witnessing' the development of his ideas; while the capitalist too often 
 finds that he lias changed p isitio is, that in fact he has the experience, while his 
 
 tial. ' 
 
 money has turned to moonshine, or something as unsubstantial. Capitalists do 
 not invest in " 
 royalties for i 
 
 not invest in 70 per cent, turbines, and there are no good reasons for expecting 
 such. 
 
 Numerous Sizes of Turbines. 
 
 In looking over the piles of c'rcuhirs issued by the hosts of turbine builders 
 one is surprised at the numerous sizes tabled by each; and when it is understood 
 that these tables represent bo h right and left hand wheels, the question arises 
 as to how any man co ild ever expect to do a profitable business where FO many 
 expensive patterns are required, unless such wheels can be sold lit an immense 
 profit. A list so numerous acknowledges the fact, that such wheels can only be 
 used economically wh:-n exactly adapted to a lixed quantity of water; i . short, 
 that they are extravagant in its use unless working with gates completely 
 opened; this has been the case since the first introduction of th" turbine, and in 
 some cases in iy nmv be done more through habit than necessity : but if neces- 
 sary, then it is plain that such wheels can not economize ihe power of our 
 variable streams ; ei her there must be a wast of one-half of the power during 
 eight or nine months of the year, or a total stoppage through the dry season. 
 Then, again, whit earthly use is there %" right and left hand'' wheels of the 
 same size? Hy turning the teeth of the crowii gear up or down, the shafting is 
 rotated in the direction desired. With thirty-two sizes of turbines to work up 
 loa desirable percentage, farewell hope! Manufacturers a" d turbine builders 
 must consider and work together, if wheels of high useful effect are invariably 
 to be expected. Numerous siz'-s add much to cost and the purchaser has to pay 
 for it. If 1 ft hand wheels were impossible ihev would soon be found unneces- 
 sary, fir preparations can easily be made to meet the case. Seven or eight sizes 
 only, would allow the builder to work them up right, and the purchaser would 
 soon be able to procure a turbine that would utilize the whole power of his 
 stream, ci.her summer or winter. 
 
 Hard Running- Wheels. 
 
 For'scveral years after the t'Sting system began there was h irdly a builder 
 who took any particular pains to have his wheels run easy. " Oh it will go, only 
 put the water to it," would be the reply when the subject was mentioned. I can 
 rec.dl several that would have gained very different results had iheir wheels 
 been in proper condition, but th'j matter was'no; so well understood then as now. 
 Even now it requires constant a tendon to avoid errors in that way, for it is very 
 cimtnonfir wheels to turn perfectly free at the start, then after running a few 
 m uutes become bound through swelling of step or followers, ?o as to lose a num- 
 ber of revolutions per minute, carryinz the same weizht as at first starting; 
 Kisdon's highest result 91.32 and Tyler's 91.27 were supposed to be erroneous, 
 because neither could be repeated, but from the cause named above they could 
 not be rejected.
 
 107 
 
 Test of "Wheel to Determine Loss of Power in 
 Transmission Through Gears. 
 
 In making the experini nts to det 
 
 the lo-s of power in transmission 
 
 through years, mitre gears twenty-seven inches in diameter, five inch face, fifty- 
 seven teeth, were used on wheel and "jack-shaft," the last being six feet in 
 length, and three inches in diameter; >< spur pear twenty-four inches in diameter, 
 four and one half inch face, forty-four teeth, was secured upon the '-jack-shaft,' 
 which worked into another gear of ihe same size upon a second horizontal 
 shaft same size and length as iht! lirst; the second representing the main line of 
 .shafting through a mill, both horizontal shafts worked in common babbitted 
 bearings. The dynamometer was placed upon the end <<f shall representing the 
 main line, and tin] 'wheel tested through the two pai is of gears; then upo;i ihe 
 wheel shaft 
 
 j Tests^ 
 
 Head, j 
 
 Revolutions. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Percent- 
 age. 
 
 Dyuamom: ter on 
 horizontal shaft, 
 
 1st test, 16.03 feet, j 
 
 160 per minute 
 
 23.55 
 
 75.60 
 
 Dynamometer on 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wheel shaft. 
 
 2d " 
 
 16.08 " I 
 
 168 
 
 26.73 
 
 77.40 
 
 Important Tests to those Gearing Wheels where 
 the Head Varies. 
 
 The best speed for each head is first given : 20-inch wheel. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Revolutions 
 per iniiiut*. 
 
 Horse Power. 
 
 Cubic feet. 
 
 Pei cent- 
 age. 
 
 18.44 
 
 500 
 
 249 
 
 39.92 
 
 1400.31 
 
 .7753 
 
 785 
 
 200 
 
 164 
 
 9.94 
 
 869.84 
 
 .7724 
 
 18.35 
 
 640 
 
 161 
 
 31 22 
 
 1418.94 
 
 .6663 
 
 7.99 
 
 
 J4.} 5 50 
 
 757.93 
 
 .4911 
 
 48-inch wheel. 
 
 *17.55 
 
 HOD 121 
 
 80.66 
 
 3586 83 
 
 .6733 
 
 9.79 
 
 GOO 90.5 
 
 32.90 
 
 
 .7018 
 
 17.47 
 
 r,i'.-. 90 
 
 83.18 
 
 3618 81 
 
 .6982 
 
 10.00 
 
 200 120.5 
 
 14.60 
 
 2199.34 
 
 .2522 
 
 per minute was found to be the best speed for whale and part 
 
 Turbine Buckets. 
 
 Ten years since Uirbin" builders added much to the cost of their wheels by 
 making the buckets of sheet iron, steel, brass, or bronze; shaped in iron moulds. 
 The best turbines yet produced have been made entirely of cast iron. Wrought 
 iron is decidedly the poorest material that can be used for that purpose. 
 
 A Word to Aspirants for Fame as Turbine 
 Builders. 
 
 The incentive to turbine building is probably its supposed profit. A wood- 
 sawyer, so little of a mechanic as to be unable to file his own saw, unhesitatingly 
 rushes into the business, yet it is one requiring the highest possible skill; expe- 
 rience s-ion causes the adventurer to regret his haste. A strictly honorable 
 turbine, imtinesn under exixtinrj circumstances, can not be made to pay ; that is, to 
 sell every wheel by test on its real merits would leave half the number made on 
 the build-rs' hands, for purchasers require the highest results at the lowest 
 prices, and there are scores of builders ready to guarantee such to far us talk 
 is concerned.
 
 108 
 
 Professional Experts. 
 
 If those a^tiog 8 above could see tlicmscl ves as those thoroughly acquainted 
 with the subject In hand see them, it would have a tendency to lower their pretn- 
 sions. Could the arts be put back to what from our standpoint they seem to hare 
 been 3,000 years ago, cue of our hest mechanics might pivpui-e himself to act is 
 general expert without seeming prcsumptious, but to pretend to be abk to do so 
 now. when the mere word mechanic covers a thousand occupati pin. each having 
 numerous variations, renders the pretense ridiculous. Yet we have such, and 
 those who have great influence in court, particularly in patent suits. The tur- 
 bine h is been studied for more than a half century by the best mechanics, and 
 the matter is not sufficiently understood to fairly allow of its being considered a 
 
 science; yet the professional expert will look the matter up in a day, then go 
 into court and testify to points of which it is simply impossible that he can know 
 anything about. No one man can be aa expert in all kinds < f busii ess, life is 
 too short. The most intelligent and skillful telegraph operator must be the best 
 
 expert in a telegraphing case, so of the shoemaker, the blacksmith, the miller, 
 merchant, turbine builder, or engineer. In either of these callings an appren- 
 ticeship of years is required to renders pers n proficient; then is it reasonable 
 to suppose that the professional expert can master any of them in a few hours' 
 study? We would not go to a shoemaker to inquire about a turbine, or 
 the tnrbins builder to learn about telegraphing. If the matter is simple 
 difficult to be understo 
 
 nd plain, an expert is uuuecess try ; if difficult to be understood, then certainly 
 one skilled in the matter is the b st qualified to make it plain. In cases where 
 litigation i contemplated an expert well versed in the matter should be employed 
 
 ' 
 
 the matter to be settled, often advantageously to both parties interested; if he 
 can not cause it to be settled, he can prepare it fur the lawyer, so that it mav be 
 legally determined expeditiously and at the least expense. To c mploy the law- 
 yer first is like trying to learn a child to read without learning it the letters ; thai. 
 however, would be no more absurd than to suppose that any one mail can be 
 proficient in all kind? of business. 
 
 Faith in expert testimony is undoubtedly decreasing, simply because those 
 called as experts are generally mere theorists, or perhaps edit some so-called 
 scientific paper that is published on speculation the editor, like the paper upon 
 which it is printed, being picked up where it can be had the cheapest. A graduate 
 from our technical schools might readily study up horse-shoeing, and testify in 
 such a learned maune r as to astonish the court with his profoundity, yet his 
 shallowuess would at once become apparent could the cross-examination be con- 
 ducted by an ordinar - blacksmith, as I have often wished I could do with 
 hydraulic experts. Yet, in almost any case in litigation relative to milling mat- 
 ters, the testimony- of such men as A. M. Swain, George A. Houston, 1". II. 
 Risdon, Wm. M. Mills, and others that could be named, would be very valu- 
 able; but such men would require time to consider the matter before testifying.' 
 " Why, I thought you experts were so full of knowledge upon such matters 
 that you were always ready to gush over," said an applicant for my services. 
 Such may be the case witli others ; it is not with myself. I want, invariably, 
 to hear both sides of n case, and time to compare the circumstances with facts 
 gained from ray own experience, before acting for any one. 
 
 Slip of Belt. 
 
 The speed of machinery U computed from size of pulleys or gears in connec- 
 tion with the driving shaft; in sueh'computations the slip of belt is seldom or 
 never taken into consideration, yet that slip is an important item. In testing 
 the power of a s'cam-engine, the counter ot' my dynamometer showed such a 
 difference from th engineer's estimate, that the matter was thoroughly investi- 
 gated. The driving pulley on the engine was 12 feet in diameter, that on the 
 ma u line of sh >fii i<r 6 feet; running light or simply driving shafting, the fly 
 wheel makins* 75 revolutions the main line m ide loO, but with weight applied to 
 scale beam of brake, the belt began to slip, the slip increasing with each weight 
 added; at the maxima MI power of engine, the main line made 144 revolutions 
 while the fly wheel made 75. Belt and pulleys were in perfect condition.
 
 109 
 Gearing Turbines by Tables. 
 
 The practice of gearing turbines from tables prepared by guess, has been pro- 
 ductive of much loss of power. In testing wheels it i.s a "rare thing to find two 
 of the sanu- size and make, that do I heir best ut the same speed ; the best speed 
 of the L,elt'el wheels is invariably wile from their tabled rate. At Bridxton, 
 Maine, Fondicherry mill, a ."4-inch Letfel wheel has bedi in me lor ten years, 
 working under twelve feet head and running at ninety revolutions per minute; 
 the mill has six sets of woolen machinery, but from lack of power only five r-ets 
 have been used. By test a short time since it was fouad that by running the 
 wheel at seventy-eight revolutions instead of ninetv, it would give iwelve h. p. 
 more than it ever had done; so that for ten years" it had been running at four- 
 filths of its capacity, and at a time when its greatest capacity was much needed. 
 
 Testing Curbs. 
 
 ,to do 
 compl 
 
 The fact is well established now that the chutes of a turbine have as much 
 th giving high results as does the wheel itself; also, that each part of the 
 e turbine has relation to all of the other parts, so that a change of one 
 iv have a serious effect upon the whole. Builders have prepared several 
 with interchangeable pa ts in order to test uuderstandniglv; but it 
 ecm better to make a testing curb with changeable chutes, so constructed 
 ir number or direction might readily be changed, and their capacity of 
 discharse increased or diminished. With sucli a curb it should be possibL- to 
 determine the merits of any wheel that could be tested therein. 
 
 turbine 
 would 
 
 V Shaped Belts, Cable Transmission, etc. 
 
 Some time since there was a mania for driving machinery with belts of the 
 above named shape, but experience soon cured the desire. Transmission by 
 wire cable is another matter that should be well considered before adoption: it 
 will answer the pu pose in places where shafting can not be used, but it is a very 
 poor substitute at the best. Light shafiing is still another subject for considera- 
 tion; if used, the pulleys should be placed close to the hangers, for if placed any 
 distance therefrom, the shaftin<r "ill spring, ami require a much tighter belt, 
 which soon gets the shaft out of line. There is a proper limit either wav. 
 
 The Metric System. 
 
 And why the metric instead of that so generally in use wherever the English 
 langauge is spoken? Does the practical mechanic or engineer desire such 
 change, or do the comparatively few who use that system sutpass us in mechan- 
 ism or general intelligence? Taking the foot as the unit, divide it tat p tenths, 
 hundredths, etc., a:id the most perfect measurements possible may readily be 
 made a id expressed thereby. Then why change for new terras, when our" lan- 
 gauge is now so unwieldly and overburdened with useless words and syn nym>, 
 that it would he a blessing if one-half of its words could be obliterated, and the 
 other half simplified in spelling. Simplicity should be the aim, that ail may 
 comprehend; change has not always been improvement. It would be well if 
 the engineers and professors, wh-i are so much better known thioiiirh their pre- 
 tensions than achievements, could be made to understand that tnuddiness does 
 not always denote depth. A change to the metric system would cause immense 
 confusion in our standards, boundaries and record', without bringing a shadow 
 of benefit in return. Oar language now is almost th.- imiri-ixnl language dreaim-d 
 of. and it seems idiotic to change for that of a people occupying less of the 
 earth's surface than is covered by some of our states.
 
 110 
 
 SILK. 
 
 Silk consists of the pale yellow, buff colored, or white fiber, which 
 the silkworm spins around about itself when entering the chrysalis 
 state. Silkworms are divided into two classes, the mulberry-feed- 
 ing worm, from the cocoons of which is reeled the ordinary raw silk, 
 and the wild silkworms which feed upon certain kinds of oak, ailan- 
 thus, castor-oil plant, etc. The product of the latter specimens 
 (amongst which tin' Tii-wili-worm is found, producing the Tx.^it I/- 
 silk) was little heard of in this country and Europe until recently, 
 and but for the outbreak of the silkworm disease in Kin-ope would 
 probably have remained in India and China, although it had been 
 utilized in both these countries for many centuries. The date when 
 the use of silk for textile purposes was first discovered is not exactly 
 known. Some of the Chinese historians claim that it was about 
 2700 years B. C., whereas others only go as far buck ;is about ITit-'! 
 B. C., or the reign of Hoang-ti, the third of the Chinese emperors. 
 He, the legend tells us, was desirous that his legitimate wife s /'-//;///- 
 chi should contribute to the happiness of his people, so lie charged 
 her to examine the silkworms and test the practicability of using 
 the thread. In accordance with this wish, she collected insects ;md 
 feeding them in a specially prepared place commenced her studies 
 and examinations, discovering not only the means of raising them. 
 but also the manner of reeling the silk and its use for textile pur- 
 poses. It is claimed that even to the present day the empresses of 
 China on a certain da.y go through the ceremony of feeding t he silk- 
 worms, and rendering homage to Si-iing-chi as Goddess of Silk 
 Worms. 
 
 The principal countries for carrying on the silkworm culture are 
 Southern Europe, China, Japan, and India. In our country silk 
 culture is only in its infancy, yet it is rapidly assuming proportions 
 of importance. 
 
 When full grown the worm ceases to feed, climbs up from the 
 feeding tray to the bush, or whatever may have been prepared for 
 it, and commences to form itself in a loose envelopment of silken 
 fibers, gradually enwrapping itself in a much closer covering form- 
 ing an oval ball or cocoon about the size of a pigeon's egg, generally 
 requiring from four to five days in its construction. 
 
 RAW SILK OR REELED SILK 
 
 constitutes the raw material for the American silk manufacturer. 
 When imported the same generally comes in picul (tales of one 
 hundred and thirty-three and a third pounds. Such as come from 
 China are made up in bundles weighing from eight to twenty-five 
 pounds each and are protected at the corners by floss or waste. 
 The Italian silk comes in bales made up in skeins. Before it reaches 
 the loom this raw silk must pass several manipulations and proc- 
 esses. First the same is taken to the sort ing-room, and the various 
 sizes of thread, or, in other words, the different degrees of fineness, 
 are assorted each by itself. The next process is the transferring of 
 the silk from the skeins (which are of irregular length) to the bob- 
 bins. A parcel of skeins enclosed in a light cotton bag is soaked in
 
 Ill 
 
 water having a temperature of 110 F. for a few ho irs so as to 
 soften the gum. After taking these bags out of the w iter they are 
 submitted for from 5 to 10 minutes to the action of a by 
 to liberate the superfluous water, and the silk with' 
 sufficiently softened is ready for winding. The next manipulation 
 the silk thread undergoes is cleaning. 
 
 In this process the thread is simply transferred from one bobbin 
 to another and passes during the transfer through the cleaner, 
 which consists of two sufficiently close parallel plates to catch any 
 im-uularity upon the silk. Chinese silk always requires cleaning, 
 whereas Italian silk doeg not usually. 
 
 WILD SILKS. 
 
 The most important of them is Tussah, and is principally found 
 yi India. This silk has until lately been greatly neglected, but 
 at present commences to attract great notice. The cocoons are 
 larger than those of the Bombyx mori, have the shape of an egg, 
 and are of a silver-drab color. The outside silk of the cocoon is 
 slightly reddish, and consists of separate fibers of different lengths, 
 while the remainder of the cocoon is generally unbroken to its center. 
 In India the report compiled by that government gives particulars 
 nf no h-ss than thirty-six varieties of wild silkworms feeding upon 
 different forest trees and shrubs 
 
 "SPUN SILK." 
 
 It is to be understood that the raw silk of commerce is spun by 
 the worm as the spider spins its web, but in reeling this there is 
 waste : then there are cocoons from which the worm has eaten its 
 way out, of course spoiling the cocoon for reeling ; then much of the 
 product of the wild worm cannot be reeled. All such silk has to be 
 carded and spun substantially the same as cotton, and as the fiber 
 is short it has to be twisted hard to make it strong, so that hose or 
 other goods made of spun silk have not the soft feeling of the raw 
 silk, though the silk itself may be of quite as good quality. 
 
 MOIRE ANTIQUE AND WATERED SILKS. 
 
 For these the silks must be broad and of substantial make. They 
 are first wet and then folded with particular care to insure the 
 threads of the fabric lying all in the same direction ; they are then 
 submitted to great pressure. By this pressure the air" is slowly 
 expelled, and in escaping draws the moisture into curious waved 
 lines, which leave the permanent markings called watering. Moire 
 antique silk is streaked in veins like the veins in the antique 
 marbles. Figured silks are woven in Jftcquard looms. Very heavy 
 silks are often made so by dye-stuffs. Honest manufacturers will 
 say that two dollars per yard at retail should purchase the best 
 dress silks that can be made.
 
 FLAX, ITS CULTURE AND MANUFACTURE. 
 
 Early in the present century almost every farmer in the Eastern States 
 raised flax,its product then being a necessity for all. The apothecary depended 
 upon its seed for soothing the ailing ; the painter for its unequaled oil for 
 his paints ; the farmer for the fiber of its pachydermatous stalks for his 
 clothing ; his wife for her bedding, laces, embroideries, etc. ; the ship owner 
 and sailor for sails and cordage. To prepare the flax it was pulled and cured, 
 then in bundles submerged in water until the woody outside rolled or 
 became so brittle as to readily separate from the fiber when dry and beaten 
 in the " flax breaker." The farmer then with a " swingle," a sort of two 
 edged heavy wooden sword, in his right hand, seized a handful of the broken 
 s:alks in his left, held the stalks over the top of the swingling plank, striking 
 them close to the side of the plank with the edge of swingle. The swingling 
 plank was thin at the top, made of hard wood, standing about three feet 
 above the floor, to which it was firmly secured. The repeated blows of the 
 swingle caused the woody shell to fly off in minute pieces or ' shives." Every 
 few blows the fiber would be drawn through the teeth of a "hatchel '" or 
 comb as a woman clears her hair. The tow trousers of the Continental 
 times were produced from the coarse refuse combed from the flax while 
 it was being hatcheled. This hatchel was formed by placing a gross of 
 smooth sharp pointed steel spikes firmly in a square base secured to a 
 bench, the spikes projecting vertically upwards six inches above the 
 base. The fiber thus prepared was taken by the wife and wound upon the 
 distalt' of the linen spinning wheel, at which she sat and produced the 
 thread for the shoemaker, tailor, sailmaker, and other artisans too numer- 
 ous to mention, also all necessary for household use. The little flax 
 spinning wheel was a very different affair from that of the spinning wheel 
 for wool, as may be seen in illustrations on opposite page. At the former the 
 woman sat and operated the wheel with her foot, using the fingers of both 
 hands to draw the thread, the spindle being of the flier pattern ; while with 
 the wool spinning wheel she stood at its side, turning the wheel with her 
 right hand and drawing the thread from the roll of wool with her left, the 
 twisting being done on the end of the plain spindle. 
 
 The spinning for the fabulous laces, linens, edgings, lawns, etc., of the 
 earlier times was done substantially in the manner described or in a still 
 more primitive way. 
 
 Spinning street yarn is not a figment of the imagination ; in South Amer- 
 ica, near the equator, the writer has often seen the native women walk- 
 "ing the street, talking, and spinning on the way, the cotton being carried 
 under the arm, the thread being drawn by the dropping of the bobbin on 
 which it was wound as spun, a twirling motion being given to the bobbin as 
 it was dropped ; then it was skillfully caught at the arm's length, without 
 seeming effort. 
 
 Flax is raised in the Northwestern States and Canada, but mostly for its 
 seed, though its fiber is in some demand for manufacture into thread, and is 
 beginning to be used in the manufacture of paper. 
 
 Early in the century, all farmers' wives were supposed to be capable of 
 attending to all of the duties indicated by the implements shown opposite,
 
 113
 
 114 
 
 spinning both flax and wool, carding the latter from the fleece for the spin- 
 ning, after which going through a series of preparatory processes such as 
 spooling, reeling, sizing, warping, drawing in, etc., etc., from the spinning 
 wheel to the loom, where from the coarsest to the most delicate fabric for 
 family use was produced, often very intricate patterns of bed coverings, 
 carpets, and other ornamental designs. 
 
 The man that can realize the multifarious duties accomplished by the 
 wife of a century since and then consider her sex inferior in constructive 
 or mental ability to that of his own must be conceited indeed. 
 
 A half century since, our farm houses and mills contained as fair women 
 and girls as could be desired, dressed perhaps in homespun, but their nimble 
 fingers, in their leisure moments, were ever busy making edging, embroidery, 
 or fancy trimmings for their underclothing or household use ; in their place we 
 have ladies, outwardly dressed fine but with ten cent undervests. The wash- 
 ings of the former weekly displayed volumes of refinement, of the latter 
 sweat-stained and often ragged undervests that indicate continued use 
 without change. The tobacconist ornaments his goods with beautiful forms 
 clad in diaphanous and delicately trimmed under garments, but does not 
 seem to take to the lady and ten cent undervest. 
 
 The woman with her heelless shoes, white st-u-kings, and zephyr step, 
 had feet that were things of beauty, while the lady of to-day, with her high 
 heels and distorted feet that require large bay windows on her bouts to 
 accommodate her abnormal toe joints \\ Inch intimate the evolution of thumbs 
 and a return to the quadrumana family, is certainly less attractive. 
 
 If the continuation of the robber tariff, whieh Ins so ln'iieliied the rich, 
 has not reduced wages to the standard common in all hiulih proieeteil 
 countries, it is solely because the irrepressible inventor has by improved 
 machinery reduced the cost of manufacturing. It certainly has been the 
 cause of a much lower grade of working men and women than formerly, but 
 a revolution is taking place in the status of woman from whieh a progression 
 may spring. 
 
 JUTE AND ITS MANUFACTURE. 
 
 Jute is raised in India, having, while growing, something the appearance of 
 oats, though much larger, as it reaches a height of fifteen feet or more, but 
 like rushes it grows in water, two crops each year; its fiber, the reverse of 
 that of flax, is on the outside of the stalk. 
 
 The ground is prepared and seeded, then flowed; with plenty of water, the 
 growth is very rapid. At maturity the stalks are cut, then, like flax, are 
 immersed in water to soften the fiber ; the process is then similar to that of 
 flax ; the ends are cut even to prepare the fiber for baling, the ends cut off 
 being known as " jute butts." 
 
 There are various places of its manufacture in this country, one, quite 
 extensive, atLudlow, Mass., from whence my information has been obtained. 
 
 The machinery used is similar to that of cotton manufacture but coarser 
 and much heavier. The product of the Ludlow mills is the covering matting 
 used by furniture dealers for their furniture in transit.
 
 115
 
 116 
 
 THE ROLLER PROCESS OF FLOUR MAKING. 
 
 Revised for 1891 by The Edward P. Allis Company oi 
 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U. S., Flour Mill Builders and 
 Furnishers. 
 
 To prepare wheat for milling, it is good practice to run it through a <1 list- 
 less receiving separator to free the grain of coarse trash like straw-joints, 
 corn, oats, etc. ; then through a dustless milling separator to remove finer 
 trash, like cheat, screenings, oats, sand, and seeds, and through two separate 
 scouring and polishing machines to remove dust, and scour oft' smut, the 
 fuzz on the ends of the berry and as much of the outer woody bran coat- 
 ings as may be easily detachable. The most complete flour mills attach dust 
 collectors to the exhaust air trunk of the above grain cleaners for the sake 
 of cleanliness. To remove metallic particles the wheat should be passed 
 through an automatic magnetic separator. .During dry winter weather the 
 bran of the wheat often becomes brittle and consequently easily pulverized 
 when passed through tha rolls. To obviate this, a wheat heater is employed, 
 using steam at about i degrees Fahrenheit, as a heating agent. This attracts 
 the latent moisture from the interior of the berry to the surface, thus tough- 
 ening it. Some varieties of wheat require steaming in place of heating, and 
 wheat raised by irrigation generally requires wetting down in bulk for 24 to 
 48 hours before being used. 
 
 Briefly speaking, the roller system lias for its object. 1st, the gradual 
 reduction of wheat into middlings, 2d, the purification of the middlings, and 
 3d, the gradual reduction of the middlings into flour. 
 
 This method of flour making is divided into two systems popularly known as 
 the " long " and the " short " system. These terms apply principally to the 
 number of reductions used to convert the wheat into middlings. The long 
 system is used in the larger mills, especially those doing a merchant or 
 shipping business, and produces a maximum amount of middlings, and for 
 this reason is the more profitable system. Kot less than five reductions on 
 wheat are employed in the long system. Each reduction is technically 
 known as a " break." Each break is made on a pair of corrugated or 
 fluted rolls. The corrugations of the first break rolls are rather coarse, but 
 they are finer on each succeeding break. The number of corrugations on 
 /ach pair of break rolls varies with the kind and condition of the wheat and 
 the number of reductions employed, so that exact information on this point 
 cannot be given here. One roll of each pair of break rolls has a speed L' or 
 times greater than its mate. After each reduction of the wheat on the 
 break rolls it is bolted or " scalped " on coarse mesh wire or silk cloth to 
 separate the middlings and flour from the broken wheat so that the latter 
 may be sent to the succeeding break and be further reduced. These scalpers 
 are of a revolving hexagon or round reel form, or on the reciprocating sieve 
 design. The miller in charge so graduates the breaks from first to last that 
 the bran issues after the last break (and the subsequent scalping operation) 
 free of flour, as long as the grain is in good milling condition. Should it be
 
 117 
 
 damp or tough, or the weather be murky, a bran duster is necessary to 
 remove all remaining traces of flour from the bran. The middlings and flour 
 derived by the foregoing process is collected from the various scalpers and 
 sent to a grading reel, clothed with silk cloth of varying fineness. This 
 reel separates the flour from the middlings. The flour is bolted on round 
 reel flour dressers or centrifugal bolts to prepare it for the market and forms 
 a commercial grade known as " bakers' flour." It constitutes about 50 to 70% 
 of the entire floury product when made from winter wheat, or about 20 to 
 40% when made from spring wheat. The middlings are divided into three 
 or four grades or sizes and sent to middlings purifiers, which, by means of 
 reciprocating sieves and a graduated air suction, remove all free bran par- 
 ticles and fiber. Three gradefc~of middlings are formed by this operation, 
 viz.: middlings free from impurities, middlings containing a small amount 
 of tine adhering bran particles, and coarse middlings attached to germ or 
 bran. A tine fiber or cellular tissue permeates each particle of middlings ) 
 which is of a white color and undistinguishable from tiour until it is wet or 
 bakecl into bread, when it, imparts a dark color. To remove this fiber success- 
 fully it is necessary to gradually reduce the middlings in size, by successive 
 passages through smooth rolls, separating the flour derived before the mid- 
 dlings pass to the following reduction. This sizing operation also liberates 
 adhering bran and germ impurities. The various grades of middlings are 
 at first reduced separately on individual pairs of rolls, according to their 
 size and quality, but, at an advanced stage in the process, when a similarity 
 in size and quality is reached they may be mixed and worked to a finish. The 
 flour from the foregoing operations is bolted on flour dressers and is known 
 as patent flour, and commands the highest price on account of its pureness. 
 Spring wheat produces from 50 to 75%, of patent flour, and winter wheat 15 
 to 3C%. In finishing up, a small percentage of flour results, varying from 
 3 to 10% of the entire flour product, which is too dark in color to be incor- 
 porated with the other grades. This forms the low grade. In large mills, any 
 or all of the above three grades of flour may be subdivided according to 
 quality and sold as separate brands. 
 
 In the short system, it is, as its name implies, a curtailing of the above 
 process. For instance, where five breaks on wheat and seven or more crushes 
 on middlings are used in the long system, only three breaks on wheat and 
 five crushes on middlings would be used in the short system. It is claimed 
 by excellent authority that owing to the more abrupt method of reducing 
 and crushing as practiced in the short system, a smaller percentage of 
 middlings results and consequently a reduced percentage of high grade and 
 high-priced flour. Short system mills are usually of small capacity, ranging 
 in size from twenty-five to seventy- five barrels per day, and usually mix all 
 the flour to form one straight grade, and are more adapted to -.rinter wheat 
 than -to spring wheat.
 
 118 
 
 A WORKING FLOURING MILL. 
 
 According to the Plans of The Edward P. Allis Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
 
 The engraving opposite shows a perspective view of a working flour mill 
 having a capacity of 5<> barrels of flour in 24 hours. This engraving and the 
 description thereof is given in connection with the adjoining article on " The 
 Holler Process of Flour Making." A small mill is selected for these modest 
 sized pages in preference to one of large capacity, to enable us to show the 
 details on as large a scale as possible. 
 
 The operation of the mill commences by putting the wheat, as it comes 
 from wagons or cars, into the hopper scale seen in the right hand corner of 
 the first floor in the engraving, which weighs -!0 to CO bushels per draft. 
 
 From the scale the wheat descends to the bin shown in the basement 
 directly underneath, which will hold sufficient grain to operate the mill one 
 day. The adjoining elevator serves to elevate the wheat, as needed, to the 
 milling separator shown on the second floor. Here the wheat is relieved of 
 all foreign particles and shrunken grains unfit for milling. The grain is now 
 re-elevated to the upper one of the two adj< 'ining smutters and scourers, and 
 after the wheat has been acted upon by these two machines it is stored tem- 
 porarily in a bin on the second floor, not shown in the engraving, where it is 
 ready for passage through the rolls and bolts in its conversion into flour, as 
 described in detail on other pages. 'J he shrunken wheat, taken out by the 
 separator is spouted to a screenings grinder placed against the far side wall 
 and is con verted into feed for horses or cattle. The dust from the three wheat 
 cleaners is blown into Cyclone dust collectors, those conical affairs shown near 
 the ceiling of the second floor, which separate the air from the dust, discharg- 
 ing the dust at the bottom and the air at the top. In the background of the 
 second floor are shown the various flour dressers, centrifugal finishers, ami 
 middlings purifiers. On the first floor are shown the four double roller 
 machines with automatic feeders, each machine containing two pairs of 
 rolls, each pair working entirely independent of the other. Three pairs of 
 these rolls are corrugated for the purpose of gradually reducing the floury 
 part of the wheat to middlings, while the remaining five pairs are smooth to 
 gradually reduce the middlings, after purification, to flour. Near the side 
 wall in the foreground is shown a flour packer with its flour storage bin on 
 the floor above. In the rear is the power room, containing the engine, boiler, 
 pumps, and heater. A bushel of 00 Ib. wheat produces ;!8 to 44 Ibs. of flour, (i 
 to It) Ibs. of bran, 6 to 8 Ibs. of ship stuff, 1 to 3 Ibs. of screenings, and % 
 to % Ib. invisible loss during milling. These quantities vary with the kind 
 and condition of the wheat, the condition of the weather, the size, kind, and 
 condition of the mill, and the skill of the miller in charge. From li to 14 
 horse power per barrel per hour is required as motive power, depending on 
 the size of mill and the proximity of power to the machinery. 
 
 Following is a list of the flouring mills of Minneapolis, with names of own- 
 ers and capacity of each per day : 
 
 Pillsbury (A) Mill, 7200 hbls., Pillsburv Washburn Flour Mill Co.; Pillsbnrv 
 (B) Mill. 2.-OH bbls., Pillsbury Washburh Flour Mill Co. ; Anchor Mill. 1000 
 bbls., Pillsbury Washburn Flour Mill Co. ; Palisade Mill. 2(>oo bbls., Pills- 
 bury Washburn Flour Mill Co. ; Lincoln Mill, 1000 bbls.. Pillsbury Washburn 
 Flour Mill Co. ; Washburn (A) Mill, 4i'00 bbls., Washburn-Crosby Co. ; 
 Washburn (B) Mill. J:iOo bbls., Washburn-Crosby Co. ; Washburn (C) Mill. 
 :umo bbls., Washburn-Crosby Co. ; Crown Roller Mill, 2100 bbls., Northwestern 
 Consolidated Mill Co. ; Columbia Mill, 1000 bbls., Northwestern Consolidated 
 Mill Co. : Northwestern Mill, ItiOil bbls., North western Consolidated Mill Co. : 
 Galaxy Mill, WOO bbls., Northwestern Consolidated Mill Co.; Zenith Mill, 
 1000 bbls.. Northwestern Consolidated Mill Co. ; Excelsior Mill, 1100 'bbls , 
 Minneapolis Flour Mfg. Co. ; St. Anthonv Mill, 650 bbls., Minneapolis Flour 
 Mfg. Co. ; Standard Mill, 1700 bbls., Minneapolis Flour Mfg. Co. : Humboldt 
 Mill, 1150 bbls., Hinkle, Greenleaf & Co. : Dakota Mill, 350 bbls , H. F. Brown 
 & Co. ; Holly Mill, 500 bbls., Holly Mill Co. ; Minneapolis Mill, 1200 bbls., 
 Crocker, Fisk & Co. ; Cataract Mill, 800 bbls., I). R. Barber & Son ; Phoenix 
 Mill, 275 bbls., Stamwitz & Schober. Total 38,325 bbls.
 
 119 

 
 120 
 
 COTTON MANUFACTURE. 
 
 The manufacture of cotton goods, now so enormous in quantity and so varied 
 in multiplicity of uses, is of comparatively recent date. The fibre" was first intro- 
 duced in England about 1640; a century latter, or in 1741, but 1,100.000 pound- 
 were used there a quantity that would but partially have loaded a single ship 
 of that period, or a freight train of to-day. The invention of the spinning frame, 
 by Arkuright, in 1768-71; the spinning jenny, bv Han-grave, about the same 
 time, and the combination of the two by Crompton, thus forming the mule, 
 gave the first great impetus to the business, which was enormously increased 
 by Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin, and of the card setting machine 
 bi Amos Whiftemore, both Massachusetts men. The really successful power- 
 loom seems to have been invented bv the Kev. Edmund Cartwright of England. 
 Fear that such machinery would render their employment unnecessary, cause d 
 the working class to gather in mobs, and destroy it, so that, us late "as 1813 it 
 was supposed that there were only about 2400 power-looms in use in all 
 England. The war of 1812 with that country made it more i:e cessaiy to manu- 
 facture cotton goods in this country, anel it was done, in several of the 'states, but 
 with what would now be considered a ludicrous division of labor, as the spin- 
 ning was done with water or horse-power, thell distributed among the lain. ( is' 
 families, ami there woven in hand-looms. Power-looms we re trie d in various 
 places, but without being able to compete with hand-looms. Probably the first 
 mill ever constructed for taking in raw cotton, and turning it out a's finished 
 cloth, was completed in Wall ham, Mass., in 1813. This had 17(0 s t ii.dlcs, ai:d 
 all the other machinery necessary for the purpose n-.imid. The enterprise 
 proved successful, ami another and larger mill, having 35S4 spii.dh s. a- 
 soon added to the first. [See Lowell water-power rate.] From such begin- 
 nings have grown the immense cotton manufactures of the country. Six million 
 one hundred thousand bales of cotton were raised in this conntrv the past \< ai. 
 Spinning is the heavy work of the- business, and upon the spineile is based the 
 estimates of cost, value, capacity and power required for the mill. Circim- 
 stances in each case, of course, affect such estimates. Suppose a new mill to he- 
 constructed where a dam and canal are ready to take the water for power, the 
 cost for race, wheel-pit, mill ami machinery would be estimate d, under favorable 
 circumstances, at about $14.50 per spindle". Sixteen dollars per spindle at this 
 time should tit up such a mill with machinery of the Most perfect kinel. It 
 canal, dam and boarding houses were to be added, tin-, cost would probably be .-'jo 
 per spindle. At Fall Uive-r, where steam is used for power, the estimate at this 
 time is $17 per spindle, but Fall River does not furnish boarding houses. A 
 mill 45 x 100 feet, four stories and attie-, would require one floor for spindles. 
 A spinning frame, having 12S spindle's, requires 56 feet floor space, 16 x3J feet, 
 or about 2.3 spindles per foot; but a passage way is required each siilc- of the 
 
 franie, so that 500.) spindles would be n ir 1 outfit' for such a mill or floor. Six 
 
 thousand might be used, but would hardly be advisable, unless room was scarce 
 for the power at command. The power should equal two h. p for each oi.e 
 hundred spinning spindles in a mill. There- are light running spindles and 
 machinery that could be driven with something less than that rate others that 
 would require more ; but the rate is a fair average estimate. Warp and thread 
 mills require more power in proportion to the number of spinning spindles than 
 mills that make cloth. Two h. p. per each hundreel spinning spimli. s is a fair 
 estimate for the power reepiired in silk mills. Thirty-live to fifty spindles in 
 cotton mills are required per loom, the number depending upon the No. of yarn 
 used or fineness of cloth produced. 
 
 The census for 1880 will give the number of spimlles in ths Southern states as 
 714,078; looms, 15,222, or about forty-seven spindles per le>om, which would 
 indicate that their product is q.iite.fine- cloth, or, what is more probable, that 
 many of the spindles are employed in making yarn that is not woven there.
 
 121 
 
 COTTON MANUFACTURE. 
 
 From tlie bale the cotton goes to the Pickers, Opener, Breaker, and Finish- 
 ;r. All similar in appearance. 
 
 PICKER. 
 
 From Finishing Picker in " laps " the cotton goes to Breaker Card. 
 
 CARD. 
 
 Thence in slivers from sixty to a hundred cards to the Doubler.
 
 122 
 
 DOUBLER. 
 
 Which turns it into laps ; these are taken to the Finishing Card ; this is 
 similar to the Breaker Card in appearance. From Finishing Card cotton in 
 slivers goes to the Kaihvay Head, which delivers into cans, from six to ten 
 cards, to Railway Head. 
 
 RAILWAY HEAD. 
 
 From Railway Head to Drawing Frame, which leaves it Lu cans.
 
 DRAWING FRAME. 
 
 From Drawing Frame it goes to the Slubber, which turns it into bobbins 
 
 SLUBBER. 
 
 Thence to the Intermediate or Fly Frame.
 
 124 
 
 FLY FRAME. 
 
 From Intermediate or Fly Frame on bobbins to the Fine Frame, similar to 
 Fly Frame or Slubber. From Fine Frame to the Ring Spinning Frame and 
 Mule. The Ring Frame makes the warp, the Mule makes filling, the tilliiiu 
 going direct from the Mule to the Loom. In general appearance the Mule 
 resembles the illustration of mule in woolen manufactures on another page. 
 
 RING SPINNING FRAME. 
 
 
 - - -' -- ,- x ' ' 
 
 From Spinning Frame the warp goes to the Spooler.
 
 From the Warper to the Slasher 
 J)ress<;r.
 
 120 

 
 127 
 
 From Drawing-in to Loom. 
 LOOM. 
 
 For spool cotton the process is similar up to the spooler, then there are 
 doublers, twisters, thread spoolers, etc., etc. Bleaching, calico printing, 
 and a thousand other varieties of work such as tape, fringe, counterpanes, 
 each_requires special machinery, looms, etc.
 
 Ribbon, Webbing and Tape Loom. 
 
 Manufactured ly L. J. Kmurl,-* ,( lirollur, \\'ni-<;-xtfr, Mass. 
 
 TESTS MADE AT TIIK Mil, I. t)7 Kl>WAKI> >. DAMON IH'KIXi; THK MoXTN 
 OF SKI'TK.MISKK. 1^1. 
 
 The machinery consisted of 73 Tape Looms, earn-in-,' -Jon.> sliutili- : i; ^nillers 
 of 36 spindles each, and 1 of 18 spindle*: 2 Warp Dressers; 1 2-plv Warper; 1 
 Yarn Spooler; 1 Tape Keel; 1 Yarn Warper, single; 2 Tape Spoolers; 2 Tape 
 Presses; 30 Counter Shafts, average length, six feet. 
 
 The power for the above machinery was taken from below, through Ihe floor, 
 on to a short main shaft about ten feet in length, the main pulley being forty-one 
 inches in diameter and about eighteen inches faee ; belt, fourteen inches wide. 
 One-ply. From this shaft the power was transmitted through a pair of bevel 
 gears (about 30-inch diameter, 4-inch face) to the short counter-shafts. The 
 power scale was applied to the main driving pulley, and examined and tested 
 at short intervals, to see that it was working smoothly and correctly. (!en. Thco. 
 G. Ellis, of Hartford, made a very thorough examination and test durir.g the 
 month, and reported, as the result of these tests, that the amount of power 
 transmitted to the machinery, at 145 revolutions of the main shaft, was 10.61 h. p. 
 At 136 revolutions of this main shaft, he reports the approximate power as ft h.p. 
 The tests of the same machinery, leaving the dressers off, was found to be about 
 2 h. p. less. 
 
 II. A. FOSTER, Snpt. 
 
 TKSTS MADE AT MILL OF KASHAWANNUCK MF'Q Co., EASTIIAMPTON, MASS. 
 
 [Elastic Goods, Suspenders and Ribbons.] 
 
 The machinery consisted of 149 Looms (Knowles* and various kinds), 1"> Spool- 
 ers, 14 Warpers, 11 Quillers. 
 Power required to drive all the above machinery to speed, 23.2 h.p. 
 
 EDWARD PAINTER, Snpt, 
 
 TESTS MADE AT MILL op GLENDALE ELASTIC FABRIC COMPANY, 
 
 EASTHAMPTON, MASS. 
 
 The machinery consisted of 100 Looms, 10 Spoolers, 12 Quillers, 775 Braiders. 
 P,ower required to drive all to speed, 25.4 h. p. 
 
 E. C, KoENfi, Snj,t.
 
 129 
 
 Test of Turbine Wheel and Power Required to 
 drive Machinery in Mill at Natick, B. I. 
 
 To ascertain power required to drive machinery, the gate was opened until 
 designated machines ran at regulator speed, then the power of wheel was found, 
 with same head and gate opening. The turbine replaced breast wheels, and the 
 discharge from the turbine as sh >wn by the old water mark in tail-race 35 feet in 
 width was 8 iu'ches less iu depth than from breast wheels. " 
 Test of Machinery, March 14, 1874. 
 
 The first test, shafting alone. The gate 3> turns open, with 21 feet, 3> inches 
 fall. \V heel making 77 revolutions per minute, horse power, 43. 
 
 The second test, ull the shafting and 457 Mason Looms, (print goods, 64 sq., 
 150 picks per minute.) The gate 5> turns open, \\ith 21 led, Iji inches fall. 
 Revolutions of wheel 77, horse -power, 88. 
 
 The third test, all the above and 77 ring spinning frames, of 9,856 Rabbeth 
 spindles, 6750 revolutions per minute, also 8 warpers, 8 spoolers of 64 spindles 
 each, and 17 mules with 10,364 spindles. The gate 9, J turns open, with 20 feet, 
 9 inches fall. Revolutions of wheel 77, horse power, 192. 
 
 The fourth test, all the machinery in the mill, or in addition to the above, 1 
 Kijson opener, 2500 revolutions, 6 30-inch Whitin's tappers, 3 boaters, each 2200 
 revolutions, 70 30-inch breaker cards with 125 revolutions of cylinders, with 5 
 Mason Railway heads, 2 doublers, 70 30-i ch finisher cai ds with 125 revolutions 
 of cylinders, with 5 Lauphear railway heads, 10 drawing frames with 59 deliver- 
 ies, 6 slubber speeders with 420 spindles, 554 revolutions of flyers, 12 fine speed- 
 ers, 1248 spindles, 770 revolutions of flyers. The gate 10,' 2 ' open, 20 feei, 5^ 
 inches fall. Revolutions of wheel 76, horse power, 263. Gate opened in full to 
 get power of wheel, 20,!^ feet fall, 291> horse-power. 
 
 Nelson Mill, Winchendon, Mass. 
 
 Denims, Sheetings, and Colored Goods 
 
 H. P. 
 
 4 pickers, 61 cards, 7300 spindles, 2 drawing frames and 180 looms, 158. 80 
 
 Ail tbe above, except pickers, 130 10 
 
 All except pickers and cards, 89.46 
 
 Only lo iins running, 57.85 
 
 Shafting, S9.33 
 
 Monohansett Mill, Putnam, Conn. 
 
 Two hundred horse-power drives two hundred and ninety two 40-inch wide 
 looms to 140 picks per minute, 5632 frame spindles, 6768 mule spindles with all 
 the other necessary machinery. 
 
 Eagle Mill, Connecticut. 
 
 This is to certify that I weighed up the power for John L. Ross, of the foil 
 Ing machinery and shafting at his mill, iu Eagleville, Conn., with a Dynarnoin 
 on main shaft, and the power developed was found as fullows, to wit: 
 Test Xo. 1 Run the shafting, 1 dresser, 1 spooler, and 12 frames, indicat g 
 
 27.H41 
 
 Test No. 2 shafting, 1 dresser, 1 spooler, 15 spinning frames, 30.81 
 
 Test No. 3- " ' 1 " 1 " 18 " 34.86 
 
 Test Xo. 4 " 1 " 1 " 18 " 34 86 
 
 Test No. 5 
 
 TestXo. 6 
 
 Test No. 7 
 
 Test No. 8 
 
 Test No. 9- 
 
 1 " 1 15 " 31.12 
 
 1 ' 1 " 12 27.27 
 
 1 " 1 " 12 " 27.27 
 
 1 " 1 " 15 " 3112 
 
 1 " 1 " 18 
 
 Test No. 10 All of shafting connected to run the above machinery,
 
 130 
 Experiments at Massachusetts Cotton Mills. 
 
 LOWELI,, MASS., MARCH, 1872. 
 
 Trial of power required to drive 15 stretchers. (3d speeders) 52 spindles each 
 =780 spindles. Speed main shait of machine, 396 revolutions. Speed of flyer, 
 1121 revolutions. Frames driven by a train of 8 count' r-shafts two frames by 
 earh, except the last, which drives one. These shafts arc driven, the first from 
 the main line, and the others in succession from each other. 1st. Machines and 
 shafting required 8056 Ibs. per sec =14.65 horse-powor=537 IDS. or .976 horse- 
 power each=10.3 Ibs. per spindle=53 24 spindles per horse-power. 2d. Shaft- 
 in? and loose pulleys, 2000 Ibs. =3.64 horse-power. 3d. Shafting alone, belts off, 
 732 lbs.=1.33 horse-power. 
 
 Trial of power to drive 6 throstle spinning frames, (warp) , 5 having 128 spindles 
 each, and one 112 spindles,=752 spindles, driven by a i rain of C counter-shafts, the 
 first belted from the main line, and the others in succession from each other. 
 This being an odd row of frames, only one frame is belted from each shaft. 
 Spinning No. 20 yarn, cylinder running 750 revolutions, and flyers 4312 revolu- 
 tions per minute. 1st. Shafting and loose pulleys, 1150 Ibs. =2.09 horse-power. 
 2d. Shafting alone, machine' belts off, 767 Ibs. =1.39 horse-power. 3d. Frames 
 and shafting, 6900 lbs.=12.54 horse-power. 
 
 Tri il of power required for 1 12 looms, weaving 36-inc'i sheetings, No. 20 yarn, 
 60 threads to the inch each, warp and filling. (Speed. 130 picks per minute. 
 These looms are placed in the back part of the middle portion of No 1 mill 
 one-half in the basement and half in the room above being belted from 5 lines 
 of shafting in the lower room. These shafts are driven in succession, one from 
 the other, the first from the in lin line. Size of shafting, 2 3-16 inches, except 
 the first piece in each line, on which the counter pulleys are placed ; these are of 
 sevei :il different sizes, but about 2.^ inch on an average. The driving pulleys are 
 12 inch diameter, and the loom pulleys 14 inch. 1st. 112 looms with shafting 
 lubricated with tallow. Average of several trials : 8870 Ibs. =16. 13 horse-power 
 =79 20 Ibs. per loom=7.24 looms per horse-power. 2d. The same, after oiling 
 the journals of t!>e shafting: 8492 lbs.=15.44 Iiorse-power=75 82 Ibs. per loom= 
 7.24 looms per horse-power. 3d. Trial of shafting and loose pulleys, lubricated 
 with tallow. Average of several trials : 2870 Ibs. ==5. 23 horse-power. 4th. Same 
 after freshly oiling: 2245 Ibs. =4.08 horse-power. 5th. Shafting alone, belts off: 
 913 lbs.=2.40 horse-power. 
 
 Trial of power required to drive 8 Lowell Machine Shop Mules, 624 spindles 
 each, with Emerson's Dynamometer. Five mules were running on No. 22 yarn, 
 spindles making 5501) revolutions per minute, and three mules on No. 37 yarn, 
 spindles making 6230 revolutions per minute. 1st. The 8 mules including shaft- 
 ins. 12,250 Ibs =22.25 horse-power,=2 45 Ibs. per spindle,=224 spindles per 
 horse-power. 2d. Shafting alone, 17.10 lbs.=3.11 h >rse-power,= 14 per cent, of 
 the whole power. 3d. 8 mules without shafting, 19.16 horse-power=211 Ibs. 
 per spindle=260 spindles per horse-power. 
 
 Test of Machinery at the Alpaca Mill, Holyoke, Mass. 
 
 .Looms made by Georg> Ilatterly & Sans, Keighlcy, Yorkshire, England. 
 These looms were supposed to require but one-tenth of a horse-power each to 
 drive t.hem ; 250 of them in use there. Two sets of four each were tried, each 
 set taking exactly the same power. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 Four looms (plain,) 40-inch reed space, 180 picks per minute, 1.13 
 
 Spinning frame, 144 flyer spindles, 2500 revolutions per minute, 2.60 
 
 Lister Comb, IS inch nip, combing long wool, .68 
 
 Preparer for comb, second of five, fair average of the set, .69 
 
 Dandy roving frame, 24 spindles, 1300 revolutions per minute, .78 
 
 Six spindle way box, .68 
 
 Six spindle finisher, .56 
 
 Many patents have been take 
 Ught running spindles, but ther 
 spindles each that run lighter than any frames that I have seen elsewhere ; these are driven with 5-8 
 of an inch belt, and can and have been driven with bolts of but 1-4 of au inch in width.
 
 131 
 
 Test of Turbine and Power Required to Drive 
 Machinery. 
 
 Clyde Bleaehery, River Point, R. I. 
 
 To ascertain power required to drive machinery, the gate was opened until 
 certain machines ran at speed, afterwards the power of the wheel was tested 
 with the same gate opening, head and speed. 
 
 H.P. 
 1st Test. Gate open 2 1-2 turns, 15.47 
 
 Driving shafting of mill and small pump. 
 
 2d Test Gate opened 6 turns, 53.18 
 
 One 5 bole water mangle, 1 Scotch starching mangle, 2 boles, 1 spindle 
 calendar, 5 boles, 1 3-bole calendar, 1 5-bole calendar and 1 cloth 
 winder. 
 
 3d"Test. Gate opened 8 turns, 62.73 
 
 All the machinery i" the bleaching room, viz : 3 washing machines, 10 
 feet log, 2 washing machines, 6 feet log, 2 souring machines, 4 feet 
 log, 1 chemic machine, 4 feet log, 1 liming machine, 4 feet log, and 
 3 squeezers. 
 
 4th Test. Gate opened in full, 75.34 
 
 All the above, with machinery in drying room additional. The latter 
 is 1 drying machine, 11 cylinders 30x120 inches, 1 squeezer, 1 open- 
 ing mangle, 2 shearers. 4 sets knives each, and 1 Canroy winder. 
 The 15 47 h. p. required to drive shafting must be deducted from the second, 
 third and fourth tests to get the power required to drive the machinery named. 
 
 Memoranda of power required for operating certain bleaching, finishing and 
 dyeing machines, at S. H. Greene & Sous' Bleach and Print Works, Kiverpoint, 
 R. I., tested with Emerson's Lever Dynamometer, April 1874. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Washing Machine with 2 boles 21 inches diameter. 10 feet long with 
 squeezers attached; consisting of 2 boles 21 inches diameter, 12 inches 
 long, 13.60 
 
 Limer, brown sour, chemic and white sour machines 2 boles each 21 
 inches diameter, 4 feet long, each required 3.01 
 
 Water mangle 5 boles, 11.39 
 
 Friction mangle 2 boles, 16.38 
 
 Calendar 5 boles, 7.53 
 
 Caleudar-3 boles, 5.91 
 
 Calendar 4 boles, (one bole being & 4-inch spindle,) 8.07 
 
 Shearing machines 4 sets knives, 9.98 
 
 Burrows' patent dye beck 40 ps.. 3.86 
 
 Washing Machine, Madder Dye House, with 2 boles 10 feet long, 20 
 inches diameter, with squeezers 2 boles, 12 inches long, attached with cloth 
 loose in water pit, 7.97 
 
 Hot water machines-2 boles, in dye house, 1.79 
 
 Canroy Winder for printing machines, 6.32 
 
 Power to drive shafting and spring water pumps of bleachery, drying 
 
 room and mangle, and finishing rooms for white work, 18.18 
 
 All the above were trials while the machines were at work, cloth threaded in. 
 A number of trials were made. The above give the average in practical 
 work. 
 
 HEKBT L. GREENE.
 
 132 
 Tests of Various Kinds of Machinery. 
 
 During the past ten years I have tested the power rcqu 
 variety of machinery, but have kept no record of such un 
 such tests t'> others are of but little value unless the coudi 
 same, which is unlikely to be the case. 
 
 The following were taken in the mills named and represei 
 
 ed to drive a great 
 1 recently, because 
 ons are exactly the 
 
 the power required 
 the tests it will be 
 
 to drive the machines while doing their regular work: b 
 seen that the greater the number of spindles in a frame, the greater the number 
 <s likely to be per horse power. It will also be apparent that much depends 
 upon the make of the frame. 
 
 DWHillT JHF'G CO., CHICOPEE, MASS. -I. > . Cumnock, Agent, Nov. 1878. 
 
 Test of Lan phear fiame, 128 Rabbeth spindles. 
 
 To drive empty spindles, required 1.06 horse power. 
 
 To drive spindle and bobbin, without connection, 1 14 
 
 Mean, from empty to full bobbins, required 1 30 
 
 Revolutions of driiin per minute, 810 
 
 Computed revolutions of spindle per minute, 7800 
 
 Revolutions of front roll, 72 
 
 No. of yarn, 40 
 
 Length of travers on bobbin in inches, 5 
 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle when at work, 336 5 
 
 Number of spindles per horse power, 08 
 
 Another Rabbeth f:ame, supposed to be exactly like the above required more 
 power. Spindles per horse power, 
 
 Lowell frame, 202 light lone spindles No. 4 mill. 
 
 Mean, I'rom empty t full bobbins, 2.52 horse power. 
 
 Re-volutions of drum per minute, 1025 
 
 Coinput -d revolutions of s-pindles, 7800 
 
 Revolutions of front roll, 97 
 
 Length of travers on bobbin in inches 5% 
 
 Number of yarn, 22 
 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle, 412 
 Spindles per horse power, 
 
 To drivi: the cylinder and spindles, rolls stopped, required 1.96 horse power. 
 
 Lowell frame having 208 short spindles in No. 4 mill. 
 
 Mean, from empty to full bobbins, 3 31 horse power 
 
 Revolutions of drum per minute, 1025 
 
 Computed revolutions of spindles, 7800 
 
 Revolutions of front roll, 97 
 
 Length of travers on bobbin in inches, 5J 
 
 No. of yarn, 22 
 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle, 525 
 
 Spindles per horse power, 63 
 
 These spindles were reduced in weight, then required 2.84 h. p. or 73.8 spin- 
 dles per h. p. To drive the cylinder and spindles, the rolls being stopped, 
 re'quired 2.2 horse power. 
 
 Lowell frame, (old) 208 Ions spindles. 
 
 Mean, from empty to full bobbins, 3.54 horse power. 
 
 Revolutions of drum per minute, 1025 
 
 Computed revolutions of spindles, 7800 
 
 Revolutions of fr'.nt roll, 95 
 
 Length of trav. rs on bobbins in inches 5% 
 
 No. of yarn, 22 
 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle, 563 
 
 Spindles per hor.-e power, 59 
 
 Whitin frame, 128 long spindles, in No. 1 mill. 
 
 Mean, from empty to full bobbins, 1.45 horse power. 
 
 Revolutions of drum per minute, 720 
 
 Computed revolutions of spindles, 5040 
 
 Revolutions of Jront roll, 82
 
 133 
 
 Length of travers on bobbin in inches. 5> 
 
 No. of yarn, 14 
 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle, 375 
 
 Spindles per horse power, 88 
 
 Another frame, same row, supposed to be exactly like the above, carried 98 
 spiudles pur horse power. 
 
 Bidd 'ford frame, 144 Ions spindles, No. 5 mill. 
 
 Mean, from empty to full bobbins, 1.57 horse power. 
 
 Revolutions of drum pi-r minute, 789 
 
 Computed revolutions of spindles, 5523 
 
 Revolutions of front roll, 78 
 
 Leiutli of travers on bobbin in inches, V, 
 
 No. of yarn, 22 
 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle 359 
 
 Spiudles per horse power, 73 
 
 Biddeford frame, 144 Pearl spindles, No. 5 mill. 
 
 Mean, from empty to full UoWbiiis, 1.91 horse power, 
 
 ({evolutions of drum per minute, 797 
 
 Computed revolutions of spiudles, 7000 
 
 Revolution of front roll, 92 
 
 Length of travers on bobbin in inches, 53 
 
 No. of yarn, 22 
 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle, 439 
 
 Spindles per horse power, 75 
 
 Whitiu one rail frame, 128 Bu; trick & Flanders' spiudles, in No. 1 mill. 
 Mean, from empty to full bobbins, 1.16 horse power. 
 
 Revolutions of drum per minute. 720 
 
 Computed revolutions of spindles, 6720 
 
 Revolutions of front roll, 100 
 
 Length of travers on bobbin in inches, 6,'^ 
 
 No. of yarn, 14 
 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle, 307.5 
 
 Spindles per horse power, 107 
 
 Another frame in the same row supposed to be exactly like the above, required 
 more to d ive it only carrying 94 spiudles p^r horse power. 
 
 Biddeford one rail fram , 144 Buttrick spindles in No. 5 mill, using Pearl 
 bobbins. 
 
 Mean, from empty to full bobbins, 1.77 horse power. 
 
 Revolutions of drum per minute, 
 
 Computed revolutions of spiudles, 7300 
 
 Revolutions of front roll, 98 
 
 Length of travers on bobbin in inches, 5)4 
 
 No. of yarn, 22 
 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle, 405 
 
 Spindles per horse power, 
 
 Biddeford two rail frame of 144 Buttrick spindles, using Pearl bobbins. 
 Mean, from empty to full bobbins, 1.68 horse power. 
 
 Revolutions of drum per minute, 
 
 Computed revolutions of spindles, 7300 
 
 Revolutions of front roll, 98 
 
 Length of travers on bobbin in inches, 5A 
 
 No. of yarn, 22 
 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle, 
 Spindles per horse power, 85.5 
 
 Lowell Doubler, doffing 64 cards. Required, 4.28 horse power. 
 
 Howard & Bullock Slasher, 16 inch fans, making 1200 revolutions per minute. 
 Yarn moving 35 yards per minute. Required, 5 04 horse power. 
 
 Lowell Machine Shop Looms. 12 on 36-inch goods, 64 nicks per iiv h. 11 on 
 40-inch troods, 76 pi r ks per inch, 145 picks per minute. Required, 4 08 h. p. or 
 5.6 looms per horse power. 
 
 Lowell Coarse Speeders, 40 spindles, .36 hank roving. Eight and half inch 
 space, 12-inch travers. 1'4 roll, making 196 revolutions per minute. Flyers, 
 625 revolutions per minute. Required, 1.41 h. p. ,117 foot Ibs. per spindle or 283 
 spindles per h. p.
 
 Intermediate, 56 spindles. .90 hank roving. 6-incb space. 9J-inch travers. 
 Front roll, 1 inches in diameter, making 200 revolutions per minute. Flyers 
 940 revolutions per minute. Required, 1.43 h. p., 340 foot Ibs. per spindle or 89.2 
 spindles per horse power. 
 
 Fine, 72 spindles, 5-inch space, 8)4 -inch travers, 2-83 hunk roving. Diameter 
 of front roll IJ-inch, making 140 revolutions per minute. Flyers 1215 revolu- 
 tions per minute. Required, 1.68 h. p., 783 foot Ibs. per spindle or 42 spindles per 
 horse power, 
 
 Two Drawing Frames, 3 to 1, 4 deliveries each. Roll \% inch diameter, making 
 308 revolutions per minute. Required, 1.09 horse power. 
 
 Two Pawtucket Spoolers, 80 spindle? each, or 160 per pair. Revolutions of 
 cylinder 165 and of spindles 78tS per minute. No. of yarn 22, warp. Required, 
 .74 h. p. Spindles per horse power, 217. 
 
 Five Howard & Bullock Warpers (English ) Cylinder making 45 revolutions 
 per minute. Width of section, 54 inches Average No. of threads to each 
 warper, 350. Required, .83 h . p., or .16 h. p. per warper. 
 
 CHICOPEE HF'O CO., CUICOPKE FALLS, MASS. George H. Jones, Agent, NOT. 1878. 
 
 MANUFACTURE COTTON FLANNELS, QUILTS AND SUEBTINOS. 
 
 Test of frame having 256 Sawyer spindles, in a mill of that company. 
 
 To drive the empty spindles, required 1.26 horse power. 
 
 To drive bobbins before connectioa with yarn, required 1.46 
 
 Mean, from empty to full bobbins, 2.09 
 Revolutions of drum per minute, 
 
 Computed revolutions of spindle, 7612 
 
 Revolutions of front roll, 88 
 
 No. of yarn, 25 
 Length of travers on bobbin in inches, 
 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle when at work, 269.6 
 
 Spindles per horse power, 122 
 
 WARP MILL, HOLYOKE, MASS. .1. L. Burllngame, Agent, Dee. 1878. 
 
 -MANUFACTTKK WAKPS. 
 
 Lowell Frame, 160 Sawyer spindles (old frame.) 
 
 Mean power required 1 .87 horse power. 
 
 Revolutions of drum. 860 
 
 Calculated revolutions of spindles, 7166 
 
 Revolutions of front roll, 103 
 
 No. of yarn, 18 
 
 Travers on bobbin in inches, 5% 
 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle, 387 
 
 Spindles per horse power, 85.2 
 
 Another in same mill ; New Lowell Frame, 160 Sawyer spindles. 
 
 Mean power required 1.74 horse power. 
 
 Revolutions of drum, 935 
 
 Calculated revolutions of spindles, 7480 
 Revolutions of front roll, 
 
 No. of yarn, 28 
 
 Travers on bobbin in inches, 5% 
 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle, 358 
 
 Spindles per horse power, 92.1 
 
 HADLEY CO., HOLYOKE, MASS. William Grover, Agent, Dee. 1878. 
 
 Whitin Frame, 144 Buttrick spindles, ring 1J inches. 
 
 Mean power required 1.5S horse power. 
 
 Revolutions of drum, 913 
 
 Revolutions of front roll, 93 
 
 Calculated revolutions of spindle, 7606 
 
 Travers on bobbin in inches, 5if 
 
 No. of yarn, 22 
 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle, 361 
 
 Spindle per horse power, 91.2
 
 135 
 
 Whitin Frame, 144 common long spindles, ring 1% inches. 
 Mean power required 
 Revolutions of drum, 
 Revolutions of front roll, 
 Cal^alated revolutions of spindles. 
 No. of yarn, 
 
 Travers on bobbin in inches, 
 Footlbs. per spindle, 
 Spindles per horse power, 
 
 1.62 horse power. 
 940 
 87 
 6043 
 
 Two Whitin Frames, 160 long light spindles each, or 320 spindles per pair. 
 
 Mean power required 2.60 horse power < 
 
 Revolutions of drum, 941 
 
 Revolutions of front, roll, 68 
 
 Calculated revolutions of spindles, 6761 
 
 No of yarn, 40 
 
 Travers on bobbin in inches, 4> 
 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle, 268 
 
 Spindles per horse power, 123 
 
 Whitin Frame, 144 Sawyer spindles, ring 1% inches. 
 
 Mean p >wcr required 1.30 horse power. 
 
 Revolutions of drum, 926 
 
 Revolutions of front roll, 78 
 
 Calculated revolutions of spindles, 7408 
 
 No. of yarn, 30 
 
 Travers on bobbin in inches, 5% 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle, 
 
 Spindles per horse power, 111 
 
 Whitin 9-inch Slubber of 72 spindles, hank roving one-third. 
 
 Mean power required .59 horse power. 
 Revolutions of roll, 
 
 Revoludons of spindles, 582 
 Footlbs. per spindle, 
 
 Spin lies per horse power, 123 
 
 Whitin Intermediate Frame, 120 spindles, hank roving 4}^. 
 
 Mea'i power required .47 horse power. 
 
 One a id one- eighth inch rolls. Revolutions, 96.5 
 
 Revolutions of spindles, 850 
 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle, 130 
 
 Spindles per horse power, 254 
 
 Whitin's Jack Rovinz Frame, 144 spindles, hank roving 15. 
 
 Mean power required .48 horse power. 
 
 Revolutions of roll, 7, 'a. Diameter of same in inches, 1>2 
 
 Revolutions of spindles, 1086 
 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle, 110 
 
 Spindles per horse power, 
 
 Whitin's Drawing Frame, 16 ends, 4 cans. 
 
 Power required -58 horse power. 
 
 Revolutions of roll, 280 
 
 Fales & Jenks' Frame, 272 Rabbeth spindles, ring 1% inches. 
 
 Mean power required 2.36 horse power. 
 Seven inch drum. Revolutions, 
 Revolutions of front roll, 
 
 Cal mlated revolutions of spindles, 6767 
 
 Travers on bobbin in inches, 5> 
 
 No. of yarn, 20 
 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle, 286 
 Spindles per horse power, 
 
 Another Fales & Jeuks' Frame, 272 Rabbeth spindles, ring 1% inches. 
 
 Mean power required 2.15 horse power. 
 
 Revolutions of drum 725 
 Revolutions of front roll, 
 Calculated revolutions of spindles,
 
 136 
 
 No. of yarn, 30 
 
 ffravers on bobbin in inches, 5> 
 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle, 261 
 
 Spindles per horse power, 126 
 
 Fales & Jenks' 1876, Twister, 248 Rabbeth spindles, two cylinders. 
 
 Mean power required 4.80 horse P?TMT 
 
 No. of yarn, 40-3 ply. 
 No. of Traveler, 14. 2-inch ring. 
 
 Diameter of drum, 8 inches. Revolution ot same, 750 
 
 Thre : inch roll. Revolutions 27% 
 
 Diameter of whirl, 1 5-16 inch Revolutions of spindles, 4562 
 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle 639 
 
 Spindles per horse power, 51.6 
 
 Two cylinders in the same frame can hardly be desirable 
 
 Fales & Jenks' 1872, Single Cylinder Twister, 144 Rabbeth spindles. 
 
 Mean power required 1.74 horse powei. 
 
 No. of yarn, 402 ply. 
 
 No. of Traveler, 16 
 
 Seven inch drum. Revolutions. 823 
 One and one-half inch roll. Revolutions of spindle, 
 
 One and one-sixteenth whirl. Revolutions of spindles, 5435 
 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle, 400 
 
 Spindles per horse power. 82.5 
 
 Higgins' Sons & Co. Slubber, 60 spindles 
 
 Revolutions front roll, 118J 
 
 Revolutions of spindles, 676 
 
 Required 1.02 horse power 
 
 Spindles per horse power, 68.6 
 
 Hig/ins' Sons & Co. 7-inch intermediate frame, 128 spindles, hank roving 3^ . 
 
 Mean power required 1.58 horse power 
 
 Diameter of roll 1| inch. Revolutions 128 
 
 Revolutions of spindles, 1118 
 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle, 408 
 Spindles per horse power, 
 
 Higgins' Sons & Co. (English) 5> inch Jack Frame, 144 spindles, hank rov. 
 ing 11. 
 
 Mean power required 1.45 horse power. 
 
 Revolutions of roll, 83. Diameter of same in inches, \% 
 
 Revolutions of spindles, 1400 
 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle, 333 
 Spindles per horse power, 
 
 English Twister, 286 Rabbeth spindles, 1% inch ring. 
 
 Mean power required 3.97 horse power. 
 
 No. of yarn, 36 -2 ply. 
 
 No. of Traveler, 15 
 
 Eight inch drum. Revolutions, 600 
 
 Three inch roll. Revolutions, 23.5 
 
 One and one-fourth inch whirl. Revolutions, 3840 
 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle, 458 
 Spindles per horse power, 
 
 Criffhton & Son (English) Doubler, 16 ends. Lap 187 pwt. to the yard. 
 Driving pulley, making 600 revolutions oer minute. Required, .55 horse power. 
 
 Boyd's (Glasgow) Spooler or winding machine, 50 spin-lies or drums. Out 
 side winding from three bobbins : the other side winding from three cops. 
 Driving pulley and drums, making 228 revolutions per minute. 
 
 Mean power required .15 horse power 
 Foot Ibs. per spindle, 
 Spindles per horse power,
 
 is 1 ; 
 
 Pair of Dobson & Barlow (English) Mul< s, 832 spindles each 
 Ten stretches in 4 minutes, 25 seconds. 
 
 Diameter of front roll, 1 inch. Involutions if same nor minute, 72 
 
 No. of yarn, 70. Calculated revolutions of spindles. 5663 
 
 Maximum force required, 7.83 horse power. 
 
 Spindles per horse power. 212.5 
 
 Pair of Mason Mules, 832 spindles each. 
 Ten stretches in 3 minutes. 55 seconds. 
 
 Revolutions of from roll, 78 
 
 No. of yarn, 70. Calculated revolutions of spindles, 6000 
 
 Maximum force required, 4.40 horse power. 
 
 Spindles per horse power 375 
 
 French Comber made by Hethriugton & Sons, Manchester, England. 
 Making 62 strokes per minute. Required, .24 horse power. 
 
 Pl.itt Bros' Jack Frame, 144 spindles, hank roving. 
 
 Mean power required .73 horse power. 
 
 Roll 1} inch diimeter. Revolutions of same 61 
 
 Revolutions of spindles, 1181 
 
 Footlbs. per spindle, 167 
 
 Spindles per horse power, 198 
 
 Kkson Picker (changed; using Whithead & Aiherton's. 
 Whipper beater. 
 
 Diamet ! of roll, 9 inches. Revolutions of same per minute, 8% 
 
 devolutions of 24. inch whipper, 1130 
 
 devolutions of 10-inch beaters, 1545 
 Revolutions of fans, 2000 and 1500 
 
 Yards of lap per minute, 
 Maximum force required, 
 
 required, 10.24 horse power. 
 
 Whitebe.d & Atheiton's Picker. 
 
 Diameter of Rolls 9 ii ches Revolutions of same per minute, 8 : 
 
 Revolutions of 24-inch whipper, 1070 
 
 Revolution- of 16-inch beater, 1380 
 
 Revolutions of fans, 1900 and 1340 
 
 Yards of lap per minute, 6.67 
 
 Maximum force required, 9.35 horse power- 
 
 Kitson' < 2d Picker or Finisher. 
 
 Diameter of rolls 9 inch Revolutions of same per minute, 7 
 
 Revolutions of 1st beater, 16-inch, 1475 
 
 Revolutions of 2d be.iter, 16-inch, 1410 
 
 Revolutions of fans. 1430. Yards of Lap, 5.5 
 
 Maximum force required, 7.8 horse power. 
 
 Whiteliead & Atherton's '2il 1 ick;r or Finisher. 
 
 Diameter of rolls, 9 inch. Revolutions of same per minute, 7> 
 
 Revolu ions of 1st beater, 16-im-h, 1410 
 
 Revolution; of 2d beater, 16-inch, 1410 
 
 devolutions of fa ,s, 1374 
 Yards of lap per minute, 5.9 
 
 Maximum force required, 0.64 horse power. 
 
 The Kitson picker had a six inch belt, the Whitchead & Atherton a four inch ; 
 by timing the two a:id weighing laps, a difference of more than ten per cent, was 
 found in favor of the Kitson, but this was done away with by soapinir the pulleys 
 an I belt of the Whiteliead & Alherton machine. As arranged, for doing the 
 8 ame amount of work, each required the same power.
 
 138 
 
 THE EVOLUTION OF ONE OF EMERSON'S PATENTS. 
 
 We print herewith an article from the Boston Advertiser of Nov., 1889, 
 describing a business that originated with James Emerson, of Willimansett, 
 and which was under his control until 1860. He commenced in Is52. 
 
 The windlass was so radically different from all previous devices for the 
 purpose, that it was laughed at by seafaring men, particularly naval officers, 
 etc. Four years of persistent effort and a gift to an impecunious ship-owner 
 gained the privilege of putting one on a ship. The war through the impro- 
 vised battle ships from the merchant service introduced it into the navy. 
 Perhaps some of the readers of this will recollect about a year since reading 
 of the " Gov. Ames." a five masted schooner, being dismantled on the 
 ' Georges " and that her salvation depended on her windlass. The patterns 
 for that windlass were made by Mr. Emerson or from his plans. A '2% inch 
 chain weighs 15 tons or 40 pounds to a link, the two chains and anchors 37 
 tons ; the windlass has to sustain not only that weight but the entire strain 
 the two chains will hold, and such chains often part and let vessels go ashore. 
 Yet after nearly 40 years of continued labor upon devices for ships, mills, 
 hydraulics, dynamics and steam heating devices, it is a pleasant thought that 
 of the numerous lives and millions of property often dependent upon his 
 judgment, no life nor serious loss of property has ever occurred. 
 
 The circular of Emerson, Walker & Thompson, of 11 Leadenhall street, 
 London, Eng., of 1885, claims to have fitted up (5000 vessels with the wind- 
 lass. 
 
 A little more than 12 years ago travelers across " Red Bridge," in the 
 eastern suburbs of Providence, noticed a small wooden building erected not 
 far from the bank of the Seekonk river. A modest sign over the door told 
 that this was the new plant of the American Ship Windlass Co. The build- 
 ing soon became too small. In six months a second fully as large as the first 
 went up by its side. The next year there was another enlargement and the 
 next year still another. Thus, year by year, the plant has grown, until, at 
 the present time the value of the land and buildings of the American Ship 
 Windlass Co. is fully nine times that of the original plant. Extensions are 
 still in progress, for the business is still increasing rapidly, and to-day 
 the sound of the hammer is heard as a new building is in process of erection 
 upon the site of the old. Its windlasses and capstans were well known, while 
 they were manufactured under the old regime. As long ago as 1856 the 
 Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics' Association* awarded a gold medal to 
 the Emerson patent windlass. The present American windlass is based upon 
 the Emerson patents. 
 
 Since 1856 the windlass has received many medals and other awards from 
 fairs and expositions and has always taken the highest award or prize offered 
 for windlasses whenever exhibited. More than '20 years after the Emerson 
 windlass received the gold medal of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics' 
 Association, the same society again recognized its merits in a similar manner. 
 A gold medal was also awarded it by the World's Industrial and Cotton 
 Centennial Exposition held at New Orleans in 1884-5. The North, Central, 
 and South American Exposition of 1885-6 granted to it the first degree of 
 merit. The only award given for windlasses and capstans at the U. S. Cen- 
 tennial Exposition was granted to the American Ship Windlass Co. 
 
 The best proofs of the complete success of this windlass is found in the fact 
 that the finest steam and sailing vessels afloat are fitted with these machines. 
 The U. S. government has repeatedly recognized their merit. The new steel 
 U. S. cruisers, the Chicago, Boston, and Atlanta are furnished with them, 
 as are also the dispatch boat Dolphin, the Thetis. Bear, Baltimore, Vesuvius. 
 Yorktown, and Petrel ; the coast survey vessels Hassler and Blake ; the 
 lighthouse boats Haze, Dahlia, and Myrtle, and so great a number of the U. S. 
 revenue cutters that to enumerate them would be to write almost a com- 
 plete list of these vessels. Steamers of the Mallory, Pacific Mail, Ward's, 
 Ocean, Clyde, Morgan, Old Colony, New Brazil, Cromwell. Norwich, Winsor, 
 and many other lines, transatlantic and coastwise, are furnished with the 
 " American " windlasses, which have always given the fullest satisfaction. 
 At present at least 95 per cent, of the windlasses made and sold in the 
 American market come from the works of the American Ship Windlass Co.
 
 139 
 Ship's Windlass- 
 
 It lias often happened, when low results have compelled me to report nnfavor- 
 bly of turbine plans, that the designers have intimated that if I had experienced 
 the vicissitudes of an inventor's life, more leniency would be shown. The Patent 
 
 Oflice Reports will show that quite a number and variety of patents have been 
 granted to me, and the records of the office will show a still larger number of 
 applications for others, some of which were rejected, others granted, then aban- 
 doned. Two causes have prevented me from realizing much pecuniary benefit 
 from patents. First, because my inventions have been a generation before the 
 age. Secondly, because my plans have been very expensive to develop. I have 
 never cared to immortalize myself by the invention of a mouse trap, pie fork or 
 clothes pin. One patent I have ever felt ashamed of; it was taken out under the 
 following circumstances. A lady friend as a joke asked me to get up a device to 
 keep her husband's mustache out of his cofl'ee. A plan was readily found, con- 
 sisting of a peculiarly shaped comb with guarders and nippers. Two young 
 ladies asked to have a patent taken out and assigned to them. It was applied 
 for. The model proved so attractive that it was purloined, and the commissioner 
 had to send for another; in the meantime, the man for whom the plan was 
 devised took his comb to the Fifth Avenue Hotel, N. Y., and exhibited it; in less 
 than a month several hundred dollars' worth of orders were received from fancy 
 goods dealers. By that time the joke had become stale and the matter was 
 dropped in disgust, though I believed then, and continue in the same belief now, 
 that more money could have been made from that than from any other patent 
 granted me. It is not my purpose to go into a general history of my inventions 
 but there are several, now very popular and lucrative devices, patents of others, 
 that were ottered to leading men thirty years since by myself ; the plans were 
 pronounced chimerical. The self coupling for cars, steam brakes and heating 
 cars by steam the plans, almost identical with those now so common, were 
 urged by me upon the managers of the several railroads as early as 1850, but in 
 vain. My experience in introducing the ship's Windlass, herewith illustrated, 
 will be sufficient to show my turbine friends that I have known something of an 
 inventor's troubles. Headers who are not acquainted wilh such matters, may, 
 by looking in " Webster's Unabridged," see an illustration of a ship's windlass; 
 such as was in use on all merchant vessels of any size forty years since. Such 
 windlasses were made of a single oak log, varying in length from six to twenty-five 
 feet, according to the size ot the vessel; three or four turns of the cable would 
 be wound around the windlass, the inner or loose end of cable next to the bitt; 
 in heaving in, the chain, like a nut or screw, would work towards the middle or 
 pawl bitt, so that after a few turns the cable would have to be made fast forward 
 of the windlass, then the three or four turns of the chain slipped back towards 
 the bitt. The cables were stowed below by the mainmast in order to have a long 
 stretch of chain back of the windlass to help hold it from slipping whrn icy or 
 
 uddy. Now, by considering that the largest chain cables are made of round 
 on, 2,'^ inches in diameter, the links being ei^ht inches wide and twelve in 
 ingth fifty pounds to each foot in length of ch lin, each cable five hundred and 
 
 forty feet in length with an anchor of three tons in weight at the end and it will 
 readily be understood that a crew had a hard job to handle such a cable, more 
 particularly in deep water; besides, it was often impossible to get an anchor 
 ivady to let go before a ship would be ashore, for it was always necessary to haul 
 up sufficient length of cable from the chain locker to reach bottom before the 
 anchor conld be let go; for to drop a heavy anchor and chain in ten fai horns, or 
 i.vty feet of water and allow it to bring up on the windlass, would endanger the 
 
 safety of cable, windlass or bows of the ship ; consequently, sufficient length to 
 reach bottom had to be ranged forward of the wiudlissas a preliminary step, 
 the turns of the cable around the windlass adding much to the labor. A careless 
 
 cord drew my thoughts to the matter, and in 1850 some of the plans in the illus- 
 trations were presented to seaf.iring friends, and by them very coolly received : 
 " What! Trust lives and such immense amounts of'property to cast iron gears? 
 might as well have a glass windlass. How are you agoing to handle the swivels 
 and shackles, placed at every fifteen fathoms of cable? " said iinother. A capi- 
 talist offered to assist me, if a certain old sea captain approved of my plans; 
 they were submitted to him; he was one of the old school, a regular old salt. 
 He examined the plans, a model in fact, worked it, hove in and let go anchor 
 for an hour ; then got up, came to me and exclaimed : " Well, I have seen a good 
 many d d fools, but you seem to be the biggest one of the lot. What! do you
 
 140
 
 141
 
 142 
 
 want to commit murder by the wholesale, with your d - d cast iron jimcrack? 
 Why, let a ship anchor in a gale, and ship and crew would go to h-11 together." 
 My capitalist declined to go into the business. Finally, one was found willing to 
 help; then the objection was raised that the links of cables varied in length 
 so much that it would be impossible to handle them in the way proposed. My 
 plans were modified, and a device designed and patented for obviat ug the difli- 
 culty; then an owner was fonud willing to furnish his ship with chains of a bet- 
 ter make the links being sufficiently equal in length to work on the grubs or 
 chain wheels illustrated. This, of course, rendered all of the trouble and 
 expense of the special plan patented useless. A windlass, costing some eight 
 hundred dollars was constructed, but before being finished the ship owner had 
 been frightened so that he did not dare risk its use; it was offered as a gift to 
 Donald McKay, Paul Curtis and other leading ship builders of Boston, New 
 York and other places. One day while listlessly wandering around, hoping 
 against hope, I met a Captain R. B. Forbes, a man who through various causes 
 had been flattered until he had got a high idea of the value of his own opinion. 
 Timidly approaching him I asked if he would be so kind when passing by as to 
 take a look at my windlass, and give an opinion of its merits. "Whai!"he 
 said, " that bi<* coffee mill? I have seen it and can give my opinion now ; which 
 is, that it is worth nearly a cent per pound for old iron, less cost of breaking it 
 up and carting it to the foundry." Alter mouths of waiting a place was found 
 
 " 
 
 is worth nearly a cent per pound for old iron, less cost of breaking it 
 rting it to the foundry." Alter mouths of waiting a place was found 
 for it on a large ship being built at Kennebuuk Fort, Me. ( Wm. Lord, Jr.) "When 
 
 the ship was ready to sail the captain insisted that I should go with the ship to 
 St. John, N. B , and work tbe windlass. The tide there is strong and the sliip 
 had to be moored in fifteen fathoms of water ; we arrived an hour before daylight ; 
 the morning dark and foggy; the pore captain came on board and took charge. 
 Some one said: "Captain, we h;ive a patent windlass and expect to moore 
 quick." " The windlass ain't worth a daum," was the reply he supposing it 
 to be an Engli-h capstan that some one had put upon a few ships. A steam tug 
 took us to our berth, and the order was given to let go starboard anchor. In less 
 than three minutes we were riding with forty-five fathoms of chain out; the 
 tug towed hard to port; the starboard chain was eased away to eighty fathoms ; 
 the port anchor was let go, and in twenty minutes we were safely moored and 
 the tug called alongside for the captain of the port, who, before leaving, held 
 his lantern to my lace, grunting out, " d ned yaukee. saved me half a day's 
 time." The captai i of the ship congratulated me as being sure of having made 
 my fortune by the invention. Hut prejudice is not so easily overcome. To ask a 
 builder or owner of a ship to use one of my windlasses, was certain to bring- 
 some sneer as to whether I proposed to send an engineer or machinist with it. 
 Pilots and insurance agents were strongly opposed to it; after much timing one 
 was placed upoa the insurance agent's steamer as a gift, the old windlass to be 
 replaced if mine was not liked. Impecunious ship builders, who found it hard 
 to get the old windlass upon credit, favored mine, and were ready to pay for it in 
 large promises , and it was really through such that it gained a place. In lime, 
 the belter builders would listen, but were still shy; an engineer was necessary, 
 was the cry; hesid;-s,if they lost their cables it was generally impossible to 
 replace them with others of the same length of link. This continued until the 
 convenience of the windlass had become so apparent that commanders of ships 
 began to importune for them. In the mean time, one had been placed upon the 
 Pomona, ship of athousan 1 tons, belonging to the "Dramatic Line," from New 
 York to Liverpool. As those ships brought larire numbers of immigrants, I hud 
 watched her proceedings closely because of what had been said about trusting 
 lives and property to the sirength of cast iron gears. Suddenly a rumor came 
 
 that tha Pomona had been lost, and that four hundred passengers liad gone do 
 ..... n the 
 
 e particulars were receive 
 seems as though I never slept. Four hundred lives were more of a respoi.sibil 
 
 11 her ; lirle was known, only that she had been wrecked on the coast of Ireland. 
 It wa< two or three weeks before particulars were received, and in that lime it 
 
 ity than I felt capable of carrying in peace; but the time named brought relief. 
 The ship struck before there" was thought of danger. It may as wt 11 be stated 
 here, that while I had control of the manufacture of the windlass, no loss ever 
 occurred through its use; on the contiary, ships were often saved through the 
 immense strain that could be brought to benr on the cables when heaving them 
 off shore. In only a single instance w;is a tooth from a gear broken, and that 
 was when two boat crews from a man-of-war was added to the ship's crew for 
 the purpose of heaving up the anchor, while it was a-foul of the man-of-war's 
 anchor; both were hove up together. The merits of tne windlass had become so 
 well established previous to 1860, that I had furnished that and other devices to
 
 143 
 
 the Russian and Egyptian governnvnts ; had had orders f:oin China, Spain, 
 Italy, England, Scotland, and throughout this country wherever ships were 
 built. The following certificates will show the change of opiuion. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS CHARITABLE MECHANIC ASSOCIATION, 1856. 
 
 Emerson's Patent Windlass, worked by slow or fast power by a Capstan on the forecastle. This 
 machine can perform with four men, the work usually requiring a dozen, and is a valuable element 
 in the safety of lite and property, more especially in these days of " ordinary seamen." To this 
 valuable machine the Committee award a <;ad Medal. 
 
 R. B. FORBKS. ~\ 
 
 JOHN' S. SLEEPER, | 
 BENJAMIX L. ALLEN, S- Committee. 
 JOHN II. GLIDDON, 
 ELIAS E. DAVIDSON", j 
 
 BOSTON, April 10, 1860. 
 
 This will certify that after a careful inspection of Emerson's I'atent Windlass, together with 
 some acquaintance w ith its working on th.- steamer K. 1!. Forbes, we arc satisfied that it is superior 
 l<> any in'Hlern 1'atent Windlass that we have se"ii. It lias great power and can apparently be used 
 with ease and safety. 
 
 CHARLES PEARSON, 1 
 
 EliENE/KK ItAVIS, \.Varine Inspectors. 
 
 RICHAUD HAK.EK, ) 
 
 J'.nsTON PILOTS. 
 
 inder way in heavy weather, or where there is but little room, and the improved leve 
 ew nippers render it perfect for bringing a ship to. 
 
 JACOB K Lt'NT, SAMUEL C. MARTIV, JOHN T. GARDNER, 
 
 H. A. TEWKSBURY, W.M. 1 - TEWKriBLKY, JONATHAN BRIX'E, Jr. 
 
 STEPHEN BUIJROWS, WM. CRISPIN, P. 11. CHANDLER. 
 
 ALFRED NASH. W. G. BAILEY, A. F. HAYDEN, KOBEliT KELLY. 
 
 BOSTON, March 28, 1860. 
 
 MR. EMBBKON: Recently at the Cape of Good Hope, I had many chances to test the power of 
 your patent Windlass. As I had both anchors down it was often nccessaiy to heave up to clear the 
 
 chains, and 1 have no hesitation in >ayinir. that for powi- or >j 'I, or t'"r ir>'iieral conv * 
 
 Windlass is tar superior to any other that I have ever seen. 
 
 JAMES HALL, " 
 Bark Wm.U. Andcr-un. 
 
 patent Windlass on board the Win. G.' Anderson, I can say "also, that the 
 the bark Ethan Allen, has been very severely l.-tcd (the bark having parted her largest chain; and 
 has Driven entire satisfaction. 1 recommend them to ship owners with great confidence. 
 BOSTON, March 28, 1800. EDWAliD BOYXTOX, Owner. 
 
 BUFFALO, December 10th, 1867. 
 
 JAMES AVERKI.L. DEAU Sin: I have used the Emerson Windlass purchased 
 thousand tons), and have always found it wo 
 i and convenience, it cannot be excelled. It; 
 
 for the barque Annie Voueht of Buffalo (one thousand tons), and have always found it work to my 
 
 entire satisfaction. For strength, compactn 
 
 way of ranging chain before letting go anchor. With tha Emerson ' 
 
 r'-ady for letting go, and as a matter of great importance, can never get foul on the windlass, which 
 
 our best bower :m .-h"i -i.r.'ni ;. -mil !- '). with IB fathoms chain ( 1 :!~i bur link). It required only one 
 man to let go anchor and veer away diiin. W.I.T.M*. with tlie olil style windlass it would require ilie 
 whole crew. And in heaving up, it i-quir-d tilv :', minutes till the anchor bruke ground, then ha!< 
 
 up, it i- 
 
 sufficient to work the wiltdlan, leaving the others free t 
 required. It is superior to any win<Ilas 
 
 Commodore Strinjrham and Gregory were very fiiendly and aided me in many 
 ways as did several of the naval constructors ; with others,. John Leutlial, chief of 
 the bureau of construction at the navy department; but the prejudice was too 
 strong to allow of the use of my windlass on naval vessels. "If we should lose a 
 flisin in some out of the way port, we could not replace it, perhaps, with anything 
 near what would be required." So I weut to work and trot up a plan that would 
 take any sized chain, spending much time and money in doing it ; then carried it to
 
 144 
 
 the naval constructor who had been the strongest in that objection. " By George ! 
 that is simple, I didu't think it could be done; but, after all, the other plan is 
 best; a chain is not oi'ten lost," was his comment. Such was the frivolous treat- 
 ment experienced for years. Owing to the war, many merchant vessels having 
 my windlass iu use were turned into naval or war vessels. The following cer- 
 tificate will show how the windlass answered its purpose : 
 
 U. 8. SIEAJIEII Sot-ill CAKOLI.NA, OFF GALVLSTO.N, Aug. 20, 1861. 
 
 3 IK: In accordance with instructions from Flagg Officer Merviue, which direct me lo inform the 
 Department as to the merits of tl,. - Km.'rso,, Windlass," now iu use on board this vessel, 1 have 
 the honor to report that it has been used by us constantly for the past three mouths, and that our 
 opportunities for judging ofin utility have In- amply sufficient. We find it certain and quick in its 
 operations, uot ml\- in li^ivin^ iu, but also in veering; it is strong and compact, taking up less 
 room than any thin- ..i th,- kiml I ever saw. In fact, it reduces the tedious, old fashioned, and I may 
 say, often dangerous way of handling our heavy anchors and chain cables, to the simple process [in 
 heaving up] of walking around with the capstan, the chain taking care of itself as it come in; 
 while in veering, a small " plug" is removed, leaving the whole control of the heaviest chain in the 
 hands of one mm, who by the aid of a " lever" on a friction band, manages it with perfect es. 
 Besides, it is always readv, I have been Iving with fifteen fathoms of chain c ut, onseveial occasions, 
 and hive, without' giving previous notice to any one, been under .it:li :ind .-teaming along at the 
 rate of four knots, in five minutes after the order was given to man the capstan. It will be seen, 
 therefore, that ttie facility thus afforded for getting underweigh i* u positive saving of fuel in a 
 blockading steamer, for otherwise, she might deem necessary, for entire efficiency, to keep under- 
 weigh almost all the time. Kespcctfully,! am sir, your oh t serv't. 
 
 JAMES ALUKX, Command g U. S. Steamer South Carolina. 
 Hon. GIDEON WELLES, Secretary U. S. Navy, Washington, D. C. 
 
 In 1858 there was no chain making in this country, our cables all being im- 
 ported. The following circular will explain itself. The lengths named were 
 readily adopted, and I presume still continue to be the standard lengths. 
 
 To CHAIN MANUFACTURERS- OF GRKAT BRITAIN. Gentlfintn : Being 
 engaged iu thj manufacture of Windlasses which hold the chains by the links 
 instead of by a turn around thy windlass, I often find a g eat difference inihe 
 length of links of the different manufacturers' chains. This seriously atl'ects the 
 woriiu^ of the \viudlass, and is sometimes very inconvenient in replacing a lost 
 chain. As this kind of windlass and capstan is fast taking the place of the 
 wooden windlass, it would be much better to have some regular length of link 
 fir each size chain. I herewith give a graduated scale of lengths for difli rent 
 sizes, which is very near the same as the scale of the Messrs. II. Wood & Co. of 
 Liverpool; it, however, is a little more even than theirs. The shackle is another 
 c iu<e of difficulty. These should be made so that the inside of them, that is 
 from the inside of the bolt to the inside of the other end. should be the mine 
 length as the inside of a link, and then the shackle link in the end of the chain 
 which the bolt of the shackle goes through, should be long enough to make up 
 for the butt of the shackle. There should be a long link at one end only, of each 
 piece of chain, which should be for the bolt end of the shackle. There should 
 also be a good swivel next the anchor shackle in all cases. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON. 
 
 Stud Link. 
 
 Inches. 
 1 
 
 1 1 16 
 
 1 1-8 
 
 1 3-16 
 
 1 1-4 
 
 1 5-16 
 
 r 3-8 
 
 1 7-16 
 
 1 1-2 
 
 1 9-16 
 
 1 5-8 
 
 1 11-16 
 
 1 3-4 
 
 1 13 16 
 
 1 7-8 
 
 1 15-16 
 2 
 
 2 1.8 
 
 BOSTON. August, 1858. 
 
 Length. 
 5 7-8 
 . 6 1-4 
 6 1-2 
 . 6 3-4 
 7 1-8 
 
 Inches Short Link. Length 
 1-2 .... 2 3-8 
 9-16 . . . .23-4 
 5-8 .... 3 
 11-16 . . . .31-4 
 3-4 .... 3 1-2 
 13-16 3 7-8 
 
 7 3-4 
 . 8 1-8 
 81-2 
 . 8 7-8 
 
 7-8 .... 4 1-8 
 15-16 . . . .43-8 
 1 .... 4 5-8 
 1 1-16 .... 5 
 1 1-8 5 3-8 
 
 . 9 5-8 
 . 10 
 
 13-8 . . . .53-4 
 11-4. . . . 61-8 
 
 . 10 1-4 
 . 10 1.2 
 . 10 3-4 
 . 11 1.8 
 . 11 3-4 
 
 Our views correspond with the above. 
 FEARING, THACHER & Co., 
 WHITON, BROWNE & WHEELWRIGHT, 
 BAXTER & SU.MNER, 
 
 J. NlCKERSON & CO., 
 
 J. BAKEB & Co., 
 Imp'ters of Chain Cables, Ac chors.&c.
 
 145 
 
 THE AMERICAN SHIP WINDLASS COMPANY. 
 
 The following nrtirle copied from the Boston Commercial Bulletin of August 
 2 t, 1878, will show wh it Ins bjcjuae of my windlass: "The American Ship 
 Windlass Company, of Providence, K. I., seems to be a good illustration of the 
 results which are achieved at the present day by division of labor, aud by the 
 devotion of all the skill and capital of an entire establishment, as far as practica- 
 ble, to a single branch of manufacture. The productions of this company, com- 
 prising windlasses for every size and class of vessels, have attained a marked 
 degree of excellence, and at our Centennial Exposition they received the only 
 award given for windlasses and capstans. 
 
 The American Ship Windlass Company was established in 1857 and incorpor- 
 ated in 1800, and up to the present time, they have made nearly 30CO windlasses. 
 John R ach & Son, of Chester, Pa., use their windlasses exclusively, putting 
 them into all their vessels. Nearly all of the United States revenue cutters are 
 now provided with them. 
 
 The company are now ' building windlasses for vessels which are being 
 constructed at all of the different points along the coast of Maine, and for 
 the steamers " Niiantonomo," ami " Puritan," which John Roach & Son have 
 now in process of construction at their yard, and Win. Cramp & Sons, of Phila- 
 delphia, are putting in the American Company's windlasses upou the steamers 
 which they h ive built for the Russian Government. 
 
 TJie windlasses of the American Company are made to be operated either by 
 hand, messenger chains or steam, and six different kinds of windlasses are man- 
 ufactured f ;r either of these motors. The windlasses are also made in eleven dif- 
 ferent sizes, for cables varying from V 2 inch to 2> inches in size; and the 
 company are consequen'ly able "to provide windlasses for the smallest yachts as 
 well as for the largest ships. Iheir works are model o 'cs and are supplied with 
 all of tlu latest and most improved machinery and other appliances, including 
 many too's sped illy designed and constructed for the company. They are loca- 
 ted on East Kiver Street, near the Red Bridge, and are under the active 
 management of Frank S. Mant on, agent, and George Metcalf, treasurer; and 
 one evidence of the executive ability of the managers is the perfect system which 
 pervades the establishment throughout. 
 
 Hydraulic Mortars and Cements. 
 
 Certain limestones, which contain upward of 10 per cent, silica, possess the 
 property, when burned, of forming a cement or mortar which hardens under 
 water. Such limestone is called hydraulic lime, and the mortar is called 
 hydraulic mortar. This stone, before burning, consists of a mixture of carbon- 
 ate of lime aud silica, or a silicate, chiefly a silicate of alumina. The latter 
 is insoluble in hydrochloic acid, hence remains undissolved when the stone 
 is treated with this acid, but in burning this silicate is fluxed by the alka- 
 line carbonates and becomes soluble in acid, the carbonic acid being expelled. 
 When common lime is slacked it swells enormously and develops a great deal 
 of heat; this is not the case in slacking hydraulic lime, which absorbs water 
 without any considerable increase of temperature. 
 
 If ordinary lime be mixed witli a suitable quantity of silica or sand, an arti- 
 ficial hydraulic mortar is obtained, to which we apply the name of cement. 
 These cements may be either natural or artificial. The former are found in vol- 
 canic regions, having been produced by the terrestrial heat. Pozzuolana, found 
 at Pozzuoli, near Naples, is a natural cement of the following composition : 
 Silica, 445; alumina, 15-0; lime, 8-8; magnesia, 4-7; oxide of iron, 12-0 (with 
 oxide of titanium) ; potash and soda, 5-5; water, 9-3; total, 100-8. 
 
 The quantity of lime, is, however, so small that it requires to be mixed with 
 ordinary lime to form hydraulic mortar. It was employed in combination with 
 an equal quantity of lime in building the Eddystone Lighthouse. 
 
 Artificial cement, also called " Roman cement," has been manufactured in 
 England on the Thames and in the Isles of Wight and Sheppey, since 1796. It 
 is made by burning the calcareous nodules which overlie the chalk in that 
 country. A sample analyzed by Miclmelis contained : lime, 58-38; magnesia, 5; 
 silica, 28.8:5 ; alumina, 6-40 ; oxide iron, 4.80. When mixed with water it hardens 
 in fifteen or twenty minutes, and possesses great firmness and strength. 
 
 Portland Cement was patented in England by Joseph Aspdin in 1824. He 
 took the limestone of Leeds, pulverized and burned it, then mixed it with water 
 and an equal weight of clay to a plastic mass. When dry this was broken up
 
 146 
 
 and burned again until all the carbonic acid was expelled. It was then pulver- 
 ized and ready for use. Pasley made it from chalk or limestone with Uedway 
 river clay, which contains salt. Petteiikofer suggests that cement is improved 
 
 le, says Wagner, by making bricks of a 
 , drying them in the air and burning the 
 
 Portland cement is now made, says Wagner, bv making bricks of an intim 
 
 by soaking the clay in salt water. 
 
 Portland cement is now made, sa; . . . 
 
 mixture of limestone and clay, drying them in the air and burning them in a tall 
 shaft furnace from 45 to 100 feet, J 2 feet in diameter, with a strong grate 4 feet 
 from the bottom. It is charged with alternate layers of coal and cement stone. 
 The properties of the cement are largely dependent on the temperature em- 
 ployed in burning ; a white heat is best, but if the temperature is too high it will 
 no longer unite with water, and may even be melted to a glass. If the tempera- 
 ture does not exceed a red heat it unites readily with water and gets hot like 
 ordinary lime, but possesses very little strength. The color changes with the 
 burning and forms a criterion for judging the quality. In normal condition it 
 forms a gray, sharp powder, with a shade of green, but not glassy. 
 
 The manufacture of Portland cement is now carried on in every part of the 
 world where limestone and clay are to be found. In order to obtain a good 
 cement, not only must the proper heat be employed in burning, bu* the proper 
 proportion of clay, usually 25 per cent., must be used, and the clay must have 
 certain properties, such as a large proportion of silica, must be yerv finely 
 divided, and must be very intimately mixed with the limestone. Analysis of 
 Portland cement from various sources show the percentage of lime to vary from 
 55 to 62; silica, 23 to 25; alumina. 5 to 9; oxide of iron, 2 to 6; soda and p'ota>h, 
 usually less than 1 per cent. 
 
 Horse Power and other Matters. 
 
 Wnen Watt began to introduce his steam-engines, he wished to be able to 
 state their power as compared with that of horsts, which were then generally 
 employed for driving mills, lie accordingly made a series of experinn nts, 
 which led him t > the conclusion that the average power of a horse was sufficient 
 to raise about 33,000 Ib*. one foot in vertical height per minute, and this has been 
 adopted iu England and this country as tlie general measure of power. 
 
 A wati-rf.ill has one-hors power for every 33,000 Ibs. of water flowing iu the 
 stream per minute, fur i-ach foot of fall. To compute the power of stream, there- 
 fore, multiply the area of its cross section in feet by the velocity in feet per min- 
 ute, and wo have the number of cubic feet flowing" along the s ream per minute. 
 Multiply this by 62}, the number of pounds in a cubic foot of water, and this by 
 the vertical fall in feet, and we have the fo>.t-pouuds per minute of the fall ; divid- 
 ing by 33,000, gives us the horse-power. 
 
 For example : a stream flows through a flume 10 feet wide, and the depth of the 
 water is 4feet; the area of the cross section will be 40 feet. The velocity is 150 
 foet per minute 40xl50=i5000=the cubic feet of water flowing per minute. The 
 fall is 10 feet; 10x375,000=3,750,000=the foot-pounds of the waterfall. Divide 
 3,750,000 by 3:5,000, and we have 113.63 h. p., as the power of the fall. 
 
 The pow'er of a ste nn-engine is calculated by multiplying together the area of 
 the piston in inches the mean pressure in pounds per square inch, the length of 
 the stroke in feet, and ihe number of strokes per minute, and dividing by 33,000. 
 
 Water-wheels yield fiom 50 to 91 per cent, of the water. The actual power of 
 a steam-engine is less than the indicated power, owing to a loss from friction; the 
 .araou it of this loss varies with the arrangement of the engine and the perfection 
 of the w irkmanship. 
 
 To compute the number of teeth in a pinion to have any given velocity. Multi- 
 ply the velocity or number of revolutions of the driver by its number of teetli or 
 its diamet-r, and divide the product by the desired number of revolutions of the 
 pinion or driven. 
 
 To compute the diameter of a pinion, when the diameter of driver and the 
 number of teeth iu driver and pinion are aiyen. Multiply the diameter of driver 
 by the number of teeth in the pinion, and divide the product by the number of 
 teeth in the driver, and the quotient will be the diameter of pinion. 
 
 To compute the number of revolutions of a pinion or driven, when the number 
 of revolutions of driver and the diameter or the number of teetli <f driver and 
 driven are given. Multiply the number of revolutions of driver by its number of 
 teeth or its diameter, and divide the product by the number of teetli or the 
 diameter of the driven 
 
 To ascertain the number of revolutions of a driver, when the revolutions of 
 driven and teeth or diameter cf driver and driven are given. Multiply the num- 
 ber of teeth or the diameter of driven by its revolutions, and divide the product 
 by the number of teeth or the diameter of the driver.
 
 147 
 
 WHAT IS POETRY ? 
 
 The best explanation that occurs to me may be found in Paine's Age of Rea- 
 son; but what seems poetry to one may seem trash to another. The gloomy 
 Puritan liked that of the " Hark froiii the tombs" order, while the unper- 
 verted nature admires something more human. 
 
 Popularity h;is much to do with the average taste in poetry as it has with 
 dress. 
 
 We often see in some standard print an essay, say by Jonathan Dubkins, 
 bursting with admiration for the versatility of Shakespeare's works, or of the 
 intense beauty of Milton's Paradise Lost; but it is rare to find a copy of either 
 
 that seems much worn, while the popular seal skin cloak or an imitation may 
 be seen upon ihe form of evry girl or woman that can procure it, from which 
 fact it would almost seem that the pretense of admiration for those authors is 
 
 less than elnimed, and that the purpose of such essays is more to display the 
 greatness of the inibkinses than those written of. 
 
 For myself, admiration for poetry only comes as it touches my feelings, and 
 it may be found in prose as well as in verse; much of the book of Job seems 
 poetfy to me. 1 would sooner be the author of Pope's Kssay on Alan, than 
 of any other English work, because I believe it to be an inspiration from a 
 liigher source, as I also do of Uncle Tom's Cabin. 
 
 Ninety-nine per cent, of the pretended admiration for Shakespeare, Tenny- 
 son, and many other popular heroes, may justly be attributed to pure flunky- 
 ism. It is true that many popular sayings may be found in works of Shakes- 
 peare, and equally true that the same may be found in works written two 
 thousand years ago. The Comedy of Errors is taken in the lump from Plau- 
 tus Comedies. the two Dromios being added to bring it down to an Englishman's 
 idea of humor. There may be immense invention in his works, but such have 
 not caught my attention. 
 
 " "Tis not so deep as a well, nor so wide as a church door ; but 'tis enough, 
 'twill serve : ask for me to-morrow, and you shall find me a grave man," 
 may be witty, but certainly is not common with those wounded to the death, 
 any more than it is for those in deep sorrow, as were Juliet anil her nurse, to 
 make puns, and dirty puns at that. 
 
 The author of a dime novel would scorn the conception of such wretched 
 stuff as makes up the Taming of a Shrew. 
 
 Lavinia, in Titus Andronicus, is certainly a marvelous creation. A young 
 lady of our time having her tongue cut out and hands cut oft would feel sick, 
 to say the least; not so with Shakespeare's maiden, "Good uncle Marcus, ace 
 how swift she comes! " 
 
 Shylock has been a butt for general execration, but in excuse it should be 
 borne in mind that for centuries his people had. through superstitious 
 prejudice, been treated worse than the dogs of the street, and it is hardly to 
 be wondered at that he turned upon one of his oppressors. The sagacity of 
 Portia was not phenomenal. 
 
 LISLE THREAD. 
 
 Lisle thread proper is prepared from pure cotton the finest staple that can 
 be had, the best quality of Sea Island being generally used. However, of late 
 years it has been found by observation and experience that the softness and 
 pliability necessary to the easy and safe working of this yarn or thread in 
 hosiery and glove frame, as well as in the machinery making fine imitation 
 laces of it, are best secured by the use of South American (Pernambuco) cotton, 
 the latter being less harsh, softer, more elastic and regular in fiber, as well as 
 being very fine in quality. The peculiarity of this thread, says the Economist, 
 is its hard finish and the peculiar twist or manipulations which it undergoes 
 before being ready for use. Kach thread or strand passes through aflame, 
 which divests it of all attaching fiber. This thread is also more elastic than 
 the finest linen thread and breaks less. It also gives the finished article a 
 more brilliant- appearance, and is less costly than the latter. It derives its 
 name from Lisle, a town in France, where it was first manufactured to a large 
 extent, ami, like many of the industrial arts, was originally brought from the 
 East. It is now not only extensively produced in France, Belgium, and in
 
 148 
 
 other portions of Continental Europe, but in Great Britain as well, and is 
 sometimes called " Scotch thread," when made in that country, in contra- 
 distinction to that made on the Continent. It is not only used largely for 
 gloves, hosiery, and trimmings, but also quite extensively in the manufacture 
 of imitation laces, embroideries, etc. \Ve believe some few years ago a suit 
 was before the United States court of this district, which involved the ques- 
 tion of what constituted Lisle thread gloves, and was decided in favor of the 
 importer, who proved that .Lisle thread proper was made of the purest and 
 finest cotton, and not of flax, as some maintained who had not investigated 
 the subject of its manufacture. As far as we can learn, none of this thread 
 is made in this country, although we understand attempts have been made to 
 manufacture it, but from the cost and light demand prevailing were aban- 
 doned. The imports of it are also light, being confined chiefly to a few of our 
 hosiery manufacturers. 
 
 En passant it may not be amiss to state that all the dictionaries fail to give 
 a definition of the word " Lisle," which is not in reality the proper word 
 after all, but a corruption of L'Isle, Ryssel, in the French Netherlands 
 (called the island, from its standing in a kind of lake formerly ; but the waters 
 are now drained off), situated in east longitude 3, latitude 50" 42", on the river 
 Deule, twenty-five miles north of Arras, and twelve miles from Toun>iiy. It 
 is a large, populous city, the capital of French Flanders, beautifully built, 
 and was once strongly fortified. It has been noted for its silk manufacture, 
 and fine linen or cambric, which have been made to great perfection there, as 
 well as for its camlets, which are much admired. 
 
 PROTECTIVE TARIFF. 
 
 Of all the fallacies that ever became embedded in the brain of an intelligent 
 people, none was ever greater than the idea that high protective duties will 
 permanently help the manufacturer and employee. In all highly protected 
 countries, wages are low and manufactures primitive. \Ve at times see chil- 
 dren phenomenally precocious in growth or intellect, but such usually die 
 young or shrink below the average ; so of manufactures, if the profits are 
 large, home competition keeps pace, each tries to produce at the least cost 
 without regard to real quality so long as shoddy can be made to appear fair 
 on the surface. 
 
 Combinations are formed by which the lowest class of help can be brought 
 in to compete with our native Employees. Through this combination work men 
 are transported from Bremen or Liverpool to Chicago, for ten dollars. 1 n vent- 
 ors, who have done so much in advancing the country's prosperity, have 
 little chance comparatively under such conditions. Manufacturers will not 
 bother with new devices while their profits are from twenty-five to a hundred 
 per cent. Necessity is the mother of invention. Free competition is pro- 
 ductive of efforts to excel in devices that enable the production of the best 
 goods at the lowest cost. If protection is right for the manufacturer, then 
 the employee should be protected by a high duty on imported labor. 
 
 FIRE ESCAPES. 
 
 Constant travel with Its concomitant hotel experience has brought me 
 into proximity with many styles of fire escapes, but the only kind I believe 
 to be reliable are the balconies or towers with fixed iron stairways ; but such 
 stairways should never be placed against windows through which the tire 
 from the inside can flash out upon them. I think where there are adjoining 
 buildings of the same height it will always be well to have stairs from the 
 upper stories of hotels and manufactories lead upwards to walks leading 
 along the roof to the other buildings for the employees to escape upon.
 
 149 
 TIDE POWER. 
 
 Tide power once quite common in this country when land and 
 space was of little account is now hardly known though often called 
 to mind by the various trade papers. 
 
 It has seemed to me that where the rise and fall of the tides is 
 considerable large tanks as weights might be made to develop con- 
 venient power for light manufacturing purposes at little expense if 
 properly suspended. 
 
 MEDDLING WITH THE MAILS. 
 
 I think up to the time of Postmaster-General Holt the mails had been con- 
 sidered sacred, to be used by all unquestioned. Slavery had then become ram- 
 Cant and a demand was made that all matter inimical to that barbarism should 
 e searched for and excluded ; a subservient Korth yielded. Since then 
 Anthony Comstock iu the interest of a hierarchy, a twin barbarism, has 
 insisted upon deciding what shall and shall not be excluded. Suppose some 
 intelligent person should insist, as well might be done, that the Bible, Shakes- 
 peare's works, and plenty others should be excluded. There could only be 
 aftother travesty of trial, as in the George Francis Train case, or the Bible 
 and many popular works would have to go. Who is to say where the exclu- 
 sion is to stop ? 
 
 The better way is to follow the Creator, serve all alike and allow no med- 
 dling whatever with the mails. 
 
 Before trying to purify the world by law, first purify the law, so that it 
 may not be necessary for a coterie of old grannies at Washington, four years 
 behind their work, to brood over the decisions of Alfred the Great or Edward 
 the Little in order to ascertain whether John Doe or Kichard Hoe owns a 
 stray jackass. 
 
 Blot out all laws once in twenty years, re-enact the few necessary, then 
 select judges from the most intelligent men or women, never from lawyers. 
 Make the law conform to the right; faugh ! law and plows of Edward's time. 
 
 CHOOSING ALL OFFICIALS BY THE PEOPLE. 
 
 Members of Congress are chosen and paid for doing certain specific duties. 
 Why are they allowed to spend so much time electioneering for themselves 
 and others, and what business have they to meddle with appointments? 
 What right has a president or other official to appoint to an important office 
 one who has been rejected by his own constituents? We have ten officials 
 where one would be better, and nominally the highest are selected because 
 they can be used rather than for their ability fourth rate men. Who can 
 remember who was governor of this state three years since ? 
 
 Why not elect all officials, from president down, directly by the people, 
 elect yearly, have but few, and make those responsible? Have it understood 
 that such officials are really servants instead of masters. Eschew lawyers 
 generally, take business men, but for merit. Allow no official consecutive 
 re-election, high or low. 
 
 UNDESIRABLE NAMES AND FLUNKYISH 
 TITLES. 
 
 Owing to fanaticism, predilection, interested motive, or lack of taste, 
 parents often load children down with names that prove an incubus through 
 life ; as such children become legally responsible at a fixed age, why not at 
 that time make it customary for children to select names to suit? Think of 
 being loaded down with Peleg, Ichabod, Nehemiah, etc.. etc. 
 
 Why has the publication of a newspaper become so low a business that the 
 editor now prefers to be called colonel rather than editor? 
 
 Why does any man of brains desire to be known by any prefix or suffix to 
 his name? 
 
 Think of Mr. Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Esq. or Ph.D., Prof. Benja- 
 min Franklin, Royal Lightning Catcher to her Majesty, etc. It would seem 
 that the smaller the mind the greater the desire for titles.
 
 160 
 
 ADULTERATIONS AND SHORT MEASURES. 
 
 Adulteration of almost every commodity sold is now so general as to 
 hardly cause comment. The same is the case with goods sold by the piece 
 as so many yards, or so many articles in packages. 
 
 Why not make a law to confiscate all such goods wherever found? 
 
 THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 
 
 As I have never desired office uiy vote has invariably been cast for what to 
 me has seemed to be for the best result. 
 
 I voted for Fremont, and for Lincoln twice, and still believe that the latter 
 was the best man ever elected to the presidency. The abolition of slavery 
 was caused by the spontaneous rising of the masses to blot out an institution 
 of such barbarism. Nominally it was done as the Republican party, but men of 
 all parties united for that purpose, then withdrew as it was accomplished ; it 
 was then the resid uum crystallized into the real Republican party, a party for 
 power and plunder. Its carpet-bag governments were the reproach of the 
 civilized world. 
 
 The North was quite as much to blame for the rebellion as was the South, 
 and the settlement should have been magnanimous and universal, instead of 
 which the small minded leaders made heroes of Jeff Davis and others. 
 Grant was nominated for president, not because the party believed him a 
 hero, statesman, or republican, but because the leaders expected to ride into 
 power on his popularity. And here it may be stated that a great wrong has 
 been done to the earlier generals who really took the brunt of the fighting, in 
 giving so much credit to Grant and Sherman, but it is a fact worthy ol notice 
 that their greatest eulogists now were called copper-heads during the war. 
 From the beginning the party has been honey-combed with corruption up to 
 the present time. Its carpet-bag governments, its stealing of the presidency, 
 its outrageous pension acts for selfish influence, its gerrymandering of con- 
 gressional districts, its favoring of monopolies, its numerous commissions for 
 the centralization of power, the giving of a cabinet office as a reward fora 
 corruption fund, its unseating of members and admissions of unpeopled states 
 for party purpose regardless of honor, honesty, or the country's welfare, show 
 that the party is under the control of a clnss unworthy of respect. The selfish, 
 downward tendency of the party is well represented by its known men. 
 
 Henry Wilson went first for Henry Wilson, then for the Republican party, 
 leaving as residuary legatee the country. George D. Robinson goes first for 
 George I). Robinson, second for George D. Robinson, and as residuary 
 legatee, George D. Robinson. 
 
 May the shadow of the Republican party become less and a better take its 
 place. 
 
 THE NORTH POLE. 
 
 As some years have passed since any expedition has been sent out to look 
 for that long-sought but yet uureached place, it is likely some ambitious coun- 
 try, institution, or person will soon be urging the matter upon the notice of 
 the public, and I will suggest a plan that to me has long seemed practicable. 
 
 It is to construct fifty houses of light, non-conducting but strong material, 
 to be sent in parts in ships, as far north as possible, to be put together on the 
 ice and placed upon runners. The ice there is undoubtedly rough, but boats 
 with few hands, and those in feeble condition, have been moved long dis- 
 tances. Sledgesfor the transportation of coal, food, clothing, bedding, and oil 
 for lights should be provided in plenty, with plenty of men to handle them. 
 A house accompanied by the sledges should be started, and continue north, 
 then return to repeat the operation. Several gangs should be employed so 
 as to work and rest alternately; stations twenty miles apart would insure 
 relief and safety and give confidence. I believe road engines might be made 
 to do the leveling of rough ice, and drawing the houses and sledges. 
 
 Of course this would require a million or more of dollars, but there are 
 plenty of men in the country that could easily furnish all the necessary cash 
 and not mind it, or the country could easily do it. If younger, such a job 
 would suit me to a dot. Who of our millionaires will undertake it instead 
 of endowing some college of which we already have more than are needed ?
 
 151 
 EVOLUTION. 
 
 Evolution is an idea as old as history and was well considered in 
 Chambers' " Vestiges of Creation " long before Darwin rode the 
 hobby. That man evoluted from the monkey is an old idea and 
 one of the earliest that I can remember to have heard expressed, 
 uttered by a hard-shell Baptist minister who cobbled shoes week 
 days and preached Sundays under the inspiration of rum and 
 molasses. 
 
 " The survival of the fittest," good in itself, offers no proof of 
 evolution though it may of progression. 
 
 The mollusk of the earliest times is the mollusk of to-day. The 
 old idea that man contains the pith of every previous product is 
 perhaps correct, and to me it seems reasonable that the spirit or 
 germ of life may evolute step by step from the lowest to the high- 
 est, also that man may so stultify his intellect that at the change 
 called death his spirit will naturally gravitate to the body of a flea 
 in order to find a suitable home. As for physical evolution it will 
 oe time to believe in that when a single instance in proof can be 
 offered. 
 
 Progression will be more rapid when the brawling multitude 
 that think but little yet invariably condemn everything out of the 
 ordinary rut, think more and object only from conviction, and 
 less credit is given to those who brood upon eggs that never hatch. 
 What good ever came from the brooding of an old monk sitting 
 in a dark cell or cave, or a dervish sitting upon the top of a column ? 
 Thought, like steam heat, to be useful requires ventilation. There 
 are plenty who thus sit and brood, look profoundly wise and think 
 that they think. 
 
 The prefix of professor, or any title added to a name, is more 
 than likely to be the reverse of a guarantee of ability. 
 
 DIET. 
 
 As it was a rule in ancient times for those who had been sick to 
 publicly state how they had been cured that others might benefit 
 thereby, I will state how for nearly a half century I have lived with- 
 out being sick. 
 
 First, my diet has always been spare, at the same time I have 
 invariably eaten anything that I have desired and at any time with- 
 out any regard to regular hours, often at midnight or later if rest- 
 less ; a piece of mince pie or a biscuit well buttered soon brings sleep 
 to me. Very little meat, pork never, raised bread is an abomina- 
 tion to me. Hot biscuit, hot doughnuts, pies of all kinds, puddings, 
 strawberry short cakes, buckwheats, fruit, and a few of the ordi- 
 nary vegetables constitute my ordinary meals, with hot tea or 
 coffee, no liquor, beer, or tobacco in any form. 
 
 Think of firing a boiler three times a day instead of as required.
 
 152 
 
 Notes on Water Flow, &c. 
 
 NOTE FIRST. 
 
 Water, like all otner bodies when in motion, d slikes to change the direction of 
 that motion and this resistance to change increases with the square of its velocity. 
 For instance, to turn a quarter circle fu a pipe which is bent on a circle of t< n 
 times its own diameter, requires addit pnal force or "head"; when the water 
 moves but one foot per seco.id; tliis additional head is but the one-thousandth of 
 a foot, but at a velocity often feet per second the resistance is one-tenth of a foot 
 head ^100 times as much), this is an easier bend than is generally found in mill 
 work; when the circle is 2.^ times the diameter of the. pipe this resistance is double ; 
 and here begins the heavier resistance, for fiom this to turning a square cornei 
 it has increased to 16 times that tirst noted ; and as will be easily seen, in the case 
 of short turns with high velocity, destroys much of its power. 
 
 One of the commonest and easiest turns which we see given to water is in the 
 scroll of an ordinary wooden wheel. Supposing this scroll to be 72 inches in diam- 
 eter with a 12-in>-h spout leading to it; that is, the diameter of the scroll is 6 times 
 that of the spout and the velocity of water 25 feet per second (=10 feet head) . To 
 maintain this velocity requires au additional head of 2^ feet, but as this loss is 
 hidden by the reduced velocity ol the water caused by its impact on the buckets, 
 and also rapidly grows less with its reduced velocity as shown in the first part of 
 the note, it is very generally ignored and sometimes denied altogether. 
 NOTE SECOND. 
 
 As a corollary of note 1st we see that as an abrupt change of direction requires 
 power to overcome, the less we have of it in the chutes which admit water to the 
 wheel, the better, as any force expended h re is so much taken from the amount 
 which can reach the wheel; while changing the direction of the water by the 
 form of the wheel itself, is applying this force where it does its work. 
 NOTE THIRD. 
 
 Loss of head from insufficient conduit. Water wheel builders lay great stress on 
 this and generally give rather exaggerated views. The error is on the safe side, 
 and when practicable it is well to follow their suggestions. It sometimes becomes 
 necessary, however, to use trunks for supplying wheels which from original con- 
 struction or want of room have less size than would be desired. It therefore 
 becomes necessary to know what this loss is. Here comes the mooted question, 
 
 [uired veloc- 
 thout enter- 
 
 .^uments on the subject, some of "which are rather more curious 
 than useful, it is sufficient to say that but little if any loss is found to exist, except 
 that due to the frictioual resistance of the conduit, and this is measurable. 
 
 The following table, abridged from " Beardman's Manual of Hydrology," 
 covers most of the cases required in ordinary practice. 
 
 Table of slope or fall in feet, and cubic feet discharged by pipe running full. 
 
 whether this loss is that due to the head necessary to produce the required veloc- 
 ity or only that necessary to maintain this velocity in the conduit. With 
 ing into the argu 
 
 1 Slope 
 1 foot in 52S. 
 
 Slope 
 1 foot in 264. 
 
 Slope 
 1 foot in 150. 
 
 Slope 
 1 foot in 66. 
 
 Size of Pipe 
 in inches. 
 
 Vel'y in feet 
 per minute. 
 
 Cubic feet 
 per minute. 
 
 Vel'y in feel 
 per minute. 
 
 Cubic feet 
 
 per minute. 
 
 Vel'y in feet 
 per minute. 
 
 Cubic feet 
 per minute. 
 
 Vel'y in feet 
 
 per minute. 
 
 Cubic fee. 
 per minute. 
 
 12 
 18 
 24 
 30 
 36 
 42 
 48 
 54 
 60 
 
 130 
 160 
 184 
 206 
 226 
 244 
 261 
 276 
 291 
 
 102 
 282 
 580 
 1.013 
 1.59S 
 2.350 
 3.281 
 4.403 
 5.731 
 
 196 
 226 
 261 
 292 
 319 
 345 
 369 
 391 
 412 
 
 155 
 399 
 820 
 1.432 
 2.2OT 
 3.321 
 4.637 
 6.223 
 8.100 
 
 243 
 300 
 345 
 386 
 423 
 457 
 488 
 518 
 546 
 
 192 
 528 
 1.085 
 1.895 
 2.989 
 4.395 
 6.137 
 8.237 
 10.720 
 
 392 
 452 
 522 
 584 
 638 
 690 
 738 
 782 
 824 
 
 310 
 798 
 1.640 
 2.864 
 4.518 
 6.642 
 9.274 
 12.446 
 16.200 
 
 From this table the mill owner can find what he can do with different sized 
 conduits; making these square instead of round would be an ample allowance in 
 iize for roughness or irregularity of construction. 
 
 G. W. PEARSONS, C. E.
 
 153 
 Card Setting- Macmne. 
 
 This machine holds the leather used for the base of card clothing, feeds and 
 cuts the wire, bends it for the teeth, pierces the holes, places the teeth therein, 
 then clinches them tightly. Yew machines so perfectly demonstrate the pos- 
 sibilities of mechanical movements as does this; but, as an invention, there 
 are many others far superior, for the card machine is a combination of several 
 separate devices. Aside from the device for cutting and bending the wire for 
 the teeth, the other movements are mostly of a feed character, but the adjust- 
 ments are so numerous that a mind of great organizing, rather than inventive 
 ability, was required to bring them into harmonious operation. Amos Whitte- 
 more, of Cambridge, Mass., obtained the patent for the machine, but Eleazar 
 Smith, of Walpole, Mass., claimed to be the inventor. It is difficult, however, 
 to obtain much information about its early history, though it has had an immense 
 influence upon the textile manufacture. Mr. Kent has been engaged in the 
 manufacture of the machine for nearly a half century. lie informs me that 
 when he commenced, a separate machine, worked by hand [here illustrated], 
 
 was used to make the teeth, from which it would seem that the complete ma 
 chine was many years in working its way into general use.
 
 154 
 Steam Engine. 
 
 New, made by Brown of Fitchburg, Mass. 18-inch cylinder, 42-inch stroke, 
 rated 75 horse-power with 60 pounds of steam; tested by Prony brake, steam 
 pressure ranging from 65 to 70 pounds during the trial; the power varied from 
 60 to 65 h. p. according to pressure. 
 
 Putnam Machine Co. Engine. 
 
 New 15-inch cylinder, 3-feet stroke, guaranteed to give 60 h. p. with 60 
 pounds of steam;" tested by Prony brake; gave 44 h. p. with 65 to 70 pounds 
 steam. Such has been my general experience, and I doubt whether a steam- 
 engine can be found that realizes more than 3-4 of its claimed rate. Indicator 
 cards may give the pressure in cylinder, but the only way to get the efficiency of 
 an engine is to take it from shaft. 
 
 Compound Engine. 
 
 Steam working first in a 6-inch cylinder, from that into one of 12 inches, 20 h. 
 p. was claimed; dynamometer on shaft showed 7. Then it was found that the 
 most of the force was used in working the engine. 
 
 Power Required to Drive Woolen Machinery. 
 
 THE POWER required to drive sets of woolen machinery depends upon the 
 quality of goods and number of sets in a mill; the more sets the less power in 
 proportion is required. I have tested the power used at many mills, but a few 
 cases will show the general average. 
 
 VASSELBORO WOOLEN MILLS, VASSELBORO, ME. 22-set mill, light cassi- 
 meres; required, 135 horse-power. 
 
 WM. WALKER & Co., LOWELL, MAsa. 4-set mill, flannels; required or used, 
 30 horse-power. 
 
 JAMES O. INMAN, PASCOAG, R. I. Heavy doeskin, pant goods, 4 sets; used, 
 40 horse-power. 
 
 BEEBE, WEBBEB & Co., HOLTOKE, MASS. Pant goods, eight sets; 64 horse- 
 power. 
 
 Power Required to Drive Elevators. 
 
 These elevators were in Boston stores, the belts when not at work running on 
 loose pulleys. To operate the first kind tried, without load, when running at the 
 common sp'eed, 1.89 horse power. With a load of 1006 pounds, 3.92 horse power. 
 
 The second was a Tuft's elevator, ruuniug at the same speed as the first, with- 
 out load, 2.46 horse power. With a load of 1004 pounds, required 5.29 horse 
 
 Hydro-Extractor. 
 
 Extractors start hard unless started very slowly, but lose their resistance 
 instantly; three-fourths of a horse power would be a liberal average for such as 
 I have tested, though from one to two horse power may be expended for a 
 moment, if started hastily.
 
 155 
 Noble's Wool Comb. 
 
 Woolen Manufacture. 
 
 The production of wool and manufacture of woolen goods constitute an old, 
 perhaps the oldest, industry curried on among us. The fabled search by Jason 
 for the golden fleece of Colchis typifies the esteem of the ancients for wool. 
 Wherever we turn, in sacred or profane history, we find the lamb the symbol for 
 tenderness, and wool, the cherished product of the sheep, always highly prized 
 by man. Wild sheep are found everywhere, but all domestic breeds are derived 
 from the Asiatic variety, which was developed from the argah, or big horn of 
 Siberia. Originally, all were covered with long hair, and wool beneath; the hair 
 lias been bred out," but appears when the animal is neglected. The merino is 
 the most valuable of all, dating back some two thousand years. The word 
 shows in its own structure the choice nature of this sheep. The Spanish noun 
 means judge or inspector of the transhumance (pasture-changing) flocks. Me- 
 rino, the adjective, means wandering or the pasture-changing and best chosen 
 flocks. Thus, the word brings down the process by which the flocks were
 
 156 
 
 selected, and also by which they were managed and developed. It is the treas- 
 ury of fine fibre for allvarieties, ami was introduced here in 1801-12. The Saxon, 
 the finest variety, is too delicate for common use. Merino furnishes the best 
 clothing or card wool and the fine or soft combing varieties. Leicester devel- 
 oped by Bakewell in the eighteenth century, Cotswold and similar coarse, long, 
 bright English varieties yield the lustrous worsted. The mauchamp, a variation 
 from pure merino in France half a century since, has a lustrous fibre almost 
 equal to the silky Cashmere goat. Carpet wools arc long, rough and coarse, 
 generally from South America, East India and the Mediterranean. The great 
 pastoral districts for the merino and its crossing are now Australiasia, River La 
 Plata and Cape of Good Hope. These hinds produced last year nearly 600,000,- 
 000 pounds in the grease, or 2S8,0)0,000 of pure wool. California produces 
 largely for us, rather more than 50,000,000 grease pounds. The manufacture 
 falls into two great divisions. First, woolens, which arc carded and generally 
 felted; second, worsteds, named from a village near Norwich, Eng., which are 
 combed, the lustre of the wool preserved, and are finished without fulling. 
 Christopher Columbus was the son of a wool comber. But it is probable that 
 he combing of wool at that time was but a simple process of carding or | 
 
 the combing of wool at that time was but a simple process of carding or getting 
 the wool ready for twisting into yarn upon the rude hand machines of that " 
 It has been the work of later years to perfect the art of wool combing or 
 
 the wool ready for twisting into yarn upon the rude hand machines of that day. 
 It has been the work of later years to perfect the art of wool combing or the 
 separating of the long worsted fibres or hairs of the wool from the short down, 
 
 or noils, as the combing waste is now called. The wool of commerce is now 
 divided into three distinct classes clothing wools, worsted or combing wools 
 and coarse or carpet wools. 
 
 In order to fully understand the difference between the ordinary old-fashioned 
 woolen goods and the more modern worsted fabrics, turn for a moment to the 
 yarn from which each is woven. Place a bit of ordinary woolen yarn under a 
 microscope, after untwisting it. You observe that the yarn was made up of 
 numerous minute fibres, running in every direction, interlaced, hooked and 
 curled together in such a snarl that it would not be possible to tell in what 
 direction a, majority of the fibres run. Give a little twist to the snarl and it is 
 ordinary yarn again. Put a bit of worsted yarn under the glass, after taking 
 out the twist in the same manner as before. You now observe that the hairs or 
 fibres all run in the same direction; that they are all nearly straight or much 
 more so than those of the ordinary yarn; that each fibre presents, instead of 
 a downy appearance, almost a transparent lustre. 
 
 Until within a few years the separating of the worsted fibres from Ihe short 
 wool or noils was all done by hand, and a very tedious and unsatisfactory pro- 
 cess it was; but by the more recent invention of very curious and almost life- 
 like machines, an illustration of one of which may be seen at the head of this 
 article, this separation or combinz has reached such a stage of perfection as 
 to have greatly increased the demand for and consumption of goods made 
 of wool. The prices of goods of the finest texture and most beautifullustre have 
 been reduced to within the reach of people of moderate means. 
 
 ORDINARY WOOLEN MANUFACTURING 
 
 Is carried on in mills with machinery classed as " sets," the cost of which at 
 this time are about $8,000 each. A mill building 50 x 160 feet, with four stories 
 and an attic, gives room for ten " sets," though this does not include room for 
 sorting, washing, drying, dyeing, picking, and boiler for heating. Such a mill 
 driven by water-power would cost somewhere about $150,000, or $15,000 per set, 
 varying somewhat, according to the conditions, cost of land, darn, &c. 
 
 Setsure based upon the number of cards used. These cards are of various 
 lengths, but those of 48-inch are used most now. 
 
 MACHINES NECESSARY TO MAKE UP A SET OP WOOLEN MACHINERY. 
 Wool and Waste Duster answer for six sets. 
 Wool Mixing Picker answers for six sets. 
 Cards three per set : first and second Breaker and Finisher. 
 Mule four hundred spindles per set. 
 Spoolers two per set. 
 
 Dresser, Reel and Beamer answer for six sets. 
 Looms five broad or ten narrow per set. 
 Fulling Mill two per set. 
 Washer answers for eight sets. 
 Hydro Extractor answers for six sets.
 
 157 
 
 Gig two pi-r set, 
 Shears answers for 
 
 Brush answers for four sets. 
 Press answers for six sets. 
 
 The manufacture is conducted in the following manner: The wool mut be 
 sorted witli i-efercnci. to weight, softness, fineness, strength, color and cleanness. 
 \Voolsol the best kind are separated into sorts, technically called pickl<i<-kx, 
 prime, choice and xitper. The first named is the most superior, and the others 
 
 Wool and Waste Duster. 
 
 follow ill the order of their gradation to the last, which is the most inferior in 
 quality. Inferior wools are sorted into ctoicnrigfits, seconds, fififi, lirn-i/ and xhort 
 coarse. Seconds is wool grown on the throat and breast, and livery, that grown 
 about the belly of the animal. Abb is an inferior kind of seconds, and short 
 coarse is also derived from the breast. This operation is performed by hand 
 and by skilled sorters. It is then scoured with a weak aqueous solution of "alkali, 
 then thoroughly rinsed in pure water and dried. It then goes to the dye-vats 
 and is colored or " dyed in the wool " ; then oiled, to prevent matting or felting; 
 then goes to the Picker, which prepares it for carding. 
 
 Wool carding bv machinery was first accomplished at West Ridinir. Yorkshire, 
 England, about 17S7. John and Arthur Scholtield, from that vicinity, came to 
 this country in 17'.i:J and, a year later, commenced to card wool by machinery in 
 a mill at By field, near Xewburyport, Mass. At that time, and, in fact, for many 
 years later, each farmer in the New England States kept a sufficient number of 
 sheep to supply his family with clothing, and a spinning-wheel and loom were to 
 lie found in each family: indeed, were often a part of the outfit of daughters, 
 when they were married, instead e*' the piano, now required. There are many 
 now living that can well remember the processor carding wool by hand, and from 
 that the practice of sending the family supply of wool to the carding mills, where 
 it was carded, and left in rolls about two feet in length to be spun upon the old 
 spinning-wheels by the farmers' wives, daughters, or the "hired girl." In th
 
 158 
 "Wool Mixing- Picker. 
 
 earlier years of machine carding, the machines were very crude merely strips of 
 card clothing nailed upon flat surfaces beneath a single large cylinder. Such 
 cards, however, were equal to the spinning-wheels, but the. production of the 
 spinning-jenny necessitated continuous rolls. For a time the short rolls were 
 pieced by children as they were spun, the rolls being carried on the left ami 
 joined by the right hand an operation that wore the skin from the fingers, and 
 often caused the blood to flow therefrom. A piecer commonly supplied twenty 
 spindles, so that three were required for each machine of sixty spindles. The 
 " Finisher Card " is the outcome of the persistent efforts made to do awav with 
 the really crude, expensive and inefficient system of piecing. Many patents have 
 been granted for different plans, and numerous prejudices have had to be over- 
 come in order to accomplish the purpose. 
 
 The covering of card cylinders, known as " card clothing," consists of wire 
 teeth, of suitable form, set ina base of leather or its equivalent, made in many 
 degrees of fineness, so as to meet the wants of carders of every variety of wool. 
 The first breaker card has clothing made with coarse wire; the second breaker 
 has finer; the finisher card the finest. From this card, the wool is delivered in 
 numerous continuous soft cord-like rolls ready for spinning. The wool is weighed 
 out and spread upon a feed-apron to the first breaker card. The licker-iu presents 
 it to the main cylinder, where it is worked by various devices; then, by what i> 
 called the Apperly feed, it is taken to the second breaker, and from that to tin- 
 Finisher Card. 
 
 From the finisher card, the wool goes to the Mule. The illustration following 
 -the Card represents a Self-acting Mule, a machine that would have been looked 
 upon with wonder a century since, and certainly with reason, if compared with 
 the spinning-wheel of that period. A brief extract from the builders' circular 
 will give their claims for the special merits of their mule : 
 
 "This mule has a low carriage, an improved acceleration speed motion for 
 spindles -for spinning warp or other yarn requiring much twist, and is adapted 
 for spinning all kinds of stock, and grades of yarn. It has a patent adjustable 
 draft scroll, which can be so changed in a few minutes as to adapt it for giving 
 any desired motion to the carriage when running out, whether for long draft or 
 for twisting yarn without drawing at all, whereby much time and labor are saved 
 that would be required to change scrolls." 
 
 Messrs. Johnson & B.issett. nvikc mule building a specialty. Their mules 
 usually have four hundred spindles each, or enough for a set each. 
 
 From the mule, the yarn is taken to the Spooler, which is lifted for transferring 
 the yarn from the bolibins on to jack or dresser spools for forming wool warps 
 and also for doubling two or more threads together, the twist being put in on
 
 159 
 
 1
 
 160
 
 161 
 
 Dead Spindle Spooler and Bobbin Stand. 
 
 UK; jack. A Dresser, Reel and Beamer are next required, in ordet to get the 
 yarn ou beams for weaving. 
 
 Dresser, Reel and Beamer. 
 
 From the beamer, it goes to the Loom. For plain goods, the ordinary cam 
 loom is sufficient, but the competition for superiority of styles necessitates looms 
 capable of producing new patterns at will. This want seems to have been met 
 by the production of the Knowles' Chain Loom, in which from two to forty 
 harnesses and seven shuttles may he used, and of course capable of weaving 
 an almost endless variety of styles, from plain to the most elaborate of patterns. 
 The illustration annexed shows one of their looms, with any length of pattern 
 required, easily changed to any style desired in a few moments, and so con- 
 venient as to be likely to supersede the ordinary cam looms in future, though 
 for common use the twelve to twenty-five harness looms are sufficient.
 
 162 
 
 Twenty-five Harness, Open Shed, Fancy Loom. 
 
 From the loom, the fabric goes to the Fulling Mill, where it is fulled. It then 
 
 Rotary Fulling Mill. 
 
 goes to the Washer, where it is soaped, scoured and rinsed. It then
 
 163 
 Cloth "Washer. 
 
 iroes to the Hydro-Extractor, and is dried. This machine is also used in the 
 preliminary operation of drying the wool after it is scoured and dvrd. 
 
 Hydro-Extractor.
 
 164 
 
 From tin- hydro-extractor, it goes to the Gig, in which the nap is raised with 
 teasels, the natural hooks of which many attempts have been made to equal by 
 mechanical substitutes; but, up to this time, without success. In this gig the 
 
 Quadruple Acting Gig. 
 
 cloth is acted upon at four different points while passing i 
 If a lustre like broadcloth is desired, the. cloth is boiled or steamed to lay the 
 fibre of the nap. From the gig, the cloth goes to the Shearing Machine, which 
 has revolving blades working against one that is stationary, or a " ledger blade." 
 
 Shearing Machine. 
 
 Brushing Machine. 
 
 DOUBLE ACTING. 
 
 In this machine the i 
 the fabric is sent 
 sent to the Press 
 
 he nap is made even by shearing it. From the shearingmachine, 
 to the Brushing Machine. From the brushing machine, it is 
 , where it is passed between hot rolls to lay the nap.
 
 165 
 Press. 
 
 "' '" Xt />' ?Vl /<> 
 ^ly-^x^v RL "./ /* 
 
 :" 
 
 WlLUKAKaXZT, MASS., May 21, 1881. 
 
 JAMES DUGDALE, LOWELL, MASS. 
 
 Dear Sir : I think you have been engaged for a number of years in the 
 manufacture of worsted yarn, and that formerly you combed the wool by hand 
 on instruments or devices substantially the same as the old hatehel used for 
 combing flax, and that you now comb by machinery or machine combs. That 
 the inventive and liberal patent system may lie compared with that of the con- 
 servative or older method, will you be so kind as to state the difference in cost 
 and ellicienev of the two iilans, and oblige, 
 
 Yours truly, JAMES EMERSOX. 
 
 LOWKLT,, MASS., May 25, 1881. 
 JAMES EMERSOX, WILLIMAXSETT, MASS. 
 
 Dear Sir: In reply to your letter of 21st inst.. I have to say The priee paid 
 for combing wool by hand was governed by the quality and length of staple. In 
 1863-64, the price paid in Lowell was 17 "cents per pound for medium quality. 
 A good workman was able to comb only from ten to twelve pounds per day 
 about twelve slivers weighing one pound. The first cost of the Improved Wool 
 Combing Machinery is very high; consequently, repairs are very expensive. 
 Still, the averagi- eo<t is about live cents per pound, with the advantage of the 
 sliver weighing from twelve to sixteen pounds. I shall be pleased to hear from 
 
 Respectfully yours, .1 A MES DUGDALE.
 
 166 / 
 
 Germania Mills, Holyoke, Mass. 
 
 Test, of machinery with Emerson's Portable Dynamometer. Tables prepared 
 by A. M. Swain. 
 
 WEAVE ROOM. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OP MACHINERY. 
 
 TIME. 
 
 W'GHT. 
 
 SPEED. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 
 A. M. 
 
 6.20 
 
 52 
 
 190 
 
 2.99 
 
 Shaft 136 feet long, 150 revolutions. 21 
 Broad Crompton Looms driven from the 
 line. An average of 10 looms were prob- 
 
 (5.30 
 6.45 
 7. 
 
 55 
 55 
 50 
 
 182 
 192 
 190 
 
 3.03 
 3.19 
 2.87 
 
 ably in operation. Counted them in 
 
 7.15 
 
 60 
 
 190 
 
 3.45 
 
 rapid succession over and over again. 
 
 7.30 
 
 53 
 
 190 
 
 3.05 
 
 The least number in operation was 5 at 
 
 745 
 
 54 
 
 190 
 
 3.10 
 
 one time. The most was 15 ; 9,10 and 11 
 
 8. 
 
 60 
 
 188 
 
 3.41 
 
 was the usual count. 
 
 8.15 
 
 55 
 
 188 
 
 3.13 
 
 Goods, heavy doeskin and cassimeres, 
 76 inches wide, 56 picks to the inch, 26 
 
 8.45 
 9. 
 
 50 
 60 
 
 192 
 192 
 
 2.90 
 3.49 
 
 ounces to the yard, in a portion of the 
 Looms. 
 
 9.15 
 9.30 
 
 60 
 
 86 
 
 192 
 
 192 
 
 3.49 
 
 5. 
 
 April 12, 1873. 
 
 1030 
 10.35 
 
 80 
 60 
 
 190 
 192 
 
 4. fin 
 3.4H 
 
 
 10.36 
 
 65 
 
 193 
 
 3.80 
 
 
 11.40 
 
 15 
 
 192 
 
 .87 
 
 
 12.15 
 
 651 
 
 188 
 
 2.90 
 
 TESTS IN PICKING AND DRYING ROOMS. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OK MACHINERY. 
 
 TIME. 
 
 W'GHT. 
 
 SPEED. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 2 Fim, 8 vanes each. 
 
 P. M. 
 
 . 12.15 
 
 80 11 . 
 
 180 
 
 4.36 
 
 2 Fans, 8 vanes, 2 Fans, 5 vanes, 
 
 
 12-J 1 , 180 
 
 6.68 
 
 4 Fans, 1 Sargent's Burr Picker, 
 4 Fans, 1 Sargent's Burr Picker, 
 
 1.30 
 1.45 
 
 230 
 
 222 
 
 181 
 180 
 
 12.61 
 12.11 
 
 4 Fans, 1 Sargent's Burr Picker, 
 
 2. 
 
 230 
 
 180 
 
 12.54 
 
 4 Fans, 1 Burr, 1 Kellosg Picker, 
 1 Sargent's Burr, 2 Kellojrg Pickers, 
 1 Sargent's Burr. 2 Kellogg Pickers, 
 4 Fans, 1 Burr, 2 Kellogo-, 
 
 2.05 
 2.30 
 
 J.4.-, 
 3. 
 
 Belt 
 180 
 ISO 
 290 
 
 Slipped 
 
 179 
 178 
 
 9.76 
 9.7fi 
 15.64 
 
 4 Fans, 1 Burr, 2 Kellogg, 
 
 3.15 
 
 296 
 
 178 
 
 15.91 
 
 4 Fans, 1 Burr, 
 
 3.45 
 
 231 
 
 178 
 
 12.4fl 
 
 1 Burr, 
 
 4. 
 
 125 
 
 180 
 
 6.81 
 
 1 Burr, 4 Fan*, 
 
 4.15 
 
 235 
 
 179 
 
 12.74 
 
 1 Burr, 4 Fans, 
 
 4.25 
 
 2:14 
 
 180 
 
 12.76 
 
 2 Kellogg Pickers, 
 1 Kellogg Picker, large, 
 1 Kello-rg Picker, small, 
 Counter Shaft aud loose Pulleys for 
 
 5. 
 5.05 
 5.10 
 
 65 
 40 
 30 
 
 182 
 181 
 181 
 
 3.58 
 2.19 
 1.64 
 
 above machinery. 
 
 
 25 
 
 180 
 
 1.36 
 
 April 9, 1873. 
 
 
 

 
 167 
 
 PAPER MANUFACTURE. 
 
 Like the ordinary historian, I might draw upon my imagination for my facts, 
 and give time and place where the first idea of paper was conceived, but the 
 reader will he quite as well informed if the truth is given instead; and that is, 
 that I do not know anything about it. It is evident, however, that it must have 
 been centuries upon centuries ago. Writing would necessitate paper or a sub- 
 stitute. Writing, from the nature of the case, must have been understood before 
 the commencement of history, for, without writing, there could have been no 
 re/jord. A mark was placed upon Cain for the purpose of warning those he 
 might meet that he was not to be molested. The statement plainly implies that 
 such mark or writing was generally understood, or it would have been useless ; 
 and it furnishes a plausible pretext for the Irish historian's genealogical tree 
 springing from an Irish root, with Adam placed high among the branches, and 
 the statement that the Irish had a written language at the time of Adam, all of 
 which may be true ; but if Old Israel was the son of an Irish emigrant, it would 
 be an interesting study for the scientist to trace out the cause of such a radical 
 change in the form of the nose. Evidence bearing upon that point might be 
 difficult to find; but such would hardly be the case about paper, for the word is 
 derived from that of papyrus, and papyrus was paper essentially the same as 
 the paper of to-day, though crude and coarse, perhaps, in comparison with the 
 best now made : the interior part of a reed or flag indigenous to Egypt, and 
 places where papyrus was known. 
 
 Its preparation for use was similar to that of paper. The part of the reed to 
 be used was selected; it was then sized or glued, then subjected to heavy 
 pressure. Sheets of any size desired could be made, as is proved by the fact 
 that it was carried or kept in rolls. Vellum, often mentioned in connection with 
 the early manuscript copies of Scripture and the printing of the first books, was 
 white, finely prepared calf-skin. The object of this article, however, is more for 
 the purpose of briefly describing the manufacture of paper now than to treat of 
 its use in the past. 
 
 Until within a generation past, paper, or the finer qualities of paper, has been 
 produced from rags, and the pulp has been worked into sheets by hand. Forms 
 or sieves of the size of sheets required were used to take up the pulp; as the 
 water drained out, the sheet formed, and when dried it was pressed. John Ames, 
 of Springfield, Mass., now living, invented the cylinder paper machine, which is 
 still in use in some mills where a cheap grade of paper is made. The Fourdri- 
 nier improvement has since been added. 
 
 Paper is in such demand now that constant investigation is going on for the 
 purpose of discovering new fibre suitable for the purpose. Many kinds of stock 
 are now used : rags, ground wood pulp, wood pulp chemically prepared, waste 
 of many kinds, old rope, hemp, manila, fishing lines, jute, jute butts, straw, etc. 
 Clay of various kinds is used, but by a neighboring manufacturer the individual 
 does not do so.
 
 168
 
 169 
 Bleach Boiler. 
 
 was presented to my sight Jirt exceeded anything of Hie kind niy imagination 
 had ever conceived of. It is a blessing to the right kind of a Yankee to travel, 
 for in many places he can see much to make him thankful that he is a Yankee. 
 If he can get rid of some of his conceit, he will also see much that it is desirable 
 to learn. The manufacture is conducted as follows : 
 
 The rags for fine paper are first dusted by running them through the Bag 
 Duster. The}- are then cut into pieces, two or three inches in area of extent ; 
 this is done by women, each one of whom has the point half of a scythe firmly 
 lixed vcrticaifv in a bench in front, the edge of the scythe being from her. With 
 this instrument she cuts large handmls of rags in various directions, until the 
 mass is reduced into pieces the size required. She has to cut off buttons, hooks 
 and eyes, seams, hems, and everything objectionable. After being cut, the rags 
 are sorted, and everything rejected that is likely to injure the quality of the 
 paper, They are then again dusted, and then placed in the Bleach Boiler a 
 
 Gould's Improved Beating- Engine.
 
 170 
 Rag Engine. 
 
 horizontal boiler, varying from live to eight feet in diameter, and from fifteen to 
 twenty feet in length. Lime is put in with the rags. The boiler is rotated 
 slowly for twelve hours, steam being introduced through the hollow journal?; 
 the pressure of steam being kept up to sixty pounds during the whole time. 
 This is done to soften and aid in the disintegration of the rags. From the bleach 
 boiler, the rags are dumped into large boxes on trucks, in which they are taken 
 to the Washers, almost identical in their operation and appearance with the 
 rag engine above. Indeed, in many mills the washing and beating are done in
 
 171 
 
 the same engine. All the water that can be used is applied during the process 
 of washing, out the roll is not pressed down so hard as it is while beating. The 
 washing is continued from four to eight hours usually about six, by which time 
 the rags have become soft, pulpy stutf, which is then let down into the Drainers 
 tanks with perforated bottoms. Chloride of lime is added here to bleach the 
 mass perfectly white. From the drainers, the stuff is taken up and put into the 
 Beating Engines, where it is kept in constant motion, and continuously passing 
 between the heating or tearing knives and roll. Coloring is here added to give 
 the paper the desired tint. The mass is kept in the beaters until it is reduced to 
 the condition required usually about six hours. Then it is discharged into the 
 "Stuff Chest" below. 
 
 For a long time perhaps a century, more or less there has been little change 
 in the general character of the beating engine, except increase in si/e. Recently, 
 attempts at improvement have been made, and now the Gould Engines are gain- 
 ing favor from their increased productiveness, saving of labor and even quality 
 of pulp. 
 
 Gould Beating- Engine. 
 
 A charge for the engine is about 60 barrels, which is prepared lor paper 
 machines in about three hours. The centrifugal force keeps the pulp in constant 
 motion, rendering stirring by hand unnecessary. 
 
 Experiments made for the Messrs. Stanwood, Tower & Co., at their paper mill 
 at Gardiner, Me., a four ton mill, manila paper, jute stock. Regular speed of 
 Beater 108 revolutions per minute, but during a test trial of 12 hours it varied 
 from 106 to 112, requiring 55.36 horse-power as a maximum ; during the trial 2400
 
 172 
 
 ! "w .9 * fc S 'f 
 
 ; = _= r, ~ = ~ - " " 
 
 Bil.sJ^Ilil.s 
 
 --MlfE||:= . 
 
 ^i23|^lJ 
 
 Mss.dala 
 
 Illilssi^ll 
 
 ^s=^ 
 
 o^S-J 
 S/goDtigar-Ji^SI 
 
 2tJO.B> 

 
 173 
 
 Sheet Super Calender. 
 
 These pucks are then taken to the Drying I, oft, separated into sheets, which 
 are hung evenly upon poles to dry, the. loft being kept hot by steam. When 
 dried, the r-hcets are sent to the finishing room, and arc passed between rolls 
 under great pressure. The proce-i* is railed calendering, tlic Sheet Calender 
 being iiMl. 
 
 Ordinary paper lor writing or commercial pnrpo>e is cut into sheets known as 
 Flat Cap, UxlTi; Foolscap, i:;.\lti; Letter, 10 x Hi ; Note, S x 10 inches. These 
 sheets are counted into n am- of 4*i> sheet* each, folded, then trimmed in the 
 Trimming Press. See cut, next page.
 
 174 
 
 Trimming Press, or Paper Cutter. 
 
 kagcs to a pressure of several hundred tons in
 
 175 
 Lever Plater. 
 
 After pressing, the packages are boxed, ready for delivery. 
 
 A finer grade of paper, used for wedding or fancy cards, and various purposes, 
 is calendered in the sheet calender : then placed between metal plates, anil pa<:-ed 
 between the rolls of the Lever Plater; then cut into sheets the size required, and 
 boxed for shipment. 
 
 Book paper, often quite fine and nice, is of a somewhat inferior grade often, 
 if not generally, made of mixed stock : rags and wood pulp, sized with resin -size 
 in the beating engine, instead of with animal size in the paper machine. 
 
 The process in the paper machine at the commencement is the same as before 
 described, but instead of being divided into sheets, it goes in the web through 
 the stack of Chilled Rolls, J, near the right end of the machine, which give 
 what is called "machine finish." It is reeled or rolled, as represented on the 
 Kolls, K. If a finer finish is desired, it is super-calendered. (See cut on next 
 page.) It is then divided into sheets, the size required, by rotating cutters. 
 
 Newspaper is made of a cheaper grade of stock: rags, ground wood pulp, 
 straw, waste of various kinds, etc. 
 
 Cheap wrapping paper is alo made of straw, or something cheaper. 
 
 The best nianila paper is made of jute, jute butts, old rope, hemp, nianila, 
 fishing lines, etc.
 
 176 
 
 Web Super Calender. 
 
 Fine tissue paper is also made of jute, but the process of beating requires 
 twenty-four instead of six hours in order to disintegrate the stock more slowly, 
 leave the fibre longer, and the product more tenacious. 
 
 The cost of a paper mill of course depends upon circumstances t<> a certain 
 extent. * The rough estimate of cost for a one-ton tine paper mill would l>c $75,000 
 to $100,000; larger capacity, in proportion. [A ton iiiilj means one capable of 
 producing a ton of paper per day.]
 
 177 
 
 Whiting Paper Co., Holyoke, Mass., No. 1 Mill. 
 
 4-Ton Mill, Fine Writing Paper. 
 
 Following machinery driven by the mair wheel, which by test gave 180 h. p. 
 
 2 1250 pound washing engines. 
 
 2 1200 pound bcatinir ensrh:..' ; 
 
 2 800 pound beating engines. 
 
 2 6 inch Littlelicld pumps. 
 
 1 Andrews pump. 
 
 4 rag dusters ; 2 rag boilers. 
 
 1 Elevator, 2 boiler pumps, 1 engine lathe, 1 sheet calendar, 5 rolls, 1 small 
 
 pump, 1 circular saw for box work. 
 Finishing room wheel, ^2.92 h. p. 
 
 Drives 6 5-roll calendars, 2 platers. 5 ruling machines, 3 trimming presses, 1 
 elevator, 1 grind stone. _-~~ 
 
 These two wheels do the work named, but 20 horse-power additional would be 
 acceptable on large wheel. 
 
 Test by Emerson's Dynamometer. 
 
 Experiment upon an 800 pound paper engine for rag stork ; furnished with 800 
 pounds of bleached stock in the evening of March 26, 1875, at the Housaionic 
 Mill of the Smith Paper Co. at Lee. Mass. The roll was 46 inches long by 40 
 inches diameter Experiment beuan with a stock nearly finished, which was 
 finished, discharged and the engine replenished. 
 
 
 Time. 
 
 P. M. 
 
 Rev. of 
 Roll. 
 
 Rev. of 
 Dynamom. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 
 7.00 
 7.30 
 7.35 
 7.45 
 *9.30 
 *9.35 
 
 iii 
 
 124 
 124 
 
 124 
 124 
 124 
 
 284 
 294 
 300 
 288 
 274 
 274 
 
 165 
 131 
 135 
 131 
 
 184 
 184 
 
 14.20 
 13.45 
 1227 
 13.17 
 
 15.27 
 15.27 
 
 *Roll down and stock half finished. 
 
 Experiments upon a 300 pound paper engine for rag stock : furnished with 300 
 pounds of bleached stock on tlie afternoon of March 24, 1875. at the Housatonic 
 Mill of the Smith Pi, per Co., at Lee, Mass. The Roll was 33 inches long by 28 
 inch- s in diameter. 
 
 
 Time. 
 
 P. M. 
 
 Rev of 
 
 Roll. 
 
 Rev. of 
 Dynamom'r 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 
 3.50 
 
 131 
 
 230 
 
 28 
 
 1.95 
 
 
 400 
 
 131 
 
 2.50 
 
 63 
 
 4.39 
 
 
 
 4.15 
 
 143 
 
 250 
 
 57 
 
 4.31 
 
 
 
 4.20 
 
 149 
 
 260 
 
 73 
 
 5.75 
 
 
 
 425 
 
 152 
 
 270 
 
 49 
 
 4.00 
 
 
 
 5.00 
 
 166 
 
 291 
 
 93 
 
 8.20 
 
 
 
 5.05 
 
 150 
 
 264 
 
 93 
 
 7.44 
 
 
 
 5.30 
 
 146 
 
 257 
 
 94 
 
 7.31 
 
 
 
 6.00 
 
 143 
 
 250 
 
 95 
 
 7.19 
 
 
 
 6.45 
 
 149 
 
 260 
 
 104 
 
 8 19 
 
 
 
 700 
 
 144 
 
 252 
 
 107 
 
 8.17 
 
 
 
 7.30 
 
 149 
 
 260 
 
 118 
 
 9.26 
 
 
 
 8.00 
 
 126 
 
 220 
 
 119 
 
 7.93 
 
 
 
 8.15 
 
 133 
 
 233 
 
 122 
 
 8.61 
 
 
 
 8.30 
 
 146 
 
 255 
 
 119 
 
 9.19 
 
 
 
 8.45 
 
 149 
 
 261 
 
 105 
 
 8.30 
 
 
 
 9.00 
 
 123 
 
 215 
 
 105 
 
 6.84 
 
 
 
 9.15 
 
 137 
 
 240 
 
 104 
 
 7.56 
 
 
 
 9.30 
 
 150 
 
 264 
 
 101 
 
 8.08 
 
 
 
 9.45 
 
 137 
 
 240 
 
 101 
 
 7.34 
 
 
 
 10.15 
 
 132 
 
 2:12 
 
 100 
 
 7.03 
 
 
 
 10.30 
 
 187 
 
 240 
 
 
 1.89 

 
 178 
 
 Experiment on a 62 inch paper machine making news print from rag stock. 
 This machine is ordinarily run with a speed that will deliver the paper at the 
 rate of 90 feet per minute ; but during these experiments it delivered 61 ieet per 
 minute the first experiment and 78 feet per minute during the last experiment. 
 
 Time. 
 
 P. M. 
 
 Rev. of 
 Dynamom'r 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 II. Power ofi 
 Pump. 
 
 Table 
 Power. 
 
 4 00 
 4.20 
 
 200 
 230 
 
 101 
 104 
 
 6.12 
 
 2.78 
 3.56 
 
 8.90 
 10.82 
 
 The main line of shafting makes 108 revolutions per minute when 90 feet of 
 paper is delivered per minute. From this main line the agitator, the water 
 pump and the shaker at the head of the machine are drivrn a d are not included 
 in the test by the Dynamometer ; but are calculated from the speed and width of 
 belts by which they are driven, on the theory that a belt 1 inch wide, running 
 1000 feet per minute is a horse-power. 
 
 The Shaker belt moves 600 feet and is 3 inches wide, equals 1800, 1 .80 
 
 The Asritator belt moves 329 feet and is 4 inches wide, equals 1316. 1.32 
 The Pump belt moves 251 feet and is 6 inches wide, equals 1506, 1 .50 
 
 4.12 
 
 But as this pump is single acting, only acting during one-half of the revolu- 
 tion, I have called it two-thirds of the apparent power equals 1.00 h. p., and 
 deduct % a h. p., then leavinsr 4.12 h. p. for the paper moving 90 feet per minute. 
 Then by simple proportion of 78 to 96 witb paper moving 78 feet p-r minute 
 equals 3.56 hoi-sc power; with paper moving 61 feet per minute equals 2.78 horse 
 power. 
 
 [Copy.] L. M. WEIGHT, C. E. 
 
 Holyoke Paper Co., Holyoke, Mass. 
 
 Fonr 500 pound beating engines took thfl l^ho'e power of a wheel that by test 
 gave 80 horse-power; even with that power care was required in furnishing or 
 they would not run to speed ; after running a<i for some years, the Beaters were 
 altered or put into better condition, so that tle wheel now gives a large surplus 
 of power. Mill makes fine writing paper. 
 
 Test of a 72-Inch "Wheel and Machinery, Fitch- 
 burg, Mass-, 
 
 These experiments were made to determine power required to drive Beating, 
 engines, 36-inch rolls, paper and rag stock. Before testing the wheel, the speed 
 of the main shaft was taken under different conditions to ascertain the power 
 required to drive machinery at the following speeds, the water in the pond being 
 one inch below the lowest part of the crest of the dam. 
 
 1ST TRIAL. 3 Engines beating, 1 washing, and all machinery attached. Speed 
 of main shaft, 120 revolutions per minute. 49 h. p. 
 
 2D TRIAL. 2 Engines beating, 2 washing, all machinery attached. Speed of 
 main shaft, 146 revolutions per minute, 49 h. p. 
 
 3D TRIAL. 2 Engines beating, 2 washing duster thrown off. Speed of main 
 shaft, 160 revolutions per minut.-, 48.3 h. p. 
 
 During the above trials the head was about 14 feet. The dynamometer was 
 then applied to the end of main shaft, and the power of the wheel, at nearly 
 same speed, obtained. 
 
 With the flush-boards off, leaving 13 feet head, under which the wheel was 
 designed to give 60 horse-power, its power would have been 43.16. 
 
 No attempt was made to measure the water, it simply took the whole river- 
 Capacity of Beater 450 pounds.
 
 179 
 
 Paper and Shoemaking- Machinery. 
 
 Report of a test to determine the powe 
 Engines at Bacon's Paper Mill, in North La> 
 
 required to run one of the 
 reuce, Massachusetts. 
 
 Rag 
 
 LOWELL, December 16, 1870 
 J. A. Eacon, Enq.: 
 
 DEAR SIB: I have worked up carefully the tests made yesterday with 
 Emerson's Dynamometer, at your mill in North Lawrence. When the engine 
 roll mad" 145 revolutions per minute, the dial hand of the Dynamometer made 
 3.8 revolutions per minute. I have estimated the speed of the roll, upon the sup- 
 position that it varied during the different tests in the same proportion as the 
 speed of the dial hand. I give the results obtained, in the order in which the 
 tests were made. 
 
 Number 
 of 
 Test. 
 
 CONDITION or THE ENGINE. 
 
 Revolutions 
 of Roll 
 per rniuute. 
 
 Ilorse-Power 
 indicated 
 by Dynamometer. 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 
 No paper in 
 
 137 
 149 
 141 
 153 
 145 
 147 
 144 
 145 
 153 
 148 
 149 
 147 
 149 
 149 
 
 2.5 
 7.26 
 3.36 
 4. 
 4.03 
 4.41 
 4.57 
 5.19 
 5.2 
 4.71 
 5.08 
 5.02 
 5.08 
 3.9 
 
 
 t ti 
 
 (i ti 
 
 " 
 
 a tt 
 
 .< 
 
 
 
 c; (t 
 
 Brushing the paper 
 
 While the paper was being put in, the power indicated gradually rose from 2.5 
 horse-power to*7. 2(5 horse-power. It stood at 7.26 horse-power for about three 
 
 minutes, after which it gradually fell to 3.36 horse-power. Fr.m test 4 to test 8, 
 the roll was gradually set down harder and harder. At test No. 7, the roll was 
 down as hard as is usual in making paper. At test No. 8, the ri,ll was down 
 harder than is common. 
 
 Very respectfully yours, 
 (Signed,) CHANNING WHITAKER, 
 
 Mechanical Engineer. 
 
 Report of a test to determine the power required to drive Shoemaking Machin- 
 ery, at the State Prison, in Charlestown, Massachusetts. 
 
 LOWELL, July 13th, 1871. 
 Rodney S. Tay, Esq., Treasurer Tucker Mf'gCo., Boston : 
 
 DEAR SIR: On the 13th inst., I made a test with Emerson's small Dj-na- 
 mometer. of the power required to drive Mr. Blanchard's Shoemaking Machinery 
 at the State Prison, in Charleslown. In Mr. Blanchard's lower room there are, 
 besides the counter-shafting, 12 sewing machines, 2 peggers, 2 skivers. 1 heel 
 trimmer,! bottom roller, 1 buffer, 1 roller, 1 splitter. All of the machinery is 
 not in use at any one time. But making such allowance for this fact as seems to 
 be fair, there is required for driving the machinery and counter-shafting in this 
 room, 4.9 horse-power. In Mr. Blanchard's upper room, there are, besides the 
 counter-shafting, 2 brushes and 4 buffers. There is required, for driving the 
 machinery and counter.shaftin^ in this room, '2.3 horse-power. Making a total 
 of 7.2 horse-power used by Mr. Blanchard. 
 
 Very respectfully yours, 
 
 CHANNING WHITAKER, 
 
 (Signed,) Mechanical Engineer. 
 
 *I tested an ordinary -I.M) pound Beater in same mill that took something over 13 horse power.
 
 180 
 
 [From American Engineer.] 
 
 A Man of Courage. 
 
 We publish elsewhere a communication from Mr. James Emerson giving 
 some further facts in regard to warming of railway cars. Mr. Emerson has 
 given the last five years of his life to this work, and so far, as we believe, he is 
 the only man who has made extended experiments in heating by steam. He 
 is well known as an hydraulic engineer. What he accomplished in that depart- 
 ment of engineering is well told by a writer in the December, 1885, number of 
 the Milling Engineer. The writer says : 
 
 It will be sixteen years on April 1st next, since James Emerson, an inventor, 
 of Lowell, Mass., issued a small, one-page circular, saying that he had purchased 
 of the Swain Turbine Company their testing flume, built for the purpose of 
 privately testing their own water-wheels, and that he was about to open a 
 series of public competitive tests. It marked the commencement of an era of 
 wonderful progress in turbines. 
 
 Mr. Emerson was a man of irreproachable integrity. He could not be 
 bribed. He was too independent to be held as the tool of any one. He was 
 fearless in his criticisms, and many a poor miller who had been defrauded by 
 some unprincipled water-wheel agent, rejoiced to find that at last a man had 
 arisen who know and was not afraid to publish the truth. When he attacked a 
 certain water-wheel builder, who circulated most elegant pamphlets, and who 
 loudly claimed that his wheel was the best in the country, and that it had an 
 efficiency of 90 per cent., although in reality it was worthless, when Mr. 
 Emerson drove him out of hydraulics into the patent medicine business, the 
 whole fraternity of water-wheel users rejoiced. When he stated that the 
 wheels of several loud talking, ignorant men had so passed out of use that 
 they were more likely to be found at the junk-shop than anywhere else, and of 
 a certain inventor, who claimed his wheel gave 135 per cent., that he had no 
 doubt of his sincerity, but he had much doubt of his intelligence, there was 
 great popular sympathy with a man who could so fearlessly say what he thought. 
 The influence of his tests was marvelous. Nine-tenths of the water-wheels 
 
 brought to him that first year only gave three-fourths of the power which their 
 builders claimed and represented that they would give. At the present time 
 all the leading water-wheels honestly give the power they claim, and the 
 
 until they gained records of over 90 per cent. A similar impr 
 made by Stout, Mills & Temple, T. H. Eisdon & Co., the Holyoke 
 and many others. The effect of his tests, in the introduction 
 
 reason is because Mr. Emerson taught builders to estimate power correctly. 
 Then nearly all the leading firms claimed and published that their turbines 
 possessed the same economy of water at every stage of gate. None of them 
 claim it now. 
 
 The influence of these tests was beneficial to every honest builder. The first 
 wheel tested by the Stilwell & Bierce Manufacturing Co. only gave 68 percent., 
 although they honestly believed it could be relied upon to give 85. When they dis- 
 overed the truth they commenced experimenting and improving their wheels 
 
 provement was 
 ke Machine Co., 
 ction of the best 
 
 forms of water-wheels, was also remarkable. The attachment of a plate to a 
 cylinder gate to raise and lower with the gate and to form the top of the 
 stationary water course was then used by no builder of prominence. Now 
 every firm building a cylinder gate wheel uses it to obtain good results at the 
 part gate. He was the first to establish the; fact that the discharge of water 
 through a wheel of a given diameter could bo increased to double the amount 
 then customary, without injuring the efficiency of the wheel, and now there is 
 hardly a prominent builder in the country who is not making use of that dis- 
 covery. 
 
 Ihave~not written this article as an eulogy of James Emerson, but because 
 his name is inseparably linked to the recent progress of water-wheel science. 
 Like every other prominent man, he was not perfect. The time had come 
 when a better water-wheel, and more accurate information about the weakness 
 and excellencies of the various systems in use, was demanded. Mr. Francis' 
 valuable formate, upon which the whole system depended, were a locked-up 
 mystery of little benefit to the majority of water-wheel builders. Location. 
 experience, and remarkable fitness to the requirements of that special work 
 made Mr. Emerson the means of creating such an improvement in a certain 
 class of machines as few men have ever accomplished.
 
 181 
 
 Water Wheels. 
 
 In treating of water-power, means for its utilization is an important feat- 
 ure to be considered. As a motor, running or falling water was used back 
 in the earliest aires of which we have authentic history; and the various 
 devices employed for transmitting its power were hardly more crude than 
 many that are patented for the same purpose at the present time. Volumes 
 would be required to illustrate and describe the multitudinous plans that 
 have been devised, but a very few pages would suffice for describing the 
 principles of all. Our country is lavishly supplied with this natural motive 
 power; and, as might be expected from a race so energetic, many devices 
 have been produced for utilizing it advantageously. I have before me the 
 copy of a patent granted to Benjamin Tyler, grandfather of John Tyler, of 
 the well known Tyler'wheel, which reads as follows: 
 By the President, TITO. JEFFERSON. 
 
 JAMKS MADD1SOX, Secretary of State. 
 City of Washington To wit : 
 
 I DO HEREBY C'KKTIFY, that the fore-going Loiters Patent were del 
 on the twelfth day ut M.in-li in the year cl cmr Lord one thousand eight 
 
 tour to be examined; Hint I have examined the same and find th oiit'ormal 
 
 and I do herehy return the same to the Secretary of Stale, within lit'leeii da; 
 date aforesaid, to wit: on this nineteenth clay of March in the year aforesaii 
 LEVI LINCOLN T , Atty-den. of the United States. 
 
 THE SCHEDULE referred to in these Letters Patent and making a part of 
 the same, containing a description in the words of the said Benjamin Tyler 
 himself, of the Wry Fly, which may be applied by wind or water to various 
 machines, viz. : dfist mills, Hulling mills. Spinning mills, Fulling mills, 
 Taper mills, anil to the use of Furnaces, etc. 
 
 The Wry Fly is awheel which, built upon the lower end of a perpendicular 
 shaft in a circular form, resembling that of a tub. It is made fast by the 
 insertion of two or more short cones, which, passing through the shaft, 
 extends to the outer side of the wheel. The outside ot the wheel is made of 
 plank, jointed and fitted to each other, doweled at top and bottom, and 
 hooped by three bands of iron, so as to make it water-tight; the top must 
 be about one-fifth pari larger than the bottom in order to drive the hoops, 
 but this proportion may be varied, or even reversed, according to the 
 situation of place, proportion of the wheel, and quantity of water. The 
 buckets are made of winding timber, and placed inside of the wheel, made 
 fast by strong wooden pins drove in an oblique direction; they are fitted 
 to the inside of the tub, or wheel, in such a manner as to form an acute 
 angle from the wheel, the inner edge of the bucket inclining towards the 
 water, which is poured upon the top, or upper end of it, about twelve and 
 a half degrees; instead of their standing perpendicular with the shaft of 
 the wheel they are placed in the form of a screw, the lower ends inclining 
 towards the water, and against the course of the stream, after the rate of 
 forty-five degrees; this however may be likewise varied, according to the 
 circumstances of the place, quantity of water, and size of the wheel ; over 
 this wheel, and exactly fitted to the top of it, is a cup, or short cylinder, 
 made fast and immovable by timbers connected with other parts of the 
 building. Said Wry Fly may be used with or without said cylinder. 
 
 P. i:\.IAMIN TYLER. 
 P. HENDERSON, 
 SAMI-EI, HITCHCOCK, 
 
 Witnesses. 
 
 From the description of the Wry Fly it will be seen that , except the chutes, 
 it contained the principal features 'of the modern turbine, the merits of 
 which are due to many minds: while still irreater skill is required to bring 
 it to that state of perfection it is undoubtedly destined to attain. The 
 increasing importance of the manufacturing * interest necessitated the 
 improvement of devices for utilizing to the greatest possible extent the 
 water-power of the country. An article suggested by the change of wheels 
 at Lowell, Mass., is here quoted from the Courier of that citv published in 
 1871. 
 
 " The removal of the last in the city (except two or three on the Concord 
 River) of the old-fashioned and unwieldy breast-wheels suggests to us that 
 a chapter of information on the hydraulic motors now in use here, and 
 the history of their improvement and adoption, may prove of interest
 
 182 
 Devices of the Past.
 
 183 
 
 to all the readers of the Courier v/ho take a just pride in whatever aids Lowell 
 to substantiate her claim to the title of " the first manufacturing city in Amer- 
 ica." And first, let us glance at the old style of wheels, of which those now 
 being removed from the mills of the Lawrence and Prescott companies are fair 
 examples. These, generally known as " breast-wheels," are dependent for their 
 useful effect simply upon the weight of the water, admitted to the buckets near 
 the top, and retained as long as possible, or until nearly at the bottom of the 
 wheel, where its force is spent and it is discharged. These wheels have in 
 Lowell been constructed of wood, and o; great size, varying in diameter from 13 
 to 30 feet, and usually about 12 feet Long. Wheels of this class are still in use to 
 a great extent, and in rare instances reach the enormous size of 70 feet in diame- 
 ter. From the starting of the first mill (Merrimack) in 182:3, up to the year 1845, 
 when the number of spindles was about one-half that present running, the breast- 
 wheels alone were in use, and were considered the most perfect in all respects 
 of the kinds generally known. But although held in such high estimation, they 
 were very extravagant in the use of water; for although the proportion of the 
 useful effect given by the wheel to the power expended sometimes reached as 
 high as 75 per cent., the average performance fell far below this point, being only 
 about 60 per cent. And the importance of overcoming this radical defect becom- 
 ing more and more obvious, improvements were gradually devised which 
 resulted finally in the invention of a class of wheels known as turbines. 
 
 The word turbine is derived from the Latin turbo, which means among other 
 things, a top ; and also, the whirling or spinning motion of a top. The name, 
 though sometimes given a wider range of meaning, is properly applied to a 
 re-action wheel with vertical axis. The wheel itself is a Krench invention, dat- 
 ing back to 1830, or thereabouts; and it was introduced into this couutiy several 
 years later by an eminent engineer of Pennsylvania, Mr. Ellwood Morris, who 
 built and put in operation two of these wheels, and published the results of his 
 experiments upon them about the year 1843. The advantages of the turbine 
 were found to be mainly these; a greater economy in the use of water; adapta- 
 tion to any fall; greater velocity, compactness and durability, and that it was 
 not obstructed by backwater. Since Mr. Morris' experiments there have 
 appeared before the public almost innumerable varieties of turbines, each inven- 
 tor claiming for his wheel some advantage over all its predecessors; and up to 
 the present time several hundred patents have been granted in this country alone 
 for modifications and alleged improvements of the turbine as first invented. 
 Many of these wheels are quite popular, and are in use in small establishments 
 all over the country; but being roughly and cheaply made, none of them have 
 yet been found to compare with the original Fourneyron turbine as improved by 
 the inventions of Uriah A. Boyden, whose name is familiar to every one who is 
 at all acquainted with the history of our city. 
 
 In 1844 Mr. Boyden designed a 75 horse-power tmbine for the Appleton Com- 
 pany's Picker-house, introducing, as has been said, several changes of his own 
 deviling. This wheel was tested immediately after its completion, and found to 
 give a useful effect of 78 per cent, of the power of the water. Encouraged by 
 this success. Mr. Boyden proc eded in 1846 with the construction, for the same 
 company, of three more turbines of 190 horse-power each, which upon being 
 similarly tested gave the remarkable result of a useful effect of 88 per cent. In 
 experiments since that time results have been obtained as high as 92 percent.; 
 but it is considered that a fair average for these wheels is about 75 per cent, 
 against 60 for the breast-wheels as above stated. From the date of the Apple- 
 ton Company's adoption of turbines, they have come rapidly into use ; being 
 substituted for the clumsy affairs first used as fast as the latter became unser- 
 viceable from wear and decay. 
 
 One of the advantages of the turbine, as already stated, lies in the fact of its 
 occupying so much less space, in proportion to the power, than any other wheels. 
 And this will be more fully realized when it is considered that there are in actual 
 use for manufacturing purposes turbines of only 6 inchfs diameter ; and though 
 these, it must be owned, are rare, those of 10 and 12 inches are not unfrequently 
 met with ; usually operating, however, in localities where the amount of water 
 is limited, while the fall is considerable. Of the 70 powerful turbines in use in 
 the mills of Lowell, the smallest has a di imeter of 5*, and the largest of 11 feet, 
 and the capacity of a single wheel reaches, in several cases, 675 horse power. 
 
 At the lime the foregoing was written there were many turbines in use at Lowell of less diameter 
 
 '- -- ' L at time the large companies there 
 ) gives the origin of the Fourncy- 
 claim as inventor, unclerstandingly.
 
 184
 
 185 
 
 The whole power given by the fall of the Merrimack at. Lowell, of 33 feet, is 
 estimated at about 10,000 norse-power, the entire amount of which is already 
 leased to the corporations. In iiddition to this, there are in the mills 31 steam- 
 engines, furnishing 5ooo horse-power additional ; and besides toese sources there 
 are the three falls of Concord Itiver, the power of which we have no means of 
 estimating. 
 
 'Fourneyron Wheel. 
 
 [Extract from a Treatise on the power of water, by Joseph Glynn.] 
 
 M. Fourneyron, who betr'an his experiments in 1823, erected his first turbine in 
 1827, at I'o.it'sur 1'Ognon, in France. The result far exceeded his expectations, 
 but he had mucli prejudice to contend with, and it was not until 1834 that he con- 
 structed another, in Frai.che Comte at the iron-works of M. Carun, to blow a 
 furnace. It was of 7 or 8 horse-power, and worked at times with a fall of only 
 ! inches. Its performance was so satisfactory that the same proprietor had after- 
 wards another of 50 Inv-e-power erected, to replace 2 water-wheels, which 
 tugether, were equal to 30 horse power. 
 
 The fall of water was 4 feet '> inches, and the useful effect, varied with the 
 head and the immersion < f the turbine, 65 to 8j per cent. 
 
 Several others were now erected : 2 for falls 01 7 feet : 1 at Inval, near Giors, 
 for a fall of (i feet inches, the power being nearly 40-horse, on the river Epic, 
 expending 35 cubic feet of water per second, the useful effect being 71 per cent, 
 of the force employed. 
 
 One with a fail of 63 feet gave 75 per cent. ; and when it had the full head or 
 column for which it was constructed namely, 70 feet its useful effect is said to 
 have readied S7 per (rent, of i he power expended. 
 
 Another, with 126 feet, gave 81 per cent. ; and 1 with 144 feet fall, gave 80 per 
 cent. 
 
 At the instance of M. Arago, a commission of inquiry was instituted by the 
 Government of France, for examining the turbine of Inval, near Paris, the total 
 fall of water being 6 feet 6 inches, as has been before mentioned. By putting a 
 dam in the river, below the turbine, so as to raise the tail water, and diminish the 
 head to 3 feet 9 inches, the effect was still equal to 70 percent.; with the head 
 diminished to '2 feet, the effect was 04 per cent. ; and when the head was reduced 
 to 10 inches, it gave 58 per cent, of the power expended, notwithstanding the 
 great immersio.i of the machine. 
 
 In the year 1S37, M. Fourneyron erected a turbine at St. Blaster (St. Blai'e,) 
 in the Black Forest of Baden, for a fall or column of water of 72 feet (22 metres). 
 The wheel is made of cast-iron, with wronght-inm buckets ; it is about 20 inches 
 in dianift' r, and weighs about 105 pounds; it is said to be equal to 50 horse- 
 power, and to give an useful effect equal to 70 or 75 per cent, of the water | ower 
 employed. It drives a spinning-mill belonging to M. d'Eichtal A second tur- 
 bine, at the same establishment, is wo.ked by a column of water of 10H metres, 
 or354 fi-et high, which is brought into the machine by cast-iron pipes of IN 
 inches diameter of the local measure, or about 16 ' ', inches English. The diame- 
 ter of the water-wheel is 14' 4 , or about 13 inches English, and it is said to expei d 
 a cubic foot of water per second; probably the expenditure may be somewhat 
 more than this. 
 
 The wid h of the water- whoel across the pier is .22"), nr less than a quarter of 
 in inch. It ni.ikes from 2200 to 2:JOi) revolutions per minute ; and on the end of 
 
 *The Fourneyron wheel receives the waler from the inside, discharging it outwards. The gate, n 
 thill hoop somewhat deeper than the wheel, is placed between the chutes and wheel, and is opened 
 bv being raised With such an ftnungemetU, economical part gate reaolts .are iiuposiilMe; and M. 
 
 Kpumeyron and mam- others have made the wheel with division, in the buckets as shown in the, 
 MacAdam plan. The "quarter turn" of tie- H,,iy,,ke Machine Co. is the invention of Mr. Boyden. 
 MacAdam places the wheel at the small end of a' vertical cone-shaped lube. Valentine and others 
 have placed it in scroll and various kinds of curbs. It has been constructed so as to receive the 
 water from below by many parties. It has been made with register gate in.ide of chutes, between 
 chutes and whee), and in one rase in mv experience, with t \\ o resist er ^rales. one insM<- of chutes, the 
 other outside of wheel. It has been made with short straight chutes, also long curved ones. It has 
 been suspended by Ihe upper end of its shaft in various ways, instead of resting upon a step It 
 has been made of iron in the coarse* and el,,.ap.-t style, and of bronze at an enormous cost. It has 
 proved as variable in uselul effect us any of the other klfldj of turbines.
 
 186 
 
 The Boydcn turbine is highly recommended by its builder, and is much 
 admired by the corporation superintendent, in kids, whose responsibility is 
 remote; but the practical manufacturer, who has his own bills to pay, Ids it 
 severely alone. As may be seen by the diagrams, wheels constructed upon any 
 of the popular plans represented "in this work, may be made far superior in 
 every respect, at one half its cost. Its continued use is owing solely to the low 
 state of intelligence in milling engineering. It is idle to expect perfection or 
 any constant efficiency in turbines until purchasers become sufficiently awake 
 to their own interests to be willing to pay a fair price, and then to insist upon 
 knowing exactly what the very wheel that is to be purchased will do before 
 accepting it. The same quality of workmanship will make any other kind of 
 turbine as durable as the Boyden.
 
 187 
 
 the spindle or upright shaft of the turbine is a bevelled pinion, of 19 teeth, work- 
 ing into two wheels, on the right and left, each of which has 300 teeth. These give 
 motion to the machinery of the factory, and drive 8,000 water spindles, roving 
 frames, cardinir engines, cleansers and other accessories. The useful effect is 
 reported to be from 80 to 85 per cent, of the theoretical water-power. The water 
 as filtered at the reservoir before it enters the conduit pipes; and it is important 
 to notice this, since the apertures of discharge in the wheel are so small as to be 
 easily obstructed or choked. 
 
 The water enters the buckets in the direction of the tangent to the last element 
 of the guide-curves, which is a tangent to the first element of the curved buck- 
 ets. The water ought to press steadily against the curved buckets, entering 
 them without shock or impulse, and quitting them without velocity , in order to 
 obtain the greatest useful efl'ect; o.herwise a portion of the water's power must 
 be wasted or expended, without producing useful effect on the wheel. 
 
 It is difficult to imagine that a machine so small as this can give motion to (ho 
 works of a cotton mill on so large a scale. Professor Kuhlmann says, that win n 
 he saw it actually doing so, he could not for some time credit the evidence of his 
 senses; and, although he went purposely to examine it, his astonishment 
 prevented him from comprehending, in the first instance, that the fact was really 
 as it appeared. 
 
 The Jonval Turbine 
 
 [From J. E. Stevenson's Circular.] 
 
 By referring to our certificate on another page, it will be seen that it is impossi- 
 ble to construct a turbine greatly to exceed in useful effect a "Jonval," when 
 properly constructed and well finished; and by reference to the table of experi- 
 ments here inserted, it will be noticed that the efficiency of the Jonval turbine 
 depends not upon the name "Jonval," neither upon the simple fact that one 
 wheel is placed above another as from 6 Jonvals tested, but ONE gave WO 77 per 
 cent., that being the one made by us ; wherea-s one other gave only 50.34 per 
 cent., the lowest of all tested. And why this difference? Simply because one 
 builder knew what he was doing, and the other did not. There are many partic s, 
 purporting to manufacture the Jonval turbine, who state in their circulars that 
 " at a trial of turbine wheels, at Fairmouut Water Works, at Philadelphia, in 
 1809 and 1860, the Jonval wheel gave the highest percentage of all tested;" 
 and they would have the public believe that with their rough, unfinished cast- 
 ings, guide and bucket curves, of whatever form they may happen to be, they 
 give this wonderful result, when none of them possess more than one feature of 
 the Jonval turbine; and these experiments show that a "Jonval," made by a 
 man of experience, and tested under the most favorable circumstances, gave the 
 poorest result of all, simply because he failed in the application of the principles 
 embodied in its construction. 
 
 The following is a table of the experiments at the Fairmount Water Works, at 
 Philadelphia, in 1859 and I860, as taken from the report of the Chief Engineer. 
 The table explains itself. 
 
 At a irial of water wheels, at Fairmount Works, by order of the Select and Common Council of 
 the City of Philadelphia, a Jonval turbine, made by " J. E. Stevenwin," of Paterson, New Jersey, 
 was tested March 9th, 1860, and produced a co-efficient of Metal effect of .8777 per cent, under the; 
 following circumstance : 'Jij pounds -ere raised 25 feet by 70.2S cubic teel of water under a head 
 and fall of (J feet. To this must be added the frielion of the transmitting machinery, estimated at 
 o per cent., making a total useful effect of .1)077 of the power employed. 
 
 (SEAL OF CITY.) 
 
 itestation of the above signatures of O. H. P. Parker and Henry I>. M. Birkinbine, I set my 
 nd .-titix the seal of the City of Philadelphia, this, :ird day of April, 1860. 
 ALEXANDEK HENRY, 
 
 Mayor of Philadelphia.
 
 188 
 
 Jonval Wheels, with Variations. 
 
 HOUSTON. CURTIS. DEI.PHOS. 
 
 VANDEWATER-BURNHAM.
 
 189 
 
 Table of Experiments. 
 
 NAME OF WHEEL. 
 
 Kind of 
 Wheel. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 <.r i'!i-,. ( .t. 
 
 3 per ct. 
 added 
 for 
 
 Where Built. 
 
 Stevenson's 2nd wheel 
 Geveliu's 2nd wheel 
 
 Jonval.. 
 Jonval.. 
 
 Spiral... 
 Jonval.. 
 
 Spiral... 
 Spiral. . . 
 Spiral... 
 Jonval.. 
 Scroll... 
 Scroll 
 
 .8777 
 
 .821 'J 
 
 .SIM; 
 .7(572 
 
 .7591 
 
 .7569 
 .7467 
 .7:',:;.-. 
 .7169 
 .7123 
 .6799 
 .6726 
 .6412 
 .6324 
 .6205 
 .6132 
 .5415 
 .5359 
 .4734 
 
 .9077 
 .8510 
 
 .8497 
 .T9T2 
 
 .7891 
 .7869 
 .7767 
 7635 
 .7469 
 .7423 
 .7099 
 .7026 
 .6712 
 .6624 
 .6505 
 .6432 
 .5715 
 .5659 
 .5034 
 
 Paterson, X. J. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Bernville, Pa. 
 Troy, X. Y. 
 
 Bernville, Pa. 
 Heading, Pu. 
 Reading. Pa. 
 Paterson, N. J. 
 East Pepperell, Mass 
 West Lebanon, N. II. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Reading, Pa. 
 Guilf-.rd, N.Y. 
 Buffalo, N. Y. 
 Bernville, Pa. 
 Salmon River, N. Y. 
 Austin, Texas. 
 Worcester, Mass. 
 Troy, N. Y. 
 
 Andrews & Kalbach's 3rd 
 wheel 
 
 Collins' 2nd wheel 
 Andrews & Kalbach's 2nd 
 wheel 
 Smi'h's Parker's 4th trial.... 
 Smith's Parker's 3rd trial ... 
 Stevenson's 1st wheel 
 Blake 
 Tvler 
 
 Geveliu's 1st wheel 
 
 Jonval . . 
 Spiral.. 
 Scroll. 
 Scroll... 
 Spiral... 
 Scroll .. 
 Spiral... 
 Scroll... 
 
 Smith's Parker's nd wheel . 
 
 
 Andrew's 1st wheel 
 Rich ' 
 
 Littlepage 
 
 Collins' 1st wheel 
 
 Turbine builders may object to my classification of the various wheels repre- 
 scntcd upon the opposite pa^e; but because M. Jonval defined certain lines for a 
 turbine, he no more proved that those lines covered the principle than he would 
 have proved that the o: ly place to walk upon a street is exactly three feet from 
 its cjntre on a line parallel therewith, had lie defined such a line. The wheel 
 itself was common and known as the Tub wheel. Two wheels made upon 
 the Wry-Fly specification, placed one above the other, would have covered the 
 plan of M. Jonval; placing a fixed wheel above the wheel proper would 
 have little originality unless done before any otlu r builder had made an applica- 
 tion of chutes to turbines. The experiments of D. P. Blackstone, show plainly 
 that the vertical part of the buckets of the Vandc water- Burnham wheel, repre- 
 sented with the others, is of little practical utility; indeed, the vertical part of 
 such buckets have often been proved to be decidedly injurious. Wheels con- 
 structed in that way, however, render it more convenient to apply the water 
 economically at part gate. Many plans for gates have been tried with the 
 Jonval, but none that has not in some way proved objectionable. Many have 
 been made without any gate, simply letting the water on from the head gate of 
 flume. Geyelin of Philadelphia has a telescopic tube below the wheel, the bot- 
 tom thereof being lowered to the apron beneath, in order to stop the water. 
 Wicket gates have also been tried in a tube below the wheel, but both plans 
 cause an extravagant use of water, unless the wheel inns at whole gate. " Out- 
 side register gates " are the most commnn ; these also render it impossible to 
 economize water at part gate. The inside register, like that of Gates Curtis is 
 far better in that way, buL like the otlr r register gates it works hard. Down- 
 ward discharge wheels were objected to because they were supposed to press 
 heavily upon the step ; such au idea could only have gained a place through 
 very superficial reasoning, for if 75 or 80 per cent, of the weight of the water 
 forced the wheel ahead, the balance of the weight could only press down upon 
 the step, whether downward, central or outward discharge.
 
 190 
 
 Perpetual Motion. 
 
 For ages past the above idea has been the constant dream of a certain class of 
 minds, and is as prevalent to-day as in the past. To save such minds from the 
 trouble of re-inventing for the thousandth time the same old wornout devices, a 
 few of the m<'St common are here sufficiently illustrated to show tliose engaged 
 in sucn effjits that their plans are old. It is rath' r singular that such hydraulic 
 geniuses almost invariably select the poorest kind of wheels to be combined, in 
 order to get 175 per cent, from a double use of the water. The plan of Mr. 
 Jones only contemplated increased capacity for diameter and part gate economy, 
 but his plans have long been abandoned by more intelligent builders. 
 
 Little Giant. 
 
 George H. Jones, Auburn, N. Y. 
 
 "Oar wheel discharges its water inward, downward and outward, and dis. 
 
 charges as much inward as any central discharge wheel of same diameter; as 
 much outward as a Fourneyron, and downward as much as any Jonval, &c., &c." 
 There is not the slightest reason to doubt the ability of such devices to discharge 
 an abundance of water, but years of experience and demonstrations by decisive 
 tests prove beyond chance for dispute that all double arrangements are less 
 effective than simple single turbines. Various kinds have been tested and inva- 
 riably with the same results ; the sincrle wheel has proved the best in every way. 
 The Leffel turbine has been continued in its orieinal form simply because all the 
 claims hinge upon the use of the double wheel, and to give up tnat would invali- 
 date the whole patent.
 
 191 
 Double Wheels. 
 
 DEVICE BROUGHT FROM MEX- 
 ICO. Barker Will discharging 
 into a Fourneyron wheel; con- 
 nected by gears same as Wyn- 
 koop ; small ge;ir on rim of tl> 
 funnel. 
 
 Same device used in a tanning 
 lill. See Wdsbach. 
 
 The Plan Represented below has caused the Expenditure 
 of much Time and Money. 
 
 The plan consists simply of placing several Jonval wheels in a tube, one above 
 another, each pair rotating in opposite directions. H. Twitchell of Pulaski, N. 
 Y, furnished a set lor trial, three wheels; the upper one stationary, acting as 
 chutes ; the two beneath i otating in opposite directions, being connected together 
 by gears, hollow and solid shaft, arranged the same as those connecting Wynkoop 
 wheels. First test was with upper wheel, lower wheel removed. 
 
 Test of upper wheel with lower 
 win el removed. 
 
 Test of the two wheels connect 
 by gears. 
 
 
 Head. 
 18.59 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Head. 
 
 II. P. 
 
 (. ubic 
 feet. 
 
 325.12 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 .4486 
 
 
 6.96 
 
 353.04 
 
 .5615 
 
 | 18.49 
 
 4.97
 
 192 
 Ii. ID. WlTZDsTIKOOIP'S 
 
 Double Power Water Wheel 
 
 Patented January 3O, 1866. 
 
 In this improvement we have a device for combining wheels driven by the 
 force of running water, and also by the weight of the fluid, both acting in the 
 same direction, and the latter using the water which has already given power 
 to the former. 
 
 Fig. 1 shows the external appearance of the case of the wheel, and Fig. 2 
 the two motors with their gearing. The stream is received at A. Fig. 1, and, 
 by the spiral form of the case, is forced to receive a rotary motion as in the 
 common Turbine. This water acts directly on the buckets, B, Fig. 2, which 
 radiate from the center. They are connected to a hollow shaft, which carries 
 the large bevel gear, C, gearing into the pinion, D, on the liorixontal shaft. 
 
 Passing through the inside of this main shaft is the shaft. E, to which the 
 scroll wheel, F, is secured at the bottom, and a bevel gear, smaller than C, at 
 the top. This gear meshes with the pinion, G, on the liorixontal shaft. After 
 the water, by its rotary force, has done its work on B, it falls and operates F, 
 giving it twice the speed of B. By this combination we claim that this device 
 has twice the power of an ordinary wheel with the same weight and force of 
 water. It has been tested by practical men with even greater results. There 
 is now one of these wheels in successful operation in the machine shop of 
 Messrs. CLAPP & HAMBLIN'S, of this City, who have the exclusive right 
 for the manufacture of the same in this State, and the public are invited to 
 call and test it for themselves. The proprietors, 1.. I). Wynkoop and S. P. 
 Stone, are now prepared to negotiate with any responsible parties for the 
 right to manufacture the same in any State of the Union. In offering this to 
 the public, we are aware that the cry of humbug will be made, but we guaran- 
 tee all we claim for it, and we wish no one to engage in it until he is satisfied 
 that what we claim is true. Any inquiries addressed to the proprietors, at 
 Owosso, Mich., will be promptly attended to. 
 
 L. D. WYNKOOP. 
 S. P. STONE. 
 
 We the undersigned have seen the Wynkoop Wheel in operation and be- 
 lieve it to be all the inventor claims for it. 
 
 J. B. BARNES, Mayor, JAMES W. STEDMAN, 
 
 A. BARTLKTT. City .Marshal, P. M. ROWELL, 
 
 E. D. GREGORY, J. H. CHAMPION, 
 
 C. W. CLAPP & CO., EDWARD SMITH. Machinist, 
 
 D. R. STONE, A. J. PATTERSON, 
 N. MoBAIN, C. A. BALDWIN, 
 GREEN & LEE, Editors "Press," E. SALSBURY, 
 DANIEL LYON. H. S. GALUSHE, 
 WILLIAM FLETCHER, C. OSBURN. 
 
 CERTIFICATE : 
 
 JglP'From the experiments performed with the Wynkoop Wheel in the 
 Foundry of Messrs. Olapp & Hamblin of this city, I find it to utilize more than 
 175 per cent, of the absolute weight of water used; probably nearer 200. 
 This I regard as no violation of the principle laid down in our natural philos- 
 ophy, viz: that no wheel can be invented which will utilize 100 per cent., as 
 the wheel in question is not a single one, but such a combination of wheels, 
 as can not fail to give a vast increase of power. 
 
 I. C. COTHRAN. Principal of Owosso Union School. 
 
 HENRY GOULD, Millwright, Owosso City.
 
 193 
 WYNKOOP'S 
 
 POUB;LE 
 
 EFFICIENCY CLAIMED IS TABLES. 
 
 EFFICIENCY OBTAINED BY TEST. 
 
 Head in 
 feet. 
 
 15 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 36.18 
 
 Cubic ft. 
 
 Disrh'd. 
 
 (U4 
 
 Percent- i 
 
 _!:!iJ 
 
 135 
 
 Head in 1 Horse 
 feet. Power. 
 
 l.i.12 : S6.51 
 
 Cubic ft. 
 Disch'd 
 
 2318 23 
 
 Percent- 
 age. 
 
 .5513 
 
 The debut of this wheel furnished ample proof tint " Perpetual Motion " the- 
 ories take as readily with those ranking with the learned, as with those having 
 little knowledge of books. Several College Professors, (one at the head ot a 
 State Board of Education,) endorsed the claims of Mr. Wynkoop, furnished 
 means to develop the merits of his device; and were present at its test and 
 quietus.
 
 194 
 
 The Economy Water Wheel. 
 
 COMPLETE AND BEADY FOB 8ETTINS UP. 
 
 We offer a challenge of $1000 to the country to pro. 
 duce a Turbine Water Wheel of same diameter and under 
 same fall that will furnish one-half as much power as our 
 wheel. 
 
 Fulton, Myers &. Co., 
 
 80LK MAXtFACTURERS, 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind. 
 
 The Great Compound I.-X.-L. 
 Turbine Water Wheels. 
 
 JOSEPH HOUGH, Sole Patentee, 
 
 BrcKixcHAM r. O., BUCKS Co , PA. 
 
 My father was a practical miller and a 
 thorough millwright; he contended that 
 there was no water wheel then in existence 
 that utilized but a little over half -the power 
 of the water that passed over, under, or 
 through any water wheel in use ; and how to 
 utilize this lost power was a difficult p:ob- 
 lem to an Inventive mind to solve; neverthe- 
 less, perseverance and a determinaiion to 
 conquer all obstacles in the way, 1 finally 
 invented and completely overcame this great 
 difficulty, the utilizing of this otherwise 1,,M 
 power of water. 1 will give a contpl. le 
 description of the construction and action ot 
 the water on my Double Light and Lett 
 Reacting Turbine Water 'Vheels 1 he one- 
 half diameter of their !K nic Mocked , , 
 
 a tapering centre, a su'i.Yble height above the 
 chutes, to spread all around from the inlets 
 above, striking every bucV.ot at the same 
 time, at the furthest part from l'ie wheel's 
 centre, at the point of the vthrel where the 
 water exerts the greatest lone and power. 
 The chutes and a so the bmi.ets of both 
 water wheels are straight blades, cet at nn 
 angle of 4,-, degrees that the c-urrcnt of water 
 from the chutes id) ve ay strikj the buckets 
 of the upper wheel squarely at right angles, 
 and as these buckets i rede fro: i the force ot 
 the current, the water escaT>06 oft* these 
 blades with still greater toree "?:> adding the 
 second wheel of the same c''-n, --sions. imme- 
 diately under the first, th blades set alf 3 at 
 4o degrees in an oppoclte direction to again 
 receive this otherwise lost force of the cur- 
 rent of water, turning tcid wheel to the left 
 hand. This is the important feature in my 
 great Improvement on all single turbines, by 
 utilizing this otherwise lost force, utilizing 
 
 the \ 
 
 wire 
 
 Smith's Upper Sprinff Tallfy Mills. 
 This is to certifv, that the undeiMpned, 
 millers and millwright of BucUacbUB,wen 
 present at the Ccstin- trial of J. Hough's 
 Grcr.' Compound I.-X.-L. Double Right and 
 Left Heaetin- Turbine Water Wheels, and we 
 are free to s:iv, ihev :'ir exceeded our most 
 sanguine expectations by doing one-third 
 more work with the BUM amount of 
 It takes for the old ordinary 
 water wheel. This 
 
 ry single turhine 
 s eve witnesses to.
 
 195 
 
 Efficiency of Turbines. 
 
 In reporting the efficiency of the many water wheels brought to be tested dur- 
 ing- the past ten years, it has been a very difficult matter to suit all that have 
 been interested, yet no builder has ever expressed a d^ubt that any other builder 
 has ever received a less favorable report than he deserved; but in their own par- 
 ticular case something a little more favorable should have been said, or some- 
 thing unfavorable left unsaid. Thousands have asked my advice in turbine 
 matters, and many hundreds, if not thousands of turbines hare been selected 
 upon the advice given; yet not a single complaint has ever been made that the 
 wheel recommended proved unworthy of the recommendation, nor in the ten 
 years, has a wheel that I have reported poor, proved by practical use to be pood. 
 Time will de:erminc whether my opinions, statements and reports relative to 
 turbine matters have been well founded, and to that decision I am willing to 
 trust. 
 
 In making up the following reports, my purpose has been more to aid builders 
 in selecting the best plans than to sell wheels constructed upon any of those 
 now existing; to do so. requires a knowledge of the lowest as well as of the 
 highest results obtained by test of each, and such are given. 
 
 The extreme variations in the results obtained from every kind tested, should 
 convince purchasers that there is no certain way of procuring a good turbine 
 o hcrwise than by testing, before acceptance, as they would do if purchasing a 
 horse. 
 
 The wheel of B. J. Barber might properly have been placed in the group with 
 the Wynkoop and others of that class not that Mr. Barber believed in perpe'- 
 ual motion or 175 per cent, wheels ; hut he believed that an unexpended force 
 remained in the water discharged by any single turbine, and that that force 
 could be utilized by adding a second wheel below the first. His plan, however, 
 catried out as shown, simply produces the ordinary downward discharge wheel. 
 Mr. Barber erred in using the central discharge at all for much better results are 
 possible with the plain downward discharge than can be obtained from the cen- 
 tral, or his combination. 
 
 The other wheels with double discharge, reported in the following pages, such 
 as the Swain, Leffel, Eclipse, Angell, Walsh and others, were so constructed, 
 under the expectation of obtaining increased capacity for a given diameter, 
 but a comparison with the capacity of recent plans will show that such expecta- 
 tions were not well founded.
 
 196 
 
 A. M. Swain, North Chelmsford, Mass. 
 
 SWAIN TURBINE. 
 
 One of the earlier high class wheels, made with many buckets and small op< n- 
 ings, placed in " quarter turn" or "flume curb." Mr. Swain had much to do 
 about starting the testing system. Quite a number of these wheels, ranging in 
 size from 18 to 42 inches in diameter have been tested. 
 
 Test of a 21-inch. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev. per 
 minute. 
 
 II. P. 
 
 Cubic 
 fuel. 
 
 PYr 
 
 Cent. 
 
 
 17 91 
 
 300 
 
 281 
 
 25 55 
 
 936 55 
 
 807' 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 18.25 
 
 275 
 
 2*J.5 
 
 2354 
 
 8'U 94 
 
 .7902 
 
 
 18.34 
 18.44 
 
 230 
 
 165 
 
 2805 
 241.5 
 
 19.55 
 12.08 
 
 742.22 
 562.20 
 
 .7611 
 .6175
 
 198 
 
 C. B. Walsh's Double Turbine, Waupaca, Wis 
 
 Test of a 35-inch wheel. 
 
 Test of a 13-iuch 
 
 Head. 
 
 BL-V. 
 
 11. P. 
 
 Cub. ft. P.rCt. 
 
 Head. 1 Rev. 
 
 11. P. |Cub ft. (Per Ct. 
 
 17.97 
 18.03 
 18.22 
 18.33 
 18.43 
 1857 
 18.68 
 
 106 
 154.5 
 151.5 
 1565 
 151 
 154.5 
 152 
 
 61.19 
 56.18 
 44.76 
 35.56 
 24.02 
 17.55 
 10.36 
 
 2298 
 
 1980 
 1564 
 1291 
 935 
 755 
 523 
 
 .784 
 .830 
 .833 
 .800 
 .786 
 ,663 
 .562 
 
 18.18 
 
 18.28 
 18.37 
 18.41 
 1851 
 18 52 
 18.56 
 
 368.5 
 410 
 377 
 394 
 420 
 409 
 410 
 
 9.49 
 9.93 
 8.00 
 8.09 
 6.36 
 6.20 
 5.59 
 
 508 
 443 
 355 
 346 
 275 
 271 
 257 
 
 .544 
 .049 
 .650 
 #72 
 
 .661 
 .656 
 .618 
 
 Wetmore Wheel, Upham Machine Co., Claremont, N. H. 
 
 Test of a 36-inch, Sept. 17. 
 
 
 Head. 
 
 17.94 
 17.98 
 18.09 
 18.18 
 18.28 
 
 Weight. 
 
 810 
 650 
 450 
 320 
 150 
 
 Rev. per 
 minute. 
 
 146 
 143 5 
 151 
 141 
 143.5 
 
 H. P. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 wisTeT 
 
 17'J4 63 
 1441.34 
 1201.11 
 94ti.7ti 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 .829T 
 .6959 
 .6270 
 .4975 
 .2970 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 
 53.76 
 42.40 
 30.88 
 20.51 
 9.78 
 
 
 " '* 
 
 Test of an 18- 
 
 nch, Sept. 29, 1876. 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 
 18.69 
 18.71 
 18.79 
 18.82 
 
 150 
 120 
 75 
 60 
 
 303 
 307 
 305 
 
 292.5 
 
 13.77 
 11 16 
 6.93 
 5.31 
 
 501.32 
 423.66 
 304.45 
 262.16 
 
 .7781 
 .7454 
 .6414 
 .5699 
 
 
 
 
 
 Same wheel, buckets having been chipped. 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 
 18.71 
 18.87 
 1890 
 
 150 
 80 
 55 
 
 320.6 
 304 
 313.5 
 
 14.57 
 7.46 
 5.22 
 
 507.41 
 323.50 
 26318 
 
 .8125 
 .6632 
 .5577 
 
 
 Test of a 24-inch, Oct. 2, 1876. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 18.34 
 18.58 
 18.66 
 
 350 
 
 185 
 135 
 
 228 
 230 
 229.5 
 
 24.18 
 12.89 
 9.35 
 
 HG0.21 
 582.25 
 483.83 
 
 .7270 
 .6300 
 .5611 
 
 
 Second test of same, buckets having been chipped. 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 Part Gate 
 
 18.30 
 18.49 
 18.67 
 
 360 
 225 
 
 100 
 
 249.5 
 234.5 
 237 5 
 
 15!98 
 7.20 
 
 91)3.51 
 671.85 
 424.49 
 
 .8170 
 .6810 
 .4810 
 
 Test of a 48-inch, Oct. 5, 1876. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 10.15 
 11.06 
 10.63 
 11.02 
 
 1350 
 1100 
 700 
 400 
 
 83.5 
 80.5 
 83 
 82 
 
 51.23 
 40.25 
 26.41 
 14.90 
 
 371 :;.(>:. 
 3201.64 
 23.Vl.2l 
 1827.39 
 
 .7195 
 .6018 
 .5588 
 .3834 
 
 

 
 109 
 Perry Turbine. 
 
 Perry & Taylor, Bridgton, Maine. 
 
 Downward discharge, with inside register gate. Messrs. Perry & Taylor har 
 provided themselves with apparatus ibr testing their wheels liefore delivery, and 
 guarantee the results furnished at each sale. 
 
 Sept. 1, 1877. 
 
 Head. 
 
 1312 
 13.12 
 13.12 
 13.13 
 
 Kev'u 
 Per Min. 
 
 271 
 247.3 
 274 
 303.7 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 6.15 
 6.18 
 6.22 
 6.21 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 300.65 
 302.70 
 300.65 
 299.29 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 .8288 
 .8223 
 .8382 
 .8382 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 
 
 (C K 
 
 
 
 
 13.22 
 13.31 
 13.33 
 
 261 
 248.5 
 280.5 
 
 4.74 
 3.38 
 3.18 
 
 246.85 
 191.31 
 184.13 
 
 .7703 
 .7039 
 .6871 
 
 " " 
 
 SECOND WHEEL. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 11.80 
 11.78 
 11.77 
 11 76 
 
 162.5 
 158 
 154 
 151 
 145.7 
 141.5 
 
 19.94 
 20.11 
 20.30 
 20.59 
 20.53 
 20.58 
 
 1086.89 
 1093.57 
 1090.23 
 1103.25 
 1110.30 
 1115.34 
 
 .8246 
 .8280 
 .8390 
 .8440 
 .8351 
 .8343 
 
 " " 
 
 It U 
 
 11.74 
 11 73 
 
 < 
 
 
 12.13 
 11.98 
 1206 
 12.23 
 12.36 
 12.42 
 
 150 
 164 
 150.5 
 151.5 
 148 
 139 
 
 10.52 
 11.18 
 11.97 
 8.60 
 6.39 
 4.73 
 
 709.16 
 762.55 
 780.61 
 628.50 
 525.33 
 464.96 
 
 .6486 
 .6492 
 .6589 
 .5887 
 .5221 
 .4341 
 
 
 *. t( 
 
 Cl 
 
 f 
 
 " "
 
 200 
 
 0. G. Mullikin, Lansing, Iowa. 
 
 Test of wheel, 28 inches in diameter, 
 the buckets extending to edge of the 
 crown plate, aid tilling bore of curb. 
 (The first test in all of the tables is at 
 whole gate; the others at part pate.) 
 The following results were obtained. 
 
 Buckets cut to line 3, third test. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Riv. 
 
 II. P. 
 
 Cub. ft. 
 
 Per'tge 
 
 1802 
 18.28 
 
 18.32 
 18.46 
 18.62 
 18.48 
 
 135.5 
 136.5 
 138.5 
 136 
 132 
 133 
 
 63.71 
 62.04 
 56.65 
 43.27 
 30.60 
 19.64 
 
 2389 
 2276 
 2075 
 171 
 1319 
 MB 
 
 .7837 
 .7919 
 .7891 
 .7448 
 .6594 
 .5809 
 
 Head. 
 
 Bev. 
 
 H.P. jCub.ft. 
 
 Per'tge 
 
 18.54 
 18.55 
 18.59 
 18.65 
 18.73 
 18.83 
 18.96 
 
 178.5 
 188 
 189.3 
 182.5 
 183.5 
 181.8 
 186 
 
 30.32 
 29,64 
 28.65 
 2472 
 20.69 
 14.71 
 9.90 
 
 10S"i.39 
 1038 32 
 960.35 
 818.23 
 689.91 
 513.39 
 358.68 
 
 .7950 
 .8141 
 .8492 
 .8569 
 .8470 
 .8049 
 .7702 
 
 30-inch wheel, buckets on lino 1. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Rev. 
 
 H.P. |Cub. ft. Per'tge 
 
 18.65 
 18.65 
 18.70 
 18.77 
 18.84 
 
 194.5 
 199.2 
 196.5 
 190.5 
 193 
 
 32.71 
 28.97 
 25.42 
 19.48 
 15.35 
 
 1188 
 1081 
 965 
 811 
 799 
 
 .7824 
 .7621 
 .7740 
 .6772 
 .5399 
 
 The next trial was with a 44-inch 
 wheel, with buckets of different curve 
 or pitch from those of the 28-inch. 
 
 Head. 
 
 1816 
 18.27 
 18.37 
 18.48 
 18.67 
 
 Rev. 
 
 II. P. 
 
 Cub. ft. 
 
 1'er'tge 
 
 Buckets chipped to line 2, re-tested. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Rev. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 Cub. ft. 
 
 1218 
 982 
 699 
 549 
 
 Per'tge 
 
 125 
 127 
 121.5 
 120 
 125 
 
 48.00 
 40.41 
 33.13 
 23.45 
 11.36 
 
 194 
 1735 
 1504 
 1187 
 764 
 
 .7157 
 .6754 
 .6353 
 .5660 
 .4125 
 
 18.74 
 18.58 
 18.70 
 18.77 
 
 205 
 200 
 199 
 202 
 
 37.27 
 26.36 
 15.82 
 10.55 
 
 .8fi46 
 .7649 
 .6405 
 .4941 
 
 The buckets were then cut away to 
 Hue marked 2, and again tested. 
 
 Buckets of 28-inch chipped to line 2, and 
 again tested. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Rev. 
 
 11. P. 
 
 Cub. ft. 
 
 Per'tge 
 
 Head 
 
 Rev. 
 
 II. P. 
 
 Cub. ft. Per'tge 
 
 18.06 
 18.07 
 1817 
 18.29 
 18.44 
 18.58 
 
 133.5 
 137.5 
 131.5 
 13i.5 
 136.3 
 137.5 
 
 63.71 
 60.93 
 53.79 
 44.33 
 30.47 
 20.00 
 
 2435 
 23-26 
 204S 
 1759 
 1370 
 1021 
 
 .7670 
 .7676 
 .7652 
 .TJ'.Ti 
 .6490 
 .5594 
 
 1848 
 18.50 
 18.53 
 18 60 
 18.68 
 18.80 
 
 171 
 179 
 
 178 
 175 
 172.5 
 179 
 
 30.70 
 29.23 
 28.31 
 24.59 
 17.66 
 10.67 
 
 11 si). 57 
 1184.49 
 1074.58 
 934-59 
 729.08 
 498.86 
 
 .7393 
 .7077 
 .7489 
 .7489 
 .6865 
 .5967
 
 201 
 Collins' Wheel. 
 
 Manufactured by J. P.Collins & Co., Norwich, Conn. 
 
 [FROM anr FOURTH ANITOAL RKPOBT.] 
 
 Is local in reputation and only made to order. A 24-inch, brass bucket, nicely 
 finished wheel in a curb similar to the above was sent to me to be tested. The 
 sender stated that $900, had been paid for it and that Mr. Collins had sold it as 
 the very best he could make. Mr. Collins was notified of the matter wiih the 
 time fixed for the trial. Two days in advance he put in an appearance, very 
 plea-antly remarking : " I acknowledge the right of every purchaser to ascertain 
 by actual trial the value of an >/ wheel purchased;" he further stated, that he 
 had brought his overalls in order to put the wheel in order if it was not in good 
 condition. Indeed, he was very genial, and one may judge of my surprise the 
 next morning when just as the wheel was deposited at my flume, Mr. Col- 
 lins, accompanied by sheriff, three or four appraisers, and other appurtenances of 
 the law, stepped in with a writ of replevin and demanded the wheel. As I knew 
 the purchaser had offered to sell it for a third of its price, I thought it an excel- 
 lent sale, and, of course, made no unnecessary objections, but recalled to Mr. 
 Collins his acknowledgement of the right of purchaser, to ascertain the value of 
 wheel pu chased; and was met with the statement that that particular wheel was 
 not his present wheel at all ; that he d d not make such now ; that he had no 
 objection to his regular wheel being tested, &c.. &c. Now, at the Philadelphia 
 test, 1860, Mr. Collins produced the wheel that gave the lowest result of all, or 
 about 47 per cent., as reported there, and as the wheel sent here was made some, 
 where about two j ears since, it becomes a rather interesting point to ascertain 
 when he commenced to make good wheels.
 
 202 
 American Turoine.
 
 203 
 
 Stout, Mills & Temple, Dayton, Ohio. 
 
 Test of a 36-inch Dayton wheel, Nov. 20, 1872. 
 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev.prr 
 
 Mill. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Pei- 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 19.00 
 19 11 
 
 750 
 615 
 
 144 
 140 3 
 
 49.09 
 39 22 
 
 1780.14 
 1350 0* 
 
 .768 
 
 
 19 ">l 
 
 5uO 
 
 
 
 
 
 " : 
 
 19.30 
 
 350 
 
 1465 
 
 23.31 
 
 888.29 
 
 .719 
 
 November 13, 1873, 36-inch wheel. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 Part Gate, 
 
 18.26 
 18.36 
 
 630 
 600 
 
 146.5 
 137.5 
 
 42.01 
 37 50 
 
 1025.77 
 1440.20 
 
 .7503 
 .7501 
 
 * < 
 
 18 46 
 
 450 
 
 148 
 
 30 27 
 
 1174 92 
 
 7400 
 
 " " 
 
 18.66 
 
 290 
 
 137.5 
 
 18.12 
 
 790.83 
 
 .6496 
 
 June 11, 1873, 48-inch wheel. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 Part Gate 
 
 18.10 
 18.18 
 
 1530 
 1320 
 
 107.7 
 109 
 
 99.86 
 87 20 
 
 3068 46 
 
 .8314 
 8280 
 
 
 18.41 
 
 1130 
 
 109 5 
 
 74 99 
 
 9647 48 
 
 
 c i 
 
 18 60 
 
 880 
 
 108 2 
 
 57 71 
 
 "'DO ^'1 
 
 
 " " 
 
 1886 
 
 640 
 
 108.7 
 
 42.16 
 
 1772.46 
 
 .6<H14 
 
 Test of 48-inch, January 29, 1874. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 17 65 
 
 1320 
 
 107.8 
 
 8624 
 
 341811 
 
 7598 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 17 66 
 
 1100 
 
 110 3 
 
 73 53 
 
 3010 79 
 
 7316 
 
 
 17 76 
 
 960 
 
 104 
 
 60 51 
 
 
 
 " " 
 
 18.16 
 
 500 
 
 106 
 
 32.12 
 
 1690.47 
 
 .5548 
 
 September 23, 1873, 42-inch right hand. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 17.93 
 
 1200 
 
 112.5 
 
 61. ?6 
 
 2569 85 
 
 7095 
 
 Part Gate, 
 
 17.98 
 
 990 
 
 118 5 
 
 53 32 
 
 2 9 18-55 
 
 7094 
 
 
 18 30 
 
 650 
 
 120 
 
 
 14-V "' 
 
 
 " 
 
 18.45 
 
 440 
 
 119.5 
 
 23.90 
 
 1213.58 
 
 .5666 
 
 October 1, 1873 , 42-iuch, left hand. 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 
 17.90 
 18 00 
 
 1100 
 980 
 
 118 
 120 
 
 59.00 
 53 45 
 
 2W,.u-2 
 2275 17 
 
 .6882 
 6946 
 
 
 18 13 
 
 8^ 
 
 121 
 
 45 10 
 
 1918 04 
 
 6884 
 
 " 
 
 18.43 
 
 420 
 
 116.5 
 
 22.24 
 
 1160.60 
 
 .5479 
 
 November 11, 1873. 2o-inch wheel. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 Part Gate 
 
 18.23 
 18 30 
 
 300 
 260 
 
 212 
 
 207 
 
 28.91 
 24 46 
 
 li:>8.:>4 
 983 53 
 
 .7244 
 7185 
 
 
 18 39 
 
 220 
 
 205 
 
 90 16 
 
 880 49 
 
 6565 
 
 
 
 18.60 
 
 110 
 
 208 
 
 1040 
 
 555.69 
 
 .5323 
 
 3vembcrl2, 1873. 20-inch wheel. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 I'artGate 
 
 18.85 
 18.55 
 
 130 
 
 110 
 
 253.5 
 243 
 
 14.97 
 12.15 
 
 606.54 
 
 528.55 
 
 .6938 
 .6536 
 
 
 18.63 
 
 90 
 
 244 
 
 9.98 
 
 448.93 
 
 .6313 
 
 " " 
 
 18.77 
 
 50 
 
 225.5 
 
 5.13 
 
 285.15 
 
 .5072
 
 204 
 
 Rotary Engine, or Water Wheel. 
 
 John Lueas, Hastings, Minn. 
 
 A slight examination of this device renders It obvious 
 that it will utilize the full power of the water used, 
 less loss from friction and leakage. Ju case E the Piston 
 wheel B, works in bearings in the cast, on shaft A. 
 Wheel and shaft are slotted through the center ; in this 
 slot hangs on its pivot C, the Piston D, which oscillates 
 in line with shaft A, as the Piston wheel is rotated by 
 the passing water or steam. US.M! as a water wheel It 
 does not need packing, consequently seems likely to 
 prove durable, particularly as It does best when run- 
 ning very slow. In testing one, 12 inches in diameter 
 at my flume under 18 feet head, it wa found that the 
 percentage increased rapidly as the speed decreased ; 
 the screw for tightening the brake was so coarse that 
 the speed could not be got below 326 revolutions per 
 minute without stopping it; at that speed it gave 87 
 per cent. For driving sewing machines, church organs, 
 printing presses and other light machinery where a 
 high head is available it seems to be the best device yet 
 produced, as, unlike the turbine, i t requires but a small 
 supply or discharge pipe, it is noiseless, runs slow and 
 utilizes the full power of the water used whether work- 
 ing at the maximum or minimum of its capacity. It 
 may be placed upon the shaft of the sewing machine 
 and driven by a supply through a small, flexible pipe 
 connected to the link faucet, or other convenient place. 
 One the size of the illustration herewith would be 
 it in capacity under the ordinary eity pressure.
 
 205 
 
 Success Turbine, S. M. Smith, York, Pa. 
 
 Downward discharge. Only one wheel tested.that 
 tested several times ; first .as it came to the flume, then 
 it was taken to machine shop, put in proper condi- 
 tion and ajjain tested. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev.per 
 
 minute. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 18.22 
 18.32 
 18.43 
 18.56 
 
 330 
 300 
 240 
 175 
 
 197 
 198 
 
 204.5 
 193.7 
 
 29.55 
 27.00 
 22.61 
 15.41 
 
 1137 
 
 1022 
 877 
 662 
 
 .7- =64 
 
 .7647 
 .7419 
 .6653 
 
 Sf;eond Test of 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 340 
 315 
 220 
 
 1 ti() 
 
 Rev.per 
 minute. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Cub c 
 feet. 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 18.30 
 18.35 
 18.55 
 18.64 
 
 1985 
 203.7 
 202.5 
 
 20-2 5 
 
 30.67 
 29 16 
 2025 
 14.72 
 
 1095 
 1025 
 742 
 593 
 
 .8119 
 .8198 
 .7800 
 .7064 
 
 Bellinger Turbine, O. J. Bellinger, York, Pa. 
 
 Central Discharge. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev.per 
 minute. 
 
 II. P. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Per' 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 Part Gate, 
 
 1821 
 
 18.24 
 
 370 
 
 340 
 
 193 
 
 187.5 
 
 32.45 
 
 28.97 
 
 1343.25 
 
 1196.20 
 
 .7034 
 .7042 
 
 
 18.40 
 18.58 
 
 250 
 160 
 
 190 
 193.5 
 
 21.59 
 14.07 
 
 948.11 
 678.43 
 
 .6577 
 .5784 
 
 Delphos Turbine, Delphos, Ohio. 
 
 Test of a 24-inch Wheel. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 280 
 205 
 115 
 55 
 
 Rev per 
 minute 
 
 H.P. 
 
 21.04 
 15.31 
 8.65 
 3.40 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 786 52 
 696.78 
 54057 
 373.06 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 18.38 
 18.43 
 18 60 
 18.76 
 
 248. 
 2465 
 248'5 
 204 
 
 .7726 
 .6329 
 .4567 
 .2582 
 
 Another 24-inch Wheel. 
 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev.per 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 18 38 
 
 275 
 
 246.6 
 
 20.55 
 
 806 70 
 
 7350 
 
 
 18 42 
 
 235 
 
 238 
 
 16 94 
 
 750 58 
 
 6498 
 
 
 18.47 
 18.56 
 
 170 
 
 95 
 
 246.5 
 247 
 
 12.69 
 7.11 
 
 654.01 
 505.31 
 
 .5570 
 .4025 
 
 Test of a 36-inch Wheel. 
 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev.per 
 
 minute. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 18.18 
 
 700 
 
 IT:. 
 
 55 68 
 
 2069 54 
 
 .7856 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 18.25 
 
 510 
 
 173.5 
 
 4022 
 
 17S5.56 
 
 .6552 
 
 ::::::.::::::::: 
 
 is.tss 
 
 18.54 
 
 320 
 120 
 
 376 
 173 
 
 25.60 
 9.24 
 
 1483.77 
 1041.36 
 
 .4983 
 .2540
 
 200 
 
 National Water Wheel Co., Bristol, Conn. 
 
 J. T. CASE WHEEL. 
 
 Made with sixteen chutes, in groups of four 
 each, as shown in cut. Thin outside register 
 gate, so arranged that four, eight, twelve, or the 
 whole sixteen may be closed as desired, in order 
 to utilize one-fourth, one-half, three-fourths or 
 the whole discharge advantageously. The wheel 
 has central and downward discharge, ai-d is 
 claimed to be like the Swain, but in reality has 
 little resemblance to that wheel. The Company 
 have had about a, dozen different wheels tested 
 at my flume ; the results may be found below 
 and on next page. The "part gates" revolu- 
 tions are those that gave the highest results. 
 Test of 30-inch, Aug. 19, 1872. 
 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Itc 'V. per 
 minute. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 18.35 
 18.61 
 18.78 
 18.19 
 
 500 
 265 
 150 
 65 
 
 133 
 153 
 154.S 
 
 141 
 
 30.23 
 18.43 
 10.83 
 
 4.16 
 
 1477.64 
 900.34 
 
 588.99 
 330.80 
 
 .610 
 .583 
 .505 
 .377 
 
 12 chutes opened 
 
 4 chutes opened 
 
 Test of 20-inch, August 22, 1872. 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 
 18.63 
 1903 
 
 18.88 
 18.80 
 
 187.5 
 30 
 95 
 160 
 
 237.2 
 249 
 247 
 237.5 
 
 20.78 
 3.39 
 10.36 
 17.67 
 
 773.98 
 215.66 
 492.99 
 700.59 
 
 .763 
 
 .438 
 .590 
 .712 
 
 8 chutes opened, 
 12 chutes opened, 
 
 Another 20-inch, in same ci; 
 
 ith different shaped buckets. 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 
 4 chutes opened, 
 8 chutes opened , 
 12 chutes opened, 
 
 18.63 
 1907 
 1886 
 18.70 
 
 180 
 275 
 80 
 130 
 
 249 
 242.5 
 248.5 
 252 
 
 20.37 
 3.03 
 9.04 
 14.89 
 
 7*15. 5!) 
 218.16 
 424.76 
 610.48 
 
 .758 
 .386 
 .599 
 .692 
 
 Another 20-inch, different from the others, same curb. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 12 chutes opened, 
 
 18.61 
 
 18.81 
 
 155 
 110 
 
 342.5 
 254.5 
 
 17.08 
 12.42 
 
 700.80 
 545.32 
 
 .695 
 .642 
 
 8 chutes opened, 
 
 18.95 
 
 75 
 
 247 
 
 8.34 
 
 386.29 
 
 .604 
 
 4 chutes opened, 
 
 19.12 
 
 25 
 
 242.5 
 
 2.75 
 
 199.21 
 
 .383 
 
 Another wheel in same curb, but with compound register gate. 
 
 12 chute-< opened, 
 
 19.05 
 
 70 
 
 249 
 
 7.92 
 
 373!37 
 
 .591 
 
 8 chutes opened , 
 4 chutes opened 
 
 19.13 
 19.28 
 
 40 
 20 
 
 248 
 197.5 
 
 4.31 
 1.79 
 
 257.32 
 
 .464 
 .327 
 
 Test of a 24-inch wh .-! in shape like the Houston, Sept. 27, 1872. 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 
 18.84 
 
 180 
 
 175 
 
 1431 
 
 8*3.14 
 
 r.'Hi 47 
 
 .477 
 456 
 
 Part Gate, 
 
 18 99 
 
 95 
 
 178 5 
 
 771 
 
 544 45 
 
 395 
 
 He-ad -Reduced, Whole Gate, 
 
 12.43 
 
 100 
 
 655.1 
 
 7.52 
 
 647.55 
 
 .495 
 
 Another of the same kind and shape. 
 
 Head Reduced, Whole Gate, 
 
 12!25 ! 110 
 
 139.5 
 
 6.97 
 
 865.89 
 
 .453 
 
 Test of a 40-inc 
 
 i, January 21st, 1873. 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 12 chutes opened 
 8 chutes opened 
 4 chutes opened, 
 
 17.76 
 18.40 
 18.85 
 19.26 
 
 6)0 
 450 
 245 
 65 
 
 163.5 
 158 
 158 
 156 
 
 48.30 
 32.31 
 17.59 
 4.61 
 
 1974.81 
 
 151078 
 1031.50 
 61824 
 
 .729 
 .616 
 .479 
 .205
 
 207 
 
 J. T. CASE WHEEL 
 
 No. of Test. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev. 
 
 Minute. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Weir. 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet. 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate, 1 ... 
 2... 
 
 17.85 
 
 1782 
 
 600 
 620 
 
 174 
 178 
 
 47.42 
 50.16 
 
 1.046 
 1.050 
 
 2038.74 
 2050.56 
 
 .689 
 .726 
 
 3... 
 
 17.78 
 
 650 
 
 168.5 
 
 49.78 
 
 1054 
 
 2061.36 
 
 .719 
 
 " 4... 
 
 17.75 
 
 675 
 
 165 
 
 50.62 
 
 1.057 
 
 2070 Si 
 
 .729 
 
 5... 
 
 1773 
 
 700 
 
 162.5 
 
 5170 
 
 1.064 
 
 2092.16 
 
 .737 
 
 6... 
 
 17.70 
 
 Z2&- 
 
 160 
 
 52.72 
 
 1.070 
 
 2110.10 
 
 .747 
 
 
 
 750 
 
 157 
 
 53.52 
 
 1.074 
 
 2122.10 
 
 .754 
 
 '.'.'. 
 
 17167 
 
 775 
 
 15^ 
 
 54.60 
 
 1.080 
 
 2140.06 
 
 .764 
 
 " 9... 
 
 17.63 
 
 800 
 
 153 
 
 55.63 
 
 1.084 
 
 2152.08 
 
 .776 
 
 10... 
 
 17.62 
 
 825 
 
 150 
 
 56.25 
 
 1.088 
 
 2163.51 
 
 .781 
 
 11... 
 
 17.62 
 
 850 
 
 146 
 
 5641 
 
 1.088 
 
 216351 
 
 .783 
 
 12... 
 
 17.61 
 
 875 
 
 144 
 
 57.27 
 
 1.090 
 
 2170.14 
 
 .793 
 
 " 13... 
 
 1760 
 
 900 
 
 142 
 
 55.09 
 
 1.096 
 
 2188.26 
 
 .774 
 
 " 14... 
 
 17.58 
 
 925 
 
 132 
 
 55.50 
 
 1.100 
 
 220036 
 
 .759 
 
 15... 
 
 1758 
 
 950 
 
 123 
 
 5311 
 
 1.104 
 
 2212.48 
 
 .722 
 
 Head Reduced. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Whole Gate,17... 
 
 12.15 
 
 650 
 
 111 
 
 32.79 
 
 .972 
 
 1825.86 
 
 .782 
 
 18... 
 
 12.14 
 
 625 
 
 117 
 
 33.24 
 
 .970 
 
 1819.74 
 
 796 
 
 " 19... 
 
 12.15 
 
 600 
 
 118.5 
 
 32.32 
 
 .968 
 
 1814 02 
 
 .776 
 
 20... 
 
 12.17 
 
 575 
 
 122.5 
 
 32.01 
 
 965 
 
 1805.47 
 
 .771 
 
 21... 
 
 12.15 
 
 615 
 
 117 
 
 32.71 
 
 
 1 B 16.97 
 
 .784 
 
 22... 
 
 12.14 
 
 635 
 
 115 
 
 33.19 
 
 1972 
 
 1825.86 
 
 .792 
 
 Head Reduced. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Whole Gate 24... 
 
 674 
 
 350 
 
 84 
 
 13.36 
 
 .802 
 
 1361.90 
 
 .770 
 
 25. . . 
 
 671 
 
 360 
 
 80.8 
 
 13.22 
 
 .803 
 
 1364.51 
 
 .765 
 
 26... 
 
 670 
 
 370 
 
 77.5 
 
 18.00 
 
 .805 
 
 1369.84 
 
 .749 
 
 27... 
 
 6.73 
 
 340 
 
 86 
 
 13.29 
 
 .801 
 
 1359 39 
 
 
 28... 
 
 675 
 
 330 
 
 87 
 
 13.0? 
 
 .800 
 
 1356.78 
 
 '.754 
 
 Part Gate, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 p tsop'n, 30. . . 
 
 17.84 
 
 800 
 
 132.6 
 
 48.22 
 
 .944 
 
 1743.95 
 
 .820 
 
 8 ' " 31... 
 
 1804 
 
 400 
 
 134 
 
 24.36 
 
 .730 
 
 1173.98 
 
 .609 
 
 8 ' "32... 
 
 1841 
 
 350 
 
 142 
 
 22.48 
 
 .712 
 
 1129.28 
 
 .560 
 
 8 ' " 33... 
 
 18.32 
 
 500 
 
 120 
 
 27.27 
 
 .749 
 
 1221.74 
 
 .646 
 
 ' ' "34... 
 
 1894 
 
 150 
 
 139 
 
 9.48 
 
 .612 
 
 670.49 
 
 .395 
 
 Test of 50 inch, Aug. 
 
 1873. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Ucv.per 
 minute. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Cubic 
 
 Feet. 
 
 4627.66 
 4721.55 
 4801.70 
 4836.17 
 4840.00 
 4874 55 
 
 Pel- 
 Cent. 
 
 .7242 
 .7381 
 .7356 
 .7422 
 .7486 
 .7415 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 16.39 
 16.37 
 16.37 
 16.35 
 16,34 
 16.35 
 
 1500 
 1600 
 1700 
 1800 
 1000 
 
 2600 
 
 114 
 111 
 10.3.6 
 101.5 
 97 
 92 
 
 103.63 
 107 03 
 108.80 
 110.72 
 111.70 
 111.50 
 
 t , 
 
 
 
 
 
 At Unionvillc, Conn., Platner & Porter Ml'g Co., I tested the power of one of 
 the latest style Nation il wheels; it was far below its tabl d rate for power, and 
 so extraordinarily extravagant in the use of water that it was immediately 
 removed to make room for one of a better kind.
 
 208 
 
 Angell Wheel, Providence, E. I. 
 
 Double discharge, gates similar to Leffel, though each alternate piece forming 
 side o* chutes is stationary, as represented in the diagram. Buckets bolted to 
 hub ^i wheel, and often shear off. 
 
 TEST OP A 36-INCH WHEEL. 
 
 No. of Test. 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev.per 
 Min. 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 Mav, 1873, Whole Gate 
 
 17.96 
 
 880 
 
 147.3 
 
 68.92 
 
 2328.86 
 
 .7451 
 
 3/ * * 
 
 18 29 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 47 
 
 475 
 
 140 
 
 30 22 
 
 136 77 
 
 6366 
 
 % .....:....:.::::::.. 
 
 18.48 
 
 370 
 
 142 
 
 23.85 
 
 1179.99 
 
 .5786 
 
 A 30-INCH WHEEL SENT TO BE TESTED. 
 
 No. of Test. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev.per 
 Min 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Nov. 3, Whole Gate 
 
 18.27 
 18 31 
 
 520 
 490 
 
 184 
 184 
 
 43.50 
 40 98 
 
 1475.36 
 1398 86 
 
 .8539 
 
 8465 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8114 
 
 v *< * 
 
 18 54 
 
 270 
 
 187 
 
 22 95 
 
 90' 7 1 7 
 
 7260 
 
 7.16" 
 
 18.65 
 
 190 
 
 ]845 
 
 14.25 
 
 677.38 
 
 .5968 
 
 On report of results, a wheel of the same size and made in same lot was sold 
 to Otto Troost, of Winona, Minn., sent to me to be tested for verification. 
 Results are here gi 
 
 No. of Test. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev.per 
 Mill. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 .7579 
 .7479 
 .7465 
 .7285 
 
 Dec. 15, Whole Gate, 
 
 18.40 
 18.43 
 18.42 
 18.47 
 
 520 
 00 
 480 
 650 
 
 176.6 
 1806 
 186.5 
 167 
 
 41.74 
 41.04 
 40.66 
 41.11 
 
 1583.40 
 1575.21 
 1564.21 
 1616.24 
 
 Of course the wheel was rejected ; then the wheel tested, Nov. 3, was repur. 
 chased by the Angell Company, and returned to fill the order. It was placed in 
 the flume, and found to run so hard, that I at once refused to test it until put in 
 order ; it was taken out and reset some five or six times, but could never be got 
 in condition to run, so that it would not require thirty or forty pounds to start it. 
 where ten should have done so, and the wheel was returned to the ihop for 
 Inspection.
 
 '209 
 
 January 14, 1874, a 48 inch wheel was sold conditionally to take the place of a 
 Leffel, where at least 80 per cent, average useful effect was required; it was sent 
 to be tested, and gave the following results : 
 
 No. of Test. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev.per 
 
 JVlin. 
 
 Horse 
 
 Power. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 
 17.62 
 
 1450 
 
 108 
 
 94 90 
 
 3802 70 
 
 .7667 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 17 88 
 
 1180 
 
 108 2 
 
 77 38 
 
 3158 70 
 
 ISA'S 
 
 
 IK n-' 
 
 1000 
 
 105 4 
 
 63 88 
 
 
 6780 
 
 
 
 18.21 
 18 42 
 
 750 
 500 
 
 108 
 10 
 
 49.09 
 30 90 
 
 2271 .:,S 
 1698 00 
 
 .6279 
 52''8 
 
 
 
 18.48 
 
 450 
 
 108.2 
 
 29.50 
 
 ]7<Ui !> 
 
 .4947 
 
 TEST OF A 40-INCH W&EEL, AT FITCHBUBG, MASS., JULY 2, 1872. 
 
 Head in 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Weir. 
 
 Rev. per 
 
 Minute. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Cubic ft. 
 Discharg'd 
 
 Percent- 
 age. 
 
 21. SO 
 
 10.85 
 
 240 
 
 260 
 
 28.36 
 
 1757 47 
 
 .3999 
 
 21 63 
 
 11.18 
 
 215 
 
 310 
 
 30.29 
 
 1837 70 
 
 .4034 
 
 20.99 
 
 14.00 
 
 156 
 
 510 
 
 36.16 
 
 2555.08 
 
 .3502 
 
 
 
 about 
 
 about 
 
 
 Tabled rate, same head, 280 
 
 
 103 
 
 2800 
 
 .9000 
 
 Flenniken Brothers, Rockford, 111. 
 
 Test of a 20-inch wheel. 
 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Kev. per 
 
 minute. 
 
 Horse 
 
 Power. 
 
 Cubic 
 
 feet. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 Part Gate, 
 
 18.37 
 18.49 
 
 110 
 90 
 
 342 
 315 
 
 17 10 
 
 12.88 
 
 605.44 
 
 524.43 
 
 .8083 
 .7025 
 
 
 18.53 
 18.63 
 18.72 
 
 60 
 35 
 20 
 
 321 
 
 351 
 280 
 
 875 
 5.58 
 2.54 
 
 448.92 
 362.70 
 278.14 
 
 .5566 
 .4368 
 .2244 
 
 Gardiner Cox, Ellsworth, N. Y. 
 
 Furnished a wheel that he called double ; it consisted of a hub, with a Jonval 
 wheel around its lower end, the buckets above being continued by sheet iron 
 spirals to the top of the hub, forming a twelve threaded screw, the pitch being 
 twelve degrees from Hue of rotation.
 
 210 
 
 T. H. Bisdon & Co., Mount Holly, N. J. 
 
 Mr. Bisdon seems to have a passion for 
 the turbine business, and has continued to 
 experiment for many years to an almost 
 unlimited extent; his first experiment at 
 my flume was in 1871, with a 30-inch Vande- 
 water wheel in a curb here represented. 
 It gave a useful eff. ct of .7714 per cent. 
 He then tried a 36-inch of the same kind, 
 which gave .7871 per cent. His next 
 effort was with a wheel of his own de- 
 signing:; (see next page, Fig. 2;) but in a 
 curb similar to that used by the National 
 Water Wheel Co., of Bristol, Conn. The 
 test is given in full in the second table 
 below. As maybe seen, the part gates 
 were not proportionally good, while the 
 rim of the curb was so nearly divided by 
 the ports that it was too fragile for dura- 
 bility, consequently it was abandoned and 
 
 a new one, represented by cut B wa 
 structed; in that, the following 
 
 suits 
 
 were obtained by the test of a 43-inch 
 wheel. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev.permin. 
 
 H. Power. 
 
 Cubic feet. 
 
 Percentage. 
 
 17.91 
 
 1200 
 
 151 
 
 82.36 
 
 2664.03 
 
 .9132 
 
 
 1200 
 
 148 
 
 80.72 
 
 2676.91 
 
 .8897 
 
 17 ! !92 
 
 1200 
 
 148.3 
 
 80.89 
 
 2680 14 
 
 .8910 
 
 17.90 
 
 1250 
 
 144.5 
 
 82.10 
 
 2689.82 
 
 .9021 
 
 17.98 
 
 1150 
 
 146.5 
 
 76.58 
 
 2469.92 
 
 .9121 
 
 18.00 
 
 1200 
 
 137.5 
 
 75.00 
 
 2495.13 
 
 -8834 
 
 18.17 
 
 1000 
 
 147 
 
 66.82 
 
 2258.84 
 
 .8613 
 
 18.29 
 
 850 
 
 150 
 
 57.95 
 
 2012.62 
 
 .8331 
 
 18.30 
 
 700 
 
 138.6 44.10 
 
 1686.07 
 
 .7559 
 
 18.43 
 
 650 
 
 148 : 43.72 
 
 1686 07 
 
 .7459 
 
 No. of Test. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Weir. 
 
 Cubic 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate, 1... 
 
 18.25 
 
 700 
 
 163.5 
 
 52.02 
 
 1.193 
 
 1749.33 
 
 .863 
 
 2... 
 
 18.25 
 
 750 
 
 151.5 
 
 61.65 
 
 1.201 
 
 1766.64 
 
 .850 
 
 3... 
 
 18.28 
 
 705 
 
 162.5 
 
 52.07 
 
 1.196 
 
 1755.81 
 
 .859 
 
 4... 
 
 18.28 
 
 710 
 
 162 
 
 5 -'.28 
 
 1.196 
 
 1755.81 
 
 .863 
 
 5... 
 
 18.30 
 
 715 
 
 160 
 
 52.00 
 
 1.199 
 
 1762.29 
 
 .854 
 
 6... 
 
 18.32 
 
 720 
 
 159.6 
 
 52.20 
 
 1.199 
 
 1762.29 
 
 .856 
 
 7... 
 
 18.34 
 
 725 
 
 158.6 
 
 52.26 
 
 1.200 
 
 1764.47 
 
 .854 
 
 8... 
 
 18.33 
 
 730 
 
 157.6 
 
 52.29 
 
 1.201 
 
 1766.64 
 
 >65 
 
 9... 
 
 18.32 
 
 735 
 
 1565 
 
 52.29 
 
 1.202 
 
 1768 81 
 
 .854 
 
 10... 
 
 1832 
 
 740 
 
 155.5 
 
 52.30 
 
 1.201 
 
 1766.64 
 
 .856 
 
 11... 
 
 18.34 
 
 745 
 
 155 
 
 52.48 
 
 1.202 
 
 1768.81 
 
 .857 
 
 12... 
 
 18.32 
 
 750 
 
 153 
 
 52.16 
 
 1.203 
 
 1770.98 
 
 .832 
 
 13... 
 
 18.34 
 
 760 
 
 149.5 
 
 51.65 
 
 1.203 
 
 1770.98 
 
 .842 
 
 14... 
 
 18.34 
 
 690 
 
 167 
 
 52.37 
 
 1.199 
 
 1762.29 
 
 .858 
 
 15... 
 
 18.34 
 
 680 
 
 169 
 
 52.24 
 
 1.198 
 
 1760.13 
 
 .857 
 
 16... 
 
 18.35 
 
 670 
 
 171.5 
 
 52.22 
 
 1.197 
 
 1757.97 
 
 .858 
 
 IPt. closed, 18... 
 
 18.51 
 
 560 
 
 154 
 
 39.20 
 
 1.047 
 
 1442.53 
 
 .779 
 
 ' 19... 
 
 18.51 
 
 545 
 
 158 
 
 39.14 
 
 1.045 
 
 1438.45 
 
 .778 
 
 2Pts. losed.21.. 
 
 18.85 
 
 190 
 
 162 
 
 13.99 
 
 .723 
 
 831.05 
 
 .473 
 
 Whol Gate,22... 
 
 18.37 
 
 745 
 
 154.6 
 
 52.35 
 
 1.200 
 
 1764.47 
 
 .855
 
 211 
 
 T. H. Risdon & Co., Mount Holly, N. J. 
 
 RISDON'S WHEEL. 
 
 Of the many Risdon wheels tested by me, quite a number of them have ranged 
 along in the seventies in percentage, but through some slight change after a first 
 trial every wheel tested, (except two or three of the 20-inch size) has been made 
 to return a useful effect of over eighty per cent, before delivery to purchaser, 
 quite a number from eighty-five to ninety, and a few even higher than ninety. 
 Fioure 3 represents the curb Mr. Risdou now considers the best, but he also fur- 
 nishes wheels in the register gate curb, represented at, the head of the opposite 
 page. 
 
 Test of a 20-inch. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Hev.per 
 minute. 
 
 II. P. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Ga'e, 
 
 18 58 
 
 175 
 
 235 5 
 
 1ft 67 
 
 640 26 
 
 7131 
 
 1'art Gate 
 
 18.62 
 
 165 
 
 300 
 
 15.00 
 
 593.93 
 
 .7175 
 
 
 18.67 
 18.68 
 
 165 
 140 
 
 272.5 
 308 
 
 13.62 
 13.06 
 
 540.42 
 532.32 
 
 .7143 
 .6936
 
 212 
 
 Tyler's New Scroll Wheel. 
 
 Scroll wheels are passing away, still there are many places yet where they may 
 be advantageously used; of the many plans devised for this class of wheels, 
 John Tyler of Claremont, N. H., has undoubtedly produced the very best, and 
 decidedly so. 
 
 Test of a 30-inch, Sept. 19, 1873. 
 
 Whole Gate. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev.pei 
 minute. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 (-ubic 
 
 feet. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 18 30 
 
 385 
 
 189 
 
 33 07 
 
 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 1832 
 
 330 
 
 196 5 
 
 29 78 
 
 11 '1 64 
 
 7674 
 
 
 18 41 
 
 200 
 
 187 
 
 17 00 
 
 900 47 
 
 5433 
 
 .( 
 
 18 50 
 
 60 
 
 192 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 18.54 
 
 17.5 
 
 183 
 
 1.46 
 
 680.58 
 
 .0612 
 
 Wheel reset aud made to run easier, then re-tested, Sept. 23, 1873. 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 
 1848 
 18 55 
 
 390 
 330 
 
 191 
 195 5 
 
 33.86 
 29 33 
 
 1188.49 
 
 .8164 
 
 
 18.62 
 18 65 
 
 250 
 200 
 
 191 
 197 5 
 
 21.71 
 17 95 
 
 9o4 50 
 
 892 8 
 
 .6469 
 
 " 
 
 18.72 
 
 100 
 
 185 
 
 8.41 
 
 730.75 
 
 .3256 
 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev. per 
 minute. 
 
 Hoise 
 Powor. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 Gate opened 13J inches 
 " " 9 inches 
 " " 8 inches 
 " " 7 inches 
 
 18.47 
 18.52 
 18.59 
 18.65 
 
 360 
 300 
 225 
 150 
 
 202.2 
 204 
 201.5 
 193.3 
 
 33.08 
 27.81 
 20.61 
 13.17 
 
 1179.66 
 1074.91 
 927.18 
 795.14 
 
 .8050 
 .7407 
 .6421 
 .4709
 
 213 
 
 Tyler's Flume "Wheel and Curb. 
 
 John Tyler, Claremont, N. H. 
 
 This curb has an insid 
 chute rim; the other pa 
 the same whether used 
 
 ide register gate, one side of each cliute being cast in 
 rt is bolted to the register hoop or gate. The wheel is 
 iu scroll or flume curb. 
 
 Flume wheel. 
 
 April 20, 1876. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev. per 
 minute. 
 
 II. P. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 18 43 
 
 375 
 
 168 6 
 
 28 72 
 
 1245 64 
 
 6618 
 
 Part Gate, 
 
 18.44 
 
 360 
 
 169.2 
 
 27.68 
 
 1207.50 
 
 .6677 
 
 
 18.65 
 
 185 
 
 167.5 
 
 1408 
 
 722.18 
 
 .5530 
 
 Buckets were chipped back. Re-tested April 21. 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 
 18.65 
 18.62 
 
 375 
 
 325 
 
 202 
 196,5 
 
 34.43 
 29.01 
 
 1226.55 
 1094.45 
 
 .7970 
 .7531 
 
 
 18.84 
 
 190 
 
 202 
 
 17.45 
 
 755.40 
 
 .6487 
 
 Buckets chipped back more and gate opening enlarged. Again tested April 22 
 
 Part Gate, 
 
 18.60 
 
 325 
 
 215 
 
 31.76 
 
 1037.38 
 
 .8709 
 
 
 18 67 
 
 275 
 
 212 5 
 
 26 56 
 
 914 01 
 
 8234 
 
 (( ( | 
 
 18 76 
 
 220 
 
 213 5 
 
 21 35 
 
 764 49 
 
 7880 
 
 < tt 
 
 1885 
 
 160 
 
 215 
 
 15 63 
 
 602.53 
 
 .7280 
 
 t * 
 
 18 93 
 
 105 
 
 213 5 
 
 10 18 
 
 465 71 
 
 6109 
 
 " 
 
 19.01 
 
 60 
 
 197 
 
 5.37 
 
 334.25 
 
 .4471 
 
 Chipping the buckets threw the wheel out of balance so that it was returned 
 to builders, where it WMS balanced by drilling holes on heavy side and filling 
 them with wood ; the wheel was smoothed up generally, then sent to Centennial 
 test, then sent to me for re-test ; on trying it again it was found that some change
 
 214 
 
 had been made that rendered it almost impossible to control it with brake. lie- 
 tested Feb. 13, 1877. 
 
 
 Uead. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Sinute'i "ower. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 18."S 
 
 375 
 
 221 | 37.67 
 
 1318.42 
 
 .8242 
 
 The wheel was taken to machine shop, altered and re-tasted four times, but 
 
 without material change in results. 
 Oct. 13, 1877, tested 42-inch Tyler Flume wheel. 
 
 Whole Gate | 18.10 | 1000 | 146 | 66.36 | 2619.73 | .7409 
 
 Taken to machine stop and alterations made, then re-tested. 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 18.15 800 
 
 152 
 
 55 27 
 
 2181 25 
 
 .7391 
 
 
 18 25 725 
 
 144 
 
 47.45 
 
 1917 22 
 
 .7181 
 
 " " 
 
 18.27 1 750 
 
 130.5 
 
 44.48 
 
 1843.14 
 
 .6992 
 
 A. N. Wolf's Turbine. 
 
 Manufactured by Barber & Sons, Allentown. Pa. 
 
 The first Wolf wheels sent to be tested gave exceeding good results and were 
 reported accordingly, which caused manufacturers to order others; as these 
 were sent to be tested they were found to be not only less efficient, but also not 
 well made. The 48-inch wheel reported on next page was ordered for the Newton 
 & Ramage Paper Co. of Holyoke ; it was so poorly made that while handling it in 
 order to lower it into testing flume it came apart and the wheel dropped to the 
 bottom; it was sent to machine shop and put into much better condition than 
 when first received. The edges of the buckets were left by the builders square, 
 varying in thickness from one-half to three-fourths of an inch ; these were par- 
 tially rounded, then the wheel was tested, giving the results reported. Mr. 
 Wolf took the wheel out and chipped the buckets to an edge, made it run easier 
 then had it tested again, obtaining the results reported of second 48-inch wheel. 
 In examining the wheel and curb I found the casting to be so thin as to be hardly 
 safe for the pressure of the 24 feet head for which it was ordered; the crown 
 plate or cover was five feet in diameter. Mr. Barber insisted that it was three, 
 fourths of a:i inch iu thickness, but on drilling through, it was found to be 
 but three-eighths; it was rejected.
 
 215 
 
 Test of 24-inch. 
 
 Multiply revolutions of wheel by 10 1"* get speed for comput 
 ing power. 
 
 
 Head. 1 Weight. 
 
 Rev. per 
 
 Min. 
 
 Horse 
 
 Power. 
 
 32.87 
 29.09 
 24.37 
 18.86 
 10.65 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 .843<T 
 .8416 
 .8202 
 .8003 
 .6777 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 
 18.21 
 18.29 
 18.41 
 18.55 
 18.69 
 
 425 
 400 
 325 
 250 
 150 
 
 255.3 
 240 
 247.5 
 249 
 234.5 
 
 1134.57 
 1002.07 
 853.76 
 (373.63 
 445.86 
 
 Part Gate, 
 
 
 " " 
 
 Test of a second 24-inch. Multiply revolutions by 10. 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 Part Gate 
 
 18.45 
 18.50 
 
 420 
 350 
 
 255 
 252 
 
 32.45 
 26.72 
 
 1166.27 
 1004.33 
 
 .7997 
 .7626 
 
 
 18.55 
 18 73 
 
 175 
 
 250 
 251.5 
 
 22.72 
 13 33 
 
 884.27 
 628 87 
 
 .7374 
 .6001 
 
 ' " 
 
 " 18.83 
 
 80 
 
 248 
 
 6.01 
 
 445.39 
 
 .3018 
 
 Test of a third 21-inch. Multiply revolutions by 15. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 Part Gate 
 
 18.23 
 18.32 
 18.41 
 18.47 
 
 280 
 220 
 190 
 150 
 
 253.5 
 262.2 
 261.5 
 262.5 
 
 32.26 
 26.22 
 2253 
 17.89 
 
 1164.28 
 1001.40 
 891.93 
 755.83 
 
 807 8 
 .7578 
 .7275 
 .6796 
 
 
 Test of a fourth 24-inch. 
 
 Part Gate, 
 
 18.24 
 
 270 
 
 243 
 
 29.82 
 
 1093.77 
 
 .7910 
 
 
 18 38 
 
 220 
 
 241 ' 
 
 24 10 
 
 922 11 
 
 7700 
 
 K 
 
 18.45 
 
 170 
 
 251.3 
 
 19.41 
 
 791.52 
 
 .7033 
 
 
 
 18.70 
 
 75 
 
 235.5 
 
 8.92 
 
 470.67 
 
 .5376 
 
 Test of a 30-inch. Multiply revolutions by 15. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 Parl'Gate 
 
 17.86 
 18.01 
 18.06 
 1843 
 
 500 
 435 
 400 
 230 
 
 183.5 
 182.5 
 180.5 
 1825 
 
 41.70 
 36.08 
 32.81 
 19.07 
 
 1547,74 
 1325.98 
 1233.06 
 819.71 
 
 .8000 
 .8011 
 .7814 
 .6850 
 
 
 < 
 
 Test of a 36-inch. Multiply revolutions by 15. 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 
 18.03 
 18.02 
 18.12 
 18.27 
 18.49 
 
 825 
 825 
 700 
 550 
 300 
 
 160.7 
 161.5 
 160 
 149 
 157.2 
 
 60.26 
 60.25 
 50.91 
 37.25 
 21.42 
 
 2308.08 
 22.J8.75 
 1958.80 
 1507.43 
 983.49 
 
 .7665 
 .7699 
 .7594 
 .7161 
 .6228 
 
 
 ii tt 
 
 " " 
 
 Test of a 18-inch. Multiply revolutions by 10. 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 Part Gate 
 
 18.38 
 18.50 
 
 165 
 160 
 
 304 
 
 15.20 
 13.91 
 
 517!71 
 
 !7702 
 
 
 18.55 
 18 59 
 
 135 
 105 
 
 291.5 
 267 
 
 11.92 
 9 30 
 
 454.00 
 357 42 
 
 .7506 
 7425 
 
 ' " 
 
 18.61 
 
 80 
 
 315 
 
 7.63 
 
 338.38 
 
 .642C 
 
 Test of a 48-inch. Sent to machine shop for alterations. Multiply revolutions 
 by 20. 
 
 Whole Gato.. 
 Part Gate,..., 
 
 17.47 
 17.65 
 18.01 
 
 1525 
 1000 
 600 
 
 90 
 121 
 111.5 
 
 83.18 I 3618.81 | .6982 
 73.33 3110.36 .7088 
 40.54 2127.43 .5615 
 
 Test of the 4S a second time. Rejected by intended purchaser. 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 p artGate 
 
 
 17 60 
 17.71 
 17.80 
 17.94 
 18.17 
 
 1300 
 
 1050 
 875 
 700 
 
 117 
 
 117 
 118 
 117.3 
 1143 
 
 92 18 
 81 54 
 75.09 
 62.20 
 48.49 
 
 3640.50 
 3263.49 
 2953.76 
 2566.52 
 2112.31 
 
 .7630 
 .7482 
 .7562 
 .7165 
 .6701 
 
 < ( 
 
 
 
 Test of a 54-inch. 
 
 Rejected by intended purchaser. Multiply revolutions by 20 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 
 
 17.24 
 17.42 
 17.73 
 
 1700 
 1600 
 1000 
 
 112.6 
 106.3 
 112 
 
 116.01 
 103.07 
 
 67.87 
 
 4841.07 
 4201.41 
 
 3107.58 
 
 .7373 
 .7469 
 .6686 
 
 

 
 216 
 
 Clark & Chapman, Turner's Falls, Mass. 
 
 COLEMAN WHEEL. 
 
 Have had several of the kind tested, and the results given herewith, obtained 
 om the test of a 30-inch, represent the general characteristics of the wheel. 
 
 March 31, 1874. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rey.per 
 minute. 
 
 176.8 
 173 
 174.5 
 171.5 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 1297.40 
 114455 
 963.24 
 687.60 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 .7584 
 .7935 
 .7687 
 .5696 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 18.45 
 18.57 
 18.71 
 18.66 
 
 425 
 370 
 830 
 175 
 
 34.15 
 29.09 
 26.18 
 13.63 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 " " 
 
 Wm. F. Mosser & Co., Allentown, Pa. 
 
 Two 36-inch wheels. Results below. First wheel had chutes and gate simi- 
 lar to Stout, Mills & Temple curb ; wheels downward discharge. 
 
 
 Head. 
 
 ~.80 
 
 Weight. 
 
 770 
 680 
 580 
 460 
 300 
 220 
 
 Hev.per 
 minute. 
 
 155 5 
 156.5 
 157.5 
 156 
 169 
 157.5 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent, 
 
 .75*5 
 
 .7708 
 .7610 
 .7195 
 .6709 
 .5(324 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 
 54.32 
 4837 
 41.52 
 32.62 
 23.00 
 15.41 
 
 2148.20 
 1S66.51 
 1611.01 
 1331.37 
 1047.20 
 S02.SH 
 
 Part Gate, 
 
 17.87 
 
 7. (Mi 
 
 18.10 
 18.21 
 18.10 
 
 (( 
 
 tl 
 
 
 
 Test of Second Wheel, Inside Register Gate. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 Part Gate 
 
 1804 
 18.10 
 
 725 
 650 
 
 176.5 
 164 6 
 
 58.44 
 48.64 
 
 2i75.:;i 
 191699 
 
 .7879 
 .7415 
 
 
 18 21 
 
 520 
 
 164 5 
 
 38 88 
 
 1591 18 
 
 .7100 
 
 K 
 
 18 34 
 
 375 
 
 163 5 
 
 27 84 
 
 1-'M4 S-' 
 
 6 >7 02 
 
 " 
 
 18.45 
 
 245 
 
 165 
 
 18.40 
 
 1008.06 
 
 .6284 
 
 "Excelsior," Roland, Benedict & Co., Reading, Pa. 
 
 Test of a 42-inch Wheel. 
 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev. per 
 minute. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 
 18.48 
 
 460 
 
 149.5 
 
 31.26 
 
 1130.34 
 
 .7880 
 
 
 18 64 
 
 160 
 
 160 
 
 11 60 
 
 
 3692 
 
 " 
 
 18.72 
 
 50 
 
 164 
 
 3.12 
 
 785.7S 
 
 .1123
 
 218 
 B. J. BARBER, BALLSTON SPA, N, Y. 
 
 [From my Report of 1871.] 
 
 Test of a 30 inch. 
 
 No. of Test. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Ri;v. per 
 Minute. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Weir. 
 
 Cubic 
 
 Yeet. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Wholesale 
 
 18.80 
 18.84 
 
 380 
 
 I98.fi 
 
 34.28 
 34.80 
 
 1.081 
 1.085 
 
 1279.46 
 
 128d!49 
 
 56 
 60 
 
 u ! ! ! 
 
 
 40 
 
 105'" 
 
 
 l.i wi 
 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 0) 
 
 191.5 
 
 M'.jji 
 
 1.091 
 
 1297.07 
 
 "83 
 
 
 
 
 102 
 
 
 1.088 
 
 
 78 
 
 ** '.'.'. 
 
 
 4K 
 
 189 
 
 :;vj.-, 
 
 1.IK- 
 
 UOK77 
 
 78 
 
 ** T'. '.'.'.. 
 
 
 421 
 
 IN;.:, 
 
 86.63 
 
 1.0SW 
 
 1205.30 
 
 88 
 
 " 8 
 
 18Jil 
 
 19 
 
 440 
 
 a* 
 
 85.47 
 86.20 
 
 l.l.0_' 
 1.0SW 
 
 888 
 
 77 
 
 -88 
 
 10 ! .'!.'! 
 
 
 450 
 
 177 
 
 88.W 
 
 1.09 
 
 1.WJ.44 
 
 88 
 
 11 
 
 ls'.:,:i 
 
 445 
 
 178 
 
 36.04 
 
 1.0B8 
 
 130.5.90 
 
 88 
 
 " 12 
 
 18.58 
 
 488 
 
 181.5 
 
 85.89 
 
 1.094 
 
 l.'ii 12.30 
 
 88 
 
 " 13 
 
 18.60 
 
 425 
 
 185 
 
 ,-!5.73 
 
 1.093 
 
 
 .775 
 
 14 
 
 18.61 
 
 415 
 
 188.5 
 
 85.66 
 
 1.088 
 
 i2i.n 
 
 .787 
 
 15 
 
 18.61 
 
 405 
 
 191 ^ 
 
 35.25 
 
 1.085 
 
 1286.49 
 
 .779 
 
 HEAD REDUCES. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Whole Gate, 16 
 
 12.32 
 
 315 
 
 136 
 
 10.47 
 
 .M2 
 
 1074.49 
 
 .778 
 
 17 
 
 1 2.32 
 
 ."211 
 
 131.5 
 
 10.10 
 
 .it* 14 
 
 107.S..S-; 
 
 .7(10 
 
 
 12.:!! 
 
 380 
 
 128.5 
 
 10.27 
 
 
 11*5.51 
 
 .761? 
 
 10 ! '.'.'.'. 
 
 
 310 
 
 137.5 
 
 19.37 
 
 iflffl 
 
 11174.40 
 
 .775 
 
 " 20 
 
 12:32 
 
 305 
 
 139 
 
 16.27 
 
 
 1072.15 
 
 .772 
 
 Unreliable, 21 
 
 12.32 
 
 2*7 5 
 
 154.3 
 
 20.22 
 
 !'J56 
 
 10C5.49 
 
 .816 
 
 HEAD REDUCED. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wholesale, 22 
 
 8.91 
 
 200 
 
 128 
 
 11 .63 
 
 .844 
 
 884.00 
 
 .781 
 
 " 24. '. '. '. '. 
 
 11 
 
 228 
 
 250 
 
 1 14.5 
 
 10:; 
 
 12.01 
 11.71 
 
 ,85j 
 .868 
 
 901.38 
 918.85 
 
 .797 
 
 .7152 
 
 , HEAD REDUCED. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Whole Gate, 25 
 
 i 
 
 il 
 
 110.5 
 117.5 
 
 7.33 
 7.75 
 
 .7ft; 
 .788 
 
 Wri 
 
 .748 
 J68 
 
 27 !'.!'.! 
 
 
 1.50 
 
 111.5 
 
 JJK 
 
 .775 
 
 77V:4"l' 
 
 .764 
 
 Part Gate, 28 
 
 12*57 
 
 225 
 
 154.5 
 
 15.80 
 
 .858 
 
 90J.97 
 
 .798 
 
 
 12.77 
 
 150 
 
 154.8 
 
 
 
 7-J3.45 
 
 
 ao! '. '. '. '. 
 
 18.03 
 
 93 
 
 150 
 
 8.47 
 
 Ml 
 
 528.59 
 
 !497 
 
 " 81 
 
 12.52 
 
 25 
 
 161 
 
 1.81 
 
 .446 
 
 340.59 
 
 -V17 
 
 HOLYOKE, MASS., September 30, 1872. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON.
 
 219 
 Humphrey Turbine. 
 
 Manufactured by the Humphrey Machine Co., Keene, N. H. 
 
 Of all the turbine builders extant, perhaps excepting J. P. Collins of Norwich. 
 Ct., there is no oth -r probably that can be nain d, so immensely scientific and so 
 boiling over with theories as is Mr. Humphrey. The tests below will aid the 
 reader to judge whether such theories are practically beneficial. In placing the 
 21-iuch wheel reported below, a Collins' brass bucket wheel was n moved, and 
 advantageously so, i believe, it was admitted. The Humphrey wheel has down- 
 ward and outward di-chargc, register gate. Tests of three of the wheels 
 for Rawitser & Brother, Statt'ord Springs, Conn., Nov. 1878. These wheels 
 were manufactured, fitted for their positi >ns, set by the Humphrey Machine Co., 
 and have been in use but a f-.-w months. A weir was constructed for each ol 
 the wheels. These weirs were of less capacity than desirable, but if there were 
 any errors in measurements through this hick of capacity, such errors would be 
 entirely in favor of the wheels. Each wheel was thoroughly cleaned, previous 
 to its test. 
 
 Test of 42-inch wheel, Nov. 13, 1878. 
 
 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Wtir. 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet. 
 
 Per- 
 centage 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 
 5.00 
 5.00 
 5 30 
 
 375 
 400 
 225 
 
 64 
 62 5 
 
 7.72 
 7.75 
 4 26 
 
 1.005 
 1.000 
 .755 
 
 1167.34 
 1167.34 
 766 65 
 
 .7000 
 .7020 
 .555 
 
 
 5.45 
 
 
 63 
 
 6.40 
 
 .870 
 
 944.59 
 
 .6582 
 
 Test of 24-inch wheel, Nov. 15, 1878. 
 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Weir. 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet. 
 
 Per- 
 centage 
 
 Whole Gate 
 Part Gate, 
 
 29.00 
 29.00 
 29.00 
 29.00 
 20.50 
 23.50 
 
 135 
 150 
 175 
 200 
 150 
 115 
 
 820 
 310 
 291 
 265 
 293 
 270 
 
 13.09 
 
 i t.oa 
 
 15.43 
 1606 
 13.31 
 9.41 
 
 1.028 
 1.030 
 1.032 
 1.077 
 .921 
 .750 
 
 589.98 
 591.60 
 593.26 
 629 84 
 497 26 
 269.86 
 
 .4051 
 .4348 
 .4748 
 .4655 
 .4803 
 .4566 
 
 Test of 21-iuch wheel, Nov. 17, 1S7S 
 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Weir. 
 
 Cubic 
 Fe.-t. 
 
 Per- 
 centage 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 Part Gate, ... '.'. 
 
 47.00 
 47.00 
 47.00 
 4700 
 47 00 
 47.00 
 47.00 
 47.00 
 
 350 
 300 
 275 
 250 
 225 
 200 
 125 
 85 
 
 379 
 403 
 424 
 435 
 455 
 462.5 
 446.6 
 416.6 
 
 40.20 
 36.63 
 35.33 
 3295 
 31.02 
 2803 
 16.91 
 10.73 
 
 1.300 
 1.290 
 1.284 
 1.272 
 1.242 
 1.230 
 .994 
 .852 
 
 824.72 
 815.49 
 800.42 
 798.99 
 773.00 
 
 554.55 
 444.61 
 
 .5491 
 .5060 
 .4972 
 .4646 
 .4520 
 .4139 
 .3434 
 .2718 
 
 In the mill where the 24-inch wheel is used the main line of shaffins is designed 
 to run 100 revolutions per minute: the gears connecting the wheel are one to 
 three, consequently Mr. Humphrey prepared the wheel to run 300 revolutions 
 p.T minute under 32 feet head. 
 
 The main shaft in mill where the 21 inch wheel is used is arranged in connec- 
 tion with the machinery used to run at 100 revolutions per minute. This shaft is 
 connected to the wheel by gears, one to three, consequently, the wheel was pre- 
 p ired to run at a velocity of 480 revolutions per minute. It will be seen, how- 
 ever, by the tests, that Mr. Humphrey was very wild in his calculations for 
 speed. 
 
 Mr. Humphrey took a very active interest in the hydrodynamic experiments 
 made by the Holyoke Water Power Co., and promised distinctly, several times, 
 to furnish one of his wheels for trial, but failed to do so.
 
 220 
 
 Stilwell & Bierce Manufacturing Co., 
 
 DAYTON, OHIO. 
 
 This-turbine to be properly classed must be placed with the ' Hercules" under 
 the head of the New Departure, established by the production of that wheel. 
 
 As may be seen by the cuts, the Victor turbine is very simple in construction, 
 having but few pieces, and those unlikely to get out of order; its inside register 
 gate, so far as my experience goes, works with rapidity and ease, its long, pecu- 
 liarly shaped buckets may be framed or cast into the rims nf the wheel, as may 
 be deemed advisable. Its capacity for its diameter, to be fully realized, must be 
 compared with that of other turbines that were popular but a few years since, 
 when Swain, Houston and Leffel & Co., each claimed to construct wheels of 
 greater capacity for their diameter than those of any other make, and iu suppor
 
 221 
 Victor Turbine. 
 
 i
 
 222 
 
 of their claims, published tables at least fully up to the capacity of their wheels, 
 the tables of Swain and Houston being computed upon a supposd useful effect; 
 of 80 per cent, of the water used; those of the Leffel ut 88. Under 18 feet head, 
 the Swain, U^ inch, is tabled to give 13.'^ h. p. ; tue Houston, 15 inch, 8> ; and 
 the Leffel, 15' 4 inch, 11.1 h. p.; while tlxe Victor, 15 incb, as may be seen by the 
 test herewith annexed, under 18.34 head, actually gave 29.36 h. p , and a us.ful 
 eff'Ct of .8808 per cent. 
 
 There can be us question but what the Victor, with the exception of the Her- 
 cules, ha$ taken a position in advance of all other turbines not because the same 
 efficiency of useful effect may not be obtained by other wheels, but because at 
 the same cost no other wheel can be made to transmit the same amount of power. 
 Instead of acting the part of Mrs. Partingtou in Opposing the inevitable.it will 
 be well for turbine builders to accept the fact and strive to do s.ill better, for the 
 turbine is a I'.ng way from being tlu- perfect engine it may be made. The tests 
 will show that Mr. Stilwell has steadily improved, showing conclu ively that the 
 wild variations of other builders are owing to tlie lack of settled plans. At part 
 gate the Victor is ab.mt as good as the average, but it would be well for Mr. Stil- 
 well to try a thinner shell next his wheel so that the gate opening may be as near 
 ai possible to the wheel. The sugges ion will be best understood by observingthe 
 filling of a bottle, or what is better, the filling of a canal through a small head 
 gate, where the river may be several feet higher than the surface of the canal; 
 yet the power due that difference is used up by passing through the small head 
 gate, or in the inertia of the water in the canal, so that the part mite efficiency 
 of a wheel must be somewhat in, proportion to thj size of the chamber inside 
 of the gate. 
 
 Test of a 25-iuch wheel, July 25, 1877. 
 
 Whole Gate,. .. 
 Part Gate 
 
 Head. 
 
 18.07 
 18.04 
 18.13 
 
 WeighT 
 
 6-25 
 600 
 500 
 
 Revolu- 
 tions. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 56.81 
 54.1.0 
 47.27 
 
 Cubic ft. 
 
 2214.55 
 2208.44 
 1964.67 
 
 Percent- 
 age. 
 
 .7533 
 .7192 
 .7042 
 
 200 
 198 
 208 
 
 Test of a 20-inch wheel, July 26, 1877. 
 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Eevolu- 
 tions. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Cubic ft. 
 
 Percent- 
 age. 
 
 Whole Gate,.... 
 
 18.33 
 
 500 
 
 246 
 
 37.27 
 
 1387 27 
 
 .7777 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 18.41 
 
 425 
 
 269 
 
 34.64 
 
 1284.30 
 
 .7774 
 
 fc * < 
 
 18.43 
 
 390 
 
 246 
 
 29.07 
 
 1145.59 
 
 .7305 
 
 *' ** 
 
 7.97 
 
 75 
 
 246 
 
 5.59 
 
 757.93 
 
 .4911 
 
 Test of a 2J-inch wheel, Feb. 21, 1878. 
 
 
 Head. I Weight. 
 
 Revolu- 
 tions. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Cubic ft. 
 
 Percent- 
 age. 
 
 Whole Gate,... 
 
 18.01 
 
 480 
 
 266.5 
 
 38.76 
 
 1362.39 
 
 .8363 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 18.08 
 
 415 
 
 265 
 
 33.32 
 
 1242.03 
 
 .7853 
 
 
 18.28 
 
 310 
 
 266 
 
 24.98 
 
 1014.03 
 
 .7134 
 
 1C (t 
 
 18.40 
 
 240 
 
 263 
 
 19.12 
 
 870.79 
 
 .6310 
 
 " " 
 
 18.68 
 
 100 
 
 271.5 
 
 8.33 
 
 602.23 
 
 .3941 
 
 Test of a 15-inch wheel, March 26, 1878. 
 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Revolu- 
 tions. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Cubic ft. 
 
 Percent- 
 age. 
 
 Whole Gate,. .. 
 
 IS. 34 
 
 300 
 
 323 
 
 29.36 
 
 974 
 
 .8705 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 18.10 
 
 300 
 
 321.5 
 
 29.32 
 
 970 
 
 .8808 
 
 *< 
 
 18.39 
 
 100 
 
 326.5 
 
 15 83 
 
 755 
 
 .6035 
 
 " " 
 
 18.74 
 
 100 
 
 320 
 
 9.09 
 
 492 
 
 .5220
 
 223 
 
 Test of a 25-inch wheel, Oct. 28, 1878. 
 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Revolu- 
 
 Horse 
 
 Power. 
 
 Cubic ft. 
 
 Percent- 
 age. 
 
 Whole Gate,.... 
 Part Gate 
 
 17.96 
 17.93 
 18.00 
 18.25 
 18.37 
 
 700 
 650 
 450 
 350 
 175 
 
 209 
 208 
 200 
 205 
 211.5 
 
 08.62 
 
 61 45 
 40.90 
 32.61 
 1681 
 
 2356.54 
 2237 .00 
 17H2 (U 
 1567.18 
 1180.27 
 
 .8584 
 .8112 
 .6710 
 .6036 
 .4098 
 
 Test of a, 30-inch wheel, Oct. 29. 1878. 
 
 Whole" Gate, ... 
 Part Gate, 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 800- 
 675 
 600 
 450 
 300 
 
 Revolu- 
 tions. 
 
 144.5 
 136.5 
 142.5 
 145 
 144.5 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Cubic ft. 
 
 Percent- 
 age. 
 
 !8676 
 .7663 
 .7392 
 .6648 
 .5316 
 
 11.65 
 11.78 
 11.92 
 11.83 
 12.10 
 
 52.54 
 41.88 
 38.87 
 29.65 
 19.70 
 
 2751.87 
 2456.38 
 2335.58 
 1996.36 
 1621.84 
 
 Eclipse Double Turbine, Manufactured by the same Co. 
 
 Test of a 30-inch Eclipse wheel. 
 
 Head. 
 
 1879 
 W.93 
 
 19.10 
 19.10 
 19.18 
 
 He v. pei- 
 minute. 
 
 184.5 
 170 
 173.5 
 163 
 166.6 
 
 fl.P. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 J280 
 JMSfl 
 
 .5786 
 .4779 
 
 3385 
 31.66 
 2444 
 18.00 
 12.11 
 
 1253 
 1214 
 1026 
 862 
 699
 
 224 
 
 Waldo Whitney, Leominster, Mass. 
 
 Wheel downward, and central dischargr, similar to the Swain, but with fewer 
 buckets. Inside register gate, the chutes and outer rim, R, being stationary; 
 the thin hoop or gate T, rotating sufficiently to open or close the ports. After 
 my report of the test at the top of next page, Mr. Whitney sent three other 
 wheels" for verification, that he had sold with guarantee that they should be as 
 good as the one reported, and he undoubtedly believed them to be so until 
 tested. 
 
 First wheel reported, tested January 10, 1873.
 
 WALDO WHITNEY, LEOMINSTER, MASS. 
 
 No. of Test. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev. 
 per 
 M inute. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Weir. 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet. 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate, 1... 
 
 18.48 ' 400 
 
 195 
 
 35.45 
 
 .765 
 
 1283.41 
 
 .791 
 
 2... 
 
 1*.48 410 
 
 192 
 
 35.78 
 
 .768 
 
 1291.09 
 
 .793 
 
 3... 
 
 18.47 420 
 
 188.5 
 
 35.99 
 
 .771 
 
 1-.98 77 
 
 .794 
 
 ' 4... 
 
 18.46 430 
 
 18<5 
 
 36.35 
 
 .775 
 
 13f9.03 
 
 .796 
 
 ' 5... 
 
 18.46 ! 440 
 
 184 
 
 36.80 
 
 
 1311 fl 
 
 .804 
 
 6... 
 
 18.50 
 
 450 
 
 181 
 
 37.00 
 
 '.779 
 
 1316.77 
 
 .803 
 
 7... 
 
 18.50 
 
 480 
 
 _178 
 
 37.21 
 
 .781 
 
 1321.93 
 
 .805 
 
 8... 
 
 18.50 
 
 470 
 
 175.5 
 
 37.49 
 
 .784 
 
 1332.23 
 
 .805 
 
 9... 
 
 18.51 
 
 480 
 
 173 37.74 
 
 .786 
 
 1337.39 
 
 .807 
 
 1 10.. 
 
 18.5(1 490 
 
 171 38.09 
 
 .790 
 
 1347.76 
 
 .806 
 
 11... 
 
 18.49 
 
 500 
 
 168 38.18 
 
 .792 
 
 1352.96 
 
 .807 
 
 12.. 
 
 18.49 
 
 510 
 
 166 
 
 38.48 
 
 .19:! 
 
 1355.76 
 
 .812 
 
 13... 
 
 18.48 ! 520 
 
 163 
 
 38.52 
 
 .796 
 
 1371.19 
 
 .804 
 
 ' 14... 
 
 18.47 530 
 
 162 
 
 39.00 
 
 .800 
 
 1373.78 
 
 .813 
 
 15... 
 
 1848 540 
 
 159.5 
 
 39.15 
 
 .802 
 
 1379.00 
 
 .813 
 
 ' 16... 
 
 18.46 
 
 550 
 
 155 
 
 38.75 
 
 >r4 
 
 1383.22 
 
 .803 
 
 17... 
 
 18.45 
 
 560 
 
 149 
 
 37.92 
 
 .06 
 
 1338.44 
 
 .783 
 
 H*ad Reduced. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Whole Gate, 19... 
 
 12.67 
 
 350 
 
 i3i 
 
 20.84 
 
 .706 
 
 1137.50 
 
 .765 
 
 20... 
 
 12.63 
 
 370 
 
 123 
 
 20.68 
 
 .710 
 
 1159.69 
 
 .747 
 
 21... 
 
 12.61 
 
 390 
 
 116 
 
 20.56 
 
 .718 
 
 1166.53 
 
 .740 
 
 22... 
 
 12.62 
 
 360 
 
 128 20.94 
 
 ' .709 
 
 1157.22 
 
 .759 
 
 23. . . 
 
 12.63 
 
 340 
 
 13:: 20.55 
 
 .702 
 
 1139.94 
 
 .755 
 
 " 24. . . 
 
 1264 
 
 330 
 
 137 20.55 
 
 
 1120.31 
 
 .768 
 
 " 25... 
 
 12.65 
 
 320 
 
 141 
 
 20.61 
 
 .695 
 
 1110.51 
 
 .772 
 
 Head Reduced. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Whole Gate,27 .. 
 
 6.81 
 
 150 
 
 111.5 
 
 7.60 
 
 .F54 
 
 785.43 
 
 .752 
 
 " 2S... 
 
 6.77 
 
 160 
 
 105 
 
 7.61 
 
 .558 
 
 792.53 
 
 .750 
 
 29... 
 
 6.75 
 
 170 
 
 99 
 
 765 
 
 .564 
 
 807.72 
 
 .742 
 
 30... 
 
 6.72 
 
 180 
 
 98.5 
 
 8.06 
 
 .567 
 
 814.66 
 
 .779 
 
 " 31... 
 
 6.70 
 
 190 
 
 88 
 
 7.60 
 
 .573 
 
 8?5.68 
 
 .727 
 
 32. . . 
 
 6.66 
 
 200 
 
 86.5 
 
 7.83 
 
 .580 
 
 841.31 
 
 .739 
 
 Part Gate, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 % 34... 
 
 18.51 
 
 450 
 
 163 
 
 3334 
 
 .731 
 
 119748 
 
 .796 
 
 % 35. .. 
 
 1.74 
 
 390 
 
 162 
 
 28.72 
 
 .660 
 
 1024.16 
 
 .792 
 
 % 36... 
 
 19.20 
 
 200 
 
 157 
 
 14.27 
 
 .500 
 
 666.34 
 
 .590 
 
 K 37... 
 
 19.45 
 
 50 
 
 211 
 
 4.79 
 
 .378 
 
 460.83 
 
 .282 
 
 X 38... 
 
 19.45 
 
 50 
 
 142 
 
 3.22 
 
 .310 
 
 342.70 
 
 .255 
 
 Whole Gate. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weigh 
 
 Rev.pe 
 
 ' minute 
 
 r Horse 
 . Power 
 
 Cub. ft. 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 2d wheel, June 25, 1873, . . 
 
 . 18.40 
 
 4-M) 
 
 174 
 
 35.59 
 
 1345 
 
 .762 
 
 
 18.39 
 
 480 
 
 163 
 
 35.56 
 
 1374 
 
 .746 
 
 
 18.39 
 
 500 
 
 154.5 
 
 30.11 
 
 1389 
 
 .728 
 
 3d wheel. July 17, 1ST3 
 
 . 1824 
 
 450 
 
 16(5.5 
 
 34.51 
 
 1342 
 
 .747 
 
 
 18 22 
 
 480 
 
 158.5 
 
 34.58 
 
 1370 
 
 .734 
 
 
 18.22 
 
 440 
 
 169 
 
 33.80 
 
 1332 
 
 .738 
 
 4th wheel, Aug. 16, 1873, .. 
 
 17.91 
 
 400 
 
 184.3 
 
 33.51 
 
 1317 
 
 .753 
 
 
 17.90 
 
 450 
 
 168 
 
 34.36 
 
 1348 
 
 .75i 
 
 
 17.88 
 
 480 
 
 161 
 
 35.11 
 
 1371 
 
 .759
 
 226 
 
 HOLYOKE MACHINE CO., 
 Holyoke, Mass.
 
 22?
 
 229 
 
 Holyoke Machine Company, Holyoke, Mass, 
 
 Tills company build the Boyden and Hercules turbines, the latter invented by 
 John B. McC'ormick, of Brookville, Pa. Of the former, it is unnecessary to say 
 anything here, as its merits are given on several other pages of this work. 
 
 THE HERCULES. 
 
 In March, 1876, several of the above named wheels, 24 inches in diameter, 
 each differing somewhat from the others, were brought to Holyoke to be tested. 
 All gave remarkable results : one, 87 per cent, useful effect^ and a power so 
 extraordinary that the wheel was taken up and examined. A few changes were 
 made, then 'it was reset and again tested, when the following results were 
 obtained : 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 ttev per 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 
 Cubic 
 
 Per 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 18.02 
 18 04 
 
 217 
 206 
 
 70.58 
 70 52 
 
 2478.60 
 2466 04 
 
 .8361 
 8386 
 
 Parttate, . 
 
 18.06 
 
 214 
 
 70.03 
 
 2391.04 
 
 .8579 
 
 ( (( 
 
 18.17 
 
 214.5 
 
 6435 
 
 2167.29 
 
 .8644 
 
 It (( 
 
 18 23 
 
 213 5 
 
 64 05 
 
 2083 ''5 
 
 8922 
 
 U 
 
 18 26 
 
 212 
 
 57 81 
 
 1944 50 
 
 8612 
 
 
 18.34 
 
 210 
 
 53.45 
 
 1820.13 
 
 .8470 
 
 (( 
 
 18.38 
 
 209.5 
 
 48.56 
 
 1690.89 
 
 .8267 
 
 '* " 
 
 18.5 J 
 
 211 
 
 32.12 
 
 1250.50 
 
 .-7291 
 
 As high useful effect at whole gate had been obtained by several builders, but 
 no such average at all stages of gate opening. In capacity, however, the Her- 
 cules took a stand so entirely above that of any turbine ever before produced, 
 that it seemed a good starting point for bringing all builders into harmony for 
 their own and the public good. I immediately opened a correspondence with 
 the best builders of the country, urging the abandonment of inferior wheels and 
 the advantage of uniting upon the phins of the Hercules, paying the patentees a 
 small rovalty, and each builder striving to excel. The idea was favorably 
 received. In the meantime the patentees hastily disposed of their right to build 
 for the Western States. This, of course, ended the chance for a union of build- 
 ers. The contract, however, was soon canceled; then the patentees offered the 
 Holyoke Machine Company certain exclusive rights in their patent. I opposed 
 the negotiations, b .-cause I believed then, and continue to believe, that it would 
 be better for all to have a union of the best builders, instead of a continuance of 
 the ruinous competition of the past upon inferior plans, which only serves to 
 hinder the perfection of the best. Turbine building is not sufficiently under- 
 stood to allow of its being considered a science ; it is simply " cut and try." I 
 know of no builder that with certainty can make two turbines that will give the 
 sam results, even nrulc from the same pattern. Until that can be done, the 
 in mut'act in-ing interest must suffer, unless manufacturers use the greatest 
 c.ire in the selection of turbines. What is almost invariably needed, is a wheel 
 that will economize w iter at any stage of gate' opening, so that either the abund- 
 
 ance of the spring and fall months, "or the scarcer quantity of summer, may be 
 in full. To do this, turbine builders must be able to produce turbines 
 that will give their b;-st percentage at either one-half, five-eighths, three-fourths 
 
 utilized i 
 
 seven-eighths, or whole gate, as may best adapt each for the place where it is to 
 be used. Such a wheel should be good at any stairc of gate opening, and when 
 such can be produced with certainty, then turbine building may properly be 
 considered a science and not before," for such wheels are possible. Our rivers 
 and streams are all extremely variable in supply of water that of the sum- 
 mer months often beinar less than one-fourth of what it is for the rest of the 
 year; and three-fourths of the larger quantity i almost invariably allowed to 
 run to waste, because wheels of sufficient capacity to utilize the maximum 
 have generally proved to be incapable of transmitting any power from the use 
 of the minimum supply. 
 
 I have tested about eighty of these wheels, and. as may be seen by the dia- 
 grams, the variations have been great, and there are no good reasons for believing
 
 230 
 
 that they will be less so in the future. Many of them are sent to purchasers 
 without flanges on gate. In such case, in my opinion, the Victor would he 
 preferable. That the company desire to do an honorable business, may be seen 
 bv the following extract, taken from second edition of this work : 
 
 "" From our experience we are satisfied the interest of the purchaser requires 
 that wheels should be tested before acceptance, and hereafter we shall furnish 
 tested wheels when desired to do so; and if a purchaser desires to have his 
 wheel tested after it is set in his mill, we will make the test there, if the pur- 
 chaser will pay the extra expense incurred thereby. And we believe the safest 
 and most economical way to furnish mills with power, is to first ascertain exactly 
 what is required, and we will send an engineer at the expense of the purchaser, 
 to any mill, who will consult with the proprietor, make examinations, using suit- 
 able instruments when deemed necessary, ascertain the quantity of water avail- 
 able, etc., etc., and then furnish wheels that we will guarantee to do the work in 
 an economical manner and to give the maximum of power promised by us ; but 
 it must be plainly understood that we do not promise to furnish a given amount 
 of power with a' less quantity of water than fixed upon at the time of making 
 the examination, or that our wheel or wheels will run the mill if additional 
 machinery is added. 
 
 "HOLYOKE MACHINE COMPANY. 
 " November 20, 1875." 
 
 The constant variations of the wheels, and a lack of appreciation of purchas- 
 ers, caused an abandonment of the the plan suggested in the card, and now the 
 wheels are sent away without any knowledge of their efficiency. 
 
 D. P. Blackstone's Wheel, Berlin, Wis. 
 
 The Blackstone wheel has been tested in the Elmer curb represented : 
 in theLeflel; also, the Stout, Mills & Temple. 
 
 Test of a 40-inch, in Elmer curb. 
 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev. per 
 minute. 
 
 n. P. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 17 60 
 
 925 
 
 158 
 
 66 73 
 
 2416 89 
 
 8313 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 17.69 
 17 88 
 
 800 
 520 
 
 157 
 156 
 
 5757 
 
 36 87 
 
 2184.17 
 
 '643") 
 
 
 
 18.20 
 
 240 
 
 156.5 
 
 17.07 
 
 1261.62 
 
 .3940 
 
 Another 40-inch, in Leffrl curb. 
 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev.per 
 
 minute. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 17.75 
 
 17 87 
 
 1000 
 900 
 
 172 
 
 78.18 
 
 3143.27 
 
 .7424 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18.29 
 
 450 
 
 175 
 
 35.79 
 
 Ki-.21.44 
 
 .6394
 
 231 
 
 CHASE WHEELS, FURNISHED BY THE ORANGE TURBINE CO.. 
 ORANGE, MASS. 
 
 No. of Test. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev. per 
 Minute. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 42-inch Wheel 
 
 Whole ( 
 
 t 
 
 54 
 
 Whole 
 
 Gate, 1 
 
 a.!!!.".'"!"! 
 
 ' 4 
 ' 5 
 6 
 ' 7 
 8 
 
 -inch Wheel. 
 
 Gate, 11 
 
 15.17 
 15.17 
 15.17 
 15.17 
 li.17 
 15.17 
 15.17 
 1517 
 15.17 
 
 15.00 
 15.00 
 1500 
 15.00 
 15.00 
 15.00 
 15.00 
 15.00 
 15.00 
 15.00 
 15.00 
 
 500 
 700 
 750 
 800 
 850 
 90 
 950 
 1050 
 1100 
 
 500 
 600 
 700 
 1000 
 1000 
 1050 
 1100 
 ll'OO 
 1500 
 1800 
 2000 
 
 194 
 161.5 
 158 
 149 
 143 
 135 
 128 
 116 
 104 
 
 148 
 141 
 138 
 117 
 120.G 
 118 
 117 
 112 
 100 
 90 
 82 
 
 44.09 
 51.17 
 53.86 
 54.18 
 55.25 
 55.22 
 55.27 
 55.36 
 52.00 
 
 33.63 
 
 38.38 
 43.91 
 53.20 
 54.82 
 56.32 
 58.50 
 61.09 
 68.18 
 73.63 
 74.55 
 
 12 
 ' 13 
 
 ' 14 
 ' 15 
 ' 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 ' 19 
 
 20 
 ' 21 
 
 
 The 54-inch wheels were tabled and were geared to run at 138 revolutions per 
 minute, to give 112 horsepower; actual results obtained, 43.91, while tho per- 
 centage of useful eflect from the water u-ed could not have exceeded 25 per 
 cent., but at 82 revolutions itmisrht have reached 35 or 40. 
 
 The water i i the race below the mill was 30 inches average depth. 29 feet In 
 width, its velocity being so gr> at as to cause it to break white, the fall being at 
 least one foot iu a hundred.
 
 232 
 
 TESTS OF A 36-INCH AND OF A 48-INCH TUTTLE WHEEL AT 
 SMITH & MEADER'S MILL, WATEHV1LLE, ME. 
 
 36-inch. 
 
 Kev. 
 ler 
 Minute. 
 
 Weight 
 in 
 Pounds. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Head 
 in 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Weir. 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 Disch'd 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 No. of Test. 
 
 Whole Gate,!... 
 
 190.8 
 162.6 
 
 4 ,i 
 
 36.86 
 44.32 
 
 15.85 
 
 15.84 
 
 1.438 
 1.450 
 
 2746.83 
 2779.65 
 
 .4479 
 
 ..>a^6 
 
 12'. ! ! 
 
 161. 
 
 615 
 
 45.01 
 
 15.79 
 
 1.446 
 
 2768.70 
 
 .5572 
 
 Part Gate, 13. .. 
 
 175 
 
 325 
 
 25.82 
 
 16.58 ; 1.250 2-227.83 
 
 .3698 
 
 " 14... 
 
 168 
 
 130 
 
 9.93 
 
 17.22 
 
 .963 
 
 1489.98 
 
 .2066 
 
 48-inch. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Whole Gate, 1... 
 
 148.4 900 
 
 60.71 
 
 14.53 
 
 1.634 
 
 4135.02 
 
 .5243 
 
 " 8... 
 
 140 
 
 1000 
 
 63.63 
 
 1447 
 
 1.630 
 
 4145.97 
 
 .5612 
 
 " 9. . . 
 
 13*.5 
 
 1025 
 
 64.53 
 
 14.45 
 
 1.630 
 
 4145.97 
 
 .5&31 
 
 " lo. . . 
 
 137 
 
 1050 
 
 65.38 
 
 1448 
 
 1 ',''* 
 
 414962 
 
 .5625 
 
 11... 
 
 130 
 
 1100 
 
 65.00 
 
 14.48 
 
 1 630 
 
 414=5.97 
 
 .572 
 
 " 12... 
 
 125 
 
 1150 
 
 66.33 
 
 14.48 
 
 1.632 
 
 4149.62 
 
 .57' 
 
 y a Gate, 13. . . 
 
 161 
 
 425 
 
 31.11 
 
 15.73 
 
 1.312 
 
 2992.99 
 
 .34!, 
 
 TESTS OF A 42-INCH TYLER, AND A 42-INCH REYNOLDS WHEEL, 
 AT VASSALBORO' WOOLEN MILLS, VASSALBORO', ME. 
 
 Tyler. 
 
 Rev. 
 per 
 Minute. 
 
 Weight 
 in 
 Pounds. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Head 
 in 
 Feet. 
 
 Weir. 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 Disch'd. 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 No. of Test. 
 
 Whole Gate,!... 
 
 168.6 
 164.4 
 
 700 
 750 
 
 53.65 
 56.05 
 
 27.21 
 27.21 
 
 1.264 
 1.282 
 
 2609.50 
 2664.84 
 
 .3999 
 .4089 
 
 " 3. ! ! 
 
 160.8 
 
 800 
 
 58.47 
 
 27.21 
 
 1.282 
 
 2664.84 
 
 .4260 
 
 4... 
 
 144.6 
 
 1100 
 
 72.30 
 
 27.21 
 
 1.297 
 
 2776.10 
 
 .50(53 
 
 Reynolds. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Part Gate, 1... 
 
 139 
 
 800 
 
 50.54 
 
 28 
 
 1.210 
 
 2436.82 
 
 .3918 
 
 
 168.5 
 
 750 
 
 57.44 
 
 28 
 
 1.210 
 
 2436.82 
 
 .4453 
 
 " 3. . '. 
 
 172.5 
 
 775 
 
 57.74 
 
 
 1.210 
 
 2436.82 
 
 .4477 
 
 4... 
 
 173.5 
 
 800 
 
 63.09 
 
 28 
 
 1.210 
 
 2436.82 
 
 .4X92 
 
 " 5... 
 
 11 
 
 850 
 
 6220 
 
 V8 
 
 1.210 
 
 2436.82 
 
 .4823 
 
 " 6... 
 
 149.6 
 
 900 
 
 61 20 
 
 28 
 
 1.210 
 
 243682 
 
 .4745 
 
 Whole Gate, 7... 
 
 106 
 
 1000 
 
 75.45 
 
 2S 
 
 1.297 
 
 2776.10 
 
 .4683 
 
 8... 
 
 161.6 
 
 1100 
 
 80.80 
 
 28 
 
 1.297 
 
 2776.10 
 
 .5015 
 
 This certifies, that <m the 8th and 9rh of this month I tested two 42-inch 
 water-wheels at the Vassalboro' Woolen Mills, Vassalboro', Me., George 
 Wilkins, Agent. 
 
 The first was called a Tyler wheel, though not made or furnished by Mr. 
 Tyler. Regulator speed of wheel 170 revolutions per minute. The test proved 
 that it was run at a velocity much too high to utilize its greatest effectiveness. 
 
 Second wheel, a " Reynolds." Testing first with gate open the same as 
 when running all the machinery attached to it, six tests; then the gate was 
 opened in full; with 1100 pounds on the scale beam the wheel ran very un- 
 steadily, so much so that it was considered unless to try it with more weight. 
 
 Weir 10 feet in length, sectional area approaching weir 25 feet in width, 
 depth below crest 2.6 feet. 
 Aoril 15, 1872. JAMES EMERSON.
 
 233 
 Boyden Turbine, 
 
 In the purchase of this turbine, more ignorance is displayed than a well-wisher 
 of his race likes to ac aio^-ledge lies d >rmant in the average business man of 
 the times; in purchasing any other kind of turbine the pui chaser almost inva- 
 riably makes inquiries in order to got the best; the Boyden seeker makes no 
 inquiries except, perhaps, us to capacity and cost, supposing all to be alike as to 
 efficiency, whether made by an expert mechanic or the veriest botch. 1 here is no 
 reason to doubt but what at whole gate an outward discharge wheel may be 
 ma le to give a high useful effect, b-it every intelligent turbine builder knows 
 that of all wheels the outward discharge is the most difficult to get just light ; 
 also, that good part gate results are impossible with such disclii>-e. There are 
 vague rumors of remarkable results cbtainrd by Mr. 1 oychn, as there are oj 
 the Hu np'irey and every oth r turbine, but such results 'are rarely confirmed 
 when the wheels arc test d bv competent disinterested engineers. Of four Boy- 
 den wheels f-stod in a Connecticut mill, three were found to be givii g 46 per 
 cent, useful effect, the fourth gave 47. 'At Unionville, Coi n., Phitner <S Porter 
 Mf'g iJo., a test of one gave 01 per cent. The wheel was built by the Ames Mf'g 
 Co., of Chicopci', and is named in a recent circular of that Company in commrn- 
 dation of that styl <>f turbine. A nice brass b >cket wheel, made by the s;>me 
 Company in 187 f, 72 inches i i diameter, 51 openings, each 7.26 inches in height, 
 1 's inches in width, rated to discharge 6160 cubic feet of water under 24 feet 
 head, at 98 revolutions per minute, and to five 217 horse power, was tested at 
 the Dwight Xo. 7 mill, Chicopee, Mass., Nov. 6, 1878. Tl.e tests at its geared 
 speed are -riven bel-iw : 
 
 
 Head iu 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Kevolu- 
 
 li <ns. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Cubic ft. 
 
 Percent- 
 age. 
 
 Whole Gate,... 
 
 22.1 
 
 3730 
 
 97 
 
 219.2 
 
 7141.70 
 
 .7353 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 2320 
 
 2000 
 
 98 
 
 118.78 
 
 5446.80 
 
 .4977 
 
 
 23.50 
 
 1000 
 
 96.4 
 
 58.43 
 
 4341.98 
 
 .3031
 
 234 
 
 From the time of the Philadelphia turbine tests in 1850-60, up to the present, 
 Mr. Ilisdon has continued an almost unbroken series of experiments Cor the pur- 
 pose of perfecting the turbine; yet the lines above show decided variations in 
 useful effect. If such is the case 'with wheels constructed by one so skillful, how 
 must it be with those turned out by machine companys merely as a business, with- 
 out other supervision than that of the ordinary foreman? The 54-inch, repre- 
 sented above, was put together by the Holyoke'MachlnC Co., though Mr. Itisdon 
 furnished plans and core-boxes for forming the buckets. Muy more of the IIol- 
 yoke made wheels were tested than those made wholly by Mr. Ilisdon. As a 
 general thing the wheels, when first tested, were rather low in efficiency ; but, after 
 making alterations suggested by such tests, the results were often very high at 
 whole gate, and the tests proved conclusively that purchasers who accept untested 
 turbines, generally do so at a loss of from ten to twenty per cent, of what they 
 might have with more care.
 
 THOMPSON & HOLCOMB WHEEL 
 
 This certifies that a Water Wheel, 30 inches in diameter, made of cast iron, 
 fly-trap gates downward discharge, in form somewhat like the Houston, 
 known as the Thompson Turbine, was sent to the Holyoke Testing Flume by 
 A. P. Holcomb of Silver Creek, N. Y ., to be tested. The figures showing the 
 results obtained by me, may be found below. During the test, the scale beam 
 was attached to the brake at a point, which, if revolving, would describe a 
 circle fifteen feet in circumference, consequently the revolutions of the wheel 
 must be multiplied by fifteen to obtain the correct speed. 
 
 Length of Weir 6 feet. 
 
 Temperature of Water, 32o Fall. 
 
 Weight of Water, per cubic foot 62.375. 
 
 Correction for Leakage, 18 feet head, 13.10 cubic feet. 
 
 Correction for Leakage, 12 feet head, 11.10 cubic feet. 
 
 Correction for Leakage, <i feet head 9.10 cubic feet. 
 
 A second trial of the sam wheel to ascertain the effect of short extensions 
 added to the outer end of chutes, for the purpose of rounding or flaring them 
 when open. These extensions prevented the gates from being opened quite 
 as wide as without them, consequently less water was discharged. The partial 
 gate at first trial gave best percentage, but owing to a breakage of the gates 
 by the ice at the second trial, no part gate tet-ts could be taken. 
 
 The wheel run very steady, was easily regulated, and from its high speed is 
 a favorite with those who have it in use; its gates, like the l.effel and all oi 
 that class, would be likely to become leaky. 
 
 No. of Test. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weipht 
 
 Mln'utc 1 
 
 Horse 
 
 Weir. 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate, 2. . . . 
 
 18.44 
 
 390 
 
 220 ', 
 
 89.09 
 
 1.226 
 
 15J7.76 
 
 .725 
 
 " 8. ... 
 
 18.45 
 
 400 
 
 220" 
 
 40.00 
 
 1.243 
 
 
 .726 
 
 " 5. '. '. '. 
 
 ]8.4> 
 
 -111) 
 420 
 
 2"'l 
 218 
 
 41.18 
 41 .62 
 
 1 .''54 
 1.262 
 
 }':MM 
 
 1C14.7 
 
 i 
 
 
 is!.39 
 
 So 
 
 215 
 
 42.02 
 
 1.2TiO 
 
 ien.20 
 
 
 
 18.SS 
 
 4)0 
 
 211 
 
 42.20 
 
 1.258 
 
 
 J5B 
 
 41 si.'! 
 
 18.3S 
 
 450 
 
 207.5 
 
 42.44 
 
 1.261 
 
 ]i;i:; let 
 
 .757 
 
 41 9 ' ! ' 
 
 ISA) 
 
 160 
 
 203 
 
 42.42 
 
 1.260 
 
 Hll/jfl 
 
 .79 
 
 10 '. ; ; ; .' 
 
 18.26 
 
 
 205.3 
 
 41.99 
 
 1.860 
 
 1611.20 
 
 
 HEAD REDUCED. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Whole Gate, 11 
 " 14 
 
 12.19 
 12.18 
 
 coo 
 
 270 
 
 LS3 
 
 17S 
 
 21.62 
 21.84 
 
 IJSB 
 
 12W.96 
 J289.4T 
 
 786 
 
 || 13 
 
 12.18 
 
 280 
 
 172 
 
 81.89 
 
 l.OS.'i 
 
 
 .{34 
 
 
 
 
 170 
 
 22.40 
 
 1.0KS 
 
 !."'iu' 
 
 *745 
 
 " 17*! '. '. '. '. 
 
 
 
 161.5 
 
 21 .! 
 
 l.Olll 
 
 
 .731 
 
 
 itiir 
 
 310 
 
 156.7 
 
 
 l.OHl 
 
 1 f).'/S(l 
 
 .735 
 
 ** UK '. '. '. '. 
 
 12.18 
 
 
 169.5 
 
 '*M!fi 
 
 ].0>7 
 
 I21KV7 
 
 .785 
 
 " 20 
 
 12.18 
 
 293 
 
 164 
 
 21.'99 
 
 1.088 
 
 l.'iOO 03 
 
 .731 
 
 HEAD REDUCED. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Whole Gate, 23 
 
 6.00 
 
 MO 
 
 1A9 
 
 8.34 
 
 .K7S 
 
 940.26 
 
 .711 
 
 24 
 
 i;.69 
 
 135 
 
 lit; 
 
 t.2I 
 
 .878 
 
 948.28 
 
 .695 
 
 S::::: 
 
 (1.58 
 6..5S 
 
 140 
 
 145 
 
 13-1.5 
 
 8.43 
 
 8.43 
 
 jR 
 
 8!S 
 
 
 Jnly 12th. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Test of the same wheel 
 before extensions 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 were added. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Whole Gate, 28 
 
 18.10 
 
 460 
 
 20fi 
 
 43.07 
 
 1.174 
 
 171S.41 
 
 .787 
 
 29 
 
 6.41 
 
 160 
 
 IOBJI 
 
 7.53 
 
 
 974.88 
 
 
 Par^Gate, SO 
 
 1S.25 
 
 400 
 
 2i 
 
 36.60 
 
 1*040 
 
 14.3.3.27 
 
 
 
 18.33 
 
 
 208 
 
 30.70 
 
 !98S 
 
 12SH..-.2 
 
 
 " 82 '.'.'.'.'. 
 
 18.44 
 
 
 
 
 
 1004.A4 
 
 
 < as 
 
 18.50 
 
 200 
 
 207 5 
 
 18's6 
 
 *720 
 
 880.88 
 
 .651 
 
 " 34 
 
 6.60 
 
 125 
 
 102' 
 
 &26 
 
 '.669 
 
 747.68 
 
 .678 
 
 HOLYOKE. MASS , December 18, 1872 
 
 JAMES EMERSON.
 
 23C 
 
 Rodney Hunt Machine Co., 
 
 , :M:.A.SS. 
 
 THIS certifies that a WATER WHEEL, thirty inches in diameter, 
 made of cast iron, central and downward discharge, known as the 
 Hunt Double Action Turbine was sent to the HOLYOKE TESTING 
 FLUME by the Rodney Hunt Machine Co., of Grange, Mass., to 
 be tested. The date of each test and the figures showing the exact 
 results obtained by me, may be found on the following pages. Dur- 
 ing the test the scale beam was attached to the brake at a point, 
 which, if revolving, would describe a circle fifteen feet in circum- 
 ference, consequently the revolutions of the wheel must be multiplied 
 by fifteen to obtain the correct speed. Data for one minute : 
 
 Length of Weir, 6 feet. 
 
 Temperature of Water, 40 Fah. 
 
 Weight of Water, per cubic foot 62.373. 
 
 Correction for Leakage, 18 feet head, . . . 14.20 cubic feet. 
 Correction for Leakage 12 feet head, . . 12.20 cubic feet. 
 Correction for Leakage, 6 feet head, . . . 10.20 cubic feet. 
 
 No. of Test. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev. 
 per 
 Minute. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Weir. 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet. 
 
 Per 
 Cent- 
 age. 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 
 lx.34 
 
 18.3C 
 
 650 
 525 
 
 125.5 
 177.5 
 
 ~3T08 
 
 42.36 
 
 1.1U2 
 1 179 
 
 1473.94 
 1460.17 
 
 .7245 
 .8388 
 
 12... 
 
 18.35 
 
 540 
 
 171 
 
 41.06 
 
 1 180 
 
 1401.99 
 
 .81X7 
 
 13... 
 
 18.35 
 
 550 
 
 1685 
 
 42.12 
 
 1.184 
 
 1469 30 
 
 .8275 
 
 14... 
 
 18.34 
 
 560 
 
 166 
 
 42.25 
 
 1.187 
 
 1474 80 
 
 .S260 
 
 15... 
 
 18.34 
 
 530 
 
 176 R 
 
 42 .f ,2 
 
 1.181 
 
 1463.82 
 
 .8386 
 
 16... 
 
 18.35 
 
 520 
 
 180.5 
 
 42.66 
 
 1.178 
 
 1458.34 
 
 .8433 
 
 17... 
 
 18.36 
 
 510 
 
 183 
 
 42.42 
 
 1.173 
 
 1449.23 
 
 .8425 
 
 18... 
 
 1835 
 
 500 
 
 185 
 
 42.04 
 
 1.170 
 
 1443.77 
 
 .8409 
 
 Part Gate, 19. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20. . 
 
 1837 
 
 475 
 
 190 
 
 41/2 
 
 1.1F8 
 
 142200 
 
 .8306 
 
 21. . 
 
 18.38 
 
 490 
 
 1X6 
 
 4142 
 
 1.160 
 
 1425.62 
 
 .8374 
 
 22. . 
 
 1836 
 
 f-00 
 
 183 
 
 41.59 
 
 5.163 
 
 1427.43 
 
 .8395 
 
 23 . 
 
 18.42 
 
 440 
 
 182.7 
 
 3654 
 
 1123 
 
 J3J.9.02 
 
 7722 
 
 24. . 
 
 18.40 
 
 450 
 
 185.5 
 
 3794 
 
 1.125 
 
 1362.62 
 
 .8055 
 
 " 25. . 
 
 1*.40 
 
 400 
 
 176.6 
 
 36.02 
 
 1.128 
 
 1368.59 
 
 .7756 
 
 2. . 
 
 18.61 
 
 250 
 
 179 
 
 20.34 
 
 .932 
 
 1030.04 
 
 .5613 
 
 27. . 
 
 18.60 
 
 235 
 
 185 
 
 19.76 
 
 .927 
 
 1022.66 
 
 .5495 
 
 ' 28. 
 
 18.86 
 
 75 
 
 176.2 
 
 6.01 
 
 .727 
 
 710.80 
 
 .2376 
 
 Head Reduced. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30... 
 
 1224 
 
 2nO 
 
 1733 
 
 19.69 
 
 .983 
 
 111788 
 
 .7630 
 
 81... 
 
 12.20 
 
 275 
 
 165 
 
 2".62 
 
 .<95 
 
 1138.16 
 
 .7856 
 
 32... 
 
 12.19 
 
 300 
 
 157.5 
 
 2147 
 
 1.007 
 
 1158.65 
 
 .804 
 
 as. . . 
 
 12.17 
 
 320 
 
 151 
 
 21.96 
 
 1.018 
 
 1187.33 
 
 .804 
 
 " 84. . 
 
 12.15 
 
 3(0 
 
 146 
 
 22.41 
 
 1.027 
 
 1192.77 
 
 .8199 
 
 " 35. . 
 
 12.13 
 
 350 
 
 141 5 
 
 2251 
 
 10.32 
 
 1201.37 
 
 .817 
 
 " 36. . 
 
 12.13 
 
 360 
 
 137 
 
 22.41 
 
 1.036 
 
 1208 27 
 
 .8089 
 
 37. . 
 
 12.13 
 
 370 
 
 1345 
 
 22.62 
 
 1.037 
 
 1209.09 
 
 .8172 
 
 
 12.13 
 
 380 
 
 129 
 
 22.2 
 
 1.037 
 
 1109.93 
 
 .803 
 
 " 39! .' 
 
 1213 
 
 390 
 
 124 
 
 21.98 
 
 1.040 
 
 1215.17 
 
 .7888
 
 237 
 
 Hunt's Double Action Turbine Wheel. 
 
 The cut at the left represents the Hunt curb, with the downward and outward 
 discharge wheel which gave the results reported in tlie second table below; the 
 other cut represents the wheel generally used by the Hunt Machine Co., (the 
 Swa'n) ; and the one giving the results reported in the first table below, also, 
 those upon the opposite page. 
 
 Test of a 48-inch Hunt-Swain \vl 
 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev. per 
 minute. 
 
 II. P. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 Part Gate 
 
 It 71 
 11.89 
 
 1500 
 1275 
 
 83 
 86.5 
 
 56.59 
 50.13 
 
 3454.74 
 
 :!-J.->2.:.51 
 
 .757 
 .681 
 
 < .::::::::::::::::: 
 
 12.30 
 12.61 
 
 850 
 200 
 
 8"). 5 
 87.7 
 
 33.03 
 
 7.97 
 
 2713.01 
 1617.18 
 
 .524 
 
 .254 
 
 Test of a Hunt-Flint wheel, downward and outward discharge; see bottom of 
 buckets in curb above. 
 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev per 
 minute. 
 
 11. P. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 
 18.31 
 18.31 
 1 8.33 
 18 53 
 
 675 
 575 
 500 
 200 
 
 176.3 
 176.5 
 175 
 175 
 
 54.09 
 46.13 
 
 15J1 
 
 1732.10 
 1672.7-2 
 1504. OS 
 1067.10 
 
 9050 
 .7992 
 .7361 
 .4215 
 
 Part Gate, 
 
 " " 
 
 Test of a Hunt wheel, downward discharge, in the same curb as the one above. 
 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 R Mm Cr 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Por 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 18.28 
 
 860 
 
 ISO 
 
 54.40 
 
 1800.73 
 
 .8789 
 
 
 1832 
 
 525 
 
 178 
 
 42.47 
 
 1681.87 
 
 .7314 
 
 (( (( 
 
 
 270 
 
 181 
 
 22 21 
 
 V4"> 4S 
 
 5184 
 
 
 18.63 
 
 150 
 
 188 
 
 12. SI 
 
 870.44 
 
 .4082
 
 238 
 
 Gates Curtis, Ogdensburg, N. T. 
 
 CURTIS TURBINE. 
 
 This wheel is diagonal n> shape, like the Houston, but has an Inside Registt 
 talc. 
 
 Test of a 47-inch wheel. 
 
 Wht. Bev. H.P, 
 
 1150 115 
 
 1IKPO 11.'-.-. 
 
 850 111.5 
 570 1165 
 450 107 
 
 400 I 114 
 
 8&i 
 
 Mr. Curtis also makes the wheel with open 
 chutes, omitting gate, allowing the wheel to 
 run at full gate at all times, regulating speed 
 by head in fori-bay, using a wicket gate 
 between flume and forebay. A 25-inch made 
 in that way, tested at my flume gave the 
 following results 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 
 Whole Gnte, 
 2 chute* Mopped, 
 
 1 i-liutes stopped, 
 
 Whole Gate, 
 Part Gate, 
 
 Head. 
 18.21 
 
 Wht. 
 
 500 
 
 ~- 
 
 H.P 
 
 :::.:;:; 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 1095.93 
 
 P.O. 
 
 .8842 
 
 Same wheel in another st 
 
 t of chutes. 
 
 1820 
 
 IS L'.l 
 
 18.37 
 
 465 
 400 
 300 
 
 223.2 
 213 
 214 
 
 31.45 
 
 2.vs: 
 
 l'J.75 
 
 1099.41 1 8322 
 957.63 .7801 
 816.29 .6973 
 
 Same wheel tested in u curl) with gate. 
 
 18.40 
 18.42 
 18.51 
 
 31 
 
 415 
 
 360 
 
 US 
 
 165 
 
 224.5 | 28.23 
 211.3] 23.05 
 209.5 18.41 
 213 J1387 
 199.2 i 9.96 
 
 1(117.27 
 886.22 
 751.00 
 615.70 
 491.65 
 
 .7984 
 .7510 
 .7012 
 
 ma 
 
 .5742
 
 239 
 
 Humming Bird Wheels. 
 
 48-inch wheels, sent by Willis Read, Danbury, Conn. 
 
 Through some peculiarity of construction, which, without illustration, is inde- 
 scribable, these wheels keep up a constant humming sound while running; hence 
 their name. Mr. Read was promptly on hand with his wheel, which was tested 
 Sept. 6. From information obtained by the test, he took a new departure and 
 constructed another wheel, which was tested Oct. 15. The results of each may 
 bo found below. The workmanship of the wheels would hardly cause mai.u- 
 facturers to look for machinery in Danbury. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 20. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Pei- 
 Cent 
 
 Wliole Gate 
 
 17.95 
 18.02 
 18.02 
 18.00 
 
 1550 
 
 750 
 775 
 800 
 
 000 
 103 
 1 2 
 100 5 
 
 000 
 46.81 
 47.91 
 
 48.72 
 
 2187.30 
 2211.71 
 2218.70 
 
 000 
 .6287 
 .6366 
 .6473 
 
 (( 
 
 18 00 
 
 825 
 
 982 
 
 49 60 
 
 2232 70 
 
 6533 
 
 | 
 
 17.98 
 
 850 
 
 97.5 
 
 50.22 
 
 2246.73 
 
 .6581 
 
 1 
 
 17.98 
 17 97 
 
 875 
 900 
 
 96 
 95 
 
 50.90 
 51 81 
 
 2260.77 
 2271 33 
 
 .6620 
 6720 
 
 Part Gate. 
 
 17.95 
 17.94 
 18 40 
 
 925 
 950 
 425 
 
 93.5 
 90 
 98 3 
 
 52.42 
 51.82 
 24 03 
 
 2306.62 
 2338.53 
 1210 67 
 
 .6702 
 .6537 
 5734 
 
 
 18.41 
 18.45 
 13.41 
 
 400 
 400 
 420 
 
 100 
 
 92 
 96.7 
 
 24.24 
 22.30 
 24.78 
 
 1196.08 
 1089.69 
 1255.49 
 
 .5828 
 .5872 
 .5670 
 
 :; : : : : : : 
 
 18.40 
 18.34 
 18.32 
 18.18 
 18.16 
 18 13 
 
 500 
 600 
 600 
 700 
 750 
 775 
 
 91.5 
 88.5 
 91 
 96 
 93.2 
 93.5 
 
 27.72 
 32.18 
 33.09 
 40.72 
 42.36 
 43.94 
 
 1269.56 
 1398.88 
 1472.63 
 1827.76 
 1887.49 
 1944.34 
 
 .6283 
 .6640 
 .6493 
 .6488 
 .6541 
 .6598 
 
 
 
 18.22 
 
 650 
 
 95 
 
 37.42 
 
 1732.81 
 
 .6275 
 
 Tested October 15. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 17.81 
 
 17.85 
 17.85 
 17 84 
 
 1600 
 800 
 850 
 900 
 
 000 
 107.5 
 103 
 95.8 
 
 000 
 52.12 
 53.06 
 52 25 
 
 2042.89 
 2474.90 
 2485.76 
 2551.18 
 
 COO 
 .6246 
 .6331 
 .6078 
 
 Part Gate. ..... 
 
 17.83 
 17.83 
 17.85 
 18.06 
 18.02 
 18.04 
 18.20 
 18.18 
 1832 
 18 34 
 
 825 
 850 
 875 
 700 
 675 
 650 
 500 
 525 
 400 
 
 10(5 
 103.3 
 99.6 
 97.3 
 1003 
 102.6 
 101.2 
 103.2 
 95.6 
 103 
 
 53.00 
 53.21 
 52.78 
 41.27 
 41.03 
 40.41 
 31.57 
 32.83 
 23.17 
 21 90 
 
 2503.88 
 2514.77 
 2.-.54.8S 
 2042.38 
 2035.56 
 2035.56 
 1683.73 
 16S0.51 
 1328.2 
 1301 28 
 
 .6286 
 .6283 
 .6127 
 .5923 
 .5922 
 .58--G 
 .5454 
 .5(589 
 .5041 
 4S47 
 
 ,, 
 
 18 57 
 
 200 
 
 93 5 
 
 11 94 
 
 908.29 
 
 3760 
 
 " 
 
 18.44 
 18 06 
 
 250 
 650 
 
 105 
 106 
 
 11.59 
 41.75 
 
 1079.87 
 1981.13 
 
 .3081 
 .6192 
 
 (i 
 
 18 20 
 
 500 
 
 106 8 
 
 32 36 
 
 1651.78 
 
 .569!> 
 
 Whole Gate. .'.... 
 
 18.35 
 
 17.84 
 
 350 
 850 
 
 100 
 107.5 
 
 22.48 
 55.38 
 
 1277.42 
 2532.96 
 
 .5078 
 
 .648'.)
 
 HOUSTON WHEEL. 
 
 This certifies, that a Water Wheel 50 inches in diameter, made of 
 cast iron, cast whole, Register gate, known as the Houston Water 
 Wheel, was sent to the Holyoke Testing Flume by O. E. Merrill & 
 Co., Beloit, Wisconsin, to be tested. 
 
 No. of Test. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev. 
 per 
 Minute. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Weir. 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate, 1... 
 
 18.00 
 
 1500 
 
 112 
 
 101.80 
 
 1.555 
 
 3660.33 
 
 .817 
 
 2... 
 
 17.96 
 
 1600 
 
 106 
 
 102.78 
 
 1.545 
 
 3625.01 
 
 .836 
 
 " 3. . . 
 
 1K.22 
 
 1650 
 
 106.G 
 
 106.60 
 
 1.554 
 
 3656. *5 
 
 .848 
 
 
 1807 
 
 1700 
 
 1036 
 
 106.72 
 
 1.56!) 
 
 3710 12 
 
 .842 
 
 
 18.08 
 
 1725 
 
 102 
 
 10660 
 
 1.671 
 
 3720.80 
 
 .838 
 
 
 18.06 
 
 1620 
 
 111 
 
 108.95 
 
 1.565 
 
 369\88 
 
 .8635 
 
 
 1804 
 
 16-10 
 
 109 
 
 107.68 
 
 1.566 
 
 3099.44 
 
 .8536 
 
 
 18.04 
 
 1640 
 
 110 
 
 109.33 
 
 1.565 
 
 3695 88 
 
 .8675 
 
 
 18.04 
 
 1660 
 
 108 
 
 108 65 
 
 15"0 
 
 3713.66 
 
 .858 
 
 10"' 
 
 18.04 
 
 1610 
 
 113 
 
 110.25 
 
 l.sro 
 
 3678.12 
 
 .8HO 
 
 Part Gate, 13... 
 
 18.05 
 
 1400 
 
 113 
 
 95.88 
 
 1 520 
 
 3fri6.99 
 
 .797 
 
 13.. 
 
 18.10 
 
 1240 
 
 117 
 
 87.92 
 
 1.494 
 
 3411.39 
 
 .721 
 
 " 14... 
 
 1820 
 
 1040 
 
 119 
 
 75.01 
 
 1.400 
 
 3123.62 
 
 .556 
 
 " 15... 
 
 1840 
 
 800 
 
 109 
 
 52.85 
 
 1.30(1 
 
 2823 8i 
 
 .538 
 
 16... 
 
 18.58 
 
 675 
 
 110 
 
 38.33 
 
 1.126 
 
 2240.12 
 
 .539 
 
 17.. 
 
 18.70 
 
 875 
 
 112 
 
 18.66 
 
 .960 
 
 1749.84 
 
 .802 
 
 Second Day, 
 
 Flaring 
 
 Extensi 
 
 ons to 
 
 chutes 
 
 off'. 
 
 
 
 Whole Gate,28... 
 
 17.95 
 
 1550 
 
 109 
 
 102.39 
 
 1535 
 
 368972 
 
 .818 
 
 29... 
 
 17.95 
 
 1590 
 
 ' 105 
 
 101.18 
 
 1.537 
 
 3596.78 
 
 .829 
 
 30... 
 
 17.97 
 
 1535 
 
 113 
 
 105.12 
 
 1.525 
 
 a-55454 
 
 .8716 
 
 31... 
 
 17.97 
 
 1515 
 
 111 
 
 101.31 
 
 1.525 
 
 35.5454 
 
 .840 
 
 Part Gate, 33... 
 
 18.02 
 
 1300 
 
 116 
 
 91.39 
 
 1.490 
 
 3362.90 
 
 .798 
 
 " 34 .. 
 
 18.15 
 
 1140 
 
 115 
 
 79.45 
 
 1.400 
 
 3123.62 
 
 .741 
 
 " - 36 .. 
 
 18.25 
 
 looo 
 
 110 
 
 5667 
 
 1.315 
 
 2840.26 
 
 .6HC 
 
 36 .. 
 
 18.48 
 
 800 
 
 103 
 
 49.9J 
 
 '..146 
 
 2301.59 
 
 .621 
 
 
 18.62 
 
 500 
 
 105 
 
 31.81 
 
 1.C30 
 
 1952.16 
 
 .163 
 
 " 38 - . 
 
 18.91 
 
 200 
 
 102 
 
 12.36 
 
 .H50 
 
 1445.74 
 
 .240 
 
 Previous to the trial of this wheel it had been frozen solid in ice at 
 the bottom of the flume for two weeks ; to clear it, crowbars, blocks 
 of wood, axes and other implements were used, some of which en- 
 tered the wheel with a crash when it first started, probably throwing 
 it out of center, for it required the strength of two men applied to 
 the rim of the brake (six feet in diameter) to turn the wheel when 
 the gate was closed.
 
 241 
 
 E. L SMALL, URBANA, OHIO. 
 
 The results obtained may be found below. 
 
 
 consists in its gates and buckets, the gates bein 
 buckets are like shallow boxes, Mr. Small " 
 
 jurves for surfaces. 
 
 The peculiarity of the wheel 
 
 mi' ' 
 levl 
 
 imply large faucets. The 
 eving angles better than 
 
 No. of Test. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev. per 
 Minute. 
 
 roT. 
 
 Weir. 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent 
 
 Whole ( Gate, 1. ... 
 
 18.39 
 18.40 
 18.29 
 
 480 
 % 
 
 181.6 
 70 
 149 
 
 39.62 
 41.72 
 38.61 
 
 ill 
 
 1658.40 
 
 1656.28 
 Ki.Vi.28 
 
 s 
 
 .675 
 
 4 . . '. '. 
 
 18.29 
 
 580 
 
 47 
 
 38.75 
 
 1.147 
 
 16.56.28 
 
 .677 
 
 5. ... 
 
 <>.... 
 
 18.28 
 18.28 
 
 535 
 
 540 
 
 li!l 
 69 
 
 %% 
 
 L148 
 1.148 
 
 1658.40 
 16.58.40 
 
 .720 
 .724 
 
 
 18.28 
 
 545 
 
 6.5 
 
 40.88 
 
 1.148 
 
 165S.40 
 
 .714 
 
 a . . . . 
 
 18.28 
 
 550 
 
 165 
 
 41.25 
 
 1.148 
 
 1638.40 
 
 .718 
 
 Head Reduced. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gates Reversed. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wholesale, 10 
 
 11.95 
 
 12.03 
 12.03 
 
 225 
 310 
 320 
 
 1, 
 
 15.96 
 
 19.34 
 19.56 
 
 .916 
 
 .962 
 
 1188.55 
 
 I276.MS 
 1*76.38 
 
 .595 
 .667 
 .U74 
 
 Head Reduced. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Whole Gate, 14 ... 
 
 6.53 
 
 165 
 
 100 
 
 7.50 
 
 .776 
 
 934.87 
 
 .688 
 
 15. . . 
 
 6.55 
 
 155 
 
 105 
 
 7.40 
 
 
 915.44 
 
 .654 
 
 3-4 ( Gnte. 17 . . . 
 
 18.52 
 
 330 
 
 170 
 
 25.50 
 
 i'.ttii 
 
 1227.15 
 
 .594 
 
 1-2 Gate, 21 .' .' .' 
 " 22 . 
 4Uatescl's'd,24. . . 
 
 18.51 
 
 18.52 
 18.72 
 18.60 
 18.51 
 
 325 
 .'340 
 150 
 180 
 270 
 
 i, 
 
 171 
 170 
 
 25.70 
 26.27 
 11.60 
 13.68 
 20.66 
 
 .937 
 
 12A09 
 
 I2:l5.:n 
 840.00 
 828.45 
 1043.90 
 
 .599 
 .564 
 
 I
 
 J. W. UPHAM, WORCESTER, MASS. 
 
 Mr. Upham has been in the Water Wheel business for many years, and Is 
 known for his sterling integrity. The wheel he now builds is one similar to 
 the Houston Wheel inverted. It has a register gate that works very easily, as 
 it is on the inside at the top and small. The figures below were obtained from 
 trials at my Lowell Flume. The two last sets of figures are given to show the 
 jpeed at which it may be run, and produce good power. 
 
 J. E. 
 
 Whole Gat. 1 . 
 
 15.43 
 
 15.468 
 
 15.42 
 
 g 
 
 15.4-J5 
 
 w- &E AS 
 
 275 
 
 s; 
 
 310 
 
 no..-, 
 1711.5 
 2Hi..> 
 
 27.10 
 SS 
 
 L'7.1. 1 ! 
 16.47 
 
 L'7.1 < i 
 
 18.11 
 25.76 
 
 8 
 
 ;i2 
 
 .928 
 
 :.|i> 
 
 Cubic 
 
 .737 
 .781 
 
 .774 
 .7711 
 
 ffiSft 
 
 E. G. Libby, Medford, Mass. 
 
 The wheel, illustrated in the Upham report above, was designed by Mr. Libby, 
 who has recently applied the water to the same kind of wheel, but through 
 chutes i-imilar to those of the Hercules. A 25-inch wheel so arranged was 
 tested by me, Aug. 5, 1878, giving the following results: 
 
 Head. 
 
 \Veight. 
 
 Rev. per min. 
 
 Horse Power 
 
 Cubic feet. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 * 18.23 
 
 860 
 
 298 
 
 47.40 
 
 2101 35 
 
 .8652 
 
 18.35 
 
 250 
 
 288.5 
 
 33.92 
 
 1847.54 
 
 .5297 
 
 18.38 
 
 200 
 
 293 
 
 26.63 
 
 1688.39 
 
 .4543 
 
 18.48 
 
 100 
 
 309.5 
 
 14.06 
 
 1393.52 
 
 .2890
 
 N. F. BURNHAM, YORK, PE.NN. 
 
 No. of Test. 
 
 Head. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Rev. 
 Mimite. 
 
 Horse 
 Power. 
 
 Weir. 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet. 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate, 1... 
 
 18.09 
 
 750 
 
 166 
 
 53.18 
 
 1.308 
 
 1994.52 
 
 .78U4 
 
 ' 2... 
 
 18.12 
 
 800 
 
 151 
 
 54.91 
 
 1.30!) 
 
 1996.77 
 
 .787 
 
 3... 
 
 18.10 
 
 810 
 
 150 
 
 55.22 
 
 1.311 
 
 2(101 27 
 
 
 4... 
 
 18.10 
 
 820 
 
 148 
 
 65.10 
 
 1.312 
 
 2003.F3 
 
 !807 
 
 5... 
 
 18.10 
 
 830 
 
 147 
 
 55.46 
 
 1.313 
 
 2005.78 
 
 .810 
 
 6... 
 
 18.09 
 
 840 
 
 143.5 
 
 52.25 
 
 1.316 
 
 2012.56 
 
 .761 
 
 2 chutes stopped,, 
 with blocks, 7... 
 
 18.30 
 
 680 
 
 146.4 
 
 45.25 
 
 1.200 
 
 1755.97 
 
 .747 
 
 3 chutes stopped 
 with blocks, 8... 
 
 18.30 
 
 615 
 
 146.4 
 
 40.93 
 
 1.147 
 
 1(342.74 
 
 .722 
 
 4 chutes stopped 
 with blocks, 9... 
 
 18.22 
 
 500 
 
 147.2 
 
 33.47 
 
 1.062 
 
 1464.92 
 
 .666 
 
 6 chutes stopped 
 with blocks, 10... 
 
 18.49 
 
 365 
 
 147 
 
 24.39 
 
 .919 
 
 1180.30 
 
 .579 
 
 WholeGate.il... 
 
 18.11 
 
 830 
 
 146.4 
 
 55.23 
 
 1327 
 
 2037.41 
 
 .794 
 
 Part Gate, 12... 
 
 18.20 
 
 680 
 
 147.4 
 
 45.56 
 
 1.226 
 
 1812.58 
 
 .733 
 
 Without bl'ks, 13... 
 
 18.26 
 
 615 
 
 145 
 
 40.53 
 
 1.178 
 
 17C8.50 
 
 .689 
 
 Whole Gate, 14... 
 
 18.29 
 
 500 
 
 146 
 
 33.18 
 
 1.082 
 
 1505.95 
 
 .639 
 
 15... 
 
 18.37 
 
 365 
 
 146 
 
 24.35 
 
 .959 
 
 1262.11 
 
 .667 
 
 Head Reduced, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Whole Gate, 17. . 
 
 12.14 
 
 450 
 
 137 
 
 28.02 
 
 1.120 
 
 1586.21 
 
 .772 
 
 18. . 
 
 12.15 
 
 475 
 
 133.5 
 
 28.82 
 
 1.127 
 
 1600.96 
 
 .778 
 
 " 19. . 
 
 12.13 
 
 500 
 
 1285 
 
 29.21 
 
 1.134 
 
 1615.71 
 
 .773 
 
 20. 
 
 12.13 
 
 525 
 
 123.5 
 
 29.47 
 
 1.139 
 
 1626.29 
 
 .792 
 
 " 21. . 
 
 12.11 
 
 560 
 
 117 
 
 29.25 
 
 1.143 
 
 1634.77 
 
 .784 
 
 " 22. . 
 
 12.09 
 
 675 
 
 115 
 
 50.05 
 
 1.161 
 
 1651.76 

 
 244 
 Patent Curbs. 
 
 Designed to Economize Water at Part Gate. 
 
 Thi?,by W. S. Davis, War- 
 ner, N. II , has 16 chutes or 
 gates that open successively, 
 two at a time, tested May, 
 1871. Wheel a rough imita- 
 tion of the Swain. 
 
 16 chutes open, perc'tge, .6346. 
 14 chutes open, pero'tge, .4765. 
 10 chutes open, perc'tge, .3955. 
 6 chutes open, perc'tge, .2968. 
 
 J. T. Case, Bristol, Conn. 
 
 National Water Wheel Company. 
 See Report of Tests for thut Company. 
 
 John L. Stowe, Newark, 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Test of a 24-inch, April, 1878. 
 
 Il.'a.l. \V'ht. Rev. H. P. 
 
 Cubic! Per- 
 fect. Cent 
 
 217. :> 2s id 1005.12 .807.~> 
 
 22.58 I 854.33 .7599 
 15.02 I 607.23 .7054 
 
 The Davis and Case chutes are closed 
 af their outer ends, while the Stowe 
 plan closes them at their inner end.
 
 245
 
 246 
 
 List of Wheels Tested. 
 
 Those having a star placed before name are specially reported, 
 
 * AMERICAN, Stout, Mills & Temple, Dayton, Ohio. The best of the early 
 wheels. 
 
 *ANGELL, Providence, B. I. Double discharge, central and down. Buckets 
 cast separate, then bolted to hub, very apt to shear ofl. Fly trap gates, very 
 leaky; is steadier, gives more power and higher useful effect with central dis- 
 charge stopped. 
 
 ARROWSMITH, Lockport, N. Y. Central discharge with sheets of steel 
 extending the inner edge of buckets until they met like the sides of a wedge 
 upon the supposition taut at part gate the pressure of water would regulate the 
 opening, and produce high percentage at any stage of gate. The plan was a fail- 
 ure. Highest useful efiect, 68 per cent. 
 
 *BUBNHAM, York, Pa. Downward discharge. Outside register gate. 
 
 *BOTDEN FOURNEYRON. Made at Chicopee, Holyoke and other places. Out 
 ward discharge. Poor at part gate and of small capacity for diameter. Useful 
 effect of those I have tested has varied from 46 to 85 per cent. 
 
 BUZZELL, St. Johnsbury, Vt. Scroll. Downward discharge. So arranged 
 that proportionally it gives good part gate results. Highest percentage, 56 per 
 cent. 
 
 BASTION, Canton, N. Y. Similar to the Curtis, but I think not manufactured 
 now. Tested one with wicket gate in draft tube below the wheel, which proved 
 the plan to be bad. With register gate, highest useful effect, 70 per cent. 
 
 BEE, Lancaster, Mass. Downward discharge. Babbitted in the upper bear- 
 ing, and became bound while being tested, so that 58 per cent., the highest 
 result obtained, was no indication of what the wheel would have done if it had 
 been in a proper condition. 
 
 BRYANT BRO'S., Westchesterfield, Mass. Downward discharge. Gave 65 per 
 cent. 
 
 BRYSON TURRETT, Miles Greenwood, Cincinnati, Ohio. Down and central. 
 75 per cent. Not manufactured now. 
 
 BLAKE, Pepperell, Mass, Scroll. Obsolete. 50 per cent. 
 
 *BARBBR, Ballston Spa, N. Y. 79.29 per cent. 
 
 *BLACKSTONE, in Elmer, Lcffel and American curbs. See special reports. 
 
 BODINE JONVAL, Mount Morris, N. Y. If made at all. 76 per cent. 
 
 *BOLLINGER, York, Pa. Central discharge. 70 per cent. 
 
 *C'ox, Ellsworth, N. Y. Double, downward discharge. 70 per cent. 
 
 *CASE, National Water Wheel Co., Bristol, Conn. See special report, 
 
 *CHASE, Orange, Mass. See report. 
 
 CUSHMAN, Hartford, Conn. Scroll. 50 per cent. Discharge up and down. 
 
 *COLEMAN, Turner's Falls. 
 
 *CUBTIS, Ogdensburg, N. Y.
 
 247 
 
 COOK, Lake Village, N. II. Has had several kinds tested, but builds upon a 
 different plnn now. Highest useful effect of those tri. d, .Tt'i'2 per cent. 
 
 CHAPMAN, Clark & Chapman, Turner's Falls, Mass. Highest efficiency ,52 per 
 cent. 
 
 *ECLIPSE, Stihvell & Bierce Manf 'g Co., Dayton, Ohio. 
 
 GROW, Dubuquc, Iowa. 69 per cent. 
 
 GILLESPIE, Turner's Falls, Mass. Two wheels upon horizontal shaft. Four- 
 neyron wheels. 54 per cent. 
 
 GBEEN, Juda, Wis. 50 per cent. 
 
 GEYLINE, Philadelphia, Pa. Jouval wheels. Telescopic gate below wheels. 
 56 per cent. 
 
 HOLMAN, Adams, N. Y. 47 per cent. 
 
 HUMMING BIRD, Willis Read, Danbury, Conn. Two. One central, one down- 
 ward discharge. 62 per cent. 
 
 *HOUSTON, Beloit, Wis. Ha^ had many wheels tested. Useful effect, ranging 
 from .774 to .9006 per cent. G.Ue works very hard, and is poor at part gate. 
 
 *HERCULES, Holyokc, Mass. Sou special report. 
 
 *HpLYOKE MACHINE Co., Holyoke, Mass. See special report. 
 
 *HUNT, Orange, Mass. See special report. 
 
 *HUMPHREY, Humphrey Machine Co., Keene, N. II. 
 
 KINDLEBERGER, Cincinnati, Ohio. .6246 per cent. 
 
 KNOWLTON, Saccarappa, Maine. 59 per cent. Abandoned. 
 
 LEAVITT, Lebanon, N. H. .637 per cent. 
 
 LUTHER, Iowa. Scroll. 70 per cent. 
 
 *LEFFEL, Springfield, Ohio. Have tested many of them. Useful effect varied 
 from 40 to 79 per cent. 
 
 *LUCAS, Hastings, Minn. See special report. 
 
 *LIBBY, Medford, Mass. See special report. 
 
 LESNER, Fultonville, N. Y. Central discharge. Central discharge wheels are 
 behind the age. 
 
 *MULLIKIN, Lansing, Iowa. See special report. The wheel is very poorly 
 made. 
 
 *MossER, Allentown, Penn. See spc cial report. 
 
 MALLERY, Dryden, N. Y. .769 per cent, 
 
 *NATIONAL, Josiah Buzzby, Crosswicks, N. J. .676 per cent. Complicated 
 gates. 
 
 *NATIONAL, Bristol, Conn. See special report of the Case wheel. 
 
 *PERRY, Bridgton, Maine. See special report. 
 
 PLATT, New Brighton, Pa. Two wheels upon a horizontal shaft. .585 per 
 cent. 
 
 HANKY, New Castle, Pcnn. Became bound in its stuffing box while being 
 tested, so that the test was no indication of what it would have done if it had 
 been well constructed. Useful effecr, per test, .667 per cent. 
 
 *RISDON, Mt. Holly, New Jersey. See special report. 
 
 REYNOLDS, Oswego, N. Y. Scroll. 50 per cent. 
 
 REASER, Milwaukee, Wis. Flutter wheel placed on end between plates; 
 would not run its own weight to speed. 
 
 SHERWOOD, Independence, Iowa. A Fourueyron, 03 per cent., and a down' 
 ward discharge. .761 per cent. 
 
 *SWAIN, North Chelmsford, Mass. See special report. 
 
 *SMITH, York, Pa. See special report.
 
 248 
 
 STEVENSON, New York City. Two Jonvul wheels placed together, one d's- 
 charging downward the o:hcr upwards, the upper discharge passing into a dome 
 " or vacuum," then downward in an annular tube, as shown in the Fulton & 
 Myers' plan, which is illustrated in the group of perpetual motion inventions. 
 
 *SMALL, Urbana, Ohio. See report. 
 
 STETSON, Fitchburg, Mass. Central and downward discharge, register gates, 
 not manufactured now. .793 per cent. 
 
 *STOWE, Newark, New Jersey. 
 
 STAPLES, Boston, Mass. Central discharge, three divisions, with a cylinder 
 gate raised by a screw similar to that of tlie Hercules; the object of the three 
 divisions of the wheel was to ga : n high part pate results, as it was supposed that 
 either division would give as high results as the whole combined. Highest 
 results obtained, 77 per cent. 
 
 TRULLINGER, Oswego, Oregon. Discharge down and up into a vacuum like 
 Stevenson's. 70 per cent. 
 
 TYLER, Claremont, N. H. Old scroll, useful effect ranged from 50 to 67 per 
 cent. 
 
 *TTLEE. New scroll and flume wheels. See special reports. 
 
 TELLER, Fort Plain, N. Y. Wheel in divisions like the Staples and for the 
 same purpose. Useful effect, .645 per cent. 
 
 TERRY, Terryville, Ct. Boyden or Fourneyron with two register gates, one 
 inside of chu:es, the other outside. 58 per cent. Abandoned. 
 
 *TUTTLE, Waterville, Maine. 58 per cent. 
 
 TICE, Cincinnati, Ohio. Re-invention of the old Schiele wheel, illustrations of 
 it may be found in Wiesbach's or almost any other work treating of turbiiu s 
 twenty years since. 
 
 THOMPSON, Springfield, Mo., and Silver Creek, N. Y. 
 
 *TWTTCHELL, Pulnski, N. Y. See und; r the head of Perpetual Motion. 
 
 UPHAM, Worcester, Mass. Central discharge, tried in scroll, also in flume 
 curb. 72 in scroll. 68 per cent, in flume curb. Abandoned. 
 
 *UPHAM & LIBBT. See special report. 
 
 *VICTOR, Stihvell & Bierce Manfg Co., Dayton, Ohio. 
 
 VANDEWATER, Rochester, N. Y. Downward discharge, cylinder gate. .778 
 per cent. Wheel struck bad in curb while being tested. 
 
 WATSON JONVAL, Paterson, N. J. Old. 49 per cent. 
 
 * WALSH, Waupaca, Wis. 
 
 *WHITNEY, Leominster, Mass. Old plan in flume and scroll curbs abandoned. 
 Percentage of scroll, old wheel, 40 per cent. Flume, 72. For new plan, see 
 special report. 
 
 WAGNEB, Chicago, 111. Foolishly complicated in discharge and limited 
 capacity. Highest useful effect, .738 per cent. 
 
 WHEELER, Berlin, Mass. Central and downward discharge; but did best 
 every way with central discharge stopped with blocks. Discharged the same 
 quantity of water after b'.ocking central discharge. .745 per cent. Not manu- 
 factured now. 
 
 *WYNKOOP. See special report. 
 
 *WKTMORE, Clarcmout, N. H. See special report. 
 
 *WoLF, Allentown, Pa. In taking one of the make apart, a few days since, 
 many small pieces were found that were used for blocking up gate suspension. 
 Such pieces are very liable to get lost and might, with little trouble, be rendered 
 unnecessary, by casting projecting pieces on the surfaces. "Patchwork" is 
 objectionable in turbine building. See special report fur efficiency,
 
 CHABIA. 
 
 Miss CHAKLA A. ADAMS. 
 
 A Green Mountain girl, receiving three months' schooling in the 
 summer and occasional spells in the winter. At thirteen away to 
 the Lowell mills, graduating from there at nineteen as mathema- 
 tician of my testing work, and as I had never owned a schoolbook 
 until buying them for my children, it will readily be conceived that 
 we were not handicapped by the Massachusetts school system. 
 
 Without exception Charla was the most expeditious mathema- 
 tician and best adapted for the purpose of any one I have ever known, 
 engaged in the work.
 
 250 
 
 Weight of a Cubic foot of Pure Water at Differ- 
 ent Temperatures. 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 32 
 
 62.375 
 
 45 
 
 62.378 
 
 59 
 
 62.336 
 
 73 
 
 62.249 
 
 33 
 
 62.377 
 
 46 
 
 62.376 
 
 60 
 
 62.331 
 
 74 
 
 62.242 
 
 34 
 
 62.378 
 
 47 
 
 62 375 
 
 61 
 
 62.326 
 
 75 
 
 62.234 
 
 35 
 
 62.379 
 
 48 
 
 62.373 
 
 62 
 
 62.321 
 
 76 
 
 62.225 
 
 36 
 
 62.380 
 
 49 
 
 62.371 
 
 63 
 
 62.316 
 
 77 
 
 62.217 
 
 37 
 
 62.381 
 
 50 
 
 62.368 
 
 64 
 
 62.310 
 
 78 
 
 62.208 
 
 38 
 
 62.381 
 
 51 
 
 62.365 
 
 65 
 
 62.304 
 
 79 
 
 62.199 
 
 39(max) 
 
 62.382 
 
 52 
 
 62.363 
 
 66 
 
 62.298 
 
 80 
 
 62.190 
 
 39.38 
 
 62.382 
 
 53 
 
 62.359 
 
 67 
 
 62.292 
 
 81 
 
 62.181 
 
 40 
 
 62.382 
 
 54 
 
 62.356 
 
 68 
 
 62.285 
 
 82 
 
 62.172 
 
 41 
 
 62.381 
 
 55 
 
 62.352 
 
 69 
 
 62.278 
 
 83 
 
 62.162 
 
 42 
 
 62.381 
 
 56 
 
 62.349 
 
 70 
 
 62.272 
 
 84 
 
 62.152 
 
 43 
 
 62.380 
 
 57 
 
 62.345 
 
 71 
 
 62.264 
 
 85 
 
 62.142 
 
 44 
 
 62.379 ! 58 
 
 62.340 
 
 72 
 
 62.257 
 
 86 
 
 62.132 
 
 % HTable of Inches and. Sixteenths Reduced to Decimals 
 g j of a Foot. 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 _f_ 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 S 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 A 
 
 .000 .083 
 
 .167 
 
 .250 
 
 .333 
 
 .417 
 
 .500 
 
 .583 
 
 .667 
 
 .750 
 
 .833 
 
 .917 
 
 * 
 
 .005 
 
 .089 
 
 .172 
 
 .255 
 
 .339 
 
 .422 
 
 .505 
 
 .589 
 
 .672 .755 
 
 .839 
 
 .922 
 
 A 
 
 .010 
 
 .094 
 
 .177 
 
 .260 
 
 .344 
 
 .427 
 
 .510 
 
 .594 
 
 .6771.760 
 
 .844 
 
 .927 
 
 A 
 
 .016 
 
 .099 
 
 .182 
 
 .266 
 
 .349 
 
 .432 
 
 .516 
 
 .599 
 
 .682 
 
 .766 
 
 .849 
 
 .932 
 
 ft 
 
 .021 
 .026 
 
 .104 
 .109 
 
 .187 
 .193 
 
 .271 
 .276 
 
 .354 
 .359 
 
 .437 
 .443 
 
 .521 
 .526 
 
 .604 
 .609 
 
 .687 
 .693 
 
 .771 
 .776 
 
 .854 .937 
 .859 .943 
 
 A 
 
 .031 
 
 .115 
 
 .198 
 
 .281 
 
 .365 
 
 .448 
 
 .531 
 
 .615 
 
 . 698 ! . 781 
 
 .865 
 
 .948 
 
 ft 
 
 .036 
 
 .120 
 
 .203 
 
 .286 
 
 .370 
 
 .453 
 
 .536 
 
 .620 
 
 .703 
 
 .786 
 
 .870 
 
 .953 
 
 A 
 
 .042 
 
 .125 
 
 .208 
 
 .292 
 
 .375 
 
 .458 
 
 .542 
 
 625 
 
 .708 
 
 .792 
 
 .875 
 
 .958 
 
 V 
 
 .047 
 
 .130 
 
 .214 
 
 297 
 
 .380 
 
 .464 
 
 .547 
 
 .630 
 
 .714 
 
 .797 
 
 .880 
 
 964 
 
 ji 
 
 .052 
 
 .135 
 
 219 
 
 302 
 
 .385 
 
 .469 
 
 .552 
 
 .635 
 
 .719 
 
 .802 
 
 .885 
 
 .969 
 
 is 
 
 .057 
 
 .141 
 
 .224 
 
 307 
 
 .391 
 
 .474 
 
 .557 
 
 .641 
 
 .724 
 
 .807 
 
 .891 
 
 .974 
 
 -f 
 
 .062 
 
 .146 
 
 .229 
 
 312 
 
 .396 
 
 .479 .562 
 
 .646 
 
 .729 
 
 .812 .896 
 
 .979 
 
 * 
 
 .068 
 
 .151 
 
 .234 
 
 318 
 
 .401 
 
 4841.568 
 
 .651 
 
 .734 
 
 .818 .901 
 
 .984 
 
 i I 
 
 .073 
 
 .156 
 
 240 
 
 323 
 
 .406 
 
 .490 .573 
 
 .656 
 
 .740 
 
 .823 .900 
 
 .990 
 
 >; 
 
 .078 
 
 .Ifil 
 
 .241 
 
 828 
 
 .411 
 
 .495 
 
 .578 
 
 .661 
 
 .745 
 
 .828i.91l 
 
 .995
 
 251 
 
 The Emerson Weir Tables, 
 
 For weirs with end contractions, were computed for me by Miss Charla 
 A. Adams, some 20,000 quantities ; these have done much towards reducing 
 the cost of water wheel tests and water measurements, at the same time 
 producing far greater accuracy. 
 
 These were computed by the Francis formula, from zero up. The experi- 
 ments upon which that formula was prepared were not extended below a 
 depth of .500 of a foot, but it is often necessary to use it at a much less depth ; 
 and experience proves it to be sufficiently accurate for all practical purposes. 
 
 The computations are per minute. If the weir is properly constructed 
 there is no need of correction, if nor properly constructed a correction is 
 mere guess-work or conjecture. 
 
 The Francis tables for the one foot weir are calculated for weir without 
 contraction ; consequently, by using those in connection with the others, 
 by adding to or subtracting from, the quantity flowing over a weir of anv 
 length may readily be found. 
 
 Depth 
 W^i, 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 2 Feet. 
 
 .'i Feet. 
 
 i Feet. 
 
 6 Feet. 
 
 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 
 
 l(i Feet. 
 
 20Feet. 
 
 .001 
 
 .013 
 
 .019 .025 
 
 .038 
 
 .044 
 
 .051 
 
 .063 
 
 .076 
 
 .101 
 
 .127 
 
 .002 
 
 .045 .067 .064 
 
 .134 
 
 .154 
 
 .179 
 
 .224 
 
 .268 
 
 .358 
 
 .475 
 
 .003 
 
 .077 .115, .103 
 
 .230 
 
 .264 
 
 .307 
 
 .385 
 
 .460 
 
 .615 
 
 .823 
 
 .004 
 
 .109 .163: .142 
 
 .326 
 
 .374 
 
 .435 
 
 .547 
 
 .653 
 
 .872 
 
 1.171 
 
 .005 
 
 .141 
 
 .212| .281 
 
 .424 
 
 .494 
 
 .565 
 
 .709 
 
 .847 
 
 1.130 
 
 1.410 
 
 .006 
 
 .194 
 
 .2891 .384 
 
 .542 
 
 .674 
 
 .775 
 
 .966 
 
 1.157 
 
 1.543 
 
 1.927 
 
 .007 
 
 .247 
 
 .3661 .487 
 
 .661 
 
 .854 
 
 .981 
 
 1.223 
 
 1.467 
 
 1.956 
 
 2.444 
 
 .008 
 
 .301 
 
 .443 ! .591 
 
 .780 
 
 1.034 
 
 1.188 
 
 1.481 
 
 1.777 
 
 2.369 
 
 2.967 
 
 .009 
 
 .355 
 
 .521 .695 
 
 .899 
 
 1.214 
 
 1.375 
 
 1.739 
 
 2.087 
 
 2.782 
 
 3.478 
 
 .010 
 
 .409 
 
 .599 
 
 .799 
 
 1.018 
 
 1.397 
 
 1.598 
 
 1.997 
 
 2.397 
 
 3.196 
 
 3.515 
 
 .011 
 
 46 
 
 .74 
 
 .93 
 
 1.24 
 
 1.87 
 
 1.86 
 
 2.33 
 
 2.79 
 
 3.71 
 
 4.66H 
 
 .012 
 
 .52 i .83 
 
 1.06 
 
 1.47 
 
 2.10 
 
 2.21 
 
 2.67 
 
 3.19 
 
 4.22 
 
 5.33 
 
 .013 
 
 .59 
 
 .92 1.19 
 
 
 2.34 
 
 2.40 
 
 3.01 
 
 3.59 
 
 4.74 
 
 6.00 
 
 .014 
 
 .66 
 
 1.01 
 
 1.32 
 
 L95 
 
 2.57 
 
 2.67 
 
 3.35 
 
 3.99 
 
 5.25 
 
 6.67 
 
 .015 
 
 .73 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.46 
 
 2.20 
 
 2.84 
 
 2.94 
 
 3.69 
 
 4.40 
 
 5.87 
 
 7.34 
 
 .016 
 
 .81 
 
 1.21 
 
 1.62 
 
 2.43 
 
 3.06 
 
 3.25 
 
 3.94 
 
 4.87 
 
 6.50 
 
 8.13 
 
 .017 
 
 .89 1.33 
 
 1.78 
 
 2.66 
 
 3.28 
 
 3.56 
 
 4.45 
 
 5.34 
 
 7.13 
 
 8.92 
 
 .018 
 
 .97 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.94 
 
 2.90 
 
 3.50 
 
 3.87 
 
 4.84 
 
 5.81 
 
 7.76 
 
 9.97 
 
 .019 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.57 
 
 2.10 
 
 3.14 
 
 3.72 
 
 4.19 
 
 5.24 
 
 6.28 
 
 8.40 
 
 10.50 
 
 .020 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.69 
 
 2.27 
 
 3.38 
 
 3.95 
 
 4.51 
 
 5.64 
 
 6.76 
 
 9.04 
 
 11.30 
 
 .021 
 
 1.22 
 
 1.82 
 
 2.44 
 
 3.65 
 
 4.26 
 
 4.87 
 
 6.09 
 
 7.29 
 
 9.75 
 
 12.19 
 
 .022 
 
 1.31 
 
 1.95 
 
 2.61 
 
 3.92 
 
 4.57 
 
 5.23 
 
 6.54 
 
 7.83 
 
 10.47 
 
 13.09 
 
 .023 
 
 1.40 
 
 2.08 
 
 2.78 
 
 4.19 
 
 4.88 
 
 5.59 
 
 6.99 
 
 8.37 
 
 11.19 
 
 13.99 
 
 .024 
 
 1.49 
 
 2.22 
 
 2.95 
 
 4.46 
 
 5.20 
 
 5.95 
 
 7.44 
 
 8.91 
 
 11.91 
 
 14.89 
 
 .025 
 
 1.58 2.36 
 
 3.12 
 
 4.73 
 
 5.52 
 
 6.31 
 
 7.89 
 
 9.45 
 
 12.63 
 
 15.79 
 
 .026 
 
 1.67 
 
 2.51 
 
 3.32 
 
 5.02 
 
 5.86 
 
 6.70 
 
 8.38 
 
 10.05 
 
 13.42 
 
 16.78 
 
 .027 
 
 1.77 
 
 2.66 
 
 3.52 
 
 5.32 
 
 6.20 
 
 7.10 
 
 8.88 
 
 10.65 
 
 14.21 
 
 17.77 
 
 .028 
 
 1.87 
 
 2.81 
 
 3.72 
 
 5.62 
 
 6.53 
 
 7.50 9.38 
 
 11.25 
 
 15.00 
 
 18.76 
 
 .029 
 
 1.97 
 
 2.96 
 
 3.93 
 
 5.92 
 
 6.90 
 
 T.iMt 9.88 
 
 11.85 
 
 15.80 
 
 19.75 
 
 .030 
 
 2.07 
 
 3.11 
 
 4.14 
 
 6.22 
 
 7.25 
 
 8.30 10.38 
 
 12.46 
 
 16.60 
 
 20.75 
 
 .031 
 
 2.17 
 
 3.27 
 
 4.37 
 
 6.52 
 
 7.63 
 
 8.74 10.91 
 
 13.10 
 
 17.46 
 
 21.83 
 
 .032 
 
 2.28 
 
 3.4.3 
 
 4.60 
 
 6.82 
 
 8.01 
 
 9.181 11.45 
 
 13.74 
 
 18.32 
 
 22.91 
 
 .033 
 
 2.39 
 
 3.59 
 
 4.84 
 
 7.13 
 
 8.39 
 
 9.62 
 
 11.99 
 
 14.39 
 
 19.18 23.99 
 
 .034 
 
 2.50 
 
 3.75 
 
 5.08 
 
 7.43 
 
 8.77 10.07 
 
 12.53 
 
 15.04 
 
 20.05 25.17 
 
 .035 
 
 2.61 
 
 3.91 
 
 5.22 
 
 7.84 
 
 9.15J 10.52 
 
 13.07 
 
 15.69 
 
 20.92 26.15
 
 252 
 
 Depth 
 We?, 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIK. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 2 Feet 
 
 3 Feet. 
 
 4 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet. 
 
 Id Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 
 
 16 Feet. 
 
 20Feet. 
 
 .036 
 
 2.72 
 
 4.08 
 
 5.45 
 
 8.18 
 
 9.55 
 
 10.97 
 
 13.64 
 
 16.38 
 
 21.84 
 
 27.31 
 
 .037 
 
 2.83 
 
 4.25 
 
 5.68 
 
 8.53 
 
 9.95 
 
 11.42 
 
 14.21 
 
 17.07 
 
 22.77 
 
 28.47 
 
 .038 
 
 2.95 
 
 4.42 
 
 5.91 
 
 8.88 
 
 10.35 
 
 11.87 
 
 14.78 
 
 17.76 
 
 23.71 
 
 29.63 
 
 .039 
 
 3.07 
 
 4.60 
 
 6.14 
 
 9.23 
 
 10.76 
 
 11.32 
 
 15.35 
 
 18.46 
 
 24.64 
 
 30.79 
 
 .040 
 
 3.10 
 
 4.78 
 
 6.38 
 
 9.58 
 
 11.17 
 
 12.77 
 
 15.93 
 
 19.16 
 
 25.56 
 
 31.95 
 
 .041 
 
 3.31 
 
 4.96 
 
 6.62 
 
 9.94 
 
 11.60 
 
 13.26 
 
 16.55 
 
 19.90 
 
 26.54 
 
 33.18 
 
 .042 
 
 3.43 
 
 5.14 
 
 6.86 
 
 10.31 
 
 12.03 
 
 13.75 
 
 17.17 
 
 20.64 
 
 27.53 
 
 34.41 
 
 .043 
 
 3.55 
 
 5.32 
 
 7.11 
 
 10.68 
 
 12.47 
 
 14.25 
 
 17.80 
 
 21.38 
 
 28.52 
 
 35.05 
 
 .044 
 
 3.67 
 
 5.51 
 
 7.36 
 
 11.05 
 
 12.91 
 
 14.75 
 
 18.43 
 
 22.12 
 
 29.51 
 
 36.89 
 
 .045 
 
 3.80 
 
 5.70 
 
 7.61 
 
 11.42 
 
 13.35 
 
 15.25 
 
 19.06 
 
 22.88 
 
 30.50 
 
 38.13 
 
 .046 
 
 3.93 
 
 5.89 
 
 7.87 
 
 11.81 
 
 13.80 
 
 16.70 
 
 19.71 
 
 23.66 
 
 31.54 
 
 39.43 
 
 .047 
 
 4.06 
 
 6.08 
 
 8.13 
 
 12.20 
 
 14.25 
 
 16.28 
 
 20.36 
 
 24.44 
 
 32.58 
 
 40.73 
 
 .048 
 
 4.19 
 
 6.27 
 
 8.39 
 
 12.511 
 
 14.70 
 
 16.80 
 
 21.01 
 
 25.22 
 
 33.62 
 
 42.03 
 
 .049 
 
 4.32 
 
 6.47 
 
 8.66 
 
 12.98 
 
 15.15 
 
 17.32 
 
 21.66 
 
 26.00 
 
 34.67 
 
 43.154 
 
 .050 
 
 4.45 
 
 6.67 
 
 8.93 
 
 13.38 
 
 15.69 
 
 17.84 
 
 22.32 
 
 26.78 
 
 35.72 
 
 44.65 
 
 .051 
 
 4.58 
 
 6.87 
 
 9.20 
 
 13.79 
 
 16.09 
 
 18.39 
 
 23.00 
 
 27.60 
 
 3(5.81 
 
 46.02 
 
 .052 
 
 4.71 
 
 7.07 
 
 !.47 
 
 14.20 
 
 16.57 
 
 18.94 
 
 23.68 
 
 28.42 
 
 37.90 
 
 47.39 
 
 .053 
 
 4.84 
 
 7.28 
 
 9.74 
 
 14.61 
 
 17.05 
 
 19.49 
 
 24.36 
 
 29.24 
 
 39.00 
 
 48.76 
 
 .054 
 
 4.9!) 
 
 7.49 
 
 10.01 
 
 15.02 
 
 17.53 
 
 20.04 
 
 25.05 
 
 30.06 
 
 40.10 
 
 50.14 
 
 .055 
 
 5.13 
 
 7.70 
 
 10.28 
 
 15.43 
 
 18.01 
 
 20.59 
 
 25.74 
 
 30.90 
 
 41.20 
 
 51.52 
 
 .056 
 
 5.27 
 
 7.91 
 
 10.56 
 
 15.86 
 
 18.51 
 
 21.16 
 
 26.45 
 
 31.76 
 
 42.35 
 
 52.95 
 
 .057 
 
 5.41 
 
 8.12 
 
 10.84 
 
 16.29 
 
 19.01 
 
 21.73 
 
 27.17 
 
 32.62 
 
 43.50 
 
 54.38 
 
 .058 
 
 5.55 
 
 8.33 
 
 11.12 
 
 16.72 
 
 19.51 
 
 22.30 
 
 27.89 
 
 33.48 
 
 44.71 
 
 55.81 
 
 .059 
 
 5.69 
 
 8.55 
 
 11.41 
 
 17.15 
 
 20.01 
 
 22.87 
 
 28.61 
 
 34.34 
 
 46.86 
 
 57.24 
 
 .060 
 
 5.84 
 
 8.77 
 
 11.71 
 
 17.58 
 
 20.52 
 
 23.45 
 
 29.33 
 
 35.20 
 
 46.95 
 
 58.69 
 
 .061 
 
 5.98 
 
 8.99 
 
 12.00 
 
 18.02 
 
 21.04 
 
 24.04 
 
 30.07 
 
 36.09 
 
 48.16 
 
 60.18 
 
 .062 
 
 6.13 
 
 9.11 
 
 12.30 
 
 18.46 
 
 21.56 
 
 24.64 
 
 30.81 
 
 36.99 
 
 49.37 
 
 61.68 
 
 .<Mi3 
 
 6.28 
 
 9.33 
 
 12.60 
 
 18.91 
 
 22.08 
 
 25.24 
 
 31.56 
 
 37.89 
 
 50.58 
 
 63.18 
 
 .064 
 
 6.43 
 
 9.56 
 
 12.90 
 
 19.36 
 
 22.61 
 
 25.84 
 
 32.31 
 
 38.79 
 
 51.79 
 
 64.68 
 
 .065 
 
 6.58 
 
 9.89 
 
 13.20 
 
 19.81 
 
 23.14 
 
 26.44 
 
 33.0(5 
 
 39.69 
 
 53.00 
 
 (56.18 
 
 .066 
 
 6.73 
 
 10.12 
 
 13.50 
 
 2(1.27 
 
 23.68 
 
 27.06 
 
 33.83 
 
 40.62 
 
 54.23 
 
 67.73 
 
 .067 
 
 6.88 
 
 10.35 
 
 13.81 
 
 20.74 
 
 24.22 
 
 27.62 
 
 34.61 
 
 41.55 
 
 86.46 
 
 69.28 
 
 .068 
 
 7.03 
 
 10.58 
 
 14.12 
 
 21.21 
 
 24.76 
 
 28.24 
 
 35.39 
 
 42.48 
 
 56.09 
 
 70.83 
 
 .069 
 
 7.19 
 
 10.81 
 
 14.43 
 
 21.68 
 
 25.30 
 
 28.86 
 
 36.17 
 
 43.41 
 
 57.92 
 
 72.39 
 
 .070 
 
 7.a ! > 
 
 11.04 
 
 14.74 
 
 22.15 
 
 25.85 
 
 29.55 
 
 36.95 
 
 44.35 
 
 59.15 
 
 73.95 
 
 .071 
 
 7.51 
 
 11.28 
 
 15.06 
 
 22.63 
 
 26.41 
 
 30.19 
 
 37.75 
 
 45.31 
 
 60.46 
 
 75.55 
 
 .072 
 
 7.67 
 
 11.52 
 
 15. 8 
 
 23.11 
 
 26.97 
 
 30.83 
 
 38.55 
 
 46.281 61.77 
 
 77.15 
 
 .073 
 
 7.83 
 
 11.76 
 
 15.71 
 
 23.59 
 
 27.53 
 
 31.47 
 
 39.36 
 
 47.25 63.0s 
 
 78.75 
 
 .074 
 
 7.99 
 
 11.98 
 
 16.03 
 
 24.07 
 
 28.10 
 
 32.12 
 
 40.17 
 
 48.22 
 
 (54.38 
 
 80.36 
 
 .075 
 
 8.15 
 
 12.2.~, 
 
 16.35 
 
 24.56 
 
 28.67 
 
 32.77 
 
 40.98 
 
 49.19 
 
 (15.00 
 
 81.97 
 
 .076 
 
 8.31 
 
 12.49 
 
 16.68 
 
 25.05 
 
 29.25 
 
 33.43 
 
 41.81 
 
 50.18 
 
 00.9:; 
 
 83.(54 
 
 .077 
 
 8.47 
 
 12.74 
 
 17.03 
 
 25.55 
 
 29.S3 
 
 34.09 
 
 42.64 
 
 51.18 
 
 68.26 
 
 85.31 
 
 .078 
 
 8.63 
 
 12.99 
 
 17.38 
 
 26.05 
 
 30.41 
 
 84.78 
 
 43.47 
 
 52.18 69.59 
 
 86.99 
 
 .079 
 
 8.80 
 
 13.24 
 
 17.73 
 
 2(1.55 
 
 30.99 
 
 35.42 
 
 44.30 
 
 53.18 70.92 
 
 88.67 
 
 .080 
 
 8.97 
 
 13.49 
 
 18.01 
 
 27.05 
 
 31.67 
 
 36.09 
 
 45.14 
 
 54.18 72.26 
 
 90.35 
 
 .081 
 
 9.14 
 
 13.74 
 
 18.35 
 
 27.56 
 
 32.17 
 
 36.77 
 
 45.99 
 
 55 20 73.03 
 
 92.00 
 
 .082 
 
 9.31 
 
 13.99 
 
 18.09 
 
 2S.07 
 
 32.77 
 
 37.45 
 
 46.85 
 
 56.23! 75.00 
 
 93.78 
 
 .083 
 
 9.48 
 
 14.24 
 
 19.03 
 
 28.511 
 
 33. 37 
 
 38.14 
 
 47.71 
 
 57.20 7C..37 
 
 95.50 
 
 .084 
 
 9.65 
 
 14.49 
 
 19.37 
 
 29.01 
 
 33.97 
 
 38.83 
 
 48.57 
 
 5S.29 77.74 
 
 97.22 
 
 .085 
 
 9.82 
 
 14.75 
 
 19.72 
 
 29.62 
 
 34.58 
 
 39.52 
 
 49.43 
 
 59.32 79.13 98.94 
 
 .086 
 
 9.99 
 
 15.01 
 
 20.07 
 
 30.15 
 
 35.19 
 
 40.22 
 
 50.31 
 
 60.38 80.54 100.71 
 
 .087 
 
 10.16 
 
 15.27 
 
 20.42 
 
 30.6S 
 
 35.81 
 
 40.92 
 
 51.19 
 
 61.44 
 
 81.95 102.48 
 
 
 10.153 
 
 15.54 
 
 20.77 
 
 31.21 
 
 36.43 
 
 41.63 
 
 52.07 
 
 62.50 
 
 83.87 104.28 
 
 !089 
 
 10.51 
 
 15.81 
 
 21.12 
 
 31.74 
 
 37.05 
 
 42.34 
 
 52.95 
 
 63.56 84.79 106.02 
 
 .090 10.69 
 
 16.08 
 
 21.48 
 
 32.27 
 
 37.67 
 
 43.05 
 
 53.84 
 
 64.63 86.21 107.80 
 
 .091! 10.87 
 
 id.:;.-) 
 
 21.84 
 
 32.81 
 
 3S.30 
 
 43.77 
 
 54.75 
 
 (55.72 S7.00 
 
 109.62 
 
 .092 1 1 .05 
 
 16.62 
 
 22. 20 
 
 33.35 
 
 38.93 
 
 44.50 
 
 55.66 
 
 66.81 j 89.11 
 
 111.44 
 
 .093 11.23 
 
 16.89 
 
 22.56 
 
 33.89 
 
 39.57 
 
 45.23 
 
 56.57 
 
 67.90 90.57 113.26
 
 253 
 
 Dep^th 
 Weir. 
 
 LK> 
 
 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 2 Feet. 
 
 3 Feet. 
 
 4 Feet. 
 
 6 Feet 
 
 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 12 Feet. 
 
 1C Feet. 20 Feet. 
 
 .094 
 
 11.411 17.16 
 
 22.92 
 
 34.44 
 
 40.21 
 
 45.96 
 
 57.48 68.99 
 
 92.031 115.08 
 
 .095 
 
 11.58 17.44 
 
 23.29 
 
 34.99 
 
 4(1.85 
 
 40.09 
 
 58.39, 70.09 
 
 93.49 116.90 
 
 .096 
 
 11.76 17.77 
 
 23.60 
 
 35.55 
 
 41.50 
 
 47.43 
 
 59.:!2 71.21 
 
 94.98! 118.78 
 
 .097 
 
 11.94 17.99 
 
 24.03 
 
 36.11 
 
 42.15 
 
 48.17 
 
 60.251 72.33 
 
 96.47 
 
 120.66 
 
 .098 
 
 12.13 18.27 
 
 24.40 
 
 36.67 
 
 42.M 
 
 48.92 
 
 61.18 
 
 73.45 
 
 97.96 
 
 122.54 
 
 .099 
 
 12.32 18.55 
 
 24.77 
 
 37.23 
 
 42.45 
 
 49.67 
 
 62.12 
 
 74.57 
 
 99.46 
 
 124.42 
 
 .100 
 
 12.51 
 
 18.83 
 
 25.14 
 
 37.78 
 
 44.11 
 
 50.42 
 
 63.06 
 
 75.69 
 
 100.96 
 
 126.30 
 
 .101 
 
 12.69 
 
 19.11 
 
 25.52 
 
 3*.: 55 
 
 44.77 
 
 51.18 
 
 64.01 76.84 
 
 102.49 
 
 128.20 
 
 .102 
 
 12.88 
 
 19.39 
 
 25.90 
 
 38.92 
 
 45.43 
 
 51.94 
 
 64.96 77.99 
 
 104.02 
 
 130.10 
 
 .103 
 
 13.07 
 
 19.67 
 
 26.2S 
 
 39.49 
 
 46.10 
 
 52.70 
 
 65.91 79.14 
 
 105.55 
 
 132.00 
 
 .104 
 
 13.26 
 
 19.96 
 
 26.66 
 
 40.06 
 
 46.77 
 
 53.47 
 
 66.87 80.29 
 
 107.08 
 
 133.90 
 
 .105 
 
 13.45 
 
 20.25 
 
 27.04 
 
 40.64 
 
 47.44 
 
 54.24 
 
 67.83! 81.44 
 
 108.62 
 
 135.81 
 
 .106 
 
 13.64 
 
 20.53 
 
 27.43 
 
 41.2? 
 
 48.12 
 
 55.02 
 
 68.81] 82.61 
 
 110.17 
 
 137.77 
 
 .107 
 
 13.83 
 
 20.81 
 
 27.82 
 
 41.79 
 
 48.80 
 
 55.80 
 
 69.79 83.78 
 
 111.73 
 
 139.73 
 
 .108 
 
 14.02 
 
 21.10 
 
 28.21 
 
 42.38 
 
 49.49 
 
 56.58 
 
 70.77 84.95 
 
 113.29 
 
 141.69 
 
 .109 
 
 14.21 
 
 21.39 
 
 28.60 
 
 42.97 
 
 50.18 
 
 57.36 
 
 71.75 85.12 
 
 114.85 
 
 143.65 
 
 .110 
 
 14.41 
 
 21.71 
 
 29.00 
 
 43.57 
 
 50.87 
 
 58.15 
 
 72.73 87.30 
 
 116.41 
 
 145.62 
 
 .111 
 
 14.60 
 
 22.00 
 
 29.39 
 
 44.17 
 
 51.57 
 
 58.95 
 
 73.73 88.50 
 
 118.07 
 
 147.62 
 
 .112 
 
 14.80 
 
 22.30 
 
 29.78 
 
 44.77 
 
 52.27 
 
 59.75 
 
 74.73 89.70 
 
 119.67 
 
 149.63 
 
 .113 
 
 15.00 
 
 22.60 
 
 30.11 
 
 45.37 
 
 52.97 
 
 60.55 
 
 75.73 90.90 
 
 121.27 
 
 151.64 
 
 .114 
 
 15.20 
 
 22.90 
 
 30.58 
 
 45.97 
 
 53.07 
 
 61.35 
 
 76.73 92.11 
 
 122.88 
 
 153.65 
 
 .115 
 
 15.40 
 
 23.20 
 
 30.98 
 
 46.57 
 
 54.37 
 
 62.15 
 
 77.74 
 
 93.32 
 
 124.49 
 
 155.66 
 
 .116 
 
 15.60 
 
 23.50 
 
 31.39 
 
 47.18 
 
 55.0S 
 
 96 
 
 78.76 
 
 94.55 
 
 126.13 
 
 157.71 
 
 .117 
 
 15.80 
 
 23.80 
 
 31.80 
 
 47.79 
 
 55.71 1 
 
 63.78 
 
 79.78 
 
 95.78 
 
 127.77 
 
 159.76 
 
 .118 
 
 16.00 
 
 24.10 
 
 32.21 
 
 48.40 
 
 50.5U 
 
 64.50 
 
 80.80 
 
 97.01 
 
 129.41 
 
 161.81 
 
 .119 
 
 10.20 
 
 24.41 
 
 32.02 
 
 49.01 
 
 57.22 
 
 65.32 
 
 81.82 
 
 98.25 
 
 131.05 
 
 163.86 
 
 .120 16.41 
 
 24.72 
 
 33.02 
 
 49.03 
 
 57.91 
 
 06.24 
 
 82.85 
 
 99.49 
 
 132.69 
 
 165.91 
 
 .121 16.61 
 
 2.->!o3 
 
 33.43 
 
 50.25 
 
 58.67 
 
 67.07 
 
 83.89 
 
 100.74 
 
 134.36 
 
 168.00 
 
 .122 16.81 
 
 25.34 
 
 33.84 
 
 50.87 
 
 59.40 
 
 67.90 
 
 84.95 
 
 102.09 
 
 136.03 
 
 170.09 
 
 .123 17.01 
 
 25.65 
 
 34.26 
 
 51.49 
 
 60.17 
 
 68.74 
 
 85.98 
 
 103.34 
 
 137.70 
 
 172.18 
 
 .124 17.22 
 
 25.97 
 
 34.68 
 
 52.11 
 
 60.90 
 
 69.58 
 
 87.03 
 
 104.59 
 
 139.38 
 
 174.27 
 
 .125 17.43 
 
 26.27 35.119 
 
 52.75 
 
 01.59 
 
 70.42 
 
 88.08 
 
 105.74 
 
 141.06 
 
 176.38 
 
 .126 17.64 
 
 26.58; 35.51 
 
 53.38 
 
 02.33 
 
 71.27 
 
 89.14 
 
 107.02 
 
 142.76 
 
 178.51 
 
 .127, 17.85 
 
 26.89' 35.93 
 
 54.02 
 
 63.07 
 
 72.13 
 
 90.20 
 
 108.30 
 
 144.47! 180.64 
 
 .128 18.06 
 
 27.21 36.36 
 
 54.66 
 
 63.81 
 
 72.99 
 
 91.27 
 
 109.58 
 
 146.18 182.78 
 
 .129 18.27 
 
 27.53 36.79 
 
 55.30 
 
 64.5.5 
 
 73.K5 
 
 92.34 
 
 110.86 
 
 147.89 184.91 
 
 .130 18.48 
 
 27.85i 37.22 
 
 55.94 
 
 65.30 
 
 74.71 
 
 93.41 
 
 112.14 
 
 149.60 
 
 187.06 
 
 .131 18.69 
 
 28.171 37.65 
 
 56.59 
 
 66.06, 75.57 
 
 94.49 
 
 113.44 
 
 151.34 
 
 189.23 
 
 .132 18.90 
 
 28.49 38.06 
 
 57.24 
 
 66.82 76.44 
 
 95.57 
 
 114.70 
 
 153.08 
 
 191.40 
 
 .133: 19.11 
 
 28.81 38.49 
 
 
 67.58 
 
 77.31 
 
 96.66 
 
 116.04 
 
 154.82 
 
 193.58 
 
 .134 19.33 
 
 29.13! 38.92 
 
 5S>>4 
 
 68.34 
 
 78.18 
 
 97.75 
 
 117.35 
 
 156.56 
 
 195.76 
 
 .135 19.55 
 
 29.46! 39.37 
 
 59.19 
 
 69.11 
 
 79.05 
 
 98.84 
 
 118.66 
 
 158.30 
 
 197.94 
 
 .136 19.76 
 
 29.78 39.81 
 
 59.85 
 
 69.KX 
 
 79.92 
 
 99.94 
 
 119.98 
 
 160.07 
 
 200.15 
 
 .137 19.97 
 
 30.11 40.25 
 
 60.51 
 
 70.65 
 
 80.79 
 
 101.04 
 
 121.31 
 
 161.84 
 
 202.37 
 
 .138, 20.19 
 
 30.44 40.69 
 
 61.17 
 
 71.42 
 
 81.67 
 
 102.14 
 
 122.64 
 
 163.61 
 
 204.59 
 
 .139; 20.41 
 
 30.77! 41.13 
 
 61.84 
 
 72.19 
 
 82.55 
 
 10.-i.25 
 
 123.97 
 
 165.38 
 
 206.81 
 
 .140 20.63 
 
 31.101 41.57 
 
 62.51 
 
 72.97 
 
 83.43 
 
 104.37 
 
 125.30 
 
 167.16 
 
 209.03 
 
 .141 20.85 
 
 31.43 42.01 
 
 63.18 
 
 73.75 
 
 84.33 
 
 105.49 
 
 126.65 
 
 168.96 
 
 211.28 
 
 .142; 21.07 
 
 31.76 42.45 
 
 63.85 
 
 74.53 
 
 85.23 
 
 106.61 
 
 128.00 
 
 170.76 
 
 213.53 
 
 .143 21.29 
 
 32.09 42.90 
 
 64.52 
 
 75.32 
 
 86.13 
 
 107.74 
 
 129.35 
 
 172.57 
 
 215.79 
 
 .144! 21.52 
 
 32.43 
 
 43.35 
 
 65.19 
 
 76.11 
 
 87.03 
 
 108.87 
 
 131.70 
 
 174.37 
 
 218.05 
 
 .145; 21.74 
 
 32.77 
 
 43.80 
 
 65.87 
 
 76.90 
 
 87.93 
 
 110.00 
 
 132.06 
 
 176.19 
 
 220.31 
 
 .146 21.96 
 
 33.11 
 
 44.25 
 
 66.55 
 
 77.70 
 
 88.81 
 
 111.14 
 
 133.43 
 
 178.02 
 
 222.60 
 
 .147, 22.18 
 
 33.45 
 
 44.71 
 
 67.23 
 
 78.50 
 
 X9.75 
 
 112.28 
 
 134.80 
 
 179.85 
 
 224.90 
 
 .148 22.40 33.79 
 
 45.17 
 
 67.91 
 
 79.30 
 
 90.07 
 
 113.42 
 
 136.18 
 
 181.69 
 
 227.20 
 
 .149 22.63 34.13 
 
 45.03 
 
 68.60 
 
 80.10 
 
 91.59 
 
 114.57 
 
 137.56 
 
 183.53 
 
 229.50 
 
 .150 22.86 
 
 34.4" 
 
 46.09 
 
 69.29 
 
 80.90 
 
 92.51 
 
 115.72 
 
 138.94 
 
 185.37 
 
 231.80 
 
 .151 23.08 
 
 34.81 
 
 46.55 
 
 
 81.71 
 
 93.43 
 
 116.88 
 
 140.33 
 
 187.23 
 
 234.13
 
 254 
 
 Depth 
 Weir. 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 2 Feet. 
 
 3 Feet. 
 
 4 Feet 
 
 6 Feet. 
 
 r Feet. 
 
 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 12 Feet. 16 Feet. IzO Feet. 
 
 .152 
 
 23.31 
 
 35.15 
 
 47.01 
 
 70.67 
 
 82.52 
 
 94.36 
 
 118.04 
 
 141.73 189.09 236.46 
 
 .153 
 
 23>>4 
 
 35.50 
 
 47.47 
 
 71.37 
 
 83.33 
 
 95.29 
 
 119.21 143.17 
 
 190.96 238.79 
 
 .154 
 
 23.77 
 
 35.85 
 
 47.93 
 
 72.07 
 
 84.14 
 
 96.22 
 
 120.38 
 
 144.57 
 
 192.83 241.13 
 
 .155 
 
 24.00 
 
 36.20 
 
 48.39 
 
 72.77 
 
 84.96 
 
 97.15 
 
 121.5- 
 
 145.931 194.70 243.47 
 
 .156 
 
 24.23 
 
 36.55 
 
 48.85 
 
 73.47 
 
 ib.78 
 
 98.09 
 
 122.73 
 
 147.35 196.59 245.86 
 
 .157 
 
 24.46 
 
 36.80 
 
 49.3. 
 
 74.18 
 
 86.6 1 
 
 99.04 
 
 123.91 
 
 148.77 
 
 199.48 2482.- 
 
 .158 
 
 24.60 
 
 37.25 
 
 49.79 
 
 74.89 
 
 87.44 
 
 99.99 
 
 125.09 
 
 150.19 
 
 201.38 
 
 2.50.64 
 
 .159 
 
 24.1):: 
 
 37.60 
 
 50.26 
 
 75.60 
 
 88.27 
 
 100.94 
 
 126.27 
 
 151.61 
 
 203.2S 
 
 253.04 
 
 .160 
 
 25.17 
 
 37.96 
 
 50.73 
 
 76.31 
 
 89.10 
 
 101.89 
 
 127.46 
 
 153.03 
 
 204.18 
 
 255.;M 
 
 .161 
 
 25.40 
 
 38.31 
 
 51.20 
 
 77.02 
 
 89.93 
 
 102.85 
 
 128.66 
 
 154.47 
 
 206.10 267.75 
 
 .162 
 
 25.63 
 
 
 51.68 
 
 77.74 
 
 90.77 
 
 103.81 
 
 129.81 
 
 155.91 
 
 208.03 260.17 
 
 .163 
 
 25.S6 
 
 :!!uii' 
 
 52.16 
 
 78.46 
 
 91.61 
 
 104.77 
 
 131.06 
 
 157.3.5 
 
 209.96 262.59 
 
 .164 
 
 26.10 
 
 39.37 
 
 52.64 
 
 79.18 
 
 92.45 
 
 105.73 
 
 132.21 
 
 158.80 
 
 211.89 265.01 
 
 .165 
 
 26.34 
 
 39.73 
 
 53.12 
 
 79.90 
 
 93.29 
 
 106.69 
 
 133.47 
 
 160.25 
 
 213.82 L67.38 
 
 .166 
 
 26.57 
 
 40.09 
 
 53.60 
 
 80.63 
 
 94.14 
 
 107.6( 
 
 134.69 
 
 161.71 
 
 215.76 269.82 
 
 .167 
 
 26.81 
 
 40.45 
 
 54.08 
 
 81.36 
 
 94.99 
 
 108.6; 
 
 135.91 
 
 163.17 
 
 217.70 272.26 
 
 .168 
 
 27.05 
 
 40.81 
 
 54.56 
 
 82.09 
 
 95.84 
 
 109.6( 
 
 137.13 
 
 164.64 
 
 219.65 274.71 
 
 .169 
 
 27. 2! 
 
 41.17 
 
 55.05 
 
 82.82 
 
 96.69 
 
 110.58 
 
 138.35 
 
 166.11 221.60 277.16 
 
 .170 
 
 27..-,;; 
 
 41.53 
 
 55.54 
 
 83.55 
 
 97.55 
 
 111.56 
 
 139.57 
 
 167.58; 223.65 279.61 
 
 .171 
 
 27.77 
 
 41.88 
 
 56.03 
 
 84.28 
 
 98.41 
 
 112.54 
 
 140.85 
 
 169.06 
 
 225.62 282.C19 
 
 .172 
 
 28.01 
 
 12.23 
 
 56.53 
 
 85.02 
 
 99.27 
 
 113.53 
 
 142.09 
 
 170.54 
 
 227.:,9 284.57 
 
 .173 
 
 28.25 
 
 42.59 
 
 57.02 
 
 85.76 
 
 100.14 
 
 114.52 
 
 143.33 
 
 172.03 
 
 229.56 287.05 
 
 .174 
 
 28.49 
 
 42.95 
 
 57.51 
 
 86.50 
 
 101.01 
 
 115.51 
 
 144.57 
 
 173.52 
 
 231.54 
 
 289.54 
 
 .175 
 
 28.74 
 
 43.31 
 
 57.99 
 
 87.24 
 
 101.88 
 
 116.50 
 
 145.76 
 
 175.01 
 
 233.52 
 
 292.03 
 
 .176 
 
 28. !S 
 
 43.68 
 
 58.48 
 
 87.99 
 
 102.75 
 
 117.50 
 
 147.01 
 
 176.49 
 
 2::5..54 
 
 294.54 
 
 .177 
 
 29.22 
 
 44.05 
 
 58.98 
 
 88.74 
 
 103.62 
 
 118.5* 
 
 148.26 
 
 177.98 
 
 237.51 
 
 297.06 
 
 .178 
 
 29.47 
 
 44.43 
 
 59.48 
 
 89.49 
 
 104.50 
 
 119.50 
 
 149.51 
 
 179.47 
 
 2:,9.rs 
 
 299.58 
 
 .179 
 
 29.72 
 
 41.81 
 
 59.98 
 
 90.24 
 
 105.38 
 
 120.50 
 
 150.77 
 
 180.96 
 
 241.61 
 
 302.10 
 
 .180 
 
 29.97 
 
 45.19 
 
 60.48 
 
 91.00 
 
 106.26 
 
 121.51 
 
 152.03 
 
 1*2.55 
 
 243.62 
 
 304.62 
 
 .181 
 
 30.21 
 
 45.57 
 
 60.98 
 
 91.76 
 
 107.14 
 
 122.52 
 
 153.31 
 
 184.07 
 
 245.65 
 
 307.17 
 
 .182 
 
 30.45 
 
 45.95 
 
 61.48 
 
 92.52 
 
 108.03 
 
 123.53 
 
 154.5! 
 
 185.60 
 
 247.68 
 
 309.72 
 
 .183 
 
 30.70 
 
 46.33 
 
 61. 9S 
 
 93.28 
 
 108.92 
 
 124.54 
 
 155.88 
 
 187.13 
 
 249.71 
 
 312.27 
 
 .184 
 
 30.95 
 
 46.71 
 
 62.49 
 
 94.04 
 
 109.81 
 
 125.55 
 
 157.17 
 
 188.66 
 
 251.74 
 
 314.82 
 
 .ia5 
 
 31.21) 
 
 47.10 
 
 (13.00 
 
 94.80 
 
 110.70 
 
 12(1.57 
 
 158.43 
 
 190.19 
 
 253.78 
 
 317.38 
 
 .186 
 
 31.45 
 
 47.48 
 
 63.51 
 
 95.57 
 
 111.60 
 
 127.6(1 
 
 159.71 
 
 191.74 
 
 255.S5 
 
 319.% 
 
 .187 
 
 31.70 
 
 47.86 
 
 (11.02 
 
 96.34 
 
 112.50 
 
 128.63 
 
 160.99 
 
 193.29 
 
 257.92 
 
 322.55 
 
 .188 
 
 31.95 
 
 48.24 
 
 111.53 
 
 97.11 
 
 113.40 
 
 129.67 
 
 162.27 
 
 194.84 
 
 259.9!) 
 
 325.14 
 
 .189 
 
 32.21 
 
 48.02 
 
 U5.01 
 
 97.88 
 
 114.30 
 
 130.71 
 
 163.55 
 
 196.39 
 
 262. 06 
 
 327.73 
 
 .193 
 
 32.47 
 
 49.01 
 
 65.56 
 
 98.65 
 
 115.20 131.75 
 
 164.84 
 
 197.94 
 
 264.13 
 
 330.32 
 
 .191 
 
 32.72 
 
 49.39 
 
 (1(1.07 
 
 99.43 
 
 116.11 132.79 
 
 166.14 
 
 199.51 
 
 2(16.22 
 
 332.93 
 
 .192 
 
 32.97 
 
 4!.7T 
 
 66.58 
 
 100.21 
 
 117.02 
 
 133.83 
 
 167.45 
 
 201.08 
 
 268.31 
 
 335.55 
 
 .193 
 
 33.22 
 
 50.1(1 
 
 67.10 
 
 100.99 
 
 1 17.93 
 
 134.87 
 
 168.7(1 
 
 2' 12.65 
 
 -70.40 
 
 338.17 
 
 .194 
 
 33.47 
 
 50.55 
 
 67.62 
 
 101.77 
 
 118.84 
 
 ia->.92 
 
 170.07 
 
 204.22 
 
 272.50 
 
 340.79 
 
 .195 
 
 33.73 
 
 5(1.91 
 
 68.14 
 
 102.56 
 
 119.76 
 
 1311.97 
 
 171.38 
 
 205.79 
 
 274.60 
 
 343.41 
 
 .196 
 
 33.98 
 
 51.33 
 
 68.66 
 
 103.35 
 
 120.68 
 
 138.02 
 
 172.70 
 
 207.37 
 
 276.72 
 
 346.06 
 
 . .197 
 
 34.24 
 
 51.72 
 
 69.18 
 
 104.14 
 
 121.60 
 
 139.07 
 
 174.02 
 
 21.8.96 
 
 278.84 
 
 .'348.72 
 
 .198 
 
 34.50 
 
 52.11 
 
 69.70 
 
 104.93 
 
 122.52 
 
 140.13 
 
 175.34 
 
 210,55 
 
 280.96 
 
 35J.38 
 
 .199 
 
 34.76 
 
 52.50 
 
 70.23 
 
 105.72 
 
 123.45 
 
 141.19 
 
 176.66 
 
 212.14 
 
 283.< X 
 
 354.04 
 
 .200 
 
 35.02 
 
 52.89 
 
 70.76 
 
 10C.51 
 
 124.38 
 
 142.25 
 
 177.99 
 
 213.73 
 
 2K5.22 
 
 356.70 
 
 .201 
 
 35.2* 
 
 53.28 
 
 71.29 
 
 107.31 
 
 125.31 
 
 143.32 
 
 179.33 
 
 215.34 
 
 287.36 
 
 359.38 
 
 .202 
 
 35.51 
 
 53.67 
 
 71.82 
 
 107.81 
 
 126.24 
 
 144.39 
 
 180.67 
 
 216.95 
 
 2X9.51 
 
 362.07 
 
 .203 
 
 35.811 
 
 .54.07 
 
 7 2.: 15 
 
 108.61 
 
 127.17 
 
 145.46 
 
 182.01 
 
 218.56 
 
 291.66 
 
 364.76 
 
 .204 
 
 36.06 
 
 54.47 
 
 72.88 
 
 109.41 
 
 128.11 
 
 146.53 
 
 183.:!5 
 
 220.17 293.81 
 
 367.45 
 
 .205 
 
 36.33 
 
 54.87 
 
 73.42 
 
 110.51 
 
 129.05 
 
 147.60 
 
 184.69 
 
 221.78 295.96 
 
 370.14 
 
 .206 
 
 36.59 
 
 55.27 
 
 73.95 
 
 111.32 
 
 130.00 
 
 148.68 
 
 186.04 
 
 223.40 1 298.13 
 
 372.86 
 
 .207 
 
 36. S5 
 
 55.67 
 
 74.48 
 
 112.13 
 
 130.95 
 
 149.76 
 
 187.3!) 
 
 225.03 
 
 300.30 
 
 375.58 
 
 .208 
 
 37.11 
 
 5.1.07 
 
 75.02 
 
 112.94 
 
 131.90 
 
 150.84 
 
 188.75 
 
 226.66 
 
 302.47 
 
 378.30 
 
 .209 
 
 37.37 
 
 ,56.47 
 
 75.56 
 
 113.75 
 
 132.85 
 
 151.92 
 
 190.11 
 
 228.29 
 
 304.65 
 
 381.02
 
 255 
 
 Depth 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 2 Feet. 
 
 :) Feet. 
 
 4 Feet. 
 
 6 Feet. 
 
 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 
 
 16 Feet. 
 
 20 Feet. 
 
 .210 
 
 37.64 
 
 56.88 
 
 76.10 
 
 114.56 
 
 133.81 
 
 153.01 
 
 191.47 
 
 229.92 
 
 3C6.83 
 
 383.75 
 
 .211 
 
 37.90 
 
 57.28 
 
 76.64 
 
 115.37 
 
 134.76 
 
 154.10 
 
 192.84 
 
 231.56 
 
 :;<)9.03 
 
 386.30 
 
 .212 
 
 38.17 
 
 57.68 
 
 77.18 
 
 116.19 
 
 135.72 
 
 155.1!) 
 
 194.21 
 
 233.21 
 
 311.23 
 
 389.05 
 
 213f 38.44 
 .2141 38.71 
 
 58.08 
 
 58.48 
 
 77.72 
 78.26 
 
 117.01 
 117.83 
 
 136.68 
 137.64 
 
 156.29 
 
 157.3!) 
 
 195.58 
 196.95 
 
 234.86 
 236.51 
 
 313.43 
 315.63 
 
 391.80 
 
 394.55 
 
 .215i 38.98 
 
 5S.89 
 
 78.81 
 
 118.65 
 
 138.60 
 
 158.49 
 
 198.33 
 
 238.16 
 
 317.84 
 
 397.51 
 
 .216 39.24 
 
 
 79.36 
 
 119,18 
 
 139.56 
 
 159.5!) 
 
 199.71 
 
 239.82 
 
 320.06 
 
 400.2!) 
 
 .217 39.51 
 
 59 j i 
 
 79.91 
 
 120.31 
 
 140.52 
 
 160.6!) 
 
 201.09 
 
 241.49 
 
 322.28 
 
 403.07 
 
 .218! 39.78 
 
 60.12 
 
 80.46 
 
 121.14 
 
 141.48 
 
 161.70 
 
 202.48 
 
 243.16 
 
 324.57 
 
 405.8(5 
 
 .219' 40.05 
 
 60.53 
 
 81.01 
 
 121.97 
 
 142.45 
 
 162.81 
 
 203.87 
 
 244.83 
 
 326.80 
 
 408.65 
 
 .220' 40.32 
 
 60.94 
 
 81.56 
 
 122.80 
 
 143.41 
 
 164.03 
 
 205.26 
 
 246.50 
 
 328.97 
 
 411.44] 
 
 .221! 40.59 
 
 61.35 
 
 82.11 
 
 123.63 
 
 144.38 
 
 165.15 
 
 206.C6 
 
 248.18 
 
 331.22 
 
 414.23 
 
 .222 40.86 
 
 61.76 
 
 82.66 
 
 124.47 
 
 145.36 
 
 166.27 
 
 208.07 
 
 249.86 
 
 333.47 
 
 417.02 
 
 .223 41.13 
 
 62.17 
 
 83.21 
 
 125.31 
 
 146.34 
 
 167.39 
 
 209.48 
 
 251.55 
 
 335.72 
 
 419.82 
 
 .224 41.40 
 
 62.59 
 
 83.17 
 
 126.15 
 
 147.32 
 
 168.50 
 
 210.89 
 
 253.24 
 
 337.97 
 
 422.62 
 
 .225 41.68 
 
 63.01 84.33 
 
 126.!)!) 
 
 148.30 
 
 J69.63 
 
 212.30 
 
 254.93 
 
 340.22 
 
 425.52 
 
 .226 41.95 
 
 63.41 ! 84.89 
 
 127.83 
 
 149.29 
 
 170.76 
 
 213.71 
 
 256.63 
 
 342.49 
 
 428.36 
 
 .227 42.22 
 
 63.821 85.45 
 
 128.67 
 
 150.28 
 
 171.89 
 
 215.12 
 
 258.33 
 
 344.76 
 
 431.21 
 
 .228 1 42.50 
 
 64.23 86.01 
 
 129.52 
 
 151.27 
 
 173.02 
 
 216.53 
 
 260.03 
 
 347.04 
 
 434.06 
 
 .229; 42.78 
 
 64.65 
 
 86.57 
 
 130.37 
 
 152.26 
 
 174.16 
 
 217.95 
 
 261.73 
 
 349.32 
 
 426.91 
 
 .230 
 
 43.06 
 
 65.08 
 
 87.14 
 
 131.22 
 
 153.26 
 
 175.30 
 
 219.37 
 
 263.45 
 
 351.60 
 
 4c9.76 
 
 .231 
 
 43.33 
 
 65.50 
 
 87.70 
 
 132.07 
 
 154.26 
 
 176.44 
 
 220.80 
 
 265.17 
 
 353.90 
 
 442.65 
 
 
 43.61 
 
 65.92 
 
 88.27 
 
 132.! 12 
 
 155.26 
 
 177.58 
 
 222.23 
 
 266.89 
 
 356.20 
 
 445.53 
 
 !233 
 
 43.89 
 
 66.35 
 
 88.84 
 
 133.78 
 
 156.26 
 
 178.72 
 
 223.67 
 
 268.61 
 
 358.50 
 
 448.41 
 
 .234 
 
 44.17 
 
 66.78 
 
 89.41 
 
 134.64 
 
 157.26 
 
 179.87 
 
 225.11 
 
 270.33 
 
 360.80 
 
 451.29 
 
 .235 
 
 44.45 
 
 67.21 
 
 89.98 
 
 135.50 
 
 158.26 
 
 181.02 
 
 226.55 
 
 272.06 
 
 363.11 
 
 454.15 
 
 .236 
 
 44.73 
 
 67.63 
 
 90.55 
 
 136.38 
 
 159.27 
 
 182.17 
 
 227.99 
 
 273.80 
 
 365.43 
 
 457.06 
 
 .237 
 
 45.01 
 
 68. 1).-, 
 
 91.12 
 
 137.22 
 
 160.28 
 
 183.36 
 
 229.44 
 
 275.54 
 
 367.73 
 
 459.97 
 
 .238 
 
 45.29 68.48 
 
 91.69 
 
 138.08 
 
 161.29 
 
 184.48 
 
 230.89 
 
 277.28 
 
 370.08 
 
 462.88 
 
 .239 
 
 45.57 
 
 68.91 
 
 92.26 
 
 
 162.30 
 
 185.64 
 
 232.34 
 
 279.02 
 
 372.43 
 
 465.79 
 
 .240 
 
 45.85 
 
 69.34 
 
 92.84 
 
 13!)!s2' 
 
 163.31 
 
 186.80 
 
 233.79 
 
 280.77 
 
 374.74 
 
 4C8.70 
 
 .241 
 
 46.13 
 
 69.77 
 
 93.41 
 
 140.71 
 
 164.33 
 
 187.96 
 
 235.24 
 
 282.52 
 
 377.09 
 
 471.65 
 
 .242] 46.41 
 
 70.20 
 
 93.99 
 
 141.58 
 
 it;.-,.:r, 
 
 189.13 
 
 236.69 
 
 284.28 
 
 379.44 
 
 474.60 
 
 .243 46.69 
 
 70.63 
 
 94.58 
 
 143.31 
 
 166.37 
 
 190.30 
 
 237.14 
 
 286.04 
 
 381.79 
 
 477.55 
 
 .244 
 
 46.98 
 
 71.06 
 
 95.17 
 
 144.18 
 
 167.39 
 
 191.47 
 
 238.59 
 
 287.80 
 
 384.14 
 
 480.51 
 
 .245 47.27 
 
 71.49 
 
 95.73 
 
 144 19 
 
 168.42 
 
 192.64 
 
 241.05 
 
 289.56 
 
 386.49 
 
 483.40 
 
 .246 47.55 
 
 71.92 
 
 96.33 
 
 145.07 
 
 169.45 
 
 193.82 
 
 242.54 
 
 291.33 
 
 388.86 
 
 -186.:;? 
 
 .247 47.83 
 
 72.35 
 
 96.91 
 
 145.95 
 
 170.48 
 
 195.00 
 
 244.03 
 
 293.11 
 
 391.23 
 
 489.34 
 
 .248 48.12 
 
 72.7!) 
 
 97.49 
 
 146.83 
 
 171.51 
 
 196.18 
 
 245.52 
 
 294.89 
 
 393.60 
 
 492.31 
 
 .249 48.41 
 
 73.24 
 
 98.07 
 
 147.71 
 
 172.54 
 
 197.36 
 
 247.01 
 
 296.67 
 
 395.97 
 
 -195.28 
 
 .250! 48.70 
 
 73.67 
 
 98.65 
 
 148.60 
 
 173.58 
 
 198.55 
 
 248.50 
 
 298.45 
 
 398.35 
 
 498.25 
 
 .2511 48.98 
 
 74.11 
 
 99.24 
 
 149.49 
 
 174.62 
 
 199.74 
 
 249.99 
 
 200.24 
 
 401.74 
 
 501.25 
 
 .252 49.27 
 
 74.55 
 
 99.8:3 
 
 15(1.38 
 
 175.66 
 
 200.!):; 
 
 251.48 
 
 302.03 
 
 404.14 
 
 504.25 
 
 .253 : 49.51 
 
 74.99 
 
 100.42 
 
 151.27 
 
 176.70 
 
 202.12 
 
 252.97 
 
 203.82 
 
 406.53 
 
 507.25 
 
 .254; 49.85 
 
 75.43 
 
 101.01 
 
 152.16 
 
 177.74 
 
 203.31 
 
 254.46 
 
 305.62 
 
 408.92 
 
 510.25 
 
 .255 50.14 
 
 75.87 
 
 101.60 
 
 153.06 
 
 178.73 
 
 204.51 
 
 255.95 
 
 207.42 
 
 410.33 
 
 513.25 
 
 .256 1 50.43 
 
 76.31 
 
 102.19 
 
 153.1 '5 
 
 179.83 
 
 205.71 
 
 257.46 
 
 3C8.23 
 
 412.75 
 
 516.27 
 
 .257 
 
 50.72 
 
 76.75 
 
 102.78 
 
 154.85 
 
 180.88 
 
 206.91 
 
 258.97 
 
 310.04 
 
 415.17 
 
 519.30 
 
 .258 
 
 51.01 
 
 77.19 
 
 103.38 
 
 155.75 
 
 181.93 
 
 208.11 
 
 260.48 
 
 311.85 
 
 417.59 
 
 522.;;:: 
 
 .259 51.30 
 
 77.63 
 
 103.98 
 
 156.65 182.98 
 
 209.32 
 
 262.02 
 
 313.66 
 
 420.01 
 
 525.: (i 
 
 .260', 51.60 
 
 78.08 
 
 104.58 
 
 157.55 184.04 
 
 210.53 
 
 263.51 
 
 316.48 
 
 422.44 
 
 528.2-9 
 
 .261 
 
 51.89 
 
 78.52 
 
 105.18 
 
 158.4.- 
 
 185.10 
 
 211.74 
 
 265.03 
 
 318.31 
 
 424.88 
 
 531.44 
 
 
 52.18 
 
 78.97 
 
 105.78 
 
 159.36 
 
 180.K 
 
 212.95 
 
 266.55 
 
 320.14 
 
 427.32 
 
 684.60 
 
 .26^ 
 
 52.47 
 
 
 106.: '.s 
 
 160.27 187.22 
 
 214.16 
 
 268.07 
 
 321.97 
 
 429.76 
 
 ?37.6 
 
 !26^ 
 
 52.71 
 
 7!)'.87 
 
 
 161.18. 188.28 
 
 215.38 
 
 269.59 
 
 323.80 
 
 432.20 
 
 540.62 
 
 .265 
 .266 
 
 53.01 
 53.3.- 
 
 80.32 
 
 80.77 
 
 107.58 
 108.18 
 
 162.09, 189.35 
 163.00 190.42 
 
 216.60 
 217.82 
 
 271.11 
 
 272.68 
 
 325.63 
 327.47 
 
 434.65 
 437.11 
 
 543.CS 
 
 546.76 
 
 .267 
 
 53.64 
 
 81.22 
 
 108.78 163.92 191.49 219.04 
 
 274.22 
 
 329.31 
 
 439.58 
 
 549.84
 
 256 
 
 Depth 
 We?, 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 2 Feet 
 
 3 Feet. 
 
 4 Feet. 
 
 C Feet. 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 
 
 1C Feet. 
 
 20 Feet. 
 
 .268 
 
 53.94 
 
 81.67 
 
 109.39 
 
 164.84 192.56 
 
 220.27 
 
 275.76 
 
 331.16 
 
 442.05 
 
 552.93 
 
 .269 
 
 54.24 
 
 82.12 
 
 110.01 
 
 105.70 193.1-,:; 
 
 221.50 
 
 277 30 
 
 333.01 
 
 444.52 
 
 550.02 
 
 .270 
 
 54-54 
 
 S2.57 
 
 110.01 
 
 100.08 194.70 
 
 222.73 
 
 278.80 
 
 334.80 
 
 440.99 
 
 559.11 
 
 271 
 
 54.84 
 
 83.02 
 
 111.22 
 
 107.00 
 
 195.78 
 
 223.911 
 
 280.34 
 
 336.72 
 
 449.47 
 
 502.22 
 
 !272 
 
 55.14 
 
 83.47 
 
 111.83 
 
 108.52 
 
 190.8<; 
 
 225.20 
 
 281.89 
 
 338.58 
 
 451.95 
 
 505.33, 
 
 .273 
 
 55.44 
 
 83.93 
 
 112.44 
 
 109.44 
 
 197.94 
 
 220. H 
 
 283.44 
 
 340.44 
 
 454.43 
 
 508.44 
 
 .274 
 
 55.74 
 
 81.39 
 
 113.05 
 
 170.37 
 
 199.02 
 
 227.68 
 
 281.9!) 
 
 342.31 
 
 456.91 
 
 571.56 
 
 .275 56.04 
 
 84.85 
 
 113.67 
 
 171.30 
 
 200.11 
 
 228.92 
 
 280.54 
 
 344.18 
 
 459.43 
 
 574.08 
 
 .276 56.34 
 
 85.31 
 
 1 14.28 
 
 172.23 
 
 201.20 
 
 230.20 
 
 288.10 
 
 346.06 
 
 461.94 
 
 577.84 
 
 .277 56.64 
 
 85.77 
 
 114.89 
 
 173.10 
 
 202.29 
 
 231.51 
 
 289.00 
 
 347.94 
 
 464.45 
 
 581.00 
 
 ,278 56.94 
 
 80.23 
 
 1 15.51 
 
 174.09 
 
 203.38 
 
 232.70 
 
 291.22 
 
 349.82 
 
 406.97 
 
 584.16 
 
 .279 57.24 
 
 80.69 
 
 116.13 
 
 175. 02 
 
 204.47 
 
 234.01 
 
 292.79 
 
 351.71 
 
 419.49 
 
 587.33 
 
 .280 
 
 57.54 
 
 87.15 
 
 110.75 
 
 175.90 
 
 20.-..50 
 
 235.ll! 
 
 294.30 
 
 353.00 
 
 472.01 
 
 590.40 
 
 .281 
 
 57.81 
 
 87.61 
 
 1 17.37 
 
 170.90 
 
 200.00 
 
 230.12 
 
 295.94 
 
 355.49 
 
 474.54 
 
 593.57 
 
 .282 
 
 58.14 
 
 88.07 
 
 1 17.99 
 
 177.84 
 
 207.70 
 
 237.<S 
 
 297.52 
 
 357.38 
 
 477.07 
 
 596.74 
 
 .283 
 
 58.44 
 
 88.53 
 
 118.01 
 
 178.78 
 
 208.81! 
 
 2:, 8. 91 
 
 299.10 
 
 359.27 
 
 479.60 
 
 599.91 
 
 .284 
 
 58.75 
 
 88.9!) 
 
 1 19.23 
 
 179.72 
 
 209.90 
 
 240.20 
 
 300.i;8 
 
 361.16 
 
 481.93 
 
 603.08 
 
 .285 
 
 59.00 
 
 89.46 
 
 119.80 
 
 18'>.00 
 
 211.00 
 
 241.40 
 
 302.20 
 
 303.00 
 
 484.00 
 
 000.25 
 
 .286 
 
 59.36 
 
 89. 9J 
 
 120.48 
 
 181.01 
 
 212.17 
 
 242.7:', 
 
 303.X5 
 
 364.96 
 
 487.21 
 
 609.45 
 
 .287 
 
 5!.6li 
 
 90.38 
 
 121.11 
 
 182.56 
 
 213.28 
 
 244.00 
 
 31:5.44 
 
 300.87 
 
 489.76 
 
 012.05 
 
 .288 
 
 59.97 
 
 9J.85 121.74 
 
 183.51 
 
 214.39 
 
 245.27 
 
 307.03 
 
 368.78 
 
 492.31 
 
 (515.85 
 
 .289 
 
 60.28 
 
 91.32 
 
 122.37 
 
 184.46 
 
 215.50 
 
 240.54 
 
 308.02 
 
 370.69 
 
 494.87 
 
 619.05 
 
 .290 
 
 lilt..-,!) 
 
 91.79 
 
 123.00 
 
 185.41 
 
 210.01 
 
 247.81 
 
 310.22 
 
 b72.60 
 
 497.43 
 
 022.25 
 
 .291 
 
 00.8!) 
 
 92.20 
 
 123.03 
 
 180.30 
 
 217.72 
 
 249.09 
 
 311.82 
 
 o74.51 
 
 500.00 
 
 025.47 
 
 .292 
 
 61.20 
 
 92.73 
 
 121.20 
 
 187.31 
 
 218.84 
 
 250.37 
 
 313.42 
 
 W6.42 
 
 02.58 
 
 028.09 
 
 .293 
 
 61.51 
 
 93.20 
 
 124.89 
 
 188.27 
 
 219.90 
 
 251.05 
 
 315.02 
 
 378.34 
 
 505.16 
 
 631.91 
 
 .291 
 
 61.82 
 
 93.67 
 
 125.52 
 
 189.23 
 
 221.08 
 
 252.!)3 
 
 310.03 
 
 S80.20 
 
 507.74 
 
 035.14 
 
 .295 
 
 62.13 
 
 94.15 
 
 120.10 
 
 190.19 
 
 222.20 
 
 254.22 
 
 318.24 
 
 382.18 
 
 510.32 
 
 038.37 
 
 .296 
 
 62.44 
 
 94.62 
 
 120.79 
 
 191.15 
 
 223.32 
 
 255.51 
 
 319.80 
 
 384.14 
 
 512.92 
 
 641.62 
 
 .297 
 
 62.75 
 
 95.09 
 
 127.43 
 
 192.11 
 
 224.45 
 
 250.80 
 
 321.48 
 
 386.10 
 
 515.52 
 
 644.87 
 
 .298 
 
 63.06 
 
 95.56 
 
 128.07 
 
 193.07 
 
 225.58 
 
 258.1,9 
 
 323.10 
 
 388.06 
 
 518.53 
 
 648.12 
 
 .299 
 
 63.47 
 
 98.04 
 
 128.71 
 
 194.04 
 
 220.71 
 
 25!).: 8 
 
 324.72 
 
 390.02 
 
 520.72 
 
 051.28 
 
 .300 
 
 63.69 
 
 9:5.52 
 
 129.35 
 
 195.01 
 
 227.81 
 
 200.07 
 
 320.34 
 
 392.00 
 
 523.32 
 
 0.54.04 
 
 .301 
 
 64.00 
 
 90.99 
 
 129.99 
 
 195.98 
 
 228.97 
 
 261.97 
 
 327.97 
 
 393.95 
 
 525.94 
 
 (557.92 
 
 .302 
 
 64.31 
 
 97.47 
 
 130.03 
 
 195.95 
 
 230.11 
 
 203.27 
 
 329.00 
 
 395.90 
 
 628.58 
 
 001.20 
 
 .303 
 
 64.02 
 
 97.95 
 
 131.20 
 
 197.92 
 
 231.25 
 
 204.57 
 
 331.23 
 
 397.80 
 
 531.18 
 
 00.1. i 8 
 
 .304 
 
 64.93 
 
 98.43 
 
 131.91 
 
 I9S.99 
 
 232. 39 
 
 205.87 
 
 332.80, 
 
 399.82 
 
 533.80 
 
 667.76 
 
 .305 
 
 (55.25 
 
 98.91 
 
 132.57 
 
 199.87 
 
 233.53 
 
 207.18 
 
 334.49 
 
 401.78 
 
 536.42 
 
 671.04 
 
 .306 
 
 65.50 
 
 99.39 
 
 133.21 
 
 2IIH.85 
 
 231.07 
 
 268.49 
 
 330.13 
 
 403.76 
 
 539.00 
 
 074.34 
 
 .307 
 
 65.87 
 
 99.87 
 
 133.80 
 
 201.83 
 
 235.81 
 
 209 Sil 
 
 337.77 
 
 405.74 
 
 541.70 
 
 677.64 
 
 .308 
 
 00.19 
 
 100.35 
 
 134.51 
 
 202. si 
 
 230.90 
 
 271.11 
 
 339.42 
 
 407.72 
 
 544.34 
 
 080.94 
 
 .309 
 
 66.51 
 
 loo. s.3 
 
 135.10 
 
 203.79 
 
 238.11 
 
 272.42 
 
 341.01 
 
 409.70 
 
 540.98 
 
 C84.24 
 
 .310 
 
 66.83 
 
 101.31 
 
 135.81 
 
 204.77| 239.26 
 
 273.74 
 
 342.72 
 
 411.69 
 
 5-19.03 
 
 087.57 
 
 .311 
 
 67.141 101.79 
 
 130.40 
 
 205.75i 240.41 
 
 275.00 
 
 344.37 
 
 413.68 
 
 552.29 
 
 690.86 
 
 .312 
 
 67.46 
 
 102.27 
 
 137.11 
 
 200.74 241.50 
 
 270.38 
 
 340.03 
 
 415.67 
 
 554.95 
 
 094.19 
 
 .313 
 
 67.78 
 
 102.70 
 
 137.70 
 
 207.7:! 
 
 242.72 
 
 277.71 
 
 3,17.1.9 
 
 417.66 
 
 557.61 
 
 697.52 
 
 .314 
 
 68.10 
 
 103.25 
 
 138.41 
 
 208.72 
 
 243.88 
 
 279.04 
 
 349.35 
 
 419.65 
 
 5C0.27 
 
 700.75 
 
 .315 
 
 68.42 
 
 103.74 
 
 139.07 
 
 209.71 
 
 245.04 
 
 280.30 
 
 351.01 
 
 421.65 
 
 502.94 
 
 704.18 
 
 .316 
 
 68.74 
 
 101.23 
 
 139.72 
 
 210.70 
 
 240.20 
 
 281.09 
 
 352.68 
 
 423.I-5 
 
 505.02 
 
 707.55 
 
 .317 
 
 69.06 
 
 104.72 
 
 140.38 
 
 211.69 
 
 247.30 
 
 283.02 
 
 354.3,5 
 
 425.05 
 
 508.30 
 
 710.92 
 
 .318 
 
 
 105.21 
 
 141.04 
 
 212.09 
 
 218.52 
 
 284 [35 
 
 350.02 
 
 427.66 
 
 570.98 
 
 714.29 
 
 .319 69.70 
 
 105.70 
 
 141.70 
 
 213.09 
 
 219.0s 
 
 285.09 
 
 3,57.0!! 
 
 429.67 
 
 573.66 
 
 717.66 
 
 .320 70.02 
 
 100.19 
 
 142.36 
 
 214.09 
 
 2511.85 
 
 287.03, 
 
 3,5!). 30 
 
 431 .69 
 
 570.30 
 
 721.04 
 
 .321 70.34 
 
 100.0* 
 
 143.02 
 
 215.09 
 
 252.02 
 
 288.37 
 
 301.04 
 
 4a3.71 
 
 579.00 
 
 724.42 
 
 .322 70.66 
 
 107.17 
 
 14:i.08 
 
 210.11! 
 
 25: ;.19 
 
 289.71 
 
 3,02.72 
 
 435.73 
 
 581.76 
 
 727.80 
 
 .323 70.98 
 
 107.66 
 
 144.34 
 
 217.09 
 
 254.30 
 
 291.05 
 
 304.40 
 
 137.75 
 
 584.47 
 
 731.19 
 
 .324 71.30 
 
 107.85 
 
 145.01 
 
 218.70 
 
 255.541 292.39 
 
 3,00.09 
 
 439.78 
 
 587.18 
 
 I'.'A.iX 
 
 .3251 71.63 
 
 10*. or, 
 
 145.67 
 
 219.71 
 
 256.72 
 
 293.74 
 
 307.78 
 
 441.82 
 
 589.891 737.97 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 1
 
 257 
 
 Depth 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 2 Feet. 
 
 3 Feet. 
 
 4 Feet. 
 
 6 Feet. 
 
 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 16 Feet. 
 
 20 Feet 
 
 .326 
 
 71.95 
 
 109.14 
 
 146.33 
 
 220.72 
 
 257.90 
 
 295.09 
 
 369.47 
 
 443.86 
 
 592.61 
 
 741.37 
 
 .327 
 
 72.27 
 
 109.63 
 
 147.00 
 
 221.73 
 
 259.08 
 
 296.44 
 
 371.11 
 
 445.90 
 
 595.33 
 
 744.77 
 
 .328 
 
 72.59 
 
 110.13 
 
 147.67 
 
 222.74 
 
 260.26 
 
 297.79 
 
 372.87 
 
 447.94 
 
 598.06 
 
 748.18 
 
 .329 
 
 72.92 
 
 110.63 
 
 148.34 
 
 223.75 
 
 261.44 
 
 299.15 
 
 374.57 449.98 
 
 600.79 
 
 751.59 
 
 .330 
 
 73.25 
 
 111.13 
 
 149.01 
 
 224.76 
 
 262.63 
 
 300.51 
 
 3,76.27 452.02 
 
 603.52 
 
 755.09 
 
 .331 
 
 73.57 
 
 111.63 
 
 149.68 
 
 225.77 
 
 263.82 
 
 301.87 
 
 377.97 454.07 
 
 606.26 
 
 758.44 
 
 .332 
 
 73.89 
 
 112.13 
 
 150.35 
 
 226.7s 
 
 265.01 
 
 303,. L'", 
 
 378.68 
 
 456.12 
 
 609.00 
 
 761.88 
 
 .333 
 
 74.22 
 
 112.63 
 
 151.02 
 
 227. Ml 
 
 266.20 
 
 3114.611 
 
 380.39 
 
 458.18 
 
 611.75 
 
 765.32 
 
 .334 
 
 74.55 
 
 113.13 
 
 151.69 
 
 22S.X2 
 
 267.39 
 
 305.97 
 
 282.10 
 
 460.28 
 
 614.50 
 
 768.76 
 
 .335 
 
 74.88 
 
 1 13.63 
 
 152.37 
 
 229.X 4 
 
 26S.r,!l 
 
 307.34 
 
 384.81 
 
 462.30 
 
 617.25 
 
 772.21 
 
 .336 
 
 75.20 
 
 114.13 
 
 153.04 
 
 230.X6 
 
 '-Mi'l 78 
 
 308.71 
 
 386.53 
 
 464.36 
 
 620.01 
 
 775.66 
 
 .337 
 
 75.53 
 
 114.63 
 
 153.71 
 
 231. XX 
 
 270JIX 
 
 310.08 
 
 288.25 
 
 466.42 
 
 622.77 
 
 779.12 
 
 .338 
 
 75.86 
 
 115.13 
 
 154.39 232.91 
 
 L'I L'.OS 
 
 311.45 
 
 889.07 
 
 468.49 
 
 625.52 
 
 782.58 
 
 .339 
 
 T6.19 
 
 115.63 
 
 155.07 23,3.94 
 
 273.28 
 
 312.82 
 
 391.69 
 
 470.56 
 
 628.31 
 
 786.04 
 
 .340 
 
 76.52 
 
 116.14 
 
 155.75 234.97 
 
 274.58 
 
 314.19 
 
 393.42 
 
 472.63 
 
 631.08 789.50 
 
 
 76.85 
 
 116.64 
 
 156.43 236.00 
 
 275.78 
 
 315.57 
 
 395.15 
 
 474.71 
 
 633.86 792.99 
 
 !:;42 
 
 77.18 
 
 117.14 
 
 157.' 1 237.03 
 
 276.99 
 
 316.95 
 
 396.88 
 
 476.79 
 
 636.64 796.48 
 
 .343 
 
 77.51 
 
 117.6.-, 
 
 157.79 
 
 238.06 
 
 278.20 
 
 318.33 
 
 398.61 
 
 478.88 
 
 639.42 799.97 
 
 .344 
 
 77.84 
 
 118.16 
 
 158.47 
 
 239.09 
 
 279.41 
 
 319.72 
 
 400.34 
 
 480.97 
 
 642.20 803.46 
 
 .345 
 
 78.18 
 
 118.67 
 
 159.16 
 
 240.13 
 
 2X0.62 
 
 321.11 
 
 402.08 
 
 483.06 
 
 644.99 
 
 806.96 
 
 .346 
 
 78.51 
 
 119.18 
 
 159.84 
 
 241.17 
 
 2X1. x.", 
 
 322.50 
 
 403.82 
 
 485.15 
 
 647.79 
 
 810.46 
 
 .347 
 
 78.84 
 
 119.69 
 
 160.52 
 
 242.21 
 
 2X3.04 
 
 323.89 
 
 405.56 
 
 487.25 
 
 650.59 
 
 813.96 
 
 .348 
 
 79.17 
 
 120.20 
 
 161.20 
 
 213.25 
 
 2X4.26 
 
 325.28 
 
 407.31 
 
 489.35 
 
 653.39 
 
 817.47 
 
 .349 
 
 79.50 
 
 120.71 
 
 161.90 
 
 244.29 
 
 285.48 
 
 326.6> 
 
 409.06 
 
 491.45 
 
 656.19 
 
 820.98 
 
 .350 
 
 79.84 
 
 121.22 
 
 162.59 
 
 245.33 
 
 286.70 328.08 
 
 410.81 
 
 493.55 
 
 659.00 
 
 X24.49 
 
 .351 
 
 80.17 
 
 121.73 
 
 163.28 
 
 246.37 
 
 287.92 329.48 
 
 412.57 
 
 495.66 
 
 661 .83 
 
 828.03 
 
 .352 
 
 80.50 
 
 122.24 
 
 163.97 
 
 247.41 
 
 289.14 
 
 330.XS 
 
 414.33 497.77 
 
 664.66 
 
 as 1.57 
 
 .353 
 
 80.83 
 
 122.76 
 
 164.66 
 
 248.46 
 
 290.361 332.28 
 
 416.09 499.89 
 
 667.49 
 
 835.11 
 
 354 
 
 81.17 
 
 123.28 
 
 165.35 
 
 249.51 
 
 291.59; 334.28 
 
 417.85 501.01 
 
 670.33 
 
 838.66 
 
 335 
 
 81.51 
 
 123.7:i 
 
 166.04 
 
 250.56 
 
 292.821 335.08 
 
 419.61 
 
 504.13 
 
 673.17 
 
 842.21 
 
 .356 
 
 81.84 
 
 124.: 10 
 
 166.73 
 
 251.61 
 
 294.05 
 
 336.1! 
 
 421.38 
 
 506.25 
 
 676.01 
 
 845.771 
 
 .357 
 
 82.18 
 
 124.81 
 
 167.42 
 
 252.66 
 
 21I.VJX 
 
 337.90 
 
 423.15 
 
 508.38 
 
 678.83 
 
 849.33; 
 
 .358 
 
 82.52 
 
 125.32 168.12 
 
 253.71 
 
 296.51 
 
 339.31 424.92 
 
 510.50 
 
 681.71 
 
 852.89 
 
 .359 
 
 82.S6 
 
 125.84' 168.82 
 
 254.77 
 
 297.75 
 
 340.73 426.69 
 
 512.63 
 
 684.56 
 
 856.46 
 
 .360 
 
 83.20 
 
 126.36 169.52 
 
 255.S3 
 
 298. Oil 
 
 342.15 
 
 42X.4C 
 
 514.77 
 
 687.41 
 
 860.03 
 
 .361 
 
 83.54 
 
 126.88 
 
 170.22 
 
 256.89 
 
 300.2.", 
 
 343.57 
 
 430.24 
 
 516.91 
 
 690.27 
 
 863.61 
 
 .362 
 
 83.88 
 
 127.40 
 
 170.92 
 
 257.95 
 
 301.47 
 
 344.99 
 
 432.02 
 
 519.05 
 
 693.13 
 
 867.19 
 
 .363 
 
 84.22 
 
 127.92 
 
 171.62 
 
 259.01 
 
 302.71 
 
 346.11 
 
 433.80 
 
 521.19 
 
 695.99 
 
 870.78 
 
 .364 
 
 84.56 
 
 128.44 
 
 172.32 
 
 260.07 
 
 303.95 
 
 3,47.83 
 
 435.58 
 
 523.34 
 
 698.85 
 
 874.37 
 
 .3,65 
 
 84.90 
 
 
 173.02 
 
 261.14 
 
 305.20 349.25 
 
 487.38 
 
 525.49 
 
 701.72 
 
 877.96 
 
 .366 
 
 85.24 
 
 l'>9 4*- 
 
 173.72 
 
 262.20 
 
 306.45 350.68 
 
 439.17 
 
 527.64 
 
 704.60 
 
 881.57 
 
 .367 
 
 85.581 130.00 
 
 174.42 
 
 263.27 
 
 307.70 
 
 352.11 
 
 44096 
 
 529.80 
 
 707.48 
 
 885.18 
 
 .368 
 
 85.92 13,0.52 
 
 175.13 
 
 264.3,4 
 
 308.95 
 
 3,53.54 
 
 442.7' 
 
 531.96 
 
 710.37 
 
 888.80 
 
 .369 
 
 86.26 
 
 131.05 
 
 175.84 
 
 265.41 
 
 310.20 
 
 3,54.97 
 
 444..V 
 
 534.12 
 
 713.26 
 
 892.42 
 
 .370 
 
 86.60 
 
 131.58 
 
 176.54 
 
 266.48 
 
 31 1 .45 
 
 356.41 
 
 446.3.- 
 
 536.28 
 
 716.15 
 
 896.04 
 
 .371 
 
 86.94 
 
 132.10 
 
 177.25 
 
 267.5.- 
 
 312.71 
 
 357.85 
 
 448.15 
 
 538.45 
 
 719.05 
 
 899.67 
 
 .372 
 
 87.28 
 
 132.621 177.96 
 
 26X.62 
 
 313.97 
 
 359.29 
 
 449.95 
 
 540.62 
 
 721.95 903.30 
 
 .373 
 
 87.62 
 
 133.14 178.67 
 
 269.6! 
 
 315.23, 
 
 360.73 
 
 451.76 
 
 542.80 
 
 724.86 
 
 906.93 
 
 .374 
 
 87.97 
 
 133.67 179.38 
 
 270.77 
 
 3,16.49 
 
 362.17 
 
 453.57 
 
 544.98 
 
 727.77 
 
 910.56 
 
 .375 
 
 88.32 
 
 134.20! 180.09 
 
 271.85 
 
 317.76 
 
 363.62 
 
 455.38 
 
 547.16 
 
 730.68 914.20 
 
 .376 
 
 88.66 
 
 134.73; 180.80 
 
 272.9: 
 
 3,19.02 
 
 3,65.06 
 
 457.19 549.34 
 
 733.60 917.86 
 
 .377 
 
 ' 89.00 
 
 135.26! 181.51 
 
 274.01 
 
 320.28 
 
 366.51 
 
 459.0li 551.52 
 
 736.52; 921.52 
 
 .378 
 
 , 89.34 
 
 135.79; 182.22 
 
 275.09 
 
 321.54 
 
 3,67.96 
 
 460.83 553.70 
 
 739.44 ; 925.18 
 
 .3791 89.69 
 .3801 90.04 
 
 136.32 182.93 
 136.85 183.65 
 
 276.17 
 
 277.21 
 
 322.80 369.41 
 
 324.061 370.86 
 
 462.65 
 464.47 
 
 555.89 
 558.08 
 
 742.36 928.84; 
 745.29 932.50 
 
 .381 
 
 90.39 
 
 137.38 184.36 
 
 278.34 
 
 325.331 372.32 
 
 466.27 
 
 560.28 
 
 748.23 
 
 936.18 
 
 .382 
 
 ! 90.74 
 
 137.91 185.08 
 
 279.4: 
 
 326.60 
 
 373.78 
 
 468.10 
 
 562.48 
 
 751.1" 
 
 939.86 
 
 .383 1 91.09 138.44 185.80 
 
 280.52 
 
 327.87 
 
 375.24 
 
 469.93 
 
 564.68 754.11 
 
 943.54
 
 258 
 
 Depth 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 2 Feet 
 
 3 Feet ! 4 Feet. 
 
 6 Feet 
 
 7 Feet 8 Feet. 10 Feet 
 
 12 Feet. 16 Feet 
 
 20 Feet 
 
 .384 
 
 91.4o 
 
 138.97 186.52 
 
 281.61 
 
 329.15 370.7* 
 
 471.7(1 568.8," 
 
 757.0.- 
 
 947 >: 
 
 .385 
 
 91.8 
 
 139.5 
 
 I 1*7.24 
 
 282.7 330.43 
 
 378.16 47:1.61 56! 1.0." 
 
 7tid. (M 
 
 95o!92 
 
 .386 
 
 92.15 
 
 140.0 
 
 t 1*7.!M1 
 
 283.79 
 
 331.7 
 
 379.62 475.45! 571.21 
 
 762.91 
 
 954.62 
 
 .387 
 
 92.49 
 
 140.5 
 
 ' 188.68 
 
 284.x, 
 
 332.!! 
 
 381.01 
 
 477.30 573.5 
 
 765.9L 
 
 958.32 
 
 .388 
 
 92. a 
 
 141.1 
 
 189.40 
 
 285.! 18 
 
 334.2- 
 
 382.51 
 
 479.15 575.7^ 
 
 768.8,- 
 
 962.02 
 
 .389 
 
 93.18 
 
 141.6. 
 
 ) 190.12 
 
 287. OX. 
 
 335.5. 
 
 384.0: 
 
 481.00 577.9c 
 
 771.84 
 
 966.71 
 
 .390 
 
 93.5: 
 
 142.1< 
 
 ) 190.83 
 
 2*8. IX 
 
 336.8- 
 
 3X5.51 
 
 482.86 980.17 
 
 774.81 
 
 969.44 
 
 .391 
 
 93.88 
 
 142.7. 
 
 191.57 
 
 289.28 
 
 
 386.97 
 
 484.70 
 
 582.3! 
 
 777.7* 
 
 973. 1 7 
 
 .392 
 
 94.2: 
 
 143.2' 
 
 192.39 
 
 29,1.3.- 
 
 339.4? 
 
 388.45 
 
 486.5.- 
 
 5xl.c 
 
 7*o.7(i 
 
 
 .393 
 
 94.5S! 
 
 143.8 
 
 193.12 
 
 291.4* 
 
 340.71 
 
 389.93 488.4C 
 
 586.X4 
 
 7*:;.7I 
 
 98o!63 
 
 .391 
 
 91.9: 
 
 144.3.' 
 
 193.85 
 
 292. .18 
 
 341.99 
 
 391.41 490.2c 
 
 5X9.07 
 
 7X6.72 
 
 984.37 
 
 .395 
 
 95.2X 
 
 144.8! 
 
 194.48 
 
 293.6! 
 
 343.2* 
 
 392.89 
 
 492.11 
 
 591.31 
 
 7X9.70 
 
 988.11 
 
 .3961 93.63 
 
 145.4: 
 
 195.21 
 
 2!) 4.7! 
 
 344.51- 
 
 394.37 493.!* 
 
 593.54 
 
 792.C.9 
 
 991.92 
 
 .397 95.98 
 
 145.97 
 
 195.94 
 
 293.9! 
 
 345.88 
 
 395.861 495.82 
 
 595.7* 
 
 795.09 
 
 995.67 
 
 .3981 96.33 
 
 146.5 
 
 196.67 
 
 297.01 
 
 347.18 
 
 397.35 
 
 497.68 
 
 598.02 
 
 
 999.42 
 
 .399! 96.68 
 
 147.06 
 
 197.40 
 
 298.12 
 
 348.48 
 
 398. X 4 
 
 499.54 
 
 600.21 
 
 SO I ] 69 
 
 1003.17 
 
 .400 
 
 97.04 
 
 147.61 
 
 198.14 
 
 2:)9.23 
 
 34!.78 
 
 400.::: 
 
 501.41 
 
 (102.51 
 
 804.69 
 
 1006.87 
 
 .401 
 
 97.39 
 
 148.1.- 
 
 198.83 
 
 300.34 
 
 351. (IX 
 
 401. XL 
 
 503.28 
 
 om.7< 
 
 807.70 
 
 1010.34 
 
 .402 
 
 97.74 
 
 148.6S 
 
 199.5(1 
 
 301.15 
 
 352..".!l 
 
 
 505.1 
 
 (107.02 
 
 810.71 
 
 1014.42 
 
 .403 
 
 98.10 
 
 1 19.2: 
 
 2IMI.29 
 
 :!02.57 
 
 .",53.70 
 
 404^8! 
 
 507.0 
 
 6(19.2* 
 
 813.72 
 
 1018.20 
 
 .404 
 
 98.54 
 
 149.77 
 
 201.03 
 
 303. (19 
 
 .",55.01 
 
 406.3( 
 
 
 611.54 
 
 xld.74 
 
 1021.98 
 
 .405 
 
 9S.X2 
 
 150.31. 
 
 201.81 
 
 304. XI 
 
 35(1.32 
 
 407.8' 
 
 510.7 
 
 (113.80 
 
 *19.77 
 
 1025.76: 
 
 .406 
 
 99.17 
 
 150.8. 
 
 202.55 
 
 30.5.93 
 
 357.63 
 
 409.31 
 
 512.6 
 
 (11(1.14 
 
 *22.80 
 
 1029.56 
 
 .407 
 
 99.52 
 
 151.41 
 
 203.29 
 
 307.05 
 
 358.94 
 
 410.81 
 
 514.5 
 
 618.4( 
 
 825>3 
 
 1033.36 
 
 .408 
 
 99.88 
 
 151.9." 
 
 204.03 
 
 308.17 
 
 360.75 
 
 412.3! 
 
 51(1.4 
 
 620.66 
 
 XLX.,-6 
 
 KI47.K1 
 
 .409 
 
 100.24 
 
 152.51 
 
 -'04.77 
 
 309.29 
 
 .".61. .56 
 
 413.81 
 
 518.3 
 
 622.92 
 
 KM .90 
 
 1050.96 
 
 .410 
 
 100.60 
 
 153.05 
 
 205.51 
 
 310.42 
 
 362.87 
 
 415.32 
 
 52(1.2 
 
 625.13 
 
 834.94 
 
 1044.7(1 
 
 .411 
 
 100.96 
 
 153.61 
 
 20(1.25 
 
 311.54 
 
 .".64. 1* 
 
 416.a3 522. li 
 
 627.41 
 
 R37.99 1048.58. 
 
 .412 
 
 101.32 
 
 154.15 
 
 206.9H 
 
 312.67 
 
 365.49 
 
 418.34 524.0 
 
 129.69 
 
 *l I.I 14 1o.52.40 
 
 .413 
 
 101.68 
 
 154.70 
 
 207.73 
 
 313.80 
 
 3ii(l.x() 
 
 419.85! 525.92 
 
 
 X44.09 1056.22 
 
 .414 
 
 102.04 
 
 155.2" 
 
 208.48 
 
 314.93 
 
 36X.11 
 
 421.37 5L-7.XL 
 
 (134! 26 
 
 847.15 1 10(10.05 
 
 .415 
 
 102.40 
 
 155.X1 
 
 209.23 
 
 316.06 369.42 
 
 422.89 529.72 
 
 (136.55 
 
 X50.21 10113.x,- 
 
 .416 
 
 102.76 
 
 
 209.97 
 
 317.19 370.76 
 
 424.41 531.63 
 
 6::x>i 
 
 8.53.28 1067.72 
 
 .417 
 
 103.12 
 
 15(13(1 
 
 -'10.72 
 
 318.32 
 
 372.10 
 
 425.93 533.54 
 
 641.14 
 
 856.35 1071.56 
 
 .418 
 
 103.48 
 
 157.47 
 
 211.47 
 
 319.45 
 
 37:;.ll 
 
 427.46 535.45 
 
 643.44 
 
 a59.42 1075.40 
 
 .419 
 
 103.84 
 
 158.03 
 
 212.22 
 
 320.59 374.7* 
 
 42*.!>7 537.31 
 
 645.74 
 
 862.50 1079.25 
 
 .420 
 
 104.20 
 
 158.58 
 
 212.97 
 
 321.73 37(1.12 
 
 430.50 1 539.27 
 
 648.04 
 
 X65.5X K.S3.10 
 
 .421 
 .422 
 .423 
 
 104.56 
 104.92 
 
 105.28 
 
 1 5!. 13 
 159.70 
 
 1(10.29 
 
 213.72 
 
 214.47 
 215.22 
 
 322.87 377.45 
 324.01 378.78 
 325.16 380.12 
 
 432.03 541.19 
 
 433.5(1 543.11 
 435.09! 545.03 
 
 6:50.34 X.1X.06 10X6.97 
 652.65 871.74 109084 
 (154.9(1 874.82 1094.71 
 
 .424 
 
 105.64 
 
 160.8* 
 
 215.97 
 
 326.30 381.46 
 
 436.62 546.0" 
 
 (157.17 
 
 877.!K) 
 
 1098.58 
 
 .425 
 
 106.01 
 
 161.37 
 
 216.73 
 
 "27.44 3,*2.*0 
 
 43*. 15 5I.-..-X 
 
 l> .V.I . S 
 
 880.99 
 
 1102.45 
 
 .426 
 .427 
 
 106.37 
 
 106.73 
 
 161.93 
 
 162.49 
 
 217.48 
 
 218.23 
 
 328.58 384.16 
 329.73 385.50 
 
 439.69 550.81 
 441.231 552.75 
 
 (1(11.9(1 
 664.22 
 
 8*4.10 
 887.21 
 
 1106.34 
 1110.23 
 
 .428 
 
 ?07.10 
 
 1(13.05 
 
 
 330.88; 386.84 
 
 442.77 
 
 554.6! 
 
 66(1.. 54 
 
 WHI.32 
 
 1114.12 
 
 * .429 
 
 107.46 
 
 163.61 
 
 21 9! 75 
 
 332.03 ; 388.19 
 
 444.31 
 
 556.6: 
 
 (-68.87 
 
 *93.43 
 
 1118.01 
 
 .430 
 
 107.83 
 
 164.17 
 
 220.51 
 
 333.18' 389.52 
 
 445.86 
 
 558.5: 
 
 671.20 
 
 *96.55 
 
 1121.90 
 
 .431 
 
 108.19 
 
 1(14.7", 
 
 221.27 
 
 334. 33 390.87 
 
 447.40 
 
 560.47 
 
 673.54 
 
 899.07 
 
 1125.81 
 
 .432 
 
 108.55 
 
 1(15.29 
 
 222.03 
 
 335.48 392.25 
 
 44X.95 
 
 562.41 
 
 675.88 
 
 902.7!) 
 
 1129.72 
 
 .433 
 
 108.92 
 
 1I15.X5 
 
 222.79 
 
 336.&3 393.60 
 
 450.50 
 
 564.: 15 
 
 678.22 
 
 905.92 
 
 1133.63 
 
 .434 
 .435 
 
 109.29 
 109.66 
 
 KllUI 
 
 223.55 337.79 394.95 
 224.31 :::WS.95 396.27 
 
 452.05 
 453 60 
 
 .566.29 
 568.24 
 
 180.56 
 1X2.90 
 
 909.65 
 912.18 
 
 1137.55 
 1141.47 
 
 .436 
 
 110.02 
 
 1(17.'54 
 
 225.07, 
 
 340.11 397.62 
 
 455.16 
 
 570.19 65.25 
 
 915.32! 1145.40 
 
 ,437 
 
 110.39 
 
 168.10 
 
 225.83 
 
 341.27 398.98 
 
 4.56.72 
 
 572.14 687.61 
 
 918.46 1149.33 
 
 .438 
 
 110.76 
 
 168.67 
 
 226.59 
 
 342.43 400.34 
 
 458.2* 
 
 574.09! 689.97 
 
 921.60 1153.27 
 
 .439 
 
 111.13 
 
 169.24 
 
 227.36 
 
 343.59 401.70! 459.84 
 
 57(1.05 (192.33 
 
 924.71 1157.21 
 
 .440 
 
 111.50 
 
 1I19.S1 
 
 228.13 
 
 314.75 103.06 461.40 
 
 578.01 
 
 1194.111 
 
 927.89 1161.15 
 
 .441 
 
 111.86 
 
 170.37 
 
 228.89 345.91 404.43 462.96 
 
 579.97 697.00 
 
 931.05 1165.10
 
 250 
 
 Depth 
 Weir. 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 2 Feet. 
 
 3 Feet. 
 
 4 Feet. 
 
 C Feet. 
 
 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 
 
 16 Feet 
 
 20 Feet. 
 
 .442 
 
 112.23 
 
 170.94 
 
 229.66 
 
 347.08 
 
 405.80 
 
 464.52 
 
 581.93 
 
 699.36J 934.21 
 
 1169.06 
 
 .443 
 
 112.6" 
 
 171.51 
 
 230.43 
 
 348.2.- 
 
 407.17 
 
 466.08 583.89 
 
 701.68 937.37 
 
 1173.02 
 
 .444 
 
 112.97 
 
 172.08 
 
 231.20 
 
 349.42 
 
 4( is. 54 
 
 467.64 
 
 5S5.SI 
 
 704.04 
 
 940.53 
 
 1176.98 
 
 .445 
 
 113.34 
 
 172.65 
 
 23 1.97 
 
 350..,! 
 
 409.91 
 
 469.21 
 
 587.8: 
 
 706.46 
 
 943.70 
 
 1180.94 
 
 .44(> 
 
 113.71 
 
 173.22 
 
 232.74 
 
 351 .70 
 
 411.28 
 
 470.78 
 
 589. SI 
 
 708.8: 
 
 946.8" 
 
 1184.92 
 
 .447 
 
 114.08 
 
 173.79 
 
 233 .51 
 
 352.93 
 
 412.65 
 
 472.35 
 
 591.77 
 
 711.21 
 
 950.0- 
 
 1188.9* 
 
 .448 
 
 114.45 
 
 174.36 
 
 2: 11.2.x 
 
 354. 1C 
 
 414.02 
 
 473.92 
 
 593.74 
 
 713.59 
 
 953.2L 
 
 1192.88 
 
 .449 
 
 114.82 
 
 175.13 
 
 2:i5.05 
 
 355. 2.s 
 
 415.39 
 
 475.49 
 
 595.7L 
 
 715.97 
 
 956.40 
 
 1196.86 
 
 .450 
 
 115.20 
 
 175.51 
 
 235.83 
 
 356.16 
 
 416.77 
 
 477.07 
 
 597.71 
 
 718.35 
 
 959.58 
 
 1200.84 
 
 .451 
 
 115.57, 176.08 
 
 23i;.(i! 
 
 357.63 
 
 418.15 
 
 47875 
 
 ,-,1)9. 6X 
 
 720.73 
 
 962.77 
 
 1204.84 
 
 .452 
 
 115.94 176.65 
 
 237.3X 
 
 358. XI 
 
 419.53 
 
 lxo.3:' 
 
 601.67 
 
 723.11 
 
 965.91 
 
 1208.84 
 
 .451! 
 .454 
 
 116.311 177.22 
 116.68 177.80 
 
 23X.I6 
 
 23X.9I 
 
 359.99 
 361.J7 
 
 420.91 
 
 422.21) 
 
 481.91 
 4X3.51 
 
 603.61 
 605.6.- 
 
 725.4! 
 727.88 
 
 969. 1( 
 
 972.31 
 
 1212.84 
 1216.84 
 
 .455 
 
 117.06 178.38 
 
 23! 1.71 
 
 .-,62.35 
 
 423.67 
 
 4X4.99 
 
 607.64 
 
 730.27! 975.56 
 
 1220.85 
 
 .451) 
 
 117.43i 178.95 240.50 
 
 368.53 
 
 425.06 
 
 486.58 
 
 609.6: 
 
 732.67; 978.77 
 
 1224.X7 
 
 .457 
 
 117.80! 179.53 241.30 
 
 :-;<;i. TI 
 
 426.46 
 
 488.17 
 
 611. 6L 
 
 735.07: 981.98 
 
 1228.91 
 
 .458 
 
 118.18, 1811.11 
 
 242.10 
 
 365.90 
 
 427.86 
 
 489.71 
 
 613.61 
 
 737.47! 985.19 
 
 1232.9: 
 
 .459 
 
 118.56! 180.69 
 
 21LV.III 
 
 367.09 
 
 429.26 
 
 491.35 
 
 615.61 
 
 739.88 
 
 988.4( 
 
 1236.!)* 
 
 .41)0 
 
 118.94 181.27 
 
 243.(ill 
 
 368.2S 
 
 430.61 
 
 492.94 
 
 617.61 
 
 742. L! 
 
 991. 62 
 
 1240.99 
 
 .461 
 
 119.31 
 
 181.85 
 
 244.38 
 
 369.17 
 
 432.00 
 
 494.54 
 
 619.61 
 
 744.71 
 
 994.8f 
 
 1245.0.' 
 
 .402 
 
 119.68 
 
 1X2.13 
 
 245.16 
 
 37(Ui6 
 
 433,40 
 
 499.14 
 
 621.61 
 
 747.11 
 
 998.08 
 
 1249.07 
 
 .4(53 
 
 120.06! 183.01 
 
 245.94 
 
 371.S5 
 
 434. SO 
 
 497.74 
 
 623.6L 
 
 749.51 
 
 1001.31 
 
 1253.11 
 
 .464 
 
 120.44 
 
 1S3.59 
 
 246.72 
 
 373.nl 
 
 436.20 
 
 499.34 
 
 625.6: 
 
 751.SIL 
 
 1004.54 
 
 1257.16 
 
 .465 
 
 120.82 184.17 
 
 247.50 
 
 374.23 
 
 437. 60 
 
 500.94 
 
 627.64 
 
 754.3f 
 
 1007.77 
 
 1261. If 
 
 .466 
 
 121.19] 184.75 
 
 248.29 
 
 375. 12 
 
 439.06 
 
 502.54 
 
 629.61 
 
 756.7" 
 
 1011.01 
 
 1265.2;- 
 
 .467 
 
 121.57 185.33 
 
 249.0S 
 
 37IL62 
 
 440.40 
 
 504.14 
 
 631 .CX 
 
 759.2! 
 
 1014.2;- 
 
 1269.31 
 
 .468 
 
 121.95! 185.91 
 
 249.87 
 
 377.X2 
 
 441.80 
 
 505.75 
 
 633.71 
 
 76I.7L 
 
 1017.5* 
 
 1273.. 'IX 
 
 .469 
 
 122.33 
 
 186.49 
 
 250.66 
 
 379.02 
 
 442.20 
 
 507.36 
 
 635.72 
 
 764. ir 
 
 1020.7- 
 
 1277.45 
 
 .470 
 
 122.71 
 
 1X7. IIS 
 
 251.46 
 
 380.22 
 
 444.60 
 
 50S.97 
 
 637.75 
 
 766.4! 
 
 1024.0* 
 
 1281.52 
 
 .471 
 
 I23.0X 
 
 187.06 
 
 252.25 
 
 381.42 
 
 446.00 
 
 510.57 
 
 639.77 
 
 7*8.9: 
 
 1027.21 
 
 1285.61 
 
 .472 
 
 1 2:;. 17 
 
 188.24 
 
 253.04 
 
 382. Ii2 
 
 447.41 
 
 512.21 
 
 641.7! 
 
 771.37 
 
 I030.5L 
 
 1289.7* 
 
 .473 
 
 123.85 
 
 ixx.s.-, 
 
 253.83 
 
 3X3.X;; 
 
 448.81 
 
 513.85 
 
 643.82 
 
 773.81 
 
 1033.78 
 
 1293.7! 
 
 .474 
 
 124.231 189.42 
 
 254.62 
 
 3X5.01 
 
 149.62 
 
 514.49 
 
 645.xr 
 
 776.2;- 
 
 1*137.04 
 
 1297.88 
 
 .475 
 
 124.60 
 
 190.01 
 
 255.42 
 
 3X6.21 
 
 451.64 
 
 517.17 
 
 647.88 
 
 778.71 
 
 1040.31 
 
 1301.9*, 
 
 .476 
 
 124.9X 
 
 l!lll.59 
 
 256.21 
 
 3S7.45 
 
 453.05 
 
 518.83 
 
 649.91 
 
 781.16 
 
 1043.58 
 
 1306.06 
 
 .477 
 
 125.36 
 
 191.18 
 
 257.0(1 
 
 888.66 
 
 454.47 
 
 520.1! 
 
 651.94 
 
 783.61 
 
 1046.86 
 
 1310.17 
 
 .478 
 
 125.74 
 
 191.77 
 
 257.XO 
 
 3X9.X7 
 
 455.X!) 
 
 522.16 
 
 053.!)X 
 
 7X6.01 
 
 1050.1- 
 
 1314.28 
 
 .479 
 
 126.12 
 
 192.31! 
 
 25X.60 
 
 3! H. OX 
 
 457.31 
 
 523.83 
 
 6.V..02 
 
 7XS.51 
 
 1053.44 
 
 1318.39 
 
 .480 
 
 126.51 
 
 192.95 
 
 259.40 
 
 :;92.29 
 
 45X.73 
 
 525.18 
 
 658.01 
 
 7!)0.9( 
 
 1056.73 
 
 1322.50 
 
 .481 
 
 I26.S9 
 
 193.54 
 
 260.1!) 
 
 :;93.5o 
 
 460.15 
 
 526. XI 
 
 660.10 
 
 793.4: 
 
 1060.02 
 
 1326.63 
 
 .4X2 
 
 127.27 
 
 194.13 
 
 260.99 
 
 394.71 
 
 461. 5S 
 
 528,44 
 
 662.15 
 
 795.91 
 
 1063.31 
 
 1X30.76 
 
 .483 
 
 127.65 
 
 194.72 
 
 261.79 
 
 395.93 
 
 463.01 
 
 530.07 
 
 664.20 
 
 7!)8..-,7 
 
 1066.61 
 
 1334.89 
 
 .484 
 
 12S.05 
 
 195.1:; 
 
 262.59 
 
 397.18 
 
 464,4 1 
 
 531.70 
 
 666.25 
 
 800.X4 
 
 1069.90 
 
 1339.03 
 
 .485 
 
 l2X.li' 
 
 195.911 
 
 26:;. 39 
 
 398.37 
 
 465.87 
 
 533.:;:; 
 
 668.3(1 
 
 803.31 
 
 1073.20 
 
 1343.17 
 
 .486 
 
 I2X.XII 
 
 196.49 
 
 264.19 
 
 399.59 
 
 467.29 
 
 534.97 
 
 670.36 
 
 805.78 
 
 io7<;.5 1 
 
 1347.32 
 
 .487 
 
 129.18 
 
 197.0X 
 
 261.99 
 
 400.81 
 
 469.71 
 
 536.61 
 
 672.42 
 
 808.21 
 
 1079.S2 
 
 1351.47 
 
 .488 
 
 129.56 
 
 197.6S 
 
 265.79 
 
 402.03 
 
 471.14 
 
 53S.25 
 
 674.4X 
 
 810.74 
 
 1083.13 
 
 13,55.62 
 
 .489 
 
 129.95 
 
 19S.2S 
 
 266.59 
 
 403.25 
 
 472.57 
 
 539.89 
 
 676.51 
 
 813.22 
 
 10X6,15 
 
 1359.77 
 
 .490 
 
 130.34 
 
 19X.XX 
 
 267.41 
 
 404.471 473.00 
 
 541.53 
 
 678.60 
 
 815.7( 
 
 10X9.70 
 
 1363.92 
 
 .491 
 
 130.72 
 
 199.47 
 
 26X.21 
 
 405.69 474.44 
 
 543.17 
 
 680.66 
 
 81 8. IX 
 
 K)!i:;.o4 
 
 1368.09 
 
 .492 
 
 131.10 
 
 200.06 
 
 269.01 
 
 406.92 475. XX 
 
 .544.81 
 
 682.7:! 
 
 820.66 
 
 1096.39 
 
 1372.26 
 
 .493 
 
 131.49 
 
 200.60 
 
 209.S2 
 
 408.15 477.32 
 
 546.45 
 
 OXl.XO 
 
 82.-,. 14 
 
 109!).74 
 
 1376.43 
 
 .494 
 
 131.8 
 
 201.26 
 
 270.63 
 
 409.38 478.76 
 
 54X.IO 
 
 086.87 
 
 825.62 
 
 1103.09 
 
 1380.60 
 
 .495 
 
 132.27 
 
 201. xi; 
 
 271.44 
 
 410.61 
 
 4X11.20 
 
 549.75 
 
 688.94 
 
 828.10 
 
 1106.44 
 
 1384.78 
 
 .496 
 
 132.66 
 
 202. 1C 
 
 272.25 
 
 411.84 
 
 4X1.64 
 
 551.41 
 
 691.02 
 
 830.60 
 
 1109.92 
 
 1388.97 
 
 .497 
 
 133.05 
 
 20: 1.0! 
 
 273.06 
 
 413.07 
 
 1X3.0X 
 
 553.07 
 
 693.10 
 
 833.10 
 
 1113.40 
 
 1393.16 
 
 .498 
 
 133.44 
 
 203.61 
 
 273.87 
 
 414.30 484.52 
 
 554.73 
 
 695.18 
 
 835.60 
 
 1116.88 
 
 1397.35 
 
 .499 
 
 133.83 
 
 204.2* 
 
 274.68 
 
 415.54 
 
 485.97 
 
 556.3!) 
 
 697.26J 838.11 
 
 1120.36 
 
 1401.54
 
 260 
 
 QUANTITIES OF WATER, IN CUBIC FEET 1'ER MINUTE, FLOWING OVER 
 WEIRS OF DIFFERENT LENGTHS, WITH VARYING DEPTHS OF WATER. 
 
 Depth 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 2 Feet. 
 
 3 Feet. 
 
 4 Feet. 
 
 6 Feet. 
 
 -Feet 
 
 8 Feet 
 
 10 Feet 
 
 12 Feet. 
 
 16 Feet. 
 
 20 Feet. 
 
 .500 
 
 134.22 
 
 204.86 
 
 275.50 
 
 416.78 487.42 
 
 558.06 
 
 699.34 
 
 810.62 
 
 1123.18 
 
 1405.74 
 
 .601 
 
 134.61 
 
 205.41 
 
 276.31 
 
 418.01 488.87 
 
 559. 7 L 
 
 701.42 
 
 843.13 
 
 1126.54 
 
 1 109.95 
 
 .502 
 
 135.IH 
 
 200.01 
 
 277.12 
 
 419.25 
 
 49,).:;-. 
 
 561.3* 
 
 7o:i.5l 
 
 815.64 
 
 112!).!)! 
 
 1111.16 
 
 .503 135.39 
 
 206.66 
 
 277.li:, 
 
 420.49 491.77 
 
 563.ll 
 
 705.IK 
 
 8)8.15 
 
 ii:;:;.2* 
 
 1418.37 
 
 .504 135.78 
 
 207.26 
 
 278.74 
 
 421.7:1 49:i.2L 
 
 564.7 
 
 707.6! 
 
 850.6*.; 
 
 il:;6.*iL 
 
 1422.58 
 
 .505 136.16 
 
 207. SI 
 
 279.57 
 
 422.97 494.117 
 
 566.38 
 
 709.7* 
 
 *5:l.l* 
 
 1139.9! 
 
 1426.80 
 
 .506 136.55 
 
 2os! |i 
 
 280.38 
 
 424.21 
 
 496.1: 
 
 568.0.- 
 
 711.87 
 
 85.-,; 70 
 
 1143.37 
 
 1431.03 
 
 .507 
 
 136.94 
 
 2011.0: 
 
 2*1.20 
 
 125.4.- 
 
 497.5! 
 
 569.72 
 
 713.97 
 
 8.1*. 22 
 
 1146.7. r 
 
 14:'5.27 
 
 .508 
 
 1 37.3. - { 
 
 209.67 
 
 2*2.02 
 
 42(1.7* 
 
 499.0- 
 
 571.3! 
 
 716.07 
 
 860.7.-, 
 
 1150.1: 
 
 14:19.51 
 
 .509 137.72 
 
 210.28 
 
 2*2.84 
 
 427.9." 
 
 51)0.57 
 
 57:i.0< 
 
 718.17 
 
 8'i:i. 28 
 
 1153.51 
 
 144: 1.75 
 
 .510 
 
 1 .'18.1 2 
 
 210.89 
 
 28.3.66 
 
 429.2( 
 
 501.97 
 
 574.74 
 
 720.27 
 
 865.81 
 
 115*1.8! 
 
 1447.91 
 
 .511 13S.51 
 
 2)1.511 
 
 211.71 
 
 4:Kl.4r 
 
 503.4: 
 
 57(1.41 
 
 722.:;* 
 
 8i;8.:;i 
 
 11 60.L* 
 
 145.-i.20 
 
 .512 138.90 
 
 212.11 
 
 212.5:; 
 
 431.71 
 
 501.8! 
 
 57*.0! 
 
 724.49 
 
 *7i8 
 
 1163.67 
 
 1 !58.46 
 
 .51:; 139.29 
 
 212.71 
 
 213.35 
 
 432.9- 
 
 506.3- 
 
 579.77 
 
 72(1.60 
 
 87.-l.42 
 
 1167.07 
 
 1 162.72 
 
 .514 139.68 
 
 213.32 
 
 214.17 
 
 431.21 
 
 507.8L 
 
 581.4.- 
 
 728.71 
 
 875.98 
 
 1170.47 
 
 1 166.46 
 
 .515 140.0K 
 
 213.92 
 
 2*7.76 
 
 435.4- 
 
 509.2! 
 
 583.13 
 
 7--10. 82 
 
 878.50 
 
 1173.87 
 
 1 :i'9.2! 
 
 .516 140.47 
 
 214.5:; 
 
 2SS.5S 
 
 436.7( 
 
 510.71 
 
 581.81 
 
 7:-2.9:; 
 
 8.81.05 
 
 1177.2* 
 
 1174.51 
 
 .517 140.81! 
 
 215.14 
 
 289.40 
 
 137. 9.- 
 
 512.2: 
 
 58(1.41 
 
 7.15.05 
 
 8*: I.IKI 
 
 11*1.6! 
 
 I 178.78 
 
 .518 141.25 
 
 215.75 
 
 2:i0.2:; 
 
 4:19.21 
 
 513.70 
 
 588.0! 
 
 737.17 
 
 886.15 
 
 1181.11 
 
 1-583.06 
 
 .519 141.61 
 
 2io.::*i 
 
 21)1.( :6 
 
 440.47 
 
 575.17 
 
 589.7* 
 
 739.29 
 
 888.70 
 
 11*7.5: 
 
 r*7.:i4 
 
 .520 142.05 
 
 216.97 
 
 291. *! 
 
 441.73 
 
 510.6.- 
 
 591.57 
 
 741.41 
 
 891.25 
 
 1191.91 
 
 1 19.1.62 
 
 .521 142.45 
 
 217.58 
 
 2112.71 
 
 442.99 
 
 518.13 
 
 59:1.2* 
 
 74:5.54 
 
 893.81 
 
 1191.31 
 
 14!}.91 
 
 .52.' 142.*5 
 
 218.19 293.54 
 
 444.25 
 
 519.61 
 
 591.95 
 
 745.67 
 
 896.37 
 
 1197.7!! 
 
 1 199.20 
 
 .5l'3 143.25 
 
 218.80 294.37 
 
 132.95 
 
 521.09 
 
 59:;.6- 
 
 
 *!)*. 9:i 
 
 1201.22 
 
 150.S.49 
 
 .524 143.65 
 
 219.41 
 
 295.20 
 
 434.20 
 
 522.57 
 
 B98.3J 
 
 7l:V:i:i 
 
 901.49 
 
 1201.65 
 
 15,;7.79 
 
 .525 144.03 
 
 220.03 296.03 448.04 
 
 524.0.- 
 
 (loo.o.- 
 
 752.06 
 
 901.06 
 
 120,8.08 
 
 1512.09 
 
 .526 144.43 
 
 220.U1 
 
 296.86 449.30 
 
 525.53 
 
 601.75 
 
 754.19 
 
 9()6>,3 
 
 1211.52 
 
 1516.40 
 
 .527 144.83 
 
 221.2:, 
 
 297.69 450.57 
 
 527.01 
 
 00:1.4- 
 
 756.33 
 
 909.20 
 
 1214.96 
 
 1520.71 
 
 .528 145.23 
 
 221. Ml 
 
 298.52 451.84 
 
 528.49 
 
 605.1.- 
 
 758.47 
 
 911.77 
 
 1218.40 
 
 1525.0:; 
 
 .529 145.60 
 
 222 17 
 
 299.36! 453.11 
 
 429.9* 
 
 606.8.- 
 
 760.61 
 
 914..'54 
 
 1221.*-, 
 
 1529.:i5 
 
 .530 146.01 
 
 22:1.10 
 
 300.20 454.38 
 
 631.47 
 
 608.01 
 
 762.75 
 
 !)i;.9.i 
 
 1225.: 10 
 
 1533.67 
 
 .531 146.41 
 
 22:?.72 
 
 301.03 
 
 455.11.-, 
 
 5:i2.9t; 
 
 610.27 
 
 764. 8!t 
 
 919..-.1 
 
 1228.78 
 
 !.-,::*.( 10 
 
 .532 146.81 
 
 224.31 
 
 301.86 
 
 450.92 
 
 534.45 
 
 611.98 
 
 767.04 
 
 922.0!l 12/.2.12 
 
 1512.:;:; 
 
 .533 j 147.21 
 
 221.'.i.; 
 
 : 1:12.70 
 
 458.19 
 
 535.94 
 
 613.69 
 
 769.19 
 
 921.6* 
 
 12:15.58 
 
 154f,.66 
 
 .584 
 
 147.61 
 
 225.58 
 
 303.54 
 
 459. 17 
 
 5:,7.1:i 
 
 615.40 
 
 771.:i4 
 
 927.27 
 
 12:,9.0-4 
 
 1551.00 
 
 .535 
 
 148.01 
 
 22(1. Ill 
 
 .'504. :5s 
 
 46(1.75 
 
 538.9: s 
 
 617.12 
 
 77.-J.49 
 
 929.8(1 
 
 1242.60 
 
 1555.34 
 
 .533 
 
 148.41 
 
 226.81 
 
 305.21 
 
 1(12.02 
 
 54o.4:i 
 
 618.*:; 
 
 775.64 
 
 932.45 
 
 1246.07 
 
 1559.69 
 
 .537 
 
 148.81 
 
 227. 13 
 
 306.05 
 
 463.30 
 
 ,541.93 
 
 620..") 
 
 777.80 
 
 9:15.05 
 
 1249.54 
 
 1561.0-1 
 
 .533 
 
 149.21 
 
 22XJI5 
 
 306.89 
 
 464.58 
 
 543.43 
 
 (122.27 
 
 779.96 
 
 937.65 
 
 125:1.02 
 
 1568.40 
 
 .539 
 
 149.61 
 
 228.67 
 
 307.73 
 
 465.86 
 
 544.9:1 
 
 623.99 
 
 782.12 
 
 910.25 
 
 1256.50 
 
 1572.76 
 
 .540 
 
 150.01 
 
 22:i.2!i 
 
 308.57 
 
 467.14 
 
 5-16.43 
 
 625.71 
 
 781.28 
 
 942.85 
 
 125!).!)* 
 
 1577.12 
 
 .511 
 
 150.41 
 
 229.91 
 
 309.41 
 
 468.42 
 
 517.9:; 
 
 627.4:1 
 
 7*6,44 
 
 945.45 
 
 1263.47 
 
 1581.49 
 
 JA-> 
 
 150.81 
 
 230.53 
 
 310.25 
 
 4(19.70 
 
 549.43 
 
 629.15 
 
 788.61 
 
 948.06 1266.96 
 
 1585.S6 
 
 .543 
 
 151.21 
 
 2:il.l.-, 
 
 311.09 
 
 470.98 
 
 550.9:! 
 
 6:10.88 
 
 79.1.78 
 
 950.67 1270.45 
 
 1590.2:1 
 
 .544 
 
 151.61 
 
 231.77 
 
 311.94 
 
 472.27 
 
 552.44 
 
 6:12.61 
 
 7 1 12.95 
 
 95:1.22 127::.9( 
 
 1591.61 
 
 .545 
 
 152.01 
 
 2: 12. -10 
 
 312.79 
 
 173.5(1 
 
 55:;.95 
 
 634.34 
 
 795.12 
 
 955.89 
 
 1277.44 
 
 1.7.1*. 99 
 
 .546 
 
 152.41 
 
 2:1:1.0:; 
 
 313.63 
 
 475. S5 
 
 555.4(1 
 
 636.07 
 
 797.29 
 
 958.51 
 
 1280.!)5 
 
 ICO.-!.:;* 
 
 .547 
 
 152.81 
 
 233JSH 
 
 314.47 
 
 477.14 
 
 556.97 
 
 637.80 
 
 799.46 
 
 9111.1:: 1284.46 1607.77 
 
 .548 
 
 1.53.21 
 
 2:14.20 
 
 315.32 
 
 47S.43 
 
 558.4* 
 
 6:;9.5:; 
 
 801.64 
 
 9ti:i.75 1287.97 1612.17 
 
 .549 
 
 153.61 
 
 2:si.!>2 
 
 31(1.27 
 
 47H.72 
 
 BB9.99 
 
 (141.27 
 
 8ii:i.82 
 
 966.:i7 1291.48 
 
 1*116.57 
 
 .550 
 
 1.54.03 
 
 2.r,.5M 
 
 317.02 
 
 480.01 
 
 561.51 
 
 613.01 
 
 80)1.00 
 
 969.00 1294.99 
 
 1620.97 
 
 .551 
 
 154.4:5 
 
 2:111. K; 
 
 317.87 
 
 481.30 
 
 5ii:;:o2 
 
 644.75 
 
 808.18 
 
 971.6:1 1 298.51 1625.:i8 
 
 .552 
 
 151.83 
 
 2:111.70 
 
 318.72 
 
 4*2.50 
 
 5.11.51 
 
 C,i(l.l9 
 
 810. :16 
 
 974.261 l:;o2.o:i 1629.71 
 
 .553 
 
 155. 2.". 
 
 2.17.42 
 
 319.57 
 
 48::.8<j 
 
 566.06 648.23 
 
 S12.54 
 
 976.89 1:105.55 16.-S4.12 
 
 .554 
 
 155.6.3 
 
 238.05 
 
 320.42 
 
 485.19 
 
 567.58 649.97 
 
 814.72 
 
 979.52 1309.H7 163K.54
 
 261 
 
 Depth 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 2 Feet. 
 
 3 Feet. 
 
 4 Feet. 
 
 Feet. 7 Feet 
 
 8 Feet. 10 Feet 
 
 12 Feet 
 
 16 Feet 
 
 20 Feet. 
 
 .555 
 
 156.05 
 
 258. 61 
 
 321.2" 
 
 486.49 569.1 
 
 651.71 816.9: 
 
 982.K 
 
 1312.6C 
 
 1643.04 
 
 .556 
 
 1.56.4 
 
 25! (.2! 
 
 322.1 
 
 487.7!) 570.6 
 
 655.46 819.12 984.8 
 
 1516.1. 
 
 1647.47 
 
 .557 
 .558 
 
 156.8 
 157.28 
 
 239.91 
 240.5- 
 
 522.il 
 525.8 
 
 489.09 572.1 
 490.39 573.6 
 
 655.25 821.51 
 657.00 1 823.5i 
 
 987.4 
 990.1 
 
 I5l9.tr 
 1525.2 
 
 1651.90 
 1656.33 
 
 .559 
 
 157.61 
 
 241.18 
 
 324.6 
 
 491.69 575.2 
 
 658.75 825.75: 
 
 992.7 
 
 1526.7 
 
 1660.77 
 
 .560 
 
 158.08 
 
 241.81 
 
 525.5 
 
 493.00 576.7 
 
 660.46 
 
 827.91 
 
 9! 15. 5 
 
 1550.2! 
 
 1665.21 
 
 .561 
 
 .562 
 
 158.4! 
 158.01 
 
 212.4 
 245.07 
 
 526.5' 
 527.2- 
 
 494.30 578.2 
 49,50,, 579.7 
 
 662.21 
 
 665.91 
 
 850.11 
 832.51 
 
 998.0 
 1000.0 
 
 1555.8 
 1557.5! 
 
 166!). 66 
 1674.11 
 
 .563 
 
 158.41 
 
 243.71 
 
 52S.1I 
 
 496.91 581.3 
 
 665.72 
 
 834.51 
 
 1005.5 
 
 1540.9 
 
 1678.56 
 
 .564 
 
 158.81 
 
 244.:;: 
 
 52s. 91 
 
 498.21 
 
 582.S 
 
 667.18 
 
 856.7: 
 
 100.5. 9 
 
 1541.51 
 
 1685.02 
 
 .565 
 
 160. ll 
 
 24 4.! 17 
 
 529.81 
 
 499.5: 
 
 584.3 
 
 669.24 
 
 858.94 
 
 1008.6 
 
 1548.01 
 
 1687.48 
 
 .566 
 
 160.5. 
 
 245.61 
 
 550.68 
 
 500.84 
 
 585. y 
 
 671.0( 
 
 841.1- 
 
 1011.5 
 
 1551.6: 
 
 1691.95 
 
 .567 
 
 1611.9 
 
 210.2.- 
 
 351.54 
 
 502.1- 
 
 587.4. 
 
 672.71 
 
 843.5( 
 
 1015.9 
 
 1555.21 
 
 1696,12 
 
 .568 
 
 161.3; 
 
 246.8! 
 
 332.41 
 
 50.,. it 
 
 588.99 
 
 67 1.52 
 
 845.58 
 
 1016.5 
 
 1558.77 
 
 1700.89 
 
 .569 
 
 161.71 
 
 247.54 
 
 
 504.77 
 
 590.5; 
 
 676.28 
 
 847.80 
 
 I019.2 
 
 1562.27 
 
 i705.ro 
 
 .570 
 
 162.lt 
 
 21 s.|! 
 
 351.1; 
 
 506.0! 
 
 592.0- 
 
 078.1)5 
 
 850.01 
 
 I02I.9S 
 
 1505.91 
 
 1709.84 
 
 .571 
 
 162.57 
 
 248.82 
 
 554.!)! 
 
 507,41 
 
 595.6 
 
 079.82 
 
 852.24 
 
 1 024. 6. 
 
 1569.4! 
 
 1714.33 
 
 .572 
 
 162.98 
 
 219,1.5 
 
 535.x- 
 
 508.72 
 
 595.1: 
 
 OS 1.5! 
 
 854, It 
 
 1 027.3; 
 
 1575.07 
 
 718.82 
 
 .573 
 
 163.31 
 
 25H.OS 
 
 356.71 
 
 510.04 
 
 596.6! 
 
 685.56 
 
 856.68 
 
 I050.0 
 
 1576.61 
 
 1723.31 
 
 .574 
 
 163.81 
 
 250.71 
 
 337.68 
 
 511.36 
 
 598.2 
 
 685.15 
 
 858.9! 
 
 1032.69 
 
 1580.2.- 
 
 1727.80 
 
 .575 
 
 104,21 
 
 251.53 
 
 338.45 
 
 512.08 
 
 599.7! 
 
 086.91 
 
 801.14 
 
 1055.5- 
 
 1585.84 
 
 73,2. 50 
 
 .576 
 
 164.42 
 
 251.95 
 
 559.31 
 
 514.00 
 
 601.54 
 
 68S.cs 
 
 865.57 
 
 058.01 
 
 1587,11 
 
 1736.81 
 
 .577 
 
 164.8: 
 
 252.55 
 
 340.17 
 
 515.52 
 
 602.8! 
 
 690.46 
 
 865.01 
 
 040.75 
 
 391.0-1 
 
 741.32 
 
 .578 
 
 165.24 
 
 255.15 
 
 341.04 
 
 516.64 
 
 604.44 
 
 692.24 
 
 867.83 
 
 045.44 
 
 594.04 
 
 1745.83 
 
 .579 
 
 165.6.- 
 
 253.73 
 
 341.91 
 
 517.!)! 
 
 605.!)! 
 
 694.02 
 
 870.07 
 
 016.1: 
 
 59S.24 
 
 750.54 
 
 .580 
 
 166.27 
 
 251.55 
 
 542.7s 
 
 519.2! 
 
 607.54 
 
 695.80 
 
 872.51 
 
 048.81 
 
 1401.84 
 
 754.86 
 
 .581 
 
 166.6! 
 
 255.17 
 
 545.6.- 
 
 52;). 61 
 
 609.0! 
 
 697.58 
 
 874.55 
 
 051.51 
 
 -105.45 
 
 75'.!.:, 9 
 
 .582 
 
 167.11 
 
 255.81 
 
 511.52 
 
 521.94 
 
 610.65 
 
 699.36 
 
 876.79 
 
 054.21- 
 
 409.06 
 
 764.92 
 
 .583 
 
 167.53 
 
 256.45 
 
 545.5! 
 
 525.27 
 
 612.21 
 
 701.1.5 
 
 879.03 
 
 056.92 
 
 412.67 
 
 769.45 
 
 .581 
 
 107.9.- 
 
 257.0!! 
 
 346.26 
 
 524.60 
 
 613.77 
 
 702.94 
 
 881.27 
 
 059.61 
 
 116.28 
 
 773.98 
 
 .585 
 
 168.34 
 
 2.57.74 
 
 347.1.1 
 
 525.95 
 
 615.55 
 
 701,75 
 
 885.52 
 
 002.5? 
 
 419.91 
 
 777.51 
 
 .586 
 
 168.76 
 
 258.38 
 
 348.00 
 
 527.26 
 
 016.89 
 
 706.52 
 
 885.77 
 
 O6l.o; 
 
 423. 5 i 
 
 782.05 
 
 .587 
 
 169.18 
 
 259.02 
 
 348.87 
 
 528.59 
 
 618.45 
 
 708.31 
 
 88S.62 
 
 066.71 
 
 427.17 
 
 786.60 
 
 .588 
 
 169.60 
 
 25! 1.66 
 
 549.74 
 
 529.92 
 
 020.01 
 
 710.10 
 
 8! Ml. 27 
 
 009.4: 
 
 430.80 
 
 791.15 
 
 .589 
 
 070.02 
 
 260.51 
 
 350.62 
 
 551.26 
 
 621.87 
 
 711.8!) 
 
 892.52 
 
 072.11 
 
 454,45 
 
 795.70 
 
 .590 
 
 170.41 
 
 260.96 
 
 351.50 
 
 532.60 
 
 625.14 
 
 713.69 894.78 
 
 075.SS 
 
 158.07 
 
 800.25 
 
 .591 
 
 170.83 
 
 261.60 
 
 352.37 
 
 553.! 15 
 
 624.71 
 
 715.49 
 
 897.04 
 
 078.60 
 
 441.71 
 
 804.81 
 
 .592 
 
 171.25 
 
 262.21 
 
 155.25 
 
 5: 15.27 
 
 026. l'x 
 
 717.29 
 
 899.30 
 
 OS 1.52 
 
 1 15.55 
 
 809.38 
 
 .593 
 
 171.66 
 
 262.89 
 
 -,54.15 
 
 556.61 
 
 027.8.5 
 
 719.0!) 
 
 901.56 
 
 081.04 
 
 448.!)!) 
 
 814.95 
 
 .594 
 
 172.08 
 
 263.54 355.01 
 
 557.95 
 
 629.42 
 
 720.8!) 
 
 905.82 
 
 086.76 
 
 452.05 
 
 819.52 
 
 .595 
 
 172.49 
 
 264.19! 355.89 
 
 559.29 
 
 050.99 
 
 722.69 
 
 9116.0!) 
 
 089.49 
 
 456.29 
 
 823.09 
 
 .596 
 .597 
 
 172.91 
 
 173.33 
 
 264.83J 356.77 
 265.48 357.65 
 
 540.63 
 541.97 
 
 632.56 
 654.10 
 
 724.49 
 
 726.50 
 
 908.36 
 
 910.6:; 
 
 092.22 
 
 094.95 
 
 459.95 
 465.61 
 
 1827.07 
 1852.20 
 
 .598 
 
 173.7,5 
 
 266.13 358.53 
 
 543.:! 1 
 
 655. 6,8 
 
 728.11 
 
 912.90 
 
 097.68 
 
 167.27 
 
 856.85 
 
 .599 
 
 174.17 
 
 266.78 
 
 359.41 
 
 544.66 
 
 657.26 
 
 729.92 
 
 91.5.17 
 
 100.42 
 
 470.93 
 
 1841.44 
 
 .600 
 
 174.57 
 
 267,4:; 
 
 : 160.2!) 
 
 540.01 
 
 658.87 
 
 751.75 
 
 917.44 
 
 io5.it; 
 
 474.60 1846.05 
 
 .601 
 
 174.99 
 
 268. os 
 
 361.17 
 
 547.50 
 
 640,!.-, 
 
 755.5; 
 
 919.72 
 
 105.80 
 
 478.27 
 
 850.6:; 
 
 .602 
 
 17.5.41 
 
 268.75 
 
 562.05 
 
 548.71 
 
 642.05 
 
 735.55 
 
 922.00 
 
 108.54 
 
 481.94 
 
 1855.2;: 
 
 .603 
 
 175.85 
 
 269.38 
 
 
 550.06 
 
 645.61 
 
 757.10 
 
 924.28 
 
 1111 .28 
 
 485.61 
 
 859.84 
 
 .604 
 
 176.26 
 
 270.05 
 
 363^82 
 
 551.41 
 
 645.19 
 
 73,8.98 
 
 920.50 
 
 1114.03 
 
 189.29 
 
 864.45 
 
 .605 
 
 176.67 
 
 270.09 
 
 564.71 
 
 552.76 
 
 646.78 
 
 740.80 
 
 928.84 
 
 1116.88 
 
 192.97 
 
 869.06 
 
 .606 
 
 177.09 
 
 271.54 
 
 365.58 
 
 554.11 
 
 648.30 
 
 712.02 
 
 951.12 
 
 1119.05 
 
 196.66 
 
 1873.68 
 
 .607 
 
 177.51 
 
 271.99 
 
 366.48 
 
 555,46 
 
 64!.!)5 
 
 744,44 
 
 953.4 1 
 
 1122.38 
 
 500.55 
 
 1878.30 
 
 .608 
 
 177.94 
 
 272.6 1 
 
 367.37 
 
 556. SI 
 
 651.54 
 
 746.26 
 
 955.70 
 
 12.5.14 
 
 504.01 
 
 882.92 
 
 .609 
 
 178.57 
 
 275.50 
 
 568.26 
 
 55S.I7 
 
 655. 15 
 
 748.08 
 
 957.99 
 
 127.90 
 
 507.75 
 
 887.55 
 
 .610 
 
 178.77 
 
 273.96 
 
 369.15 
 
 5,59.55 
 
 654.72 
 
 749.91 
 
 940.28 
 
 150.66 
 
 511.42 
 
 892.18 
 
 .611 
 
 179.1!) 
 
 274.61 
 
 370.04 
 
 560. ss 
 
 656.31 
 
 751.75 
 
 942.57 
 
 155.12 
 
 515.12 
 
 896.82 
 
 .612 
 
 179.61 
 
 275.26 
 
 370.93 
 
 562.24 
 
 658.03 
 
 753.56 
 
 944.87 
 
 1136.19 
 
 518.82 
 
 901.46
 
 262 
 
 Kpth 
 ifcr. 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 2 Feet. 
 
 3 Feet. 
 
 4 Feet 
 
 6 Feet. 
 
 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet 
 
 12 Fee 
 
 1 
 1C Feet 
 
 20 Feet. 
 
 .613 
 
 180.04 
 
 275.91 
 
 371.82 
 
 563.60 
 
 659.75 
 
 755.39 
 
 947.17 
 
 1138.91 
 
 1522.53 
 
 1906.10 
 
 .614 
 
 180.47 
 
 27(1.57 
 
 372.71 
 
 5114.91 
 
 (HUM 
 
 757.22 
 
 !49.4- 
 
 1141.7 
 
 1526.24 
 
 1910.75 
 
 .615 
 
 180.87 
 
 277.23 
 
 373.(i( 
 
 5i;i;.32 
 
 662.6S 
 
 759.05 
 
 951 .7" 
 
 1144.5 
 
 1529.9- 
 
 1915.40 
 
 ,616 
 
 181.30 
 
 277.X9 
 
 374.49 
 
 51 -.7.1* 
 
 C.64.2X 
 
 760. xs 
 
 954.0" 
 
 1147.2 
 
 1533.67 
 
 1920.116 
 
 .617 
 
 181.73 
 
 27X.55 
 
 375.38 
 
 569.04 
 
 665.XX 
 
 762.71 
 
 9.56.::s 
 
 1150.0 
 
 1537.3! 
 
 1924.72 
 
 .618 
 
 182.16 
 
 279.21 
 
 37<i.27 
 
 570.41 
 
 607.48 
 
 761.55 
 
 95X.6! 
 
 11 52.x 
 
 1.541.1 
 
 1929.7s 
 
 .619 
 
 182.5!) 
 
 279.S7 
 
 377. Hi 
 
 571.78 
 
 669.0X 
 
 766.3!) 
 
 961. (K 
 
 1155.6 
 
 1544.x: 
 
 19.-H.04 
 
 .620 
 
 182.99 
 
 2X11.53 
 
 378.07 
 
 573.1.5 
 
 670.6X 
 
 768.2 
 
 963.3 
 
 I15S.3 
 
 I54X.5. 
 
 l!i::X.7! 
 
 .621 
 
 183.42 
 
 2X1.19 
 
 37X.-H; 
 
 574.51 
 
 672. 2X 
 
 770.07 
 
 9i;.5.6L 
 
 1161.1 
 
 I5.52.2x 
 
 1943.39 
 
 .622 
 
 183.85 
 
 2X1 !x.5 
 
 379.S5 
 
 575.SX. 
 
 673.7! 
 
 771.91 
 
 967.!): 
 
 1163.9 
 
 1556.0 
 
 HI4X.07 
 
 .623 
 
 184.28 
 
 2X2.51 
 
 38H.75 
 
 577.25 
 
 675.4( 
 
 77... 7: 
 
 970.24 
 
 1166.7 
 
 155!l.74 
 
 1952.45 
 
 .624 
 
 181.71 
 
 2S3.17 
 
 3si.i;r, 
 
 57S.63 
 
 677.01 
 
 775.5!. 
 
 972.5." 
 
 116!I.5 
 
 1563.4S 
 
 1957.43 
 
 .625 
 
 185.10 
 
 2s:;.s:i 
 
 3S2.55 
 
 579.99 
 
 678.7L 
 
 777.44 
 
 974. XX 
 
 11 72.: I 
 
 1567.22 
 
 1962.11 
 
 .626 
 
 185.5:! 
 
 2X4.4!! 
 
 3S3.4t; 
 
 5X1.36 
 
 6X0.3: 
 
 779.2!) 
 
 977.21 
 
 1175.1 
 
 1570.91 
 
 HI60.76 
 
 .627 
 
 is.-,.:i,; 
 
 2X5.15 
 
 3X4.37 
 
 5X2.73 
 
 6KI.94 
 
 781.14 
 
 979.52 
 
 1177.9 
 
 1574.7 
 
 1971.42 
 
 .628 ! 186.39 
 
 2S5.X1 
 
 3X5.2X 
 
 584.11 
 
 683.5: 
 
 7X2.!)!) 
 
 981.84 
 
 llxn.7 
 
 157X.4I 
 
 I976.0X 
 
 .629 ! 186.82 
 
 2X6.47 
 
 386.18 
 
 5X5.4!) 
 
 6X5.11 
 
 784.84 
 
 9*1.17 
 
 11X3.5 
 
 15X2.21 
 
 I!)70.74 
 
 .630 
 
 1X7.23 
 
 287.14 
 
 3S7.05 
 
 5xt;.s7 
 
 6X6.7S 
 
 786.69 
 
 9X6.51 
 
 llxc,.:i 
 
 I5S5.9I 
 
 19X5.60 
 
 .631 
 
 187. (ill 
 
 2S7.SO 
 
 3X7.! 15 
 
 5XS.25 
 
 6XX.3! 
 
 788.54 
 
 988.8: 
 
 11X9.1 
 
 15X!).72 
 
 19! 10.31 
 
 .632 
 
 18S.II!) 
 
 2XX.46 
 
 3XX.X5 
 
 589.63 
 
 690.01 
 
 790.39 
 
 9ill.ll 
 
 1191.il 
 
 1593.1s 
 
 HKI5.02 
 
 .633 
 
 188.52 
 
 2X9.12 
 
 3X9.75 
 
 591.01 
 
 691.6: 
 
 792.25 
 
 9! 13.4! 
 
 1194.7 
 
 1597.24 
 
 1!)!)!).74 
 
 .634 
 
 ISX.il.-j 
 
 2X9.79 
 
 390.(i-) 
 
 592.39 
 
 693.2.- 
 
 794.11 
 
 ! 195.x: 
 
 1197.5 
 
 1601.01 
 
 2004.46 
 
 .635 
 
 18!).36 
 
 29,').4f, 
 
 391.5IJ 
 
 593.77 
 
 694.X7 
 
 795.97 
 
 99X.17 
 
 1211!).:; 
 
 1604.78 
 
 200!). IX 
 
 .336 
 
 1X9.7!) 
 
 291.12 
 
 392.36 
 
 595.15 
 
 69C..4! 
 
 797.x:: 
 
 1000.51 
 
 1203.1' 
 
 1606.97 
 
 2013.1!) 
 
 <>37 
 
 1 ilil.22 
 
 291.7X 
 
 393.27 
 
 59li.53 
 
 69S.11 
 
 799.69 
 
 10H2.X.- 
 
 I2H6.0 
 
 1610.37 
 
 2018.64 
 
 .638 
 
 I9il.(i5 
 
 292.45 
 
 394. IX 
 
 597.91 
 
 69!).": 
 
 X01.55 
 
 1005.1! 
 
 12cs.x: 
 
 1614.17 
 
 2(i23.::s 
 
 .639 
 
 191.08 
 
 29.!. 12 
 
 3115.0!! 
 
 599. .-,0 
 
 "01. 31 
 
 X03.42 
 
 1007.5: 
 
 1211.6.. 
 
 1617.97 
 
 202s. 12 
 
 .640 
 
 191.50 
 
 293.XI! 
 
 396.10 
 
 6011.69 
 
 7ll2.!K 
 
 X05.29 
 
 1009.SS 
 
 1214.4X 
 
 1623.67 
 
 2032. MI 
 
 .641 
 
 191.93 
 
 294.46 
 
 397.0.) 
 
 602.0S 
 
 704.62 
 
 X07.16 
 
 1012.2: 
 
 1217.3 
 
 1627.4( 
 
 2037.61 
 
 .642 
 
 ]92.3t; 
 
 295.12 
 
 397.91 
 
 C03.I7 
 
 706.2.- 
 
 S09.03 
 
 1014.5S 
 
 1220.14 
 
 1631.2.- 
 
 2042.36 
 
 .643 
 
 192.79 
 
 295.7!) 
 
 3!IX.S2 
 
 604. si! 
 
 707.88 
 
 810.90 
 
 1016.9: 
 
 222.97 
 
 1635.04 
 
 2047.11 
 
 .644 
 
 193.22 
 
 29C,.4(i 
 
 399.7:1 
 
 606.25 
 
 709.51 
 
 812.77 
 
 1019.2X 
 
 225. XI 
 
 1638.x: 
 
 2051 86 
 
 .645 
 
 19.:.65 
 
 297.11 
 
 400.64 
 
 607.64 
 
 711.14 
 
 XI 1.64 
 
 1021.64 
 
 22S.6: 
 
 1642.6: 
 
 2056.62 
 
 .616 
 
 191.08 
 
 2!>7.X1 
 
 401.55 
 
 609.03 
 
 712.77 
 
 XI 6.5 1 
 
 I (123. 9! 
 
 231.4" 
 
 1646.4: 
 
 2061.3!) 
 
 .647 
 
 194.51 
 
 29X.4X 
 
 102. 4(1 
 
 61(1.42 
 
 714.40 
 
 818.38 
 
 1026.35 
 
 231.3 
 
 1650.2: 
 
 2066.16 
 
 .648 
 
 194.94 
 
 2! If). 15 
 
 40.3.37 
 
 611.82 
 
 716.04 
 
 820.28 
 
 102X.71 
 
 2: ,7. 2 
 
 16.54.04 
 
 21170.93 
 
 .649 
 
 195.37 
 
 299.82 
 
 4(14.2!) 
 
 613.22 
 
 717.68 
 
 822.14 
 
 1031.07 
 
 240.0.- 
 
 1657.8: 
 
 2075.70 
 
 :<;.-,(> 
 
 195.80 
 
 3011.50 
 
 405.21 
 
 614.62 
 
 719.32 
 
 Xt>4.02 
 
 1033.4:; 
 
 24 2. SI 
 
 66!. 61 
 
 20X0.4X 
 
 .651 
 
 l!l(i.23 
 
 301.17 
 
 4(16.12 
 
 616.01 
 
 720.91 
 
 X25.90 
 
 1035.SO 
 
 245.6! 
 
 665.4X 
 
 2(1X5.26 
 
 .652 
 
 lillj.lili 
 
 301. S4 
 
 407.113 
 
 617.41 
 
 722.61 
 
 X27.78 
 
 103X.17 
 
 24X.54 
 
 66!I.3II 
 
 2090.05 
 
 .863 
 
 197.09 
 
 302.51 
 
 407.91 
 
 618.S1 
 
 724.24 
 
 829.66 
 
 1010.51 
 
 251.3! 
 
 673.12 
 
 2094.84 
 
 .654 
 
 197-52 
 
 303.19 
 
 4ox.si; 
 
 620.21 
 
 725.8X 
 
 831.551042.91 
 
 251.21 
 
 676.94 
 
 2099.63 
 
 .655 
 
 HIT- 95 
 
 303. X7 
 
 409.78 
 
 621.61 
 
 727.5.", 
 
 S3.3.44 10I5.2S 
 
 257. K 
 
 6X0.76 
 
 2104.42 
 
 .656 
 
 I9S.3X 
 
 304.51 
 
 410.110 
 
 623.01 
 
 729.17 
 
 838.83 1047.65 
 
 259.9! 
 
 6X4.59 
 
 109.22 
 
 .<;r,7 
 .668 
 
 HIS. SI 
 199.24 
 
 305.21 
 305.SS 
 
 411.52 
 412.44 
 
 624.41 
 
 1J25.X2 
 
 7:(O.X2 
 732.47 
 
 837.22 1050.02 
 
 839.11 1052.40 
 
 262. XL 
 265.6s 
 
 6.-X.42 
 6! 12. 26 
 
 '114.03 
 '118.84 
 
 .659 
 
 199.67 
 
 30i;.5(i 
 
 413.36 
 
 627.23 
 
 734.12 
 
 841.00 1054.78 
 
 26X.5- 
 
 Ii96.ll) 
 
 123.65 
 
 -.660 
 
 2IIO-12 
 
 307.25 
 
 414.38 
 
 62X.64 
 
 735.77 
 
 842.90 1057.16 
 
 271.42 
 
 699.91 
 
 12X.46 
 
 .661 
 
 200.55 
 
 307.JI2 
 
 415.3(1 
 
 630.05 
 
 737.42 
 
 x| 4.79 1059.55 
 
 274.2! 
 
 703.7!) 
 
 133.2X 
 
 .662 
 
 20II.9S 
 
 3IIS.59 
 
 416.22, 631.46 
 
 739.07 
 
 X46.69 10(51.95 
 
 277.ll 
 
 707.64 
 
 i:s.io 
 
 .663 
 
 201-41 
 
 3(l!l.27 
 
 417.14 632.87 
 
 740.72 
 
 848.59 1064.35 
 
 2XO.o: 
 
 711.49 
 
 142. 92 
 
 .664 
 
 201.84 
 
 30!I.!I5 
 
 418.07 634.28 
 
 742.38 
 
 X50.49 1066.75 
 
 2X2.91 
 
 715.34 
 
 147.75 
 
 .665 
 
 202.29 
 
 31ll.ti4 
 
 418.99 635.69 
 
 744.04 
 
 x.-,2.39,1lli;9JI9 
 
 2X5.7! 
 
 719.19 
 
 152.5s 
 
 .666 
 
 2II2.72 
 
 311.32 
 
 419.911 637.10 
 
 745.70 
 
 854.31 11071 .4811288.67 
 
 723.05'2I57.42 
 
 .667 
 .668 
 
 203.15 
 
 312.0(1 
 312.1JS 
 
 421.75 639.92 
 
 747.36 
 749.02 
 
 8.56.23 1073.87 1291.55 
 868.151076.28 12J4.43 
 
 726.91 ! 2162.26 
 730.71 2167.10 
 
 .669 
 
 
 313.31) 
 
 422.68 641.34 
 
 750.6S 
 
 860.08 1078.66 1 297.32 
 
 734.63:2171.95 
 
 .670 
 
 
 314.04 
 
 423.61 642.76 
 
 752.34 
 
 861.91 1081.06 1300.21 
 
 738.502176.80
 
 263 
 
 Depth 
 Weir. 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 3 Feet. 
 
 4 Feet. 
 
 6 Feet. 
 
 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet 
 
 12 Feet 
 
 16 Feet. 
 
 20 Feet. 
 
 .671 
 
 314.72 
 
 424.53 
 
 644.18 
 
 754.00 
 
 863.82 
 
 1083.46 
 
 1303.10 
 
 1742.37 
 
 2181.66 
 
 .672 
 
 315.40 
 
 125.46 
 
 615.60 
 
 755. 61 i 
 
 865.73 
 
 1085.86 
 
 1305.99 
 
 1746.25 
 
 2186.52 
 
 .673 
 
 316.08 
 
 12(1.39 
 
 647.02 
 
 757.32 
 
 867.64 
 
 1088.26 
 
 1308.88 
 
 1750.13 
 
 2191.58 
 
 .674 
 
 316.76 
 
 127.32 
 
 648.44 
 
 758.99 
 
 869.55 
 
 1090.66 
 
 1311.78 
 
 1754.01 
 
 2196.21 
 
 .675 
 
 317.45 
 
 428.25 
 
 649.86 
 
 760.66 
 
 871.47 
 
 1093.07 
 
 1314.1-8 
 
 1757.89 
 
 2201.10 
 
 .676 
 
 318.13 
 
 429.28 
 
 651.28 
 
 762.33 
 
 873.38 
 
 1095.48 
 
 1317.58 
 
 1761.78 
 
 2205.97 
 
 .677 
 
 518.81 
 
 430.21 
 
 652.70 
 
 761.00 
 
 875.38 
 
 1097.89 
 
 1520.48 
 
 1765.67 
 
 2210.85 
 
 .678 
 
 319.50 
 
 431.14 
 
 654.12 
 
 765.67 
 
 877.22 
 
 1100.30 
 
 1325.58 
 
 1769.56 
 
 2215.75 
 
 .679 
 
 320.19 
 
 432.07 
 
 655.55 
 
 767.34 
 
 879.14 
 
 1102.71 
 
 1526.29 
 
 1773.45 
 
 2220.01 
 
 .680 
 
 520.87 
 
 432.91 
 
 656.98 
 
 769.02 
 
 881.06 
 
 1105.13 
 
 15,29.20 
 
 1777.34 
 
 2225.49 
 
 .681 
 
 521.55 
 
 433.84 
 
 658.41 
 
 770.69 
 
 882.98 
 
 1107.54 
 
 1332.11 
 
 1781.24 
 
 2250.58 
 
 .682 
 
 322.23 
 
 434.77 
 
 659.84 
 
 .72.36 
 
 884.90 
 
 1109.96 
 
 1355.02 
 
 1785.14 
 
 2235.27 
 
 .683 
 
 : ',22.92 
 
 435.70 
 
 661. 2:1 
 
 774.04 
 
 886.82 
 
 1112.28 
 
 1357.93 
 
 1789.05 
 
 2240.17 
 
 .684 
 
 323.61 
 
 136.64 
 
 (162.6(1 
 
 176.72 
 
 888.75 
 
 1114.80 
 
 4540.85 
 
 1792.96 
 
 2245.07 
 
 .085* 
 
 324.30 
 
 437.58 
 
 664.13 
 
 777.40 
 
 890.68 
 
 1117.22 
 
 1343.77 
 
 1796.87 
 
 2-M9.97 
 
 .680 
 
 524.99 
 
 438.51 
 
 665.56 
 
 779.08 
 
 892.61 
 
 1119.64 
 
 134<U,9 
 
 1800.78 
 
 2251. 88 
 
 .687 
 
 525.08 
 
 439.44 
 
 666.9!) 
 
 780.76 
 
 894.54 
 
 1152.07 
 
 1349.61 
 
 1804.70 
 
 2259.79 
 
 .688 
 
 326.37 
 
 440.38 
 
 668,42 
 
 782.44 
 
 896.47 
 
 1134.50 
 
 1552.54 
 
 18(8.62 
 
 2264.70 
 
 .689 
 
 327.06 
 
 441.32 
 
 669.8(5 
 
 784.12 
 
 898.40 
 
 1150.93 
 
 1355.47 
 
 1812.52 
 
 2269.61 
 
 .690 
 
 327.75 
 
 142.26 
 
 671.30 
 
 785.81 
 
 900.3:; 
 
 1129.36 
 
 1358.40 
 
 1816.46 
 
 2274.55 
 
 .691 
 
 328.44 
 
 443.20 
 
 672.73 
 
 787.50 
 
 902.26 
 
 1131.79 
 
 1561.55 
 
 1820.5,9 
 
 2279.45 
 
 .692 
 
 329.1:! 
 
 444.14 
 
 674.17 
 
 789.19 
 
 904.20 
 
 1134.23 
 
 1564.26 
 
 1824.32 
 
 2284.3,7 
 
 .693 
 
 529.82 
 
 445.08 
 
 675.61 
 
 790.88 
 
 906.14 
 
 1)36.67 
 
 4567.19 
 
 1828.25 
 
 2289.30 
 
 .694 
 
 330.51 
 
 446.02 
 
 677.05 
 
 792.57 
 
 9C8.18 
 
 1139.11 
 
 1370.13 
 
 1832.19 
 
 2294.25 
 
 .695 
 
 331.20 
 
 146.96 
 
 678.49 
 
 794.26 
 
 910.02 
 
 1141.55 
 
 1575.07 
 
 1836.13 
 
 2299.18 
 
 .096 
 
 331.89 
 
 447.90 
 
 679.93 
 
 795.95 
 
 911.96 
 
 1143.99 
 
 1376.01 
 
 1840.07 
 
 2304.13 
 
 .697 
 
 332.58 
 
 418.86 
 
 6,81.37 
 
 797.64 
 
 913.90 
 
 1146.43 
 
 1378.95 
 
 1844.01 
 
 2309.08 
 
 .698 
 
 333.27 
 
 ii:i.v; 
 
 682.81 
 
 799.33 
 
 915.84 
 
 1148.87 
 
 1581.90 
 
 1847.96 
 
 2314.03 
 
 .699 
 
 33::. 9C, 
 
 150.80 
 
 684.26 
 
 801.02 
 
 917.79 
 
 1151.32 
 
 1384.85 
 
 1851.91 
 
 2318.98 
 
 .700 
 
 334.66 
 
 451.69 
 
 685.71 
 
 802.72 
 
 919.74 
 
 1153.77 
 
 15S7.80 
 
 18.-5.Hi 
 
 2525.92 
 
 .701 
 
 335.35 
 
 452.63 
 
 687.15 
 
 804.42 
 
 921.69 
 
 1156.22 
 
 1590.75 
 
 18,- 9.82 
 
 2528>8 
 
 .702 
 
 336.04 
 
 453.57 
 
 688.60 
 
 806.12 
 
 923.64 
 
 1158.07 
 
 1595.70 
 
 1865.78 
 
 2555.84 
 
 .703 
 
 336.74 
 
 454.51 
 
 690.05 
 
 807.82 
 
 925.59 
 
 1161.12 
 
 1396.66 
 
 1867.74 
 
 2558.81 
 
 .704 
 
 337.44 
 
 455. 46 
 
 691 .50 
 
 NI9..-.2 
 
 927.54 
 
 1163.58 
 
 15,99.56 
 
 1871.70 
 
 2343.78 
 
 .705 
 
 33S.14 
 
 456.41 
 
 692.95 
 
 811.22 
 
 929.49 
 
 1166.04 
 
 1402.58 
 
 1875.66 
 
 25-18.75 
 
 .706 
 
 33S.S3 
 
 457.:'.5 
 
 694.40 
 
 812.92 
 
 931.44 
 
 11C8.50 
 
 1405.54 
 
 1879.73 
 
 2555.75 
 
 .707 
 
 339.52 
 
 4-.8.30 
 
 695.8.-, 
 
 814.62 
 
 953.40 
 
 1170.96 
 
 14(18.50 
 
 1883.70 
 
 2358.71 
 
 .708 
 
 340.22 
 
 459.05 
 
 697.30 
 
 816.33 
 
 035.36 
 
 1173.42 
 
 1411.47 
 
 1887.67 
 
 2363.69 
 
 .709 
 
 540.92 
 
 460.00 
 
 69x76 
 
 818.04 
 
 937.52 
 
 1175.88 
 
 1414.44 
 
 1891.65 
 
 2568. 07 
 
 .710 
 
 341.62 
 
 461.15 
 
 700.22 
 
 819.75 
 
 959.L8 
 
 1178.34 
 
 1417.41 
 
 1895.55 
 
 2575.C6 
 
 .711 
 
 542.52 
 
 162 JO 
 
 701.67 
 
 821.46 
 
 941.24 
 
 1180.79 
 
 1420.58 
 
 1899.51 
 
 2578.66 
 
 .712 
 
 343.02 
 
 463.05 
 
 703.12 
 
 823.17 
 
 945.20 
 
 1185.24 
 
 1425.55 
 
 1905.50 
 
 2585.66 
 
 .713 
 
 313.72 
 
 464.00 
 
 704.5,8 
 
 824.88 
 
 9-15.16 
 
 1185.69 
 
 1426.52 
 
 1907.49 
 
 2: 88.66 
 
 .714 
 
 S14.42 
 
 161.95 
 
 706.04 
 
 826.59 
 
 947.13 
 
 111-8.14 
 
 1429.50 
 
 1911.48 
 
 2595.66 
 
 .715 
 
 345.12 
 
 465.91 
 
 707.50 
 
 828.30 
 
 949.10 
 
 1190.69 
 
 1452.28 
 
 1915.47 
 
 2598.66 
 
 .716 
 
 345.S2 
 
 466.86 
 
 708.91) 
 
 830.01 
 
 951.07 
 
 1193.16 
 
 1455.26 
 
 1919.47 
 
 2105.07 
 
 .717 
 
 3Ki.52 
 
 467.81 
 
 710.42 
 
 831.72 
 
 953.04 
 
 1195.64 
 
 1458.24 
 
 1923.47 
 
 24C8.(:,8 
 
 .718 
 
 347.22 
 
 468.77 
 
 711.88 
 
 833.44 
 
 955.01 
 
 1198.12 
 
 1441.23 
 
 1927.47 
 
 2413.70 
 
 .719 
 
 347.92 
 
 469.73 
 
 713.35 
 
 835.16 
 
 956.98 
 
 1260.60 
 
 1444.22 
 
 1931.47 
 
 2418.72 
 
 .720 
 
 548.02 
 
 470.69 
 
 714.82 
 
 836.88 
 
 958.95 
 
 1203.08 
 
 1447.21 
 
 I955.48 
 
 2423.74 
 
 .721 349.32 
 
 471.64 
 
 716.30 
 
 838.60 
 
 960.92 
 
 1205.56 
 
 1 (50.20 
 
 19o9.49 
 
 2428.77 
 
 .722 
 
 350.02 
 
 472.59 
 
 717.76 
 
 840.32 
 
 962.89 
 
 12(8.04 
 
 1453.19 
 
 1943.50 
 
 2455.80 
 
 .723 
 
 350.72 
 
 173.59 
 
 719.23 
 
 842.04 
 
 964.87 
 
 1210.55 
 
 1456.19 
 
 1947.51 
 
 2458.85 
 
 .724 
 
 351.42 
 
 474.51 
 
 720.70 
 
 843.76 
 
 966.85 
 
 1215.02 
 
 14f,9.19 
 
 1951.53 
 
 2443.87 
 
 .725 
 
 352.13 
 
 475.47 
 
 
 845.49 
 
 968.85 
 
 1215.51 
 
 1462.19 
 
 1955.. r 5 
 
 2118.91 
 
 .726 
 
 352.8:! 
 
 476.43 
 
 723.62 
 
 847.21 
 
 970.81 
 
 1218.00 
 
 1465.19 
 
 1959.57 
 
 2455.96 
 
 .727 
 
 353.53 
 
 477.39 
 
 725.09 
 
 818.94 
 
 972.79 
 
 1220.49 
 
 1468.19 
 
 1963.60 
 
 2459.01 
 
 .728 
 
 354.24 
 
 478.35 
 
 726.56 
 
 850.66 
 
 974.77 
 
 1222.98 
 
 1471.20 
 
 1967.63 
 
 2464.06
 
 264 
 
 Depth 
 on 
 Weir. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 3 Feet. 
 
 4Fet 
 
 6 Feet. 
 
 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 
 
 16 Feet. 
 
 20 Feet. 
 
 .729 
 
 354.95 
 
 479.31 
 
 728.03 
 
 852.38 
 
 976.76 
 
 1225.48 
 
 1474.21 
 
 1971.66 
 
 2469.11 
 
 .730 
 
 355.66 
 
 4X0.28 
 
 729.51 
 
 854.13 
 
 97s 7.-, 
 
 1227.98 
 
 1477.22 
 
 1975.69 
 
 2474.16 
 
 .731 
 
 56.36 
 
 481.24 
 
 730.9S 
 
 855.80 
 
 980.73 
 
 1230.48 
 
 14x0.2:; 
 
 1979.73 
 
 2479.22 
 
 .732 
 
 :7.06 
 
 482.20 
 
 732.45 
 
 857.59 
 
 982.72 
 
 1232.! IS 
 
 14X3.24 
 
 19X3.77 
 
 24X4.29 
 
 .733 
 
 357.76 
 
 483.16 
 
 7:53.9.5 
 
 859.32 
 
 984.71 
 
 1235.4S 
 
 14X6.26 
 
 1987.81 
 
 24X9.36 
 
 .734 
 
 358.46 
 
 484.12 
 
 735.31 
 
 861.05 
 
 986.70 
 
 1238.9X 
 
 1489.2X 
 
 1W1.X5 
 
 2494.43 
 
 .735 
 
 359.16 
 
 485.09 
 
 7: (6.89 
 
 862.79 
 
 988.69 
 
 1240.-1!) 
 
 1492.30 
 
 1995.90 
 
 2499.50 
 
 .736 
 
 359.87 
 
 486.05 
 
 7:58.37 
 
 864.53 
 
 990.68 
 
 124;!. 00 
 
 1-495.32 
 
 1999.95 
 
 2504.5.x 
 
 .737 
 
 360.58 
 
 487.01 
 
 739.85 
 
 866.27 
 
 9i2.67 
 
 1245.-,! 
 
 149X.34 
 
 2664.60 
 
 2509.66 
 
 .738 
 
 361.30 
 
 487.98 
 
 741.33 
 
 868.01 
 
 994.67 
 
 1248.02 
 
 1501. :5ti 
 
 200X.05 
 
 2514.74 
 
 .739 
 
 362.02 
 
 488.95 
 
 742.81 
 
 869.75 
 
 996.67 
 
 1250.5:5 
 
 l.-,o4.:;!i 
 
 2012.11 
 
 2519.X3 
 
 .740 
 
 362.74 
 
 489.92 
 
 744.30 
 
 871.49 
 
 996.67 
 
 1253.66 
 
 1.-.07.42 
 
 2016.17 
 
 2524.92 
 
 .741 
 
 303.45 
 
 490.89 
 
 745.78 
 
 873.23 
 
 1000.67 
 
 1255.56 
 
 1510.45 
 
 202H.23 
 
 2530.02 
 
 .742 
 
 364.16 
 
 491.86 
 
 747.21, 
 
 874.97 
 
 1002.67 
 
 1258.08 
 
 1513.48 
 
 2024.30 
 
 2535.12 
 
 .743 
 
 364.87 
 
 492.83 
 
 748.75 
 
 876.71 
 
 1001.67 
 
 1260.60 
 
 1516.47 
 
 2H2X.37 
 
 2.540.22 
 
 .744 
 
 365.58 
 
 493.80 
 
 750.24 
 
 878.46 
 
 1006.67 
 
 1203.12 
 
 1519.52 
 
 2032.44 
 
 2545.32 
 
 .745 
 
 366.29 
 
 494.77 
 
 751.73 
 
 880.21 
 
 1008.08 
 
 1205.64 
 
 1 522.150 
 
 20:16.51 
 
 2550.42 
 
 .746 
 
 367.00 
 
 495.74 
 
 753.22 
 
 8X1.95 
 
 1010.69 
 
 12)58.16 
 
 1525.154 
 
 2040.69 
 
 2555.:.:: 
 
 .747 
 
 367.71 
 
 490.71 
 
 754.71 
 
 883.70 
 
 1012.70 
 
 1270.68 
 
 1528.(i8 
 
 2044.77 
 
 2560.65 
 
 .748 
 
 368.43 
 
 497.68 
 
 756.10 
 
 885.45 
 
 1014.72 
 
 1273.21 
 
 1531.72 
 
 204X.X5 
 
 2565.77 
 
 .749 
 
 369.15 
 
 498.65 
 
 757.59 
 
 8X7.20 
 
 1016.73 
 
 1275.74 
 
 15:54.77 
 
 2052.93 
 
 2570.X!) 
 
 .750 
 
 369.86 
 
 499.63 
 
 759.18 
 
 888.95 
 
 1018.73 
 
 1278.27 
 
 1537.X2 
 
 2056.92 
 
 2576.01 
 
 .751 
 
 .752 
 
 370.57 
 371.28 
 
 .=100.60 
 501.57 
 
 760.67 
 762.16 
 
 X!)0.70 
 892.45 
 
 1020.74 
 
 1(122.7.", 
 
 1280.80 
 
 1283.33 
 
 1540.87 
 1543.92 
 
 2061.01 
 20t 15.10 
 
 25X1.14 
 25X6.27 
 
 .753 
 
 372.00 
 
 r,(i2..->t 7(53.65 
 
 894.20 
 
 1024.76 
 
 1285.87 
 
 154(i.97 
 
 2069.19 
 
 2591.40 
 
 .754 
 
 372.72 
 
 503.52 
 
 765.15 
 
 895.96 1026.78 
 
 12X8.41 
 
 l.-,,-,0.(l3 
 
 2073.2S 
 
 2596. :4 
 
 .755 
 
 373.43 
 
 504.50 
 
 766.65 
 
 897.72 1028.XO 
 
 1290.95 
 
 1553.09 
 
 2077.39 
 
 2601. 6x 
 
 .756 
 
 374.14 
 
 505.47 
 
 768.15 
 
 899.48 1030.82 
 
 1293.49 
 
 155(1.15 
 
 20X1.49 
 
 2606.x:; 
 
 .757 
 
 374.85 
 
 506.4.-, 
 
 769.65 
 
 901.24 
 
 1032.84 
 
 1290.03 
 
 1559.21 
 
 20X5.60 
 
 261 1.98 
 
 .758 
 
 375.57 
 
 507.43 
 
 771.15 
 
 91)3.00 
 
 1834.86 
 
 1298.57 
 
 1562.28 
 
 20X9.71 
 
 2617.1:; 
 
 .759 
 
 376.2!) 
 
 508.41 
 
 772.05 
 
 904.76 
 
 1036.88 
 
 1301.11 
 
 15(55. 35 
 
 2093.X2 
 
 2022.2X 
 
 .760 
 
 377.01 
 
 509.39 
 
 774.15 
 
 906>,2 
 
 10:38.90 
 
 1:503.66 
 
 150.42 
 
 2097.9:'. 
 
 2627.44 
 
 .761 
 
 377.73 
 
 510.37 
 
 775.65 
 
 908.28 
 
 1040.92 
 
 1:506.21 
 
 1571.49 
 
 2102.05 
 
 2632.60 
 
 .762 
 
 37X.45 
 
 511.35 
 
 777.15 
 
 910.04 
 
 1042.95 
 
 1:508.76 
 
 1574.00 
 
 2106.17 
 
 2637.77 
 
 .763 
 
 379.17 
 
 512.33 
 
 778.65 
 
 911.81 
 
 1044.98 
 
 1311.31 
 
 1577.63 
 
 2110.29 
 
 2642.94 
 
 .764 
 
 379.89 
 
 513.21 
 
 780.16 
 
 913.58 
 
 1047.01 
 
 1313.86 
 
 15S0.70 
 
 2114.41 
 
 264X.11 
 
 .765 
 
 380.61 
 
 514.29 
 
 781.67 
 
 915.35 
 
 1049.04 
 
 1316.41 
 
 15X3.7X 
 
 2118.53 
 
 21553. 2X 
 
 .766 
 
 381.33 
 
 515.27 
 
 783.17 
 
 917.12 
 
 1051.07 
 
 1318.96 
 
 15XO.X6 
 
 2122.66 
 
 255X.-16 
 
 .767 
 
 382.05 
 
 516.95 
 
 784.68 
 
 918.89 
 
 10.53.10 
 
 1 : -.21.52 
 
 15X<).94 
 
 2126.79 
 
 2563.64 
 
 .768 
 
 IW2.77 
 
 517.93 
 
 786.19 
 
 920.66 
 
 1055.13 
 
 1324.0X 
 
 1593.02 
 
 2130.93 
 
 25CX.S2 
 
 .769 
 
 3X3.49 
 
 518.92 
 
 787.70 
 
 922.43 
 
 1057.16 
 
 1320.64 
 
 1596.11 
 
 2135.07 
 
 2574.01 
 
 .770 
 
 384.21 
 
 519.21 
 
 789.21 
 
 924.21 
 
 1059.20 
 
 1329.20 
 
 1599.20 
 
 2139.20 
 
 2679.20 
 
 .771 
 
 384.93 
 
 520.19 
 
 790.72 
 
 925.98 
 
 1061.24 
 
 1:531.76 
 
 1602.29 
 
 2 143.. '54 
 
 26X4.40 
 
 .772 
 
 385.65 
 
 521.17 
 
 792.23 
 
 927.75 1063.28 
 
 1334.22 
 
 Ki((5.:i8 
 
 2147.4X 
 
 26X9.60 
 
 .773 
 
 3X6.37 
 
 522.16 
 
 793.74 
 
 929.53 1065.32 
 
 1336.8!) 
 
 1I50X.47 
 
 2151.63 
 
 2694.SO 
 
 .774 387.09 
 
 52:i.ir, 
 
 795.25 
 
 931.31 1067.36 
 
 1X59.46 
 
 1611.57 
 
 2155.78 
 
 2700.011 
 
 " .775 387.82 
 
 524.14 
 
 796.77 
 
 9:53.09 1069.40 
 
 1342.03 
 
 1614.67 
 
 21.-9.93 
 
 2705.20 
 
 .776 388.54 
 
 525.12 
 
 798.28 
 
 934.87 1071.44 
 
 1344.60 1(117.77 
 
 2164.09 
 
 2710.41 
 
 .777 I 389.26 
 
 526.11 
 
 799.79 
 
 9:56.65 1073.48 
 
 1347.17 
 
 162( P.X7 
 
 2KX.19 
 
 -715.1,2 
 
 .778 1 389.98 
 
 527.10 
 
 801.31 
 
 :t::x.43 1075.53 
 
 1349.75 
 
 162:;. 97 
 
 2172.: 5 
 
 27LO.XJ 
 
 .779 i 390.61 
 
 528.09 
 
 802.S3 
 
 940.21 1077.5X 
 
 1:552.33 1627.07 
 
 2176.51 
 
 2726.06 
 
 .780 391.44 
 
 529.08 
 
 804.35 
 
 941.99 1079.63 
 
 1354.91 1630.1X 
 
 2180.73 
 
 2731.2X 
 
 .781 
 
 392.16 
 
 530.07 
 
 805.S7 
 
 913.77 lOSl.tis 
 
 1357.49 ll>:;3.29 
 
 21X4.90 
 
 2736.51 
 
 .782 
 
 392.88 
 
 531.06 
 
 HOT.:!!) 
 
 945.56 10S3.73 
 
 1360.07 16:56.40 
 
 21X9.07 
 
 2741.74 
 
 .783 
 
 393.61 
 
 532.05 
 
 808.91 
 
 947.:55 1085.78 
 
 13ti2.65 1039.51 
 
 2193.24 
 
 2746.97 
 
 .784 
 
 394.34 
 
 533.04 
 
 810.43 
 
 949.14 1087.83 
 
 13(55.23 
 
 1642.152 
 
 2197.41 
 
 2752.21 
 
 .785 
 
 395.07 
 
 534.04 
 
 811.96 
 
 950.93 lOXil.Xii 
 
 1367.82 
 
 1645.74 
 
 2201.59 
 
 27/,7.45 
 
 .786 
 
 395.79 
 
 535.03 
 
 813.48 
 
 952.72 1091.94 
 
 1370.40 
 
 1648.86 
 
 2205.77 
 
 2762.C9
 
 2(55 
 
 Depth 
 Weir. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 3 Feet. 
 
 4 Feet. 
 
 <; Feet. 
 
 7 Feet. 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 20 Feet. 
 
 .787 
 
 396.51 
 
 536.02 
 
 815.00 
 
 954.51 1094.00 
 
 1372.99 
 
 1651.98 
 
 2209.95 
 
 2767.94 
 
 .788 
 
 397/24 
 
 537.01 
 
 816.53 
 
 056.30 1006.06 
 
 1375.58 
 
 1655.10 
 
 2214.14 
 
 2773.19 
 
 .789 
 
 397.97 
 
 538.01 
 
 818.06 
 
 058.09 1008.12 
 
 1378.17 
 
 1058.22 
 
 22 is.:;:; 
 
 277*. 1 1 
 
 .790 
 
 398.71 
 
 539.01 
 
 810.50 
 
 050.88 1100.18 
 
 1380.76 
 
 1661.35 
 
 2222.52 
 
 2783.69 
 
 .791 
 
 399.44 
 
 540.00 
 
 821.12 
 
 961.67 1102.24 
 
 1383.3.-, 
 
 1664.1s 
 
 2226.71 
 
 27X8.05 
 
 .792 
 
 400.17 
 
 540.00 
 
 X22.05 
 
 963.47 1104.30 
 
 1385.05 
 
 1007.01 
 
 2230.01 
 
 2794.21 
 
 .793 
 
 400.00 
 
 541.00 
 
 K24. IS 
 
 965.27 1100.36 
 
 1388.55 
 
 1670.74 
 
 2235.11 
 
 2700.4s 
 
 .794 
 
 401,03 
 
 542.00 
 
 825.71 
 
 967.07 1108.4:! 
 
 1391.15 
 
 1673.87 
 
 2239.31 
 
 2804.75 
 
 .795 
 
 402.30 
 
 543.00 
 
 827.24 
 
 068.87 1110.50 
 
 1393.75 
 
 1677.00 
 
 2243.51 
 
 2s 10.02 
 
 .796 
 
 403.09 
 
 514.00 
 
 828.77 
 
 970.07 1112.57 
 
 1390.35 
 
 1080.14 
 
 2247.72 
 
 2815.30 
 
 .797 
 
 403.82 
 
 545.00 
 
 820.30 
 
 072.47 1114.04 
 
 1398.95 
 
 1683.28 
 
 2251.93 
 
 2820.58 
 
 .798 
 
 404.H5 
 
 546.00 
 
 s:;o>4 
 
 974.27 
 
 1116.71 
 
 1401.56 
 
 1686.12 
 
 2256.14 
 
 2X25. SC, 
 
 .799 
 
 405.28 
 
 547.00 
 
 832.38 
 
 076.07 
 
 1118.78 
 
 1404.17 
 
 1689.56 
 
 2200.35 
 
 2831.14 
 
 .800 
 
 40(>.()2 
 
 548.99 
 
 834. 92 
 
 977.88 
 
 1120.8.-, 
 
 1400.78 
 
 1092.71 
 
 2204.57 
 
 2836.43 
 
 .801 
 
 400.75 
 
 540.00 
 
 836,45 
 
 979.68 1122.92 
 
 1409.39 
 
 1095.80 
 
 2208.70 
 
 2841.72 
 
 .802 
 
 407.48 
 
 550.00 
 
 837.99 
 
 0X1.40 1124.99 
 
 1412.00 
 
 1099.01 
 
 2273.01 
 
 2X17.02 
 
 .803 
 
 408.22 
 
 551.00 
 
 839.53 
 
 983.30 
 
 1127.07 
 
 1414.61 
 
 1702.16 
 
 2277.23 
 
 2852.32 
 
 .804 
 
 408.96 
 
 552.00 
 
 841.07 
 
 985.11 
 
 1129.15 
 
 1417.22 
 
 1705.31 
 
 2281.40 
 
 2X57.62 
 
 .805 
 
 409.69 
 
 551.00 
 
 812.61 
 
 986.02 
 
 1131.23 
 
 1419.84 
 
 1708.46 
 
 2285.09 
 
 2862.92 
 
 .806 
 
 410.42 
 
 551.00 
 
 844.15 
 
 988.73 
 
 1133.31 
 
 1422.40 
 
 1711.61 
 
 2289.92 
 
 2X08.23 
 
 .807 
 
 411.15 
 
 555.00 
 
 845.60 
 
 990.34 
 
 1135.30 
 
 1425.08 
 
 1714.77 
 
 2204.15 
 
 2X73.54 
 
 .808 
 
 411.89 
 
 556.00 
 
 847.2.-, 
 
 902.35 
 
 1137.47 
 
 1427.70 
 
 1717.93 
 
 220S.30 
 
 2878.85 
 
 .809 
 
 412.03 
 
 557.01 
 
 848.78 
 
 994.16 
 
 1 130.55 
 
 1430.32 
 
 1721.09 
 
 2302.63 
 
 2X84.17 
 
 .810 
 
 413.37 
 
 550.02 
 
 850.33 
 
 005.08 
 
 1141.64 
 
 1 1: ',2. 05 
 
 1724.25 
 
 2306.S7 
 
 2XX9.IO 
 
 .811 
 
 414.10 
 
 550.0-.' 
 
 851.87 
 
 997.79 
 
 1143.72 
 
 1435.57 
 
 1727.42 
 
 2311.12 
 
 2894.82 
 
 .812 
 
 414.8:; 
 
 500.03 
 
 853.42 
 
 999.61 
 
 1145.87 
 
 1438.20 
 
 1730.59 
 
 2315.37 
 
 2900.15 
 
 .813 
 
 415.57 
 
 561.04 
 
 854.07 
 
 1001.43 
 
 1147.96 
 
 1440.83 
 
 1733.76 
 
 2319.02 
 
 2005. IX 
 
 .814 
 
 416.31 
 
 561.05 
 
 856.52 
 
 1003.25 
 
 1150.05 
 
 1443.86 
 
 1730.03 
 
 2323.87 
 
 2010.81 
 
 .815 
 
 417.05 
 
 564.06 
 
 85S.07 
 
 1005.07 
 
 11 52. OS 
 
 1416.00 
 
 1740.10 
 
 2328.12 
 
 2916.14 
 
 .816 
 
 417.79 
 
 565.07 
 
 850.62 
 
 1006.80 
 
 1154.17 
 
 14-18.72 
 
 1743.27 
 
 2332.38 
 
 2921.48 
 
 .817 
 
 418.53 
 
 566. OS 
 
 861.17 
 
 1008.71 
 
 1156.28 
 
 1451.35 
 
 1740.45 
 
 2330.04 
 
 2026.X2 
 
 .818 
 
 419.27 
 
 507.09 
 
 862.72 
 
 1010.5:; 
 
 1158.35 
 
 145:;. oo 
 
 1749.03 
 
 2310.00 
 
 2032.17 
 
 .819 
 
 420.01 
 
 568.10 
 
 864.27 
 
 1012.46 
 
 1160.45 
 
 14:56.63 
 
 1750.81 
 
 2345.10 
 
 2037.52 
 
 .820 
 
 42(1.75 
 
 560.11 
 
 865.83 
 
 1014.19 
 
 1162.55 
 
 1450.27 
 
 1755.99 
 
 2310.13 
 
 2942.87 
 
 .821 
 
 421.59 
 
 570.12 
 
 867.38 
 
 1016.01 
 
 1164.65 
 
 1462.01 
 
 1759.17 
 
 2:353.70 
 
 2948.23 
 
 .822 
 
 122.33 
 
 571.13 
 
 86S.03 
 
 1017.84 
 
 1160.75 
 
 1405.55 
 
 1760.35 
 
 2357.97 
 
 2053.50 
 
 .823 
 
 123.07 
 
 572.14 
 
 870.40 
 
 1019.07 
 
 1108.85 
 
 1468.10 
 
 1763.54 
 
 2.362.24 
 
 2958.95 
 
 .824 
 
 123.81 
 
 573.15 
 
 872.05 
 
 1021.50 
 
 1 170.95 
 
 1470.83 
 
 1766.73 
 
 2366.52 
 
 2061.31 
 
 .825 
 
 424.45 
 
 574.17 
 
 873.61 
 
 1023.33 
 
 1173.05 
 
 1472.48 
 
 1771.92 
 
 2370.80 
 
 2969.67 
 
 
 425.19 
 
 575.18 
 
 875.17 
 
 1025.16 
 
 1175.15 
 
 1475.1:', 
 
 1775.11 
 
 2375.08 
 
 2975.04 
 
 !827 
 
 425.ii:; 
 
 576.1!) 
 
 876.73 
 
 1026.00 
 
 1177.25 
 
 1477.78 
 
 177S.30 
 
 2570.36 
 
 2980.42 
 
 .828 
 
 426.68 
 
 577.21 
 
 878.20 
 
 1028.82 
 
 1179.36 
 
 1480.43 
 
 1781.50 
 
 2381.65 
 
 2985.80 
 
 
 427.4:', 
 
 578.24 
 
 879.85 
 
 1(130.65 
 
 1181.47 
 
 1483.08 
 
 1784.70 
 
 23X3.04 
 
 2001.18 
 
 !sso 
 
 428.17 
 
 570.25 
 
 881.41 
 
 1032.19 
 
 1183.58 
 
 1485.74 
 
 1787.00 
 
 2:102.23 
 
 2996.5(5 
 
 .831 
 
 42S.9I 
 
 580.26 
 
 882.07 
 
 103-1.33 
 
 1185.69 
 
 1488.39 
 
 1791.10 
 
 2396.53 
 
 3001.95 
 
 .833 
 
 429.65 
 
 ,581.28 
 
 881..-,:; 
 
 1030.17 
 
 1187.70 
 
 1491.05 
 
 1794.30 
 
 2400.83 
 
 31107.34 
 
 .833 
 
 430.40 
 
 582.30 
 
 886.10 
 
 108.01 
 
 1189.81 
 
 1493.71 
 
 1797.51 
 
 2405.13 3012.73 
 
 .834 
 
 431.15 
 
 583.32 
 
 887.67 
 
 1030.85 
 
 1191.92 
 
 1490.37 
 
 1800.72 
 
 2100.1:1 3018.13 
 
 .835 
 
 431.89 
 
 584.34 
 
 880.24 
 
 1041. 69 
 
 1194.13 
 
 1400. 03 
 
 1803.93 
 
 2413.73 3023.53 
 
 .836 
 
 432.63 
 
 585.36 890.80 
 
 1043.53 
 
 1196.24 
 
 1501.60 
 
 1807.14 
 
 2418.04 3028.03 
 
 .837 
 
 433.37 
 
 586.38 S02.37 
 
 1045.37 
 
 1198.35 
 
 1504.35 
 
 1810.35 
 
 2422.35 3031.31 
 
 .838 
 
 434.12 
 
 587.40 
 
 893.94 
 
 1047.21 
 
 1200.47 
 
 1507.02 
 
 1813.56 
 
 2426.00 30:i0.75 
 
 .839 
 
 434.87 
 
 588.42 
 
 895.51 
 
 1040.05 
 
 1202.59 
 
 1500.60 
 
 1816.78 
 
 2430.97 3045.10 
 
 .840 
 
 435.62 
 
 580.44 
 
 807.08 
 
 1050.00 
 
 1204.72 
 
 1512.30 
 
 1820.00 
 
 2435.29 
 
 3050.57 
 
 .841 
 
 136.36 
 
 500.46 
 
 808.65 
 
 1052.7 1 
 
 1206.84 
 
 1515.03 
 
 1823.22 
 
 2130.61 
 
 3055.99 
 
 .842 
 
 437.10 
 
 501.48 
 
 000.22 
 
 1(151.50 
 
 1208.96 
 
 1517.70 
 
 1826.44 2443.93 
 
 3001.41 
 
 .843 
 .844 
 
 437 >5 
 438.60 
 
 502.50 
 593.53 
 
 001.70 
 903.37 
 
 1056,11 
 1058.29 
 
 1211.08 
 1213.21 
 
 1520.37 
 1523.05 
 
 1829.00 2448.25 
 1832.89 2452.58 
 
 3066,83 
 3072.26
 
 Depth 
 Wrfr. 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 :! Feet. 
 
 4 Feet. 
 
 6 Feet. 
 
 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 
 
 1C Feet. 20 Feet. 
 
 .845 
 
 439.36 
 
 594.56 
 
 904.95 
 
 1060.14 
 
 1215.34 
 
 1525.73 
 
 1836.12 
 
 2456.91 
 
 3077.69 
 
 .846 
 
 440.11 
 
 595.5S 
 
 ill 16. 52 
 
 1061.99 
 
 1217.47 
 
 1528.41 
 
 1839.35 
 
 2461.24 
 
 3083.13 
 
 .847 
 
 440.86 
 
 596.60 
 
 90X.10 
 
 1063.84 
 
 1219.60 
 
 1531.09 
 
 1842.58 
 
 2465.57 
 
 308X.53 
 
 .848 
 
 441.61 
 
 597.62 
 
 909.68 
 
 1065.6!! 
 
 1221.73 
 
 1533.77 
 
 1845.81 
 
 2469.91 
 
 3093.97 
 
 .849 
 
 442.36 
 
 59S.i;r, 
 
 911.26 
 
 1067.54 
 
 1223.S6 
 
 1536.45 
 
 1819.05 
 
 2474.25 
 
 3099.41 
 
 .850 
 
 443.11 
 
 599.68 
 
 (112.84 
 
 1069.41 
 
 1225.99 
 
 1539.14 
 
 1852.29 
 
 2478.59 
 
 3104.8!! 
 
 .851 
 
 443.86 
 
 6(10.71 
 
 914.42 
 
 1071.26 
 
 122X.12 
 
 1541.82 
 
 1855.53 
 
 2482.93 
 
 3110.34 
 
 .852 
 
 444.61 
 
 601.74 
 
 916.00 
 
 1073.12 
 
 123:1.25 
 
 1544.51 
 
 1858.77 
 
 24X7.28 
 
 3115.7!! 
 
 .853 
 
 445.31! 
 
 602.77 
 
 917.58 
 
 1074.98 
 
 1232.38 
 
 1547.20 
 
 1862.01 
 
 2491.63 
 
 3121.25 
 
 .854 
 
 446.11 
 
 603.80 
 
 919.16 
 
 1076.84 
 
 123 4.52 
 
 1519.89 
 
 1865.25 
 
 2495.98 
 
 3126.71 
 
 .855 
 
 440.87 
 
 604.83 
 
 9211.74 
 
 1078.70 
 
 1236.6G 
 
 1552.58 
 
 1868.50 
 
 2500.SJ 
 
 3132.17 
 
 .856 
 
 447.62 
 
 605.86 
 
 922.32 
 
 108(1.56 
 
 123X.XO 
 
 1555.27 
 
 1871.75 
 
 2504.6!) 
 
 3137.64 
 
 .857 
 
 44837 
 
 606.89 
 
 92::.90 
 
 1082.32 
 
 1240.94 
 
 1557.96 
 
 1875.00 
 
 2509.05 
 
 3143.11 
 
 .858 
 
 449.12 
 
 607.92 
 
 925. 49 
 
 1084.18 
 
 1243.08 
 
 1560.66 
 
 1878.25 
 
 2513.41 
 
 3148.58 
 
 .859 
 
 449.87 
 
 60S.95 
 
 927.08 
 
 108IUI5 
 
 1245.22 
 
 1563.36 
 
 1881.50 
 
 2517.77 
 
 3154.05 
 
 .860 
 
 450.6., 
 
 609.9S 
 
 !I2X.67 
 
 1088.02 
 
 1247.37 
 
 I566. 06 
 
 1884.75 
 
 2522.14 
 
 3159.53 
 
 .861 
 
 451.38 
 
 610.01 
 
 !i:!0.'_6 
 
 1089.88 
 
 1249.51 
 
 1568.76 
 
 1888.01 
 
 2526.51 
 
 31(55.01 
 
 .862 
 
 452.13 
 
 611.04 
 
 932.X.-, 
 
 10!) 1.75 
 
 1251.65 
 
 1571.46 
 
 1891 .27 
 
 2530.88 
 
 3170.49 
 
 .863 
 
 152X1 
 
 612.07 
 
 93 {.45 
 
 1093.02 
 
 125:;.XO 
 
 1574.16 
 
 1X91.53 
 
 25:i5.25 
 
 3175.98 
 
 .864 
 
 J5:;.(i5 
 
 61.3.11 
 
 936.04 
 
 1095.4!) 
 
 1255.85 
 
 1576.87 
 
 1897.79 
 
 2539.63 
 
 3181.47 
 
 .865 
 
 454.41 
 
 615.15 
 
 936.62 
 
 1097.30 
 
 1258.10 
 
 1579.58 
 
 lilOl.05 
 
 2544.01 
 
 3186.96 
 
 .866 
 
 455.16 
 
 616.18 
 
 938.21 
 
 1099.2:; 
 
 1260.25 
 
 15X2.2!) 
 
 1904.32 
 
 2548.39 
 
 3192.46 
 
 .867 
 
 4.55.91 
 
 617.21 
 
 93il.xo 
 
 1101.10 
 
 1262.40 
 
 1585.00 
 
 1! 107.59 
 
 2552.77 
 
 3197.96 
 
 
 456.67 
 
 6 IS. 25 
 
 941.3!) 
 
 1102.97 
 
 1264.55 
 
 1587.71 
 
 1910.81! 
 
 2557.15 
 
 3203.46 
 
 '.869 
 
 457.4:; 
 
 619.29 
 
 912.98 
 
 1104.85 
 
 1266.70 
 
 1590.42 
 
 1914.13 
 
 2561.64 
 
 32HSJM-, 
 
 .870 
 
 458.19 
 
 620.33 
 
 !) 14.59 
 
 1106.73 
 
 1268.86 
 
 1593.13 
 
 1917.40 
 
 2565.9:! 
 
 3214.47 
 
 .871 
 
 458.94 
 
 621.36 
 
 946.18 
 
 1108.60 
 
 1271.01 
 
 1595.84 
 
 1920.67 
 
 2570.32 
 
 3219.9X 
 
 .872 
 
 459.71 
 
 622. 40 
 
 947.78 
 
 1110.48 
 
 1273.17 
 
 15! IX 56 
 
 1! 12: 1.95 
 
 2574.72 
 
 3225.50 
 
 .873 
 
 460.46 
 
 023.41 
 
 949.38 
 
 1112.36 
 
 1275.33 
 
 1601.28 
 
 1927.23 
 
 2579.12 
 
 32: 11. 02 
 
 .874 
 
 4(11.22 
 
 624.48 
 
 ! 150.! IX 
 
 1114.24 
 
 1277.49 
 
 1604.00 
 
 19.-iO.51 
 
 25X3.52 
 
 32: 10.54 
 
 .875 
 
 461.98 
 
 625.52 
 
 952.5S 
 
 1116.12 
 
 1279.65 
 
 1606.72 
 
 ll>:!3.79 
 
 2587.92 
 
 .-',212.116 
 
 .876 
 
 462.74 
 
 620.56 
 
 954. 18 
 
 1118.00 
 
 1281.81 
 
 1609.14 
 
 1937.07 
 
 25! 12.:;:; 
 
 .",247.59 
 
 .877 
 
 it;:;. 50 
 
 627.60 
 
 955.78 
 
 1119.88 
 
 1283. 97 
 
 1612.16 
 
 1940.35 
 
 25! Hi.: 14 
 
 3253.12 
 
 .878 
 
 464.26 
 
 628.64 
 
 957.38 
 
 1121.76 
 
 1285.13 
 
 1614.89 
 
 1943.64 
 
 2600.75 
 
 3258 j 15 
 
 .879 
 
 4,!5 n2 
 
 629.68 
 
 958.99 
 
 1123.64 
 
 1287.30 
 
 1617.62 
 
 1946.!)3 
 
 2605.16 
 
 3264. IX 
 
 .880 
 
 465.78 
 
 6.-50.72 
 
 960.60 
 
 1125.53 
 
 1290.47 
 
 1020.35 
 
 11150.22 
 
 2609.97 
 
 3269.72 
 
 .881 
 
 4615.54 
 
 631.76 
 
 902.20 
 
 1127.38 
 
 12! 12.04 
 
 1623.08 
 
 1953.51 
 
 2614.39 
 
 3275.26 
 
 .882 
 
 467.30 
 
 632.80 
 
 963.XO 
 
 1129.27 
 
 1294.81 
 
 1025.X1 
 
 1 950.X 1 
 
 2C.18.Xl 
 
 : ',280.81 
 
 .883 
 
 n;s. in; 
 
 033.84 
 
 965.40 
 
 1131.16 
 
 1296.9S 
 
 1628..54 
 
 1960.11 
 
 2623.23 
 
 3286.36 
 
 .884 
 
 468.82 
 
 634.S9 
 
 967.00 
 
 1133.05 
 
 129!). 15 
 
 1631.27 
 
 196.-i.41 
 
 2627.65 
 
 3291.!)! 
 
 .885 
 
 469.59 
 
 635.il t 
 
 96K.63 
 
 1134.97 
 
 1301.32 
 
 16.-i4.01 
 
 1966.70 
 
 26: 12.08 
 
 3297.46 
 
 .886 
 
 470.35 
 
 636.98 
 
 ! 170. 24 
 
 1136.86 
 
 13113. 19 
 
 1636.75 
 
 1970.00 
 
 2636.51 
 
 3303.02 
 
 .887 
 
 471.11 
 
 638.02 
 
 971.85 
 
 1138.75 
 
 1305.66 
 
 1639.49 
 
 1 973.30 
 
 2640.94 
 
 330S.5S 
 
 
 471.87 
 
 039.07 
 
 973.46 
 
 1140.64 
 
 1307.83 
 
 1642.2.", 
 
 1970.60 
 
 2645.37 
 
 3314.14 
 
 889 
 
 472.64 
 
 610.12 
 
 975.07 
 
 1142.54 
 
 1310.01 
 
 1644.97 
 
 1979.!)! 
 
 2649.81 
 
 3319.71 
 
 1890. 
 
 473.41 
 
 641.17 
 
 976.68 
 
 1144.44 
 
 1312.19 
 
 1647.71 
 
 1! 1X3. 22 
 
 1:654.25 
 
 3325.28 
 
 .891 
 
 474.17 
 
 642.21 
 
 979.90 
 
 1146.33 
 
 1314.37 
 
 1650.45 
 
 19X6.53 
 
 265X.76 
 
 3330.85 
 
 .892 
 
 474.9:; 
 
 6 13.25 
 
 971.51 
 
 1148.23 
 
 1316.55 
 
 1653.1!) 
 
 1989.84 
 
 2663. 28 
 
 3336.45 
 
 .893 
 
 475.70 
 
 044.30 
 
 973.12 
 
 1150.13 
 
 1318.73 
 
 1655.93 
 
 1993.16 
 
 2667.80 
 
 3342.03 
 
 .894 
 
 476.47 
 
 645.35 
 
 974.14 
 
 1152.03 
 
 1320.91 
 
 1658.61 
 
 1996.48 
 
 2672.32 
 
 3347.61 
 
 .895 
 
 477.24 
 
 646.41 
 
 9X4.75 
 
 1153.93 
 
 1323.10 
 
 1661.44 
 
 1999.80 
 
 2676.4X 
 
 3353.17 
 
 .896 
 
 478.0!) 
 
 647.46 
 
 986.37 
 
 1155.83 
 
 1325.2X 
 
 1664.19 
 
 200: 1.1 2 
 
 26x0.9:; 
 
 3358.76 
 
 .897 
 
 478.76 
 
 648.51 
 
 987.99 
 
 1157.73 
 
 1327.46 
 
 1666.94 
 
 2006.44 
 
 2685.: 19 
 
 3364.:i5 
 
 .898 
 
 479.54 
 
 649.56 
 
 9X9.61 
 
 1159.63 
 
 1329.65 
 
 1669.70 
 
 2009.76 
 
 26X9.S5 
 
 3369.94 
 
 .899 
 
 480.31 
 
 65(1.61 
 
 991.2:! 
 
 1101.53 
 
 1331.84 
 
 1672.46 
 
 2013.08 
 
 2691.:;! 
 
 3375 50 
 
 .900 
 
 481.07 
 
 05 1.06 
 
 91 12. 85 
 
 1163.44 
 
 13.-J4.03 
 
 1675.22 
 
 2016.40 
 
 2698.77 
 
 3381.14 
 
 .901 
 
 481.83 
 
 652.71 
 
 994.47 
 
 1105.34 
 
 L-..-16.22 
 
 1677.98 
 
 201!l.73 
 
 2703.24 
 
 :!386.74 
 
 .902 
 
 482.60 
 
 653.76 
 
 996.09 
 
 1167.25 
 
 1338.41 
 
 1680.74 
 
 2023.00 
 
 2708.71 
 
 3392.35
 
 267 
 
 Depth 
 
 w&. 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 3 Feet. 
 
 4 Feet. 
 
 C Feet. 
 
 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 20 Feet. 
 
 .903 
 
 483.37 
 
 054.81 
 
 997.71 
 
 1109.16 
 
 1340.00 
 
 1083.50 
 
 2026.39 
 
 2713.18 
 
 3397.96 
 
 .904 
 
 484.14 
 
 055.87 
 
 999.33 
 
 1171.07 
 
 1342.79 
 
 10X0.20 
 
 20-9.72 
 
 2717.05 
 
 3403.57 
 
 .905 
 
 484.91 
 
 050.93 
 
 1IIOIP.90 
 
 1 172.98 
 
 1344.99 
 
 10X9.02 
 
 2033.05 
 
 2721.12 
 
 3409.1s 
 
 .906 
 
 4X5.08 
 
 057.9X 
 
 1002.58 
 
 1174.89 
 
 1347.18 
 
 1091.79 
 
 2030.39 
 
 27L5.00 
 
 3414.80 
 
 .907 
 
 480.45 
 
 059.03 
 
 1004.20 
 
 1170. XI) 
 
 13-19.3X 
 
 I091.5(i 
 
 2039.73 
 
 2730.08 
 
 3420.12 
 
 .908 
 
 487.22 
 
 C.OO.O!) 
 
 1005.8:.! 
 
 1178.71 
 
 1351.58 
 
 1097.33 
 
 2013.07 
 
 2734.50 
 
 3425.01 
 
 .909 
 
 4X7.99 
 
 001.15 
 
 1007.40 
 
 11*0.02 
 
 1353.78 
 
 1700.10 
 
 2047.41 
 
 U739.04 
 
 3431.60 
 
 .910 
 
 -ixx.70 
 
 002.21 
 
 1009.09 
 
 11X2.54 
 
 1355.9X 
 
 1702.87 
 
 2049.75 
 
 2743.53 
 
 3437.30 
 
 .911 489.53 
 
 oo:;.20 
 
 1010.72 
 
 llxl.15 
 
 1358.18 
 
 1705.04 
 
 2053.09 
 
 274X.02 
 
 5142.93 
 
 .912 
 
 490.50 
 
 004.32 
 
 1012.35 
 
 11X0.30 
 
 1300.3X 
 
 1708.41 
 
 2050.44 
 
 2752.51 
 
 3448.57 
 
 .913 
 
 491.07 
 
 005.38 
 
 1013.98 
 
 1188.28 
 
 1302.58 
 
 1711.19 
 
 2059.7!) 
 
 2757.00 
 
 5,45 tl'1 
 
 .914 1 491.84 
 
 000.44 
 
 1015.01 
 
 '.190.2S 
 
 1304.79 
 
 1713.97 
 
 2063.14 
 
 2701. 49 
 
 3159.X5 
 
 .915 492.02 
 
 007.50 
 
 1017.25 
 
 1192.12 
 
 1307.00 
 
 1710.75 
 
 2000.49 
 
 2705.99 
 
 3105,19 
 
 .910 493.39 
 
 008.50 1018.88 
 
 1191.01 
 
 1309.20 
 
 1719.53 
 
 2069.84 
 
 2770.49 
 
 3471.14 
 
 .917 i 494.10 
 
 009.02 1020.51 
 
 1195.90 
 
 1371.41 
 
 1722.31 
 
 2073.20 
 
 2774.99 
 
 3470.79 
 
 .918 
 
 494.93 
 
 070.08 
 
 1022.14 
 
 1197.88 
 
 1373.02 
 
 1725JI9 
 
 2070.50 
 
 2779.50 
 
 34*2.44 
 
 .919 
 
 495.71 
 
 071.74 
 
 1024.78 
 
 1 I99.XO 
 
 1375.83 
 
 1727.87 
 
 2079.92 
 
 2784.01 
 
 31XX.10 
 
 .920 
 
 490.49 
 
 072.XO 
 
 025. -12 2,)l.7.", 
 
 1378.04 
 
 1730.00 
 
 2083.28 
 
 2788.52 
 
 3,495.70 
 
 .921 
 
 497.21; 
 
 073. xo 
 
 
 13X0.25 
 
 1 733.45 
 
 20X0.0 + 
 
 2793.03 
 
 3499.42 
 
 .922 
 
 498.03 
 
 074.92 
 
 02S.09 ' 20.-,!.Y7 
 
 382.40 
 
 1730.24 
 
 2090.00 
 
 2797.55 
 
 3505.09 
 
 .923 
 
 498.80 
 
 075.9* 
 
 050.55 2o7.5o 
 
 3,84.07 
 
 1739.03 
 
 2093.37 
 
 2X02.07 
 
 3510.70 
 
 .924 
 
 499.5S 
 
 077.05 
 
 031.97 2119.43 
 
 
 741.82 
 
 2090.74 
 
 2.S00.59 
 
 5510.45 
 
 .925 
 
 500.36 
 
 078.12 
 
 033.01 21 1.30 1 3X9.1 1 
 
 744.61 
 
 2100.11 
 
 2811.11 
 
 5522.10 
 
 .920 
 
 501.13 
 
 079.18 
 
 035.25 | 213.29 
 
 3,91 33 
 
 747.40 
 
 2103. IX 
 
 2815.03 
 
 5527. TX 
 
 .927 
 
 501.91 
 
 080.24 
 
 1030.X!! 
 
 1215.22 
 
 393.55 
 
 751.20 
 
 2100.85 
 
 2X20.10 
 
 3533.48 
 
 .928 
 
 502.09 
 
 081.30 
 
 1038.53 
 
 1217.15 
 
 1395.77 
 
 754.00 
 
 2110.22 
 
 2X21.1,9 
 
 3539.10 
 
 .929 
 
 503.47 
 
 081.37 
 
 1040.17 
 
 1219.08 
 
 1397.99 
 
 750.80 
 
 2113.00 
 
 2829.23 
 
 3544.85 
 
 .930 
 
 ,504.25 
 
 0*3.44 
 
 1041.82 
 
 1221.02 
 
 1400.21 
 
 758.00 
 
 2110.98 
 
 2833.75 
 
 5550.52 
 
 .931 
 
 505.02 
 
 084.50 
 
 1043.40 
 
 1222.9.-, 
 
 1402.43 
 
 701.40 
 
 2120.30 
 
 2X5X.^9 
 
 3556.21 
 
 .932 
 
 5H5.80 
 
 0X5.57 
 
 1045.11 
 
 1224.X8 
 
 1404.05 
 
 704.20 
 
 2123.08 
 
 2842.83 
 
 3561.91 
 
 .933 
 
 200.58 
 
 OS0.04 
 
 1040.70 
 
 1220.82 
 
 1400.88 
 
 707.00 
 
 2127.00 
 
 2X17.57 
 
 3567.61 
 
 .934 
 
 207.31; 
 
 087.73 
 
 1048.41 
 
 1228.70 
 
 1409.11 
 
 709.81 
 
 2130.45 
 
 2851.91 
 
 3573.31 
 
 .935 
 
 508.14 
 
 ti.SS.78 
 
 1050.00 
 
 1230.70 
 
 1411.34 
 
 772.02 
 
 2133.90 
 
 2X50.45 
 
 3579.01 
 
 .930 
 
 50X.9- 
 
 0X9 85 
 
 1051.71 
 
 1232.04 
 
 1413.57 
 
 775.43 
 
 2137.29 
 
 2801.00 
 
 5,5X1.72 
 
 .937 
 
 509.70 
 
 ti9.l.92 
 
 1053.30 
 
 1234.58 
 
 1415.80 
 
 778.24 
 
 2140.08 
 
 2X05.55 
 
 3590.43 
 
 .938 
 
 510.48 
 
 0:11.99 
 
 1055.01 
 
 1230.52 
 
 1418.03 
 
 781.05 
 
 2144.07 
 
 2X70.1(1 
 
 3596.14 
 
 .939 
 
 511.20 
 
 093.00 
 
 1050.00 
 
 125X.IO 
 
 1420.20 
 
 1783.80 
 
 2147.40 
 
 2X74.00 
 
 5001. XO 
 
 .940 
 
 512.04 
 
 091.13 
 
 10,58.31 
 
 1240.40 
 
 1422.49 
 
 1780.07 
 
 2150.85 
 
 2X79.22 
 
 3607.58 
 
 .941 
 
 5 12. 82 
 
 095.20 
 
 1059.90 
 
 1242.34 
 
 1424.72 
 
 17X9. IX 
 
 2151.25 
 
 2883.78 
 
 3613.30 
 
 .942 
 
 513.00 
 
 090.27 
 
 1001.01 
 
 1244.38 
 
 1 120.95 
 
 1792.30 
 
 2157.05 
 
 2888.34 
 
 3019.03 
 
 .943 
 
 514.38 
 
 097.31 
 
 1003.20 
 
 1210.23 
 
 1429.19 
 
 1795.12 
 
 2101.05 
 
 2X9^,90 
 
 3624.76 
 
 .944 
 
 515.10 
 
 09X.41 
 
 1001.92 
 
 124X.1X 
 
 1431.43 
 
 1797.14 
 
 2104.45 
 
 2897.40 
 
 3630.49 
 
 .945 
 
 515.95 
 
 099.49 
 
 1000.58 
 
 1250.1:; 
 
 1433.07 
 
 1X00.70 
 
 21(57.85 
 
 2902.03 
 
 505,0.22 
 
 .940 
 
 510.73 
 
 700.50 
 
 100X.23 
 
 1252. IX 
 
 1435.91 
 
 1803.58 
 
 2171.20 
 
 l!900.i;o 
 
 3641.96 
 
 .947 
 
 517.51 
 
 701.03 
 
 1009.X9 
 
 1254.13 
 
 1438.15 
 
 1800.40 
 
 2174.67 
 
 2911.17 
 
 3647.70 
 
 .948 
 
 518.29 
 
 702.71 
 
 1071.55 
 
 1250.0X 
 
 1440.39 
 
 1X09.23 
 
 2178.08 
 
 2915.75 
 
 5055.lt 
 
 .949 
 
 519.117 
 
 703.79 
 
 1073.21 
 
 125X.03 
 
 1442.03 
 
 1812.00 
 
 2181.49 
 
 2920.3,3 
 
 3059.18 
 
 .950 
 
 519.80 
 
 704.87 
 
 1074.87 
 
 1259.XX 
 
 1444.88 
 
 1814.89 
 
 21X4.90 
 
 2924.!)! 
 
 3064.93 
 
 .951 
 
 520.64 
 
 705.94 
 
 1070.53 
 
 1201.13 
 
 1447.12 
 
 1817.72 
 
 21X8.31 
 
 2929.49 
 
 5070. OX 
 
 .952 
 
 521.42 
 
 707.01 
 
 1078.19 
 
 1203.0X 
 
 1449.30 
 
 1X20.55 
 
 2191.72 
 
 2934.07 
 
 3676.43 
 
 .953 
 
 522.20 
 
 708.09 
 
 1(179.85 
 
 1205.03 
 
 1451.01 
 
 1823.38 
 
 2195.14 
 
 2938.05 
 
 3682.19 
 
 .9.54 
 
 522.99 
 
 709.17 1081.51 
 
 1200.99 
 
 1453.80 
 
 1820.21 
 
 'M98 50 
 
 2913.2-1 
 
 3687.95 
 
 .955 
 
 523.78 
 
 710.25 
 
 1083.18 
 
 1209.05 
 
 1450.11 
 
 1X29.1 >5 
 
 2201.98 
 
 2947.85 
 
 3693.71 
 
 .966 
 
 524.50 
 
 711.33 
 
 1084.84 
 
 1271.01 
 
 14.58.30 
 
 1X31.88 
 
 2205.40 
 
 2952.44 
 
 3699.48 
 
 .957 
 
 525.34 
 
 712.41 
 
 1080.50 
 
 1273.57 
 
 1400.01 
 
 1834.72 
 
 2208.82 
 
 2957.04 
 
 5705.25 
 
 .958 
 
 520.13 
 
 713.49 
 
 1088.17 
 
 1275.53 
 
 1402.80 
 
 1837.50 
 
 2212.25 
 
 2901.01 
 
 5711.02 
 
 .959 
 
 520.92 
 
 714.57 
 
 1089.84 
 
 1277.49 
 
 1465.12 
 
 1840.40 
 
 2215.08 
 
 2900.21 
 
 3710.79 
 
 .960 
 
 527.71 
 
 715.05 
 
 1091.51 
 
 1279.45 
 
 1407.38 
 
 1843.24 
 
 2219.11 
 
 2970.84 
 
 3722.57
 
 2G8 
 
 Depth 
 ^i, 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 3 Feet. 
 
 4 Feet. 
 
 6 Feet 
 
 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 
 
 16 Feet. 
 
 20 Feet. 
 
 .961 
 
 528.49 
 
 716.73 
 
 1093.18 
 
 1281.41 
 
 1469.63 
 
 1846.08 
 
 2222. .54 
 
 2975.45 
 
 3728.35 
 
 .962 
 
 529.28 
 
 717.81 
 
 1094.85 
 
 1283.37 
 
 1471.89 
 
 1818.92 
 
 2225.97 
 
 29S0.06 
 
 3731.13 
 
 .963 
 
 r,;;iui7 
 
 718.8!) 
 
 1090.52 
 
 1285.:;:; 
 
 1474.15 
 
 1851.77 
 
 2229.40 
 
 2981.67 
 
 373!). 92 
 
 ,964 
 
 530.80 
 
 719.97 
 
 1098.20 
 
 1287.30 
 
 1476.41 
 
 1854.62 
 
 2232.84 
 
 29S9.2S 
 
 3745.71 
 
 .966 
 
 r>: ;i.<;r> 
 
 721.06 
 
 loitii.si; 
 
 1289.27 
 
 1478.67 
 
 1857.47 
 
 2236.28 
 
 29! 13. Si) 
 
 3751.50 
 
 .966 
 
 532.41 
 
 722.14 
 
 1101.53 
 
 1291.23 
 
 1480.93 
 
 1860.32 
 
 2239.72 
 
 2998.51 
 
 3757.30 
 
 .967 
 
 633.23 
 
 723.22 
 
 1102.00 
 
 1293.20 
 
 1483.19 
 
 1863.17 
 
 2243.16 
 
 3003.13, 
 
 3763.1(1 
 
 .968 
 
 53 1.02 
 
 724.:;o 
 
 1104.27 
 
 1295.17 
 
 1485.45 
 
 1 st;0. 02 
 
 2246.60 
 
 3007.75 
 
 371X90 
 
 .969 
 
 r,:;t.si 
 
 725.:',!) 
 
 1105.115 
 
 1297.14 
 
 1487.71 
 
 181 IS. 88 
 
 2250.04 
 
 3,014.37 
 
 3774.70 
 
 .970 
 
 535.00 
 
 726.48 
 
 llos.23 
 
 1299.11 
 
 1489.1)8 
 
 1871.74 
 
 2253.49 
 
 3017.00 
 
 5780.5(1 
 
 .971 
 
 r.::ii.r>! 
 
 727.5C, 
 
 1109.90 
 
 1301.08 
 
 1492.25 
 
 1874.60 
 
 2256.94 
 
 3021.63 
 
 3780.31 
 
 .972 
 
 537.3s 
 
 728.64 
 
 1111.58 
 
 l:!o::.o5 
 
 1494.52 
 
 1877.46 
 
 2260.39 
 
 3026.26 
 
 3792.12 
 
 .973 
 
 r,:;s.is 
 
 729.73 
 
 1113.18 
 
 1305.02 
 
 1490.79 
 
 1 880.3L- 
 
 2263.84 
 
 3030.8!) 
 
 3797.94 
 
 .974 
 
 53,8.97 
 
 730.82 
 
 1114.86 
 
 1306.99 
 
 1199.06 
 
 1883.18 
 
 2267.29 
 
 3035.52 
 
 38(13.76 
 
 .975 
 
 539.55 
 
 7:il.91 
 
 1110.62 
 
 1308.97 
 
 1501.3:; 
 
 1886.04 
 
 2270.74 
 
 3010.10 
 
 3809.58 
 
 .976 
 
 540.34 
 
 732.99 
 
 1118.30 
 
 1310.94 
 
 I503.cn 
 
 1888.90 
 
 2274.20 
 
 3044.80 
 
 3815.41 
 
 .977 
 
 541.13 
 
 734.08 
 
 1119.90 
 
 131 2.92 
 
 1505.87 
 
 1891.76 
 
 2277.66 
 
 3049.44 
 
 3821.21 
 
 .978 
 
 5U.92 
 
 7:55.17 
 
 1121.66 
 
 1314.90 
 
 1508.14 
 
 is!n.o3 
 
 2281.12 
 
 3054.09 
 
 3827.07 
 
 .979 
 
 512.72 
 
 736.26 
 
 11 2:;.:! I 
 
 1316.88 
 
 1510.42 
 
 1897.50 
 
 2284.58 
 
 3(158.74 
 
 3832.90 
 
 .980 
 
 5I3.5- 
 
 737.: 
 
 1125.02 
 
 1318.86 
 
 1512.70 
 
 1900.37 
 
 2288.04 
 
 3063.39 
 
 3838.73 
 
 .981 
 
 544.31 
 
 7::s.44 
 
 1126.70 
 
 1320.84 
 
 1514.97 
 
 I90.-..24 
 
 2291.50 
 
 3068. 115 
 
 384-1.57 
 
 .982 
 
 545.10 
 
 739.63 
 
 II2S.38 
 
 1322.82 
 
 1517.25 
 
 1906.11 
 
 229-1.97 
 
 3072.71 
 
 3850.41 
 
 .983 
 
 515.89 
 
 740.62 
 
 1130.07 
 
 1323.80 
 
 1519.53 
 
 1 90S.! IS 
 
 2298.44 
 
 3077.37 
 
 3856.25 
 
 .984 
 
 54<i.li!) 
 
 741.71 
 
 1131.76 
 
 1325.73 
 
 1521.81 
 
 1911.86 
 
 2301.91 
 
 3082.03 
 
 3862.19 
 
 .985 
 
 5*7.49 
 
 712.81 
 
 J 133.45 
 
 1328.77 
 
 1524.09 
 
 1914.74 
 
 2305.38 
 
 3086.66 
 
 381,7.95 
 
 .986 
 
 5i8.2s 
 
 743.98 
 
 11 .-,5.1:; 
 
 1330.75 
 
 1526.37 
 
 1917.02 
 
 23(18.85 
 
 3091.32 
 
 3873.80 
 
 .987 
 
 519.07 
 
 744.99 
 
 1136.82 
 
 1332.73 
 
 1528.65 
 
 11120.50 
 
 2312.33 
 
 30!);-,.!)!) 
 
 3879.66 
 
 .988 
 
 r.lii. si; 
 
 Tlii. us 
 
 11:58.51 
 
 1:534.72 
 
 1530.94 
 
 1923.3S 
 
 2315.81 
 
 3100.66 
 
 3885.22 
 
 .989 
 
 551). (1C, 
 
 747.17 
 
 1140.20 
 
 1336.71 
 
 15.33.23 
 
 1920.20 
 
 2319.2!) 
 
 3I05.:;:; 
 
 3891.38 
 
 .990 
 
 55I.4C, 
 
 74S.27 
 
 1141.89 
 
 1338.70 
 
 1535.52 
 
 1929.14 
 
 2322.76 
 
 3110.00 
 
 38! (7.2-1 
 
 .991 
 
 551'. L'5 
 
 749.:;r, 
 
 1143.58 
 
 1:540.69 
 
 1537.80 
 
 11)32.02 
 
 2326.24 
 
 3114.67 
 
 31KI3.11 
 
 .992 
 
 553.05 
 
 750.15 
 
 1145.27 
 
 1342.68 
 
 1540.09 
 
 1934.90 
 
 2;:29.72 
 
 ;-:ii9.:;5 
 
 390S.9> 
 
 .993 
 
 55:f.S5 
 
 751.55 
 
 1146.96 
 
 1344.67 
 
 1542.38 
 
 1937.79 
 
 2333.20 
 
 3124.03 
 
 3914.85 
 
 .eat 
 
 551. (15 
 
 752.65 
 
 1 148.66 
 
 1346.66 
 
 1544.67 
 
 1940.68 
 
 2336.69 
 
 3128.71 
 
 3920.72 
 
 .9! 15 
 
 555.45 
 
 7B3.T3 
 
 1150.36 
 
 1348.00 
 
 1546.9)8 
 
 1943.57 
 
 23,40.18 
 
 3133.39 
 
 3920. 60 
 
 .991; 
 
 550.24 
 
 754.84 
 
 11. ->2.05 
 
 1350.65 
 
 1540.25 
 
 1910. 1C, 
 
 2343.07 
 
 3138.08 
 
 3932.48 
 
 .807 
 
 557. 01 
 
 755.94 
 
 1153.74 
 
 U52.64 
 
 1551.54 
 
 1949.35 
 
 2317.16 
 
 3142.77 
 
 3938.37 
 
 .998 
 
 557. SI 
 
 757.04 
 
 1155.44 
 
 1354.64 
 
 1553.84 
 
 1952.24 
 
 2350.05 
 
 3147.40 
 
 31(44.26 
 
 .999 
 
 55s.(i4 
 
 758.14 
 
 1157.14 
 
 1356.64 
 
 15.56.14 
 
 1 !)55. 14 
 
 23.54.14 
 
 3152.09 
 
 3950.15 
 
 l.oo:> 
 
 559.44 
 
 759.24 
 
 1158.84 
 
 1358.64 
 
 155S.44 
 
 1958.04 
 
 2357.64 
 
 3156.84 
 
 3956.04 
 
 I .mil 
 
 
 760.34 
 
 1160.54 
 
 13011.61 
 
 1560.74 
 
 1900.94 
 
 2361.14 
 
 3161.54 
 
 3901.94 
 
 1.H02 
 
 
 761.44 
 
 11(12.24 
 
 1362.64 
 
 1563.04 
 
 1963.84 
 
 2361.0! 
 
 3166.24 
 
 3967.81 
 
 1.003 
 
 
 782.64 
 
 1163.94 
 
 1364.64 
 
 1565.34 
 
 1966.74 
 
 2368.14 
 
 3170.94 
 
 3973.71 
 
 l.ool 
 
 
 703.04 
 
 1 165.64 
 
 1360.04 
 
 1567.61 
 
 1969.64 
 
 2371.64 
 
 3175.64 
 
 3979.04 
 
 1.005 
 
 
 
 761.74 
 
 1 167.34 
 
 1368.64 
 
 1569.94 
 
 1972.54 
 
 2375.14 
 
 31 80.34 
 
 3985.55 
 
 l.OOC 
 
 
 765.S4 
 
 1169.04 
 
 1370.64 
 
 1572.24 
 
 1975.44 
 
 2378.05 
 
 3185.05 
 
 3991.40 
 
 1.007 
 
 
 766.91 
 
 1170.74 
 
 1372.64 
 
 1574.54 
 
 11)78.35 
 
 2382.16 
 
 3189.76 
 
 3977.37 
 
 1.008 
 
 
 
 7-xo4 
 
 1172.44 
 
 1374.64 
 
 1576.85 
 
 11181.26 
 
 2385.67 
 
 3194.47 
 
 4003.28 
 
 1.1)0!) 
 
 ....... 
 
 7<;9.i4 
 
 1174.19 
 
 1376.65 
 
 1578.16 
 
 1984.17 
 
 2389.18 
 
 3.199.1s 
 
 4009.20 
 
 1.010 
 
 
 
 770.25 
 
 1175.86 
 
 1378.66 
 
 1581.47 
 
 1987.08 
 
 2392.6!) 
 
 3203.90 
 
 4015.12 
 
 1.011 
 
 
 
 771.35 
 
 1177.56 
 
 1380.60 
 
 1583.78 
 
 1989.!)!) 
 
 23! 16. 20 
 
 3208.34 
 
 4021 .05 
 
 1.012 
 
 
 772.45 
 
 1179.27 
 
 1382.67 
 
 1586.0!) 
 
 1992.90 
 
 2399.71 
 
 3213.06 
 
 4026.98 
 
 1.013 
 
 
 773.55 
 
 1180.98 
 
 1384.68 
 
 1588.40 
 
 1995.81 
 
 2103.23 
 
 3217.78 
 
 4032.91 
 
 1.014 
 
 
 771.66 
 
 1182.69 
 
 1386.09 
 
 1590.71 
 
 1998.73 
 
 2406.75 
 
 3222.51 
 
 4038.81 
 
 1.015 
 
 
 775.77 
 
 1184.40 
 
 13SS.71 
 
 1593.02 
 
 2001.65 
 
 2410.27 
 
 3227.52 
 
 4044.77 
 
 1.016 
 
 
 776.87 
 
 1186.11 
 
 1390.72 
 
 1595.33 
 
 2004.57 
 
 2413.79 
 
 3,232.25 
 
 40.-0.71 
 
 1.017 
 
 
 777.97 
 
 1187.82 
 
 1392.73 
 
 1597.64 
 
 L'OdV.lli 
 
 2417.31 
 
 3236.98 
 
 4050.65 
 
 1.918 
 
 
 779.08 
 
 1189.53 
 
 1394.74 
 
 1599.96 
 
 2010.41 
 
 2420.84 
 
 3211.71 
 
 4(162.59
 
 269 
 
 Depth 
 WS, 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 4 Feet. 
 
 6 Feet. 
 
 7 Feet. 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 
 
 16 Feet. 
 
 20 Feet. 
 
 1.019 
 
 780.19 
 
 1191.24 
 
 1396.76 1C02.28 
 
 2013.33 
 
 2424.37 
 
 324(1.45 
 
 4068.54 
 
 1.020 
 
 781.30 
 
 1192.95 
 
 1398.78 1604.60 
 
 2016.25 
 
 2427.90 
 
 3251.19 
 
 4074.49 
 
 1.021 
 
 782.41 
 
 1194.66 
 
 1400.79 1(10(1.92 
 
 2019.15 
 
 2431.43 
 
 3255.93 
 
 4080.44 
 
 1.022 
 
 783.52 
 
 1196.37 
 
 1402.81 1609.24 
 
 2022.0(1 
 
 2434.96 
 
 3260.67 
 
 4086.40 
 
 1.02:; 
 
 784.63 
 
 1198.09 
 
 1404.83 1611.56 
 
 2U24.97 
 
 2438.49 
 
 3265.42 
 
 4092.36 
 
 1.H24 
 
 7*5.74 
 
 1199.81 
 
 1406:85 1613.88 
 
 2027.88 
 
 2442.02 
 
 3270.17 
 
 4098.32 
 
 1.025 
 
 78(1.85 
 
 1201.53 
 
 .1408.87 1(11(1.21 
 
 2030.89 
 
 2445.56 
 
 3274.92 
 
 4104. is 
 
 1.02(1 
 
 787.96 
 
 1203.24 
 
 1410.89 1618.53 
 
 2033.82 
 
 2449.10 
 
 3279.67 
 
 4110.25 
 
 1.027 
 
 789.07 
 
 1204.96 
 
 1412.91 1620.85 
 
 2036.75 
 
 2452.64 
 
 3284.32 
 
 4116.22 
 
 1.028 
 
 7911.18 
 
 1206.68 
 
 1414.93 
 
 1623.18 
 
 2039.88 
 
 2456.18 
 
 3289.18 
 
 41-2.19 
 
 1.029 
 
 791.28 
 
 1208.40 
 
 1416.95 
 
 1625.51 
 
 2042.82 
 
 24C9.72 
 
 3293.94 
 
 4128.16 
 
 MM 
 
 792.40 
 
 1210.12 
 
 ilis.98 
 
 1(127.84 
 
 2045.5(1 
 
 24(13.1:7 
 
 3298.70 
 
 4134.14 
 
 M031 
 
 793.51 
 
 1211.84 
 
 1421.00 
 
 1630.17 
 
 2048.50 
 
 2466.82 
 
 3303.46 
 
 4140.12 
 
 1.083 
 
 794.62 
 
 1213.56 
 
 1423.03 
 
 1(532.50 
 
 2051.44 
 
 2470.37 
 
 3308.23 
 
 4146.10 
 
 1.033 
 
 795.73 
 
 1215.28 
 
 1425.05 
 
 1634.83 
 
 2054.38 
 
 2473.92 
 
 3313.00 
 
 4152.09 
 
 1.034 
 
 790.S4 
 
 1217.01 
 
 1427.07 
 
 1637.16 
 
 2057.32 
 
 2477.47 
 
 3317.13 
 
 4158.08 
 
 1.035 
 
 797.96 
 
 1218.74 
 
 1429.12 
 
 1639.50 
 
 20(10.2(1 
 
 2481.02 
 
 3322.54 
 
 4164.07 
 
 1.036 
 
 799.07 
 
 1220.4(1 
 
 1431.15 
 
 1641 .83 
 
 2063.20 
 
 2484.57 
 
 3327.32 
 
 4170.06 
 
 1.037 
 
 800.19 
 
 1222.18 
 
 1433.18 
 
 1644.16 
 
 2066.14 
 
 2488.13 
 
 3332.10 
 
 4176.06 
 
 1 .038 
 
 801.31 
 
 1223.91 
 
 1435.21 
 
 1646.50 
 
 20(19.09 
 
 2491.69 
 
 3336.88 
 
 4182.06 
 
 1.039 
 
 802.43 
 
 1 225.04 
 
 1437.24 
 
 1648.84 
 
 2072.04 
 
 2495.25 
 
 3341.66 
 
 4188.06 
 
 1.040 
 
 803.55 
 
 1227.37 
 
 1439.27 
 
 1651.18 
 
 2074.99 
 
 2498.81 
 
 3346.44 
 
 4194.06 
 
 1.041 
 
 804.011 
 
 1229.10 
 
 1441.38 
 
 1653.52 
 
 2077.94 
 
 2502.37 
 
 3351.22 
 
 4200.07 
 
 1.042 
 
 805.78 
 
 1230.83 
 
 144:;.:;:; 
 
 1655.86 
 
 2080.89 
 
 2505.9:; 
 
 3356.01 
 
 4206.08 
 
 1.043 
 
 80(1.90 
 
 1232.56 
 
 1445.37 
 
 1658.20 
 
 2083.84 
 
 2509.50 
 
 3:360.80 
 
 4212.09 
 
 1.044 
 
 808.02 
 
 1234.29 
 
 1447.41 
 
 1660.54 
 
 208(1.80 
 
 2513.07 
 
 3365.59 
 
 4218.11 
 
 1.045 
 
 809.14 
 
 12.').02 
 
 1449.45 
 
 1662.89 
 
 2089.7(1 
 
 2516.64 
 
 3370.38 
 
 4224.13 
 
 1.04(i 
 
 810.15 
 
 1237.75 
 
 1451.49 
 
 1665.26 
 
 2092.72 
 
 2520.21 
 
 3375.18 
 
 4030.15 
 
 1 .047 
 
 811.27 
 
 1239.48 
 
 1453.53 
 
 1667.57 
 
 2095.68 
 
 2523.78 
 
 3379.98 
 
 4036.18 
 
 1.048 
 
 812.39 
 
 1211.21 
 
 1455.57 
 
 1669.92 
 
 2098.64 
 
 2527.35 
 
 3384.78 
 
 4042.21 
 
 1.049 
 
 813.41 
 
 1242.94 
 
 1457.61 
 
 1(172.27 
 
 2101.60 
 
 2530.93 
 
 3389.58 
 
 4048.24 
 
 1 .050 
 
 814.73 
 
 1244.68 
 
 1459.65 
 
 1674.62 
 
 2104.56 
 
 2534.51 
 
 3394.39 
 
 4254.27 
 
 1.051 
 
 815.85 
 
 1246.41 
 
 1461.69 
 
 1676.97 
 
 2107.52 
 
 2538.09 
 
 3399.20 
 
 4260.31 
 
 1.052 
 
 816.97 
 
 1248.14 
 
 14(13.73 
 
 1679.32 
 
 2110.49 
 
 2541.67 
 
 3404.01 
 
 4266.35 
 
 1 .053 
 
 818.09 
 
 1249.88 
 
 1465.77 
 
 1681.67 
 
 2113.46 
 
 2545.25 
 
 3408.82 
 
 4272.39 
 
 1.054 
 
 819.21 
 
 1251. (12 
 
 1467.82 
 
 1684.02 
 
 2116.43 
 
 2548.83 
 
 3413.63 
 
 4278.43 
 
 1 .055 
 
 820.34 
 
 1253.36 
 
 1469.87 
 
 108(1.38 
 
 2119.40 
 
 2552.41 
 
 3418.45 
 
 4284.48 
 
 1 .050 
 
 821.46 
 
 1255.10 
 
 1471.92 
 
 1688.73 
 
 2122-.37 
 
 2556.00 
 
 3423.27 
 
 4290.53 
 
 1.057 
 
 822.58 
 
 12.56.84 
 
 147:1.97 
 
 1691.09 
 
 2125.34 
 
 2559.59 
 
 3428.09 
 
 4296.58 
 
 1.058 
 
 823.71 
 
 1258.58 
 
 1476.02 
 
 1693.45 
 
 2128.31 
 
 2563.18 
 
 3432.91 
 
 4302.03: 
 
 '..059 
 
 824.84 
 
 1260.32 
 
 1478.07 
 
 1695.81 
 
 2131.28 
 
 2566.77 
 
 3437.73 
 
 4308.69 
 
 1.0(10 
 
 825.97 
 
 1262.07 
 
 1480.12 
 
 1698.17 
 
 21:34.26 
 
 2570.36 
 
 3442.56 
 
 4314.75 
 
 1.061 
 
 827.09 
 
 1263.81 
 
 1482.17 
 
 1700.53 
 
 2137.24 
 
 2573.95 
 
 3447.39 
 
 4320.82 
 
 1.0(12 
 
 828.21 
 
 1265.55 
 
 1484.22 
 
 1702.89 
 
 2140.22 
 
 2577.55 
 
 3452.22 
 
 4326.89 
 
 1.0(i3 
 
 829.34 
 
 1267.29 
 
 1486.27 
 
 1705.25 
 
 2143.20 
 
 2581.15 
 
 3457.05 
 
 4332.96 
 
 1.064 
 
 830.47 
 
 12(19.04 
 
 1488.32 
 
 1707.61 
 
 2146.18 
 
 2584.75 
 
 3461.89 
 
 4339.03 
 
 1 .0(15 
 
 831.60 
 
 1270.79 
 
 1490.38 
 
 1709.98 
 
 2149.16 
 
 2588.35 
 
 3466.73 
 
 4345.10 
 
 1.0(1(1 
 
 832.72 
 
 1272.53 
 
 1492.43 
 
 1712.34 
 
 2152.14 
 
 2591.95 
 
 3471.57 
 
 4361.11 
 
 1.067 
 
 X33.85 
 
 1274.28 
 
 1494.49 
 
 1714.70 
 
 2155.13 
 
 2595.55 
 
 3476.41 
 
 4357.26 
 
 I.Olis S34.9S 
 
 1276.03 
 
 1496.55 
 
 1717.07 
 
 2158.12 
 
 2599.16 
 
 3481.25 
 
 4363.34 
 
 1.069 836.11 
 
 1277.78 
 
 1498.61 
 
 1719.44 
 
 21(11.11 
 
 2602.71 
 
 3486.10 
 
 4369.42 
 
 1.070 
 
 837.24 
 
 1279.53 
 
 1500.67 
 
 1721.81 
 
 2164.10 
 
 260(1.38 .'5490.95 
 
 4375.51 '' 
 
 1.071 
 
 838.37 
 
 1281.28 
 
 1502.7:; 
 
 1724.18 
 
 21(17.09 
 
 2609.99 3495.SO 
 
 4381.60 
 
 1.072 
 
 839.50 1283.03 
 
 1.504.79 
 
 1726.55 
 
 2170.08 
 
 2613.60 3500.65 
 
 4387.70 
 
 1.073 
 
 840.63: 1284.78 
 
 1506.ao 
 
 1728.92 
 
 2173.07 
 
 2617.21 3505.50 
 
 4393.80 
 
 1.074 
 
 841.76 1286.53 
 
 1508.91 
 
 1731.29 
 
 2176.06 
 
 2(120.8.-, 3510.36 
 
 4399.90 
 
 1.075 
 
 842.89 
 
 1288.28 
 
 1510.98 
 
 1733.67 
 
 2179.06 
 
 2624.45 
 
 3515.22 
 
 4406.00 
 
 1.076 
 
 844.02 
 
 1290.03 
 
 1513.04 
 
 1736.04 
 
 2182.06 
 
 2628.07 
 
 3520.08 
 
 4412.11
 
 270 
 
 Depth 
 Weir. 
 
 
 
 LENG 
 
 IH OP T 
 
 IK WEIR 
 
 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 4 Feet. 
 
 6 Feet 
 
 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 
 
 1C Feet. 
 
 20 Feet. 
 
 1.077 
 
 845.15 
 
 1291.78 
 
 1515.10 
 
 1738.42 
 
 2185.06 
 
 2631.69 
 
 3524.94 
 
 4418.22 
 
 1.078 
 
 846.2* 
 
 1293.33 
 
 1517.17 
 
 1740.80 
 
 2188.06 
 
 26:55.31 
 
 3529.81 
 
 4424.33 
 
 1.079 
 
 847.41 
 
 1295.28 
 
 1519.24 
 
 1743.18 
 
 2191.06 
 
 26:58.93 
 
 :s5:a.08 
 
 4430.44 
 
 1.080 
 
 848.55 
 
 1297.06 
 
 1521.31 
 
 1745.56 
 
 2194.06 
 
 2642.55 
 
 :5539.55 
 
 4436.55 
 
 1.081 
 
 849.08 
 
 1298.81 
 
 1523.38 
 
 1747.94 
 
 2197.06 
 
 2646.1 S 
 
 .",544.4:; 
 
 4442.67 
 
 1.082 
 
 850.81 
 
 1:500.57 
 
 1525.45 
 
 1750.32 
 
 2200.06 
 
 2649.81 
 
 3549.30 
 
 4448.79 
 
 1.083 
 
 851.95 
 
 1302.33 
 
 1527.52 
 
 1752.70 
 
 220: ',.06 
 
 2653.44 
 
 3554.17 
 
 4454.91 
 
 1.084 
 
 S5:s.o9 
 
 1304.09 
 
 1529.59 
 
 1755.08 
 
 2206.07 
 
 2657.07 
 
 .5559.04 
 
 4461.04 
 
 1.085 
 
 854.23 
 
 1:305.85 
 
 1531.66 
 
 1757.47 
 
 2209.08 
 
 2660.70 
 
 :5563.93 
 
 4467.17 
 
 1.080 
 
 s55.:so 
 
 1307.61 
 
 1533.73 
 
 1759.85 
 
 2212.09 
 
 2064.33 
 
 3568.81 
 
 4473.30 
 
 1.087 
 
 856.49 
 
 1309.37 
 
 1535.80 
 
 1762.23 
 
 2215.10 
 
 2667.97 
 
 3573.70 
 
 4479.13 
 
 l.oss 
 
 857.63 
 
 1311.13 
 
 1537.87 
 
 1764.62 
 
 2218.11 
 
 2671.61 
 
 3578.59 
 
 4485.57 
 
 1. 1)811 
 
 858.77 
 
 1312.89 
 
 1539.95 
 
 1767.01 
 
 2221.12 
 
 2675.25 
 
 3583.48 
 
 4491.71 
 
 1.090 
 
 859.91 
 
 1314.66 
 
 1542.03 
 
 1769.40 
 
 2224.14 
 
 2678.89 
 
 3588.37 
 
 4497.85 
 
 1.091 
 
 861.05 
 
 1316.42 
 
 1544.10 
 
 1771.79 
 
 2227.16 
 
 2682.53 
 
 3593.16 
 
 1504.00 
 
 1.092 
 
 862.19 
 
 1318.18 
 
 1546.17 
 
 1774.18 
 
 2230.18 
 
 2686.17 
 
 3598.1 Hi 
 
 4510.15 
 
 1.09:5 
 
 803.2."> 
 
 1319.95 
 
 1548.24 
 
 1776.57 
 
 2233.20 
 
 2689.81 
 
 .'5603.76 
 
 4516.30 
 
 1.094 
 
 864.37 
 
 1321.72 
 
 1550.32 
 
 1778.96 
 
 2236.22 
 
 2693.46 
 
 3608.66 
 
 4522.45 
 
 1.095 
 
 865.61 
 
 1323.49 
 
 1552.42 
 
 1781.36 
 
 22H9.24 
 
 2697.11 
 
 3612.86 
 
 4528.61 
 
 LOW 
 
 866.75 
 
 1325.25 
 
 1554.50 
 
 1783.75 
 
 2242.26 
 
 2700.7(i 
 
 3617.76 
 
 4534.77 
 
 LOOT 
 
 867.89 
 
 1327.00 
 
 1556.58 
 
 1786.15 
 
 2245.28 
 
 2704.41 
 
 3622.67 
 
 4M0.93 
 
 1.098 
 
 869.03 
 
 1328.79 
 
 1558.66 
 
 1788.55 
 
 2248.30 
 
 2708.06 
 
 3627.58 
 
 4547.19 
 
 1.099 
 
 860.17 
 
 1330.56 
 
 1560.75 
 
 1790.95 
 
 2251.33 
 
 2711.71 
 
 36.-2.49 
 
 4553.36 
 
 1.100 
 
 871.31 
 
 1332.33 
 
 1562.84 
 
 1793.35 
 
 2254.36 
 
 2715.37 
 
 3637.40 
 
 4.559.43 
 
 1.101 
 
 872.46 
 
 1334.10 
 
 1564.92 
 
 1795.75 
 
 2257.39 
 
 2719.03 
 
 3642.32 
 
 4565.60 
 
 1.102 
 
 873.61 
 
 1X55.87 
 
 1567.00 
 
 1798.15 
 
 2260.42 
 
 2722.69 
 
 3647.24 
 
 4571 .78 
 
 1.103 
 
 874.76 
 
 1337.64 
 
 1569.09 
 
 1800.55 
 
 2263.45 
 
 2726.35 
 
 3652.16 
 
 4577.96 
 
 1.104 
 
 875.91 
 
 1339.41 
 
 1571.18 
 
 1802.95 
 
 2266.48 
 
 2730.01 
 
 3657.08 
 
 4584.14 
 
 1.105 
 
 877.03 
 
 1341.19 
 
 1573.27 
 
 1805.36 
 
 2269.52 
 
 27*3.68 
 
 3662.00 
 
 4590.32 
 
 1.106 
 
 878.17 
 
 1342.96 
 
 1575.36 
 
 1807.76 
 
 2272.55 
 
 2737.34 
 
 3666.93 
 
 4596.51 
 
 1.107 
 
 879.31 
 
 1344.73 
 
 1577.45 
 
 1810.16 
 
 2276.88 
 
 2741.01 
 
 3671.86 
 
 4602.70 
 
 1.108 
 
 880.45 
 
 1346.51 
 
 1579.54 
 
 1812.57 
 
 2278.62 
 
 2744.67 
 
 3676.79 
 
 4608.89 
 
 1.109 
 
 881.50 
 
 1.-548.29 
 
 1581.63 
 
 1814.98 
 
 2281.66 
 
 2748.34 
 
 3681.72 
 
 4615.08 
 
 1.110 
 
 882.75 
 
 1350.07 
 
 1583.73 
 
 1817.39 
 
 2284,71 
 
 2752.02 
 
 3686.65 
 
 4621.28 
 
 1.111 
 
 883.89 
 
 1351.85 
 
 1585.82 
 
 1819 80 
 
 2287.74 
 
 2755.69 
 
 3691.59 
 
 4627.48 
 
 1.112 
 
 885.04 
 
 1:553.63 
 
 1587.91 
 
 1822.21 
 
 2290.78 
 
 2759.36 
 
 36!6.53 
 
 4633.68 
 
 1.113 
 
 886.19 
 
 1355.41 
 
 1590.91 
 
 1824.62 
 
 2293.82 
 
 2763.04 
 
 870147 
 
 1639.89 
 
 1.114 
 
 887.34 
 
 1*57.19 
 
 1592.11 
 
 1827.03 
 
 2296.87 
 
 2766.72 
 
 370*5.41 
 
 4646.10 
 
 1.115 
 
 X8X.49 
 
 1:558.97 
 
 1594.21 
 
 1829.45 
 
 2299.92 
 
 2770.40 
 
 3711.68 
 
 4652.31 
 
 1.116 
 
 
 1360.75 
 
 1596.31 
 
 1831.86 
 
 2302.97 
 
 2774.08 
 
 3716.30 
 
 4658.52 
 
 1.117 
 
 891U9 
 
 1:362.53 
 
 1598.41 
 
 1834.27 
 
 2306.02 
 
 2777.76 
 
 3721.25 
 
 4664.74 
 
 1.118 
 
 891.91 
 
 1364.31 
 
 1600.51 
 
 18:56.69 
 
 2309.07 
 
 2781.44 
 
 3726.20 
 
 4670.96 
 
 .119 
 
 893.19 
 
 1366.10 
 
 1602.61 
 
 1839.11 
 
 2312.12 
 
 2785.13 
 
 3731.15 
 
 4677.18 
 
 .120 
 
 894.24 
 
 1367.89 
 
 1604.71 
 
 1841.53 
 
 2315.17 
 
 2788.82 
 
 3736.11 
 
 4683.40 
 
 .121 
 
 895.39 
 
 1369.67 
 
 1606.81 
 
 1843.95 
 
 2318.22 
 
 2792.51 
 
 3741.07 
 
 4689.63 
 
 .122 
 
 896.54 
 
 1371.45 
 
 1608.91 
 
 1846.37 
 
 2321.28 
 
 2796.20 
 
 3746.03 
 
 4695.86 
 
 .123 
 
 897.69 
 
 1373.24 
 
 1611.01 
 
 1818.79 
 
 2324.34 
 
 2799.89 
 
 3750.99 
 
 4702.09 
 
 .124 
 
 898.84 
 
 l:!75.0:i 
 
 1613.12 
 
 1851.21 
 
 2327.40 
 
 2803.58 
 
 3755.95 
 
 4708.32 
 
 .125 
 
 899.99 
 
 1376.82 
 
 1615.23 
 
 1853.64 
 
 2330.46 
 
 2807.28 
 
 3760.92 
 
 4714.5(5 
 
 .126 
 
 901.14 
 
 1378.61 
 
 1617.33 
 
 1856.06 
 
 2333.52 
 
 2810.77 
 
 3765.89 
 
 4720.80 
 
 
 902.29 
 
 1380.40 
 
 1619.44 
 
 1858.48 
 
 23:56.58 
 
 2814.27 
 
 3770.86 
 
 4727.04 
 
 !l28 
 
 903.4 1 
 
 1:582.19 
 
 1621.55 
 
 1860.91 
 
 2339.64 
 
 2817.77 
 
 3775.83 
 
 4733.28 
 
 .129 
 
 904.60 
 
 1383.98 
 
 1623.66 
 
 1863.34 
 
 2:542.70 
 
 2*21 .27 
 
 3780.80 
 
 4739.53 
 
 .130 
 
 905.76 
 
 1385.77 
 
 1625.77 
 
 1865.77 
 
 2:545.77 
 
 2825.77 
 
 3785.78 
 
 4745.78 
 
 1.131 
 
 906.91 
 
 1387.56 
 
 1627.88 
 
 1868.20 
 
 2348.84 
 
 2829.47 
 
 3790.76 
 
 4752.03 
 
 1.132 
 
 908.06 
 
 1389.35 
 
 1629.99 
 
 1870.63 
 
 2351.91 
 
 2833.18 
 
 3795.74 
 
 4758.29 
 
 1.133 
 
 909.22 
 
 1391.14 
 
 1632.10 
 
 1873.06 
 
 2:!54 98 
 
 2830.89 
 
 3600.72 
 
 4765.55 
 
 1.134 
 
 910.38 
 
 1392.93 
 
 1634.21 
 
 1875.49 
 
 2358.05 
 
 2840.60 
 
 3805.70 
 
 4771.81
 
 271 
 
 Depth 
 Weir. 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIE. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 4 Feel. Feet. 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 
 
 16 Feet. 
 
 20Fet. 
 
 1.135 
 
 !11.54 1394.73 1636.33 
 
 1877.92 
 
 2361.12 
 
 2844.31 i 3810.69 
 
 4777.07 
 
 1.136 
 
 912.69i 1396.52 1638.44 
 
 1880.35 
 
 2364.19 
 
 2848.02, 3815.68 
 
 4783.34 
 
 1.137 
 
 in:;.*! 1398.32. 1640.55 
 
 1882.79 
 
 2:367.26 
 
 2851.73 3820.67 
 
 4789.61 
 
 1.138 
 
 915.00 1400.12J 1642.67 
 
 1885.23 
 
 2370 .:i3 
 
 2*55.44 3825.66 
 
 4795.S8 
 
 1.139 
 
 916.16 1401.92 
 
 1644.79 
 
 1887.67 
 
 2373.41 
 
 2859.16 
 
 3830.66 
 
 4802.15 
 
 1.140 
 
 917.32 
 
 1403.72 
 
 1646.91 
 
 1890.10 
 
 2376.49 
 
 2862.88 
 
 3835.66 
 
 4808.43 
 
 1.141 
 
 918.48 
 
 141)5.52 
 
 J49.03 
 
 1*92.54 
 
 2379.57 
 
 2866.60 
 
 3840.66 
 
 4814.71 
 
 1.142 
 
 919.64 
 
 1407.32 
 
 1651.15 
 
 1894.98 
 
 23S2.65 
 
 2870.32 
 
 3845.66 
 
 4820.99 
 
 1.143 
 
 920.80 
 
 1409.12 
 
 1653.27 
 
 1897.42 
 
 2385.73 
 
 2874.04 
 
 3850.66 
 
 4827.27 
 
 1.144 
 
 9'.' 1.96 
 
 1410.92 
 
 1654.39 
 
 1899.86 
 
 2388.81 
 
 2877.76 
 
 3855. (56 
 
 4*33.56 
 
 1.145 
 
 923.12 
 
 1412.72 
 
 1657.51 
 
 1902.31 
 
 2391.90 
 
 2881.49 
 
 3860.67 
 
 4839.85 
 
 1.146 
 
 924.28 
 
 1414.52 
 
 ia59.63 
 
 1904.75 
 
 2394.98 
 
 2885.22 
 
 38(55.68 
 
 4846.14 
 
 1.147 
 
 1(25.44 
 
 1416.32 
 
 1661.75 
 
 1907.19 
 
 2398.07 
 
 2888.95 
 
 3870.69 
 
 4852.44 
 
 *.148 
 
 926.60 
 
 1418.12 
 
 1663.87 
 
 1909.63 
 
 2401.16 
 
 2892.68 
 
 3875.70 
 
 4858.74 
 
 1.149 
 
 927.76 
 
 1419.92 
 
 1665.00 
 
 1912.08 
 
 2404.25 
 
 2896.41 
 
 3880.72 
 
 48(55.04 
 
 1.150 
 
 928.93 
 
 1421.73 
 
 1668.13 
 
 1914.53 
 
 2407.34 
 
 2900.14 
 
 3885.74 
 
 4871.34 
 
 1.151 
 
 9:30.09 
 
 1423.53 
 
 1670.26 
 
 1916.98 
 
 241C.4:; 
 
 2903.87 
 
 3890.76 
 
 4877.65 
 
 1.152 
 
 931.25 
 
 1425.: !4 
 
 1672.39 
 
 1919.43 
 
 2413.52 
 
 2907.60 
 
 3895.78 
 
 4883.96 
 
 1.15:1 
 
 932.41 
 
 1427.15 
 
 1674.52 
 
 1921.88 
 
 2416.61 
 
 2911.35 
 
 3900.80 
 
 4890.27 
 
 1.154 
 
 i:;;;.57 
 
 1428.96 
 
 1676.65 
 
 1924.33 
 
 2419.71 
 
 2915.09 
 
 3905.82 
 
 4S96.58 
 
 1.155 
 
 934.74 
 
 143077 
 
 1678.78 
 
 1926.79 
 
 2422.81 
 
 2918.83 
 
 3910.86 
 
 4902.90 
 
 1.1 56 
 
 935.90 
 
 1432.58 
 
 1680.90 
 
 1929.24 
 
 2425.91 
 
 2922.57 
 
 3915.89 
 
 4909.22 
 
 1.157 
 
 937.06 
 
 14:54.39 
 
 1683.02 
 
 1931.69 
 
 2429.01 
 
 2926.31 
 
 3920.92 
 
 4915.56 
 
 1.158 
 
 938.23 
 
 [436.20 
 
 1685.15 
 
 1934.14 
 
 2432.11 
 
 2930.05 
 
 3925.96 
 
 4921.89 
 
 1.159 
 
 939.40 
 
 1438.01 
 
 1687.28 
 
 1936.60 
 
 2435.21 
 
 2933.80 
 
 3931.00 
 
 4928.19 
 
 1.160 
 
 940.57 
 
 1439.82 
 
 1689.44 
 
 1939.06 
 
 2438.31 
 
 2937.55 
 
 3936.04 
 
 4934.52 
 
 1.161 
 
 941.73 
 
 1441.63 
 
 1691.55 
 
 1941.52 
 
 2441.41 
 
 2941.30 
 
 3941.08 
 
 4940.85 
 
 1.162 
 
 942.90 
 
 1443.45 
 
 1693.69 
 
 1943.98 
 
 2444.51 
 
 2945.05 
 
 3946.12 
 
 4947.19 
 
 1.163 
 
 944.07 
 
 1445.27 
 
 1695.83 
 
 1946.44 
 
 2447.62 
 
 2948.80 
 
 3951.16 
 
 4953.53 
 
 1.164 
 
 945.24 
 
 1447.09 
 
 1697.97 
 
 1948.90 
 
 2450.73 
 
 2952.55 
 
 3956.21 
 
 4959.87 
 
 1.165 
 
 946.41 
 
 1448.89 
 
 1700.12 
 
 1951.% 
 
 2453.84 
 
 2956.31 
 
 3961.26 
 
 4966.21 
 
 1.166 
 
 947.57 
 
 1450.70 
 
 17(12.2(1 
 
 19.54.82 
 
 2456.95 
 
 29(30.07 
 
 39*56.31 
 
 4972.56 
 
 1.167 
 
 948.74 
 
 1452.51 
 
 1704.40 
 
 1957.28 
 
 2460.06 
 
 2963.83 
 
 3971.36 
 
 4978.91 
 
 1.168 
 
 949.91 
 
 1454.33 
 
 1706.54 
 
 1959.74 
 
 2463.17 
 
 2967.59 
 
 3976.41 
 
 4985.26 
 
 1.169 
 
 951.08 
 
 1456.15 
 
 1708.68 
 
 1962.21 
 
 246(3.28 
 
 2971.35 
 
 3981.47 
 
 4991.61 
 
 1.170 
 
 952.25 
 
 1457.97 
 
 1710.83 
 
 1963.68 
 
 2469.40 
 
 2975.11 
 
 3986.54 
 
 4997.96 
 
 1.171 
 
 953.42 
 
 1459.89 
 
 1712.97 
 
 1966.15 
 
 2472.51 
 
 2978.87 
 
 3991.60 
 
 5004.32 
 
 1.172 
 
 954.59 
 
 1461.71 
 
 1715.11 
 
 1968.62 
 
 2475.63 
 
 2982.64 
 
 39!(6.6G 5010.68 
 
 1.173 
 
 955.76 
 
 1463.53 
 
 1717.25 
 
 1971.09 
 
 2478.75 
 
 2986.41 
 
 4001.76, 5017.04 
 
 1.174 
 
 956.93 
 
 1465.35 
 
 1719.40 
 
 1973.56 
 
 2481.87 
 
 2990.18 
 
 4006.83 5023.41 
 
 1.175 
 
 958.11 
 
 1467.07 
 
 1721.55 
 
 1976.03 
 
 2484.99 
 
 2993.95 
 
 4011.86 5029.78 
 
 1.176 
 
 9511.28 
 
 1468.89 
 
 1723.70 
 
 1978.50 
 
 2488.11 
 
 2997.72 
 
 4016.1(3 5036.15 
 
 1.177 
 
 960.45 
 
 1470.71 
 
 1725.85 
 
 1980.97 
 
 2491.23 
 
 3001.49 
 
 4022.00. 5042.52 
 
 1.178 
 
 961.62 
 
 1 (72.53 
 
 1728.00 
 
 1983.44 
 
 2494.35 
 
 3005.26 
 
 4027.08 5048.90 
 
 1.179 
 
 1(62.80 
 
 1474.36 
 
 17:30.15 
 
 1985.92 
 
 2497.48 
 
 3009.04 
 
 4032.16' 5055.20 
 
 1.18(1 
 
 963.98 
 
 1476.19 
 
 1732.30 
 
 1988.40 
 
 2500.61 
 
 3012.82 
 
 4037.24 5061.66 
 
 1.181 
 
 965.15 
 
 1478.01 
 
 1734.45 
 
 1990.84 
 
 2503.87 
 
 3016.60 
 
 4042.32 5068.05 
 
 1.182 
 1.18:; 
 
 966.32 
 967.49 
 
 1479.84 
 1481.67 
 
 1736.60 
 1738.75 
 
 1993.29 
 1995.74 
 
 2506.87 
 2510.00 
 
 3020.38 
 3024.16 
 
 4047.40; 5074.44 
 4052.49' 5080.83 
 
 1.184 
 
 968.67 
 
 1483.50 
 
 1740.90 
 
 1998.19 
 
 2513.13 
 
 3027.94 
 
 4057.581 5087.22 
 
 1.185 
 
 1(69.85 
 
 1485.33 
 
 1743.06 
 
 2000.80 
 
 2516.27 
 
 3031.73 
 
 4062.67! 5093.61 
 
 1.186 
 
 971.02 
 
 1487.16 
 
 1745.21 
 
 2003.28 
 
 2519.40 
 
 3035.52 
 
 4067.76 
 
 5100.01 
 
 1.187 
 
 972.20 
 
 1488.99 
 
 1747.36 
 
 2005.7*; 
 
 2522.53 
 
 3039.31 
 
 4072.76 
 
 5106.41 
 
 1.188 
 
 973.38 
 
 1490.82 
 
 1749.52 
 
 2008.24 
 
 2525.117 
 
 3043.10 
 
 4077.86 
 
 5112.81 
 
 1.189 
 
 974.56 
 
 1492.65 
 
 1751.68 
 
 201(1.72 
 
 2528.S1 
 
 3046.89 
 
 4082.96 
 
 5119.22 
 
 1.190 
 
 975.74 
 
 1494.48 
 
 1753.84 
 
 2013.21 
 
 25:; 1.95 
 
 : 150.68 
 
 4088.15 
 
 5125.63 
 
 1.191 
 
 976.91 
 
 149(1.31 
 
 1756.0(1 
 
 2015.69 
 
 2535.09 
 
 3054.47 
 
 4093.25 
 
 5132.04 
 
 L192 
 
 978.09 
 
 1498.14 
 
 1758.16 
 
 2018.18 
 
 2538.23 
 
 3058.27 
 
 4098.36 
 
 5138.45
 
 272 
 
 Depth 
 Weir. 
 
 F. 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 4 Feet. 
 
 6 Feet. 
 
 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 
 
 16 Feet. 
 
 20 Feet. 
 
 1.193 
 
 979.27 
 
 1499.97 
 
 1760.32 
 
 2020.67 
 
 2.541.37 
 
 3062.07 
 
 4103.47 
 
 5144.86 
 
 1.194 
 
 980.45 
 
 1501.80 
 
 1762.58 
 
 2023.16 
 
 2544.51 
 
 3065.87 
 
 4108.58 
 
 5131.28 
 
 1.195 
 
 981.63 
 
 1503.64 
 
 1704.65 
 
 2025.05 
 
 2547.06 
 
 3009.07 
 
 4113.69 
 
 5157.70! 
 
 1.196 
 
 982.81 
 
 1505.47 
 
 1760.81 
 
 2028.14 
 
 2550.80 
 
 30T3.T 
 
 4118.80 
 
 5104.12 
 
 1.197 
 
 983.99 
 
 1507.31 
 
 1708.97 
 
 2030.03 
 
 2553.95 
 
 3077.27 
 
 4123.91 
 
 5170.55 
 
 1.198 
 
 985.17 
 
 1509.15 
 
 1771.13 
 
 2033.12 
 
 2557.10 
 
 3081.07 
 
 4129.03 
 
 5176.98 
 
 1.199 
 
 986.35 
 
 1510.99 
 
 1773.30 
 
 20::5.02 
 
 2.500.25 
 
 3084.88 
 
 4134.25 
 
 5183.41 
 
 1.200 
 
 987.54 
 
 1512.83 
 
 1775.47 
 
 2038.12 
 
 2503.40 
 
 3088.69 
 
 4139.27 
 
 5189.84 
 
 1.201 
 
 988.72 
 
 1514.67 
 
 1777.64 
 
 2(40.01 
 
 25011.55 
 
 3092.50 
 
 4144.29 
 
 5196.28 
 
 1.202 
 
 989.90 
 
 1516.51 
 
 1779.81 
 
 2043.10 
 
 2569.70 
 
 3096.31 
 
 4149.41 
 
 5202.72 
 
 i.'.'o:; 
 
 991.08 
 
 1518.&5 
 
 1781.98 
 
 2045.00 
 
 2572.86 
 
 3100.12 
 
 4154.54 
 
 5209. Iti 
 
 1.20*1 
 
 992.26 
 
 1520.19 
 
 1784.15 
 
 2048.10 
 
 2576.02 
 
 3103.93 
 
 4159.67 
 
 5235.60 
 
 1.205 
 
 993.45 
 
 1522.03 
 
 1786.32 
 
 2050.60 
 
 2579.18 
 
 3107.75 
 
 4164.90 
 
 5222.05 
 
 1.206 
 
 994.63 
 
 1523.S7 
 
 1788.49 
 
 2053.10 
 
 25S2.34 
 
 3111.57 
 
 4170.03 
 
 5228.50 
 
 1.207 
 
 995.81 
 
 1525.71 
 
 1790.66 
 
 2055.00 
 
 25X5.50 
 
 3115.39 
 
 4175.17 
 
 5234.95 
 
 1.208 
 
 996.99 
 
 1527.55 
 
 1792.83 
 
 2058.10 
 
 2588.00 
 
 3119.21 
 
 4180.31 
 
 5241.40 
 
 1.20!) 
 
 998.18 
 
 1529.40 
 
 1795.00 
 
 2060.00 
 
 2591.82 
 
 3123.03 
 
 4185.45 
 
 5247.XI! 
 
 1.210 
 
 999.37 
 
 1531.25 
 
 1797.18 
 
 2063.11 
 
 2594.98 
 
 3126.85 
 
 4190.59 
 
 5254.32 
 
 1.211 
 
 1000.56 
 
 1533.09 
 
 1799.35 
 
 2005.01 
 
 2598.14 
 
 3130.67 
 
 4195.73 
 
 5260.78 
 
 1.212 
 
 1001.75 
 
 1534.93 
 
 1801.52 
 
 2068.12 
 
 2601.31 
 
 3134.49 
 
 4200.87 
 
 5207.24 
 
 1.213 
 
 1002.94 
 
 1536.78 
 
 1803.70 
 
 2070.63 
 
 2004.48 
 
 3138.32 
 
 4200.21 
 
 5273.71 
 
 1.214 
 
 1004.13 
 
 1538.03 
 
 1805. 8S 
 
 2073.14 
 
 2607.65 
 
 3142.15 
 
 4211.17 
 
 5280.18 
 
 1.215 
 
 1005.31 
 
 1540.48 
 
 1808.06 
 
 2075.65 
 
 2610.82 
 
 3145.98 
 
 4216.32 
 
 5286.05 
 
 1.2 Iti 
 
 1006.49 
 
 1542.33 
 
 1810.24 
 
 2078.16 
 
 2613.99 
 
 3149.81 
 
 4221.47 
 
 5293.13 
 
 1.217 
 
 1007.68 
 
 1544.18 
 
 1S12.44 
 
 2080.07 
 
 2617.16 
 
 3153.64 
 
 4226.62 
 
 5299.01 
 
 1.218 
 
 1008.87 
 
 1546.03 
 
 1814.62 
 
 2083.18 
 
 2620.33 
 
 3157.47 
 
 4231.78 
 
 5306.09 
 
 1.219 
 
 1010.06 
 
 1547.88 
 
 1816.80 
 
 2085.09 
 
 202: ',.50 
 
 3161.31 
 
 4236.94 
 
 5312.57 
 
 1.220 
 
 1011.25 
 
 1549.73 
 
 1818.97 
 
 2088.20 
 
 2026.68 
 
 3165.15 
 
 4242.10 
 
 5319.05 
 
 1.221 
 
 1012.44 
 
 1551.58 
 
 1821.15 
 
 2090.71 
 
 2629.85 
 
 3168.99 
 
 4247.20 
 
 5325.54 
 
 1.222 
 
 1013.63 
 
 1553.43 
 
 1823.33 
 
 2093.22 
 
 2633.03 
 
 3172.83 
 
 4252.43 
 
 5332.03 
 
 1.223 
 
 1014.82 
 
 1555.28 
 
 1825.S2 
 
 2095.74 
 
 263621 
 
 3176.67 
 
 4257.60 
 
 5338.52 
 
 1.224 
 
 1010.01 
 
 1557.14 
 
 1827.71 
 
 201)8.20 
 
 2639.38 
 
 3 1X0.51 
 
 4262.77 
 
 5345.nl 
 
 1 .225 
 
 1017.20 
 
 1559.00 
 
 1829.89 
 
 2100.78 
 
 2042.57 
 
 3184.36 
 
 4267.94 
 
 5351.51 
 
 1.221! 
 
 1018.39 
 
 1.560.85 
 
 1832.07 
 
 2lo.-i.30 
 
 2645.75 
 
 3188.20 
 
 4273.11 
 
 5(58.01 
 
 1.227 
 
 1019.58 
 
 1502.70 
 
 1834.20 
 
 210.VX2 
 
 2648.93 
 
 3192.05 
 
 4278.28 
 
 5364.51 
 
 1.228 
 
 1020.77 
 
 1504.50 
 
 1S30.45 
 
 2108.34 
 
 2652.12 
 
 3195.90 
 
 4283.46 
 
 5371.02 
 
 1.229 
 
 1021.96 
 
 1560.42 
 
 1838.64 
 
 2110.86 
 
 2055.31 
 
 3199.75 
 
 4288.64 
 
 5377.53 
 
 1.230 
 1.231 
 
 1023.16 
 1024.35 
 
 150X.28 
 157(1.14 
 
 1840.83 
 1843.02 
 
 2113.39 
 2115.91 
 
 2658.50 
 2001.09 
 
 3203.00 
 3207.45 
 
 4293.82 
 4299.00 
 
 53X4.04 
 5390.55 
 
 1.232 
 
 1025.54 
 
 1572.00 
 
 1845.21 
 
 2118.431 2664.88 
 
 3211.30 
 
 4304.19 
 
 5397.07 
 
 1.2:;:: 
 
 1026.74 
 
 1573.86 
 
 1847.40 
 
 2120.95; 2668.07 
 
 3215.10 
 
 4309.3X 
 
 5303.59 
 
 1.234 
 
 1027.94 
 
 1575.72 
 
 1849.59 
 
 2123.48 2671.26 
 
 3219.02 4314.5X 
 
 5310.11 
 
 1.2.% 
 
 1029.14 
 
 1577.58 
 
 1851.79 
 
 2126.01 2674.45 3222.88 4319.76 
 
 5416.63 
 
 1.23G 
 
 1090.33 
 
 1579.44 
 
 1853.98 
 
 2128.54' 2C.77.04 3226.74' 4324.75 
 
 5423.18 
 
 1.237 
 
 1031.52 
 
 1581.30 
 
 1856.18 
 
 2131.48 
 
 20S0.83 3230.60 
 
 4329.95 
 
 .5429.71 
 
 1.238 
 
 1032.72 
 
 1583.16 
 
 1858.38 
 
 21&3.60 
 
 2084.03 3224.46 
 
 4335.15 
 
 5436.24 
 
 1.2.39 
 
 1033.92 
 
 1585.02 
 
 1860.58 
 
 2136.13 
 
 20X7.23' 3238.33 
 
 4340.35 
 
 5442.77 
 
 1.240 
 
 1035.12 
 
 1586.89 
 
 1862.78 
 
 2138.66 
 
 2090.43! 3242.20 
 
 4345.74 
 
 5449.28 
 
 1.241 
 
 1036.31 
 
 1588.75 
 
 1864.98 
 
 2141.19 
 
 209.-i.63; 3246.07 
 
 4350.94 
 
 5555.82 
 
 1.242 
 
 1037.51 
 
 1590.61 
 
 1867.18 
 
 2143.72 
 
 2090.x:; :!-_M:I.:H 
 
 4a56.14 
 
 5562.36 
 
 1.243 
 
 1038.71 
 
 1592.48 
 
 1869.3X 
 
 2140.25 
 
 2700.03 :!-.'.-,::.xi 
 
 4361.35 
 
 5508.90 
 
 1.244 1039.91 
 
 1594.35 
 
 1871.58 
 
 2148.79 
 
 2703.23 3257.0X 
 
 4:366.56 
 
 5575.45 
 
 1.245 1041.11 
 
 1596.22 
 
 1873.78 
 
 2151.S 
 
 2706.44] 3261.55 
 
 4371.77 
 
 5482.00 
 
 1.246 1042.31 
 
 1598.09 
 
 1875.98 
 
 2153.86 
 
 2709.64 3265.42 
 
 4376.98 
 
 5488.55 
 
 1.247 1043.51 
 
 1599.96 
 
 1878.18 
 
 2150.41 
 
 2712.X5 320-I.30 
 
 43X2.20 
 
 5495.10 
 
 1.248 1044.71 
 
 1601.83 
 
 1880.38 
 
 2158.94 
 
 2716.06! 3273.18 
 
 4387.42 
 
 5501.65 
 
 1.249 1045.91 
 
 1603.70 
 
 1882.59 
 
 2161.48 
 
 2719.27 3277.06 
 
 4392.04 
 
 5508.21 
 
 1.2.50 1047.11 
 
 1605.57 
 
 1884.80 
 
 2164.02 
 
 2722.481 3280.94 
 
 4397.86 
 
 6014.77
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 4 Feet. 6 Feet. 
 
 1048.31 
 1049.51 
 1050.71 
 1051.91 
 1053.11 
 10.54.31 
 1055.51 
 10.50.71 
 1057.91 
 I o.v.i. 1 2 
 1000.3L- 
 1001.52 
 1002.72 
 
 1005.14 
 
 1000.02 
 1007. s;; 
 
 1070.25 
 1071.19 
 1072.40 
 
 107.-i.01 
 1074.82 
 
 1077.24 
 1078.45 
 
 1079.00 
 1080.87 
 1082.08 
 iox.3.29 
 1084.50 
 1085.71 
 1080.91 
 1087.12 
 
 1090.56 
 
 1091.77 
 
 1095.43 
 101(0.01 
 
 1099.07 
 1100.29 
 1101.51 
 1102.72 
 
 110.5.15 
 1100.37 
 1107.59 
 1108.81 
 1110.0.3 
 1111.25 
 1112.47 
 1113.69 
 1114.91 
 1116.13 
 1117.35 
 
 loii7.ll 
 
 10(111.31 
 1011.18 
 
 1013.11.1 
 1014.93 
 1010. SI) 
 1018.07 
 1020.55 
 
 1 1:22. 13 
 1624.31 
 
 I02X.OO 
 1029.91 
 1031.X2 
 1033.70 
 I035.5S 
 1637.46 
 10311.34 
 1041.22 
 1043.11 
 1011.99 
 
 1648.77 
 
 '0.50.00 
 1052.51 
 1054.41' 
 1050.31 
 105S.2II 
 1000.09 
 
 1005.77 
 
 10011.55 
 1071.43 
 1073.31.' 
 1075.2 
 1677.10 
 1079.KII 
 
 1701.80 
 1703.70 
 171)5.60 
 1707.50 
 1709.41 
 1711.31 
 1713.22 
 1715.13 
 
 1X1)1.41 
 ISlt.3.02 
 
 11)02.40 
 1904.67 
 I900.X9 
 
 1911.31 
 
 11)13.53 
 11)15.75 
 11)17.117 
 
 11)22.41 
 11)24.03 
 
 1929.07 
 1931.29 
 11(33.51 
 1935.73 
 11137.95 
 1940.18 
 1942.40 
 1944.63 
 1946.86 
 1949.09 
 1951.3,2 
 1953.55 
 1955.7S 
 1958.01 
 1960.21 
 1902.47 
 1904.70 
 1900.93 
 
 1971.40 
 
 1973.04 
 1975.85 
 1978.11 
 19X11.35 
 1982.59 
 
 19X7.07 
 19X9.31 
 1991.55 
 1993.80 
 1996.08 
 
 2000.53 
 2(102.77 
 
 JIHI5.II-.' 
 
 2007.27 
 2009.52 
 2011.77 
 2014.02 
 
 Feet. 10 Feet. 12 Feet. 16 Feet. 20 Feet. 
 
 2106.50 
 2109.10 
 2171.04 
 2174.19 
 2170.74 
 2179.28 
 21X1.83 
 2184.38 
 
 21x9.48 
 
 2191.58 
 2197.13 
 
 22111.79 
 2207. 34 
 
 221 ill. 90 
 2212.10 
 22 15 j 12 
 2217.5X 
 2220.14 
 2222.70 
 
 2227.x:i 
 
 223H.39 
 2232.95 
 2235.52 
 
 2213.2;; 
 
 2245. XII 
 2248.37 
 
 2253.51 
 
 225X.05 
 2201.22 
 2203. XI I 
 2200.3X 
 22CX.DO 
 2271.54 
 2274.12 
 2270.70 
 2279.28 
 22X1.80 
 
 22X7 J >2 
 2289.01 
 2292.20 
 2291.7X 
 2297.30 
 
 2302.51 
 23,05.13 
 2307.72 
 2310.31 
 2313.90 
 
 2725.09 
 272X.90 
 2732.11 
 2735.33 
 273X.55 
 2741.77 
 2741.99 
 2748.21 
 2751.43 
 2754.05 
 2757.87 
 2701.09 
 2704.32 
 2767.55 
 2770.78 
 2774.01 
 2777.21 
 27X0.47 
 27X3.70 
 2780.94 
 2790.17 
 2793.41 
 2790.05 
 
 2803.13 
 
 2X09.01 
 2812.X5 
 2816.09 
 2X19.3,1 
 
 2X25.S1 
 
 2X12.09 
 2X15.31 
 
 2X04.90 
 2868.16 
 2871.42 
 2874.68 
 2877.95 
 
 2X91.30 
 2897.57 
 290<).xr, 
 2904.12 
 2907.40 
 2910.6X 
 
 32X4.X2 
 3,288.70 
 
 3302.70 
 3300.07 
 3370. 5X 
 33,71.50 
 337X.42
 
 274 
 
 Depth 
 WSr. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 4 Feet. 
 
 6 Feet. 
 
 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 
 
 16 Feet. 
 
 20 Feet. 
 
 1.309 
 
 1118.52 
 
 1717.04 
 
 2016.27 
 
 2316.49 
 
 2913.96 
 
 3512.42 
 
 | 
 4709.34 5906.26 
 
 1.310 
 
 1119.80 
 
 1718.95 
 
 2018.52 
 
 2318.09 
 
 2917.24 
 
 3516.39 
 
 4714.68 
 
 r,9l2.97 
 
 1.311 
 
 1121.62 
 
 1720.86 
 
 2020.77 
 
 2320.68 
 
 2920.52 
 
 3520.36 
 
 4720.02' 5919.68 
 
 1.312 
 
 1122.24 
 
 1722.77 
 
 2023.02 
 
 2323.28 
 
 25)23.80 
 
 3524.33 
 
 4725.36 5926.39 
 
 1.313 
 
 1123.47 
 
 1724.68 
 
 2025.27 
 
 232.-,.S,S 
 
 2927.08 
 
 3528.30 
 
 4730.70: 5933.11 
 
 1.314 
 
 1124.70 
 
 1726.59 
 
 2027.53 
 
 2328.48 
 
 2930.37 
 
 3532.27 
 
 4736.04 5939.89 
 
 1.315 
 
 1125.92 
 
 1728.50 
 
 2029.79 
 
 2331.08 
 
 21)33.66 
 
 3536.24 
 
 4741.40' 5946.55 
 
 1.316 
 
 1127.36 
 
 1730.41 
 
 2032.04 
 
 2333.68 
 
 2936.94 
 
 3540.21 
 
 4746.75, 5953.28 
 
 1.317 
 
 1128.59 
 
 1732.32 
 
 2034.29 
 
 2336.28 
 
 2940.23 
 
 3544.18 
 
 4752.10 5960.01 
 
 1.318 
 
 1129.81 
 
 1734.23 
 
 2036.55 
 
 2338.88 
 
 2943.52 
 
 3048.18 
 
 4757.45 
 
 5906.74 
 
 1.319 
 
 1131.04 
 
 1736.14 
 
 2038.81 
 
 2341.48 
 
 2946.81 
 
 3552.16 
 
 4762.80 
 
 5973.47 
 
 1.320 
 
 1132.04 
 
 1738.06 
 
 2041.07 
 
 2344.08 
 
 2950.10 
 
 3556.12 
 
 4768.16 
 
 T,980.20 
 
 1.321 
 
 1133.26 
 
 1739.97 
 
 2043.33 
 
 2346.68 
 
 25)55.39 
 
 3560. 1( 
 
 4773.52 
 
 5986.94 
 
 1.322 
 
 1134.48 
 
 1741.88 
 
 204-,.;-,!) 
 
 2349.28 
 
 2956.68 
 
 35(14.08 
 
 4778.88 
 
 5993.68 
 
 1.323 
 
 1135.71 
 
 1743.80 
 
 2047.85 
 
 2:351 .89 
 
 295!).!)7 
 
 3568.06 
 
 4784.24 
 
 6000.42 
 
 1.324 
 
 1136.94 
 
 1745.72 
 
 2050.11 
 
 2354.50 
 
 2963.07 
 
 3572.05 
 
 4789.60 
 
 6007.16 
 
 1.325 
 
 1138.17 
 
 1747.64 
 
 2052.38 
 
 2357.11 
 
 29(50.57 
 
 3576.04 
 
 4794.97 
 
 6013.90 
 
 1.326 
 
 1139.39 
 
 1749.56 
 
 2054.64 
 
 2359.72 
 
 296!).87 
 
 3580.03 
 
 4800-36 
 
 6020.65 
 
 1.327 
 
 1140.62 
 
 1751.48 
 
 2056.90 
 
 2362.33 
 
 2973.17 
 
 3584.02 4805.73 
 
 6027.40 
 
 1.328 
 
 1141.85 
 
 1753.40 
 
 2059.16 
 
 2364.94 
 
 2976.47 
 
 3588.01J 4811.10 
 
 6034.15 
 
 1.329 
 
 1143.08 
 
 1755.32 
 
 2061.43 
 
 2367.55 
 
 2979.77 
 
 355)2.00 4816.47 
 
 6040.91 
 
 1.330 
 
 1144.31 
 
 1757.24 
 
 20(13.70 
 
 2370.16 
 
 2983.07 
 
 3595.99; 4821.83 
 
 6047.67 
 
 1.331 
 
 1145.54 
 
 1759.16 
 
 2065.96 
 
 2372.77 
 
 2986.37 
 
 35!)!).!)8 4827.21 
 
 6054.43 
 
 1.332 
 
 1146.77 
 
 1761.08 
 
 2068.23 
 
 2375.38 
 
 2!89.08 
 
 3603.5)8 4832.59 
 
 6061.19 
 
 1.333 
 
 1148.00 
 
 1763.90 
 
 2070.50 
 
 2377.99 
 
 2992.99 
 
 3607.98 4837.97 
 
 0067.96 
 
 1.334 
 
 
 1704.92 
 
 2072.77 
 
 2380.61 
 
 2990. 3(. 
 
 361 1 .98 4843.35 
 
 (J074.7;- 
 
 l!335 
 
 
 1706X5 
 
 2075.04 
 
 2383^23 
 
 2999X1 
 
 3615196 4848.74 
 
 6081 !oO 
 
 1.336 
 
 
 1768.77 
 
 2077.31 
 
 2385.84 
 
 3002.92 
 
 3619.98 4854.13J 6088.27 
 
 1.337 
 
 
 1770.69 
 
 2079.58 
 
 2388.46 
 
 3000.23 
 
 3623.98 4859.521 6095.04 
 
 1.338 
 
 
 1772.60 
 
 2081.85 
 
 2391.08 
 
 3009.*! 
 
 3627.99 4864.91 j 6101.82 
 
 1.33 
 
 
 1774.53 
 
 2084.12 
 
 2393.70 
 
 3012.85 
 
 3632.00 4870.20! 6108.60 
 
 1 34C 
 
 
 1776 47 
 
 2! IS!). 10 
 
 2396.32 
 
 3016. 11 
 
 3636.01 -1875.70 6115 3 
 
 L341 
 
 
 1778!39 
 
 2088167 
 
 2398194 
 
 3019!48 
 
 364IUI2 4881.11 6122! 17 
 
 1.342 
 
 
 1780.32 
 
 2090.94 
 
 2401.56 
 
 3022.79 
 
 3644.03 4886.52 OJ28.5N 
 
 1.343 
 
 
 
 1782.25 
 
 2093.21 
 
 2404.18 
 
 3026.11 
 
 .".648.04 4891.93; 6135.75 
 
 1.344 
 
 
 1784.18 
 
 2095.49 
 
 2406.80 
 
 3029.43 
 
 3052.05 4897.34 6142.54 
 
 1.345 
 
 
 1786.11 
 
 2097.77 
 
 2409.43 
 
 3032.75 
 
 3656.06 4902.70 6149.33 
 
 L346 
 
 
 
 178s!o4 
 
 2100.05 
 
 2412.06 
 
 3036.07 
 
 3660.08 4908.22' 6156J3 
 
 1.347 
 
 
 1789.97 
 
 2102.33 
 
 2414.68 
 
 3039.39 
 
 3(564.10 4913.651 6162.93 
 
 1.348 
 
 
 
 1791.90 
 
 2104.61 
 
 2417.31 
 
 3042.71 
 
 3668.12 4919.08 6169.73 
 
 1.349 
 
 
 1793.83 
 
 2106.89 
 
 2419.94 
 
 3046.03 
 
 3672.14 4924.51 6176.53 
 
 1.35( 
 
 
 1795.77 
 
 2109 17 
 
 2422.57 
 
 3049 36 
 
 3676 16 4929.75 6183 34 
 
 1.891 
 
 
 1797 JO 
 
 2111.45 
 
 2425.20 
 
 3052.68 
 
 3680.18 4935.17! 6190.15 
 
 1.352 
 
 
 1799.63 
 
 2113.73 
 
 2427.83 
 
 3050.01 
 
 3684.20 4940.59 6196.96 
 
 1.353 
 
 
 1801.56 
 
 2116.01 
 
 2430.46 
 
 3059.34 
 
 3688.22, 4946.01] 6203.77 
 
 1.35-1 
 
 
 IS 03 5(j 
 
 2118.29 
 
 1^4; ;;;.();) 
 
 3062.67 
 
 3692.25 -tnr.i .wl 9in no 
 
 l!.3o5 
 
 
 1805144 
 
 212o!58 
 
 2435.72 
 
 3066 !()0 
 
 3!)9(1.'28 
 
 4956.85, 6217.41 
 
 1.356 
 
 
 
 1807.37 
 
 2122.86 
 
 2438.35 
 
 3069.33 
 
 3700.31 
 
 49(52.27 1 6224.23 
 
 1.357 
 
 
 1809.31 
 
 2125.14 
 
 2440.98 
 
 3072.66 
 
 3704.34 
 
 4967.70 6231.0.-, 
 
 1.358 
 
 
 1811.25 
 
 2127.43 
 
 2443.62 
 
 3075.99 
 
 3708.38 
 
 4973.13 
 
 (5237.88 
 
 1.359 
 
 
 1813.19 
 
 2129.72 
 
 2446.26 
 
 3079.33 
 
 3712.42 
 
 4978.56 
 
 6246..-,! 
 
 1.360 
 
 
 1815.13 
 
 2132.01 
 
 2448.90 
 
 3082.67 
 
 3716.45 
 
 4983.99 6251.54 
 
 1.361 
 
 
 1817.07 
 
 2134.30 
 
 2451. 54 
 
 3086.01 
 
 3720.48 
 
 4989.43 6258.37 
 
 1.362 
 
 
 1819.01 
 
 2136.58 
 
 2454.18 
 
 3089.35 
 
 3724.52 
 
 49514.87 6265.21 
 
 1.363 
 
 
 1820.95 
 
 2138.87 
 
 245(5.82 
 
 3092.69 
 
 3728.56 
 
 .-,000.31 6272.0.-, 
 
 1.364 
 
 
 1822.89 
 
 2141.16 
 
 2459.46 
 
 3096.03 
 
 3732.60 5005.75 6278.89 
 
 1.365 
 
 
 
 1824.83 
 
 2143.46 
 
 2462.10 
 
 3099.37 
 
 3736.64 5011.19 6285.73 
 
 1.366 
 
 
 1826.77 
 
 2145.75 
 
 2464.74 
 
 3102.71 
 
 3740.68! 5016.63 6292.58
 
 275 
 
 Depth 
 Weir. 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 6 Feet. 
 
 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 
 
 16 Feet 
 
 20 Feet. 
 
 1.367 
 
 1828.71 
 
 2148.08 
 
 2467.38 
 
 3106.05 
 
 3744.72 
 
 5022.07 
 
 6299.43 
 
 1.368 
 
 1830.65 
 
 2150.33 
 
 2470.02 
 
 3109.40 
 
 3748.77 
 
 5027.52 
 
 6306.28 
 
 1.3(i!) 
 
 1832.59 
 
 2152.63 
 
 2472.66 
 
 3112.75 
 
 3752.82 
 
 5032.97 
 
 6313.13 
 
 1.370 
 
 1834.54 
 
 2154.93 
 
 2475.32 
 
 3116.10 
 
 3756.87 
 
 5038.42 
 
 6319.98 
 
 1.371 
 
 1836.48 
 
 2157.22 
 
 2477.96 
 
 3119.45 
 
 3760.92 
 
 5043 87 
 
 6326.84 
 
 1.372 
 
 1838.42 
 
 2159.52 
 
 2480.61 
 
 3122.80 
 
 3764.97 
 
 5049.33 
 
 6333.70 
 
 1.373 
 
 1840.37 
 
 2161.82 
 
 24S3.26 
 
 3126.15 
 
 3769.02 
 
 5054.79 
 
 6340.56 
 
 1.374 
 
 1842.32 
 
 2164.12 
 
 2485.91 
 
 3129.50 
 
 3773.07 
 
 5060.25 
 
 6347.42 
 
 1.375 
 
 1844.27 
 
 2166.42 
 
 2488.56 
 
 3132.85 
 
 3777.13 
 
 5065.71 
 
 6354.28 
 
 1.376 
 
 1846.22 
 
 2168.72 
 
 2491.21 
 
 3136.20 
 
 3781.19 
 
 5071.17 
 
 6361.05 
 
 1.377 
 
 1848.17 
 
 2171.02 
 
 2493.86 
 
 3139.55 
 
 3785.25 
 
 5076.63 
 
 6368.02 
 
 1.378 
 
 1850.15 
 
 2173.32 
 
 2496.51 
 
 3142.91 
 
 3789.30 
 
 5082.10 
 
 6374.89 
 
 1.379 
 
 1852.10 
 
 2175.62 
 
 2499.16 
 
 3146.27 
 
 3793.36 
 
 5087.57 
 
 6381.77 
 
 1.38P 
 
 1854.02 
 
 2177.92 
 
 2501.82 
 
 3149.63 
 
 3797.43 
 
 5093.04 
 
 6388.65 
 
 1.381 
 
 1855.97 
 
 2180.22 
 
 2504.47 
 
 3152.99 
 
 3801.49 
 
 5098.51 
 
 6395.53 
 
 1.382 
 
 1857.92 
 
 2182.52 
 
 2507.13 
 
 3156.35 
 
 3806.55 
 
 5103.98 
 
 6402.40 
 
 1 .383 
 
 1859.87 
 
 2184.82 
 
 2509.79 
 
 3159.71 
 
 3810.62 
 
 5109.46 
 
 6409.30 
 
 1.384 
 
 1861.82 
 
 2187.13 
 
 2512.45 
 
 3163.07 
 
 3814.69 
 
 5114.94 
 
 6416.19 
 
 1.383 
 
 1863.78 
 
 2189.44 
 
 2515.11 
 
 3M0.48 
 
 3817.76 
 
 5120.42 
 
 6423.08 
 
 1.386 
 
 1865.73 
 
 2191.74 
 
 2517.77 
 
 3169.79 
 
 3821.83 
 
 5125.90 
 
 6429.97 
 
 1.387 
 
 1867.68 
 
 2194.05 
 
 2520.43 
 
 3173.16 
 
 3825.90 
 
 5131.34 
 
 6436.86 
 
 1.388 
 
 1869.63 
 
 2186-96 
 
 2523.09 
 
 3176.53 
 
 3829.97 
 
 5136.82 
 
 6443.76 
 
 1.389 
 
 1871.69 
 
 2198.67 
 
 2525.75 
 
 3179.90 
 
 3834.05 
 
 5142.31 
 
 6450.66 
 
 1.390 
 
 1873.55 
 
 2200.98 
 
 2528.41 
 
 3183.27 
 
 3838.13 
 
 5147.84 
 
 6457.56 
 
 1.391 
 
 1875.50 
 
 2203.29 
 
 2531.07 
 
 3186.64 
 
 3842.12 
 
 5153.35 
 
 6464.47 
 
 1 .392 
 
 1877.46 
 
 2205.60 
 
 2533.73 
 
 3190.01 
 
 3846.29 
 
 5158.86 
 
 6471.38 
 
 
 1879.42 
 
 2207.91 
 
 2536.40 
 
 3193.38 
 
 3850.37 
 
 5164.38 
 
 6478.29 
 
 ].:;<t) 
 
 1881.38 
 
 2210.22 
 
 2539.07 
 
 3196.75 
 
 3854.45 
 
 5169.90 
 
 6485.20 
 
 l,39r, 
 
 1883.34 
 
 2212.54 
 
 2541.74 
 
 3200.13 
 
 3858.53 
 
 5175.32 
 
 6492.11 
 
 1.3JW 
 
 1885.30 
 
 2214.85 
 
 2544.40 
 
 3203.50 
 
 3862.61 
 
 5180.82 
 
 6499.03 
 
 1.397 
 
 1887.26 
 
 2217.16 
 
 2547.07 
 
 3206.88 
 
 3866.69 
 
 5186.32 
 
 6505.95 
 
 1.398 
 
 1889.22 
 
 2219.47 
 
 2549.74 
 
 3210.26 
 
 3870.78 
 
 5191.82 
 
 6512.87 
 
 1.399 
 
 1891.18 
 
 2221.79 
 
 2552.41 
 
 3213.64 
 
 3875.87 
 
 5197.32 
 
 6519.85 
 
 1.400 
 
 1893.14 
 
 2224.11 
 
 2086.88 
 
 3217.02 
 
 3878.96 
 
 5202.83 
 
 6526.71 
 
 1.401 
 
 1895.10 
 
 2226.43 
 
 2.V,7.7r. 
 
 3220.40 
 
 3883.05 
 
 5208.34 
 
 6533.64 
 
 1.402 
 
 1897.06 
 
 2228.75 2560.42 
 
 3223.78 
 
 3887.14 
 
 5213.85 
 
 6540.57 
 
 1.403 
 
 1899.02 
 
 L'231.07: 2563.09 
 
 3227.16 
 
 3891.23 
 
 5219.36 
 
 6547.50 
 
 1.404 
 
 1900.99 
 
 2233.39 
 
 2565.77 
 
 3230.55 
 
 3895.32 
 
 5224.88 
 
 6545.43 
 
 1.405 
 
 1902.96 
 
 2235.71 
 
 2568.45 
 
 3233.94 
 
 3899.42 
 
 5230.40 
 
 6561.37 
 
 1.406 
 
 1904.92 
 
 2038.03 
 
 2571.12 
 
 3237.32 
 
 3903.52 
 
 5235.92 
 
 6568.29 
 
 1.407 
 
 1906.88 
 
 2040.35 
 
 2573.79 
 
 3240.71 
 
 3907.62 
 
 5239.44 
 
 6575.21 
 
 1.408 
 
 1908.84 
 
 2042.67 
 
 2576.46 
 
 3244.10 
 
 3910.72 
 
 5244.96 
 
 6582.14 
 
 1.409 
 
 1910.81 
 
 2044.99 
 
 2579.13 
 
 3247.49 
 
 3913.82 
 
 5248.48 
 
 6589.17 
 
 1.410 
 
 1912.79 
 
 2247.32 2581.81 
 
 3250.88 
 
 3919.92 
 
 5258.01 
 
 6596.10 
 
 1.411 
 
 1914.76 
 
 2249.64 
 
 2584.94 
 
 3254.27 
 
 3924.02 
 
 5263.54 
 
 6603.05 
 
 1.412 
 
 1916.73 
 
 2251.96 
 
 2587.18 
 
 3257.66 
 
 3928.13 
 
 5267.07 
 
 6610.00 
 
 1.413 
 
 1918.70 
 
 2254.78 
 
 2589.88 
 
 3261.05 
 
 3932.24 
 
 5272.60 
 
 6616.95 
 
 1.414 
 
 1920.67 
 
 2256.61 
 
 2592.58 
 
 3264.45 
 
 3936.35 
 
 5278.13 
 
 6623.91 
 
 1.415 
 
 1922.64 
 
 2258.94 
 
 2595.25 
 
 3267.85 
 
 3940.46 
 
 5285.67 
 
 6630.87 
 
 1.416 
 
 1924.61 
 
 2261.27 
 
 2598.93 
 
 3271.65 
 
 3944.57 
 
 5289.22 
 
 6637.73 
 
 1.417 
 
 1926.58 
 
 2263.60 
 
 2601.61 
 
 3274.05 
 
 3948.68 
 
 5292.76 
 
 6644.60 
 
 1.418 
 
 1928.55 
 
 2289.93 
 
 2604.30 
 
 3279.45 
 
 3955.79 
 
 5296.21 
 
 6651.47 
 
 1.419 
 
 1930.52 
 
 2268.26 
 
 2606.99 
 
 3280.85 
 
 3959.90 
 
 5299.65 
 
 6658.34 
 
 1.420 
 
 1932.50 
 
 2270.59 
 
 2608.68 
 
 3284.85 
 
 3961.02 
 
 5313.37 
 
 6665.71 
 
 1.421 
 
 1934.47 
 
 2272.92 
 
 2611.37 
 
 3288.25 
 
 3965.14 
 
 5318.92 
 
 6672.69 
 
 1.422 
 
 1936.44 
 
 2275.25 
 
 2614.06 
 
 3291.65 
 
 3969.26 
 
 5324.47 
 
 6679.67 
 
 1.423 
 
 1938.42 
 
 2277.58 
 
 2616.75 
 
 3295.05 
 
 3973.38 
 
 5300.02 
 
 6686.65 
 
 1.424 
 
 1940.40 
 
 2279.91 
 
 2619.44 
 
 3298.46 
 
 3977.51 
 
 5335.57 
 
 6693.63
 
 276 
 
 Depth 
 
 Weir. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 6 Feet. 
 
 7 Feet 1 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 1C Feet. 
 
 20 Feet. 
 
 1.425 
 
 1942.38 
 
 2282.25 2622.13 
 
 ;!:101.S7 
 
 3981.62 
 
 5:54 1.1 2 
 
 6700.01 
 
 1.420 
 
 1944.35 
 
 2284.58 2624.83 
 
 8SH5.3B 
 
 3985.73 
 
 5346.67 
 
 6707.60 
 
 1.427 
 
 1946.33 
 
 2286.91 2627.52 
 
 3308.09 
 
 
 5: i.~,2. 23 
 
 6714.59 
 
 1.428 
 
 1948.31 
 
 22S9.25 2630.21 
 
 3312.10 
 
 39S4.TO 
 
 5357.79 
 
 6721.58 
 
 1.429 
 
 1950.29 
 
 2291.59 2632.90 
 
 3315.51 
 
 3998.15 
 
 5363.35 
 
 6728.57 
 
 1.430 
 
 1952.27 
 
 2293.9.'! 20.-J5.00 
 
 3318.93 
 
 4002.25 
 
 5368.91 
 
 6735.57 
 
 1.431 
 
 1954.25 
 
 2296.27 
 
 2638.29 
 
 3322.34 
 
 4006.38 
 
 5374.47 
 
 6742.57 
 
 1.432 
 
 1956.23 
 
 2298.61 
 
 2W0.99 
 
 3325.75 
 
 4010.51 
 
 r,::xu.u| 
 
 674*57 
 
 1.433 
 
 1958.21 
 
 2300.95 
 
 asides 
 
 3329.17 
 
 4014.04 
 
 5385.61 
 
 67BS.57 
 
 1.434 
 
 1960.19 
 
 2303.09 
 
 28*0.39 
 
 3332.59 
 
 401S.7S 
 
 5391.18 
 
 07o:;,-,7 
 
 1.435 
 
 1962.17 
 
 2305.63 
 
 2649.09 
 
 3336.01 
 
 4082.92 
 
 5396.75 
 
 6770.58 
 
 1.4I56 
 
 1964.15 
 
 2307.97 
 
 2651.79 
 
 3339.23 
 
 4027.00 
 
 5402.32 
 
 6777.5!) 
 
 1.437 
 
 1966.13 
 
 2310.31 
 
 2054.49 
 
 3342.45 
 
 4o.3i.2o 
 
 5407.90 
 
 6784.60 
 
 1.438 
 
 1968.11 
 
 2312.65 
 
 2657.19 
 
 3345.67 
 
 4035.34 
 
 5413.48 
 
 07111.01 
 
 1.439 
 
 1970.09 
 
 2315.00 
 
 2659.89 
 
 3348.89 
 
 4039.48 
 
 5419.06 
 
 6798.63 
 
 1.440 
 
 1972.09 
 
 2317.35 
 
 2662.60 
 
 3353.11 
 
 4043.02 
 
 5424.04 
 
 6805.65 
 
 1.441 
 
 1974.07 
 
 2319.69 
 
 2665.30 
 
 3356.53 
 
 4047.70 
 
 54.-Ul.22 
 
 6812.67 
 
 1.442 
 
 1976.05 
 
 2322.03 
 
 2668.00 
 
 3359.95 
 
 4051. !>ll 
 
 5435.80 
 
 6819.70 
 
 1.44:1 
 
 1978.04 
 
 2324.38 
 
 2670.71 
 
 3363.38 
 
 4056.05 
 
 5441.39 
 
 6826.73 
 
 1.444 
 
 1980.03 
 
 2326.73 
 
 2673.42 
 
 3366.81 
 
 4060.20 
 
 5446.98 
 
 6833.76 
 
 1.445 
 
 1982.02 
 
 2329.08 
 
 2676.13 
 
 3370.24 
 
 4064.35 
 
 5452.57 
 
 6840.79 
 
 1.440 
 
 1984.01 
 
 2331.43 
 
 2078.S4 
 
 3373.67 
 
 4068.50 
 
 5458.10 
 
 6847.80 
 
 1.447 
 
 1986.00 
 
 2333.78 
 
 2681.55 
 
 3377.10 
 
 4072.65 
 
 5!<;::.75 
 
 6854.83 
 
 1.448 
 
 1987.99 
 
 2336.13 
 
 2684.26 
 
 3380.53 
 
 4ii70.su 
 
 5469.34 
 
 6861.87 
 
 1.449 
 
 1989.98 
 
 2338.48 
 
 2686.97 
 
 3383.96 
 
 4080.96 
 
 5474.94 
 
 6868.91 
 
 1.45(1 
 
 1991.97 
 
 2340.83 
 
 2689.69 
 
 3387.40 
 
 4085.12 
 
 5480.54 
 
 6875.97 
 
 1.451 
 
 1993.96 
 
 2348.1$ 
 
 LV.OU.IO 
 
 3390.83 
 
 4089.27 
 
 5486.14 
 
 6883.01 
 
 1.452 
 
 1995.95 
 
 2345.53 
 
 2695.11 
 
 3394.27 
 
 4OS48 
 
 5491.74 
 
 6890.06 
 
 1.453 
 
 1997.94 
 
 2347.88 
 
 2697.82 
 
 3397.71 
 
 4CBUB 
 
 5497.34 
 
 6897.11 
 
 1.454 
 
 1999.93 
 
 2a50.24 
 
 2700.54 
 
 3401.15 
 
 4101.75 
 
 5502.95 
 
 6904.16 
 
 1.455 
 
 2001.93 
 
 2352.60 
 
 2703.26 
 
 :;404.5!> 
 
 4105.91 
 
 5508.56 
 
 6911.21 
 
 1.456 
 
 2203.92 
 
 2354.95 
 
 2705.97 
 
 3408.03 
 
 4110.07 
 
 5514.17 
 
 6918.27 
 
 1.457 
 
 2205.91 
 
 2357.30 
 
 2708.09 
 
 3411.47 
 
 4114.2:! 
 
 5519.78 
 
 6925.33 
 
 1.458 
 
 2207.91 
 
 2359.66 
 
 2711.41 
 
 3414.91 
 
 4118.40 
 
 5525.39 
 
 6932.39 
 
 1.459 
 
 2209.91 
 
 2362.06 
 
 2714.13 
 
 3418.35 
 
 4122.57 
 
 5531.01 
 
 6939.45 
 
 1.400 
 
 2011.91 
 
 2364.38 
 
 2716.85 
 
 3421.80 
 
 4126.74 
 
 55;!6.o:i 
 
 6946.52 
 
 1.401 
 
 2013.90 
 
 2366.74 
 
 2719.57 
 
 3425.24 
 
 4130.91 
 
 5542.25 
 
 6953.59 
 
 1.462 
 
 2015.90 
 
 2369.10 
 
 2722.29 
 
 ste&n 
 
 41OMW 
 
 5547.87 
 
 6960.66 
 
 1.463 
 
 2017.90 
 
 2371.46 
 
 2725.01 
 
 3432.14 
 
 4139.25 
 
 555:i.4!l 
 
 6967.73 
 
 1.464 
 
 2019.90 
 
 2373.82 
 
 2727.74 
 
 ;;4:;r,.r,ii 
 
 4143.43 
 
 5559. 11 
 
 6974.80 
 
 1.465 
 
 2021.90 
 
 2:170. 18 
 
 2730.47 
 
 3MUN 
 
 4147.01 
 
 5564.74 
 
 6981 .88 
 
 1.400 
 
 20-23.90 
 
 2378.64 
 
 27X5.19 
 
 3442.49 
 
 4151.78 
 
 5570.37 
 
 6988.90 
 
 1.467 
 
 2025.90 
 
 2380.90 
 
 2735.91 
 
 :;445.94 
 
 4155.96 
 
 5576.00 
 
 6996.04 
 
 1.408 
 
 2027.90 
 
 2383.26 
 
 _'7.",s.04 
 
 34MM 
 
 4160.14 
 
 5581.63 
 
 7003.12 
 
 1.469 
 
 2029.90 
 
 2385.63 
 
 27*L7 
 
 3452.84 
 
 4104.28 
 
 55S7.20 
 
 7010.21 
 
 l.47d 
 
 2031.90 
 
 2388.00 
 
 274.1(l 
 
 :i4.-,o.:!() 
 
 4168.50 
 
 G8H30 
 
 7017.::o 
 
 1.471 
 
 2033.90 
 
 2390.36 
 
 2740.8.-; 
 
 349098 
 
 4172.68 
 
 5598.54 
 
 7024.::!) 
 
 1 .472 
 
 2035.90 
 
 2392.73 
 
 2749.56 
 
 340&0] 
 
 4176.86 
 
 5604.18 
 
 7031.48 
 
 1.473 
 
 2037.90 
 
 2395.10 
 
 2752.29 
 
 346(i.67 
 
 I1.M.05 
 
 5609.82 
 
 7038.57 
 
 1.474 
 
 2039.91 
 
 2397.47 
 
 2755.02 
 
 3470.13 
 
 4185.24 5615.46 
 
 7045.67 
 
 1.475 
 
 2041.92 
 
 2399.84 
 
 2757.76 
 
 3I73.59 
 
 4189.43 5021.10 
 
 7052.77 
 
 1.476 
 
 2043.92 
 
 2402.21 
 
 2760.4!) 
 
 :;t77.or, 
 
 4193.62 5626.75 
 
 7059.87 
 
 1.477 
 
 2045.92 
 
 2404.58 
 
 yif&M 
 
 34so.5i 
 
 4197.811 5632.41 
 
 7066.97 
 
 1.478 
 
 2047.93 
 
 24M,M 
 
 276Ji 
 
 3I8.-..97 
 
 42M.90 5638.06 
 
 7074.0R 
 
 1.479 
 
 2049.94 
 
 2409.32 
 
 2768.69 
 
 .1187.41 
 
 4206.09 504:;. 72 
 
 70S1.I!' 
 
 1.480 
 
 2051.95 
 
 2411.69 
 
 2771.4:: 
 
 3MJI 
 
 4210.:;:) 5049.30 
 
 7088.30 
 
 1.481 
 
 2053.96 
 
 2414.06 
 
 2774.10 
 
 3494. :;s 
 
 4214.58 5655.04 
 
 70!)5.42 
 
 1.482 
 
 2055.97 
 
 2416.43 2776.77 3497.85 
 
 4218.78 5060.70 
 
 7102.54 
 
 
 

 
 277 
 
 Depth 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 6 Feet. 
 
 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 
 
 16 Feet. 
 
 20 Feet. 
 
 1.483 
 
 2057.98 
 
 2418.80 
 
 2779.44 
 
 3501.32 
 
 4222.98 
 
 5666.36 
 
 7109.66 
 
 1.484 
 
 2059.99 
 
 2421.18 
 
 2782.12 
 
 3504.7H 
 
 4227.18 
 
 5672.02 
 
 7116.78 
 
 1.485 
 
 2062.00 
 
 2423.56 
 
 2785.13 
 
 3508.26 
 
 4231.38 
 
 5677.64 
 
 7123.90 
 
 1.486 
 
 2064.01 
 
 24-J5.93 
 
 2787.87 
 
 3511.73 
 
 4235.58 
 
 5683.30 
 
 7131.62 
 
 1.487 
 
 2066.02 
 
 2428.31 
 
 2790.61 
 
 3515.20 
 
 4239.78 
 
 5688.96 
 
 7138.15 
 
 1.488 
 
 2068.03. 2430.69 
 
 2193.35 
 
 3518.67 
 
 4243.99 
 
 5694.63 
 
 7145.28 
 
 1.489 
 
 2070.041 2433.07 
 
 -2796.09 
 
 3512.15 
 
 4248.20 
 
 5700.30 
 
 7152.41 
 
 1.490 
 
 2072.06 2435.45 
 
 2798.84 
 
 3525.63 
 
 4252.41 
 
 5705.97 
 
 7159.54 
 
 1.491 
 
 2074.07 
 
 2437.83 
 
 2801.58 
 
 3529.10 
 
 4256.62 
 
 5711.64 
 
 7166.68 
 
 1.492 
 
 2076.08 
 
 2440.21 
 
 2804.33 
 
 3532.58 
 
 4260.83 
 
 5717.31 
 
 7173.82 
 
 1.493 
 
 2078.09 
 
 2442.59 
 
 2807.08 
 
 3536.06 
 
 4265.04 
 
 5722.99 
 
 7180.96 
 
 1.494 
 
 2080.11 
 
 2444.97 
 
 2809.83 
 
 3539.54 
 
 4268.26 
 
 5728.67 
 
 7188.10 
 
 1.4115 
 
 2082.13 
 
 2447.35 
 
 2812.58 
 
 3543.02 
 
 4273.47 
 
 5734.35 
 
 7195.24 
 
 1.496 
 
 2084.14 
 
 2449.73 
 
 2815.33 
 
 3546.50 
 
 4277.68 
 
 5740.03 
 
 7202.39 
 
 1.497 
 
 2086.16 
 
 2452.11 
 
 2818.08 
 
 3549.98 
 
 4281.90 
 
 5745.71 
 
 7209.54 
 
 1.498 
 
 2088.18 
 
 2454.50 
 
 2820.83 
 
 3553.46 
 
 4286.12 
 
 5751.40 
 
 7216.69 
 
 1.499 
 
 2090.20 
 
 2456.8!) 
 
 2S2&58 
 
 3556.95 
 
 4290.34! 5757.09 
 
 7223.84 
 
 1.500 
 
 2092.22 
 
 2459.28 
 
 2826.33 
 
 3560.44 
 
 4294.5< 
 
 5762.78 
 
 7231.00 
 
 1.501 
 
 2094.24 
 
 2461.66 
 
 2829.08 
 
 3563.93 
 
 4298.78 
 
 5768.47 
 
 7238.16 
 
 1.502 
 
 2096.26 
 
 2464.04 
 
 2831.83 
 
 3567.42 
 
 4303.00 
 
 5774.16' 7245.32 
 
 1.503 
 
 2098.28 
 
 2466.43 
 
 2834.59 
 
 3570.91 
 
 4307.22 
 
 5779.85 7252.48 
 
 1.504 
 
 2100.30 
 
 2468.82 
 
 2837.35 
 
 3574.40 
 
 4311.45 
 
 5785.55 
 
 7259.65 
 
 1.505 
 
 2402.32 
 
 2471.21 
 
 2840.11 
 
 3577.89 
 
 4315.68 
 
 5791.25 
 
 7266.82 
 
 1.506 
 
 2104:34 
 
 2473.60 
 
 2842.86 
 
 3581.38 
 
 4319.91 
 
 5796.95 
 
 7273.99 
 
 1.507 
 
 2106.36 
 
 2475.99 
 
 2845.62 
 
 3584.87 
 
 4324.14 
 
 5802.65 
 
 7281.16 
 
 1.50* 
 
 2108.38 
 
 2478.38 
 
 2848.38 
 
 3588.36 
 
 4328.37 
 
 5808.35 
 
 7288.33 
 
 1.509 
 
 2110.41 
 
 2480.77 
 
 2851.14 
 
 3591.86 
 
 4332.60 
 
 5814.05 
 
 7295.51 
 
 1.510 
 
 2112.43 
 
 2483.17 
 
 2853.90 
 
 3595.36 
 
 4336.83 
 
 5819.76 
 
 7302.69 
 
 1.511 
 
 2114.45 
 
 2485.56 
 
 2856.66 
 
 3598 86 
 
 4341.06 
 
 5825.47 
 
 7309.87 
 
 1.512 
 
 2116.47 
 
 2487.95 
 
 2869.42 
 
 3602.36 
 
 4345.30 
 
 5831.18 
 
 7317.05 
 
 1.513 
 
 2118.50 
 
 2490.34 
 
 2862.18 
 
 3605.86 
 
 4349.54 
 
 5836.89 
 
 7324.24 
 
 1.514 
 
 2020.53 
 
 2492.74 
 
 2864.94 
 
 3609.36 
 
 4353.78 
 
 5842.60 
 
 7331.43 
 
 1.515 
 
 2122.56 
 
 2495.14 
 
 2867.71 
 
 3612.86 
 
 4358.02 
 
 5848.32 
 
 7338.62 
 
 1.516 
 
 2124.58 
 
 2497.53 
 
 2870.47 
 
 3616.36 
 
 4362.20 
 
 5854.04 
 
 7345.81 
 
 1.517 
 
 2126.61 
 
 2499.93 
 
 2873.24 
 
 3619.86 
 
 4366.44 
 
 5859.76 
 
 7353.01 
 
 1.518 
 
 2128.64 
 
 2502.33 
 
 2876.01 
 
 3623.37 4370.68 
 
 5865.48 
 
 7360.21 
 
 1.519 
 
 2130.67 
 
 2504.73 
 
 2878.78 
 
 3626.88 4374.92 
 
 5871.20 
 
 7367.41 
 
 1.520 
 
 2132.70 2507.13 
 
 2881.55 
 
 3630.39 
 
 4379.23 
 
 5876.92 
 
 7374.61 
 
 1.521 
 
 2134.73 
 
 2509.53 
 
 2884.32 
 
 3633.90 
 
 4383.48 
 
 5882.64 
 
 7381.81 
 
 1.522 
 
 2136.76 
 
 2511.93 2887.09 
 
 3637.41 
 
 4387.73 
 
 5888.37 
 
 7389.02 
 
 1.523 
 
 2138.79 
 
 2514.33 2889.86 
 
 3640.92 
 
 4391.98 
 
 5894.10 
 
 7396.23 
 
 1 .524 
 
 2140.83 
 
 2516.73 2892.63 
 
 3644.43 
 
 4396.23 
 
 5899.83 
 
 7403.44 
 
 1.525 
 
 2142.86 
 
 2519.13 2895.40 
 
 3647.94 
 
 4400.48 
 
 5905.56 
 
 7410.65 
 
 1..V26 
 
 2144.89 
 
 2521.53 2898.171 3651.45 
 
 4404.73 
 
 5911.29 
 
 7417.86 
 
 1.527 
 
 2146.92 
 
 2523.93 2900.94 
 
 3654.96 
 
 4408.98 
 
 5917.03 
 
 7425.08 
 
 1.528 
 
 2149.95 
 
 2526.33 
 
 2903.72 
 
 3658.48 
 
 4413.24 
 
 5922.77 
 
 7432.30 
 
 1.529 
 
 2151.99 
 
 2528.74 
 
 2906.50 
 
 3662.00 
 
 4417.50 
 
 5928.51 
 
 7439.52 
 
 1 .530 
 
 2153.03 
 
 2531.15 
 
 2909.28 
 
 3665.52 
 
 4421.76 
 
 5934.25 
 
 7446.74 
 
 1.531 
 
 2155.06 
 
 2533.55 
 
 2912.05 
 
 3669.04 
 
 4426.02 
 
 5939.99 
 
 7453.97 
 
 1.532 
 
 2157.10 
 
 2535.96 
 
 2914.83 
 
 3672.56 
 
 4430.28 
 
 5945.74 
 
 7461.20 
 
 1.533 
 
 2159.14 
 
 2538.37 
 
 2917.61 
 
 3676.08 
 
 4434.54 
 
 5951.49 
 
 7468.43 
 
 1.534 
 
 2161.28 
 
 2540.78 
 
 2920.39 
 
 3679.60 4438.81 
 
 5957.24 
 
 7475.66 
 
 1.535 
 
 2163.21 
 
 2543.19 
 
 2923.17 
 
 3683.12 
 
 4443.08 
 
 5962.99 
 
 7482.90 
 
 1.536 
 
 2165.25 
 
 2.545.60 
 
 2925.95 
 
 3686.64 
 
 4447.34 
 
 5968.74 
 
 7490.14 
 
 1.537 
 
 2167.29 
 
 2548.01 
 
 2928.73 
 
 3690.16 
 
 4451.61 
 
 5974.49 
 
 7497.38 
 
 1.538 
 
 2169.33 
 
 2550.42 
 
 2931.51 
 
 3693.69 
 
 4455.88 
 
 5980.25 
 
 7504.62 
 
 1.539 
 
 2171.37 
 
 2552.83 
 
 2934.29 
 
 3607.22 
 
 44G0.15 5986.00 
 
 7511.86 
 
 1.510 
 
 
 2555.24 
 
 2937.08 
 
 3700.75 
 
 4464.42 5991.77 
 
 751 il.ll
 
 278 
 
 Depth 
 wSir. 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 6 Feet. 
 
 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 
 
 16 Feet. 
 
 20 Feet. 
 
 1.541 
 
 2175.45 
 
 2557.65 
 
 2939.80 
 
 3704.28 
 
 4468.69 
 
 5997.53 
 
 7526.36 
 
 1.542 2177.49 
 
 2560.06 
 
 2942.64 
 
 3707.81 
 
 4472. !Hi 
 
 6003.29 
 
 7533.61 
 
 1.543 2179.53 
 
 2562.48 
 
 2945.43 
 
 3711.34 
 
 4477. 18 
 
 6009.05 
 
 7540.8f, 
 
 1.544: 2181.57 
 
 2564.90 
 
 2948.22 
 
 3714.87 
 
 4481.38 
 
 6014.82 
 
 7548.1 1 
 
 1.545 2183.62 
 
 2567.32 
 
 2951.01 
 
 3718.41 
 
 4485.80 
 
 6020.59 
 
 7555.37 
 
 1.546 2185.66 
 
 2569.7.3 
 
 2953.80 
 
 3721.94 
 
 4490.08 
 
 6026.56 
 
 7562.C3 
 
 1.547 2187.70 
 
 2572.14 
 
 2956.59 
 
 3725.47 
 
 4494.36 
 
 6032.33 
 
 7569.89 
 
 1.548 2189.75 
 
 2574.56 
 
 2959.38 
 
 3729.01 
 
 4498.64 
 
 6038.10 
 
 7577.15 
 
 1.549 2191.80 
 
 2576.98 
 
 2962.17 
 
 3732.55 
 
 4502.92 
 
 6043.87 
 
 7584.42 
 
 1.550 i 2193.85 
 
 2579.40 
 
 2964.96 
 
 3736.09 
 
 45()7.l'l 
 
 6049.45 
 
 7591.69 
 
 1.551 2195.89 2581.82 
 
 2967.75 
 
 3739.63 
 
 4511.49 
 
 6055.23 
 
 7598.96 
 
 1.552 2197.93 2584.24 
 
 2970.54 
 
 3743.17 
 
 4515.78 
 
 6061.01 
 
 7606.23 
 
 1.553 2199.98 
 
 2586.66 
 
 2973.33 
 
 3746.71 
 
 4520.07 
 
 6066.79 
 
 7613.51 
 
 1 .554 2202.03 
 
 2589.08 
 
 2976.13 
 
 3750.25 
 
 4524.36 
 
 6072.57 
 
 7620.79 
 
 1.555 2204.08 
 
 2591.51 
 
 2978.93 
 
 3753.79! 4528.65 
 
 6078.36 
 
 7628.07 
 
 1.556, 2206.13 
 
 2593.93 
 
 2981.72 
 
 3757.33 4532.94 
 
 6084.15 
 
 7635.35 
 
 1.557 2208.18 
 
 2596.35 
 
 2984.52 
 
 3760.87 4537.23 
 
 6089.94 
 
 7642.63 
 
 1.558 2210.23 
 
 2598.77 
 
 2987.32 
 
 3764.41 
 
 4541.52 
 
 6095.73 
 
 7649.92 
 
 1.559: 2212.28 
 
 2601.20 
 
 2990.01 
 
 3767.95 
 
 4545.82 
 
 6101.52 
 
 7657.21 
 
 1.5601 2214.33 
 
 2603.63 
 
 2992.92 
 
 3771.52 
 
 4550.12 
 
 6107.31 
 
 7664.50 
 
 1.561! 2216.38 
 
 2606.05 
 
 2995.72 
 
 3775.57 
 
 4554.42 
 
 6113.10 
 
 7671.7!! 
 
 1.562 i 2218.43 
 
 2668.47 2998.52 
 
 3778.62 
 
 4558.72 
 
 6118.90 
 
 7679.09 
 
 1.563 2220.48 
 
 2670.90 3001.32 
 
 3782.17 
 
 4563.02 
 
 6124.70 
 
 7686.39 
 
 1.564 2222.54 
 
 2673.33 
 
 3004.12 
 
 3785.72 
 
 4567.02 
 
 6130.50 
 
 7693.69 
 
 1.565 2224.59 
 
 2615.76 
 
 3006.93 
 
 3789.28 
 
 4571.62 
 
 6136.30 
 
 7700.99 
 
 1.566 2226.64 
 
 2618.19 
 
 3009.73 
 
 3792.83 
 
 4575.92 
 
 6142.10 
 
 7708.29 
 
 1.567 2228.69 
 
 2620.62 
 
 3012.53 
 
 3796.38 
 
 4580.22 
 
 6147.91 
 
 7715.30 
 
 1.568 2230.75 
 
 2623.05 
 
 3015.34 
 
 3799.94 
 
 4584.53 
 
 6153.72 
 
 7722.61 
 
 1.569 2232.81 
 
 2625.48 
 
 3018.15 
 
 3803.50 
 
 4588.84 
 
 6159.53 
 
 7729.92 
 
 1.570 
 
 2234.87 
 
 2627.92 
 
 3020.96 
 
 3807.06 
 
 4593.15 
 
 6165.34 
 
 7737.53 
 
 1.571 
 
 2236.91 
 
 2630.35 
 
 3023.77 
 
 3810.62 
 
 4597.46 
 
 6171.15 
 
 7744.85 
 
 1.572 
 
 2238.95 
 
 2632.78 
 
 3026.58 
 
 3814.18 
 
 4601.77 
 
 6176.% 
 
 7752.17 
 
 1.573 
 
 2240.99 
 
 2635.21 
 
 3029.39 
 
 3817.74 
 
 4606.08 
 
 6182.78 
 
 7759.49 
 
 1.574 
 
 2243.04 
 
 2637.64 
 
 3032.20 
 
 3821.30 
 
 4610.40 6188.60 
 
 7766.81 
 
 1.575 
 
 2245.16 
 
 2640.08 
 
 3035.01 
 
 3824.86 
 
 4614.72 6194.42 
 
 7774.13 
 
 1.576 
 
 2247.22 
 
 2642.51; 3037.82 
 
 3828.42 
 
 4619.03 
 
 6200.24 
 
 7781. 4ti 
 
 1.577 
 
 2249.28 
 
 2644.95 3040.63 
 
 3831.98 
 
 4623.35 
 
 6206.06 
 
 7788.79 
 
 1.578 
 
 2251.34 
 
 2647.39 1 3043.44 
 
 3835.55 
 
 4627.67 
 
 0211.89 
 
 7796.il' 
 
 1.579 
 
 2253.40 
 
 2649.83 3046.26 
 
 3838.12 
 
 4631.99 
 
 6217.72 
 
 7803.45 
 
 1.580 
 
 2255.46 
 
 2652.27 3049.08 
 
 3842.69 
 
 4636.31 
 
 6223.55 
 
 7810.78 
 
 1.581 
 
 2257.52 
 
 2654.71 3051.89 
 
 3846.25 
 
 4040.63 
 
 6229.38 
 
 7818.12 
 
 1.582 
 
 2259.58 
 
 2657.15 3054.70 
 
 3849.81 
 
 4644.95 
 
 6235.21 
 
 7825.46 
 
 1.583 
 
 2261.64 
 
 2659.59 
 
 3057.52 
 
 3853.37 
 
 4649.28 
 
 0241.04 
 
 7832.8(1 
 
 1.584 
 
 2263.71 
 
 2662.03 
 
 3060.34 
 
 3856.93 
 
 4653.60 
 
 6246.87 
 
 7840.14 
 
 1.585 
 
 2265.78 
 
 2664.47 
 
 3063.16 
 
 3860.55 
 
 4657.94 
 
 6252.71 
 
 7847.49 
 
 1.586 
 
 2267.84 
 
 2666.91 
 
 3065.98 
 
 3864.12 
 
 4662.27 
 
 6258.55 
 
 7854.84 
 
 1.587 
 
 2269.90 
 
 2669.35 
 
 3068.80 
 
 3867.69 
 
 4666.60 
 
 6264.39 
 
 7862.19 
 
 1.588 
 
 2271.97 
 
 2671.79 
 
 3071.62 
 
 3871.27 
 
 4670.93 
 
 6270.23 
 
 7869.54 
 
 1.589 
 
 2274.04 
 
 2674.24 
 
 3074.44 
 
 3874.85 
 
 4675.26 
 
 6276.07 
 
 7876.89 
 
 1.590 
 
 2276.11 
 
 2676.69 
 
 3077.27 
 
 3878.43 
 
 4679.60 
 
 6281.92 
 
 7884.25 
 
 1.591 
 
 2278.17 
 
 2679.13 
 
 3080.09 
 
 3882.01 
 
 4683.93 
 
 6287.77 
 
 7892.61 
 
 1.592 
 
 2280.24 S 2681.57 
 
 3082.91 
 
 3885.59 
 
 4688.26 
 
 6293.65 
 
 7899.97 
 
 1.593 
 
 2282.31 ! 2684.02 
 
 3085.73 
 
 3889.17 
 
 4692.60 
 
 6299.55 
 
 7807.33 
 
 1.594 
 
 2284.38 2686.47 
 
 3088.56 
 
 3892.75 
 
 4696.94 
 
 6305.40 
 
 7814.70 
 
 1.595 
 
 2286.45 2688.92 
 
 3091.39 
 
 
 4701.28 
 
 6311.18 
 
 7921.07 
 
 1.596 
 
 2288.51 
 
 2691.37 
 
 3094.22 
 
 3899^2 
 
 4705.62 
 
 6317.03 7928.44 
 
 1.597 
 
 2290.58 
 
 2693.82 
 
 3097.05 
 
 3903.50 
 
 4709.96 
 
 6322.89 7936.81 
 
 1.598 
 
 2292.65 
 
 2696.27 
 
 3099.88 
 
 3907.09 
 
 4714.30 
 
 6328.75 7944. 1*
 
 279 
 
 Depth 
 Feet. 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIE. 
 
 6 Feet. 
 
 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 
 
 16 Feet. 
 
 20 Feet. 
 
 1.599 
 
 2294.72 
 
 2698.72 
 
 3102.71 
 
 3910.68 
 
 4718.65 6334.61 
 
 7951.56 
 
 1.600 
 
 2296.8C 
 
 2701.17 
 
 3105.54 
 
 3914.27 
 
 4723.00 
 
 6340.47 
 
 7957.94 
 
 1.601 
 
 2298.87 
 
 2703.62 
 
 3108.37 
 
 3917.86 
 
 4727.35 
 
 6346.33 
 
 7965.32 
 
 1.602 
 
 2300.94 
 
 2706.07 
 
 3111.20 
 
 3921.45 
 
 4731.70 
 
 6352.20 
 
 7973.70 
 
 1.603 
 
 2303.02 
 
 2708.52 
 
 3114.03 
 
 3925.04 
 
 4736.05 
 
 6358.07 
 
 7981.08 
 
 1.604 
 
 2305.19 
 
 2710.97 
 
 3116.86 
 
 3928.63 
 
 4740.40 
 
 6363.94 
 
 7988.48 
 
 1.605 
 
 2307.17 
 
 2713.43 
 
 31 19.7(1 
 
 3932.23 
 
 4744.75 
 
 6369.81 
 
 7994.86 
 
 1.606 
 
 2309.24 
 
 2715.88 
 
 3122.53 
 
 3935.82 
 
 4749.10 
 
 6375.68 
 
 8002.25 
 
 1.607 
 
 2311.31 
 
 2518.34 
 
 3125.36 
 
 3939.41 
 
 4753.46 
 
 6381.55 
 
 8009.64 
 
 1.608 
 
 2313.39 
 
 2520.80 
 
 3128.20 
 
 3943.01 
 
 4757.82 
 
 6388.43 
 
 8017.04 
 
 1.609 
 
 2315.47 
 
 2523.26 
 
 3131.04 
 
 3946.61 
 
 4762.18 
 
 6394.31 
 
 8024.44 
 
 1.610 
 
 2317.55 
 
 2725.72 
 
 3133.88 
 
 3950.21 
 
 4766.54 
 
 6399.19 
 
 8031.84 
 
 1.611 
 
 , 2319.63 
 
 2728.17 
 
 ;;i:!6.72 
 
 3953.81 
 
 4770.90 
 
 6405.07 
 
 8039.24 
 
 1.612 
 
 2321.71 
 
 2730.63 
 
 3139.56 
 
 3957.41 
 
 4775.26 
 
 6410.95 
 
 8046.65 
 
 1.613 
 
 2323.89 
 
 2733.09 
 
 3142.44 
 
 3961.01 
 
 4779.62 
 
 6416.83 
 
 8054.06 
 
 1.614 
 
 2325.97 
 
 2735.55 
 
 3145.28 
 
 3964.61 
 
 4783.98 
 
 6422.72 
 
 8061.47 
 
 1.615 
 
 2327.95 
 
 2738.01 
 
 3148.08 
 
 3968.21 
 
 4788.34 
 
 6428.61 
 
 8068.88 
 
 1.616 
 
 2330.03 
 
 2740.47 
 
 3150.92 
 
 3971.81 
 
 4792.71 
 
 6434.50 
 
 8076.29 
 
 1.617 
 
 2332.11 
 
 2742.93 
 
 3153.76 
 
 3975.41 
 
 4797.08 
 
 6440.39 
 
 8083.71 
 
 1.618 
 
 2334.19 
 
 2745.40 
 
 3156.60 
 
 3979.02 
 
 4801.45 
 
 6446.28 
 
 8091.13 
 
 1.619 
 
 2336.28 
 
 2747.87 
 
 3159.45 
 
 3982.63 
 
 4806.82 
 
 6452.18 
 
 8098.55 
 
 1.620 
 
 2338.36 
 
 2750.33 
 
 3162.30] 3986.24 
 
 4810.19 
 
 6458.08 
 
 8105.97 
 
 1.621 
 
 2340.44 
 
 2752.79 
 
 3165.14 
 
 3989.85 
 
 4814.56 
 
 6463.98 
 
 8113.39 
 
 1.622 
 
 2342.52 
 
 2755.25 
 
 3167.99 
 
 3993.45 
 
 4818.93 
 
 6469.88 
 
 8120.82 
 
 1.623 
 
 2344.60 
 
 2757.72 
 
 3170.84 
 
 3997.06 
 
 4823.30 
 
 6475.78 
 
 8128.25 
 
 1.624 
 
 2346.69 
 
 2760.19 
 
 3173.69 
 
 4000.67 
 
 4827.68 
 
 6481.68 
 
 8135.68 
 
 1.625 
 
 2348.78 
 
 2762.66 
 
 3176.54 
 
 4004.30 
 
 4832.06 
 
 6487.58 
 
 8143.11 
 
 1.626 
 
 2350.86 
 
 2765.12 
 
 3179.39 
 
 4007.91 
 
 4836.44 
 
 6493.49 
 
 8150.55 
 
 1.627 
 
 2352.94 
 
 2767.59 
 
 3182.24 
 
 4011.52 
 
 4840.82 
 
 6499.40 
 
 8157.99 
 
 1.628 
 
 2355.03 
 
 2770.06 
 
 3185.09 
 
 4015.14 
 
 4845.10 
 
 6505.31 
 
 8165.43 
 
 1.629 
 
 2357.12 
 
 2772.53 
 
 3187.94 
 
 4018.76 
 
 4849.48 
 
 6511.22 
 
 8172.87 
 
 1.630 
 
 2359.21 
 
 2775.00 
 
 3190.79 
 
 4022.38 
 
 4853.97 
 
 6517.13 
 
 8180.31 
 
 1.631 
 
 2361 .29 
 
 2777.47 
 
 3193.64 
 
 4026.00 
 
 4858.35 
 
 6323.05 
 
 8181.76 
 
 1.632 
 
 2363.38 
 
 2779.94 
 
 3196.49 
 
 4029.62 
 
 4862.73 
 
 6328.07 
 
 8195.21 
 
 1.633 
 
 2365.47 
 
 2782.41 
 
 3199.35 
 
 4033.24 
 
 4867.12 
 
 6234.89 
 
 8202.66 
 
 1.634 
 
 2367.56 
 
 2784.88 
 
 3202.21 
 
 4036.86 
 
 4871.51 
 
 6240.81 
 
 8210.11 
 
 1.635 
 
 2369.65 
 
 2787.36 
 
 3205.07 
 
 4040.48 
 
 4875.90 
 
 6546.73 
 
 8217.56 
 
 I ;<;:;<; 
 
 2371.74 
 
 2789.83 
 
 3207.92 
 
 4044.10 
 
 4880.29 
 
 6552.65 
 
 8225.02 
 
 1.637 
 
 2373.83 
 
 2792.30 
 
 3210.78 
 
 4047.72 
 
 4884.68 
 
 6558.57 
 
 8232.48 
 
 1.638 
 
 2375.92 
 
 2794.78 
 
 3213.64 
 
 4051.35 
 
 4889.07 
 
 6564.50 
 
 8239.94 
 
 1.639 
 
 2378.01 
 
 2797.26 
 
 3216.50 
 
 40,54.98 
 
 4893.46 
 
 6570.33 
 
 8247.40 
 
 1.640 
 
 2380.11 
 
 2799.74 
 
 3219.36 
 
 4058.61 
 
 4897.86 
 
 6576.36 
 
 8254.86 
 
 1.641 
 
 2382.20 
 
 2802.21 
 
 3222.22 
 
 4062.24 
 
 4902.26 
 
 6582.29 
 
 8262.33 
 
 1.642 
 
 2384.29 
 
 2804.69 
 
 3225.08 
 
 4065.87 
 
 4906.66 
 
 6588.22 
 
 8269.80 
 
 1.643 
 
 2386.38 
 
 2807.17 
 
 3227.94 
 
 4069.50 
 
 4911 .06 
 
 6594.16 
 
 8277.27 
 
 1.644 
 
 2388.48 
 
 2809.65 
 
 3230.80 
 
 4073.13 
 
 4915.46 
 
 6600.10 
 
 8284.74 
 
 1.645] 2390.58 
 
 2812.13 
 
 3233.67 
 
 4076.76 
 
 4919.86 
 
 6606.04 
 
 8292.22 
 
 1.646! 2392.67 
 
 2814.61 
 
 3236.53 
 
 4080.39 
 
 4924.26 
 
 6611.98 
 
 8299.70 
 
 1.647] 2394.77 
 
 2817.09 
 
 3239.40 
 
 4084.02 
 
 4928.66 
 
 6617.93 
 
 8307.18 
 
 1.648 '_'. n ,<n;.s7 
 
 2819.57 
 
 3242.27 
 
 4087.66 
 
 4933.06 
 
 6623.87 
 
 8314.66 
 
 1.649 2: '.its.! 17 
 
 2822.05 
 
 3245.14 
 
 4091 .30 
 
 4937.47 
 
 6629.81 
 
 8322.14 
 
 1.6501 2401.07 
 
 2824.54 
 
 3248.01 
 
 4094.94 
 
 4941.88 
 
 6635.75 
 
 8329.63 
 
 1.651 2403.16 
 
 2827.02 
 
 3250.87 
 
 4098.58 
 
 4946.29 
 
 6641.70 
 
 8337.12 
 
 1.6521 2405.26 
 
 2829.50 
 
 3253.74 
 
 4102.22 
 
 4950.70 
 
 6647.65 
 
 8344.61 
 
 1.653 
 
 2407.36 
 
 2831.98 
 
 3256.61 
 
 4105.86 
 
 4955.11 
 
 6653.60 
 
 8352.10 
 
 1.654 
 
 2409.46 
 
 2834.47 
 
 3259.54 
 
 4109.58 
 
 4959.52 
 
 6659.55 
 
 8359.60 
 
 1.655 
 
 2411.56 
 
 2836.96 
 
 3262.35 
 
 4113.15 
 
 4963.94 
 
 6665.51 
 
 8367.10 
 
 1.656 
 
 2413.66 
 
 2839.44 
 
 3265.22 
 
 4116.79 
 
 4968.35 
 
 6671.47 
 
 8374.60
 
 280 
 
 r 
 
 Ftet. 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 6 Feet. 
 
 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 
 
 16 Feet. 
 
 20 Feet 
 
 1.657 
 
 2413.76 
 
 2841 .93 
 
 3268.09 
 
 4120.43 
 
 4972.76 
 
 6677.43 
 
 8382.10 
 
 1.658 
 
 2417.86 
 
 2844.42 
 
 3270.96 
 
 4124.07 
 
 4977.18 
 
 6683.39 
 
 8389.60 
 
 1.659 
 
 2419.96 
 
 2846.91 
 
 3273.84 
 
 4127.71 
 
 4981 .60 
 
 6689.35 
 
 8397.11 
 
 1.660 
 
 2422.07 
 
 2849.40 
 
 3276.72 
 
 4131.37 
 
 4986.02 
 
 6695.32 
 
 8404.62 
 
 1.661 
 
 2424.17 
 
 2851.89 
 
 3279.59 
 
 4135.02 
 
 4990.44 
 
 6701.28 
 
 8412.13 
 
 1.662 
 
 2426.27 
 
 2854.34 
 
 3282.47 
 
 4138.67 
 
 4994.86 
 
 6707.25 
 
 8419.64 
 
 1.063 
 
 2428.37 
 
 2856.79 
 
 3285.35 
 
 4142.32 
 
 4999.28 
 
 6713.22 
 
 8427.15 
 
 1.664 
 
 2430.48 
 
 2859.24 
 
 3288.23 
 
 4145.97 
 
 5004.70 
 
 6719.19 
 
 8434.67 
 
 1.665 
 
 2432.59 
 
 2861 .80 
 
 3291.11 
 
 4149.62 
 
 5008.13 
 
 6725.16 
 
 8442.19 
 
 1 .666 
 
 2434.69 
 
 2864.34 
 
 3293.99 
 
 4153.07 
 
 5012.56 
 
 OT314N 
 
 8449.71 
 
 1.667 
 
 2436.80 
 
 2866.83 
 
 3296.87 
 
 4156.52 
 
 5016.99 
 
 6736.90 
 
 8457.23 
 
 1.668 
 
 2438.91 
 
 2869.32 
 
 3299.75 
 
 4159.98 
 
 5021.42 
 
 6742.78 
 
 8464.75 
 
 1.669 
 
 2440.02 
 
 2871.82 
 
 3302.63 
 
 4163.44 
 
 5025.85 
 
 674848 
 
 8472.28 
 
 1.670 
 
 2443.13 
 
 2874.32 
 
 3305.51 
 
 4167.90 
 
 5030.28 
 
 6755.04 
 
 8479.81 
 
 1.671 
 
 2445.24 
 
 2876.81 
 
 3308.39 
 
 4171.56 
 
 5034.71 
 
 6761.02 
 
 8487.34 
 
 1.672 
 
 2447.35 
 
 2879.31 
 
 3311.27 
 
 4175.22 
 
 5039.14 
 
 6767.00 
 
 8494.87 
 
 1.673 
 
 2449.46 
 
 2881.81 
 
 3314.16 
 
 4178.88 
 
 5043.57 
 
 6772.99 
 
 8502.41 
 
 1.674 
 
 2451.57 
 
 2884.31 
 
 3317.05 
 
 4182.54 
 
 5048.01 
 
 6778.98 
 
 8509.95 
 
 1.675 
 
 2453.68 
 
 2886.81 
 
 3319.94 
 
 4186.20 
 
 5052.45 
 
 6784.97 8517.49 
 
 1.676 
 
 2450379 
 
 2889.30 
 
 3322.82 
 
 4189.86 
 
 5056.89 
 
 6790.% 8525.03 
 
 1.677 
 
 2457.90 
 
 2891.80 
 
 3325.71 
 
 4193.52 
 
 5061.33 
 
 6796.95 8532.57 
 
 1.678 
 
 2460.01 
 
 2894.30 
 
 3328.60 
 
 4197.18 
 
 5065.77 
 
 6802.94 8540.12 
 
 1.679 
 
 2462.12 
 
 2896.80 
 
 3331.49 
 
 4200.85 
 
 5070.21 
 
 6808.94 8547.67 
 
 1.680 
 
 2464.24 
 
 2899.31 
 
 3334.38 
 
 4204.52 
 
 5074.66 
 
 6814.94 8555.22 
 
 1.681 
 
 2466.35 
 
 2901.81 
 
 3337.27 
 
 4208.19 
 
 5079.10 
 
 6820.94 1 8562.77 
 
 1.682 
 
 2468.46 
 
 2904.31 
 
 3340.16 
 
 4211.86 
 
 5083.34 
 
 6826.94 
 
 8570.33 
 
 1.683 
 
 2470.58 
 
 2906.81 
 
 3343.05 
 
 4215.53 
 
 5087.99 
 
 6832.94 
 
 8577.89 
 
 1.684 
 
 2472.70 
 
 2909.31 
 
 3345.94 
 
 4219.20 
 
 5092.44 
 
 6838.94 
 
 8585.45 
 
 1.685 
 
 2474.81 
 
 2911.82 
 
 3348.84 
 
 4222.87 
 
 5096.89 
 
 6844.95 
 
 8593.01 
 
 1.686 
 
 2476.92 
 
 2914.32 
 
 3351.73 
 
 4226.54 
 
 5101.34 
 
 6850.96 
 
 8600.57 
 
 1.687 
 
 2479.03 
 
 2916.83 
 
 3354.62 
 
 4230.21 
 
 5105.79 
 
 6856.97 
 
 8608.13 
 
 1.688 
 
 2481.15 
 
 2919.34 
 
 3357.52 
 
 4233.88 
 
 51 10.24 
 
 6862.98 
 
 8615.70 
 
 1.689 
 
 2483.27 
 
 2921.85 
 
 3360.42 
 
 4237.55 
 
 5114.70 
 
 6868.99 
 
 8623.27 
 
 1.690 
 
 2485.39 
 
 2924.36 
 
 3363.32 
 
 4241.24 
 
 5119.16 
 
 6875.00 
 
 8630.84 
 
 1.691 
 
 2487.51 
 
 2926.86 
 
 3366.21 
 
 4244.91 
 
 5123.61 
 
 6881.01 
 
 863**] 
 
 1.692 
 
 2489.63 
 
 2929.37 
 
 3369.11 
 
 4248.59 
 
 5128.07 
 
 6887.03 
 
 8(545.99 
 
 1.693 
 
 2491.75 
 
 2931.88 
 
 3372.01 
 
 4252.27 
 
 5132.53 
 
 6893.05 
 
 8653.57 
 
 1.694 
 
 2493.87 
 
 2934.39 
 
 &374.91 
 
 4255.95 
 
 5136.99 
 
 6899.07 
 
 8661.15 
 
 1.695 
 
 2495.99 
 
 2936.90 
 
 3377.81 
 
 4259.63 
 
 5141.45 
 
 6905.09 
 
 8668.73 
 
 1.696 
 
 2498.11 
 
 2939.41 
 
 3380.71 
 
 4263.31 
 
 5145.91 
 
 6911.11 
 
 8676.31 
 
 1.697 
 
 2500.23 
 
 2941.92 
 
 3383.61 
 
 4266.99 
 
 5150.37 
 
 6917.13 
 
 8683.90 
 
 1.698 
 
 2502.35 
 
 2944.43 
 
 3386.51 
 
 4270.67 
 
 5154.88 
 
 6923.16 
 
 8691.49 
 
 1.699 
 
 2504.47 
 
 2946.94 
 
 3389.42 
 
 4274.:% 
 
 5159.31 
 
 6929.18 
 
 8699.08 
 
 1.700 
 
 2506.60 
 
 2949.46 
 
 3392.33 
 
 4278.05 
 
 5163.78 
 
 6935.22 
 
 8706.67 
 
 1.701 
 
 2508.72 
 
 2951.97 
 
 3395.23 
 
 4281.74 
 
 5168.25 
 
 6941 .25 
 
 87 14.27 
 
 1.702 
 
 2510.84 
 
 2954.48 
 
 3398.13 
 
 42S5.43 
 
 5172.72 
 
 6947.28 
 
 8721.87 
 
 1.703 
 
 2512.97 
 
 2957.00 
 
 3401.04 
 
 4289.12 
 
 5177.19 
 
 6953.32 
 
 8729.47 
 
 1.704 
 
 2515.10 
 
 2959.52 
 
 3403.95 
 
 4292.81 
 
 5181.66 
 
 6959.36 
 
 8737.07 
 
 1.705 
 
 2517.22 
 
 2962.04 
 
 3406.86 
 
 4296.50 
 
 5186.13 
 
 69(>5.40 
 
 8744.67 
 
 1.706 
 
 2519.34 
 
 2964.55 
 
 3409.77 
 
 4201.19 
 
 5190.60 
 
 6971.44 
 
 8752.28 
 
 1.707 
 
 2521.47 
 
 2967.07 
 
 3412.68 
 
 4204.88 
 
 5195.07 
 
 6977.48 
 
 8759.89 
 
 1.708 
 
 2523.60 
 
 2969.59 
 
 3415.59 
 
 4208.57 
 
 5199.55 
 
 6983.52 
 
 8767.50 
 
 1.709 
 
 2525.73 
 
 2972.11 
 
 3418.50 
 
 4212.26 
 
 5204.03 
 
 6989.57 
 
 8775.11 
 
 1.710 
 
 2527.86 
 
 2974.63 
 
 3421.41 
 
 4314.96 
 
 5208.51 
 
 6995.61 
 
 8782.72 
 
 1.711 
 
 2529.98 
 
 2977.15 
 
 3424.32 
 
 4318.65 
 
 5212.99 
 
 7001.66 
 
 8790.33 
 
 1.712 
 
 2532.10 
 
 2979.67 
 
 3427.23 
 
 4322.35 
 
 5217.47 
 
 7007.71 
 
 8797.94 
 
 1.713 
 
 2534.23 
 
 2982.19 
 
 3430.14 
 
 4326.05 
 
 5221.96 
 
 7013.76 
 
 8H05.56 
 
 1.714 
 
 2536.36 
 
 29&4.71 
 
 3433.06 
 
 4329.75 
 
 5226.45 
 
 7019.81 
 
 8813.18
 
 281 
 
 Depth 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 fi Feet. 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 
 
 16 Feet. 
 
 20 Feet. 
 
 1.715 
 
 2538.50 2987.24 
 
 3435.98 
 
 4333.45 
 
 5230.94 
 
 7025.87 
 
 8820.82 
 
 1.716 
 
 2540.63 2989.76 
 
 3438.89 
 
 4337.15 
 
 5235.41 
 
 7031.9 
 
 8828.4 
 
 1.717 
 
 2542.76 2992.28 
 
 3441.80 
 
 4340.85 
 
 5239.91 
 
 7037.9 
 
 8836.08 
 
 1.718 
 
 2544.89 
 
 2994.80 
 
 3444.72 
 
 4344.55 
 
 5243.3* 
 
 7(144.0 
 
 8843.71 
 
 1.719 
 
 2547.03 
 
 2997.33 
 
 3447.64 
 
 4348.25 
 
 5247.8 
 
 7050.1 
 
 8851.34 
 
 1.720 
 
 2549.16! 2999.86 
 
 3450.56 
 
 4351.96 
 
 5253.3 
 
 7056.1 
 
 8858.97 
 
 1.721 
 
 2551.29! 3002.38 
 
 3453.48 
 
 4355.66 
 
 5257.8 
 
 7062.2 
 
 8866.61 
 
 1.722 
 
 2553.42 
 
 3004.91 
 
 - 3456.40 
 
 4359.37 
 
 5262.3 
 
 7066.3 
 
 8874.25 
 
 1.723 
 
 2555.55 
 
 3007.44 
 
 3459.32 
 
 4363.08 
 
 5266.8 
 
 7073.3 
 
 8881.8 
 
 1.724 
 
 2557.69 
 
 3009.97 
 
 3462.24 
 
 4366.79 
 
 5271.34 
 
 7079.4 
 
 
 1.725 
 
 2559.83 
 
 3012.50 
 
 3465.17 
 
 4370.50 
 
 5275.8 
 
 7086.5 
 
 8897J7 
 
 1.726 
 
 2561.96 
 
 3015.03 
 
 3468.09 
 
 4374.21 
 
 5280.3 
 
 7092.58 
 
 8904.82 
 
 1.727 
 
 2563.10 
 
 3017.56 
 
 3471.01 
 
 4377.92 
 
 5284.84 
 
 7098.6 
 
 8912.47 
 
 1.728 
 
 2565.24 
 
 3020.09 
 
 3473.93 
 
 4381.63 
 
 5289.34 
 
 7104.7 
 
 8920.12 
 
 1.729 
 
 2567.38 
 
 3022.62 
 
 3476.86 
 
 4385.34 
 
 5293.84 
 
 7101.80 
 
 8927.77 
 
 1.730 
 
 2570.52 
 
 3025.15 
 
 3479.79 
 
 4389.06 
 
 5298.34 
 
 7116.8 
 
 8935.43 
 
 1.731 
 
 2572.65 
 
 3027.68 
 
 3482.71 
 
 4392.77 
 
 5302.8 
 
 7122.96 
 
 8943.09 
 
 1.732 
 
 2574.79 
 
 3030.21 
 
 3485.64 
 
 4396.49 
 
 5307.34 
 
 7129.04 
 
 8950.75 
 
 1.733 
 
 2576.93 
 
 3032.74 
 
 3488.57 
 
 4400.21 
 
 5311.8 
 
 7135.12 
 
 8958.41 
 
 1.734 
 
 2579.07 
 
 3035.28 
 
 3491.50 
 
 4403.93 
 
 5316.3 
 
 7141.2 
 
 8966.07 
 
 1.735 
 
 2581.21 
 
 3037.82 
 
 3494.43 
 
 4407.65 
 
 5320.8 
 
 7147.3 
 
 8973.74 
 
 1.736 
 
 2583.35 
 
 3040.35 
 
 3497.36 
 
 4411.36 
 
 5325.3 
 
 7153.3 
 
 8981.41 
 
 1.737 
 
 2585.49 
 
 3042.88 
 
 3500.29 
 
 4415.07 
 
 5329.84 
 
 7159.4 
 
 8989.0 
 
 1.738 
 
 2587.63 
 
 3045.42 
 
 3503.22 
 
 4418.78 
 
 5334.37 
 
 7165.57 
 
 8996.75 
 
 1.739 
 
 2589.78 
 
 3047.96 
 
 3506.15 
 
 4422.49 
 
 5338.9 
 
 7171.6 
 
 9004.42 
 
 1.740 
 
 2591.92 
 
 3050.50 
 
 3509.09 
 
 4426.20 
 
 5343.43 
 
 7177.76 
 
 9012.10 
 
 1.741 
 
 2594.06 
 
 3053.04 
 
 3512.02 
 
 4429.93 
 
 5347.94 
 
 7183.86 
 
 9019.78 
 
 1.742 
 
 2596.20 
 
 3055.58 
 
 3514.95 
 
 4433.67 
 
 5352.45 
 
 7189.96 
 
 9027.46 
 
 1.743 
 
 2598.34 
 
 3058.12 
 
 3517.88 
 
 4437.41 
 
 5356.97 
 
 7196.06 
 
 9035.14 
 
 1.744 
 
 2600.49 
 
 3060.66 
 
 3520.82 
 
 4441.15 
 
 5361.49 
 
 7202.16 
 
 9042.82 
 
 1.745 
 
 2602.64 
 
 3063,20 
 
 a523.76 
 
 4444.89 
 
 5366.0 
 
 7208.26 
 
 9060.51 
 
 1.746 
 
 2604.78 
 
 3065.74 
 
 3526.70 
 
 4448.62 
 
 5370.53 
 
 7214.36 
 
 9058.20 
 
 1.747 
 
 2606.92 
 
 3068.28 
 
 3529.64 
 
 4452.35 
 
 5375.00 
 
 7220.47 
 
 9065.89 
 
 1.748 
 
 2609.07 
 
 3070.82 
 
 3532.98 
 
 4456.08 
 
 5379.57 
 
 7226.58 
 
 9073.68 
 
 1.749 
 
 2611.22 
 
 3073.36 
 
 3535.52 
 
 4459.81 
 
 5384.10 
 
 7232.69 
 
 9081.28 
 
 1.750 
 
 2613.37 
 
 3075.91 
 
 3538.46 
 
 4463.55 
 
 5388.63 
 
 7238.80 
 
 9088.98 
 
 1.751 
 
 2615.51 
 
 3078.45 
 
 3541.40 
 
 4467.28 
 
 5393.76 
 
 7244.91 
 
 9096.68 
 
 1.752 
 
 2617.66 
 
 3080.99 
 
 3544.34 
 
 4471.01 
 
 5397.69 
 
 7251.02 
 
 9104.38 
 
 1.753 
 
 2619.81 
 
 3083.54 
 
 3547.28 
 
 4474.74 
 
 5402.22 
 
 7257.14 
 
 9112.08 
 
 1 .754 
 
 2621.99 
 
 3086.09 
 
 .'3550.22 
 
 4478.47 
 
 5406.75 
 
 7263.26 
 
 9119.79 
 
 1.755 
 
 2624.11 
 
 3088.64 
 
 3553.17 
 
 4482.22 
 
 5411.28 
 
 7269.38 
 
 9127.50 
 
 1.756 
 
 2626.26 
 
 3091.18 
 
 3556.11 
 
 4485.% 
 
 5415.81 
 
 7275.51 
 
 9135.21 
 
 1.757 
 
 2628.41 
 
 3093.73 
 
 3559.05 
 
 4489.70 
 
 5420.34 
 
 7281.64 
 
 9142.92 
 
 1.758 
 
 2630.56 
 
 3096.28 
 
 3562.00 
 
 4493.44 
 
 5424.87 
 
 7287.77 
 
 9150.63 
 
 1.759 
 
 2632.71 
 
 3098.83 
 
 3564.95 
 
 4497.18 
 
 5429.41 
 
 7293.90 
 
 9158.38 
 
 1.760 
 
 2634.87 
 
 3101.38 
 
 3567.90 
 
 4500.92 
 
 5433.95 
 
 7300.01 
 
 9166.06 
 
 1.761 
 
 2637.01 
 
 3103.93 
 
 3570.84 
 
 4,504.66 
 
 5438.39 
 
 7306.14 
 
 9173.78 
 
 1 .762 
 
 2639.16 
 
 3106.48 
 
 3573.79 
 
 4508.40 
 
 5442.93 
 
 7312.27 
 
 9181.50 
 
 1.763 
 
 2641.31 
 
 3109.08 
 
 3576.74 
 
 4512.15 
 
 5447.47 
 
 7318.40 
 
 9189.22 
 
 1.764 
 
 2643.47 
 
 3111.58! 3579.69 
 
 4515.90 
 
 5452.01 
 
 7324.53 
 
 9196.55 
 
 1.765 
 
 2645.64 
 
 3114.14 
 
 3582.64 
 
 4519.65 
 
 5456.66 
 
 7330.67 
 
 9204.68 
 
 1.766 
 
 2647.79 
 
 3116.69 
 
 3585.59 
 
 4523.40 
 
 5461.20 
 
 7386.81 
 
 9212.41 
 
 1.767 
 
 2649.94 
 
 3119.24 
 
 3588.54 
 
 4527.16 
 
 5465.76 
 
 7342.95 
 
 9220.14 
 
 1.768 
 
 2652.10 
 
 3121.79 
 
 3591.49 
 
 4530.90 
 
 5470.31 
 
 7349.05 
 
 9227.87 
 
 1.769 
 
 2654.26 
 
 3124.35 
 
 3594.44 
 
 4534.65 
 
 5474.86 
 
 7355.19 
 
 9235.61 
 
 1.770 
 
 2656.42 
 
 3126.91 
 
 3597.41 
 
 4538.40 
 
 5479.39 
 
 7361.37 
 
 9243.35 
 
 1.771 
 
 2658.57 
 
 3129.46 
 
 3600.36 
 
 4542.15 
 
 5484.94 
 
 7367.51 
 
 9251.09 
 
 1.772 
 
 2660.73 
 
 3132.02 
 
 3603.31 
 
 4545.90 
 
 5489.49 
 
 7373.66 
 
 9258.83
 
 282 
 
 Depth 
 We1, 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 6 Feet 
 
 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 
 
 16 Feet. 
 
 20 Feet 
 
 1.773 
 
 2662.89 
 
 3134.58 
 
 3606.27 
 
 4549.65 
 
 5494.04 
 
 7379.81 
 
 9266.57 
 
 1.774 
 
 2665.05 
 
 3137.14 
 
 3609.23 
 
 4553.41 
 
 5498.59 
 
 7385.96 
 
 9274.32 
 
 1.775 
 
 2667.21 
 
 3139.70 
 
 3612.19 
 
 4557.17 
 
 5502.15 
 
 7392.11 
 
 9282.07 
 
 1.776 
 
 2669.37 
 
 3142.26 
 
 3615.15 
 
 4560.93 
 
 5506.70 
 
 7398.26 
 
 9289.82 
 
 1.777 
 
 2671.43 
 
 3144.82 
 
 3618.11 
 
 4564.69 
 
 5511.26 
 
 7404.42 
 
 9297.57 
 
 1.778 
 
 2673.59 
 
 3147.38 
 
 3621.07 
 
 4568.45 
 
 5515.82 
 
 7410.58 
 
 9305.33 
 
 1.779 
 
 2675.75 
 
 3149.94 
 
 3624.03 
 
 4572.21 
 
 5520.38 
 
 7416.74 
 
 9313.09 
 
 1.780 
 
 2678.01 
 
 3152.50 
 
 3626.99 
 
 4575.97 
 
 5524.94 
 
 7422.90 
 
 9320.85 
 
 1.781 
 
 2680.17 
 
 3155.06 
 
 3629.95 
 
 4579.73 
 
 5529.50 
 
 7429.06 
 
 9328.61 
 
 1.782 
 
 2682.33 
 
 3157.62 
 
 3632.91 
 
 4583.49 
 
 5534.06 
 
 7435.22 
 
 9336.37 
 
 1.783 
 
 2684.49 
 
 3160.18 
 
 3635.87 
 
 4587.25 
 
 5538.62 
 
 7441.38 
 
 9344.13 
 
 1.784 
 
 2686.66 
 
 3162.75 
 
 3638.83 
 
 4591.01 
 
 5543.19 
 
 7447.54 
 
 9351.90 
 
 1.785 
 
 2688.83 
 
 3165.32 
 
 3641.80 
 
 4594.78 
 
 5547.76 
 
 7453.71 
 
 9359.67 
 
 1.786 
 
 2690.99 
 
 3167.88 
 
 3644.76 
 
 4598.54 
 
 5552.33 
 
 7459.88 
 
 9367.44 
 
 1.787 
 
 2693.15 
 
 3170.44 
 
 3647.73 
 
 4602.31 
 
 5556.90 
 
 7466.05 
 
 9375.21 
 
 1.788 
 
 2695.31 
 
 3173.01 
 
 3650.70 
 
 4606.08 
 
 5561.47 
 
 7472.22 
 
 9382.99 
 
 1.789 
 
 2697.47 
 
 3175.58 
 
 3653.67 
 
 4609.85 
 
 5566.04 
 
 7478.40 
 
 9390.77 
 
 1.790 
 
 2699.64 
 
 3178.15 
 
 3656.64 
 
 4613.62 
 
 5570.61 
 
 7484.58 
 
 9398.55 
 
 1.791 
 
 2701.81 
 
 3180.71 
 
 3659.61 
 
 4617.39 
 
 5575.18 
 
 7490.76 
 
 9406.33 
 
 1.792 
 
 2703.98 
 
 3183.28 
 
 3662.58 
 
 4621.16 
 
 5579.75 
 
 7496.94 
 
 9414.11 
 
 1.793 
 
 2706.15 
 
 3185.85 
 
 3665.55 
 
 4624.93 
 
 5584.32 
 
 7403.12 
 
 9421.89 
 
 1.794 
 
 2708.32 
 
 3188.42 
 
 3668.52 
 
 4628.71 
 
 5588.90 
 
 7409.30 
 
 9429.68 
 
 1.795 
 
 2710.49 
 
 3190.99 
 
 3671.49 
 
 4632.49 
 
 5593.48 
 
 7515.48 
 
 9437.47 
 
 1.796 
 
 2712.66 
 
 3193.56 
 
 3674.46 
 
 4636.26 
 
 5598.06 
 
 7521.66 
 
 9445.26 
 
 1.797 
 
 2714.83 
 
 3196.13 
 
 3677.43 
 
 4640.03 
 
 5602.64 
 
 7527.85 
 
 9453.05 
 
 1.798 
 
 2717.00 
 
 3198.70 
 
 3680.40 
 
 4643.81 
 
 5607.22 
 
 7534.04 
 
 9460.85 
 
 1.799 
 
 2719.17 
 
 3201.27 
 
 3683.38 
 
 4647.59 
 
 5611.80 
 
 7540.23 
 
 9468.65 
 
 1.800 
 
 2721.34 
 
 3203.85 
 
 3686.36 
 
 4651.37 
 
 5616.39 
 
 7546.42 
 
 9476.45 
 
 1.801 
 
 2723.51 
 
 3206.42 
 
 3689.33 
 
 4655.15 
 
 5620.97 
 
 7552.61 
 
 9484.26 
 
 1.802 
 
 2725.68 
 
 3208.99 
 
 3692.30 
 
 4658.93 
 
 5625.55 
 
 7558.80 
 
 9492.07 
 
 1.803 
 
 2727.85 
 
 3211.57 
 
 3695.28 
 
 4662.61 
 
 5630.14 
 
 7565.00 
 
 9499.89 
 
 1.804 
 
 2730.02 
 
 3214.15 
 
 3698.26 
 
 4666.79 
 
 5634.73 
 
 7571.20 
 
 9507.71 
 
 1.805 
 
 2732.20 
 
 3216.73 
 
 3701.24 
 
 4670.28 
 
 5639.32 
 
 7577.40 
 
 9515.48 
 
 1.806 
 
 2734.37 
 
 3219.30 
 
 3704.22 
 
 4674.06 
 
 5643.91 
 
 7583.60 
 
 9523.29 
 
 1.807 
 
 2736.54 
 
 3221.87 
 
 3707.20 
 
 4677.85 
 
 5648.50 
 
 7589.86 
 
 9531.10 
 
 1.808 
 
 2738.72 
 
 3224.45 
 
 3710.18 
 
 4681.64 
 
 5653.09 
 
 7596.00 
 
 9538.92 
 
 1.809 
 
 2740.90 
 
 3228.03 
 
 3713.16 
 
 4685.43 
 
 5657.69 
 
 7602.21 
 
 9546.74 
 
 1.810 
 
 2743.08 
 
 3229.61 
 
 3716.15 
 
 4689.22 
 
 5662.29 
 
 7608.42 
 
 9554.56 
 
 1.811 
 
 2745.25 
 
 3232.19 
 
 3718.13 
 
 4693.01 
 
 5666.88 
 
 7614.63 
 
 9562.38 
 
 1.812 2747.43 
 
 3234.77 
 
 3721.11 
 
 4696.80 
 
 6671.47 
 
 7620.87 
 
 9570.20 
 
 1.813 2749.61 
 
 3237.35 
 
 3724.09 
 
 4700.59 
 
 5676.07 
 
 7627.07 
 
 9578.03 
 
 1.814 2751.79 
 
 3239.93 
 
 3727.08 
 
 4704.38 
 
 5680.67 
 
 7633.27 
 
 9585.86 
 
 1.815 2753.97 
 
 3242.52 
 
 3731.07 
 
 4708.17 
 
 5685.27 
 
 7639.48 
 
 9593.69 
 
 1.816 2756.15 
 
 3245.10 
 
 3734.05 
 
 4711.96 
 
 5689.87 
 
 7645.70 
 
 9601.52 
 
 1.817 2758.33 
 
 3247.68 
 
 3737.04 
 
 4715.75 
 
 5094.47 
 
 7051.92 
 
 9609.45 
 
 1.818 2760.51 
 
 3250.26 
 
 3740.03 
 
 4719.55 
 
 5699.07 
 
 7658.14 
 
 9617.39 
 
 1.819 
 
 2762.69 
 
 3253.84 
 
 3743.02 
 
 4723.35 
 
 5703.68 
 
 7664.36 
 
 9625.23 
 
 1.820 
 
 2764.87 
 
 3255.43 
 
 3746.01 
 
 4727.15 
 
 5708.29 
 
 7670.58 
 
 9632.87 
 
 1.821 
 
 2767.05 
 
 3258.01 
 
 3749.00 
 
 4730.95 
 
 5712.90 
 
 7676.81 
 
 9640.71 
 
 1.822 
 
 2769.23 
 
 3260.60 
 
 3751.99 
 
 4734.75 
 
 5717.51 
 
 7683.05 
 
 9648.55 
 
 1.823 
 
 2771.41 
 
 3263.19 
 
 3754.98 
 
 4738.55 
 
 5722.12 
 
 7689.29 
 
 9656.40 
 
 1.824 
 
 2773.59 
 
 3265.78 
 
 3757.97 
 
 4742.35 
 
 5726.73 
 
 7695.53 
 
 9064.25 
 
 1.825 
 
 2775.78 
 
 3268.37 
 
 3760.96 
 
 4746.15 
 
 5731.34 
 
 7701.72 
 
 9672.10 
 
 1.826 
 
 2777.96 
 
 3270.95 
 
 3763.95 
 
 4749.85 
 
 5735.95 
 
 7707.95 
 
 9679.95 
 
 1.827 
 
 2779.14 
 
 3273.5i 
 
 3766.94 
 
 4753.65 
 
 5740.56 
 
 7704.18 
 
 9687.80 
 
 1.828 
 
 2781.32 
 
 3276.13 
 
 3769.93 
 
 4757.45 
 
 5745.18 
 
 7720.42 
 
 9695.66 
 
 1.829 
 
 2788.50 
 
 3278.72 
 
 3773.93 
 
 4761.26 
 
 5749.80 
 
 7726.66 
 
 9703.52 
 
 1.830 
 
 2786.69 
 
 3281.31 
 
 3775.93 
 
 4765.17 
 
 5754.42 
 
 7732.90 
 
 9711.38
 
 283 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 
 
 2788.87 
 2791.05 
 2793.24 
 2795.43 
 2797.02 
 
 2SII2.IMI 
 
 2804.19 
 
 2808.57 
 2810.76 
 2812.95 
 2815.04 
 2817.23 
 2819.52 
 2821.71 
 
 2SJ.-..09 
 2827.29 
 
 2837.09 
 2839.29 
 28 } 1 .47 
 
 2848.05 
 2850.25 
 2852.45 
 2854.65 
 2856.85 
 
 2801.25 
 
 2so3.li; 
 
 2807.80 
 2870.06 
 2872.26 
 
 2874.47 
 
 2870.07 
 2878.87 
 
 2887.69 
 
 2892.10 
 2894.31 
 2896.52 
 2S9S.7:; 
 2900.94 
 2903.15 
 2905.30 
 2907.57 
 
 2911.99 
 2914.20 
 
 3778.92 
 3781.92 
 37X4.92 
 3787.92 
 379H.92 
 3793.92 
 379(1.92 
 3799.92 
 3702.92 
 
 3811.93 
 3814.93 
 3817.94 
 
 3823.95 
 3826.96 
 
 3829.97 
 
 3841.01 
 3844.02 
 3S 17.03 
 3.X51.05 
 3S5l.no 
 3857.07 
 386(1. (IS 
 3863.10 
 3866.12 
 
 3872.15 
 3875.17 
 3878.19 
 3881.21 
 3884.23 
 3887.25 
 3890.27 
 
 3911.44 
 3914.47 
 3917.50 
 
 8920.5:; 
 
 3923.r.t; 
 3926.59 
 3929.62 
 
 3836.68 
 
 3938.72 
 3941.75 
 3944.78 
 3947.81 
 
 1708.118 
 4772.80 
 4776.62 
 4780.44 
 4784.22 
 
 4791.84 
 479.-,.65 
 
 1799.17 
 
 4807.10 
 4810.92 
 4814.74 
 4818.56 
 
 4822.38 
 4826.20 
 
 4837.66 
 4841.49 
 4845.31 
 4849.14 
 
 4852.97 
 
 i S5i ;. so 
 
 lsci.it; 
 
 4872.12 
 4875.95 
 4879.79 
 
 4895.14 
 4898.97 
 
 19I1C.C.-, 
 
 4910.49 
 4914.33 
 4918.17 
 4922.01 
 4925.85 
 4929.70 
 4933.55 
 4937.40 
 4941.24 
 4945.09 
 4948.94 
 4952.79 
 4956.64 
 4960.49 
 4964.34 
 4968.19 
 4972.05 
 4975.91 
 4979.77 
 
 4987.49 
 
 5759.04 
 5763.66 
 5768.28 
 5772.!)d 
 5777.52 
 5782.14 
 57S0.70 
 5791.39 
 5796.02 
 5800.65 
 5805.28 
 5809.91 
 5814.54 
 5819.1 1 
 
 5833.07 
 5837.71 
 5842.35 
 
 5851.63 
 5856.27 
 
 5805.56 
 5870.21 
 
 5874.85 
 
 .-879.50 
 884.15 
 
 r.sss.so 
 
 5893.4.1 
 
 5916.73 
 5921.38 
 5926.04 
 51I30.7I 
 5935.36 
 5940.02 
 5944.68 
 5949.34 
 5954.01 
 5958.68 
 5963.35 
 
 5972.69 
 5977.36 
 5982.03 
 
 .73 
 
 6005.41 
 
 6014.77 
 6018.45 
 6023.13 
 
 7739.14 
 7745.38 
 7751.62 
 7757.86 
 7764.11 
 7770.36 
 7776.61 
 7782.86 
 7789.11 
 7795.37 
 7801.63 
 
 7814.15 
 7820.41 
 
 7826.67 
 
 7839.19 
 7845.46 
 7851.73 
 7868.00 
 7864.27 
 7870.54 
 7876.81 
 7883.09 
 7889.37 
 7895.65 
 7901.93 
 7908.21 
 7914.49 
 7920.78 
 7927.07 
 
 7945.94 
 7952.24 
 7958.53 
 
 7971.13 
 
 7977.43 
 7983.73 
 
 7996.33 
 8002.64 
 8008.95 
 8015.26 
 8021.57 
 8027.88 
 8034.19 
 8040.50 
 8046.82 
 8053.14 
 8059.46 
 8065.78 
 8072.00 
 8078.43 
 8084.75 
 
 8097.41 
 
 9719.24 
 9727.10 
 9734.97 
 9742.84 
 9750.71 
 9758.58 
 9766.45 
 9774.33 
 9782.21 
 9790.09 
 9797.97 
 9805.86 
 9813.75 
 9821.64 
 
 9892.72 
 9900.63 
 9908.54 
 9916.45 
 9924.36 
 9932.28 
 9940.20 
 9948.12 
 9956.04 
 9963.97 
 9971.90 
 9979.83 
 9987.75 
 9995.68 
 10003.61 
 10011.54 
 10019.47 
 10027.43 
 10035.37 
 10043.31 
 10051.26 
 10059.21 
 10067.16 
 10075.11 
 10082.06 
 10090.02 
 10097.98 
 10106.94 
 10114.90 
 10122.86 
 10130.83 
 10138.80 
 10146.77 
 10154.74 
 10162.71 
 10170.69
 
 I-KNCTII OF THE AVE1K. 
 
 8 Feet. 10 Feet. 12 Fet. 16 Feet. 20 Feet. 
 
 8103.74 
 
 8110.07 
 8117.10 
 8123.44 
 
 s!29.Ts 
 
 292' I., S4 
 
 2923.05 
 2925.27 
 2927.49 
 2929.70 
 2931.91 
 J934.U 
 2936.34 
 2938.56 
 2!IH.7S 
 
 1 2.93 
 
 5006.79 
 5010.65 
 5014.52 
 5018.38 
 3022.2B 
 
 3445.61 
 3418.27 
 
 3450.90 
 
 3J53.r>3 
 3456.16 
 3158.7!) 
 
 3)61.12 
 3464.05 
 
 8148.10 
 8154.44 
 
 S1D0.7S 
 81(17.13 
 MTIl.ls 
 
 5037.73 
 5041.60 
 5045.47 
 5049.34 
 5053.22 
 5057.09 
 5060.96 
 
 :;:)!)!). J!) 
 4IMIJ.54 
 4005.58 
 4008.63 
 
 8199.88 
 
 .24 
 
 S21I.60 
 8217.96 
 
 5068.72 
 
 5072.60 
 5076.48 
 5080.36 
 5084.26 
 
 5088.14 
 5(192.00 
 
 8237.04 
 8243.40 
 
 X24D.7C 
 S256.K! 
 
 21)71.89 
 2974.08 
 2976.30 
 2978.52 
 
 2980.74 
 
 2IIS2.97 
 
 3508.84 
 
 3511.48 
 
 351 1.1 _' 
 3516.76 
 3518.80 
 3521.44 
 35-l.ns 
 :!526.72 
 3529.!)7 
 3.-.32.61 
 3535.25 
 35I57.90 
 354U.55 
 3.543.20 
 3515. si 
 351S.HI 
 3551.11 
 355:;. 71 1 
 3556.11 
 355!t.0il 
 3561.74 
 
 B099.7 
 
 51H3.64 
 5107.53 
 5111.42 
 5115.31 
 5119.20 
 5123.09 
 5126.9s 
 
 8287.91 
 
 8294.37 
 8300.7; 
 8307.13 
 8313.M 
 
 2991.86 
 
 299 Ml 
 2996.34 
 2998.57 
 
 5138.65 
 
 5142.54 
 5146,11 
 5150.:',! 
 5154.23 
 5158.13 
 51 H2.03 
 5165.93 
 
 4072.7* 
 4075.84 
 107s. 91 
 10s L97 
 4085.03 
 Kiss.09 
 
 40!)1.16 
 
 4091.2:; 
 
 4097.29 
 11110.36 
 1103.43, 
 4036.50 
 11119.57 
 4112JU 
 4115.71 
 4118.78 
 4121.85 
 4124.93 
 41 
 
 3011.95 
 3014.18 
 3016.41 
 3018.64 
 
 5173.73 
 .117,'. 63 
 
 51 SI.:,:: 
 51S5.43 
 
 3032.04 
 :(034.27 
 
 3030.51 
 
 3038.75 
 
 3040.99 
 3043.22 
 
 5193.24 
 5197.11 
 5101.05 
 5104.96 
 
 5208.S7 
 5212.78
 
 285 
 
 Depth 
 Weir. 
 
 LENGTH OF THE WHIR. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 6 Feet. 
 
 7 Feet. 
 
 8 Feet. 
 
 10 Feet. 
 
 12 Feet. 
 
 16 Feet. 
 
 20 Feet 
 
 1.947 
 
 3045.46 
 
 3588.26 
 
 4131.07 
 
 5216.69 
 
 6302.29 
 
 8473.53 
 
 10644.74 
 
 1.948 
 
 3047.70 
 
 3590.92 
 
 4134.14 
 
 5220.60 
 
 6307.04 
 
 8479.95 
 
 10652.83 
 
 1.949 
 
 3049.94 
 
 3593.58 
 
 4137.22 
 
 5224.51 
 
 6311.79 
 
 8486.37 
 
 10660.93 
 
 1.950 
 
 3052.18 
 
 3596.24 
 
 4140.30 
 
 5228.42 
 
 6316.54 
 
 8492.79 
 
 10669.03 
 
 1.951 
 
 0054.42 
 
 3598.90 
 
 4143.37 
 
 5232.33 
 
 6321.29 
 
 8499.21 
 
 10677.13 
 
 1.952 
 
 3056.66 
 
 3601.56 
 
 4146.45 
 
 5236.24 
 
 6326.04 
 
 8505.64 
 
 10685.23 
 
 1.95:! 
 
 3058.90 
 
 3604.22 
 
 4149.53 
 
 5240.16 
 
 6330.79 
 
 8512.07 
 
 10693.33 
 
 1.954 
 
 3061.14 
 
 3606.88 
 
 4152.61 
 
 5244.08 
 
 6335.55 
 
 8518.50 
 
 10701.44 
 
 1.955 
 
 3063.38 
 
 3609.54 
 
 4155.69 
 
 5248.00 
 
 6340.31 
 
 8524.93 
 
 10709.55 
 
 1 .956 
 
 3065.62 
 
 3612.20 
 
 4158.77 
 
 5251.92 
 
 6345.06 
 
 8531.36 
 
 10717.66 
 
 1.957 
 
 3067.86 
 
 3614.86 
 
 4161.85 
 
 5255.84 
 
 6349.82 
 
 8537.79 
 
 10725.77 
 
 1.958 
 
 3070.10 
 
 3617.52 
 
 4164.93 5259.76 
 
 6354.58 
 
 8544.23 
 
 10733.88 
 
 1.959 
 
 3072.34 
 
 3620.18 
 
 4168.01 5263.68 
 
 6359.34 
 
 8550.67 
 
 10741.99 
 
 1.960 
 
 3074.59 
 
 3622.84 
 
 4171.09 5267.60 
 
 6364.10 
 
 8557.11 
 
 10750.11 
 
 1.961 
 
 3076.83 
 
 3625.50 
 
 4174.17 
 
 5271.52 
 
 6368.86 
 
 8563.55 
 
 10758.23 
 
 1.962 
 
 3079.07 
 
 3628.16 
 
 4177.25 5275.44 
 
 6373.52 
 
 8569.99 
 
 10766.35 
 
 1.963 
 
 3081.32 
 
 3630.83 
 
 4180.34 5279.36 
 
 6378.28 
 
 8576.43 
 
 10774.47 
 
 1.9(54 
 
 3083.57 
 
 3633.50 
 
 4183.43 
 
 5283.29 
 
 6383.05 
 
 8582.87 
 
 10782.59 
 
 1.965 
 
 3085.82 
 
 3636.17 
 
 4186.52 
 
 5287.22 
 
 6387.92 
 
 8589.32 
 
 10790.72 
 
 i.iifii; 
 
 3088.06 
 
 3638.83 
 
 4189.60 
 
 5291.14 
 
 6392.68 
 
 8595.75 
 
 10798.85 
 
 1.967 
 
 3090.30 
 
 3641.49 
 
 4192.68 5295.07 
 
 6397.45 
 
 8602.20 
 
 10706.96 
 
 1.968 
 
 3092.55 
 
 3644.16 
 
 4195.77 5299.00 
 
 6402.22 
 
 8608.65 
 
 10715.11 
 
 1 .969 
 
 3094.80 
 
 3646.83 
 
 4198.86 5302.93 
 
 6406.99 
 
 8615.10 
 
 10723.24 
 
 1.970 
 
 3097.05 
 
 3649.50 
 
 4201.95! 5306.86 
 
 6411.76 
 
 8621.57 
 
 10831.38 
 
 1.971 
 
 3099.29 
 
 3652.17 
 
 4205.04 5310.79 
 
 6416.53 
 
 8629.02 
 
 10839.52 
 
 1.972 
 
 3100.54 
 
 3654.84 
 
 4208.13 
 
 5314.72 
 
 6421.30 
 
 8635.48 
 
 10847.66 
 
 1.973 
 
 3103.79 
 
 3657.51 
 
 4211.22 
 
 5318.65 
 
 6426.07 
 
 8641.94 
 
 10855.80 
 
 1.974 
 
 3106.04 
 
 3660.18 
 
 4214.31 
 
 5322.58 
 
 6430.85 
 
 8648.40 
 
 10863.95 
 
 1 .975 
 
 3108.29 
 
 3662.85 
 
 4217.40 
 
 5326.52 
 
 6435.63 
 
 8653.86 
 
 10872.10 
 
 1.976 
 
 3110.54 
 
 3665.52 
 
 4020.49 
 
 5330.45 
 
 6440.41 
 
 8660.32 
 
 10880.25 
 
 1.977 
 
 3112.79 
 
 3668.19 
 
 4023.:>s 
 
 5334.38 
 
 6445.19 
 
 8666.78 
 
 10888.75 
 
 1.978 
 
 3115.04 
 
 3670.86 
 
 4026.68 5338.32 
 
 6449.97] 8673.25 
 
 10896.90 
 
 1.979 
 
 3117.29 
 
 3673.53 
 
 4029.78 5342.26 
 
 6454.751 8679.72 
 
 10905.05 
 
 1.980 
 
 3119.54 
 
 3676.21 
 
 4232.88 5346.20 
 
 6459.53 8686.19 
 
 10912.85 
 
 1.981 
 
 3121.79 3678.88 
 
 4235.97 5350.14 
 
 6464.31 
 
 8692.66 
 
 109-1.01 
 
 1 .982 
 
 3124.04 3681.55 
 
 4239.06j 5354.08 
 
 6469.09 
 
 8699.13 
 
 10929.17 
 
 i .983 
 
 3126.29 3684.22 
 
 4242.16 5358.02 
 
 6473.87 
 
 8705.60 
 
 10937.33 
 
 1.984 
 
 3128.55 1 3686.90 
 
 4245.26 
 
 5361.96 
 
 6478.66 
 
 8712.07 
 
 10945.49 
 
 1.9X5 
 
 3130.81 3689.58 
 
 4248.36 
 
 5365.91 
 
 6483.45 
 
 8718.55 
 
 10953.65 
 
 1.981! 
 
 3133.06 
 
 3692.25 
 
 4251.46 
 
 5369.85 
 
 6488.24 
 
 8725.03 
 
 10961.82 
 
 1 .987 
 
 3135.36 
 
 3694.93 
 
 4254.56 
 
 5373.79 
 
 6493.03 
 
 8731.51 
 
 10969.99 
 
 1.988 
 
 3137.57 
 
 3697.61 
 
 4257.66 
 
 5377.73 
 
 6497.82 
 
 8737.99 
 
 10978.16 
 
 1.989 
 
 3139.83 
 
 3700.29 
 
 4260.76 
 
 5381.68 
 
 6402.61 
 
 8744.47 
 
 10986.33 
 
 1.990 
 
 3142.09 
 
 3702.97 
 
 4263.86 
 
 5385.63 
 
 6507.41 
 
 8750.95 
 
 10994.50| 
 
 1.991 
 
 3144.34 
 
 3705.59 
 
 4266.96 
 
 5389.58 
 
 6512.20 
 
 8757.43 
 
 10102.68] 
 
 1.992 
 
 3146.59 
 
 3708.21 
 
 4270.06 
 
 5393.53 
 
 6516.99 
 
 8763.92 
 
 10112.68 
 
 1.993 
 
 3148.85 
 
 3710.83 
 
 4273.17 5397.48 
 
 6521.78 
 
 8770.41 
 
 10120.86 
 
 1.994 
 
 3151.11 
 
 3713.46 
 
 4276.28 5401.43 
 
 6526.57 
 
 8776.90 
 
 10129.04 
 
 1.995 
 
 3153.37 
 
 3716.37 4279.38 
 
 5405.38 i 6531.38 
 
 8783.39 
 
 11035.40 
 
 1.996 
 
 3155.63 
 
 3719.05 4282.48 
 
 5409.331 6536.18 
 
 8789.88 
 
 11043.59 
 
 1.997 
 
 3157.89 
 
 3721.73 4285.58 
 
 5413.28! 6540.98 
 
 8796.37 
 
 11051.78 
 
 1.998 
 
 3160.15 
 
 3724.41 
 
 4288.69 
 
 5417.23 6545.78 
 
 8802.87 
 
 11059.97 
 
 1.999 
 
 3162.41 
 
 3727.10 
 
 4291.80 
 
 5421.19 6550.58 
 
 8808.37 
 
 11068.16 
 
 2.000 
 
 3164.67 
 
 3729.79 
 
 4294.91 
 
 5425.15 6555.39 
 
 8815.87 
 
 11076.35
 
 280 
 J. B. Francis Tables. 
 
 FOR FACILITATING THE COMPUTATION OF THE QUANTITY OF 
 
 WATER FLOWING OVER WEIRS. 
 
 TABLE I. 
 
 To attain the greatest exactness, it is necessary to take account of the veloc- 
 ity of the water approaching the weir. The method adopted at Lowell for 
 this purpose is to make a correction for it in the observed depth on the weir, 
 by the formula 
 
 in which 
 
 H = the observed depth on the weir. 
 h = the head due the mean velocity approaching the weir. 
 H'= the corrected depth on the weir. 
 By developing into series and omitting the terms containing powers of j, 
 
 above the first, A being always very small, relatively to H, this formula rniy, 
 without sensible error, be put under the simpler form, 
 
 The mean velocity of the water approaching the weir is usually found, with 
 sufficient exactness, by computing the discharge, approximately, from the ob- 
 served depth on the weir, and dividing it by the section of the channel ap- 
 proaching the weir, the quotient being the velocity; the head due this velocity, 
 or h, is found by 1 able 1., which is computed by the formula, 
 
 V s 
 
 V= the mean velocity. 
 
 g = the velocity acquired by a body at the end of the first sec- 
 
 ond of its fall, in a vacuum; its value, for Lowell, being 
 
 321618. 
 
 TABLE II. 
 This is computed by the formula 
 
 (?=3.33 (L-O.ln H) H%, 
 
 in which 
 
 Q = the quantity of water discharged, in cubic feet per second. 
 
 L = the length of the weir in feet. 
 
 H= the depth on the weir in feet, being the height of the surface 
 of the water above the top of the weir, taken far enougli 
 from the weir to be unaffected by the curvature caused by 
 the discharge, and corrected, if necessary, for the velocity of 
 the water approaching the weir. 
 
 n = the number of end contractions. 
 
 In computing the table, L is taken equal to t, and equal to 0. 
 
 The actual length of the weir being known, it is to be corrected for the end 
 contractions, if any, by deducting from it one-tenth of the depth on the weir 
 for each end contraction. If the length of the weir is the same as the width 
 of the canal approaching it, there is no end contraction, and of course nothing 
 to be deducted from the length of the weir. The discharge, as given by the 
 table, multiplied by the length of the weir, corrected, if necessary, as above, 
 gives the quantity of water discharged by the weir.
 
 287 
 
 HEADS, IN FEET, DUE TO VELOCITIES FROM TO 4.99 FEET PER 
 SECOND. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Veloc'y 
 
 0.0 
 
 O 
 
 0.0000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00001 
 
 
 0.0001 
 
 00000 
 
 O.OOOf 
 
 0.0000 
 
 0.0000 0.0000 
 
 0.0001 
 
 0.0001 
 
 .1 
 
 0.000.! 
 
 0.0002 
 
 
 0.0003 
 
 00003 0.0003 
 
 O.oi 04 
 
 0.00 14 
 
 0.0005 
 
 0.0006 
 
 .2 
 
 0.0006 
 
 0.0007 
 
 0.0008 
 
 0.0008 
 
 0.0009' 0.0010 
 
 0.0011 
 
 0.0011 
 
 0.0012 
 
 0.0013 
 
 .3 
 
 0.0:>14 
 
 0.0015 
 
 00016 
 
 0.0017 
 
 0.0018; 0.0019 
 
 O.oii2d 
 
 0.0021 
 
 0.0022 
 
 0.0024 
 
 ..4 
 
 0.0025 
 
 
 0.0027 
 
 0.0029 
 
 0.00301 0.0031 
 
 0.0033 
 
 0. 034 
 
 0.0036 
 
 0.0037 
 
 .5 
 
 0.0039 0.0040 
 
 0.0042 
 
 0.0044 
 
 0.0045 
 
 0.0 J47 
 
 0.0049 0.1051 
 
 00062 
 
 0.0054 
 
 6 
 
 0.0056 
 
 0.0058 
 
 0.0060 
 
 0.0062 
 
 0.0064 
 
 0.0066 
 
 0.0068 
 
 0.0070 
 
 0.0072 
 
 0.0074 
 
 7 
 
 0.0076 0.0078 
 
 0.0081 
 
 0.00*3 
 
 0.0085 
 
 0.0087 
 
 0.0090 
 
 0.0092 
 
 0.0095 
 
 0.0097 
 
 .8 
 
 0.0039 0.0102 
 
 0.0105 
 
 0.0107 
 
 0.0110 
 
 0.0112 
 
 0.0115 
 
 0.0118 
 
 0.0121) 
 
 0.0123 
 
 .9 
 
 00126 0.0129 
 
 0.0132 
 
 0.0134 
 
 0.0137 
 
 0.0140 
 
 0.0143 
 
 0.0146 
 
 0.0149 
 
 0.0152 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.0155 
 
 0.0159 
 
 0.0162 
 
 0.0165 
 
 0.0168 
 
 0.0171 
 
 0.0175 
 
 0.0178 
 
 0.0181 
 
 0.0185 
 
 .1 
 
 0.0188! 0.0192 
 
 0.0195 
 
 0.0199 
 
 0.0202 
 
 0.0206 
 
 0.020!) 
 
 0.0213 
 
 0.0216 
 
 0.0220 
 
 .2 
 
 0.02^41 0.0228 
 
 0.0231 
 
 0.0235 
 
 0.0239 
 
 n.0243 
 
 0.0247 
 
 0.0251 
 
 0.0255 0.0259 
 
 .3 
 
 J.0263 
 
 0.0267 
 
 0.0271 
 
 0.0275 
 
 0.0279 
 
 0.02*3 
 
 0.0288 
 
 00292 
 
 0.0296 0.0300 
 
 .4 
 
 <J 0305 
 
 0.0399 
 
 0.0313 
 
 0.0318 
 
 0.03>2 
 
 0.0327 
 
 00331 
 
 0.0336 
 
 0.0341 0.0345 
 
 .5 
 
 0.03.50 
 
 0.0,554 
 
 0.0359 
 
 0.0364 
 
 o 03-!'.i 
 
 0.0374 
 
 0.0378 
 
 0.0383 
 
 0.1388 0.0393 
 
 .6 
 
 0.039S 
 
 0.0103 
 
 0.0408 
 
 0.0413 
 
 0.0418 
 
 00423 
 
 0.0428 
 
 0.04341 0.0439 0.0444 
 
 .7 
 
 0.0449 
 
 0.0455 
 
 0.0460 
 
 0.0465 
 
 0.0471 
 
 0.0476 
 
 0.0482 
 
 0.0487 
 
 0.0493, 0.0498 
 
 .8 
 
 0.0504 
 
 0.0509 
 
 0.0515 
 
 0.0521 
 
 0.0526 
 
 0.0532 
 
 0.053S 
 
 U.0544 
 
 0.0549! 0555 
 
 .9 
 
 0.0561 
 
 0.0567 
 
 0.0573 
 
 0.0579 
 
 0.0585 
 
 0.0.391 
 
 0.0597 
 
 0.0603 
 
 0.0609 
 
 0.0616 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.0622 
 
 0.0628 
 
 0.0634 
 
 0.0641 
 
 0.0647 
 
 0.0653 
 
 0.0660 
 
 0.0666 
 
 0.0673 
 
 0.0679 
 
 .1 
 
 0.0086 1 0.0692 
 
 00339 
 
 0.0705 
 
 0.0712 
 
 00719 
 
 0.0725 
 
 O.OT32 
 
 0.0739 
 
 0.0746 
 
 .2 
 
 0.0752[ 0.0759 
 
 0.0766 
 
 0.0773 
 
 0.0780 0.0787 
 
 0.0794 
 
 0.0801 
 
 0.0808 
 
 0.0815 
 
 .3 1 0.0-S22 0.0830 
 
 0.0837 
 
 0.0814 
 
 00851 0.0859 
 
 0.1866 
 
 0.0873 0.0881 
 
 0.0888 
 
 4 0.0895! 0.0903 
 
 0.0910 
 
 0.0918 
 
 0.0926 0.0933 
 
 0.0941 
 
 0.0948 0.0956 
 
 0.0964 
 
 .5 00972 O.OJ79 
 
 0.0987 
 
 00995 
 
 0.1003! 0.1011 
 
 0.1019 
 
 0.1027 0.1035 
 
 0.1043 
 
 .6 0.1051 
 
 0.1059 
 
 0.1067 
 
 0.1075 
 
 0.1084 
 
 0.1092 
 
 0.1100 
 
 0.1108 
 
 0.1117 
 
 0.1125 
 
 .7 
 
 0.1133 0.1142 
 
 0.1150 
 
 0.1159 
 
 0.1167 
 
 0.1176 
 
 0.1184 
 
 0.1193 
 
 0.1201 
 
 0.1210 
 
 .8 
 
 0.12191 0.1228 
 
 0.123'! 
 
 0.1245 
 
 0.1254 
 
 0.1263 
 
 01272 
 
 0.1281 
 
 0.1289 
 
 0.1298 
 
 .9 
 
 0.13)7 
 
 0.1316 
 
 0.1326 
 
 01335 
 
 0.1344 
 
 0.1353 
 
 0.1362 
 
 0.1371 
 
 0.1381 
 
 0.1390 
 
 30 
 
 0.1399 
 
 0.1409 
 
 0.1418 
 
 0.1427 
 
 0.1437 
 
 0.1446 
 
 0.1456 
 
 0.1465 0.1475 
 
 0.1484 
 
 .1 
 
 0.1494! 0.1504 
 
 0.1513 
 
 0.1523 
 
 0.1533 0.1543 
 
 0.1552 
 
 0.1562 0.1572 
 
 0.1582 
 
 .2 
 
 0.1592 0.1602 
 
 0.1612 
 
 0.1 -!22 
 
 0.1632 0.1642 
 
 0.1652 
 
 0.1662 
 
 0.1673 
 
 0.1683 
 
 .3 
 
 0.1693] 0.1703 
 
 0.1714 
 
 0.1724 
 
 0.1734 0.1745 
 
 0.1755 
 
 0.1766 
 
 0.1776 
 
 0.1787 
 
 .4 
 
 0.1797 0.1808 
 
 0.1818 
 
 0.1829 
 
 0.1840 0.1850 
 
 0.1861 
 
 0.1*72 
 
 0.1883 
 
 0.1894 
 
 .5 
 
 0.1904 0.1915 
 
 0.1926 
 
 0.1937 
 
 0.1918 0.1959 
 
 0.1970 
 
 0.1981 
 
 0.1992 
 
 0.2004 
 
 .6 
 
 0.2015 0.2026 
 
 0.2037 
 
 0.2049 
 
 0.2060 0.2o71 
 
 0.208:5 
 
 0.2 94 
 
 0.2105 
 
 0.2117 
 
 .7 
 
 0.2128 0.2140 
 
 0.2151 
 
 0.2163 
 
 02175 0.2186 
 
 02198 
 
 0.2210 
 
 02221 
 
 0.2233 
 
 .8 
 
 0.2 J45 
 
 0.2257 
 
 0.221!!) 
 
 0.228 ) 
 
 T).2^92 0.2304 
 
 0.2316 
 
 0.2328 
 
 0.2340 
 
 0.2a52 
 
 .9 
 
 0.2365 02577 
 
 0.2389 
 
 0.2401 
 
 0.2413 0.2426 
 
 0.2438 
 
 0.24'iO 
 
 0.2463 
 
 0.2475 
 
 4 ') 
 
 0.2487 0.2500 
 
 02512 
 
 0.2525 
 
 0.2537 0.2550 
 
 02563 
 
 0.2575 
 
 02588 
 
 0.2601 
 
 .1 
 
 0.2613! 0.2626 
 
 0.263) 
 
 0.2652 
 
 0.2665 0.2677 
 
 0.2690 
 
 0.2703 
 
 02716 
 
 0.2729 
 
 .2 
 
 0.2742 0.2755 
 
 0.2769 
 
 0.2782 
 
 0.2795] 0.2808 
 
 0.2821 
 
 0.2835 
 
 0.2848 
 
 0.2861 
 
 .3 
 
 0.2875 0288(5 
 
 0.2901 
 
 0.2915 
 
 0.2928 0.2942 
 
 0.2955 
 
 02969 
 
 0.2982 
 
 0.2996 
 
 .4 
 
 0.3010 0.3023 
 
 0.3037 
 
 3051 
 
 0.3065 0.3079 
 
 (i :>, '..2 
 
 0.3106 
 
 O.:;120 
 
 0.3134 
 
 .5 
 
 0.3U8 ).3l(52 
 
 0.3176 
 
 0.3190 
 
 03204 0.3218 
 
 03233 
 
 0.3247 
 
 0.-261 
 
 0.3275 
 
 .6 
 
 03290 
 
 0.3304 
 
 0.3318 
 
 33:53 
 
 03347 0.3352 
 
 0.3376 
 
 0.33 o 
 
 0.3405 
 
 03420 
 
 .7 
 
 0.3434 
 
 0.344!) 
 
 0.3463 
 
 ; 03478 
 
 0.3493 0.3508 
 
 0.3522 
 
 0.3537 
 
 03552 
 
 0.3567 
 
 .8 
 
 0.3582 0.3597 
 
 0.3612 
 
 0.362- 
 
 0.3642 0.3657 
 
 0.3672 
 
 0.3687 
 
 0.3702 
 
 03717 
 
 .9 
 
 0.3733 0.374S 
 
 0.3763 
 
 0.3779 
 
 0.3794! 0.3809 0.3825 
 
 0.3840 
 
 0.3856 
 
 0.3871 
 
 
 
 | | 

 
 288 
 
 DISCHARGE, IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND, OF A WEIR ONE FOOT LONG, WITH- 
 OUT CONTRACTION AT THE ENDS ; FOR DEPTHS FROM TO 0.499 FEET. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 0.00 
 
 0.0000 O.OtOl 
 
 0.0003 
 
 0.0005 
 
 0.0008 
 
 0.0012 
 
 0.0015 
 
 O.(.00 
 
 O.C024 
 
 0.0028 
 
 .01 
 
 0.0033 0.0038 
 
 0.0014 
 
 O.OU49 
 
 0.0055 
 
 0.0061 
 
 0.0067 
 
 0.0074 
 
 0.0080 
 
 0.0087 
 
 .02 
 
 0.0094 0.0101 
 
 0.0109 
 
 00116 
 
 0.0124 
 
 0.0132 
 
 0.0140 
 
 0.0148 
 
 0.0156 
 
 0.0164 
 
 .03 
 
 0.0173 0.0182 
 
 0.0191 
 
 00200 
 
 0.02(;9 
 
 0.0218 
 
 0.0227 
 
 00237 
 
 0.0247 
 
 0.0256 
 
 .04 
 
 0.0266 0.0276 
 
 0.0287 
 
 0.0297 
 
 0.0307 
 
 0.0-18 
 
 0.0829 
 
 0.0231. 
 
 0.0350 
 
 0.0361 
 
 .05 
 
 0.0372 
 
 0.0384 
 
 Olt95 
 
 0.0406 
 
 0.0.418 
 
 0.0430 
 
 0.0441 
 
 0X453 
 
 O.C465 
 
 0.0477 
 
 .06 
 
 0.0489 
 
 O.C5( 2 
 
 0.0514 
 
 0.0127 
 
 0.0539 
 
 0.0552 
 
 O.OE65 
 
 00578 
 
 0.0590 
 
 0.0604 
 
 .07 
 
 0.0617 
 
 0.0630 
 
 00643 
 
 0.0657 
 
 0.1670 
 
 0.0684 
 
 0.06fc8 
 
 d.l.712 
 
 0.0725 
 
 0.0739 
 
 .08 
 
 0.0753 
 
 0.0768 
 
 0(7r2 
 
 0.0796 
 
 o.OMi 
 
 0.0825 
 
 0.08401 0.0855 
 
 0.0869 
 
 00884 
 
 .09 
 
 0.0899 
 
 0.0914 
 
 0.1919 
 
 0.0944 
 
 0.0960 
 
 0.0975 
 
 O.C990 
 
 0.1006 
 
 C.10^2 
 
 0.1037 
 
 0.10 
 
 0.1053 
 
 0.1069 
 
 0.1085 
 
 0.1101 
 
 0.1117 
 
 0.11S3 
 
 0.1149 
 
 0.1166 
 
 0.1182 
 
 0.1198 
 
 .11 
 
 0.1215 
 
 0.1231 
 
 0.1248 
 
 0.1265 
 
 0.1282 
 
 0.1299 
 
 0.1316 0.1333 
 
 0.1350 
 
 0.1367 
 
 .12 
 
 0.1384 
 
 0.1402 
 
 0.1419 
 
 0.1436 
 
 0.1454 
 
 01472 
 
 0.1489 0.1507 
 
 0.1526 
 
 0.1543 
 
 .13 
 
 0.1561 
 
 0.1579 
 
 0.1597 
 
 0.161E 
 
 0.1633 
 
 0.1652 
 
 0.1670 0.1689 
 
 O.r,07 
 
 0.1726 
 
 .14 
 
 0.1744 
 
 0.1763 
 
 0.17*2 
 
 0.1801 
 
 0.1820 
 
 O.lir39 
 
 0.1858! 0.1877 
 
 0.1896 
 
 0.1915 
 
 .15 
 
 0.1935 
 
 0.1954 
 
 0.1V73 
 
 0.19W 
 
 0.2012 
 
 0.2( 32 
 
 0.2(521 0.2072 
 
 0.2091 
 
 0.2111 
 
 .16 
 
 02131 
 
 0.2151 
 
 0.2171 
 
 0.2191 
 
 0.2212 
 
 0.223v 
 
 0.2252 0.2273 
 
 0.2293 
 
 0.2314 
 
 .17 
 
 0.2334 
 
 0.2355 
 
 0.2375 
 
 0.239( 
 
 (l 2417 
 
 0.2438 
 
 0.14691 0.2480 
 
 0.2501 
 
 0.2522 
 
 .18 
 
 0.2;~4.' 
 
 0.2564 
 
 0.2586 
 
 0.260" 
 
 0.2628 
 
 0.2650 
 
 0.2671 
 
 0.2693 
 
 0.2714 
 
 0.2736 
 
 .39 
 
 0.2758 
 
 0.2780 
 
 0.2802 
 
 0.282; 
 
 0.2845 
 
 0.28b7 
 
 0.2890 
 
 0.2912 
 
 0.2934 
 
 0.2956 
 
 0.20 
 
 0.2978 
 
 0.3001 
 
 0.30?? 
 
 0.3C46 0.3008 
 
 0.3091 
 
 0.3113 
 
 0.3136 0.3159 
 
 0.3182 
 
 .21 
 
 03205 
 
 0.3228 
 
 03250 
 
 0.327-1 
 
 O.S297 
 
 0.332( 
 
 0.3343 
 
 0.3366 0.3389 
 
 0.3413 
 
 .22 
 
 0.: 436 
 
 03460 
 
 0.3483 
 
 0.3BO' 
 
 0.3530 
 
 0.3654 
 
 0.3578 
 
 0.8601 0.3625 
 
 03649 
 
 23 
 
 o.3ti7:> 
 
 0.8897 
 
 03721 
 
 0..-174. 
 
 0.3769 
 
 03794 
 
 0.3818 
 
 0.3842! 0.3866 
 
 0.3891 
 
 .24 
 
 0.3915 
 
 0.3940 
 
 031)64 
 
 0.i98J 
 
 0.4014 
 
 0.4038 
 
 0.4063 
 
 0.4()88| 0.4113 
 
 04138 
 
 .25 
 
 0.4 Ut 
 
 0.418- 
 
 0.4213 
 
 0.423* 
 
 0.4263 
 
 4288 
 
 0.4313 
 
 0.43K9 0.4364 
 
 0.4389 
 
 .26 
 
 0.4415 
 
 0.4440 
 
 i .4466 
 
 0.449 
 
 0.4517 
 
 0.4543 
 
 0.4568 
 
 0.494 0.4620 
 
 0.4646 
 
 .27 
 
 0.4672 
 
 04098 
 
 0.4724 
 
 0.475( 
 
 0.4776 
 
 (I,1M,2 
 
 0.4828 
 
 0.4855 04881 
 
 0.4907 
 
 .28 
 
 (1.4; 34 
 
 4 fi( 
 
 4987 
 
 0.50K 
 
 6C4C 
 
 0.5067 
 
 oxowi 
 
 0.51 UO 05147 
 
 0.5174 
 
 .29 
 
 0.5200 
 
 0.512- 
 
 0.5254 
 
 05281 0.5308 
 
 0.5336 
 
 0.5363 
 
 0.5390 0.5417 
 
 0.5444 
 
 0.30 
 
 0.5472 
 
 0.5499 
 
 5527 
 
 0.5554 06582 
 
 0.5609 
 
 0.5637 
 
 0.5664 
 
 0.5692 
 
 05720 
 
 .31 
 
 0.5748 
 
 0.5770 
 
 O.fSOS 
 
 O. r 83 
 
 0.5859 
 
 0.5887 
 
 0./915 
 
 0.5943 0.5972 
 
 060(0 
 
 .3* 
 
 0.0028 
 
 0.605f 
 
 O.W8E 
 
 0.61 K 
 
 0.6141 
 
 0.6170 
 
 0.6198 
 
 0.<227 0.6255 
 
 0.6284 
 
 .33 
 
 olaiS 
 
 O.ff41 
 
 O.C370 
 
 o.<;: : 9i 
 
 O.G428 
 
 i:457 
 
 (MUM; 
 
 0.6515' 0.6544 
 
 6.657:; 
 
 .84 
 
 0:6602 
 
 0.6631 
 
 0.6660 
 
 0.668J 
 
 0.6719 
 
 0.6748 
 
 IK6777 
 
 0.6807 0.6836 
 
 0.68r,r, 
 
 .35 
 
 0.689? 
 
 06925 
 
 (.C954 
 
 0098- 
 
 0.7014 
 
 0.7f43 
 
 0.7073 
 
 0.7103 0.7133 
 
 0.7H::; 
 
 .36 
 
 07193 
 
 0.7223 
 
 7253 
 
 o.7'; 
 
 0.7313 
 
 0.734b 
 
 (17073 
 
 0.7404 
 
 0.7434 
 
 0.7464 
 
 .37 
 
 0.7495 
 
 0.7525 
 
 0.75E5 
 
 0.758* 
 
 0.76K 
 
 07647 
 
 0.7678 
 
 0.7708 0.7739 
 
 0.777" 
 
 .38 
 
 0.7800 
 
 0.78^1 
 
 0.78C2 
 
 0.789C 
 
 0.79.4 
 
 0.1955 
 
 798<; 
 
 0.8017 0.8048 
 
 O.F079 
 
 .30 
 
 0.8110 
 
 0.8142 
 
 0.8173 
 
 0.8204 0.8235 
 
 08267 
 
 08298 
 
 0.8230 
 
 0.8361 
 
 0.8393 
 
 0.40 
 
 0.8424 
 
 0.845f 
 
 0.84K8 
 
 0.8519 0.8551 
 
 0.8583 
 
 0.8615 
 
 0.8646 
 
 O.J678 
 
 0.8710 
 
 .41 
 
 0.8742 
 
 08774 
 
 088(6 
 
 08838 
 
 0.8870 
 
 0.8903 
 
 0>9:T, 
 
 0.8967 0.8999 
 
 9032 
 
 .42 
 
 0.9064 
 
 0.91 9( 
 
 9129 
 
 0.9161 
 
 0.9194 
 
 0.9-.26 
 
 09259 
 
 09292 0.9324 
 
 (Uft r ,7 
 
 .43 
 
 9.9390 
 
 O.U42. 
 
 0.9455 
 
 0.9488 
 
 09521 
 
 0.9554 
 
 0.9687 
 
 0.9*20 1 0.9653 
 
 0.9686 
 
 .44 
 
 0.9719 
 
 0.97^2 
 
 09785 
 
 0.9819 
 
 0.9852 
 
 0.9885 
 
 d.991!) 
 
 0.9952: 09985 
 
 1.0019 
 
 .45 
 
 1.0052 
 
 1.0086 
 
 1.0119 
 
 1.0153 
 
 1.0187 
 
 1.0220 
 
 1.0254 
 
 1.0288 
 
 1.0321 
 
 1 .0355 
 
 .46 
 
 l.CMi 
 
 1.0423 
 
 U457 
 
 1.0491 
 
 1.0525 
 
 1 .0559 
 
 1 .0593 
 
 1.0627 
 
 1.0661 
 
 1.0696 
 
 .47 1.0730 
 
 1.0764 
 
 1.0798 
 
 1.0833 
 
 1.0867 
 
 1.09 1 
 
 1 (936 
 
 U970 1.1C05 
 
 1 10: 9 
 
 .48 
 
 1.1074 
 
 1.1109 
 
 1.1143 
 
 11178 
 
 1.1213 
 
 1.1248 
 
 1.1282 
 
 1 1317 1.1352 
 
 1.1387 
 
 .49 
 
 1.1422 1.1457 
 
 1.1492 
 
 1.1527 
 
 1.1562 
 
 1.1597 
 
 1.1632 
 
 1.1668 
 
 1.1703 
 
 1.1738
 
 DISCHARGE, IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND, OF A VVE1K ONE FOOT LONG. WITH- 
 OUT CONTRACTION AT THE ENDS; FOR DEPTHS FROM 0.5UO IO 0.999 FEET. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 0.50 
 
 1.1773 1.180.1 
 
 1.1844 
 
 1.1879 
 
 1.1915 
 
 1.1950 
 
 1.1986 
 
 1.2021 
 
 1.2057 
 
 1.2093 
 
 .51 
 
 1.2128 1.2164 
 
 1.2200 
 
 1.2235 
 
 1.2271 
 
 12307 
 
 1.2343 
 
 1.2379 
 
 1.2415 
 
 1.2451 
 
 .52 
 
 1.2487 1.252:5 
 
 1 .255! 
 
 1.2.595 
 
 1.2631 
 
 1 .2667 
 
 1.2703 
 
 1.2740 
 
 1.2776 
 
 1.2812 
 
 .53 
 
 1.284!) 1.2885 
 
 1.2921 
 
 1.295s 
 
 1.2994 
 
 1.3 '.Ml 
 
 13067 
 
 1.3104 
 
 1.3141 
 
 1.3177 
 
 .54 
 
 1 :5214 1,3251 
 
 1.32*7 
 
 1.3324 
 
 1.3361 
 
 1.3888 
 
 1 3435 
 
 1.3472 
 
 1.350!) 
 
 1.3546 
 
 .55 
 
 1.35*3 
 
 1.3620 
 
 1.3657 
 
 1.3694 
 
 1.3731 
 
 1.3768 
 
 1.3806 
 
 1.3S43 
 
 1.3SSO 
 
 1.3918 
 
 .56 
 
 1 .3955 
 
 l.:!9!)2 
 
 1.4030 
 
 L4067 
 
 1.4105 
 
 1.4142 
 
 1.4180 
 
 1.4217 
 
 1.42.55 
 
 1.4293 
 
 .57 
 
 1.4330 
 
 1 .4368 
 
 1.4406 
 
 1.4 HI 
 
 1 4481 
 
 1.4519 
 
 1.4557 
 
 1.459.5 
 
 1.463:: 
 
 1.4671 
 
 .58 
 
 1.4709 
 
 1.4747 
 
 1.4785 
 
 1.4823 
 
 1.4862 
 
 1.4901 
 
 1.4938 
 
 1.4976 
 
 1.5014 
 
 1.5053 
 
 .59 
 
 1.5091 
 
 1.5130 
 
 1.5163 
 
 1.5206 
 
 1.5245 
 
 1.5283 
 
 1.5322 
 
 1.6361 
 
 1.5399 
 
 1.5438 
 
 O.GO 
 
 1.5476 
 
 1.5515 
 
 I 5554 
 
 1.5593 
 
 1.5631 
 
 1.5670 
 
 1.5709 
 
 1.5748 
 
 1.5787 
 
 1.5826 
 
 .61 
 
 1.5865 
 
 1..1904 
 
 1.594: 
 
 1.5982 
 
 1.6021 
 
 1.6060 
 
 1.6100 1.6139 
 
 1.6178 
 
 1.6217 
 
 .(U 
 
 1.6257 
 
 1.6291! 
 
 i .o:;3 r , 
 
 1.6375 
 
 1.6414 
 
 1 6454 
 
 1.649.3 1.6533 
 
 1.6572 
 
 1.6612 
 
 .63 
 
 1.6*1 52 
 
 1.6691 
 
 1.6731 
 
 1.6771 
 
 1.6810 
 
 1.6850 
 
 1.6893 1.6930 
 
 1.6970 
 
 1.7010 
 
 .61 
 
 1.7050 
 
 1.7090 
 
 1.7130 
 
 1.7170 
 
 1.7210 
 
 17250 
 
 1.7290 1.7330 
 
 1.7370 
 
 1.7410 
 
 .65 
 
 4.7451 
 
 1.7491 
 
 1.7531 
 
 1.7572 
 
 1.7612 
 
 1. 7052 
 
 1.7693 1 7733 
 
 1.7774 
 
 1.7814 
 
 At 
 
 1.7855 
 
 1.7890 
 
 1.7936 
 
 1.7977 
 
 1.8018 
 
 1.8H.58 
 
 1^8099 18140 
 
 1.8181 
 
 1.8221 
 
 .67 
 
 1.8262 1.831)3 
 
 1.8341 
 
 1.8385 
 
 1.8426 
 
 1.8467 
 
 1.85081 18549 
 
 1.S590 
 
 1.8632 
 
 .68 
 
 1.8673 1.8714 
 
 1.8755 
 
 1.8796 
 
 1.8838 
 
 1.8879 
 
 1.8920 
 
 1.8962 
 
 1.9003 
 
 1.9045 
 
 .63 
 
 1.9086! 1.9128 
 
 1.9169 
 
 1.9211 
 
 1.9252 
 
 1.9294 
 
 19336 
 
 1.9377 
 
 1.9419 
 
 1.9461 
 
 073 
 
 1.9503 19544 
 
 1.9586 
 
 1.9628 
 
 1.9670 
 
 1.9712 
 
 1.9754 
 
 1.9796 
 
 1.9838 
 
 1.9880 
 
 .71 
 
 1.9922 
 
 1.9964 
 
 2.IHIHH 
 
 2.0048 
 
 2.0091 
 
 2.0133 
 
 2.0175 
 
 2.i'2t7 
 
 2.0260 
 
 2.0302 
 
 .72 
 
 20344 
 
 2.03S7 
 
 2.0J29 
 
 2.0472 
 
 2.0514 
 
 2.0567 
 
 20.599 
 
 2.H642 
 
 2.0684 
 
 2.0727 
 
 73 
 
 2.0770 
 
 2.0812 
 
 2 O-v-,5 
 
 2.089-i 
 
 2.0911 
 
 2.098 I 
 
 2.10V, 
 
 2.1069 
 
 2.1112 
 
 2.1155 
 
 74 
 
 2.1198 
 
 2.1241 
 
 2.1281 
 
 2.1327. 
 
 I 1370 
 
 2.1413 
 
 2.1456 
 
 2.1499 
 
 2.1.54:: 
 
 2.1586 
 
 .75 
 
 2.1629 
 
 2.1672 
 
 2.1716 
 
 2.1759 
 
 2.1802 
 
 2.1846 
 
 2.1889 
 
 2.1932 
 
 2.1976 
 
 2.2019 
 
 .76 
 
 2.2i in:: 
 
 2.2107 
 
 2.2150 
 
 2.2194 
 
 2.2237 
 
 2.2281 
 
 2.2::2.5 
 
 2.2::oi 
 
 2.2412 
 
 2.2156 
 
 .77 
 
 2.2-,' HI 
 
 2 2544 
 
 2.2588 
 
 2.2ii:i2 
 
 2.2675 
 
 2.27 1'.i 
 
 2276! 
 
 22817 
 
 2.2851 
 
 2.2896 
 
 .78 
 
 2.2940 
 
 2.29*4 
 
 5 3U28 
 
 2.3072 
 
 2.3116 
 
 2.3161 
 
 2 3205 
 
 '>.' 249 
 
 2.3293 
 
 2.:;:;: N 
 
 .79 
 
 2.3382 
 
 23427 
 
 2.3471 
 
 2.3515, 
 
 2.3560 
 
 23504 
 
 2.3649 
 
 2.3694 
 
 23738 
 
 2.3783 
 
 080 
 
 2.3828 
 
 2.3S72 
 
 2.3917 
 
 2.3932 
 
 2.4006 
 
 2.4051 
 
 2.4098 
 
 2.4141 
 
 2.4186 
 
 2.4231 
 
 .81 
 
 2.127(; 
 
 2.1321 
 
 2.4366 
 
 2.4411 
 
 2.4456 
 
 2.4.501 
 
 ?.4546 
 
 2.4591 
 
 2.1636 
 
 2.4681 
 
 .82 
 
 24727 
 
 2.4772 
 
 -'.HI 7 
 
 2,48-:;2 
 
 24908 
 
 2.49.7! 
 
 24999 
 
 2.5044 
 
 2 5089 
 
 2.5135 
 
 .83 
 
 25180 
 
 2>,226 
 
 2, -271 
 
 2.5317 
 
 2.5363 
 
 2.5 M8 
 
 2 5454 
 
 2.5500 
 
 2.5545 
 
 2.5591 
 
 .84 
 
 2.6687 
 
 2.5ix; 
 
 2.5728 
 
 2.5774 
 
 2.6820 
 
 25866 
 
 2 5912 
 
 2 '59.58 
 
 2.6004 
 
 2.60.50 
 
 .85 
 
 2 li()9ii 
 
 2.6142 
 
 3.0188 
 
 2.6234 
 
 2.62^0 
 
 2.6327 
 
 2.6373 
 
 2.6419 
 
 2.6465 
 
 26511 
 
 .80 
 
 2.6558 
 
 2.6604 
 
 2.(i(!50 
 
 2.6697 
 
 2.6743 
 
 26790 
 
 2.6836 
 
 2.6883 
 
 2.6929 
 
 2.6976 
 
 .87 
 
 2.7022 
 
 2.7069 
 
 2.7116 
 
 2.7162 
 
 2.7209 
 
 2.7256 
 
 2.7303 
 
 2.7349 
 
 2.7390 
 
 2.7443 
 
 .88 
 
 2.7l9i> 
 
 2.75:;*; 
 
 2.7583 
 
 27630 
 
 2.7677 
 
 2.7724 
 
 2.7771 
 
 2.7818 
 
 2.7865 
 
 2.7912 
 
 .89 
 
 2.7959 
 
 2.8007 
 
 2 8054 
 
 2.8101 
 
 28148 
 
 2.8195 
 
 2.8243 
 
 2.8290 
 
 2.8337 
 
 2.8385 
 
 09) 
 
 2.8432 
 
 28479 
 
 2.8527 
 
 2.8574 
 
 2.86-2 
 
 2.8669 
 
 2.8717 
 
 2.8764 
 
 2.8812 
 
 2.8860 
 
 .91 
 
 2.8907 
 
 2.8955 
 
 2.9003 
 
 2.9D50 
 
 2.9098 
 
 2.9146 
 
 2.9194 
 
 2.9241 
 
 2.9289 
 
 2.9337 
 
 .92 
 
 2 '.I38-, 
 
 2. 9 f,:; 
 
 2.9481 
 
 I'.I529 
 
 2.: 1-77 
 
 2902.5 
 
 2.9673 
 
 2.9721 
 
 2.9769 
 
 2 its 17 
 
 49 
 
 2.9-i i.-, 
 
 29914 
 
 2.9962 
 
 S.nnio 
 
 3.110.5s 
 
 3.01' >7 
 
 3.0155 
 
 3 0203 
 
 3.0252 
 
 3.0300 
 
 .94 
 
 8.0348 
 
 3.0397 
 
 3.0445 
 
 3.0494 
 
 3 0.542 
 
 3.0591 
 
 3.0639 
 
 3 068S 
 
 3.0737 
 
 3.07S5 
 
 .95 
 
 :;.iN3l 
 
 3.0883 
 
 3.0931 
 
 3.0980 
 
 3.1029 
 
 3.1078 
 
 3.1127 
 
 .",.1175 
 
 3.1224 
 
 3.1273 
 
 .96 
 
 a. 1822 
 
 3 1371 
 
 3.142H 
 
 3.1469 
 
 3.1518 
 
 3.1 567 
 
 3.1616 
 
 3.1665 
 
 3.1714 
 
 3.1764 
 
 .97 
 
 3.1813 
 
 :usr,2 
 
 3.1911 
 
 3.19i!0 
 
 3.2010 
 
 :;.2n.5! 
 
 3.2108 
 
 3.2158 
 
 3.2207 
 
 3.2257 
 
 .98 
 
 3.2300 
 
 3.2355 
 
 3.24o.- 
 
 32454 
 
 3.2504 
 
 8.2.554 
 
 3.2603 
 
 3.2653 
 
 3.2702 
 
 3.2752 
 
 .99 
 
 3.2802 3.2S51 
 
 3.29'>i 
 
 3/2951 
 
 3.3001 
 
 3 3051 
 
 3.3100 
 
 3.8150 
 
 3.3200 
 
 3.3250 
 
 i 
 

 
 290 
 
 DISCHARGE, IN CUBIC FEKT PER SECOND. OF A WEIR ONE FOOT LONG, WITH- 
 OUT CONTRACTION AT THE ENDS ; FOR DEPTHS FROM 1.000 TO 1.4-J9 FEET. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 * 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 fi 
 
 7 
 
 8 9 
 
 1.00 3.3300 
 
 3.335(1 
 
 33400 
 
 3.3450 
 
 3.3500 
 
 3.a550 
 
 3.3600 
 
 3.3650 3.3700 3.3751 
 
 .01 3.3801 
 
 3.3851 
 
 3.3901 
 
 3.3951 
 
 3.4002 
 
 :;.4o02 
 
 34102 
 
 34153 3.4203 3.4254 
 
 .02 3 4304 
 
 3.4354 
 
 34405 
 
 3.4455 
 
 3.4506 
 
 3 4057 
 
 3.4607 
 
 3.4658 3.4708 3.4759 
 
 .03 
 
 3.4810 
 
 3.4860 
 
 34911 
 
 3.4962 
 
 35013 
 
 35063 
 
 3 5114 
 
 3.5165 3.5216 3.f267 
 
 .04 
 
 35318 
 
 8JJ369 
 
 3.M20 
 
 3.5471 
 
 3.5522 
 
 3.6573 
 
 3.0*124 
 
 3.5675 3.572(1 3.5777 
 
 .05 
 
 3.5>2S 
 
 3.5880 
 
 3.5931 
 
 35982 
 
 3.im3 
 
 3.6085 3.6136 
 
 3 6187 3.6239 3.6290 
 
 .06 3.6342 
 
 3.63113 
 
 3.6444 
 
 3.6496 
 
 3.6547 
 
 3.6699 
 
 3.6651 
 
 3.6702 
 
 3.6754 3.6805 
 
 .07 i 36857 
 
 3.690:^ 
 
 3.6960 
 
 3.701* 
 
 3.7064 
 
 3.7116 
 
 f.7167 
 
 3.7219 
 
 3.7271 3.7323 
 
 .08 
 
 37375 
 
 3.7427 
 
 3 747'J 
 
 3.7531 
 
 
 3.7635 
 
 37687 
 
 3.7739 
 
 3.7791 3.7S43 
 
 .09 
 
 3.7895 
 
 3.7947 
 
 3.80(0 
 
 3.b052 
 
 a'.8l04 
 
 3.8156 
 
 3.^209 
 
 3.8261 
 
 3.8313! 3.8365 
 
 1.10 
 
 3.K418 
 
 3.8470 
 
 38523 
 
 3.8575 
 
 38628 
 
 3.8680 
 
 3>733 
 
 3.8785 
 
 38838 3.8890 
 
 .11 
 
 3.8943 
 
 3.8996 
 
 3.9048 
 
 39101 
 
 3.fH54 
 
 
 35J-J59 
 
 3.9312 
 
 3.9365 3.9418 
 
 .12 
 
 3.9470 
 
 -} '*")';- 
 
 3.9576 
 
 3.%29 
 
 39682 
 
 :: ii7.'i r . 
 
 3 H788 
 
 3.9841 
 
 3 9894 3.9947 
 
 13 
 .14 
 
 40000 
 4.05^2 
 
 4.0053 
 40586 
 
 4.0106 
 4.0639 
 
 4.0160 
 
 4.0(i92 
 
 4.0213 4 0266 4.0319 
 40746 4.0719 4.(>s-,3 
 
 4 0.372 
 
 4.0906 
 
 4.0426 4.0479 
 4.0960 4.101.3 
 
 .15 
 
 4.1067 
 
 4.1120 
 
 4.1174 
 
 4.1228 
 
 41281 
 
 4 335' 4.IS89 
 
 4.1442 
 
 4.1496 4.1550 
 
 .16 
 
 4.1604 
 
 4.1657 
 
 4.1711 
 
 4.1765 
 
 4.1819 
 
 4.1873 4 1927 
 
 41981 
 
 4 2035 4.--089 
 
 .17 
 
 4.2143 
 
 4.2197 
 
 4.2251 
 
 4.2305 
 
 4.2?59 
 
 42413 42467 
 
 4.2522 4.2576 4.2630 
 
 .18 
 
 4.2684 
 
 4.2738 
 
 42793 
 
 4.2847 
 
 42901 
 
 4.2956 4.3010 
 
 4.30(55 4.3119 4.3173 
 
 .19 
 
 4.3228 
 
 432K2 
 
 4.3337 
 
 43392 
 
 4.3446 
 
 4.3501 4.3555 
 
 4.3610 4.3665 4.3719 
 
 1.20 
 
 4.3774 
 
 4.3829 
 
 4.3883 
 
 4.3938 
 
 4.3f93 
 
 4.4048 44103 
 
 4.4158 
 
 4.4212 4.420>7 
 
 .21 
 
 4.4322 
 
 4.4377 
 
 4.44:;? 
 
 44487 
 
 4.4r,42 
 
 44597 44652 
 
 4.4707 
 
 4.4763 4.4S18 
 
 .22 
 
 4.4873 
 
 4.4928 
 
 4.498:1 
 
 4.5038 
 
 4.5094 
 
 4.51491 4.5204 
 
 45260 
 
 4.5315 4.5370 
 
 .23 
 
 4.542t; 
 
 4.5481 
 
 4 5537 
 
 45592 
 
 4.5647 
 
 4.5703! 4.5759 
 
 45814; 4.587014.5925 
 
 .24 
 
 4.5981 
 
 4.6036 
 
 4.6092 
 
 4.6I4S 
 
 4.6203 
 
 4.6259 4.6315 
 
 4.6371 4 6427 ; 4.6482 
 
 .25 
 
 4.6S88 
 
 4.6594 
 
 4 6650 
 
 4.0706 
 
 4.6762 
 
 4.68:8 4.6874 
 
 46930! 469864.7042 
 
 .26 
 
 4 70'. is 
 
 4.7154 
 
 47210 
 
 47266 
 
 4.7o22 
 
 4.7378 
 
 4.7435 
 
 t.7i:'l 4.7547! 4.7603 
 
 .27 4.7660 
 
 4.7716 
 
 4.7772 
 
 47829 
 
 4.785 
 
 4.7941 
 
 4.7539s 
 
 48054 4>111 481(57 
 
 .28 4.8224 
 
 4.82( 
 
 48337 
 
 4.8393 48450 
 
 4.8506 4.8563 
 
 4.8620 48676 4.8733 
 
 .29 
 
 48790 
 
 48847 
 
 4.8908 
 
 48960 
 
 49017 
 
 4.9074; 4.9131 
 
 4.9187 4 9244 4.9301 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.30 
 
 4.9358 
 
 4.9415 
 
 4.P472 
 
 4.9529 
 
 4.9586 
 
 4.9643 4.97(V' 
 
 4.9757 4.98144.9872 
 
 .31 
 
 4.9929 
 
 
 5 0043 
 
 5 0100 
 
 5 0158 
 
 5.0215 5.0272 
 
 6.0330 1 5.0~87 5.0.44* 
 
 .3-2 
 
 5.0502 
 
 5 055f 
 
 50616 
 
 5 0(574 
 
 5.073! 
 
 5.0789! 6.0846 
 
 5.0904 5.0961 5 1019 
 
 .33 
 
 5.1077 
 
 oll'l34 
 
 5 1192 
 
 5.1249 
 
 
 6.1365! 5.1423 
 
 5.1480 5.1538 5.1596 
 
 .34 
 
 5.1654 
 
 5.17 12 
 
 5.17(19 
 
 5.1827 
 
 5.'l8S5 
 
 5.1843, 52001 
 
 5.2059 5.2117 5.2175 
 
 .35 
 
 5&8S 
 
 5.2291 
 
 52'49 
 
 5.2407 
 
 5.240,5 
 
 5.2523 5.2582 
 
 5.264" 
 
 5.2698 5.2756 
 
 .36 
 
 5.2814 
 
 
 52931 
 
 5.2989 
 
 5.3048 
 
 53106 53 64 
 
 5.3223 
 
 53281 5.5340 
 
 .37 
 
 5.3398 5.3456 
 
 5.. 35 15 
 
 53573 
 
 
 53691 53749 
 
 5.3808 
 
 5.P866 5.3925 
 
 .38 
 
 53984! 5.4042 
 
 5.4101 
 
 54160 
 
 5^4219 
 
 54-J77 6.43"6 
 
 5.4395 6 4454 5.4513 
 
 .39 
 
 5.4572 j 5.4630 
 
 5.4689 
 
 5.4748 
 
 5.4807 
 
 5.4866 
 
 5.4925 
 
 5.4984 5.5043 5.5102 
 
 1.40 
 
 5.5162 
 
 5.5221 
 
 5.528ft 
 
 5.5339 
 
 5.5398 
 
 5.5457 
 
 5.5516 
 
 5.5576 5.56355.5(594 
 
 .4f 
 
 55754, 5.5813 
 
 55872 
 
 
 5.59IU 
 
 5.6050 56110 
 
 5.61(59 5.6229 5.6288 
 
 .42 
 
 5.6348 5.6407 
 
 56467 
 
 5 i;:Yjl" 
 
 
 5.6646 5.6705 
 
 5.6765 5.6825 5.6884 
 
 .43 
 
 56944 5.700* 
 
 5.70(54 
 
 07123 
 
 5J183 
 
 5.724.3 5.7303 
 
 5.7363 5.7423 5.7482 
 
 .44 
 
 5.7542! 5.7602 
 
 
 5.7722 
 
 
 5.7842 5.7902 
 
 5 7962J 5.?023 5.8083 
 
 .45 
 
 58143 5.8203 
 
 -, v'_>*'o 
 
 5 8323 
 
 5.8384 
 
 5.8444 5.8504 
 
 5.85641 5.8625 58685 
 
 .46 
 
 5.8745 5.8806 
 
 ?>8(!6 
 
 58926 
 
 58987 
 
 5.9047 5.9108 
 
 5.9168 5.9229 5 9289 
 
 .47 
 
 5.9350 5.9410 
 
 5.9471 
 
 
 5.51592 
 
 5.9R53 5.9714 
 
 5.9774 
 
 5.9835 5.9896 
 
 ..48 
 
 5.9957 6.0.117 
 
 6.0078 
 
 6X)139 6.0200 
 
 6.0261 6.0322 
 
 6.0382 
 
 6.0443 6.0504 
 
 .49 
 
 6.0565 
 
 6.0626 
 
 60687, 6.074SJ 6.(.S09 
 
 6.0J-70 6.031 0.0.993 6.10546.1115
 
 291 
 
 DISCHARGE, IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND, OF A WKIR ONE FOOT LONG, WITH- 
 OUT CONTRACTION AT THE ENDS ; FOR DEPTHS FROM 1.5(10 TO I.99U FEET. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 1.50 
 .51 
 .52 
 .53 
 .54 
 .55 
 .56 
 .57 
 .58 
 .59 
 
 1.60 
 .61 
 .62 
 .63 
 '.64 
 .65 
 
 1.70 
 .71 
 .72 
 .73 
 .74 
 .75 
 .76 
 .77 
 
 1.80 
 .81 
 
 1.90 
 .91 
 .!)2 
 .93 
 .94 
 .9.-. 
 
 6.1237 
 6.1789 6.1850 
 6.2465 
 
 6.6135 
 
 6.67G4 
 
 7.2612 
 
 7.3160 
 
 7.3S10 
 7.44G3 
 7.5H 
 7.677 
 7.6431 
 7.7091 
 
 > -752 ; 
 
 0.4322 
 6.4945 
 
 0.5570 
 0.0198 
 6.6827 
 
 6.7458 
 0.8091 
 0.8726 
 6.9363 
 
 7.0001 
 
 7.0012 
 7.12X5 
 7.1930 
 
 7.:;-25 
 
 73876 
 
 7. 4528 
 7.51X2 
 7.5S39 
 7.6497 
 7.7157 
 7.7819 
 7.8482 
 
 7.8110 
 7. 908 1 j 
 7.9749. 79816 
 
 8.0418 1 80485 
 8.1089 8.1156 
 8.1762 
 
 8.3113 
 
 8.3792 
 8.4472 
 8.51.54 
 
 x.58:j8 
 K.0524 
 
 8.5907 
 8.6593 
 
 8.7212 8.7281 
 8.7901 8.7970 
 8.8592 8.8662 
 89285 8.9355 
 9.0050 
 
 9H077 
 9.1375 
 
 9.074; 
 9.1445 
 
 9.2777 9.2x48 
 9348' 9.3552 
 
 6.5008 -6.5070 
 6.5696 
 6.6323 
 
 0.7521 
 6.S154 
 
 0.9120 
 
 7.0 >05 
 7.070!: 
 7.1349 
 7.1994 
 7.204 
 7.329:1 
 
 7.3941 
 
 7.459; 
 
 7.7223 
 
 7.7885 
 
 8.0552 
 8.1223 
 8.1897 
 
 x.2572 
 8.3249 
 S.392X 
 
 x.40"x 
 8.5291 
 8.5975 
 8.666 
 
 . 
 
 s-9424 
 9.0119 
 
 90*11 
 11.1515 
 9.-21C 
 9 2918 
 
 61360 6.1421 
 6.1973 6.2034 
 6.2588 6.2650 
 C,32(ifi 6.3208 
 6.3825 6.3887 
 6.4509 
 
 6.6953 6.7016 
 
 6.7584 6.7647 
 
 0.8217 6.X28I 
 
 6,8853 6. -916 
 
 6.9490 69554 
 
 7.0129 7.0193 
 
 7.0771 7.08.35 
 
 7.1414 7.1478 
 
 7.2059 7.2124 
 
 7.2700 7.2771 
 
 7.3355 7.3420 
 
 7 4000 
 
 7.4059 
 
 7.597(1 
 
 8.0619 
 
 S 12H1 
 S11K1 
 
 8.3317 
 
 8.073(1 
 
 . 
 8.9494 
 
 9.1585 
 :i22>c, 
 
 7.4071 
 74724 
 
 7.5379 
 7.oo:;o 
 7.0(B1 
 7.7:;55 
 
 7.8118 
 7.SU82 
 
 (i.2096 
 O.'271'J 
 
 4571 
 
 o r.i'.r, 
 
 0.5821 
 6.6449 
 0.7079 
 
 7.1543 
 7.21S8 
 7.2830 
 7.3485 
 
 74'36 
 
 7.47-! 
 7.541.- 
 7.6102 
 7.0701 
 7.7421 
 7.8084 
 7.874s 
 7.9415 
 
 8.0686 8.0753 
 
 8.3385 8.3452 
 
 8 4745 
 
 85128 
 
 8.0181 
 8.6868 
 
 8.7487 8.7556 
 8.8177 8.8246 
 
 9.0950, 9.1026 
 
 9 1R55 1 9.1725 
 
 9 2350 9.242i 
 
 9.3059 9.312! 
 
 9 ::70:; 9.3 3 
 
 7.4201 
 
 7.1855 
 7.5510 
 
 74x7 
 .8151 
 
 7>8U 
 
 8.1493 
 8 2107 
 8.2x42 
 8.3520 
 
 66512 6.6575 
 
 6.8408 6.8471 
 6.9044 
 
 6.9740 
 
 7 2! '-, 
 
 7 4267 
 7.492C 
 
 7.557(1 
 
 7.7551 
 7.8217 
 
 7 9482 7.9548 
 
 8 150(1 
 V2234 
 8.2910 
 x :i58X 
 x 420S 
 8.4949 
 
 . 
 8.7005 
 
 8.7694 
 
 8.83161 8.8385 
 
 8.90081 89077 
 
 8.9702 8.9772 
 
 9.03981 9.0468 
 
 91096 1 9.1165 
 
 9.1795: 9.1865 
 
 9.2490 9.2507 
 
 9.3199 9.3270 
 
 9.; 904 9.3"75 
 
 6.1CG6 6.1727 
 6.2280 6.2342 
 6.2897 6.2959 
 635156.3577 
 041360.4198 
 6.4758 6.4^21 
 6 5383 6.5445 
 6 6009 6 6072 
 6.00386.67"! 
 6.7268 6.7331 
 
 6.7901 6.7964 
 >635 6.8598 
 
 0.9 71 
 
 ..923') 
 
 698106.9874 
 7.' 450 7.0514 
 7.1092 7.1156 
 7 1736 7.1801 
 7 2382 7.2447 
 T.bOSn 7.3095 
 
 7.4986 7.5051 
 7 5641 7.5707 
 7 0299 7.6365 
 
 7.82x3 7.8349 
 
 8.0284 8.0351 
 
 8.0955 8.1022 
 8.1627 8.1695 
 8.2302 8.2369 
 8.2978 8.3046 
 8.:- 656 18.3724 
 8.4-36 8.4404 
 8 5018 8.5086 
 8.5701 8 5770 
 8.6387 8.6455 
 
 8.914 
 
 8.9216 
 
 898418.9911 
 9.0537 9.0607 
 9.12359.1305 
 9.19359.2005 
 9.263719.2707 
 9..^409.3411 
 9.4'!459411G
 
 292 
 
 DI9CTT ARGE, IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND, OF A WEIR ONE FOOT LONG, WITH 
 OUT CONTRACTION AT THE ENDS; FOR DEPTHS FROM 2.000 TO 2.499 FEET. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Depth 
 2.00 
 
 o 
 
 9.4187 
 
 1 
 
 58 
 9.4328 
 
 3 
 
 9.4469 
 
 9.4540 
 
 
 9.4682 
 
 
 9 
 
 9.4257 
 
 9.4399 
 
 9.4611 
 
 9.4752 
 
 9.4823 
 
 .01 
 
 9.4894 
 
 9.4965 
 
 9.5036 
 
 9.5106 
 
 9.5177 
 
 n'r,2is 
 
 9.5319 
 
 9.5390 9 5461 
 
 9.5532 
 
 .02 
 
 9.5603 
 
 9.5674 
 
 9.5745 
 
 9.581(i 
 
 9.5887 9.5958 
 
 9.6029 
 
 9.6100 96171 
 
 9.6243 
 
 .03 
 
 9.6314 
 
 9.6385 
 
 9.6456 
 
 9 6527 
 
 96599 9.6670 
 
 9.6741 
 
 9.6812 9.68841 96955 
 
 .04 
 
 9.7026 
 
 9.7098 
 
 9.7169 
 
 9.7240 
 
 9.7312 9.7388 
 
 9.7455 
 
 9.7526 9.7598 9.7669 
 
 .05 
 
 9.7741 
 
 9.7812 
 
 9.7884 
 
 9.7955 
 
 9.8027; 9.8098 
 
 98170 
 
 98242 9.8313 9.8385 
 
 .06 
 
 9.8457 
 
 9.8528 
 
 9.8600 
 
 9.8672 
 
 9.8744 9.8815 
 
 98887 
 
 9.8959 9.9031: 9.9103 
 
 .07 
 
 9.9174 
 
 99246 
 
 9.9318 
 
 9.9390 
 
 9.9462 1 9.9534 
 
 9.9606 
 
 99678 9.97501 9.9822 
 
 .08 
 
 9.9894 
 
 9.9966 
 
 10.004 
 
 10.011 
 
 10.018 
 
 10.025 
 
 lo.dfcS 
 
 10.040 10.047 10.054 
 
 .09 
 
 10.062 
 
 10.069 
 
 10.076 
 
 10.083 
 
 10.090 
 
 10.098 
 
 10.105 
 
 10.112 10.119 '10.127 
 
 2.10 
 
 10.134 
 
 10.141 
 
 10.148 
 
 10.156 
 
 10.163 
 
 10.170 
 
 10.177 
 
 10.185 10.192 
 
 10.199 
 
 .11 
 
 10.206 
 
 10.214 
 
 10.221 
 
 10 228 
 
 10.235 
 
 10.243 
 
 10.250 
 
 10.257 10.264 10.272 
 
 .12 
 
 10.279 
 
 10.286 
 
 10 293 
 
 10.301 
 
 in. :* is 
 
 10.315 
 
 10.393 
 
 10.330 10.337 
 
 10.344 
 
 .13 
 
 10.352 
 
 10359 
 
 10.366 
 
 10.374 
 
 10.381 
 
 10.388 
 
 10.396 
 
 10.403 10.410 
 
 10.417 
 
 .14 
 
 10.425 
 
 10.432 
 
 10.439 
 
 10.447 
 
 10.454 
 
 10.461 
 
 10.469 
 
 lu.476 10.483 
 
 10.491 
 
 .15 
 
 10.498 
 
 10.505 
 
 10.513 
 
 10.520 
 
 10.527 
 
 10.535 
 
 10 542 
 
 10549 10.557 
 
 10.564 
 
 .16 
 
 10.571 
 
 10579 
 
 10.586 
 
 10.593 
 
 10 601 
 
 10.608 
 
 10.615 
 
 10.623 i 10.630 
 
 10.637 
 
 .IT 
 
 10.645 
 
 10.652 
 
 10.659 
 
 10.667 
 
 10.674 
 
 10.682 
 
 10.689 
 
 10.696 10.704 
 
 10.711 
 
 .18 
 
 10.718 
 
 10.726 
 
 10.733 
 
 10.741 
 
 10748 
 
 10.755 
 
 10.763 
 
 10.770 10.777 
 
 10.785 
 
 .19 
 
 10.792 
 
 10.800 
 
 lO.i-07 
 
 10.814 
 
 10.822 
 
 10829 
 
 10837 
 
 10.844 ^0.851 
 
 10.J-59 
 
 2.20 
 
 10.866 
 
 10.874 
 
 in.881 
 
 10.888 
 
 10.896 
 
 10.903 
 
 10911 
 
 10.918 
 
 10.926 
 
 10.933 
 
 .21 
 
 10.910 
 
 10.948 
 
 10 955 
 
 10.9C3 
 
 10.970 
 
 10.978 
 
 10985 
 
 10992 
 
 11.000 
 
 11.007 
 
 .22 
 
 11.015 
 
 11.022 
 
 11.C30 
 
 11.037 
 
 11.045 
 
 11.052 
 
 11.059 
 
 11.067 
 
 11.074 
 
 11 082 
 
 .23 
 
 11.089 
 
 11.097 
 
 11.104 
 
 11.112 
 
 11.119 
 
 11.127 
 
 11.134 
 
 11.141 
 
 11.149 
 
 11.156 
 
 .24 
 
 11.164 
 
 11.171 
 
 11.179 
 
 11.186 
 
 11.194 
 
 11.201 
 
 11.209 
 
 11.216 
 
 11 224 
 
 11.231 
 
 .25 
 
 11.239 
 
 11246 
 
 Il.i54 
 
 11.261 
 
 11.269 
 
 11.276 
 
 11.284 
 
 11291 
 
 11.299 
 
 11.306 
 
 .26 
 
 11.314 
 
 11.321 
 
 11.329 
 
 11.336 
 
 11.344 
 
 11.351 
 
 11.359 
 
 11366 
 
 11.374 
 
 11381 
 
 .27 
 
 11.389 
 
 11.396 
 
 11.404 
 
 11.412 
 
 11.419 
 
 11.427 
 
 11.434 
 
 11.442 
 
 11.449 
 
 11.457 
 
 .28 
 
 11.464 
 
 11.472 
 
 11.479 
 
 11.487 
 
 11.491 
 
 11.502 
 
 11510 
 
 11.517 
 
 11.525 
 
 11.532 
 
 .29 
 
 11.540 
 
 11.547 
 
 11.555 
 
 11.562 
 
 11.570 
 
 11.578 
 
 11.685 
 
 11.688 
 
 11.600 
 
 11.608 
 
 2.30 
 
 11.615 
 
 11.623 
 
 11.631 
 
 11.638 
 
 11.646 
 
 11.653 
 
 11.661 
 
 11.669 
 
 11.676 
 
 11.684 
 
 .31 
 
 11691 
 
 11.699 
 
 11.706 
 
 11.714 
 
 11 722 
 
 11.729 
 
 11.7^7 
 
 11.744 
 
 11.752 
 
 11.760 
 
 .32 
 
 11.767 
 
 11.775 
 
 11.783 
 
 11.790 
 
 11.798 
 
 11.805 
 
 11.813 
 
 11.821 
 
 11.828 
 
 11.836 
 
 .33 
 
 11.843 
 
 11.851 
 
 11.859 
 
 11.866 
 
 11.874 
 
 11.882 
 
 11.889 
 
 11.897 
 
 11.904 
 
 11 912 
 
 .34 
 
 11920 
 
 11.927 
 
 11.935 
 
 11.943 
 
 11.950 
 
 11.958 
 
 11.966 
 
 11973 
 
 11.981 
 
 11.989 
 
 .as 
 
 11.996 
 
 12.004 
 
 i2.012 
 
 12.01!) 
 
 12.027 
 
 12.035 
 
 12.042 
 
 12050 
 
 12 058 
 
 12.065 
 
 .36 
 
 12.073 
 
 12.081 
 
 12.088 
 
 12.096 
 
 12.104 12.111 
 
 12119 
 
 12.127 
 
 12134 
 
 12.142 
 
 .37 
 
 12.150 
 
 12.157 
 
 12.165 
 
 12.173 
 
 12.181 12.188 
 
 12196 
 
 12.204 
 
 12.211 
 
 12.219 
 
 .38 
 
 12.i27 
 
 12.234 
 
 12.242 
 
 12.250 
 
 12.258 
 
 12.265 
 
 12.273 
 
 i2.281 
 
 12.288 
 
 12.296 
 
 .39 
 
 12.304 
 
 12.312 
 
 12.319 
 
 12327 
 
 12.335 
 
 12.342 
 
 12.350 
 
 12358 
 
 12.366 
 
 12.373 
 
 2.40 
 
 12.381 
 
 12389 
 
 12.397 
 
 12404 
 
 12.412 
 
 12.420 
 
 12.428 
 
 12.435 
 
 12.443 
 
 12.451 
 
 .41 
 
 12 459 
 
 12.466 
 
 12.474 
 
 12.482 12.490 12.497 
 
 12.505 
 
 12.513 
 
 12.521 12.528 
 
 .42 
 
 12.530 
 
 12.544 
 
 12.552 
 
 12.560 12.567 12.575 
 
 12.58:; 
 
 12.591 
 
 12.598 12.606 
 
 .43 
 
 12.614 
 
 12.622 
 
 12.630 
 
 12.637 12.645 12.653 
 
 I2.6;l 
 
 '2.669 
 
 12.676 12.684 
 
 .44 
 
 12.692 
 
 12.700 
 
 12.708 
 
 12.715 12.723 
 
 12.731 
 
 12.739 
 
 12747 
 
 12.754 12.762 
 
 .45 
 
 12.770 12.778 
 
 12.786 
 
 12.794 12.801 
 
 12.K09 
 
 12.817 
 
 12.825 
 
 12.833 12.840 
 
 .46 
 
 12.848 
 
 '2.856 
 
 12864 
 
 12.872 12.880 
 
 12.Rs.s 
 
 12.805 
 
 12903 12.911 12.919 
 
 .47 
 
 12.927 
 
 12.935 
 
 12 942 
 
 12.950 12.958 |l2.966 
 
 12.974 
 
 12.982 12.990 12.997 
 
 .48 
 
 13.005 
 
 13.013 
 
 13.021 
 
 13.029 13.037 13.045 
 
 13 051! 
 
 13.060 
 
 13.068 13.076 
 
 .49 
 
 13.084 
 
 13.092 
 
 13.100 
 
 13.108 13.116 
 
 13.1*4 
 
 13.131 
 
 13139 
 
 13.147 
 
 13.155
 
 293 
 
 DISCHARGE, IN CUBIC FEET PEK SECOND, OF A WEIR ONE FOOT LONG, WITH- 
 OUT CONTRACTION AT THE ENDS; FOR DEPTHS FROM 2.500 TO 2.999 FEET. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 2.50 
 
 13.163 
 
 13.171 
 
 13.179 
 
 13.187 
 
 13.195 
 
 13.202 
 
 13.210 
 
 13.218 
 
 13.22613.234 
 
 .51 
 
 13.242 
 
 13.250 
 
 13258 
 
 13.266 13.274 13.282 
 
 13.290 
 
 13.297 
 
 13.30513.313 
 
 .52 
 
 13.321 
 
 13.329 
 
 13.337 
 
 13.345 13.353 13.361 
 
 13.369 
 
 13.377 
 
 13.386 il3.393 
 
 .53 
 
 13.401 
 
 13.409 
 
 13.417 
 
 13.424 13.432 13.440 
 
 13.448 
 
 13.456 
 
 13.46413.472 
 
 .54 
 
 13.480 
 
 13.488 
 
 13.496 
 
 13.504 13.512J 13.520 
 
 13.528 
 
 13.536 
 
 13.54413.552 
 
 .55 
 
 13.560 
 
 13.568 
 
 13.576 
 
 13-.584 
 
 13.592, 13.600 
 
 13.608 
 
 13.616 13.62413.632 
 
 .56 
 
 13.640 
 
 13.648 
 
 13.656 
 
 13.664 
 
 13.672J 13.680 
 
 13.688 
 
 13.696 13.704 13.712 
 
 .57 
 
 13.720 
 
 13.728 
 
 13.736 
 
 13.744 
 
 13.752 1 13.760 
 
 13.768 
 
 13.7761 13.784 13.792 
 
 .58 
 
 13.800 
 
 13.808 
 
 13.816 
 
 13.824 
 
 13.832! 13.840 
 
 13.848 
 
 13.856 13.864 13.872 
 
 .69 
 
 13.880 
 
 13.888 
 
 13.896 
 
 13.904 
 
 13.912 13.920 
 
 13.928 
 
 13.936 13.944 13.953 
 
 2.60 
 
 13.961 
 
 13.969 
 
 13.977 
 
 13.985 
 
 13.993 
 
 14.001 
 
 14.009 
 
 14.017 14.025 14.033 
 
 >! 
 
 14.041 
 
 14.049 
 
 14.057 
 
 14.065 
 
 14.074 
 
 14.082 
 
 14.09v 
 
 14.098 14.10614.114 
 
 .62 
 
 14.122 
 
 14.130 
 
 14.138 
 
 14.146 
 
 14.154 
 
 14.162 
 
 14.171 
 
 14.179i 14.187 14 195 
 
 .63 
 
 14.203 
 
 14.211 
 
 14.219 
 
 14.227 
 
 14.235 14.243 
 
 14.252 
 
 14.260 14.268 14.276 
 
 .64 
 
 14.284 
 
 14.292 
 
 14.300 
 
 14.308 
 
 14.316 
 
 14.325 
 
 14.333 
 
 14.341 
 
 14.349 14.357 
 
 .65 
 
 14.36.T 
 
 14.373 
 
 14.382 
 
 14.390 
 
 14.398 
 
 14.406 
 
 14.414 
 
 14.422 14.43014.438 
 
 .66 
 
 14.447 
 
 14.455 
 
 14.403 
 
 14.471 
 
 14.479 
 
 14.487 
 
 14.496 
 
 14.504 i 14 512 14 520 
 
 .67 
 
 14.528 
 
 14.536 
 
 14.545 
 
 14.553 
 
 14.561 
 
 14.569 
 
 14.577 
 
 14.585, 14 594 14.602 
 
 .68 
 
 14.610 
 
 14.618 
 
 14.626 
 
 14.634 
 
 14.643 
 
 14.651 
 
 14.659 
 
 14.667 
 
 14.675 14.684 
 
 .69 
 
 14.692 
 
 14.700 
 
 14.708 
 
 14.716 
 
 14.725 
 
 14.733 
 
 14.741 
 
 14.749 
 
 14.76714.766 
 
 2.70 
 
 14.774 
 
 14.782 
 
 14.790 
 
 14.798 
 
 14.807 
 
 14.815 
 
 14.823 
 
 14.831 
 
 14.889 14.848 
 
 .71 
 
 14.856 
 
 14.864 
 
 14.872 
 
 14.881 
 
 14.889 
 
 14.897 
 
 14.905 
 
 14.913 
 
 14.922 
 
 14930 
 
 .72 
 
 14.938 
 
 14.946 
 
 14.955 
 
 14.963 
 
 14.971 
 
 14.979 
 
 14.988 
 
 14.996 
 
 15.004 
 
 15.012 
 
 .73 
 
 15.021 
 
 15.029 
 
 15.087 
 
 15.045 
 
 15.054 
 
 15062 
 
 15.070 
 
 15.078 
 
 15.087 
 
 15095 
 
 .74 
 
 15.103 
 
 15.112 
 
 15.120 
 
 15.128 
 
 15.136 
 
 15.145 
 
 15.153 
 
 15.161 
 
 15.169 
 
 15.178 
 
 .75 
 
 15.186 
 
 15.194 
 
 15.203 
 
 15.211 
 
 15.219 
 
 15.227 
 
 15.236 
 
 15.244 
 
 15.252 
 
 15.261 
 
 .76 
 
 15.269 
 
 15.277 
 
 15.2S5 
 
 15.294 
 
 15.302 
 
 15.310 
 
 15.319 
 
 15.327 
 
 i f,.:;:;,- 
 
 15.344 
 
 
 15.352 
 
 15.360 
 
 15.3G9 
 
 15.377 
 
 15.385 
 
 15.394 
 
 15.402 
 
 15.410 15.419 
 
 15.427 
 
 !78 
 
 15.435 
 
 15.443 
 
 15.452 
 
 15.460 
 
 15.468 
 
 15.477 
 
 15.485 
 
 15.494 15.502 
 
 15.510 
 
 .79 
 
 15.519 15.527 
 
 15.535 
 
 15.544 
 
 15.552 
 
 15.560 
 
 15.569 
 
 15.577 15.585 
 
 15.594 
 
 2.80 
 
 15.602 15.610 
 
 15.619 
 
 15.627 
 
 15.635 
 
 15.644 
 
 15.652 
 
 15.661 15.669 
 
 15.677 
 
 .81 
 
 15.686, 15.694 
 
 15.702 
 
 15.711 
 
 15.719 
 
 15.728 
 
 15.736 
 
 15.744 15.753 
 
 15.761 
 
 
 15.769 i 15.778 
 
 15.786 
 
 15.795 
 
 15.803 
 
 15.811 
 
 15.820 
 
 15.828 15.837 
 
 15.845 
 
 '.S3 
 
 15.853 
 
 15.862 
 
 15.870 
 
 15.879 
 
 15.887 
 
 15.895 
 
 15.904 
 
 15.912 15.921 
 
 15.9-9 
 
 .84 
 
 15.938 
 
 15.946 
 
 15.954 
 
 15.963 
 
 15.971 
 
 15.980 
 
 15.988 
 
 15.997 16.005 
 
 lti.013 
 
 .85 
 
 16.022 
 
 16.030 
 
 16.039 
 
 16.047 
 
 16.056 
 
 16.064 
 
 16.072 
 
 16.081 16.089 
 
 16.098 
 
 .86 
 
 16.106 
 
 16.115 
 
 16.123 
 
 16.132 
 
 16.140 
 
 16.148 
 
 16.157 
 
 16.165 16.174 
 
 16.182 
 
 .87 
 
 16.191 
 
 16.199 
 
 16.208 
 
 16.216 
 
 16.225 
 
 16.2as 
 
 16.242 
 
 16.250 16.258 
 
 16.267 
 
 .88 
 
 16.275 
 
 16.284 
 
 16.292 
 
 16.301 
 
 16.309 
 
 16.318 
 
 16.326 
 
 16.335 16.343 
 
 16.352 
 
 .89 
 
 16.360 
 
 16.369 
 
 16.377 
 
 16.386 
 
 16.394 
 
 16.403 
 
 16.411 
 
 16.420, 16.428 
 
 16.437 
 
 2.90 
 
 16.445 
 
 16.454 
 
 16.462 
 
 16.471 
 
 16.479 
 
 16.488 
 
 16.496 
 
 16.505 16.513 
 
 16.522 
 
 .91 
 
 16.530 
 
 16539 
 
 16.547 
 
 16.556 
 
 16.565 
 
 16.573 
 
 16.582 
 
 16.590 16.599 
 
 16.607 
 
 .92 
 
 16.616 
 
 16.624 
 
 16.633 
 
 16.641 
 
 16.650 
 
 16.658 
 
 16.667 
 
 16.675 16.684 
 
 16.698 
 
 .93 
 
 16.701 
 
 16.710 
 
 16.718 
 
 16.727 
 
 16.735 
 
 16.744 
 
 16.752 
 
 16.761 16.770 
 
 16.778 
 
 .94 
 
 16.787 
 
 16.795 
 
 16.804 
 
 16.812 
 
 16.821 
 
 16.830 
 
 16.838 
 
 16.847 , 16.855 
 
 16.864 
 
 .95 
 
 16.872 
 
 16.881 
 
 16.890 
 
 16,898 
 
 16.907 
 
 16.915 
 
 16.924 
 
 16.932 16.941 
 
 16.950 
 
 .96 
 
 16.958 
 
 16.967 
 
 16.975 
 
 16.984 
 
 16.993 
 
 17.001 
 
 17.010 
 
 17.018 17.027 
 
 17.036 
 
 .97 
 
 17.044 
 
 17.053 
 
 17.062 
 
 17.070 
 
 17.079 
 
 17.087 
 
 17.096 
 
 17.105 
 
 17.113 
 
 17.122 
 
 .08 
 
 17.130 
 
 17.139 
 
 17.148 
 
 17.156 
 
 17.165 
 
 17.174 
 
 17.182 
 
 17.191 
 
 17.199 
 
 17.208 
 
 .99 
 
 17.217 
 
 17.225 
 
 17.234 
 
 17.243 
 
 17.251 
 
 17.260 
 
 17.269 
 
 17.277 
 
 17.286 
 
 17.295
 
 294 
 
 VELOCITIES, IN FEET PER SECOND, DUE TO HEADS FROM TO 
 4.99 FEET. 
 
 Head. 
 
 O 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.000 
 
 0.802 
 
 1.134 
 
 1.389 
 
 1.604 
 
 1.7!)3 
 
 1.M8 
 
 2.122 
 
 2.268 
 
 2.406 
 
 .1 
 
 L'.r>:< 
 
 2.001 
 
 2.778 
 
 2.89. 
 
 3.M>1 3.106 3.20* 
 
 3.307 
 
 3.403 
 
 S.496 
 
 .2 
 
 3.587 
 
 3.675 
 
 3.7"2 
 
 3.84C 
 
 3.1 12!) 4. 4.01)1) 
 
 4.167 
 
 4.244 
 
 4.319 
 
 .3 
 
 4.393 
 
 4.465 
 
 4.537 
 
 4.607 
 
 4.077 4.745 4*12 
 
 4.878 4.944 
 
 5.009 
 
 .4 
 
 5.072 
 
 5135 
 
 5.198 
 
 5 -jr.: 
 
 5.3.0 5.380 5.440 
 
 5.41(8 
 
 5 557 
 
 5.614 
 
 .5 
 
 5.671 
 
 5.728 
 
 5783 
 
 5.893 
 
 5>!ij 5.!'is o.oiiL' 
 
 6.055 
 
 6.108 
 
 6.160 
 
 .6 
 
 6.212 
 
 6.264 
 
 6.--I15 
 
 (i 366 
 
 6.416 6.466 
 
 6.516 
 
 6.505 
 
 6614 
 
 6662 
 
 .7 
 
 6.710 
 
 o.7 8 
 
 6805 
 
 6.52 
 
 6.899 6.946 
 
 6.9!)2 
 
 7.0:i8 
 
 7.0*3 
 
 7.120 
 
 .8 
 
 7.173 
 
 7.218 
 
 7.263 
 
 7.307 
 
 7.351 7 394 
 
 7.438 
 
 7.481 
 
 7 524 
 
 7. MO 
 
 .9 
 
 7.609 
 
 7.651 
 
 7.693 
 
 7,734 
 
 7.770 7.S17 
 
 r.8 
 
 T.W9 
 
 7940 
 
 7,930 
 
 1.0 
 
 8.020 
 
 8060 
 
 8.100 
 
 8.140 
 
 s,17!i s.218 
 
 S.257 
 
 8.296 
 
 8 33> 
 
 S .".73 
 
 .1 
 
 8412 
 
 S450 
 
 8.488 
 
 8.526 
 
 x.503 S.iiul 
 
 8.63S 
 
 8.4J75 
 
 8.712 
 
 8749 
 
 .2 
 
 8.786 
 
 8.832 
 
 S KVJ 
 
 8.895 
 
 8.931 8.967 
 
 9.00 J 
 
 90:58 
 
 9.074 
 
 9.109 
 
 .3 
 
 9.144 
 
 9180 
 
 9214 
 
 9.249 
 
 9.284 9.319 
 
 9 353 
 
 9.387 
 
 9422 
 
 9453 
 
 .4 
 
 9.490 
 
 9.523 
 
 9557 
 
 9.591 
 
 9.624 9 658 
 
 9.691 
 
 9.724 
 
 9757 
 
 9.79J 
 
 .5 
 
 9823 
 
 9.855 
 
 9.888 
 
 9.920 
 
 9 95W 9.985 
 
 10.017 
 
 10.049 
 
 lo.o-a 
 
 10 113 
 
 .6 
 
 10 145 
 
 10.176 
 
 1 1.208 
 
 10.240 
 
 10.271 10.302 
 
 10.333 
 
 10.364 
 
 10.t95 
 
 10426 
 
 .7 
 
 10.457 
 
 10.483 
 
 105!S 
 
 10549 
 
 10.579 10.610 
 
 10.640 
 
 1(1670 
 
 10.700 
 
 1 '.730 
 
 .8 
 
 10.760 
 
 10790 
 
 1(1.82') 
 
 10.850 
 
 lo.sT'.t 10 'jim 
 
 10.938 lo.96. 
 
 10.997 
 
 1 1 .020 
 
 .9 
 
 11.056 
 
 11084 
 
 11.113 
 
 11 142 
 
 11.171 11.200 
 
 11.228 
 
 11257 
 
 11.285 
 
 11.314 
 
 2.0 
 
 11.342 
 
 11 371 
 
 11.399 
 
 11.427 
 
 11.455 11483 
 
 11.511 
 
 11.539 
 
 11.567 
 
 11.595 
 
 .1 
 
 11 (12.' 
 
 1 1 650 
 
 1167? 
 
 11.705 
 
 11.783 11.760 
 
 11.787 
 
 11.814 
 
 11.842 
 
 11.869 
 
 .2 
 
 ll.S!)6 
 
 11.923 
 
 11.950 
 
 1 1 977 
 
 12 Oo4 
 
 12.030 
 
 12.057 
 
 12.084 
 
 12.110 
 
 I2.13r 
 
 .3 
 
 12 163 
 
 12.190 
 
 12216 
 
 12.242 
 
 12.20!) 
 
 12.295 
 
 12 321 
 
 12.347 12.3J3 
 
 
 .4 
 
 12 425 
 
 12.451 
 
 12.447 
 
 12.502 
 
 12.528 
 
 12.664 
 
 12 571) 
 
 12.605 12.630 
 
 rl\or,o 
 
 .5 
 
 12.681 i 12.706 
 
 12.73 
 
 12.757 
 
 12.7SJ 
 
 12.807 12832 
 
 12.857 12.882 
 
 12.9)7 
 
 .6 
 
 1293.' 12.957 
 
 12.9S2 
 
 13.007 
 
 13.031 
 
 13.056 13.081 
 
 13.105 13.130 
 
 13 154 
 
 
 13.179 13.203 
 
 13.227 
 
 13 252 
 
 13.276 
 
 13.300 
 
 13.324 
 
 13.348 13.372 
 
 13.396 
 
 !8 
 
 13.420: 13.444 
 
 13.468 
 
 13.402 
 
 13516 
 
 13.510 
 
 13.563 
 
 13.587 13.611 
 
 l.s.034 
 
 .9 
 
 13.658 13681 
 
 13.705 
 
 13 728 
 
 13 752 
 
 13.775 
 
 13.798 13.822 13.84". 
 
 13868 
 
 3.0 
 
 13.891 13.915 
 
 13.938 
 
 13961 
 
 13.984 
 
 14.007 
 
 14.030 
 
 14.053 14.075 
 
 14.098 
 
 .1 
 
 14 1-/M! 14.144 
 
 14.166 
 
 14.189 
 
 14212 
 
 14.2:54 
 
 14.257 
 
 14.280 14302 
 
 14.325 
 
 .2 
 
 14317 14.369 14.392 
 
 14.414 
 
 1 U36 
 
 14.45!) 
 
 14481 
 
 14.50? 14.5 in 
 
 14.547 
 
 .3 
 
 14.509 14.591 H.6M 14.635 
 
 14657 
 
 14.67^ 
 
 14,701 
 
 14.723 14.745 
 
 14.767 
 
 .4 
 
 14.789^ 14 810 14 832 
 
 14.851 
 
 14875 
 
 14897 
 
 14 918 
 
 14.940 14961 
 
 14.983 
 
 .5 
 
 1V004 
 
 15026 15.047 
 
 15 069 
 
 15.090 
 
 15.111 
 
 15.132 
 
 15.154 15.175 
 
 15.196 
 
 .6 
 
 15217 
 
 15.238 15.259 
 
 15.281 
 
 15302 
 
 15.322 
 
 15314 
 
 15.364 15.385 
 
 15.406 
 
 .7 
 
 15.427 
 
 15.44S 
 
 15 469 
 
 15.490 
 
 15510 
 
 15.5 1 
 
 15 552 
 
 15.572 15.593 
 
 15614 
 
 .8 
 
 15.034 
 
 15.655 
 
 15.675 
 
 15.606 
 
 15.716 
 
 15.737 
 
 is.767 
 
 15.778 15.798 
 
 15.818 
 
 .9 
 
 15.839 
 
 ir>.859 
 
 15.876 
 
 15.899 
 
 15920 
 
 15.910 
 
 15.960 
 
 15.980 16.000 
 
 16 020 
 
 4.0 
 
 16.049 
 
 16.060 
 
 16.080 
 
 16.100 
 
 16.12' 
 
 161(0 
 
 16.160 
 
 16.180 16.200 
 
 16.220 
 
 .1 
 
 Ni 240 
 
 16.259 
 
 16.279 
 
 l(i 2911 
 
 16.31!) 
 
 16.338 
 
 I63i8 
 
 16.378 16397 
 
 16.417 
 
 .2 
 
 16.437 
 
 16456 
 
 16.476 
 
 16.4115 
 
 16.S15 
 
 10.6*1 
 
 10.554 
 
 16573 16.592 
 
 16.612 
 
 .3 
 
 16.631 
 
 l6.6io 
 
 16.670 
 
 16.689 
 
 16.708 
 
 16.727 
 
 16.747 
 
 16766 16.785 
 
 10.S04 
 
 .4 
 
 16.823: 16.842 
 
 16.862 
 
 16.881 
 
 16900 
 
 16.!H9 
 
 16.1138 
 
 16.957 16.976 
 
 16.1194 
 
 .5 
 
 17.013 17032 
 
 17.051 
 
 17.070 
 
 17.0^9 
 
 17 108 
 
 17.126 
 
 17.145 17.164 
 
 17.183 
 
 .6 
 
 17.iOI 17.2.0 
 
 172 9 
 
 1727 
 
 17.276 
 
 17.2)5 
 
 17.313 
 
 17.332 17.350 
 
 
 .7 
 
 17337 17.406 
 
 17424 
 
 17.443 
 
 17.461 
 
 17.480 
 
 17.498 
 
 17.516 17.535 
 
 17 '.553 
 
 .8 
 
 17.571 
 
 17.690 
 
 17.608 
 
 I7.i)2; 
 
 17.644 
 
 \~.>fi> 
 
 17.681 
 
 17.B99 17.717 
 
 17 735 
 
 .9 
 
 17.753 
 
 17.772 
 
 17.790 
 
 17.808 
 
 17.826 
 
 17.844 
 
 17.862 
 
 IT.s.SO 17.81HS 
 
 17.916
 
 295 
 
 VELOCITIES, IN FEET PER SECOND, DUB TO HEADS FROM 5 TO 
 9.99 FEET. 
 
 Head 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5.0 
 
 
 
 
 17.987 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18.04 
 
 17934 17.952 
 
 17.970 
 
 18.005 
 
 18.023 
 
 18.041 
 
 18.059 
 
 18077 
 
 
 18.112' 18.130 
 
 18. 148 
 
 18.166 18.183 
 
 18.i(ll 
 
 18218 
 
 18236 
 
 18254 
 
 18.271 
 
 '.2 
 
 18.289 l9.3()(i 
 
 18.324 
 
 18.342 ls.359 
 
 is. 3. 7 
 
 18.394 
 
 18.412 
 
 18.429 
 
 18446 
 
 .3 
 
 18.464 18.481 
 
 18.49* 
 
 18.516 18533 
 
 18 5)1 
 
 18.568 
 
 18 58f 
 
 18.604 
 
 18 620 
 
 A 
 
 18.637 18.655 
 
 18.672 
 
 18.689 IS. 70 
 
 18.723 
 
 18741 
 
 18758 
 
 18776 
 
 18.792 
 
 .5 
 
 18.809 18826 
 
 18.843 
 
 .18 860 18.877 
 
 I8>94 
 
 18.911 
 
 18928 
 
 18.945 
 
 18.962 
 
 .6 
 
 18.979! 18.99o 
 
 19 013 
 
 19.030 1904' 
 
 190t;4 
 
 19 Obi 
 
 19.09s 
 
 19.114 
 
 19.131 
 
 .7 
 
 19.148 19.160 
 
 11US2 
 
 19.198 19.215 
 
 19 2ifc 
 
 19.248 
 
 19.26- 
 
 19 282 
 
 19.1:99 
 
 .8 
 
 19.315 19.932 
 
 l!i.34s 
 
 19.365 19.3MS 
 
 19.39s 
 
 19.415 
 
 19.431 
 
 19.448 
 
 19.464 
 
 .9 
 
 19.481 19.497 
 
 19.514 
 
 19.530 19.547 
 
 19563 
 
 19.580 
 
 19.59b 
 
 19 613 
 
 19.629 
 
 6.0 
 
 19.615 19.662 
 
 19 678 
 
 19.694 19711 
 
 19.727 
 
 19743 
 
 19760 
 
 19.776 
 
 19.792 
 
 ' 
 
 19.808; 19.825 
 
 19.841 
 
 19857 9.873 
 
 19 889 
 
 19906 
 
 19 9-/2 
 
 19938 
 
 19954 
 
 2 
 
 19970 
 
 19.986 
 
 2 i.OO t 
 
 20.018 
 
 20.034 
 
 20.050 
 
 20.067 
 
 20. os: 
 
 20.099 
 
 20.115 
 
 .3 
 
 20.131 
 
 20.147 
 
 20.102 
 
 2H 17> 
 
 20.194 
 
 iO 210 
 
 20226 
 
 20.242 
 
 20.258 
 
 20.274 
 
 A 
 
 20.29 i 
 
 2;i.3.n; 
 
 2.1.321 
 
 2o. 3; r, 
 
 20.35; 
 
 20.369 
 
 20.385 
 
 20.40( 
 
 20.416 
 
 20.432 
 
 .5 
 
 20.4 is 
 
 20.463 
 
 20.479 
 
 20.49; 
 
 20.510 
 
 20.521 
 
 20.542 
 
 -0557 
 
 20.573 
 
 20.589 
 
 .C 
 
 20.604 
 
 20.64) 
 
 2(1.6:;.-. 
 
 20.651 
 
 20667 
 
 20.682 
 
 20.698 
 
 20.713 
 
 20.729 
 
 20.744 
 
 .7 
 
 20.760 
 
 20.775 
 
 20.791 
 
 20.80 
 
 20.822 
 
 20837 
 
 20.853 
 
 20 868 
 
 20.883 
 
 20., -99 
 
 8 
 
 2.1.914 
 
 2(I.<J29 
 
 20.945 
 
 2(l! 961 
 
 20.976 
 
 20.991 
 
 21. OIK; 
 
 21.021 
 
 21.037 
 
 21 052 
 
 .9 
 
 21.067 
 
 21.083 
 
 21.098 
 
 21.113 
 
 21.128 
 
 21.144 
 
 21.159 
 
 21.174 
 
 21.189 
 
 21.204 
 
 70 
 
 21.21!) 
 
 21.235 
 
 21.250 
 
 21.265 
 
 21.280 
 
 21.295 
 
 21.310 
 
 21.325 
 
 21.340 
 
 21.355 
 
 .1 
 
 21.371! 
 
 21.386 
 
 21.401 
 
 21416 
 
 21431 
 
 21 446 
 
 21.461 
 
 21.476 
 
 21.491 
 
 21.106 
 
 .2 
 
 21.52-1 
 
 21.535 
 
 21.550 
 
 21.565 
 
 21.580 
 
 21.595 
 
 21.610 
 
 21 6,25 
 
 21 640 
 
 21.655 
 
 .3 
 
 21.669 
 
 21.684 
 
 21 6!i9 
 
 21.714 
 
 21.729 
 
 .1.743 
 
 21.758 
 
 21 773 
 
 21.')8- 
 
 21.803 
 
 .4 
 
 21.817 
 
 21.832 
 
 2 .847 
 
 21.861 
 
 21 876 
 
 21891 
 
 21.9(6 
 
 21.920 
 
 21.935 
 
 21 950 
 
 .5 
 
 21.964 
 
 21.979 
 
 21.993 
 
 220K8 
 
 *2 023 
 
 22.037 
 
 22 ii.- 2 
 
 22066 
 
 22.081 
 
 22.0:16 
 
 .6 
 
 22.110 
 
 22.125 
 
 22.139 
 
 22 I.-! 
 
 22.16S 
 
 22.183 
 
 22.197 
 
 22.212 
 
 22/220 
 
 22241 
 
 .7 
 
 22.255 
 
 22.27d 
 
 22 284 
 
 22.29s 
 
 22.313 
 
 22.32; 
 
 22342 
 
 22.350 
 
 22 370 
 
 22.385 
 
 .8 
 
 22. 399 
 
 22.414 
 
 22.428 
 
 22 442 
 
 22. V, 7 
 
 22471 
 
 22 4-5 
 
 22,l:t!f 
 
 V2.5H 
 
 22.5-s 
 
 .9 
 
 22 542 
 
 52.557 
 
 22571 
 
 22.585 
 
 22.599 
 
 22.614 
 
 22.628 
 
 22.642 
 
 22.656 
 
 22.670 
 
 8.0 
 
 22685 
 
 22.699 
 
 22.713 
 
 22.727 
 
 22741 
 
 22.755 
 
 22.769 
 
 22.784 
 
 ',2 798 
 
 22.812 
 
 .1 
 
 22.820 
 
 22.840 
 
 22 8=4 
 
 22.868 
 
 22.882 
 
 22.896 
 
 22.910 
 
 22.924 
 
 22.938 
 
 22 952 
 
 .2 
 
 22.900 
 
 22.980 
 
 22 994 
 
 23 008 
 
 23.022 
 
 : 3 036 
 
 23.050 
 
 23.064 
 
 2:i.( 78 
 
 23 ( 92 
 
 .3 
 
 2:5 100 
 
 23.120 
 
 23.134 
 
 i3.148 
 
 23 162 
 
 23.175 
 
 23 189 
 
 23.203 
 
 23.217 
 
 23231 
 
 .4 
 
 23.245 
 
 23.259 
 
 23.272 
 
 23 28- 
 
 23.300 
 
 23.314 
 
 23328 
 
 23311 
 
 23 355 
 
 23.319 
 
 .5 
 
 2:;':iS! 
 
 2:i;j9ii 
 
 23.410 
 
 23.424 
 
 23.438 
 
 23.451 
 
 ;::. ic,5 
 
 23.4^9 
 
 23.192 
 
 23 50i ; 
 
 .6 
 
 23.520 
 
 2:5.534 
 
 23 547 
 
 23.561 
 
 23.574 
 
 23588 
 
 23 602 
 
 23.615 
 
 23.629 
 
 2:', 64:; 
 
 .7 
 
 23 050 
 
 2.T070 
 
 2:; 68:i 
 
 23.097 
 
 43.711 
 
 23.724 
 
 23.738 
 
 23.751 
 
 23.705 
 
 23.778 
 
 .8 
 
 23.792 
 
 23.81)5 
 
 23.S19 
 
 -'38 
 
 i; 8 16 
 
 23.8,7.1 
 
 23.S73 
 
 23.886 
 
 23900 
 
 23913 
 
 .9 
 
 23.927 
 
 23.94'! 
 
 23.953 
 
 23 987 
 
 23.980 
 
 23.994 
 
 24.007 
 
 24020 
 
 24.034 
 
 240J7 
 
 01 
 
 24.061 
 
 24.074 
 
 24.087 
 
 24 101 
 
 24.114 
 
 24.127 
 
 24141 
 
 24.154 
 
 24167 
 
 :4 181 
 
 .1 
 
 24194 
 
 24.207 24.22H 
 
 24.234 
 
 24.247 
 
 24.26U 
 
 24274 
 
 24.287 
 
 24.300 
 
 24313 
 
 .2 
 
 24 326 
 
 24.340 
 
 24 353 
 
 24.360 
 
 24379 
 
 21.392 
 
 24.40(3 
 
 24.419 
 
 24.432 
 
 24 445 
 
 .3 
 
 24458 
 
 24.471 
 
 24 485 
 
 24 498 
 
 24.511 
 
 24.524 
 
 2-1 n:;r 
 
 24.; 50 
 
 24.563 
 
 24576 
 
 .4 
 
 21.5s9 
 
 24.603 
 
 24.616 
 
 24 629 
 
 24.642 
 
 24.(55 
 
 24.608 
 
 24 OS] 
 
 24 694 
 
 24.707 
 
 .5 
 
 24.72H 
 
 24.7:!.'! 
 
 24.746 
 
 24.759 
 
 24 772 
 
 24.785 
 
 24.798 
 
 24.811 
 
 24 824 
 
 24.837 
 
 .6 
 
 24.850 
 
 24.X03 
 
 24' 876 
 
 24>ss' 
 
 24 901 
 
 24.914 
 
 24 927 
 
 24.940 
 
 24.935 
 
 24 906 
 
 .7 
 
 24.979 
 
 21992 
 
 25.005 
 
 25.017 
 
 250M) 
 
 25.043 
 
 25.0 --6 
 
 25.069 
 
 25.082 
 
 25.091 
 
 .8 
 
 25.107 
 
 2.-). 120 
 
 25 133 
 
 25.146 25.15S 
 
 ',5.171 
 
 25.1X4 
 
 25.197 
 
 25. -J Hi 
 
 25.222 
 
 9 
 
 25.235 
 
 25.248 
 
 25.260 
 
 25.273 
 
 25.286 
 
 25.299 
 
 25.311 
 
 25.324 
 
 25.337 
 
 25349
 
 296 
 
 VELOCITIES, IN FEET PER SECOND, DUE TO HEADS FROM 10 TO 
 14.99 FEET. 
 
 Head. O 
 
 2(i.290 
 20418 
 
 20.540 
 
 26.781 
 26.^89 26.901 
 27.0--0 
 27.139 
 27.257 
 27.378 
 
 27 192 
 
 27.609 
 
 27.725 
 
 27.841 
 
 27 950 
 
 28.071 
 
 28.185 
 28.21-9 
 
 28.412 
 
 25.425| 25.438 25.451 
 
 25.5^2 25.564 25.577 
 
 25.677 25.690' 25.702 
 
 25.802; 25815! 25.827 
 
 25.926 25939 25.951 
 
 26.050 26.063 26.(u5 
 26.173 
 
 26.320 
 
 26.430: 26.442 
 26.552! 26.564 
 
 20 072 
 20 79:; 
 :'0.9i:; 
 27032 
 27.15(1 
 27.209 
 27.380 
 27.504 
 27.020 
 27.736 
 
 27.852 
 27.907 
 
 28.310 
 
 28.424 
 
 25.463 25.476 
 25.589 25.602 
 25.715 25.728 
 25.839 25.862 
 25.964 25.976 
 26.087 26 099 
 
 26.454 26.467 
 26.576 26.688 
 
 , 26.697 
 
 26.805! 26.817 
 
 26.924 
 
 27.044 
 
 27.102 
 
 27.979 
 28.094 
 
 28.208 28.219 
 1 8.322 
 
 2s.4:r, 
 
 28>26 2X537; 28^548 
 
 28.7fO| 28.761 28.772 
 
 28.862 28.873 28.884 
 
 28.973 28.94 28.995 
 
 29.084! 29.095 29.1d6 
 
 29.194 29.205: 29.216 
 
 29.3(14 29.315 29326 
 
 29.413; 29.424 29.435 
 29.544 
 
 20.709 
 20^9 
 
 27.174 27.186 
 
 27.760 27.771 
 
 27.875 27.887 
 27.990 28.002 
 
 28.559 28.570 
 
 290d6 29.017 
 29.111 
 29.227 29.2.38 
 
 29.F37 
 
 ; 9 446 29.457 
 
 29.555 29 500 
 29 OC4 29 07.. 
 
 29 772 
 
 30201 
 30.307 30 3i 
 
 30635 
 1.729 30.739 
 3' 1.838 30.844 
 30.938 30 94H 
 31.041 31.052
 
 297 
 
 VELOCITIES, IN FEET PER SECOND, DUE TO HEADS FROM 15 TO 
 19.99 FEET. 
 
 31.145 31.155 
 31.248 31.258 
 31.351 31.361 
 31.453:31463 
 31.555 31.565 
 31.837 31.607 
 
 31 758 31768 
 31.859 31.870 
 31.960 31.970 
 32.061 1 32.071 
 
 32.U51 32.171 
 ;- 2.26 1 1 32.271 
 
 32 3GO! 32.370 
 32.46IM32470 
 32.559 32.569 
 32.657 32667 
 32.755 32.765 
 32.854,32863 
 32.951 32.961 
 33.049 33.058 
 
 33146 33156 
 33.243 33 22 
 33.339, 33.319 
 3i.436,3S.44o 
 a3.532 33 5 U 
 33.628 ;>3.637 
 33.723j 33.733 
 
 33 818 33.828 
 33.91-i 33.923 
 34.00.il 34 017 
 
 34.102 34.112 
 
 :'4.I97 K4.'206 
 31 29!) [34 300 
 S4.384 34.393 
 
 34 478 34.4S7 
 34.571 1 34.580 
 34.6 4 34.t>73 
 34.75rt 34.766 
 34.849 34.8-8 
 34.94 1 1 34.950 
 
 35.033 35042 
 35.124 35 134 
 35.216; a 1 ) 225 
 35.2W35.31K 
 35.398 35.407 
 35. 89 35.498 
 35.579 35588 
 35.670 35.679 
 35.760 35 769 
 35.849 35.858
 
 298 
 
 VELOCITIES. IN FEET PER SECOND, DUE TO HEADS FROM 20 TO 
 
 24.99 FEET. 
 
 35.80' 
 35.93' 
 
 30.040 
 
 31.135 
 
 38.818 
 
 3'UOI 
 
 35.876 
 
 :;>.ooo 
 3ti.o.->5 
 35.144 
 
 00.23! 
 
 :jo.;;i 
 30.410 
 
 36.666| 36.674 
 
 35.885 
 
 35.975 3=5.984 
 36.064 
 
 30.153 
 30 242 
 30.331 
 30419 
 30.507 
 
 :;o 595 
 30.08:! 
 
 30.02s 
 37015 
 37 102 
 
 36.762 35771 
 
 36 849 1 36 858 
 36936 36.945 
 37.023 
 
 37 110 
 
 188 37.197 
 
 37.2f5 
 37.361 
 37.447 
 37.532 
 
 37.205; 
 37.283 37.292 
 37.309! 37.378 
 37.455 37464 
 37541 37.5)0 
 
 37.618 37.6>7 
 
 37.703 37.712 
 
 37789 37797 
 
 37 874 37.882 
 
 37959 37.987 
 
 38.043 38.052 
 
 38.128 38.136 
 
 3S.212 38220 
 
 38.296 3S.304 
 
 38.464 38.472 
 38.547 38.555 
 
 38.714 38.72 > 
 
 38.797 38.805 
 
 38.879 38.8-8 
 
 38.962 3S.970 
 
 39.044 39.053 
 
 391.:7 39.135 
 
 39.291 31299 
 39373 39.381 
 39454 .39.462 
 
 39.779 39.787 
 39.860 1 39.868 
 39.940 39 948 
 40.021 
 
 37.635 
 
 37.721 
 37.8DO 
 37.801 
 37 975 
 
 . 
 3S.22!) 
 
 38.480 
 
 :{s .-,t;i 
 
 3S.047 
 3SJ30 
 
 3S.813 
 
 38.896 
 
 30.113 
 39.225 
 
 39.307 
 89470 
 
 39'(i33 
 
 3<l'795 
 39.X70 
 
 4o!l)37 
 
 37.04! 
 37 128 
 37.214 
 
 37.644 
 37.72!) 
 
 37.S14 
 
 37.9S4 
 88.068 
 
 3^.153 
 
 38.237 
 
 :'S.:;vi 
 3S.405 
 
 3-. 572 
 
 38.904 
 3s!lls7 
 39.0*;! i 
 39 151 
 
 39 47!) 
 
 30.501 
 3!) 04 
 39.7* 
 
 ;i'i.so3 
 3') 8*4 
 3!i :n;t 
 40114-, 
 
 38,197 
 
 38.:,sn 
 
 39077 
 MO.! Cii 
 39242 
 
 39.324 
 
 30.00J 
 
 30.0H1 
 
 35.! 103 
 35.!)!):! 
 30.08'J 
 36.171 
 
 :!0.2f,M 
 30.348 
 30.437 
 :;,; r,2r, 
 3ti.0l3 
 30.701 
 
 30.071 
 30.1 15S 
 :,7.145 
 37.231 
 37.318 
 37404 
 
 37.490 
 
 37.567 37.575 
 
 37.652 
 37.738 37.746 
 
 3S.422 
 
 39.332 
 39.413 
 
 3C,.L'78 
 30.300 
 
 36.98(1 
 37.H07 
 37.151 
 37. LM" 
 37.320 
 37412 
 37.498 
 37.584 
 
 37669 
 
 37.755 
 37.840 
 37.925 
 
 39.258 
 
 39.340 
 
 39.422 
 
 39 503 
 39.5S4 
 311.000 
 
 ::9.7i7 
 
 35.930 35 
 
 30.020 30028 36.037 
 
 37.500 
 37.502 
 
 37.678 
 
 37.703 
 37.S4S 
 
 3vOi>5 
 3S.IMI 
 3S.772 
 38.s5f> 
 3^.!'37 
 39.020 
 39.10-J 
 3!).:S4 
 
 39.5!)2 
 :'!).074 
 
 3'lV55
 
 299 
 
 VELOCITIES, IN FEET PER SECOND, DUE TO HEADS FROM 25 TO 
 29.90 FEET. 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Head. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25.0 
 
 40.101 
 
 40.109 
 
 40.117 
 
 40.125 
 
 40.133 
 
 40.141 
 
 40149 
 
 40.157 
 
 40.165 40.173 
 
 .1 
 
 40.181 
 
 40.J89 
 
 40.197 
 
 4IU05 
 
 40.213 
 
 40.221 
 
 40.2L9 
 
 4(i.237 
 
 40.245 40.253 
 
 j 
 
 40. an 
 
 4H.20'.) 
 
 40.277 
 
 4H 2*5 
 
 40.293 
 
 40301 
 
 40 3i9 
 
 40.317 
 
 40.325 40.333 
 
 .3 
 
 40.341 
 
 40.349 
 
 4(1 357 
 
 40.365 
 
 40.373 
 
 40.381 
 
 40.189 
 
 40.397 
 
 40.405 40 413 
 
 .4 
 
 40.421 
 
 40.428 
 
 40.436 
 
 40.444 40452 
 
 40.400 
 
 4-1.468 
 
 40.476 
 
 40.484 40 492 
 
 .5 
 
 40.500 
 
 40.508 
 
 40.510 
 
 40 524 40532 
 
 40540 
 
 40 548 
 
 40.550 
 
 40.;.63 40.571 
 
 ft 
 
 40.579 
 
 40.587 
 
 40.59.-, 
 
 4H.603 -10.611 
 
 40.619 
 
 40.627 
 
 40.635 
 
 40 643 40.651 
 
 .7 
 
 40. c.V.i 
 
 40.t66 
 
 40.674 
 
 40.682 
 
 4D.09M 
 
 40.698" 
 
 40.706 
 
 40.714 
 
 40.722 40.730 
 
 .8 
 
 40.738 
 
 40.745 
 
 40.753 
 
 40.701 
 
 40.7t 9 
 
 40.', 77 
 
 4' > 7*5 
 
 40.793 
 
 40 J-01 40 809 
 
 .9 
 
 40.816 
 
 40.824 
 
 40.832 
 
 40.840 
 
 40.848 
 
 40.856 
 
 40.864 
 
 .OS72 
 
 40.879 40.887 
 
 260 
 
 4 \895 
 
 40.903 
 
 40911 
 
 40.919 4ii.9:-7 
 
 40.934 
 
 40.942 
 
 40.950 
 
 40.958 40966 
 
 a 
 
 40.974 
 
 40.9*2 
 
 40.9S9 
 
 40997J 41.005 
 
 41.013 
 
 41 021 
 
 4U29 
 
 41.036 41.044 
 
 
 41.052 
 
 41.000 
 
 41.0(58 
 
 41076 
 
 41.083 
 
 41.091 
 
 41.0:9 
 
 41.107 
 
 41 115 41.123 
 
 '.3 
 
 41.130 
 
 41.188 
 
 41 140 
 
 41.154 
 
 41.102 
 
 41.169 
 
 41.177 
 
 41.185 
 
 41.193 41.201 
 
 A 
 
 41.209 
 
 41.216 
 
 41.224 
 
 41 -32 
 
 41.240 
 
 41.248 
 
 41.255 
 
 41. 203 
 
 41.271 41.279 
 
 .5 
 
 41.287 
 
 41.294 
 
 4 1.3! '2 
 
 41.310 
 
 41.318 
 
 41.325 
 
 41 3"3 
 
 41.341 
 
 41.349 41.357 
 
 .6 
 
 41. 304 
 
 41.372 
 
 41.330 
 
 41.388 
 
 41.395 
 
 41.403 
 
 41.411 
 
 41.419 
 
 4I.4-.6 41.434 
 
 
 41.442 
 
 41.450 
 
 41.45S 
 
 41 405 
 
 41.473 
 
 41.481 
 
 41.489 
 
 41496 
 
 41 504 41.512 
 
 8 
 
 41.520 
 
 41.527 
 
 41.535 
 
 41.543 
 
 41 551 
 
 41.558 
 
 41.501 
 
 41.574 
 
 41.581 41.589 
 
 .9 
 
 41.597 
 
 41 6D5 
 
 41.612 
 
 41.620 
 
 41.628 
 
 41.636 
 
 41.643 
 
 41.651 
 
 41.659 41.666 
 
 270 
 
 41674 
 
 41.6*2 
 
 41.690 
 
 41.697 
 
 41.705 
 
 41.713 
 
 41.720 
 
 41.728 
 
 41.736 41.744 
 
 
 41.751 
 
 41.759 
 
 41.767 
 
 41.774 
 
 41.782 
 
 41.790 
 
 41.797 
 
 41.805 
 
 41 813 41.821 
 
 .'2 
 
 41.828 
 
 41.836 
 
 41 844 
 
 41.851 
 
 41.859 
 
 41.867 
 
 41.874 
 
 41882 
 
 41.890 41.897 
 
 .3 
 
 41.905 
 
 41.913 
 
 41 920 
 
 41.928 
 
 41936 
 
 4!. 943 
 
 41951 
 
 41.959 
 
 41 967 41.974 
 
 A 
 
 41.982 
 
 41.989 
 
 41.097 
 
 42.005 
 
 42.012 
 
 42 020 
 
 42 Oi8 
 
 42.0P5 
 
 42.043 42 051 
 
 .5 
 
 42.058 
 
 42<>00 
 
 42 074 
 
 4J.nsl 
 
 42 089 
 
 42.0IT 
 
 42 104 
 
 42.112 
 
 42.119 42.127 
 
 .6 
 
 42135 
 
 42.142 
 
 42.15(1 
 
 42.15S 
 
 42.165 
 
 42.173 
 
 12. IN 
 
 42.188 
 
 42 196 42.203 
 
 .7 
 
 42.211 
 
 12.21 'J 
 
 42.22 
 
 42.234 
 
 42.241 
 
 42.249 
 
 42 257 
 
 42264 
 
 42.272 42 279 
 
 .8 
 
 42.2x7 
 
 B.296 
 
 42.::n2 
 
 42.3KI 
 
 42.317 
 
 42 325 
 
 42.PS3 
 
 43.340 
 
 42.348 42.:<55 
 
 .9 
 
 42.363 
 
 42.371 
 
 42.378 
 
 42.386 
 
 42.393 
 
 42401 
 
 . 42.409 
 
 42.416 
 
 42 424 42.431 
 
 28.0 
 
 42.439 
 
 42.446 
 
 42.454 
 
 42.462 
 
 42.469 
 
 42477 
 
 42.484 
 
 42.492 
 
 42.499 42.507 
 
 
 42.515 
 
 42.522 
 
 42530 
 
 42537 
 
 42.545 
 
 42.552 
 
 42.501 
 
 42.f68 
 
 42575 42.583 
 
 la 
 
 42.5:io 
 
 42.598 
 
 42.605 
 
 42.013 
 
 42.021 
 
 12.02.* 
 
 42.035 
 
 42.643 
 
 42.651 42.658 
 
 .3 
 
 42.66(3 
 
 42.07:; 
 
 42.681 
 
 42. 0-* 
 
 42096 
 
 42 703 
 
 42.711 
 
 42.718 
 
 42.726 42 733 
 
 A 
 
 42.741 
 
 42.748 
 
 42.756 42.764 
 
 42.771 
 
 42779 
 
 42.781 
 
 42.794 
 
 42.801142.809 
 
 .5 
 
 42.816 
 
 42>24 
 
 42.831 42.839 
 
 42.840 
 
 42.854 
 
 42.861 
 
 42.869 
 
 42.876 42 884 
 
 .6 
 
 42*91 
 
 42.899 
 
 42.906 42.914 
 
 42,'.'.'l 
 
 42929 
 
 42.93i 
 
 42.944 
 
 42 951 42 959 
 
 .7 
 
 42.966 
 
 12.97-1 
 
 42.981 42989 
 
 42 '.or 
 
 43.f04 
 
 43.011 
 
 43.01 
 
 43.026 43 033 
 
 .8 
 
 43.041 
 
 43.1148 
 
 43.056 43063 
 
 43.071 
 
 43.078 
 
 43 OSf) 
 
 43/93 
 
 '3101 43108 
 
 .9 
 
 43.116 
 
 43.123 
 
 43.130 43188 
 
 43.145 
 
 43.153 
 
 43.160 
 
 43.168 
 
 43.175 43.183 
 
 29.0 
 
 43.190 
 
 43.19 s * 
 
 43.205 43.212 
 
 43.220 
 
 43227 
 
 43.235 
 
 43243 
 
 43.250 43257 
 
 1 
 
 43.264 
 
 43.272 
 
 43279 43.287 
 
 43.i>94 
 
 43.302 
 
 43.309 
 
 43 316 
 
 43.324 43 331 
 
 .2 
 
 43.339 
 
 43346 
 
 43.354 43.361 
 
 43.36* 
 
 43.376 
 
 43383 
 
 43391 
 
 43 398 ' 43 405 
 
 .3 
 
 43 413 
 
 43.420 
 
 43428 43.435 
 
 43.443 
 
 43 4.50 
 
 43457 
 
 43 4'w" 
 
 43.472 43.480 
 
 A 
 
 -13.487 
 
 43494 
 
 43502 43.509 
 
 43.517 
 
 43.524 
 
 43.531 
 
 43539 
 
 43 546 43.553 
 
 .5 
 
 43 561 
 
 43.50S 
 
 43576 43.583 
 
 43.:' 90 
 
 4:;.59* 
 
 43.005 
 
 43612 
 
 43.620 43.627 
 
 .6 
 
 43 03-> 
 
 43.042 
 
 43649 43.657 
 
 43 664 
 
 43671 
 
 43.679 
 
 43/86 
 
 43.694 < 3.701 
 
 .7 
 
 43.703 
 
 43.716 
 
 43723 43.730 
 
 43738 
 
 43.745 
 
 43 752 
 
 43.760 
 
 43.767 43.774 
 
 ..8 
 
 43.782 
 
 43.789! 43.796 43804 
 
 43.811 
 
 43.818 
 
 43 X20 
 
 43.833 
 
 43.840 43.848 
 
 .9 
 
 43.855 43.862J 43.870 43.877 
 
 43.881 
 
 43.892 
 
 43899 
 
 43906 
 
 43.914 43.921
 
 300 
 
 VELOCITIES, IN FEET PER SECOND, DUE TO HEADS PROM 30 TO 
 34.99 FEET. 
 
 Head. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 1 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 30.0 
 .1 
 
 43.928 
 
 44.002 
 
 43.936 
 
 44.IM) 
 
 43.943 
 
 44.016 
 
 43.950 
 44.024 
 
 43.958 
 44.031 
 
 43.965 
 
 44.038 
 
 43.972 
 44.045 
 
 43.980 
 44.053 
 
 43.987 
 
 11. oiio 
 
 43.994 
 44.067 
 
 .2 
 
 44.075 
 
 44.082 
 
 44.089 
 
 44.097 
 
 44.104 44.111 
 
 44.118 
 
 44.126 44.133 
 
 44.140 
 
 .3 
 
 44.148 
 
 44.155 
 
 44.162 
 
 44.169 
 
 44.177 44.184 
 
 44.191 
 
 44.198 41.206 
 
 44.21 i 
 
 A 
 
 44.220 
 
 44.228 
 
 44.235 
 
 44.242 
 
 44.249 41.257 
 
 44.264 
 
 44.271 44.278 
 
 44.286 
 
 .5 
 
 44.293 
 
 44.30J 
 
 44.308 
 
 44.315 44.322 44.329 
 
 44.^7 
 
 44.344 41.351 
 
 44.358 
 
 .6 
 
 44.366 
 
 44.37* 
 
 44.380 
 
 44.387 44.395 44.402 
 
 44.409 
 
 44.416 44.423 
 
 44.431 
 
 .7 
 
 44.438 
 
 44.445 
 
 44.452 
 
 44.460 44.467 41.474 
 
 44.481 
 
 44.489 
 
 11 11-;; 
 
 44503 
 
 .8 
 
 44.f>10 
 
 44.518 
 
 44.525 
 
 44.532 44.539 44.546 
 
 44.554 
 
 44.561 44.568 
 
 44.575 
 
 .9 
 
 44.582 
 
 44.590 
 
 44.C97 
 
 44.604 
 
 44.611 44.619 
 
 44626 
 
 44.633 
 
 44.640 
 
 44.647 
 
 31.0 
 
 44.655 
 
 44662 
 
 44.669 
 
 44.676 44/83' 44.691 1 44.698 
 
 44.705 
 
 44.712 
 
 44.719 
 
 .1 
 
 44.727 
 
 44.734 
 
 44.741 
 
 44748! 44.755 44.762 44770 
 
 44.777 
 
 44.784 
 
 44.71)1 
 
 .2 
 
 44.798 
 
 44.8U6 
 
 44813 
 
 44.820 44.827 44.834 44.841 
 
 44.S49 
 
 44.856 
 
 11 si;:; 
 
 .3 
 
 44.870 
 
 44.877 
 
 44.884 
 
 44.8921 44.893 44.906' 44.913 
 
 44.94) 
 
 44.927 
 
 44935 
 
 .4 
 
 44.912 
 
 44.919 
 
 44.956 
 
 44.963 44970! 41.978 44.985 
 
 44.992 
 
 44.990 
 
 45.006 
 
 .5 
 
 45.013 
 
 . 4 >.020 
 
 45.0^8 
 
 45.035 45.042 45.0491 45.056 
 
 46.063 
 
 4 ..070 
 
 45.L78 
 
 .6 
 
 45.085 
 
 45.092 
 
 45.099 
 
 45.10G ! 45.113 
 
 45.120 45.127 
 
 45.135 
 
 45.142 
 
 45149 
 
 .7 
 
 45.156 
 
 45.163 
 
 45.170 
 
 45.177 45184 
 
 45.192 45.199 
 
 45.206 
 
 45.213 
 
 45.220 
 
 .8 
 
 45.227 
 
 43.234 
 
 45.241 
 
 45.248 45.256 
 
 45.263 
 
 45.270 
 
 45.277 
 
 45.284 
 
 45.291 
 
 .9 
 
 45.298 45.305 
 
 45.312 
 
 45319 
 
 45.327 
 
 45.334 
 
 45.341 
 
 45.348 
 
 45.355 
 
 45.362 
 
 32.0 
 
 45.369 
 
 45.376 
 
 45.383 
 
 45.390 
 
 45.397 
 
 45.405 
 
 45.412 
 
 45.419 
 
 45.426 
 
 45433 
 
 .1 
 
 45.440 
 
 45447 
 
 45.454 
 
 45.461 
 
 45.408 
 
 45.475 
 
 45.4S2 
 
 4.5.4M) 
 
 45.497 
 
 45.504 
 
 .2 
 
 45.511 
 
 45.518 
 
 45 r,L',5 
 
 45.532 
 
 45.53!) 
 
 45.546 
 
 45.553 
 
 45.580 
 
 45.567 
 
 45.574 
 
 .3 
 
 45.581 
 
 45588 
 
 45.595 
 
 45.602 
 
 45.609 
 
 45.617 
 
 45.624 
 
 45.631 
 
 45.638 
 
 45.645 
 
 .4 
 
 45.652 
 
 45 65!) 
 
 45.666 
 
 4 ..673 
 
 45.1.80! 45.687 
 
 45.694 
 
 45.701 
 
 45.708 
 
 45.715 
 
 .5 
 
 45.722 
 
 45.729 
 
 45736 
 
 45.743 
 
 45.750 45.757 
 
 45.764 
 
 45.771 
 
 45.778 
 
 45.785 
 
 .6 
 
 45.792 
 
 45.793 
 
 45.807 
 
 45.814 
 
 45.821 ! 45.828 
 
 45.835 
 
 46.842 
 
 45.849 
 
 45856 
 
 .7 
 
 45.863 
 
 45.870 
 
 4 >.877 
 
 45.884 
 
 45.891 45.898 
 
 45.905 
 
 4.5912 
 
 45.919 
 
 45.926 
 
 .8 
 
 45.933 
 
 45.910 
 
 45.947 
 
 45.954 
 
 45.961 
 
 4 5.! I6S 
 
 45.975 
 
 45.982 
 
 45.989 
 
 45996 
 
 .9 
 
 46.003 
 
 46.010 
 
 46.017 
 
 46.024 
 
 45.031 
 
 46.038 
 
 46.045 
 
 46.052 
 
 46.059 
 
 46.066 
 
 33.0 
 
 46.073 
 
 46080 
 
 46.0S6 
 
 46.093 
 
 46.100 46.107 
 
 4.114 
 
 46121 
 
 46.128 
 
 46135 
 
 .1 
 
 46.142 
 
 46.149 46.156 
 
 46.163 
 
 46.170 46.177 
 
 46.184 
 
 46.191 
 
 46.198 
 
 4l5.20. r , 
 
 .2 
 
 46.212 
 
 46.219 46.226 
 
 45.233 
 
 46.240 46.247 
 
 46.254 
 
 46.261 
 
 46 268 
 
 46.275 
 
 .3 
 
 46.281 
 
 46.288 
 
 46.295 
 
 46.302 
 
 46.309! 46.316 
 
 46.323 
 
 46.330 
 
 46.337 
 
 4D."41 
 
 .4 
 
 46.351 
 
 48.858 
 
 40.:J6;5 
 
 46.372 
 
 46.379 46.386 
 
 46.393 
 
 46.399 
 
 4S.406 
 
 46413 
 
 .5 
 
 46.420 
 
 46.427 
 
 46.434 
 
 46.441 
 
 46.44 46.455 
 
 46.462 
 
 16.40!) 
 
 46.476 
 
 46.483 
 
 .6 
 
 46.489 
 
 4'J.49i 
 
 1 15.. 503 
 
 46.510 
 
 46.517 46.524 
 
 46.531 
 
 46.538 
 
 46.545 
 
 46.552 
 
 .7 
 
 46.559 
 
 46.566 
 
 40..572 
 
 46.57!) 
 
 46.586 16.593 
 
 46.600 
 
 46.607 
 
 46.614 
 
 46.6*1 
 
 .8 
 
 46.028 
 
 46 635 
 
 46642 
 
 46.648 
 
 46.655 46.662 
 
 46.669 
 
 46.676 
 
 46.683 
 
 46.6!in 
 
 .9 
 
 46.697 
 
 46.703 
 
 46.710 
 
 46.717 
 
 46.724! 46.731 
 
 46.739 
 
 46.745 
 
 46.752 
 
 46759 
 
 34.0 
 
 46.765 
 
 46772 
 
 46.779 
 
 46.786 
 
 46793 46.800 
 
 46.807 
 
 46.814 
 
 46.820 
 
 46.827 
 
 .1 
 
 46.8 i4 
 
 4>.84l 
 
 46.848 
 
 46.855 
 
 46.862 46868 
 
 4H.S7.5 
 
 46.882 
 
 46.889 
 
 46.896 
 
 .2 
 
 46.903 
 
 46910 
 
 46.916 
 
 46.923 
 
 46.930 46.937 
 
 46.944 
 
 40.V.1 
 
 lt;.!)5s 
 
 46.964 
 
 .3 
 
 46.9T1 
 
 46.978 
 
 46.985 
 
 ir,.:)'.r 
 
 46.999 
 
 47.005 
 
 47 012 
 
 47.019 
 
 47.026 
 
 47.033 
 
 .4 
 
 47.040 
 
 47.047 
 
 47.053 47060 
 
 47.067 
 
 47.074! 47.081 
 
 47.0-8 
 
 47.094 
 
 47.101 
 
 .5 
 
 47.108 
 
 47 115 47.1221 47 128 i 47.135 
 
 47.142 47.149 
 
 47.156 
 
 47.163 
 
 47.169 
 
 .6 
 
 47.176 
 
 47.1831 47.190J 47.197 47.203 
 
 47.210 47.217 
 
 47.224 
 
 47.231 
 
 47.238 
 
 .7 
 
 47.244 
 
 47.251 47.258! 47 26=>! 47.272 
 
 47.278 47285 
 
 47.292 
 
 47.29!) 
 
 47.306 
 
 .8 
 
 47.312 
 
 47.319 47.326 
 
 47.333 47.340 
 
 47.346 47.353 
 
 47.360 
 
 47.367 
 
 47.374 
 
 .9 
 
 47.380 
 
 47.387] 47.394 
 
 47.401 47.407 
 
 47.414 47.421 
 
 47.428 
 
 47.435 
 
 47.441
 
 301 
 
 VELOC7TOW, IN FEET PER SECOND, DUE TO HEADS FROM 36 TO 
 39.99 FEET. 
 
 47.448 47.465 
 47.516 47.523 
 47.584 47.590 
 
 44.719 
 
 47.7>G 
 47.sn:{ 
 I7.i'2o 
 
 47.DS7 
 48.054 
 
 48.121 
 
 48.188 
 48.251 
 48.321 
 18.3*8 
 48.454 
 48.521 
 48.587 
 
 48!719 
 
 48.785 
 48.851 
 
 4S.917 
 4S.9SL* 
 -19.04s 
 
 49.11:; 
 
 49.17!) 
 49.244 
 49.310 
 49.375 
 
 49.440 
 19.10.1 
 49.57U 
 
 50.022 
 50086 
 
 r,o ir,ii 
 
 50.214 
 
 50.27S 
 
 :>o.:;i-j 
 50.406 
 r,o 171 1 
 50 534 
 B04597 
 
 47.7S1 
 47.79:; 
 -I7.sr.'i 
 47.9-'7 
 47.994 
 48.061 
 
 48.128 
 48.195 
 4-1.261 
 4>.;r> 
 4s.:;:i4 
 48.461 
 is.r.27 
 48.593 
 48.660 
 48.726 
 
 48.792 
 48.857 
 48.923 
 18.989 
 
 49.a15 
 19 IL'O 
 49185 
 49.251 
 49.316 
 49.381 
 
 49.446 
 49.511 
 
 49.57C 
 49641 
 49.706 
 49.770 
 
 50.093 
 50.157 
 ;->(t.221 
 50.285 
 60.349 
 50.413 
 5<i.47i; 
 50.540 
 50.604 
 80.661 
 
 48.467 48.474 
 
 48.534 1 48.540 
 
 48.600i 48.607 
 
 48.666 48.673 
 
 48.732 48.739 j 
 
 48.798 48.805 
 48.871 
 
 49.061 
 
 Hi 4.',:; 
 
 49 .IIS 
 
 4'.i :,s:; 
 
 I9.H4X 
 451712 
 4!t.777 
 49.SU 
 49.5'Ofl 
 49970 
 
 49.264 
 
 60.163 
 
 50.227 
 50.291 
 
 .-,0.35.1 
 .-,(1.41!) 
 r.o.ix:; 
 60546 
 50.610 
 :,o.67:; 
 
 48.811 
 48.877 
 48943 
 4iUM.it 
 49.074 
 49.140 
 49.205 
 49.270 
 49.336 
 4940 
 
 49 459 49.466 
 
 49.82* 49531 
 
 495*9, 49.696 
 
 49654' 49.661 
 
 49.719 49725 
 
 -J9.783 49.790 
 
 49.848 49.854 
 
 49912, 49.919 
 
 49.977 49983 
 
 50.041: J 0.048 
 
 50.105 50.112 
 
 50 368 
 50.432 
 
 5o i IKI ; 
 
 48.818 48.824 
 48.884 48.89C 
 48.950i 48.956 
 49.015; 49022 
 49.0811 49,087 
 49.146 49 153 
 49.212 J9.V18 
 49.277! 49.2831 
 49.342J 49. 
 49.407 49414 
 
 4!1.472 
 411.537 
 
 . 
 
 49 732 
 4!).79i; 
 49 861 
 451.925 
 
 49 
 49. 
 49.609! 
 49.673 
 
 49.7::s 
 41). Si 3 
 19 S67 
 
 V\J \JV-t 
 
 50.118 
 
 50.182 
 50.240 
 
 50^374 
 
 50.502 
 nt.5f,5 
 
 . 
 
 ro.'.'53 
 r,u.::n 
 r,o.:;si 
 HO 44 4 
 50.5dS 
 
 ,-,o'r,72 
 
 50.6% 
 
 is.r,(,7 
 48.C33 
 
 Is.! 99 
 
 48.765 
 
 48.831 
 
 48. 97 
 
 49k 8 
 49.094 
 
 49.1.19 
 49.221 
 49.290 
 49.::5r 
 49.420 
 
 49.485 
 49.660 
 
 19.615 
 
 19.CSM 
 
 49.745 
 
 49 XI9 
 49.874 
 49.938 
 50.003 
 50.067 
 
 50.131 
 
 50 195 
 50.25E 
 
 60!387 
 
 50.451 
 50.515 
 50.578 
 
 10.C42 
 ,-o 705 
 
 47.502 47.509 
 47.570 47.577 
 47.638 47.644 
 47.7d5 47.712 
 47.772 47.779 
 47.840; 47.846 
 47.907 47.914 
 47.974 47.981 
 48041 48048 
 48.108 48.115 
 
 48.175 48.181 
 48.241 48.248 
 48.308 48.315 
 48.375 48.381 
 48441 48.448 
 48.507:48.514 
 48.574 48.580 
 48.640 48.646 
 48.706 48712 
 48.771 48.778 
 
 48.838 48.844 
 
 48.903 48.910 
 
 48.9C9 48.976 
 
 49035 49.041 
 
 49.100 49.107 
 
 49.166 49.172 
 
 "9231 -9.238 
 
 49.'. 97 49303 
 
 49 302 49.368 
 49.427 49.433 
 
 49.492 49.498 
 49557 49.563 
 49.622 49 628 
 49.686 49.693 
 49761 49.758 
 49.816 49.822 
 49.880 49.887 
 49.945 49951 
 50.009 50.015 
 50.073 50.080 
 
 50.137 50.144 
 & .202 50.208 
 
 50 266 50 272 
 50.330 50.336 
 50 393 50.400 
 50.457 50.464 
 50.521 50.527 
 50.585 60.591 
 50.648 .'0.654 
 50.712 60.718
 
 302 
 
 VELOCITIES, IN FEET PER SECOND, DUE TO HEADS FROM 40 TO 
 44.99 FEET. 
 
 Head. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 * 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 40.0 
 
 50.724 50.731 
 
 60.737 
 
 50.743 
 
 50.750 50.756 
 
 50.762 
 
 50.769 
 
 50.775 
 
 50.781 
 
 .\ 
 
 50.788 50.791 
 
 50.800 
 
 50.807 
 
 50.813 50.819 
 
 50.826 
 
 5(i.s;j2 
 
 50.838 
 
 50.845 
 
 .2 
 
 50 851 50.857 
 
 r,.i. 
 
 50.870 
 
 50.876 50.882 
 
 50.8X9 
 
 50.S95 
 
 50.901 
 
 50 90S 
 
 .3 
 
 50.914 
 
 50.920 
 
 50.927 
 
 50.933 
 
 50.939 50.946 
 
 50.H52 
 
 50.95X 
 
 50.965 
 
 f.0.971 
 
 .4 
 
 50.977 
 
 50.983 
 
 50.99!! 
 
 50.996 
 
 51.002 51009 
 
 51.015 
 
 51.021 
 
 51.028 
 
 6 1.034 
 
 .5 
 
 51.040 51.017 
 
 51.053 
 
 51.059 
 
 51.065 51.072 
 
 51.078 
 
 51.084 
 
 51.091 
 
 51.097 
 
 .6 
 
 01.106 51.110 
 
 51 116 
 
 51.122 
 
 51.128 51.135 
 
 51.141 
 
 51.147 
 
 51.154 
 
 51.160 
 
 .7 
 
 51.166| 51.172 
 
 51.179 
 
 51.185 
 
 51.191 51.198 
 
 51.204 
 
 51.210 
 
 51.216 
 
 51.22:5 
 
 .8 
 
 51.229 51.235 
 
 51.241 
 
 51.248 
 
 51.254 51.260 
 
 51.267 
 
 51.273 51.279 
 
 51. -85 
 
 .9 
 
 51.292 51.298 
 
 51.301 
 
 51.310 
 
 51.317 61.323 
 
 51.329 
 
 51.336J 51.342 
 
 51.348 
 
 41.0 
 
 51.a54 51.361 
 
 51.367 
 
 51.373 
 
 51.379 ! 51.386 
 
 51.392 
 
 51.398 51.404 
 
 51.411 
 
 .1 
 
 51.417 51.423 
 
 51.429 
 
 f,1.4*i 
 
 51.442 51.448 
 
 51.454 
 
 51.401 
 
 51.407 
 
 51.473 
 
 .2 
 
 51.479! 51.486 
 
 51492 
 
 M.49X 
 
 51.504 51.511 
 
 51.517 
 
 51 5 1 '.'! 
 
 51.52'J 
 
 51.530 
 
 .3 
 
 51.542 61.548 
 
 51.551 
 
 51.561 
 
 51.567 51.573 
 
 51 57!) 
 
 51.5X* 
 
 51.592 
 
 51.598 
 
 .4 
 
 51.604^ 51 610 
 
 51.617 
 
 51.623 
 
 51.629 51.035 
 
 51.642 
 
 51.048 
 
 51.654 
 
 51.600 
 
 .5 
 
 51.667 51673 
 
 ; i 07!) 
 
 51.685 
 
 51.691 51.698 
 
 51704 
 
 51.710 
 
 n.7i6 
 
 51.723 
 
 .6 
 
 51.729 51.735 
 
 51.741 
 
 51.747 
 
 51754 51.760 
 
 51.7(56 
 
 51.772 
 
 51.778 
 
 51.7X5 
 
 .7 
 
 51.791 
 
 51.797 
 
 51 so:; 
 
 51.809 
 
 51.816 51.822 
 
 51.828 
 
 51.834 
 
 51.841 
 
 51.847 
 
 .8 
 
 51.853 51.8)9 
 
 51. SO.') 
 
 51.872 
 
 51.878! 51.884 
 
 51.890 
 
 51.896 
 
 51.903 
 
 51.P09 
 
 .9 
 
 51.915 51.921 
 
 51.927 
 
 51.934 
 
 51.910 51.946 
 
 51.952 
 
 51.958 
 
 51.964 
 
 51.971 
 
 420 
 
 51.977! 51983 
 
 51.989 
 
 51.995 
 
 52.002 52.003 
 
 52.014 
 
 52020 
 
 5-2.026 
 
 52.032 
 
 .1 
 
 52039 52.045 
 
 52.051 
 
 52057 
 
 52.063 52.070 
 
 52 076 
 
 52.0X2 
 
 52.08 < 
 
 52.( 94 
 
 .2 
 
 52.100 
 
 52.107 
 
 02. 1 1:: 
 
 52 1 If) 
 
 52.12i! 62.131 
 
 52.137 
 
 52.144 
 
 52.150 
 
 52.156 
 
 .3 
 
 52.162 
 
 52.168 
 
 52.174 
 
 52.181 
 
 52.187 
 
 .72.193 
 
 52.1: MI 
 
 52205 
 
 52.211 
 
 52.2 ix 
 
 .4 
 
 72 221 
 
 52.23 ) 
 
 52. -236 
 
 .V2.2I2 
 
 72-21- 
 
 52.2.7', 
 
 52.201 
 
 52.207 
 
 52.?73 
 
 52.279 
 
 .5 
 
 52.2-c, 
 
 52291 
 
 5'2.2'.)S 
 
 52.3 14 
 
 52.310 
 
 72.8 n; 
 
 ;72.:',22 
 
 52328 
 
 52.a34 
 
 52.341 
 
 .6 
 
 52 347 
 
 52.3.7,5 
 
 52.359 
 
 52.:565 
 
 52.371 
 
 52.377 
 
 52 o.x 1 
 
 52 390 
 
 52.396 
 
 52 402 
 
 .7 
 
 52.408 
 
 52.414 
 
 72.420 
 
 52.427 
 
 .72 m 
 
 72,|:;:t 
 
 52,4 15 
 
 52.451 
 
 .72. 157 
 
 52.463 
 
 .8 
 
 52.470 
 
 52.476 
 
 52.4x2 
 
 52.48* 
 
 52.491 
 
 52.500 
 
 52.71:; 
 
 52.512 
 
 52 519 
 
 52.525 
 
 .9 
 
 52.531 
 
 52.537 
 
 52.543 
 
 52.549 
 
 52555 
 
 52.561 
 
 52.567 
 
 52.574 
 
 52.580 
 
 52.586 
 
 43.0 
 
 52.592 
 
 52.598 
 
 52.604 
 
 52.610 
 
 52.616 
 
 52.623 
 
 52.629 
 
 52.635 
 
 52.641 
 
 52.647 
 
 ,1 
 
 52.653 
 
 .72.li5'.t 
 
 52.065 
 
 52.071 
 
 52.678 
 
 .72.6-4 
 
 52 Mi!"; ) 
 
 52. (191 
 
 52.702 
 
 52.70S 
 
 2 
 
 52.714 52.720 
 
 .72 72'! 
 
 52.7:;2 
 
 52. 7: :S 
 
 52.745 
 
 52.751 
 
 52.7.57 
 
 52.703 
 
 52 71.9 
 
 .3 
 
 52.775; 52.781 
 
 52.787 
 
 52.793 
 
 52799 
 
 52.K06 
 
 52.S12 
 
 52.818 
 
 52824 
 
 52X((i 
 
 .4 
 
 52836! 52842 
 
 52.848 
 
 52.854 
 
 62.860 
 
 52.SOI 
 
 52.X73 
 
 52.879 
 
 52.XX5 
 
 52>91 
 
 .5 
 
 52897 52.903 
 
 5-2.! I il 
 
 52.915 
 
 .72.: i'2 1 
 
 52.927 
 
 52.933 
 
 5 '.93! 
 
 52.945 
 
 5'2.972 
 
 .6 
 
 52958 1 52.964 
 
 52.970 
 
 .72 976 
 
 52.9*2 
 
 52 !)xx 
 
 52.994 
 
 53.000 
 
 53.00H 
 
 5:5012 
 
 .7 
 
 53.018! 5S.024 
 
 53.030 
 
 53.037 
 
 53.0(3 
 
 5:',,04! 
 
 53 055 
 
 53.061 
 
 5:i.()67 
 
 M.073 
 
 .8 
 
 53.079 53.08"> 
 
 53.091 
 
 53.097 
 
 53.103 
 
 53109 
 
 53.115 
 
 53.121 
 
 58.127 
 
 5:5.i:;:i 
 
 .9 
 
 53.139 53.146 
 
 53.152 
 
 53.158 
 
 53.164 
 
 53170 
 
 53.176 
 
 53.182 
 
 53.188 
 
 53.194 
 
 44.0 
 
 53.200 53.205 
 
 53.212 
 
 53.218 
 
 53.224 
 
 53.230 
 
 53.236 
 
 53.242 
 
 53.248 
 
 53.254 
 
 " .1 
 
 53.260 53266 
 
 53272 
 
 ;7.!.27'i 
 
 5<.285 
 
 53.21)1 
 
 53.297 
 
 53.:io: 
 
 53.3ns.) 
 
 53.315 
 
 .2 
 
 53321 
 
 53.327 
 
 t333 
 
 53.339 
 
 53.34: 
 
 5:i 351 
 
 5o.:!57 
 
 53 :>;:i 
 
 53. 3" ;; 
 
 53.375 
 
 .3 
 
 53 381 
 
 68.887 
 
 393 
 
 53.3991 53.405 
 
 53411 
 
 5:',. 417 
 
 53.42: 
 
 53.429 
 
 53.435 
 
 .4 
 
 53.441 
 
 .-,:;,HT 
 
 53.453 
 
 53.459 63.465 
 
 53.471 
 
 53.477 
 
 53 4< 
 
 53.489 
 
 53 495 
 
 .6 
 
 53.501 
 
 5:5.507 
 
 53.513 
 
 53.519 53.525 
 
 53 531 
 
 5:5.537 
 
 53.543 
 
 53.549 
 
 53 555 
 
 .6 
 
 53..i61 
 
 53.567 
 
 53573 
 
 53.579 53.5*b 
 
 5.'i 59L 
 
 5.3.5:ix 
 
 53.004 
 
 53.610 
 
 53.616 
 
 .7 
 
 53 6-21 
 
 5:;!o27 
 
 53.6.33 
 
 53.639 53.645 
 
 5.'! 651 
 
 53.657 
 
 53 663 
 
 5:i.66!i 
 
 5:5.675 
 
 .8 
 
 53.681 
 
 53.6X7 
 
 53,69: 
 
 53699 53705 
 
 53 711 
 
 53.717 
 
 5M.72:: 
 
 53 729 
 
 B878S 
 
 .9 
 
 5 '.74! 53.747 
 
 53.753 
 
 53.7 9 53.765 
 
 53771 
 
 53.777 
 
 53.78 
 
 53.789 53.795
 
 303 
 
 VELOCITIES, IN FEET PER SECOND, DUE TO HEADS FROM 45 TO 
 49.99 FEET. 
 
 54!>4 
 
 55.508 
 
 55.56(1 
 
 55.023 
 
 f,f,.7'.i7 
 5-.S5-1 
 
 55.91V 
 
 r,ti.iiL>7 
 56.084 
 
 5(i.3:0 
 
 50.127 
 5o.-i.-4 
 
 51.040 
 51.105 
 54. KM 
 
 54.224 
 
 5i.2>3 
 54.342 
 
 54.402 
 54.401 
 
 54.520 
 
 5 1.5:9 
 
 54.755 
 54.S14 
 
 5i>72 
 54.931 
 
 54.990 
 
 55.105 
 
 55.223 
 
 55.2S1 
 
 55.339 
 55 : 97 
 55.45." 
 55.5U- 
 
 55571 
 
 55.029 
 .v. 0-7 
 55.745 
 55 802 
 
 55. SI ill 
 
 5591* 
 
 .-.-,.97.-, 
 
 06.400 
 
 56598 56604 
 56.655 56.6CO 
 
 53.813 
 58 873 
 
 53.93:; 
 53.992 
 
 51.0/2 
 54.111 
 54.170 
 54.230 
 
 54'.348 
 
 E4.40: 
 
 54. ir,' 
 
 5-1 043 
 
 54.70: 
 54.76 
 
 51.S2: 
 
 54.M37 
 
 55.229 
 
 5.-..7.-0 
 
 55.808 
 
 56.210 
 
 56-_'i;7 
 
 .v;. 4: :n 
 50.in.-> 
 56.W2 
 56.6M9 
 
 53 879 
 
 531)98 
 54.05 
 5411 
 
 54.170 
 54.130 
 54. '.95 
 
 54351 
 
 54.943 
 
 65.118 
 
 . 
 
 55.519 55.5-25 
 
 55.75; 
 55.S14 
 
 55.872 
 : 5.929 
 55.987 
 50.044 
 56.101 
 
 56.159 
 
 50.330 
 5 '.4 14 
 
 53.825 
 
 64.419 
 
 54.714 
 
 54. 
 
 -5.2H9 
 
 55.5S9 
 55.647 
 55.704 
 
 55 i '.).' 
 50.050 
 50.107 
 
 50.279 
 50.330 
 56.393 
 S6.450 
 
 53.831 
 5 '.89 1 
 
 51.129 
 
 . - 
 51.307 
 
 51.7-n 
 M.779 
 
 55.130 
 
 55.51)5 
 55.662 
 
 55.710 
 
 53.887 
 
 i3.897 
 
 5:;. 951, 
 
 54.0 
 
 54.H75 
 
 54.135 
 
 54.194 
 
 .-4.254 
 
 54.31:; 
 54.3; 2 
 
 53.F43J 
 
 58.9113 
 53.902 
 
 54.319 
 
 54.H7S 
 
 53.849 53.855 
 63 90!) 53 915 
 58.9 8 53.974 
 54.028 54.034 
 54.087 4.093 
 54.147 54.153 
 5l.2d6 54.212 
 54.25 54271 
 54 325 54.:-'31 
 54.384! 54.390 
 
 54.43! 54.437! 54.443; 54 449 
 
 54.490 54496 
 
 54.549 54.856] 64.561 
 
 54.008 C4.fI4l 
 
 546071 54.67o 
 
 54 726 
 
 54.784 
 
 55.762 55.768 
 55.820 
 
 55.J- 
 
 54.843 54.849 
 54.902] 54.9C8 
 54.960 54.966 
 
 54.620 54.626 
 54.679 54.685 
 54.7321 54 737 54 ' 
 54.790 64.796 54>02 
 
 55.019 
 
 55.077 
 55.136 
 55.194 
 
 55252 
 55.310 
 553CS 
 55 IL'i; 
 55.1-4 
 55.542 
 
 55.600 
 
 55 s;i 
 
 4.856 54.861 
 54.913 54.919 
 54.97* 
 
 55.025 
 55.083; 55.18!) 
 55.141 55.147 
 55200 55206 
 55 258 55.264 
 f5.316 " ""' 
 
 r,5.374 
 55.432 
 
 55 006 
 55.664 
 
 55 722 
 55.779 
 55*37 
 
 55.941 
 
 {5.998 56.0041 
 
 56.055 KCACl! 
 
 50.113 
 
 56.170 
 
 50.227 
 5r, 2-4 
 50.342 
 
 5i;.:;99 
 56.456 
 6.513 
 
 55.946 [ 55.952 
 56.C09 
 
 56.061 56.067 
 56.118 56.124 
 
 56170 56.181 
 
 66.283) 56.239 
 
 56290 5f,.296 
 
 56.347 56.353 
 
 56.4P4 664(0 
 
 56.461: 56.467 
 
 56.51 8 1 56.524 
 
 56.575 56581 
 
 54. -< 
 54.f,67 
 
 55.438 55.441 
 55.496 55.502 
 55.554 55.560 
 
 55.612 55.618 
 55.670 55.675 
 
 55 7^7 55.738 
 56.785 55.791 
 55.843 55 F48 
 55.9(0 55906 
 55.958 55.96-1 
 56.016 56.021 
 56.073 (6.<'7 
 56.130 56.136 
 
 56 187 56.193 
 56.244 56.250 
 56.302 56307 
 56.359 '56.364 
 66.416! 66 421 
 6473 56478 
 56.530:56.535 
 
 56.643 56. C49 
 56. 694 : 56.700 56.706
 
 304 
 Swain Turbine Co. Tables. 
 
 
 
 
 h 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 * 
 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 
 SrH 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 |a 
 
 ft 
 
 
 1 
 
 OJPH 
 
 o 
 
 |3 
 
 
 g 
 
 I* 
 
 i 
 
 Is 
 
 i 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 |w 
 
 ll 
 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 +* a 
 
 il 
 
 *l 
 
 fa 
 .5 
 
 O 
 
 If 
 
 Is 
 
 CM 
 
 is 
 
 12 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 P 
 
 Is 
 
 J- <8 
 I 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 .2 
 
 3 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 TO 3 
 
 s 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 "I 
 
 S 
 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 < Q. 
 
 01 
 
 
 8.02 
 
 8.8186 
 
 1.0995 
 
 158.3280 
 
 51 
 
 57.27 
 
 .1729 
 
 .003019 
 
 .4347 
 
 
 11.34 
 
 4.4093 
 
 .3888 
 
 55.9872 
 
 52 
 
 67.84 
 
 .1695 
 
 .002930 
 
 .4219 
 
 
 13.89 
 
 2.9395 
 
 .2110 
 
 30.4704 
 
 53 
 
 58.39 
 
 .1003 
 
 .002848 
 
 .4101 
 
 
 16.04 
 
 2.2046 
 
 .1374 
 
 19.7856 
 
 54 
 
 58.93 
 
 .1033 
 
 .002771 
 
 .3990 
 
 
 17.92 
 
 1.7637 
 
 .0984 
 
 14.1690 
 
 55 
 
 59.48 
 
 .1003 
 
 .002095 
 
 .3880 
 
 
 19.65 
 
 1.4697 
 
 .0747 
 
 10.7568 
 
 5( 
 
 60.01 
 
 .1574 
 
 .002622 
 
 .3775 
 
 
 21.22 
 
 1.2598 
 
 .0593 
 
 8.5392 
 
 57 
 
 60.56 
 
 .1547 
 
 .002554 
 
 .3677 
 
 
 22.68 
 
 1.1023 
 
 .0486 
 
 6.9884 
 
 58 
 
 61.08 
 
 .1520 
 
 .002488 
 
 .3582 
 
 9 
 
 24.06 
 
 .9798 
 
 .0407 
 
 5.8608 
 
 59 
 
 61.61 
 
 .1494 
 
 .002424 
 
 .3490 
 
 10 
 
 25.30 
 
 .8818 
 
 .0347 
 
 4.9968 
 
 60 
 
 62.12 
 
 .1469 
 
 .002364 
 
 .3404 
 
 11 
 
 26 60 
 
 .8016 
 
 .0301 
 
 4.3344 
 
 61 
 
 62.71 
 
 .1445 
 
 .002304 
 
 .3317 
 
 12 
 
 27-78 
 
 .7348 
 
 .0264 
 
 3.8016 
 
 62 
 
 63.15 
 
 .1422 
 
 .002251 
 
 .3241 
 
 13 
 
 28.92 
 
 .6783 
 
 .0234 
 
 3.3696 
 
 63 
 
 63.66 
 
 .1399 
 
 .002197 
 
 .3163 
 
 14 
 
 80.01 
 
 .6299 
 
 .0209 
 
 3.0096 
 
 64 
 
 64.16 
 
 .1377 
 
 .002146 
 
 .3090 
 
 15 
 
 31.06 
 
 .6879 
 
 .0189 
 
 2.7216 
 
 05 
 
 64.66 
 
 .1356 
 
 .002097 
 
 .3019 
 
 10 
 
 32.08 
 
 .6511 
 
 .0171 
 
 2.4624 
 
 66 
 
 65.16 
 
 .1336 
 
 .002050 
 
 .2952 
 
 17 
 
 33.07 
 
 .5187 
 
 .0156 
 
 2.2404 
 
 67 
 
 65.65 
 
 .1316 
 
 .002004 
 
 .2885 
 
 18 
 
 34.03 
 
 .4899 
 
 .0143 
 
 2.0592 
 
 68 
 
 66.14 
 
 .1296 
 
 .001959 
 
 .2820 
 
 19 
 
 34.96 
 
 .4641 
 
 .0132 
 
 .9008 
 
 09 
 
 66.62 
 
 .1278 
 
 .001918 
 
 .2761 
 
 20 
 
 85.87 
 
 .4409 
 
 .0122 
 
 .7568 
 
 70 
 
 67.11 
 
 .1259 
 
 .001876 
 
 .2701 
 
 21 
 
 36.75 
 
 .4199 
 
 .0114 
 
 .6416 
 
 71 
 
 67.58 
 
 .1242 
 
 .001837 
 
 .2645 
 
 22 
 
 87.61 
 
 .4008 
 
 .0106 
 
 .5204 
 
 72 
 
 68.06 
 
 .1224 
 
 .001798 
 
 .2589 
 
 23 
 
 38.46 
 
 .3834 
 
 .0099 
 
 .4256 
 
 73 
 
 68.53 
 
 .1208 
 
 .001762 
 
 .2537 
 
 24 
 
 39.29 
 
 .3674 
 
 .0093 
 
 .33C2 
 
 74 
 
 69.00 
 
 .1191 
 
 .001726 
 
 .2485 
 
 25 
 
 40.10 
 
 .3627 
 
 .0087 
 
 .2528 
 
 75 
 
 69.46 
 
 .1175 
 
 .001691 
 
 .2435 
 
 26 
 
 40.89 
 
 .3391 
 
 .0082 
 
 .1808 
 
 1C, 
 
 69.92 
 
 .1160 
 
 .001059 
 
 .2388 
 
 27 
 
 41.67 
 
 .3266 
 
 .0078 
 
 .1232 
 
 77 
 
 70.38 
 
 .1145 
 
 .001026 
 
 .2341 
 
 28 
 
 42 44 
 
 .3149 
 
 .0074 
 
 .0056 
 
 78 
 
 70.84 
 
 .1130 
 
 .001595 
 
 .2296 
 
 29 
 
 43.19 
 
 .3040 
 
 .0070 
 
 1.0080 
 
 79 
 
 71.29 
 
 .1116 
 
 .001505 
 
 .2253 
 
 30 
 
 43.93 
 
 .2939 
 
 .0066 
 
 .9504 
 
 80 
 
 71.74 
 
 .1102 
 
 .001536 
 
 .2211 
 
 31 
 
 44.65 
 
 .2844 
 
 .00636 
 
 .9158 
 
 81 
 
 72.19 
 
 .1088 
 
 .001507 
 
 .2170 
 
 33 
 
 45.37 
 
 .2755 
 
 .00607 
 
 .8740 
 
 82 
 
 72.63 
 
 .1075 
 
 .001480 
 
 .2131 
 
 33 
 
 46.07 
 
 .2672 
 
 .00579 
 
 .8337 
 
 &{ 
 
 73.07 
 
 .1062 
 
 .001453 
 
 .2092 
 
 34 
 
 40.77 
 
 .2593 
 
 .00554 
 
 .7977 
 
 81 
 
 73.51 
 
 .1049 
 
 .001425 
 
 .2052 
 
 35 
 
 47.45 
 
 .2519 
 
 .00530 
 
 .7632 
 
 85 
 
 73.95 
 
 .1037 
 
 .001402 
 
 .2018 
 
 30 
 
 48.12 
 
 .2449 
 
 .00509 
 
 .7329 
 
 81! 
 
 74.38 
 
 .1025 
 
 .001379 
 
 .1985 
 
 37 
 
 48.78 
 
 .2383 
 
 .00488 
 
 .7027 
 
 87 
 
 74.81 
 
 .1013 
 
 .001354 
 
 .1949 
 
 38 
 
 49.44 
 
 .2320 
 
 .00469 
 
 .6753 
 
 88 
 
 75.24 
 
 .1002 
 
 .001331 
 
 .1916 
 
 39- 
 
 60.09 
 
 .2261 
 
 .00451 
 
 .6494 
 
 80 
 
 75.67 
 
 .0990 
 
 .001308 
 
 .1883 
 
 40 
 
 60.72 
 
 .2204 
 
 .00434 
 
 .6249 
 
 90 
 
 76.09 
 
 .0979 
 
 .001286 
 
 .1851 
 
 41 
 
 51.35 
 
 .2150 
 
 .00418 
 
 .6019 
 
 n 
 
 76.51 
 
 .0969 
 
 .001266 
 
 .1823 
 
 42 
 
 61.98 
 
 .2099 
 
 .00403 
 
 .5803 
 
 92 
 
 76.93 
 
 .0958 
 
 .001245 
 
 .1792 
 
 43 
 
 62.59 
 
 .2050 
 
 .00389 
 
 * .5001 
 
 93 
 
 77.35 
 
 .0948 
 
 .001225 
 
 .1764 
 
 44 
 
 63.20 
 
 .2004 
 
 .00376 
 
 .5414 
 
 N 
 
 77.76 
 
 .0938 
 
 .001206 
 
 .1736 
 
 45 
 
 63.80 
 
 .1959 
 
 .00364 
 
 .5241 
 
 BO 
 
 78.18 
 
 .0928 
 
 .001188 
 
 .1710 
 
 46 
 
 64.40 
 
 .1917 
 
 00352 
 
 .5068 
 
 96 
 
 78.59 
 
 .0918 
 
 .001108 
 
 .1681 
 
 47 
 
 64.99 
 
 .1876 
 
 .00341 
 
 .4910 
 
 97 
 
 79.00 
 
 .0909 
 
 .001150 
 
 .1656 
 
 48 
 
 66.57 
 
 .1837 
 
 .00330 
 
 .4762 
 
 98 
 
 79.40 
 
 .0899 
 
 .001132 
 
 .1630 
 
 49 
 
 66.14 
 
 .1709 
 
 .00320 
 
 .4608 
 
 99 
 
 79.81 
 
 .0890 
 
 .001116 
 
 .1606 
 
 50 
 
 06.711 
 
 .1763< 
 
 .00310 
 
 .4470 
 
 100 
 
 80.22 
 
 .0881 
 
 .001098 
 
 .1681
 
 305 
 
 80.61 
 81.01 
 81.40 
 81.80 
 82.19 
 
 83.35 
 83.74 
 84.12 
 84.50 
 84.88 
 85.26 
 85.64 
 86.01 
 86.39 
 86.76 
 87.13 
 87.50 
 87.86 
 88.23 
 88.59 
 88.95 
 89.31 
 89.67 
 90.03 
 90.39 
 90.74 
 91.10 
 91.45 
 91.80 
 92.15 
 92.50 
 92.85 
 93.19 
 93.64 
 93.88 
 94.?,2 
 
 94.. 9( 
 
 Wji 58 
 
 96.91 
 
 96.25 
 
 96.68 
 
 96.92 
 
 97.25 
 
 97. 
 
 97.91 
 
 96.281 
 
 .0816 
 .0809 
 .0801 
 .0794 
 .0787 
 .0780 
 .0773 
 .0766 
 .0760 
 .0753 
 .0747 
 .0741 
 .0734 
 .0728 
 ,0722 
 .0716 
 .0711 
 .0705 
 
 .0678 
 .0673 
 .0668 
 .OG63 
 .OOfiS 
 .0653 
 .0648 
 .0643 
 .0639 
 .0634 
 
 .0616 
 .0612 
 .0608 
 0604 
 .0599 
 .0595 
 .0591 
 
 .001051 
 .001035 
 
 .001006 
 
 .oooga? 
 
 .000979 
 
 .000927 
 .000914 
 
 .000890 
 .000879 
 .000867 
 .000857 
 .000*18 
 
 .OC0814 
 .000804 
 ^000796 
 000786 
 .000776 
 .000767 
 .000758 
 .000749 
 .0007413 
 0007331 
 .0007249 
 .0007167 
 .0007086 
 .0007007 
 
 .0006849 
 .0006780 
 .0006704 
 .0006626 
 
 .0006497 
 
 .0006159 
 .0006097 
 
 3 It 
 
 .1558 
 .1535 
 .1613 
 .1490 
 .1468 
 .1448 
 .1429 
 .1409 
 .1801 
 .1370 
 .1852 
 .1334 
 .1316 
 
 .1248 
 .1234 
 .1221 
 .1202 
 .1188 
 .1172 
 .1157 
 .1146 
 .1131 
 .1117 
 .1104 
 .1091 
 .1078 
 .10674 
 .10556 
 .10438 
 .10320 
 
 .09973 
 .09862 
 .09763 
 .09653 
 .09541 
 .09449 
 
 .09155 
 .09064 
 .08972 
 .08808 
 .08779 
 .08691 
 .08604 
 
 99.21 
 99.54 
 155 
 156 100.18 
 167 100.50 
 
 98.56 
 
 159 101.14 
 
 160 101.46 
 
 161 101.77 
 
 162 102.09 
 
 163 102.40 
 102.72 
 
 165 103.03 
 
 166 103.34 
 
 167 103.65 
 
 168 103.96 
 
 169 104.27 
 
 170 104.58 
 
 104. i 
 105.19 
 
 173 105.50 
 105.80 
 
 176 106.41 
 
 106.71 
 107.01 
 107.31 
 107.61 
 107.91 
 108.21 
 108.50 
 108.80 
 109.10 
 109.39 
 109.68 
 
 188 109 98 
 
 189 110.27 
 
 190 110.56 
 
 191 110.85 
 
 192 111.1 
 
 193 111.43 
 
 112.01 
 112.29 
 
 112.58 
 
 198 112.86 
 
 199 113.15 
 200l 113.43 
 
 .0584 
 .0580 
 .0576 
 .0572 
 .0568 
 0565 
 .0561 
 .0558 
 .0554 
 .0551 
 .0547 
 .0544 
 .0541 
 .0537 
 .0534 
 .0531 
 .0528 
 .0524 
 .0521 
 .0518 
 .0515 
 .0512 
 .0509 
 .0506 
 .0503 
 .0501 
 .04981 
 .0495 
 .0492 
 .0489 
 .0487 
 .0484 
 .0481 
 .0479 
 .0476 
 
 .'0471 
 .0469 
 .0466 
 0464 
 .0461 
 .0459 
 .0456 
 .0454 
 .0452 
 .0449 
 .044' 
 .0445 
 .0443 
 
 .0005746 
 .0005G87 
 .0005640 
 .0005582 
 .0005534 
 .0005477 
 .0005430 
 .0005374 
 
 .0005227 
 .0005182 
 .0005138 
 
 .0005094 
 .0005040 
 .0004996 
 .0004953 
 .0004911 
 .0004867 
 .0004824 
 .0004782 
 .0004740 
 .0004708 
 .0004666 
 .0004625 
 .0004584 
 .0004544 
 .0004513 
 .0004472 
 .0004433 
 .0004402 
 .0004362 
 .0004332 
 .0004294 
 .00042G4 
 .0004225 
 .0004196 
 .0004158 
 .0004129 
 .0004092 
 .0004063 
 .0004035 
 .0003998 
 .0003970 
 .0003942 
 .0003915 
 .000887J 
 
 5 
 
 li 
 
 .08274 
 .08189 
 .08121 
 
 .07886 
 .07819 
 .07738 
 .07672 
 .07307 
 .07526 
 .07462 
 .07398 
 .07336 
 .07257 
 .07194 
 .07132 
 .07071 
 .07008 
 
 .06779 
 .06719 
 
 .06183 
 .06140 
 
 .05850 
 .05810 
 .05757 
 .05716 
 .06678 
 .06637 
 .05588
 
 306 
 
 113.72 
 114.00 
 114.28 
 114.56 
 114.84 
 115.12 
 115.40 
 115.68 
 115.96 
 116.23 
 116.51 
 116.79 
 117.06 
 117.34 
 117.C1 
 117.88 
 118.15 
 118.43 
 118.70 
 118.97 
 119.24 
 119.51 
 119.78 
 120.05 
 120.31 
 120.58 
 120.85 
 121.11 
 121.38 
 121.64 
 121.91 
 122.17 
 122.43 
 122.70 
 
 123.43 
 123.74 
 124.00 
 124.26 
 124.52 
 124.78 
 125.03 
 125.29 
 
 125.80 
 126.00 
 
 126.57 
 126.81 
 
 .000385161 
 
 .0438 
 .0436 
 .0434 
 .0432 
 .0430 
 .0428 
 .0426 
 .0423 
 .0421 
 .0419 
 .0417 
 .0415 
 .0413 
 .0412 .00035111 
 
 .0410 
 
 .0408 
 .0406 
 .0404 
 .0402 
 .0400 
 
 .0393 
 .0391 
 .0390 
 
 .0378 
 .0376 
 .0375 
 .0373 
 .0372 
 .0370 
 
 .0365 
 .0364 
 
 .0355 
 .0354 
 
 .00037976 
 .00037709 
 .00037443 
 .00037178 
 .00030915 
 .00036566 
 .00036305 
 
 .00035790 
 .00035533 
 
 .00034852 
 .00034611 
 
 .00033461 
 
 .00033218 
 
 . 00032736 
 .00032499 
 .000:i2343 
 .00032105 
 .00031871 
 .00031710 
 .00031486 
 .00031252 
 .00031104 
 .00030874 
 .00030643 
 
 .00030271 
 .00030126 
 .00029901 
 .00029677 
 .00029534 
 .00029312 
 .00029171 
 .00028953 
 .00028813 
 .00028594 
 
 .00028319 
 .00028105 
 .00027968 
 .00037811 
 
 .065461 
 .055072 
 
 .054300 
 .053917 
 .053536 
 .053157 
 
 .052279 
 .051910 
 .051537 
 .051167 
 .050804 
 .050559 
 .050186 
 
 .049482 
 .049121 
 .048767 
 .048414 
 
 .047833 
 .047486 
 .047139 
 
 .040573 
 .046231 
 .045894 
 .045662 
 .045339 
 .045002 
 .044789 
 .044458 
 .044125 
 .043915 
 .043590 
 .043381 
 
 .042734 
 .042528 
 
 .042006 
 
 .041490 
 .041175 
 .040978 
 .040779 
 .040471 
 .040273 
 040047 
 
 267 
 
 270 
 
 800 
 
 127.33 
 
 12' 
 
 12; 
 
 128.08 
 
 128.33 
 
 128.58 
 
 128.83 
 
 129.08 
 
 129.33 
 
 J29.58 
 
 J30.57 
 130.82 
 
 131.31 
 131.65 
 
 133.98 
 134.22 
 134.46 
 134.09 
 134.93 
 135.17 
 135.41 
 135.65 
 135.88 
 136.12 
 136.36 
 
 136.8 
 
 137.06 
 
 137.30 
 
 137.53 
 
 137.76 
 
 138.00 
 
 138.23 
 
 138.46 
 
 138.69 
 
 188.98 
 
 .03513 
 .03499 
 .03485 
 .03471 
 .03458 
 .03444 
 .03431 
 .03418 
 .03404 
 .03391 
 .03378 
 .03365 
 .03353 
 .03340 
 .03327 
 .03315 
 .03302 
 .03290 
 .03278 
 .03U66 
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 .0.3230 
 .03218 
 .03206 
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 .03183 
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 .03106 
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 .03051 
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 .0300S 
 
 .02979 
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 lo 
 
 .00027644 
 
 .00027478 
 .00027316 
 .00027153 
 
 .00026531 
 .00026371 
 .00026219 
 .00026061 
 .00025918 
 .00025776 
 .00025629 
 .00025480 
 .00025340 
 .00025194 
 .00025055 
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 .0002437 
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 .00023077 
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 .00023093 
 .0002397? 
 
 .MXB2727 
 
 .00022374 
 .00022257 
 .0002-2144 
 .0002-2034 
 .00021908 
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 .00021478 
 .00021370 
 .00021263 
 .00021164 
 
 .039335 
 .036100 
 
 .037974 
 .037756 
 .037527 
 .037321 
 .037117 
 
 .033963 
 
 .031728 
 .031547 
 .031402 
 .031243 
 
 .03, '.083 
 .030016 
 .03077* 
 .080618 
 03046.'
 
 307 
 
 1 
 
 139.1 
 
 139.65 
 
 139.85 
 
 140.08 
 
 140.3: 
 
 140.64 
 
 140.77 
 
 141. OC 
 
 141.22 
 
 141.46 
 
 141.68 
 
 141. 
 
 142.13 
 
 142.36 
 
 142.58 
 
 142.81 
 
 143.03 
 
 143.26 
 
 143.48 
 
 143.71 
 
 143.93 
 
 144.15 
 
 144.38 
 
 144.60 
 
 144.82 
 
 145.04 
 
 145.27 
 
 145.49 
 
 145.71 
 
 145.93 
 
 146.15 
 
 146.37 
 
 140.69 
 
 140.81 
 
 147.03 
 
 147.25 
 
 147.46 
 
 147.68 
 
 147.90 
 
 148.12 
 
 148.33 
 
 148.55 
 
 148.77 
 
 148.98 
 
 149.20 
 
 149.41 
 
 149.63 
 
 149.85 
 
 160.06 
 
 .02929 
 .029200 
 .029104 
 ,0291)08 
 
 K 
 
 ll 
 
 03 5 1 
 
 851 
 
 . 352 
 353 
 
 '354 
 355 
 356 
 35' 
 358 
 359 
 
 302 
 
 L 
 i? 
 
 18 
 
 .00010711 
 
 .00016646 
 
 .00016570 
 
 .00016506 
 
 .00010436 
 
 .00010307 
 
 .00016299 
 
 .00016231 
 
 .00016162 
 
 .00016095 
 
 .00016028 
 
 .00015962 
 
 .00015896 
 
 .00015830 
 
 .00015766 
 
 .00015701 
 
 .00015637 
 
 .00015573 
 
 .00015510 
 
 .0001544 
 
 .00015385 
 
 .00015323 
 
 .00015201 
 
 .00015200 
 
 .00015139 
 
 .00015079 
 
 .00015019 
 
 .00014959 
 
 .00014901 
 
 .00014841 
 
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 .00014725 
 
 .00014068 
 
 .00014610 
 
 .00014553 
 
 .00014497 
 
 .00014441 
 
 .00014385 
 
 .00014329 
 
 .00014274 
 
 .00014220 
 
 . 000 J 4106 
 
 .00014111 
 
 .00014058 
 
 .00014004 
 
 .00013951 
 
 .00013898 
 
 .00013846 
 
 .00013794 
 
 .000137421 
 
 .0002104 
 .00020948 
 ,00020845 
 .00020742 
 
 .030307 
 
 ,00020539 
 
 ,00020439 
 ,00020338 
 
 .02844 
 .028355 
 
 .027995 
 .027907 
 .0278K 
 .027731 
 .027644 
 ,027558 
 .027472 
 .027387 
 .027302 
 .027217 
 ,027134 
 .027050 
 
 .00020143 
 .00020046 
 .00019949 
 .00019854 
 .00019759 
 .00019665 
 .00019572 
 .00019479 
 .00019388 
 .00019296 
 .00019200 
 .00019109 
 .00019027 
 .00018939 
 .0001*850 
 .00018704 
 .00018678 
 
 ,026723 
 
 ,026642 
 ,026562 
 
 00018507 
 00018423 
 00018339 
 00018256 
 00018174 
 
 .026090 
 
 .025937 
 .025861 
 .025781 
 .025710 
 .025635 
 .025561 
 .025487 
 .025413 
 .025340 
 .025268 
 
 ,00018011 
 .00017931 
 ,00017843 
 .00017771 
 ,00017092 
 00017014 
 ,00017536 
 00017459 
 00017383 
 ,00017307 
 00017231 
 00017157 
 00017082 
 00017008 
 
 .030016 
 .029858 
 .020721 
 .029576 
 
 .029286 
 
 .028317 
 
 .027918 
 .027786 
 .027050 
 .027516 
 .027398 
 .027272 
 .027144 
 .027020 
 
 
 ,026529 
 .026408 
 
 026170 
 .026052 
 
 ,025820 
 ,025093 
 ,025590 
 025470 
 
 025251 
 ,025140 
 
 024812 
 024706 
 024598 
 
 150. 5 
 
 150.49 
 
 150.71 
 
 150.9 
 
 151.13 
 
 151.34 
 
 151.55 
 
 151.76 
 
 151.98 
 
 152.19 
 
 152. 40 
 
 152.61 
 
 152.82 
 364| 153.03 
 
 365 153.24 
 
 366 153.45 
 
 882 
 
 163.66 
 153.87 
 154.08 
 
 154.70 
 154.91 
 155.12 
 
 155.74 
 
 150.31 
 156.56 
 156.7 
 
 156.9 
 384 157.18 
 
 157- 
 386 157.59 
 
 157.79 
 388 157.99 
 
 390 158.40 
 
 391 
 
 158.60 
 
 392 158.81 
 
 393 159.01 
 
 394 159.21 
 159.41 
 
 390 159.62 
 
 00010862 .024281 
 00010790 .024177 
 
 160.02 
 160.22 
 400 100.42 
 
 .025052 
 .024981 
 .024911 
 
 .024841 
 .024771 
 .024702 
 .024033 
 .024564 
 .024496 
 .024428 
 
 .024226 
 .024100 
 .024094 
 .024028 
 .023963 
 .023898 
 .023834 
 .023709 
 .023705 
 .023042 
 .023579 
 .023516 
 .023453 
 .023391 
 
 .023268 
 .023206 
 .023145 
 
 .023025 
 
 .022840 
 .02278' 
 .022728 
 
 .022554 
 .022496 
 .022439 
 .022382 
 ,022325 
 ,022209 
 ,022213 
 ,022157 
 022101 
 ,022046 
 
 .022795 
 .022703 
 
 .022334 
 .022243 
 .022154 
 .022065 
 .021976 
 .021888 
 .021800 
 .021713 
 .021027 
 .021540 
 .021467 
 .021371 
 .021287 
 .021204 
 .021121 
 
 .020795 
 .020714 
 
 .020319 
 .020243 
 .020165 
 .020088 
 .020013 
 .019938 
 .019863 
 .019788
 
 308 
 
 160.62 
 
 161.62 
 161.82 
 162.02 
 162.21 
 102.41 
 162.61 
 
 163.01 
 163.20 
 163.40 
 163.60 
 163.79 
 163.99 
 164.19 
 164.38 
 164.58 
 
 165.16 
 165.36 
 165.55 
 165.75 
 165.94 
 
 166.52 
 
 167.10 
 
 167.2!) 
 
 167.87 
 108.06 
 
 168.44 
 168.63 
 
 169.39 
 169.58 
 169.77 
 
 170.15 
 
 .021774 
 .021720 
 
 .021614 
 .021561 
 
 .021456 
 .021404 
 .021352 
 .021301 
 .021249 
 .021198 
 .021147 
 .021097 
 .021046 
 
 .020946 
 
 .020798 
 .020749 
 
 .020604 
 .020556 
 .020508 
 .020460 
 .020413 
 .020366 
 
 .020179 
 .020133 
 .020087 
 .020042 
 .019996 
 .019951 
 .019906 
 .019861 
 .019817 
 .019772 
 .019728 
 .019684 
 .019640 
 .019596 
 
 .00013691 
 
 .00013640 
 .00013580 
 .00013539 
 .00013489 
 .00013438 
 .00013389 
 .00013340 
 
 .00013243 
 .00013194 
 .00013146 
 .00013098 
 .00013052 
 .00013004 
 .00012957 
 .00012911 
 .00012864 
 .00012818 
 .00012772 
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 .00012633 
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 .00012286 
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 .0001215; 
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 .00011993 
 .00011952 
 .00011912 
 .00011871 
 .00011831 
 .00011791 
 .00011751 
 .00011712 
 .00011672 
 .00011033 
 .00011594 
 .00011555 
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 .019715 
 .019041 
 .019568 
 .011)498 
 .019424 
 .019350 
 .019280 
 .019209 
 .019139 
 .019069 
 .018999 
 
 .018794 
 .018725 
 
 .018591 
 .018524 
 .018457 
 
 .018325 
 
 .018195 
 .018132 
 .018067 
 .018004 
 .017940 
 .017879 
 .017817 
 .017753 
 .017691 
 .017631 
 .017569 
 .017508 
 .017448 
 
 .017328 
 .017269 
 .017210 
 .017153 
 .017094 
 .017036 
 
 .016807 
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 476 
 
 483 
 
 488 
 
 170.53 
 
 171.09 
 171.28 
 171.47 
 
 172.22 
 172.40 
 
 172.78 
 
 173.71 
 
 174.63 
 
 175.18 
 175.36 
 175.55 
 
 176.46 
 
 177.37 
 177.55 
 177.73 
 177.91 
 178.10 
 178.28 
 
 179.18 
 
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 .019553 
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 .019467 
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 .019339 
 .019296 
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 .018763 
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 .018372 
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 .018182 
 .018145 
 .018108 
 .018070 
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 .017996 
 .017960 
 .017924 
 .017887 
 .017851 
 .017816 
 .017779 
 .017743 
 .017708 
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 I! 
 
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 .00011478 
 .00011440 
 .00011402 
 .00011365 
 .00011327 
 .00011290 
 .00011253 
 .00011210 
 .00011180 
 .00011143 
 .00011107 
 .00011071 
 .00011035 
 .00010999 
 .00010964 
 
 .00010859 
 .00010824 
 .00010790 
 .00010755 
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 .00010687 
 .00010653 
 .00010620 
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 .00010553 
 .00010520 
 .00010487 
 .00010454 
 .00010421 
 .00010388 
 .00010357 
 .00010325 
 .00010293 
 .00010261 
 .00010229 
 .00010198 
 .00010166 
 .00010135 
 .00010105 
 .00010074 
 .00010043 
 .00010012
 
 309 
 
 Dia. 
 
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 Dia. 
 
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 .196 
 
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 5 
 
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 19.635 
 
 101 
 
 2 101 
 
 .6499 
 
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 .392 
 
 .0122 
 
 51 
 
 1 41 
 
 20.629 
 
 11 
 
 2 104 
 
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 54 
 
 1 44 
 
 21.647 
 
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 2 101 
 
 .6804 
 
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 .785 
 
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 22.690 
 
 114 
 
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 .6958 
 
 
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 54 
 
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 23.758 
 
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 .7143 
 
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 1.178 
 
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 24.850 
 
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 .7270 
 
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 25.967 
 
 
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 .7429 
 
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 28.274 
 
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 51.848 
 
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 91 
 
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 65.396 
 
 15 
 
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 94 
 
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 454 51,235.9682
 
 313
 
 314
 
 315
 
 316 
 
 HOLYOKE 
 Hydrodynamic Experiments, 
 
 To make the matter generally understood, the following notice 
 is here republished : 
 
 HOLYOKE WATEK POWER COMPANY, 
 
 Holyoke, Mass., April 1O, 1879. 
 
 NOTICE TO TURBINE BUILDERS AND MANUFACTURERS. 
 
 The practice of testing turbines, so common the past ten years, has undoubt- 
 edly done much towards bringing the best into use; but there has been one 
 serious defect in the system ; that is, the practice has generally been confined to 
 the trial of small wheels, owing to the great expense that would be caused by the 
 tests of large sizes. As it is a matter of vast importance that the best turbine 
 plans should be established beyond chance for doubt, this Company lias provided 
 means for a thorough competitive test of the various kinds of turbines that may 
 be offered for trial, and invite Water Power Companies, cities that pump their 
 water supply, and all others interested in the matter, to take part therein. 
 Each builder shall superintend the setting of his wheel the setting and testing 
 to be done at the expense of the Water Power Company. *C'apacity of each 
 wheel to be sufficient to discharge about 5000 cubic feet of water per minute, 
 under 18 feet head. Each wheel will be thoroughly tested from half to whole 
 gate, and, if deemed best, under at least two different heads; also under several 
 feet of back water. At the conclusion of the trial, a full report will be made of 
 the results obtained and of the workmanship, and probable durability of each 
 kind of wheel tried. Turbine builders of this or any other country are invited 
 to furnish wheels, and those proposing to do so should give notice of such 
 intention as soon as possible. 
 
 Tests to commence the first day of September next. 
 
 HOLYOKE, MASS., June 2, 1879. 
 
 *Builders who have not got patterns for wheels of so large capacity may 
 enter their largest size, but it is better that all should discharge about the same 
 quantity.
 
 317 
 
 The parties here named have either entered wheels for the trial or have made 
 application for information as to conditions to be observed, &c. 
 
 Swain Turbine Co., Lowell, Mass. 
 Houston Turbine, 
 
 Fales & Jenks.Pawtucket, R. I. 
 Wolf, Allentown, Pa. 
 Victor, Stilwell & Bierce M'fg Co., 
 
 Dayton, Ohio. 
 Hercules, Holyoke Machine Co., 
 
 Holyoke", Mass. 
 Henry Vandewater & Co., 
 
 Auburn, N. Y. 
 Willis Reed, Danbury, Ct. 
 E. Dodge, Spencer, N. Y. 
 Edward Wernple, Fultonville, N. Y. 
 Joseph Hough, Mechanics VaHey, Pa. 
 
 Humphrey Machine Co., Keene, N. H. 
 S. Sleeper, Mt. Morris, N. Y. 
 Kuowltou & Dolau, Logansport, Ind. 
 National, Bristol, Conn. 
 Little Giant, Auburn, N. Y. 
 T. H. Risdon, Mt. Holly, N.J. 
 Rodney Hunt Machine Co., 
 
 Orange, Mass. 
 
 W. D. King & Co., Pontiac, Mich. 
 N. F. Buniham, York, Pa. 
 Wm. F. Perry, Bridgeton, Maine. 
 Goldie, Mt-Culloch I Co.. 
 
 Gait, Canada. 
 Gates Curtis, Ogdensburg, N. Y. 
 
 As is often the case in such trials, few of those desirous of taking 
 advantage of the Company's offer were ready at the time named, and, 
 a,s the notice did not state any time for closing, builders have been 
 tardy in sending their wheels. The ordinary work of the testing 
 flume has been continued during the time, so that the wheels re- 
 ported are only about one-half the number tested; and any one 
 acquainted with the matter will see that there has been no unneces- 
 sary delay in making the report. 
 
 The experiments were announced as competitive, meaning, in 
 general utility, economy in the use of water, convenience, cost and 
 durability. 
 
 Large turbines were called for, that their discharge might be 
 greater than could be measured in the testing flume of any turbine 
 builder, but this was not insisted upon, as, to have done so, would 
 have limited the competition to a few old builders with full sets of 
 patterns, whose wheels have often been tested and reported. Ex- 
 perience has not yet produced any fact that even hints that any 
 particular size of turbine, small or large, can be made to produce 
 higher results than any other size of the same make. Consequently, 
 builders were allowed to send wheels the most convenient in size 
 for themselves, and it is not known that any one of experience 
 furnished a wheel with the expectation that it would give the highest 
 possible results, but that its general merits should commend it to 
 the public, and that the value of any peculiarity in its construction 
 should be determined. 
 
 Competitive turbine tests, in the common meaning of the term, 
 have been useful in the past, as they have enabled those interested 
 in such matters to decide upon the most desirable plans. At the 
 present time, however, such tests can have no public value, because 
 each turbine tested only represents itself in efficiency. Another of
 
 318 
 
 the same size and make might and probably would give quite dif- 
 ferent results, so that should each competitor have a second, third 
 or a tenth wheel tried, his standing would be likely to change with 
 each wheel tested. The Fourneyron, Boyden, Birkinbine and 
 Centennial tests all prove this fact, as they also prove that the 
 builders who have furnished the turbines that have given the highest 
 efficiency reported, have only had a brief popularity, as manufact- 
 urers have found other turbines more desirable for business ; and 
 it will be evident from the results obtained in these experiments, 
 that builders have taken this fact into consideration and have gen- 
 erally tried to produce turbines economical at any stage of gate 
 opening, rather than to gain the highest possible efficiency at whole 
 gate, where, in practical use, it is rarely used. And in this there 
 has been a decided gain, as there has also in an increased capac- 
 ity for a given diameter of wheel, noticeable in the Rechard as well 
 as the Hercules and New American. 
 
 In considering the comparative merits of the wheels here 
 reported, it should be understood that previous to 1876 turbines of 
 any make for a given diameter generally gave about the same 
 power. There were builders who believed in some mysterious 
 power in leverage, who constructed wheels with extended diameter 
 and proportionally small discharge, but these were exceptional ; 
 the rule held good, and it will be necessary to take this fact into 
 consideration to realize the improvements in turbines during the 
 past four or five years. 
 
 Turbine builders were requested to furnish draft tubes of different 
 sizes with their wheels, that the efficiency of such tubes might be 
 determined ; and that the loss in transmission through belts and 
 gears might also be ascertained, several well known gear-making 
 firms were requested to furnish gears for trial. 
 
 The experiments have been conducted upon the supposition that 
 their purpose was to ascertain the real utility of the various devices 
 tested under the every-day ordinary conditions to which such plans 
 are subjected in practical use, rather than possibilities in exceptional 
 cases under the most favorable circumstances ; and features of known 
 interest developed are recorded in connection with their development. 
 It was expected that the experiments would require much time, and 
 as they were made in the public testing flume, it was necessary that 
 each should be conducted as expeditiously as accuracy would per- 
 mit; consequently, James Emerson, from his intimate familiarity 
 with such matters and experience in handling wheels, was employed
 
 310 
 
 to see that each turbine was set in a manner satisfactory to its 
 builder, and to have a general supervision over the work. 
 
 Samuel Webber, Civil Engineer of Manchester, N. H., known 
 in connection with the Centennial tests, was selected to assist in 
 making the experiments, and reports herewith. 
 
 Theo. G. Ellis, Civil Engineer of Hartford, Conn., well known 
 through his published works and long employment by the govern- 
 ment in river and harbor improvements, was selected by the turbine 
 builders to see that the experiments were skillfully and fairly con- 
 ducted, whose report is appended. 
 
 For the information of the uninitiated, it is proper to state that a 
 turbine, under a given head, does its best at a certain speed. To 
 find this point it is necessary, in testing, to begin with a light weight, 
 run a minute or more, then add weight and repeat until the best 
 point is found ; and the test that fixes that point is the speed at which 
 the wheel should be geared to work, and the efficiency at that point 
 is the efficiency of the wheel. The average efficiency from a part 
 to whole gate means when the wheel is running at that speed at 
 any stage of gate opening, and the efficiency at other speeds is 
 to be considered only so far as it shows the loss that will occur 
 through gearing above or below the proper point. 
 
 The tests are supposed to be correct and complete in each case 
 as given, but for the information of students or others wishing to 
 work out the data for themselves, the following is given in explana- 
 tion of the statement at the head of each test : multiply revolutions 
 by 10, 20, &c. It must be understood that during each test the 
 scale beam is attached to the brake at a point which, if revolv- 
 ing, would describe a circle of 10, 15 or 20 feet in circumference. 
 Consequently, the revolutions must be multiplied by the number 
 given, as for example : Of the first New American wheel tested 
 rev. per minute, 207.5; weight, 675. 207.5X15=3112.5X675= 
 2100937.5-5-33000=63.66 h. p. 
 
 To make this report really useful, it is issued in size convenient 
 for the pocket. 
 
 WM. A. CHASE, AGENT.
 
 320 
 
 ENGINEERS' REPORTS. 
 
 REPORT OF THEO. G. ELLIS. 
 
 HARTFORD, CONN., September 13, 1880. 
 WILLIAM A. CHASE, ESQ., 
 
 Agent of the Holyoke Water Power Co. 
 
 SIR : Having been requested to take part in the interesting 
 experiments upon turbines made by your Company in October and 
 November, 1879, at the Holyoke testing flume, I did so with great 
 reluctance as, owing to many professional engagements, I could not 
 give so much time to the subject as its importance seemed to 
 warrant, and could not possibly be at Holyoke at all times during 
 the experiments. I finally, however, agreed to be present at part, 
 at least, of the tests in behalf of the turbine b'uilders, to see that 
 the experiments were fairly conducted as far as lay in my power, 
 and to make such observations as I thought best. 
 
 It was understood that the mechanical work of setting the wheels 
 and making the experiments was to be superintended by James 
 E*erson, whose previous experience in the testing of turbines at 
 the same locality eminently fitted him for the task. The flume and 
 apparatus used was mostly, if not entirely, designed and con- 
 structed by him, and he was familiar with all its details and 
 capabilities. Whatever may have been his previous published 
 views, it is believed that in the present tests all the turbines 
 presented for trial have received the same careful attention and 
 trial. In some cases the record does not appear to show as full 
 and complete a trial as in others, but there was always some good 
 reason, irrespective of any prejudices for or against that particular 
 wheel, for the apparent limitation of the trial. 
 
 Mr. Samuel Webber, civil engineer, of Manchester, N. H., who 
 had superintended the Centennial tests of turbines, was present 
 during the whole of the experiments, and I availed myself of an 
 association with him in overlooking the experiments, so that one of
 
 321 
 
 us should bo present at every trial, and thus always have a dis- 
 interested party to record the readings of the dynamometer and 
 gauges, and the time of the experiment, to serve as a check upon 
 the readings recorded by Mr. Emerson's assistant and taken by 
 him. Mr. Webber was assisted most of the time by Mr. Stockwll 
 Bettes, civil engineer, of Springfield, Mass., who read the gauges 
 and otherwise checked the readings taken and recorded by Mr. 
 Emerson. 
 
 All of Mr. Emerson's readings, and such of Mr. Webber's as he 
 desired, were recorded'ln a book kept for the purpose. These 
 records were kept and all the computations therefrom were made 
 by Miss Charla Adams, who for a long time has been familiar with 
 such experiments and computations as an assistant of Mr. Emerson, 
 and who, I am satisfied from a personal examination of her work, 
 has performed the duty in a careful, accurate and thorough 
 manner. 
 
 Experiments upon the following wheels were all witnessed by 
 Mr. Webber, and part of them by myself: 
 
 October 10, 1879, Tyler Wheel. 
 
 " 11, " Thompson Wheel. 
 
 " 14, " New American Wheel. 
 
 " 15, " " Humming Bird " Wheel. 
 
 " 16, " Success Wheel. 
 
 " 17, " Two Tait Wheels. 
 
 " 18, " Repeated Test of Tait First Wheel 
 
 (buckets chipped). 
 
 " 18, " Sherwood Wheel. 
 
 " 21, " Nonesuch Wheel. 
 
 " 22, " Curtis Wheel. 
 
 " 28, " Pair of Curtis Wheels set horizontally. 
 
 November 11, " Hercules Wheel. 
 
 12, " Hercules Wheel. 
 
 " 13, " Houston Wheel. 
 
 14, " Wetmore Wheel. 
 
 15, " Monarch Wheel. 
 
 The computed volumes of discharge, and the percentage of 
 efficiency of the foregoing wheels, as shown in your Report, the 
 proof of which has been submitted to me, have been carefully ex- 
 amined with a view to determine the relative value of the wheels 
 named, and their respective performances under the different con- 
 ditions and amounts of water with which they were tested. 
 
 In the testing of turbines, it has been the practice to first de- 
 termine the velocity at which the wheel will give its greatest effect
 
 322 
 
 when using all the water that will run through it with the gates or 
 entrance apertures open to their full extent, or at "full gate; " 
 then to diminish the quantity of water to three-quarters and one- 
 half, as nearly as practicable, and to estimate the power of the 
 wheel when running at the same velocity. The experiments at 
 Holyoke were conducted practically in this manner. The best 
 velocity was found for " full gate," and then the amount of water 
 was diminished gradually in successive experiments to the neigh- 
 borhood of half the quantity, with the wheel running as nearly as 
 might be at the same speed. 
 
 This is perhaps the best way to make such tests, everything con- 
 sidered. But it does not in all cases give the exact relative value 
 of the wheels. Some turbines might give a better result at a 
 different velocity when using a less amount of water, and make 
 their average, say, from half to full gate better than by the former 
 method. The difficulty, however, of getting at the exact velocity 
 at which any turbine would give its best results when using differ- 
 ent quantities of water, is too great to warrant such determinations 
 in a series of comparative tests such as were made at Holyoke. 
 The same method must be established for all, and the customary 
 one appears to be the fairest, as no other would probably be agreed 
 to by all the turbine builders. In the practical use of turbines for 
 power, it is rarely the case that a wheel is put in of the exact power 
 required. A margin must be left for an excess of power to meet 
 emergencies, and allowance must be made for an increase of 
 machinery, so that a larger wheel is ordinarily purchased than 
 would just suffice to meet present requirements. For this reason, 
 it is not the wheel which gives the highest percentage of efficiency 
 at "full gate" that is really the best wheel. There can be no 
 point fixed at which any wheels should be compared, but it is 
 thought that perhaps "three-quarters gate" is about the average 
 point at which wheels are used, and their comparative efficiency at 
 from one-half to their full power sufficiently represents their real 
 value". It would probably be a better comparative test of wheels to 
 get their best velocity at "three-quarters gate" and run them with 
 the same velocity for greater and less quantities. This would give 
 the real value of the wheel better than the present practice, but it 
 would probably not be generally agreed to. In using the terms 
 "full gate," " half gate," " three-quarters gate," etc., the relative 
 quantity of water is meant. The opening of the wheel gates them- 
 selves is not considered. Their construction is often such that
 
 323 
 
 opening or closing them a certain proportion does not affect the 
 quantity of water in the same manner. It not unfrequently happens 
 that a slight closing of the gate increases the quantity of water 
 passing through them, so that the gates themselves are deceptive 
 and are no criterion of the amount of water used. The gate open- 
 ing is sometimes used to deceive the uninitiated in the circulars of 
 unscrupulous turbine builders, calling " half gate " perhaps two- 
 thirds the whole quantity of water, so as to give a higher percentage 
 of efficiency, but the only true standard of comparison is the actual 
 amount of water measured as it leaves the wheel. 
 
 The experiments upon the before-named wheels have been care- 
 fully plotted with the amounts of water and the percentage of 
 efficiency as co-ordinates, and a mean curve drawn through the 
 points for each wheel. These curves have been all reduced to a 
 uniform horizontal scale for the purpose of comparison, so as to 
 obtain their relative efficiency at all proportions of the whole 
 amount of water from half to full gate. The curves of the eight 
 wheels giving the highest efficiency are shown on the annexed dia- 
 gram. The horizontal scale shows the parts of the whole quantity 
 of water from half to full gate, and the vertical scale shows the per- 
 centage of efficiency at all points corresponding to the amount of 
 water indicated. 
 
 The average percentage of efficiency for these eight wheels has 
 been computed for the amount of water from half to three-quarters 
 gate, from half to full gate, and from three-quarters to full gate, as 
 shown in the following table : 
 
 TABLE SHOWING AVERAGE PERCENTAGE AT PART GATE. 
 
 NAMK. 
 
 I toi 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 i to full. 
 Per cent. 
 
 i to full. 
 Per cent. 
 
 Hercules, 
 
 .737 
 
 .805 
 
 771 
 
 New American, 
 
 .732 
 
 . 7i:> 
 
 763 
 
 
 .708 
 
 .786 
 
 .747 
 
 Tyler, 
 
 .665 
 
 .760 
 
 .715 
 
 Tait 
 
 680 
 
 744 
 
 712 
 
 Thompson, .... 
 
 .696 
 
 .721 
 
 .709 
 
 Nonesuch, .... 
 
 .619 
 
 .712 
 
 .666 
 
 Houston, .... 
 
 .397 
 
 .717 
 
 .557
 
 325 
 
 By examining the diagram and the foregoing table, the peculiar- 
 ities of the several wheels will be readily seen. It will be observed 
 that the Houston turbine, which has the highest percentage of 
 effect at full gate, is really the least efficient at from half to three- 
 quarters, and from half to full gate, of all those shown on the dia- 
 gram, and is only superior to the Nonesuch at from three-quarters 
 to full gate, and that by a very trifling amount; so that the wheel 
 which apparently has the highest percentage is really the least de- 
 sirable for actual use. The Thompson turbine, which has the 
 lowest percentage of. -those shown, at full gate, rises to the sixth 
 place at from one-half to full gate, and to the fourth place at from 
 one-half to three-quarters gate. The Tyler turbine, which has the 
 second highest percentage at full gate, falls to the sixth place at 
 . from one-half to three-quarters gate. The Hercules turbine, which 
 stands third only at full gate, takes the first rank at from half to 
 full gate, or any of its subdivisions. The New American turbine, 
 which stands only fifth in the percentage at full gate, is second only 
 to the Hercules at from one-half to full gate or either of its subdi- 
 visions, and, indeed, differs from the Hercules very slightly in its 
 useful effect through the whole range shown. 
 
 Taking the average useful effect of the wheels shown from one- 
 half to full gate as a measure of their efficiency, their relative value 
 is in the order shown in the table. 
 
 Among the turbines tested at about the time of the experiments 
 upon the wheels before named, were two very remarkable ones on 
 account of their very different qualities and performance. These 
 were the Rechard, a statement of which is included in your Report, 
 and the Victor, which was used in the gear experiments, likewise 
 attached to your Report. The first-mentioned has a percentage 
 of useful effect of only 69 at full gate, while the latter has a per- 
 centage of 92. At thirteen-sixteenths of full gate, the percentage of 
 efficienc}- becomes reversed, and below that the Rechard is oy far 
 the most effective turbine. From one-half to full gate the efficiency 
 of the Rechard is second only to the Hercules, while for the same 
 range the Victor would come fourth in the list. 
 
 Neither Mr. Webber nor myself witnessed the experiments upon 
 these wheels, but they are mentioned to show that a high percent- 
 age at full gate is often deceptive and does not always indicate the 
 best wheel for practical use. 
 
 In the foregoing Report, with the exception of the last two wheels, 
 only such wheels are considered as were tested in the presence of Mr.
 
 326 
 
 Webber or myself. The rit appears to embrace all the really good 
 wheels presented, and gives their efficiency as we saw it. Some of 
 these wheels show a little higher percentage than I have given in 
 some of the other experiments in your Report, particularly the 
 New American, but I have thought best to confine myself to those 
 experiments that were witnessed and verified by the attending 
 engineers. 
 
 With the sincere hope that comparative and competitive tests of 
 turbines will be continued, and that thereby the public and users 
 of power will know more fully the qualities of the wheels they pur- 
 chase, and the useful effect they are likely to derive from them, 
 
 I remain, very respectfully yours, 
 
 THEO. G. ELLIS, CIVIL ENGINEER.
 
 327 
 
 REPORT OF SAM'L WEBBER. 
 
 WM. A. CHASE, K$Q., 
 
 Treasurer Holyoke Water Power Co. 
 
 DEAR SIR : I was requested by you in October, 1879, to come 
 to Holyoke and be present at a series of competitive tests ot tur- 
 bines, and to see that the measurements were correctly made, and 
 the apparatus in perfect order. I was, accordingly, present the 
 greater part of the time from October 9th to November loth, and 
 witnessed the tests of the following wheels, viz. ; 
 
 Oct. 9th and 10th, The " Tyler" Wheel. 
 
 llth, " " Thompson" Wheel. 
 14th, " "New American," being a wheel 
 of the Swain type of bucket, 
 with the case and gates for- 
 merly used for the "American 
 Wheel." 
 
 October 15th, The " Humming Bird " Wheel. 
 
 16th, " " Success " Wheel. 
 17th, " " Tait Centennial," 2 wheels. 
 " 18th, " " " 1st wheel repeated. 
 
 " " " Sherwood " Wheel. 
 " 2ist, " " Nonesuch " Wheel, from Clark & 
 
 Chapman. 
 
 22nd, " " Gates Curtis " Wheel. 
 27th, " " pair of wheels on draft tube. 
 
 Nov. llth and 12th, " " Hercules " Wheel. 
 " 13th, " " Houston " Wheel. 
 
 14th, " " Wetmore" Wheel. 
 15th, " "Monarch" Wheel. 
 
 During all these tests, I verified the measurements of the weir, 
 the revolutions of the whejl, the head of water, and the weight on 
 tlie steelyard, and in these measurements I was assisted by Mr. 
 Stockwell Bettes ; and from the data so obtained I have made up 
 complete calculations of the results. 
 
 1 have examined the pr jof sheets sent me by Mr. James Emerson, 
 of his report and calculations of these tests, and have no hesitation 
 in accepting them, as in very many cases we agree exactly, while in
 
 no case is there a variation of over 1 percent., and these differences 
 are mainly due to slight differences in the weir readings, as taken 
 by Mr. Emerson and Mr. Bettes. 
 
 I was also present during a portion of the gear and belt tests in 
 April, 1880, and can certify to the correctness of Mr. Emerson's 
 report of those tests, so far as the results then obtained are con- 
 cerned. 
 
 I cannot, however, consider these tests as conclusive, from the 
 fact that the gears were entirely new, and that there was no accu- 
 rate method of regulating the proper depth to which the gears 
 should be put in contact a slight change in such depth having 
 shown a great difference in the net power attained. 
 
 Neither was there any method for regulating or ascertaining the 
 the tension of the belts. 
 
 Nor should I be satisfied to accept the result obtained from the 
 15-inch Victor wheel as conclusive of the merits of wheels of that 
 make, as from various tests the very small wheels of almost all 
 patterns usually give a higher percentage than the larger ones. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 SAM'L WEBBER, C. E.
 
 REPORT OF JAMES EMERSON. 
 
 WILLIAM A. CHASE, .... 
 
 Agent Water Power Co., Holyoke, Mass. 
 
 SIR : Having, in connection with the engineers named, completed 
 the series of turbine and dynamic experiments announced by your 
 Company, the results obtained by myself, with accompanying 
 remarks, are here submitted for your consideration. 
 
 In presenting this report, it is a pleasure to recall the interest 
 taken in the experiments, from the beginning to their close, by 
 engineers and experts in such matters. There was hardly a trial 
 of any kind without the presence of such. Mr. Bettes assisted 
 almost invariably; James M. Sickman, C. E. of Holyoke, often 
 examined the arrangements; Prof. Norton, of the Sheffield Scien- 
 tific School of New Haven, Ct., with members of his class, spent a 
 day in witnessing the tests, and, later, six graduates of his class 
 assisted in testing the 15-inch Victor. Prof. Whittaker, of the 
 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with some sixteen members 
 of his class, not only witnessed the experiments, but had charge of 
 the apparatus for several hours, and tested the 33-inch Hercules for 
 practice. The Principal of the Holyoke High School, with a large 
 delegation of scholars, both male and female, spent some hours in 
 witnessing the tests, and seemingly with much pleasure. There 
 were also witnesses from very distant places, and some that one 
 would hardly expect would feel an interest in such matters, but 
 they seemed to do so. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON. 
 
 WlLLIMANSKTT, MASS., Aug. 1, 1880.
 
 Weniple Wheel. 
 
 Sent by Wm. Wemple's Son*, FuUonvilte, 2f. I 
 
 1 discharge. Inside register gate. 
 
 nte. Multiply revolutions 1))' 10. April 17, 1879. 
 
 (Jiitc Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Jtev per 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 Cent 
 
 \Vhole (!ate 
 
 18.30 
 
 30) 
 
 000 
 
 000 
 
 
 
 " " 
 
 18.24 
 
 150 
 
 335.3 
 
 15.24 
 
 623.06 
 
 .7265 
 
 (( " 
 
 18.36 
 
 IriO 
 
 327.6 
 
 15.88 
 
 627.43 
 
 .7298 
 
 tt 
 
 18.40 
 
 170 
 
 319 
 
 16.43 
 
 640.98 
 
 .737f. 
 
 
 18.23 
 
 180 
 
 3J3.5 
 
 16.55 
 
 C45.48 
 
 .7434 
 
 * 
 
 Iv4u 
 
 1;IO 
 
 296 
 
 17.04 
 
 C48.48 
 
 .7561 
 
 u t. 
 
 183J 
 
 200 
 
 280 
 
 16.97 
 
 C51.49 
 
 .7516 
 
 
 18.24 
 
 210 
 
 259.5 
 
 16.51 
 
 <'i60.44 
 
 .7257 
 
 c 
 
 13.2 ) 
 
 185 
 
 2J3 
 
 16.42 
 
 648.48 
 
 .732.) 
 
 " <* 
 
 18 17 
 
 195 
 
 282 
 
 16.66 
 
 651 .49 
 
 .7451 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 18. '23 
 
 150 
 
 326 
 
 14.81 
 
 624.55 
 
 .6887 
 
 
 1*.20 
 
 ]75 
 
 2.16 
 
 
 C26.04 
 
 .7290 
 
 
 
 18.20 
 
 170 
 
 294.6 
 
 isln 
 
 C42.48 
 
 68 68 
 
 l- 
 
 18.21 
 
 165 
 
 2825 
 
 14.12 
 
 r,99.42 
 
 .6850 
 
 " 
 
 J8.23 
 
 160 
 
 210 
 
 14.05 
 
 596.42 
 
 .6851 
 
 
 l-Sl'4 
 
 HO 
 
 278 
 
 11.79 
 
 542.63 
 
 .6306 
 
 ' 
 
 18.24 
 
 !:>.-) 
 
 2^3.5 
 
 11.11 
 
 525.45 
 
 .6137 
 
 " 
 
 18.31 
 
 100 
 
 259 
 
 7.8 ' 
 
 437.65 
 
 .5178 
 
 '* 
 
 1831 
 
 100 
 
 291.5 
 
 8.83 
 
 447 21 
 
 .5700 
 
 
 18.43 
 
 75 
 
 227.3 
 
 5.65 
 
 330 80 
 
 .4906 
 
 " 
 
 1S.3.I 
 
 75 
 
 300.5 
 
 6.83 
 
 370.86 
 
 .53W 
 
 u 
 
 18.41 
 
 75 
 
 301 
 
 6.84 
 
 373.48 
 
 .5842 
 
 
 18.42 
 
 8) 
 
 2H.5 
 
 7.07 
 
 382 69 
 
 .5309 
 
 11 
 
 18.48 
 
 55 
 
 2S8.5 
 
 4.81 
 
 299.28 
 
 .4722 
 
 
 
 18.48 
 
 60 
 
 303 
 
 4.5D 
 
 2)8.03 
 
 .4412 
 
 Mr. Wempk; not being able to get up u wheel of the size requi 
 allowed this to he reported us :i representative of the kind.
 
 332 
 Tyler Wheel. 
 
 wh<-<-h xmt l>t/ John Tyler, I'laremotit, -A r . JJ. 
 
 This wheel was furnished for the purpose of enabling those seeking for such 
 information to compare its power of transmission with those of the same size 
 made by others, as the most of the popular builders have had 30-inch wheels 
 tested. One fact, however, must be taken into consideration in making such 
 comparisons, namely, that while the increase in the sizes of one builder i., say, 
 6, 12, 18, 21 and 30 h. p., the increase in another make will be 6, 9, 18, 40, 48, 
 75, &c. ; but, in the aggregate, the total power of all the sizes of each builder 
 amount to about the same. The Tyler flume wheel represents very fairly the 
 average capacity of the most popular turbines known previous to 1876, except- 
 ing, however, the Boyden, which, for its diameter, is far less in capacity than 
 any of the others. 
 
 This particular wheel was made from the same patterns as the one tried at the 
 Centennial tests, and several times at the Holyoke flume. Special pains was 
 taken that it should be an exact duplicate of that one. The curb was the same 
 as the Centennial, yet, as will be seen by those who have the means to make the 
 comparison, the discharge of this wheel was one-sixth greater than the first. 
 Mr. Tyler was so unwilling to accept the results, that he had the wheel taken 
 out, reset, and retested on three successive days, each trial giving the same 
 results. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 15. Aug. 1, 1879. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 18.30 
 18 28 
 
 375 
 385 
 
 218 
 213 7 
 
 37.15 
 37 42 
 
 1373.63 
 1373 63 
 
 .7831 
 
 7896 
 
 " ,' 
 
 18.27 
 18.27 
 18.27 
 18.26 
 18.25 
 18.28 
 
 400 
 425 
 440 
 450 
 475 
 440 
 
 209.6 
 201.6 
 198.5 
 194 
 180 
 194.5 
 
 38.10 
 38.96 
 39.70 
 39.68 
 38.86 
 38.90 
 
 1373.6:5 
 1386.77 
 1400.0U 
 1421.11 
 1445.03 
 1418.46 
 
 .8045 
 .8148 
 .8225 
 .8103 
 .7809 
 .7950
 
 333 
 
 Moessinger & Heathecote. 
 
 Sent by Mottsinger <> ffeathecote, Glenrock, Pa. 
 
 20-inch wheel. 
 
 This turbine was a Jonval, with register gate, as represented above. 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 10. Sept. 3 and 4, 1879. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Hov [H'j 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent 
 
 "Whole Gate 
 
 18 40 
 
 100 
 
 320 5 
 
 10 47 
 
 511 13 
 
 5894 
 
 
 18.40 
 18.40 
 38.39 
 18.39 
 18 38 
 
 110 
 120 
 130 
 140 
 150 
 
 325 
 330 
 32.3.5 
 310.5 
 300 
 
 11.16 
 12.00 
 12.74 
 13.17 
 13 63 
 
 513.84 
 517.92 
 524.75 
 531.59 
 535 71 
 
 .6250 
 .6668 
 .6988 
 .7133 
 7329 
 
 (( (C 
 
 18 38 
 
 160 
 
 281 6 
 
 13 65 
 
 541.23 
 
 .7265 
 
 u 
 
 18 39 
 
 170 
 
 254 5 
 
 13 11 
 
 543 99 
 
 6938 
 
 
 
 18.38 
 
 180 
 
 230 
 
 12.54 
 
 545.37 
 
 .6623 
 
 The wheel bound upon the step during the above trial; and it was taken out ot 
 the flume, overhauled, then re-tested, giving the results recorded below. 
 
 it 
 
 18 56 
 
 160 
 
 307 5 
 
 14 90 
 
 546.00 
 
 .7784 
 
 Part Gate. . ! ! 
 
 18.53 
 18.53 
 18.53 
 18.71 
 18.65 
 18.59 
 18.55 
 
 170 
 180 
 190 
 50 
 75 
 100 
 125 
 
 300.5 
 287.5 
 270 
 295 
 296 
 292 
 2925 
 
 15.48 
 15.68 
 15.54 
 4.47 
 6.72 
 8.85 
 11.08 
 
 551.51 
 551.51 
 555.68 
 381.41 
 432.22 
 478.14 
 517.17 
 
 .8016 
 .8123 
 .7990 
 .3316 
 .4414 
 .5272 
 .6114
 
 334 
 
 Victor Turbine. 
 
 Stilwell & Bierce .^Manufacturing Co., ]><ujtim, OMo. 
 
 This wheel is of recent origin ; discharges the water used outward, downward 
 and centrally; his a register gate that works easily and opens in full with half a 
 turn of gate rod. It is so designed that its buckets miy be made of bronze, if 
 desired. Its discharge in proportion to its diameter is only equaled by that of 
 the Hercules. Price of this 35-inch wheel, $650; weight. 4oOO pounds. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 20. Sept. 5, 1879. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 Cent 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 16 95 
 
 2660 
 
 000 
 
 003. 
 
 
 .000 
 
 
 17.18 
 17.10 
 
 1500 
 1550 
 
 147.5 
 141.5 
 
 131.09 
 132 98 
 
 4994.79 
 499SI.22 
 
 .8289 
 .8232 
 
 
 17 11 
 
 1600 
 
 137 5 
 
 133 33 
 
 0012 56 
 
 .8230 
 
 " 
 
 17.03 
 17 07 
 
 1650 
 1700 
 
 131.5 
 125 6 
 
 131.50 
 130 43 
 
 5025 86 
 5030.31 
 
 .8121 
 .8048 
 
 
 17 11 
 
 1450 
 
 150 
 
 131 81 
 
 4990 36 
 
 8172 
 
 
 17.11 
 17 10 
 
 1400 
 1475 
 
 156 
 150 
 
 132.36 
 134 03 
 
 4972.64 
 
 4'lSl 50 
 
 .8236 
 .8334 
 
 <f 
 
 17 09 
 
 1525 
 
 142 3 
 
 131 52 
 
 4<i,s5 c t:; 
 
 .8172 
 
 
 
 1475 
 
 
 
 4941 67 
 
 8237 
 
 
 17 23 
 
 1350 
 
 152 
 
 124 36 
 
 4739 63 
 
 .8063 
 
 I C 
 
 17 55 
 
 
 133 3 
 
 9290 
 
 
 7131 
 
 
 
 17 56 
 
 1100 
 
 136 5 
 
 91 00 
 
 3892 00 
 
 .7050 
 
 ; ;; 
 
 17.59 
 17.68 
 
 1050 
 1000 
 
 141 
 H5 
 
 89.72 
 
 8787 
 
 3855.07 
 3777.48 
 
 .7006 
 .6989 
 
 4 If 
 
 17 66 
 
 900 
 
 149 5 
 
 81 54 
 
 3619 75 
 
 .6754 
 
 II 
 
 18.00 
 18.07 
 
 575 
 500 
 
 144.2 
 149.3 
 
 50.25 
 45.24 
 
 2726.05 
 2616.35 
 
 .5421 
 .5066
 
 335 
 Walsh Douhltt Turbine. 
 
 Sent !>>/ Ji. E. SanforrJ, Xhelioygan Falls, "Wisconsin. 
 
 divided discharge, as represented in the small wheel at the right. The curb had 
 cylinder gate without flange. 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 20. Sept. 8, 1879. 
 
 Gate, Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per Morse 
 minute Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 4110.90 
 4157.13 
 
 4224.ii:) 
 4228.88 
 4228.88 
 42IH.42 
 
 4224^63 
 4211.96 
 4027.25 
 4023.08 
 4019.00 
 4019.00 
 3632.61 
 038.93 
 3600.82 
 3608.89 
 3279.00 
 2350.32 
 2550.32 
 2311.00 
 2311.00 
 1827.74 
 2136.79 
 2140.23 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent 
 
 Whole Gi*e 
 
 1 .29 
 1 .44 
 1 .42 
 
 i !ss 
 
 ] .45 
 ] .4.3 
 
 1 .4:3 
 
 1 .43 
 1 .61 
 1 .81 
 1 .60 
 1 .60 
 1 .73 
 
 1 ^98 
 18.09 
 18.0'J 
 18.24 
 18.23 
 
 2525 
 1250 
 1350 
 1500 
 1600 
 1650 
 1550 
 K79 
 1625 
 1475 
 1350 
 1300 
 1275 
 1260 
 1000 
 750 
 900 
 950 
 850 
 675 
 625 
 450 
 500 
 250 
 350 
 400 
 
 000 
 
 m 
 
 123.5 
 114 
 106.3 
 101 
 109.5 
 107 
 111 
 114.5 
 100 
 110.5 
 113 
 114.5 
 114 
 113.6 
 122 
 120 
 112.5 
 110.6 
 115.5 
 120 
 113.5 
 114.5 
 125 
 IK. 
 
 000 
 97.72 
 101.04 
 103.63 
 103.07 
 101.00 
 102.86 
 102.13 
 102.59 
 102.35 
 86.72 
 87.06 
 87.31 
 87.73 
 69.09 
 51.63 
 66.54 
 69.09 
 57.95 
 45.24 
 43.75 
 32.72 
 34.39 
 17.34 
 26.51 
 28.15 
 
 000 
 .7216 
 .7386 
 .7473 
 .7429 
 .7292 
 .7423 
 .7359 
 .7397 
 .7402 
 .6534 
 .6565 
 .6591 
 .6623 
 .5718 
 .5051 
 .5558 
 .5759 
 .5278 
 .5223 
 .5170 
 .4143 
 .4356 
 .2755 
 .3603 
 .3820 
 
 
 tt <; 
 
 ;; ;; 
 
 " " 
 
 i tt 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 
 
 HI 

 
 386 
 
 King's Turbine. 
 
 Sent by A. 8. King, Ponttac, Michigan. 
 
 Wheel, 30 inches diameter. 
 
 This turbine was a central discharge, constructed with a thick crown plate that 
 could be raised or lowered on the buckets, so that the wheel itself could be 
 changed in depth from ten inch openings to zero so constructed with the ex- 
 pectation of getting the highest percentage for the water used, whether the wheel 
 was opened two or ten inches. There was no separate gate, the crown plate 
 shutting down to the bottom rim of wheel, thus forming gate an itself. 
 
 Data below for. one minute. Multiply revolutions by 15. Sept. 20, 1879. 
 
 Gate Opened. 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev pel 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent 
 
 Whole Gate . 
 
 17 93 
 
 920 
 
 
 00 00 
 
 1866 47 
 
 0000 
 
 
 17 86 
 
 450 
 
 185 
 
 37 84 
 
 !!)()< ::4 
 
 .5695 
 
 * K 
 
 17 85 
 
 500 
 
 
 39 77 
 
 ]t(87 04 
 
 5937 
 
 * I* 
 
 17 85 
 
 550 
 
 165 
 
 41.25 
 
 1U99.02 
 
 .6120 
 
 <i i 
 
 17 85 
 
 600 
 
 154 
 
 4200 
 
 'o;!7 ^1 
 
 .6256 
 
 1 " 
 
 17.80 
 17 80 
 
 650 
 700 
 
 141.6 
 130 5 
 
 41.83 
 41 55 
 
 JOlil. SO 
 2091 .88 
 
 .6084 
 .!i!08 
 
 < 
 
 
 575 
 
 157 
 
 41 03 
 
 >0->5 86 
 
 6018 
 
 c 
 
 17 82 
 
 590 
 
 154 
 
 41 30 
 
 2043.80 
 
 .6004 
 
 1 
 
 17 82 
 
 610 
 
 150 5 
 
 41 73 
 
 2043 80 
 
 6067 
 
 
 17.81 
 17 88 
 
 625 
 550 
 
 146.2 
 152 5 
 
 41.53 
 38 12 
 
 2055.80 
 1936.83 
 
 .6006 
 .5829 
 
 
 17 87 
 
 505 
 
 
 37 81 
 
 ]<!>> ]) 
 
 6829 
 
 1 
 
 17 93 
 
 450 
 
 163 8 
 
 33.50 
 
 1 782.48 
 
 .5550 
 
 ( 
 
 17 93 
 
 480 
 
 156 
 
 34 03 
 
 1796.88 
 
 .5592 
 
 : : : : : 
 
 17.93 
 18.01 
 18.02 
 
 500 
 450 
 425 
 350 
 
 152 
 150.2 
 158.5 
 
 34.54 
 29.01 
 30.62 
 26 17 
 
 1802.64 
 1640.36 
 1629.14 
 1455 45 
 
 .5658 
 .5199 
 .5523 
 5260 
 
 4I 
 
 18 12 
 
 375 
 
 155 5 
 
 26 51 
 
 1455 45 
 
 5322 
 
 
 
 18 24 
 
 300 
 
 154 
 
 21 00 
 
 1222 65 
 
 4998 
 
 M 
 
 18 34 
 
 250 
 
 139 5 
 
 
 1048 53 
 
 4364 
 
 <i i * " 
 
 18 35 
 
 200 
 
 173 5 
 
 15 77 
 
 1041 16 
 
 .4370 
 
 (i 
 
 18 35 
 
 225 
 
 159 2 
 
 16 8 
 
 1043 62 
 
 4501 
 
 ii 
 
 18 48 
 
 140 
 
 155 
 
 986 
 
 808.00 
 
 .3496 
 
 " 
 
 18.57 
 
 90 
 
 150 
 
 3.74 
 
 65200 
 
 .1635
 
 In furnishing wheels for an open comparative trial, Mr. Tvler took a course 
 alike creditable to his manhood and sense of fair dealing, H"e knew perfectly 
 well that recent improvements in turbines had greatly increased their capacity, 
 without a corresponding increase in cost, and that his wheels would have to 
 contend against such improvements. 
 
 This turbine weighed about six tons; price, $1,000. Bv comparing its cost, 
 capacity of transmission, and general efficiency with the Hercules, Victor or New 
 American, its relative value may be approximated. 
 
 It will be noticed that after partially closing the gate, the discharge was greater 
 
 than with the gate opened in full a rather curious feature, though the same may 
 
 be observed in the test of the Monarch, the second test of the Success, and others. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 20. Oct. 8, 1879. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 16 94 
 
 1950 
 
 102 5 
 
 vn is 
 
 4730 67 
 
 7996 
 
 Part Gate ! 
 
 16.94 
 16.94 
 16.88 
 16.88 
 17.13 
 17.15 
 17 18 
 
 2000 
 2050 
 2000 
 1900 
 1800 
 1750 
 1700 
 
 100.5 
 98 
 98.6 
 106 
 97 
 99 
 100 7 
 
 121.81 
 121.75 
 119.51 
 122.06 
 105.81 
 105.00 
 103 72 
 
 4743.84 
 4774.60 
 4809.82 
 4809.82 
 4251.42 
 4192.08 
 4162 50 
 
 .8027 
 .7970 
 .7775 
 .7959 
 .7692 
 .7733 
 7679 
 
 Full Gate. .' .' .' .' 
 
 17.27 
 17.28 
 17.28 
 17.64 
 17.63 
 17.67 
 17.85 
 17.85 
 16.85 
 
 1500 
 1500 
 1550 
 1200 
 1150 
 1100 
 950 
 850 
 2000 
 
 105 
 105 
 102 
 98.2 
 100.5 
 104 
 98.3 
 102 
 100.3 
 
 95.45 
 95.45 
 95.81 
 71.41 
 70.04 
 69.33 
 56.62 
 52.54 
 121.57 
 
 3878.45 
 3870.19 
 3890.86 
 3137.24 
 3040.77 
 3106.27 
 2619.96 
 2510.49 
 4757.01 
 
 .7545 
 .7557 
 .7544 
 .6832 
 .6909 
 .6687 
 .6414 
 .6208 
 .8030
 
 Thompson Wheel. 
 
 Sent by Thompson Iron Work*, Union City, Pa. 
 40-Inch wheel, diagonal in shape, like the Houston. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 20. Oct. II, 1879. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 w <HSK r 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 17.66 
 17.49 
 17.47 
 17.48 
 17.50 
 17.50 
 17.50 
 17.48 
 17.48 
 17.50 
 17.58 
 17.58 
 17.56 
 17.72 
 17.94 
 18.16 
 18.15 
 18.10 
 18.23 
 18.27 
 
 1800 
 900 
 1000 
 1100 
 1200 
 1075 
 1125 
 1100' 
 1100 
 1125 
 1100 
 1100 
 1050 
 950 
 800 
 600 
 7i>0 
 675 
 500 
 475 
 
 000 
 139.6 
 128 
 117 
 102.5 
 120.5 
 115 
 118.6 
 119.2 
 117.3 
 111 
 112 
 119.7 
 118 
 120 
 126.5 
 114.5 
 117.5 
 118.5 
 123 
 
 000 
 76.14 
 77.57 
 78.00 
 74.54 
 78.50 
 78.40 
 79.06 
 79.46 
 79.97 
 74.00 
 74.66 
 76.17 
 67.94 
 58.18 
 46.00 
 48.57 
 48.06 
 35.90 
 35.41 
 
 2958.73 
 3302.55 
 3314.46 
 
 3330.38 
 
 :;:;4'-S 
 3:;4ii.-js 
 
 3133J8 
 3133.18 
 3114.64 
 2783.48 
 
 1963.12 
 2004.19 
 1993.90 
 1545.00 
 1538.57 
 
 000 
 .6982 
 .7092 
 .7085 
 .6771 
 .7122 
 .7096 
 7155 
 .7192 
 .7239 
 .7113 
 .7176 
 .7529 
 .7292 
 .7212 
 .6832 
 .7069 
 .7052 
 .6748 
 .6671 
 
 H 
 
 Pa t Gate 
 
 
 ;; 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 339 
 
 Perry's Improved Turbine. 
 
 Sent by Wm. F. Perry, Bridgton, Me. 
 
 Dat 
 
 Downward discharge. Register gate. 36-inch wheel. 
 below for one. minute. Multiply revolutions by 15. Oct. 13, 1879. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Ucv pci 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 Cent 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 17.98 
 17.5H5 
 17.96 
 17.9f, 
 17.9") 
 17.95 
 W.9S 
 17 95 
 
 600 
 650 
 00 
 50 
 00 
 25 
 40 
 GO 
 
 201 
 li1.5 
 Is-J 
 173 
 161.5 
 177 
 175 
 170 5 
 
 54.81 
 56.58 
 57.90 
 58.97 
 5S.72 
 58.32 
 58.86 
 58 90 
 
 2108.42 
 2120.50 
 2135.60 
 2138.64 
 2144.70 
 2129.56 
 2132.58 
 'Ms (14 
 
 .7655 
 .7865 
 .7992 
 .8133 
 .8075 
 .8077 
 .8142 
 8124 
 
 T.i t Gate. '.'.... 
 
 1794 
 18.00 
 18.0(5 
 18.00 
 
 IS Ulj 
 
 775 
 700 
 690 
 675 
 665 
 
 1(17.5 
 157 
 160.5 
 165 
 
 167 ") 
 
 59.01 
 49.95 
 50.35 
 50.62 
 50 63 
 
 2147.73 
 
 1894.69 
 1S94.69 
 1891.77 
 1888 85 
 
 .8109 
 .7727 
 .7786 
 .7844 
 .7859 
 
 " '.'.'.'.'. 
 
 18.17 
 18.10 
 18.13 
 
 550 
 550 
 565 
 
 155 
 161 
 173.5 
 174 5 
 
 38.75 
 40.25 
 4456 
 45 60 
 
 1592.69 
 162889 
 1719.00 
 1761 74 
 
 7090 
 .7204 
 .7569 
 7571 
 
 " ( 
 
 18.10 
 18.22 
 18.22 
 18.47 
 18.42 
 18 39 
 
 595 
 465 
 485 
 350 
 270 
 300 
 
 169.7 
 173.5 
 169 
 146 
 165 
 158 
 
 45.89 
 36.67 
 34.22 
 23.22 
 22.25 
 21.72 
 
 1761.74 
 1513.82 
 1532.00 
 1144.80 
 1072.42 
 1099.79 
 
 .7620 
 .7043 
 .6490 
 .5414 
 .5964 
 .5694 
 
 " : : : : : 
 
 18.4'J 
 18.42 
 18 37 
 
 290 
 250 
 340 
 
 160 
 169 
 157 5 
 
 21.03 
 19.20 
 21 31 
 
 1079.92 
 1069.90 
 1158.96 
 
 .5610 
 .5158 
 .5318 
 
 " 
 
 18.30 
 
 375 
 
 107 
 
 28.46 
 
 1298.89 
 
 .6339
 
 340 
 
 Reynold's Champion Wheel. 
 
 24-im-h wheel, sent l, Jl!oon>,-r <( Co., Ellenville, JV. F. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 10. Oct. 13, 1879. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 KPV pei- 
 miii nte 
 
 Horse 
 power 
 
 Cubic 
 feet 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 000 
 .7198 
 .7564 
 .7689 
 .7857 
 .7837 
 .7649 
 .7836 
 .7753 
 .7802 
 .7755 
 .7767 
 .7594 
 .7742 
 .7492 
 .7287 
 .7479 
 .7512 
 .7202 
 .6670 
 .6697 
 .6666 
 .5877 
 .5827 
 .4498 
 .4310 
 .3873 
 
 hole 
 irt G 
 
 
 18.34 
 18.32 
 18.30 
 18.30 
 18.30 
 18.29 
 18.29 
 18.28 
 18.28 
 18.27 
 18.28 
 18.28 
 18.28 
 18.28 
 18.27 
 18.28 
 18.27 
 18.27 
 18.31 
 18.40 
 1841 
 18.41 
 18.46 
 18.46 
 18.54 
 18.54 
 18.60 
 
 550 
 275 
 300 
 325 
 350 
 375 
 400 
 365 
 385 
 375 
 350 
 375 
 350 
 365 
 350 
 315 
 335 
 350 
 300 
 275 
 250 
 245 
 200 
 190 
 125 
 110 
 90 
 
 000 
 313 
 304 
 290.5 
 276.7 
 260 
 243.7 
 2665 
 251.5 
 260 
 273 
 257.5 
 
 262.5 
 263 
 282.5 
 272.5 
 262 
 261 
 
 256.5 
 260.5 
 252.5 
 260 
 243 
 260 
 260 
 
 000 
 26.08 
 27.63 
 28.48 
 29.37 
 29.54 
 29.50 
 29.47 
 23.34 
 29.54 
 28.95 
 29.26 
 28.42 
 29.03 
 27.89 
 26.96 
 27.66 
 27.78 
 23.72 
 19.66 
 19.43 
 19.34 
 15.30 
 14.99 
 9.20 
 8.66 
 7.09 
 
 1010.64 
 1047.06 
 1059.28 
 1071.55 
 1081.39 
 1091.20 
 1103.63 
 1088.75 
 1096.20 
 1088.75 
 1081.39 
 101)1.2(1 
 1083.85 
 1086.30 
 1081.39 
 1071.55 
 1071.55 
 1071.55 
 950.79 
 848.08 
 834.35 
 834.35 
 746.66 
 737 .83 
 584.11 
 573.81 
 521.12 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 ite. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 

 
 341 
 
 New American Wheel. 
 
 48-iiu-ft n-fieel, sent by Stout, Mills <& Temple, Uayton, O/tio. 
 
 This turbine has the same curb in form as the well-known American Turbine, 
 made by that company ; but the wheel is downward discharge very similar in 
 form and plan to the Swain. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 20. Oct. 14, 1879. 
 
 Gate Opened. 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev pei 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 16.45 
 16.33 
 16 32 
 
 2933 
 2000 
 2050 
 
 000 
 110.5 
 103 3 
 
 000 
 133.94 
 134.55 
 
 5397.95 
 5603.83 
 5608 43 
 
 000 
 .7749 
 7783 
 
 Par Gate. . ! '. '. '. 
 
 16.30 
 16.29 
 16.32 
 16.32 
 16.40 
 16.40 
 16.38 
 16.49 
 16.43 
 16 52 
 
 2100 
 2150 
 2025 
 2075 
 2050 
 2025 
 2075 
 2000 
 2025 
 1975 
 
 104.6 
 101.5 
 103 
 105.5 
 107 
 108 
 106.3 
 108.5 
 106.8 
 109 1 
 
 133.12 
 129.48 
 133.77 
 132.67 
 132.93 
 132.54 
 133.68 
 131.51 
 131.07 
 130 58 
 
 5594.63 
 5599.23 
 5590.03 
 5603.83 
 5484.60' 
 5475.46 
 5484 60 
 5280.09 
 5271.00 
 5257 46 
 
 .7727 
 .7516 
 .7763 
 .7679 
 .7824 
 .7814 
 .7879 
 .7996 
 .8013 
 7961 
 
 " : : : : : 
 
 16.69 
 
 16.88 
 16 90 
 
 1900 
 1800 
 1700 
 
 109 
 106 
 111 7 
 
 125.51 
 115.63 
 115 05 
 
 4984.41 
 4546.23 
 4477 28 
 
 .7989 
 .7978 
 8051 
 
 ii 
 
 16 89 
 
 
 108 3 
 
 114 86 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 16 87 
 
 1775 
 
 107 3 
 
 115.73 
 
 4529 00 
 
 8019 
 
 
 17 16 
 
 1500 
 
 108 8 
 
 98 '.' 1 
 
 3966 32 
 
 7694 
 
 ;; 
 
 17.15 
 17 17 
 
 1525 
 1475 
 
 108.2 
 110 3 
 
 100.00 
 98 54 
 
 3962.18 
 3937 34 
 
 .7792 
 7717 
 
 : : : : : 
 
 17.43 
 17.44 
 17 60 
 
 1175 
 1200 
 1050 
 
 111.3 
 109.4 
 106 3 
 
 79.25 
 79.56 
 67 64 
 
 3336.22 
 3348.02 
 2969 24 
 
 .7216 
 .7214 
 6853 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 103 3 
 
 62 60 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 17.68 
 
 975 
 
 106 
 
 62 63 
 
 2818 70 
 
 6638 
 
 K 
 
 17 6ft 
 
 950 
 
 108 3 
 
 62 35 
 
 2774 00 
 
 6728 
 
 Whole ate 
 
 16.31 
 
 2050 
 
 106.3 
 
 132.07 
 
 6567.06 
 
 .7701
 
 342 
 
 Success Wheel. 
 
 36-inch wheel, sent by S. JA Smith, York. Pa. 
 
 Called the Improved Success, very fragile in construction. 
 Daa below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 15. Oct. 16, 1879. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 Cent 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 17.99 
 17.93 
 17.90 
 
 1350 
 
 675 
 750 
 
 000 
 191.5 
 185 
 
 ODO 
 58.75 
 62.76 
 
 2243.17 
 
 23*0.46 
 2433.92 
 
 GOOD 
 .7287 
 .7627 
 
 
 17.89 
 
 800 
 
 178.2 
 
 64.80 
 
 2437.50 
 
 .7867 
 
 | | 
 
 17.87 
 17.87 
 
 850 
 900 
 
 170.5 
 162.5 
 
 65.88 
 66.47 
 
 2484.14 
 2494.94 
 
 .7857 
 .7893 
 
 .< * 
 
 17 86 
 
 950 
 
 153 3 
 
 66 19 
 
 2523 82 
 
 7774 
 
 
 
 17.85 
 17.86 
 
 1000 
 
 875 
 
 145.5 
 165 
 
 63.13 
 65.62 
 
 2523.82 
 2491.34 
 
 .7773 
 .7809 
 
 
 17.85 
 17.85 
 1796 
 
 900 
 925 
 800 
 
 161.5 
 157 
 
 163 2 
 
 66.06 
 66.07 
 59.34 
 
 2502.15 
 2512.98 
 2197 96 
 
 .7829 
 .7798 
 7959 
 
 
 17.98 
 
 825 
 
 159.2 
 
 59 70 
 
 220s.:;7 
 
 .7961 
 
 tl 
 
 18.19 
 
 550 
 
 163.5 
 
 4087 
 
 164944 
 
 .7212 
 
 ;; 
 
 18.19 
 18.09 
 
 575 
 650 
 
 loll. 2 
 165 
 
 41.6J 
 
 48.75 
 
 1653.80 
 1876.29 
 
 .7321 
 .7604 
 
 :': : : : : : 
 
 18.26 
 18.26 
 18.25 
 18 25 
 
 450 
 476 
 500 
 525 
 
 171.5 
 165 
 160 
 154 5 
 
 35.07 
 35.62 
 36.36 
 36 86 
 
 1477.05 
 1486.77 
 1499.10 
 1 51 1 46 
 
 .6884 
 .6947 
 .7037 
 7076 
 
 u 
 
 18.37 
 
 375 
 
 159.5 
 
 27.18 
 
 1223.47 
 
 .6403 
 
 : : : : : 
 
 18.37 
 18.34 
 
 375 
 
 157.5 
 162.5 
 
 26.84 
 27.69 
 
 1217.67 
 125S.46 
 
 .6352 
 .6351 
 
 Second test of the sai 
 
 vhecl, the buckets having been chipped and 
 changes made. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 Part Gate 
 
 17.78 
 17.80 
 17.80 
 
 900 
 800 
 800 
 800 
 
 164.1 
 179 
 178 
 166 
 
 67.13 
 65.09 
 64.72 
 60.86 
 
 J4.82.6ti 
 2410.98 
 2378.93 
 2168.65 
 
 .8051 
 .8031 
 .8091 
 8241 
 
 l <c 
 
 17 ~6 
 
 875 
 
 167 5 
 
 66 61 
 
 2164 68 
 
 8051 
 
 t< it 
 
 17 74 
 
 925 
 
 161 2 
 
 67 61 
 
 2482 66 
 
 8120 
 
 " " 
 
 17.75 
 
 900 
 
 165 
 
 67.50 
 
 2493.46 
 
 .8076
 
 343 
 
 \onesuch Wheel. 
 
 40-iwh wheel, sent by A. S. Clark, Turners Full*, Man*. 
 
 The designer sends the following description : 
 
 The wheel consists of downward discharge buckets, enclosed by bell-shaped 
 cylinders. The one forming the hub of the wheel has the concave surface next 
 to the buckets. The other forms the flange or band which encloses the lower 
 or reacting parts of the buckets, aud has the convex surface next to them, or 
 larger end downward. By. this construction, the lower parts of the buckets are 
 expanded on their outer extremity, which gives a very easy discharge. The 
 curb of the wheel has a short draft tube in which is the step on which the wheel 
 revolves. The water enters the wheel at the .side and above the outer flange, 
 through a system of straight chutes, within which is a cylinder gate having on the 
 lwer edge fins or blades, which extend into the chutes. The downward pres- 
 sure on these blades and the weight of the gate is counterbalanced by an upward 
 pressure on an external sectional flange near the top of the gate, and within the 
 dome in which the gate rises to open. By this means the gate opens easy under 
 pressure. The wheel i} constructed on the theory that water should not be 
 changed in direction horizontally after leaving the chutes, but take a downward 
 direction o;ily, as the wheel absorbs the power of the moving water. 
 
 This wheel was very deep, like the Hercules; conical in shape, 40 inches in 
 diameter at the top and 48 at the bottom, which turned outward like the Risdon^. 
 hardly distinguishable in outward appearance of curb from the Hercules. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 20. Oct. 21, 1879. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 \VcMght 
 
 Hev per 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Pei- 
 Cent 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 1 .37 
 1 .14 
 
 1 15 
 
 2100 
 1100 
 
 ] 200 
 
 000 
 157.6 
 149 
 
 000 
 105.06 
 108 36 
 
 3999.93 
 4449.00 
 4453 23 
 
 000 
 .7294 
 7512 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 1 12 
 1 .15 
 ] .13 
 1 .12 
 1 .11 
 1 1 
 
 i:;oo 
 
 1400 
 1500 
 1600 
 1375 
 1425 
 
 13:1.2 
 181 
 
 118.5 
 105.5 
 130.5 
 125 5 
 
 109.67 
 111.15 
 107.74 
 102.30 
 108.75 
 108 75 
 
 4461.89 
 4470.51 
 4470.51 
 4149.00 
 4444.38 
 4444 38 
 
 .7600 
 .7676 
 .7448 
 .7112 
 .7571 
 7503 
 
 
 ] .12 
 1 .10 
 1 .19 
 
 1400 
 
 noo 
 
 1350 
 
 128.2 
 120 
 125.5 
 
 108.77 
 101.82 
 102.63 
 
 444'J.OO 
 42.J6.59 
 4239.56 
 
 .7562 
 .7368 
 .7461 
 
 " '.'.'.''. 
 
 1 .42 
 1 .38 
 1 .38 
 1 .4S 
 1 .65 
 
 1100 
 1300 
 1200 
 1100 
 
 950 
 
 106 
 114 
 124.7 
 125 
 125 
 
 85.51 
 89.81 
 90.70 
 83.33 
 71.96 
 
 3711.41 
 3859 00 
 3838.38 
 3865.58 
 3197.18 
 
 .6839 
 .7060 
 .7206 
 .7079 
 .6750 
 
 ;; : ' ' ' : 
 
 17 75 
 17.81 
 11.93 
 1792 
 18.04 
 18.03 
 17.09 
 
 800 
 850 
 700 
 675 
 650 
 500 
 550 
 1400 
 
 130 
 123.5 
 127.5 
 123 
 126.5 
 131 
 122.5 
 126 
 
 63.03 
 63.62 
 54.09 
 50.31 
 41.83 
 3J.69 
 40.83 
 106.91 
 
 2935.63 
 2328.04 
 2666.18 
 2512.67 
 2501.81 
 2224.52 
 2221.03 
 2449.00 
 
 .6404 
 
 .6481 
 .6021 
 .6053 
 .5885 
 .5237 
 .5398 
 .7443
 
 344 
 
 Tait Wheel. 
 
 Sent by Thomas Tait, Rochester, JK F. 
 
 36-inch wheel. 
 
 This wheel discharged downward. It had thick cast iron buckets, left squr 
 t the edge, between the hoop and crown plate. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 15. Oct. 17, 1879. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 18.25 
 
 18.27 
 18 26 
 
 1125 
 550 
 560 
 
 000 
 156.5 
 154 
 
 000 
 39.12 
 39 20 
 
 1685.09 
 1614.60 
 1618 97 
 
 000 
 
 .7022 
 7021 
 
 
 
 18.25 
 18 25 
 
 570 
 580 
 
 152.5 
 151 5 
 
 39.51 
 39 94 
 
 1622.16 
 16' 7 7 35 
 
 .7066 
 .7119 
 
 || 
 
 18.25 
 1825 
 
 590 
 600 
 
 150 
 147.5 
 
 40.22 
 4022 
 
 1633.73 
 1640.13 
 
 .7142 
 
 .7109 
 
 | 
 
 18 25 
 
 610 
 
 146 2 
 
 40 50 
 
 1643 33 
 
 7149 
 
 4 
 
 18.24 
 
 
 144 7 
 
 40.77 
 
 1643.33 
 
 .7202 
 
 
 
 18 24 
 
 630 
 
 142 5 
 
 40 81 
 
 1656 15 
 
 7153 
 
 1 
 
 18.24 
 
 650 
 
 139 
 
 41.06 
 
 1665.78 
 
 .7154 
 
 : : : : : 
 
 18.22 
 18.21 
 18 20 
 
 700 
 
 750 
 800 
 
 133 
 125 
 
 42.31 
 42.61 
 
 1694.78 
 1720.68 
 1749 96 
 
 .7271 
 
 .7200 
 
 
 18 30 
 
 500 
 
 158 3 
 
 35 97 
 
 1485 61 
 
 .7005 
 
 
 18.30 
 18.29 
 18.29 
 18.33 
 18 32 
 
 515 
 530 
 545 
 500 
 515 
 
 156 
 
 152.5 
 149.7 
 152 
 149 2 
 
 36.82 
 36.73 
 37.11 
 34.54 
 34 92 
 
 1494.94 
 1507.41 
 1516.78 
 1420.78 
 1426 92 
 
 .7126 
 .7053 
 .6921 
 .7022 
 .7074 
 
 :': : : : : : 
 
 18.37 
 18.37 
 18.42 
 18.43 
 18.49 
 
 450 
 480 
 430 
 400 
 350 
 
 153.5 
 147.5 
 146 
 152.5 
 145 
 
 31.40 
 32.18 
 28.53 
 27.72 
 23.06 
 
 1293.67 
 1311.62 
 1196.28 
 1173.01 
 1011.04 
 
 .6996 
 .7071 
 .6854 
 .6788 
 .6530 
 
 ii ii 
 
 18.50 
 18.56 
 18.56 
 
 320 
 250 
 270 
 
 155 
 
 157 
 147.5 
 
 22.54 
 17.84 
 18.10 
 
 994.39 
 848.19 
 848.19 
 
 .6487 
 .6000 
 .6080
 
 345 
 
 TAIT ( Continued ). 
 
 Another wheel, similar to the first, but the edge of the buckets had bcci 
 finished "quarter round." It was tested in the same curb as the first. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev pe 
 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 18.18 
 
 550 
 
 158.3 
 
 39.57 
 
 1779.38 
 
 .6476 
 
 
 18.17 
 18 17 
 
 575 
 600 
 
 155 
 150 
 
 40.51 
 40.90 
 
 1782. f6 
 1818 84 
 
 .6620 
 .6553 
 
 
 
 18.16 
 
 625 
 
 148 
 
 42^04 
 
 1838.66 
 
 .6667 
 
 it *f 
 
 18.16 
 
 650 
 
 144 
 
 42.54 
 
 1845.26 
 
 .6722 
 
 . . '. 
 
 18.15 
 
 675 
 
 140.5 
 
 43.11 
 
 1871.83 
 
 .6718 
 
 " 
 
 18.14 
 
 700 
 
 136 
 
 43.27 
 
 1888.48 
 
 .6687 
 
 " 
 
 IS 13 
 
 725 
 
 133.5 
 
 43.99 
 
 1905.18 
 
 .6743 
 
 i. 
 
 18 13 
 
 750 
 
 129.5 
 
 44.14 
 
 1911.87 
 
 .6742 
 
 (i a 
 
 18.13 
 
 775 
 
 125 
 
 44.03 
 
 1918.57 
 
 .6701 
 
 < ti 
 
 18.11 
 
 800 
 
 121.5 
 
 44.18 
 
 1938.71 
 
 .6663 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 18.18 
 18.19 
 
 600 
 
 575 
 
 146.2 
 150 
 
 39.87 
 39 20 
 
 1802.36 
 1749 96 
 
 .6562 
 .6520 
 
 ii 
 
 18.25 
 
 470 
 
 160.5 
 
 34.28 
 
 1601.88 
 
 .6208 
 
 H 
 
 18.24 
 
 500 
 
 155 
 
 35.22 
 
 1615.78 
 
 .6327 
 
 i* 
 
 18.23 
 
 530 
 
 150.2 
 
 36.18 
 
 1637.00 
 
 .6419 
 
 
 18.28 
 
 470 
 
 151.5 
 
 3236 
 
 1504.29 
 
 .6231 
 
 i 
 
 18.35 
 
 410 
 
 151.7 
 
 28.27 
 
 1341 69 
 
 .6079 
 
 i 
 
 18.43 
 
 350 
 
 149.8 
 
 23.83 
 
 1170.11 
 
 .5850 
 
 
 18.50 
 
 2)5 
 
 150.2 
 
 18.09 
 
 972.31 
 
 .5324 
 
 
 18.55 
 
 240 
 
 143.5 
 
 1565 
 
 850.80 
 
 .5250 
 
 i 
 
 18.52 
 
 270 
 
 145 
 
 17 79 
 
 934.03 
 
 .5445 
 
 ' 
 
 18.53 
 
 250 
 
 150 
 
 17.04 
 
 924.88 
 
 .5264 
 
 econd test of the No. 1 Tait wheel, the buckets having been " chipped" bark 
 tn e-eighths of an inch, and edges rounded on front side, so as to leave them 
 sh -p on back side, between the hoop and crown plate. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 1828 
 
 700 
 
 144.5 
 
 45.98 
 
 1710.11 
 
 .7787 
 
 *' " * . * 
 
 18.27 
 
 725 
 
 140 
 
 46.13 
 
 1719.83 
 
 .7772 
 
 f< (( 
 
 18.32 
 
 675 
 
 148.7 
 
 45.63 
 
 1697.18 
 
 .7771 
 
 If it 
 
 18.31 
 
 650 
 
 151.5 
 
 44.76 
 
 1687.50 
 
 .7670 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 18.34 
 
 650 
 
 144.7 
 
 42.75 
 
 1610.69 
 
 .7663 
 
 
 18.36 
 
 600 
 
 153.5 
 
 41.86 
 
 1579.00 
 
 .7645 
 
 * <* 
 
 18.39 
 
 600 
 
 145.5 
 
 39.68 
 
 1509.92 
 
 .7566 
 
 < 
 
 18.40 
 
 580 
 
 149 
 
 39.28 
 
 1500.57 
 
 .7533 
 
 (( 
 
 1845 
 
 525 
 
 150 
 
 35.79 
 
 1380.58 
 
 .7440 
 
 < 
 
 18.50 
 
 475 
 
 145.2 
 
 31.56 
 
 1248.86 
 
 .7230 
 
 
 18.50 
 
 450 
 
 152 
 
 31.09 
 
 1240.00 
 
 .7176 
 
 *< 
 
 18.57 
 
 350 
 
 157.2 
 
 25.01 
 
 1161.43 
 
 .6717 
 
 ** 
 
 18.57 
 
 375 
 
 150.5 
 
 25.65 
 
 1067.07 
 
 .6853 
 
 i< 
 
 18.66 
 
 300 
 
 141.5 
 
 19.29 
 
 869.71 
 
 .6293 
 
 < 
 
 18.67 
 
 270 
 
 151.2 
 
 18.55 
 
 843.22 
 
 .6238 
 
 Full Gate 
 
 18.28 
 
 750 
 
 135 
 
 46.02 
 
 1742.56 
 
 .7648
 
 To the Engineer^ making Hydro-Dynamic E.rperimfn-fx for Water Poictr Co., 
 
 Ho! yoke, J/rtw. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : The wheel which we had tested by you was an experimental 
 one, differing somewhat from the others heretofore tested, and from what we 
 furnish our customers. The results you obtained did not warrant us in continu- 
 ing its manufacture, so it has been abandoned, and we have returned to our 
 onginal plans represented above. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 SULLIVAN MACHINE CO. 
 Nov. 14, 1879. C. B. RICE, Treas. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 Cent 
 
 Whole Gate. . . . . . 
 
 18.38 
 18.38 
 1838 
 
 350 
 375 
 400 
 
 250 
 237 
 2-24 
 
 39.77 
 40.36 
 40.72 
 
 1508.19 
 1511.29 
 1513.29 
 
 .7596 
 .7692 
 .7762 
 
 ii 
 
 18 38 
 
 425 
 
 210 5 
 
 40.66 
 
 1505.09 
 
 .7781 
 
 If 
 
 18 38 
 
 450 
 
 196 
 
 40 09 
 
 1502 00 
 
 7689 
 
 
 
 18 39 
 
 390 
 
 227.5 
 
 40.32 
 
 1502.00 
 
 .7727 
 
 
 
 18 33 
 
 410 
 
 217 
 
 40 44 
 
 1498 89 
 
 7772 
 
 Pa t Gate 
 
 18.44 
 18.20 
 18 21 
 
 350 
 300 
 275 
 
 2235 
 199 
 216 
 
 35.51 
 27.H 
 27 00 
 
 1361.62 
 I144.6d 
 1138 96 
 
 .7488 
 .6894 
 892 
 
 . : : : : 
 
 18.21 
 18.39 
 18 39 
 
 260 
 200 
 175 
 
 223.5 
 204 
 2->5 
 
 26.41 
 18.54 
 17 89 
 
 1138 96 
 917.76 
 917 75 
 
 .6741 
 
 .5818 
 5613 
 
 II 
 
 18.53 
 18.70 
 
 125 
 
 275 
 
 222 
 2-25 
 
 12.61 
 23.12 
 
 761.30 
 117621 
 
 .4733 
 .6769
 
 347 
 Houston Wheel. 
 
 I, sent by one who had purchased the wheel. 
 
 <*r"^ 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 15. Nov. 28, 1879 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev pei 
 
 Horse 
 
 Cubic 
 
 Per 
 
 14.07 
 
 550 
 
 165.8 
 
 41.45 
 
 1944.61 
 
 .8022 
 
 14.05 
 
 600 
 
 155 
 
 42.27 
 
 1944.61 
 
 .812 
 
 14.04 
 
 625 
 
 140.2 
 
 4-2.38 
 
 1946.63 
 
 .8166 
 
 14.05 
 
 650 
 
 143 
 
 42 25 
 
 1956.67 
 
 .8129 
 
 14.01 
 
 075 
 
 138 
 
 42.30 
 
 1964.81 
 
 .8135 
 
 14.11 
 
 9S& 
 
 140.2 
 
 41.53 
 
 1918.46 
 
 .8121 
 
 13.62 
 
 600 
 
 136.5 
 
 36.95 
 
 1812.81 
 
 .7925 
 
 13.66 
 
 
 142 
 
 37.11 
 
 1818.75 
 
 .7907 
 
 14.15 
 
 600 
 
 136.5 
 
 31.02 
 
 1635.19 
 
 .7099 
 
 14.29 
 
 450 
 
 149.2 
 
 30.51 
 
 1623.66 
 
 .6960 
 
 13.85 
 
 250 
 
 136 
 
 15.45 
 
 1223.47 
 
 .4827 
 
 13.68 
 
 225 
 
 146.5 
 
 14.98 
 
 1202.14 
 
 .3869 
 
 14.58 
 
 120 
 
 139 
 
 7.58 
 
 922.81 
 
 2983 
 
 14.45 
 
 120 
 
 142 
 
 7.74 
 
 939.37 
 
 .3019 
 
 1428 
 
 120 
 
 148.5 
 
 8.10 
 
 964.36 
 
 .3114 
 
 Sherwood Wheel. 
 
 20-inch wheel. 
 
 Downward discharge, similar to the Risdon, with plain cylinder gate ; had been 
 in use two years; was sent for the purpose of ascertaining the efficiency of the 
 
 plan. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 10. Oct. 7, 1879. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 18.31 
 18.32 
 18.32 
 18 31 
 
 260 
 270 
 280 
 250 
 
 248.2 
 242.2 
 230 
 
 19.55 
 19.81 
 19.51 
 19 63 
 
 835.13 
 848.37 
 84837 
 848.37 
 
 .6769 
 
 .6748 
 .6647 
 .6692 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 .18.36 
 18.41 
 
 260 
 
 250 
 
 248 
 212 
 
 19.53 
 16.70 
 
 805.01 
 746 59 
 
 .6996 
 .6432 
 
 " ! ! 1 ! ! 
 
 18.4:; 
 
 18.43 
 18.43 
 18.43 
 
 225 
 245 
 235 
 230 
 
 255 
 231.5 
 243 
 251 
 
 17.38 
 17.18 
 17.30 
 17.49 
 
 756.00 
 754.42 
 754.42 
 754.42 
 
 .6606 
 .6543 
 .6588 
 .6608
 
 348 
 
 Royer Wheel. 
 
 24-incf^ wheel, sent by ]!. li. Royer, Ephr*ta t f. 
 
 Downward discharge, 
 
 ii{? 1-1* 
 
 gate. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 10. Dec. 5, 1879. 
 
 Gate opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev pel- 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Pei- 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 18.05 
 
 225 
 
 277 5 
 
 1892 
 
 829.98 
 
 .6686 
 
 
 18.02 
 18.00 
 17.98 
 17.97 
 
 250 
 275 
 300 
 325 
 
 261 
 219.5 
 238 
 227.5 
 
 19.77 
 20.80 
 21.63 
 22.41 
 
 840.29 
 854.88 
 867.91 
 
 877.72 
 
 .6313 
 .7158 
 .7339 
 .7184 
 
 : : : : : 
 
 17.95 
 17.93 
 
 17.95 
 
 350 
 375 
 400 
 340 
 
 213.7 
 198.5 
 181.2 
 220 5 
 
 22.66 
 22.49 
 21.96 
 22 71 
 
 889.19 
 897.41 
 905.66 
 885.91 
 
 .7517 
 .7400 
 .7161 
 .7562 
 
 ii 
 
 17.95 
 
 360 
 
 206.5 
 
 22.52 
 
 890.83 
 
 .7456 
 
 Gate closed 4 turns. . . 
 " 4 " . . 
 * - " 8 " 
 "8 
 ' "12 ' . . 
 12 .. 
 16 . . 
 ' 16 .. 
 ' 20 . . 
 20 . . 
 24 . . 
 
 17.96 
 17.96 
 17.95 
 17.96 
 17.96 
 17.97 
 18.03 
 18.02 
 18.15 
 18.15 
 18.30 
 
 325 
 340 
 325 
 315 
 300 
 290 
 250 
 235 
 175 
 165 
 75 
 
 228 
 207.5 
 216.7 
 223 
 215 
 222 
 211 
 223 
 214 
 222.5 
 226 
 
 82.46 
 
 21.37 
 21.34 
 21.28 
 19.54 
 19.50 
 15.98 
 15.88 
 11.35 
 11.25 
 5.14 
 
 885.91 
 885.91 
 897.41 
 8-J5.96 
 8S4.27 
 879.35 
 812.90 
 798.48 
 683.14 
 079.54 
 529.35 
 
 .7471 
 .7595 
 .7014 
 .7003 
 .6514 
 .6519 
 .5772 
 .5843 
 .4847 
 .4828 
 .2745
 
 349 
 
 Monarch Wheel. 
 
 Kent by Albred & Koellscli, Itandlema-n Mf'g Co., High Point, N. C. 
 
 Three wheels, placed one above the other, the middle wheel being loose on 
 nhaft, but being bolted firmly to the curb arranged in this manner that it might 
 act as chutes to the lower wheel. Chutes and gates to upper wheel similar to the 
 Leffel, but so very leaky as to be anything but creditable to the workmanship. 
 
 HIGH POINT, N. C., August 15, 1S79. 
 W. A. CHASE, ESQ., 
 
 Dear Sir: I have a turbine water wheel, finished ; size, sixteen inches a new 
 invention, which has not been tested except by myself. It will use the water 
 twice, and increases the power one-quarter over any wheel known. My 16-inch 
 wheel run over eight horse power, under nine foot head, with 34 square inches 
 discharge. As the test is open to all wheels, I would be pleased to send on my 
 wheel to you, under such rule and regulations an you desire, for a test with 
 other wheels. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 II. L. KOELLSCH. 
 
 The letter of Mr. Koellsch is given as the best means of introducing his 
 device and ideas; also, as a sample of hundreds of other letters received of the 
 same tenor. 
 
 During the past few years many patents have been issued for devices known 
 to be perfectly worthless by those acquainted with the subjects to which they 
 belong. Particularly has this been the case in turbine plans. It is hardly possible 
 to conceive of a device, no matter how absurd, that has not been tried in the
 
 350 
 
 hopes of circumventing nature in its claim for friction and waste, or, what is 
 more generally the case, hopingto achieve " perpetual motion " through a double 
 use of the same fall of water. Boyden's "Diffuser," or the " Double Turbines " 
 of Wynkoop, Leffel, or any other make, have proved equally fallacious. The 
 highest results have been obtained from the f-ingle, simple plans. As the most 
 effective means of presenting this fact to Mr. Kocllsch, the Monarch was first 
 tested in the combined form designed. The results may be seen in the first table 
 below. Then the lower wheel C and chutes B were removed and the wheel A 
 alone tested ; results obtained in the lowest table. Whenever the efficiency of a 
 single turbine is increased by the addition of a second wheel or diffuser beneath, 
 it may safely be concluded that the upper wheel i* defective. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 10. Nov. 15, 1879. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 Cent 
 
 Whole G' te 
 
 
 
 265 5 
 
 6 09 
 
 
 
 
 18.49 
 18 49 
 
 85 
 
 250 
 
 288 3 
 
 6.40 
 
 6 86 
 
 423.60 
 407 Ytj 
 
 .4326 
 4592 
 
 '.'.'.'.'. 
 
 18.51 
 18.51 
 18.51 
 18 51 
 
 103 
 
 120 
 130 
 140 
 
 223 
 
 207.5 
 172 
 
 182 
 
 7.06 
 7.51 
 7.56 
 
 7 72 
 
 429.1 1 
 423.U 
 429.14 
 430 50 
 
 .4708 
 .5025 
 .5007 
 5135 
 
 Gate closed 5 turns. . . 
 " 10 " 
 
 ' 15 " .' '. 
 
 18.51 
 18.51 
 18.51 
 18.52 
 18.53 
 18.52 
 18.55 
 18.56 
 18.67 
 18.65 
 
 150 
 130 
 135 
 135 
 135 
 140 
 130 
 140 
 75 
 95 
 
 166 
 19-1.5 
 187 
 187 
 193.7 
 187 
 194.5 
 179.5 
 152.6 
 184 
 
 7.51 
 7.66 
 7.65 
 7.65 
 7.92 
 7.90 
 7.66 
 7.61 
 3.46 
 5.29 
 
 433.2-1 
 
 430.50 
 430.50 
 429. 14 
 418.19 
 415.47 
 383.11 
 376.41 
 242.80 
 232.24 
 
 .4978 
 .5095 
 .5087 
 .5096 
 .5411 
 .54S6 
 .5706 
 .5767 
 .4135 
 .5139 
 
 After the above tests 
 removed. 
 
 *re made, the lower wheel and set of chutes wen 
 Test of upper wheel A. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 18.32 
 18.33 
 18 34 
 
 130 
 140 
 150 
 
 267 
 229 
 184 5 
 
 9.00 
 9.71 
 8 38 
 
 602.24 
 594.81 
 587 40 
 
 .4319 
 .4405 
 4119 
 
 Gate closed 5 turns. . . 
 
 "10 ! ! 
 " 15 '. '. 
 " 13 .' '. 
 
 18.34 
 18.35 
 18.35 
 18.37 
 18.37 
 18.38 
 18.39 
 
 130 
 140 
 130 
 140 
 130 
 140 
 130 
 
 270.3 
 ' 232.5 
 277.5 
 232.5 
 293-5 
 247.5 
 
 2ao.s 
 
 10.64 
 9.86 
 10.93 
 9.86 
 11.56 
 10.50 
 11.41 
 
 605.22 
 600.75 
 605.22 
 590.36 
 578.54 
 565.33 
 539.11 
 
 .4847 
 
 .4775 
 .5210 
 .4813 
 .5759 
 .5350 
 .5969 
 
 I 21 ; : 
 :: I? : : 
 
 13.46 
 18.47 
 18.65 
 18.62 
 
 110 
 105 
 75 
 50 
 
 267 
 235 
 263.3 
 215 
 
 5.90 
 7.47 
 5.98 
 3.25 
 
 429.14 
 401.62 
 317.65 
 212.80 
 
 .5942 
 .5292 
 .5344 
 .3806
 
 351 
 
 New American Wheel. 
 
 tl, *<nt by Stout, mils < Temple, Dayton, Ohio. 
 A 
 
 Chutes and gates complete. 
 
 Gates cut away. 
 
 Another turbine of the same size, but of increased discharge, made after the 
 test of the one recorded upon tho opposite page. The capacity of this wheel is 
 double that of the old 43-inch American with central discharge. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 20. Jan. 3, 1880. 
 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Kevperl Horse i Cubic 
 minute ! Power | Feet 
 
 Pel- 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 13.36 
 
 1650 
 
 109 
 
 109.00 ! 5823.77 
 
 .7418 
 
 
 
 13.22 
 
 1800 
 
 104.6 
 
 114.10 
 
 ;")'''' 7'i 
 
 .7715 
 
 ( n 
 
 13.00 
 
 1900 
 
 96.5 
 
 111.12 
 
 6016.59 
 
 .7471 
 
 < " 
 
 12.92 
 
 2000 
 
 90.5 
 
 109.69 
 
 6030.76 
 
 .7454 
 
 
 13.20 
 
 1750 
 
 105 
 
 111.36 
 
 r 85 7.38 
 
 .7626 
 
 
 13.21 
 
 1775 
 
 105 
 
 112.9.-) 
 
 5S62.04 
 
 .7723 
 
 * ( 
 
 13.10 
 
 1825 
 
 100 
 
 110.6:.) 
 
 5876.05 
 
 .7608 
 
 * i 
 
 13.06 
 
 1850 
 
 99 
 
 111.0:) 
 
 5885.39 
 
 .7647 
 
 * * 
 
 13.11 
 
 1800 
 
 101 
 
 110.18 
 
 5871.38 
 
 .7578 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 13.47 
 
 1700 
 
 101.5 
 
 104.57 
 
 5685.60 
 
 .7231 
 
 
 13.48 
 
 1750 
 
 106.5 
 
 112.95 
 
 5722.61 
 
 .7752 
 
 <i 
 
 13.70 
 
 1700 
 
 10S.5 
 
 111.78 
 
 5574.9!) 
 
 .7749 
 
 <t 
 
 12.45 
 
 1750 
 
 '.Hi..', 
 
 102.34 
 
 5414.85 
 
 .7855 
 
 
 1 62 
 
 1700 
 
 97 
 
 99.93 
 
 5278 71 
 
 7943 
 
 1, 
 
 13.22 
 
 1500 
 
 112.3 
 
 102.03 
 
 5031.86 
 
 .8126 
 
 it 
 
 13.20 
 
 1550 
 
 107.5 
 
 100.98 
 
 5054.15 
 
 .8014 
 
 
 12.95 
 
 1700 
 
 100 
 
 103.03 
 
 5211.04 
 
 .8083 
 
 ft 
 
 13.10 
 
 1350 
 
 106 
 
 86.72 
 
 4462.82 
 
 .7853 
 
 " 
 
 13.34 
 
 1400 
 
 102 
 
 86.54 
 
 4351.51 
 
 .7893 
 
 
 13.17 
 
 1450 
 
 101 
 
 88.75 
 
 4441.35 
 
 .8034 
 
 
 14.40 
 
 1200 
 
 107.8 
 
 78.40 
 
 3823.42 
 
 .7716 
 
 " 
 
 13.07 
 
 1150 
 
 99 
 
 69.00 
 
 3637.22 
 
 .7685 
 
 
 13.08 
 
 850 
 
 10.2 
 
 52.84 
 
 2963.38 
 
 .7177 
 
 Betest of the same, having cut the wings A of gates off. This change wasmade 
 for the purpose of ascertaining whether those wings had an injurious effect 
 upon the efficiency of the wheel when the gates were opened in fu.l. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 13.02 
 13.19 
 13.20 
 13.31 
 
 17SO 
 1800 
 1850 
 1700 
 
 102.5 
 102 
 100 
 106.5 
 
 108.63 
 111.27 
 112.12 
 109.72 
 
 5829.43 
 5852.72 
 5862.04 
 5806.15 
 
 .7450 
 .7631 
 .7671 
 .7517 
 
 Part Gate. ',.'... 
 Whole Gate. '.'.'.'.'. 
 
 13.17 
 14.15 
 13.14 
 13.10 
 
 1900 
 1700 
 1700 
 2000 
 
 98 
 107 
 98.5 
 92 
 
 112.XI 
 110.24 
 101.48 
 
 111.51 
 
 5876.05 
 5:;s:j.oi 
 5233.57 
 5946.20 
 
 .7721 
 .7668 
 .7814 
 .7577
 
 352 
 Royer Wheel. 
 
 24-inch, wheel, sent by R. R. Royer, Ephrata, P. 
 
 After the test of the flist wheel, Mr. Royer returned lu.me and prepared the one 
 here reported. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 10. March 9, 1880. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev pei 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 Cent 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 17.86 
 17.79 
 17 76 
 
 655 
 325 
 350 
 
 000 
 235.7 
 227 
 
 000 
 23.03 
 24 07 
 
 978.04 
 890.33 
 004 95 
 
 000 
 .76C8 
 7929 
 
 4 
 
 17.74 
 
 375 
 
 212 5 
 
 24 14 
 
 91800 
 
 
 
 
 17.70 
 17.69 
 
 400 
 425 
 
 198.5 
 185.5 
 
 24.0(5 
 2389 
 
 929.47 
 931.97 
 
 .7744 
 .7673 
 
 
 
 17.70 
 17.70 
 
 340 
 350 
 
 229.5 
 226.5 
 
 23.64 
 24.02 
 
 901.69 
 904.95 
 
 .7843 
 .7636 
 
 t 
 
 17.69 
 
 360 
 
 222 5 
 
 24.27 
 
 908.21 
 
 .8000 
 
 ( 
 
 17 73 
 
 370 
 
 217 5 
 
 24 3S 
 
 913 11 
 
 7974 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 17.73 
 17.77 
 17.80 
 
 17.82 
 17.84 
 17.86 
 17 90 
 
 370 
 370 
 360 
 350 
 
 350 
 330 
 300 
 
 215 
 207.6 
 215 
 219.5 
 206 
 219.5 
 215 7 
 
 24.10 
 23.27 
 23.4.5 
 23.28 
 21.84 
 21.95 
 19 60 
 
 918.00 
 922.91 
 922.91 
 620.64 
 909.84 
 904.95 
 880 61 
 
 .7512 
 .7733 
 .7514 
 .7124 
 .7191 
 6434 
 
 
 
 17.92 
 17.95 
 17.97 
 17.98 
 18.01 
 18.02 
 
 290 
 250 
 270 
 250 
 225 
 215 
 
 223 
 225 
 212.5 
 187 
 207.5 
 216 
 
 19.5'J 
 17.01 
 17.38 
 14.16 
 14.14 
 14.07 
 
 869.32 
 815.05 
 818.18 
 769.47 
 750.83 
 746.19 
 
 .6658 
 .6269 
 .6258 
 .5418 
 .5536 
 .5541 
 
 
 1809 
 18 13 
 
 150 
 145 
 
 216 
 224 
 
 9.81 
 
 9 84 
 
 640.16 
 632 75 
 
 .4485 
 .4541 
 
 . . . . 
 
 18.17 
 18.17 
 
 125 
 115 
 
 201 
 209 
 
 7.61 
 7.28 
 
 574.35 
 567.16 
 
 .3861 
 .3740 
 
 
 
 18.17 
 18 25 
 
 105 
 
 75 
 
 217 
 191 
 
 6.60 
 4 34 
 
 562.85 
 478 59 
 
 .3417 
 2630 
 
 
 
 18.25 
 
 60 
 
 210 
 
 3.8'2 
 
 467.64 
 
 .2370 
 
 < " 
 
 18.27 
 
 50 
 
 222 
 
 3.37 
 
 462.18 
 
 .2113
 
 353 
 Cyclonic Turbine. 
 
 More than ordinary pains was taken to obtain a decisive trial of 
 this device, not from any belief in its superior efficiency, but be- 
 cause cyclonic minds, .llled with vorticose ideas, are far more abun- 
 dant than is generally realized, not only with the illiterate but 
 quite as plentifully with the educated, the turbine user as well as 
 builder. The cyclone, tin; whirlpool and centrifugal force have 
 been harped upon in connection with .urbine building since the 
 conception of that business. Uriah A. Boyden and the author of 
 the cyclonic alike trying to profit 'hereby, to ^ain something from 
 nothing. It should be plain to any level headed person that to 
 produce a centrifugal force of one hundred ounds, a somewhat 
 greater force must !>e expended lo do it. Were the reverse the case, 
 then "perpetual motion " would not only ;3 possible, but would be 
 very philosophical. The following explanation and description is 
 by the author : 
 
 The laws that govern tlio action of this wheel, as it name implies, is copied 
 from Niituiv, and is founded on the principles and l.iws that govern '.he rotary 
 mo-ion of the Cyclone the great motor engine of i.ur atmosphere. It is a well 
 known fact in meteorology, that all storms, from the smallest whirlwind to 
 the most extended cyclone, are translated along their course in a rapid vorti- 
 cose mttion, revolving around its axis, which is the point of lowest barometer. 
 Imnvd ; ately the vapor jadcned air ru-hing along the earth's surface from points 
 of high birometer, ri-e in spirals till they reach the cooler currents of the upper 
 atmosphere, and there r.ipidlv condense into clouds and rain, setting free the 
 latent heat produced hy condensation and greatly expanding the surrounding 
 atmosphere and correspondingly increasing the point of low barometer. This 
 rapid rotary in >tion calls into play the centripetal and centrifugal forces, and they, 
 acting almost equally in apposite directions, and on both sides of the whirling air, 
 it escapes spira ly upwards with the power of both forces combined. It is the 
 upward, twisting vorticose motion that makes the tornado the most destructive 
 engine that comes within onr experience, and as nature ever follows the line of 
 least resistance, so it must be the most perfect and powerful mechanical 
 contrivance with which we are acquainted air and water in motion being gov- 
 erned by the same laws, with the exception that air is compressible and elastic-
 
 354 
 
 In order to meet the differences, I have made the upper part of my wheel i 
 large air chamber, then, as the water comes up into the wheel, instead of 
 striking an iron plate, it strikes a column of confined air, and by the force of 
 elasticity, it is- thrown back upon the wheel without loss of power and escapes 
 horizontally at the perimeter of the wheel thus doiug away with most of the 
 impact and friction which seems to be a necessity lo most other wheels. The 
 claims th.it I have got allowed are, first, the air chamber, which is described as 
 spherical, surmounting the wheel; second, a scroll shaped flume, with a central 
 aperture through the top plate corresponding to one in the lower section of the 
 wheel. The water enters the flume and is made to assume a vortical or cyclonic 
 motion before it reaches the wheel, so that the wheel does not have to expend 
 the power in changing a direct motion of the water column to a rotary or spiral 
 one, but it gains in power from the application of the cyclonic motion, which 
 the water IMS gained in passing through the flume, so that the wheel gets not 
 only the head pressure but th it due to the acquired centrifugal motion. The 
 value of this wheel seems to be, first, in rapid whirlpool motion before it 
 touches the wheel, and consequently does not have to perform that labor; sec- 
 ond, its great velocity of revolution; third, the water coining in at the center 
 and flowing outward makes the most of centrifugal force, which force is addi- 
 tional to head pressure, and will increase in proportion to the square of its 
 velocity; fourth, a small wheel will do as much work as others two or three 
 sizes larger, because the pressure, being greater, will discharge more water 
 through the same vent with corresponding power. 
 
 24-inch wheel ; six outlets, each 2g inches square. 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 10. March 10, 1880. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent 
 
 Whole Gate .... 
 
 17 10 
 
 ''00 
 
 000 
 
 00 
 
 307 20 
 
 000 
 
 
 16.98 
 
 50 
 
 380 
 
 5.75 
 
 459.87 
 
 .3900 
 
 
 
 17.03 
 17 02 
 
 75 
 100 
 
 299 
 204 
 
 6.70 
 6 18 
 
 428.46 
 392 '*> 
 
 .4861 
 4901 
 
 " 
 
 17.00 
 17 00 
 
 60 
 70 
 
 321 5 
 
 6.40 
 6 81 
 
 443.41 
 437 96 
 
 .4495 
 4842 
 
 <* (4 
 
 17.00 
 
 80 
 
 288.5 
 
 6.99 
 
 425.77 
 
 .5113 
 
 If t( 
 
 17 00 
 
 90 
 
 252.5 
 
 6.88 
 
 409 61 
 
 5231 
 
 t< K ' 
 
 17 00 
 
 85 
 
 266 5 
 
 6 86 
 
 406 93 
 
 5250 
 
 <t 
 
 17.00 
 
 85 
 
 247 
 
 6.36 
 
 384 36 
 
 5153 
 
 (( <( 
 
 17 00 
 
 75 
 
 290 
 
 6 59 
 
 402 92 
 
 5094 
 
 - " ' ' ' : : 
 
 17.00 
 17.00 
 
 65 
 50 
 
 323.5 
 195 
 
 6.37 
 2.95 
 
 420.36 
 268.93 
 
 .4719 
 .3416 
 
 Another test of same wheel, the outlets being enlarged to 2J inches square. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 16.93 
 16.80 
 16 80 
 
 230 
 75 
 85 
 
 000 
 322.5 
 
 289 5 
 
 0.00 
 7.32 
 7 45 
 
 416.31 
 564.50 
 555 81 
 
 000 
 .4086 
 
 * <t 
 
 16 83 
 
 95 
 
 262 
 
 7 54 
 
 
 
 ;; :: : : : : : 
 
 16.84 
 16.80 
 16.82 
 
 105 
 
 100 
 90 
 
 235.5 
 246.5 
 
 278 
 
 7.49 
 7.46 
 
 7.58 
 
 508.69 
 515.76 
 534.23 
 
 .4630 
 .4558 
 .4466
 
 355 
 
 Mercer's Reliable Turbine. 
 
 n-het-l, ,>/. Ijij M< ,< f <r >H,n,i>in, Lancaster, Pa. 
 
 Downward discharge. Outside register gate. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 10. May 2!, 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 rfead 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 feet 
 
 Pei- 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 18.28 
 
 775 
 
 000 
 
 000 
 
 1028.77 
 
 000 
 
 * ** 
 
 18.24 
 
 350 
 
 211.6 
 
 22.42 
 
 998.95 
 
 .6514 
 
 
 18.31 
 
 360 
 
 209.5 
 
 22.85 
 
 1001.43 
 
 .6449 
 
 ' " 
 
 18.31 
 
 370 
 
 206.7 
 
 23.17 
 
 100 1.*} 
 
 .6690 
 
 * * 
 
 18.30 
 
 380 
 
 204.5 
 
 23.54 
 
 1003.91 
 
 .6784 
 
 ' *< 
 
 18.30 
 
 am 
 
 201.5 
 
 23.81 
 
 10CHi.:i9 
 
 .6845 
 
 
 18.29 
 
 400 
 
 200 
 
 24.24 
 
 1008.87 
 
 .6954 
 
 * '< 
 
 1-S.l!.! 
 
 411) 
 
 198.5 
 
 24.ISG 
 
 1011.35 
 
 .7058 
 
 (( it 
 
 18.28 
 
 420 
 
 193.5 
 
 24.62 
 
 1013.87 
 
 .7033 
 
 * < 
 
 18.29 
 
 430 
 
 189 
 
 24.62 
 
 1016.32 
 
 .7012 
 
 Part Uate 
 
 18.22 
 
 375 
 
 195 
 
 22.15 
 
 961.56 
 
 .6694 
 
 " ** 
 
 18.28 
 
 375 
 
 192.5 
 
 21.87 
 
 947.34 
 
 .6686 
 
 " " 
 
 18.36 
 
 325 
 
 198.7 
 
 19.56 
 
 896.45 
 
 .6292 
 
 " (t 
 
 18.34 
 
 275 
 
 201.5 
 
 16.79 
 
 839.22 
 
 .5775 
 
 ** " 
 
 18.25 
 
 250 
 
 210.5 
 
 15.94 
 
 836.86 
 
 .5525 
 
 * 
 
 18.50 
 
 190 
 
 207 
 
 11.91 
 
 730.07 
 
 .4668 
 
 4i ** 
 
 18.52 
 
 17") 
 
 212 
 
 11.24 
 
 723.23 
 
 .4443 
 
 
 18.57 
 
 1 :,i i 
 
 225 
 
 10.22 
 
 698.31 
 
 .4173 
 
 ' '.'.'.'.'. 
 
 18.71 
 18.71 
 
 115 
 100 
 
 197 
 212.5 
 
 6.86 
 6.44 
 
 555.72 
 551.46 
 
 .3302 
 .3304
 
 356 
 Rechard Wheel. 
 
 24-inch wheel, sent by George F. Baugher, York, Pa. 
 
 Turbine building, like the other arts, started with low beginnings, how far back 
 it is impossible to determine. Water wheel*, working upon vcitiele shafts, were 
 used centuries since. The tub wheel, with buckets made of wood, and shaped 
 substantially like those of the Jonval wheel, were the earliest in my recollection, 
 though the impact, flutter, undershot, breast and overshot were also common at 
 that time all of which were objectionable under certain conditions. Fourneyron, 
 Jonval, Parker, Boyden, and many others, attempted to produce wheels free 
 from such objections, but, in doing so, overlooked the essential feature necessary 
 to make their efforts successful.
 
 357 
 
 In supplying a mill with motive power, a surplus forremergencies is absolutely 
 necessary. The plans of the builders alluded to were generally capable of pro- 
 ducing wheels reasonably efficient, when working with the maximum supply of 
 water that would pass through their openings. Half that quantity would hardly 
 turn the wheel to speed. Consequently, with such wheels in use upon our vari- 
 
 able streams, it was necessary to have them so small that, during nine months 
 of each year, from half to three-fourths of the water would run to waste over the 
 dam, or the works must stand idle through the dry months a fact that prejudiced 
 manufacturers to such an extent that breast or overshot wheels have been dis- 
 placed with reluctance. 
 
 Mr. Rcchard, like a few other recent builders, lias worked upon a different, 
 plan, as may be seen by an examination of the tabulated results below, or in the 
 diagram connected with this report, instead of striving for high results at full 
 gate, where a turbine is seldom used unless during back water, when the quan- 
 tity used is of no account.. -He has so arranged chutes and buckets as to gain 
 his eighty-five per cent, at three-fourths gate, or at the point at which the wheel 
 is most likely to be used, instead of from thirty to sixty per cent, that would be 
 realized by the use of the Fourneyron or any of the early whole gate turbines. 
 Wheels equal to the one tested of this make arc far superior in efficiency to any 
 breast or overshot wheel that can be produced, no matter what the head may 
 be ; and such wheels cnatflc the user to get the full benefit of his stream, either 
 in its highest or lowest supply. 
 
 The results below show this wheel to he the most economical in the use of 
 water at about three-fourths discharge ; and Mr. Baugher takes the very novel 
 course of tabling the capacity of his wheels at that point, thus insuring the pur- 
 chaser not only the full power represented in the table, hut a surplus for emer- 
 gencies. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 15. June 8, 1880. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate. 
 
 18.03 
 18 05 
 
 660 
 300 
 
 000 
 
 280 5 
 
 000 
 38 25 
 
 1749.33 
 1669 66 
 
 000 
 6719 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 18.05 
 18.05 
 18.04 
 18.0U 
 18.04 
 18.02 
 1802 
 18.18 
 
 325 
 350 
 
 375 
 400 
 340 
 360 
 370 
 325 
 
 269 
 252 
 234 
 215 
 257 
 244.5 
 235.5 
 247 
 
 39.73 
 40.09 
 39.88 
 39.00 
 39.71 
 40.00 
 39.61 
 36.48 
 
 1678.15 
 1686.64 
 1703.67 
 1712.20 
 1689.48 
 1692.31 
 1695.15 
 1356.80 
 
 .6944 
 .6972 
 .6870 
 .6700 
 .6898 
 .6943 
 .6865 
 7829 
 
 
 18 22 
 
 300 
 
 255 
 
 34.77 
 
 128813 
 
 7844 
 
 <t < 
 
 18 21 
 
 325 
 
 236 5 
 
 3493 
 
 1293 38 
 
 7851 
 
 " " 
 
 18.26 
 18 28 
 
 300 
 275 
 
 255.5 
 253 
 
 34.84 
 31 62 
 
 1192.19 
 1153 92 
 
 .8481 
 7937 
 
 '' '' :::::: 
 
 18.34 
 18.38 
 18 39 
 
 250 
 225 
 225 
 
 253.5 
 253.5 
 248 
 
 28.80 
 25.92 
 23 21 
 
 1070.96 
 977.66 
 960 73 
 
 .7763 
 .7639 
 7555 
 
 :; :: : : : : : : 
 
 18.41 
 18.46 
 18.46 
 18 52 
 
 225 
 
 185 
 200 
 150 
 
 244.5 
 251.5 
 240 
 250 
 
 25.01 
 21.15 
 21.81 
 17 04 
 
 946.29 
 851.59 
 856.26 
 728 26 
 
 .7fOO 
 .7123 
 .7305 
 6689 
 
 ;; ;; 
 
 18.51 
 18 55 
 
 150 
 150 
 
 247.5 
 233 
 
 16.87 
 15 88 
 
 721.57 
 666 43 
 
 .6687 
 6800 
 
 < 
 
 18.62 
 
 100 
 
 243.5 
 
 11.06 
 
 555.61 
 
 .5662 
 
 " " '.'.'.'.'.'. 
 
 18.61 
 18.67 
 
 80 
 80 
 
 257 
 224 
 
 9.34 
 8.14 
 
 534.91 
 452.20 
 
 .4968 
 .5104
 
 358 
 
 The Economical Turbine. 
 
 24-inch wheel, sent by S. Martin, York, Pa. 
 
 BV 
 
 This turbine consisted of an upper plain downward discharge wheel above 
 one of an outward discharge. The builder declined to have a test made of the 
 upper wheel alone. 
 
 During this test, the area of aperture was 102 square inches. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 10. June 15, 1880. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 feet 
 
 Pel- 
 Cent 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 18 29 
 
 485 
 
 000 
 
 
 752 36 
 
 
 
 18.26 
 18.25 
 
 200 
 210 
 
 244.5 
 234 
 
 14.81 
 14.89 
 
 787 !09 
 
 .5446 
 .5489 
 
 
 
 18.25 
 18 27 
 
 220 
 230 
 
 225 
 'la a 
 
 15.0J 
 15 02 
 
 785.50 
 783 91 
 
 .5527 
 5552 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 18.27 
 18.27 
 18.58 
 
 240 
 260 
 
 51) 
 
 206 
 194.2 
 234.3 
 
 14.98 
 14.71 
 3.55 
 
 780.74 
 777.58 
 371.10 
 
 .5560 
 .5482 
 -27i'6 
 
 
 18.55 
 18.53 
 
 70 
 100 
 
 205.5 
 203 
 
 4.35 
 6.15 
 
 368.40 
 415.23 
 
 .S369 
 .4232 
 
 t 
 
 18.51 
 
 95 
 
 210 
 
 605 
 
 424.94 
 
 .4072 
 
 \\ \\ 
 
 18.49 
 18.48 
 
 125 
 120 
 
 201.5 
 209 
 
 7.63 
 7.60 
 
 478.63 
 481.43 
 
 .466 
 .4522 
 
 
 18.44 
 18.41 
 18.41 
 18.41 
 18.39 
 18 34 
 
 140 
 160 
 170 
 165 
 190 
 210 
 
 209.5 
 210 
 197.5 
 205.5 
 204.7 
 198 5 
 
 8.88 
 10.18 
 10.17 
 10.27 
 11.78 
 12 63 
 
 524.00 
 570.30 
 673.24 
 571.77 
 623.57 
 656 70 
 
 .4866 
 .5134 
 .5102 
 .5154 
 
 .5438 
 .5552 
 
 " " 
 
 1835 
 
 205 
 
 204.5 
 
 12.70 
 
 659.73 
 
 .5554 
 
 Second test of same wheel, area of aperture being reduced to 72 square inches. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 1S.31 
 18.01 
 18.32 
 18.33 
 18.33 
 18 33 
 
 200 
 210 
 220 
 230 
 250 
 215 
 
 231.2 
 222.5 
 212.5 
 204 
 184 
 201 5 
 
 1312 
 13.10 
 11.37 
 11.86 
 9.75 
 13 12 
 
 C,K-,.(Ki 
 681.07 
 682.60 
 682.60 
 684.13 
 638 58 
 
 .6f08 
 -CC07 
 .595 
 .5688 
 .5872 
 934 
 
 " " 
 
 18.34 
 18 39 
 
 210 
 175 
 
 206 
 214 5 
 
 13.10 
 11 37 
 
 634.07 
 590 87 
 
 .6f64 
 5541 
 
 tl 
 
 18.40 
 
 190 
 
 206 
 
 11.86 
 
 582.04 
 
 .5864 
 
 :: :: : : : : : 
 
 18.44 
 18.46 
 18.52 
 18.54 
 18.61 
 18.61 
 
 150 
 160 
 125 
 115 
 65 
 60 
 
 214.5 
 206 
 194 
 207 . 
 196 
 202 
 
 9.75 
 9.98 
 7.34 
 7.21 
 3.86 
 3.67 
 
 521.08 
 510.49 
 431.57 
 424.74 
 321.72 
 320.44 
 
 .5372 
 .EC07 
 .4862 
 .4848 
 .3413 
 .3558
 
 359 
 81 owe Wheel. 
 
 24-inch wheel, sent by E. W. Roff, Newark, N. J. 
 
 The claim for merit in this combination is u 
 
 ine claim lor merit in this combination is upon tl 
 which open two at a time, up to sixteen in all. The ph 
 chutes or buckets of a turbine, for the purpose of usiii| 
 
 i of closing a part of the 
 purpose of using the water economically 
 has been tried by all of our noted tu 
 
 the arrangement of gates , 
 
 -_-,--- r , - 3 Of US 
 
 with a partial supply or at " part gate," lias be 
 
 bine builders, and is still a favorite idea with amateurs or inexperienced person 
 interested in such matters. Walter S. Davis, of Warner, N. II., patented a plan 
 nearly identical with that of the Stowe about 1870. J. B. Case, of Bristol, Ct., 
 also, at about the same time, patented a plan the same in principle, though 
 differing in detail. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 10. June 17, 1880. 
 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Pei- 
 Cent. 
 
 16 Gates Opened. . . . 
 
 17.85 
 
 755 
 
 000 
 
 0000 
 
 1429.48 
 
 000 
 
 " ** ... 
 
 18.0') 
 
 340 
 
 276 
 
 28.43 
 
 1137.77 
 
 .7350 
 
 *' " 
 
 18.08 
 
 350 
 
 274 
 
 29.06 
 
 1139.52 
 
 .7466 
 
 K * 
 
 18.05 
 
 360 
 
 269 
 
 29.34 
 
 1150.00 
 
 .7484 
 
 *' ' ... 
 
 18.04 
 
 370 
 
 267 
 
 29.90 
 
 1158.76 
 
 .7574 
 
 " ' 
 
 38.04 
 
 380 
 
 265 
 
 30.51 
 
 1167.54 
 
 .7669 
 
 (( ( 
 
 18.05 
 
 390 
 
 260 
 
 30.72 
 
 1176.33 
 
 .7556 
 
 '* ' ... 
 
 18.05 
 
 400 
 
 255.5 
 
 30.97 
 
 1188.66 
 
 .7639 
 
 t< ( 
 
 18.02 
 
 410 
 
 253.5 
 
 31.49 
 
 1195.73 
 
 .7739 
 
 <> ( 
 
 18.01 
 
 420 
 
 247.5 
 
 31.50 
 
 1202.81 
 
 .7700 
 
 " * 
 
 18.02 
 
 430 
 
 245 
 
 31.92 
 
 1213.44 
 
 .7729 
 
 I* 
 
 18.01 
 
 450 
 
 
 32.45 
 
 1224.06 
 
 .7795 
 
 
 17.97 
 
 475 
 
 231 
 
 33.25 
 
 1256.05 
 
 .7800 
 
 
 17.95 
 
 500 
 
 221 
 
 33.45 
 
 1265.21 
 
 .7799 
 
 t* 
 
 17.94 
 
 550 
 
 202 
 
 33.66 
 
 1292.21 
 
 .7678 
 
 JU ... 
 
 18.22 
 
 300 
 
 249.3 
 
 22.66 
 
 942.03 
 
 .6989 
 
 
 18.17 
 
 325 
 
 238 
 
 23.43 
 
 968.68 
 
 .7047 
 
 8 \ \ \ 
 
 18.33 
 
 225 
 
 244 
 
 16.63 
 
 728.55 
 
 .6592 
 
 
 18.31 
 
 235 
 
 240 
 
 17.09 
 
 744.09 
 
 .6642 
 
 ( 
 
 18.31 
 
 245 
 
 233.5 
 
 17.33 
 
 753.45 
 
 .6650 
 
 6 . \ . 
 
 18.46 
 
 175 
 
 233 
 
 12.35 
 
 561.98 
 
 .6303 
 
 ** 
 
 18.43 
 
 VK 
 
 236 
 
 11.80 
 
 563.43 
 
 .6017 
 
 4 . ] \ 
 
 18.60 
 
 100 
 
 224 
 
 6.78 
 
 363.48 
 
 .5309 
 
 
 18.60 
 
 90 
 
 231 
 
 6.30 
 
 362.17 
 
 .4952 
 
 
 
 18.61 
 
 85 
 
 234.2 
 
 6.03 
 
 359.57 
 
 .4770 
 
 2 '. '. . 
 
 18.18 
 
 50 
 
 210 
 
 3.18 
 
 203.66 
 
 .4546
 
 360 
 Hard Working Gate. 
 
 To ascertain the comparative efficiency of a plain cylinder gate at 
 stages of gate opening, the following experiments were made : A 36-in( 
 
 different 
 nch Hisdon 
 
 turbine was selected for the purpose. It was one of the best, and from the same 
 patterns the 90 per cent, wheels reported of that make were made. The gate- 
 hoisting rods and geared levers were changed to the plan to be seen upon the- 
 Hunt wheel reported upon another page. As the gate raised to open, it worked 
 the other side up from what it is illustrated here and thi- four hoisting rods were 
 connected to what is represented as the bottom, running up, and in no way ob- 
 structing the chutes. In this condition the wheel was carefully tested. 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 15. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weigh 
 
 Rev pe 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 4 ( 
 4 1. 
 
 18.19 
 
 18.19 
 18 19 
 
 700 
 725 
 750 
 
 170.6 
 166 
 161 3 
 
 54.28 
 54.90 
 54 98 
 
 190.J.76 
 1972.76 
 1970 76 
 
 .8033 
 .8070 
 8120 
 
 
 
 18.18 
 18 18 
 
 775 
 800 
 
 155.6 
 150 3 
 
 54.80 
 54 6^ 
 
 1970.76 
 1979 76 
 
 ' .8099 
 8039 
 
 t it 
 
 18 18 
 
 740 
 
 163 
 
 54 82 
 
 1966 76 
 
 8118 
 
 Part Gate. ! ! ! 1 ! 
 
 18.18 
 18.19 
 18 20 
 
 760 
 760 
 
 158.2 
 152.1 
 155 
 
 54.65 
 52.54 
 52 48 
 
 1953.76 
 1901.16 
 1901 16 
 
 .8110 
 .8044 
 8030 
 
 ;; ;; ..... 
 
 18.22 
 18 25 
 
 725 
 725 
 
 159.5 
 151 
 
 52.5. 
 49 76' 
 
 1898.19 
 1824 45 
 
 .8045 
 7914 
 
 ;: : : : : 
 
 18.27 
 18.27 
 18.30 
 18.31 
 18.32 
 18.37 
 18.38 
 18 38 
 
 700 
 675 
 665 
 645 
 625 
 600 
 585 
 570 
 
 156.5 
 162.5 
 154.5 
 158 
 163.7 
 154.5 
 158.2 
 162 5 
 
 49.79 
 49.85 
 46.70 
 46.32 
 46.50 
 42.13 
 42.06 
 42 10 
 
 1818.59 
 1818.59 
 1728.38 
 1722.60 
 1713.9(5 
 1608.2?, 
 1602.5!! 
 16H5 42 
 
 .7934 
 .7944 
 .7817 
 
 .me 
 
 .7840 
 .7660 
 
 .7560 
 7554 
 
 
 
 18 42 
 
 525 
 
 155 5 
 
 37 10 
 
 1476 7 
 
 T>Q'> 
 
 : : : : : 
 
 18.42 
 18.44 
 18.49 
 
 18 49 i 
 
 510 
 495 
 450 
 435 
 
 158.8 
 162.8 
 152.5 
 155 5 
 
 36.81 
 36.63 
 31.19 
 30 74 
 
 147ij.72 
 479.48 
 
 326. S4 
 324 15 
 
 ,7Jf4 
 
 .718C 
 .67: o 
 .670!i 
 
 ii 
 
 18.50 1 
 
 415 
 
 161.2 
 
 30.40 
 
 32U4SI 
 
 .6583 
 
 \\ 
 
 18.57 
 18 57 
 
 350 
 340 
 
 156 
 159 5 
 
 24.81 
 24 65 
 
 100.69 
 160 rt'.l 
 
 .6095 
 .6055 
 
 :: : : : : : 
 
 18.57 
 18.62 
 
 330 
 300 
 
 160.5 
 143.7 
 
 24.07 
 19.59 
 
 15552 
 983.26 
 
 .5939 
 .5666
 
 361 
 
 Easier Working Gate. 
 
 Risdon Wheel. Gate. 
 
 Retest of the same wheel, the flange of the gate having l>een cut away about 
 half the length of the chutes, as represented above. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 15. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev pe 
 minuti 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Pei- 
 Cent 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 18.21 
 
 700 
 
 171 
 
 54.40 
 
 1962.74 
 
 .8058 
 
 
 18.20 
 
 725 
 
 165.7 
 
 54.60 
 
 1965.53 
 
 .8080 
 
 " 
 
 18.21 
 
 7M 
 
 162 
 
 55.22 
 
 1968 52 
 
 .8149 
 
 i 
 
 18.21 
 
 775 
 
 155.2 
 
 54.67 
 
 1965.53 
 
 .8086 
 
 " 
 
 18.21 
 
 800 
 
 149.7 
 
 54.43 
 
 1977.49 
 
 .8003 
 
 *< 
 
 1821 
 
 740 
 
 162.5 
 
 54.65 
 
 1971 51 
 
 .8058 
 
 H 
 
 18,20 
 
 76') 
 
 158.5 
 
 5475 
 
 1983.48 
 
 .8031 
 
 Part Cate 
 
 18.20 
 
 760 
 
 151.5 
 
 52 33 
 
 1911 94 
 
 7950 
 
 
 18.22 
 
 745 
 
 154.3 
 
 52.25 
 
 1908.98 
 
 .7952 
 
 " < 
 
 18.23 
 
 725 
 
 159.5 
 
 52.56 
 
 1906.02 
 
 .8008 
 
 < < 
 
 18.25 
 
 725 
 
 150.5 
 
 49.59 
 
 1835.31 
 
 .7838 
 
 " \ 
 
 18.26 
 18.26 
 
 700 
 675 
 
 155.3 
 160.5 
 
 49.41 
 49.24 
 
 1829.39 
 1826 48 
 
 .7832 
 .7817 
 
 i 
 
 18.30 
 
 665 
 
 151.3 
 
 45.73 
 
 1727.80 
 
 .7656 
 
 i 
 
 18.29 
 
 615 
 
 136 
 
 45.73 
 
 1719.16 
 
 .7700 
 
 * 
 
 18.31 
 
 625 
 
 160.6 
 
 45.62 
 
 1716.28 
 
 .7685 
 
 
 18.35 
 
 600 
 
 151 
 
 41.18 
 
 1613.65 
 
 .7363 
 
 
 18.34 
 
 585 
 
 155.2 
 
 41.26 
 
 1605.18 
 
 .7420 
 
 
 18.35 
 
 570 
 
 158 
 
 40.91 
 
 1605.18 
 
 .7352 
 
 
 18.34 
 
 555 
 
 163 
 
 41.12 
 
 1601.56 
 
 .7413 
 
 
 18.40 
 
 510 
 
 152.6 
 
 35.37 
 
 1482.40 
 
 .6865 
 
 
 18.40 
 
 495 
 
 158.7 
 
 35.70 
 
 1479.64 
 
 .6943 
 
 
 18.40 
 
 480 
 
 163 
 
 35.56 
 
 1476.88 
 
 .6928 
 
 " 
 
 18.46 
 
 430 
 
 154.6 
 
 30.11 
 
 1335.51 
 
 .6466 
 
 
 18.46 
 
 415 
 
 158.5 
 
 29.89 
 
 1330.15 
 
 .6401 
 
 it 
 
 18.47 
 
 400 
 
 163.5 
 
 29.72 
 
 1327.47 
 
 .6403 
 
 '* 
 
 18.53 
 
 340 
 
 155.6 
 
 24.04 
 
 1169.65 
 
 .5789 
 
 ii 
 
 18.54 
 
 325 
 
 160 
 
 23.63 
 
 1167.07 
 
 .5781 
 
 tt 
 
 18.53 
 
 315 
 
 163 
 
 23.33 
 
 1164.49 
 
 .5726 
 
 ' 
 
 18.60 
 
 260 
 
 155 
 
 18.31 
 
 1000.06 
 
 .5211
 
 362 
 Easy Working Gate. 
 
 Risdon 36-incti wheel. (fob . 
 
 A third test of the same wheel, the flange of tlio gate having been cut entirely 
 away, leaving a plain cylinder gate. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 15. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev pe 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Pei- 
 C'ent 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 18 23 
 
 700 
 
 177 
 
 56 3t 
 
 2120 25 
 
 7713 
 
 
 18.24 
 18.25 
 18.24 
 18.22 
 18 23 
 
 725 
 750 
 775 
 800 
 740 
 
 171.2 
 165.6 
 1605 
 154.5 
 168 
 
 56.48 
 56.75 
 56.54 
 56.18 
 56 50 
 
 2139.40 
 2139.46 
 2136.39 
 2136.39 
 2139 46 
 
 .7662 
 .7695 
 .7681 
 .7643 
 
 76C9 
 
 
 18 23 
 
 760 
 
 163 7 
 
 56 41 
 
 '136 3< 
 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 18.24 
 
 18 26 
 
 760 
 
 745 
 
 156.5 
 161 5 
 
 54.06 
 54 68 
 
 2096 50 
 2090 41 
 
 .7484 
 
 7585 
 
 < 
 
 18.24 
 
 725 
 
 165 6 
 
 54.27 
 
 2081.25 
 
 7, 'it 9 
 
 (f If 
 
 18.28 
 
 725 
 
 155 
 
 51 07 
 
 2023 49 
 
 7317 
 
 
 
 18 27 
 
 700 
 
 161 5 
 
 51 38 
 
 201 7 43 
 
 7i;80 
 
 :; : : : : 
 
 18.26 
 18.28 
 18-30 
 
 675 
 665 
 645 
 
 166.6 
 157 
 15S.5 
 
 51.12 
 47.45 
 46 46 
 
 2017.43 
 1942.20 
 1939.21 
 
 .7347 
 .7076 
 
 .6532 
 
 <i 
 
 18 2S 
 
 625 
 
 166 
 
 47 17 
 
 192> >:> 
 
 7103 
 
 it 
 
 18.30 
 
 600 
 
 155 5 
 
 42.40 
 
 1850.02 
 
 .C631 
 
 " 
 
 18.31 
 18 31 
 
 585 
 570 
 
 1585 
 163 
 
 42.14 
 42 23 
 
 1850.02 
 1844 12 
 
 .6586 
 6622 
 
 11 
 
 18 31 
 
 555 
 
 166 2 
 
 41 92 
 
 1838 22 
 
 
 
 
 1836 
 18 38 
 
 510 
 495 
 
 157.7 
 164 
 
 36.55 
 3690 
 
 1727.17 
 1727 17 
 
 .6101 
 6154 
 
 4( 
 
 18.37 
 
 480 
 
 1675 
 
 3654 
 
 1727.17 
 
 .0i7 
 
 || 
 
 18.42 
 
 430 
 
 158 
 
 31 18 
 
 1601 01 
 
 5CCO 
 
 ;: : : : 
 
 18.42 
 18.42 
 
 18.48 
 18.47 
 
 415 
 400 
 340 
 325 
 
 162.5 
 167.5 
 160 
 165 
 
 30.65 
 30.45 
 
 24.72 
 2i.37 
 
 1595.34 
 1595.34 
 1458.15 
 1455.39 
 
 .5323 
 .54H5 
 .4856 
 .4800 
 
 ;;' ;; .' '. .' .* 
 
 18.48 
 18.55 
 18.54 
 18.54 
 18 62 
 
 315 
 260 
 245 
 230 
 150 
 
 167.6 
 156.6 
 162.5 
 167.2 
 164 
 
 23.96 
 18.51 
 18.09 
 17.48 
 11 18 
 
 1455.39 
 1289.50 
 1284.16 
 1281.49 
 1083 
 
 .4717 
 .40t7 
 
 .4023 
 .3895 
 2935 
 
 
 
 18.64 
 
 140 
 
 166 
 
 10.56 
 
 1077.89 
 
 .2782
 
 363 
 
 EXPERIMENTS 
 
 WITH 
 
 Gears, Belts and Draft Tubes, 
 
 [These experiments occupied the time from March 18 to 
 April 23 inclusive.] 
 
 'In presenting these results, it is not pretended that they exhaust 
 the subjects, for such is far from being the cage, as every change 
 made, no matter how slight, caused a change in the rate of trans- 
 mission. The best results obtained are given, while the conditions 
 under which they were obtained were certainly quite as favorable 
 as gears and shafting are likely to be placed in mills. The great 
 loss in transmission through the spur gears was entirely unexpected, 
 and the experiment was repeated at intervals, during several weeks, 
 with substantially the same results at each repetition, and it would 
 seem desirable to make a more exhaustive trial by trying a greater 
 variety of gears of different make and relative proportion, and par- 
 ticularly of gears made from the same patterns, but of different 
 brands of iron. There must be some discoverable cause why one 
 gear will run without perceptible wear for years, when another, put 
 in to replace it, cuts out in a day or two. So of water wheel steps, 
 where two wheels, seemingly alike, placed in the same pit, with one 
 the step lasts for years, while the other requires anew one monthly. 
 Is there not some property in the iron that causes such different 
 effects? At any rate, it is hardly worth while to spend time, brains 
 and money in efforts to produce turbines and other engines of the 
 highest efficiency, unless corresponding efforts are made to transmit 
 a reasonable proportion of such efficiency. 
 
 To find the loss of power in transmission through gears, and the 
 loss by use of draft tubes, the highest efficiency in each case must 
 be compared with that of the 15-inch Victor wheel reported upon 
 the next page.
 
 364 
 Victor Turbine. 
 
 5 inches in Mamtter. Price, $250. 
 
 This wheel was in use several weeks to make the following gear, draft tube 
 ind belt experiments. The results below show the efficiency of the wheel. 
 Data for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 10. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 17.98 
 17 97 
 
 310 
 320 
 
 323.2 
 300 5 
 
 30.36 
 29 13 
 
 981.15 
 981.15 
 
 .9111 
 
 .8747 
 
 I (( 
 
 17 97 
 
 290 
 
 348 5 
 
 30 62 
 
 974 47 
 
 9258 
 
 * <C 
 
 17.98 
 
 290 
 
 347.5 
 
 30.53 
 
 972.80 
 
 .9242 
 
 
 18.00 
 17.98 
 
 280 
 300 
 300 
 
 355 
 337.3 
 331 
 
 30.12 
 30.66 
 30 09 
 
 969.47 
 977.81 
 972.80 
 
 .9139 
 .9234 
 .9102 
 
 
 17 99 
 
 290 
 
 345 
 
 30 31 
 
 972 80 
 
 9174 
 
 " ' 
 
 18.00 
 17 99 
 
 300 
 290 
 
 334.5 
 334 
 
 30.40 
 29 35 
 
 972.80 
 971.13 
 
 .9191 
 
 8896 
 
 ( 
 
 1799 
 
 275 
 
 339 
 
 2825 
 
 962.82 
 
 .8634 
 
 <( t 
 
 18 02 
 
 260 
 
 331 5 
 
 26 11 
 
 901 88 
 
 8506 
 
 If < 
 
 18 03 
 
 2)0 
 
 338 5 
 
 25 64 
 
 897 00 
 
 8394 
 
 (t i 
 
 18.09 
 
 230 
 
 331 2 
 
 23 08 
 
 820 67 
 
 .8231 
 
 < 
 
 18 09 
 
 225 
 
 339 5 
 
 23 14 
 
 808 53 
 
 8376 
 
 " ' 
 
 18.20 
 18 38 
 
 175 
 105 
 
 339 
 334 
 
 17.97 
 10 62 
 
 695.06 
 482 59 
 
 .7538 
 6345 
 
 
 
 18.41 
 
 95 
 
 340 
 
 9.78 
 
 460.56 
 
 .6108 
 
 Re-test of the wheel some weeks later, several alterations having been made. 
 
 Whole Gate. 
 
 | 17.94 | 285 
 
 30.40 | 981.46 | .9141 
 
 The results obtained from a 23-inch Boyden wheel, price $500, tested in the 
 same place and under precisely the same conditions is here given. The Boyden 
 wheel, however, ha<l a sort of flanged gate specially fitted for the trial. With the 
 ordinary gate, the results are shown in the lowest table. Made at Ames Works. 
 
 Best Whole Gate. . . . 
 Part Gate 
 
 18.16 
 18.14 
 18.29 
 
 195 
 155 
 
 75 
 
 263.5 
 264 
 
 15.21 
 12.35 
 6.00 
 
 553.15 
 477.27 
 325.49 
 
 .8364 
 .7551 
 .5336 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 18 2o 
 
 195 
 
 257 5 
 
 15 21 
 
 545 79 
 
 8084 
 
 Part Gate. 
 
 18.33 
 
 75 
 
 259.5 
 
 5.87 
 
 380.63 
 
 .4973
 
 365 
 
 Draft Tube in Backwater. 
 
 Experiment to determine whether a draft tube causes a loss of efficiency during 
 backwater. 
 
 i.- make the test below, tlit- 
 SKheel was placed in the floor 
 of the flume in the usual way, 
 under the fullhead. The iron 
 draft tube of the wheel which 
 held the bridge-tree for step 
 was about 21 inches inside 
 diameter. Around this, un- 
 derneath floor of flume, was 
 placed a piece 6 feet 10 inches 
 in length of the 23 inches draft 
 tube described on a follow- 
 ing page. The bottom of this 
 was 22 inches above the apron 
 of wheel pit, the discharge 
 being through 6 feet 10 inches 
 of submerged draft tube. Thus 
 placed, the wheel was tested 
 with the gate opened ill full. 
 Results may be seen below. 
 
 Data below for one minute. 
 Multiply revolutions by 10. 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 Cent 
 
 17.80 
 17.80 
 17.81 
 17.81 
 17.83 
 17.84 
 
 270 
 280 
 290 
 265 
 260 
 255 
 
 349 
 330 7 
 325 
 356 
 
 369.2 
 
 28.55 
 28.05 
 2S.56 
 29.89 
 28.52 
 28.52 
 
 999.34 
 1006.65 
 1000.65 
 1003.30 
 1003.30 
 1001.02 
 
 .8496 
 .8279 
 .8424 
 .8559 
 .8402 
 .8450
 
 366 
 Draft Tube Experiments. 
 
 In preparing for these tests, the wheel was placed 10 feet above the flume floor 
 upon the top of a draft tube 23 inches inside diameter, 10 feet 4 inches in length. 
 Results on opposite page.
 
 367 
 
 DEPARTMENT or THE INTERIOR, UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE, 
 
 Washington, J). C., June 17th, 1880. 
 
 SIK : lu reply to your letter of 14th hist., you are informed that the records of 
 this office show that the first patent granted for " Draft Tube for Water Wheels " 
 was issued June 28th, 1840, No. 1658. It appears to have been the invention of 
 Zi-bulon and Austin Parker of Licking Co., Ohio. The patent was issued to 
 Zebulon Parker and R. McKilby, administrator of Austin Parker, deceased. 
 Respectfully yours, 
 
 F. A. SEELEY, Chief Clerk. 
 J>M8 EMERSON, Williiuiuisett, Mass. 
 
 Tests of 15 inch wheel placed as 
 
 on opposite page. 
 
 The wheel was far less steady during this trial than when placed at the bottom 
 of the flume. As the tube was surrounded by 8 feet of water, of course there 
 was no leakage of air. 
 
 Gate Opeiu'd 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent 
 
 Whole G-ite 
 
 17 73 
 
 285 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 77 
 
 |06 
 
 307 5 
 
 27 48 
 
 957 5 
 
 
 " " 
 
 17.77 
 17 79 
 
 305 
 270 
 
 291.5 
 345 
 
 26.94 
 28 22 
 
 961.18 
 954 52 
 
 .8352 
 
 * <i 
 
 17 78 
 
 275 
 
 336 
 
 28 02 
 
 
 
 (i ft 
 
 17 79 
 
 280 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 17.80 
 
 275 
 
 338.5 
 
 28.20 
 
 957.85 
 
 .8737 
 
 Test of the same, the lower end of draft tube being unsubmerged. 
 
 | 17.80 | 100 | 266 | 8.06 
 
 Second tost of the same draft tube taken several days later. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 17.91 
 17 87 
 
 200 
 230 
 
 349.3 
 356 2 
 
 24 82 
 
 869.88 
 937.09 
 
 .7194 
 
 7848 
 
 " 
 
 17.82 
 17.81 
 
 250 
 260 
 
 354.5 
 
 27.42 
 27.93 
 
 957.00 
 967.12 
 
 .8512 
 .8585 
 
 " 
 
 17.81 
 17.79 
 
 270 
 280 
 
 341.7 
 325.5 
 
 27.95 
 27.62 
 
 974.77 
 983.75 
 
 .8523 
 .8356 
 
 Part Gate 
 
 17.96 
 17 95 
 
 200 
 190 
 
 3407 
 
 19.90 
 19 61 
 
 789.75 
 783 43 
 
 .7428 
 .7383 
 
 4 
 
 18.11 
 
 100 
 
 356.6 
 
 1080 
 
 550.66 
 
 .5733 
 
 " " 
 
 18.11 
 
 110 
 
 345 
 
 11.50 
 
 549.22 
 
 .6122 
 
 The wheel was more difficult to control with brake than during the first trial. 
 It took a long time to clear the tube of air. Quite a number of tests were taken 
 before anything like the power due the head could be obtained, though they 
 *ere not recorded.
 
 368
 
 369 
 
 Reduced Draft Tube. 
 
 Test with 19-inch draft tube. 
 
 During this test the wheel was placed at the top of the before mentioned 23- 
 inch draft tube, that haying been diminished in diameter by the insertion of a 
 lining 2 inches in thickness, leaving the inside diameter of tube 19 inches in 
 the clear, and 10 feet 4 inches in length as before; and, as before, about 8 feet 
 of the head above the wheel. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 17.90 
 
 17.88 
 17.89 
 
 irss 
 
 250 
 260 
 270 
 280 
 240 
 
 354 
 337.5 
 324.2 
 309 
 365 
 
 26.81 
 26.57 
 26.52 
 26.21 
 26.54 
 
 959.52 
 961.18 
 964.50 
 966.17 
 957.86 
 
 .8264 
 .8185 
 .8137 
 .8029 
 .8204 
 
 Test of the above arrangement the lower end of tube being unsubmerged. 
 
 " 1 140 
 
 | 367 
 
 | 15.57 | 
 
 Draft Tube Again Reduced. 
 
 Test with 15-inch draft tube. 
 
 Continuation of the same arrangement of tubes as before, another lining 
 having been inserted, leaving inside diameter of tube 15 inches; length, 10 
 feet 4 inches, as before. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 
 Feet 
 
 Pei- 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 17.88 
 
 200 
 
 376 
 
 22,81 
 
 890.78 
 
 .7584 
 
 
 17.87 
 
 225 
 
 336 
 
 22.90 
 
 898.97 
 
 .7546 
 
 ** < 
 
 17.85 
 
 250 
 
 296 
 
 22.42 
 
 905.53 
 
 .7339 
 
 It 
 
 17.86 
 
 240 
 
 310.6 
 
 22.58 
 
 905.53 
 
 .7391 
 
 (4 (4 
 
 17.86 
 
 230 
 
 324.5 
 
 22.61 
 
 902.25 
 
 .7429 
 
 ! '. '. '. '. 17.86 
 
 220 
 
 339.5 
 
 22.63 
 
 898.97 
 
 .7462 
 
 17.80 
 
 210 
 
 355.5 
 
 22.62 
 
 894.05 
 
 .7500 
 
 
 18.08 
 
 125 
 
 3385 
 
 12.82 
 
 591.92 
 
 .6343 
 
 Gate open two-thirds. . . 
 " one-half. . . . 
 
 18.24 
 18.24 
 
 70 
 65 
 
 322.5 
 329.2 
 
 6.84 
 6.48 
 
 415.42 
 415.42 
 
 .4779 
 .4527 
 
 ' one-half. . . . 18.24 
 
 60 1 338 6.14 411.37 .4333 
 
 Test with the lower end of draft tube unsubmerged. 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 1 200 365 
 1 225 323 
 
 22.30 1 1 
 
 22.02 | 1
 
 370 
 
 s-MI-sl gJ 
 s ; a 5 -a .3 - 
 
 1l 
 
 iillHKl 
 
 ' ;il s ir!li 
 
 ^^^^|^as 
 
 -tTru^oSfeS^ 
 
 
 
 ' o e .3 g - jj -3,- s 
 
 ' *^|l3|25o 
 
 " -- 
 
 ii.IssT|ii 
 
 5a<S-<s^^^
 
 ffl 
 
 The Hercules. 
 
 Test of whcc 
 T>atu below for one minute 
 
 n flume in the ordinary way. 
 Multiply revolutions by 15. Dec. 6, 1879. 
 
 Gate opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Fret. 
 
 Per 
 Cent 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 .09 
 .13 
 
 .02 
 
 .16 
 .16 
 .16 
 
 1000 
 1050 
 1100 
 950 
 900 
 975 
 925 
 
 177.3 
 
 167.5 
 157.5 
 190 
 199 
 182.5 
 194 
 
 80.59 
 79.94 
 78.75 
 82.04 
 81.41 
 80.88 
 81.56 
 
 32fH.2i 
 
 32XS.37 
 :i2*8.:;7 
 3240.09 
 :;-jOo.7-2 
 32:33.21 
 3216.02 
 
 .7648 
 7514 
 .7450 
 .7817 
 .7835 
 .7719 
 .7824 
 
 Test of wheel for power after it was placed in the wheel case, A, and previous 
 to its being geared to the machinery in the mill near by. 
 
 Whole Gate. 
 
 20. (JO I 900 173 I 70.77 
 
 20.00 850 184 71.09 
 
 20.00 800 188 68.36
 
 372 
 
 View of Testing Flume, Horizontal Wheels and Draft Tulie.
 
 373 
 Curtis Wheel. 
 
 The results in the table below were obtained from the test of a 35-inch wheel 
 upon upright shaft in the usual way. The inside register gate had been left out, 
 so the chutes were open in full and the water was applied by the head gates of 
 testing flume. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 15. Oct. 22, 1879. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 17.69 
 
 2225 
 
 000 
 
 000 
 
 3115.69 
 
 .0000 
 
 
 17.77 
 17 77 
 
 900 
 1000 
 
 193 
 179 
 
 78.95 
 81 36 
 
 2905.30 
 2935 63 
 
 .8096 
 8258 
 
 ;; ;; 
 
 17.75 
 
 17 74 
 
 1100 
 1200 
 
 165.5 
 152 
 
 82.75 
 82 90 
 
 2950.83 
 2981.29 
 
 .8365 
 8300 
 
 It ( 
 
 17.73 
 
 1300 
 
 138.5 
 
 81.82 
 
 3004.21 
 
 .8133 
 
 ;; ;; : : : : 
 
 17.75 
 17.74 
 17.80 
 
 1050 
 1150 
 100 
 
 171.2 
 159 
 273.5 
 
 81.70 
 83.11 
 12.43 
 
 2954.63 
 2966.05 
 2574.47 
 
 .8248 
 .8363 
 .0000 
 
 After the above test, the same wheel, with a left-hand mate of the same supposed 
 efficiency, was fixed upon a horizontal shaft, then placed in the flume at the top 
 of u square draft tube ten feet in height, as shown on the opposite page. The draft 
 tube and fittings were, furnished by Mr. Curtis, and upon the same scale that he had 
 furnished for other wheels of the kind for mills. The dotted lines in bulk-head 
 show the application of the brake for testing. The same may perhaps be more 
 clearly seen in the illustration of Measuring Pit in the first part of this report. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 20. 
 
 Whole Gate. . 
 
 16.26 
 16.38 
 
 1500 
 1400 
 
 141 
 160.5 
 
 128.18 
 127.70 
 
 5794.09 
 5779.76 
 
 .7204 
 .7141 
 
 it 
 
 16.37 
 
 1450 
 
 145 
 
 127.42 
 
 5788.43 
 
 .6940 
 
 if (i 
 
 16.37 
 
 1500 
 
 140.6 
 
 127.81 
 
 5817.38 
 
 .7089 
 
 .* *i 
 
 16.40 
 
 1350 
 
 
 126.81 
 
 5761.51 
 
 .7106 
 
 " 
 
 16.39 
 
 1300 
 
 159.2 
 
 125.43 
 
 5738.27 
 
 .7161
 
 374 
 New American Wheel. 
 
 30-inch icheel, sent by Stout 
 
 ( 7V ,,,/,, l><t,/tn, Ohio. 
 
 ] Wpicriit ev l )er ' Horse Cubic 
 Head Weight miuut( , < Powcr p eet 
 
 Pel- 
 Cent. 
 
 WLole Gate lOJin. or 72 turn.-. 
 
 Part G te. .... 
 
 17.75 
 
 17.75 
 17.74 
 17.74 
 17.73 
 17.71 
 17.77 
 17.73 
 17.81 
 17.81 
 17.85 
 17.87 
 17.89 
 17.91 
 17.91 
 17.90 
 17.90 
 17.94 
 17.92 
 17.97 
 17.96 
 18.04 
 18.01 
 18.04 
 18.11 
 18.10 
 18.10 
 18.09 
 18.17 
 18.16 
 ls.24 
 
 1100 
 650 
 700 
 750 
 800 
 850 
 675 
 725 
 650 
 J675 
 675 
 
 000 
 610 
 610 
 
 liOIJ 
 
 525 
 BOO 
 430 
 
 440 
 450 
 475 
 
 mo 
 
 41111 
 
 000 
 
 21 cj.:: 
 
 199 
 
 186.5 
 
 IT:..:. 
 
 163 
 
 207.5 
 
 194 
 
 203 
 
 202 
 
 201.6 
 
 206.5 
 
 2.17.5 
 
 205..") 
 
 207.5 
 
 207-5 
 
 202 
 
 207.5 
 
 205 
 
 207 
 
 202 
 
 205 
 
 200.5 
 
 206.5 
 
 205.5 
 
 199 
 
 208 
 
 205.5 
 
 206 
 
 247S.4-J 
 2:.3!i.27 
 
 2207.22 
 2354. S2 
 
 61.97 
 61.85 
 61.02 
 
 47.04 1759.40 
 
 48.20 1794.24 
 46.57 I 1727.66 
 
 40.97 1561.16 
 
 41.30 1577.00 
 42.34 
 42.9i; 
 
 37.36 
 31.36 
 
 1 5S-...21 
 1613.56 
 1443.91 
 1427.51 
 
 li'U.Sti 
 
 000 
 .7735 
 .7793 
 .7655 
 
 .7874 
 .7997 
 .7922 
 .7954 
 .7951 
 .7962 
 .S044 
 .8017 
 
 .7801 
 .7964 
 
 .7912 
 .7673 
 .7661 
 .7793 
 
 .7792 
 .7434 
 .7631 
 .7372 
 
 The average efficiency from half to whole gate, .779
 
 375 
 New American Wheel. 
 
 Retest of the wheel af r slightly reducing its' diameter, as it was found to have 
 touched the curb during ic former trial. As may be seen, this change raised the 
 
 whole gate efficiency at e expense of that of the part gate. 
 
 Data below for one ninute. Multiply revolutions by 15. July 7, 1880. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 
 Feet 
 
 Pei- 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate 10 1 in or 72 ti us 
 
 17.67 
 
 675 
 
 210.4 
 
 64 55 
 
 2487.94 
 
 .7774 
 
 it K .< 
 
 17.64 
 
 685 
 
 208.5 
 
 64.92 
 
 2494.32 
 
 .7812 
 
 <{ ti tt tt 
 
 17.65 
 
 700 
 
 203 
 
 64.59 
 
 2507.07 
 
 .7727 
 
 tt t( it tt 
 
 17.63 
 
 715 
 
 201.5 
 
 65.46 
 
 2513.46 
 
 .7821 
 
 Gate openS l-16in.oro9tu us 
 
 17.67 
 
 700 
 
 200.5 
 
 63.79 
 
 2405.55 
 
 .7964 
 
 
 17.71 
 
 675 
 
 203 
 
 62.28 
 
 2349.00 
 
 .7926 
 
 " 7j " 55 
 
 17.72 
 17.75 
 
 650 
 650 
 
 209.5 
 2025 
 
 61.90 
 59.83 
 
 2323.99 
 2286.62 
 
 .7958 
 .7804 
 
 
 17.74 
 
 640 
 
 208.5 
 
 60.66 
 
 2268.01 
 
 .7983 
 
 a it tt tt 
 
 17.72 
 
 675 
 
 200 
 
 61.36 
 
 2299.06 
 
 .7976 
 
 ^ 7 .. 51 
 
 17.77 
 
 650 
 
 201.2 
 
 59.44 
 
 2212.41 
 
 .7990 
 
 
 17.77 
 
 630 
 
 207 
 
 59.27 
 
 2200.12 
 
 .8027 
 
 ' G.L 47 
 
 17.81 
 
 625 
 
 20 1 
 
 57.95 
 
 2141.97 
 
 .8042 
 
 
 17.80 
 
 645 
 
 198 
 
 55.02 
 
 2151.12 
 
 .7608 
 
 . tt tt tt tt 
 
 17.81 
 
 600 
 
 206.7 
 
 56.37 
 
 2135.87 
 
 .7845 
 
 "51o-16" 43 17.85 
 
 575 205 
 
 53.58 
 
 2018.06 
 
 .7875 
 
 
 17.85 
 
 560 208 
 
 52.94 
 
 2009.08 
 
 .7816 
 
 i< ti tt t tt 
 
 17.84 
 
 600 
 
 201 
 
 54.81 
 
 2036.06 
 
 .7989 
 
 " "55-16 ' 3'J 
 
 17.92 
 
 525 
 
 206 
 
 49.15 
 
 1890.44 
 
 .7681 
 
 
 17.90 
 
 545 
 
 204 
 
 50.53 
 
 1899.26 
 
 .7869 
 
 " 4J 35 
 
 17.97 
 
 500 
 
 203 
 
 46.13 
 
 1765.26 
 
 .7700 
 
 
 17.96 
 17.96 
 
 490 
 480 
 
 204 
 
 207 
 
 45.43 
 45.16 
 
 1759.50 
 1750.86 
 
 .7611 
 .7604 
 
 " 4j ' ni 
 
 18.03 
 
 465 
 
 197 
 
 41.63 
 
 1639.76 
 
 .7482 
 
 
 18.04 
 
 450 
 
 203 
 
 41.52 
 
 1631.30 
 
 .7471 
 
 " :5' s 27 
 
 18.11 
 
 390 
 
 206 
 
 36.51 
 
 1453.89 
 
 .7358 
 
 
 18.12 
 
 400 
 
 203 
 
 36.90 
 
 1473.00 
 
 .7319 
 
 "215-16 ' 23 
 
 18.17 
 
 300 
 
 220 
 
 30.00 
 
 1251.00 
 
 .6988 
 
 
 18.16 
 
 335 
 
 285.5 
 
 31.44 
 
 1292.99 
 
 .7089 
 
 tt tt ti t ti 
 
 18.16 
 
 350 
 
 200.5 
 
 31.90 
 
 1293.00 
 
 .7192 
 
 Average, .771
 
 376 
 New American Wheel. 
 
 30-inch Wheel. 
 
 Retest of the same wheel after changing the flaring for a straight draft tube. 
 The gate openings were the same through the three trials. The 10 inches at 
 whole gate means the extreme swing of gate, the openings at outer end of chutes 
 being 7 inches only ; but the gate had to move the distance named to clear the 
 openings. The averages are found by adding the thirty tests of each trial 
 together and dividing by that number. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 15. July 8, 1880. 
 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 Whole Gate lOJin. or 72 turns 
 
 17.73 
 
 675 
 
 209.8 
 
 64.37 
 
 2491.16 
 
 .7715 
 
 
 17 70 
 
 700 
 
 205 2 
 
 f>5.29 
 
 2500 72 
 
 .7809 
 
 ii it 
 
 17.68 
 
 725 
 
 198.5 
 
 65.41 
 
 2513.48 
 
 .7794 
 
 <i <t 
 
 17.67 
 
 750 
 
 192.5 
 
 65.92 
 
 i-4;i.()4 
 
 .7759 
 
 Gate open 59 tu is. . . 
 
 17.77 
 
 675 
 
 203.5 
 
 62.43 
 
 2355.41 
 
 .7900 
 
 \\ " ?. 5 * 
 
 17.79 
 
 625 
 
 212 
 
 60.22 
 
 2252.75 
 
 .7950 
 
 
 17.79 
 
 650 
 
 206.5 
 
 60.71 
 
 2258.93 
 
 .8000 
 
 "51 
 
 17.78 
 17.82 
 
 675 
 650 
 
 200 
 202 
 
 61.36 
 59.68 
 
 22Vi.'J'J 
 222;", .(HI 
 
 .7979 
 .7969 
 
 
 17.81 
 
 625 
 
 207.5 
 
 58.94 
 
 2194.25 
 
 .7984 
 
 "47 ! ! 
 
 17.85 
 
 600 
 
 208.5 
 
 56.86 
 
 2136.19 
 
 .7895 
 
 
 17.85 
 
 625 
 
 203.5 
 
 57.41 
 
 214."..-', 
 
 .7937 
 
 ii ii K 
 
 17.85 
 
 650 
 
 197 
 
 58.20 
 
 2154. -18 
 
 .8012 
 
 " " 43 
 
 17.90 
 
 575 
 
 208 
 
 54.36 
 
 2015.40 
 
 .7978 
 
 
 17.90 
 
 600 
 
 201.5 
 
 54.95 
 
 2151.48 
 
 .7923 
 
 "39 ! ! 
 
 17.96 
 
 525 
 
 208 
 
 47.63 
 
 1885.29 
 
 .7760 
 
 
 17.96 
 
 550 
 
 206.5 
 
 51.62 
 
 1899.79 
 
 .8009 
 
 tt It 
 
 17.94 
 
 575 
 
 200 
 
 52.27 
 
 1952.9.3 
 
 .7900 
 
 " " 36 ! .' 
 
 18.01 
 
 475 
 
 211 
 
 45.56 
 
 1751.52 
 
 .7647 
 
 ,', ; ; 
 
 18.00 
 18.00 
 
 500 
 525 
 
 206 
 201 
 
 46.00 
 47.96 
 
 1786.09 
 1808.35 
 
 .7574 
 .7810 
 
 " 31 " '. '. 
 
 18.06 
 
 425 
 
 211.5 
 
 40.85 
 
 1599.41 
 
 .7488 
 
 
 38.05 
 
 450 
 
 207.5 
 
 42.44 
 
 1632,08 
 
 .7629 
 
 it it *< ^ 
 
 18.04 
 
 475 
 
 198 
 
 42.75 
 
 1666.00 
 
 .7531 
 
 " 27 " 
 
 18.12 
 
 375 
 
 213.2 
 
 36.34 
 
 1434.85 
 
 .7299 
 
 
 18.11 
 
 400 
 
 207.5 
 
 37.72 
 
 14S4.90 
 
 .7426 
 
 it ii ii *i ^ 
 
 18.09 
 
 425 
 
 200 
 
 38.63 
 
 1509.00 
 
 .7489 
 
 ii ii 03 ii 
 
 18.17 
 
 3->5 
 
 216.5 
 
 31.97 
 
 i:tos.:!2 
 
 .7119 
 
 (i it it it 
 
 18.18 
 
 350 
 
 208 
 
 33.09 
 
 1328.49 
 
 .7253 
 
 " " ii ii . , 
 
 18.17 
 
 375 
 
 200 
 
 34.09 
 
 1363.11 
 
 .7287 
 
 Average, .774
 
 377 
 Exi>erinients with Gears. 
 
 Test of gears continued, the arrangement of gears named on previous page 
 
 being reversed, or the small gear having 20 teeth being on turbine shaft, that of 
 
 46 teeth on "Jack Shaft "gears being worked without lubrication of any kind. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 10. 
 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Pei- 
 Cent 
 
 
 18.10 
 
 210 
 
 267.5 
 
 17.02 
 
 882.34 
 
 .5642 
 
 
 18.08 
 
 220 
 
 261.5 
 
 17.43 
 
 893.69 
 
 .5712 
 
 
 18.07 
 
 230 
 
 256 
 
 17.84 
 
 896.95 
 
 .58-26 
 
 
 18.07 
 
 24fl 
 
 253 
 
 18.40 
 
 898.58 
 
 .6000 
 
 
 18.08 
 
 -'.-.ii 
 
 248.5 
 
 18.82 
 
 901.84 
 
 .6117 
 
 
 18.05 
 
 260 
 
 245 
 
 10.30 
 
 910.00 
 
 .6221 
 
 
 18.03 
 
 270 
 
 241 
 
 19.71 
 
 923.10 
 
 .6270 
 
 
 18.03 
 
 280 
 
 23:1.2 
 
 20.95 
 
 926.38 
 
 .6650 
 
 
 1--.OI 
 
 290 
 
 2:;:.:, 
 
 20.87 
 
 926.38 
 
 .6613 
 
 
 18 03 
 
 300 
 
 230.5 
 
 20.95 
 
 928.02 
 
 .8628 
 
 Test of above named arrangement of gears, the gears being well oiled. 
 
 
 17.83 
 17.81 
 
 350. 
 400 
 
 229 i 24.28 
 221 26.78 
 
 902.45 
 937.06 
 
 .7989 
 .8494 
 
 
 17.78 
 
 425 
 
 213 
 
 27.43 
 
 962.00 
 
 .8490 
 
 
 17.77 
 
 450 
 
 204 
 
 27.81 
 
 968.68 
 
 .8555 
 
 
 17.76 
 
 475 
 
 196 
 
 28.21 
 
 972.00 
 
 .8653 
 
 
 17.75 
 
 500 
 
 187 
 
 28.33 
 
 978.71 
 
 .8634 
 
 
 17.74 
 
 525 
 
 173.5 
 
 27.60 
 
 798.71 
 
 .8416 
 
 Verification of the same arrangement of gears taken several days later. 
 
 
 18.02 
 18.03 
 18.02 
 18.05 
 
 475 
 525 
 
 500' 
 
 197.5 
 176.5 
 180.6 
 
 187.8 
 
 28.42 
 
 28.07 
 28.04 
 28.45 
 
 963.56 
 969.63 
 971.31 
 
 973.59 
 
 .8665 
 .8500 
 .8482 
 .8571 
 
 During the above tests, the teeth of the gears ran rather close together, though 
 perfectly free and were correctly placed according to the opinion of experts in sucli 
 matters. They were separated about 1-16 in. more, then gave the results below. 
 
 
 18.02 
 
 is!oo 
 
 500 
 510 
 520 
 
 191.5 
 187.5 
 184.2 
 
 29.01 I 972.67 
 28.97 979.33 
 29.02 | 981.00 
 
 .8762 
 .8706 
 .8700
 
 378 
 
 Experiments with (*ears. 
 
 Tests made for the purpose of ascertaining the loss of power in transmission 
 through gears. To make these the brake, as shown above, was placed upon one 
 end of a horizontal shaft, representing "Jack Shaft," the other end being con- 
 nected to the turbine shaft in the usual way by bevel gears. These gears, shafts 
 and fittings were generously furnished for the purpose by the Messrs. Poole & 
 Hunt, of Baltimore, Md. Other gear makers were applied to but none of them 
 seemed willing to submit their gears to such trial. Plain cast gears with un- 
 finished surfaces were furnished. The workmanship of the gears, shafts and 
 boxes was pronounced by experts to be excellent and superior to the average work 
 of the kind furnished in this vicinity. The form of the teeth of the gears was 
 invariably approved. With every change of gear*, experts were called in to 
 examine their position and condition. During these experiments the largest 
 gear, which had 46 teeth, was used upon the turbine shaft as crown gear, wnile 
 the smallest, which had 26 teeth, was on the horizontal or "Jack Shaft." The bear- 
 ings were kept well oiled, but, as it is a common idea with gear makers that 
 the teeth of gears roll together so that they work just as easy when dry as 
 when well lubricated, the first trial was made with dry gears. The table below 
 shows results. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 10. 
 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent 
 
 17.96 
 
 17.98 
 17.96 
 17.% 
 17.96 
 
 150 
 125 
 135 
 130 
 120 
 
 487.5 
 611.5 
 564 
 
 565 
 612 
 
 22.14 
 
 23.16 
 2:1.07 
 22.25 
 22.25 
 
 1012.14 
 997.02 
 997.02 
 993.67 
 995.34 
 
 .6449 
 .6840 
 .6821 
 .6601 
 .6589 
 
 Test through same gears, the gears being thoroughly lubricated. 
 
 
 18.04 
 18.04 
 
 150 
 160 
 
 646 
 606 
 
 29.36 
 29.38 
 
 961.93 
 966.94 
 
 .8957 
 .8913 
 
 
 18.04 
 
 170 
 
 558 
 
 28.74 
 
 978.66 
 
 .8619 
 
 
 18.03 
 
 180 
 
 506 
 
 27.60 
 
 976.14 
 
 .8303 
 
 
 18.05 
 
 165 
 
 584 
 
 29.20 
 
 975.31 
 
 .8779
 
 379 
 Experiments with Gears. 
 
 Test of gears continued, a second horizontal shaft being added to the previ- 
 ous arrangement described on foregoing page. This shaft, representing the 
 main line of shafting through a mill, was connected to the " Jack Shaft" by a 
 pair of spur gears the large one, about 27 inches diameter, Ij inches pitch. 5- 
 inch face, having 49 teeth, was secured upon the second horizontal shaft or main 
 line, and was driven by a gear on "Jack Shaft," same face and pitch as the 
 above, and about 16^ inches diameter, having 30 teeth. The brake was placed 
 upon the end of second line, the power of wheel being transmitted through the 
 two pairs of gears, as represented above. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 10. 
 
 
 Head (Weight^- 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent 
 
 
 17.94 
 
 300 
 
 165.5 
 
 15.16 
 
 841.18 
 
 .5319 
 
 
 17 <)1 
 
 350 
 
 158.5 
 
 16.81 
 
 857.35 
 
 .57t6 
 
 
 17 '.") 
 
 4(10 
 
 151 
 
 18.30 
 
 870.33 
 
 .6234 
 
 
 17.87 
 
 500 
 
 139 
 
 21.06 
 
 90632 
 
 .6884 
 
 
 17!85 
 
 550 
 
 133.5 
 
 22.25 
 
 934.34 
 
 .7064 
 
 
 17.84 
 
 600 
 
 126.5 
 
 23.00 
 
 947.68 
 
 .7202 
 
 
 17.00 
 
 625 
 
 125 
 
 23.65 
 
 939.37 
 
 .7443 
 
 
 17 90 
 
 675 
 
 118 
 
 24.13 
 
 956.01 
 
 .7465 
 
 
 17.94 
 
 650 
 
 120 
 
 2.'1.63 
 
 966.03 
 
 .7219 
 
 
 17.S.J 
 
 700 
 
 109 
 
 23.12 
 
 964.36 
 
 .7112 
 
 The gears were thoroughly lubricated with a mixture, used for the same pur- 
 iose in a mill near by, probably composed of tallow and tar.
 
 Experiments with Gears. 
 
 Continuation of the combined spur and bevel gear expftiments, the spur gears 
 having heen changed, the one having 49 teeth being placed upon the "Jack 
 Shaft and working into the one having 30 teeth on second horizontal shaft upo 
 
 iich the brake was placed the 
 gear through all these test?. 
 
 lall bevel gear being continued as crown 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 10. 
 
 
 Head Weight Kev per 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 972.87 
 977.28 
 971.21 
 978.96 
 985.61 
 961.18 
 
 Per 
 Gent 
 
 .7727 
 .77:u 
 .7798 
 .77.-,:, 
 .7380 
 .7641 
 
 17.86 270 
 17>>> : 286 
 17.84 260 
 17.S4 280 
 17.84 290 
 17.H4 ! 250 
 
 310 
 317.5 
 323.5 
 301.5 
 277.5 
 326.7 
 
 23.30 
 ir,.4!i 
 25.52 
 25.58 
 24.47 
 21.75 
 
 Yeriticatiou test, taken several days later. 
 
 | 18.03 | 275 | 305.1 | 2542 | 980.22 | .7614^ 
 Another test of tlie same arrangement after being taken down, then reset. 
 
 
 17.66 
 
 28* 
 
 278.5 
 
 24.05 
 
 972.63 
 
 .7409 
 
 
 17.67 
 
 275 
 
 288.1 
 
 23.84 
 
 962.70 
 
 .7419 
 
 
 17.6) 
 
 265 
 
 304 
 
 24.41 
 
 964.36 
 
 
 
 17.78 
 
 270 
 
 297.5 
 
 24.34 
 
 971.00 
 
 .7504 
 
 
 17.82 
 
 275 
 
 296.5 
 
 24.41 
 
 974 33 
 
 .7442 
 
 
 17.86 
 
 270- 
 
 300.5 
 
 24.58 
 
 971.00 
 
 .7504
 
 381 
 
 Belt Experiments. 
 
 To prepare for the experiments to determine the loss of power in transmission 
 through belts, the wheel was raised in flume sufficiently to bring top of shaft 
 above upper bearing, to give room for placing a 30-inch pulley thereon; this 
 was done by adding another 10-inch platform to the first. 
 
 The wheel itself was first tested by placing the brake on the wheel shaft in the 
 usual way. That it did not repeat the efficiency shown previously, was due to 
 alterations made in the conditions. First, the step was altered somewhat in form, 
 then the wheel was placed considerably above the floor of the flume for the 
 purpose named above, and the difference in the head probably effected it ; but 
 the conditions, however, continued the same through the belt tests. 
 
 Wheel Test. 
 
 Data below for one minute. Multiply revolutions of wheel by 10. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent 
 
 
 12 03 
 
 150 
 
 292 5 
 
 13 29 
 
 735 43 
 
 7954 
 
 
 12.00 
 
 170 
 
 278 5 
 
 14 34 
 
 740 05 
 
 8550 
 
 " I! 
 
 11.97 
 11.95 
 11.94 
 11.95 
 11.96 
 
 185 
 
 200 
 195 
 190 
 180 
 
 270 
 239 
 247 
 262.5 
 271 
 
 15.13 
 14.48 
 14.59 
 15.11 
 
 14.78 
 
 760.16 
 772.61 
 772.61 
 771.06 
 763.27 
 
 .8804 
 .8303 
 .8375 
 .8682 
 .8559
 
 Quarter-Turn Belt. 
 
 In order to make the experiments, the turbine or ver- 
 tical shaft was connected to a horizontal shaft by the 
 belt, as shown; the pulleys were each 30 inches in 
 diameter, 8-inch face. The brake was placed upon 
 the end of the horizontal shaft, at the place where 
 the word " brake " is to be seen. The difference in 
 efficiency shown in the table below from that obtained 
 by direct test of wheel; shows the loss in transmission. 
 The belts were kindly furnished by J. W. Cumnock, 
 Agent Dwight Mills, Chicopee, Mass. They were se- 
 lected specially for the purpose, eight inches in width, 
 single but thick and even their whole length, and had 
 been used sufficiently to make them pliable. They 
 were stretched as tight upon the pulleys as it was 
 deemed advisable, by experts present, to have belts 
 work. The weights named in the tests were all the 
 belts would carry. Heavier weights were tried, but 
 the belts slipped, and slipped upon the pulley on the 
 horizontal shaft instead of the vertical or wheel shaft. 
 
 Whole length of belt, 46 feet. 
 
 Data below for or 
 
 lute. Multiply revolutions by 10. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 Cent 
 
 
 12.4t> 
 
 125 
 
 303 
 
 11.47 
 
 794.52 
 
 61S4 
 
 
 12 42 
 
 135 
 
 279.5 
 
 11 43 
 
 787 66 
 
 6185 
 
 ii <f 
 
 12 35 
 
 145 
 
 256 
 
 11 24 
 
 787 66 
 
 
 i< 
 
 1228 
 
 155 
 
 236.5 
 
 11 11 
 
 803 96 
 
 5957 
 
 , t u 
 
 12 30 
 
 120 
 
 300 
 
 10 91 
 
 783 68 
 
 5992 
 
 " " 
 
 12.27 
 
 130 
 
 285.8 
 
 11.25 
 
 788.24 
 
 .6158
 
 383 
 
 Quarter-Twist Belt, 
 
 Pulley, 30 inches in diameter; 8-inch face. 
 
 . -LEVATION 
 
 3RAKE PLAN 
 
 Whole length of belt, about 35 feet. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent 
 
 .VLole Gale 
 
 12.13 
 12.00 
 11.98 
 
 100 
 125 
 135 
 
 349.6 
 319.5 
 305 
 
 10.59 
 12.10 
 12.47 
 
 724.86 
 761.71 
 767.73 
 
 .6376 
 .7009 
 .7177 
 
 ii *t 
 
 11 95 
 
 155 
 
 281 5 
 
 13 22 
 
 78 00 
 
 7490 
 
 
 
 11 94 
 
 165 
 
 268 
 
 
 
 7584 
 
 " " 
 
 11.95 
 
 175 
 
 252 
 
 13.30 
 
 783.54 
 
 .7521
 
 384 
 
 Open Belt. 
 
 Whole length of this belt about 36 feet. 
 Data for one minute. Multiply revolutions by 10. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 12 28 
 
 150 
 
 324 2 
 
 14 73 
 
 
 
 
 12 11 
 
 175 
 
 286 2 
 
 15 17 
 
 785 11 
 
 '8447 
 
 
 12 05 
 
 190 
 
 260 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 11.99 
 
 180 
 
 273 5 
 
 14 92 
 
 788 24 
 
 8359 
 
 
 11 98 
 
 185 
 
 261 5 
 
 14 66 
 
 788 24 
 
 8220 
 
 
 
 170 
 
 
 
 780 36 
 
 7980 
 
 
 11.96 
 
 165 
 
 289.2 
 
 14.47 
 
 788.24 
 
 .8126 
 
 
 Cross Belt. 
 
 Pulleys the same and in the same position as when tried with open belt. 
 
 Gate Opened 
 
 Head 
 
 Weight 
 
 Rev per 
 minute 
 
 Horse 
 Power 
 
 Cubic 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 Cent 
 
 Whole Gate 
 
 12.03 
 11.99 
 11 97 
 
 150 
 160 
 170 
 
 311 
 291 
 
 271 5 
 
 14.13 
 14.10 
 13 98 
 
 774.17 
 
 778.85 
 783 54 
 
 .8032 
 .7993 
 7891 
 
 "* *' 
 
 11.96 
 11.99 
 
 180 
 140 
 
 251.5 
 317 
 
 13.71 
 13.45 
 
 788.24 
 769.49 
 
 .7700 
 .7719
 
 385 
 
 EMERSON'S SAFETY CAR HEATING AND 
 LIGHTING SYSTEM. 
 
 These plans are believed to be as perfect as human foresight can 
 make such for the safety, comfort, and convenience of the traveling 
 public, and employees of the roads, also for the convenience and 
 economy of the companies. 
 
 From the successful production of the locomotive down, almost 
 yearly attempts have been made to heat trains by steam from the 
 locomotive ; such attempts for a generation in each case were soon 
 ( abandoned. 
 
 Our cold winters have made traveling so uncomfortable for many 
 1 1 mil ilis of each year that innumerable plans have been devised to 
 obviate such discomfort. 
 
 The horrors caused by the yearly roasting of passengers have 
 kept up the demand for safer methods, so that in many cases crude 
 and unlit plans have been hastily adopted by many railway com- 
 panies that render their cars excessively hot one hour, the next as 
 much too cold, and so slow in operation as to be unfit for use 
 during the changeable weather of the spring and fall months, as all 
 who ride in the hot water heated drawing-room or sleeping cars at 
 such seasons too well know. These plans are far more expensive 
 and difficult to manage than those based upon skilled experience 
 designed for use instead of to sell. 
 
 The past severe winter Las kept the yard hands constantly em- 
 ployed thawing out pipes and the abortions called couplings, or in 
 replacing the burst pipes and hose couplings, while cars, filled with 
 shivering passengers, with frozen pipes, have often been compelled 
 to run hundreds of miles without any means of heating whatever. 
 
 Were this a matter that could not lie obviated, it, of course, 
 would have to be endured, but such is far from being the case, for 
 the system here recommended is the oldest, and has patiently been 
 worked upon to perfect instead of to sell, and now is the cheapest, 
 most convenient, safest, and most comfortable extant. The tem- 
 perature of a car may be kept at any standard required, while frozen 
 pipes or couplings are unknown, and no unsightly pipes, heating 
 cylinders, or hose couplings are necessary outside of cars, which 
 are often found so much in the way when changing tracks or 
 making repairs. No hose used in this system.
 
 386 
 
 Emerson's New System of Car Heating. 
 
 My attention was called to the subject of car heating early in 
 1854. OnFastday of that year 1 wrote to the editor of IheS&entiftc 
 American, suggesting a plan of placing a small boiler in each car. 
 connecting it with the locomotive boiler and a systeiruof piping for 
 warming the cars and operating the brakes. A written reply was 
 returned in which it was stated that George Stephenson tried to 
 warm trains front his locomotive but failed. Numerous inventions 
 then in hand prevented me from proceeding with this at that time, 
 but immediately after the Ash tabula horror I commenced to prepare 
 plans for such heating, but it was difficult to find railroad managers 
 willing to make a trial of them. The frightful holocaust in which 
 Wagner was cremated, caused Mr. Mulligan, superintendent of the 
 Connecticut River road, to offer me a train to experiment with. A 
 small boiler was placed hi the baggage car, the steam from which 
 warmed three cars. The capacity of the boiler proved the practi- 
 cability of taking the necessary quantity of steam from the loconn >i ivc 
 boiler, and a change to that was immediately made. 
 
 I think that I may justly claim to be the first to produce a success- 
 ful system for heating cars from the locomotive, and the only one 
 who has produced a complete system for ordinary use and emer- 
 gencies. 
 
 Mr. George A. Houston was sent by the managers of the 
 Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. Co. , to examine and report upon 
 the merits of the various systems. The substance of his report is 
 here given. 
 
 BELOIT, Wis., March 30, 1887. 
 MB. W. B. STRONG, Pres. A., T. & S. F. R. R. Co., Boston, Mass. 
 
 Dear Sir: Referring to the matter of wanning cars, I have examined 
 several systems now in use and being introduced for warming by steam, 
 viz.: the MARTIN, the SEWAI.L. the EMKHSON, and the GOLD. The C. R. 
 R. R. Co. placed a train at my disposal to test the quantity of steam used for 
 heating, this test made with four cars and during twelve hours. From 
 this result, I am satisfied that cars can be warmed during a northern 
 winter with an average of not to exceed three-fourths horse power of steam 
 per car. This test was made with the EMERSON system, ana I recommend 
 the EMERSON system as the best. 
 
 Mr Houston's report was accepted, and train fitted up. 
 
 Atchison, Topeka A Santa Fe Railroad fow/</M/. 
 
 Topeka, Aug. 7, 1888. 
 James Emerson, Esq. 
 
 Dear Sir: Your letter to Mr. Hi/ton was handed me. by him i/rst< -rdn ;/. 
 In reply to same 1 will say that f continued to use th>- cars 1/011 liiicil i'in 
 
 'ni,l liiire <iiii/ 
 
 -llatr in the spring. They {/are entire mitisfuction, did .... .. 
 
 trouble with than irliaterer. I think all cur* fitted "j> should It, 
 
 put under the seats, as they can be heated so much ij-nicker and ke/il iimn 
 
 comfortable. I am, yours rery respectful/ //, 
 
 Samuel mack, 
 ( <,<!, ictor A., T. & S. F. I!. /,'. 
 
 Had Mr. Houston stopped after making his report all would have 
 been well, but unfortunately he imagined himself to be a genius 
 and persuaded the president of the road to be of the same opinion, 
 so that Mr. Houston had entire control of the heating matter and it 
 is safe to say that the botch he made of the matter stands unequaled. 
 Thousands and tens of thousands of dollars were expended under 
 his management, all of which with his plans are among the "Lost 
 Arts."
 
 387 
 HEATING CARS BY STEAM. 
 
 At a railroad commissioners' hearing at Augusta, Maine, two 
 years ago, the following replies were elicited to questions asked by 
 the chairman : 
 
 "Mr. Sewall, what provision have you made for heating the 
 Pullman, Wagner, and other cars taken on to the train cold, that 
 run over a given route, then stop off for a time but require a con- 
 tinuation of the heat during the stop-over ? " 
 
 " Mr. Chairman, my plans are such that in an hour and forty- 
 nine minutes from tke time the cold car is taken to the train every 
 pipe in the car will be warm." 
 
 "Well, Mr. Martin, how about your plans ?" 
 
 'Mr. Chairman, in one hour and forty-six minutes from the 
 time the heating steam is let into the car every pipe will be warm." 
 
 ' Well. Mr. Emerson, how about your plans ? " 
 
 Mr. Chairman, and Gentlemen of the Committee, in two minutes 
 from the time the steam is let into the car every pipe will be hot, and 
 in ten minutes the car will be as warm as it is desirable to have it." 
 
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 
 
 For seven years a train lighted by electricity has been in constant 
 use upon the C. H. \l. K., and recent improvements in dynamos and 
 engines have rendered lighting cars by electricity as practicable as 
 it is for cities, mills,, stores, and dwellings. 
 
 Six or seven years since a universal cry went out to have the 
 "deadly car stove " done away with, which was done, but the far 
 more dangerous oil lamps still remain, and yearly we hear of col- 
 lisions and trains being set on fire by the locomotive and wonder 
 how it is possible that the inclosed fire of the locomotive can come 
 in contact with the woodwork of the train so as to set it on fire; but 
 the frightened passengers of the 9.30 A. M. train on the C. R. road 
 had a chance to witness the modus operandi a few weeks since. 
 The locomotive of that train jumped the track and dashed into a 
 train standing upon the next track, the " head light " was smashed 
 and its oil scattered over the hot boiler. Instantly the forward 
 half of the locomotive was enveloped in a sheet of fire which con- 
 tinued to burn a sufficient length of time to set ordinary cord wood 
 on fire, to say nothing of cars covered with varnish nearly as 
 inflammable as gunpowder. Only from the fact that the collision 
 caused a recoil and separation of trains was a firing of the trains 
 prevented at that time. There is no excuse for the continued use 
 of oil or gas for lighting at this time, for it may be done by elec- 
 tricity at less expense and trouble, and the railroad commissioners 
 are derelict in their duty in allowing it to be done, for prevention 
 is better than excuses after a catastrophe.
 
 388
 
 389 
 TO RAILROAD MANAGERS. 
 
 Gentlemen, why not save and utilize your Hot Water Heaters ? 
 
 The system of piping found best for such after thirty years' expe- 
 rience is far better adapted for rapid and economical car heating 
 than the system of piping employed by Sewall, Martin, or Gold, and 
 at small expense may easily be so arranged that steam from the 
 locomotive may be substituted for the hot water circulation or the 
 hot water circulation restored at will. 
 
 The change either way is easily made, without attracting atten- 
 tion, while the train is .running. 
 
 No trap of any kind is needed, for the temperature is controlled 
 inside of car at any time when in use 
 
 When heating from locomotive the fire is drawn from heater and 
 water from the pipes. 
 
 Half an hour before stopping car for night or long detachment 
 from locomotive, open all valves and blow all condensation from 
 pipes by hot steam from locomotive. 
 
 Leave all valves open until steam again enters pipes for heating. 
 
 A few minutes before arriving at a place where a car is to be set 
 off and kept warm, fill pipes with water from the tender, start the 
 fire in heater, and the hot water circulation is at once restored. 
 
 This was done at first by taking hot water from the lower part 
 of boiler along through the steam supply pipe A, but that water 
 was so expanded by its intense heat that it required an auxiliary 
 tank above the heater to supply the shrinkage invariably following 
 the filling in that way. 
 
 Then an injector placed in a pipe taken from the tender as shown 
 at B was tried and proved perfect, as the steam forcing the water 
 heated it to a desirable temperature for instant use, so that a Pull- 
 man or excursion car may use steam or the hot water system at 
 will. As the plan has been in use two years it is past the exper- 
 imental stage. 
 
 All who ride much in cars fitted with hot water heaters know how 
 uncomfortable such cars are in the spring and fall. This is entirely 
 remedied by changing them so as to use steam, so that any sudden 
 change of temperature may be met at once whether of heat or cold, 
 which is impossible with any of the other plans. 
 
 An auxiliary heater is necessary on all roads. 
 
 A car from a Connecticut Riv.er Railroad train is daily taken from 
 Windsor, Vt., to White River Junction by a Central Vt. train. That 
 car stands at the Junction over night without heat, then in the 
 morning it is hitched to a freight train to take early passengers over 
 the road fourteen miles, before steam for heat can be obtained. 
 Sometimes an attempt is made to start a fire in a stove, for the 
 writer early in the winter, during a snow storm, saw the conductor 
 after collecting tickets strike a match and stick it into the stove ; 
 but the match soon went out, and he did the same, leaving us to 
 enjoy the winter weather in full. 
 
 Properly fitted cars may be set off with sleeping passengers to 
 wait for morning or to be hitched to freight or branch trains, or as 
 stop over excursion trains, without requiring stationary steam heat- 
 ing facilities or any special arrangements whatever.
 
 390 
 
 SAFETY AUXILIARY CAR HEATER. 
 
 An illustration of this heater may be seen upon the opposite page, 
 made with double shells of quarter inch steel plates of such height as 
 to do away with the necessity for separate expansion tank and numer- 
 ous connecting joints which, accidentally ruptured by derailment, 
 collision, or other causes, allow the burning coals to be thrown around 
 the car. 
 
 In this heater there is no coil to be burst by freezing or burned out, 
 as is so commonly the case with the Baker heaters. 
 
 As the hot water circulation is only designed to be used in emer- 
 gencies, such as the absence or disability of the locomotive, stop-over 
 sleeping, or excursion cars set off to be hitched to freight or branch 
 road trains, the heater is so arranged that the fire may be instantly 
 dumped and the burning coals removed from the car as the steam from 
 the locomotive drives the water from the heater and circulating pipes. 
 
 Where cars are already fitted for hot water heating, the heaters 
 may be retained, but they are not so convenient, effective, safe, or 
 economical as the one illustrated. 
 
 Cars properly piped with this system should never have the ventila- 
 tors closed, and with very little care the temperature in the car need 
 never vary over two degrees. There should be a thermometer at or 
 near each end of the car. 
 
 The usual drip is under the middle of the car, but that may be closed 
 when nearing a station, another opened above the heater, and the train 
 may stand in the station an hour without wetting the floor. 
 
 The same process may be followed where a car is to be set off and 
 kept warm by hot water circulation, thus saving the condensation for 
 refilling the heater. 
 
 Any car fit to be used can be kept properly warmed and well 
 ventilated by the use of three-fourths of a h. p. of steam in sharp winter 
 weather by the use of this system. 
 
 A STRANGE SYSTEM FOR CAR HEATING. 
 
 Of all the many wild plans for car heating developed by the demand 
 for a safe substitute for the deadly stove, no other plan can be named 
 so dangerous, extravagant, inconvenient, and uncomfortable as the 
 continuation of the hot water circulation, if the water is to be heated 
 by steam from the locomotive. 
 
 In no way can steam be so rapidly condensed as by discharging into 
 water. Then night and day, while at rest, the heat must be kept up by 
 stationary boilers so that at least five times the steam necessary to heat 
 direct is required to heat by such hot water circulation, which is the 
 worst of all systems for meeting sudden changes of temperature, liable 
 at all times in extreme cold weather to freeze up or be unable to keep 
 the cars warm. 
 
 Then if a pipe bursts the whole boiler pressure is behind the barrel of 
 boiling water ready, i.n the old war style of repelling boarders, for boil- 
 ing the passengers. The danger is so obvious that a jury would hardly 
 excuse a manager on the plea that " he didn't think it was loaded."
 
 391 
 
 II? 
 
 CD ?* P 
 
 yi 
 
 ill 
 
 I!
 
 392
 
 393 
 
 CAR HEATING BY STEAM FROM THE LOCO- 
 MOTIVE. 
 
 Undoubtedly the method of the future, because the simplest, 
 safest, cheapest, most comfortable, and convenient ; but to obtain 
 the advantages named above, common sense must be used in fitting 
 up the cars for the heating. 
 
 In no way can a car or room be so pleasantly heated as by having 
 a steam chamber beneath and the floor perforated with minute open- 
 ings throughout its entire surface, but as that is not conveniently 
 practicable the next best plan is to distribute the heat in small 
 pipes over as much of the floor space as is practicable, and a liberal 
 supply of the pipe should be placed at the ends of the car near the 
 doors. 
 
 All who have traveled in cars where the Martin system is in use 
 know how the feet and legs suffer through the intense heat from 
 tliose large pipes ; if there is any possible danger of scalding passen- 
 gers by steam escaping from broken pipes it rests entirely in the 
 use of large pipes, for with pipe sufficient for the purpose the steam 
 cannot escape fast enough to create heat. 
 
 Steam has no heat unless compressed, and a car has too many 
 openings to allow of compression unless through the use of pipes 
 that no competent master mechanic would allow to be used after a 
 moment's consideration. 
 
 For thirty years, experience has proved one and one-fourth inch 
 pipe best for car heating by hot water, and the caliber of that pipe 
 is reduced by the use of " double thick " to afcout the same as that 
 of the ordinary inch pipe, consequently the two-inch pipe carrying 
 four times the steam contained in the one-inch, the danger from 
 scalding is increased four to one, while its heating capacity is but 
 two to one. 
 
 The average maximum heat that can be produced by the hot water 
 system throughout a car is 168, while the average from steam 
 is at least one-third greater, consequently, as the inch pipe is four- 
 fifths the heating capacity of the inch and a fourth, the inch pipe 
 with steam must exceed the one and one-fourth inch pipe for heat- 
 ing with hot water, leaving no excuse whatever for increasing the 
 danger through the unnecessary use of two-inch pipe ; besides the 
 space for piping a car is limited, so the smaller the pipe the better 
 for the space. 
 
 The various supply pipes in use are at the best but make-shifts 
 and used at serious loss of steam. The proper place for such pipe 
 seems to be through the buffers, then in direct line between -the 
 floor timbers of the car as shown, free from all abrupt turns, also 
 out of the way of repairs below, yet leaving it in the most accessi- 
 ble condition for repair that is possible. 
 
 The piping of cars piped and coupled as in this system cannot 
 freeze up as is so common with the other systems of piping, for 
 there are no depressions for the condensation to lodge in.
 
 394
 
 395 
 
 COMPOUND STEAM ENGINES. 
 
 That there have been great improvements made in obtaining power from 
 steam during the past third of a century there can be no question, but there 
 fairly may be as to whether such improvements are in any way due to the 
 use of compound engines. 
 
 For many years there was quite as strong belief in double turbines, but 
 positive tests proved the fallacy of such beliefs ; and the tests that 1 have 
 been able to make of compound engines have not shown gain for that method 
 of construction. Twenty years since the test of a compound proved it to be 
 giving far less than expected, and the test of a Westinghouse compound a 
 few months since proved it to be less economical than a simple Buckeye and 
 much less satisfactory in'its daily operation. 
 
 The marine engine, with its short cylinders, producing rapid rotary motion, 
 may in that way obtain advantage, but it may fairly be questioned whether 
 its increased economy is not owing more to the use of high pressure steam 
 than to triple expansion. 
 
 Recently numerous papers have published articles relative to the won- 
 derful efficiency of the Pelton water wheel and that some great English engi- 
 neer had selected that wheel in preference to that of any other to be used at 
 Niagara Falls in the new plans now under way there, which may all be true, 
 but as that wheel is simply the old Flutter wheel slightly modified in form, 
 its efficiency can hardly exceed 70 per cent, in useful effect, yet under a head 
 of several hundred feet it may produce an astonishing amount of power to 
 those not acquainted with such matters. So of steam engines working under 
 a pressure of 160 pounds instead of the 40 
 
 _, , a i 
 
 wr>ar cale. 
 
 pounds of thirty years since. The locomotive 
 is generally considered an extravagant type 
 of engine, but that idea is founded upon the 
 lack of knowledge of the enormous amount 
 of work the locomotive performs. The White 
 Mountain train, running during the summer 
 on the C. K. R. R., made up of seven cars all 
 told, going north requires 370 h. p. An 
 ordinary passenger coach upon that road, on 
 straight and level track making local 
 schedule time, requires 50 h. p. 
 There are many reports of engines that 
 
 produce a h. p. per hour for each 2, 2 1 /,, or H 
 pounds of coal burned, but the best result 
 have ever found was 4.28 pounds per h. p. 
 
 The Indicator is of no value whatever in 
 determining the power developed by an 
 engine, in proof of which the tests on the 
 following page are given as but a few of 
 many I have made. 
 
 One pound on the dial of the drawbar 
 scale indicates one hundred on the link of 
 the drawbar. This scale is placed in the 
 buffer of the tender as shown, and can be 
 shifted easily to any other tender using the 
 same kind of buffer ; its cost is small and its 
 
 use might prevent many useless changes, save in the selection of oils and 
 
 in many other ways. 
 
 SUGGESTIONS. 
 
 Twenty feet head room for bridges to avoid grade crossings means steep 
 grades and much digging and filling. Why not instead, spread tracks three 
 feet and have eighteen inch walk with rail on side of freight cars? 
 
 Prevention is better than cure. The practice of building cars with 
 windows and door outlets that cannot readily be opened for egress will 
 some day result in terrible loss of life; it is the unexpected that 
 astonishes us.
 
 396 
 
 Hartford Engineering Co., Buckeye Twin Engine; Cylinders, 
 
 14 inches Diameter, 28-inch Stroke. Simultaneous 
 
 Trial by Indicator Cards and Power Scale. 
 
 WILLIAM A. CHASE, 
 
 AGENT HOLYOKE WATER TOWER Co.* 
 
 Dear Sir: On Thursday last the trial for power, etc., at the New 
 York Woolen Mills, Connor Brothers, was conducted as follows : 
 
 Ten " sets" were run through the day of eleven hours. The coal was 
 taken from the surface of pile and weighed as used ; though not 
 screened, it was much cleaner than the average of the pile. 
 
 The weight on Power Scale was taken every fifteen minutes. The 
 boiler pressure was kept at 70 pounds. The driving pulley on engine, 
 9 feet diameter, with 3<>inch double belt, drove 5-feet pulley upon main 
 line. Throwing on and off machinery caused variation of four revolu- 
 tions of pulley on engine, or from 120 down to 116 per minute. 
 
 Mr. Hayes took cards at various times, seemingly with care and skill. 
 The results obtained by the Power Scale, a No. 5, were as follows : 
 
 Divisions of 46 timings gave 1,248 Ibs. 
 
 Revolutions, 196 per min. cen. force, .... 85 
 
 Average net weight for n hours, i'63 Ibs. 
 
 Coal burned in n hours, 4>955 ls. 
 
 Average power in 1 1 hours, 82.9 H. P. 
 
 4055-5-1 1 =450.4-1-82.9=5.43 Ibs. coal per horse-power per hour. 
 
 An attempt was made Friday morning to do the work with one 
 cylinder, resulting in a complete failure. Sixty-five horse-power, with 
 7O-pounds boiler pressure, would be all one cylinder could stand steady 
 under. Indicated force, 101.5 horse power. 
 
 Respectfully yours, JAMES EMERSON. 
 
 WlLLIMANSETT, MASS., Sept. 14, 1884. 
 
 E. BLAKE, Needle Works, Chicopee Falls, Mass. 
 
 Rated by indicator to use 6.22 horse power. 
 
 Maximum possible with every machine in the works running, shown 
 by power scale to be 2.74 horse 'power, but with the machinery ordinari- 
 ly in use, 1.24 horse power. 
 " Oct 21, 1884. 
 
 AMOS W. PAGE, Needle Works, Chicopee Falls, Mass. 
 
 Rated by indicator to use 7.38 horse power. 
 
 Maximum with all machinery in works running, shown by scale to be 
 3.35 horse power, but with the machinery generally in use 2.49 horse 
 power. JAMES EMERSON. 
 
 Oct. 27, 1884. 
 
 It is safe to say that 15,000 horse power is the full equi vn 
 lent of 20,000 indicated horse power.
 
 307 
 
 '['he present period may lie denominated as tl\e Musical Age. Almost 
 eveiy family of ordinary culture has its Piano or Cabinet Organ, in many 
 cases both. 
 
 To develop the capabilities of these Instruments in oicheslial effect, 
 much of the popular music of the day is -nriangcd in Pucls, requiting four 
 hands for its proper execution, of course necessitating the use of two stools 
 or seats for the playets.'jl- Probably there are few persons of oidinniy obser- 
 vation and expeiience, \\lio have not .seen a chair filled \viili bound volumes 
 of Music. " Webster's Unabridged," or other material to supply a seal for the 
 second player. 
 
 For the most of llic time but one Stool is required in a family, so that a 
 second Stool is an encumbrance, except for the short time it is needed. 
 
 To obviate this objection, many attempts have been made during the 
 past fifteen years to produce a Stool suitable for either one or two players. 
 Numerous patents have been granted for such devices, but these generally 
 have been conspicuous as to their double nature, and very inconvenient either 
 as single or double stools. 
 
 The plan herewith illustrated is believed to be the long sought con- 
 venience for the purpose named, insurpassable. in beauty as a single Stool, 
 ( 6r in convenience for teacher and pupil while giving and receiving instruc- 
 tion in music, or the execution of four hand pieces by two players.
 
 398 
 
 BROWN'S FACING MILL, POWER, ETC. 
 
 Willimansett, Mass. 
 
 In this case the ordinary question cannot be raised as to whether 
 steam or water power is cheapest, because the great expense neces- 
 sary for land, dam, turbine, etc., etc., has already been incurred, 
 consequently the loss of the water power would necessitate the ex- 
 pense almost of a double plant without any corresponding gain, for 
 the present plant is located close to the depot, upon the road to 
 Springfield, in proximity to Holyoke, and probably in as convenient 
 and desirable a place as could be found in the New Hi inland States. 
 
 The whole plant must now stand to the owner at a cost of some 
 seven or eight thousand dollars and completely fitted for business, 
 to be operated by water power. 
 
 This power consists of an almost unchanging supply of water 
 falling sixteen feet. Very few water powers can be found so regu- 
 lar in quantity as this. About three hundred cubic feet per minute 
 can be depended upon the year round, though in extreme droughts 
 it may be a little less, and during the spring something more. 
 Three hundred cubic feet of water per minute falling sixteen feet 
 evolves nine horse power ; ponding the twenty-four hours' supply 
 and using it in eight hours furnishes twenty-seven horse power, of 
 which eighteen may be utilized or, say, fifteen horse power, ten hours 
 per day, and this without waiting to get up steam as would be the 
 case for every little job with a steam plant. 
 
 Mr. Brown's work is not such as to require constant power, hence 
 the advantage of the power that may be called upon to operate the 
 machinery for ten minutes, or an hour, as the case may be, then 
 stopped and remain idle without expense or care until again needed, 
 which could not be the case with steam power. Besides, with steam 
 power to be safe for mill land neighborhood, a qualified engineer 
 would be necessary to take charge of engine and boiler. I do not 
 mean to be understood that engineers are always employed in such 
 cases,. but I do mean decidedly that, to obtain the same safety and 
 convenience now enjoyed by Mr. Brown, one thousand dollars per 
 year will not make an equivalent for the value of his water power, 
 which is now in good condition throughout, to the best of my 
 belief. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON, 
 
 WILLIMANSETT, MASS., Feb. 21, 1892.
 
 399 
 
 BOND vs. CITY OF SPRINGFIELD. 
 
 \\ ILLIMANSKTT, Jan. 6, 1892. 
 To the Water Commissioners of Springfield: 
 
 All through the New England States may be seen relics of old mills 
 wheelwright shops, etc.. located upon streams of little capacity, except in 
 the spring of the year or during heavy rains. These were very useful in 
 early times, but now almost every want is supplied by large manufacturers 
 at a lower price than the raw material would cost at these isolated places, 
 hence few of them continue in operation and such as do bear the marks of 
 
 lingering old age going to seed. 
 Portable saw mills are 
 
 Portable saw mills are now moved to timliered lands, and the lumber is 
 sawed, the slabs and refuw wood furnishing the fuel for steam power, at 
 lesa cost than the timber can be drawn to stationary mills on water powers. 
 
 .Mr. Bond, of Belchertow.i. continues the use of one of these ancient mills. 
 The grist mill building was burned a few years since, and its place sui>- 
 plied by a superannuated depot building. The sa\v mill seems to be de- 
 pendent upon the most primitive means for taking logs from the pond. 
 The old cobble stone or bowlder dam and rotting surroundings offer evi- 
 <h?nce that at no distant day extensive and expensive repairs will have to 
 IK- made from the foundation to retain the pond, and evidence that the 
 future prospects have not warranted the expense of repairs and improve- 
 ments. The assessed value of mills, houses, blacksmith shop, etc.. is si'.ir.n. 
 and were the property well advertised for sale there is 110 reason to think 
 the rush of purchasers would be so great as to cause the suspicion of undue 
 favoritism on assessed valuation. 
 
 Springfield takes about one-half of Mr. Bond's water supply during the 
 summer. 
 
 October 3, 18D1, the flow into Bond's pond was 72.77 cubic feet per minute, 
 while the flow in Springfield canal was !K;.<M) cubic feet; but from this 
 quantity must be deducted as a constant a half million gallons daily, or 
 46.4 coble feet per minute supplied by springs in the bottom of the canal 
 below the place where the water is diverted from Mr. Bond. 
 
 Taking the 4'i.4 from the 93.90 of course does not leave a quantity equal 
 r<> the flow to Mr. Bond, but the Springfield supply varies as the mill above 
 is or is not in operation. 
 
 November LT>. the flow direct to the Bond pond was 252 cubic feet per 
 minute; in the Springfield canal, less 4U.4 for percolation. 21)5.1! cubic feet 
 per minute. But the mill above was then in operation, and so large a flow 
 woul.l at the most continue but for ten of the twenty-four hours, while 
 during the other fourteen there would be much less. 
 
 Two millions of gallons daily is a liberal allowance for all of the water 
 that Springfield can draw from 'Mr. Bond's supply. This quantity, 185.6 cubic 
 feet per minute, falling 13 feet evolves 4.56 h. p. Holyoke Water Power 
 Company furnishes such power per year for s4.:i:; pcr'h. p. free from all 
 expense to purchaser for maintaining dam, canal, etc. Willimaiisett brook 
 has a fall a n I constant water supply for 25 h. p. the year round within a 
 third of a mile of depot and within a' mile of the business center of Holyoke, 
 that has run to waste for twenty years, no one considering it worth *-he 
 expense of fitting it up for utilization. A steam engine that would cost 
 .-dun would do more work than all of Mr. Bond's water power much of the 
 year and be far more reliable. 
 
 There are two classes of milling men that I often come in contact with 
 that do not seem creditable to the age. The first are shocked and tilled with 
 indignation at the mere mention of making examination or measurements in 
 their mills on Sunday, yet in the most bare-faced manner they will steal 
 water for power every other day of the week the year round. The other 
 class seem to consider it a commendable token of smartness to extort ten 
 times the value of a thing from a corporation if possible. 
 
 Springfield is able to pay a fair price for what it needs. I would advise a 
 tender of $1,500 to Mr. Bond for the water taken, and, at the utmost, if 
 2,000 wjll not satisfy his demands, then decidedly let the courts settle it. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON.
 
 400 
 ATWATER MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 
 
 , COXXECTICUT. 
 
 The annexed illustrations show the (lain substantially as it appeared in 
 1880. The coping stone of the dam had in several places' been crushed and 
 carried a way by ice. leaving the iron dowels projecting above as shown. The 
 coping stonesN and O remained, as was the case with some at The other end 
 of the dam. The necessity for repairs of the daniat that Time was so appar- 
 ent that it was made a matter of my report and record. The crest of dam 
 has since been evened up by timber and cement on a level with the top of the 
 original coping, as shown by the stone X. Soon after a suit was commenced 
 by the mill owners above, 1 examined the dam and saw tliat.no improper 
 raising had been made, nor wa-s there any indication that the set-back of 
 water from the dam interfered with the mills above. I went to the plaintiffs 
 and proposed to test the power of their mills under existing conditions, then 
 draw down the pond several feet and again test their power. 
 
 The land above and below is swampy; on such foundation a stone dam is 
 sure to settle, as well as to be worn away on top by the overflow. The mill 
 upon the east side has three turbines, the Manufacturing Co.. one. For years 
 the four wheels had kept the water constantly drawn down, leaving the banks 
 of streams and the marshes uncovered, so as' to cause sanitary complaint. At 
 about the time the dam was repaired, the three wheels in the old mill were 
 closed for good, since when the pond has remained full, perhaps causing the 
 belief that cue dam had been raised. Had that been the case there would be a 
 belt of dead trees up the banks of the pond and river, for those banks were 
 lined with trees, but no dead ones were to be found. 
 
 The Manufacturing Co. purchased the place under the assurance that the 
 fall was eight feet. The dam has been the overflow " of the pond and much 
 debris had settled below the dam in the tail race at F. The small island 
 marked D, and loose stone and gravel, have l>een removed and the head is 
 now but seven and a half feet. The pond is quite extensive and extends 
 considerable of the distance towards the mills above, and of course substan- 
 tially is level from end to end, while the current from the pond to the mills 
 above is quite rapid; at the line marked A, it is one foot per second when 
 the wheels above are in operation. A surface mark was made at L just 
 before noon; as the wheel gates closed in the mills above, the water settled 
 two inches during the noon hour, though it must have risen on the At\\atcr 
 dam, for the wheel gate was closed there. In the tail race at V. the surface 
 fell six or more inches. Several hundred feet down stream from the plaintiff's 
 mill, a stake is driven, the top of which is live and one-eighth inches above 
 the crest of Atwater dam ; with the wheels above in full operation the depth 
 of water on stake was one and three-eighths inches. From the stake up. 
 the current was very rapid, so as to make it hard to row a boat. I nder the 
 bridge on .Main street, a sewerand the road wasli has partially forme. I :i bar. 
 through the middle of which the current has cut its way. carrying the debris 
 down near the line marked X. where it meets the set-back of water from 
 the Atwater dam, and there has formed an extensive bar across the stream 
 that raises the water above and in the vicinity, and this bar, the whole cause 
 of the misunderstanding, had not been found by the several different civil 
 engineers employed in the case, though the action of the water easily made 
 such obstruction apparent. 
 
 This bar has doubtless rapidly increased since the stopping of the three 
 wheels in the old Atwater mill, for previous to that the water was so con- 
 stantly drawn down that the meeting of the waters would have been in pond. 
 
 To-understand the conditions fully, consideration must be had of the fact 
 that the plaintiff ponds the twenty-four hours' supply of the stream, and 
 then sends the whole down in ten hours or less ; consequent ly as t he A t \\ a t cr 
 wheel can use but a portion of that quantity, much of it must go over the 
 dam, causing the surface there to be higher than if only the natural flow of 
 the stream came down. 
 
 Now one hundred dollars properly expended as I proposed, by testing the 
 power, would have made the matter so plain that there could have remained 
 no possible cause for dispute, instead of which the law was invoked, to the 
 great benefit of the lawyers at least. 
 
 In court the case must be fitted to the law, not the law to the case. Each 
 witness is sworn to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, 
 and then every effort is made to suppress all undesirable truth by one side. 
 the other side' trying to confuse and make the witness lie if possible.
 
 401
 
 WILLIMANSETT, MASS., July 14, 1890. 
 To the Hoard of Water Commissioners of Willimantic, Conn. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : Having made several examinations of your 
 arrangements for supplying the borough with water, I report as 
 follows : My first examination was made when the estimated flow 
 of water over Mr. Johnson's dam was eighteen inches in depth, the 
 next when it was ten, and one last week when there was but a slight 
 flow over it. At the same time the water was drawn down several 
 feet at the pumping station dam, leaving only the flow of the 
 natural stream at Johnson's line. From surface of water there to 
 the level of your dam it was two feet five and a half inches. The 
 lower line in the sketch annexed represents the approximate sur- 
 face there at that time, and I believe the higher lines would do the 
 same under the conditions named, could your pond be drawn down 
 at such times. Two feet average for the year round of backwater 
 would certainly be more than Mr. Johnson would suffer from your 
 darn. 
 
 The sketch of dam also annexed does not represent your dam as 
 it is, but as I would earnestly advise it be made and the dam backed 
 with gravel before the season closes. The cracks in the walls of 
 the station, embankments, and dam show that a rapid process of 
 disintegration is going on. The mortar it has no claim to be 
 called cement is poor. With such an abundance of water it is 
 hard to conceive why more than fifteen feet head was ever desired. 
 The present dam, made with an overflow, and waste-gates that can 
 be used in time of need as I have shown, well backed with gravel, 
 should stand. 
 
 The wheels selected show the engineer to be ignorant of the 
 improvements made in turbines, and the general mechanical con- 
 struction displays a lamentable lack of mechanical ability ; while 
 placing the waste-gates where it is impossible to use them when 
 most needed, shows a lack of ability and judgment that seems 
 incredible. 
 
 James B. Francis of Lowell, Mass., has had constant care of dams 
 for nearly sixty years. I would seriously advise you to employ 
 him to make an examination of your dam ; have the water drawn 
 down at the time. Stone dams have a fatal tendency to tumble 
 down, and there seems a possibility of yours doing so. Owing to 
 the poor mortar there is little strength in the dam except in its 
 weight. 
 
 Very respectful^ yours, 
 
 JAMES EMERSON. 
 
 The above reported works were planned by Mr. J. T. Fanning, and con- 
 structed under his supervision. The pumps work at half speed designed but 
 broke the iron frames connecting the pumps to the wheels at thai speed 
 s .on after si.'irting. The waste-gates are placed about fifty feet from the 
 abutments of the dam, so that it is impossible to get at them unless the water 
 is below crest of dam.
 
 403
 
 404 
 SUIT FOR DAMAGES. 
 
 PALMER (Mass.) WATER WORKS vs. STOXE, Plaintiff. 
 
 Visited the reservoir and streams, also pond, and works of Mr. 
 Stone, in June. Stream below water works dry, as was the pond 
 of plaintiff. His shop was closed. 
 
 At the reservoir there were plain indications that the supply was 
 but little more than equal for water company's use. 
 
 Early in November made another examination with similar 
 results, except that the plaintiff's pond was full, yet his shop 
 remained idle. 
 
 November 14, made a more thorough examination of the streams, 
 reservoirs, and stream supplying reservoirs ; made a crude measure- 
 ment of the supplying stream, also of capacity of plaintiff's pond. 
 
 There was more water the 14th than at the previous examinations, 
 yet evidently but little surplus, as the lower reservoir was not quite 
 full. There had been quite a heavy rain, for a day, between my 
 second and last visit. 
 
 The crude measurement of the supplying stream showed about 
 one-half of a cubic foot per second, which, for safety and convenience 
 of computation, I call four gallons per second as the total supply 
 to the reservoirs, though there may be small springs in or near 
 the edges of the reservoirs, yet as there are but about two hundred 
 families supplied, aside from depots, hotels, and wire mills, the 
 supplying stream will seem sufficient. 
 
 Four gallons per second will supply 5,760 persons each with sixty 
 gallons of water per day of twenty-four hours. 
 
 The plaintiff's pond is irregular in shape and depth, estimated 
 surface ninety by one hundred feet, of which two and one-half feet 
 in depth may be used, or say 22,500 cubic feet. This is gauged to the 
 conduit to wheel through a ten-inch pipe the top of which is three 
 feet below the surface of the water when the pond is full. 
 
 Overshot wheel coarsely made, set and supplied with water. Area 
 of gauge, 78.5 square inches, sixty per cent, of which is 47 square 
 inches. 
 
 Spurting velocity of water under say an a'verage .head of two feet 
 is 11.84 feet per second, equaling a discharge of 3.7 cubic feet per 
 second; 3.7 cubic feet per second falling sixteen feet evolves 6.7 
 h.p. propelling force, for which the old wheel could not return a 
 co-efficient of more than fifty per cent., or 3.4 h.p. Two hours' run 
 at that rate would draw all of the water that could be utilized from 
 the pond, then it would require twelve hours to refill the pond so 
 that two and one-half to three hours per day would be all the time 
 during the working hours of the day the machinery could be kept 
 in use. 
 
 In the spring and.during the melting of the snow, and heavy rains, 
 undoubtedly there is a larger supply of water, but the water courses 
 below or above the reservoirs do not indicate a much larger quan- 
 tity generally than at the present time. One horse power ten 
 hours per day is as much as could be made available. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON. 
 
 WlLLIMANSETT, MASS., NOV. 16, 1891.
 
 405 
 L. L. DEAN & CO., AMSTERDAM, N. Y. " 
 
 GENTLEMEN : In accordance with your request, I have at differ- 
 ent times made examinations of your mill and its surroundings at 
 Rock City and report as follows : 
 
 On May 28, current year, made my first examination ; the water 
 was high', flowing over the dam below your mill 24 inches in depth. 
 The next day, after the water had fallen on the dam to six inches in 
 depth, the depth in tail race back of your mill on the boundary line 
 was about thirty-four inches. I made examinations of the surround- 
 ings and found the conditions good so far as they could be ascer- 
 tained until the water .could be drawn from the pond below your 
 mill. I was then informed that a suit had been commenced to com- 
 pel the lowering of the dam below sufficiently to prevent its backing 
 the water upon the turbine that furnished the power to drive the 
 machinery in your mill, and was requested to ascertain if the dam 
 did back the water upon your turbine, and, if so, to what extent ; 
 then to ascertain by the most accurate method the loss so caused, 
 then to ascertain the cost of an equivalent power by steam at the 
 mill. 
 
 Stumps in the water on the west side of the pond offer positive 
 evidence that the dam below has been raised within a comparatively 
 recent period. 
 
 To ascertain the cost of the equivalent a dynamometer or power 
 scale was placed in the main driving pulley of the mill. The 
 machinery of the mill, except the dynamo for lighting, was then 
 driven by the steam engine during the day, the coal as used being 
 carefully weighed, when it was found that each h. p. required 4.28 
 pounds of coal per hour or 102. 72 pounds of coal each day of twenty- 
 four hours per h. p. 
 
 Sept. 24, the water in the pond below your mill was drawn down 
 so that the surface set back exactly to the boundary line back of 
 your mill. The surface at the dam was twenty-four and a half 
 inches below the crest of dam and twenty-seven and a half below 
 the usual water line permanently marked by discoloration on the 
 abutments. This would show a loss from backwater of about 
 eighteen h. p. As neither the turbine nor steam engine can work 
 economically so harnessed together as is usually done to make up 
 for the loss of water power, it would be a moderate estimate to rate 
 the loss at twenty horse power, requiring a ton of coal for each 
 twenty-four hours. Taking the coal at five dollars per ton, the pay 
 of two engineers, and wear and tear of machinery, into considera- 
 tion, the loss cannot be less than ten dollars per day of twenty-four 
 hours, though the cost of steam power would be less if furnished by 
 a large engine running regularly for furnishing power. 
 
 The plaintiff's attorney requested me to proceed and state the facts 
 in my own way which I proceeded to do, when the defendant's attor- 
 ney, with his long arms wildly flying about his head like those of 
 a frantic windmill let loose, shouted, " I object, your honor, I 
 object ! ' ' and his honor sustained his objections for no perceptible 
 reasons other than that such positive evidence so easily verified 
 left no chance for the quibbles of the law to continue the case to an 
 indefinite period. JAMES EMERSON. 
 
 AMSTERDAM, N. Y., Sept. 24, 1890.
 
 406 
 
 MASCOMA RIVER IMPROVEMENT CO., PLAINTIFF, 
 
 YS. 
 
 EMERSON EDGE TOOL CO. 
 
 GENTLEMEN, this certifies that on the 27th day of this month I made an 
 examination of the reservoir dam above your works at East Lebanon, 
 N. H. ; that I had the apron planking removed at four several places and 
 that I found the main timbers sound and the whole structure in a condition 
 to render it safe for many years to come. To continue its duration, however, 
 I would advise that annually as convenient the cribbing; or frame work of 
 the dam be rilled more and more with cobble stone, and gravel be added to 
 that above the dam. By so doing in a few years the whole may lie rendered 
 permanent for ages to come. 
 
 I would also earnestly advise not only you but all other owners of dams 
 to fix in some unchanging place such as a ledge in the side of the pond 
 at the exact level of the crest of the dam a mark that can never be changed 
 to denote the height of dam and have such mark recorded. The neglect to 
 take this precaution has been the cause of innumerable cases of litigation 
 where dams have gone out, as is so common, or where they have settled or 
 worn away as all dams do in time. This mark need not be near the dam, 
 for the water will give the level when at crest of dam. 
 
 The deed conveying the right to this dam. pond, and water power is 
 wildly worded, rendering it necessary for you to observe great care in 
 carrying out its conditions. The reservoir is to be so maintained that at 
 all times sufficient water may lie sent down to furnish power for all the 
 mills that now are or may be erected ; a condition very likelv soon to 
 become an impossibility from lack of water, hence you must use discretion 
 as to the quantity you allow to pass your gates. 
 
 The mill owners have the to-be-unquestioned right to open or close the 
 waste gate in the dam at discretion but in no way to meddle with the old 
 mill gates of yours represented above. To do so must render them liable 
 not only as trespassers, but also for heavy damages that may occur through 
 fires caused by the starting up of machinery when there is' no one present 
 to care for it, or by rendering tire pumps useless by the shutting the gates, 
 etc., etc. 
 
 Whenever there is a scarcity of water my advice to you is to regulate 
 your gates so that the water in the reservoir decreases but slowly : then it' 
 more is required grant the request only when made in writing bv a respon- 
 sible agent, who shall hold you harmless. Even then you will care for your 
 own rights, and riparian rights below. 
 
 The three gates of the ol(T mills represented above, when the reservoir is 
 full, will discharge .'545.2 cubic feet of water per second ; less in proportion 
 of course with decrease of head : 345.2 cubic feet of water falling 14 feet 
 evolves 547.7 h.p. ; adding the discharge of the waste gate the center of 
 which has 7 feet 3 inches head and will discharge 53 cubic feet per second, 
 sufficient water is sent down the river to produce a force of 631.7 h. p. 
 where the fall is 14 feet, other faiisin proportion. 67 per cent, of such force 
 is the estimated average realized. 
 
 There are numerous places below your works before arriving at the 
 I^ebanon Mills where dams and mills may be constructed. Such mills will 
 if constructed have the right to the natural flow of the river. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON. 
 
 WILLIMANSETT, MASS., NOV. 28, U591.
 
 40? 
 
 WlLLIMAXSETT, MASS., Aug. 10, 1893. 
 
 \V. H. GUILDS. Secretary of the Village Water Supply Company, 
 Manchester, Conn. 
 
 I)I:AI; Sn: : As requested. I yesterday made a general examin- 
 ation of your water supply system, and report as follows : 
 
 The watershed of the village tends to return the water taken 
 from the stream. This stream enters i lie I lockanum river below the 
 village. The mill stream is small and made up from three limited 
 smuves. The mill owners upon this stream have erected two com- 
 paratively large dams or reservoirs upon these sources, to save the 
 abundance of the spring and rainy seasons, and these mill owners 
 alone form the Village, Water Supply Company. I find that there 
 are 139 water takers ; calling six persons to each family. 834 persons 
 are supplied with water. 
 
 As the village has no sewer system, 60 gallons per individual is a 
 liberal allowance ; a few mill owners are furnished with wash water, 
 which immediately returns to the stream. call the whole equal to 
 on ; gallon per second per day, or 8(5,400 gallons per each 24 hours. 
 
 Tin "stimated surface of the upper reservoir is 1000 by 400 feet, 
 which I found drawn down three feet ; its average depth is, say 10 
 feet. The stream above the reservoir was perfectly dry while the 
 outlet gate was letting out five gallons per second, consequently 
 the discharge into the Ilockanum river is now five gallons per sec- 
 ond, where there would have been nothing from the natural stream 
 at this time. 
 
 The two reservoirs store sufficient to supply the village 70 days 
 were there no renewal during that time, while, owing to their con- 
 struction, the average flow of the stream has been much increased. 
 Tl :e valuation of village properly has been increased through the 
 safety arising from the water supply hydrants located by an inde- 
 pendent village commission. 
 
 The loss of power in the Ilockanum river caused by the diversion 
 of one gallon per second from a fall of 14 feet would be something 
 like one-lift h of a horse power, but without the reservoirs there 
 would be considerable time when the gallon would not be there to 
 fall. The quantity would hardly equal the capacity of an inch and 
 a half pipe under one hundred and fifty feet head. 
 Yours truly, 
 
 JAMES EMERSON.
 
 408 
 
 F. A. Smith, Jr., Treasurer Electric Light and Power Co., Water- 
 vUle, Maine : 
 
 This certifies that from the 9th to the 16th of this month I have 
 made numerous tests at the works of your company, to deter- 
 mine the power required to drive your lighting machinery, also to 
 ascertain the maximum power your two * turbines can furnish, it 
 being understood that the head of water during the year is often 
 less than at present, and that at the present stage it is hardly 
 sufficient to operate the six dynamos, as desired. 
 
 Your company have an alternating dynamo connected with a cir- 
 cuit of six hundred incandescent lights, and five other dynamos of 
 a different style for arc lights, all of the same make and capacity, 
 operating five separate circuits, which circuits differ somewhat in 
 conditions and number of lights. 
 
 The tests were made by belting from the pulleys on driving shaft 
 to dynamo through an Emerson No. 4 power scale, that carries its 
 load nine feet at each revolution of shaft and scale, the weight 
 being shown in pounds, as upon the ordinary platform scale. 
 
 Operation for computation of data : Multiply each revolution by 
 9, and that product by the weight as shown, then dividing by 33,000 
 shows the amount of work done hi horse power. 
 Test of alternating dynamo : Revolution of scale per minute, 495 ; 
 
 of dynamo, 1,500 ; weight, 390 pounds. 
 
 495 X 9 = 4,455 X 390 = l,737,450-i-33,000 = 62.05 horse power. 
 
 Test of arc dynamo connected with a circuit of thirty arc lights, 
 
 1,200 candle power each : Revolutions of dynamo, 900 ; of 
 
 scale, 323 per minute ; weight carried, 180 pounds. 
 
 323 X 9 = 2,907 X 180 = 523,260-^33,000 = 15.85 horse power. 
 Test second, connected to different circuit : Revolution of scale, 
 
 324 per minute ; weight, 180 pounds. 
 
 324 X 9 = 2,916 X 180 = 524,880-r33,000 = 15.90 horse power. 
 Test of third circuit : Revolution of scale, 325 per minute ; weight, 
 
 190 pounds. 
 
 325 X 9 = 2,925 X 190 = 555,750-r33,000 = 16.84 horsepower. 
 
 Test of fourth circuit : Revolution of scale, 324 per minute ; weight, 
 
 200 pounds. 
 
 324 X 9 == 2,916 X 200 = 583,200j33,000 = 17.84 horse power. 
 Fifth circuit, same as the first arc circuit tested. 
 
 The six dynamos with all lights in use require 150 horse power 
 to be safe. 
 
 The two turbines at the best cannot transmit over 140 horse 
 power, oftentimes not that. 
 
 * Risdon, the most unreliable turbine I ever tested. Owing to some peculi- 
 arity, it could never be told until tested whether it would do well or not. 
 One set by a millwright was tested that gave 73 ; next day after resetting it 
 gave 87 per cent. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON. 
 WILWMANSEXT, MASS., Feb. 18, 1891.
 
 409
 
 410 
 
 THE LAW. 
 
 During the past decade complaint has frequently been made of a lack of 
 reverence for the law. 
 
 Has the law, with a continuation of its obsolete absurdities and rules 
 requiring cases to be fitted to the law, instead of making the law tit the case 
 in hand, any just claim to respect? Has there been any attempt made by the 
 fraternity to simplify and bring it up to the necessities of the time ? 
 
 Nearly twenty-four hundred years ago Herodotus wrote of its delays and un- 
 certainties jcst'as is done to-day. At the left of the illustration of court-room 
 is a view of what a century since was thought desirable to put back of the hnu^f 
 while the travel was in front. Once in agroove the plan has continued, 
 though a hundred from the car windows are now annoyed by the disgusting 
 sight where one would have been formerly if placed in front. The two views 
 are intended to show the force of habit. The " O yes, O yes," miniature gal- 
 lows, and bullying of witnesses should be matters of the past. 
 
 THE EAW OF THE LAWYERS. 
 
 Safeguards for Professional Honesty The Attorneys' Oaths, 1884. 
 
 A frequent charge against members of the bar, made indeed facetiously in 
 most cases, Is that of insincerity and lack of veracity. The attorneys' oath of 
 office is in all conscience strict enough, and if there is such a thing as a dis- 
 honest lawyer he must be a perjurer as well. Below is given the form at 
 present in use. 
 
 THE ATTORNEYS' OATH, 1884. 
 
 You solemnly swear that you will do no falsehood, nor consent to the doing 
 of any in court; you will not wittingly or willingly promote or sue any false, 
 groundless, or unlawful suit, nor give aid or consent to the same: you will 
 delay no man for lucre or malice; but you will conduct yourself in the office 
 of an attorney within the courts according to the best of your knowledge and 
 discretion, and with all good fidelity as well to the courts as your clients. .So 
 help you God. 
 
 1. A lawyer ought to be a gentleman. His function as an attorney gives 
 him no dispensation to disregard the ordinary rules of good manners, and the 
 ordinary principles of decency and honor. He has 110 right to slander his 
 neighbor, even if his neighbor be the defendant in a cause in which he appears 
 for the plaintiff. He has no right to bully or browbeat a witness in oross- 
 examination, or artfully to entrap that witness into giving false testimony. 
 Whatever the privilege of the court may be, the lawyer who is guilty of such 
 practices in court is no gentleman out of court. 
 
 2. A lawyer ought not to lie. He may defend a criminal whom he knows to 
 be guilty, but he may not say to the jury that he believes this criminal to be 
 innocent. It is notorious that some lawyers who would think it scandalous to 
 tell afalsehood out of court in any business transact ion lie shamelessly in court 
 in behalf of their clients, and seem to think it part of their professional duty. 
 That bar of justice before which by their professional obligations they are 
 bound to the most stringent truthfulness is the very place where they seem 
 to consider themselves absolved from the common law of veracity. So lontr 
 as the legal mind is infected with this deadly heresy we need not wonder that 
 our courts of justice often become the instruments of unrighteousness. 
 
 3. A lawyer ought not to sell his services for the promotion of injustice and 
 knavery. Swindlers of all types are aided by lawyers in their depredations 
 upon society. It would be more, difficult to believe this if its truth were not so 
 often illustrated in the stupendous frauds and piracies of great corporations, 
 all of which are carefully engineered by eminent lawyers. Our modern 
 "buccaneers" our brave railroad wreckers are in constant consultation 
 with distinguished lawyers. They undeniably have "the best of legal ad- 
 vice " in planning and executing their bold iniquities.
 
 411 
 
 Bob Ingersoll rails much against a venal priesthood, yet defends Star Route 
 thieves with a gusto that denotes a labor of love. The mote he so dislikes is 
 not small, but he seems to carry a whole lumber yard in his eye without 
 inconvenience. 
 
 IS THE LAW ITSELF MORE COMMENDABLE ? 
 
 Governor Butler said: "Shall I call your attention to the time when no 
 lawyer was allowed to practice?" and he added, "it was a credit to the 
 legal profession that 110 lawyer had participated in the witchcraft tricks." 
 and so it was; but when he said, " .No judge presided over them," he simply 
 blundered, for it is well k.ntnvn tc jvery school boy familiar with the history 
 of those times, that it was the notorious Chief Just ice Sewell who, in his blind 
 bigotry and desire to serve two masters, both God and man. at the same time, 
 as he thought, condemned twenty-four innocent people to death, and after- 
 ward stood up in church in Boston, with bowed down head and sorrowful 
 countenance, while a paper was read, in which he begged the prayers of the 
 congregation, that the innocent blood which he haa erringly shed might not 
 be visited on the country or on him. 
 
 "As far as we know, "'says Texa* Sif tings, " there is not a single instance 
 on record in Texas of a murderer of means having been punished by law, no 
 matter how many homicides he committed." Texas is not . exceptional 
 state where such eases transpire. 
 
 The result of the Sellon trial confronts the people of this community with 
 some serious questions. Where and what is the influence which rende'rs the 
 conviction of a man for the taking of human life impossible? How is it that 
 the machinery of the law is wrenched and money poured out like water to 
 convict two men of a crime which a majority of people believe to-day was 
 never committed by anybody, while three men, each with the blood of a fel- 
 low being on his hands, walk the streets free men, one of them not even hav- 
 ing been indicted for his crime? it has become so in this community that if 
 a murder is committed and the man who does the deed has any influence, 
 political, pecuniary, or social, which can be brought to bear, it is immediately 
 taken for granted that he will not be punished for the crime. 
 
 THE KEMMLER REPRIEVE. 
 
 The case of the condemned murderer Kemmler certainly offers the most 
 remarkable instance of judicial procrastination on record in this country. 
 
 A FATAL FLAW IN THE INDICTMENT. 
 
 A highly respected citizen was arraigned before court for shooting ami kill- 
 ing a friend. The evidence was direct, and after exhaustive arguments had 
 been made the judge said: 
 
 " It is clearly proven that you are guilty. a< charged by the indictment." 
 
 "But I protest my innocence," replied the prisoner. "The indictment 
 reads that I did shoot and kill the gentleman with powder and a leaden bullet. 
 This is a mistake. I had no bullets at the time, so I loaded my gun with pow- 
 der and a horseshoe nail." 
 
 "That indeed alters the case," said the judge. " The indictment said 
 bullet, when it should have said nail. You are discharged, sir." 
 
 Frank Weiss, the editor of an illustrated German comic paper at Erie, Pa,, 
 is on trial for libel, and has succeeded in lighting the law with its own weapons 
 in a very amusing way. The district attorney at the opening of the prosecu- 
 tion claimed the right to "stand aside" jurors under an ancient law of 
 Edward I., never repealed and once sustained by the supreme court of Penn- 
 sylvania by some musty decision In this way, every German or Irish juror 
 was thrown out, the court assenting to the absurd supremacy of this law of 
 900 years ago. Weiss, who is a small, feeble, melancholy looking man, then 
 concluded if they were going in for medieval law he would have some. So 
 he insisted on the trial of the case by ordeal of tire and by combat! He 
 floored the court with his citations of uiirepealed law, and at last accounts the 
 suit was still in progress, with more fun in the court than there ever was in 
 the newspaper.
 
 412 
 
 The fallibility of Juries has recently had a striking illustration In the case 
 of a man under life sentence for murder iu Michigan, having been recently 
 pardoned, after passing twenty -seven years in prison, on the ground that he 
 is innocent of the crime for which he was convicted. He was convicted 
 mainly on the false testimony of a worthless wretch who had a grudge against 
 Wm, and who afterwards confessed that the evidence given by him at the trial 
 i as ji lie. It is sad enough to consider the long years of confinement suffered 
 \j an innocent man, but still more sad to think of his blasted life, and that 
 now he is set free he has no remedy or redress for the suffering and shame 
 endured or the gross injustice of which he has been the victim. 
 
 A QUESTION OF PARDON. 
 
 I see that the papers notice the " pardon of an innocent man." How can 
 an innocent man be pardoned ? What is there to pardon him for ? If there 
 is anybody to be pardoned, isn't it the ones who imprisoned him? 
 
 Has a people that will allow such a damnable law to continue to exist any 
 claim to be considered civilized ? Surely, if the safety of the community 
 requires the punishment of a supposed guilty person, the commonest justice 
 requires the most ample retraction and compensation in case innocence is 
 afterward proved. 
 
 A well known lawyer said: " If I had my way, I would abolish all the 
 courts in the state once every ten years. The courts are the masters of the 
 people. Talk about their being the servants of the commonwealth they are 
 its masters. You can see how it is when anything is attempted at the Legis- 
 lature which touches any of these courts. Jf a measure is proposed which 
 would disturb any of them, it is impossible to get it through the Legislature. 
 They have such control over the senators and representatives that nothing 
 can be done. A judge has so much prestige that the representative thinks he 
 is doing just the right thing if he votes as the judge thinks is the best way, and 
 the consequence is that it is absolutely impossible to get any reform through. 
 A judge isn't any better man after he goes on the bench than he was before. 
 Giving him a commission doesn't make any better man of him, or give him 
 any new faculties, or make his opinion any more entitled to respect than it 
 was before." 
 
 And if I could have my way the Legislature should meet but once in ten 
 years; then select a few fundamental principles of justice, never exceeding 
 one hundred in number; then repeal all previously existing laws from the 
 beginning of recorded acts, and have all disputes settled by arbitration, allow- 
 ing no lawyer to be employed. 
 
 JURY TRIAL. 
 
 What a travesty upon both law and justice; agree or starve! One venal 
 member, by providing beforehand, could easily compel the others to submit. 
 
 Yet further, it is a well-established point of law that an agreement under 
 duress is illegal 
 
 A diligent reader with a good memory may be a successful lawyer without 
 being a statesman or much of a man. 
 
 Congress is rotten with lawyers and notoriously lacks statesmanship. 
 
 It is a strange condition of society that its laws that all are to live by become 
 so complicated that lawyers at from five to a thousand dollars per day must 
 be employed to explain their meaning. 
 
 IN CONCLUSION. 
 
 Can ami intelligent person accustomed to our courts, witnessing the 
 silly, obosolete forms for opening and closing, its suppression of undesired 
 evidence, its use of private correspondence, its attempts to trick witnesses 
 into contradictory statements, itsJamdyce and Jarndijce procrastinations, 
 its breaking of wills, its pandering to the influential, nave any respect 
 therefor or look upon it in any other light than that it is a bondage alike 
 disgraceful to those who practice and those who endure its continuance ?
 
 413
 
 414 
 
 The Law Antagonistic to Knowledge and Justice. 
 
 A thorough study for a score of years of hydrodynamics makes it evi- 
 dent at least to myself that, except through imperfect deeds, no cause nil- 
 disputes in milling matters can arise that may not be made so clear as to 
 leave no just cause for litigation. Kvery ell'ect has a cause, and such cause 
 may readily be ascertained by an intelligent engineer. 
 
 Such cases usually have an individuality and each must lie considered in 
 itself. 
 
 The ordinary surveyor's level between mills is seldom of much account 
 in backwater cases so far as determining the cause of complaint. A num- 
 ber of such cases will be reported in this exlition of my work, from which 
 information of my method of ascertaining facts may be obtained. A wide 
 experience of the practice of law in many states in hydraulic cases con- 
 vinces me that while Massachusetts from its early manufacturing should be 
 one of the most intelligent in such matters it is in fact like its Andover the- 
 ology and gallows witness stand more iron-clad and backward in its rules 
 than any other. The assessors' valuation of a plaintiffs property, the 
 verdict of a parallel case in the same county, mention of the obsolete char- 
 acter of the property in question, nor in fact anything that would show the 
 litter worthlessness of the whole claim was presented in a recent case for 
 damage. This may have been owing to the mcompetency of the attorney, 
 but certainly the most essential evidence necessary to enable the jury to 
 decide intelligently and justly was left out; both attorneys seemed desti- 
 tute of knowledge in such matters and equally desirous of preventing the 
 jury from obtaining knowledge. 
 
 The Willimantic Borough case offered another lesson for litigants. It 
 would hardly he possible to find a case more decisive in character ; one any 
 intelligent manufacturer would easily understand. 
 
 The case is one for mutual concession by which both could be benefited. 
 
 There is a trifle less than three feet in the level between the level of the 
 crests of the Borough and Johnson's dams. Johnson claims to lie desirous 
 of digging a new tail-race 12 feet, wide and 4(io feet in length extending from 
 his wheel down to Borough line where the water backs tip 2 1-2 feet in depth. 
 
 Mr. Johnson desires to send down through the said tail-race l. r ><) cubic feet 
 of water per second, which moving three feet per second would require a 
 depth of four feet, or a foot and a half more than the depth of water at the 
 dividing line of the two properties, consequently the set-back of water 
 could cause no real loss of power to Johnson. Like all such conditions the 
 discharge from the race meeting the standing water of the pond would 
 soon form a bar that would constantly increase in height and reduce the 
 head on Johnson's wheels. By mutual concession such bar could yearly be 
 removed. During the average flow of water the supply gorges the chan- 
 nel below Johnson's land so that there is no backwater at the line at all, 
 and the channel is constantly tilling up so that the rock B represented in 
 the illustration of 1WM) is now submerged and invisible. 
 
 Instead of defending the case upon its merits, the defense was that the 
 river was variable in supply and of little value. There is little encourage- 
 ment for knowledge if the law is to render such knowledge worthless. 
 
 What is the difference in principle, for lawyers to band together in Con- 
 gress and Legislature and use their influence'to perpetuate laws and rules 
 of a barbarous age for personal benefit, and the uniting in mobs to destroy 
 power looms and other improved machinery as was done by the laboring 
 classes ? 
 
 On another page I have stated that I seldom leave the witness stand with- 
 out feeling outraged, but since attorneys of reputation confine their cross 
 examination of my testixumy to reading extracts from my legal criticisms 
 it rather looks as though they consider their case weak and " get oil' their 
 head," and so almost unconsciously give out information where it should 
 do the most good.
 
 -115
 
 416
 
 417 
 
 Expurgation and Pretension. 
 
 The real value of a book consists in its representation of its time, 
 to expurgate destroys its representative character. 
 
 Expurgate the atrocity and obscenity of the Bible and only spirit- 
 ualism would remain. Expurgate what at this day cannot publicly 
 be read from Shakespeare's works, and the pith is gone. Expurgate 
 the loathsome rilthiness from Rabelais' description of the Chris- 
 tianity of his time, and only the covers of his book remain. The 
 delicacy that causes the teacher to send the bare legged boy from 
 school does not prevent her from displaying more than legs at the 
 bathing beach. The age that sentences the poor thief to years of 
 imprisonment for stealing a suit of clothes, pronounces the rich rail- 
 road director free from guilt, though, in defiance of law, he has caused 
 the death of passengers by roasting. Talmadge in his church, the 
 clown in his circus, and the self-styled statesman, each worship the 
 Christian's God, and there can be little doubt but that the clown 
 floes the most for humanity. The unpretentious farmer that places 
 a watering trough by the wayside for the thirsty man or horse, in 
 my opinion, does more for the elevation of man and glory of God 
 than the rich man who builds a church or endows a college. 
 Rotten Statutes. 
 
 As a people few are more ready than ourselves to censure the 
 tolerance of abuses by others, m- more servile in submitting to such 
 of our own. How we smile at the Jay (Moulding of a railroad 
 through the chicanery of the law, or even the acquittal of a mur- 
 derer by the resurrection of a rotten statute that should have been 
 buried by obliteration centuries since. Such successes in any other 
 walk of life would be considered infamous, but in law successful 
 rascality is called smartness. If law is designed to aid justice why 
 is such rascality tolerated by a people claiming to be civilized ? 
 Savages would scorn such trickery. 
 
 Patents, notes of hand, judgments, etc., etc., are limited in dura- 
 tion. "Why not statutes? With nearly fifty independent States 
 each constantly issuing volumes of new statutes, where is it to end? 
 Lawyers produce nothing but strife and their support comes from 
 labor. Will the laborer forever continue to support a class so useless 
 yet so expensive; We claim to be a free people, but can there be 
 freedom with such a mountainous pile of rotten statutes hanging 
 over us? Can anything be more senseless than the common prac- 
 tice of legislators referring matters pertaining to the law to the 
 judiciary committee ? Lawyers if no worse certainly are no better 
 than others. Simple laws are not for their interest. The ideal law 
 of the lawyer is of the mattock and spade, mailed shirt and bow 
 and arrow age. If the steel plow, harvester, rifle cannon and re- 
 peating rifle are superior to those, then in proportion has the me- 
 chanic proved his superiority to the lawyer. Then what excuse is 
 there for suffering the designing or inferior to determine the laws 
 for the superior ? Law is for man not man for the law. Get up 
 out of the ruts, Messrs. Legislators ! if your heads hit the roof when 
 doing so your brains are safe, that is not their location. Why not 
 to every new statute enacted add, "and all previous enactments in-
 
 418 
 
 consistent with this are hereby repealed"? The best governed peo- 
 ple are those governed the least. Blot out every statute over twenty 
 years of age, and the occupation of the smart lawyer would be gone. 
 
 Arbitration. 
 
 When a proposition is made by one of a party to leave a case in 
 dispute out to three disinterested persons to decide and the other 
 refuses to do so, we invariably believe the latter to be the one in 
 the wrong. Then why not make such arbitration obligatory, 
 whenever one party demands it? Do away with the so-called law 
 and lawyers. Have fewer officials and those directly amenable to 
 the people. Form a general plan for arbitration and make such 
 decisions final, except in cases of finding new and undeniable 
 evidence, then in serious cases, such as unjust criminal convictions 
 and punishments, have the highest official of the state apologize 
 for the wrong and so far as possible make the fullest restitution for 
 the injustice, instead of as is now done adding outrage to injustice 
 by the mockery of pardoning a martyr, what a barbarian would be 
 ashamed to do. In God's name, is there not statesmanship in 
 Massachusetts sufficient to remedy a wrong so glaring ? 
 
 The Sacredness of an Oath. 
 
 In a story about Catiline, a companion says, "Who believes in an 
 oath? Did you ever believe in one, Catiline.'" "Well, perhaps so, 
 when a boy," was the reply. 
 
 Those accustomed to the us\ial style of administering the oath, 
 "Hold up your hand. You solemnly yum, yum, yum, s'elp you 
 God," can hardly be much impressed with its sanctity, and the ob- 
 servance of the interested witness with his"I don't remember, "ami 
 burning face when the question has struck home, will be likely to 
 cause the observer to come to the conclusion that the person who 
 in ordinary conversation embellishes his scory merely for self 
 exaltation, will hardly hesitate to lie when under oath if it is for 
 his interest to do so. There are penalties for perjury; why not 
 depend upon those ? 
 
 Irresponsible Commissions. 
 
 If "eternal vigilance is the price of liberty," can it be well to take 
 the power to act direct from the people, and place it in the cart- of 
 a commission chosen more through political partisanship than per- 
 sonal fitness? 
 
 Are three hackneyed politicians more likely to be just to all 
 than "those interested for the best good of their homes? Are our 
 schools as effective now in producing practical men and women, 
 as formerly under the old district or local governing system? 
 
 Responsibility begets consideration. How quick staid citizens, 
 after enlisting as soldiers during the late war and losing their per- 
 sonal responsibility, became like unruly boys, often worse. 
 
 Is it democracy to place the governing power in the hands of a 
 minority of wire pullers? Can a single instance of such a course 
 being found conducive to general good be named since the begin- 
 ning of history? Then why ignore such ages of experience 
 and abandon the principle of self-government?
 
 419 
 AN OHIO IDEA. 
 
 Iu one of the western counties of Ohio a petition is being circulated asking 
 Governor Hoadley to pardon a young man sent to the penitentiary for rob- 
 bing a prominent Free Thinker. The plea is that he should not have been con- 
 victed because the victim is a " wicked and perverse infidel." It is peculiarly 
 an Ohio idea that a man who does not profess religion has no rights, and that it 
 is an act of Christian charity to pick his pocket or set lire to his barn. Prob- 
 ably an Ohio office holder would think it a virtue to steal from the govern- 
 ment on the same principle. 
 
 " The nearer the church the further from God," is an old and a trite saying, 
 but ideas are changing, and we may hope for improvement. 
 
 TAXATION OF ALL PROPERTY. 
 
 II taxation is right at all, there should be no exception. Church property, 
 usually occupying the best localities, certainly should not be exempt, nor 
 should owners of unimproved land, contiguous to growing cities or towns, be 
 allowed to continue to hold such land at a mere nominal rate of taxation, 
 while others are ready to take it at far higher valuation. Let every owner 
 be his own assessor, but with the understanding that any purchaser may 
 take It at the assessed rate. Of course some provisions may be made to pre- 
 vent a homestead from being unjustly taken. 
 
 Let all property be without the protection of law that has not paid for such 
 protection by its taxation. There is no need for many of our officials. 
 
 PROHIBITION. 
 
 There is an old saying that most of the unhappiness of life comes to us 
 through the efforts of weak but well meaning persons trying to direct our 
 lives instead of causing general improvement by perfecting their own. 
 Particularly is this the case with the priestly order, and has been so from 
 the beginning of history. The Rev. Mr. Miner, the great advocate of prohi- 
 bition in this state, must well know that his life has been spent in indoctrinat- 
 ing the minds of his hearers with a superstition that cannot be sustained by 
 evidence, yet he is ready to assume the Creator's place and manage mankind. 
 Prohibition interferes with the rights of all, and with very doubtful effects. 
 Two gallons of liquor, beer included, would more than cover all that 1 have 
 ever drank, yet I do not believe in prohibition, nor would I vote for license, 
 for to me it would seem wrong to dignify a disreputable business by legal 
 recognition ; but as a large portion of crime, poverty, and misery is caused by 
 the traffic, I would have all places where it is carried on taxed at such a rate 
 that the owners would refuse to rent for the purpose. 
 
 Belt Transmission. 
 
 Of all guess work, there is none more unreliable than that of computing the 
 power transmitted by the width of belt. First, the kind, quality and condition 
 of the belt is to be considered; then the size, distance and position of pulley; 
 whether their surfaces are wood, metal, or covered with leather ; whether one is 
 much larger than the other, and whether the belt is running vertically, horizon- 
 tally, open or crossed ; or, what is worse, is running edge up, on pulleys on ver- 
 tical shafts ; whether it is tight or loose ; whether it is made of leather or other 
 material, also whether single or double. In testing with lever dynanometer, the 
 speed of belt is determined. A single leather belt, under ordinary conditions, 
 running 1,000 feet per minute, will transmit a h. p. for each inch 01 width, but 
 the matter is one of the greatest uncertainty
 
 420 

 
 Doctor Dodimus 
 Ceisbrated Case of 
 
 Duckworth's 
 
 Open Mouth Lockjaw. 
 
 Sir Alec. McMutton- 
 head Oh, positively 
 it is not a cancer. He 
 died the next week of 
 cancer, all the same. 
 
 Dr. Hamiltongue Oh ! undoubtedly 
 the hall is here. Haven't we all said 
 so from the first, and hasn't the elec- 
 tro-detector located 
 it here sure ? 
 
 Dr. Doodle Of 
 course it is her " 
 
 Fatsey McGrath Loik at the pair of them doinkeys 
 saking for the hall there, when it is here be my hoind, 
 in the shoulder.
 
 422 
 
 PROGRESS IN MEDICINE. 
 
 " It is a fact that the number of healthy men and women is grow- 
 ing less every year, and the sick more numerous. In the face of 
 these facts, it might be noted that this country is full of doctors 
 and full of drug stores ; that these doctors and drug stores increase 
 every year, and in heavy ratio the sick and dying increase also. 
 
 " It would seem like ignorance and arrogance combined for any 
 physician or school of physicians to claim a monopoly in the prac- 
 tice of medicine, when all physicians of all the schools of medicine 
 combined are powerless in curing but a fair percentage of acute, 
 and still less of chronic, diseases. 
 
 "And instead of doctors opposing new discoveries, condemning 
 new systems of practice, they should welcome them, for no one 
 knows better than the doctor himself how powerless he frequently 
 is to cure, or even aid. in the sick room." 
 
 Two thousand years ago Cato wrote of physicians precisely as we 
 do to-day. He said: " If they attempt to treat of the practice in 
 any other language than the Greek, they are sure to lose credit, 
 there being all the less confidence felt by our people in that which- 
 so nearly concerns their welfare if it becomes intelligible to them. 
 In fact, this is the only one of the arts in which the moment he 
 declares himself an adept he is at once believed. Besides, there is 
 no law to punish the ignorance of a physician. It is at our peril 
 they experimentalize, the only person that can kill another with 
 impunity." 
 
 Pliny speaks of Rome trying, then condemning, the employment 
 of physicians and going without six hundred years. 
 
 Le Sage in his * L Gil Bias " has been more severe than Cato. 
 
 Dr. Majendie says : Medicine is a humbug. 
 
 Sir Astley Cooper: Medicine art is founded on conjecture and 
 improved by murder. 
 
 Dr. Baker : 1 )rugs destroy more than disease does. 
 
 Dr. Forth : There cannot be found a more dishonest trade than 
 medicine. 
 
 Dr. Thomas Watson : Our profession is always floating on a sea 
 of doubts about questions of the most serious importance. 
 
 Dr. Coggswell : If medicine was abolished, mankind would be the 
 greatest gainers. 
 
 Dr. Mason Good : Medicine is a jargon, and has destroyed more 
 than war, pestilence, and famine combined.
 
 423 
 
 Dr. Frank : Thousands are annually slaughtered by the worst of 
 all impositions medicine. Anglice. 
 
 Dr. 0. W. Holmes of late years perhaps has the oftenest been 
 quoted in depreciation of medicinal knowledge. Egregious blun- 
 ders hi high places have made the general ignorance of the class 
 more conspicuous, particularly of those posing as the " great Doctor 
 So and So." 
 
 Perhaps nothing better could have been expected of Cato or 
 Le Sage, but that modern physicians should acknowledge such 
 ignorance is undoubtedly owing to the superstition and material- 
 istic ignorance of the time. 
 
 > Those who have read Mrs. Shelley's " Frankenstein " will recall 
 the monster without the governing soul, because only the physical 
 man could be created ; so of the physician who only knows of the 
 physical structure. Suppose a mechanic of the highest skill as a 
 mechanician, yet knowing nothing of electricity, should undertake 
 to repair a complicated electric engine in which he could see noth- 
 ing of the moving power as it entered, moved, or left the engine, 
 could he expect to command success ? 
 
 Man is of a dual nature, physical and spiritual ; the spiritual or 
 governing part that cannot be seen is the life of the man engine, as 
 the unseeable electricity is that of the electric engine. 
 
 The man engine is the acme of mechanism, the most perfect and 
 the most complicated, and every mechanic knows that complicated 
 machines, even of perfect construction, often get out of order, 
 require repairs and to be put in order. 
 
 The creative mechanic existed before doctors, and he created 
 vast fields for all other professions. The lawyer and priest are 
 fungous growths due to diseased surroundings, and in time to be 
 done away with, but the healer or physician as a mechanic has a 
 vast field of usefulness open to him, yet he must seek for real 
 knowledge of man's nature, and depend upon that knowledge for 
 professional success instead of upon trades union or class legislation. 
 
 The healing art is of such universal importance that no intelli- 
 gent legislature will ever attempt to prevent discoveries of means 
 to prevent or to cure disease, and discoveries are usually outside of 
 the classes to which they seemingly belong. Great progress has 
 been made in surgery, and there is no good reason to doubt that 
 the same progress may be made in medicine by proper study. I, 
 for one, believe that there is a remedy for every disease, and that 
 such remedy can be found, but the old rats of conventionalism must 
 he left behind.
 
 424 
 
 MARRIAGE, DIVORCE, NUDITY. 
 
 TOUTHS' PREPARATORY EDUCATION FOR POLYGAMOUS ACTS. 
 AUABIAN Mi. III-. 
 
 Camaralzaman \vas proclaimed king, and married' on the 
 same day with the greatest magnificence ; being thoroughly 
 satisfied with the beauty, wit, and affection of the princess 
 Haiatalnefous. 
 
 The two queens continued to live together in friendship 
 and union, and were each well contented with the equality 
 which king Camaralzaman observed in his conduct towards 
 them in sharing his bed with them alternately. 
 
 From time immemorial, theoretically, love lias been represented as 
 heavenly, in practice almost invariably gross. Death in any form for 
 a woman before dishonor. Lucretia has been the model, but it should 
 be borne in mind that the other side of that story has never been told. 
 From the earliest history down to Anthony Comstock the clergy 
 have been the most strenuous promoters of such ideas and, unless 
 sadly belied, the most common violators of them, not because nat- 
 urally worse than others but because of having leisure and oppor- 
 tunity. The wise man of the Bible requiring a thousand women. 
 the Lord taking his share of captive virgins, Lot and his buxom 
 daughters, Camaralzaman and his two wives, and the classics 
 describing the loves of the gods and goddesses are not reading likely 
 to inculcate monogamy in the youthful mind, yet society as de- 
 scribed by Eabelais when the clergy had entire control wHs far 
 worse , humanity is better off with less of that control. 
 
 The marriage laws are unequal and unjust, often causing the inno- 
 cent to suffer for the fault of others. The "for better or worse " 
 is a device of evil because of it the beautiful bride soon becomes the 
 dowdy wife ; the passionate lover, the indifferent husband. 
 
 Marriage by equitable contract should produce equality and con- 
 tinued effort to please. Give both the same right to propose such
 
 425 
 
 partnership. Motherhood is a natural right, its desire inherent 
 from infancy, proved by the craving for dolls. This right is often 
 denied to the best through lack of self-assertion. Free woman from 
 her bombmc of conventionalism and long petticoats, encourage her 
 to think and talk of something besides dress, give, her equal rights 
 with man. Protect by making all children legitimate and have 
 their rights secured, but allow of separation of parents on the 
 breaking of marriage contract by either party. Parties properly 
 mated will need no law to keep them together, while those only 
 kept together through compulsion had much better be apart. 
 
 From the earliest record of such matters, the, status of woman 
 has been that of the inferior. She lias been credited with being an 
 unmitigated gossip, a never ending tattler, and a nuisance as a 
 mother-in-law": these are old ideas of prehistoric times, common 
 two thousand years ago. Terence wrote a comedy twenty-one 
 hundred years ago called the Molher-in-Law." and our daily 
 papers have kept the idea before their readers for the past twenty 
 years as a remarkable find, (lossip and inquisitiveness are matters 
 of condition, and not sex. ( 'online a man to the house or backwoods 
 for the most of his life, and it would be a .smart woman that would 
 excel him in inquisitiveness or tattle. 
 
 The barber a generation since was known as a tattler of unlimited 
 capacity, but the smart daily paper of the present time has thrown 
 him into the shade so deeply that neither he nor women have 
 any show in that line now. 
 
 Nudity is a matter of conventionalism and climate. Nakedness 
 is out of The question where clothing is necessary for warmth, and 
 the weight of this clothing hanging to the waist was most likely the 
 cause of the change of the natural and healthy form of our women 
 to the unnatural, wasp-waisled creatures that pride themselves on 
 having a twenty-two inch waist measure. .Man, it is claimed, was 
 formed in the image of his Creator, yet prurient minds, with exag- 
 gerated pretensions to modesty, demand that the limbs of their 
 bedsteads be veiled. .Much opposition has been offered of late to 
 the illustration of the female form upon the theater billboards, or 
 to the form itself upon the stage, yet the intelligent observer will 
 note the improvement in manners during the past thirty years. 
 There is far less of the "Peeping Tom of Coventry'' now than 
 t liirty years since. Then every traveler must have noticed the holes 
 cut in stateroom partitions, the crowds standing at the base of 
 church steps to get sight, of the I huh* of female worshipers, etc., etc. 
 
 It happened in my young days that several years of my life were 
 passed with primitive people near the equator. There the young 
 of both sexes went naked much of the time until ten or twelve years 
 of age, the mothers having a cloth around the waist reaching to the 
 knee. Beautiful girls of any age often went with a narrow piece of 
 cloth formed like an a] iron, first hung in front, the lower end then 
 passed between the thighs, then up the back to the waist, where 
 the strings were then passed around the waist and end of cloth or 
 apron, securing it in that position. With girls thus clothed I have 
 swum, fished, hunted, and wandered through the forests for days 
 and days, without hearing an improper thought expressed, or wit-
 
 426 
 
 nessing an immodest action. Plain words were always used to 
 convey ideas. Marriage and its responsibilities were freely dis- 
 cussed, the children listening as in other matters, and they wen- 
 taught to realize the importance of the 
 very foundation for the perpetuation of 
 the human race, instead of being taught 
 to look upon it as a matter to be lied 
 about or kept in the background, as is 
 done in our claimed higher civilization. 
 Of course, under such conditions the 
 form was developed as nature intended ; 
 there were no wasp waists or distorted 
 feet; no need for padding, nature formed 
 calves and bosoms: the form itself as 
 upright as their native palm trees. 
 
 Bible idolatry has distorted the heads, 
 law the morals, and ill fitting shoes the 
 feet of our people. Dress reform is 
 impracticable, because women, like the 
 peacock, are ashamed of their feet. 
 High heels have furnished business for 
 corn doctors ; is the product worth the cost ? Look at the feet ! 
 
 TWO WOMEN. 
 
 I know two women , and one is chaste 
 
 And cold as the snows on a winter waste; 
 
 Stainless ever in act and thought 
 
 (As a man born dumb in speech errs not). 
 
 But she has malice toward her kind 
 
 A cruel tongue and a jealous mind. 
 
 Void of pity, and full of greed, 
 
 She judges the world by her narrow creed. 
 
 A brewer of quarrels, a breeder of hate, 
 
 Yet she holds the key to " Society's " gate. 
 
 The other woman, with a heart of flame, 
 Went mad for a love that marred her name. 
 And out of the grave of her murdered faith 
 She rose like a soul that has passed thro' death. 
 Her aim is noble, her pity so broad 
 It covers the world like the mercy of God. 
 A healer of discord, a soother of woes, 
 Peace follows her footsteps wherever she goes. 
 The worthier life of the two, no doubt ; 
 And yet " Society " locks her out. 
 The other woman for rue. Ella Wheeler Wllcox. 
 
 WOMAN SUFFRAGE. 
 
 With the manifest destiny so plainly marked upon the face of the age that 
 woman suffrage is bound to come, it seems strange to seethe ordinary repub- 
 lican seven by nine rural member so readily join the Irish statesman in 
 defeating the measure. A biped with ordinary manhood should freely grant 
 such equality of right, and certainly the American woman is likely to vote 
 as intelligently as the newly manufactured citizen from any foreign country. 
 
 Politics are not likely to be reduced in quality by the addition of a more 
 reputable class of voters. Massachusetts is not doing itself credit ip the 
 matter.
 
 427 
 
 RELIGION, MYTH, AND SUPERSTITION. 
 
 That there is a sympathetic chord between man and his Creator, 
 I believe in be a matter of positive knowledge, though such knowl- 
 edge may be obscured by superstition or perversion of intellect, 
 such as the opacity of a Saviour. In the lowest animal stage of 
 humanity there could have been no religion any more than now in 
 tlie next link lower of the animal world. Tn time the organs of 
 generation, as the palpal tie cause, were esteemed as the creator and 
 then worshiped as such, at first in undisguised form, then as sym- 
 bols more or less veiled, as priestly regalia or ornaments of church 
 structures, up to this time. 
 
 Can anyone of common sense suppose forty-two children were 
 torn in pieces by the prophet's two she-bears for saying, " Go up, 
 baldhead ? " No, no ! the shaven crown or bald head had a sym- 
 bolic meaning, which, if our street gamins understood, or the 
 meaning of the priest's regalia, they would be likely to say some- 
 thing more than Go it, old baldhead, even if a menagerie of wild 
 beasts \vere close by. 
 
 Superstition has been a great hindrance to progression in knowl- 
 edge and happiness. My purpose is to show that what is called 
 Christianity, with its impossible dogmas, is paganism disguised by 
 change of name ; really a conglomerate of various myths, all origin- 
 ating from symbol worship, easily traced to their source. The 
 illustrations of the five following pages are taken from Inman's 
 "Ancient Faiths and Symbols." They were culled from many popu- 
 lar works not familiar to the multitude, which cannot be explained 
 in this work, though they are fully so in the work from which they 
 are taken. Intelligent persons should see that work. The first 
 figure, half male and half female, is of very ancient date ; a very 
 interesting reference thereto may be found in the Banquet of Plato, 
 namely, that man and woman were made as one and called man- 
 woman, having four arms as represented in the figure on the second 
 page, that the gods became jealous and cut them separate, and that 
 it is only when the original halves come together that true affinities 
 in marriage are formed. "The Virgin and Child," third page, "as 
 painted in the South Kensington museum, represent them exactly 
 as they used to be represented in Egypt, India, Assyria, Babylonia, 
 Pho3iiicia, and Etruria ; in the framework the triform leaf rep- 
 resenting Asher," etc., etc. The plates, selected from many, are the 
 least objectionable, but at the same time too significant to be ex- 
 plained here. It will be seen that the four arms of the Hindu gods 
 hold many of the same symbols. The Hindus also had their cruci- 
 fied Saviour and Chrishna. The cross or nilometer originated from 
 the symbol worship, and is coeval with man.
 
 428 
 
 SUPERSTITION. IDOLATRY OR WORSHIP, WHICH? 
 
 Devil worship. 
 
 Oh ho! My lord Jupiter, Jupi 
 Oh my hatchet, my hatchet, 
 'my hatchet! 
 
 Oh Virgin Mother, ask y 
 "on to intercede for us and bear 
 
 our sins, it saves us so much tro Oh, thou great and 
 uble, but caution him to be careful, fearful God, hold not 
 You remember that after making thy peace but do as I 
 the earth he thought it was flat, request, Psalms CIX 
 had ends and that the eastern yo ,ir holy word, 
 continent was all there w?s of it. Amen. 
 
 me.' 
 
 So glad she finds a 
 lover ! But how about 
 Jesus? Can it be 
 pleasant for him to 
 shelter all of the hypo- 
 crites, thieves, mur- 
 dere,re and sour old 
 maids that propose to 
 rest in his bosom?
 
 420 
 
 
 ARDANARI-ISWARA. 
 
 KKOM 4N ORiaiNUL DRAWINU BY CHRISNA SAMI. PUNOIT.
 
 430
 
 431
 
 432
 
 433
 
 431 
 
 |S*J2 L ! 
 
 mm 
 Hi 
 
 illiilllli 
 
 ~^f^~^<ozc-3 
 
 iflili 1 ! 
 !i!!l!?il 
 
 3iS52]
 
 435 
 
 The Hindu Religion. 
 
 The ancient religion of the Hindus was different from that which now 
 exists. One supreme being was worshiped under the name of Brama, and 
 the two gods, Siva and Vishnu, Vishnu as the Preserver, and Siva as the 
 I )estroyer. 
 
 The simple religion which, at first, taught the people to adore one divine 
 power as the universal Creator, and other gods merely as personifications 
 of his various attributes, in course of time degenerated into idolatry, by 
 the practice of setting up numerous heroes as objects of adoration', and 
 filling the temples with their images. Among the most celebrated of these 
 were Rama and Crishna. 
 
 The peculiar doctrine of the Hindus, as is well known, is transmigration ; 
 but they believe that, between their different stages of existence, they will, 
 according to their merits, enjoy thousands of years of happiness in sonic cu' 
 the heavens already described, or suffer torments of similar duration in 
 Home of their still more numerous hells. Hope, however, seems to lie denied 
 to none : the most wicked man, after being purged of his crimes by ages of 
 Buffering, and by repeated transmigrations, may ascend in the scale <>t 
 being, until he may enter into heaven and even attain the highest reward 
 of all the good, which is, incorporation in the essence of Cod. 
 
 Their descriptions of the future states of bliss and penance are spirited 
 and poetical. The good, as soon as they leave the body, proceed to the 
 abode of Yama, through delightful paths, under the shades of fragrant 
 trees, among streams covered with the lotos. Showers of flowers fall on 
 them as they pass ; and the air resounds with the hymns of the blessed, anil 
 the still more melodious strains of angels. The passage of the wicked is 
 through dark and dismal paths; sometimes over burning sand, sometimes 
 over stones that out their feet at every step: they travel naked, parched 
 with thirst, covered with dirt and blood, amidst showers of hot ashes and 
 burning coals: they are terrified with frequent and horrible apparitions, 
 and fill the air with' their shrieks and wailing.
 
 436 
 
 Prometheus Unbound. 
 
 From tin- Dramas of /Kschylus. 
 DRAMATIS PERSONS. 
 
 PKOMETIIEirS, 1 1 K It M KS. 
 
 OCEANOS, STRENGTH and FOKCE, 
 
 HEPHJESTOS, lo, Daughter of Inaehos. 
 
 Chorus of Nymphs, Daughters of Oceanos. 
 
 [SCENE. Scythia ; to the right, a rocl.'i/ /n-omo/i/nri/ of Caucasus, to the 
 left the Euxine. Enter HEIMI.KSTOS, ///'/// limuim ,- mid, i-hunis; PRO- 
 METHEUS i.f led in by STRENGTH and FORCE.] 
 
 Among the grand ideals bequeathed to the world by Hellenic 
 genius there is none, perhaps, which lias more deeply impressed 
 the poetic imagination than the much-enduring Titan ; none, cer- 
 tainly, which has for a longer period colored the stream of philo- 
 sophic thought. The Promethean myth, if must be remembered. 
 was not the invention of either Hesiod or .Kschylus ; its root, as 
 Bunsen remarks, is older than the Hellenes themselves. Even at 
 the present day, the legend, in its rudest form, may be traced 
 among the Iranian tribes of the Caucasus, while in our western 
 world it has inspired the genius of more than one great poet of 
 modern times. 
 
 The three dramas of which the trilogy consisted are believed to 
 have been " Prometheus, the Fire-bringer." Prometheus Hound.'' 
 and "Prometheus Unbound,"' of which the second has alone sur- 
 vived.* Prometheus there appears as the champion and benefactor 
 of mankind, whose condition, at the close of the Titanic age, ia 
 depicted as weak and miserable in the extreme : 
 
 " Seeing, they saw in vain ; 
 
 Hearing, they heard not: but. like shapes in dreams. 
 Through the long time all things at random mixed." 
 
 /ens, it issaid, proposed to annihilate those puny ephemerals. and 
 to plant upon the earth a new race in their stead. Prometheus 
 represents himself as having frustrated this design, and as being 
 consequently subjected, for the sake of mortals, to the most ago- 
 nizing pain, inflicted by the remorseless cruelty of Zeus. We have 
 thus the Titan, the symbol of finite reason and free will, depicted 
 as the sublime philanthropist, while Zeus, the supreme deity of 
 Hellas, is portrayed as the cruel and obdurate despot, a character 
 peculiarly revolting to Athenian sentiment. 
 
 *<Tttippe has, I think, satisfactorily refuted the plausible hypothesis of 
 Hermann, that the "Prometheus Unbound" was composed prior to, and 
 independently of, the " Prometheus Bound."
 
 43? 
 PROMETHEUS UNBOUND. 
 
 By many supposed to be the origin of the Christ myth.
 
 48$ 
 
 THE MYTHOLOGY OF THE GREEKS. 
 
 The mythology <>t' the Greeks serins to have been taken from 
 traditions' reaching hark into the mist of time, from people so re- 
 mote as to he even unheard of. Homer being credited with furnish- 
 ing the earliest account of actions having any claim to authenticity, 
 and that of doubtful reliahiliiy. Hesiod's Thcogony treats of the 
 fabled gods and goddesses, but it is difficult to 'make up any con- 
 nected idea of the beliefs of the most intelligent minds of his time, 
 though AVC have accounts of Pythagoras'* ideas of reincarnation 
 somewhat later. 
 
 Many of the allegories are most likely the work of writers of ro- 
 mances like that of the "Golden Ass" by Apnleius. in which the 
 story of Psyche, her. envious sisters, and irate mother-in-law. Venus. 
 is so charmingly told. The beautiful allegories of Diana surprised 
 by Actseon in her sylvan bath, where he is changed to a stair and 
 
 Diana and Action. 
 
 lorn by his own hounds, or passions; Juno, with her Argus having 
 a hundred eyes located in the tail, as the representative of jealous 
 watchfulness; Minerva, Niohe. Kcho. Narcissus, and many others, 
 have no parallel. 
 
 Then, in statuary, Greece stands alone in representing ideas : 
 Venus with form to represent what perfect womanhood requires to 
 perpetuate the human race in condition suitable for progression ; 
 Bacchus, representing innocent pleasure that may result from a 
 proper use of the grape. Science can raise no ludicrous contradic- 
 iions to the ideals of Greece, but it is difficult to gather these ideals 
 from works of those days, and much more pleasant to take them
 
 439 
 
 THE COUJSCIL OF THE GODS.
 
 440 
 
 from such works as Bulfinch's "Age of Fable," a work that must 
 have required much time and patience and which contains a vast 
 amount of interesting reading, and from which I gather the follow- 
 ing account of creation. 
 
 PROMETHEUS AM) PANDORA. 
 
 The creation of the world is a problem that interests the intelli- 
 gent, and the account is as follows : In the beginning chaos reigned. 
 The seeds of things, earth, sea, and air were mixed in confusion. 
 God and nature interposed, separating earth from sea, and heaven 
 from both. A god appointed places for bays ami rivers, raised 
 mountains, scooped out valleys, distributed woods, fountains, and 
 fields. Fishes took possession of the seas ; birds, of the air ; and 
 beasts, of the fields. A nobler animal was wanted, and man was 
 made. 
 
 Prometheus took some of the earth, and. kneading it with water. 
 made man in the image of God, giving him an upright stature, so 
 that, while all other animals looked down to the earth, man ua/.ed 
 to the stars. Kpimethtm undertook to provide animals with suita- 
 ble faculties for preservation, but, when he came to provide for 
 man, he had been so prodigal that there was nothing left to bestow 
 upon him. Prometheus went up to heaven, lighted Ids torch from 
 the sun, and brought fire down to man. With this gift man was 
 able to make weapons, tools, and warm his dwelling, .so as to l>e 
 independent of climate, and introduce all conveniences. Woman 
 was not yet made, so Jupiter, being displeased with Prometheus 
 and Epimetheus. made her and sent her to them, to punish them 
 for having stolen the fire from heaven, and also t<> punish man for 
 having accepted the gift. Her name was Pandora. Every 
 
 contributed something to perfect her. Venus gave her beauty : 
 olio, music; etc., etc. Thus equipped, 
 she was conveyed to earth and presented to Epimetheus, who gladly 
 
 accepted her, though cautioned by Prometheus to In-ware of Jupiter 
 and his gifts. Epimetheus had in his house a jar in which wen- 
 kept certain noxious articles. Pandora, seized with curiosity, one 
 day slipped off the cover and looked in. Forthwith then- escaped 
 plagues, gout, rheumatism, spite, envy, and revenge. Pandora 
 hastened to replace the cover, but, alas! the whole contents had 
 escaped, except hope, which lay at the bottom, so that hope never 
 leaves us. The world being furnished with inhabitants, truth and 
 happiness prevailed, and it was called the (iolden Age. The Silver 
 Age followed ; then labor was required to raise crops. Then came 
 the Brazen Age, and. later, the Iron Age ; trade, commerce, mur- 
 ders, and pillage prevailed. Jupiter, becoming indignant at tin- 
 wickedness, determined to destroy mankind and begin anew. First 
 he thought of burning, but concluded to drown, so set the torrents 
 to work after the deluge style. 
 
 Parnassus alone of all the mountains overtopped the waters. 
 Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha of the race of Prometheus found 
 refuge on top of Parnassus. Deucalion and Pyrrha were faithful 
 worshipers of the gods, so Jupiter ordered the north winds to dry 
 up the waters, and the winds obeyed. Then Deucalion thus
 
 441 
 
 addressed Pyrrlia : ' : O wit'r, only surviving woman, would that we 
 possessed the power of our ancestor Prometheus and could renew 
 the race as he made it ! but, aw we cannot, let us seek yonder temple 
 and inquire of the gods what remains for us to do." 
 
 They entered the temple and fell prostrate and prayed the god- 
 dess to inform them how they might retrieve their miserable affairs.
 
 442 
 
 The Oracle answered. " Depart from the temple with head veiled 
 and garments unbound, and cast behind you the bones of your 
 mother." They heard the words with astonishment. Pyrrha first 
 broke silence : "We cannot obey, \\v dan- not prof ane the bones 
 
 of our parents." They revolved the oracle in their minds. At 
 length Deucalion spoke: "Either my sagacity deceives me or the 
 command is <>:ie we may obey without impiety. The earth is the 
 great parent of all : the stones are her bones ; these we may cast 
 behind us." They veiled their faces, picked up stones and cast 
 them behind them', and. wonderful to relate, these began to grow 
 soft and assume shape and resemblance to human beings. Those 
 thrown by Deucalion bec.une men. and those thrown by 1'yrrha 
 women. 
 
 That this is another version of the Adam and Kve story there 
 can be no doubt, only a more manly one than that xhc. did it. 
 
 Deucalion and Pyrrlu. 
 
 HEBREW MYTHOLOGY. 
 
 In the beginning (rod created the heaven and the earth. And 
 the earth was without form, and void : and darkness was upon the 
 face of the deep; and the Spirit of God moved upon the face of 
 the waters. And God said, Let there be light: and then- was 
 light. And God made the tirniaiuent. and divided the waters which
 
 443 
 
 were under the firmament from tin- waters which were above the 
 firmament : and it was so. And God called the firmament Heaven: 
 and the evening and the morning were the second day. And God 
 said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven, to divide 
 the day from the night : and let them be for signs, and for seasons, 
 and for days, and years. 
 
 And God said. Let us make man in our image, after our likeness : 
 and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea. and over the 
 fowl of the air. and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and 
 over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. And so 
 God created man in his own image, in the image of God created lie 
 him ; male and female created he them. 
 
 And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and 
 breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a 
 living soul. And the Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden; 
 and there he put the man whom he had formed. And out of the 
 ground made the Lord God to grow every tree that is pleasant to 
 the sight, and good for food ; the tree of life also in the midst of 
 the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil. 
 
 And the Lord God took the man. and put him into the garden of 
 Kden. to dress it and to keep it. And the Lord God commanded 
 the man. saying. Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely 
 eat : but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt 
 not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt 
 surely die. And the Lord God said, It is not good that the man 
 should be alone : I will make him an help meet for him. 
 
 And the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and 
 he slept ; and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh in- 
 stead thereof: and the rib, which the Lord God had taken from 
 man. made he a woman, and brought her unto the man. And 
 Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh : 
 she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of man. 
 Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall 
 cleave unto his wife : and they shall be one flesh. And they were 
 both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed. 
 
 Now the serpent was more subtile than any beast of the field 
 which the Lord (rod had made : and he said unto the woman, Yea, 
 hath (rod said, Ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden '.' And 
 the woman said unto the serpent. We may eat of the fruit of the 
 trees of the garden : but of the fruit of the tree which is in the 
 midst of the garden, God hath said. Ye shall not eat of it. neither 
 shall ye touch it, lest ye die. And when the woman saw that the 
 tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a 
 tree to be desired to make one wise ; she took of the fruit thereof, 
 and did eat ; and gave also unto her husband, with her. and he did 
 eat. And the Lord said, Who told thee that thou wast naked ? Hast 
 thou eaten of the tree whereof I commanded thee, that thou 
 shouldest not eat? And the man said, The woman whom thou 
 gavest to be with me. she gave me of the tree, and I did eat. Unto 
 the woman he said, I will greatly multiply thy sorrow and thy con- 
 ception ; in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children: and thy desire 
 shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee.
 
 444 
 
 film 
 
 l! 
 
 
 
 
 l|1|Ki!ll 
 
 r=s83=ajs 5 s 
 
 ;a)i H w { ' 3 ;7~-_M<C 
 
 
 gs^l-^t^ 
 
 fi&jftfKS.
 
 445 
 
 _
 
 446
 
 447 
 NOAH AS A HUSBANDMAN. 
 
 \vaid, and covered the nak' dnu.-s n[" their father 1 
 and their faces xere backward, and they saw not 
 their father's nakedness. 
 
 24 And Noah awoke from his wine, and knew 
 what his younger son had done unto him. 
 
 20 And Noah began to 4 'a Husbandman, and lie 
 |>lnnted a vineyard : 
 
 21 And he drank .,f tl,e wine.'and was drunken, 
 and ho wa nn ovcred wi'liin his tent. 
 
 22 And Ham. th, 1 lathe, nf Canaan, saw the naked- 
 ness of hb f':.il:.-T. and t'.M his two brethren mtle,.,! 
 
 L'o /And She,,, and da,.hetl, k a "arment. and 
 
 Ian! it upon both their >hnuld.T,, and went I,.,, k 
 
 Shortly after the publication of a st-nuou uplioldinfr slavery, 
 founded upon the above, the writer heard Theodore Parker 
 exclaim. "When a minister says that he believes that slavery 
 is rh>'ht. 1 believe lie lies, and 1 believe that he knows that 
 he lies. 1 ' It is well known by the intelligent that that absurd 
 story was the bulwark of the slaveholder and excuse of the 
 northern dou<rh faced trader in merchandise of souls. For aiics it 
 has been the excuse for robbinu the ne^ro of his entire rights, and a 
 stumbling block in the way of temperance reform. Yet the Chris- 
 tian minister who pretends to leadership in morals keeps up the old 
 claim of divine inspiration and authority for the heathen stuff. 
 Pity that there were not mere Theodore Parkers ! It is true that in 
 making improvements bogs "nave lobe wriggled through as well as 
 mountains to be shattered, so that, if a man lacks the thunder and 
 dynamite necessary to shatter the mountain that he may penetrate 
 to the coal, he may still be useful as a scullion by tilling the hod 
 and carrying the coals to the cook. But it would take a great 
 many preachers even of the late Henry Ward Beecher or the 
 present Minot J. Savage stamp to make one Theodore Parker, or 
 to check the universal adulteration of the necessaries of life, or the 
 selfishness of the rich who shout for a high tariff to keep up wages, 
 knowing full well that the pretense of high wages is filling the 
 coiiii ;/ wiih the 1" west class of labor t< > such a n extent that hardly 
 one in 'three of the better class can obtain employment.
 
 448 
 
 OF THE CHURCH UN 
 
 13 A bundle of myrrh is my well-beloved uiTt 
 a'; he shall he all ni-ht IIP! 
 
 And she smote twice upon his neck with all her might 
 and she took away his head from him. JUDITH XIII. -8. 
 
 UDITH CUTTETII OFF THE HEAD CF HDLOFERNES.
 
 449 
 
 DAXIEL'S VISION OF THE FOUE BEASTS. 
 DANIEL VII. 3. 
 
 And four great beasts came up from the sea, diverse one from another. 
 
 Vice is a monster of so frightful mien, 
 As to be hated needs bur to be seen ; 
 Yet seen too oft, familiar with her face, 
 We iirst endure, then pity, then embrace." 
 
 And to prevent such familiarity the Bible should be banished from our 
 schools. 
 
 Holbein's Bible illustrations so much admired iu the sixteenth century that 
 
 kipon the walls of buildings of the streets; if so exhibited 
 y our clerical Pandarus, Anthony Comstock, would have the author 
 
 arrested for obscenity and profanity. The illustrations of the Creation, 
 Expulsion, Jewish, and Puritan ideal of the Creator, with the vision above, 
 are from that lovely work and are published as tlie readiest means of display- 
 ing the cream of Bible ideal. If we should hear of Times, times, and a half 
 times," from an author to-day, we should look upon it as the maudlin utter- 
 ance of a lunatic or inebriate, and such visions as the above or the beast 
 with its seven heads and ten horns of Revelations as the effect of nightmare 
 or delirium trernens. 
 
 The Bible represents the opinions of the writers of its times and is as much 
 out of place to-day in family or school as would be the writings of Apuleius. 
 Boccaccio, Rabelais, Fielding, or Smollett, yet either may be very useful to 
 the student. Blind, ignorant prejudice and 'idolatry- only can account for the 
 continuance of the former in schools; the woman that reads the passages 
 illustrated (by no means the worst that can be found therein), and then desires 
 its continued use as the word of God, must be a human monstrosity and cer- 
 tainly unfit for motherhood ; but she presents a terrible example of the effect 
 of early instruction in religious superstition.
 
 450
 
 451 
 
 TO THE INNOCENT AND INTELLIGENT. 
 
 If espionage and discrimination are to be practiced at all, is this 
 a proper book to be carried in the mails ? 
 
 If so, then please define where xacr&l license ends and profane 
 obscenity begins. 
 
 And the Lord said. " Who hath told thee that thou wast naked ? " 
 Ah, sure enough, Messrs. Parklmrst and Comstock, how happened 
 you two to have such keen sight for nakedness ? Why, if made in 
 his own image, should the sight so offend your purity ? Would not 
 the interrogation of the Creator imply your impurity? "God's 
 last and best gift to man," in her natural perfection, offers evidence 
 of creative design, to the author, that the world could not shake.
 
 452 
 
 " The Bible." 
 
 My mother, like most New England mothers of her time, firmly 
 believed in the infallibility of the Bible and insisted that her children 
 should study its contents, so that its stories from my earliest child- 
 hood have been familiar to me, for T cannot remember back when 
 I could not read any story that I could get hold of. I can well re- 
 member how the story of "Susanna and the Klders" was given to 
 me to read as a reward for some slight assistance in her many 
 duties, the dear soul not thinking that the unbiased mind of a child 
 might seethe rascality of the priest as well as the smartness of the 
 Daniel. 
 
 The reliability of the Bible stories have often been fiercely dis- 
 puted in my hearing, yet without causing me to think the authors 
 guilty of intentional misrepresentation, but I do believe that through 
 ignorance or fraudulent piety what were beautiful allegories have 
 been given meanings very different from their original purposes. 
 
 Allegory has ever been common with primitive people. Many 
 beautiful ones have been handed down through Homer, llesiod. and 
 others, not as original with them or their times but as fragmentary 
 traditions of a much earlier people, so probably of the Bible stories. 
 
 It was common with the writers of Plato's time to commence a 
 story with " Away back in the dark ages." Many of those writers 
 mention dates of ten to twenty thousand years previous, and in the 
 works of one I cannot recall it is stated that the Babylonians claim 
 to have authentic records reaching back four hundred and seventy 
 thousand years, certainly sufficient time for the production of 
 myths. 
 
 We have stories of the Cyclops, Polyphemus, Perseus, and 
 Andromeda, Penelope, yEneas, Anchises, the beautiful story by 
 Apuleius of Psyche, her envious sisters. Cupid and his mother 
 Venus, and a thousand others all coeval with the Bible myths and 
 quite likely different versions from the same originals. 
 
 It is not difficult for a person of ordinary imagination to perceive 
 how easy it would be to construct an allegory from the meaning of 
 the names of individuals as given in the appendix of all complete 
 editions of the Bible. David dancing naked before the Lord," as 
 there explained, can hardly be looked upon as akingly performance, 
 but allegorically it might mean much ; so of Jonah and the fish 
 story, Samson and Delilah, etc. 
 
 It is my sincere belief that if we could have the true meaning of 
 the Bible stories, we should at least have common sense and often 
 very applicable parables, instead of which they have been so dis- 
 torted that only fanaticism can make their application percepti- 
 ble. For instance to pretend that the salacious rhapsodies of 
 Solomon's songs refer to the love of the Church for Christ, puts the 
 love of the Church on a very low plane to say the least, and makes 
 a large draft upon the credulity of the unbiased mind and certainly 
 is expecting too much to suppose that children uninstructed will ever 
 look upon such reading in that way. The allegory of the Witch of 
 Endor as given by W. II. C., coincides so entirely with my idea of 
 Bible stories, that I herewith give it space.
 
 453 
 
 THE WITCH OF ENDOR. 
 
 The definitions of words as understood by the ancients is necessary to be 
 learned before it is possible to understand this beautiful allegory. 
 
 " Saul," in the Hebrew, means death, or hell, or the grave, or winter, or 
 demanded, or sepulcher, or lent, or ditch; for every noun and verb in that 
 jargon, erroneously called a 'language," had a great variety of significations, 
 often self-contradictory. Winter was the beggar, the asker, the receiver.' 
 
 David " means the lover, the beloved, the giver, the summer, etc. 
 
 " Samuel " means heard of (rod, or asked of God, or earth at the vernal 
 equinox, where Samuel died and was buried, where the Jewish ecclesiastic 
 year always began and does to this day, the civil year beginning at the au- 
 tumnal equinox. 
 
 " Endor " means fount of the dwelling place, or the last summer constel- 
 Isftion, or Virgo, the virgin. 
 
 Winter ended at the vernal equinox, and it was there that summer began. 
 Saul, or winter, arrives there and finds David with the Philistines (those that 
 dwell in villages, or summer constellations) gathered to meet him, " and he 
 was afraid." He wanted a fortune teller to advise him, but he had " put 
 away those that had familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land." 
 That is, Virgo had set the previous year, just as Aries, the harbinger of 
 summer, rose in the east with the sun. But now, at the venial equinox, 
 where winter must end, Virgo was visible; for the first point of this con- 
 stellation is distant from Aries 150 and the last point 180 degrees. 
 
 " Saul disguised himself." This is a very pretty conception on the part 
 of the author, for winter moderates as the sun approaches the vernal 
 equinox, about March 21, and is not at all like the winter in January. So it 
 is no wonder the old woman of Endor did not know him. But when Aries 
 rose with the sun she knew the end of winter was at hand ; that is, knew 
 Saul, which means the five winter months, or the brethren of the rich man 
 in hell. Saul asked her what she saw, and she replied : " I saw gods [Elohim 
 in the Hebrew, and the very word which is translated God, as the God of the 
 Bible] ascending out of the earth." 
 
 At the vernal equinox the sun enters Aries, and the two together, sun and 
 Aries, are Elohim in the plural number, or " gods," for im, added to the 
 singular, forms the plural in Hebrew; thus clierub,a, bull; cherubim, bulls. 
 Therefore, as Virgo was setting in the west she saw the " gods," sun and 
 Aries, rising out of the earth, or Rainah, where Samuel was buried. 
 
 During winter the earth may be said to be " dead," but is revived at each 
 coming spring. 
 
 So Virgo raised Samuel from the dead, for, as she sets in the west, up 
 comes the sun and Aries in the east, the signal for the death of Saul, or end 
 of winter. Saul complained to Samuel that the Lord had departed from 
 him; that is, the cold, the spirit of winter; even Jack Frost would not 
 answer when he called. The earth in spring putting on her beautiful 
 garments of green, now informs winter that its last hour is at hand. Once 
 more the battle has been fought between heat and cold, light and darkness, 
 and once more cold and darkness have been conquered. 
 
 " Then Saul fell straightway all along on the earth, and was sore afraid 
 because of the words of Samuel : and there was no strength in him [of course
 
 454 
 
 not, for cold is the strength of winter] ; for he had eaten no bread all the 
 day, nor all the night." I. Sam. xxviii.. 20. 
 
 The supply of provisions for the winter was often exhausted before the 
 sun reached Pisces, the fishes, when the people lived on fish for just forty 
 days before the sun reached the vernal equinox, or Aries, the " Lamb of 
 God that takes away the sins of the world"; not the sins of the people: 
 but the evils of winter. Here was the origin of Lent, or abstaining from 
 meat and living on fish. 
 
 All the ancient mythologies abound with allegories descriptive' of the 
 changes from summer to winter, and winter to summer. Vishnu had a 
 thousand names, and it may be summer and winter had equally as many : 
 but whether more or less, the prominent idea seemed to lie that all those 
 names for summer meant heat and light, while those for winter meant cold 
 and darkness. Twice each year these opposing elements made war upon 
 each other, the decisive battles being fought at the two equinoxes. Light 
 always conquered at the vernal equinox, only to be defeated by darkness 
 six months later at the autumnal equinox. " More light ! " was the agonized 
 cry of those in the bonds of darkness, or "outer darkness," weeping and 
 gnashing their teeth because they had no food to gnash. True, the sun is 
 darkened during winter by reason of the clouds and storms, but its ' tire is 
 never quenched," and the fire of the sun is the only fire that time does not 
 quench. 
 
 Samuel anointed Saul king of winter, well knowing that Saul would be 
 dethroned by the king of summer when the sun reached the spring equinox. 
 David, a mere youth, was chosen king of summer. He was sent to Saul on 
 an ass (the sun while transiting through Cancer, a summer constellation, 
 passes the two asses, " whereon no man ever sat"). Leaving Cancer, the 
 sun transits through Leo, the lion (Hercules), passing a conjunction of Trsa 
 Major, the bear, when both the lion and the bear are invisible, being 
 metaphorically slain. David boasts of these victories, and prepares to meet 
 Goliath (passage, revolution, heap, discovery), the spirit of summer, which 
 can be " laid " only by winter. Therefore, he takes " five smooth stones," 
 symbolical of the five winter months, from the brook, or by metonymy, the 
 zodiac, and kills this giant. 
 
 Saul was so delighted with the valor of the beardless youth (the crops 
 were not yet ready for harvest) that he gave him his daughter. 
 
 This is very ingenious, depicting the strategies of war. David plays the 
 courtier to Saul, yet means to overcome him in the end; Saul professes to 
 loVe David, but is jealous of him, and gave him Michal (complete) as a 
 snare ; that is, leaving Leo, the sun comes to Virgo, which " completes " the 
 summer. Not much gift about it, however, for Virgo was a summer con- 
 stellation and belonged to David, king of summer. The strife between Saul 
 and David was descriptive of the struggle between cold and heat. David 
 is conquered when the sun leaves A'irgo, and must now flee before Saul till 
 the end of winter, when Saul falls "all along on the earth." 
 
 W. H. ( .
 
 455 
 
 A MYTH OF UNSETTLED ORIGIN. 
 
 That an event so remarkable as the one illustrated above could 
 take place without beinu in it iced and fully recorded by such a man as 
 the elder Pliny, will not be credited by persons of ordinary intelli- 
 gence unless their minds have been perverted by their infant edu- 
 cation. 
 
 All accounts of that period agree that skepticism prevailed in 
 relation to the myths handed down from the earlier times, and that 
 the ablest minds believed that to do right was the best religion. 
 
 ' Love thy neighbor as thyself, and do unto others as you would 
 have the others do unto you." was all the creed needed by man. 
 But a creed so simple offered no excuse for the support of a priest- 
 hood, the curse of humanity from the dawn of history. Certainly 
 no worse plagues were let loose by the curious Pandora than these 
 useless vampires that have fattened upon the labor of others, doing 
 all in their power to prevent the enlightenment of mankind, because 
 enlightenment is disastrous to superstition, and dogma and super- 
 stition are twins. 
 
 The history of Christianity, by (ribbon, is a history of continual 
 strife for fifteen hundred years of bloodshed and horror ; not to 
 gain rights, but to prevent the masses from gaining their rights. 
 
 Not one single instance can be named where Christianity worked 
 for human progression. And no other emperor can be named that 
 can compare favorably with "Julian the Apostate," as called by 
 the Christians. Eusebius the eunuch, the historian of Christianity, 
 upon whose testimony the whole fabric rests, is, or was, such a con- 
 summate liar, that it is evident none of the other historians believed 
 him, though they used his testimony to carry out the fraud. It 
 would almost seem that Eusebius was a sort of wag that enjoyed 
 testing the credulity of his brother historians, for if the Bible is cor-
 
 456 
 
 rect (see Deuteronomy, xxiii: 1), he could have no interest in the 
 heaven lie was so ready to lie about, but he let out one fact of in- 
 terest to those seeking knowledge of the Christianity of his time, 
 namely : "That there was nothing new or strange in the doctrine ; " 
 in other words, it was the old paganism with a new name. 
 
 What the human race has suffered, and still continues to suffer. 
 in consequence of the old time preaching of cruel hell fire and brim- 
 stone terrors, it will never be possible to compute. The deep and 
 lasting injuries wrought by the relentlessly steady inculcation of 
 these most woeful of dogmas can never lie compensated for in untold 
 generations. Think of the murderous wars between different peo- 
 ples ; of the reckless dismemberment of empires ; of the barbarous 
 sacrifice of innocent and unoffending lives ; and, not least of all. of 
 the insanity caused by these events and the tenets that were their 
 undeniable cause ; and then say, if it be possible, that the world 
 has in the whole course of its experience undergone equal paroxysms 
 of torture and wretchedness from any other cause, or because of 
 any combination of circumstances whatever. 
 
 Tertullian (A. I). 200) held that the "Hooks of Moses" were 
 "not only all truth, but that all truth was contained in them." 
 Consequently every attempt to promulgate knowledge was met by 
 horrible persecution. 
 
 In 529 the Christian emperor Justinian suppressed the schools of 
 philosophy at Athens, and the night of "the dark ages" closed 
 down on what was then known as the Christian world ; the night 
 of a thousand years, in which the church ruled both temporally and 
 spiritually ; a church that claims to be the light of the world ; and 
 yet this period was the darkest that history has known. 
 
 Think of the thirty-five thousand diseased natives of the Sand- 
 wich Islands, all that remain of the four hundred thousand after 
 being subjected to the Christianizing process named below. "A 
 steamer recently left her European port for the Congo country, now 
 exciting such unmeasured sympathy on account of its paganism and 
 want of modesty in dress, with a cargo of 00,000 gallons of rum, 720 
 gallons of gin, 460 tons of gunpowder, and twelve missionaries ! " 
 
 For fifteen hundred years Christianity has held undisputed sway, 
 and to-day every man is looked upon as a thief. Corruption in our 
 government is openly talked of, free passes are readily accepted by 
 our legislators, who well know at the time that much of the legisla- 
 tion will be relative to the business of those from whom the passes 
 are received. A car conductor is not allowed to take a five cent 
 ticket unless tied to a bell punch ; a clerk in a store must be checked 
 and counter-checked. It is doubtful if a pound of honest cheese is 
 made in the northern states notwithstanding the immense pasturage. 
 
 If you require medicine it is adulterated ; if you vote, you must 
 do so through a process that implies that rascality is general ; in 
 short, that society is rotten to the core. And this state of affairs 
 exists, say the shallow-minded, because there is not enough of 
 Christianity; an assertion easily disproved by turning to the de- 
 scription of its most flourishing days as described by Boccaccio, 
 Rabelais, or any other early writer. 
 
 l\To crime or wrong can be named that has not been tolerated by
 
 457 
 
 Christianity. Whenever it has been found profitable, lying and 
 deception have been cardinal principles. 
 
 I believe that the proselyting Christian of to-day is a far more 
 injurious citizen than the rumseller, because he begins his perni- 
 cious work with the infancy of the individual, which is seldom the 
 case with the rumseller. 
 
 What Good has Christianity ever Done 2 
 
 The teachings, nominally of Jesus of Nazareth, were like those 
 of our Spiritualists of to-day, and for the purpose of substituting a 
 living religion for that of the dead belief then as now popular. 
 With those teachings went the inspirations and manifestations now 
 so common. 
 
 " By their works ye shall know them." The works referred to 
 are ignored by all of our popular churches. 
 
 * Every phase of mediumship practiced now was practiced then 
 by the Christians, and now by the pretended Christians ridiculed. 
 New gospels were produced in abundance then as are the spiritual 
 wonders now, and this continued up to the Council of Nice, and the 
 organization of the Christian Church, when inspiration and angel 
 visits ceased and Christianity like a dead world, our moon, became 
 dead, having neither life, light, nor warmth therein, but instead 
 was fitted out with an impossible and incomprehensible God of 
 three in one, the idea of which could only have originated from the 
 ancient Phallic worship, that certainly should cause any modest, 
 intelligent woman to hesitate before professing a belief therein ; at 
 any rate, Miss Abby A. Judson, born in India, where the Phallic 
 worship is likely to be understood, has abandoned the religion of 
 her father, the once well known missionary, Adoniram Judson, and 
 taken up with Spiritualism as the living religion of to-day. 
 
 Can an instance be named where Christianity has made a people 
 better ? The victims of a single battle field have exceeded all the 
 sacrificial victims that would have been required in a thousand 
 years. Think of the battles fought to prove Christians to be canni- 
 bals and vampires, worse in fact, for they claim to eat the flesh and 
 suck the blood of their God. 
 
 Is the Christian's oath in court or his note in bank preferred to 
 that of the unbeliever ? Is he a better neighbor or citizen '.' Is ii 
 possible that a noble mind can desire to benefit through the suffer- 
 ings of another ? Can belief in vicarious atonement produce noble 
 people ? Are there any countries upon the earth where such strong 
 bank vaults are required as among Christians, or where crime is 
 more common ? 
 
 If Christianity is founded upon divine evidence, why discourage 
 investigation ? Why lie and misrepresent the best of men because 
 they cannot discover this evidence? What wrong can be placed 
 against Epicurus or Paine that one should be known through Chris- 
 tian falsehood as a glutton, the other a drunkard ? Why should the 
 works of the world's best historians be destroyed or falsified ? 
 
 "The meek and lowly Jesus '' has been an ideal for ages; the 
 following illustrations will show how the ideal has been prac- 
 ticed :
 
 458 
 
 FILTHY CHRISTIAN SAINTLINESS. 
 
 Egypt, through its gloomy temperament, has produced more 
 misanthropy in proportion to its extent than any other part of 
 the world. It was there those gloomy sects, the Kssenes and 
 Tlferapeutse, dwelt, also the Gymnosdphists. These, like their 
 Christian imitatoi-s, went nearly naked. The most rigid ancho- 
 rets dispensed with all clothing except a rug or a few palm leaves 
 around the loins. Most of them abstained from the use of water 
 for ablution, nor did they change the garments once put <>n ; thus 
 St. Anthony bequeathed to Athanasius a skin in which his sacred 
 person had been wrapped for a half century. They also allowed 
 their hair, beard, and nails to grow so long as to be actually 
 mistaken for bears or hyenas. 
 
 At what time these persons changed from paganism to Chris- 
 tianity it is impossible to determine. 
 
 The most remarkable early instance of this fanaticism on record 
 is Paul the hermit. About A.I). :>">( lie betook himself to the 
 solitary desert of Egypt, where for a space of more than ninety 
 years he lived a life more worthy of a savage than a human being. 
 
 Anthony, an Egyptian, founder of the monastic life, fixed his 
 abode later than Paul and died in :>;"><>. at the age of 105. 
 
 Influenced by these examples, immense multitudes followed suit. 
 Nearly a hundred thousand at one time could be found in Egypt. 
 With a crowd so filthy is it strange that the plague was ever with 
 them? 
 
 It was during such a pestilence (1848) in Florence, Italy, that the 
 stories of Boccaccio originated; a work not approved by Anthony 
 Comstock because it mirrors too faithfully the Christianity of that 
 time. According to that, work one hundred thousand persons died 
 of plague in that city between the months of March and July of that 
 year. The terror was so great that all ties of affection were 
 sundered. 
 
 One of the most renowned of those saints on record is St. 
 Symeon, a native of Syria, who devoted himself to a monkish life 
 for six and thirty years and in such a way as to exceed all others 
 in glorifying God. He first mounted upon a low column, changed 
 five times, the last being sixty feet in height and three feet square 
 at the top, where he stood nearly naked summer and winter for 
 fifteen years without leaving it. 
 
 He would not allow a female to approach, even his own mother. 
 His principal occupation consisted in bowing; touching his forehead 
 to his toes. An observer counted his doing this 1244 times without 
 cessation, and, being tired of counting, left him at it. And for this 
 glorifying of God the church canonized him 8t. Symeon Stylites. 
 \Vell, reader ! if his God was glorified by such a performance what 
 would he have thought of a circus ? 
 
 No wonder Christianity needed a savior, but it should have been 
 soap and plenty of water, and still less wonder, now, that the express 
 route to Jesus is to be jerked to him by the hangman's noose. Oh, 
 credulity !
 
 459 
 
 ymeon -
 
 460 
 THE TRUE CROSS. 
 
 Constantine, soon after his remarkable, ami. as some suppose, mirac> 
 iilous conversion to Christianity in the year :>12, took the religion of 
 Christ to the unhallowed embraces of tlio state, assumed to unite in liis 
 own person the civil and ecclesiastical dominion, and claimed the power 
 of convening councils and presiding in them, and of regulating the exter- 
 nal affairs of the church. The account of C'onstantine's conversion, 
 which is related by Eusebius in his life of the Kmperor. is as follows : 
 At the head of his army. CunxUntine was niiirliiiii; from France into 
 Italy, oppressed with anxiety as to the result ..f .1 battle with Maxentius, 
 and looking for the aid of some deity to assure him "f success, when IIP 
 suddenly beheld a luminous cross in the air, with the w..r.l, inscribed 
 thereon, "Bv THIS OVERCOMI:." Pondering on the event at night, he 
 asserted that Jesus Christ appeared to him in a vision, and directed him 
 to make the symbol of the cross liis mllit-u-y ensign. Different opinions 
 have been entertained relative to the credibility- of this account. Dr. 
 Milner receives it, though in evident inconsistency with his creed; 
 Mosheim .supposes, with the ancient writers, Sozomen and Itunnus, that 
 the whole was a dream; Gregory, Jones, llaweis, and others reject it 
 altogether, and Professor Gieseler. with his usual accuracy and good 
 sense, reckons it among " the lesends of theage. which had Uicir origUI in 
 the feeling that the final fstruaj-U-' wa.-. conic between Paganism and rhris- 
 tianity." For my part, I have no hesitation in regarding the whole as a fable. 
 It was not till many years after it was 8aid to have occurred, that Constan- 
 tino related the story to Knsehiu, and in all probability he did it then by 
 the instigation of hi* superstitions mother, Helena, the celebrated discov- 
 erer. of the true cross (?) at Jerusalem, some 2V) years after the total 
 destruction of that city, and all that it contained, and the disappearance 
 of the identity of its very foundations, under the ploughshare of tin- 
 Roman conqueror Vespasian. The subsequent life of Constantine fur- 
 nished no evidence that he was a peculiar favorite of Heaven ; and the- 
 results. of his patronage of the church, eventually so disastrous to it* 
 purity and spirituality, are sufficient to prove that God would never work 
 a. miracle to accomplish sucli a purpose. 
 
 DOWURO,
 
 461 
 
 CONSTANT1NE, THE FIRST CHRISTIAN EMPEROR. 
 
 The Lord's Day or Sunday, as its name implies, was the pagans' 
 day for the worjhip of their god, the sun, and every ide or 
 coremony of the Christian religion, except iu thirst for blood, is 
 paganism disguised by change of name. 
 
 xConstantme a* Sun Worshiper. 
 
 The good Constantine presiding a.t the council of Nice, A. D. 336. 
 Coimantine as the 
 
 "Absolve you, oh, of course,' 
 li(?e. says his Christian reverence. 
 '. Vours were mere peccadillos, 
 
 hut holy grease is expensive, 
 
 rch- 
 
 must endow 
 
 Let us roast doubters an 
 raisb. our Mary with a 
 .new petticoat dyed 
 with the blood of th 
 oe who dispute our 
 word. A
 
 462 
 
 
 Hjpatia, Daughter of Tlieon, Mathematician. 
 
 Beautiful, learned and noble. In the holy season of Lcnf. 
 she was torn from her carriage, stripped miked, dragged to 
 the church under the figure of the crucified Christ, and 
 butchered by Peter the Header, her ijiiivering flesh scrape.! 
 from her bones, then buraud, auJ tiiii because Cyril \vu 
 jealous (.-f her iioblc lite. A.D. 415.
 
 463 
 
 52 JLSTIMAN SUPPRESS THE SCHOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY 
 OF ATHENS 
 
 And darkness of the atrocious Christianity closed in upon humanity. Three 
 times during the century, Rome witnessed the disgraceful scene of rival pontiffs 
 striving for supremacy, andduring these strifes originated the assertion that the 
 Bishop or Pope of Rome is responsible to no earthly power, that he is the vice- 
 gerent of God ; and Gregory, to establish his own power, invented the fiction of 
 St. Peter and the keys. A.D. 60C, Popery was established and suck scenes as 
 that below continually followed. 
 
 (1
 
 464 
 
 Saint Gregory, Inventor of the Key Myth, about A. D. 590. 
 
 13. When Jesus came unto the coasts of Cesarea Philippi, he 
 asked his disciples, saying, Whom do men say that I, the Son of 
 man, am ? 
 
 14. And they said, Some say that thou art John the Baptist : 
 some, Elias ; and others, Jeremias, or one of the prophets. 
 
 15. He saith unto them, But whom say ye that I am ? 
 
 16. And Simon Peter answered and said, Thou art the Christ, 
 the Son of the living God 
 
 17. And Jesus answered and said unto him, Blessed art thou, 
 Simon Bar-jona : for flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, 
 but my Father which is in heaven 
 
 18. And I say also unto thee, That thou art I'cter, and upon 
 this rock I will build my church and the gates of hell shall not 
 prevail against it. 
 
 19. And I will give unto thee the keys of the kinydo>n of heaven : 
 and whatsoever thou shall bind on earth, shall be bound in heaven : 
 and whatsoever thou shall loose on earth, shall be loosed in heaven. 
 
 20. Then charged he his disciples that they shuuld tell no man 
 that he was Jesus the Christ.
 
 465 
 
 The Emperor Henry IV., 1077, became obnoxious to Gregory VII., and 
 -was compelled for three winter days to stand barefooted in his shirt, as repre- 
 sented, at the door of his holiness, who at the time -was tenderly toying with the 
 Countess Matilda, then was allowed to enter and kiss his holiness's great toe 
 So like me meek Nazarene, you see !
 
 460 
 
 KINGS LEADING THE POPE'S HORSE, AT THE^CASTLE 
 OF TOICI, IN FRANCE. 
 
 King Henry II. of England, and Louis VII. of France, each dismounting, each 
 holding a rein of his horse, on foot in abject submission, conducted him to the- 
 castle. Hume's History of England, A.D. 1161,
 
 467 
 
 THE EMPEROR FREDERICK BARBAROSSA LEADING THE POPE'S 
 MULE THROUGH ST. MARK'S SQUARE, VENICE, A.D. H77.
 
 468 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE, A. I). 1200. 
 
 COITSTANIIXOPLE. 
 
 The vast hordes of brigands, by courtesy called Christian Cm 
 .saders, that depleted and devastated Kurope fr>mtlie ninth to the 
 thirteenth century, like those of the later scoundrels, I'i/.arro. Corte/. 
 and DC Soto. \vcrc organized t'> subjugate ;i higher and purer civil- 
 ization tlian that of their own. and would have been successful had 
 it not been for the unceasing jealousies of the leaders. Kichanl 
 of the Lion's heart " and bull's brains, the Louis. Topes, and hermits, 
 all anxious to lead, ready at any moment to turn against each othei 
 instead of against the Saracens. 
 
 Constantinople and .Jerusalem were constant causes of conten- 
 tion between the Kasteni and Western branches of a brotherhood 
 claiming to have received their faith from an infallible divine 
 revelation, yet one branch were continuously calling the other 
 idolaters, the other retorting unorthodox, because of their pre- 
 ferring raised to sodden bread. 
 
 These differences between idolatry and unleavened bread 
 were sufficient to cause either party to stand idle whilst the other 
 was defending the walls against the assaults of an enemy, or often 
 to charge their differing Christian brethren for the purpose of 
 settling some hairsplitting dogma. 
 
 How unfortunate that revelations were not a little clearer on 
 dogmas I
 
 469
 
 470 
 
 AURICULAR CONFESSION IN A CHURCH. 
 
 SICK LADY CONFESSING TO A PRIEST.
 
 471 
 
 CROWNING OF NUNS UPON TAKING THEIR VOWS. 
 
 Of what good to God or Humanity .' 
 
 Christianity 
 seems as though 
 .... .. 
 
 inder another name, it 
 kept up a purer repu- 
 
 tation by profiting by the experience of the pagans. 
 
 Jupiter, as all know, had a rakish reputation, which caused Juno to have her 
 Argus with his hundred eyes to keep track of her lord's gallantries. These eyes, as 
 Beecher would say, implied much, for they were located in her Argus or peacock'* 
 
 The Mussulman accepted the hint and placed eunuchs in charge of hia harem. 
 The Protestant managers placed the wife, equal to a regiment of Arguses, over their 
 preachers. The experienced farmer allows of no indiscriminate mixing of the males 
 and females of his farm stock, yet in the face of ages of such experience, scenes like 
 those opposite and above are continued by those that should see the writing upon 
 the wall. The adoption of the Mohammedan plan would unquestionably close 
 the nunneries and confessionals, at the same time give a much purer reputation to 
 the faith. If willing to make such asses of themselves as illustrated below, why not 
 go the whole figure ?
 
 472 
 
 CRUELTIES OF THE POPISH PIEDMONTESE 
 SOLDIERY TO THE WALDENSES. 
 
 CRUELTIES OF THE POPISH PIEDMONTESE 
 SOLDIERY TO THE WALDENSES* 
 
 Were it not for the fact that the same intolerant dis- 
 position continues at this time, it would be best to let by- 
 gones be forgotten or at least ignored, but a few years of 
 power by either Catholic or Protestant would bring a return 
 of the same hell-born scenes, of dashing innocent women 
 and children from precipices, smothering them in caverns, 
 or inclosing them in churches or other buildings and firing 
 the same. ' 
 
 " Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty." 
 
 These atrocities for hundreds of years were the work 
 of devils in human forms.
 
 473 
 
 Facsimile of papal medal in honor of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew's 
 
 MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEWS. IX PARIS, A.D. 1572.
 
 474 
 THE POPE OR GOD. 
 
 mi 
 
 let/, i Celling through tickets via the Virgin 
 I>ateuUKe from lackjji novelty.
 
 475
 
 476 
 
 TOAN OF ARC. 
 
 (From a Piiturt in t/it Htut >1e Vitlt, Kcixn. )
 
 477 
 
 JOAN OF AKC. 
 
 Christianity, when candidly examined from its pretended 
 commencement, is found to be so indelibly covered by infamy 
 that one crime alone has but little perceptible effect upon its 
 appearance, but were its record as white as the newly fallen snow, 
 the dastardly murder of this noble girl should condemn it through 
 all eternity, for she has an undisputed record of a higher life 
 than that of the apochryphal founder of that superstition. 
 
 I do not desire to be understood as asserting that there was 
 no such person as Jesus of Nazareth, for the name was common, 
 but I am unable to obtain evidence to that effect that would con- 
 vict a suspected thief of stealing a twenty-five cent jackknife. 
 The pretended record of his life, however, is far less creditable 
 for consistency than that of the noble victim of the monkish 
 devils that imprisoned, tricked, harassed, and hounded her to 
 death. If their religion is true, God pity them, for there must 
 be an awful reckoning for their doings. 
 
 The life of this pure, noble-minded girl is so well known that 
 it is a waste of space to attempt to give any of it here, but that 
 she was a spiritual medium of the purest and highest type there 
 can be no chance for successful contradiction.
 
 4?* 
 CHRISTIAN AMUSEMENTS. 
 
 Gibbon implies that Cranmec only received what he tried to give others.
 
 479
 
 480 
 
 An Earlier Anthony Comstock. 
 
 ew Hopkins W5fccK Finclcr Genefalt 
 
 This illustration, representing Matthew Hopkins examining 
 two witches who are confessing to him the names of their imps and 
 familiars, is copied from Caulfield's Memoirs of Remarkable 
 Persons,. 1794, where it is taken from an extremely rare print:
 
 481 
 
 FLOATING A WITCH. 
 
 Among the ill weeds which flourished amid, the long dissensions 
 01 the civil war, Matthew Hopkins, the witch-tinder, stands eminent 
 in his sphere. This vulgar fellow resided, in the year 1644, at the 
 town of Manning-tree, in Essex, and made himself very conspicuous 
 in discovering the devil's marks upon several unhappy witches. 
 The credit he trained by his skill in this instance seems to have 
 inspired him to renewed exertions. In the course of a very short 
 time, whenever a witch was spoken of in Essex, Matthew Hopkins 
 was sure to lie present, aiding the judges with his knowledge of 
 such cattle." as he called them. As his reputation increased, he 
 assumed the title of \V itch-finder General.' 1 and traveled through 
 the counties of Norfolk, Essex. Huntingdon, and Sussex for 
 the sole purpose of finding out witches. In one year he 
 brought sixty poor creatures to the .stake. The test he commonly 
 adopted was that of swimming, so highly recommended by King 
 James in his iJriiKniolmjic. The hands and feet of the suspected 
 persons was tied together crosswise, the thumb of the right hand 
 to the toe of the left foot, and vice versa. They were then wrapped 
 up in a large sheet or blanket, and laid upon their backs in a pond 
 or river. If they sank, their friends and relatives had the poor 
 consolation of knowing they were innocent; but there was an end 
 of them : if they floated, which, when laid carefully on the water, 
 was generally the case, there was also an end of them ; for they 
 were deemed guilty of witchcraft, and burned accordingly.
 
 Oh, Brother Mai badge, Theodore Parker preach- 
 ed long sermons but none left, while half my hear- 
 ers have gone before I get hell painted red. " 
 
 Well, Brother Button, old chestnuts are stale: 
 be sensational: a few lies about Spiritualism will 
 take with our hearers and the ignorant generally. 
 
 The Servant.
 
 483
 
 484
 
 485 
 
 Has preaching arrived at so low a stage that jealousy should send one of its 
 loudest howlers with flying coat tails to drink koumyss and eat wolf meat with 
 the Emperor of Russia, because of the rumor that " Buffalo Bill " had dined 
 with the Prince of Wales ? And not to be outdone, doubtless Parkhurst will 
 soon announce that he has dined enfamille with the Grand Turk, and that from 
 his habit of seeking for things nasty, more particularly from his New York brothel 
 experience, he was able to explain to Mrs. Turkey why Dudu disturbed the 
 Harem, so poetically described by Byron in his Don Juan. Does truth need such
 
 486
 
 487
 
 488 
 
 li 8 1 1
 
 489 
 
 THE AMBITIOUS FISHERMAN. 
 
 THE BIBLE IN SCHOOLS AND A GOI) IN THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 The Bible is a book useful for the student, but is of the past ; its worship 
 has been the cause of oceans of bloodshed. Aside from errors of translation, 
 words often are changed in their meaning by change of locality, so that 
 there is no certainty that we have the writer's true meaning in the Bible 
 stories; but we can 'readily see from its contradictory statements that it is 
 merely a history of that people, and through i^s tribal conceit all others 
 were ignored. Cain feared that some one meeting would slay him, which 
 could not have been the case had there been none to meet, and the very form 
 of statement proves that the mark would be understood. Still further to find a 
 wife at N'od, there must have been people there. Its nine hundred year lives 
 must have, meant dynasties. Its fish story most likely belonged to the class 
 of myths common at thatt.im.! in connection with the .stories of the gods and 
 goddesses A book that cannot be opened at random and read in society is 
 not suitable to be put into the schools to be read by children. 
 
 It is but a few years since George Francis Train was imprisoned for pub- 
 lishing obscene literature. Unfortunately for the complainant he was so igno- 
 rant of the Bible contents that he was unaware that the dirty literature 
 consisted of extracts from ih;\t xavretl work. The arrest became a boomerang 
 If brought to trial, the character of the contents of the Bible would be 
 ventilated; so that Train was brought into court, and pronounced insane, 
 consequently irresponsible:, so discharged; but as that would leave him 
 irresponsible if he saw tit to shoot the complainant, he was the next day 
 again brought into court and pronounced sane. 
 
 Think of the fool Freeman stabbing his five year old daughter to the heart 
 in thisStateand age through his insane fanaticism for emulating old Abra- 
 ham. 
 
 l<le;is are changing rapidly. Success in keeping the Bible in the schools or 
 getting a God in the Constitution is likely to result something like the 
 success of the ambit i"iis )i-li.>nnaii at the head of this article.
 
 490 
 THE DAY OF THE CHURCH.
 
 491 
 THE DAY OF THE MAN. 
 
 THE rtEGHANlG TO THE FR0NT. 
 
 ^ptfWE MECHANIC
 
 492 
 
 JONAH REPINING AT GOD'S MERCY. 
 
 How long, .Oh Lord, how long? Jo* Cook. 
 
 4 And Jonah began to enter into the city a day's 
 journey, and "he cried, and said, Yet forty days, 
 and Nineveh shall be overthrown. 
 
 5 II So the people of Nineveh * believed God, and 
 proclaimed a fast, and put on sackcloth, from the 
 greatest of them even to the least of them. 
 
 10 IT* And God saw their works, that they turned 
 from their evil way; and God repented of the evil 
 that he had said that he would do unto them; and 
 he did it not. 
 
 BUT it displeased Jonah exceedingly, and he 
 was very angry. 
 
 2 And he prayed unto the LORD, and said, I pray 
 ttiee, LORD, was not this my saying, when I was 
 yet in my country? Therefore I "fled before unto 
 Tarshish: for I knew that thou art a * gracious God, 
 and merciful, slow to anger, and of great kindness, 
 and repentest thee of the evil. 
 
 4 IT Then said the LORD, || Doest thou well to be 
 angry ? 
 
 5 So Jonah went out of the city, and sat on the 
 east side of the city, and there made him a booth, 
 and sat under it in the shadow, till he might see 
 what would become of the city.
 
 493 
 
 THE MAHOMETAN'S IDEAL HEREAFTER. 
 
 Theabo\c ideal x-cmsonthe first thought to offer a chance for the seventy 
 thousand unmarried women of .Massachusetts to get even, but more matured 
 reflection causes the thought to arise that if supplied as liberally to each 
 saint as indicated by the illustration, he would soon regret his success in 
 traveling the hair bridge and wish that he had taken up his abode with the 
 more open countenances represented in the other place.
 
 494
 
 495 
 
 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS. 
 
 The nebulous halo that hangs over science is about as misty as 
 that which enshrouds religion. Daily we hear of science and what 
 scientists are saying about matters that ordinary mortals are sup- 
 posed to be ignorant of. Reader, are you so fortunate as to know 
 a great scientist ? If so, what does he look like, and what has he 
 done :' Was he labeled as the artist labeled his pig, that it might 
 be understood that he tried to represent a pig ? Who are these 
 phenomenal wonders ? . The inventor reaches out into the unknown; 
 no matter whether he invents a novelty in mechanics, music, poetry, 
 chemical compound, or other matter, so long as he aids human 
 progress he is properly the scientist. 
 
 g A man is not necessarily a scientist or astronomer, because, as 
 he is somewhat pompously inclined to assert, he holds the chair in 
 some high sounding study or society, or has charge of the most 
 powerful telescope extant. Unless' he has ideas above current 
 knowledge of popular belief, he is simply a laborer in that study, 
 as is the ordinary workman in mechanical trades. 
 
 Much that is published as advanced science is the common 
 knowledge of the backwoods. In my boyhood, it was a common 
 diversion to lire a candle through an inch pine board. If the can- 
 dle went through, the tallow was crumbled ; if the board was so 
 hard as to stop the candle, the tallow melted. Professor Tyndall 
 published as one of his wonderful discoveries that a leaden bullet 
 would melt if suddenly stopped in its flight. 
 
 Prof. Elisha Gray says that " he who wishes to keep abreast of the inarch 
 of science to-day must leave the college and go to the workshop, and into 
 the dark corner's of private laboratories, for investigators rarely have time 
 to write, so that text-books are years behind the science itself." 
 
 That the colleges are a half century behind in ordinary milling 
 hydraulics is beyond chance for dispute. 
 
 The most of the popularly known professors of science simply 
 //ulil r/,'i I rx in Institutions better known through their high sounding 
 names than achievements. 
 
 Some years ago it was my lot to walk from Bucksport, Me., to 
 Ellsworth. Some five or six miles out a sight met my view that 
 surprised me. Along beside the road, and around in the fields 
 and pastures, there were immense coarse granite bowlders, MUDC 
 of them perfect in condition, others crumbling to pieces. This 
 disintegration commenced perhaps at a corner, or upon all parts. 
 Many could be seen in such a stage of decomposition that in shape 
 they resembled haycocks of a rnsty-iron-like appearance. The 
 crumbling was so line that it could be used for hardening the road- 
 way. My previous experience had been somewhat extended, yet 
 I never had witnessed anything of the kind before. Professor 
 Agassiz, a week later, passed over the same route on his way to 
 Mt. Desert, yet did not seem to consider the matter worthy his 
 consideration. His at ten lion \vas called V) the subject, and his
 
 496 
 
 opinion of the cause asked, but without obtaining a reply. Years 
 previously, while wandering up the west coast of South America. 
 near the equator. I arrived about sunset at a fisherman's hut in tin- 
 edge of the forest, and was cordially asked to spend the night there, 
 as it was unsafe to travel after dusk on account of the jaguars. A 
 tire was kept up through the night to keep them from the hut. 
 There were the father and mother, also a boy and girl of ten and 
 twelve years of age, both naked. At sunset the tide was at its 
 height, and the father, calling the two children, asked me to go and 
 see them get drinking water. At a point a short distance from the 
 hut, the boy was sent with his calabash shells a rod or more into 
 the water, where it was up to his chin. He there sank down, and 
 remained under water until the two shells were full, each holding 
 five or six quarts. When he rose, he held the shells up above the 
 surface, and brought them to the shore. The girl did the same. 
 and the shells were filled with fresh water. It seemed to me that 
 there must be an intermittent spring there, working on the siphon 
 principle, but on going there at midnight there was nothing but the 
 white sandy beach to be seen. On returning home, an account of 
 the matter was sent to Lieutenant Maury, who was then in high 
 standing as a real scientist in relation to the winds and currents of 
 the ocean. He answered at once, and made further inquiries. 
 
 Much that is talked of as science has no foundation in fact. 
 For instance, how general the belief that water is alive with animal- 
 cules! Microscopes have been rather a hobby of mine for many 
 years. I will not give powers by diameters, but by comparison that 
 anyone will understand. One day, taking up what I had supposed 
 was a small plate of plain glass, a speck which was thought to lie n 
 liyspeck was observed upon its surface. The glass was wiped, 
 but the speck remained. It was placed under the magnifier, when 
 the speck proved to be a photograph of the top of Mt. Washington, 
 the Tip Top House, its sign easily readable. and twenty-two life- 
 sized visitors there. With that glass, or others of equal power, it 
 has never been my lot to tind any living things in ordinary well or 
 running water, nor teeth on razors, nor thorns on hairs. I have 
 studied many works treating of natural history, yet have found 
 none in which the most noted animals have not been caricatured 
 rather than described. The classic dolphins of Arion were of tin- 
 whale family, either what whalemen call blacklish or porpoises. 
 The dolphin is a fish of perhaps twenty-five pounds weight, and 
 changes tints when dying, as has been described by poets, but 
 would hardly do for riding. 
 
 I will here say something of the different kinds of whales. All 
 know that whales are warm blooded animals, and have to come to 
 the surface to breathe. They are designated by whalemen as bulls. 
 cows, and calves, and, like their namesakes on shore, the calves 
 are nourished with milk from the mother, and in the same way. 
 
 The sperm whale has one nostril, or breathing hole, in the ex- 
 treme forward part of the head, from which a low bushy column of 
 spray is blown, inclining forward of the whale. The other kind> 
 of whales, designated by American whalemen as the " Kight 
 whale," "Humpback,'' " Finback," and " Sulphur-bottom " (the
 
 '497 
 
 last taking its name from the color of its belly), have two breath- 
 ing holes well back in the head, from which the spray is blown in 
 separate columns. 
 
 The sperm whale breaches clear from the water, but, instead of 
 pitching over and entering head first, he falls back fiat, making a 
 great splash which may be seen twenty-five or thirty miles in 
 moderate weather, while from the masthead of a ship his spout 
 cannot be seen more than five or six miles ; that of the right 
 whale about the same distance, the humpback and sulphur-bottom 
 perhaps a little further, while the "spout" of the finback may be 
 seen ten or fifteen miles. At the same time, either kind of whale, 
 in rough weather, might pass close to the ship and not be noticed 
 by the inexperienced observer. 
 
 The sperm whale can fight with his head, his jaws, his tail, or 
 nukes ; the right whale only with his flukes ; the humpback with 
 his long fins, by rolling and striking them across a boat. The right 
 whale sweeps sideways from eye to eye. The tail or flukes of all 
 whales are horizontal or fiat on the water, instead of being vertical 
 like the tail of a fish. 
 
 To get near a sperm whale it is necessary to meet him "head and 
 head'' or to follow in his wake ; approach him on his side and he 
 is off at once, for i.he .smallest object will frighten any kind of 
 whale. The right whale must be met head and head or on his side ; 
 get in his wake, within half a mile of him, and he will leave without 
 stopping to say good-by. The sperm whale has teeth in the lower 
 jaw that lit into sockets in the upper. The under jaw compares 
 with the upper in size as a man's arm with a barrel, when placed 
 on one side of the barrel lengthwise, and the front part of the head 
 is as square across as the head of a barrel, and when the head is 
 cut off. if it is placed upon its forward end on the deck, it stands as 
 will a barrel, though the head is a third of the whale. 
 
 The other kinds of whale have what is called whalebone instead 
 of teeth, but only the right whale has it of a size to make it valu- 
 able. This bone is in thin slabs from one-fourth to one-half an 
 inch in thickness, and from one to fourteen feet in length. The 
 slabs hang from the roof of the month as the rafters of a roof hang 
 from a ridgepole, from two hundred to two hundred and fifty slabs 
 each side, presenting the edges only to view when the lips, which 
 are on the lower jaw. are dropped down, looking like the slats in a 
 window blind, only they are black and are separated about their 
 thickness from each other. The inner edges of the slab have a 
 fringe the whole length that looks like black horsehair. The slabs 
 are from three to twelve inches in width where they grow to the 
 roof of the mouth and taper to a point at the lower end. Whales 
 with such an apparatus feed on animalcules. Their manner of 
 feeding is to drop the lips, then move forward with open mouth 
 until it is filled ; then close the lips, blow out the water through 
 the spout-holes, the slabs of bone, with their fringe, acting as a 
 strainer ; then the food is swallowed. 
 
 The sperm whale, after being killed, floats buoyantly. The right 
 whale often sinks. Of the eleven that I helped kill one season only 
 five were saved the rest sank as soon as killed. The humpback
 
 498 
 
 always sinks, and is never troubled in deep water ; but at certain 
 seasons of the year they frequent bays, where they are taken. As 
 soon as they are killed they sink, but the line is attached to a small 
 anchor which is dropped to the bottom to prevent the whale from 
 being carried out to sea by the tide. In a day or two decomposi- 
 tion commences, generating a gas that inflates the whale so that he 
 rises to the surface, and his oil is then obtained in the usual way. 
 The finback is too fast a team to be easily managed, and is never 
 troubled; and the sulphur-bottom for some reason is seldom mo- 
 lested ; why, I do not know. They are very large. There arc sev- 
 eral other kinds that belong to the whale family, the narwhal. 
 the grampus, the blackfish, killer, porpoise, etc. After the blubber 
 is stripped from the outside, the whale's flesh looks like lean beef ; 
 that of the porpoise is very good, resembling tender licet'. 
 
 There are many different kinds of sharks, some of which 1 
 have seen, and others that I have not seen except in story books. 
 The most blood curdling stories in regard to them originated 
 probably from the desire of ship captains and owners to prevent 
 sailors from deserting their ships. Sharks are plenty in warm or 
 temperate climates, and in most of the harbors of commerce in 
 warm countries. They feed upon smaller fish, it is to be presumed; 
 plenty of sea fowl rest upon the water but are never troubled 
 by them. In harbors near the equator, where a dozen sharks may 
 be seen to turn up for a baited hook as minnows do in a brook, 
 sailors swim back and forth daily. I have often swum in the 
 harbors of Rio de Janeiro, Havana. Callao, and many other ports 
 in the Atlantic and Pacific, and have been on whales, when cutting 
 in, with hundreds of sharks around, and often on top of a whale 
 so close as to have touched my side, and have kicked them away. 
 [ have seen a lance thrown through the center of a shark's 
 body without causing a flap of its tail, and have seen them feeding 
 greedily from the torn blubber when their entrails were hanging 
 below them from cuts from whaling spades, so that my faith is not 
 great in the stories that this or that native dashed into the briny 
 deep and slew a twenty-five foot shark, in fact, I am doubtful 
 about the twenty-five foot shark, and about their biting a man 
 in two and swallowing a half whole. A cut with a spade across 
 the nose or in the gills will kill a shark instantly, but the knife 
 combat is a trifle tough. A shark can bite hard. I have seen 
 one grasp hold of a lump of blubber or the side of a blackfish. 
 then turnover and twist out a piece larger than his own head, then 
 he -had to let go and eat more decorously. 
 
 I have seen sharks follow a boat and snap at the oar blades 
 as they dipped in the water, yet a few minutes later a whale had 
 stove our boat and all the crew were floating on the oars in the 
 water, but we saw nothing of the sharks. Probably no whale ship 
 was ever filled with oil without more or less of her boats being 
 stove. I have seen three smashed to splinters by a single whale in 
 an hour's time, yet I have never known any person bitten by 
 a shark, nor known any person who has known of a person being 
 bitten by one ; nevertheless at the same time a shark can bite, but I 
 should as soon believe that Jonah swallowed a whale as that the 
 half of a man entire was found inside of a shark.
 
 499 
 
 RALPH WALDO EMERSON. 
 
 The question has often been asked me, and at times with a sneer, 
 "Are you related to Ralph Waldo ? " ' Have never inquired," has 
 been my reply. 
 
 The name of Emerson figures conspicuously in the history of 
 Hale's Town or Wean-. X. II. Stephen Emerson (who came from 
 Hampstead to Weare). the son of Stephen, in 1702. paid the largest 
 tax in the list of taxpayers. His son. Deacon James, married 
 Lydia Hoyt of Salisbury. .Mass. A story is handed down that one 
 Sunday while riding to church .Mrs. Emerson, through pity, 
 requested the deacon to get oft' and drive a fox away from a rabbit 
 that he was chasing over and under a log. After due reflection the 
 request was declined upon the plea that it would be breaking the 
 Satfbath. The wife queried whether it was not laziness instead of 
 piety that prevented. Their son, Deacon James, was rny grand- 
 father. He and his wife. Polly Cilley, or Seelye. moved to New- 
 bury, N. II., where they often dragged my father two miles over a 
 mountain path lined with roots, stones, and stubs, in the dark, bare- 
 footed, to prayer meetings. Their groans and lamentations there 
 were not sufficient to keep him awake, so that I fear he got in the 
 habit of saying "swearwords" from being aroused and dragged 
 home near midnight. At any rate their fervor of piety was checked 
 on its way down. 
 
 0. W. Holmes, in his life of Ralph Waldo, implies that he was 
 not much of a mechanic, in fact, that In- could not use a spade with 
 safety to his legs, but that was of no account, as he was a poet. 
 Mr. Emerson was a level headed man. and, if living, would prob- 
 ably object to that idea. The Mechanic or Creator made the stars 
 or they could not have sung together. Had not the mechanic made 
 the wooden horse there could have been no Homer. The mechan- 
 ic's weapons raised up the troubadours. The poet is all right in 
 his place ; but the mechanic has come to stay, and he has done 
 more in the last hundred years to improve mankind than ever had 
 been done by the, poet. Mechanics make poems. Have poets over- 
 produced the equal of the Columbian Fair? 
 
 What poem in grandeur equals the mountainous steamship with 
 her forty thousand pent-up horse power under subjection to the finger 
 of the engineer ? What tragedy ever equaled the guillotine or the 
 gallows ? What comedy was ever more laughable than the mechan- 
 ical fantoccini ? Poetry often is grand and soul nourishing, so are 
 mechanical movements if the observer has the ability to appreciate 
 the beauty of nature's laws. The mechanic has produced instru- 
 ments of music that have added grandeur and harmony to the 
 poet's words they could never have reached without. The 
 mechanic, through his telescope and microscope, has added worlds 
 to man's knowledge that the pi >et might have imagined but never 
 could have verified. Even in the so homely convenience as specta- 
 cles the mechanic has added one-third to mail's practical life. Mr. 
 Holmes, by reading Job xxxviii., will learn that poets were, 
 snubbed at times.
 
 500 
 
 THE BOSTON OF 1845. 
 
 Do those who so boastfully claim leadership in human progress 
 for Boston or Massachusetts realize the difference between those 
 places to-day and fifty years ago ? The typical Bostonian of a 
 half century since, who perhaps had never seen a college unless 
 when passing its outside, was still intelligent. It' Kgypt was spoken 
 of, his thoughts turned to the pyramids, the Pharaohs, and Sphinx 
 and her conundrum, and to wonder as to its meaning. The typical 
 Bostonian of to-day, graduate of Harvard, has faint ideas of the 
 street in which he resides or does business, and if Kgypt is men- 
 tioned in his hearing, his mind instantly turns to some dark, 
 unsettled region where he has sold a box of flat footed brogans. 
 ranging in size from eleven to fourteen, and if any sphinx-like 
 conundrum comes into his mind it is in relation to how he is to get 
 pay for his brogans. 
 
 Think of the Massachusetts of fifty years ago crowding special 
 trains of cars for the purpose of witnessing the brutal uaine of 
 football ! 
 
 Think of the governor of Massachusetts speaking for his state at 
 the Columbian Fair, being obliged to routine his eulogies to its past 
 glories instead of talking of what it is now doing to aid human pro- 
 gression, as the sister state in which lie was speaking was doing. 
 
 Look at the opposite page: study and . heed its suggestions. 
 Look also to another page illustrating the effects of forty years of 
 the Massachusetts school system. Then simplify its laws, schools, 
 and religion so as to agree with common sense, and thus compel its 
 priests, ministers, and lawyers to earn an honest livinu. I'hew ! 
 The Massachusetts of lo-day, a leader in human progress 1 In 
 what, pray ?
 
 501 
 
 SHOW INSTITUTIONS OF THE HILLS, 
 
 For the Blind, the Halt, the Idiotic, the Insane, the Pauper, 
 and Criminal. 
 
 Can such an ostentations display denote a high civilization? 
 
 "EDUCATE THE IDIOTIC." 
 
 Can education to such bring happiness ? If ignorance is bliss 
 under any condition, it would seem to be so with the idiotic. 
 
 \VnnliJ it nut ini/irnti {/water intelligence 
 
 To seek for the cause and try to stop the production of idiots, 
 paupers, lunatics, invalids, and criminals ? 
 
 Whether f-ntir>'// x/iti.<fnct<-// to /fie /tatienfs, 
 
 These institutions are convenient retreats for retiring rival politi- 
 cians, at the same time producing hot-house culture of " offen- 
 sive partisanship."
 
 502 
 SPIRITUALISM. 
 
 A I.ivinif Religion, of Demonstration, Personal Responsibility, 
 ami Consolation. 
 
 This belief has been latent in the human heart since the dawn of recorded 
 intelligence down to the present time, and is now openly accepted by the 
 most intelligent as the truth, yet sneered at by the dollar stamped clergy 
 from self interest. 
 
 The cause has had a terrible load to carry in carrying the vagaries of its 
 professed friends, and had it not been based upon eternal truth it would have 
 been annihilated long ago. 
 
 Its mediums, mere mortals of very ordinary clay, instead of being en- 
 couraged and aided to seek the truth, have too often been surrounded by 
 ruffianly bands of bigoted ignorance, and in frequent cases female mediums 
 have been married by lazy loafers of the male species, solely as a means of 
 obtaining a living without labor, and the wife has of ten been com] elled to do 
 what, if properly cherished, she would never have thought of doing. 
 
 Then again, as its expounders in many cases have belonged to. to say the 
 least, not the most learned, the vagaries published are not al\\a\s \\cll 
 established, to say nothing of the long words required to express the pro- 
 found depths of the writer's ideas. 
 
 Then the .s///<7/r/-.s that seek for fraud, the self appointed witch tinders of 
 the Uagool type described by Rider Haggard in ' King Solomon's Mines." 
 who through monumental conceit and ignorantly conceived notions of si irii 
 etiquette assume the office of censor of spiritual management, may retard but 
 can never stop the onward march of its grand and humane truths. 
 
 From infancy 1 have ever desired to know the wh\ of any m\sl< i\. .M\ 
 tirst visit to a haunted bouse was in my eighth year. Of course the Rochester 
 knockings interested me, lint a wandering life of ten years' ]>re\i<ms e\| eri- 
 ence in strange lands had knocked many of childhood's conceits from mv 
 mind and broadened the horizon of my ideas; personal expel ieuce also had 
 caused consideration. It, was nor uncommon for meat that time to suddenly 
 become unconscious and begin to repeat lines of poetry that \\ould be 
 seemingly printed upon the wall of the room in front of me. As the last word 
 was repeated, there would be exactly such a change in appearance as takes 
 place in a kaleidoscope, and more lines would come in view. As tins was 
 about a year before the advent of the knockings my declamations were con- 
 sidered uncanny. A vivid impression of the fact Mas always Jet t upon my 
 mind but the lines could never be remembered. 
 
 Then followed a phase of gradually rousing from sleep to a consciousness 
 of two or three voices near by arnui'ii: a case, so real that it would cause 
 me to turn and try various methods to ascertain whether it was a dream : 
 suddenly all would cease but the impression would remain for days, yet the 
 subject could never be recalled though perfectly understood the moment 
 l>efore it ceased. 
 
 To this followed visions of beautiful landscapes, rarely persons or animal 
 life, but the colors of mosses, leaves, stones, and the thousand details so 
 perfect that at times I would get up and walk across the room to make sure 
 of being awake. For years these were believed to be optical illusions, but 
 I know better now and deeply regret that such gifts were not more thank- 
 fully received. Another phase followed and to some extent is still with 
 me, namely, impressions, often as palpable as spoken words. These usually 
 come when receiving or reading a letter, message, 01 communication, in one 
 case causing me to pitch a letter containing a check for S150 into the waste 
 basket, for doing which the sender at times attempt* to be sarcastic. 
 
 For years I took but little interest in Spiritualism, but as its adherents 
 increased it became a power, and I took the Christian's ideal of good, the 
 
 dollar, as a standard of its popularity. 
 
 hing a quarterly paper, 
 EMERSON'S TlUr.INK REPORTER, nve thousand copies each issue to 
 
 At the time 1 was publish! 
 
 fill contract with advertisers. It had paid expenses less postage up to that 
 time. I announced that after four more issues the paper would be discon- 
 tinued and a book take its place; then commenced a series of articles on 
 Spiritualism herewith republished in their order. The tirst issue contain- 
 ing the article paid all expense, the next si'5 above, the third over $100, 
 and the last over 200, a supplement being required for advertising space.
 
 50:i 
 
 INVESTIGATION AND PHENOMENA. 
 
 The wonderful stories of spiritual manifestations going the rounds of the 
 press have caused a desire for more light relative thereto ; such manifesta- 
 tions, under various phases, have been common since the dawn of history ; in 
 ancient times the leaders of the people made them useful, now those that 
 would be leaders are careful to ignore interest in them. Editors that are 
 loudest in screeching, " See how independent we are ! " dare not publish an 
 article upon the subject without launching it from the top of the fence that 
 it may be fitted for either side, by the ever convenient, "I told you so ! " 
 Why this unmanly hedging? A little inquiry will satisfy any one that the 
 world is ready for the trv.lh. It is true that there is a feeble " tweet, tweet, 
 tweet" going out from the pulpit, as there doubtless was nineteen centuries 
 since, but the time now, as then, is unfavorable to pulpits ; intelligence plays 
 the deuce with such places : there is little consistency in talking about the 
 Bible being a guide, while building structures in which to worship the son of 
 a carpenter, so very nice that one of that class has little chance of ever see- 
 ing the inside alter taking his tools out ; rive to twenty thousand dollar sala- 
 . ries have little in common with the veritable Jesus of Nazareth, though in 
 full accordance with the pulpit article. The time for such is passing away, 
 the sneered at manifestations have had much to do with the change and 
 Church creeds are kept in the background as being too illiberal for the 
 times. Nearly every book of note now issued is spiced with the belief ; our 
 conversation i's mixed with its phrases : if one doubts the general infusion 
 let him get into quiet conversation with the first person met, and the chances 
 are ten to one that some wonderful experience having a bearing upon the 
 subject will be related. Some of the best known manufacturers with whom 
 1 am acquainted are deeply interested as investigators. Such, invariably, are 
 thinkers, and usually successful in their business, some of them very re- 
 markably so. A large portion of Turbine builders are open believers in 
 Spiritualism, and it is but fair to state that, in not one single instance has 
 one of that belief misrepresented results obtained from a test of wheel, 
 while the contrary has often been the case with builders ever ready to sneer 
 at the Spiritualist. It is true thsnt Spiritualism has been " exposed " almost 
 daily for the last twenty-five years, yet it will not down. Would it not be wiser 
 to meet the case fairly and learn what right it has to consideration ? It does 
 not matter what this or that professor has to say upon the subject, unless 
 said after fair examination ; the prefix adds nothing to the individual's 
 power of discernment : besides, such persons are usually specialists, and have 
 some hobby upon the brain. Professor Univalve spends twenty years in as- 
 certaining'the exact number of wrinkles that a mussel of respectable habits 
 should have in his shell at maturity. Prof. Thimble does not believe in 
 spirits, and, like a cow, has no interest in a Hereafter. Our educational 
 professors are so deeply engaged in searching for the roots of words, that 
 the useless abominations in spelling of those words, against which nature 
 through every child learning to read, is constantly protesting, are unnoticed 
 by them, and the stone at one end of the bag to balance the grist is con- 
 stantly carried, and is likely to be. unless the " heathen Japs " relieve us of 
 the useless weight. It is useless to expect such minds to investigate any- 
 thing aside from their own narrow world, and perhaps it is better that it is 
 so, for the few have done the thinking for the many too long already. What 
 a turning over of things there would be if prejudice could lie annihilated and 
 questions be decided upon merit ! A sort of moral undertow compels general 
 progression now ; froth rises to the top and becomes the most conspicuous ; 
 shallow minds, without investigation, pronounce anything humbug that is 
 new and bevond their comprehension. Could such control events La Places 
 statement that " What we know is little, what we don't luiow, immense," 
 would ever remain true. The cut bono of the truckling editor, while pander- 
 ing to popular prejudice, is simply a tribute paid to such minds and is 
 doubly shallow when written within sight of a score of steeples all claiming 
 to point the way to the spirit land, and upon exactly the same evidence as 
 the sneered at manifestations, the latter witnessed by ourselves, friends, and 
 neighbors, the former by well, whom? It is a matter of little conse- 
 quence whether Prof. Thimble is interested in the matter or not, the world 
 has been is and ever will be, interested ; for myself, all other gain would be
 
 504 
 
 as nothing compared with the knowledge that life here is but the beginning 
 of eternal conscious progress, that separation from our loved ones is but 
 temporary. If the manifestations are of spiritual origin as claimed they 
 offer the only tangible evidence of a Hereafter. If not of spiritual, but of 
 earthly, origin, may they not be the harbingers of knowledge of boundless 
 importance to humanity? If neither of spiritual nor earthly origin in a 
 proper sense, but the result of mere trickery, then they have a fearful bear- 
 ing upon evidence. 1 have seen a table rise upon two legs and walk out of 
 the dining-room into the parlor and return, with no visible person touching 
 it. I have seen two heavy men try in vain to hold a table to the floor ; this 
 in Mechanics Hall. Lowell, Mass., and before an audience of four hundred 
 persons ; no one pretended to doubt the fact. 1 have taken a common accor- 
 dion in my hand, holding it by the molding around the valve ; the instru- 
 ment extended at arm's length from my side ; the key end of the instru- 
 ment immediately rose to a level in line with my arm, but extended from 
 me. and then commenced to play a very lively tune ; the sun was shining 
 full upon the instrument. I have taken a slate in my hand, or one end of it, 
 the other being held by the medium ; a bit of pencil was placed upon the 
 slate, which was then held beneath the tible. not up against it, but at least 
 a foot below, and in plain sight The pencil com inenced to write immedi- 
 ately ; several messages were produced in less time than 1 could have writ- 
 ten one ; one of the messages was as follows : " There is a large band of us 
 around you ; if you will sit at home we will show you things that are wonder- 
 ful." I have had the Eddys at my house, also several other well known me- 
 diums ; have had to do with nearly all the best known public mediums, and 
 many not generally known to be such. I have seen the " exposers '' such 
 as Carbonell, have spent hours with them at a time in private, and witnessed 
 their modus operamii, have seen excellent imitations, as I have also of green- 
 backs, but an expert can readily see and explain the difference. Have often 
 had such mediums as Foster and Head try to play tricks upon me, at the 
 same time have seen things that trickery could not accomplish. 1 have wit- 
 nessed the most of the various kinds of manifestations described by H. D. 
 Owen, and others he has not described ; mind reading will account for Mans 
 field's letter answering, and some other mysteries, but there is something 
 deeper and beyond. It is singular that a people so boastful of intelligence 
 should be so shy of investigations outside of Congress. The following letter 
 to the N. Y. Graphic, displays more true manhood than is generally to bo 
 met with in regard to the subject. 
 
 IRA. X. Y., November 11, 1874. 
 
 onable icnticst. It is indeed 
 
 GENTLEMEN : Your circular indicates a most reasonable icoticst. It is 
 burning shame that men called scjentilie and investigators should lie so hopelessly ma- 
 terialistic that they will not look towards the only windows through which the tw'ili^ht 
 of a great discovery i> now shining. 
 
 Thirty years ago I would have sacrificed everything to undertake, without encour- 
 agement, the work to which yon now invite me and others. I'.nt. as matters now stand. 
 
 I have not the time or strength to do the work ; and had 1 lx>th, my standing is not 
 ----- of science that discoveries made by me. however Important, could 
 
 -' ' 
 
 mannesiauoiis.il > "ri, n-inain> tat were there s so muc smoe o notorety there 
 must be some tire of fact. How much let him declare whom yon succeed in pressing 
 into your service as investigator and re|x>rter. sincerely regret ting that I cannot lie 
 the man, I remain very truly yours, THOS. K. BEECH KR. 
 
 If people in general were candid thinkers, like Mr. Beecher, we might 
 hope for a speedy solution of the matter, but, unfortunately, the majority 
 take their opinion second-handed, while the balance divide into two parties, 
 seemingly running in opposite directions, but in seeming only. The one be- 
 lieve everything, the other nothing; the leaders of the first, with heads 
 shaped like a pineapple cheese, or perhaps more on the shed roof style, the 
 slope being such that one is left in doubt whether the forehead extends to 
 the crown of the head, or the top of the head reaches down to the eyes ; 
 these swear by the fianner of Light ; their followers are expected to swallow 
 mountains or mites ; mediums by such are spoken of as "too sensitive for 
 ordinary treatment," " heaven borned." " of the angels," etc., etc. (while 
 in fact, as a general thing, public mediums are lazy sensualists, generally 
 acting the part of Harold Skimpole, and never forgetting to take the " Fy- 
 punnote "). and a score of that ilk are cancerous excre-
 
 505 
 
 tions of the cause. The other party simply panders to popular prejudice 
 and naturally ^ravitates toward the Scientific American, a fair offset to the 
 Banner nf Light, the one certainly knowing as much of spirits as the other 
 does of science. The writers of this party are generally nicely bespectacled 
 young men with weak eyes, knees, and heads, and considerable alphabet 
 tailed on to their address, with a strong flavor of the apothecary appren- 
 tice about them. The organ of this party has just been handed to me, and 
 in it the announcement is gravely made 'that the manifestations called ma- 
 terializations were invented by one Gordon, of New York, about two years 
 since (don't state whether he patented them through that agency or not). 
 The materializations were common ten years since, and it was in answer to 
 a request that he would witness them, that the following letter was written. 
 
 BOSTON, November 28, 1865. 
 
 .IAMKS KMKI:M>.\. I.tiwi.i.t,. MA- . : 
 
 Dear Sir:\ hup.' I -hall ilml linn- -sooner or later In attend sume <>t ilic best managed 
 so-called " spiritual" *?.-. I.HI .just now I am I..,, much occupied t do auvthiiiK 
 mure than listen to the wonderful -lories \.>u ,-n-e tuld ,-1111.111 them. 
 
 Yours, in haste, O W. HOLMES. 
 
 It is often asserted that if one commences to investigate the so-called man- 
 ifestations, he soon Incomes infatuated, and a believer Well, suppose the 
 discovery of a gold mine to be announced, do experts ever delve in a "salted" 
 mine twenty-five years '.' If the assertion is true it would rather seem to 
 favor the idea that there is something to become infatuated with, but per- 
 sons are often credited with being what they are not. as will be seen by this 
 letter. 
 
 20 iloRNiKcxox RD., LONDON. X. W..\ 
 Alts'. 1. 1872. / 
 
 JAMES EMERSON : 
 
 Dear Sir :Luusf traveling about on business lias prevented me from previously ac- 
 knowledging the receipt of your most interesting letter elving an account of some phe- 
 nomena you have witncs.-ed iii tin- presence of I >r. Slade. After the very extraordinary 
 things \ou have seen. I ;,m particularl] struck with what >ou state your opinion to be 
 viz. : that the spirit Wo 
 belong to OUT 
 
 teased in the presence ,,l lip. Sladc. Alter the very extraordinary 
 [ am particularij struck with what \oii state your opinion to be 
 t World" has nothing to do with them, but that the phenomena 
 
 bodies. If you could explain what yon lia\e stated tome, and 
 
 I give me the reasons which cause you :o think- thai the exertion of force (not that 
 ( medium ph>>icitlK ; and Hie writing ol messages by a piece of pencil not held in 
 a human hand, arccuimecied ith mil -physical body and not with invisible, independ- 
 ent, intelligent bi-ings, I should be very pleased. The latter opinion is the one most 
 teni.'rally held b\ iho-e who have studied the phenomena here. For myself, 1 confess 1 
 do not go as far as some, and nutO I can get good proof e of identity I 'prefer to keep to 
 the "force "only, for there I am sale. With many thanks for your polite attention, 
 l>elieve me very sincerely yours, WILLIAM CUOOKS. 
 
 It would be impossible for me to explain fully, why I believe the manifes- 
 tations to be of physical origin, but such ever has been, and continues to be, 
 my opinion ; there is a lack of connection as well as an earthiness, that 
 seems to locate them with ourselves, but for all that, there is ground for the 
 spiritual claim ; the water of a river partakes of the soil through which it 
 flows, but remains water for all that. The manifestations partake of their 
 earthly surroundings. F " 
 says the manifestations ; 
 see why he finds them so 
 
 pronounced them to be the result of trickery ; his career while Surgeon- 
 General will perhaps account for his belief, but enough of such. The weak 
 minded are credited with being the most interested in such matters, but in 
 all the seances with which I have had to do, either public or private, there 
 has never been any trouble in filling the house with the best mechanics 
 known, mill agents, school superintendents and teachers, doctors, lawyers, 
 ministers, members of Congress, etc., etc. The belief of the better class of 
 spiritualists is substantially that taught by Jesus of Nazareth, and it is sin- 
 gular that a belief so sensible and beautiful has not produced a literature to 
 correspond. That such is not the case is probably owing to the fact that the 
 best minds tinged with that belief feel that more good can be done through 
 the liberal religious movement, which may be the case, but it leaves the cause 
 of Spiritualism in the care of those who have done it little credit, and at the 
 close of a quarter of a century there is not a paper published in that interest 
 that a gentleman would care to be seen reading in car or hotel. Watching 
 the falling of an apple, the rattling tea-kettle cover, or flying a kite, were 
 perhaps not the most dignified of employments, but the results have revoln- 
 
 earthly surroundings. P. H. Vander Wyede, through Scientific American, 
 says the manifestations are silly ; one has but to read one of his articles to 
 see why he finds them so. Dr Hammond published an article in which he
 
 506 
 
 tionized the world. The " Spiritual Manifestations " may, or may not be, of 
 equal importance, but believing them to be of God, or nature, as the reader 
 chooses, and that they may be made useful, I at least shall do what is in my 
 power to ascertain their cause. 
 
 POPULAR SCIENCE. 
 
 During our war of rebellion the idea became prevalent that our flunkyism 
 relative to English opinion would be cured : and such might have been the 
 case had it not been for a great change in the management of our leading pa- 
 pers. Previous to the Avar, writers of age, talent, and experience were em- 
 ployed thereon ; now, through motives of economy, boys take the place of 
 such. The former never quoted the Scientific American as authority, in fact, 
 never quoted it at all. The boy writers swallow its wonderful statements 
 unquestioned ; while our local'editor, with his three hundred subscribers, 
 made up of those who advertise " pull-backs," codfish, tin-ware and skillets, 
 pulls off his hat in reverence, as he catches sight of a ' New Discovery," by 
 Prof. Tyndall, or "The Mystery Solved." by Prof. Carpenter ; though were 
 he a reader and thinker, he would readily recognize the fact that both dis- 
 covery and solution were old a hundred "years ago. Look at the following 
 fresh from the press, and which fairly represents Air. Tyndall as a scientist. 
 
 Fresh Discovery and Practical Suggestions. 
 
 PROF. TYNDALL ON HEAT. 
 
 Having caused a ball of lead to fall from the roof of a theater on to a stone, he drew 
 the ball tip again and IPT it down gently with a string and pulley. The 
 
 by the collision in the first instance was the e 
 
 his finger and thumb, and in the string in the 
 
 force expended in dr.i wing up the ball was made obvious by causing the ball to be 
 drawn up again by a small engine worked by compressed air. The exact equivalent of 
 the heat evolved by a quantity of coal, completely consumed by consumption withoxy- 
 
 t liven the 
 
 velocity of "a body, the heat generated by the destruction of that velocity could be 
 easily calculate'!, and sometime ago he was led to the conclusion that t 
 a rifle bullet would produce -iitliciem heat to fuse the metal. This 
 proved in the Franco-German war, when bullets which had been stopped by contact 
 with a bone showed, on being extracted, undoubted marks, in many cases, of fusion. 
 The same thing had also been illustrate,! incidentally in the experiments with gun-cot- 
 ton at Stowmarket. 
 
 This " Fresh Discovery" was a part of the stock in trade of a gassy lect- 
 urer, named Boynton, who traveled the country some thirty years since. 
 He elaborated it, however, by adding that the " average laborer consumes 
 fourteen ounces of carbon per day, and fourteen ounces of carbon, consumed 
 by a man or a steam engine, will lift the same weight of brick to a given 
 height." The statement was repeated by myself to an old physician, then of 
 Worcester, Mass. " Humph : " was his rejoinder, ' heard that in lectures at 
 college when I was a boy." Mr. Tyndall seems to be a sort of Rip Van 
 Winkle, and to have waked from a nap of a few centuries. A few years since 
 he announced that he had discovered that heat moves in waves. That fact 
 was a theme for angry discussion among stove builders a half century since : 
 a portion favoring the use of sheet iron because its " flexibility caused it to 
 throw off heat in more rapid waves than could be possible with its more 
 rigid competitor, cast iron." That heat moves in waves is a fact that has 
 been perceptible since hot surfaces existed. This discovery by Mr. Tyndail 
 was soon followed by the announcement that he had also discovered that 
 motion moves in waves, which could hardly seem new to any one who ever 
 saw the ocean, felt the waves of an earthquake, or who, as a boy, ever gave 
 the end of a long rope a flip, thus causing a wave to run its whole length. 
 
 The Indian, however, who has watched the flight of an arrow or lance, may 
 have his doubts as to the invariable applicability of the rule. Not long 
 since, the editor of the Scientific American urged the substitution of death 
 
 by electricity for that of hanging ; innocently stating that Prof. Tyndall, 
 while experimenting, was knocked senseless by a shock, and on recovery a 
 nounced the fact that it didn't hurt, thus adding another to his charaetf
 
 prayer. 
 with its 
 
 50? 
 
 istic discoveries. Mr. Tymlall is probably more generally known through 
 his " Prayer Gauge" proposition, than in any other way ; but in this he re- 
 tained his consistency. It would be difficult to find a boy of ten who has not 
 heard very positive doubts expressed as to the efficacy of prayer ; and such 
 doubts have been expressed by writers lor more than two thousand years. 
 "Can the Ethiopian change his skin or the leopard his spots," is plain 
 enough. Franklin was equally plain when he suggested that it would save 
 time and answer the same purpose to ask a blessing over the food in the lump, 
 when it was housed in the fall, as to do it at each meal daily. Paine in his 
 " Age of Keasoii," Allen in his " Oracles of Reason," and many other writers 
 have done the same. Vet it is hardly likely that any observant person has 
 doubted the benefit of prayer to the petitioner, but merely that the Creator 
 is unlikely to change his laws at the solicitation of individuals. A wish is a 
 To " cry " is to pray. The new born child utters its first prayer 
 its first breath, and probably with about the same consciousness of its 
 real needs as have those who make the most show of praying. Plato, or 
 i.n,. .,f his friends, once remarked : "It would be well to 'hesitate before 
 praying, as the gods might answer the prayer." We" may readily conceive 
 that things would become smiewhai tangled, if the prayers', even of a single 
 Sunday, were all granted Prayer, or striving with a matter, brings recon- 
 ciliation with the existing conditions. Moulton showed himself to be a close 
 observer, when he concluded to let " Theodore write himself out," before 
 trying to stop his proceedings. Every woman feels better after she has had 
 her " good cry." We all pray; quite likely Brother Seventhly would not 
 consider our prayers orthodox, but that is not important. What is needed is 
 to bo more real, more self-dependent. Superficial characters like Tyndall 
 are soon forgotten. Look back twenty-five years, and learn how quickly noted 
 individuals, who have no real claim upon humanity, pass from memory. 
 Twenty-five years ago there was a very popular man. named Kdward Everett, 
 who went loodling round the country, very much in the style of Tyndall : 
 that is, with many words and but few ideas. Scarce ten years have passed 
 since his death, yet he is nearly forgotten, and is sure to be entirely so when 
 the generation in which he lived has passed away. Twenty-five years ago 
 the names of .lohn Brown and Abraham Lincoln were far less familiar than 
 they are likely to be centuries hence. Twenty-five years ago the Tribune 
 was edited by 'a MAN. and though issued from an uimoticeable, dingy, old 
 building, every one was asking : " What does the Tribune, or what does 
 Greeley say '.' " Now. edited by a sort of Tyndall, and advertised by its tower- 
 ing steeple, that rises from a base as narrow and as fiery as a Cal vin'ist's creed, 
 there are none so weak as to ask or care what is said by it or its editor. There 
 is hardly a person in the country, of ordinary intelligence, who would be at 
 a loss for a reply, if asked to give a reason why the memory of Franklin is 
 still fresh and respected : yet not one in ten thousand of the persons who 
 would be influenced thereby could give any reason why the opinions of Profs. 
 Tyndall or Carpenter should have any weight in this country. It is said 
 these two persons court the society of Mrs. Lewes, which is likely to be the 
 case, for these gentlemen are very anxious to shine, even if they have to do 
 so by the borrowed light from a woman. And it has recently been in order 
 for nunkydom, to glorify the authoress of " Daniel Deronda . " ; but if any mor- 
 tal can tell why, 1, for one, would be glad to learn. I have worknl my way 
 through the book twice, but the opinion still continues with me, that it is a 
 mess of garrulous twaddle, and deserves to sink as it has into oblivion. 
 Gwendolen, like other prostitutes, sells herself for a consideration, then is too 
 shallow either to accept the situation or to fight it out. Daniel Deronda, 
 though voung. has the wisdom of a Solomon, and is as passionless as was old 
 David in his dotage. Faugh ! What a world this would be if filled with 
 Daniel Derondas ! There is one point, however, in which the work should 
 be useful to us, namely : Jf the most intelligent classes of England are so 
 far back in barbarism in relation to the standing of woman, as indicated by 
 that work and Keade's " Woman Hater," then this country certainly has no 
 call to go there for information upon any subject whatever, or to be tickled 
 by the second hand clap-trap that is published in the Science Monthly over 
 the signatures of such scientists as Tyndall and Carpenter.
 
 508 
 
 Midnight Musings. 
 
 BY WASHINGTON IKYING. 
 
 I am now alone in my chamber. The family have long since retired. I 
 have heard their steps die away, and the doors clap to after them. The 
 murmur of voices and the peal of remote laughter no longer reach the ear. 
 The clock from the church, in which so many of the former inhabitants of 
 this house lie buried, has chimed the awful hour of midnight. 
 
 I have sat by the window, and mused upon the dusky landscape, watching 
 the lights disappearing one by one from the distant village ; and the moon, 
 rising in her silent majesty, and leading up all the silver pomp of heaven. 
 As 1 have gazed upon these quiet groves and shadowing lawns, silvered ove 
 
 ,nd imperfectly lighted by streaks of dewy moonshine, my mind has been 
 crowded by " thick coming fancies " concerning those spiritual beings which 
 
 " Walk Hit- earth 
 I'nsccii l>olh when we wake and When we sleep." 
 
 Are there, indeed, such beings ? Is this space between us and the Deity 
 filled up by innumerable orders of spiritual beings, forming the same grada- 
 tions between the human soul and divine perfection that we see prevailing 
 from humanity down to the meanest insect? It is a sublime and beautiful 
 doctrine inculcated by the early fathers, that there are guardian angels ap- 
 pointed to watch over cities and nations, to take care of good men, and to 
 guard and guide the steps of helpless infancy. Kven the doc-trine of departed 
 spirits returning to visit the scenes and beings which were dear to them dur- 
 ing the bodies' existence, though it has been debased by the absurd supersti- 
 tions of the vulgar, in itself is awfully solemn and sublime. 
 
 However lightly it may be ridiculed, yet the attention involuntarily yielded 
 to it whenever it is made the subject of serious discussion, and its prevalence 
 in all ages and countries, even among newly discovered nations that have had 
 no previous interchange of thought with other parts of the world, prove it to 
 be one of those mysterious ami instinctive beliefs, to which, if left to our- 
 selves, we should naturally incline. 
 
 In spite of all the pride of reason and philosophy, a vague doubt will still 
 lurk in the mind, and perhaps will never be eradicated, as it is a matter that 
 does not admit of positive demonstration. Who yet has been able to compre- 
 hend and describe the nature of the soul ; its mysterious connection with tin- 
 body ; or in what part of the frame it is situated? We know merely thai it 
 does exist : but whence it came, and when it entered into us, and how it is re- 
 tained, and where it is seated, and how it operates, are all matters of mere 
 speculation, and contradictory theories. If, then, we are thus ignorant of 
 this spiritual essence, even while it forms apart of ourselves, and is contin- 
 ually present to our consciousness, how can we pretend to ascertain or deny 
 its powers and operations, when released from its fleshly prison-house? 
 
 Everything connected with our spiritual nature is full of doubt and diffi- 
 culty. " We are fearfully and wonderfully made; " we are surrounded by 
 mysteries, and we are mysteries even to ourselves. It is more the manner in 
 which this superstition has been degraded, than its intrinsic absurdity, that 
 has brought it into contempt. Raise it above the frivolous purposes to 
 which it has been applied, strip it of the gloom and horror with which it has 
 been enveloped, and there is none, in the whole circle of visionary creeds, 
 that could more delightfully elevate the imagination, or more tenderly af- 
 fect the heart. It would become a sovereign comfort at the bed of death, 
 soothing the bitter tear wrung from us by the agony of mortal separation. 
 
 What could be more consoling than the idea that the souls of those we 
 once loved were permitted to return and watch over our welfare? that af- 
 fectionate and guardian spirits sat by our pillows when we slept, keeping a 
 vigil over our most helpless hours? that beauty and innocence, which had 
 languished into the tomb, yet smiled unseen around 1 us, revealing themselves 
 in those blest dreams wherein we live over again the hours of past endear- 
 ments? A belief of this kind would, I should think, be a new incentive to 
 virtue, rendering us circumspect, even in our most secret moments, from the 
 idea that those we once loved and honored were invisible witnesses of all our
 
 509 
 
 It would take away, too, from that loneliness and destitution which we 
 are apt to feel more and more as we get OH in our pilgrimage through the 
 wilderness of this world and tind that those who set forward with us lov- 
 ingly and cheerily on the journey have one by one dropped away from our 
 side. Place the superstition in this light, and 1 confess 1 should like to be 
 a believer in it. I see nothing in it that is incompatible with the tender and 
 merciful nature of our religion, or revolting to the wishes and affections of 
 the heart. 
 
 There are departed beings that I have loved as I never again shall love in 
 this world ; that have loved me as I never again shall be loved. If such be- 
 ings do even retain in their blessed spheres the attachments which they felt 
 on earth ; if they take an interest in the poor concerns of transient mortal- 
 ity, and are permitted to hold communion with those whom they have loved 
 on earth, I feel as if now, at this deep hour of night, in this silence and soli- 
 tude, I could receive their visitation with the most solemn but unalloyed 
 delight. 
 
 In truth, such visitations would be too happy for this world ; they would 
 take away from the bounds and barriers that hem us in and keep us from 
 each other. Our existence is doomed to be made up of transient embraces 
 and long separations. The most intimate friendship for what brief and 
 scattered portions of time does it exist ! We take each other by the hand ; 
 and we exchange a few words and looks of kindness ; and we rejoice together 
 for a few short moments; and then days, months, years intervene, and we 
 have no intercourse with each other. Or, if we dwell together for a season, 
 the grave soon closes its gates, and cuts off all further communion ; and our 
 spirits must remain in separation and widowhood, until they meet again in 
 that more perfect state of being, where soul shall dwell with soul, and there 
 shall be no such thing as death, or absence, or any other interruption of our 
 union. 
 
 The foregoing is taken from one of our school books that has continued in 
 use for more than fifty years, which would seem to warrant its popularity. It 
 expresses my own views so perfectly, that it is republished as an introductory 
 to remarks upon the modern phase of the same subject. It is now generally 
 admitted by the intelligent, that whether the belief in spirit communion is 
 or is not well founded, at least there are strange phenomena connected 
 
 therewith that demand investigation. At the same time there is a shallow, 
 ignorant, loud-mouthed class that derides every attempt to solve the mystery. 
 The press pander to this class in order to become popular therewith, or through 
 
 natural stupidity. The first is well represented in the Springfield Republican, 
 which is racy, full of gossip, but every article seems written in a style to ren- 
 der it applicable at any time to the side then the most popular. The influence 
 gained by such a course seems to be made plain in the fact, that at the deter- 
 mination of any public matter that paper, almost invariably, stands on the 
 losing side. Its neighbor, the Union, seems to fill the other position. Servile 
 as a partisan, dumb with astonishment at the announcement of any " wonder- 
 ful discovery " at a distance; but implacably hostile to anything near by 
 that is out of the beaten track, though it may be readily verified by personal 
 observation. Perhaps a "little story" will best illustrate. In my young 
 days, a neighbor of my father had a ram of such combative propensities that 
 he' was kept in a small enclosure surrounded by a granite wall. It was soon 
 understood that, before making a charge, he took aim, then closed his eyes and 
 went it blind ; so that it was fun to drop inside, make a few " Masonic passes," 
 then look out for the rush that was sure to follow, when prudence dictated a 
 flank movement and the ram would bring up against the wall, the contact 
 having as little tendency to demolish the granite as to enlighten the ram. 
 But the strong points of the editors of such papers are yearly described in the 
 stock reports of our cattle shows, and it is useless to waste space upon them 
 here. From my earliest childhood I have had an intense desire to learn the 
 vhy of any seeming mystery, and I believe that it is not only the right, but 
 
 it is the positive duty of every human being to take every possible opportunity 
 y desire to invent "perpetual motion." or 
 
 wanderings and investigating 
 madejae slow to limit the possibilities. " Table tippings " seem contrary to 
 
 to do so. I have never had any desire to invent "perpetual motion." or 
 seek buried treasures ; but rny wanderings and investigating habits have 
 
 . 
 
 the laws of gravitation, but when certified to by so many they deserve con- 
 sideration, because they have a bearing upon evidence in general. Millions
 
 510 
 
 of lives have been sworn away upon the tithe of evidence that can be pro- 
 duced in proof of the verity of spirit communion. " It is electricity ! '' shouts 
 Mr. Shallow. Very likely, but what then? What is electricity ? Suppose 
 some traveler, out of breath, should rush into the study of Prof Slioooinks, 
 who has calmly settled down upon this electricity hypothesis, shouting : ' Sir, 
 sir ! I have been traveling in the East for tive years to find out about the 
 marks that were placed upon the ancient structures, and have discovered all 
 about them." ' Glorious," answered Snoodinks, " let us hear, quick ! " 
 " Why, they are letters or words,'' says our discoverer. Imagine Snoodinks' 
 look of disgust, as he exclaims : " Why, you infernal donkey, have you been 
 traveling nve years to find out what everybody else knew ? It is not what 
 they are, but what they mean, that is wanted." So of the phenomena con- 
 nected with spiritualism. 1 have seen tables walk up and down stairs, around 
 the house, give communications, etc., etc. " O, you were mesmerized." 
 Possibly, but if mesmerized in this, why r.ot in other matters V What value is 
 there in evidence ? This matter has a very important bearing in the every-day 
 affairs of this life, and the judge or juror who fails to improve every oppor- 
 tunity to gain information upon the phase of our system that may have such 
 an important influence, in my opinion, is criminally negligent ; and a doctor 
 who neglects to inform himself upon the matter may well turn back to 
 Hippocrates for information, and it will depend more upon luck than his skill 
 if seventeen out of forty-two of his patients recover, as was the case with 
 Hippocrates. My study of the subject ha-s had more to do with its physical 
 than spiritual bearing, still i have studied the latter sufficiently to know 
 that it offers the best evidence extant, that this life is but a prelude to an- 
 other. It seems strange to me that Brother Nehemiah cannot see that in 
 denouncing spiritualism he is only injuring his own cause, and is only hasten- 
 ing the time when his hearers will become confirmed materialists. Only 
 his conceited blindness prevents him from seeing that the lady who is so atten- 
 tive, while he is sniveling and declaiming in his weak way, is only looking at 
 some other lady's " pull-back," with the intention of copying or criticising it ; 
 she neither knows nor cares anything about what he is saying. She goes to 
 meeting from habit, and to show her own or to see how others are dressed. 
 
 Let her lose her loved ones, then his twaddle becomes husks, and she 
 seeks more tangible evidence of an hereafter where she shall meet them 
 again. Were he of even average intellect he would respect the sorrows of 
 such ; his devil theory denotes his calibf r, and is just suitable for grannies in 
 breeches. After twenty years and more of investigation, I cannot accept the 
 spiritual theory as a solution of the mystery, though it may prove much that 
 is claimed by the spiritualists, and 1 think it does, but it is a broader matter, 
 it covers our life here. If it is electricity, it is time to try and find out what 
 electricity is. It has happened that for more than a year past 1 have had this 
 power in my own family, and have had a chance to study it at leisure, not in 
 the dark particularly but in any of the twenty-four hours of the day. To rm 
 it seems to be, our life that flows through our body operating it as a river oper- 
 ates a mill. The mill or the body may decay but' this power or the river flowv 
 on forever. We have abundance of communications which are quite as likely 
 to purport to come from those who prove to be living as from those who have 
 "gone before." We are not mediums, nor do we exhibit this power for 
 money or to the merely curious, but whenever at leisure we are always happy 
 to have intelligent seekers call for the purpose of witnessing its effect and 
 operation. 
 
 TABLE TIPPINGS. 
 
 In the last issue of the Reporter the fact was mentioned that for months 
 past we have had what are termed Table Tippiiif/s in my family. The state- 
 ment attracted more attention than was expected, and many who laughed at 
 the matter a few years since have expressed a desire to know more of my ex- 
 perience. Great indignation is often expressed by the believers in Spiritual- 
 ism, because scientists do not investigate the manifestations, but that is not 
 so easy to do as may at first appear ; peculiar conditions are required ; then 
 there are few public mediums willing to be thoroughly investigated : beyond 
 this, real scientists, like Franklin, are scarce. He, silly man, believed in- 
 vestigation should precede decision ; but the popular scientists of to-day are
 
 511 
 
 so wise that anything new is at once condemned. If facts prove them to be in 
 error, they damn thv facts ; apian that saves trouble, but one unlikely to lead 
 to discoveries of importance. Much has been said about Agassi/'s refusal to 
 investigate the subject, but Mr. Agassiz was simply a specialist, puffed up 
 with conceit through our adulation. That he was a weak-minded man is evi- 
 dent from the following extract taken from his own statement : 
 
 EXPERIENCE OF PROF. AGASSIZ, GIVEN BY 
 HIMSELF TO KEY. C. H. TOWNSHEND. 
 
 " Desirous of knowing what to think of animal magnetism. 1 for a long time sought 
 an opportunity ot making some experiments in regard to it upon myself, 'so as to avoid 
 the doubts \\hieh might arise mi the nature ol the sensations which' we ha\e heard de- 
 scribed by magnetized persons. .M.Desor, yesterday, in a visit which lie made to 
 Berne, invited .M r. Tow nsheun.w ho had pre\ iouslj magneii/cd him, to accompany him 
 to Neuchatel and try to mai'iietix.e me. These gentlemen arrived here w ilh the ev'cniii" 
 courier, ami informed me 61 their arrival. At eight o'clock 1 went to them. We con- 
 tinued at supper till halt-past nine o'clock, and about ten .Mr. Townshend commenced 
 operating on me. While we sat opposite to one another, he in the first place onlv took 
 hold of my ham Is and looked at me lived ly. I was lirmh resol\ed lo arrive at a knowl- 
 edge of the t null, whatever it might be ;aml therelore the moment I saw him endeavor- 
 ing to exert, an act ion i ,, n,e i silentlj addressed the Anl.hor of all things, beseeching 
 
 him to give me the power '.:. resist the influence. 
 
 . " AC. ASS IX." 
 
 Think of a grown-up man praying that he may be able to resist the proof 
 of a fact ; it puts one in mind of the tramp seeking work, and praying to God 
 that he may not find it. We hear too much of men who have gained popu- 
 larity through the puffing of those who wish to make themselves known 
 thereby. We know that the scientific men of England proved the impossi- 
 bility of tunnels like that of the Thames, of railroads, telegraphs ; in fact 
 
 , 
 
 the impracticability of anything new. England owes her greatness toiler 
 mechanics, and would hardly miss them if her whole clique" of popular sci- 
 entists should emigrate. What do we know of the abilities of such men as 
 
 . 
 
 Huxley, Tyndall, and Carpenter, or care what they say ? We see millions of 
 foreigners, and as a mass know them t be much lower, intellectually, than 
 our own people : is it likely that countries that produce so much ignorance, 
 produce the greatest thinkers ? See what an Englishman says : 
 
 " Not only in oratory is the American the superior of the Englishman. You excel us 
 in oysters, In corn bread, in sweet potatoes, in canvas-back ducks, and, I venture to 
 say, in kindliness and hospitality. In intellect, 1 take it, we are about level ; but 
 doubt whether you give yours I nll'play. It you did, you would depend upon vour- 
 selves."-yi. L. "Farjvn,; Aeu, Yor/c Speech. 
 
 And why do we not depend upon ourselves? We are taxed heavily for 
 schools in 'which to give all an education. Are those schools a failure :' If so, 
 is it not time; that the howl of the insatiate teacher for more pay should 
 cease v Many of our papers assume the rfile of teacher, but their writers are 
 usually mere machines that run in well worn ruts ; one of these in the 
 Springfield Republican writes substantially as follows : " Herbert Spencer, 
 probably the greatest thinker of the age. expresses the opinion that the 
 marriage relation of to-day is not likely to lie considered desirable in the not 
 distant future." This stale idea that was common with Lycurgus, still later 
 with Plato, and has been entertained by hundreds of communistic societies. 
 the theme of innumerable lectures and the practice of the Oneida commu- 
 nity for forty years, is given as proof of originality. The Republican gushes 
 with adulation. The " Great Dr. Hammond " is one of its superior idols. 
 Will it inform its renders whether the said Poctor as Surgeon General was 
 ignominiously expelled from the army ; if so, is his assertion that Spiritual- 
 ism is a humbug, and its so-called manifestations the result of trickery, of 
 any account when placed against that of so many quite n intelligent as him- 
 self who believe to the contrary ? It is easy for a noisy person to find follow- 
 ers, and a single rowdy will make more noise than is made by a thousand 
 intelligent persons : consequently, it is m> proof that Spiritualism is unpopu- 
 lar, because a few ignorant persons shout humbug. The one witness in court 
 that swears positively to have seen a crime committed would have more 
 weight than a thousand who should swear that they did not see it, yet it is 
 the ignorant and prejudiced who have not, seen, that are the most strenuous 
 in shouting humbug in relation to the spiritual manifestations. Fifteen 
 years ago the professional exposer drew full houses; now he soon has to
 
 512 
 
 pawn his traps in order to get away from his last place of exhibition. One 
 fact that is open to all should attract the attention of the intelligent ; we 
 know that such men as Sunnier, Beecher, Agassiz and others have spent 
 months in preparing a lecture that is given a hundred times, yet Cora L. V. 
 Hatch, I hat teas, who is certainly not remarkably talented, will take the same 
 subject given to her as she rises to speak, and give as polished and profound 
 lecture as those who have taken months to prepare it. It would not be de- 
 sirable to have any one believe simply because others do so, but when men 
 like Abraham Lincoln, William H. Seward, and others of the same abilities 
 accept Spiritualism as a fact, it certainly cannot be derogatory to those who 
 think less to consider the subject fairly. My attention was called to what 
 were termed " table tippings " soon after the Fox sisters made their debut, 
 but it was not my lot to meet with anything of the kind i'or a number of 
 years that caused me to look upon the subject with favor. " Table tipping " 
 violated the law of gravitation, and my faith in that law was positive. In 
 1865, Horatio, William, and Mary Eddy were at my house in Lowe!', Mass., 
 five days, each evening giving public stances to large audiences in Mechanics' 
 Hall. At those exhibitions the laws of gravitation and cohesion seemed of 
 little account. The mediums were ironed by the police, but it made no dif- 
 ference ; hundreds of feet of cordage were used in tying each medium sepa- 
 rately, then together, to staples in their cabinet. They were literally wound 
 over as a woman winds a rag in a ball of yarn, but their coats would be taken 
 off from under all of this cordage, or put on in the same way in fifteen sec- 
 onds after being shut into their cabinet. Sewing the knots made no differ- 
 ence, for the cords and knots were invariably the same throughout the 
 seance as when first tied. I have had much experience in handling cordage 
 at sea, and in other business, and have tied many mediums, but so far have 
 never succeeded in tying one so but what the cords would come off at re- 
 quest. I have had to do with nearly all of the mediums of note known in 
 the Eastern States, and as a general thing have not had cause through the 
 acquaintance to respect them, and have often wondered why such remarka- 
 ble gifts are given to such low characters ; but the beautiful pond-lily 
 springs from the slimy depths of the frog. pond. 1 have spent hours in pri- 
 vate with professional exposers, have seen excellent imitations, but the ob- 
 server who has seen the real and imitation and cannot see the difference 
 must be dull indeed. There would be no lack of exposers if the real mediums 
 could explain the modus operandi, for there are few of the noted ones, in 
 my opinion, who would not for a consideration readily act as such. I have 
 itnessed nearly all of the various manifestations that have been described, 
 
 and shall briefly mention a few. Sitting with Slade in New York, the slate 
 was not held up against the table but a foot below. / saw the writing a % i 
 was done, each letter and line, but no hand or other means of operating th 
 
 pencil could be seen, though at request a hand was twice shown above the 
 table, seemingly an Indian hand; it was noon and the sun shining on the 
 table at the time. While the writing was being done there was such a strain 
 downwards that it surprised me that the frame was not stripped from the 
 slate. Watkins, the slate writer, probably as little of a man and as much of 
 a medium as has yet been developed, was at my home a week ; he placed a 
 bit of pencil upon a slate and then turned another slate of the same si/.e 
 upon the first ; each of us held an end of the slates together : in a moment 
 the pencil was heard to move as though writing ; soon, three light taps were 
 heard, then the slates were pushed toward me, Watkins not even looking at 
 them ; on opening them the following message, plainly written, was found : 
 '.)(// dear friend, f come to you to let you know that I live. Ansel Cain." Mr. 
 Cain was not an intimate friend of mine, though we had conversed upon the 
 subject of Spiritualism, and he had given me the impression that he doubted 
 a future existence, though he evidently desired such. The communication 
 was copied at the time, as were the following which were given immediately 
 afterwards : " My dear brother, I am alad to see i/ou here this morning, and 
 hope you will believe that this is me. Moses W. E." "My dear papa, I will 
 come to you again some day . lam happy, so is mother. God bless you all. 
 Your loving daughter, ffnt>ie." Of the source of the communications others 
 may judge. That they came as stated, I know. Numerous communications 
 of a similar 
 
 nature were received by myself and others through Mr. Watkins 
 while he was at my house. He got them anywhere that he made the at- 
 tempt, out on the door steps, in the bushes. I saw him get one in a smok-
 
 513 
 
 ing-car on the Boston anct Aloany Kailt o^Ki* ti*- oommonicatic^ .,,*. jjofct 
 always of a spiritual nf^i'C"^. but suob as they were, aii> one that would pay 
 could have them, and considering the way they were given hardly any one 
 mentally higher than an idiot could have been tricked thereby. Mrs. Hun- 
 toon (Mary Eddy) was invited to my house for the gratification of iny owa 
 family and special friends. Numerous hands and faces were shown, instru- 
 ments were played upon, then passed out to the audience. One woman, or 
 form of a woman, came out into the room, showed her night-cap and dress of 
 ancient days, then voices, shouts, and a pistol shot. "Oh, so low! "ex- 
 claims the high toned. Certainly, they have always been so ; think of the 
 frogs, vermin, turning rods into snakes, water into wine, etc. Yes, but why 
 not do them in the light ? Sure enough, why was the earth created in dark- 
 ness ; why did God require a bush as a cabinet when he appeared to Moses, 
 or a cloudy pillar at the door of the Tabernacle ? Why did the angels come 
 to Lot in the evening, or release the Apostles in darkness ? The Christian 
 
 fabric rests upon dreams and darkness ; the veil was rent and saints roae 
 from their graves in the dark ; the Ascension was in a cloud ; a kernel Of 
 grain, or the roots of a tree, require darkness from which to produce mani- 
 festations of growth and life ; the body commences and obtains its form in 
 darkness, receives the spirit or life in darkness. Is it strange then that cer- 
 tain phases of the manifestations require darkness ? Only the shallow minded 
 will be surprised at the fact. After our seance I happened into the kitchen 
 where I found Mrs. Huntoon looking around that part of the room where 
 the cabinet had stood and saying to herself, " 1 do wish I could find wheif 
 the bullet goes to," which caused me to ask if a ball cartridge was dig- 
 charged from the pistol the previous evening* " Yes, \ve always use regular 
 cartridges," was her reply, which seemed decMedly interesting. Her pistol 
 was called for and cleaned. Then from her supply of cartridges I loaded its 
 seven chambers, placed it in a small empty closet, put a guitar, bell, and 
 tambourine with it, then hung a curtain at the door, after which Mrs. Hun- 
 toon's hands were tied behind her and as secure as I could tie them. My as- 
 sistant " Charla " sewed the knots firmly with thread. Four chairs were 
 placed in front of the curtain for the family, then Mrs. Huntoon took a seat 
 m the closet, and in less than ten seconds, hands and a face were shown 
 through the curtain, all of the instruments were played upon, then bang, 
 bang, went the pistol, and a third time at my request. Immediately after 
 the third discharge, the medium stepped out to the light, tied exactly as 
 when she entered ; not a sign of a bullet mark could be found. I took the 
 pistol and discharged another cartridge at the floor of the closet ; the bullet 
 from that is plain enough to be seta. T-b' 1 medium was then asked to step 
 into the closet and have the spirit.. UBtte 'ier, which was done while I was 
 taking my watch from my pocket in onic'i i<> time the untying. It certainly 
 was not one second in being done. As no mention is made of the fact that 
 the discharged bullets cannot be found, it can hardly be considered a trick. 
 Never bother, however, to tie a medium ; trust to the production ; if the me- 
 dium is tied, note the time required for any manifestation, and whether 
 there has been an effort in the production ; the real medium keeps cool, the 
 exposer is often covered with perspiration through his struggles. Suppose a 
 letter is written to a spirit friend to be answered by Mansfield, write as fol- 
 lows : " My dear friend, give me some test by which I may know that I am 
 in communication with you." Do this mechanically, keeping your mind 
 upon other matters, and be sure to have no thought of what the test is to 
 be ; if this is done, sealing the letter is of no account, and the writer will be 
 more fortunate than myself if anything satisfactory is received. In a dark 
 circle where hands are felt, observe closely whether the movements are like 
 those of a person groping in the dark, or every attempt is accomplished 
 without blundering. I have tried hard to study the manifestations carefully 
 and candidly, but to do it advantageously requires the regular attendance 
 at stated hours of several persons, and it is not easy to find such. It is gen- 
 erally supposed that an intermingling of the sexes is necessary, but that is 
 not certain. I have often entertained theories about the matter that hare 
 as often been dispelled; whatever the power, if an appointment is made it is 
 kept without fail, even if forgotten by the earthly party interested ; one mo- 
 ment we have what seems absolute proof of spirit communion, the next 
 something is given that makes the matter doubtful. We have abundance of 
 ommunicatious, often two try *o communicate at the same time, mixing th
 
 514 
 
 letters as would be done by two telegraph wires getting twisted together. We 
 are now using our sixth table, live having been destroyed. Table tipping 
 but poorly expresses the movements with us, and no person with a particle 
 of the true scientist about him could fail to be interested in the ever-chang- 
 ing movements. My wife, her sister, and myself constitute the sitters : we 
 simply place our hands upon the table without any attempt to control its 
 movements. It travels through the house, up stairs or down, swings upon 
 my head and shoulders and rushes me backwards, and in darkness through 
 rooms and doors without touching a casing, though the table is nearly as 
 wide as the doors, or perhaps it will bear down until it crushes me to the 
 floor. I think it can press down three hundred pounds. Sometimes while 
 I am sitting in a chair it will swing on to my back, hook its legs to my 
 chair and turn me around or drag me along, or perhaps tip me over, then 
 drag me on the carpet. A recent freak was to tip itself over, then pick up 
 the chairs on its legs, call for the alphabet, spell out " confusion," then dis- 
 engage itself from the chairs, set them upright in place. Any movement is 
 made just as well in the blackest darkness as in the light. It will move 
 quickly to the window and tap the glass rapidly without injury, though it is 
 so dark that nothing can be seen. Its communications are as varied as is 
 our conversation. My boy was asleep ; the question was asked, " Do you 
 know where Jimmie is?" " Yes, his body is up stairs, his mind is wander- 
 ing through immensity." To the question, " Why do we get so many unre- 
 liable communications ?" was answered by those purporting to be special 
 friends, " IVhen we u-ithdraw our control it leaves you open to the influence or 
 elements of which i/ou know not." I spanked my boy one evening because he 
 
 was raising the d 1 generally. On returning to the table where another 
 
 person and myself had been sitting it gave me a hearty thump, knocking me 
 against the wall and handled me very roughly, which caused me to laugh, 
 as its force could be calculated. My laughter seemed objectionable for 
 it immediately whirled itself into the hall and dashed its corners into the 
 walls-the marks still remain. Being pitched back into the kitchen it tipped 
 on end, called for the alphabet and spelled out as follows : '"Learn patience 
 and discretion with your child or you will be the sufferer." 
 
 One evening a gentleman was anxious to get the full name of one whose 
 initials had been given ; he had urged for some time, when the alphabet 
 was called for, and what purported to be the spirit of another person spelled 
 out, "She is gone away." '-Who isshe '.' " was our inquiry. " Theone whose 
 name is desired," was the reply. " Well, can't you give it?" was then asked. 
 "No." " Why, don't the spirits all know each other ? " we asked. The al- 
 phabet was called for, seemingly impatiently, and it spelled out, "Do you 
 know all that come to the telegraph office ? " The table calls for the alphabet 
 by two peculiar upward movements, but how those and other peculiarities 
 were understood by us is not positively known, but I think through impres- 
 sions. We have hundreds of communications, each characteristic of its pur- 
 ported source, all of which can be reconciled with the spiritualistic claim ; 
 if the spirit life is but a continuation of this, the only change being separa- 
 tion from the body, which has been used as a cabinet or cage in this life, 
 and in the same way, the strange and unreliable communications are ivad- 
 ily accounted for. Jf a business man should put up a speaking tube from his 
 place of business to a distant city, leaving the distant end open to the public, 
 the gamins would be likely to send him queer messages occasionally. Much 
 has 'been said in derision about Frank J. Baxter and the "Abe Bunter" mat- 
 ter, Tmt that is not an uncommon phase though it adds to the mystery. I 
 will give a case in my own experience almost identical, and for which there 
 is abundance of evidence to substantiate the fact if necessary. I shall give 
 the particulars literally, that the case may be clearly understood. I was 
 experimenting, asking questions, which were answered' by a phinchette, pur- 
 porting to be controlled by my mother ; many questions had been answered, 
 but in such a set way that they were unsatisfactory ; finally I asked, "Mother, 
 do you know where Mr. Buck is now?" " Yes, he is here." " Oh ! no, no, 
 mother, that won't do, Mr. Buck is not dead." "Yes, lie is, he died four 
 months ago." I did not believe it, but wrote the next morning to my daugh- 
 ter at Lebanon, N. H., requesting her to ascertain Mr. Buck's whereabouts, 
 giving no intimation of my reason for desiring her to do so. In a day or two 
 her reply came and was as follows : " Cousin Isa was at Newport 'about a 
 month ago, and while there news came that Mr. Suck was dead, and had been
 
 515 
 
 dead three months," certainly seeming good proof of spirit communion. Yet, 
 Mr. Buck was living at the time, and is yet, I believe. If placed upon a jury 
 to decide the question of spirit communion my verdict would be "Not 
 proven ": still proof of the fact that seems almost positive may be obtained 
 in abundance, but that almost invariably stands in the way. That the sub- 
 ject is of more importance than that of any discovery which has been made for 
 thousand years is my firm belief ; in my opinion, it is aur life, and offers the 
 key to life and health ; the force that tips the table moves our limbs and 
 bodies, operating our movements as a river operates a mill, continuing with 
 us from the birth of the spirit through eternity; our brains are simply in- 
 struments through which we receive ideas as tunes are rendered by a piano, 
 the average mind receiving ideas as water flows into a hole to the general 
 his 
 
 level, the thinker pumps his higher and becomes the advanced leader Th 
 infidel Paine, of 177<>, was but the Unitarian of 1876. The " Autocrat of the 
 Breakfast Table " radical twenty years since is accepted by the multitude 
 to-day. The manifestations, however, seem more the reflections of the past, 
 than representations of spirit life of the future. We can readily decide 
 whether we see the reflection of an object in a perfect mirror, or the object 
 itself through plate glass, though exactly the same view may be presented in 
 either case ; yet it might not be easy to explain the difference. It is a prac- 
 tice of writers to lay out a general plan of a work, then to smooth up and 
 fill in the details as it is written out. The completed " Edwin Drood " of 
 
 completed 
 
 Dickens by the spiritual medium, I believe to be the rough sketch of Dick- 
 ens in this life. That spirits of murdered persons do not return and expose 
 their murderers is strong presumptive proof that such return is impossible ; 
 for, notwithstanding all that can be said about the spirits not believing in 
 hanging, etc., it is universally conceded that prevention is better than cure, 
 and if the fact were once established that exposure was probable through 
 the spirit's return it would act as the strongest preventative. The following 
 extract from a lecture on the " Law of Influence " seems deserving of con- 
 sideration : 
 
 " May not that energy known as electricity le the universal medium for the applica- 
 tion of the creative and reproductive lorcc or influence to matter ? It not only conveys 
 the signs of thought through the telegraph and telephone ; it also transmits out thought- 
 force wit hour thought-touch through nerve and muscle io our hands and feet. On the 
 same principle the thought-force \\ith the touch of the Creator through this electric 
 hand may extend constantly to each world and to every atom of material organism." 
 
 That there is a force that produces strange manifestations is a fact too well 
 established to allow of its being ignored, and the proper course would seem 
 to be to grapple with it and solve its nature : to its spiritual bearing 1 have 
 given but little attention, though the following lines express my own feel- 
 ings upon that point : 
 
 Oh shades of loved ones gone before! 
 
 Do you still exist on some unKiiou n shore? 
 In a brighter land and advanced state, 
 Where souls liom earth with angels mate, 
 Where free from pain and earthly strife, 
 
 The soul aspires for a higher life, 
 Where a purer love to each is given, 
 Surrounding all with the joys of heaven 
 
 .) responsive Ihroli in tho.-e liriuhler spheres? 
 or do you in the spirit form 
 Remain with earrhly friends to roam, 
 To till our hearts with gentle love 
 And lead us on to that home above '.' 
 
 We loved yon here, we love you still ; 
 
 You have gone before, 'twas our leather's will. 
 
 Though we si 1 1 1 remain in our earthly homes, 
 
 Our hearts oft turn to our loved ones gone. 
 
 Yes, gone before at the Father's will. 
 
 But in memory cherished at the old homes still ;
 
 516 
 
 No, never forget this side the " dark river. 1 " 
 
 May He Influence our lives, the all boonteotu Giver; 
 
 Guide us o'er its Minn watei> lo Hial unknown shore 
 That we may meet with loved ones to part nevermore, 
 And through the seeming love of those none before 
 We've the most tangible proof of that unknown shore; 
 That we shall meet again with our dearest friends 
 lu an advanced life, when the present ends. 
 
 SCIENCE AND RELIGION. 
 
 The time seems approaching with giant strides when any religion irrecon- 
 cilable with reason will have no place except with the ignorant or venal. 
 The morals of to-day, compared with those inculcated two thousand years 
 ago, show little in favor of what during the last fifteen centuries has passed 
 
 for religion ; we know that during the time when that religion held unlim- 
 ited sway, the period is known as that of the " Dark Ages." Our great im- 
 provements and inventions are the work of an age of infidelity, and, if expe- 
 rience is of any value, it is evident that our elevation and salvation depend 
 upon our own exertions guided by reason, and that religious dogmas only 
 benefit those who teach them. A venal priesthood lias hedged religion with 
 superstition until it has seemed impossible to elucidate the matter by nat- 
 ural means ; besides, it has been said that the bigotry of science is only sec- 
 ond to that of religion ; but science means knowledge, and knowledge has 
 nothing to do with bigotry, either in religion or science. We do not dispute 
 about the sum of two and two, or as to whether the sunlight is greater than 
 that of a tallow candle ; ignorance causes the dissensions, and the greater 
 the ignorance the more tenacious the opinion. Superstition away, science 
 will readily prove all seeming miracles to be either delusive or the effect of 
 natural causes. The purpose of this article, however, is not to meddle di- 
 rectly with religion, but to cause a scientific consideration of the claim of 
 " special inspiration " of the liible, and the subject of " election " or ' pre- 
 destination." An opinion upon inspiration to be of any value must be based 
 
 upon evidence, and such evidence can only be obtained from observation. 
 First, science readily demonstrates the fact that, physically considered, man 
 is but a complicated machine, each organ being fitted for certain duties, and 
 
 as a whole, by the consumption of a given quantity of carbon, he or a steam 
 engine will raise the same v.-eight to a given height. Such being the case, is 
 it unreasonable to suppose the mental organs are also mochanieal, and that 
 the brain transmits ideas, as the larynx does that of tones, or a violin tunes ? 
 There is abundance of evidence to prove that intelligence comes from a 
 fountain outside of ourselves, open to all, but to each individual in accord- 
 ance with the quality of that individual's brain or instrument of transmis- 
 sion. How often we read accusations of plagiarisms between authors when 
 in fact neither had ever seen the writings of the other ; how common it is 
 for two persons to commence at the same time to speak of the same matter. 
 Every inventor realizes how liable he is to be anticipated if he delays the 
 completion of a device. Persons of the lowest intelligence, like ''Blind 
 Tom," will perform wonders without consciousness of how it is done. Igno- 
 rant " mediums " will deliver off hand the most profound lectures. Minis- 
 ters and authors in a state of somnambulism have written articles of a supe- 
 rior character to what they could write in their normal condition ; problems 
 have Been solved in the same way. Can we suppose that the ideas of a life- 
 time are stowed n way in a person's head ? We may divide the head of a 
 man or a fiddle into minute pieces without finding either an idea or a tune ; 
 then is it not reasonable to believe the brain, like the fiddle, to be a mere 
 instrument of transmission, and that some new intelligence is operating it 
 when things are done in our sleep or unconsciousness that are impossibili- 
 ties in our waking hours? When inspiration is fully understood we may 
 rest assured that, like other discoveries, we shall find it very simple, and 
 that we hare looked too far away for the solution. Predestination ! Who 
 believes or even thinks of an idea so obsolete ? asks the reader. More than 
 generally supposed, my friends, though under various names. Those who 
 believe a large portion of our race doomed to hell : the Adventist, who be- 
 lieves in the annihilation of the wicked ; last, but not least, the Materialist, 
 under which name may be found the shallow-minded of every station of
 
 517 
 
 but at lieart believe in "nothing"; the professor in science at the expense 
 of consistency, for a fundamental principle of science is that to exist at all 
 is to exist forever. Predestination, religiously considered, is a hazy matter, 
 but treated rationally becomes very clear, as do election and annihilation 
 and seems the proper termination of a large portion of the human family, as 
 may readily be made to appear. 1 have before me a tool, called by its in- 
 ventor, " the. imp": it is but one of many of a similar character, that is a 
 combination of old de\ ices, thus forming something new. "Twelve useful 
 tools in one," says the inventor, a screw-driver, rule, hammer, carpet- 
 stretcher, tile, saw, etc., etc.. made in two pieces, which by a peculiar joint 
 are readily united, then becoming wrench and pincers, thus creating " the 
 Imp"; disunited, "the Imp" is annihilated, dissolved into the commonest 
 of tools ; so of the average human mind. Pat, the shoveler, dissolved 
 leaves a residuum of ideas relative to pipes, tobacco, dogs, pigs, jokes, ab- 
 solution, wakes, etc., etc.; the pseudo-scientist, of big words in which old 
 ideas running in still older ruts have been dressed. The effect of the disin- 
 tegration of such mountebanks as Justin D. Fulton, Talmage. and others, 
 may be witnessed where some one is skimming the scum or froth from a 
 cauldron. Observe how an air bubble explodes here, another there; soon it 
 has vanished, there is nothing but a little common dirt left. Take preach- 
 ers like our weak but amiable Doctor Adams, those who will neither learn 
 themselves, nor. so far as they can hinder, let others ; who search their 
 Bible through for evidence that spirit communion with man was once very 
 common, in order to prove thereby its impossibility. At the disintegration 
 of such reverend delusions what can there be left but a little sediment of 
 .John the Baptist: intolerance of John Calvin, superstition of grandmothers 
 and puling of babies ? Is there one particle of originality in such persons 
 that can give hope, rationally considered, from which an individuality can 
 be constructed for a continued existence '.' If not, is not annihilation the 
 predestined end of all who fail to work out an individuality for themselves; 
 while election as naturally follows for those who do ? 
 
 "SPIRITS, OR WHAT?" 
 
 Under the above heading, the Boston Herald of February 28th ultimo 
 gave a very circumstantial account of what were claimed to be materialized 
 spirit forms witnessed at Rochester, N. H.; we can hardly take up a paper 
 without finding something of the kind described, and unless desirous of 
 passing down to posterity as a superstitious set of materialistic idiots it is 
 time that some attempt " should be made to elucidate the cause of such ap- 
 pearances. Is the question, however, logical in connection with the ac- 
 count? Spirit is immaterial intelligent being. The account describes ma- 
 terial forms that must have been those of ordinary human beings, or rein- 
 carnations of persons once known in this life, neither offering any proof of 
 life beyond the grave ; but such materializations are likely to gain the at- 
 tention of the multitude sooner than those of a more intellectual character: 
 they are evidently of this life and have to do with our well being here, ema- 
 nating from the same cause or force as that which causes "table tippings. 
 spirit raps," etc.. and 1 believe the same as that which produces all of our 
 physical movements ; and this force seems traceable back for centuries. 
 Recall the monks of Luther's time, mere animals with only animal desires, 
 their religion a formula, denying the right of thought : forbidden to marry, 
 but, unless sadly belied, the'fathers of many children. Think of the stern 
 old sectarian with his coarse animal nature and belief in woman's subjec- 
 tion, thinking it a sin to smile, but scriptural to gratify his passions ; it was 
 the rule for such Christians, from John Rogers to Lyman Beecher, to have 
 many children. Turn from those running in ruts to those beginning to 
 think. The astounding " spiritual manifestations " in the family of Samuel 
 Wesley prove the mediumistic temperament of the children. Those old 
 enough will readily recall the ecstatic shouts and convulsive ways and wor- 
 ship of the early Methodist. Can any one remember such with large fami- 
 lies of children ? Yet they were not 'credited with a disposition to mortify
 
 518 
 
 the flesh. Come now to the spiritual medium Jmale) ; look the list through, 
 see how few of them are fathers, yet many of them have a very corn-fed 
 look, and they are generally noted for liberal views, and it would seem that 
 their life force is expended in the production of their so-called physical 
 manifestations. Go back centuries and it will he found that wherever these 
 manifestat ions have appeared in families they have almost invariably done 
 so through the children. See the Key. Joseph Glum-ill's account of the 
 " disturbances in the Mompesson family, 1661 to 1663": also, Adam Clark's 
 account of those in the Wesley family ; so of modern times. Half a dozen 
 children seated at a tab!e soon get table tippings or raps: the same number 
 of octogenarians might ''it until doomsday without doinj.' so, which would 
 seem to indicate that they are the product of a surplus of the life force. 
 Solomon in his prime could undoubtedly have caused the heaviest exten- 
 sion table to dance a hornpipe, but after getting to the Kanity and vex- 
 ation stage, would have found a teapoy too heavy. Ignorance sneers at the 
 treatment of old David, as described in the 1st Book and Chap, of Kings ; 
 but in my opinion, a profound depth of knowledge of the life force is indi- 
 cated therein, that is not thought of by the medical fraternity of to-day. 
 
 See how readily women, babies, and dogs take to rosy, robust men; then see 
 the same dog with hanging head and tail describe the segment of a circle as 
 he passes the lank, saturnine specimen of humanity Kobust men usually 
 
 mate with fragile women ; animal propensity would seem to demand an 
 equally robust mate, but it is evident that nature guides : the one has a 
 surplus, the other lacks the life force, and each attracts the other. Married 
 couples are seldom effective as table tippers, though each carry their pro- 
 portion of force mixed with others. Why is the invalid strengthened by 
 taking iron into the system unless because of its being a good conductor of 
 electricity or this life force? Singing or music has the same effect upon 
 the manifestations in all their phases as upon human beings. The foregoing 
 suggestions are offered for the consideration of observers : they relate to 
 the physical bearings of the phenomena ; but there are other phases that 
 offer strong proof that the spirit germ from the great ocean of intelligence 
 takes possession of the body in order to gain an individuality, the body it- 
 self like a vegetable starting from seed, drawing sustenance from the earth 
 and returning to the same at maturity ; then how important that life in the 
 body should be natural. Suffer little children to come unto me and forbid 
 them not, for nf such is the kingdom of heaven. In the face of such a com- 
 mand, how dares a being so ignorant as a Moody, attempt to warp the mind 
 of a child into harmony with the superstitions of his own perverted nature ? 
 The question answers itself : it is only through ignorance that he so dares. 
 The mind of a child is a study for the profound. How natural it is, and how 
 its simple inquiries confound the ghastly theories of a Calvin. Suppose 
 a forest to be cultivated by cutting the tops from a portion of the trees, 
 leaving unsightly stubs, the branches from others, leaving bare poles, all the 
 branches from one side of others, and so on, would not such work be con- 
 sidered that of barbarians ? From the depths of my soul 1 believe it to be 
 a greater sin to teach a child any other motive for doing right than for 
 right's sake, than it was for Fagiii to teach Oliver Twist and his compan- 
 ions to steal. So long as a mercenary priesthood can live on the credulity 
 of the ignorant, so long will such as .Moody be encouraged to peddle out su- 
 perstition, that the educated clergy would be ashamed to mention ; but as a 
 matter of policy it would seem better to live here by sawing wood, then re- 
 turn to God a full fledged individual soul ready to commence a higher life, 
 than to live at ease preaching platitudes, then to " melt back into the uni- 
 verse" with the spirit germ so shrunken that it will naturally gravitate to 
 the body of some lower animal in which to make a new effort for a higher 
 life. With Moodys, there will be Jngersolls,* for the two are cause and 
 effect, ignorant fanaticism and cupidity. No well-read thinking person can 
 well doubt that Christianity has put humanity back a thousand years 
 
 * Bob Ingersoll, as tlie ready champion of star-route thieves and oilier prayins rascals, 
 wiping liis mode-i !>n> audjiosinu IM-I.HV an audience MS ,-i model man ami instructor 
 of the world. Invariably recalls to my mind Mr. K. Kiderhood. so well described by 
 Dickens, in " Our Mut'ual Friend." 'I lie feature however to me seemingly the most to 
 l>e regretted is the fact thai superstition lias caused such ignorance that an audience 
 can be found williu- \" listen to ideas that were tuusty with a-e a thousand years 
 since, and which have hecn reiterated a thousand times hy tar abler mill more disinter- 
 ested men than .Mr. In^eisoH has ever shown himself to be.
 
 519 
 
 (Jesus of Nazareth would find little sympathy in a Christian church to-day) ; 
 or that the Bihle has been perverted through selfishness ; but the strange 
 phenomena, known as spiritual manifestations, are likely to furnish proof 
 that its leading ideas are correct, and that its seeming miracles were the 
 effect of natural causes. These have interested me for many years, but it is 
 only since their appearance in my own family that I have been able to study 
 them with any satisfaction: as we are not mediums their appearance with 
 us is supposed to be the result of an earnest desire and cultivation of the 
 means to bring them. Either my wife, her sister, " Charla," or myself can 
 get table tijjpiny* or raps, sitting with almost any other person, but such 
 communications as were published in last issue of Keporter are only ob- 
 tained when Charla " is one of the sitters ; those were obtained by calling 
 the alphabet, the table moving at the proper letter ; they also come through 
 her mind by seeming inspiration. 1 mention her as " Charla," because as 
 such she is known to engineers, turbine builders, and manufacturers in more 
 than half of the states of the Union, as the young lady assistant in my test- 
 ing business; quiet, and of a mathematical turn, but certainly not a poetess. 
 vet in answer to wished-for information, communications like the following 
 come through her mind like a flash of light : 
 
 fuiaf. wim tne mte, you'll one nay u 
 Is bin the crossing ol your mind 
 With our di-p:,ii'iics :i~ they are sent 
 From our Summer Land to your Coi 
 
 Land to your Continent 
 
 If the truth you wish to find, 
 You must study your own mind, 
 l.eani its working. its relation 
 With the great unknown creation: 
 A H'-m we proi[ii.-e yon -ludl find, 
 In a knowledge i tin- human mind. 
 Spirit li iends around you gather, 
 Wishing much to help their brother, 
 Seeking earnestly to find 
 
 Spirits from the other shore 
 Oft come tapping at your door, 
 Wishing to inspire your mind 
 With happier thoughts ot their design. 
 
 Sleep is a rest for the weary mind, 
 
 Which, as it wanders free, 
 Oft catches inspiration 
 And brings it back to thee. 
 
 Of ttimes when the mind doth wander, 
 
 While the body is at rest, 
 Strange elements of earth 
 
 This freed mind doth impress. 
 
 Many times when the mind doth wander, 
 
 Ideas which to earth are grand. 
 Are in his Bleeping hours 
 
 Stamped on the mind ot man. 
 
 Then when he doth awake. 
 
 And reason an. I thouyht control, 
 These ideas are developed 
 
 And given to the world. 
 
 Your lives are tangled in with ours ; 
 
 We are not far away, 
 We join men and women in their work, 
 
 And children in their play. 
 
 Much has been said about the twaddle that purports to come from the 
 Dirit-< of noted persons, but if persons will pander, twist and be all things 
 to all men for the sake of becoming noted, there is no good reason for sup- 
 posing the spirit of such will retain a very positive individuality after separa- 
 tion from the body. Separate the parts of a twenty-four bladed jack knife, 
 and the corkscrew would have the same right as any other piece to call it-
 
 520 
 
 called a circle, unless tliere was a mind in that circle to match. The com 
 munications are often oracular and difficult of application, simply becauss 
 they are answers to ideas conversed about hours, perhaps aays, before. Tns 
 following is one of the kind and was given th?c-.igh the table : "None realize 
 for how" great an object they live." Our aiincls and conversation affect tiiz 
 manif estatior 3 but do not control them. Our ideas f.re opposed quite 
 
 persons anu oDta.i-i2Q commuuiciii/ioub 1*5 xtsu - uucnr UUUAU uc & A JCAH u uu v? 
 and found them to be nothing but tne massing thoughts of the sitter's mind. 
 
 . 
 
 I find also that any idea thoroughly established in my own mind is pretty 
 nications. An earnest wish or desire tho 
 
 sure to crop out ia the communications. An earnest wish or desire, though 
 it may not t>e gratifled, is very likely to reoelve notice, so that my faith is be 
 coming strong that there is efricacy ia p.ayar not inrcugli ?:v; i^angec. 
 
 . 
 
 God's laws but in p.cccrdanee tJisrevrija. LTanJsun drew lightning from th- 
 clouds, so I believe that one or -.r.z.~r? ;:sr-o^3 rarayi^g esmsstiy for ?, rnver 
 purpose might produce an sSsst ; ws lij :ls know yet the power 01 mind 
 upon mind or mind ttpo:i matter. Tnase 3UUlfe8ttttOD have been offered 
 for man's study since fc"-3 ciawr. o:2 history ; I believe they offer a key to a 
 knowledge of one life health, and gcr-or.ndings that can be obtained in no 
 other way. Through iihem T be" : eve it will be made clear that crime is a 
 disease, and that therg is something more than a moral influence in the 
 contact of individuals I find in sitting with certain persons that my 
 strength or life force is taken from me to a very disagreeable extent, while 
 the contrary is the case with others. There are persons who seem to leave 
 a part of themselves with us for weeks, so that if we sit for the manifesta- 
 tions by ourselves, we have what purport to be their matters to attend to. 
 One case has interested me much : it was what purported to be the spirit 
 sister of a person from a distant state. She gave a communication as a test 
 for her brother, which was sent and by him disowned ; when she came 
 again she was rated soundly for her deception, and requested to keep away 
 unless she could be truthful. Nothing more was heard of her for six 
 months when her brother came to our house for perhaps five minutes ; that 
 evening his sister put in an appearance. " How happens it that vou have 
 not been here for so long a time," was my inquiry. " You scolded,"' was the 
 reply. " Ah, Annie, you told fibs, you remember." " No, I didn't." " Ah, 
 yes, that test to your brother." " I didn't give any." " Who did then ?" 
 was asked. " The one that broke the window." Nothing had been said about 
 a broken window at the time, but a month previous our table had been 
 pitched into the window. Singing the " Braes of Balquither " has been as 
 
 effective in bringing Annie to us as " rubbing the lamp " proved in bringing 
 Aladdin's genie. We have had what purj 
 
 . iirported to be the spirits of many per- 
 sons come to us, some of them very noted ones; the latter have almost invaria- 
 bly been followed by imitators. Enthusiastic spiritualists exult in the thought 
 that these manifestations are breaking up the pulpit influence, but that is 
 solely because pulpits are occupied by materialists at heart, who preach for 
 those who pay best, without faith in their own teachings; and consequently, 
 who are the first to laugh at the idea that any of their dogmas may be sus- 
 tained'by tangible evidence ; yet these so-called spiritual manifestations do 
 furnish a plausibility for many of them. The materializations, if real, of which 
 I have no doubt, are reincarnations, and give ground for the belief in the 
 resurrection of the body for judgment, and the resurrection of Jesus of Naz- 
 areth. A careful study of the forces that produce the materialization will 
 at least cause the observer to hesitate before rejecting as impossible the 
 idea of such conception as that claimed for him ; not of course through any 
 miraculous process, but through a concentration of sexual force, as a con- 
 centration of the elements under certain conditions produce earthquakes, 
 tornadoes, whirlwinds, etc. We have much to learn vet, and until sure that 
 we are quite as wise as our Creator it is not worth while to ascribe to mira- 
 cles or the devil, what may well take place through natural causes, though 
 we may not understand the why. The shallow may sneer at these manifes- 
 tations, but the thinker who has studied them carefully under favorable
 
 521 
 
 conditions will feel more inclined to bow in humility and thankfulness 
 before his Creator and to earnestly ask for more light. In conclusion, I 
 would say that from my own experience during many years of unprejudiced 
 investigation I believe the matter to be susceptible of practical solution. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS' ENCOURAGEMENT FOR 
 INTELLIGENT OBSERVATION. 
 
 XEWBUBYPOBT, Jan. 21, 1873. 
 
 MR. EMERSOX : I am surprised to know you have heard of the affair 
 had no idea it had become so public. The account you sent me is true with 
 a few exceptions. When I first saw the boy he was neatly attired in a 
 brown suit of clothes trimmed with braid and buttons of the same color. 
 The boy, as the slip states, disappeared into the attic, etc. When I reached 
 forward to grasp him he seemed not like the boy, but vapory (or, as I can 
 only describe it, like a thin cloud scudding across the moon); still he 
 seemed to have the boy form. Reports from some of the Boston papers say 
 i fainted; such is not the case. I knew then where I was and what I was 
 about just as well as I know I'm writing this to you. If I could only see 
 you I would be able to tell you so much more than I can possibly impart by 
 the pen. One day I sent a boy out to hang up the brushes, etc. He was out 
 about five minutes. After he'd taken his seat three raps came on the door 
 where the brushes were hung. He said, " Miss Perkins, can I go out and 
 see who's there? " 1 told him, Yes, and leave the schoolroom door open." 
 I sat where I could see all this. Every one of the brushes, both long and 
 short handled, came falling from off the nails where they were hung; some 
 struck him 011 the face, some on the shoulders, and the brooms directly on 
 the top of his head. The dust pan, hanging on a nail some distance above 
 the brushes, came tumbling down to the floor with a vengeance. It then 
 stood on its handle, then on the bottom of the pan, and continued on so till 
 it entered the schoolroom, and then it was placed as nicely against the 
 partition as if I had done it myself. I looked at that performance in wonder, 
 I can assure you. Just as soon as I'd raise the ventilator a black ball, twice 
 the size of a cannon ball, would begin to revolve around the attic, and make 
 such a noise I would be obliged to lower the ventilator. One day the room 
 was as quiet as it could possiblv be. and all at once some one in the attic 
 called out, "Dadie Pike." Dadie thought I spoke, and said, " What'm?" 
 I said to him, " Can you say your lesson?" 
 
 Since the boy affair took place the attic has been ' fastened up." Locks 
 and keys are of no use, for there is as much walking upstairs, and some- 
 times the hammering and nailing. Once in awhile, sounds, as if some one 
 walks along the platform upstairs, will come down the attic way, go across 
 the entry and open the outside door, and be gone perhaps ten minutes. 
 After it's quiet again the door will open, and lie, she, or it will go upstairs. 
 
 I suppose you saw by the paper I was offered one hundred dollars for a 
 photo? A gentleman came down from Boston and offered me four hundred 
 to go up and simply tell what 1 had seen and heard. I declined both offers. 
 
 No, I am not a Spiritualist; in fact, never had anything to do with a 
 person of that belief. Yours, 
 
 LUCY A. PERKINS. 
 
 NEWBURTPORT, MASS., March si, 1873. 
 JAMES EMERSOX, Willimanselt, Mass. 
 
 Dear Sir: Miss Perkins is in school to-day. You have no idea of her trials. Spaulding 
 was determined that she should not go in. 
 
 She is truthful, and a good, honest girl who has had a hard struggle to rise to her 
 present position. I heard Johnson and Spaulding say, " We doubt not that this is a 
 reality to you, but you latwr under the sann' Impression the great and good John 
 Wesley did, but it is an hallucination," etc., etc. The disposition to crush her is con- 
 temptible, but bigotry must have a victim, and 1 presume Miss Perkins will be voted 
 
 VerytmlyyOUr8 RICHA K Dl.LrM E R, 1 .M. 
 
 Miss Perkins and Mr. Plumer have passed beyond the jurisdiction of a 
 
 Massachusetts school board.
 
 SPIRITUAL MANIFESTATIONS. 
 
 It is nearly a score of years since the foregoing articles were com- 
 menced and thirty-five since commencing to study the phenomena. 
 This has brought me in contact with ministers, congressmen, doc- 
 tors, lawyers, curiosity seekers,and mechanics the latter by far the 
 most intelligent observers from the nature of their make up, for 
 they judge understand ingly of the space and time necessary for 
 effect. Indeed, I do not believe any one will ever arrive at the 
 highest standard in any calling if destitute of the mechanic's cre- 
 ative and organizing faculty. The claims of the mesmerist have 
 been familiar to me for a half century, and set-m so blended with 
 those of the spiritualist that I am unable to separate them. 
 
 Hypnotism seems a subterfuge for retreating from a position im- 
 possible to maintain, and a claim to share the honor after braver 
 hearts have won the battle. 
 
 Theosophy, seemingly the "old clo' " of Spiritualism, offers 
 little that is new, if A. P. Sinnett is to be considered the exponent. 
 His " Karma," in itself to me interesting, is made up of old. old 
 ideas and stories. Eabelais says, Alexander the Great of course 
 re-incarnated is making a poor living mending old stockings. 
 Cyrus is a cowherd, Themistocles is a glass maker, Cicero a fire 
 kindler, Ulysses mows hay. etc., etc. The story of the warning 
 and fall of ceiling upon the bed is better told in "The Error" by 
 G. P. R. James. " Esoteric Buddhism " seems to be made up 
 from the maunderings of the Apocalypse and maudlin gush of 
 some weak minded evangelist. 
 
 The Foreign Missionary society, that great maelstrom of cupidity, 
 gullibility, and credulity, claims to seek for heathen where the 
 theosophist seeks for wonders, but there is a large field for the best 
 efforts of both at home. 
 
 The " Rochester Knockings " offered nothing new. but the time 
 was ripe for a demonstrable belief. Those knockings presented 
 evidence to the masses that the opening of the gate depended upon 
 the merit of the applicant and not upon the favor of the priest. 
 Back to the dark may readily be traced the gushing forth of the 
 spiritual application for recognition, too often met by the priestly 
 devils" with fire and sword. 
 
 The Cock Lane Ghost of 1760 answered questions by raps as is 
 now done. Joseph Glanvil's Demon of Ted worth, 1661, is of the 
 same kind. Peter Piquet, case Civil Court of Tours ; the Holy 
 Maid of Kent, beheaded by the butcher king, 1534 ; Joan of Arc. 
 burned at the stake, 1431 ; then the thousands upon thousands 
 murdered as witches, but enough. As we trace the gory trail 
 from the Egyptian priest down through Torquemada, Loyola. 
 Luther, Calvin, Cotton Mather. Jonathan Edwards, the Andover 
 school of theology, and efforts to force the closing of the Colum-
 
 523 
 
 bia i Exhibition Sunday, we find tire and blood lavishly shed when 
 possible, then threats of hell fire in more enlightened times to 
 keep the masses in subjection to this hierarchic control for selfish 
 interest. The question, "Do devils die?'' is one of terrible inter- 
 est to mankind, for it is only a question of power if such continue 
 to exist, whether the Sinithiield fires and horrors of the Inquisi- 
 tion shall not again be revived. 
 
 A half century since belief in Spiritualism was general in an 
 undefined way ; all writers treated it as such. G. P. R. James's 
 works abound in it, Scott. Marryat, Bulwer, Ainsworth, Burney, 
 Jane Porter, Charlotte Bronte, all in fact accepted the belief. 
 ''Midnight Musings, " by Washington Irving, is taken from the 
 " American First Class Reader," published in 1831, and popular in 
 our schools for a half century. 
 
 " Ye .spines (if \Vasliington, Warren, Montgomery, 
 
 Look down from above with bright aspect serene ; 
 Come, soldiers, a tear and a toast to their memory, 
 Rejoicing they'll see us as they once have been." 
 
 If that is not Spiritualism, what is it ? Yet it commenced one 
 of our most popular songs early in the century. Have our people 
 become better for rejecting such belief now? A belief in spirit 
 communion is the oldest,most encouraging,sensible, and progressive 
 of any, but to be properly appreciated superstition and materialistic 
 conventional ideas thereof must be abandoned. How shall I study 
 the matter intelligently ? was my inquiry when sitting for mani- 
 festations one Sunday morning. 
 
 " Study your own mind, you may find a gem," was the instant 
 reply. " Who are you ?" was asked. "Ballou,"was answered. 
 The evening after seemingly from another source came the follow- 
 ing : 
 
 If the truth you wish to rind, you must study your own mind, 
 Learn its workings, its relation with the great unknown creation ; 
 A gem we promise you shall rind, in a knowledge of the human mind. 
 Spirit friends around you gather, wishing much to help their brother, 
 Seeking earnestly to rind this gem of truth in the human mind. 
 
 False communications were constantly coming when outsiders 
 sat with us, which caused me to impatiently inquire the cause. 
 Tin's reply followed : 
 
 False, with the true, you'll one day find, 
 Is but the crossing of your mind 
 With our dispatches as they are sent 
 From our Summer Land to your Continent. 
 
 One day while waiting for an assistant to return, Charla com- 
 menced to converse about unreliable communications that came 
 the night previous, then remarked, "There is so much that is 
 totally unreliable that I don't believe there is any spirit life at all," 
 which caused me to commence a remonstrance which was cut
 
 524 
 
 short by "Hush! hush!" from her, "I hear." Then after a 
 short pause she repeated the following : 
 
 Your lives are tangled in with ours ; 
 
 We are not far away, 
 We join men and women in their work, 
 
 And children in their play. 
 
 Soon after, this followed : 
 
 If vou will but be faithful, 
 
 We will sometime prove to you, 
 That spirit friends surround you, 
 
 Who can and will be true. 
 
 Harmony is heaven's own law; 
 
 And to get the truth you ask, 
 Conditions must be perfect, 
 
 And your sittings not a task. 
 
 We want you all to be of good cheer, 
 And help each other while you are here ; 
 For in the life to come your riches consist 
 Of the good you do to others in this. 
 
 My housekeeper, made up after the Mrs. Jellyby pattern, was 
 inclined to be away much of the week, then pick up Sunday. I 
 had remonstrated until tired, then let the matter pass with indiffer- 
 ence. We made a practice of having a sitting Sunday morning. 
 A racket in the laundry could be heard in the library, and one 
 Sunday morning while reading I noticed that washing was being 
 done. It continued for a short time then Charla and her sister 
 came in to sit at the table, which was done for perhaps five min- 
 utes, then the table started for the door, then through the hall and 
 kitchen to the back door, out through that down to the basement 
 door ; through that to the set tubs, there it immediately swung 
 upon the sister's head and pulled that down and bumped it upon 
 the edge of the tub, started again up the cellar stairs, through the 
 hall and into the library, there floated up so that the top of the 
 table hung upon the projecting cornice of the book shelves, hung 
 there perhaps a minute, floated off and down in between the chairs, 
 where we commenced, called for the alphabet and spelled out the 
 following -. 
 
 Give the seventh day to rest, 
 
 To thought, culture, and to us. 
 
 The following Sunday the table started back over the same 
 course previously named, but instead of entering the basement it 
 continued on down towards a small water power. When partly 
 down the hill the women looked up to the windows of a neighbor 
 where several persons stood looking at our table performance. 
 My assistants fled for the house, leaving me alone with the table, 
 which closed the performance ; but the next day's mail brought 
 me notice that an Iowa court had appointed me chairman of a 
 commission to settle a case reported in the first part of this book.
 
 525 
 
 (See page 95. ) Of course it is a matter of conjecture as to whether 
 there was any connection between the table journey and the 
 appointment. I think there was. . 
 
 In answer to a pertinent question the following was the reply : 
 
 Sleep is a rest for the weary mind, 
 
 Which, as it wanders free, 
 Oft catches inspiration, 
 
 And brings it back to thee. 
 
 Of ttimes when the mind doth wander, 
 
 While the body is at rest, 
 Strange elements of earth 
 
 This freed mind doth impress. 
 
 Many times when the mind doth wander, 
 
 Ideas which to earth are grand 
 Are, in his sleeping hours, 
 
 Stamped on the mind of man. 
 
 Then, when he doth awake, 
 
 And reason and thought control, 
 These ideas are developed 
 
 And given to the world. 
 
 Almost identically the same ideas were published in one of the 
 Boston papers the same week, credited as coming from the Con- 
 cord school of philosophy in explanation of ' ' The Whichness of 
 Which' 1 '' as editorially explained. It was common to receive a 
 communication purporting to come from Ballou, then, as a< ci- 
 dentally would happen, to take up a Banner of Light and find the 
 same subject treated in a lecture by Mrs. Richmond in the same 
 way. With Charla alone, if she felt interested, answers to ques- 
 tions would be given that to me seem to the point ; but too often 
 she was indifferent and the communications were the same. There 
 was a persistent assertion that if I would persevere there was a 
 band of spirits around me that in time would find a medium 
 through whom reliable communications would be sent me. A 
 niece came to visit us, a believer in the Advent doctrine, and 
 that the spiritual manifestations were from the devil. Out of 
 mere curiosity and bravado, perhaps, she consented to try the table 
 with me and in five minutes was entranced and the series of com- 
 munications that follow commenced. 
 
 This niece was subject to catalepsy and rarely was with us more than two 
 or three davs at a time. A heavy table would start from the side of the room 
 and go tolier; or standing between her and myself that table would turn 
 somersaults between us. In her cataleptic conditions in the light, her boots 
 would be taken off and thrown across the room; in that condition two 
 persons could not raise her from the lounge. Sitting in darkness, her hands 
 firmly clasped by others, her boots and stockings would be taken off and 
 concealed in some out of the way place. Often she would come screaming 
 from her room saving that some" form had appeared to her, her description 
 of which rendered recognition easy, in short, she seemed capable of pro- 
 ducing every phase of manifestations known; raps with her meant such as 
 could be heard all over the house, she personated the spirits of those who 
 had died in asylums, and described their cruel treatment, etc., etc. 
 
 I would like to study the materialisations more, but want no medium that 
 rrtjiiirefi tying or test conditions.
 
 526 
 
 Oct. 25, 1878. 
 
 First reliable telegram : May I come in < Certainly, and welcome. 
 My name is Julius N. Ives. I died September 15. I was seventy- 
 six years of age, ofshould be now. I lived in Cromwell, Ct. A 
 letter to the postmaster brought the following reply : 
 
 CUOM.WELL, Oct. 29, 1878. 
 
 MB. EMEKSON. Dear Sir .-Yours of the 25th of October is before me. 
 Would say that Julius X. Ives came from Middletown, 18th of January, 
 1878, and made it his home in Cromwell with his In-other, till he died, Septem- 
 ber 12, 1878, aged seventy-five. 
 
 A few questions : Was your niece a medium? Was she ever acquainted 
 with Mr. Ives? Did she or any one see his death in a paper, etc.'.' I .-isk 
 these questions because some have said that it might be the case. 
 
 Respectfully yours, JOHN STEVENS. I'.M. 
 
 WlLLIMAXSKTT, MASS. 
 
 Telegrams from W-e-1-1 where? Dec. 9, 1878. While sitting 
 
 at the table one evening, there was a call for the alphabet, and as 
 it was called, a message as follows was immediately spelled out: 
 
 There is an old man here trying to get control of the medium. 
 
 All right, was our reply, go on. 
 
 Do you allow strangers to come in here? was asked. Certainly. 
 you are very welcome! 
 
 Well, I didn't know as yon would, but I was looking round and 
 would kinder like to look in. lam from Saco, Maine. I was a 
 blacksmith there many years. How old? Why, about seventy. 
 but cannot tell exactly, for I have hardly recovered consciousness. 
 There was a blank for a while, but I died about four months ago or 
 early in the fall. My name was John Gains. 
 
 Can I give the name of some one there to write to? well, I guess 
 I can, w-e-1-1, let me see ; why, write to S. S. Mitchell, Druggist, 
 Main Street, He and I were old friends. Tell him that I would like 
 to take one of them sly drinks from the barrel. Ah. it wasn't every- 
 one that could get a drink there, but I could, notwithstanding the 
 Maine law. 
 
 Had you no family? was asked. 
 
 W-e-1-1 my family was kinder scattered. Oh, yes! I had a son. 
 named Albert, he is in Washington, yes, and I had a darter, her 
 name is Sarah Sarah, oh, Sarah Elizabeth, she is married, no, 
 she is a widder, her name is well I can't think of that chap's 
 name. Oh, if you write, ask Mitchell about Horace Watterliouse. 
 Poor fellow ! he worked for me thirty or forty years and at times 
 would go upon a spree and I used to take care 'of 'him, but now, poor 
 fellow, I don't know how he gets along. lam looking round and 
 will come again soon. 
 
 He came the next night and was told that a letter had been sent 
 to inquire about those "sly drinks." 
 
 There now, did you write about them? Certainly I did! W-a-1-1 
 there now, I hadn't orter said so, but I allers was saying such 
 things! Had Mr. ( Jains visited us in the body he could have appeared 
 no more real ; he remained with us some time, gave many particu- 
 lars that made him very welcome as a visitor. The communication 
 was immediately sent to Mr. Mitchell, who seems to have employed 
 a lawyer to look the matter up as may be seen.
 
 527 
 
 SACO, ME., Dec. 12, 1878. 
 
 MR. POSTMASTER: Will you please he so kind as to inform me if there 
 is a man now residing in VVillimansett by the name of James Emerson? If 
 so, about how old is he? What is his occupation? Is he a man of good 
 standing in the community? To what religious denomination does he 
 belong, if any? How long has he resided in your place and where did he 
 come from when he came to your place? 
 
 These questions and information are not asked for the purpose of injuring, 
 in any way, Mr. Emerson or any other person, but from the bestof motives, 
 and I can satisfy you of my reliability if necessary. 
 Please give the information and greatly oblige, 
 
 Very respectfully, your most obedient servant, 
 
 F. W. GUPTILL, 
 
 Counselor and Attorney at Law, 99 Main Street. 
 A reply by return mail' is desirable. 
 
 Mr. Guptill was furnished with the required information, then 
 Mr. Mitchell made his reply, but it will be seen that he does not 
 plead to the sly drinks. As I refused to suppress the communication 
 Mrs. Emmons was called in as shown. 
 
 SACO, Dec. 16, 1878. 
 
 MR. JAMES EMERSOX. Dear Sir: In reply to your letters of inquiry 
 about the late Mr. Gains I have to say : 
 
 1. John Gains, a well known citizen of this place, a blacksmith, and a 
 man of considerable property, died here last September. 
 
 He left several children, all of whom lived with him except his only son, 
 Albert, who has resided in Washington many years. Of his daughters, one 
 is a widow and her name is Sarah Elizabeth. 
 
 2. A man by the name of Horace Watterhouse worked for Mr. Gains 
 many years and was always carefully looked after by him when the poor 
 fellow (as the communication calls him) had yielded too much to his passion 
 for drink he still continues the blacksmith business under the direction of 
 the administratrix. 
 
 Mr. Gains was one of the best friends I had in Saco and I don't wish to 
 have the communication published, neither do I think his family would; 
 still I should like to hear further from you in regard to this matter, although 
 not a " believer." Yours truly, S.S.MITCHELL. 
 
 SACO, Dec. 23, 1878. 
 
 MR. EMERSON : I have read your letters to Mr. S. S. Mitchell with a good 
 deal of interest. 
 
 I think the communications that you have received are certainly remark- 
 able, although very unsatisfactory. 
 
 Among my most valued friends are some of your belief, so that I have 
 seen something and heard a great deal of spiritual manifestations without, 
 however, having my views at all affected by it. 
 
 When our friends depart this life, 1 hope and believe it is for a better 
 and happier existence hence their burden of earthly care and trouble must 
 be left behind. And because the infirmity of ' poor Horace " was a trouble 
 to my father during his lifetime seems to me to be the very reason vyhy he 
 should be relieved from it now. And if he is able to communicate with his 
 friends here, there are matters (mysterious to them, but clear as the noon- 
 day to him) that would claim his attention. And I do not understand why 
 one member of his family should be remembered while another is forgotten. 
 
 I shall be interested in any further developments that may occur, and 
 trust that you will sacrifice your desire to publish this matter at least for 
 the present, to the wishes of the friends and family of the late John Gains. 
 
 Most respectfully yours, MRS. S. E. EMMONS, 
 
 Box 117. Saco, Me. 
 
 October 15, 1878. 
 
 The next was : My name is Charlotte Wooster. I lived in Litch- 
 field, Conn., and died September 12. I was twenty no, I cannot 
 remember my age. Tell my friends not to mourn for me. I am 
 happy, and do not wish to come back.
 
 528 
 
 Reply : 
 
 Nov. 6, 1878. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON. Dear Sir.- Charlotte Wooster, a daughter O f Joseph 
 AVooster of this village, died here on the "th day of September last past, 
 in her thirty-third vear. 
 
 Very truly, L. W. WAPELLS, P. M. 
 
 The next came as follows : Anna S. Cookson, Coopers Mills, 
 Maine. I died no, I cannot remember when, but recently. Tell 
 my friends not to grieve for me. 
 
 COOPERS MILLS, MAINE, Nov. 1, 1878. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON, ESQ. Dear Sir : In reply to your letter, would state 
 that Anna S. Cookson died the mil of October. AVas twenty years and six 
 months old. She was sick but live or six days. Cause of her sickness 
 and death, to the public unknown. Should be happy to hear from you again 
 on the matter, and would like to know if the spirit told the cause of her 
 death. Yours truly, GEORGE W. GREENE, 
 
 Assistant Postmaster, Coopers Mills, Me. 
 
 She died Tuesday, the communication came the following Friday 
 evening, or there was an interval of three days between death and 
 communication. 
 
 We were again informed that a stranger desired to get control of 
 the medium. On doing so the name of Hazen Kimball of Hopkin- 
 ton, N. H., was given, and his age as seventy-six. 
 
 Reply : 
 
 HOPKINTOX, N. H., Nov. 13, 1878. 
 
 Dear Sir: Hazen Kimball died March 2H, 1877, aged seventy-six years and 
 seven months. Lost a relative in Chelsea. Mass., myself. Should lie pleased 
 to hear from the party. 
 
 With respect, DAVID L. GAGE, P. M. 
 
 The next was : My name was Stephen Sibley, of Chelsea, Mass. 
 I died the 9th of June. I was sixty-four years of age. 
 Reply : 
 
 No date. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON. Sir: Stephen Sibley, a resident of this city for more 
 than forty years past, and one of its principal business men, died on the 
 'Jth day of June last, aged sixty-four years, three months, and sixteen days. 
 
 SAMUEL BASSETT, City Clerk. 
 
 WILLIMAXSETT, MASS.,Nov. 18, 1878., 
 
 Dear Sir : It has happened recently that I have had seven com- 
 munications from those purporting to be in the spirit world. 1 
 have written to each place where these spirits claim to have lived 
 while jn this life. Six of the seven have been answered and con- 
 firmed in every essential particular, the only difference being a day 
 or two in date of death. The last communication was as follows : 
 My name is Cyrus Alden, of Leeds, Maine, ninety-three years old, 
 a soldier of 1812. 
 
 Will you inform me whether such a person has resided there 
 within your knowledge, and oblige, 
 
 Yours truly, JAMES EMEKSON. 
 
 Sir .-There was such a man as Cyrus Alden, died March, 1877. I think 
 some one is fooling you by getting these dates, and pretending that they 
 came from spirits.
 
 529 
 
 This answer was from the one to whom my letter was addressed, 
 the postmaster of the place named ; one of the profound kind 
 that knows it all. j. E. 
 
 Nov. 3, 1878. 
 
 Another : I wish to control Alice. I died in Paterson, N. J. 
 Well, I can't remember the date, but in the early part of the sum- 
 mer. I was seventy-five years of .age. 
 
 Write to the Grant Locomotive Company, Paterson, N. J., for 
 information. WILLARU W. FAIRBANKS. 
 
 PATERSON, N. J , Nov. 5, 1878. 
 JAMES EMEBSON, KSI.I., \Viiimuuisett, Mass. 
 
 Dear Sir : Willard W. Fairbanks was formerly superintendent of these 
 works ; he died last May or June, aged seventy-five years. I have sent your 
 letter to his family. Very respectfully, 
 
 D. B. GRANT, 
 General Manager. 
 
 WILLIMANSETT, MASS., May 22, 1882. 
 MR. POSTMASTER, Franklin Falls, New Hampshire. 
 
 Dear Sir : On Saturday evening last, while sitting in conversa- 
 tion with a niece, she suddenly became seemingly unconscious ; 
 then, shortly, in a very feeble voice, exclaimed : " My name was 
 Benson (Samuel Benson), of Franklin Falls, New Hampshire. I 
 was eighty years of age. I died four or five months ago, or in Jan- 
 uary last, of heart disease." Now, neither my niece or myself had 
 ever heard of Franklin Falls, though some thirty-five years ago I 
 resided a short time in Warner, also in Concord, and knew of 
 Franklin through what were at that time termed the Akin boys, or 
 the Akins, who were considered inventors of various devices, an 
 awl haft for one. I would be obliged to you if you will be so kind 
 as to inform me if there was such a person as Mr. Benson who 
 died there in accordance with what I have written. 
 Yours truly, 
 
 JAMES EMERSON. 
 
 FRANKLIN FALLS, May 23, 1882. 
 
 Samuel Benson died about the time mentioned. Was about eighty years 
 old. Yours truly, 
 
 P.M., 
 Franklin Falls, N. H. 
 
 Another answer : 
 
 FRANKLIN, N. H., July 10, 1882. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON, ESQ. Dear Sir: I think you left a few words out of 
 your first question. I understand its import to be this : 
 
 1st. Was there such a resident of Franklin Falls as Samuel Benson ? 
 
 Answer : There was. 
 
 2d. When did he die? 
 
 Answer : January 21, 1882. 
 
 3d. What, was his age at the date of death? 
 
 Answer: His physician gave me his age as eighty-two years, seven 
 months, and four days. But the Merrimack Journal, published here Janu- 
 ary 27, 1882, third page, second column, says he was nearly eighty. His 
 daughter is away on a journey. As soon as I learn her address, I will try to 
 remove the doubt. 
 
 4th. Was there any supposed cause of his death? 
 
 Answer: His physician says it was a disease of the heart called angina 
 pectoris. Very respectfully, 
 
 J. L. THOMPSON.
 
 530 
 
 PHYSICAL PHENOMENA. 
 
 For years past my investigations have mostly been at my home ; 
 the same care has been observed as in mechanical, hydraulic, dy- 
 namic, and caloric trials. Witnessing the developing of cause and 
 effect has amply repaid the time expended. 
 
 During the past two years my boy, now nearly thirteen years of 
 age, and myself have formed our circle, at times others have joined, 
 but such usually come with preconceived ideas, generally destitute 
 of desire or ability to judge of force, time, or space necessary for 
 effect, consequently it is time lost. 
 
 One, a doctress, came, prodded the boy with a pin, then began to 
 orate about " reflex action ''; she possibly had some idea of what 
 she meant, I had not. The most of niy investigations with my boy 
 are in the dark, not all. An ordinary dressing table is used. 
 
 Often while sitting with this table between us the boy is thrown 
 upon the bed, the round in the feet of the table placed across my 
 knees, the top of the table resting against my forehead, the boy's 
 chair is placed on top of the table, where there is barely room for 
 the chair to stand, the boy is then placed standing in the chair, 
 where he begins to declaim. 
 
 Then the voice of a child takes the place of his. This voice pro- 
 nounces the longest words just as well when the boy is gagged as 
 when his mouth is free. Untying feats have been performed by 
 the boy, but it has seemed too brutal for me to care to experiment 
 in that way. 
 
 He has shown feats of strength of the Lulu Hurst order that 
 would be impossible in his normal condition. 
 
 The mesmeric influence is from the spirit side, at least not from 
 me. A simple word, Minnie, would cause him to drop while cross- 
 ing the room. 
 
 During the French trial some two years since, reported in our 
 leading papers, I invited Judge Bond to witness the influence that 
 might be brought to bear against another. He declined to do so, 
 and often since the query has arisen in my mind as to whether the 
 bench has a tendency to expand the mind. The practice of the 
 law cannot be productive of the best thoughts. 
 
 I have seen a table dash at a man with all the fierceness possible 1 
 in the physical man. So much force was used that the two legs, 
 caught by the defendant, were splintered in a moment, and the 
 contest was continued until every joint of the table was separated. 
 
 Such 'positive determination to injure caused me to inquire of 
 the sitter if he could explain the why. "It is the spirit of old 
 John Wright, damn him!" was the reply. "Who was old John 
 Wright," was my inquiry. " He was a former partner of mine,'' 
 was grudgingly answered. 
 
 I have had the table turn down upon its edge and rush at inc. as 
 a wheel would come if hurled through the space by rotary power, 
 because I had refused to sit for some purpose demanded ; it was in 
 the light, so that I dodged as it passed and it struck the wall, leaving 
 a very decided mark in the plastering where my head had been.
 
 531 
 
 At another time I had sneeringly told what .seemed to be the 
 spirit of ji drunken Irishman to boast less and perform more. 
 Instantaneously the heavy table was raised and dashed into the 
 window. " What are you about ? " was iny inquiry. " Why, you 
 wanted to see all kinds, and I showed you that," was the reply. 
 
 For the purpose of ascertaining effect. I often hectored the 
 medium, making an aggravating remark, then moving silently in 
 the dark to another place ; hairpins, ring.-., a slipper, or other missile 
 would be hurled at me and invariably hit ; at times it would happen 
 that light would pass over the medium as these were thrown; her 
 arms would be folded and her countenance in perfect repose. 
 
 During an investigation of materialization in my library a chair 
 was suddenly jerked from me. At the same instant a streak of 
 moonlight pierced through the blinds upon the medium; her arms 
 were folded ami the tV.ce of the dead could not have appeared more 
 serene than was hers. 
 
 By opening the doors of a cabinet quickly after arms have 
 appeared from the aperture, a sort of halo of those arms may 
 be traced back to the shoulders of the mediums though the real 
 arms are firmly bound down behind their bodies. I have seen arms 
 that must have been projected eight feet from the bodies of the 
 mediums. 
 
 It happened that I was experimenting for several months with 
 pans of sand. Those pans were placed, when not in use. upon a 
 broad shelf in my library, such a.s is common in libraries for rest- 
 ing books upon while making selections for reading. 
 
 During the time there were few evenings in which I was not 
 experimenting with what are called, table tip] ing.-." The table 
 walked about the. library, upstairs or down, into various rooms of 
 the house, and, almost invariably, walked or tipped up upon the 
 shelf mentioned, often turning along the shelf on its edge when 
 the room w.nild be s > dark that a white handkerchief, held in 
 front, could not be seen, yet the three pans of sand, were never 
 disturbed. This was evidence to me that there was guidance out- 
 side of the sitters. 
 
 One evening, while sitting with a circle of neighbors, none of 
 them iSpiritualists, the guitar was floating near the ceiling above 
 our heads, hands came in contact with all, which brought out 
 hysterical screeches. "My comb is gone," said one young lady. 
 Well, one has just been placed in my back hair,'' said another. 
 A moment after, the comb was placed upon the back of my head, 
 and the hair, certainly not over five-eighths of an inch in length, 
 woven by tiny fingers in and around the coarse teeth of that 
 heavy back comb until it was so firmly fastened there that it 
 remained until the close of the seance, and the room was lighted. 
 and the work examined by all. No ordinary human fingers could 
 have done the work. 
 
 I have sat night afte/ night holding the hands of a medium, yet 
 after lighting up it would be found that the boots ana stockings of 
 the medium had been taken off and hidden away. That medium 
 could select a book from the shelves in the blackest darkness. 
 
 I have seen a dulcimer, also a guitar, floating up near the ceil-
 
 532 
 
 iug of a room in the deepest darkness, .sending forth music the 
 production of which the gods might envy. The instruments were 
 marked with phosphorus, which made them perceptible. . 
 
 At times when sitting with my boy. 1 he table would rise up 
 slowly with the boy on top, to the utmost stretch of my arms, 
 float for a moment, then slowly descend to the floor. This was 
 common for months. 
 
 While witnessing materializations, a young lady dressed in white. 
 with a broad blue sash around her waist, came out of the 
 cabinet and stood facing me with her back to the cabinet. 
 She was some eight feet from me. She swung her arm back and 
 rattled some paper lying upon the top of the cabinet, then returned 
 into the cabinet. In an instant after the medium came out to rest, 
 raising the portiere as she did so, and inviting all present to examine 
 the cabinet to the fullest extent possible. Upon request by myself 
 shestood up beside the cabinet, yet could not reach the top except by 
 springing up to do so. The figure that came out must have been 
 seven feet high, yet was so perfectly formed and proportioned that 
 I had not noticed her unusual size until I saw the height of the 
 medium as she came out. 
 
 At another time, the medium exclaimed, " Your mother is here 
 and desires to communicate." " Very well," was my reply, and then 
 I asked, " Mother, have you met with Mr. Pushee since being 
 there?" Instantly a tune was commenced and played upon a 
 violin, though there was no perceptible violin in the vicinity. Mr. 
 Pushee was a well known dancing teacher and violinist a genera- 
 tion since. 
 
 I have seen six and eight of the most beautiful hands and arms 
 projected through an aperture ten by twelve inches area, the arms 
 moving so rapidly as to make it difficult for the eye to follow their 
 movements, then with the fingers messages would rapidly be given 
 through the deaf and dumb alphabet. It would simply be impos- 
 sible for four or even three persons to stand up to such an aperture 
 and project their arms as was done there. I have seen and felt 
 hcuids smaller than those of the .smallest babe I have ever seen, and 
 larger than those of any human being in the flesh ; have held them 
 until they dissolved in my own. 
 
 As stated on another page, I have loaded a revolver of a medium, 
 laid it upon a trunk in a closet, its muzzle pointed at a door not 
 eighteen inches distant, had it discharged three times by request 
 without a sign of the bullet, yet the fourth discharge by myself left 
 the bullet hole plain enough. 
 
 I haVe seen and felt feats of strength, of carrying, of transferring 
 of clothing, of jewelry from the ears or fingers of one person to 
 those of another, that astonished me. 
 
 I have heard raps that could only be equaled by blows from a 
 heavy sledge hammer, others hardly perceptible, had them seem to 
 be upon the outside door, as though applications for admission. In 
 fact, I have seen much that anyone having a particle of a scientist's 
 nature would give up sleep or time to investigate. 
 
 One night I had gone upstairs leaving Charla and her sister sew- 
 ing; suddenly there was a rush upstairs, and shrieks, "James,
 
 533 
 
 James ! some one is breaking in the basement door." In a moment 
 1 had raised a window from which I could look down upon that 
 door ; it was a frosty evening, with a bright, full moon shining upon 
 that door, and all about the house nothing movable could be seen in 
 any direction. A few evenings after, while experimenting, what 
 purported to be the spirit of Charla's father came to us. " Why 
 don't you come and indicate your presence, sometimes, when we 
 are not seeking for you ? " " 1 did the other night upon the base- 
 ment door," was answered. 
 
 1 have an idea that it is of this force that Keeley of Keeley motor 
 renown has been experimenting so many years', so much to the 
 disgust of the know-alls, but the world progresses very slowly. 
 Cicero, in his "Nature of the Gods." sneers at the claims of the 
 Babylonians that they had kept authentic records of nativities 
 back four hundred and seventy thousand years, yet at the time he 
 was arguing about the authenticity of oracles, signs, and portents, 
 or Spiritualism and spiritual manifestations, the oldest of all re- 
 ligions, unless coeval and contemporaneous for a time with symbol 
 worship, but bound to endure and grow brighter and clearer as 
 symbol worship, under its numerous disguises, disappears. The 
 pathway of Spiritualism has been marked with blood but its own 
 blood, never that of its victims as it has pointed the way to a 
 higher life. 
 
 The Sandwich Islanders at Jthis time, after a century of mission- 
 ary manipulation, offer an object lesson that cannot be misunder- 
 stood as to the baneful effect of symbolized religion. Would it not 
 be more creditable to our intelligence and humanity to stop forcing 
 our ignorance upon other peoples, and try to ascertain the possi- 
 bilities of our own natures? 
 
 When these manifestations burst forth at Hydesville, Christianity 
 had become so materialistic that professing Christians, like the 
 fabled Jews of old, were the fiercest for crucifying those claiming 
 to furnish evidence of a foundation for the supposed miracles of 
 the early Nazarenes. There is no evidence to show that our early 
 mediums were not invariably ready to submit to the most exhaustive 
 test conditions, within the limits of reason, oftentimes beyond. 
 If some of them have since become tricky they have had much to 
 make them so. 
 
 It is time the brutal tying and test conditions were done away 
 with, and the investigation should be done by kind but cautious 
 observers. If the ruffianly can only be convinced through brutality 
 let them go unconvinced. A ruffian is none the less a ruffian 
 because well dressed. 
 
 To investigate intelligently one must expect to meet spirit friends 
 as they left the body ; progression for them ended with life here, 
 and will begin again in new bodies. 
 
 Seeking spirits is done too much upon the plan of searching the 
 scriptures. 
 
 Tlie Christian that exacts twelve per cent, interest does not look 
 for the passage that condemns usury, but that which says, Render 
 unto Csesar the things that are Caesars, the other fellow to render, 
 he to receive. One is likely to find what he seeks.
 
 534 
 
 The Jewish Scriptures and Greek Mythologies 
 from the same Myths. 
 
 Should an English author of note assert that our or his own 
 people are little less superstitious than the natives of Dahomey, 
 he would cause a howl of indignation ; still he could produce ample 
 evidence to substantiate the assert inn. 
 
 Are you a Christian ? Do you believe the Bible ? are questions 
 to which an emphatic yes ! would be the reply. Do you believe in 
 dreams, prophecies, spirits, oracles, soothsayers, ideals', and witches? 
 No ! would be the general answer ; yet the Bible is nothing without 
 them, while Christianity is founded upon a dream and silly story 
 that would be laughed at in any other matter and is laughed at by 
 all of other beliefs, and at home by all but the superstitious. "All 
 this was done that the prophecy might be fulfilled," gives the 
 whole away. Without the rejected gospels little can be known of 
 the matter; with them it is plain that Mary was kept in the Temple 
 until her reputation and that of the priests required that she should 
 have a husband at once. An old man was selected and accepted 
 that position under strong protest. Why were the most explicit 
 gospels rejected and without a record of the vote ? 
 
 Go into particulars and it will soon be evident that the belief of 
 the Christian is a vague ideal having the same credulity as the 
 child's belief in ''Jack the giant killer." Consideration will con- 
 vince the intelligent thinker that the saints, Matthew, Luke, Mark, 
 etc. , were of the same caliber and character as those of our Lake 
 Pleasant and other camp meeting speakers and writers, having the 
 same tendency to present assertions instead of demonstrable facts. 
 No evidence of any value can be furnished of the mythical cruci- 
 fixion, nor do I believe there can be of finding the bones of a 
 peddler in the Hydesville cellar. I have seen lights in the dark 
 seances of the Spiritualists, as I have, in my forecastle experience, 
 seen bright lights in the daytime, but such were caused by a 
 punch in the eye, and those acquainted with the persuasive ways 
 of zealous Christians will not think it unlikely that the fist of a 
 brother of the Calvinistic type caused the light that iiuon d -St. 
 Paul." Our Catholic Christians at death have the body surrounded 
 by lighted candles that the Creator may lind their souls. Talmage 
 and Lorimer think half million dollar churches more conspicuous,, 
 churches in which the poor worshiper feels as much out of place 
 as a tramp would in a meeting of bishops. A continual call is 
 made for money to be used in christianizing heathen. Look at the 
 model Christian represented upon the opposite page and consider 
 whether heathen are likely to be benefited by the change. 
 Christianity has had control fifteen hundred years, a hundred years 
 in the Sandwich Islands. Where is the benefit? Take this from 
 Theognis born 570 years before the Christian era. 
 " With kine ami horses, Kurnus ! we proceed 
 
 J!y reasonable rules, and choose a breed 
 
 For iirotit and increase, at any price 
 
 Of a sound stock, without detect or vice. 
 
 But in the daily matches that we make 
 
 The price is everything. For money's sake 
 
 Men marry ; women are in marriage given. 
 The churl or ruffian that in wealth has thriven 
 May match his offspring with the proudest race. 
 Thus everything is mixed, noble and base."
 
 535 
 
 PRACTICAL EFFECT OF THEORETICAL CHRISTIANITY.
 
 536 
 
 Can any better description be given of society to-day ? The 
 fables of -<Esop, so old that their authorship is doubtful, are yet 
 as applicable to-day as before ( 'hristianity had been heard of. 
 
 Mrs. Ella Wheeler Wilcox, in the September number, 1893, of the 
 "Arena," patronizingly as a Theosophist, tells spiritual mediums 
 how ignorant they are, and how they could know it all by becoming 
 Theosophists, yet there is not an idea in her article that may not be 
 found in the works of Lucretius, written two thousand years ago. 
 
 Folyxena, as, womanlike, she calmly gave her throat to the knife 
 that her death might appease the ghost of the sulky bully Achilles, 
 is made to say by Euripides, in his Hecuba, " Receive my last 
 address, O mother ! O thou that hearest me, I am going below; 
 what message shall I bear to Hector, and to thy aged husband?" 
 Does a Christian die more intelligently or calmly ? What ideal of 
 honor or of morals can be shown to-day higher than those taught 
 by Pythagoras, Socrates, Theognis, Plato, Lucretius, Cicero. 
 Plutarch, and many others. If improvement cannot be shown, 
 then where is the equivalent for the oceans of blood shed by 
 Christianity to suppress progress and compel the more enlightened 
 to submit to priestly influence? Humanity has generally progressed, 
 but in spite of Christianity, as will be apparent by a careful study 
 of Gibbon's history of the Kise and Eall of the Koman Empire. 
 
 Undoubtedly many nominal Christians have worked to elevate 
 the masses and would have done the same had their environment 
 caused them to be Atheists. Our seemingly most devout Christians 
 at church are not our best citizens, as our prison statistics would 
 show, if obtained. Our freethinkers are unquestionably our most 
 progressive citizens, caring but little about christianizing heathen, 
 but much about the equalizing of comfort and intelligence of our 
 people at home. Christianity has done all that has been possible 
 to prevent the intelligence of the ancients from coining down tons. 
 Their best works have been destroyed, mutilated, or interpolated 
 with lying forgeries. Epicurus a philosopher, who, like Ealph 
 Waldo Emerson, taught that the best preparation for a future life 
 was to live a good life here, is handed down as a man who lived 
 solely that he might eat. Lucretius says of him, " Epicurus, who 
 excelled the human race hi genius, and threw all into the shade, as 
 the ethereal sun, when it rises, obscures the stars." 
 
 We all know how evangelists of the Mills or Sam Jones type will 
 lie about the "Awful deathbed of Tom Paine," where they have 
 contracted to make converts at the rate of six dollars per dozen. 
 The translation of the classics has done much to enlighten the 
 masses ; and the would-be leaders must get it into their heads, that 
 evolution begins at the bottom, in the workshop with the silent 
 thinker ; then is published in some obscure sheet only noticed by 
 rash and radical persons who care little about conventionalities or 
 popular opinion ; in a generation such ideas become semi-popular; 
 then, after becoming bald headed from age, are taken up by our 
 colleges and scientists of the Huxley-Tyndall type, and published 
 by such works as the "Arena," and " Science Monthly," as 
 advanced thought. Almost daily I get new ideas from children, 
 working men and women, and cheap radical sheets sent me by
 
 537 
 
 unknown authors. Yet I can say with truth that I have never 
 caught a new idea from the writings of Herbert Spencer, though he 
 is a great reader, and honorably credits to those from whom he 
 quotes. 
 
 The numerous similarities show plainly that the Jewish scrip- 
 tures and Greek mythologies have the same origin, Jehovah and 
 Jupiter, Adam and Deucalion, Eve and Pyrrha, the compound 
 man-woman, Samson and Hercules, the same tradition of a deluge ; 
 Jephthah's daughter and Polyxena both expressing the same regret 
 that death was to come before they could know the bridegroom. 
 Visits of Gods, angels, prophets, - spirits, mediums, soothsayers, 
 oracles, and myths were common with both. These may easily be 
 studied in the Bible or translations of the ancient writers ; in almost 
 all of which it will be evident that oracles or spirit communica- 
 tions were generally believed in, and consulted upon all state or im- 
 portant matters ; as Saul sought advice from the witch of Endor. 
 
 From such writers as Herodotus, Plutarch, and many others, it 
 will be plain that the oracles or communications were of exactly 
 the same character as those from our mediums to-day. Spirit 
 outbursts have occurred from the earliest times down to ours. 
 That Christianity originated and continued for a time as such is 
 evident. " Do to others as you would have others return," or 
 "Love thy neighbor as thyself," is Spiritualism, for the account 
 covers every phase of pure Spiritualism to-day. But a creed so 
 simple would not support a priesthood then, any more than our 
 camp meeting bummers of to-day, so dogmas were substituted for 
 phenomena. Joan of Arc, the holy maid of Kent, Convulsionists 
 of St. Medard, the witch manias and Rochester knockings were 
 all of the same nature. Bulwer in his " Strange Stoiy " gives the 
 possibilities of spiritual influence as Dumas in his " Memoirs of a 
 Physician" does of the mesmeric influence, both of which how- 
 ever I believe to be of the same source. 
 
 Probably from conventional prejudice the best investigators have 
 failed to make intelligent application of their experience. The new 
 investigator, if asked if he believes, answers too often with "No, 
 I don't believe, I know ! " then after a score of years, seeing that 
 there is no progress, he becomes doubtful or a materialist. The 
 trouble is, he has too much of the old Christian superstition about 
 him and believes that spirits are perfect beings that know it all. 
 It is time to begin to understand that this life is for progression. 
 
 " Life is the time to serve the Lord, 
 The ti iiif to iiifiiirt} //if f/rt'tif: ri-ti'ardf 
 And while the lamp holds out to burn 
 The vilest sinner may return." 
 
 Mr. Talmage, has it occurred to you, that thinking so much of 
 the great reward has made a corrupt people hen- '.' 
 
 " In the life to come, your riches consist 
 of the jrood you do to others in this," 
 
 is better for progress, morality, and science, if not for Christianity. 
 Every man his own savior. The great hindrance to progress is the 
 lasting superstition inculcated in childhood. Can any superstition of
 
 538 
 
 Dahomey excel in absurdity the " key myth " of Gregory that 
 weak man, perhaps drunken and lascivious, should have the power 
 of the Creator to forgive sins ? Greater, in fact, for the Creator 
 neither forgives nor shows mercy. I challenge proof of a single 
 case. God is law, violate his law and the consequence invariably 
 follows. How often trams going in opposite directions hive 
 attempted to pass upon the same track. Success has never followed. 
 nor in any other violation. Old saints and old spirits are equally 
 unnatural, and contrary to nature. Suppose that when chaos ceased, 
 and soil began to form upon the earth, some power had removed 
 it as fast as formed, when would this globe have been habitable ? 
 Neither God, nature, nor humanity can afford the constant moving 
 on of spiritual life. There is no " xiti>i'r)ifiinil." 
 
 We know that a tree or the body disintegrates, then springs forth 
 again in the same or other form, which is change, but continuation. 
 Is the spirit exceptional or less natural '.' The electric engine is 
 surrounded by electric energy, as the atmosphere surrounds the 
 windmill. Do we go to the electric energy. <>r atmosphere, to find 
 how either engine works ? So of spirit power : we get no spirit out- 
 burst, such as witches, haunted houses. Hying tables, or dishes, 
 unless a human body is present; and spirit phenomena must In- 
 studied in connection with the body. To do this understanding!; all 
 notions of heavenly etiquette must be abandoned. We arc sur- 
 rounded by this spirituality and there is not a shadow of proof that 
 spirits are better or different from the embodied ones here, or have 
 any higher knowledge to impart to us. The first necessit \ as an inves- 
 tigator is to abandon superstition- myths, such as a New Jerusalem. 
 located in a mythical Nowhere. Consider everything natural and 
 upon its merits. The natural home of the spirit is incarnated and 
 in this life ; when disintegrated, it is part of the surrounding 
 intelligence. After the death of a body the spirit for a time retains 
 its individuality ; how long will-depend upon its nature, as of a tree. 
 That there is a spiritual body, one more substantial than generally 
 supposed, I believe susceptible of tangible proof. This body or 
 influence is plainly perceptible as it comes near or stands beside 
 you, and very positively so at times : sitting with three at a heavy 
 table the fourth side or end may be observed to rise and move as 
 it would if a fourth physical sitter were there. 
 
 Surrounded by intelligence, the brain receives and guides it in 
 ordinary channels. The seeker finds more. 
 
 The question is daily asked, Dp you think spirits would come 
 back and tip tables ? Certainly, if that is the way they can best 
 make their presence known. They do worse things than tip tables 
 while in the body, why not after leaving it ? 
 
 Of course this belief will destroy the pleasing illusion of know- 
 ing former friends and relations after this life, forever, but is it 
 certain that our desire, if granted, would be the best for us ? We 
 have been well guided up to this life and have no reason to doubt 
 the future guidance of the same power. I for myself can cheer- 
 fully say, " Thy will be done." A constant rotation gives each one 
 a chance and in time will produce perfection. 
 
 What is the difference between "Heredity" and "Reincarnation?"
 
 539 
 
 THE MATERIALIST'S OR DON'T KNOWS HEREAFTER. 
 
 .. i.-.-ji -.: ..- v~~ 
 THE RATIONALIST'S OR REASONER'S HEREAFTER.
 
 540 
 MEDIEVAL BARBARISM STILL EXTANT. 
 
 Where is the heaven located that Christians talk so much of and 
 seem so much to dread starting for '.' 
 
 More than fifty years ago at a prayer meeting, a brother kindly 
 informed me that 1 was liable to be sent to hell that night. '-And 
 just think," he exclaimed, " if this earth was made up of tine sand 
 and a bird should carry away a grain once in a million of years, in 
 time it would all be gone, and your punishment would lie no nearer 
 ending than at its commencement: while allot' that time I hope 
 to be singing the praises of ihe Creator, not through any merit of 
 my own but through the atoning blood of Christ." 
 
 There is no reason to doubt but what the soul of such a man 
 would be small, yes, very small ; but even the soul of anyone 
 willing to be saved through the sufferings of another may be as 
 large as a fine grain of sand. As there are thousands of such 
 souls freed from the body daily, it can be comparatively but a 
 short time before the bulk of souls will exceed that of the earth, 
 and as the other planets should be in the same, condition what is to 
 become of such souls ? But first, where are such souls to come 
 from ? If you constantly check out without depositing, your 
 checks will not be cashed. So of souls. 
 
 Again I ask, where is this heaven in which the sole business is t<> 
 sit in one's nightshirt and shout paeans in glorification of a inonsU r 
 who enjoys electing arbitrarily a favored few and witnessing the end- 
 less broiling of billions, and the paving of the broiling place with in- 
 nocent infants' skulls. " Stop, stop, in mercy stop ! No one believes 
 in such inhumanity now ! " My dear madam, this very barbarism in 
 this year of 1894 is preached and approved within three hundrtd 
 yards of where this article is written, and in all of its lurid ghast liness. 
 the preacher consistently arguing that a " Divine revelation " admits 
 of no change. Of course only the venal, ignorant, or weak miiukd 
 utter or listen to such barbarism. 
 
 Can one wonder that our prisons and asylums are crowded, and 
 that societies for the prevention of cruelty to the helpless are 
 needed ? or that preachers of the Talmage, Lorimer, and Park- 
 hurst type decline to aid in efforts made to ascertain the moral 
 influence of the various religions upon the masses ? And it may be 
 asserted without fear of successful contradiction, that for each free- 
 thinker or Spiritualist that may be found in our prisons or asylums, 
 a hundred of the Calvinic-Komish type may be found to offset. 
 The same old stories are told ; one, the dying boy saying to his good 
 father, "Oh, father, you never taught me this, and now I shall go to 
 hell and never see you and mother again! " The best antidote t< r 
 this money gathering scheme would be to chain the preacher close 
 in front of a roaring fire until well browned. For the endless 
 psalm-singing, think how even the mother hushes her babe with 
 " Yes, dear, and now go to sleep." as baby says " Dood mamma, baby 
 loves oo." It has happened several times that I have saved human 
 life, once by plunging from a steamer's deck. Praise the first time 
 was pleasant, less so the next, then soon became nauseous. Could 
 the creature respect a Creator that required it eternally ? As 1 look 
 back over a long and eventful life, I can recall many acts that J 
 deeply regret, though I will not assert that under the same con-
 
 541 
 
 ditions I should not do the same again, yet I hope that I have never 
 sinned so deeply as to give cause for sending me for an eternal resi- 
 dence in an orthodox heaven. I should not like it here, and, as 
 James Emerson, I should not like it there. 
 
 If Christians have any regard for the positive teachings of their 
 gospels aside from them as relating to their self-interests, it has sel- 
 dom been made apparent. 
 
 Can any statement be made more positive than the one that for 
 every effect there is a cause, or, i Xot a sparrow shall fall without 
 the Father's notice." Yet how complacently the most bigoted 
 believers after witnessing astonishing phenomena will placidly set- 
 tle down on, "Oh, .it-was a COINCIDENCE." Do such shallow 
 minds realize that for each coincidence there is a cause? 
 
 CREMATION. 
 
 The disposal of <he body after the spirit ha.s left it has been one 
 of the oldest and most familiar subjects treated of by tradition or 
 history. 
 
 Excavated tombs, funeral pyres, exposure to birds or beasts of 
 prey, burial in the earth or in the ocean, placing in mounds or trees, 
 and many other methods have been favored by various peoples. 
 With ourselves, through superstition, custom, and desire for display, 
 the most disgusting and unhealthy method has continued until 
 not only the possibility but the probability of burying the living, as 
 well as the thought of the lingering corruption of the remains of our 
 loved ones, has caused the consideration of disintegrating the cast- 
 off shell by the purer and more expeditious use of fire. 
 
 Certainly neither our bleak hillside graveyards with their leaning 
 and lying headstones, nor our crowded cemeteries with their glaring 
 marbles above and festering corruptions beneath, offer anything 
 that is pleasing for contemplation. 
 
 Formyself, it is my positive request that, after my spirit has passed 
 on, my body be cremated and the ashes scattered by the winds 
 without any reservation. 
 
 THE PSYCHIC SEARCH SOCIETY. 
 
 Since it is well known that I have given much attention to the study 
 of what are called spiritual manifestations, my opinion is often 
 asked as to the effect of the "Psychical Search Society." As I 
 believe in its beneficial influence my reasons therefor are here 
 given. Any subject becomes conventional and popular as it be- 
 comes common. A society or m< >b will often do what an individual 
 will hesitate to assume the responsibility for doing, and many join 
 a society for the supposed honor that membership carries, espe- 
 cially if such society has a high sounding name ; but that any new 
 light will be thrown upon spiritual phenomena by this society is 
 very doubtful. Discoveries are made through patient individual 
 efforts, so far as my experience goes, and real investigators care 
 but little about belonging to societies.
 
 Hallucination or Mystery. 
 
 Our age is materialistic or mystical, and the writer desirous of 
 being read fifty years hence must realize the rapid changes taking 
 place in thought. Buckle, Mills, Kant, Carlyle, and Herbert Spen- 
 cer are of the past. Walled cities and non-intercourse must give 
 way to steam and electricity, which will make the whole world a 
 brotherhood. 1 have a fair collection of standard works and plenty 
 of borrowers, Irving's, Hawthorne's, Cooper's, (ieorge Kliot's, Gil- 
 more Simm's, and Thackeray's might do about as well if made of 
 painted forms of wood. Scott, Holmes, and even Dickens are read 
 but little. Bertha M. Clay, Miss Braddon, Cecil Hay, the Duch- 
 ess, and others of like character are read by the young, but there is 
 another and rapidly increasing class that read and study the my>- 
 tical, such as Bulwer's " Zanoui," "Strange Story." and "Cominu 
 Race," Sinnett's " Karma," the " Veiled Beyond." Affinities." 
 " Paul Vargas," " Daughter of the Stars," " Bichwa," and thousands 
 of others, and, though they may not accept all there presented, such 
 works cause thought of the possibilities. These readers, thinkers, 
 and investigators realize that there is much to learn. It is through 
 these, that we have the most rapid progression and startling ideas, 
 for they care but little for conventionalities, ghosts, or graveyards. 
 For unknown ages, ghosts have been believed in, and are now to a 
 far greater extent than unthinkingly supposed. Tw< > t liousand years 
 ago Lucretius accounted for them by saying that the spirit cast off 
 shells as a snake sheds his skin. A Massachusetts school board, 
 without offering evidence that they know anything about it. sa\ 
 that they are hallucinations. Some twenty years ago, I left my 
 assistant at the Holyoke depot, and walked to Willimansett. On 
 arrival at the depot there and turning to look back, I saw her << >ming 
 out of a covered sidewalk to the bridge. I was vexed, for the 
 snow was deep and no path, while there was a train but a few 
 minutes later. After watching her wade through the snow two- 
 thirds of the way to me, I turned and went home. She did not 
 come until after the train passed by, but nothing was said about it 
 for a month after. During that time had there been any necessity 
 for establishing her whereabouts on the day I left her at the depot 
 I should in perfect faith have gone upon the witness stand and 
 sworn to having seen her wading through the snow at the time 
 stated, yet she was not there physically at all, but came over in 
 the train as proposed. 
 
 A few months since, getting on a train at Willimansett, I took 
 a seat, with Harvey I). Bagg, one of the county commissioners. 
 We had a pleasant talk on the way and I got the impression that 
 he came away from home without changing a coat kept for work- 
 around the barn, for the binding in front was worn and frayed out. 
 At Chicopee he left the train, and I thought no more of the matter 
 until taking up the Springfield Il<'jinl,li,-<ni. three days later, and 
 seeing a picture of Mr. Bagg and an account of his death the day 
 I rode to Chicopee with him. brought our ride together forcibly to 
 my mind, causing me to make inquiries, which established the fact 
 that he had been confined to his bed for days before his death. 
 Some months previously I had sent Mr. Bagg a copy of an earlier 
 edition of this work. Meeting him in the train a few days later he
 
 543 
 
 took pains to stop and tell me that he had received and read my 
 book all through and that he was going to commence and go through 
 it again. I mention this as the possible cause why there should be 
 an attraction to bring us together. 
 
 Whether these appearances are shells cast oft' by the spirit, as 
 Lucretius thought, or " Hallucinations," according to our Christian, 
 materialistic, school boards, is a matter yet to be decided, and as 
 superstition dies out these appearances will command more atten- 
 tion : to me they are very real, and at times take place when I am 
 in conversation with others. 
 
 The description by Mr. Conway of the ' Hichwa . " dagger has 
 strong attraction for me, anil 1 think for many others. The 
 dagger was so made that there was a strange blending of light and 
 colors that caused the holder to first desire to commit suicide, then 
 murder. From an irresistible impulse, yet without apparent cause. 
 I am impelled to throw myself under a flying train, from a high 
 pi-ecipice, or into a roaring furnace. The impulse is so positive at 
 tini'-s that my only safety is to turn away. 1 think that such 
 impulses are not uncommon. Would it not indicate a truer human- 
 ity to know more of ourselves before deciding who are heathen ? 
 
 PROPHESYING FUTURE EVENTS. 
 
 Of the possibility of foreseeing events abundance of evidence has 
 been furnished me, but two cases only will be given here. 
 
 Sitting with Charla and her sister, our attention was called, then: 
 Five years from this day, one of you three 
 Folded in the bosom of 'mother earth will be. 
 
 April 21, 1878. 
 
 The communication caused us often to think of it. Three years 
 or more passed by, then a communication from a medium came to 
 us saying that we three were not meant, but the three of the family, 
 Charla, her brother, and sister ; the remaining members of their 
 family. Some months afterwards news came of the sudden death 
 of the brother in the far west. 
 
 ANOTHER CASE MORE DECISIVE. 
 
 At my home three of us were sitting at the table talking of the 
 death of a little child of one of the sitters ; the other sitter was 
 entranced and said, "Another little child will soon come over here." 
 I said, "I hope not from the one who has just lost the one spoken 
 of." "There is a star over her head, which signifies peace. It is 
 not hers," was the reply. Then she exclaimed, Within four 
 months from this day and within sixty rods from this house an- 
 other little child will come here." 
 
 The time passed on ; about two months after a little child sick- 
 ened and died, then it was said that the prophecy had been fulfilled, 
 but to me it seemed not, for she had no connection with the 
 sitters. 
 
 The fourth month had well advanced when the youngest child of 
 the prophetess sickened and died but a few days previous to the 
 expiration of the time. These statements may be depended upon 
 to the letter.
 
 544 
 
 Mind Reading, Thought Transference or Inspira- 
 tion. 
 
 The hindrance to human progress caused by the superstitions 
 belief in the special inspiration of the mythologies handed down to 
 us by the Jews is incalculable. Comparing our ideas of .science 
 with those of Lucretius or the elder Pliny, and a moderate advance 
 is perceptible, yet we have barely entered the portal of mysteries 
 that should have ceased to be mysteries centuries since. How lit- 
 tle we know of ourselves aside from the universal greed for selfish 
 ends! Our predecessors looked upon sudden death as desirable 
 and a gain. Christians fear death, call it the king of terrors, and 
 mourn for it in the utmost gloom. Can there be a more pitiable 
 sight than the smile of approval with which the elders greet the 
 gush from children uttered in platitudes about the joys received from 
 having given their hearts to God, a matter understood by them 
 as the goose understands the alphabet from which it selects a letter 
 at a prearranged signal from its trainer, especially where such chil- 
 dren are known to be the least reliable of any in their neighbor- 
 hood. Can such superstition please any except those so degraded 
 as to desire to live upon the scant earnings of labor, and infant- 
 like to ride in public conveyances and go to the circus at half 
 price ! Romanism is the religion of babyhood, likes dolls, puppets. 
 and genuflections ; but as it lacked the ability to construct such, 
 took dolls, idols, ideas, ceremonies, and genuflections from its pagan 
 predecessors to use under new names. Such a salmagundi could 
 hardly expect to hold full grown men like Luther anymore than 
 its antipodean extreme, the weak or unsettled minded Unitarian 
 with his ; ' Don't know," could hold a Parker or Emerson. Kpis- 
 copalianism, Presbyterianism, Methodism, etc., etc., are but the 
 dishwashings of Romanism, the strength of each depending upon 
 the squirt from which it is ejected, each equally superstitious. 
 delusive, money grabbing, and desirous of reforming others instead 
 of themselves. Do away with these priestly schemes for self- 
 aggrandizement, and inspiration will be found to be a common gift 
 from a beneficent Creator to all. How soon the babe catches our 
 meaning ! We are continuously hearing of the singular sagacity of 
 horse, dog, or other animal. I low shy the crow is of man where a 
 price is placed upon his head, and how quick he becomes indiffer- 
 ent when law and popular opinion protects him ! Observation will 
 show that mind reading, thought transference, and inspiration are 
 but different names for the same faculty. A few cases will here 
 be given. 
 
 One evening my children were making shadow pictures upon 
 the wall by interposing their clasped hands between the wall and 
 light. Suddenly attention was called to a sharply denned but, 
 unexpected shadow caused by placing a brilliant light back of the 
 shaded astral lamp. Its unexpectedness strongly impressed upon 
 my mind, " < )h, that is the shadow of the astral lamp ! " My little 
 eight-months' old girl quietly turned in her mother's arms and 
 pointed to the lamp as the cause of the shadow. A year later I had 
 purchased some patent cuff buttons to take home to my family as 
 a surprise. They were made in two parts, so that they could be 
 inserted in the eyelets of stiff cuffs without danger of breaking, 
 and were the first I had ever seen of the kind, though common
 
 545 
 
 now. On arrival at home my little girl was found crying to go out 
 with her mother. Calling her to me, the buttons were shown her, 
 with the promise that she should have them to play with if she 
 would remain with me. "Yes," she said, "but will you show me 
 how to open them?" She could only have known "through my 
 mind that they would open. Soon after that she was put to bed 
 with me, her auntie, with whom she usually slept, having gone to 
 help care for a neighbor's sick child. After prattling for a while, 
 she dropped to sleep. An hour later word came that the sick child 
 had died. I had lost loved ones, and my sympathy for the par- 
 ents kept me awake.. Near morning my little girl awoke, snug- 
 gled up to me for a time, then exclaimed, " Little Jessie Lyen is 
 dead, and I can never play with her any more." Until four or live 
 years of age such cases of thought transference were of everyday 
 occurrence with her. 
 
 Spiritual lecturers like Mrs. Richmond, Nellie Brigham, and 
 others, offer excellent chances for study. I have had several of 
 them at my home. Their specialty consists in delivering lectures 
 upon subjects handed them as they rise to speak. To suppose such 
 speakers can be posted upon any subject that may be handed them, 
 so as to speak from memory at a moment's notice, requires a stretch 
 of credulity only possible to idiocy. I have generally found them 
 pleasant, ladylike, common, with rarely an advanced thought or 
 desire for change or progression ; mere conduits of the conventional 
 ideas published and to be found in works treating of the subjects 
 handed them. There are strange features, however, in these 
 thought transferences that have puzzled the wisest minds for 
 unknown ages, minds too well distinguished for ability to allow of 
 their being ignored. 
 
 The ambiguity of these oracles has only made them the more 
 remarkable. In one case, writing a story for publication, I had 
 confined the statements to facts to a certain point, then drawn 
 upon my imagination for interest as follows: " As I moved on 
 something brushed past my cheek. Looking forward there stood 
 a heavy sheath knife quivering in the foremast." More than forty 
 years after the time alluded to, going into a hall in Chicopee, Mass., 
 I was startled by an exclamation from the lecturer, who stood 
 with finger pointed at me, exclaiming, "In your nineteenth 
 year an inch change in the direction of a missile and you would 
 have been dead ! " He then gave the correct name of the accredited 
 knife thrower, a Portuguese. The incident, so far as it happened at 
 all, took place off Cape Horn, and in my nineteenth year ; fear of the 
 consequences alone prevented the knife from being thrown. The 
 most of the ancient writers have written of these oracles, and of 
 their ambiguity. Herodotus has furnished us with accounts of 
 many, the most noticeable perhaps is of Croesus questioning the 
 Fytliian as to whether he should commence a war, and was told 
 that for the time it might do, "but when a mule becomes king of 
 the Medes, then, tender-footed Lydian, fly and do not blush to be a 
 coward." Of course he thought that the Medes would never have 
 a mule for a king, so went in for glory, but it happened that Cyrus 
 was the mule, his parents being of different nationalities, and the 
 glory did not come in. 
 
 Plutarch states that Mopsus, governor of Cilicia, sent a sealed let- 
 ter with an inquiry to a Pythian and was answered, " A black
 
 546 
 
 one." On opening the letter the inquiry was found to be, -'Shall 
 1 sacrifice to thee a white or a black bull ? " Cicero has much to 
 say of these communications in his "Nature of the Gods." A 
 story is told of the Duke of Buckingham aspiring to the throne of 
 Henry VIII. An aspirant for favor consulted a medium, and was 
 told that the duke's head would soon be the highest in the land, 
 which was supposed to indicate that he would soon be king, instead 
 of which he was beheaded and his head stuck upon a pole above 
 the gate of the city. We have only to read to find them men- 
 tioned all the way down. Superstition has caused these oiacles 
 to be looked upon as miraculous, as is the case of smiting the 
 rock by Moses to get water, but if we strike with a pipe hard 
 enough we can draw water from almost any part of the earth's 
 surface. So of inspirations ; the thinker knows how readily 
 ideas flow into the earnest seeker's mind, and it is my unaltera- 
 able conviction that the Creator's plans will not be completed 
 until man has risen to such perfection that the cause for every 
 effect will be clearly understood. Long before that time, however, 
 inspiration will be known to flow through our minds as water 
 circulates through the earth's surface ; also that heredity has 
 an important influence upon mankind, environment still more. 
 Many bright children have been intellectually smothered by their 
 surroundings. 
 
 A sponge surrounded by fluid takes in sediment according to the 
 fineness of its fiber. To make my meaning clear, take, say, the 
 authoress of the " Little Pilgrim." Communications through her 
 should be sweet, charitable, but impracticable except in Utopia 
 a thousand years hence. The authoress of "Beyond the Gates" 
 should produce communications very proper, slightly progressive, 
 not too much so, for her patrons have weak digestive powers ; an 
 overdose would cause the grip, which would have a disastrous 
 effect upon the dollar product. 
 
 The authoress of "Is this Your Son, My Lord ? " -should produce 
 bright, brainy, intelligent, progressive, practical, womanly ideas, 
 clear in style as the tone of a silver bell. Would there were more 
 like her! 
 
 "Free love," or rather free lust, is an epithet hurled at anyone 
 daring to question the divine origin of Christianity, but the sex 
 force is one of the strongest in nature and manifests itself in the 
 nunnery, confessional, church, either Catholic or Protestant, quite 
 as commonly as with the Spiritualist. Miracle mongering should 
 be unknown in this country, yet crowds may be seen every morn- 
 ing standing in front of churches waiting to unload their sins. 
 Sin consists of doing what one believes to be wrong and it may fairly 
 be questioned whether the soul saved by the priest had not better 
 be lost and go into the muck heap as fertilizer for souls with suffi- 
 cient manhood or womanhood to save themselves. 
 
 The unprogressive priest, notoriety-seeking preacher of the 
 Talmage-Parkhurst type, the proselyting evangelist, and captious 
 wife and mother of a housoh ->H that is never ceasing in fault find- 
 ing and fretfulness, will benefit th-j world the most by dying.
 
 54? 
 
 APOLLOXIUS OF TYANA, THT. ,Ii:srs OF NAZARKTH. 
 
 ANTIQUITY UNVEILED, 
 
 By Communications from Ancient Spirits. 
 Prepared by J. M. ROBERTS. 
 
 Published by the Oriental PtiltlisJthig Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 This work contains a mass of information convenient for refer- 
 ence for one desirous of looking up the evidence for the claimed 
 divine origin of Christianity, no matter whether such seeker is or 
 is not a believer in spirit communion. The purpose of the work is 
 to show the mythical character of Jesus of Nazareth, also that 
 Christianity is of a much later date than claimed in what are called 
 the Gospels, etc., a matter easily confirmed by the silence of con- 
 temporaneous writers of note, though Eusebius found it desirable 
 to write a book in answer to Hierocles of Nicomedia, who pub- 
 lished a work against the Christian faith, and asserted that Apol- 
 lonius Tyaneus performed more and greater things than their 
 Christ Gibbon in his " History of Christianity '' alludes to Apol- 
 lonius. Writers of the character, ability, and habits of observation 
 of Tacitus and the Plinys would hardly have failed to notice such 
 tremendous manifestations as claimed by the Gospel writers, had 
 such ever occurred. It will be well to recall the fact that the elder 
 Pliny lost his life investigating the cause of the destruction of 
 Pompeii. A liishop Warburtou discovers n profound theological 
 purpose in the writings of Apuleius, author of The Golden Ass."
 
 548
 
 549 
 
 which perhaps may account for the fact that the translators of 
 the most obscene works of the ancients handed down to us have 
 the prefix of Rev. So and So. It may safely be asserted, however, 
 that if profound theology delights in an obscene nest, it found a 
 congenial home in " The Golden Ass." 
 
 Suetonius, contemporaneous with the younger Pliny, knew noth- 
 ing of Jesus or Christianity, though he refers slightly to the Hindoo 
 Chreeshna in connection with the Jews. 
 
 Epictetus, a philosopher, alludes quite often to the influence of a 
 young girl, but knows nothing of Jesus or Christianity. 
 
 Achilles Tatius, author of "The Loves of Clitopho and Leucippe," 
 wrote some two or three -hundred years after the wonderful 
 crucifixion, yet knows nothing of Jesus or Christianity. 
 
 Longus, author of " Daphnis and Chloe," an amorous tale sup- 
 posed to have been written in the fourth century, has no hint of 
 Christianity, yet often alludes to the heathen deities. 
 
 HELIOIJORUS. 
 
 A novel is dependent upon its truthful representation of its 
 characters, environments, and times, for its popularity, conse- 
 quently is often better than a history to give us information. 
 Heliodprus in his early life wrote romances of his times, one of 
 which is the story of " Theagenes and Chariclea," an illustration 
 from which may be seen upon the opposite page, though the artist 
 has substituted the temple of Diana for the tent of Hydaspes. 
 Heliodorus, it is said, about A. D. 400, became a bishop, but being 
 required to give up his romances or bishopric, preferred to keep his 
 romances. In the story of Theagenes and Chariclea not a hint of 
 Christianity is given, though the heathen deities are made promi- 
 nent. No unprejudiced seeker for the truth can doubt but what 
 Christianity started from a collection of Spiritualists like our camp- 
 meeting followers, and with the same proclivities. Lactantius, a 
 church historian of the third century, states that Apollonius was a 
 sort of Thamnaturgist, as our spiritual mediums are often called at 
 this time. Eusebius, as was natural for one of his condition, 
 rather approvingly reports the fact that the "Blessed Peter was 
 delighted to see his wife led to execution." As the Gospels state 
 that this same Peter when cornered could curse, lie, and swear, we 
 get an idea of the rock upon which the Christian church was 
 founded. Even a Vanderbilt. with his " Public be damned," with 
 a proper check in hand need have no fear when approaching the 
 celestial gates, while that blessed Peter holds the key. And you 
 dear women who makeup nine-tenths of the morning crowds at 
 the church doors, of course will cheerfully step forward to bu 
 boiled like Mrs. Constantine, or led to execution like Mrs. Peter, 
 that the unctuous representatives of those holy men may have no 
 impediment to a free circulation through your holy gatherings. 
 Ah, sympathetic souls ! you may bear the cross and wear a crown, 
 but the crown should be the fool's cap, and that of your husbands 
 something worse.
 
 550 
 CAVING IN OF A MINE. 
 
 Almost monthly we are horrified by frightful reports of miners 
 being inclosed in living tombs through the roof of the mine caving 
 in ; while wives, mothers, and children around the entrance to the 
 mine shriek to heaven for aid that man seems incapable of giving. 
 
 Would it not in a great measure do away with such horrors if the 
 owners would lay, say, thirty inch water pipe along the bottom and 
 side of the mining galleries, so that, in case of the roof caving in, 
 air would freely penetrate to the chamber beyond, and out through 
 which the miners could easily escape ? Would it not also do away 
 with the " fire damp," or dangerous gases, if fresh air was forced 
 through such pipes into the chambers of the mines, when far 
 more brilliant lighting would be practicable, that would cause im- 
 pending dangers to be observed and guarded against ? To me, it 
 seems-that there are innumerable ways for adding to the safety and 
 comfort of our own people that would be far more acceptable to 
 our Creator and creditable to ourselves, than is the caring so osten- 
 tatiously for the souls of heathen that perhaps know as much of 
 God as we do ourselves, though not bragging so much of it- 
 Brother Lorimer, is not the idea worth consideration ? If such 
 ideas are obtrusive, are they more so than the tracts you so con- 
 stantly thrust upon the public as announcement of your superior 
 wisdom and holiness ?
 
 551 
 POWER OF NIAGARA FALLS. 
 
 A matter of easy approximate computation, yet I have never 
 seen any such estimate that deserved consideration. The proper 
 way to obtain such measurement would be to get the cross-section 
 and velocity of stream at its narrowest part below the falls, which 
 seems near the old suspension bridge, where the surface width is a 
 little more than three hundred feet. The depth and velocity there 
 could easily be obtained by sounding line and ship's log. The bot- 
 tom of the river undoubtedly forms an inverted arch, covered with 
 broken rocks, the water deepening so gradually as to allow of build- 
 ing walls out some distance from the shore, as was done for the tub 
 wheel race, back of the old flouring mill upon the east side near the 
 bridge, where the bed of the river descends perceptibly. The cur- 
 rent at that point is more rapid than on the west side, where row 
 boats go up and down to or from the bridge, I think. 
 
 A careful observer familiar with the turbulent rush of water 
 through " Hell Gate," when "Pot" and other rocks reached up to 
 within a dozen feet of the surface, and the comparatively smooth 
 flow through there now, since those obstructions have been 
 removed, leaving a clear depth of twenty-two feet, may judge 
 approximately of the depth and velocity of water below the falls ; 
 to aid such judgment, the fact should be recalled to mind that 
 the steamer " Maid of the Mist" was safely sent down the river to 
 Lake Ontario, also that Capt Webb was killed by striking a rock at 
 the whirlpool, which furnishes sufficient evidence that there is no 
 great depth of water there. Below the old suspension bridge it 
 is doubtful if there is an average depth of twenty feet. At the 
 bridge it is a liberal allowance to give the cross-section three hun- 
 dred by forty feet, with an average velocity of six feet per second, 
 the fall one hundred and forty. 
 
 Cross-section, 300X40=12,OOOXG=72,OOOX 140=10,080,000X624- 
 =628,320,000-^-550=1, 142,400 ii. i>. 
 
 The above I believe to be an overestimate, and it should be 
 borne in mind that the head is great compared with the quantity of 
 water, which for the immense watershed drained, gives good cause 
 for the imagination to seek for subterranean outlets not yet dis- 
 covered, and far more so when the immense increase in flow at 
 Montreal is taken into consideration, from the comparatively small 
 watershed between those two points. 
 
 The matter is one of interest to the whole world, for there are 
 few such falls. As knowledge increases, their action may furnish a 
 key for the solution of many mysteries. Our government should 
 take careful heed that such a. phenomenal wonder should not be 
 obliterated through greed, ignorance, or indifference. Surely Amer- 
 ica may afford to own and retain control of a natural spectacle of 
 such unrivaled grandeur. Numerous water powers may be named 
 that were supposed to be inexhaustible forty years ago, yet to-day 
 leave the river bed dry for months each year. Allow the insatiate 
 mill owner control and Niagara Falls would be but a name within 
 a generation.
 
 552 
 
 NEW AMERICAN TURBINE 
 
 MANUFACTURED BY 
 
 GLOBE IRON WORKS, DAYTON, OHIO. 
 
 42 INCH RIGHT HAND WHEEL. 
 
 
 Prop'l part of 
 
 
 
 So. of the 
 Experiment. 
 
 the 
 full 
 open- 
 ing of 
 the 
 Speed- 
 Gate. 
 
 the full 
 discharge 
 of the 
 Wheel ; 
 being the 
 discharge 
 at full 
 gate when 
 giving 
 best effl- 
 
 Head 
 acting 
 on the 
 Wheel, 
 in feet. 
 
 iration of the Ex- 
 riment in Minutes. 
 
 Revolu- 
 tions of 
 the 
 Wheel, 
 per 
 
 Quan- 
 tity of 
 water 
 dis- 
 charged 
 by the 
 Wheel, 
 cubic 
 feet per 
 second. 
 
 Power 
 devel- 
 oped by 
 the 
 
 Wheel, 
 
 Efficiency 
 of the 
 Wheel, 
 in per cent. 
 
 
 ciency. 
 
 00. 
 
 minute. 
 
 
 H. P. 
 
 
 
 in per cent. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 1.000 
 
 1.014 
 
 16.39 
 
 
 116.25 
 
 136.40 
 
 200.24 
 
 79.17 
 
 32 
 
 
 1.008 
 
 16.37 
 
 
 120.50 
 
 135.60 
 
 20J.99 
 
 80.03 
 
 31 
 
 14 
 
 1.004 
 
 16.36 
 
 
 124.00 
 
 134.97 
 
 200.08 
 
 80.09 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 0.999 
 
 16.33 
 
 
 128.00 
 
 134.18 
 
 199 56 
 
 80.50-fullgte 
 
 29 
 
 t 
 
 0.994 
 
 16.33 
 
 
 132.25 
 
 133.54 
 
 198.08 
 
 80.29 
 
 28 
 
 < 
 
 0.988 
 
 16.28 
 
 
 136 00 
 
 134.52 
 
 194.44 
 
 79.66 
 
 27 
 
 0.710 
 
 0.916 
 
 16.43 
 
 
 112.25 
 
 123.38 
 
 184.18 
 
 80.31 
 
 26 
 
 ** 
 
 0.912 
 
 16.46 
 
 
 117.50 
 
 122.99 
 
 186 . 39 
 
 81.38 
 
 25 
 
 * ( 
 
 0.907 
 
 16.47 
 
 
 122.25 
 
 1<J2.36 
 
 187.27 
 
 82.13 
 
 24 
 
 < 
 
 0.900 
 
 16.51 
 
 
 128.25 
 
 121.60 
 
 187.73 
 
 82.65 
 
 
 
 
 0.893 
 
 16.56 
 
 
 134.80 
 
 120.85 
 
 188 . 14 
 
 83.09-% gate 
 
 22 
 
 < 
 
 0.877 
 
 16.55 
 
 
 144.00 
 
 118.57 
 
 181.37 
 
 81.69 
 
 21 
 
 0.504 
 
 0.798 
 
 16.87 
 
 
 110.00 
 
 108.99 
 
 164.76 
 
 79.20 
 
 20 
 
 
 0.796 
 
 16.74 
 
 
 113.33 
 
 108.15 
 
 164.34 
 
 80.24 
 
 19 
 
 < 
 
 0.793 
 
 16.53 
 
 
 117.00 
 
 107.18 
 
 163.29 
 
 81.47 
 
 18 
 
 ** 
 
 0.785 
 
 16.56 
 
 
 124.00 
 
 106.25 
 
 164.62 
 
 82.70 
 
 17 
 
 * 
 
 0.774 
 
 16.59 
 
 
 129.33 
 
 104.85 
 
 162.89 
 
 82.77-% gate 
 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 0.764 
 
 16.67 
 
 
 133.75 
 
 103.67 
 
 159.35 
 
 81.50 
 
 15 
 
 f< 
 
 0.736 
 
 16.77 
 
 
 141.75 
 
 100.20 
 
 149.58 
 
 78.68 
 
 14 
 
 0.389 
 
 0.700 
 
 17.10 
 
 
 106.00 
 
 96.17 
 
 140.73 
 
 75.64 
 
 13 
 
 *' 
 
 0.697 
 
 17.04 
 
 
 113.33 
 
 95.58 
 
 144.28 
 
 78.30 
 
 12 
 
 ( 
 
 0.685 
 
 17.11 
 
 
 120.25 
 
 94.22 
 
 144.91 
 
 79.45 
 
 11 
 
 ** 
 
 0.674 
 
 17.13 
 
 
 125.25 
 
 92.76 
 
 142.40 
 
 79.21-'i gate 
 
 10 
 
 " 
 
 0.660 
 
 17.15 
 
 
 130.00 
 
 90.85 
 
 138.96 
 
 78.83 
 
 
 l( 
 
 0.646 
 
 17.20 
 
 
 136.00 
 
 89.10 
 
 134.26 
 
 77.43 
 
 
 * 
 
 0.633 
 
 17.25 
 
 
 144.50 
 
 87.44 
 
 127.89 
 
 74.94 
 
 
 0.230 
 
 0.530 
 
 17.42 
 
 
 102.62 
 
 73.51 
 
 100.61 
 
 69.44 
 
 
 *' 
 
 0.527 
 
 17.44 
 
 
 108.50 
 
 73.10 
 
 101.20 
 
 70.16 
 
 
 * 
 
 0.520 
 
 17.48 
 
 4 
 
 113.K5 
 
 72.27 
 
 100.23 
 
 70.13 
 
 
 ** 
 
 0.509 
 
 17.48 
 
 4 
 
 121.00 
 
 70.80 
 
 98.85 
 
 70.60-ix, gate 
 
 3 
 
 '* 
 
 0.501 
 
 17.48 
 
 4 
 
 128.75 
 
 69.66 
 
 96.42 
 
 69.99 
 
 2 
 
 ' 
 
 0.494 
 
 17.51 
 
 5 
 
 136.20 
 
 68.73 
 
 92.73 
 
 68.10 
 
 Tested at the HOLYOKE WATER POWER CO., July 14,1894. 
 A. F. SICKMAN, K. S. WATERS, 
 
 Engineer in charge of Experiments. Hydraulic Engineer. 
 
 We certify that the above is a correct copy of the original. 
 
 Received too late for publication in first part of book.
 
 553 
 NEW AMERICAN TURBINE 
 
 MANUFACTURED BY 
 
 GLOBE IRON WORKS, DAYTON, OHIO. 
 
 45 INCH RIGHT HAND WHEEL. 
 
 
 Prop'l part of | 
 
 
 
 
 of tbe 
 Experiment. 
 
 the 
 full 
 opeu- 
 
 "\ g he f 
 Speeti- 
 
 the full 
 discharge 
 of the 
 Wheel; 
 being the 
 discharge 
 at full 
 gate when 
 
 Head 
 acting 
 on the 
 Wheel. 
 
 * Revolu- 
 
 s; 
 
 <P 2 ;tions of 
 
 I* the 
 
 s~ Wheel, 
 
 .2 
 
 Quan- 
 tity of 
 water 
 dis- 
 charged 
 by the 
 Wheel, 
 cubic 
 
 Power 
 imciency 
 devel- 
 of the 
 
 Pedby Wheel, 
 the 
 in per cent. 
 
 e 
 
 'A 
 
 G-ate, 
 
 giving 
 best effi 
 
 in feet. 
 
 || 
 
 per 
 
 feet per 
 second. 
 
 Wheel, 
 
 
 
 ciency, 
 
 
 l! 
 
 e. 
 
 minute. 
 
 
 H. P. 
 
 
 in percent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 1.000 i 1.022 
 
 15.98 
 
 4 
 
 103.50 
 
 144.87 
 
 205.05 
 
 78.26 
 
 36 i " 
 
 1.015 
 
 16.01 
 
 4 
 
 107.50 
 
 143 95 
 
 205.66 
 
 78.84 
 
 35 ' " 
 
 1.009 
 
 16.02 
 
 3 
 
 112.00 
 
 143.17 
 
 206.64 '79.60 
 
 31 " 
 
 1.003 
 
 16.04 
 
 4 
 
 115.37 
 
 142. 36 
 
 205.79 79.63 
 
 33 
 
 0.997 
 
 16.06 
 
 3 
 
 119.17 
 
 141.58 
 
 205.27 79.76-fullgate 
 
 32 
 
 0.990 
 
 16.09 
 
 4 
 
 123.00 
 
 140.77 
 
 203.49 79.38 
 
 31 , " 
 
 0.983 
 
 16.13 
 
 4 
 
 127.75 
 
 140.02 
 
 200.04 
 
 78.26 
 
 30 0.690 
 
 0.921 
 
 16.30 
 
 4 
 
 101.25 
 
 131 . 77 
 
 195.08 
 
 80.25 
 
 29 
 
 0.914 
 
 16.38 
 
 4 
 
 105.75 
 
 131.12 
 
 197.27 
 
 81 15 
 
 28 " 
 
 0.905 
 
 16.40 
 
 4 
 
 110.25 
 
 129.93 
 
 198.16 
 
 82 17 
 
 27 
 
 0.899 
 
 16.41 
 
 4 
 
 113.87 
 
 129 11 
 
 197.69 
 
 82 44 
 
 26 " 0.893 
 
 16.42 
 
 3 
 
 117.33 
 
 128 35 
 
 196.51 
 
 82.38 
 
 25 " 0.885 
 
 16.42 
 
 4 
 
 122.00 
 
 127.18 
 
 195.19 
 
 82.58-% gate 
 
 24 " 0.874 
 
 16.45 
 
 4 
 
 127.50 
 
 125.67 
 
 190.97 
 
 81.62 
 
 23 " 0.856 
 
 16.53 
 
 3 
 
 134.00 
 
 123.42 
 
 182.46 
 
 79.02 
 
 22 j 0.505 0.800 
 
 16.68 
 
 4 
 
 102.00 
 
 115.77 
 
 175.09 
 
 80.39 
 
 21 " 0.796 
 
 16.71 
 
 3 
 
 106.00 
 
 115.29 
 
 176.81 
 
 81.09 
 
 20 " 0.787 
 
 16.74 
 
 4 
 
 110.75 
 
 114.17 
 
 177.19 
 
 81.92 
 
 19 " 0.775 
 18 ; " 0.762 
 
 16.78 1 3 
 16.81 4 
 
 117.; r. 
 
 122.50 
 
 112 60 
 110.81 
 
 175.74 
 170.97 
 
 82.18-% gate 
 
 17 " j 0.746 
 
 16.85 
 
 5 
 
 127.40 
 
 108.50 
 
 164.80 
 
 79^64 
 
 16 " ; 0.725 
 
 16.86 
 
 4 
 
 133.50 
 
 105.56 
 
 154.51 
 
 76.71 
 
 15 0.3S2 0.687 
 
 16.97 
 
 4 
 
 101.25 
 
 100.29 
 
 149.58 
 
 77.66 
 
 14 " i 0.681 
 
 17.00 
 
 4 
 
 107.00 
 
 99.50 
 
 150.79 
 
 78.77 
 
 13 " i 0.671 
 
 17.03 
 
 3 
 
 111.83 
 
 98.12 
 
 149.99 
 
 79 31-% gate 
 
 12 i 661 
 
 17.07 
 
 4 
 
 116.00 
 
 96.83 
 
 147.68 
 
 78.94 
 
 11 " i 0.651 
 
 17.11 
 
 4 
 
 119.75 
 
 95 48 
 
 144 30 
 
 78.05 
 
 10 j " 
 
 0.635 
 
 17.19 
 
 4 
 
 127.50 
 
 93 32 
 
 138.89 
 
 76.50 
 
 8 i 0.293 
 
 0.5*4 
 
 16 84 
 
 4 
 
 99 25 
 
 84 91 
 
 120.28 
 
 74.32 
 
 7 " 
 
 0.579 
 
 16 83 
 
 3 
 
 103.33 
 
 *4.L'7 
 
 120.30 
 
 74.94 
 
 6 
 
 0.572 
 
 16.86 
 
 3 
 
 108.00 
 
 83.28 
 
 119.85 
 
 75.42 
 
 5 
 
 it 
 
 563 
 
 16.88 
 
 3 
 
 113.67 
 
 Bi.OT 
 
 118.40 |75.52-X> gate 
 
 4 
 
 ** 
 
 0.553 
 
 16.90 
 
 3 
 
 119.67 
 
 80.54 
 
 114. (Mi 74.04 
 
 3 
 
 0.541 
 
 16.94 
 
 4 127.00 78.93 
 
 UK. us 71.42 
 
 Tested at the HOLYOKE WATER POWER CO., July 9, 1894. 
 A. F. SICKMAN, E. S. WATERS, 
 
 Engineer in charge of Experiments. Hydraulic Engineer. 
 
 We certify that the above is a correct copy of the original. 
 
 Received too late for publication in first part of book.
 
 554 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 For more than a quarter of a century past my efforts to produce 
 plans and instruments necessary to make milling hydrodynamics a 
 science have been unceasing, and I write this in perfect confidence 
 that this work contains all the information requisite to make it so ; 
 but a far more intelligent and practical class of engineers is needed 
 in future to aid the manufacturer than has been turned out by the 
 colleges and technical schools in the past, and if those institutions 
 cannot come up to the times it is pretty evident that the workshop 
 will supply the want. 
 
 Twenty years ago my plans were objected to by lawyers and 
 engineers because of their simplicity, which would leave the whole 
 open to the understanding of people of ordinary intelligence and 
 injure those professions. Where there were twenty cases of hy- 
 draulic litigation in contemplation then there is hardly one now. 
 
 Milling and turbine matters have now .become so well established 
 in fixed lines that were this work confined to such matters alone 
 it is doubtful if twenty copies a year would be called for, and those 
 as works of reference as occasion required by the comparatively few 
 interested in such matters. My purpose is to make it interesting to 
 all and thus generally useful. The world is in the throes of a 
 revolution that shocks the minds of those calmly reposing in con- 
 ventionalities as teeming with corruption as were the old pest pits 
 after the depopulation of a city. "Moths," "Is this Your Son, my 
 Lord ? " and "The Heavenly Twins," have sadly disturbed pseudo- 
 modesty, that smilingly associates with the Breckenridge conven- 
 tionalism, having the slightest ostrich style of concealment. 
 Prurient modesty raves against nude forms, but why, if they are 
 the Creator's most perfect work ? " Who told tJice that thou wast 
 naked?" The more of the person exposed the better it is likely 
 to be cared for. Would the feet of our women have been so gen 
 erally distorted had they been kept constantly in sight ? Is this 
 distortion less barbaric than the compression of the feet of the 
 Chinese ? 
 
 Paintings, engravings, and medical illustrations of the human 
 system have been common in my family, yet I have never noticed 
 one of my children telling or listening to a lewd story, often so slyly 
 and smilingly told in places of resort ; indeed, I doubt whether 
 they would see the point in it. The old heathen sacrificial idea of 
 blood, even the blood of Christ, is out of date, is superstitious 
 rot, and disgustingly filthy to the intelligent thinker, who will be- 
 lieve it more useful to labor for the love, elevation, and universal 
 brotherhood of man, and in that way glorify his Creator. 
 
 No one yet has intimated that anything published here is in- 
 correct, but several as a matter of policy have advised less 
 openness. I know of no implied desire of nature or the Creator 
 for concealment. On the contrary, open ventilation is the most 
 perfect means for purification. 
 
 THE AUTHOR.
 
 555 
 Tests of Water Wheels and Machinery 
 
 DESIGNED TO AID ALL INTERESTED IN HYDRAULICS, 
 
 Particularly Turbine Builders, Manufacturers, Owneis 
 
 of "Water Power, and Counsel Managing 
 
 Cases in Litigation. 
 
 TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 OFFICE OF THE 
 PROPRIETOR OF THE LOCKS AND CANALS ON THE MERRIXAC RIVER, 
 
 LOWELL, MASS., February 5, 1879. 
 JAMES EMERSON, Willimansett, Mass. 
 
 Dear Sir : Your work on water wheels and machinery was left here yester- 
 day by Mr. Swain. 
 
 My father (James B. Francis) is at present in Europe, and probably will not 
 return before next August. I take the liberty to thank you for him, and to 
 assure you that your book contains a fund of information of the kind we want. 
 How to utilize water power to the best advantage is one of the great problems of 
 the day, and I am sure you have contributed much information on the subject. 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 JAMES FRANCIS, Ann't Engineer. 
 
 BOND BROS. & BOTTUM LAW OFFICE, 
 
 NORTHAMPTON, February 7, 1879. 
 JAMES EMERSON, Holyoke, Mass. 
 
 Dear Sir : I have examined your work on " The Testing of Water Wheels 
 and Machinery," with mutters pertaining to Hydraulics (2d Ed. 1878), and find 
 that it contains in a very convenient form a large amount of information which 
 every lawyer must obtain from some source before he can safely advise a cli- 
 ent or properly try a case concerning water poirer or the power of water ivheels. 
 Accept my thanks for your treatise ; it will be of great use to me in my profes- 
 sional work. Yours truly, 
 
 D. W. BOXD, District Attorney.
 
 556 
 
 LAW OFFICE, 
 
 NEW HARTFORD, CONN., February 8, 1879. 
 JAMES EMERSON: 
 
 Dear Sir : I have examined your book," Treatise on Tests of Water Wheels, 
 &c.," and find it to be really multum in parvo. It contains in simple form much 
 information needed by members of the legal profession who are engaged in 
 suits involving hydn; ilics, power, flow of water, and kindred subjects. 
 I am very truly yours, 
 
 JARED B. FOSTER. 
 
 LAW OFFICE OF J. P. BUCKXAND, COUNSELOR IN PATENT CAUSES, 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, MASS., February 8, 1879. 
 JAMES EMERSON : 
 
 Dear Sir: I assure you that my examination of your new work, entitled 
 " Tests of Water Wheels and Machinery," has given mo a great deal of pleasure-. 
 Many a time have I searched for hours to find some of the many data with which 
 the book is crowd* d. 
 
 In the preparation and trial of cases involving questions of water power, mill- 
 rights, leases of power and the performance of machines built under contract, 
 and kindred matters which are constantly coining before courts and arbitrators 
 for settlement, your work will be a valuable aid to lawyers and parties. I know 
 of no single boo'k which has within its covers so many practical data for use in 
 the above line of cases, and I am bound to say that I think the legal profession 
 is under much obligation to you for the preparation of it. 
 Yours truly, 
 
 J. P. BUCKLAXD. 
 
 SENATE CHAMBER, WASHINGTON, D. C., February 9, 1879. 
 JAMES EMERSON: 
 
 My Dear Sir: Permit me to thank von for a copy of your book, "Tests 
 of Water Wheels and Machinery." I "have read it with as much care as I 
 could find time from my oflicial duties here to do, and have no hesitancy 
 in saying that it must prove a very valuable work, as well to lawyers con- 
 ducting litigations, as to mill owners seeking to avoid tin in. 
 Thanking you again, I am, truly yours 
 
 II. L. DA WES. 
 
 PlTTSFIELD, KOV. 24, 1892. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON : 
 
 Dear Sir: Please accept my thanks for a copy of the fourth edition of 
 your Hydrodynamics. I am very much pleased with it. All that I said of 
 the first edition that you sent to me has proved true and much more, and I 
 am sure it has been improved in this edition. 
 
 I am truly yours, 
 
 H. L. DAWKS. 
 
 BOOTT COTTON MILLS, LOWELL, MASS., March 11, 1879. 
 JAMES EMERSON: 
 
 DEAR SIR: Permit me to thank you for a copy of your "Tests of Water 
 Wheels and Machinery." I have examined the sanie with groat care and must 
 say that you have given a fund of information to Manufacturers, Turbine Build- 
 ers, Owners of Water Power, and the Legal Profession who have suits involving 
 Hydraulics, in a most simple and concise form. There is no subject to-day con- 
 nected with manufacturing that there is so much ignorance about as the econom- 
 ical use of water power, best wheels, and appurtenances to utilize it. Your 
 
 large sale, as you have cortributed so much info 
 Yours truly, A. (i. CUMNOCK, Age 
 
 tion on t) >n subject. Yours truly, A. (i. CUMNOCK, Agent,
 
 557 
 
 Vf T NEW HAVEN, CONN., April 29, 1879. 
 
 MR. JAMBS EMERSON: 
 
 DEAR SIR, Allow me to take this opportunity to thank you for the copy of 
 your Treatise relative to the Testing of Water Wheels and Machinery which 
 you did nie the favor to send me some time since. I have found it to be a mine 
 of valuable information, and have often had occasion to consult it. It certainly 
 effectively supplies a great desideratum. T e manufacturing interests of this 
 country owe you a debt of gratitude, to speak Df nothing more, for the valuable 
 ivork you have done in testing water wheels aiid machinery. 
 Yours truly, 
 
 W. A. NORTON, 
 Prof, of Civil Engineering in Sheffield Scientific School. 
 
 LEBANON, N. H., March 7, 1879. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON : I will do all I can to recommend your book. I think it 
 the best book I have seen for a millwright. 
 
 Yours truly, WILLIAM DUNCAN, Engineer and Millwright. 
 
 UNITED STATES SENATE CHAMBER, WASHINGTON, Feb. 1, 1879. 
 JAMES EMEDSON: 
 
 DEAR SIR : Yours of the 30th ult. has just been received, with your book, 
 for which I heartily thank you. Of course, I have not yet had time to examine 
 it, but will do so and write you about it. I think from a hasty glance I cast over 
 it, that its contents will be of value, and I shall preserve it as a memento of one 
 of (lie intelligent patentees of the country, who have done so much for its 
 interests. Yours truly, 
 
 BAINBKIDGE WADLEIGH. 
 
 HARTFORD, CONN., Oct. 28, 1892. 
 MK. JAMES EMERSON : 
 
 hi-ii r Sir: I received the copy of your book on Hydrodynamics and am 
 much obliged for it. In the intervals between business occupations I have 
 read it all through, and am much pleased with it at least so far as it refers 
 to its subject although I do not agree with you in all your views on other 
 subjects. Much of what you say about law and lawyers is correct, though 
 you have rather picked out its defects than mentioned its benefits. It is 
 by no means perfect, especially in its practice, but it would be hard to get 
 along without it. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 C. E. PERKINS. 
 
 Of course it is the defects of the jargon called law to which I 
 object, certainly to no sensible rule of action. 
 
 An aspirant to leadership of public opinion could hardly feel 
 himself a success if his ideas were generally accepted as soon as 
 uttered; he looks ahead for appreciation. 
 
 Yet, if Mr. Perkins will examine his differing beliefs as keenly as 
 I many times have heard him draw the facts from a reluctant wit- 
 ness he may find them based upon muddy foundations. 
 
 THAYER SCHOOL or CIVIL ENGINEERING. 
 
 Dartmouth College, 
 HANOVER, N. II., August 2'2, 1879. 
 JAMES EMERSON. 
 
 Dear Sir: Permit me to say that your book on Tests of Water Wheels and 
 Machinery has greatly interested inc. To students of hydraulics it has a special 
 value in affording so many radical results of American construction and opera-
 
 558 
 
 tion, and forming a very desirable supplement to more exclusively theoret- 
 ical works. Your methods and results cannot fail to be instructive even 
 to those not yet engaged in the actual practice. 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 ROBERT FLETCHER, Thai/er Prof, of Cicil KH<I. 
 
 STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. 
 
 Department of Emjiui i-riij, 
 HOBOKEN, X. J., October 12, 1880. 
 JAMES EMERSON. 
 
 My Dear Sir : Thanks for your note of the llth inst. I wish to thank 
 you for the copy of the book on Water Wheel Tests. I have just finished 
 looking it through, from cover to cover, and consider it a very valuable 
 addition to my library ; it supplies a want which can be filled by no text- 
 book or treatise that I have met with, by giving the actual value of the 
 wheels daily sold in our market. I am pleased to see that makers are bring- 
 ing up their efficiency finely, and that 80 per cent, is getting to be as usual 
 with our best wheels as 70 per cent, was a little time ago. 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 R. H. THURSTON, Prof. Civil Ewj. 
 
 STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. 
 
 Department of Engineering, 
 HOBOKEN, N. J., October 16, 1880. 
 JAMES EMERSON. 
 
 My Dear Sir : Thanks for the proofs (Holy oke Hydrodynamic Experi- 
 ments) just received. I have looked them through before sitting; down to 
 acknowledge receipt. They are full of information as is an egg with meat. 
 I am very greatly obliged. R. H. THURSTON, Prof. < 'irll Kni/. 
 
 LEIPZIG, GERMANY, Sept. 1, 1892. 
 MY GOOD FRIEND EMERSON: 
 
 Your book " Hydrodynamics" reached here the 24th ult., and mv wife 
 and self have given it a thorough perusal. It is solid with much needed in- 
 formation ; it should meet with universal welcome, but my wife offers the 
 following lines as her idea of how philanthropic intentions are usually met. 
 Her English is not so perfect as she could desire, but she hopes to be under- 
 stood. 
 
 " Oh sir, your " Hydrodynamics," your unequaled car steam heat, 
 Labor saving capstan windlass, and duplex piano seats, 
 Scales for power measuring, with registering counter so neat, 
 Brake and gauges for turbine testing, hydro systems so complete, 
 Conspicuous above all others, may stand unequaled and alone 
 Yet, to disinthrall your human brothers from the bigot's crushing zone. 
 Ah, for that no benefit from science has ever yet atoned." 
 To which I add : 
 
 The party politician, if you object to his selfish plans, 
 
 Will clasp hands with the scheming clergy to have your soul and body 
 damned. 
 
 Ever sincerely yours, 
 
 PROF. CARL VON BERGH. 
 
 WILLIMANTIC, CONN., Aug. 9, 1892. 
 MR. JAMES EMERSON. 
 
 Dear Sir: Your book was received in due season and please accept our 
 heartfelt thanks. Even the writer, or, would say, clerk, enjoys it very much. 
 Mr. S. C. Smith wishes me to ask you to send another with bill, and we will 
 give you prompt attention. You may send it in care of Water Works. 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 WILLIMANTIC WATER COMMISSIONERS.
 
 . o59 
 
 WlLLIMAXTIC, COXJs., Aug. 12, 1892. 
 
 MR. JAMES EMERSON. 
 
 Dear Mr .I aui happy to write to give you my heartfelt thanks for the 
 book you so kindly remembered me with. Your note says, "return for 
 kindness." I wonder if we didn't in our everyday walks do some little 
 deed what enjoyment would we get out of life ? And it bewilders me to 
 try and recall any such act during your stop in Willimantic. However, I 
 hope you will accept my feeble thanks for your works, that will live long- 
 after you have passed over. Very truly yours, 
 
 HENRIETTA McOULLOCK. 
 
 LOWELL, MASS. 
 JAMES EMERSON. 
 
 My Dear Sir: I received yesterday a copy of 4th edition of " Hydrody- 
 namics," etc., containing portrait of the distinguished author. 
 
 It has been so long since I had heard from you that I have been fearing 
 that you had gone to join the great majority on the other side of the dark 
 river. Had that been the case, I feel that it would not have been a total 
 loss to the world, however ; as I am confident that, when you get there, you 
 will hustle around among the ghosts until you have established a more 
 practical and trustworthy means of communicating with those yet left on 
 this side. 
 
 In looking through the book I find that you have added much new mat- 
 ter of an interesting character. 
 
 The illustrated Scripture texts are of especial interest and very suggestive. 
 
 But, viewed from the standpoint of the orthodox church, you are evi 
 dently a very wicked man. 
 
 The book contains so much that is outside of the original design that the 
 title is not just right, I think. It should be " EMERSONIA." 
 
 There is but one James Emerson (that I know of), and he is getting old, 
 more's the pity. (I may have said this before, but it is as true as, or more 
 true than, ever before.) Yours truly, 
 
 HAMILTON J. SAWYER. 
 
 JAMES EMERSON : Your very handsomely gotten up book with its pretty 
 compliment on the cover to Helen Gardener reached her two days ago. It 
 is a great help to a worker in a new or radical field to have the kindly and 
 warm support of friends who are known to one only by these acts which 
 show the interest they take in what one does. She thanks you most sin- 
 cerely and hopes that she may infer from what you have sent that some of 
 her work has given you pleasure. 
 
 She is not " much on water-wheels," or, indeed, on machinery generally, 
 but she has looked over the book enough to see that you have not confined 
 yourself to the stricter requirements of " mechanics," and that you are far 
 from orthodox even where you do. She read some of your short talks on 
 Spiritualism, and while she has not seen the things of which you write 
 and would like to have the chance she recognizes most fully that there is 
 so much yet to be learned on all such subjects that she can only listen and 
 
 W Many of her friends are of your way of thinking, and they tell her that 
 she is an " inspirational writer," particularly because her best work is 
 often done with the least effort and in the shortest time. She has no recog- 
 nition of " inspirational " influence, however. 
 
 She was more than glad to see that you did not forget and was not 
 afraid to give to a woman the credit for your mathematical work. That, 
 as you know, has not been the fashion. She is greatly pleased with the 
 book, and by the spirit and thought which prompted you to send it. She 
 thanks you for it most heartily. Yours, very sincerely, 
 
 HELEN H. GARDENER, per L. A.
 
 500 
 
 We kave received a copy of the " Treatise relative to the testing of water 
 wheels and machinery, also of inventions, studies, iind experiments, \\itli 
 suggestions from a life's experience, by James Emerson, Willimansett. 
 Mass., fourth edition, price one dollar, and postage ten cents." The book 
 contains 480 pages, and is a perfect mine of modern knowledge gained by 
 practical experience of water, water ways, water wheels, rivers, canals, anil 
 laws relating thereto. In fact, there is hardly a question relating to water 
 or power that the book does noc handle clearly. The author seems to be a 
 man that loves his fellow-man, and it is quite evident that society is not. 
 Mr. Emerson's god ; he is a man of deep knowledge, as will be found by 
 the papers sandwiched all through the book. He handles an liquated water 
 wheels and worn-out theological dogmas without gloves. Send .si. 10 lor 
 the book. WADE'S FHUiK M FAHKIC CO. 
 
 LOWELL, MASS., Aug. 19. 
 
 The Library Committee of the Middlesex Mechanics' Association grate- 
 fully acknowledge the gift of " Treatise relative to the testing of water 
 wheels and inachinerv." A. L. S 
 
 . L. SARGENT, Librarian. 
 
 Many, many thanks, friend Emerson, for your book ; 
 
 Its contents I have read o'er and o'er. 
 Brother Seventeenth!/-, with sardonic look, 
 
 Says you will suffer for it on arrival at Andover's back door. 
 But wi'th 'contemptuous look at their pale roasts 
 
 As you scan their sulphurous demesnes 
 I am sure you will suggest to the cleft-foot host 
 
 That more equable temperature can be kept up by steam. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 Springfield, Mass., Sept, 9, 1892. DELOS SMITH. 
 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL., April 21, 1892. 
 MK. JAMES EMERSON', HOLVOKE, MASS. 
 
 Dear Sir : Will you please forward to me a copy of the Holyoke 
 Testing Flume Record of Turbine Wheels and inform me of the price, and 
 I will remit on receipt of the book. If not convenient for you to do so, will 
 you inform me where I can obtain a copy and oblige, 
 Yours trulv, 
 
 L. W. ROBINSON, Chief Dept. Machinery. 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL., August 5, 1892. 
 MR. JAMES EMERSON, WILLIMANSETT, MASS. 
 
 Di'd r Si i- : The two copies of your book are received, for which accept 
 my thanks. The information relating to the testing of turbines and SOUK- 
 other engineering subjects will be useful and interesting. That in refer- 
 ence to the Bible and ancient history is amusing, if not useful. 
 Yours truly, 
 
 L. W. ROBINSON, Chief Dept. Machinery. 
 
 .\T<til.i:<-i>nl>li<-tiii. 
 NEW EDITION OF A WORK ON WATER-POWER, WATER-WHEELS, AND 
 
 MACHINERY. 
 
 James Emerson, of Willimansett, Mass., has recently issued a fourth 
 edition of his "Treatise on the Testing of Water Wheels and Machinery," 
 nearly rive hundred pages. It gives the results of the author's numerous 
 tests of water-wheels, his inventions, studies, and experiments during the 
 past thirty-live years or more. Practical men engineers, millwrights, and 
 others interested in water-powerhave spoken in terms of warmest com- 
 mendation concerning the earlier editions of this book. Mr. Emerson's 
 long experience in testing wheels, his thorough knowledge of hydrody- 
 namics, and the best facilities for a practical application or his knowledge
 
 561 
 
 and skill, have undoubtedly thoroughly qualified him for the preparation 
 of a comprehensive and useful work* of this character. To one at all 
 interested in the subjects he discusses, the volume, we should suppose, 
 would be invaluable. The story of his invention and experience in 
 attempting to introduce a ship-windlass is as interesting as romance. He 
 tells of his invention and experience with a car-heating appliance. The 
 invention of the power scales for ascertaining the amount of power required 
 in the operation of any kind of machinery, as well as other inventions of 
 the author, are described in the printed page with illustrations. 
 
 Buthe bears down hardest on the Bible and Christianity, and criticises 
 (in his own way) the most objectionable passages in the Old Testament, 
 and then asks mothers (as if the book was prepared for women aa I 
 children)* if they "can desire their children to accept such filch as from 
 the creator of this beautiful world." 
 
 Mr. Emerson disposes of the liquor question, and Rev. Dr. Miner, and his 
 prohibitory principles in fifteen lines. He discusses the tariil' qaesao.i 
 from a free-trade standpoint. He holds Shakespeare's writings i.i contempt 
 and plainly says that those who assume to admire them are dissemblers. 
 He also goes for the Republican party, and says that "from the begin i ig 
 it has been honeycombed with corruption." He must needs go back to 
 Constantino (who was born in the year 272, and did things according to Jie 
 light he had) and expose his shortcomings. He deals flippantly wi li i!u- 
 myths and superstitions of prehistoric times, burlesques modern preachers 
 and their audiences, accuses prominent New York clergymen of labor! i;; 
 for notoriety rather than for the benefit of their fellow-men; and af .or 
 ridiculing and discrediting Christianity asks, "In all seriousness, AVI;;;, 
 good has Christianity ever' done ? " Mr. Emerson devotes thirty odd pages 
 to Spiritualism and kindred subjects, to which he has for many years 
 given much study. 
 
 Mr. Emerson knows something about the north pole and suggests a means 
 of getting there. If the world gets in these latest pages of his literary 
 work the best he is capable of rendering it, he cannot do better than set 
 out for that undiscovered country, and try his Theories as he progresses. 
 
 Partisan blindness cuuscil Hie \vrnn- i<> overlook the fact that nearly all business 
 concerns now employ women in office or works. 
 
 KEENE, N. H., Sept. 20, 1892. 
 MB. EMERSON : 
 
 I have studied fourth edition of your " Hydrodynamics, etc.," with deep 
 interest. 
 
 You certainly have carried out your announced intention of interesting 
 anyone looking it through. 
 
 Wrong or impurity are none the less so though concealed ; shoving the bed 
 of a just deceased smallpox patient into a dark closet (joes not purify it for 
 another sleeper. Bringing abuses to the light is a preliminary step to their 
 abolition. Yours truly, 
 
 MRS. E. W. WHITTIER. 
 
 " ST. JOHN'S WOOD," LONDON, ENG., Sept. 2, 1892. 
 MR. E MERSON : 
 
 My friend Mrs. Erskins called my attention to the fourth edition of your 
 " Hydrodynamics." 
 
 That an author of scientific standing should have the courage to mix in 
 with such positive evidence of his ability, subjects sure to raise the ire of 
 the bigoted and superstitious, is to me a matter of surprise and admiration. 
 On page 377 of your book, you truly say that no other cause has ever pro- 
 duced such incalculable misery to the human race as the woeful dogmas 
 there referred to, and by which woman, being the most devotional, has suf- 
 fered most. No philanthropic effort can ever exceed in useful effect that 
 which frees humanity from the bondage of religious superstition. Our in- 
 creasing freedom is" gained not by the aid of Christianity but in spite 
 thereof Yours very truly, 
 
 MRS/ELIZABETH SELBRIDGE. 
 
 1 would be proud to call you friend and brother.
 
 562 
 
 ITHACA, X. Y., Sept. 22, 1892. 
 To MR. JAMES EMERSON, }\'illiinanst'tt. Mass. : 
 
 My dear Mr. Emerson : Yours of the Wth isreeeired. In reply I would 
 say : 
 
 The book has also arrived anil 1 hare looked it through van-fully. I am 
 i/lad to yet the facts and data, in which I have great confidence, and wish 
 we had still more of the same sort. 
 
 I am {/lad to see your tribute to the young lady whn was .<"> valuable an 
 assistant to you. I remember her well, and remember equally well the 
 pleasure it gave me to see, long before woman was as well n-i-firit/ in 
 business affairs as to-day, that you gave her full credit for her good 
 work, and' paid her like a man. Yours truly, 
 
 R. H. THURSTON. 
 
 POUGHKEEPSIE, N. Y., November 2, 1892. 
 
 Vassar College library lias received from Mr. James Emerson, " Treatise 
 Relative to the Testing of Water Wheels and Machinery," by James Em- 
 erson. The gift is hereby gratefully acknowledged. 
 
 F. A. WOOD, Librarian. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, 
 
 BUREAU OF EDUCATION, WASHINGTON, D. C., Oct. 15, 1892. 
 MR. JAMES EMERSON, WILLIMANSETT, MASS.: 
 
 Sir: Kermic me to acknowledge, with thanks, the receipt from you of 
 the publication ' Treatise Relative to the Testing of Water Wheels and 
 Machinery," by James Emerson. It will be deposited for use and refer- 
 ence in the library of the Bureau, and a record will be made of the name of 
 the donor. Very respectfully, 
 
 W. T. rtARRIS, Commissioner. 
 
 PLATTSIH RGH, N. Y.. Sept. 10, 1892. 
 MR. EMERSON: 
 
 I received the copy of fourth edition of " Hydrodynamics " with pleasure. 
 
 The following figures, taken from a daily of recent date, placed in con- 
 necJon with the illustration in your book, page 126, are suggestive to 
 mothers : 
 
 Births in Legitimate Illegitimate Percent. 
 
 Year. Births. Births. of Illegitimacy . 
 
 London, 78,300 75,097 3,203 ' 4 per cent.' 
 
 Paris, 29,628 19,921 9,707 33* " 
 
 Brussels, 5,281 3,448 1,833 35 
 
 Munich, 3,464 1.7C2 1.702 48 
 
 Vienna, 19,241 8,881 10,360 52 " 
 Rome, 4,373 
 
 Foundlings exposed in one year in Rome, 3,190 ; nearly three-fourths, or 
 73 per cent, of the births. Yours truly, 
 
 Mus. KATIE WINANS. 
 
 . 
 
 WILLIMANSETT, MASS., Aug. 28, 1892. 
 MR. EMERSON : 
 
 Many thanks for the book, it has interested me much. The constant im- 
 migration of the most ignorant and superstitious class of foreigners, a class 
 that ras never been allowed to take part in its own government, nor had 
 sufficient intelligence to learn anything of otirs, threatens our institutions 
 and peovle wi'h dangers that loom plainly in the not distant future. 
 
 If Si irir.nalism, as you seem to think, has a tendency to broaden the un- 
 derstanding, then you do well to give ir scientific attention. 
 Truly your friend, 
 
 MRS. C. T. INGHAM.
 
 563 
 
 MR. EMERSON: SPRINGFIELD, MASS, Sept. 9, 1892. 
 
 The copy of your " Hydrodynamics " was received some days since, for 
 which accept many thanks. 
 
 Only the blindness caused by superstition and bigotry can prevent the 
 intelligent from seeing the danger to our schools and country that looms 
 up in the near future from the avalanche of immigration made up of the 
 most ignorant and superstitious, a class that has never known forbearance 
 
 Your illustration, page 127, is very timely, appropriate, and suggestive. 
 L. L. DAVIS. 
 
 MR. JOHX B. McCoRMiCK, Holyoke, Mass. "" iVIM<E> PA>> Aug< 19> 1892 ' 
 
 Dear Sir : I wish to thank you for sending me the last edition of Emer- 
 son's book, which is just at hand. It was very kind of you and I appreciate 
 it very much. I have all the other editions, and nearly know them bv 
 heart, and I have no doubt I shall be equally interested in this. 
 
 . . WM. H. RIDGWAY. 
 
 IMPERIAL UNIVERSITY AND LIBRARY, 
 STRASBUHG, GERMANY-, Nov. 15, 1892. 
 MR. JAMES EMERSON, \\~ILLIMANSETT, MASS., U. S.: 
 
 Honored Sir:I have been honored by receiving for our Library a pres- 
 ent or sample of your works, " Treatise Relative to the Testing of Water 
 Wheels and Machinery," 1892. Please accept herewith my hearty thanks. 
 Allow me to assure you of 1115' greatest respect. 
 
 The Librarian, BARACK. 
 
 GRAND DUCAL TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL, 
 
 DARMSTADT, GERMANY, Dec. 29, 1892. 
 MR. JAMES EMERSON, WILLIMANSETT, MASS. : 
 
 Dear Sir : We have the honor to notice the receipt of vour gift to our 
 high school, " Treatise Relative to the Testing of Water Wheels and Machin- 
 ery," fourth edition, 1892, and to notify you thaf ,the book has been turned 
 over to Prof. Stribeck of the department of machinery. Thanking you in 
 the name of the directors of the Technical High School. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 LAXDSBERG. 
 
 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, WASHINGTON, D. C., October 28, 1892. 
 The Smithsonian Institution has received from James Emerson, Williman- 
 sett, Mass., " Treatise Relative to the Testing of Water Wheels and Machin- 
 ery." a gift for winch it returns its grateful acknowledgment. 
 
 S. P. LANGLEY, Secretary Smithsonian Institution. 
 
 Holyoke Daily Democrat, Priest-ridden, Sat urday, Any. 20, 1892. 
 
 MR. EMERSON'S BOOK. HE'S DOWN ON THE BIBLE, LAW, MEDICINE, AND 
 
 POPULAR CHRISTIANITY. 
 
 The great and only James Emerson has just got out the fourth edition of 
 " Emerson's Hydrodynamics, etc.," a small and compact volume of 500 
 pages, with great additions to preceding editions. 
 
 Mr. Emerson is certainly a genius and the most original man in the 
 world. His book proves it. 
 
 He was born up New Hampshire way. He never had much schooling, 
 and did not want any. 
 
 At 19 he was the mate of a seagoing vessel. He was a sailor for 10 years, 
 and what he hasn't done since then could be told in a hundred words. 
 
 What Mr. Emerson doesn't know about hydrodynamics hardly anybody 
 knows, he thinks.
 
 564 
 
 Mr. Emerson is down on the law. He says it's antagonistic to knowledge 
 and justice. He prints a page of pictures to prove it, and defines it as 
 "the study of untold centuries to enable influential rascals to escape re- 
 sponsibility." Will it never be understood," asks he, " that the law was 
 made for the benefit of man and not man for the law?" 
 
 Mr. Emerson is also down on the Bible, lie thinks that, and the Arabian 
 Nights, and the classics teach liberal lessons to the youth of this country. 
 In this connection Mr. Emerson publishes a number of tilings taken from the 
 Bible. He makes it out to be very inconsistent. 
 
 He is an ardent Spiritualist, although down on the Bible. The last por- 
 tion of his work is devoted to his experiences for years past, and some of 
 his stories are decidedly ghostly. He has had experiences with all the 
 mediums and spook priestesses, many of whom the world regards as fakirs. 
 
 Some of the newspapers that are getting hold of Mr. Emerson's book are 
 raking it through and through, and abusing the author roundly. Mr. Eu.er- 
 son moves on serenely. 
 
 Probably a copy of the Holyoke Democrat was never seen a mile 
 from its -place of publication unless, perhaps, when used as a 
 wrapper for some workingman's overalls, but unfortunately it is the 
 same in style as the so-called democratic papers of larger circula- 
 tion, papers that give more flaring headlines to the movements of 
 prize fighters and baseball games than to those of pur statesmen. 
 
 Horace Greeley, with his Tribune, made public opinion. The 
 papers of to-day simply pander to the fancies of the ignorant masses. 
 Statesmanship with either party consists in efforts to retain or 
 obtain the spoils of office. 
 
 LEBANON, N. H., Sept. 24, 1892. 
 MB. EMERSON : 
 
 Your " Hydrodynamics, etc.," surprises me. To sandwich such irrelevant 
 subjects as you have into a work of universally acknowledged scientific 
 value has the merit of novelty at least, and is likely to cause investigation 
 by the intelligent. 
 
 MRS. LUCY EMERSON, 84 years of age last Feb. 8. 
 
 LEBANON, N. H., Sept. 26, 1892. 
 MR. EMERSON : 
 
 I have scanned the pages of your "Hydrodynamics, etc.," and think 
 womankind deeply indebted to you for the "stand' you have so courageously 
 taken therein. MRS. HELEN J. ROWELL. 
 
 PORTLAND, MAINE, Sept. 9, 1892. 
 MR. EMERSON : 
 
 Many, many thanks for the copy of latest edition of ' Hydrodynamics, 
 etc." It is rich with progressive mental food. 
 
 Truly your friend, 
 
 MRS. ERNEST FIELDINO.
 
 565 
 
 MK. EMEKSON: 
 
 Dear Sir: I am visiting' my Grampa Foster, and saw the beautiful book 
 which you so kindly sent my Urania, and I thought I should like to have a 
 copy for my own pleasure and to take the same home to my papa, which I 
 am sure would be very interesting and perhaps of more real value to him 
 than to me. I hope you won't think I am asking too much from a person 
 whom I have not had the pleasure of meeting, but your book is so interest- 
 ing; ; I am perhaps overbold and you will excuse me for my action. I wanted 
 Grama to give me her book which you sent her, and she said, No, I want it 
 myself. I said I would write myself and she said all right. I am ten years 
 old, and my name is 
 
 WINNIE LEWIS LAWSON. 
 
 1 am stopping with my Grama and Grampa Foster at 13 Sixth St., Lowell, 
 Mass. 
 
 The author sends Winnie many thanks with book. 
 
 THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, ANDOVER, November 15, 1892. 
 The Trustees of Phillips Academy, in Andover, Massachusetts, have 
 received from Mr. James Emerson, as a gift to the library of the Theolog- 
 ical Seminary, his " Treatise Relative to the Testing of Water Wheels and 
 Machinery, etc., 1892," for which the Trustees return their grateful acknowl- 
 edgments. 
 
 In behalf of the Trustees, 
 
 CECIL F. P. BANCROFT, Clerk. 
 W. L. ROPES, Librarian. 
 
 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE, MD., November 10, 1892. 
 MR. JAMES EMERSON, WILLIMAXSETT, MASS. 
 
 Hir: I beg to acknowledge, with thanks, your gift to this library of the 
 fourth edition of your " Treatise Relative to the Testing of Water Wheels 
 and Machinery, also of Inventions, Studies and Experiments, with Sug- 
 gestions from a Life's Experience. Willimansett, Mass., 1892." 
 
 N. MURRAY, Librarian. 
 
 UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, GLASGOW, Oct. 28, 1892. 
 
 The University of Glasgow gratefully acknowledges the receipt of 
 " Treatise Relative to the Testing of Water Wheels and Machinery." The 
 book has been deposited in the library and entered in the catalogue of do- 
 nations. 
 
 JAMES LYMBURN, Librarian. 
 
 CARLUKE, SCOTLAND, Dec. 1, 1892. 
 MR. EMERSON: 
 
 Dear Sir: Have received your book on Hydrodynamics from my brother 
 in Holyoke. If it was the purpose to cause those who examine the fourth 
 edition of your Hydrodynamics to think, then, indeed, your various illus- 
 trations and remarks seem admirably adapted to that effect. Truth or 
 the rifjht can never be injured by being held up to the light. The illus- 
 trations on pages 122-3 present object lessons more practical and eloquent 
 than all the sermons delivered from John Knox down to Sam Jones. As 
 mechanics and human beings we thank you sincerely for the stand you 
 have taken. 
 
 Yours trulv, 
 
 JAMES MUNSIE, Mining Engineer. 
 
 ROSE POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, TERRE HAUTE, IND., Nov. 29, 1892. 
 The library of the Rose Polytechnic Institute gratefully acknowledges 
 the receipt o"f Emersion's Hydrodynamics, etc. 
 
 Very trulv, 
 ' S. P. BURTON, Reg. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BOSTON, Oct. 20, 1892. 
 Dear Sir : I beg to acknowledge the receipt of " Treatise Relative to the 
 Testing of Water Wheels and Machinery, etc.," by James Emerson, and to 
 express my recognition of your kindness in sending it. 
 Respectfully vours. 
 
 CLEMENT W. ANDREWS, Librarian.
 
 UNIVERSITT LIBRARY, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND, 
 
 April 6, 1893. 
 
 Sir : J have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of the work men- 
 tioned witliin which you have been ^ ood enough <o send as a present to the 
 Library, and t convey to you o-i behalf .f the I, b-ary Syndicate the bet-t 
 th inks of the university for this addition to o r collection. 
 Your most obedient servant, 
 
 FfiANClS JENKINSON, 
 
 Librarian. 
 To JAMKS EMFRRON, ESQ. 
 
 Kmersou (.lames). Treatise relative to the testing of water wheels and 
 machinoiy. Fifth edition, svo, Io93. 
 
 UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, UPSALA, SWEDEN. 
 
 T>ear Sir : I beg you to accept the b-sf, thanks of the university, and of 
 myself, for the undei mentioned w >ik which you have been so Kind as to 
 present lo the library <>t' the university. 
 
 Treatise relative to the testing of water wheels and machinery, by James 
 Emerson, 1x93, Svo. 
 
 1 have the h .nor to b Mr, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 CLAES ANNERSTEDT, 
 
 Librarian of the University. 
 UPSALA, April 19, 1893. 
 
 BODLEIAN LIBRARY, OXFORD, ENGLAND, 
 
 Mar.-h 17, 1893. 
 
 Dear Sir : I beg you to accept thi best thanks of the curators of the 
 Bodleian, and of myself, for the * undermentioned work, by yourself, which 
 you havo been so kind as to present to ihe llurnry of the university. 
 Yours very faithfully, 
 
 EDWAKD W. B. NICHOLSON, 
 
 Librarian. 
 
 Treatise relative to the testing of water wheels and machinery. Fifth 
 edition. 
 
 J. EMERSON, ESQ. 
 
 LOWELL, MASS., April 11, 1893. 
 JAMES EMKRSON, Willimansett, Mass. 
 
 Dear Sir: Your valuable and very interesting book came duly to hand 
 and would have been acknowledged before but it has just been brought to 
 my notice. I have read some of it, and shall do so fully as I pet time. I 
 thank you very much for the present, and shall always guard it for its 
 value, and as a reminder of the pleasant days I have spent with you. 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 D. W. C. FARKINGTON. 
 
 Letters of the character of that of Mr. Farrington are the bright 
 spots of an inventor's life, a life far from being all sunshine, yet it 
 has many compensations for its years of anxious anticipations. 
 Numerous letters have been received, which, with but few excep- 
 tions, are commendatory to my works, many from persons of high 
 standing, but too lengthy for publication. Intelligent criticism is 
 still desired. Before this meets the eye of the reader, the author 
 will have passed his seventy-second milestone on the way to the 
 spirit land, where mav all find as happy welcome as that described 
 in Mrs. Oliphant's "Little Pilgrim."
 
 567 
 
 PETITION TO THE LEGISLATURE, 1896, 
 
 The FreethM-er of I.oi,,l.)n, r.n-l.u. !, c.munvi the following; ' Christian Life gives the following 
 figures: In the common gaols ut llnlario (GuMd*) 11,810 persons were locked up last year. No less 
 2,448 were unable to read or write." The rvli 
 of this country use their influence to procure 
 various religions upon the morals of the masses may be 
 
 nomiiUtioiu were represented asabove. Will thecler"y 
 information from our prisons, that the influence of the 
 e ascertained ? Come, brother Talmage, will you try ? 
 
 i rtlntln la Xornli in l;,,,,,(,-i- 
 
 Monlch!' 3.4U4 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.-CENSUS OFFICE. 
 
 HLAIMHELD, N J.. November 18, 1892. 
 Mil. JUIF.S EMKHSOX, Willjmanseu, Mass. 
 
 De'tr Sir : In response to one of the questions ad- 
 dressed by you to the Secretary of the Interior, I bes 
 to say that the valuation of property in church build, 
 ings, including th,- rite* on wiii.-h ih^v srand and their 
 furniture, is $G80,r,87,000. Very respectfully, 
 
 THE FOLLOWING WILL E\l'LAIX ITSELF: 
 
 WILI.I.MANSF.TT, MASS., October 13, 1802. 
 REVEREND DR. MINER, Boston, Mass. : 
 
 Dear Sir: This day I have mailed you a book. Upon page 120 thereof you may find a plan for 
 obtaining the moral influence of the various religions upon the masses. 
 
 Arrangements are being made to petition the Legislature of this State to have the religious belief of each 
 prisoner reported. Will you use your influence in favor of having the plan carried out ' His reply is below . 
 
 628 Columbus Avenue, Boston, Oct. 21, 1892. 
 Dear Sir: The suggestion is a good one. it would let light into dark places. 
 
 Yours truly, A. A. MINER. 
 
 The same request was made to Talmage, Parkhurst, and others, none of whom have made any reply. 
 
 JAMES E.MERSOV. 
 
 To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts: 
 
 GENTLEMEN: We, your petitioners, most respectfully represent that, as shown above, immense wealth 
 that escapes taxation is locked up in church buildings, usually occupying the most desirable and valuable 
 sites, yet standing empty one hundred and fifty at least of each one hundred and sixty-eight hours of the week, 
 while our prisons, asylums, and tenements are constantly overcrowded (he entire time ; therefore we earnestly 
 request that your honorable bodies will pass enactment requiiins our prison commissioners to ascertain as 
 nearly as practicable the religious belief of each prison. T or |'.ui<-m consigned to our prisons or asylums, that 
 the influence of the various religions upon the morals of the masses may be estimated.
 
 568 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Turbines or Vertical Wheels. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PAGE 
 
 American, New.. 245, 321-4, 341, 374-6 
 American, New, Latest Imp. ...552-3 
 
 Mercer's 365 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mulliken . . 200 
 
 
 
 Bovden, Fournevron wi, lsi-6, 226, 
 233 
 
 
 
 
 
 Risdon.. ..103-4, 210-11, 234, 3CO-2, 408 
 Roland & Benedict.... 216 
 
 Chase 231 
 
 Clark & Chapman . 216 
 
 
 Collins 201 
 
 Sherwood 347 
 
 Small 241 
 
 Curtis Gates 238 372-3 
 
 
 
 Success 205 342 
 
 Delphos 205 
 
 
 Economical 358 
 
 Tait 344-6 
 
 Thompson & Holcomb 235,338 
 Tuttle 232 
 Tvler, 9, 102-3, 212-17, 248, 321-4, 332, 337 
 Upham Libbv 242 
 
 Hercules 9, 48, 22C.-8, 3L'l-4, 371 
 Houston . 9 188 240 3''l-3 347 
 
 Hummin"- Bird 239 
 
 Humphrey 219 
 
 Victor, Eclipse.21, ...67,220-3,245,334 
 364,381 
 Walsh 198 217 335 
 
 Hunt Machine Company 236-7 
 Jolly J & W 1 14-16 
 
 Jonval 9, 187-9, 191 
 King's 336 
 Leffel 24-5,67-8, 101,247 
 List of Other Wheels Tested. ..246-8 
 
 Horizonfc 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Breast Wheel Experiment 72-73 
 
 AVemple 331 
 Wetmore 198,217,346 
 Whitnev, Waldo 224-6 
 
 Wolf...' 214-15 
 
 il Wheels. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Overshot, Undershot, and Flut- 
 
 
 Perpetual Motion or Double 
 Wheels 190-4 
 
 Evolution of Wheels 9 
 
 Fallen Idols ... 10 
 
 White Elephant of Lowell Corpo- 
 rations 11 
 
 
 Miscell 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Adulterations, Short Measures. . 150 
 An Earlier Anthony Comstock.. 480 
 Antiquity Unveiled, 547 
 
 aneous. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Chipping Buckets 102 
 
 Choosing all Officials 149 
 Christian Amusements 47s 
 Christian, Model 535 
 
 An Ohio Idea, Taxation, Prohib. 419 
 Apparatus to Regulate the 
 Flow 75-82 
 
 Cotton Manufacture, Machinery, 
 Process 120-8 
 
 Aspirants for r anie as. . . 107 
 At water Manufacturing Co 400-1 
 Backwater Difficulties 51, 97-101 
 Belt Transmission 419 
 Bible The 45 
 
 
 Cremation 541 
 Dams 47 
 
 Div of the Church 440 
 
 Bondrs. Citv of Springfield 399 
 Boston of 1845 500 
 Brown's Facing Mill 398 
 Car Heatiiv System 385-396 
 
 Dean L L., Amsterdam, X Y... 405 
 Deposition, Machine kind 45-7 
 Division of Water Power 69 
 Draft Tubes 101 
 Duplex Piano Stool 397 
 Effect, Forty Years of Mass 35 
 Efficiency of Wheels 99-101, 195 
 
 Caving in of a 'Mine 550 
 
 Card Setting M aehine 153 
 Cements. Mortars.... ... 145
 
 569 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Electric Light and Power Co 408 
 Emerson, Ralph Waldo 499 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Power of Niagara Falls 551 
 
 Preliminary, for Legal Division .83-88 
 Pressure on Dams, Boilers 99 
 Progressive Barbarism 420 
 
 Kiiidneers, with many Gauge 
 Hands . . 21 
 
 Proposition of Seeming Equity. . 100 
 Psychic Search Society 641 
 Questions Asked Me 82 
 Religion, Myth, Superstition. 427-493 
 Report of Referees 85 
 
 
 Engineers' Reports 320-30 
 
 Experiments, Elkhart, Misha- 
 waka 62-8 
 
 
 Experiments at Eagleville, Conn. 129 
 Experiments to Determine 97-101 
 Experts, Professional 108 
 Flax, Culture, Manufacturing 
 Process . < .112-14 
 
 
 Show Institutions of the 501 
 Spiritualism and Phenomena. 502-548 
 Spout Experiments 36-7 
 
 Flour, Manufacturing Mill Ma- 
 chinery, Process 115-19 
 Formula for Tabling Wheels.... 61 
 Fourneyron per Joseph Glynn.. 185 
 
 Steam and Pressure Gauges 61 
 Stones, Power to Drive 99 
 Submerging Turbines 101 
 
 Suggestions for Capitalists 82 
 Superstition Idolatry, etc 428 
 
 Gearing Turbines by Tables 109 
 Hallucination or 542 
 
 
 
 Tariff Fire Escapes 148 
 
 Hard Running Wheels 106 
 
 Testing Curbs, V Belts, Metric 
 
 Head, Working, What Is It ? 99 
 
 Testing Flumes, Implements... 52-61 
 Testing Svstem, Tests, etc 22-7 
 Tests, Electric Lights, Power .87-8, 408 
 Tests, Gears, Belts, and Draft 
 Tubes 363-384 
 
 Hereafters Illustrated 539 
 
 Highest Results Guaranteed.... 102 
 Hindu Religion 435 
 
 Holyoke Alpaca Tests 130 
 Holvoke Hydrodvnamic 314*19 
 Innian's Anc. Faiths (ill.) 429-433 
 Jewish Scripture, Greek Mythol- 
 o^ies . ... 534 
 
 Tests, Philadelphia Turbines ..187-9 
 Tests of Steam Engines 154, 396 
 Tests of Paper Machinery 177-9 
 
 Jonval, Stevenson's Circular 187 
 Jute Culture, Manufacturing 
 Process . 114 
 
 Tests, Massachusetts Cotton 
 Mills 130 
 
 
 Law, The, with Illustrations ..409-19 
 Litigation to Settle 49 
 
 Tests, Various Kinds Machin- 
 ery 132-7 
 
 Loss of Head Through 100 
 McCormick, Esoteric Science. .. 17 
 Manchester, Conn., Water Re- 
 
 
 Tests at Natick, R. I., Winchen- 
 
 Tests Gearing Wheels 107 
 
 Marriage, Divorce, Nudity 424-6 
 Mascoma Riveras Emerson 406 
 Medicine, its Progress 421-3 
 Medieval Barbarism 540 
 
 Tests to Determine Loss 107 
 
 Theories of Builders 100 
 
 Thread I isle 147 
 
 Mind Reading 540 
 Mythologies . . .436-443 
 
 Tide Power, Mails, Meddling. ... 149 
 Turbine Buckets 107 
 
 
 
 Notes on Water Flow 152 
 Numerous Sizes of Turbines 106 
 
 Turbines Running Faster 51 
 Water Wheel Royalties 106 
 
 Obsolete Methods, Lowell 20 
 
 Water Supply for Cities 74 
 
 Palmer Water Supply 404 
 
 Water Wheel, Patent and Use.. 181-5 
 
 Paper Manufacturing, Machin- 
 ery Process 167-176 
 
 Weir Measurements ... 53 
 Willimantic Water Suit 402-3 
 Windlass Ships 139-145 
 
 
 
 Poetry* What Is ? 147 
 
 Witch of Endor 453 
 
 Pole, 'North 150 
 Power, Horse, What Is It ? 146 
 Power Scales and Register 38-41 
 Power to Grind Wheat .... ... 105 
 
 Woolen Manufacture, Culture, 
 etc 155-165 
 
 Vexatious AVaste of Water 98
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Santa Barbara 
 
 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
 STAMPED BELOW. 
 
 Series 9482
 
 AA 000107751