THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
 
IN PREPARATION 
 
 "Tables and Notes 
 
 ON 
 
 Human Anatomy," 
 
 By DR. SEBASTIAN J. WIMMER. 
 
 VOLUME II, 
 
 being a complete description of the muscles, 
 arteries, veins, lymphatics, nerves, etc., in 
 tabular form. 
 
 VOLUME III, 
 
 describes the nervous system, heart, lungs, 
 abdominal organs, male and female genito- 
 urinary organs, etc., etc. 
 
 These two volumes will be of pocket size, and 
 will contain many other valuable "pointers," of 
 interest to student and physician alike. 
 
 NOTHING LIKE THEM! 
 
TABLES AND NOTES 
 
 ON 
 
 Human Osteology, 
 
 FOR THE USE OF 
 
 STUDENTS OF MEDICINE. 
 
 BY 
 
 SEBASTIAN J. WIMMER, M.A., M.D., 
 
 Member of the Metropolitan Medical Society ; Alumni Association 
 
 of the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons 
 
 (Columbia College) ; New York Press 
 
 Club ; etc. , etc. 
 
 WITH A PREFACE BY 
 
 PROF. WILLIAM F. WAUGH, A.M., M.D,, 
 
 Professorof Clinical Medicine, Chicago Post- Graduate College; Hon- 
 orary Professor and formerly Professor of Practice of Medicine 
 atid Clinical Medicine, Medico- Chirurgical College of 
 Philadelphia; Secretary, Section of Medicine, 
 Ninth International Medical Congress ; 
 Ex- President of the Philadelphia 
 Medico- Legal Society, 
 etc., etc. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. : 
 
 THE MEDICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY, 
 
 1725 ARCH STREET 
 
 1894. 
 
COPYRIGHTED BY 
 
 SEBASTIAN J. WIMMER, M.A., M.D. 
 1894. 
 
1 
 
 TO MY WIFE AND PARENTS, 
 
 THIS LITTLE VOLUME 
 
 IS AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED, 
 
 BY THE AUTHOR, 
 
 M361866 
 
PREFACE, 
 
 ^pO the quiz compend I, in common with the vast ma- 
 " jority of teachers in medical colleges, have strenu- 
 ously objected. The student, with that propensity to 
 cramming that seems the natural outgrowth of our Ameri- 
 can system of teaching, will seize any means of acquiring 
 speedily and with little effort, such elementary instruc- 
 tion as will enable him to pass his examinations. The 
 greater object that lies in the background, the intelligent 
 practice of the medical art, is altogether forgotten. The 
 result, to an examiner who seeks for something more 
 than parrot-like answers to elementary questions, is dis- 
 appointing. Men who really possess brains and are capa- 
 ble of rational thought come up, and one after the other 
 rehearse their little lessons, with all the glaring absurdi- 
 ties of the compend, and the densest ignorance of the 
 subjects treated. 
 
 Nevertheless, the quiz compend is a mistaken remedy 
 for a genuine evil. The curriculum of an American 
 medical college of the better class is too full to permit 
 detailed reading in the text-books during the lecture 
 term. After eight to twelve hours in the lecture rooms 
 and laboratories, the student ought not to read over the 
 subject-matter of the day. This would require at least 
 
2 PREFACE. 
 
 four hours ; and if this be taken, the result is a condition 
 of the brain the next day that precludes the paying 
 proper attention to the lectures. It is poor policy to 
 study half the night, and be half asleep next day during 
 lectures. The text-book reading should be done in the 
 preceptor's office before coming to college, and during 
 vacations. All that should be allowed during the term 
 is the barest outline, to refresh the memory ; too bare to 
 replace the text-book and yet enough to prompt the 
 student who has already been dver the ground. Dr. 
 Wimmer's outline, which I have had the pleasure of ex- 
 amining in manuscript, is an excellent step in this di- 
 rection. In fact, it is the ideal help to the student in 
 term time, and I trust it may be the precursor of a series 
 on the same plan that will drive the compend out of ex- 
 istence. 
 
 Chicago, Feb. i^th, 
 
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 TN presenting this little volume, the author desires to 
 say that he has arranged the various subjects upon 
 an entirely new plan, which he recommends to the notice 
 of medical students, and particularly to those preparing 
 for their final examination, who have not the time nor 
 opportunity to read extensively in order to " freshen up " 
 their already overburdened memories. 
 
 Notwithstanding the fact that innumerable text- 
 books on Osteology are in the market, it seems difficult 
 in submitting this outline to the profession, to avoid 
 the almost stereotyped expression that "the design has 
 been to supply a want long felt ; ' ' the larger works re- 
 ferred to are too voluminous with their scattered and 
 buried information to afford that ready assistance to the 
 student at a time when he craves facts in a form at once 
 brief and to the point, without much reading or the con- 
 sultation of bulky volumes. 
 
 The classification, the prominence given to the prin- 
 cipal parts of each bone by stating them in large type, 
 while the matter that is explanatory is subordinated by 
 being thrown in smaller type, will commend itself to the 
 student, enabling him to assimilate the knowledge ac- 
 quired in comparatively an instant of time, and in this 
 way lighten materially his labors. 
 3 
 
4 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 This book is, of course, a compilation, most of the 
 material having been gathered from Gray's classical work 
 on Human Anatomy, thus making it an invaluable com- 
 panion to the osteological division of that volume. It is 
 not advanced with the pretension of being more than its 
 title signifies, but the attempt has been made to present 
 the subject in as simple, and it is hoped, as intelligible 
 and systematic a form, as a small book for ready reference 
 and consultation demands. Such errors and infelicities 
 of expression as may occur, are almost unavoidable in a 
 work of this scope, and it is confidently hoped that the 
 general arrangement and brevity will, in a measure, com- 
 pensate these defects. 
 
 SEBASTIAN J. WIMMER. 
 New York City, Oct. 28th , 1893. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Abbreviations 191 
 
 Anterior Region of Skull 216 
 
 Antrum of Highmore 45 
 
 Astragulus 180 
 
 Atlas 80 
 
 Axis 81 
 
 Bones, Table of. 7 
 
 Calcaueum 176 
 
 Carpus 122 
 
 Cavities 192 
 
 Centres of Ossification 238 
 
 Cervical Vertebrae 79 
 
 Clavicle 95 
 
 Coccyx 153 
 
 Crests 194 
 
 Cuboid Bone 179 
 
 Cuneiform Bones of Foot 183 
 
 Cuneiform of Hand 125 
 
 Dentes 72 
 
 Differences in Pelves 237 
 
 Division of Bones -.-. 8 
 
 Dorsal Vertebrae 83 
 
 Kar, Bones of. 76 
 
 Imminences 195 
 
 Ethmoid Bone 30 
 
 Femur 155 
 
 Fibula 171 
 
 Fissures 196 
 
 Fontanelles 239 
 
 Foot, Bones of 175 
 
 Foramina 197 
 
 Fossae 200 
 
 Frontal Bone 16 
 
 Grooves 212 
 
 Hand, Bones of. 122 
 
 Humerus 106 
 
 Hyoid Bone 73 
 
 Ilium 138 
 
 Incus 77 
 
 Inferior Maxilla 61 
 
 Inferior Turbinated Bone 57 
 
 Innominate Bone 137 
 
 Ischium 142 
 
 Jaw, Ivower 61 
 
 Jaw, Upper ai 
 
 lachrymal Bones 53 
 
 lyines 213 
 
 lumbar Vertebrae 85 
 
 Malar Bones 50 
 
 Malleus 76 
 
 Mastoid Portion of Temporal. 24 
 
 Maxilla, Inferior 6r 
 
 Maxilla, Superior 41 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Metacarpal Bones 134 
 
 Metacarpus 135 
 
 Metatarsus 188 
 
 Nasal Bones 55 
 
 Nasal Fossae 207 
 
 Occipital Bone 9 
 
 Orbicular Bone , 79 
 
 Orbits 217 
 
 Ossific Centres 238 
 
 Os Innominatum 137 
 
 Os Magnum of Hand 131 
 
 Os Orbiculare 79 
 
 Palate Bones 66 
 
 Parietal Bones 13 
 
 Patella 163 
 
 Peculiar Ribs 93 
 
 Petrous Portion of Temporal.. 26 
 
 Phalanges of Foot 190 
 
 Phalanges of Hand 137 
 
 Pisiform Bone 127 
 
 Pubes 146 
 
 Radius 117 
 
 Ribs 9 
 
 Sacrum 149 
 
 Scaphoid Bone of Foot 182 
 
 Scaphoid Bone of Hand 122 
 
 Scapula 99 
 
 Semilunar Bone 124 
 
 Sphenoid Bone 34 
 
 Sphenoidal Turbinated 41 
 
 Squamous Portion of Temper al 22 
 
 Stapes 78 
 
 Sternum 86 
 
 Superior Maxilla 41 
 
 Sutures 239 
 
 Table of Bones 7 
 
 Table of MuscularAttachments 222 
 Tarsus 175 
 
 Teeth 72 
 
 Temporal B^nes 21 
 
 Tibia 165 
 
 Trapezium 128 
 
 Trapezoid 129 
 
 Ulna 112 
 
 Unciform 132 
 
 Vertebrae 79 
 
 Vertex of Skull 215 
 
 Vomer 59 
 
 Xiphoid Appendix 89 
 
 Y-shaped Centre of Acetabu- 
 
 lum i4 8 
 
 Zygoma 3 2 
 
TABLE OF BONES. 
 
 r f Occipital I 
 
 Parietal 2 
 
 BONKS OF I Frontal i 
 
 CRANIUM. Temporal 2 
 
 Ethmoid i 
 
 I Sphenoid i 
 
 f Superior maxilla. ... 2 
 
 Malar 2 
 
 Nasal 2 
 
 BONKS OF J lachrymal 2 
 
 BONES OF FACK. 1 Palate 2 
 
 THE HEAD. Inferior turbinated. 2 
 
 Vomer i 
 
 [ Inferior maxilla .... i 
 
 f Incisores 8 
 
 DENTESOR c idati 
 
 I Molares 20 
 
 H> oid i 
 
 f Malleus 2 
 
 BONES OF I In cus 2 
 
 EAR. I Orbiculare 2 
 
 [ Stapes 2 
 
 f Cervical 7 
 
 j Dorsal 12 
 
 ^ Lumbar 5 
 
 BONES OF , j Sacrum i 
 
 THE TRUNK. L Coccyx I 
 
 THORAX. / Sternum . . . i 
 
 I Ribs 24 
 
 PKI/VIS. Os innominatum. . . 2 
 
8 
 
 OF BONKS. DIVISION OF BONES. 
 
 SHOTCDKR. {Clavicle , 
 
 ^ Scapula 2 
 
 ARM. Humerus 2 
 
 / Ulna 2 
 
 FORE-ARM, j Radius 2 
 
 BONES OF r Scaphoid 2 
 
 UPPER Semilunare 2 
 
 UrrEHv J /~\ r 
 
 Cuneiforme 2 
 
 EXTREMITY. 
 
 OATJPTTQ. J 
 
 Trapezium 2 
 
 Trapezoides 2 
 
 Os magnum 2 
 
 L Unciforme 2 
 
 METACARPUS 10 
 
 * PHALANGES 28 
 
 f THIGH. Femur 2 
 
 {Patella 2 
 Tibia 2 
 Fibula 2 
 
 BONES OF f Calcaneum 2 
 
 LOWER "I j Astragalus 2 
 
 EXTREMITY. TARSUS. ] Cuboides 2 
 
 I Scaphoid 2 
 
 L Cuneiforme 6 
 
 METATARSUS 10 
 
 PHALANGES 28 
 
 DIVISION OF BONES. 
 
 Four Classes : 
 
 1. Long Bones. 
 
 2. Short Bones. 
 
 3. Flat Bones. 
 
 4. Irregular Bones. 
 
OCCIPITAL BONE. 
 
 Situation : 
 
 Back part and base of cranium. 
 
 Form : 
 
 Trapezoid ; curved upon itself. 
 
 Structure : 
 
 Two Compact Lamincz: 
 
 1. Outer Table. 
 
 (Diploic tissue between "tables.") 
 
 2. Inner Table. 
 Development : 
 
 By 4 centres : 
 
 i for occipital part, 
 i " basilar portion. 
 
 1 " each condyloid portion. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 6 bones : 
 
 2 parietal. 
 
 2 temporal. 
 
 Sphenoid. 
 
 Atlas. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 2 Surfaces : 
 External. 
 Internal. 
 
10 OCCIPITAL BONK. 
 
 4 Borders : 
 
 Superior (2). 
 Inferior (2). 
 
 4 Angles : 
 Superior. 
 Inferior. 
 Lateral (2). 
 
 (A). External Surface : 
 
 (Convex). 
 Presents 
 
 1. Ext. Occipital Protuberance : 
 
 For ligamentum nuchae. 
 
 2. Ext. Occipital Crest : 
 
 A vertical ridge, 
 j. Sup. Curved Lines : 
 Occipito-frontalis m. 
 Trapezius m. 
 Sterno-mastoid m. 
 
 4. A Smooth Surface : 
 
 Above sup. curved lines for occipito-fron- 
 talis. 
 
 5. Inf. Curved Lines : 
 
 Rectus capitis posticus major et minor. 
 
 6. A Depression : 
 
 (Between " lines.") 
 Complexus m. 
 Splenius capitis. 
 Obliquus capitis superior. 
 
 7. Foramen Magnum : 
 
 Medulla and membranes. 
 Spinal accessory nerves. 
 Vertebral arteries. 
 
OCCIPITAL, BONE:. n 
 
 8. Condyles: 
 
 (Convex). 
 
 Articulate with the atlas, and have a rough 
 
 tubercle for the " check " ligaments. 
 
 g. Basilar Process : 
 Has 2 Surfaces : 
 
 (a) Upper Surf ace : 
 
 Presents basilar groove, and a narrow 
 channel. 
 
 (b) Under Surface: 
 
 Presents pharyngeal spine, and rough 
 depressions. 
 
 10- Jugular Processes : 
 
 A deep notch in front, forms part of jugular 
 
 foramen. 
 
 Has 2 Surfaces : 
 
 (a) Upper Surface : 
 
 Deep groove for lateral sinus. 
 
 (b) Under Surf ace : 
 
 Rectus capitis lateralis m. 
 //. Ant. Condyloid Foramen : 
 (Course D. O. P.) 
 Hyppglossal nerve. 
 
 Meningeal br. ascending pharyngeal ar- 
 tery. (?) 
 
 12. Post. Condyloid Fossa : 
 
 Sometimes a foramen, for a vein to lateral 
 sinus. 
 
 (B) Internal Surface : 
 
 (Cerebral.) 
 
 Presents 
 
 /. A Crucial Ridge : 
 
12 OCCIPITAL BONE. 
 
 Divides post, or occipital part into 4 fossae : 
 
 (a) Superior Fosses : 
 
 Lodge post, lobes of cerebrum. 
 
 (b) Inferior Fosses : 
 
 Lodge hemispheres of cerebellum. 
 Have slight grooves for arteries. 
 
 2. Int. Occipital Crest : 
 
 Inferior division of crucial ridge ; it affords 
 
 attachment to the falx cerebelli. 
 
 Two small grooves, for the occipital sinus, 
 
 run into the depression for the torcular Her- 
 
 ophili. 
 
 j. Int. Occipital Protuberance : 
 
 Is perforated by one or more vascular fora- 
 mina. 
 
 4. Sup. Division of Crucial Ridge : 
 
 Has a deep groove for sup. longitudinal sinus. 
 The margins afford attachment to the falx 
 cerebri. 
 
 5. Transverse Grooves: 
 
 Are deeply channeled for lateral sinuses ; 
 they pass outward to the lateral angles. 
 
 6. Torcular Herophili : 
 
 A depression. 
 
 7. Int. Openings of Ant. and Post. Condyloid 
 Foramina. 
 
 8. A Deep Groove: 
 
 Lodges the end of lateral sinus. 
 
 (C) Superior Border : 
 
 Articulates with parietal bones (lambdoid suture). 
 
 (D) Inferior Border : 
 
 (a) Upper Half : 
 
OCCIPITAL BONE. 13 
 
 Articulates with mastoid portion of temporal 
 (masto-occipital suture). 
 
 (b) Lower Half: 
 
 Articulates with petrous portion of temporal 
 (petro-occipital suture). 
 
 (E) Superior Angle : 
 
 Corresponds with the " posterior fontanelle" in 
 the foetus. 
 
 (F) Inferior Angle : 
 
 Basilar process. 
 
 (G) Lateral Angles : 
 
 Are received into the interval between the post. 
 inf. angles of the parietal and the mastoid part 
 of the temporal bone. They correspond to the 
 outer ends of the transverse grooves. 
 
 PARIETAL BONES. 
 
 Situation : 
 
 Sides and roof of skull. 
 
 Form : 
 
 Irregularly quadrilateral. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By i center. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 5 bones : 
 
 Opposite parietal. 
 
 Occipital. 
 
 Frontal. 
 
 Temporal. 
 
 Sphenoid. 
 
!4 PARIETAI, BONKS. 
 
 Present for Examination 
 
 2 Surfaces : 
 
 External. 
 
 Internal. 
 4 Borders : 
 
 Superior. 
 
 Inferior. 
 
 Anterior. 
 
 Posterior. 
 4 Angles : 
 
 Ant. superior. 
 
 Ant. inferior. 
 
 Post, superior. 
 
 Post, inferior. 
 
 (A) External Surface : 
 
 (Convex. ) 
 
 Presents 
 
 /. Parietal Eminence : 
 
 Point where ossification begins. 
 2. A Rough and Porous Surface : 
 
 (Above temporal ridge. ) 
 
 For aponeurosis of occipito-frontalis. 
 
 j. Temporal Ridge : 
 
 For the temporal fascia. 
 
 4. A Smooth Surface : 
 
 (Below the ridge. ) 
 For temporal m. 
 
 5. Parietal Foramen : 
 
 (Near sagittal suture.) 
 
 Vein to sup. longitudinal sinus. 
 
 Small br. of occipital artery. (?) 
 
 (B) Internal Surface : 
 
 (Concave.) 
 
PARIETAI, BONKS. 15 
 
 Presents 
 
 /. Eminences and Depressions : 
 
 Lodge the convolutions of the cerebrum. 
 
 2. Numerous Furrows : 
 
 For the meningeal arteries. 
 
 3. A Shallow Groove : 
 
 (At the upper margin.) 
 
 When joined to the opp. bone, a channel is 
 formed for the sup. longitudinal sinus ; its 
 edges give attachment to the falx cerebri. 
 
 4. Depressions: 
 
 (Near the groove. ) 
 
 Lodge the Pacchionian bodies. 
 
 5. Internal Opening of the Parietal Foramen. (?) 
 
 (C) Superior Border : 
 
 (Longest and thickest.) 
 
 Articulates with opposite parietal (sagittal 
 
 suture). 
 
 (D) Anterior Border : 
 
 (Deeply serrated. ) 
 
 Articulates with the frontal (coronal suture). 
 
 (E) Inferior Border : 
 
 Divided into 3 parts : 
 
 (1) Anterior: 
 
 Is thin , and overlapped by the tip of the 
 great wing of the sphenoid. 
 
 (2) Middle: 
 
 Arched , and overlapped by the squamous 
 part of the temporal. 
 
 (3) Posterior : 
 
 Is thick, and articulates with the mastoid 
 portion of the temporal. 
 
1 6 PARIETAL BONF.S 
 
 (F) Posterior Border : 
 
 Articulates with the occipital (lambdoid 
 suture). 
 
 (Q) Anterior Superior Angle : 
 
 (Thin and pointed.) 
 
 Corresponds with the "ant. fontanelle." 
 
 (H) Anterior Inferior Angle : 
 
 Is received in the interval between the great 
 wing of the sphenoid and the frontal. 
 A deep groove, for the ant. br. of the middle 
 meuingeal arteiy, is seen on the inner sur- 
 face. 
 
 (I) Posterior Superior Angle : 
 
 Corresponds with the junction of the sagittal 
 and lambdoid sutures ; in the foetus it is 
 known as the "post, fontanelle." 
 
 (J) Posterior Inferior Angle : 
 
 Articulates with the mastoid portion of the 
 
 temporal 
 
 On its inner surface, it sometimes has a 
 
 broad shallow groove for the lateral sinus. 
 
 FRONTAL BONE. 
 
 Situation : 
 
 At the anterior part of the cranium. 
 Form: 
 
 Resembles a cockle shell. 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 12 bones : 
 
 2 parietal. 
 . Spheroid. 
 
FRONTAIv BONK. 17 
 
 Ethmoid. 
 
 2 nasal. 
 
 2 sup. maxillary. 
 
 2 lachrymal. 
 
 2 malar. 
 
 Structure : 
 
 (D Thick Parts: 
 
 Consisting of diploic tissue between compact 
 laminse are : 
 
 The vertical portion. 
 
 The ext. angular processes. 
 
 (2) Thin Portion: 
 
 Composed of compact tissue is : 
 The horizontal. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By 2 centres : 
 
 1 for each lateral half. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 (a) Vertical Portion : 
 
 2 Surfaces : 
 
 External. 
 Internal. 
 
 (b) Horizontal Portion : 
 
 External face. 
 Internal surface. 
 
 (c) Borders: 
 
 Of vertical portion. 
 Of horizontal portion. 
 
 (A) Vertical Portion : 
 External Surface : 
 Presents 
 
 /. Remains of Frontal Suture* 
 
1 8 FRONTAL BONK. 
 
 2. Frontal Eminences : 
 
 On either side of suture. 
 
 3. A Smooth Surface : 
 
 (Above eminences.) 
 
 For aponeurosis of occipito-frontalis. 
 
 4. Superciliary Ridge : 
 
 Orbicularis palpebrarum. 
 Corrugator supercilii. 
 
 5. Supra- Orbital Arch : 
 
 Forms upper boundary of orbit, and sepa- 
 rates the vertical from the horizontal portion. 
 
 5. Supra-Orbital Notch : 
 (Sometimes a foramen.) 
 Supra-orbital artery. 
 " vein. 
 " nerve. 
 
 7. A Small Aperture : 
 
 Is in upper part of notch ; it transmits a 
 vein from the diploe to join the ophthalmic 
 vein. 
 
 8. Ext. Angular Process : 
 
 Articulates with the malar. 
 
 9. Temporal Ridge : 
 
 For temporal fascia. 
 
 10. Int. Angular Process : 
 
 Articulates with the lachrymal bone. 
 
 //. A Slight Concavity : 
 (Beneath the ridge.) 
 Forms anterior part of temporal fossa. 
 Temporal m. 
 
FRONTAL BONE). 19 
 
 12. Nasal Notch : 
 
 Articulates with the nasal bone, and nasal 
 process of sup. maxilla. 
 
 /j. Nasal Spine : 
 
 A continuation of the above mentioned notch. 
 Internal Surface : 
 Presents 
 
 1. Frontal Crest : 
 
 Knds below at the foramen caecum. 
 
 2. A Vertical Groove : 
 
 Its edges give attachment to the falx cerebri, 
 and it lodges the sup. longitudinal sinus. 
 
 j. Foramen Cczcum : 
 
 Lodges a process of falx cerebri. 
 
 4. Eminences and Depressions : 
 
 (On each side of groove.) 
 
 For the convolutions of the cerebrum. 
 
 5. Numerous Small Furrows : 
 
 (On each side of groove.) 
 Lodge ant. meningeal arteries. 
 
 6. Small Irregular Fosses : 
 
 (On each side of groove. ) 
 For the Pacchionian bodies. 
 
 (B) Horizontal Portion : 
 
 External Face Orbital Vaults : 
 
 (Smooth and concave.) 
 Presents 
 
 /. Lachrymal Fossce : 
 
 For lachrymal gland. 
 2. A Depression or Small Tubercle : 
 
 For fibrous pulley of the sup. oblique. 
 
20 FRONTAI, BONK. 
 
 j. Ethmoidal Notch : 
 
 Separates the 2 orbital plates, and it is filled 
 up by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid, 
 when the bones are united. Several half- 
 cells are seen on the margins of this notch, 
 and also 2 grooves, which are converted into 
 canals by articulation with the ethmoid 
 
 (1) Ant. Ethmoidal Canal: 
 Nasal nerve. 
 
 Ant. ethmoidal vessels. 
 
 (2) Post. Ethmoidal Notch : 
 Post ethmoidal vessels. 
 
 4. Nasal Spine : 
 
 (Projects D. F.) 
 
 Articulates in front, with the crest of the 
 nasal bones. 
 
 Two grooves, which form part of the roof of 
 the nasal fossae, are separated by a vertical 
 ridge which articulates with the perpendicu- 
 lar plate of the ethmoid. 
 
 5. Openings of the Frontal Sinuses : 
 
 On each side of the base of the nasal spine ; 
 they communicate with the nose by the 
 infundibulum. 
 
 internal Surface : 
 Presents 
 
 1. Convex Upper Surf aces of the Orbital Plates : 
 
 Separated in the middle by the ethmoidal 
 notch. 
 
 2. Eminences and Depressions : 
 
 For the convolutions of the ant. lobes of the 
 brain. 
 
 <C) Borders: 
 
 That of the vertical portion is thick, strongly 
 
FRONTAL BONK. 21 
 
 serrated and articulates with the great -wing 
 of the sphenoid. 
 
 That of the horizontal portion is thin, set- 
 rated, and articulates with the lesser wing of 
 the sphenoid. 
 
 TEMPORAL BONES. 
 
 Situation : 
 
 At the side and base of the skull. 
 
 Structure : 
 
 Sguamous Portion : 
 
 Like that of the other bones of the head. 
 Mastoid Portion : 
 
 Is cellular in structure. 
 Petrous Portion : 
 
 Is very hard and dense. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By 4 centres : 
 
 i for the squamous part, including the 
 
 zygoma. 
 
 i for the petrous and mastoid parts. 
 
 I for the stylpid process. 
 
 i for the auditory process. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 5 bones : 
 Occipital. 
 Parietal. 
 Sphenoid. 
 Inf. maxilla. 
 Malar. 
 
22 TEMPORAL BONKS. 
 
 Present for Examination- 
 fa) Squamous Portion : 
 2 Surfaces : 
 Outer. 
 Inner. 
 2 Borders : 
 Superior. 
 Ant. inferior. 
 
 (b) Mastoid Portion : 
 2 Surfaces : 
 
 Outer. 
 Inner. 
 
 2 Borders : 
 
 Superior. 
 Posterior. 
 
 (c) Petrous Portion : 
 
 A Base. 
 An Apex. 
 
 3 Surfaces : 
 
 Anterior. 
 Posterior. 
 Inferior (basilar). 
 j Borders : 
 Superior. 
 Posterior. 
 Anterior. 
 
 (A) Squamous Portion : 
 Outer Surface : 
 
 (Forms part of the temporal fossa.) 
 Ghfes attachment to the temporal m. 
 Presents 
 
 /. Part of Temporal Ridge : 
 (At the back part) 
 Temporal fascia is attached. 
 
TEMPORAL BONES. 23 
 
 2. A Groove: 
 
 At the b.ack part, for the deep temporal arte- 
 ries. 
 
 j. Zyomatic Process : 
 
 Connected to the bone by 3 roots, e.g. : 
 
 (1) Anterior Root: 
 
 Short, strong and broad; its direction 
 being inward, as far as the eminencia 
 articularis. 
 
 (2) Middle Root: 
 
 Forms the outer margin of the glenpid 
 cavity, and terminates at the Glaserian 
 fissure. 
 
 (3) Posterior Root : 
 
 Forms post, part of temporal ridge ; its 
 direction is U. and B. 
 
 (4) Superior Border : 
 
 Affords attachment to temporal fascia. 
 
 (5) Inferior Border : 
 
 Some fibres of masseter m. are attached. 
 
 (6) Outer Surf ace : 
 Subcutaneous and convex. 
 
 (7) Inner Surface : 
 
 (Concave) 
 Gives attachment to the masseter m. 
 
 (8) Tubercle: 
 
 At junction of ant. root with the zygoma, 
 for the ext. lateral ligament of the lower 
 jaw. 
 
 (9) An Oval Depression : 
 
 Between ant. and middle roots; forms 
 part of the glenoid fossa. 
 4. Glenoid Fossa : 
 
 Divided into two parts by Glaserian fissure : 
 
24 TEMPORAL BONES. 
 
 (1) Anterior Part : 
 
 Articulates with condyle of lower jaw, 
 and is separated from the auditory pro- 
 cess by the post-glenoid process. 
 
 (2) Posterior Part: 
 
 Is formed principally by the vaginal pro- 
 cess of the petrous portion. 
 Lodges part of the parotid gland. 
 
 5. Glaserian Fissure : 
 
 (Leads into tympanum.) 
 Lodges the processes gracilis of the malleus. 
 Transmits laxator tympani m. 
 Transmits the tympanic br. of the int. max- 
 illary artery. 
 
 6. Canal of Hug uier : 
 
 Is parallel with the Glaseriau fissure; trans- 
 mits the Chorda tympani nerve. 
 
 Inner Surface : 
 
 (Concave). 
 Presents 
 
 1. Eminences and Depressions : 
 
 For the convolutions of the cerebrum. 
 
 2. Two Well-marked Grooves : 
 
 For branches of middle meningeal artery. 
 Superior Border : 
 (Thin). 
 
 Overlaps lower border of parietal (squamous 
 suture). 
 
 Anterior Inferior Border : 
 
 (Thick and serrated). 
 
 Articulates with the great wing of sphenoid. 
 
 (B) Mastoid Portion : 
 
 (Situated at post, part of bone.) 
 
TEMPORAL BONES. 25 
 
 Outer Surface : 
 
 (Rough.) 
 
 Presents 
 
 1. Numerous Formina : 
 
 They perforate this surface. 
 
 2. M ast oid Foramen : (?) 
 
 Transmits a vein to lateral sinus, and a small 
 artery. 
 
 j. Mast oid Process: 
 Sterno-mastoid m. 
 Splenius capitis. 
 Trachelo-mastoid. 
 
 (a) Digastric Fossa: 
 (On inner side.) 
 For digastric m. 
 
 (b) Occipital Groove : 
 Lodges occipital artery. 
 
 Internal Surface : 
 Presents 
 
 /. A Deep Curved Groove : 
 
 Lodges part of lateral sinus. 
 Mastoid foramen opens here. 
 
 Superior Border : 
 
 (Broad and rough.) 
 
 Articulates with the post. inf. angle of the 
 
 parietal. 
 
 Posterior Border : 
 
 (Uneven and serrated.) 
 
 Articulates with the inf. border of the oc- 
 cipital, between its lateral angle and jugular 
 process. 
 
2 6 TEMPORAL BONKS. 
 
 (C) Petrous Portion : 
 
 (Direction from without is I. F. D.) 
 
 The Base : 
 
 (1) Upper Half: 
 Is concealed. 
 
 (2) LoiverHalf: 
 
 Is exposed. The orifice of the meatus audi- 
 torius externus can be seen here. 
 
 (a) Meatus Auditorius Externus : 
 
 Is between the mastoii process and the 
 post, and middle roots of the zygoma. 
 
 (b) Auditory Process : 
 
 Surrounds the greater part of the meatus 
 just described; its free margin has the 
 cartilage of the ext. ear attached. 
 
 The Apex : 
 
 (Rough and uneven.) 
 
 Presents 
 
 /. Ant. Orifice of Int. Carotid Canal : 
 For int. carotid artery. 
 
 Forms post, and ext. boundary of foramen 
 lacerum medium. 
 
 Anterior Surface : 
 
 (Forms part of middle fossa of skull.) 
 
 Presents 
 
 1. An Eminence : 
 
 Indicates situation of semicircular canal. 
 
 2. A Depression : 
 
 On outer surface of the eminence ; it indi- 
 cates position of tympanum. 
 
TEMPORAL BONES. 2y 
 
 j. A Shallow Groove : 
 
 Leads outward and backward to the hiatus 
 Fallopii, for the petrosal br. of the Vidian 
 nerve. 
 
 4. A Small Opening : 
 
 Is external to groove, for the smaller pe- 
 trosal nerve. 
 
 5. Termination of Carotid Canal : 
 
 Its wall is deficient in front. 
 
 6. A Shallow Depression : 
 
 (Above carotid canal.) 
 
 For the Casserian ganglion. 
 
 Posterior Surface : 
 
 (Forms part of post, fossa of skull.) 
 
 Presents 
 
 /. Meatus Auditorius Interims : 
 
 (Margins are smooth and round.) 
 
 Leads into a short canal, which transmits : 
 
 Facial nerve. 
 
 Auditory nerve. 
 
 Auditory artery. 
 
 2. A Small Slit : 
 
 (Behind meatus). 
 
 Leads to aquae ductus vestibuli, which trans- 
 mits a small artery and vein. It lodges a 
 process of dura mater. 
 
 j. An Angular Depression : 
 
 Situated in the interval between the " small 
 slit " and the meatus auditorius internus. It 
 lodges a process of dura mater, and transmits 
 a small vein into the cancellous tissue of the 
 bone. 
 
 Inferior Surface : 
 
 (Forms part of the base of skull.) 
 
TKMPOR.II, BONKS. 
 
 Presents (from apex to base) 
 /. A Rough Surface : 
 Levator palati m. 
 Tensor tympani m. 
 
 2. Large Circular Aperture of the Carotid Canal: 
 Int. carotid artery. 
 Carotid plexus. 
 
 j. Aquczdudus Cochlecz : 
 (A triangular opening.) 
 
 Transmits a vein from cochlea, which joins 
 the int. jugular. 
 
 4- Jugular Fossa : 
 
 Lodges int. jugular vein. 
 
 5. A Small Foramen : 
 
 In front of the bony ridge which divides the 
 carotid canal from the jugular fossa. 
 Transmits Jacobson's nerve. 
 
 6. Another Small Foramen : 
 
 (On inner wall of jugular fossa.) 
 For the auricular br. pneumogastric, 
 (Arnold's nerve.) 
 
 7. Jugular Surface : 
 
 (Behind the jugular fossa.) 
 
 Articulates with jugular process of occipital. 
 
 S. Vaginal Process : 
 
 Extends from carotid canal to inastoid 
 process. 
 
 9. Styloid Process : 
 
 (Direction D. F. I.) 
 Is continuous with vaginal process. 
 Gives attachment to 3 muscles : 
 Stylo-phar\ ngeus. 
 
 44 glOsSUS. 
 
T3MPORAI, BONKS. 29 
 
 Stylo-hyoideus. 
 
 t( hyoid ligament. 
 
 " maxillary ligament. 
 
 10. Stylo-Mastoid Foramen : 
 
 Is the termination of the aquaeductus Fall- 
 opii, and is situated between styloid and 
 mastoid processes. It transmits : 
 
 Facial nerve. 
 
 Stylo-mastoid artery. 
 
 n. Auricular Fissure : 
 
 Between the mastoid and vaginal processes ; 
 it is the exit of the auricular br. of the 
 pneumo gastric nerve. 
 
 Superior Border : 
 
 (The longest.) 
 
 Grooved for sup. petrosal sinus ; it gives 
 attachment to the tentorium cerebelli ; the 
 fifth nerve lies upon a semilunar notch at its 
 inner extremity. 
 
 Posterior Border : 
 
 Inner Half : 
 
 Has a groove, which articulates with the 
 occipital, form ing the inf. petrosal sinus. 
 
 Outer Half: 
 
 Presents the jugular fossa, which by 
 articulating with the occipital, forms the 
 foramen lacerum posterius. 
 
 Anterior Border : 
 
 Divided into 2 parts : 
 
 (1) Outer Part: 
 
 Joins squamous part by a suture. 
 
 (2) Inner Part : 
 
 Articulates with spinous process of sphen- 
 oid. 
 
30 
 
 Note : 
 
 The cochleaformis process separates 2 canals 
 situated at the angle of junction of the 
 petrous and squamous portions ; these canals 
 lead into the tympanum 
 
 (a) The Upper Canal : 
 Transmits tensor tympani muscle. 
 
 (b) The Lower Canal : 
 Transmits the Kustachian tube. 
 
 ETHMOID BONE. 
 
 Situation : 
 
 Anterior part of the base of cranium, between 
 the 2 orbits. 
 
 Form : 
 
 Cubical. 
 
 Structure : 
 
 Spongy. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By 3 centres : 
 
 i for perpendicular lamella, 
 i for each lateral mass. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 (a) Horizontal (cribriform) plate. 
 
 (b) Perpendicular plate. 
 
 (c) Two lateral masses of cells. 
 
 (A) Horizontal Plate : 
 
 (Forms part of ant fossa of skull.) 
 
ETHMOID BONK. 31 
 
 Presents 
 
 1. Crista Calli: 
 
 (Thick and smooth.) 
 
 Is joined to the cribriform plate by its base. 
 
 (a) Anterior Border : 
 Articulates with frontal bone. 
 
 (b) Posterior Border : 
 
 Serves for the attachment of the falx 
 cerebri. 
 
 2. Grooves: (On sides of crista galli.) 
 
 Support the bulb of olfactory nerve. 
 3 Three Rows of Foramina : 
 
 (a) Outer. 
 
 (b) Inner. 
 
 (c) Middle. 
 
 For the filaments of olfactory nerve. 
 
 4. A Small Fissure : 
 
 On each side of crista galli. For nasal br. 
 of ophthalmic nerve. 
 
 5. A Triangular Notch : 
 
 (At post, part of plate.) 
 Receives ethmoidal spine of sphenoid. 
 (B) The Perpendicular Plate : 
 
 (Assists in forming septum of the nose.) 
 Presents 
 
 /. Anterior Border : 
 
 Articulates with frontal spine, and crest of 
 nasal bones. 
 
 2. Posterior Border: (Has 2 parts.) 
 (a) Upper Half : 
 
 Is connected with rostrum of sphenoid. 
 
32 ETHMOID BONK. 
 
 (b) Lower Half : 
 
 Is connected with vomer. 
 j. Inferior Bolder: 
 
 Affords attachment to triangular cartilage of 
 nose. 
 
 4. Grooves and Canals : 
 
 Situated on each side of perpendicular plate. 
 They lodge filaments of the olfactory nerves. 
 
 (C) Lateral Masses: 
 
 (Kthmoidal cells). 
 Upper Surface : 
 Presents 
 
 7. Cellular Spaces : 
 
 They are ''closed in" when articulated by 
 the edges of the ethmoidal notch of the 
 frontal. 
 
 2. Anterior and Postet ior Ethmoidal Foramina: 
 Are converted into canals by articulating 
 with the frontal ; they open on the inner 
 wall of the orbit. 
 
 Posterior Surface : 
 Presents 
 
 7. Large Irregular Cavities : 
 
 They are "closed in" by articulation with 
 the sphenoidal turbinated bones, and orbital 
 process of the palate. 
 
 Outer Surface : 
 
 (Os planutn.) 
 
 Forms part of inner wall of the orbit. 
 Articulations : 
 Above, : 
 
 With orbital plane of frontal. 
 
ETHMOID BONK. 33 
 
 Below : 
 
 With sup. maxillary and orbital process 
 
 of the palate. 
 In Front: 
 
 With the lachrymal. 
 Behind : 
 
 With sphenoid. 
 The Unciform Process : 
 
 (Projects D. and B.) 
 
 Closes in the upper part of the antrum, and 
 articulates with the ethmoidal process of the 
 inf. turbinated bone. 
 Anterior Surface : 
 
 The cells here are completed by the lach- 
 rymal bone and nasal process of the sup. 
 maxilla. 
 Inner Surface : 
 
 Forms part of outer wall of the nasal fossa 
 of the corresponding side. 
 Presents 
 
 1. Numerous Grooves : (Above.) 
 
 Lodge branches of the olfactory nerve. 
 
 2. Narrow Oblique Fissure : 
 
 (Sup. meatus of the nose). 
 An orifice at the upper part of this fissure 
 allows the post ethmoidal cells to open into 
 the nose. 
 
 The convex surface of the middle turbi- 
 nated bone is seen below and in front of the 
 sup. meatus. 
 j. The Infundibulum : 
 
 (Funnel-shaped canal.) 
 
 The ant. ethmoidal cells, and through them 
 the frontal sinuses, communicate with the 
 nose by means of this canal. 
 
34 SPHENOID BONE. 
 
 SPHENOID BONE. 
 Situation : 
 
 At the anterior part of the base of the skull. 
 Form : 
 
 Resembles a bat with wings outstretched, the 
 pterygoid processes representing the legs. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By 10 centres : 
 
 6 For Post. Sphenoidal Division : 
 
 i for each great wing and ext. pterygoid plate. 
 
 1 * " int. pterygoid plate. 
 
 2 " posterior part of body. 
 
 4 For Ant. Sphenoidal Division : 
 
 i for each lesser wing and anterior part of 
 
 the body. 
 
 i for each sphenoidal tubinated bone. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 (a) Body : 
 
 4 Surfaces : 
 Superior. 
 Inferior. 
 Anterior. 
 Posterior. 
 
 (b) Greater Wings: 
 3 Surfaces : 
 
 Superior (cerebral). 
 External. 
 Anterior (orbital). 
 Circumference. 
 
 (c) Lesser Wings : 
 
 (Processes of Ingrassius). 
 
SPHENOID BONK- 35 
 
 2 Surfaces: 
 Superior. 
 Inferior. 
 
 2 Borders : 
 Anterior. 
 Posterior. 
 
 (d) Pier y gold Processes : 
 
 2 Plates : 
 
 External. 
 Internal. 
 
 (A) The Body : 
 Superior Surface : 
 Presents 
 
 /. The Ethmoidal Spine : 
 
 Articulates with ethmoid. 
 2. A Smooth Surface : 
 
 (Behind the spine). 
 
 In the median line is a slight longitudinal 
 
 eminence, with depressions on either side, 
 
 for the olfactory nerves. 
 
 j. Optic Groove : 
 (Narrow). 
 For optic commissure. 
 
 4. Optic^ Foramen : 
 
 Optic nerve. 
 Ophthalmic artery. 
 
 5. Pituitary Fossa : 
 
 (Sella Turcica). 
 Lodges pituitary body. 
 
 6. Middle Clinoid Processes : 
 
 For prolongations of the tentorium cerebelli. 
 
36 SPHENOID BONK. 
 
 7. Post. Clinoid Processes : 
 
 Dee pen pituitary fossa. 
 
 8. Notches: 
 
 On either side post, clinoid processes. 
 For 6th pair of nerves. 
 
 9. Cavernous Groove : 
 
 Int. carotid artery. 
 Cavernous sinus. 
 
 Inferior Surface : 
 Presents 
 
 1. The Rostrum : 
 
 (Triangular) 
 
 Joins vertical t>late on anterior surface, and 
 is received into a deep fissure between the 
 alse of the vomer, 
 
 2. Vaginal Processes. 
 
 Articulate with the edges of vomer. 
 j. Pterygo-palatine Canal: 
 Pterygo-palatine vessels. 
 Pharyngeal nerve. 
 
 Anterior Surface : 
 Presents 
 
 1 . A Vertica I Lam ella of Bon e : 
 
 (In the middle.) 
 
 Articulates in front, with the perpendicular 
 
 plate of ethmoid forming part of the nasal 
 
 septum. 
 
 2. Irregular Openings : 
 
 They lead into the sphenoidal cells, and are 
 on each side of the vertical plate. 
 
 Posterior Surface : 
 
 Articulates with basilar process of the occi- 
 pital bone. 
 
SPHENOID BONK. 37 
 
 (B) Greater Wings : 
 Superior Surface : 
 
 (Forms part of middle fossa of skull.) 
 
 Presents 
 
 /. Foramen Ovate: 
 
 Third division of 5th nerve. 
 
 Small meningeal artery. 
 
 Small petrosal nerve. 
 2. Foramen Rotundum : 
 
 Second division 5th nerve, 
 j. Foramen Vesalii : 
 
 Transmits a small vein. 
 ^. Foramen Spinosum : 
 
 Middle meningeal artery. 
 5. Eminences and Depressions z 
 
 For convolutions of brain. 
 External Surface: 
 
 (Convex.) 
 Presents 
 
 /. Pterygoid Ridge : 
 
 Divides Surface into 2 Parts : 
 
 (1) Superior Part : 
 
 Convex from above downward, concave 
 from befoie backward. 
 Assists in forming the temporal fossa. 
 Part of temporal m. is attached. 
 
 (2) Inferior Part : 
 
 Assists in the formation of the zygomatic 
 
 fossa. 
 
 Ext pterygoid is attached. 
 
 Presents the spinous process, for int. 
 
 lateral ligament of the lower jaw, and 
 
 laxator timpani m. 
 
38 SPHENOID BONE. 
 
 Anterior Surface : 
 
 (Assists in forming outer wall of orbit.) 
 Presents 
 
 /. A Notch : 
 
 (At upper part of inner border.) 
 For a br. of ophthalmic artery. 
 2. Small Pointed Spine : 
 
 At lower part of inner border, for part of the 
 lower head of ext. rectus m. 
 
 j. Ext. Orbital Foramina : 
 
 For branches of deep temporal arteries. 
 
 4. A Serrated Edge : 
 
 Bounds surface above ; articulates with 
 frontal bone. 
 
 5. A Rounded Border : 
 
 Bounds surface below ; enters into formation 
 of spheno- maxillary fissure. 
 
 The Circumference : 
 
 Commencing from behind (from the body of 
 sphenoid to its spine), the outer half of this 
 margin articulates with the petrous part of 
 temporal ; the inner half forms the anterior 
 boundary of the foramen lacerum medium, 
 and presents the post, aperture of the Vidian 
 canal. 
 
 Presents 
 
 1. A Serrated Edge : 
 
 Articulates with squamous part of temporal. 
 
 2. A Triangular Portion : 
 
 (At tip of great wing.) 
 
 Articulates with ant. inf. angle of parietal 
 
 bone. 
 
SPHENOID BONE- 39 
 
 j. A Broad Serrated Surface : 
 (Internal to the above.) 
 Articulates with f ontal bone. 
 (C) Lesser Wings : 
 
 (Triangular plates. ) 
 
 Superior Surface : 
 
 (Smooth.) 
 
 Supports anterior lobe of brain. 
 
 Inferior Surface : 
 
 (Forms back part of roof of orbit.) 
 Presents 
 
 /. Sphenoidal Fissure : 
 Third cranial nerve. 
 Fourth " " 
 
 Ophthalmic division of 5th and 6th nerves. 
 Ophthalmic vein. 
 
 Anterior Border : 
 
 (Serrated.) 
 
 Articulates with frontal bone. 
 
 Posterior Border : 
 
 Is received into the fissure of Sylvius ; the 
 anterior clinoid process has this border for 
 its inner extremity. 
 
 The Lesser Wings are connected to the side 
 of the BODY by 2 roots : 
 
 (a) Upper Root: 
 (Thin.) 
 
 (Optic foramen is between roots.) 
 
 (b) Lower Root: 
 (Thicker.) 
 
 Has a small tubercle, for common tendon 
 of 3 muscles of the eye. 
 
40 SPHENOID BONE. 
 
 (D) Pterygoid Processes: 
 
 External Plate: 
 
 Forms part of inner wall of zygomatic fossa. 
 
 Presents 
 
 /. Outer Surf ace : 
 
 For ext. pterygoid m. 
 
 2. Inner Surface : 
 
 For int. pterygoid m. Forms part of ptery- 
 goid fossa. 
 
 Internal Plate : 
 
 (Narrower and longer.) 
 
 Presents 
 
 1. The ffamular Process : 
 
 Tensor palati m. turns around it. 
 
 2. Scaphoid Fossa : (At base of plate.) 
 
 For tensor palati m. 
 
 3. Post. Orifice of Vidian Canal : 
 
 Is above scaphoid fossa. 
 
 4. Outer Surface : 
 
 Forms part of pterygoid fossa, said fossa 
 separating the external and internal plates 
 behind. 
 
 5. Inner Surf ace : 
 
 Forms outer boundary of post, aperture of 
 the nares. Sup. constrictor of pharnyx is 
 attached to its posterior edge. 
 
 6. Anterior Surface : 
 
 (Broad at its base.) 
 
 Forms posterior wall of spheno-maxillary 
 
 fossa ; supports Meckel's ganglion. 
 
SPHENOID BONK. 41 
 
 Presents 
 
 (1) Ant. Orifice of Vidian Canal. 
 
 (2) A Rough Margin : 
 
 Articulates with perpendicular plate of pal- 
 ate bone. 
 
 Sphenoidal Spongy Bones : 
 
 Present 
 
 1. Inner Surface : 
 
 Is concave. 
 
 2. Outer Surface : 
 
 Is convex. 
 
 Bach bone articulates in front with the eth- 
 moid, externally with the palate, and they 
 present an aperture in their anterior wall 
 through which the sphenoidal sinuses open 
 into the nasal fossae. 
 
 SUPERIOR MAXILLA. 
 
 Situation : 
 
 Middle and anterior part of face. 
 
 Form : 
 
 Somewhat cuboid. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By 4 centres : 
 
 i for the nasal and facial parts. 
 
 i " " orbital and malar parts. 
 
 i " " incisive portion. 
 
 i " " palatal part including the entire 
 
 palate except the incisive segment. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 9 bones : 
 
 4 
 
42 SUPERIOR MAXILLA. 
 
 Two of Cranium : 
 
 Frontal. 
 
 Ethmoid. 
 Seven of face :. . 
 
 Nasal. 
 
 Malar. 
 
 Lachrymal. 
 
 Inf. turbinated. 
 
 Palate. 
 
 Vomer. 
 
 Op. fellow. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 (a) Body : 
 
 Four Surfaces : 
 
 External (facial). 
 Posterior (zygomatic). 
 Superior (orbital). 
 Internal. 
 
 (b) Processes: 
 Malar. 
 Nasal. 
 Alveolar. 
 Palatine. 
 
 (A) The Body : 
 External Surface: 
 
 (Directed F. O.) 
 Presents 
 
 1. Incisive (Myrtiform) Fossa : 
 
 Depressor al se nasi m. 
 Compressor nasi m., above. 
 
 2. Canine Fossa : 
 
 I^evator anguli oris m. 
 j. Canine Eminence : 
 
 Separates latter fossa from the incisive. 
 
SUPERIOR MAXIMA. 43 
 
 4. Tnfra Orbital Foramen : 
 
 (Above the canine fossa.) 
 
 For infra-orbital nerve and artery. 
 
 5. Margin of Orbit : 
 
 Is above infra-orbital foramen. 
 Levator labii supe*rioris proprius m. 
 
 Posterior Surface : 
 
 (Forms part of zygomatic fossa.) 
 Presents 
 
 /. Post. Dental Canals : 
 
 For post, dental nerves and vessels. 
 2. Maxillary Tuberosity: 
 
 (IvOwer part of surface.) 
 
 Articulates with tuberosity of palate bone. 
 
 j. Post. Palatine Canal : 
 
 For post, palatine vessels. 
 
 5uperior.Surface : 
 
 (Forms part of floor of orbit.) 
 
 Presents 
 
 /. Infra-Orbital Groove : 
 Infra-orbital nerve. 
 " artery. 
 
 This groove terminates in a canal, which 
 sub-divides into 2 branches, e.g.: 
 
 (a) Infra-Orbital Canal. 
 
 (b) Ant. Dental Canal: 
 Ant. dental vessels. 
 
 " " nerves. 
 
 2. A Minute Depression : 
 
 Situated external to lachrymal canal, for the 
 inf. oblique muscle of the eye, 
 
44 
 
 SUPERIOR MAXIUyA. 
 
 Internal Surface : 
 
 The Palate Process divides this surface into 
 2 unequal parts, e.g.: 
 
 Forms part of outer wall of nose. 
 
 THE PORTION ABOVE. 
 
 
 PALATE 
 
 
 
 PROCESS. 
 
 
 THE PORTION BEIvOW. 
 Forms part of cavity of the mouth . 
 
 Superior Division of Surface : 
 Presents 
 
 /. A Large Irregular Opening : 
 (Leads to antrum of Highmore.) 
 Broken cellular cavities are at the upper 
 border. 
 
 2. A Smooth Concavity : 
 (Below the aperture.) 
 
 Forms part of inferior meatus of nose, and is 
 traversed by the maxillary fissure ; it receives 
 the maxillary process of the palate bone. 
 
 j. A Rough Surface : 
 (Behind the fissure.) 
 
 By articulation of this surface with the palate 
 bone, the post, palatine canal is formed. 
 
 4. Lachrymal or Nasal Duct : 
 
 Is formed by a deep groove situated in front 
 
SUPERIOR MAXIMA. 45 
 
 of the opening of the antrum, by the lachry- 
 mal and inf. turbinated bones. 
 j. Inf. Turbinated Crest : 
 
 Articulates with inf. turbinated bone. 
 
 Forms part of middle meatus of nose. 
 
 CONCAVITY ABOVE. 
 
 
 INFERIOR 
 TURBINATED 
 CREST. 
 
 
 CONCAVITY BEIOW. 
 
 Forms part of inferior meatus. 
 
 6. Numerous Small Foramina : 
 C\t inf. div. of int. surface.) 
 For the passage of nutrient vessels. 
 
 Inferior Division of Surface : 
 
 Concave, rough, and uneven ; presents nu- 
 merous small foramina. (See No. 6 above.) 
 
 AntrunTof Highmore : 
 
 It consists of: 
 An Apex. 
 A Base. 
 
 An Anterior Wall. 
 A Posterior Wall. 
 Margins. 
 A Roof. 
 A Floor. 
 
46 SUPERIOR MAXIW,A. 
 
 (1) The Apex : 
 Directed O. 
 
 Formed by the malar process. 
 
 (2) The Base: 
 
 Formed by outer wall of nose ; in the dis- 
 articulated bone it presents a large irregular 
 opening, which communicates with the 
 nasal fossa. This aperture articulates as 
 follows : 
 
 With the ethmoid above. 
 
 With the inf. turbinated below. 
 
 With the palate bone behind. 
 
 (3) Anterior Wall: 
 
 Formed by the facial process. 
 
 (4) Posterior Wall: 
 
 Is formed by the zygomatic surface, and 
 presents the post, dental canals for the 
 post, dental vessels and nerves. 
 
 (4) Margins of Aperture : 
 Thin and ragged. 
 
 (5) The Roof: 
 
 Formed by the orbital plate. 
 
 (6) The Flcor; 
 
 Presents conical processes, which corre- 
 spond to the roots of the ist and 2d molar 
 teeth. 
 
 (B) The Processes: 
 flalar Process : 
 
 (A rough triangular eminence.) 
 
 In Front : 
 
 It is concave, forming part of facial sur- 
 face. 
 
 Behind : 
 
 Is concave, and forms part of zygomatic 
 fossa. 
 
SUPERIOR MAXIMA. 47 
 
 Above : 
 
 It is rough, and articulates with malar 
 bone. 
 
 Below : 
 
 A ridge divides the facial and zjgomatic 
 
 surfaces. 
 
 A portion of masseter m. arises from this 
 
 process. 
 
 Nasal Process : 
 
 (Direction, U. I. B.) 
 
 This thick triangular plate forms part of the 
 
 lateral boundary of the nose. 
 
 External Surface : 
 
 (Smooth and concave.) 
 
 It presents numerous foramina, and also 
 
 gives attachment to the following muscles : 
 
 Levator labii sup. alaeque nasi. 
 
 Orbicularis palpebrarum. 
 
 Tendo oculi. 
 
 Internal Surface : 
 
 (Forms part of outer wall of nose.) 
 Articulates with frontal bone. 
 
 Presents 
 
 (1) A Rough Uneven Surface : 
 
 Articulates with ethmoid, closing in the 
 ant. ethmoidal cells. 
 
 (2) Sup. Turbinated Crest : 
 
 Articulates with middle turbinated bone 
 of ethmoid, below which is a smooth con- 
 cavity, which forms part of middle 
 meat us. 
 
 (3) fnf' Turbinated Crest : 
 
 Articulates with inf. turbinated bone. 
 
48 SUPERIOR MAXIMA. 
 
 (4) A Concavity : 
 (Below crest.) 
 Forms part of inf. meatus. 
 
 Anterior Border : 
 
 (Directed obliquely D. F.) 
 
 Presents a serrated edge, which articulates 
 
 with nasal bone. 
 
 Posterior Border ; 
 
 (Thick ) 
 Presents 
 
 (1) A Groove : 
 
 For lachrymal duct. 
 
 (a) Inner Margin : 
 Articulates with lachrymal. 
 
 (b) Outer Margin : 
 
 Forms part of the circumference of 
 the orbit. 
 
 (2) Lachrymal Tubercle : 
 
 Situated at the point where the outer 
 margin (referred to above), of the groove 
 j oins the orbital surface. 
 
 (3) Lachrymal Groove: 
 
 Lodges lachrymal duct. 
 Alveolar Process : 
 
 (Thick, spongy and broad behind.) 
 Presents 
 
 /. Eight Cavities: 
 
 Those for the molar teeth are the widest, 
 and are subdivided into minor ones. That 
 for the canine tooth is the deepest. 
 The outer surface gives attachment to the buc- 
 cinator m. 
 
SUPERIOR MAXIIvLA. 49 
 
 Palate Process : 
 
 (Forms part of floor of nostril.) 
 
 It assists in the formation of the roof of 
 
 the mouth. 
 
 (a) Upper Surface : 
 
 (Concave from side to side.) 
 Presents the upper orifice of the ant. pala- 
 tine canal, for the ant. palatine vessels. 
 Forms part of floor of nose. 
 
 (b) Under Surface : 
 
 (Forms part of roof of mouth.) 
 
 Presents 
 
 1. Numerous Foramina : 
 
 Nutrient vessels. 
 
 2. A Longitudinal Canal : 
 
 At the back part of its alveolar border ; 
 transmits the post, palatine vessels and 
 a large nerve. 
 
 j. Depressions: 
 
 Lodge the palatine glands. 
 ^. Ant. Palatine Fossa : 
 
 (Anteriorly.) 
 
 Its lower orifice is seen. 
 
 (c) Outer Border ; 
 
 Is incorporated with the rest of the bone. 
 
 (d) Inner Border : 
 
 (Thicker in front than behind.) 
 
 Receives the vomer when articulated with 
 
 its fellow. 
 
 (e) Posterior Border : 
 
 (Serrated.) 
 
 Articulates with horizontal plate of palate 
 
 bone. 
 
5 MALAR BONES. 
 
 MALAR BONES. 
 Situation : 
 
 Upper and outer part of face. 
 Form : 
 
 Quadrangular. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By i centre. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 4 Bones : 
 
 Three of Cranium : 
 Frontal. 
 Sphenoid. 
 Temporal. 
 One of Face : 
 
 Sup. -maxilla. 
 
 Present for Examination 
 
 Two Surfaces : 
 
 External. 
 
 Internal. 
 Four Borders : 
 
 Superior (orbital). 
 
 Inferior (zygomatic). 
 
 Anterior (maxillary). 
 
 Posterior (temporal). 
 Four Processes : 
 
 Frontal. 
 
 Orbital. 
 
 Maxillary. 
 
 Zygomatic. 
 
 (A) Surfaces: 
 
 External Surface : 
 
 (Smooth and convex.) 
 
MAIyAR BON3S. 51 
 
 Is covered by the orbicularis palpebrarum m. , 
 and it gives attachment to zy gomaticus major 
 et minor muscles. 
 The malar foramina are presented. 
 
 Internal Surface : 
 
 (Concave, and directed B. I.) 
 Presents 
 
 1. A Rough Triangular Surface : 
 
 Articulates with sup. maxilla. 
 
 2. A Smooth Concave Surface : 
 
 (Is situated externally.) 
 
 Fo r ms ant. boundary of temporal fossa above, 
 and part of zygomatic fossa below, 
 j. Malar Canals : 
 (r or 2.) 
 
 Situated a little above centre of surface. 
 This surface gives attachment to part of 2 
 muscles, e. g. : 
 
 Temporal (above). 
 
 Mast>eter (below). 
 (B) Borders: 
 
 Superior Border : 
 
 (smooth and arched.) 
 
 Forms a great part of the circumference of 
 
 the orbit. 
 
 Inferior Border : 
 
 Gives attachment to masseter m., and is con- 
 nected with lower border of zygomatic arch. 
 
 Anterior Border : 
 
 (Rough.) 
 
 Gives attachment to leyator labii superioris 
 
 proprius m., and articulates with sup. 
 
 maxilla. 
 
 Posterior Border : 
 
 (Curved like the italic letter " s ".) 
 
5 2 MAI,AR BONKS. 
 
 Above, it is continuous with the commence- 
 ment of the temporal ridge, and below, with 
 
 upper border of zygomatic arch. Temporal 
 
 fascia is attached. 
 (C) Processes : 
 Frontal Process : 
 
 (Thick and serrated.) 
 
 Articulates with ext. angular process of 
 
 frontal bone. 
 Orbital Process : 
 
 (Thick and strong.) 
 7. Upper Surface : 
 
 (Smooth and concave.) 
 
 Forms, by joining the sphenoid, the outer 
 
 wall of the orbit. 
 
 The temporo-malar canals (i or 2), for the 
 
 temporo -malar filaments of the orbital br. 
 
 sup. maxillary nerve, are seen here. 
 2. Under Surface : 
 
 (Smooth and convex.) 
 
 Forms part of temporal fossa, 
 j. Anterior Margin : 
 
 (Smooth.) 
 
 Forms part of the circumference of orbit. 
 ^. Superior Margin : 
 
 (Rough.) 
 
 Serrated for articulation with the frontal 
 bone behind the ext. angular process. 
 5. Posterior Margin : 
 
 (Rough and serrated.) 
 
 Articulates with sphenoid, and also with or- 
 bital surface of sup. maxilla. 
 
 Haxillary Process : 
 
 (A rough triangular surface.) 
 Articulates with sup. maxilla. 
 
MALAR BONES. 
 
 53 
 
 Zygomatic Process : 
 
 (Long, narrow, and serrated.) 
 Articulates with zygomatic process of tem- 
 poral. 
 
 LACHRYMAL BONES. 
 Situation : 
 
 At front part of inner wall of orbit. 
 Form : 
 
 Resemble a finger-nail in form, thinness, and 
 size. 
 Development : 
 
 By i centre. 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 4 bones : 
 
 2 of Cranium : 
 Frontal. 
 Ethmoid. 
 2 of Face : 
 
 Sup. maxilla. 
 Inf. turbinated. 
 
 Present for Examination 
 
 2 Surfaces : 
 
 External (orbital). 
 Internal (iiasal). 
 4 Borders : 
 Anterior. 
 Posterior. 
 Superior. 
 Inferior. 
 (A) Surfaces : 
 External Surface : 
 Presents 
 
 /. A Vertical Ridge : 
 
54 LACHRYMAL BONES. 
 
 It divides surface into 2 parts : 
 The bone in front of ridge has a smooth 
 longitudinal groove, the margin of which 
 unites with the nasal process of the sup. 
 maxilla, completing the lachrymal groove ; 
 the lachrymal sac is situated at the upper 
 part of groove, the lower part assisting in 
 the formation of the lachrymal canal, which 
 lodges the nasal duct. 
 
 That part of bone behind the ridge forms 
 part of inner wall of orbit. 
 The tensor tarsi m. is attached to this ridge. 
 2. A Small Hook-like Process : 
 (End of vertical ridge.) 
 
 Articulates with lachrymal tubercle of sup. 
 maxilla, and completes the upper orifice of 
 lachrymal canal. 
 
 Internal Surface : 
 Presents 
 
 i. A Depressed Furrow: 
 
 Corresponds to ridge on outer surface. 
 
 Forms part of the middle meatus. 
 
 SURFACE OF BONE IN FRONT. 
 
 
 DEPRESSED 
 FURROW. 
 
 
 SURFACE OF BONE BEHIND. 
 
 Articulates with the ethmoid, filling 
 in the ant. ethmoidal cells. 
 
BONES. 55 
 
 <B) Borders : 
 
 Anterior Border : 
 
 (Ivongest of the four.) 
 
 Articulates with riasal process of sup. maxilla. 
 
 Posterior Border : 
 
 (Thin and uneven.) 
 
 Articulates with os planum of ethmoid. 
 
 Superior Border : 
 
 (Shortest and thickest.) 
 
 Articulates with int. angular process of 
 
 frontal bone. 
 
 Inferior Border: 
 
 Is divided into two parts by the lower edge 
 of vertical crest : 
 
 (a) Posterior Part : 
 
 Articulates with orbital plate of sup. 
 maxilla. 
 
 (b) Anterior Part : 
 
 By a pointed process, it articulates with 
 lachrymal process of the inf. turbinated 
 bone, a ad assists in forming the lachry- 
 mal canal. 
 
 NASAL BONES. 
 Situation : 
 
 Side by side at the middle and upper part of the 
 face, forming the "bridge'* of the nose. 
 
 Form: 
 
 Oblong. 
 
56 NASAIv 
 
 Development : 
 
 By i centre. 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 4 Bones : 
 
 Two of Cranium : 
 
 Frontal. 
 
 Ethmoid. 
 Two of Face : 
 
 Opp. nasal. 
 
 Sup. maxilla. 
 
 Present for Examination 
 
 Two Surfaces; 
 
 Outer. 
 
 Inner. 
 Four Borders : 
 
 Superior. 
 
 Inferior. 
 
 External. 
 
 Internal. 
 
 (A) Surfaces: 
 Outer Surface : 
 
 Is covered by the pyramidalis and compressor 
 nasi muscles, and presents small furrows, for 
 arteries, and a foramen, for a vein which is some- 
 times double. 
 Inner Surface : 
 
 (Concave from side to side.) 
 
 Presents a longitudinal groove (sometimes a 
 
 canal), for a br. of nasal nerve. 
 
 (A) Borders: 
 Superior Border: 
 
 (Narrow, thick, and serrated.) 
 Articulates with nasal notch of frontal. 
 
NASAI, BONKS. 
 
 57 
 
 Inferior Border: 
 
 (Directed obliquely D. O. B.) 
 The lateral cartilage of nose is attached. 
 Presents 
 
 1. A Notch: 
 
 Near the middle of border, for a br. of nasal 
 nerve. 
 
 2. A Sharp Spine: 
 
 (At inner extremity.) 
 
 Forms the " nasal angle " when articulated. 
 
 with the opp. bone. 
 
 External Border : 
 
 (Serrated.) 
 
 Articulates with nasal process of sup. maxilla. 
 Internal Border : 
 
 (Thicker above than below.) 
 
 Articulates with its fellow of opp. side. 
 Presents 
 
 /. A Vertical Ridge. 
 
 Articulates with nasal spine of frontal above, 
 and the perpendicular plate of ethmoid 
 below ; the crest forms part of the septum of 
 nose. 
 
 INFERIOR TURBINATED BONES. 
 
 Situation : 
 
 On each side of outer wall of nasal fossae. 
 Form: 
 
 Like a scroll ; hence the name. 
 Development : 
 
 By i centre. 
 5 
 
58 INFERIOR TURBINATED BONES. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 4 Bones : 
 
 One of Cranium : 
 
 Ethmoid. 
 Three of Face : 
 Sup. maxilla. 
 Lachrymal. 
 Palate. 
 
 Present for Examination 
 
 Two Surfaces : 
 Internal. 
 External. 
 
 Two Borders : 
 Superior. 
 Inferior. 
 
 Two Extremities. 
 
 (A) Surfaces: 
 Internal Surface : 
 
 (Covered by lining membrane of nose.) 
 Presents 
 
 7. Numerous Foramina. 
 
 2. Traversed by Longitudinal Grooves and 
 Canals : 
 For the lodgement of arteries and veins. 
 
 External Surface : 
 
 (Forms part of the inf. meatus.) 
 Presents 
 
 /. Upper Border : 
 
 Is connected to various bones along the 
 
 outer wall of nose. 
 
 It may be divided into 3 parts : 
 
INFERIOR TURBINATED BONES. 
 
 59 
 
 (1) Anterior Portion : 
 
 Articulates with inf. turbinated crest of 
 sup maxilla. 
 
 (2) Posterior Portion : 
 
 Articulates with inf. turbinated crest of 
 palate bone. 
 
 (3) Middle Portion : 
 Presents 3 processes : 
 
 (1) Ant. Process : 
 (Lachrymal process.) 
 
 Is situated at the junction of the an- 
 terior fourth with the posterior three- 
 fourths of the bone, and articulates 
 with ant. inf. angle of the lachrymal 
 bone, and by its margins with the 
 groove on the back of the nasal pro- 
 cess of the sup. maxilla, assisting in 
 forming the lachrymal canal. 
 
 (2) Ethmoidal Process : 
 
 Joins the unciform process of ethmoid 
 bone. 
 
 (3) Maxillary Process : 
 
 Is formed by a thin lamella of bone 
 from the lower border of the ethmoi- 
 dal process. 
 
 2. Inferior Border : 
 
 Free, thick, and cellular in structure. 
 (B) The Extremities : 
 
 Are narrow and pointed. 
 
 THE VOMER. 
 Situation : 
 
 Vertically, at the back part of the nasal fossae. 
 
60 
 
 Form : 
 
 Resembles a plough-share. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By i centre. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 6 Bones : 
 
 Two of Cranium : 
 
 Sphenoid. 
 Ethmoid. 
 
 Four of Face : 
 
 2 sup. maxillae. 
 2 palate. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 Two Surfaces : 
 
 Lateral. 
 Four Borders : 
 
 Superior. 
 
 Inferior. 
 
 Anterior. 
 
 Posterior. 
 
 (A) Surfaces: 
 Lateral Surfaces : 
 
 (Smooth.) 
 Present 
 
 1. Small Furrows: 
 
 For blood-vessels. 
 
 2. Naso- Palatine Canal: 
 
 (Sometimes a groove.) 
 Naso-palatine nerve. 
 
THE VOM3R, 6l 
 
 (B) Borders: 
 Superior Border : - 
 
 (Thickest.) 
 Presents 
 
 /. A Deep Groove: 
 
 Is bounded on each side by a horizontal ala 
 of bone ; it receives the rostrum of the 
 sphenoid. 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Page 60, fourth line from the top, read : By 2 centres. 
 
 (Two naives.; 
 
 (1) Upper Half: 
 
 Consists of 2 laminae of bone, the perpen- 
 dicular plate of ethmoid being received be- 
 tween them. 
 
 (2) Lower Half : 
 
 Consists of a rounded <idge, and it is united 
 to the triangular cartilage of the nose. 
 
 Posterior Border: 
 
 (Separates the nasal fossae behind.) 
 
 Is free, concave, thick above, and thin below. 
 
 INFERIOR MAXILLA. 
 
 Situation : 
 
 Lower part of face. 
 
60 THE VOMER, 
 
 Form : 
 
 Resembles a plough-share, 
 
 Development : 
 
 By i centre. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 6 Pones : 
 
 Two of Cranium : 
 Sphenoid. 
 Ethmoid. 
 
 Four of Face : 
 
 2 sup. maxillae. 
 2- palate. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 Two Surfaces : 
 
 Lateral. 
 Four Border* 
 
 Sur- 
 
 (A) Surfa 
 Lateral Sih 
 
 Present 
 
 7. Small Furrows : 
 For blood-vessels. 
 
 2. Naso- Palatine Canal: 
 (Sometimes a groove.) 
 Naso-palatine nerve. 
 
THE VOMER, 6l 
 
 (B) Borders: 
 Superior Border : 
 
 (Thickest.) 
 Presents 
 
 /. A Deep Groove: 
 
 Is bounded on each side by a horizontal ala 
 of bone ; it receives the rostrum of the 
 sphenoid. 
 
 2. A Fissure : 
 
 For transmitting blood-vessels to the sub- 
 stance of the bone. 
 
 Inferior Border : 
 
 (Longest.) 
 
 Articulates with 2 sup. maxillary bones in 
 
 front, and joins the palate bones behind. 
 
 Anterior Border : 
 
 (Two halves.) 
 
 (1) Upper Half: 
 
 Consists of 2 laminae of bone, the perpen- 
 dicular plate of ethmoid being received be- 
 tween them. 
 
 (2) Lower Half : 
 
 Consists of a rounded <adge, and it is united 
 to the triangular cartilage of the nose. 
 
 Posterior Border: 
 
 (Separates the nasal fossae behind.) 
 
 Is free, concave, thick above, and thin below. 
 
 INFERIOR MAXILLA. 
 
 Situation : 
 
 Lower part of face. 
 
62 INFERIOR MAXIU.A. 
 
 Form : 
 
 Somewhat resembles a horse-shoe. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By 2 Centres : 
 
 One for each lateral half. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With the glenoid fossae of the 2 temporal bones. 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 (a) Horizontal Portion or Body : 
 
 External surface. 
 Internal " 
 Superior (alveolar) border. 
 Inferior border. 
 
 (b) Two Perpendicular Portions or Rami : 
 External surface. 
 
 Internal " 
 Upper border. 
 Lower " 
 Anterior border. 
 Posterior ' ' 
 Coronoid processes. 
 Condyloid " 
 
 (A) Horizontal Portion : 
 External Surface : 
 
 Is convex from side to side, and concave from 
 above downward. 
 
 Presents 
 
 1. The Symphysis : 
 
 (A vertical ridge.) 
 
 Extends from upper to lower border of bone. 
 
 2. Mental Process : 
 
 A triangular eminence. 
 
INFERIOR MAXIMA. 63 
 
 3. Incisive Fossa : 
 
 Has levator menti m. attached. 
 
 4. Mental Foramen : 
 
 For mental artery and nerve. 
 
 5. Ext. Oblique Line : 
 
 Depressor labii inferioris. 
 
 " anguli oris. 
 Platysma myoides. 
 
 Internal Surface : 
 
 Convex from above downward, and concave 
 from side to side. 
 
 Presents 
 
 1. An Indistinct Linear Depression : 
 
 Corresponds to the symphysis externally. 
 
 2. Genial Tubercles: 
 
 (a) Upper Pair : 
 
 Have attached the genio-hyoglossi m. 
 
 (b) Lower Pair : 
 Genio-hyoidei muscles. 
 
 j. Sub-Lingual Fossa : 
 
 Lodges sub-lingual gland. 
 
 4. A Rough Depression : 
 
 (On each side below fossa.) 
 For ant. belly of digastric m. 
 
 5. Int. Oblique Line : 
 
 (Mylo-hyoidean.) 
 Mylo-hyoid m. 
 Sup. constrictor of pharynx. 
 Pterygo-maxillary ligament. 
 
 6. A Smooth Surface : 
 
 (Above oMique line.) 
 
 Covered b}' the mucous membrane of the 
 
 mouth. 
 
64 INFERIOR MAXILI.A. 
 
 7. Sub- Maxillary Fossa : 
 (Below oblique line.) 
 lyodges sub-maxillary gland. 
 
 Superior Border : 
 
 Is hollowed out into 16 cavities, for the teeth, 
 whilst to its outer side the buccinator m. is 
 attached. 
 
 Inferior Border : 
 
 (Is longer than the superior.) 
 
 It has a shallow groove over which the facial 
 
 artery turns. 
 
 (B) Perpendicular Portion : 
 
 (Quadrilateral in form.) 
 
 External Surface : 
 
 (Flat.) 
 
 Is marked with ridges, and it gives attach- 
 ment to the masseter m. 
 
 Internal Surface : 
 Presents 
 
 /. Oblique Aperture of the Inferior Dental 
 Canal : 
 
 Inf. dental vessels and nerve. 
 2. A Prominent Ridge : 
 
 Situated in front of the margin of the above 
 
 aperture. The int. lateral ligament of the 
 
 lower jaw is attached. 
 
 j. Mylo-Hyoidean Groove : 
 (At lower and back part.) 
 Mylo-hyoidean vessels and nerve. 
 
 4. A Rough Surface : 
 (Behind groove.) 
 For int. pterygoid m. 
 
INFERIOR MAXIUvA. 65 
 
 Upper Border : 
 
 (Thin.) 
 Presents Two Processes : 
 
 1. Coronoid Process : 
 
 (Triangular eminence of bone.) 
 Serves chiefly for the temporal m. 
 
 External Surface : 
 (Smooth.) 
 For masseter and temporal muscles. 
 
 Internal Surface : 
 (Temporal m.) 
 Presents: 
 
 1. Commencement of a Longitudinal 
 Ridge: 
 
 It extends to the post, part of alve- 
 olar process. 
 
 2. A Deep Groove : 
 
 Is situated on the outer side of the 
 ridge, and to it and part of the groove 
 is attached the temporal above and 
 the buccinator below. 
 
 2. Cond yloid Process : 
 
 (Shorter and thicker than the coronoid.) 
 Presents Two Portions : 
 
 1. The Condyle. 
 
 (Oblong.) 
 
 Its articular surface extends further on 
 
 the posterior than on the anterior surface. 
 
 2. The Neck : 
 
 Its lateral margins are narrow and pre- 
 sent externally a tubercle for the ext. 
 lateral ligament. 
 
66 INFERIOR 
 
 (a) Anterior Surface : 
 
 Is hollowed out on its inner side by the 
 pterygoid fossa, for ext. pterygoid m. 
 
 (b) Posterior Surface : 
 Is convex. 
 
 Note : 
 
 The Condyloid and Coronoid Processes are 
 separated by the Sigmoid Notch. 
 
 Lower Border : 
 
 (Straight and thick.) 
 
 The angle of the jaw is formed by its junc- 
 tion with the post border. We find the fol- 
 lowing structures here, e g. : 
 
 Masseter m. (externally). 
 
 Int. pterygoid (internally). 
 
 Stylo-maxillary ligament. 
 
 Anterior Border : 
 
 (Thin above, thicker below.) 
 
 Is continuous with the ext. oblique line. 
 
 Posterior Border : 
 
 (Thick, smooth, and rounded.) 
 Is covered by the parotid gland. 
 
 PALATE BONES. 
 
 Situation : 
 
 At the back part of the nasal fossae, wedged in 
 between the sup. maxilla and the pterygoid pro- 
 cess of the sphenoid. 
 
 Form : 
 
 Resemble the letter " L." 
 
 Development : 
 
 By i centre. 
 
BONES. 67 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 6 Bones : 
 Sphenoid. 
 Ethmoid. 
 Sup. maxilla. 
 Inf. turbinated. 
 Vomer. 
 Opp. palate. 
 
 Present for Examination 
 
 (a) An Inferior (Horizontal] Plate : 
 
 Superior surface. 
 Inferior 4< 
 Anterior border. 
 Posterior " 
 External " 
 Internal " 
 
 (b) A Superior ( Vertical] Plate : 
 
 External surface. 
 Internal " 
 Anterior border. 
 Posterior " 
 Superior * ' 
 Inferior " 
 
 (A) Inferior Plate : 
 
 Superior Surface : 
 
 Forms back part of the floor of the nostril. 
 
 Inferior Surface : 
 
 (Forms back part of hard palate.) 
 Presents 
 
 /. A Transverse Ridge : 
 (At the post, part.) 
 For aponeurosis of tensor palati m. 
 
68 PALATE) BONKS. 
 
 2. Post. Palatine Canal : 
 
 Is formed by articulation with the tuberosity 
 of sup. maxilla. 
 
 j. Accessory Post. Palatine Canals : 
 
 Near the post, palatine canal. 
 Anterior Border : 
 
 (Serrated.) 
 
 Articulates with palate process of the sup. 
 
 maxilla. 
 
 Posterior Border : 
 
 (Soft palate is attached.) 
 The Post. Nasal Spine (Azygos uvulae) is 
 formed by the inner extremity of this border 
 being united with the opposite bone. 
 
 External Border : 
 
 Is united at almost right angles with the 
 lower part of the perpendicular plate. 
 
 Internal Border : 
 
 (Serrated and thick.) 
 
 The sup. edge of this border forms a ridge 
 
 which, when united to the opposite bone, 
 
 forms a crest for the vomar. 
 
 This border articulates with it fellow of opp. 
 
 side. 
 
 (B) Superior Plate : 
 
 (Directed U. and a little I.) 
 External Surface : 
 
 (Rough and uneven.) 
 
 The upper and back part enters into the 
 formation of the spheno-maxillary fossa. 
 This surface articulates with the inner sur- 
 face of the sup. maxilla, and, by so doing, 
 converts a deep groove at the back part, into 
 the post, palatine canal. 
 
BONES. 69 
 
 Internal Surface : 
 Presents 
 
 /. A Broad Shallow Depression : 
 (At the lower part of surface.) 
 Forms part of inf. meatus of nose. 
 
 2. Inf. lurbinated Crest: 
 
 Articulates with inf. turbinated bone, 
 j. A Shallow Depression : 
 
 (Above inf. turbinated crest.) 
 
 Forms part of middle meatus. 
 
 4. Sup. Turbinated Crest : 
 
 Articulates with middle turbinated bone. 
 
 5. A Narrow Horizontal Groove : 
 
 (Above sup. turbinated crest.) 
 Forms part of sup. meatus. 
 
 Posterior Border : 
 Presents 
 
 /. A Deep Groove : 
 
 Articulates with pterygoid process of sphen - 
 oid. 
 
 2. Pterygoid Process : 
 (Tuberosity.) 
 Presents at its back part 3 grooves, e. g. : 
 
 (a) Median Groove : 
 
 Forms part of pterygoid fossa, for int. 
 pterygoid m. 
 
 (b) Two Lateral Grooves : 
 
 Articulate with ant. border of each ptery- 
 goid plate. 
 
 A few fibres of ext. pterygoid and sup. con- 
 strictor muscles are attached to the pterygoid 
 process. The outer surface of the process 
 
JO PALATE) BONKS 
 
 articulates with inner surface of the body of 
 sup. maxilla, and the base of the process 
 presents the apertures of the accessory de- 
 scending palatine canals. 
 
 Anterior Border : 
 
 (Thin and irregular.) 
 
 Presents the maxillary process (opp. inf. 
 
 turbinated crest). 
 
 Superior Border : 
 Presents 
 
 (1) The Orbital Process : 
 
 (Directed U. O.) 
 
 Has 5 surfaces : * 
 
 Articular Surfaces : 
 
 Ant. or maxillary. 
 
 Post, or sphenoidal. 
 
 Int. or ethmoidal. 
 Non-Articular : 
 
 (Free surfaces.) 
 
 Sup. or orbital. 
 
 Ext. or zygomatic. 
 
 (2) The Sphenoidal Process : 
 
 (Directed U. and I.) 
 Surfaces : 
 
 Superior. 
 
 Internal. 
 
 External. 
 Borders : 
 
 Anterior. 
 
 Posterior. 
 
 i. Orbital Process : 
 
 Anterior Surface : 
 
 (Directed F. D. O.) 
 Articulates with sup. maxilla. 
 
PALATE BONES. 7I 
 
 Posterior Surface : 
 (Directed B. U. I.) 
 
 Presents a small open cell, which com- 
 municates with spheroidal sinus; the 
 margins articulate with the vertical part 
 of sphenoidal turbinated bone. 
 
 Internal Surface : 
 (Directed I. U. F.) 
 Articulates with lateral mass of ethmoid. 
 
 Superior Surface : 
 ( Directed U. O.) 
 Forms the back part of floor of orbit. 
 
 External Surface : 
 
 (Directed O. B. D.) 
 
 Ivies in the spheno-maxillary fossa, and 
 
 looks into the zygomatic fossa. 
 
 2. Sphenoidal Process : 
 
 (A thin compressed plate.) 
 
 Superior Surface : 
 
 Articulates with horizontal part of sphen- 
 oidal turbinated bone. Presents a groove. 
 
 Internal Surface : 
 (Concave.) 
 Forms part of outer wall of nasal fossa. 
 
 External Surface : 
 (Has 2 portions.) 
 
 (1) Articular Portion : 
 
 Articulates with inner surface of 
 pterygoid process of sphenoid. 
 
 (2) N on- Articular Portion : 
 Forms part of zygomatic fossa. 
 
72 PALATE BONKS. 
 
 Anterior Border : 
 
 Forms post, boundary of spheno-pala- 
 tine foramen. 
 
 Posterior Border : 
 
 Articulates with inner surface of ptery- 
 goid process. 
 
 Note : 
 
 The Orbital and Sphenoidal Processes are 
 separated by a deep notch, which is con- 
 verted into a foramen (spheno-palatine), by 
 articulation with the sphenoidal turbinated 
 bone. 
 
 DENTES OR TEETH. 
 
 First Set. 
 
 (Appear in childhood.) 
 
 i. Temporary or Milk Teeth : 
 
 Incispres 4 } 
 
 Cuspidati 2 v In each jaw. 
 
 Molares 4 J 
 
 Eruption , approximately, as follows: 
 
 Central incisors 6th to 8th month. 
 
 Lateral incisors yth to loth u 
 
 Ant. molars I2th to I4th 
 
 Canines i4th to 2oth " 
 
 Post, molars i8th to 36th " 
 
 General Characters : 
 
 First upper molar has 3 cusps : 
 
 External (2). 
 
 Internal (i). 
 
 First lower molar has 4 cusps. 
 Second " " " 5 " 
 
DENTES OR TEETH. 73 
 
 Second Set. 
 
 (Appear at an early age.) 
 
 2. Permanent Teeth : 
 
 Incispres ................ 4 "] 
 
 Molares ................... 6 J 
 
 Eruption, as follows : 
 
 First molars .......... 7th year. 
 
 Central incisors ....... 8th 
 
 Lateral incisors ....... 9th 
 
 First bicuspids ........ loth 
 
 Second bicuspids ...... nth 
 
 Canines ............... I2th 
 
 Second molars ......... I3th 
 
 Wisdom teeth ......... I7th to 2ist year. 
 
 General Characters : 
 
 Each tooth has j parts : 
 
 (1) Crown, or body. 
 
 (2) Neck. 
 
 (3) Root, or fang. 
 
 HYOID BONE. 
 
 Situation : 
 
 Suspended horizontally, between the base of the 
 tongue and the larynx. 
 
 Form : 
 
 Bears a resemblance to the Greek Upsilon. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By 5 Centres: 
 
 i for the body. 
 I for each cornua. 
 
 6 
 
74 HYOID BONE. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 A body. 
 
 Two greater cornua. 
 
 Two lesser cornua. 
 
 (A) The Body : 
 
 (Quadrilateral in form.) 
 
 Forms the central part of the bone. 
 
 Anterior Surface : 
 
 (Convex, and directed F. and U.) 
 
 Presents 
 
 1. A Vertical Ridge : 
 
 Divides surface into 2 parts; it descends 
 along the median line. 
 
 2. A Horizontal Ridge : 
 
 Crosses the vertical ridge at right angles, 
 dividing the surface into 4 muscular depres- 
 sions. 
 
 3. The Tubercle : 
 
 Situated at the junction of the two ridges. 
 
 The following muscles are attached to the 
 anterior surface : 
 
 Genio-hyoid. 
 
 Genio-hyo-glossus. 
 
 Mylo-hyoid. 
 
 Stylo-hyoid. 
 
 Aponeurosis of digastric. 
 
 Posterior Surface : 
 
 (Smooth, concave ; directed B. and D.) 
 
 Is separated from the epiglottis by the thyro- 
 hyoid membrane, and by a lot of loose 
 areolar tissue. 
 
HYOID BONE:. 75 
 
 Superior Border: 
 
 (Is rounded.) 
 
 Gives attachment to the thyro-hyoid mem- 
 brane, and to part of the genio-hyoglossi 
 muscles. 
 
 Inferior Border : 
 
 Gives attachment to the following muscles : 
 Sterno-hyoid (in front). 
 Part of thyro-hypid (behind). 
 Omy-hyoid (at junction of inf. border 
 with great cornu). 
 
 Lateral Surfaces : 
 
 (Small, oval convex facets.) 
 
 Are covered with cartilage for articulation 
 with greater cornua. 
 
 (B) Greater Cornua : 
 
 (Flattened from A. D.) 
 
 Terminate posteriorly in a tubercle, for the 
 thyro-hyoid ligament. 
 
 Outer Surface : 
 
 Hyo-glossus m. is attached. 
 
 Upper Border : 
 
 Gives attachment to middle constrictor of 
 pharynx. 
 
 Lower Border : 
 
 Has part of thyro-hyoid attached. 
 
 (C) Lesser Cornua : 
 
 (Conical-shaped eminences.) 
 
 They are attached to the angles of junction 
 
 between the body and great cornua, by their 
 
 bases. 
 
 The stylo-hyoid ligaments are attached to 
 
 their apices. 
 
76 BONKS OF THE EAR THE MAU,E;US. 
 
 BONES OF THE EAR THE flALLEUS. 
 
 Situation : 
 
 At the outer part of the tympanum. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By a single point of ossification. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With the incus. 
 
 Form: 
 
 Like a mallet or hammer. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 A head. 
 A neck. 
 
 Three processes : 
 
 Manubrium, or handle. 
 Processes gracilis. 
 Processus brevis. 
 
 (A) The Head : 
 
 (Ovoid.) 
 
 Articulates behind with the incus ; this part 
 is the large upper extremity of the bone. 
 
 (B) The Neck : 
 
 (Narrow and contracted. ) 
 
 It supports the head, and presents a promi- 
 nence below. 
 
 (C) Processes: 
 Manubrium : 
 
 (Vertical direction.) 
 
 By its outer margin, it is connected wiih the 
 membrana tympani. It forms an obtuse 
 angle with the neck. 
 
BONKS OF THE EAR THE) INC0S. 77 
 
 Processus Gracilis : 
 
 (A long and delicate process.) 
 
 It extends forward and outward, from the 
 neck to the Glaserian fissure, and it affords 
 attachment to the laxator tympani m. 
 
 Processus Brevis : 
 
 (A slight conical projection.) 
 
 It arises from the root of the manubrium 
 and is in contact with the membrana tym- 
 pani. The tensor tympani is attached to its 
 summit. 
 
 THE INCUS. 
 Situation : 
 
 In the cavity of the tympanum, between the 
 malleus and orbiculare. 
 Form: 
 
 Resembles an anvil. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By i centre. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With the malleus. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 A body. 
 Two processes : 
 
 A short and long one. 
 
 (A) The Body : 
 
 Is articulated with the malleus, and in the 
 recent state is covered with cartilage and 
 has a lining of synovial membrane. 
 
 (B) Two Processes : 
 
 (Diverge from one another.) 
 
7 8 BONES OF THE EAR-THE STAPES. 
 
 Short Process : 
 
 (Somewhat conical.) 
 
 Is attached to the margin of the open- 
 ing leading into the mastoid cells. 
 
 Long Process : 
 
 Descends almost vertically, ending 
 in a rounded globular projection, 
 the os orbiculare. 
 
 THE STAPES. 
 Situation : 
 
 Horizontally in the cavity of the tympanum. 
 Form: 
 
 Resembles a stirrup. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With os orbiculare. 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 A head. 
 A neck. 
 Crura (2). 
 
 (A) The Head. 
 
 (Directed O.) 
 
 Is tipped with cartilage, and articulates with 
 the os orbiculare. 
 
 (B) The Neck : 
 
 (Is constricted.) 
 
 The stapedius m. is inserted here. 
 
 (C) Crura: 
 
 (Curved.) 
 
 (a) Anterior Branch : 
 
 Is connected by its extremity to the base, 
 which is the foot of the stirrup. 
 
 (b) Posterior Branch : 
 
 Similar to the anterior. The base is at- 
 tached to the margin of the fenestra 
 ovalis by ligameutous fibres. 
 
BONES OF THE KAR OS ORBICU^ARE). 79 
 
 OS ORBICULARE. 
 
 Situation : 
 
 Between long ramus of incus and head of 
 stapes. 
 Form : 
 
 Spherical. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With incus and stapes. 
 
 This bone is scarcely perceptible ; it is 
 convex on two surfaces, and is tipped 
 with cartilage. 
 
 VERTEBR/G CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. 
 
 The Body : 
 
 Smaller than in any other part of spine. 
 
 Broader from side to side than from before 
 
 backward. 
 
 Anterior surface is flattened. 
 
 Posterior surface, also flattened, but it is on 
 a higher level than the anterior. 
 
 Inferior border is prolonged downward, so 
 as to overlap the upper and fore-part of the 
 vertebrae below. 
 
 Lower surface is convex from side to side ; 
 concave from above downward. I/aterally, 
 it has a shallow concavity for the corre- 
 sponding lip of the adjacent vertebrae. 
 
 Upper surface is concave transversely, and 
 has a projecting lip on each side. 
 The Arch : 
 
 Pedicles have the sup. intervertebral notches 
 deeper and narrower than the inferior. They 
 have a direction obliquely outward. 
 
8o CERVICAL V 
 
 Lamincz overlap each other, inclosing the 
 spinal foramen, which is veryjarge and of a 
 triangular shape. They are long, narrow, 
 and thinner above than below. 
 Spinous processes are short and bifid at their 
 extremities, and increase in length from the 
 4th to the yth. 
 
 Transverse processes are directed D. O. and 
 F They have a groove along the upper 
 surface, which transmits a cervical nerve. 
 At the base a foramen is seen, for the verte- 
 bral artery, vein, and plexus of nerves Each 
 process is formed by 2 roots, e.g., the an- 
 terior and posterior, and by their junction 
 the foramen for the vertebral vessels is 
 formed ; the extremities of these two roots 
 form the ant. and post tubercles. These 
 processes are short and bifid. 
 The articular processes are oval, flattened, 
 and have a direction U. and B. superiorly, 
 the inferior processes being directed D. 
 and F. 
 
 Peculiar Cervical Vertebrae : 
 Atlas, or First : 
 
 No body. 
 
 No spinous process. 
 
 Atlas Is Hade Up of the Following Parts : 
 
 Anterior arch. 
 Posterior arch. 
 Lateral masses (2). 
 Anterior Arch : 
 
 The anterior surface is convex and pre- 
 sents a tubercle near its centre, for the 
 longus colli m. 
 
 The posterior surface is concave, and 
 marked by an oval facet, for articula- 
 tion with odontoid process of axis. 
 
CERVICAL VERTEBRA. 8l 
 
 Posterior Arch : 
 
 A rudimentary process behind is for the 
 rectus capitis posticus minor m. The 
 posterior part of the arch has a rounded 
 edge above, whilst in front, just behind 
 each sup. articular process, is a groove 
 which represents the sap. intervertebral 
 notches. 
 
 The under surface presents 2 other 
 grooves, placed behind the lateral 
 masses ; they represent the inf. inter- 
 vertebral notches of other vertebrae. 
 
 Lateral Masses: 
 
 Present 2 articulating processes above, 
 and 2 below, e. g. : 
 
 Sup. Articulating Processes : 
 ( Directed U., I. and B.) 
 
 They form a cup for the con- 
 dyles of occipital bone. 
 
 Inf. Articulating Processes : 
 (Directed D., I. and B.) 
 Articulates with axis. 
 
 Transverse Processes : 
 
 Are of large size for the attachment of 
 special muscles ; they are perforated at 
 their base, for the vertebral artery. 
 
 Axis: 
 
 Is composed of the following parts : 
 Body. 
 
 Odontoid process. 
 Pedicles. 
 Laminae. 
 Spinous process. 
 
82 CERVICAL V 
 
 Body : 
 
 Is triangular, and presents in front, a 
 median longitudinal ridge, for longus 
 colli m. 
 
 Odontoid Process : 
 
 Two Articulating Surfaces : 
 
 (1) One of an Oval Form : 
 
 (In front ) 
 
 Articulates with atlas. 
 
 (2) One behind, for transverse liga- 
 ment. 
 
 ApeX) is pointed, and has a rough im- 
 pression for the check ligaments. 
 The base of the process is constricted 
 where it is attached to the body, so as to 
 prevent displacement of the check liga- 
 ments. 
 
 Pedicles : 
 
 Are thick and strong ; they coalesce with 
 the sides of the body and the root of the 
 odontoid process. 
 
 Lamincz ; 
 
 Are thick and strong ; the spinal foramen 
 is very large. 
 
 Spinous Process : 
 
 Is large and deeply channeled on the 
 under surface, and presents a bifid tuber- 
 cular extremity for muscles. 
 
 Vertebra Prominens : 
 
 Has a very long and prominent spinous 
 process ; is thick and nearly horizontal 
 in direction, and has the ligamentum 
 nuchae attached. Transverse process is 
 
DORSAD VERTEBRA. 83 
 
 of large size, particularly the posterior 
 root. Upper surface has a shallow 
 groove. Vertebral foramen is usually 
 smaller than in other cervical vertebrae. 
 
 Characters of the Dorsal Vertebrae : 
 
 Body : 
 
 Is heart-shaped in the middle of dorsal 
 
 region. 
 
 Is thicker behind than in front. 
 
 Prominent and convex in front. 
 
 Flat above and below. 
 
 Deeply concave behind. 
 
 Slightly constricted in front and at the 
 
 sides. 
 
 Marked (near the root of pedicle) on 
 
 each side, by 2 demi-facets, one above 
 
 the other. 
 Pedicles : 
 
 Have a backward direction. 
 Inf. Inter vertebral Notches : 
 
 Are of large size, and deeper here than 
 
 in any other region of the spine. 
 Lamincz : 
 
 Thick and broad ; the spinal foramen is 
 
 small and of a circular form. 
 
 Articular Processes : 
 
 Flat and nearly vertical in direction. 
 
 Transverse Processes : 
 
 Strong, thick, and very long, having an 
 oblique direction B. and O. They have 
 a clubbed extremity for articulation with 
 the tubercle of a rib. 
 
 Spinous Process : 
 
 Triangular in form, and directed 
 obliquely D., ending by a tubercular 
 margin. 
 
84 DORSAD 
 
 Peculiar Dorsal Vertebrae : 
 
 The First: 
 
 Presents on each side of body a 
 single articular facet for the head 
 of the first rib, and a half facet for 
 the upper half of second rib. 
 Upper surface of body is like that 
 of a cervical vertebra. 
 Articular surfaces are oblique. 
 Spinous processes are long, thick, 
 and almost horizontal. 
 
 The Ninth : 
 
 Has no demi-facet below. 
 
 The Tenth: 
 
 No demi-facet below. 
 
 Has an entire articular facet on each 
 
 side above. 
 
 The Eleventh : 
 
 The body approaches in form and 
 size the lumbar vertebrae. 
 Facets for the ribs (one on each 
 side), are large, and placed on the 
 pedicles, which are thicker and 
 stronger in this and the next 
 vertebra, than in any other part of 
 this region. 
 
 Transverse processes are very short, and 
 have no articular facets for the 
 tubercles of the ribs. 
 
 Spinous process is short and almost 
 horizontal in direction ; it presents 
 a slight tendency to bifurcate at its 
 extremity. 
 
 The Twelfth: 
 
 Distinguished from the nth by 
 the inf. articular processes being 
 
85 
 
 convex and turned outward, like 
 those of the lumbar ; the general 
 form of the body, laminae, and 
 spinous process approaches to that 
 of the lumbar vertebrae. 
 
 Characters of the Lumbar Vertebrae. 
 
 The body is large, and broader from 
 side to side than from before back- 
 ward. 
 
 Ptdicles are very strong, and di- 
 rected B. from the upper part of 
 body. 
 
 Inf. intervertebral notches are of 
 large size. 
 
 Lamince are short, broad, and 
 strong ; the foramen being larger 
 than in the dorsal, but smaller than 
 in the cervical region. 
 Sup. articular processes look almost 
 directly I., and are concave ; the in- 
 ferior look O. and F. 
 Transverse processes are slender, 
 long, and directed transversely O. 
 in the upper 3 lumbar vertebrae, 
 slanting a little U. in the lower 2. 
 Spinous processes are broad and 
 thick, and are horizontal in direc- 
 tion. 
 
 The $th lumbar vertebra presents a 
 thick body, which is more so Jn 
 front than behind. 
 
 Development of Vertebrae : 
 
 Bach vertebrae is formed of 3 primary carti- 
 laginous portions : 
 
 i for each laminae and its processes. 
 
 i for the body. 
 
86 THE STERNUM, 
 
 Exceptions : 
 
 The atlas has 2 primary centres. 
 
 The axis has 6 centres. 
 
 The vertebra prominens : the costal 
 
 part of the transverse process has a 
 
 separate osseous centre. 
 
 The lumbar vertebrae have 5 centres. 
 
 THE STERNUfl. 
 Situation : 
 
 At the forepart of the chest. 
 Form: 
 
 Like an ancient sword. 
 
 Structure : 
 
 Composed of delicate can cellous texture, covered 
 by a thin layer of compact tissue. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By 6 Centres : 
 
 i for the manubrium. 
 
 4 " " gladiolus. 
 
 i " " ensiform appendix. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With clavicles and 7 costal cartilages, on each 
 side. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 (a) Manubrium : 
 
 Antertor surface. 
 Posterior surface. 
 Superior border. 
 Inferior border. 
 Lateral border. 
 
STERNUM. g? 
 
 (b) Gladiolus : 
 
 Anterior surface. 
 Posterior surface. 
 Superior border. 
 Inferior border. 
 Lateral border (2). 
 
 (c) Ensiform (xiphoid] Appendix : 
 
 Anterior surface. 
 Posterior surface. 
 Lateral borders. 
 An upper end. 
 A pointed extremity. 
 
 (A) Manubrium : 
 
 (Broad and thick above.) 
 
 Anterior Surface : 
 
 Convex from side to side; concave from 
 above down. 
 
 Gives attachment on each side to the fol- 
 lowing muscles : 
 
 Pectoralis major. 
 
 Sterno-mastoid. 
 
 Posterior Surface : 
 
 (Concave and smooth.) 
 
 Affords attachment on each side to the fol- 
 lowing muscles : 
 
 Sterno-hyoid. 
 
 Sterno-thyroid. 
 
 Superior Border : 
 
 (The thickest.) 
 
 Presents 
 
 /. Inter -Clavicular Notch : 
 At centre of border. 
 
88 THE STERNUM. 
 
 2. Oval Articular Surface : 
 (On each side.) 
 
 Articulates with sternal end of clavicle ; its 
 direction is U., B. and O. 
 
 Inferior Border : 
 
 Presents an oval rough surface, for articu- 
 lation with 2d portion of bone. 
 
 Lateral Borders : 
 
 (a) Marked above by an articular depression 
 for ist costal cartilage. 
 
 (b) Marked below by a small facet, which 
 assists in forming a notch for the costal 
 cartilage of 2d rib. 
 
 (B) Gladiolus: 
 
 Longer, narrower, and thinner than the first 
 piece. 
 
 Anterior Surface : 
 
 (Directed U. and P.) 
 
 Affords attachment to the pectoralis major, 
 on each side. 
 Presents 
 
 1. Three Transverse Lines : 
 
 They cross opp. the 3d, 4th and 5th articu- 
 lar depressions. 
 
 2. Sternal Foramen : (?) 
 
 This orifice varies in size and form, and pen- 
 etrates the bone from before backward. 
 
 Posterior Surface : 
 
 (Slightly concave.) 
 
 Gives attachment to the triangularis sterni. 
 
 Presents 
 
 1. Three Transverse Lines : 
 
 Less distant than those in front. 
 
 2. Post. Opening of Sternal Foramen : 
 
THE STERNUM. 89 
 
 Superior Border : 
 
 Presents an oval surface for articulation with 
 the manubrium. 
 
 * 
 Inferior Border : 
 
 (Narrow.) 
 
 Articulates with ensiforfn cartilage. 
 
 Lateral Borders : 
 Present 
 
 /. A Small Facet : 
 
 (At each sup. angle.) 
 
 With a similar facet on the manubrium, a 
 
 cavity is formed, for the cartilage of the 2d 
 
 rib. 
 
 2. Four Similar Facets : 
 
 For cartilages of 3d, 4th, 5th, and 6th ribs. 
 
 j. At Each Inf. Angle , a Small Facet: 
 
 With a corresponding one on the ensiform 
 cartilage, a notch is formed for the carti- 
 lage of the yth rib. 
 
 4. Curved Interarticular Intervals : 
 
 Separate the articular depressions, and cor- 
 respond to the intercostal spaces. 
 
 (C) Ensiform Appendix : 
 Anterior Surface : 
 
 Costa- xiphoid ligaments. 
 
 Posterior Surface : 
 
 Some fibres of the diaphragm and triangu- 
 laris sterni muscles are attached. 
 
 Lateral Borders : 
 
 Aponeurosis of the abdominal muscles. 
 7 
 
90 THE; RIBS. 
 
 The Upper End : 
 
 Is continuous with the lower end of the 
 gladiolus. 
 
 The Pointed Extremity : 
 
 Gives attachment to the linea alba. At each 
 superior angle is found a facet, for the lesser 
 one-half of the cartilage of the 7th rib. 
 
 THE RIBS. 
 Situation : 
 
 Form the sides of the thorax. 
 
 Form: 
 
 Irregular, long, bony curves. 
 
 Structure : 
 
 Consist of cancellous tissue, enclosed in a thin 
 compact layer. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By 3 Centres (except the last two, which have 
 
 2 centres each. ) 
 i for the shaft, 
 i " " head, 
 i " " tubercle. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 The "true" ribs (vertebrp-sternal), are attached 
 behind to the spine, and in front to the sternum. 
 The " false " ribs are connected behind with the 
 spine, and in front with the costal cartilages. 
 The last 2 (vertebral, or "floating" ribs) are 
 joined to the vertebrae only, being free at their 
 anterior extremities. 
 
 Present for Examination 
 
 (a) Extremities : 
 
 Anterior (sternal). 
 Posterior (vertebral). 
 
THE RIBS. 9 i 
 
 (b) Body (the shaft] : 
 External surface. 
 Internal surface. 
 Superior border. 
 Inferior border. 
 
 (A) Extremities: 
 Anterior Extremity : 
 
 (Flattened.) 
 
 It presents a porous concave depression, 
 
 which receives the costal cartilage. 
 
 Posterior Extremity : 
 Presents 
 
 /. The Head: 
 
 Is marked by a reniform articular surface, 
 divided by a horizontal ridge into 2 facets ; 
 the upper one is small, the lower one being 
 larger. The interarticular ligament is at- 
 tached to the ridge. 
 
 2. The Neck: 
 
 Rests upon the transverse process of the 
 lower of the two vertebrae with which the 
 head articulates. 
 
 (a) Anterior Surface : 
 
 Is flat and smooth. 
 
 (b) Posterior Surf ace : 
 (Rough.) 
 
 For the attachment of the middle costo- 
 transverse ligament. 
 
 Presents 2 points : 
 
 (1) Numerous Foramina. 
 
 (2) The Tuberosity ; 
 Consists of an articular and 
 a non-articular portion. 
 
9 2 
 
 THE RIBS. 
 
 Articular Part : 
 
 Articulates with the 
 extremity of the 
 transverse process 
 of the lower of the 
 2 vertebrae, to 
 which the head is 
 joined. 
 
 N on- articular Part : 
 Gives attachment 
 to the post, costo- 
 transverse 1 i g a - 
 ment. 
 (B) The Body (shaft) : 
 
 (Thin and flat.) 
 External Surface : 
 
 (Convex and smooth.) 
 Presents 
 
 /. The Angle ; 
 
 Is a prominent line directed obliquely from 
 above D. and O. Tendon of sacro-lumbalis 
 is attached. Between the angle and the 
 sternal end of the bone, an oblique line 
 ^ exists, the anterior angle. 
 
 Internal Surface : 
 
 (Concave and smooth.) 
 Presents 
 
 /. A Ridge: 
 
 It commences at the lower extremity of the 
 head, and is strongly marked as far as the 
 inner side of the angle. 
 
 2. A Grooved Interval : 
 
 Is between the ridge and inferior border. It 
 lodges the inter-costal vessels and nerve, 
 
THE RIBS. 93 
 
 and its superior edge gives attachment to the 
 intercostal muscles. The ext. intercostals 
 being attached to the inferior edge. 
 
 j. Small Foramina : 
 
 Are seen within the groove. 
 
 Superior Border : 
 
 (Thick and rounded.) 
 
 Is marked by an ext. and int. lip, for the 
 
 ext. and int. intercostals. 
 
 Inferior Border: 
 
 (Thin and sharp.) 
 
 Gives attachment to the ext. intercostal m. 
 
 Peculiar Ribs are : 
 
 First. 
 
 Second. 
 
 Tenth. 
 
 Eleventh. 
 
 Twelfth. 
 
 First Rib: 
 
 Is placed horizontally at upper part t>f 
 
 thorax. 
 
 Its surfaces look U and D. 
 
 Its borders look I and O. 
 
 Is broad and flat. 
 
 One of the most curved and shortest of 
 
 the ribs. 
 
 /. The Head: 
 
 Small, rounded, and has but a 
 single facet for articulation with 
 the body of the 1st dorsal ver- 
 tebra. 
 
 2. The Neck : 
 
 Narrow and rounded. 
 
94 
 
 THE RIBS. 
 
 j. Tuberosity : 
 
 Rests on the outer border. 
 Is thick and prominent. 
 
 4. The Shaft : 
 
 Is not twisted on its axis. 
 
 Upper Surface : 
 
 Has 2 shallow depres- 
 sions separated by a tu- 
 bercle, for the scalenus 
 anticus m., the groove 
 in front of it tr ansmit- 
 ting the subclavian 
 vein, and that behind 
 it, the subclavian artery. 
 
 Under Surface : 
 
 Is smooth, and has not 
 the groove noticed on 
 other ribs. 
 
 Outer Border : 
 
 Is thick, convex and 
 rounded. 
 
 Inner Border : 
 
 Thin, concave, and 
 sharp, and has near the 
 centre the tubercle be- 
 fore referred to. 
 
 Anterior Extremity : 
 
 Is larger and thicker 
 than any of the other 
 ribs. 
 
 Second Rib : 
 
 Resembles the ist rib considerably in 
 the direction of its curvature. 
 Is much longer than the ist rib. 
 
THE RIBS. 
 
 95 
 
 The non-articular part is sometimes only 
 
 slightly marked. 
 
 The angle is slight, and close to the 
 
 tuberosity. 
 
 The Shaft: 
 
 Not horizontal like that of the 
 first rib. 
 
 Outer Surface : 
 
 Convex, and looks U. 
 and Q. It has a rough 
 eminence near the mid- 
 dle line for the 2d and 
 3d digitations of the 
 serratus magnus m. 
 Inner Surface : 
 
 Smooth and concave; 
 is directed D. and a 
 little I. A short groove 
 is seen near its poste- 
 rior part. 
 Tenth Rib: 
 
 Has a single articular facet on its head. 
 Eleventh and Twelfth Ribs : 
 
 Have each a single articular facet on 
 
 the head, which is somewhat large. 
 
 No neck. 
 
 No tuberosity. 
 
 Are pointed at the extremity. 
 
 The nth has a slight angle, and a 
 
 shallow groove on the lower border. 
 
 The 1 2th has neither, and is shorter 
 
 than the nth. 
 
 CLAVICLE. 
 Situation : 
 
 Transversely at the upper part of the thorax, 
 just above the first rib. 
 
96 
 
 Form: 
 
 Curved like the letter "/." 
 
 Structure : 
 
 The shaft and extremities consist of cancellous 
 tissue invested in a compact layer. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By 2 Centres : 
 
 i for the shaft. 
 
 i " " sternal extremity. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With j Bones : 
 Sternum. 
 Scapula. 
 Cartilage of ist rib. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 (a) An External Portion : 
 
 (Flattened.) 
 
 Uppe*r surface. 
 Under " 
 Anterior border. 
 Posterior " 
 
 (b) An Internal Portion : 
 (Cylindrical. ) 
 Anterior border. 
 Superior " 
 
 Posterior " (subclavian). 
 Anterior surface. 
 Posterior " (cervical). 
 Inferior " (subclavian). 
 
 (c) An Internal End (sternal] : 
 
 (d) An Outer End (acromial] : 
 
(A) External Portion : 
 
 Upper Surface : 
 
 (Flat and rough.) 
 
 Marked by impressions for the deltoid in 
 
 front, and the trapezius behind. 
 
 Under Surface : 
 
 Flattened. 
 Presents 
 
 1. The Conoid Tubercle : 
 
 (At the post, border.) 
 For conoid ligament. 
 
 2. An Oblique Line : 
 
 Passes F. and O. to near the outer end of 
 the anterior border. 
 Trapezoid ligament. 
 
 Anterior Border : 
 
 (Rough, thin, and concave.) 
 
 It limits the attachment of the deltoid. 
 
 Posterior Border : 
 
 (Rough and convex.) 
 
 Gives attachment to the trapezius. 
 
 (B) Internal Portion : 
 
 (Forms inner two-thirds of the bone.) 
 
 Anterior Border : 
 
 Is continuous with the anterior portion of 
 the flat portion. It is smooth at its com- 
 mencement, and corresponds to the interval 
 between the attachment of the pectoralis 
 major and the deltoid. At about the centre 
 of the bone, it divides and incloses an ellipti- 
 cal space, for the clavicular part of the 
 pectoralis major m. 
 
98 
 
 Superior Border : 
 
 Separates the anterior from the posterior sur- 
 face ; it terminates at the upper angle of the 
 sternal extremity, and gives attachment, at 
 the inner third, to the sterno-mastoid. 
 
 Posterior Border. 
 
 Separates the posterior from the inferior sur- 
 face, and forms a groove for the subclavian 
 m. This border extends from the conoid 
 tubercle to the rhomboid impression. 
 
 Anterior Surface : 
 
 (Between sup. and ant. borders.) 
 
 At the acromial extremity, it is continuous 
 
 with the upper surface of the flat part. 
 
 /. Smooth, externally, where it is cov- 
 ered with the platysma myoides m. 
 
 2. A Prominent Line divides the sur- 
 face into 2 parts : 
 
 (a) An Anterior Part : 
 For pectoralis major. 
 
 (b) An Upper Part: 
 
 For sterno-cleido-mastoid m. 
 Posterior Surface : 
 
 (Smooth, flat, and directed vertically). 
 This surface looks B., toward the root of the 
 neck ; it is limited above by the superior 
 border; internally, by the margin of the 
 sternal extremity; below, by the subclavian 
 border ; externally, it is continuous with the 
 posterior border of the flat portion. Part of 
 the stern o-hyoid m. is attached, near the 
 sternal extremity, and near the middle is a 
 foramen, which transmits the chief artery of 
 the bone. 
 
99 
 
 Inferior Surface : 
 
 Bounded, in Front, by the anterior border. 
 
 Behind, by the subclavian border. It is con- 
 tinuous with the under surface of the flat 
 portion. 
 
 Presents 
 
 7. A Small Facet: 
 
 Articulates with cartilage of ist rib, 
 2. Rhomboid Impression : 
 
 For costo-clavicular ligament, 
 j. Subclavian Groove: 
 
 For subclavius m. 
 
 (C) Sternal End : 
 
 (Triangular in form.) 
 
 Its direction is I., and a little D. and F. It 
 presents an articular facet for articulation 
 with the sternum ; the circumference of the 
 articular surface is rough, for numerous liga- 
 ments. 
 
 (D) Acromial Extremity : 
 
 (Directed O. and F.) 
 
 Presents a small oval facet, for articulation 
 with the acromion process of the scapula ; 
 circumference of this facet is rough, for the 
 acromio-clavicular ligaments. 
 
 SCAPULA. 
 Situation : 
 
 At the upper, lateral, and posterior part of thorax. 
 
 Form: 
 
 Triangular. 
 
100 SCAPULA. 
 
 Structure : 
 
 The Following Parts are Cellular: 
 
 All the thickened parts of the bone. 
 The head. 
 The processes. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By 7 Centres : 
 
 1 for the body. 
 
 2 * ' ' * coracoid process. 
 2 " " acromion " 
 
 I " " post, border, 
 i " " inf. angle. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 2 Bones : 
 Humerus. 
 Clavicle. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 An anterior surface (venter). 
 A posterior " (dorsum). 
 A superior border. 
 An axillary " (external). 
 Internal " (vertebral). 
 A superior angle. 
 An inferior " 
 An anterior {< 
 
 Anterior Surface : 
 
 (Concave.) 
 Presents 
 
 /. Subscapnlar Fossa : 
 
 Several oblique ridges mark it in the post. 
 
 two-thirds, for the subcapularis m. 
 2. A Smooth Triangular Margin : 
 
 It gives attachment to serratus magnus, and 
 
 separates the surface from post, border. 
 
SCAPULA 101 
 
 3. Subscapular Angle : 
 
 This transverse depression is at the upper 
 part of the fossa. 
 
 Posterior Surface : 
 
 The Spine divides it into 2 parts : 
 
 (1) Supraspinous Fossa : 
 (Part above spine.) 
 
 For supraspinatus m. 
 
 (2) Infraspinatus Fossa : 
 (Part below spine.) 
 
 Presents 
 
 (a) A Shallow Concavity : 
 
 Is near the vertebral margin. 
 
 (b) A Prominent Convexity : 
 At the center. 
 
 (c) A Deep Groove : 
 Towards axillary border. 
 
 The inner two-thirds of the surface 
 gives attachment to the infras- 
 pinatus m. 
 Presents 
 
 1. An Elevated Ridge : 
 
 Separates post, surface from axillary border, 
 and serves for the attachment of a strong 
 aponeurosis, which separates the infraspi- 
 natus from the two teres muscles. 
 
 2. A Groove: 
 
 Is near the axillary border, for the dorsalis 
 scapulae vessels and teres minor m. 
 
 j. A Broad Triangular Surface : 
 (At the lower third.) 
 
102 SCAPULA, 
 
 Has 2 Muscles : 
 Teres major. 
 Ivatissimus dorsi. 
 
 4. The Spine: 
 
 Is triangular, and commences from the post, 
 border, to which its apex corresponds, near 
 its upper third, passes U. and F., and ends 
 in the acromion process. 
 
 Presents the following : 
 (i) Superior Surface : 
 (Concave.) 
 
 Assists in forming the supra- 
 spinous fossa, and gives at- 
 tachment to supraspinatus m. 
 
 {2) Inferior Surf ace : 
 
 Forms part of infraspinous 
 fossa presenting the orifice of a 
 nutrient canal near its centre. 
 It affords attachment to the 
 infraspinatus m. 
 
 (3) Anterior Border : 
 
 Is attached to the dorsum of 
 the bone. 
 
 (4) Posterior Border : 
 Has 2 Lips: 
 
 (a) Superior Lip : 
 For trapezius m. 
 
 (b) Inferior Lip : 
 For deltoid m. 
 
 (5) External Border : 
 (Slightly concave.) 
 
 Is the shortest of the borders, 
 and its edges are continuous 
 
SCAPULA. 103 
 
 above with the under surface 
 of the acromion process ; be- 
 low, with the neck of the 
 scapula. 
 5. Acromion Process: 
 
 (Somewhat triangular.) 
 Forms the summit of shoulder, and over- 
 hangs the glenoid cavity. 
 
 It Presents 
 
 (1) An Upper Surf ace : 
 
 (Directed U. B. O.) 
 
 Gives attachment to some fibres 
 
 of deltoid m. 
 
 (2) Under Surf ace : 
 Concave and smooth. 
 
 (3) Inner Margin : 
 
 (Concave.) 
 
 Is shorter than the outer, and 
 presents near its centre an oval 
 surface, which articulates with 
 the acromion end of clavicle. 
 It gives attachment to part of 
 trapezius m. 
 
 4. Apex: 
 
 (Thin.) 
 
 For coraco-acromial ligament. 
 
 5. Outer Border : 
 
 (Thick.) 
 
 Is irregular and gives attach- 
 ment to the deltoid. 
 Superior Border : 
 
 (Thin and short.) 
 
 It ends at the sup. angle by its inner ex- 
 tremity, and at its outer extremity at the 
 coracoid process ; it affords attachment to 
 the omo-hyoid m. 
 
104 SCAPULA. 
 
 Presents 
 
 i. Suprascapular Notch : 
 
 Is converted into a foramen by the transverse 
 ligament. Suprascapular nerve is trans- 
 mitted by it. 
 
 Axillary Border : 
 
 (Thickest of the three.) 
 
 Commences above at the lower margin of 
 
 the glenoid cavity. 
 
 Presents 
 
 1. A Rough Impression : 
 
 (Below the cavity.) 
 
 For long head of triceps. 
 
 2. A Longitudinal Groove : 
 
 For part of subscapularis m. 
 
 Internal Border : 
 
 Extends from the superior angle to the infe- 
 rior angle of the bone. 
 
 Presents 
 
 /. An Anterior Lip : 
 
 For serratus magnus m. ' 
 2. A Posterior Lip : 
 
 Supraspinatus (above). 
 
 Infraspinatus (below). 
 
 j. Interval Between Lips : 
 Levator anguli scapulae. 
 Rhomboideus major et minor. 
 
 Superior Angle : 
 
 (Thin, smooth and rounded.) 
 
 Gives attachment to a few fibres of levator 
 
 anguli scapulae. 
 
SCAPULA. 105 
 
 Inferior Angle : 
 
 (Thick and rough.) 
 
 Is formed by the union of the vertebral and 
 axillary borders. Its outer surface affords 
 attachment to the teres major, and some- 
 times to the latissimus dorsi. 
 Anterior Angle : 
 
 (Forms the head of scapula.) 
 
 It presents a pyriform articular surface, the 
 
 glenoid cavity. At its apex is attached the 
 
 long head of the biceps ; the margins give 
 
 attachment to the glenoid ligament. 
 
 The Neck of the Scapula has arising from it 
 
 a thick prominence, the Coracoid Process^ 
 
 which presents : 
 
 /. Ascending Portion : 
 
 ( i) A Smooth Surface : 
 
 The subscapularis passes over it.. 
 
 2. Horizontal Portion : 
 
 (1) Upper Surf ace : 
 Convex and irregular, 
 
 (2) Under Surface ; 
 
 (3) Anterior Border : 
 Pectoralis minor is attached. 
 
 (4) Posterior Border: 
 
 For coraco-acromial ligament. 
 
 3. The Apex : 
 
 Is surrounded by the conjoined tendon 
 of origin of the biceps, and coraco- 
 brachialis. 
 
 4. A Rough Impression : 
 
 At inner side of the process, for the 
 conoid ligament. 
 
 5. An Elevated Ridge : 
 
 An upper surface of horizontal fart, for 
 trapezoid ligament. 
 
I0 6 THE HUMB:RUS. 
 
 THE HUMERUS. 
 Situation : 
 
 Between the scapula and the forearm. 
 
 Form : 
 
 Cylindrical. 
 
 Structure : 
 
 Extremities Consist of: 
 
 Cancellous tissue, covered by a thin com- 
 pact layer. 
 
 Shaft is Composed of: 
 
 Compact tissue, and is hollowed out by the 
 medullary canal. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By 7 Centres : 
 
 i for the shaft, 
 i " " head, 
 i " " great tuberosity. 
 i " . " radial head. 
 
 i " " trochlear portion of articular sur- 
 face, 
 i for each condyle. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With the glenoid cavity of scapula. 
 With the ulna. 
 With the radius. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 An upper extremity. 
 A lower extremity. 
 A shaft. 
 
 (A) Upper Extremity : 
 
 (Largest part of bone.) 
 
THE HUMERUS. 107 
 
 Presents 
 
 /. A Rounded Head : 
 (Directed U. I. B.) 
 
 Joins glenoid cavity to form the shoulder 
 joint. 
 
 2. Anatomical Neck : 
 
 (Supports head.) 
 
 Forms a deep groove, for the capsular liga- 
 ment. 
 
 3. Surgical Neck : 
 
 Constriction just below the tuberosities. 
 
 4. Great Tuberosity : 
 
 Situated externally to the head and lesser 
 tuberosity. 
 
 (a) Upper Surface : 
 (Rounded.) 
 
 Marked by 3 Facets : 
 
 (1) Anterior Facet : 
 Supraspinatus m. 
 
 (2) Middle Facet : 
 Infraspinatus m. 
 
 (3) Posterior Facet : 
 Teres minor m. 
 
 (b) Outer Surface : 
 (Convex, rough.) 
 
 Is continuous with the outer side of 
 shaft. 
 
 5. Lesser Tuberosity : 
 
 (In front of head.) 
 
 Its summit has a facet for the subscapularis 
 
IO 8 THE HUMERUS. 
 
 6. Bicipital Groove : 
 
 It separates the tuberosities, lodges the long 
 tendon of the biceps, and receives part of the 
 latissimus dorsi m. 
 
 (B) Lower Extremity : 
 
 (Flattened and twisted a little forward.) 
 Terminates in a broad articular surface. 
 
 Articular Surface : 
 
 (A slight ridge divides it into 2 parts. ) 
 
 (a) The Outer Portion : 
 Presents 
 
 /. Radial (lesser] Head: 
 
 Articulates with a cup-shaped depression 
 on the head of radius. A shallow groove, 
 on the inner side of radial head receives 
 the inner margin of the head of the radius. 
 
 (b) The Inner (Trochlear] Portion : 
 
 It is situated at the anterior lower and pos- 
 terior parts of the bone, and presents a de- 
 pression between the external and internal 
 borders. 
 
 External Border : 
 
 Corresponds to the space bounded by 
 radius and ulna. 
 
 Internal Border 
 
 Is more prominent than external, being 
 thicker and longer. 
 
 O leer an on Fossa : 
 
 Is above the back part of the trochlear 
 surface, and receives the summit of the 
 olecranon process of the ulna, when the 
 forearm is extended. 
 
THE HUMERU6. I0 9 
 
 Coronoid Depression: 
 Situated above the front part of the troch- 
 lear surface ; it receives the coronoid pro- 
 cess of the ulna, during flexion of the 
 forearm. 
 
 The grooved part of the articular surface articu- 
 lates with the sigmoid cavity of the ulna. 
 
 External Condyle : 
 
 Gives attachment to the ext. lateral ligament 
 of the elbow-joint, and to a tendon common 
 to the origin of the extensor and supinator 
 muscles. 
 
 Internal Condyle: 
 
 The ulnar nerve runs in a groove at the back 
 part, between the condyle and the olecranon 
 process. This condyle gives attachment to 
 the int. lateral ligament, pronator radii teres, 
 and to a tendon common to some of the flexor 
 muscles of the forearm. 
 (C) The Shaft : 
 
 Round above, and prismatic and flattened 
 below. 
 Presents 
 
 1. Anterior Border : 
 
 Separates the internal from the external sur- 
 face. It extends from the front of great 
 tuberosity above to the coronoid depression 
 below, and forms the outer lip of the bicipi- 
 tal groove ; gives attachment to the pectoralis 
 major, and below, where it is smooth and 
 rounded, to the brachialis anticus m. 
 
 2. External Border : 
 
 Separates external from posterior surface, 
 and runs from the back part of great tuber- 
 osity to the external condyle ; it serves for 
 the attachment of the triceps in its upper half. 
 
HO THB HUMERUS. 
 
 Presents 
 
 1 i ) Musculo- spiral groove : 
 Musculo-spiral nerve, and sup. 
 profunda artery. 
 
 (2) A Rough Margin ; 
 (At lower part.) 
 
 (a) Anterior Lip : 
 Supinator longus m 
 (above). 
 
 Extensor carpi radialis 
 longior (below). 
 
 (b) Posterior Lip : 
 Triceps. 
 
 (c) An Interstice : 
 Intermuscular septum 
 
 3. Internal Border : 
 
 Extends from lesser tuberosity to the inter- 
 nal condyle. 
 
 Its Upper Third Presents: 
 
 (1) A Prominent Ridge : 
 
 Forms inner lip of bicipital 
 groove. 
 
 Muscles Attached : 
 
 Tendon of latissimus 
 
 dorsi. 
 
 Teres major. 
 
 Part of inner head of 
 
 triceps. 
 
 (2) A Rough Ridge: 
 
 Is at centre of the border, and 
 gives attachment to coraco-bra- 
 chialis m. 
 
HUMERUS. in 
 
 (3) Nutrient Canal: 
 Its direction is D. 
 
 Its Inferior Third Presents : 
 
 (1) An Anterior Lip : 
 
 For brachialis anticus m. 
 
 (2) An Interstice : 
 
 For intermuscular septum. 
 
 (3) Posterior Lip : 
 
 For int. head triceps. 
 
 4. External Surface : 
 
 Directed O. above, where it is covered by 
 the deltoid m. It has a direction F. below, 
 and affords attachment to part of brachialis 
 anticus. 
 
 Presents 
 
 (1) A Rough Triangular Impres- 
 sion : 
 
 At the middle of the surface, 
 for the deltoid m. 
 
 ( 2 ) Musculo-spiral groove : 
 Below the impression ; its direc- 
 tion is obliquely from behind, 
 F. and D. 
 
 5. Internal Surface : 
 
 Direction forward above, and F. and I. below. 
 
 (a) Upper Part: 
 
 Foims bicipital groove. 
 
 (b) Middle Part: 
 
 A little rough, for coraco-brachialis 
 
112 THE) HUMERU3. 
 
 (c) Lower Part : 
 
 Is concave, and affords attachment 
 to braclralis anticus. 
 
 6. Posterior Surface: 
 
 Its upper part is directed I., and the lower O. 
 The ext. and internal heads of triceps cover 
 most of this surface, and are separated by 
 the musculo-spiral groove. 
 
 THE ULNA. 
 Situation : 
 
 Inner side of forearm. 
 Form: 
 
 Prismatic. 
 Structure : 
 
 Cancellous tissue, covered by a thin compact 
 layer ; the shaft is composed of compact tissue. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By 3 Centres: 
 
 i for the shaft. 
 
 i " inferior extremity. 
 
 i " the olecranon. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 2 Bones : 
 Humerus. 
 Radius. 
 
 Presents for Examination- 
 An upper extremity. 
 A lower extremity. 
 A shaft. 
 
 (A) Upper Extremity : 
 
 (Strongest part of the bone.) 
 
THE: ULNA. n-j 
 
 Presents 
 
 1. Olecranon Process: 
 
 A large curved eminence. 
 
 (a) Anterior Surf ace : 
 
 (Smooth and concave.) 
 Forms upper and back part of great 
 sigmoid cavity, its lateral borders 
 giving attachment to the int. lateral 
 ligament, and the posterior liga- 
 ment. 
 
 (b) Posterior Surface : 
 (Directed B.) 
 
 Is smooth, triangular, and covered 
 by a bursa. 
 
 (c) Upper Surf ace : 
 (Directed U.) 
 
 Is quadrilateral in form, and has a 
 rough impression behind, for the 
 triceps ; and in front, near the 
 margin, a slight transverse groove, 
 for the post, ligament of the elbow 
 joint. 
 
 2. Coronoid Process : 
 
 (Triangular.) 
 
 Forms lower part of great sigmoid cavity. 
 
 (a) The Base: 
 
 Is continuous with the shaft. 
 
 (b) The Apex: 
 
 Curved upward, and is received into 
 the coronoid depression of humerus, 
 when the forearm is flexed. 
 
 (c) Upper Surf ace : 
 (Smooth.) 
 
 Is concave, and forms lower part of 
 great sigmoid cavity. 
 
IJ4 THK ULNA. 
 
 (d) Under Surface : 
 (Concave.) 
 
 Gives attachment to brachialis 
 anticus, and "the tubercle of the 
 ulna " (at the junction of this sur- 
 face with the shaft), affords attach- 
 ment to the oblique ligament. 
 
 (e) Outer Surface : 
 
 Presents the lesser sigmoid cavity, 
 which is oblong and narrow. 
 
 (f) Inner Surf ace : 
 
 A small rounded eminence, at the 
 front part of this surface, for one 
 head of the flexor digitorum sub- 
 limis, and behind this, a depression, 
 for the origin of the flexor profundus 
 digitorum ; a ridge descends from 
 the eminence which affords attach- 
 ment to one head of the pronator 
 radii teres. This surface by its free 
 margin also gives attachment to the 
 int. lateral ligament. 
 
 3. Great Sigmoid Cavity : 
 
 (Semilunar depression.) 
 
 Articulates with the trochlear surface of 
 humerus, and is concave from above down- 
 ward ; it is divided by an elevated ridge, 
 from the summit of the olecranon to the tip 
 of coronoid process, into 2 lateral parts. 
 
 4. Lesser Sigmoid Cavity. 
 
 (Narrow and oblique.) 
 
 This articular depression is situated on the 
 outer side of the coronoid process, and articu- 
 lates with head of radius. The orbicular 
 ligament is attached to the extremities. 
 
THE: ui,NA. II5 
 
 (B) Lower Extremity : 
 
 (Does not enter into the articulation of 
 wrist-joint.) 
 
 Presents 
 
 i. Two Eminences : 
 
 (a) Head of Ulna : 
 
 Is the outer and larger eminence, and it 
 has a facet, which is articular, part of 
 which plays on the surface of the triangu- 
 lar cartilage ; the remaining part is re- 
 ceived into the sigmoid cavity of the 
 radius. 
 
 (b) Styloid Process : 
 
 Is the inner eminence, and it is non- 
 articular. It projects from the back part 
 of the bone, ending in a rounded summit, 
 for the int. lateral ligament of the wrist. 
 Note : 
 
 The head and styloid process 
 are separated by a depression 
 for the triangular inter-articular 
 fibro-cartilage, and behind, by 
 a shallow groove for the pas- 
 sage of the tendon of the ex- 
 tensor carpi ulnaris. 
 
 (C) The Shaft: 
 
 (Triangular. ) 
 
 Is curved from behind forward, and from 
 within outward, and is prismatic at its upper 
 part ; the lower part is smooth, and bent O. 
 
 Presents 
 
 i. Anterior Border : 
 
 Gives attachment to the flexor profundus 
 digitorum in the middle of its extent ; in the 
 lower fourth, the pronator quadratut is at- 
 tached. 
 
n6 THE ULNA 
 
 This border begins above at the inner angle 
 of the coronoid process, and ends at the 
 styloid process below. 
 
 2. Posterior Border : 
 
 In the upper three- fourths it gives attach- 
 ment to an aponeurosis common to the 
 flexor carpi ulnaris, the extensor carpi 
 ulnaris, and the flexor profundus digitorum. 
 This border begins at the apex of the tri- 
 angular surface at the back part of the ole- 
 cranon, and ends below, at the styloid pro- 
 cess ; it separates the internal from the pos- 
 terior surface. 
 
 3. External (Interosseous) Border : 
 
 A triangular space, for the attachment of the 
 subinator brevis m. ; it is formed by the 
 separation of the 2 lines, which are the com- 
 mencement of this border ; these " lines " 
 converge one from each extremity of the 
 lesser sigmoid cavity, and terminate below 
 at the middle of the head of the ulna. The 
 middle two-fourths serve for the attachment 
 of the interosseous membrane. 
 
 4. Anterior Surface : 
 
 Gives attachment to the pronator quadratus, 
 and flexor profundus digitorum , in the upper 
 three-fourths of its extent. A prominent 
 ridge marks the extent of the attachment of 
 the pronator above, and separates the lower 
 fourth from the remaining part of the bone. 
 A nutrient canal is seen at the junction of 
 the upper with the middle third of the bone. 
 
 5. Posterior Surface : 
 
 (Directed B. O.) 
 
THE ULNA. 
 
 117 
 
 Presents 
 
 (1) An Oblique Line : 
 
 It extends downward to the post, 
 border, from the post, extremity of 
 the lesser sigmoid cavity ; the an- 
 coneus is inserted in the triangular 
 surface above the ridge, whilst the 
 ridge gives attachment to the supi- 
 nator brevis. 
 
 (2) The Perpendicular Line : 
 
 This longitudinal ridge subdivides 
 the surface of bone below the tri- 
 angular surface, into 2 parts ; an in- 
 ternal, and an external, the former 
 giving attachment to the extensor 
 carpi ulnaris, and the latter to the 
 supinator brevis, extensor ossis 
 metacarpi pollicis, and the extensor 
 indicis muscles. 
 6. Internal Surface : 
 
 Is separated from the anterior surface, by 
 the anterior border ; it gives attachment to 
 the flexor profundus digitorum, in the upper 
 three-fourths. 
 
 THE RADIUS. 
 Situation 
 
 On the outer side of forearm. 
 Form: 
 
 Prismatic. 
 
 Structure : 
 
 The same as in other long bones. 
 Development : 
 
 By 3 Centres : 
 
 i for the shaft. 
 
 i " each extremity. 
 
n8 THE; RADIUS. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 4 Bones : 
 Humerus. 
 Ulna. 
 Scaphoid. 
 Semilunar. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 An upper extremity. 
 A lower extremity. 
 A shaft. 
 
 (A) Upper Extremity : 
 Presents 
 
 1. The Head: 
 
 The shallow cup on its upper surface articu- 
 lates with the radial head of the humerus. 
 A smooth articular surface round the "head," 
 coated with cartilage in the fresh state, is broad 
 internally, where it rotates within the lesser 
 cavity (sigmoid) of the ulna ; in the rest of 
 its circumference, it is narrow to play within 
 the orbicular ligament. 
 
 2. The Neck : 
 
 Is round, smooth, constricted, and supports 
 the " head" of the bone ; it presents a slight 
 ridge behind, for part of the supinator 
 brevis m. 
 
 3. The Tuberosity : 
 
 Situated beneath the neck, at the inner and 
 front aspect of the bone. 
 A vertical line divides its surface into 2 
 parts : 
 
 (a) A Post. Rough Part : 
 
 For the tendon of the biceps. 
 
THE RADIUS. II9 
 
 (b) An Ant. Smooth Part : 
 
 A bursa is interposed between the 
 tendon and the bone. 
 
 (B) Lower Extremity : 
 
 (Quadrilateral in form.) 
 Presents 2 Articular Surfaces : 
 
 1. Carpal-articular Surface : 
 
 (Triangular, concave, smooth.) 
 
 Is divided by a slight antero-posterior ridge 
 
 into 2 parts : 
 
 (a) Outer Part: 
 (Is large.) 
 Articulates with scaphoid. 
 
 (b) Inner Pc^rt: 
 (Quadrilateral. ) 
 Articulates with semilunar. 
 
 2. Ulnar=articular Surface : 
 
 (Sigmoid cavity of radius.) 
 
 Smooth, concave, and articulates with head 
 
 of ulna. 
 
 The Circumference of this End of the Radius 
 has 3 Surfaces : 
 
 1. Anterior Surface : 
 
 (Rough.) 
 
 For ant. ligament of wrist-joint. 
 
 2. External Surface : 
 
 Is prolonged downward into the styloid 
 proces^ for the supinator longus and the 
 ext. lateral ligament of the wrist-joint. The 
 outer surface of the styloid process has 2 
 grooves, which are separated by a ridge ; 
 the anterior one gives passage to the tendon 
 of the extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis, and 
 the posterior one to the tendon of the ex- 
 tensor primi internodii pollicis. 
 
I2O THE) RADIUS. 
 
 3. Posterior Surface : 
 
 (Convex. ) 
 
 Gives attachment to the posterior ligament 
 
 of the wrist, and presents 3 grooves : 
 
 (a) First Groove : 
 
 Is subdivided into 2, by a slightly 
 elevated ridge : 
 
 (1) The Outer One: 
 Transmits the tendon of the 
 extensor carpi radialis lon- 
 gior. 
 
 (2) The Inner One : 
 Transmits the tendon of the 
 extensor carpi radialis bre- 
 voir. 
 
 (b) Second Groove : 
 
 Is near the centre of the bone, and 
 transmits the tendon of the extensor 
 secuudi internodii pollicis. 
 
 (c) Third Groove : 
 
 Transmits the tendons of the ex- 
 tensor communis digitorum, exten- 
 sor indicis, and the extensor minimi 
 digiti. 
 
 (C) The Shaft : 
 ( Prismoid. ) 
 Presents 
 
 i. Anterior Border : 
 
 Separates the anterior from the external 
 surface, and extends fr*m the lower part of 
 the tuberosity above to the anterior part of 
 the base of the styloid process below. The 
 " oblique line of the radius " is the upper 
 third, and has a direction obliquely D. and 
 O. It affords attachment to the supinator 
 brevis externally, to the flexor longus polli- 
 cis internally, and between these to the 
 
THE: RADIUS. 121 
 
 flexor digitorum sublimis. The lower fourth 
 of the middle third gives attachment to the 
 pronator quadratus, aud ends in a small 
 tubercle, to which is inserted the tandon of 
 the supinator longus. 
 
 2. Posterior Border : 
 
 Separates the posterior fr< ni the external 
 surface, and begins above at t.he back part 
 of the neck of the radius, and ends below at 
 the posterior part of the base of the styloid 
 process. 
 
 3. Internal (Interosseous) Border : 
 
 It separates the anterior and posterior sur- 
 faces, and has the interosseous membrane 
 attached to it. Above, it commences at the 
 back part of the tuberosity, bifurcating at 
 its lower part into 2 ridges, which reach the 
 ant. and post, margins of the sigmoid cavity. 
 
 4. Anterior Surface : 
 
 At its upper two-thirds it gives attachment 
 to the flexor longus pollicis ; and below, 
 where it is broad and flat, to the pronator 
 quadratus. 
 
 5. External Surface : 
 
 The supinator brevis is attached to its upper 
 third, and near its centre is a rough ridge, 
 for the pronator radii teres. Its lower part is 
 covered by the tendons of the extensor ossis 
 metacarpi pollicis, and extensor primi inter- 
 nodii pollicis. 
 
 6. Posterior Surface : 
 
 In the upper third it is covered by the supi- 
 nator brevis, whilst the middle third gives 
 attachment to the extensor ossis metacarpi 
 pollicis above, and to the extensor primi in- 
 ternodii pollicis below. The lower third is 
 covered by the tendons of muscles. 
 
I2 2 BONKS OF THE HAND. 
 
 THE HAND. 
 
 The bones of the hand are subdivided into 3 seg- 
 ments, e. g. : 
 
 Carpus (wrist-bones). 
 
 Metacarpus (palmar-bones). 
 
 Phalanges (bones of the ringers). 
 
 (A) Carpal Bones: 
 
 (8 in number,) 
 Upper Row : 
 Scaphoid. 
 Semilunar. 
 Cuneiform. 
 Pisiform. 
 
 Lower Row : 
 Trapezium. 
 Trapezoid. 
 Os Magnum. 
 Uuciform. 
 
 i. THE SCAPHOID. 
 Situation : 
 
 At the upper and outer part of carpus. 
 
 Form: 
 
 Somewhat like that of a boat. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By i centre. 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 5 Bones : 
 Radius. 
 Trapezium. 
 Trapezoid. 
 Os magnum. 
 Semilunar. 
 
BONES OF THE HAND. I2 $ 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 (6 Surfaces.) 
 
 Superior surface. 
 
 Inferior " 
 
 Posterior " (dorsal). 
 
 Anterior " (palmar). 
 
 External " 
 
 Internal " 
 Superior Surface : 
 
 (Convex, smooth, and triangular.) 
 Articulates with lower end of radius. 
 
 Inferior Surface : 
 
 (Directed D., F. and B.) 
 
 A Slight Ridge Divides it Into 2 Parts : 
 
 (1) External Part : 
 Articulates with trapezium. 
 
 (2) Internal Part : 
 
 Articulates with trapezoid. 
 Posterior Surface : 
 
 Has a narrow rough groove, for the attachment 
 of ligaments. 
 
 Anterior Surface : 
 
 A rounded tubercle at its lower part gives at- 
 tachment to the ant. annular ligament of the 
 wrist. 
 External Surface : 
 
 (Rough and narrow.) 
 
 Affords attachment to the ext. lateral ligament of 
 
 wrist. 
 
 Internal Surface : 
 
 Presents 2 Articular Facets : 
 
 (i) Superior Facet : 
 
 (Smallest.) 
 
 Semilunar in form, it articulates with 
 semilunar bone. 
 
124 BONES OF THE HAND. 
 
 2) Inferior Facet : 
 (Concave.) 
 
 Forms, with the semilunar, a concavity 
 for the head of os magnum. 
 
 2. THE SEfllLUNAR. 
 Situation : 
 
 In the centre of the upper row of carpus, be- 
 tween scaphoid and cuneiform. 
 
 Form : 
 
 Crescentic. 
 Development : 
 
 By i centre. 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 5 Bones : 
 Radius. 
 Os magnum. 
 Unciform. 
 Scaphoid. 
 Cuneiform. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 (6 Surfaces.} 
 
 Superior surface. 
 
 Inferior 
 
 Anterior " (palma 
 
 Posterior " (dorsal). 
 
 External 
 
 Internal " 
 
 Superior Surface : 
 
 (Convex and smooth.) 
 
 Is bounded by 4 edges, and articulates with the 
 radius. 
 
BONES OF THE HAND. L2 $ 
 
 Inferior Surface : 
 
 (Deeply concave.) 
 
 Articulates with the head of os magnum, and by 
 
 a narrow facet, with the unciform. 
 
 Anterior Surface : 
 
 Rough, broad, and rounded, for ligaments. 
 Posterior Surface : 
 
 Rough, for the attachment of ligaments. 
 External Surface : 
 
 Has a narrow, semilunar facet, for articulation 
 with scaphoid. 
 
 Internal Surface : 
 
 Presents a smooth facet, for articulation with 
 cuneiform bone. 
 
 3. THE CUNEIFORM. 
 Situation : 
 
 At upper and inner side of carpus. 
 Form : 
 
 Pyramidal. 
 Development : 
 
 By i centre. 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 3 Bones : 
 Semilunar. 
 Unciform. 
 Pisiform. 
 
126 BONES OF THE HAND. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 (6 Surfaces.) 
 
 Superior surface. 
 Inferior 
 
 Posterior 
 Anterior 
 External 
 Internal 
 
 Superior Surface : 
 
 (dorsal), 
 (palmar). 
 
 Presents a rough non-articular portion intern- 
 ally, and an external or articular part, which is 
 separated by the interarticular fibro- cartilage of 
 the wrist from the lower end of the ulna. 
 
 Inferior Surface : 
 
 (Directed O.) 
 
 Concave- and smooth, for articulation with unci- 
 
 form. 
 
 Posterior Surface : 
 
 Rough, for liganientous attachment. 
 
 Anterior Surface : 
 
 On its inner side, it articulates with the pisiform, 
 and externally, it is rough, for ligaments. 
 
 External Surface : 
 
 (The base of pyramid.) 
 
 Has a quadrilateral facet, for articulation with 
 
 semilunar. 
 
 Internal Surface : 
 
 (Summit of pyramid.) 
 
 Rough and pointed, for int. lateral ligament of 
 
 the wrist. 
 
BONES OF THE HAND. 127 
 
 4. THE PISIFORfi. 
 Situation : 
 
 At the anterior and inner side of carpus. 
 Form : 
 
 Nearly circular. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By i centre. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With i Bone: 
 
 Cuneiform. 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 (4 Surfaces.) 
 
 Anterior surface (palmar). 
 
 Posterior " 
 
 Outer 
 
 Inner 
 
 Anterior Surface : 
 
 (Rounded and rough.) 
 
 Gives attachment to anterior annular ligament. 
 
 Posterior Surface : 
 
 Has a smooth oval facet, which articulates with 
 cuneiform. 
 
 Outer Surface : 
 
 (Convex.) 
 Is rough. 
 
 1 nner Surface : 
 
 Is usually concave. 
 
128 BONKS OF THE HAND. 
 
 5. THE TRAPEZIUM. 
 
 Situation : 
 
 At the external and inferior part of carpus. 
 Form: 
 
 Irregular. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By i centre. 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 (6 Surfaces. ) 
 
 Superior surface. 
 
 Inferior * 
 
 Anterior ' (palmar). 
 
 Posterior ' (dorsal). 
 
 External ' 
 
 Internal ' 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 4 Bones : 
 Scaphoid. 
 Trapezoid. 
 Second metacarpal. 
 First 
 
 Anterior Surface : 
 
 (Narrow and long.) 
 
 A deep groove at its upper part transmits the 
 flexor carpi radialis ; external to it is the 
 oblique ridge of the trapezium ; this surface 
 gives attachment to the abductor pollicis, flexor 
 ossis metacarpi, flexor pollicis brevior, and the 
 annular ligament. 
 
 Superior Surface : 
 
 (Concave and smooth.) 
 
 Its direction is U. and I., and it articulates with 
 
 the scaphoid. 
 
BONKS OF THE HAND. 129 
 
 Inferior Surface : 
 
 (Directed D. and O.) 
 
 Concave from side to side, convex from before 
 backward ; it articulates with the base of the 
 ist metacarpal bone. 
 
 Posterior Surface : 
 
 (Rough.) 
 
 Affords attachment to ligaments. 
 
 External Surface : 
 
 (Broad and rough.) 
 For ligaments. 
 
 Internal Surface : 
 
 Presents 2 Articular Facets : 
 
 (1) The Upper Facet: 
 
 Large and concave ; it articulates with 
 the trapezoid. 
 
 (2) The Lower Facet: 
 
 Is flattened and narrow to articulate 
 with the base of the 2d metacarpal bone. 
 
 6. THE TRAPEZOID. 
 
 (Is the smallest bone in the 2d row.) 
 
 Situation : 
 
 At the external and inferior part of carpus, be- 
 ing internal to the trapezium. 
 
 Form : 
 
 Wedge-shaped. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By i centre. 
 
130 BONES OF THE HAND. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 4 Bones: 
 
 Scaphoid. 
 
 Second metacarpal. 
 
 Trapezium. 
 
 Os magnum. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 (6 Surfaces.} 
 
 Superior surface. 
 Inferior ' 
 
 Anterior * (palmar). 
 Posterior ' (dorsal). 
 External * 
 Internal * 
 Superior Surface : 
 
 (Quadrilateral.) 
 
 Smooth, and slightly concave ; it articulates 
 with the scaphoid. 
 
 Inferior Surface : 
 
 Is subdivided by a ridge into 2 lateral facets. Is 
 convex from side to side, and concave from 
 before backward ; articulates with upper end of 
 2d metacarpal bone. 
 
 Posterior Surface : 
 
 Rough, for ligamentous attachment. 
 Anterior Surface : 
 
 Also rough, for ligaments. 
 External Surface : 
 
 (Convex and smooth.) 
 Articulates with trapezium. 
 
 Internal Surface : 
 
 Rough above for an interosseous ligament ; 
 smooth and concave below, for articulation with 
 os magnum. 
 
BONKS OF THE HAND. I 3 r 
 
 7. THE OS MAGNUM. 
 (Is the largest bone of carpus.) 
 
 Situation : 
 
 At the centre of wrist. 
 Form : 
 
 Somewhat rounded. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By i centre. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 7 Bones : 
 
 Scaphoid. 
 Semilunar. 
 Second metacarpal. 
 Third " 
 
 Fourth 
 Trapezoid . 
 Unciform. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 (6 Surfaces.) 
 
 Superior surface. 
 
 Inferior * * 
 
 Anterior " (palmar). 
 
 Posterior " (dorsal). 
 
 External " 
 
 Internal " 
 
 Superior Surface : 
 
 (Rounded.) 
 
 Articulates with semilunar. 
 
 Inferior Surface : 
 
 Two ridges divide it into 3 facets, for articulation 
 with the 2d, 3d, and 4th metacarpal bones. 
 
I 3 2 
 
 BONES OF THE HAND. 
 
 Anterior Surface : 
 
 (Narrow and rounded.) 
 Rough, for ligaments. 
 
 Posterior Surface : 
 
 (Broad and rough.) 
 Has ligaments attached. 
 
 External Surface : 
 
 By a small facet at the anterior inferior angle of 
 this surface, it articulates with the trapezoid. A 
 rough depression exists behind the facet for an 
 interosseous ligament. Above this is a deep and 
 rough groove, which forms part of the neck and 
 serves for the attachment of ligaments ; it is 
 bounded above, by a smooth convex surface, 
 which articulates with the scaphoid. 
 
 Internal Surface : 
 
 Is rough in front, for an interosseous ligament ; 
 it articulates with theunciform bone by a smooth 
 concave facet, which lies at the posterior and 
 superior parts. 
 
 8. THE UNCIFORfl. 
 Situation : 
 
 At the inner and lower angle of carpus. 
 Form : 
 
 Wedge-shaped. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By i centre. 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 5 Bones : 
 Semilunar. 
 Fourth metacarpal. 
 Fifth 
 
 Cuneiform. 
 Os magnum. 
 
BONKS OF THE HAND. 133, 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 (6 Surfaces. ) 
 
 Superior surface. 
 
 Inferior 
 
 Posterior * ' (dorsal. ) 
 
 Anterior ' ' (palmar. ) 
 
 Internal " 
 
 External 
 
 Superior Surface : 
 
 (Is the apex of the wedge.) 
 
 Narrow, smooth, convex, and articulates with the 
 
 semilunar. 
 
 Inferior Surface : 
 
 Articulates with the 4th and 5th metacarpal 
 bones. 
 
 Posterior Surface : 
 
 (Triangular.) 
 Rough, for ligaments. 
 
 Anterior Surface : 
 
 The annular ligament is attached to the apex of 
 the unciform process, which is at the lower and 
 inner side of the surface. The flexor brevis 
 minimi digiti and the flexor ossis metacarpi 
 minimi digiti are attached to the inner surface 
 of said apex. On its outer side it is grooved, for 
 passage of the flexor tendons into the palm of 
 the hand. 
 
 Internal Surface : 
 
 Articulates with cuneiform, by an oblong facet. 
 
 External Surface : 
 
 Articulates with os magnum by its upper and 
 posterior part ; the remaining portion is rough, 
 for ligaments. 
 
134 BONES OF THE HAND. 
 
 (B) THE flETACARPAL BONES. 
 
 Common Characters of These Bones : 
 Shaft : 
 
 Prismoid in form. 
 
 Convex longitudinally behind. 
 
 Concave in front. 
 
 Lateral Surfaces : 
 
 Are concave. 
 
 Separated from one another by a " line." 
 
 Afford attachment to the interossei 
 
 muscles. 
 Posterior (Dorsal) Surface : 
 
 Is smooth. 
 
 Triangular. 
 
 Is flat below. 
 
 The extensor tendons cover it. 
 
 Its upper half is divided by a ridge into 
 
 two narrow lateral depressions, for the 
 
 dorsal interossei muscles. 
 
 Carpal Extremity : 
 
 (The base.) 
 
 Is cuboidal. 
 
 Broader behind than in front. 
 
 Articulates above with the carpus. 
 
 Articulates on each side, with the adjoining 
 
 metacarpal bones. 
 
 Tendons and ligaments are attached to its dorsal 
 
 and palmar surfaces. 
 
 Digital Extremity : 
 
 (The head.) 
 
 Has an oblong surface, for articulation with the 
 
 ist phalanx. 
 
 There is a deep depression, on each side of the 
 
 " head," surmounted by a tubercle, which gives 
 
 attachment to the metacarpo-phalangeal joint. 
 
BONES OF THS HAND. j-jcj 
 
 Posterior surface is flat and broad. 
 
 The post, surface supports the extensor tendons. 
 
 The anterior surface has a median groove, for 
 
 the flexor tendons. 
 
 The Metacarpal Bones Have 2 Ossific Centres. 
 
 Peculiar Characters of the Hetacarpal Bones : 
 Metacarpus of First Finger : 
 
 (The thumb.) 
 
 Shorter and wider than the rest. 
 Its palmar surface is directed I. toward the palm. 
 The Shaft is flattened, and has not the bifurcated 
 ridge noticed on other metacarpal bones. 
 Carpal Extr&nity, or base, has a concavo-con- 
 vex surface for articulation with the trapezium ; 
 it ha-5 no lateral facets. 
 
 Digital Extremity is broader from side to side 
 than from before backward, and ends anteriorly 
 in a small articular eminence on each side. It 
 is less convex than those of the other bones. 
 
 Metacarpus of Second Finger : 
 
 (Index finger.) 
 
 Is the longest bone. 
 
 The base is larger than the others. 
 
 Carpal Extremity has 4 Articular Facets : 
 
 Firs I Facet : 
 
 Is at the end of the bone, and is convex 
 from before backward and concave from 
 side to side. It articulates with the 
 trapezoid. 
 
 Second Facet : 
 
 Is on the radial side, and articulates with 
 the trapezium. 
 
 Third Facet : 
 
 Long and narrow, for the os magnum ; 
 it is situate at the outer part of the 
 ulnar side of the extremity. 
 
i^6 BONES OF THE; HAND. 
 
 Fourth Facet : 
 
 Occupies the inner part of the same 
 side, and articulates with the 3d rneta- 
 carpal bone. 
 
 Metacarpus of Third Finger : 
 
 (Middle finger.) 
 
 Has an. eminence on the radial side of its base 
 (dorsal aspect), which continues upward behind 
 the os magnum. 
 
 Carpal articular facet is horizontal in front, con- 
 cave behind, and corresponds to the os magnum. 
 A smooth concave facet is on the radial side, for 
 articulation with 2d metacarpal. 
 Two small oval facets are on the ulnar side for 
 the 4th metacarpal bone. 
 
 fletacarpus of Fourth Finger : 
 
 (Ring finger.) 
 
 Smaller and shorter than the 3d metacarpal. 
 The base is small and quadrilateral. 
 Carpal surface of base has 2 facets for articulation 
 with the unciform and os magnum. 
 Two oval facets are on the radial side, for the 3d 
 metacarpal. 
 
 A single facet, for articulation with the 5th meta- 
 carpal, is on the ulnar side. 
 
 Metacarpus of Fifth Finger : 
 
 (Little finger.) 
 
 The carpal surface has a concavo-convex form 
 
 which articulates with the unciform ; it has only 
 
 one lateral articular facet. 
 
 A prominent tubercle, on the ulnar side, gives 
 
 attachment to the tendon of the extensor carpi 
 
 ulnaris. 
 
 The dorsal surface of the shaft presents an 
 
 oblique ridge, which runs from the ulnar side of 
 
 the upper extremity to the radial side of the 
 
 lower. 
 
BONES OF THE) HAND. 137 
 
 Outer division of this surface gives attachment 
 to the 4th dorsal interosseous m. The extensor 
 tendons of the 5th finger cover the inner division 
 of the surface. 
 
 (C, THE PHALANGES. 
 
 There are 3 phalanges for each fiu^er, except the 
 first, or thumb. 
 
 Present for Examination 
 The Shaft: 
 
 Concave in front from above downward. 
 
 Is convex posteriorly. 
 
 Laterally, it is marked by rough ridges, for the 
 
 fibrous sheaths of the flexor tendons. 
 
 The fletacarpal Extremity : 
 
 (The base.) 
 
 In the first row, the articular surface is oval and 
 concave, broad from side to side, and in the 
 other two rows a double concavity, separated by 
 a longitudinal ridge extending from before back- 
 ward exists. 
 
 The Digital Extremities : 
 
 In the first and second rows, they end in 2 small 
 condyles situated laterally, which are separated 
 by a slight groove ; the articular surface being 
 extended farther forward on the palmar, than on 
 the dorsal surface. 
 
 OS INNOMINATUM. 
 Situation : 
 
 In front of the spine, and above the femur. 
 Structure : 
 
 Cancellous tissue, inclosed between 2 layers of 
 dense compact tissue. In some parts of the 
 bone it is composed of compact tissue, as in the 
 centre of the iliac fossa, and at the bottom of the 
 acetabulum. 
 
INNOMINATUM. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By 8 Centres: 
 (3 primary.) 
 i for ilium. 
 i " ischium. 
 i " pubes. 
 
 (5 secondary.) 
 
 i for crest of ilium. 
 
 i " ant. inf. spinous process. 
 
 i " tuberosity of ischium. 
 
 i * ' symphysis pubes. 
 
 i " Y-shaped piece at bottom of acetabulum. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 3 Bones : 
 
 Fellow of op. side. 
 
 Sacrum. 
 
 Coccyx. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 The ilium. 
 The ischium. 
 The pubes. 
 
 (A) The Ilium: 
 External Surface : 
 
 (Dorsum of the ilium.) 
 Boundary : 
 Above : 
 
 By the crest. 
 Below : 
 
 By upper border of acetabulu-at. 
 In Front and Behind : 
 
 By anterior and posterior borders. 
 
OS INNOMINATUM. 139 
 
 Presents 
 
 /. Sup. Curved Line : 
 
 (Shortest of all. )^ 
 
 It begins at the crest, about 2 inches in front 
 
 of its post, extremity, and passes D. and O. 
 
 to its termination the great sacro-sciatic 
 
 notch. 
 
 2. Rough Surface Between Sup. Curved Line 
 and Crest : 
 
 For the glutens maximus above, and a few 
 
 fibres of the pyriformis below. 
 
 3 Middle Curved L ine : 
 (Longest of the 3.) 
 
 Begins about an inch behind the ant. ex- 
 tremity of the crest, and curves D. and B. to 
 its termination, the upper part of the great 
 sacro-sciatic notch. 
 
 4. Space Between Middle and Sup . Curved L ines : 
 
 For gluteus medius. 
 
 5. Orifice of Nutrient Canal : 
 
 Near the centre of the middle curved line. 
 
 6. Inf. Curved Line: 
 
 (Not very distinct.) 
 
 It commences at the upper part of the ant. 
 inf. spinous process, curving B. and D. to the 
 anterior part of the great sacro-sciatic notch. 
 
 7. Surface Between Middle and Inf. Curved 
 Lines: 
 
 For gluteus minimus. 
 
 8. A Smooth Surface : 
 
 Is occasionally a depression. It is just above 
 the acetabulum, and below the inf. curved 
 line ; the reflected tendon of the rectms 
 femoris is attached. 
 
140 OS INNOMINATUM. 
 
 Internal Surface : 
 
 Boundary : 
 
 Above : 
 
 By the crest of ilium. 
 Below : 
 
 By the linea ilio-pectinea. 
 Before and Behind: 
 
 By the anterior and posterior borders. 
 Presents 
 
 /. Int. Iliac Fossa :\ 
 (Venter of ilium.) 
 
 Lodges the iliacus, and presents the nutrient 
 canal at its lower part. 
 
 2. A Rough Surface : 
 (Behind fossa. ) 
 
 Divided into 2 Portions : 
 
 1 i ) Superior Portion : 
 
 (Concave and rough.) 
 
 Post, sacro-iliac ligaments are 
 
 attached. 
 
 (2) Inf. (Auricular] Portion: 
 Coated with cartilage in the 
 fresh state ; it articulates with 
 the similar shaped surface on 
 side of sacrum. 
 
 j. Crest of Ilium : 
 (Convex.) 
 
 Bent inward anteriorly, and outward poste- 
 riorly. Its surface is broad, and it ends at 
 each end in the anterior and posterior sup. 
 spinous processes; an intermediate space 
 separates the external from the internal lip. 
 
OS INNOMINATUM. ! 4 I 
 
 (a) The External Lip has attached : 
 Tensor vaginae fetnoris. 
 Obliquus ext. abdominis. 
 Latissimus dorsi. 
 
 Fascia lata. 
 
 (b) To the Interspace : 
 Internal oblique. 
 
 (c) To the Internal Lip : 
 Transversalis. 
 Quadratus lumborum. 
 Erector spinse. 
 Fascia iliaca. 
 
 AnteriorJBorder : 
 
 (Concave.) 
 Presents 
 
 /. Ant. Sup. Spinous Process : 
 
 (At junction of crest and ant. border.) 
 Affords attachment to : 
 
 Tensor vaginae femoris. 
 Fascia lata. 
 Iliacus intermus. 
 Poupart's ligament. 
 Sartorius. 
 
 2. A Notch : 
 
 Separates the ant. sup. and ant. inf. spinous 
 
 processes. 
 
 Sartorious m. is attached. 
 
 3. Ant. Inf. Spinous Process : 
 
 Below the notch. It ends in the upper lip 
 of the acetabulum. The rectus femoris m. 
 is attached. 
 
 4. A Broad Shallow Groove: 
 
 On the inner side of the above mentioned 
 process ; the iliacus m. passes over it. 
 
142 OS INNOMINATUM. 
 
 Posterior Border : 
 
 (Shorter than anterior.) 
 Presents 
 
 7. Post. Sup. Spinous Process : 
 
 It corresponds with that part of the post, 
 surface of the ilium which has the oblique 
 portion of the sacro-iliac ligaments and the 
 multifidus spinse attached. 
 
 2. Post. Inf. Spinous Process : 
 
 Corresponds to the auricular portion, which 
 articulates with the sacrum. 
 
 j. Great Sacro-sciatic Notch : 
 (Below post. inf. process.) 
 Is converted into a foramen by the lesser 
 sacro-sciatic ligament. 
 
 // Transmits: 
 Pyriformis m. 
 Gluteal vessels. 
 Sup gluteal nerve. 
 Sciatic vessels. 
 
 Greater and lesser sciatic nerves. 
 Int. pudic vessels and nerve. 
 
 (B) The Ischium : 
 
 (Forms lower and back part of bone.) 
 
 The Body : 
 
 (Thick and solid.) 
 
 Presents 
 
 7. 7 he External Surface : 
 
 Corresponds to that part of the acetabulum 
 formed by the ischium ; a prominent lip or 
 rim bounds its outer margin, and has the 
 cotyloid fibre-cartilage attached. A deep 
 groove is seen between the acetabulum and 
 the tuberosity, for the obturator externus m. 
 
OS INNOMINATUM. 143 
 
 2. The Internal Surface : 
 (Smooth and concave.) 
 
 Forms the lateral boundary of the true pelvic 
 cavity. 
 
 The linea ilio-pectinea separates it from the 
 venter of the ilium. 
 
 Two or three large foramina perforate this 
 surface. 
 
 It gives attachment to the obturator inter- 
 nus m. 
 
 Its post, border is encroached upon by the 
 spine of the ischium, the great and lesser 
 sacro-sciatic notches being above and below. 
 A sharp margin in front forms the outer 
 boundary of the obturator foramen. 
 
 j. The Posterior Surface : 
 (Quadrilateral.) 
 
 Is continuous below with the tuberosity, 
 and is smooth and broad above. This sur- 
 face supports the pyriformis, two gemelli, 
 and the obturator internus. 
 
 4. Posterior Border : 
 Presents 
 
 (a) Spine of Ischium : 
 
 Is pointed and triangular ; the lesser 
 sacro-sciatic ligament is attached. 
 
 (b) Its Ext. Surface: 
 
 Affords attachment to the gemellus 
 superior. 
 
 (c) Its Int. Surface : 
 
 Gives attachment to the coccygeus 
 and levator ani. 
 
 (d) Great Sacro-scialic Notch : 
 Above spine of the ischium. 
 
OS INNOMINATUM. 
 
 (e) Lesser Sacro-sciatic Notch : 
 (Below spine.) 
 
 Converted into a foramen by the 
 sacro-sciatic ligaments. 
 It Transmits: 
 
 Tendon of the obturator in- 
 ternus m. 
 
 The nerve for that muscle. 
 Int. pudic vessels and nerve. 
 
 5. Internal Border : 
 
 (Thin.) 
 
 Forms outer circumference of the obturator 
 
 foramen. 
 
 6. Inferior Border : 
 
 (Thick and broad.) 
 
 The tuberosity of the ischium is formed by 
 
 the junction of the posterior with this border. 
 
 The Tuberosity : 
 Presents 
 
 1. The External Lip : 
 
 Quadratus femoris m. 
 
 Part of adductor magnus m. 
 
 2. Intermediate Space : 
 
 (Between the lips.) 
 
 Presents 4 Impressions 
 
 Two of them are rough, and sepa- 
 rated by a prominent ridge ; they 
 are situated at the front part of the 
 tuberosity, the outer having the ad- 
 ductor magnus attached, whilst the 
 inner one gives attachment to the 
 great sacro-sciatic ligament. 
 The other two, situated at the back 
 part are smooth, and larger in size, 
 being separated by an oblique ridge ; 
 
OS INNOMINATUM. 145 
 
 from the upper and outer one arises 
 the semimembranosus, and from the 
 lower and inner one the biceps and 
 semitendinosus. 
 
 j. The Inner Lip : 
 
 A sharp ridge, for the attachment of a pro- 
 longation of the great sacro-sciatic ligament, 
 bounds this lip. 
 
 A groove, on the inner side of this, lodges 
 the int. pudic vessels and nerve. The trans- 
 versus perinaei and erector penis muscles are 
 attached more anteriorly. 
 
 The Ramus (ascending ramus) : 
 
 (Thin and flattened.) 
 
 In the adult, a rough eminence indicates the 
 point of junction of the ascending ramus with 
 that of the pubes. 
 
 Outer Surface : 
 (Rough.) 
 
 The Following Muscles are Attached : 
 Obturator extern us. 
 A few fibres of adductor magnus. 
 A few fibres of gracilis. 
 
 Inner Surface : 
 
 Forms part of anterior wall of pelvis. 
 Inner Border : 
 
 (Rough.) 
 
 Is thick and forms part of the outlet of 
 
 pelvis ; it serves for the attachment of the 
 
 crus of the penis. 
 
 Outer Border : 
 
 (Thin and sharp.) 
 
 Forms part of the inner margin of the ob- 
 turator foramen. 
 
146 OS INNOMINATUM. 
 
 (C) ThePubes: 
 
 (Forms the anterior part of os innominatum.) 
 
 The Body (horizontal ram us) : 
 Presents 
 
 1. The Outer Extremity : 
 
 (Thickest part of bone.) 
 
 Forms one-fifth of the cavity of acetabulunu 
 The ilio-pectineal eminence indicates the 
 point of junction of ilium and pubes. 
 
 2. The Inner Extremity : 
 
 (The symphysis.) 
 
 Is covered by a series of 8 or 9 transverse 
 ridges, separated by grooves, for the attach- 
 ment of the connecting fibro-cartilage which 
 is between it and the bone, 
 j. The Upper Extremity : 
 (Triangular.) 
 
 Behind, it is bounded by the linea ilio-pec- 
 tinea, which marks the brim of the pelvis 
 (true pelvis). The pectineus m. is attached 
 to the surface of the bone in front of the 
 pubic portion of the linea ilio-pectinea. The 
 spine of the pubes is the termination of this 
 ridge internally. 
 
 4. The Crest: 
 
 Is that portion of bone included between the 
 spine, and the inner extremity of the pubes. 
 The following muscles are attached to it : 
 
 Rectus. 
 
 Pyramidalis. 
 
 Conjoined tendon of internal oblique, 
 
 and transversalis. 
 
 5. Angle of Pubes : 
 
 Is that point of junction of the crest with 
 the pubes, e. g., the s)mphysis : 
 
OS INNOMINATUM. 
 
 147 
 
 6. The Inferior Surface : 
 
 Presents internally a sharp margin, which 
 forms part of the circumference of the obtu- 
 rator foramen. 
 
 Externally, a deep oblique groove for the 
 obturator vessels and nerve exists. 
 
 7. The External Surface : 
 
 (Flat and compressed.) 
 
 Serves for the attachment of muscles. 
 
 8. 7 he Internal Surface : 
 
 (Smooth.) 
 
 Concave from side to side, and convex from 
 above downward. Forms part of anterior 
 wall of the pelvis. 
 
 The Perpendicular Ramus : 
 
 (Passes O. and D ) 
 
 It joins with the ramus of the ischium. 
 Presents 
 
 /. The External Surface : 
 (Rough) 
 
 Serves for the Attachment of the Fol- 
 lowing Muscles : 
 
 Adductor magnus (above). 
 " brevis (below). 
 Gracilis (along its inner border). 
 Compressor urethrse (along its in- 
 ternal aspect). 
 Part of obturator externus. 
 2. The Inner Border : 
 (Thick and everted.) 
 
 Is rough, and in the male serves for the at- 
 tachment of the crus penis, 
 j. The Inner Surface : 
 
 Is smooth. 
 4. The Outer Border : 
 
 Assists in the formation of the obturatoi 
 foramen. 
 
148 OS INNOMINATUM. 
 
 The Cotyloid Cavity : 
 
 (Acetabulum.) 
 
 Is hemispherical, and is formed as follows : 
 
 fnternally : 
 
 By the pubes. 
 Above : 
 
 By the ilium. 
 Behind : 
 
 By the ischium. 
 Below : 
 
 By the ischium. 
 
 The pubes form one-fifth of this cavity. 
 The ilium a little less than two-fifths. 
 The ischium a little more than two-fifths. 
 
 Presents 
 
 /. The Cotyloid Notch : 
 
 This notch is placed on the inner side of the 
 cavity, and transmits the nutrient vessels 
 into the interior of the joint. 
 
 2. A Circular Depression : 
 
 At the bottom of the cavity, and lodges a 
 mass of fat, and serves for the attachment of 
 the ligamentum teres. A foramen for the 
 nutrient vessels and nerves to enter the 
 joint is formed by a dense ligamentous band 
 passing across the notch. 
 
 The Obturator (Thyroid) Foramen : 
 
 (Is between ischium and pubes.) 
 It is of an oval form, and is bounded by a thin 
 uneven margin, which has a strong membrane 
 attached. Its longest diameter is from above 
 downward. A deep groove, at its upper part 
 extends from the pelvis F. and I., also D., and 
 by being transformed into a foramen by the 
 obturator membrane, it gives passage to the 
 obturator vessels and nerve. 
 
Situation : 
 
 THE SACRUM. 
 
 THE SACRUM 
 
 Between ossa innominate, beneath the spine, and 
 above the coccyx. 
 Form : 
 
 Triangular. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 4 Bones : 
 
 Last lumbar vertebra. 
 
 Coccyx. 
 
 Ossa innominata. 
 
 Structure : 
 
 Loose spongy tissue within, invested in a la) T er 
 of compact tissue. 
 
 Development : 
 
 B 7 35 centres. 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 4 Surfaces : 
 
 Anterior. 
 
 Posterior. 
 
 Lateral (2). 
 A Base. 
 An Apex. 
 A Central Canal. 
 
 (A) Surfaces: 
 Anterior Surface : 
 Presents-*- 
 
 : /. Four Transverse Ridges : 
 
 Indicate the pieces of which the bone origi- 
 nally consisted. 
 
150 
 
 THK SACRUM. 
 
 2. Spaces Between Ridges : 
 
 Correspond to the bodies of vertebrae, 
 j. Ant. Sacral Foramina : 
 
 (4. on each side.) 
 
 Are directed O. and F., and diminish in size 
 from above downward. 
 
 Transmit : 
 
 Ant. branches of sacral nerves. 
 4. The Lateral Masses : 
 
 Are external to the foramina, and present 4 
 broad shallow grooves which lodge the ant. 
 sacral nerves as they pass O. Prominent 
 ridges of bone separate these grooves, and 
 afford attachment to part of pyriformis na. 
 
 Posterior Surface : 
 
 (Convex.) 
 Presents 
 
 1. Three or Four Tubercles : 
 
 (In the middle line.) 
 
 They represent the rudimentary spinous 
 
 processes of the sacral vertebrae. 
 
 2. The Lamincz : 
 
 External to the tubercles, on each side. 
 Occasionally the 4th and 5th are undeveloped. 
 The lower end of the sacral canal is exposed 
 to this situation. 
 
 j . Articular Processes : 
 (External to laminae.) 
 
 They are represented by a series of indistinct 
 tubercles : 
 
 (a) The Upper Pair : 
 
 Are large and well developed. 
 
THE SACRUM. 151 
 
 (b) Second and Third Pair : 
 Are small. 
 
 (c) Fourth and fifth Pair : 
 
 Are sometimes called the " sacral 
 cornua," and articulate with tke 
 sacral cornua of coccyx. 
 
 4. Post. Sacral Foramina : 
 
 (Ext to artic. processes.) 
 Smaller than the anterior. 
 
 Transmit: 
 
 Posterior branches of the sacral 
 nerves. 
 
 5. Rudimentary Posterior 7 ransverse Processes: 
 
 A series of tubercles on the outer side of the 
 above foramina. 
 
 (a) First Pair : 
 
 Are of large size ; they correspond 
 with the sup. angles of the bone. 
 
 (b) Second Pair : 
 
 Are small, and enter into the forma- 
 tion of the sacro-iliac articulation. 
 
 (c) Third Pair: 
 
 Afford attachment to the oblique 
 fasciculi of the post, sacro-iliac 
 ligaments. 
 
 6. Interspace Between Spinous and Transverse 
 Processes on Back of Sacrum : 
 
 Presents the sacral groove. It joins the 
 vertebral groove, and lodges the origin of 
 the erector spinse. 
 
 Lateral Surface : 
 
 (Broad above.) 
 
152 THE SACRUM. 
 
 Its Upper Half Presents 
 
 /. The Auricular Surface : 
 
 Articulates with the ilium, and is covered 
 with cartilage in the recent state. 
 
 2. Deep and Uneven Impressions : 
 
 Bound the auricular surface posteriorly, and 
 give attachment to the post, sacro-iliac liga- 
 ments. 
 
 Its Lower Half Presents 
 
 /. A Deep Notch: 
 
 Is converted into a foramen by its articula- 
 tion with the articular process of the upper 
 piece of the coccyx ; it transmits the ant. 
 branch of the 5th sacral nerve. 
 
 The Following Structures are Attached : 
 Great and lesser sciatic ligaments. 
 A few fibres of gluteus maximus. 
 
 (B) The Base. 
 
 (Directed U. and F.) 
 Presents 
 
 /. An Oval Articular Surface : 
 
 It corresponds with the under surface of the 
 body of the 5th lumbar vertebra, and is 
 bounded by the triangular orifice of the 
 sacral canal behind. 
 
 2. The Sacral Canal : 
 
 Is formed by the spinous process and laminae 
 of the ist sacral vertebra. 
 
 j. Sup. Articular Processes : 
 (Directed B. and I.) 
 Are concave and oval. 
 
THE SACRUM. 153 
 
 4. Integer tebral Notches : 
 
 In front of each articular process. Form 
 the lower half of the last inter-vertebral 
 foramen. 
 
 5. Broad and Flat Triangular Surface of Bone : 
 
 On each side of the articular surface; it is 
 continuous on each side wit a the iliac fossa. 
 (C) The Apex : 
 
 (Directed D. and F.) 
 
 Has a small oval surface which articulates with 
 the coccyx. 
 (D) The Sacral Canal : 
 
 Above, it is triangular and large, w w, 
 
 is small and flattened ; its posterior wall is in- 
 complete at this situation. 
 It lodges the sacral nerves. 
 
 THE COCCYX. 
 Situation : 
 
 At the lower and back part of the pelvis, be- 
 neath the sacral bone. 
 Form : 
 
 Compared to a cuckoo's beak. 
 Development : 
 
 By 4 centres. 
 Articulations : 
 
 With i Bone: 
 
 The sacrum. 
 
 Presents for Examination : 
 Surfaces : 
 Anterior. 
 Posterior. 
 Borders : 
 
 Lateral (2). 
 A Base. 
 An Apex. 
 
COCCYX. 
 
 (A) Surfaces: 
 Anterior Surface : 
 
 (Slightly concave.) 
 Presents 
 
 /. Three Transverse Grooves : 
 
 Indicate the points of junction of the differ- 
 ent pieces. This surface supports the lower 
 end of the rectum. 
 
 Following Structures are Attached : 
 Ant. sacro-coccygeal ligament. 
 Levator ani muscle. 
 Posterior Surface : 
 Presents 
 
 /. Transverse Grooves : 
 
 Like those of the anterior surface. 
 
 2. A Lineal Row of Tubercles : 
 
 Are the rudimentary articular processes of 
 the coccyx. 
 
 (a) Superior Pair : 
 (Large.) 
 
 Also termed the cornua of the 
 coccvx ; they articulate with the 
 cornua of sacrum, therby complet- 
 ing the 5th sacral foramen, for the 
 post, branch of the 5th sacral nerve. 
 (B) Borders : 
 
 Lateral Borders : 
 
 (Thin.) 
 Present 
 
 i. A Series of Small Eminences : 
 
 Represent the transverse processes of the 
 coccygeal vertebrae. 
 
 The sacro-sciattc ligaments and coccygeus 
 m. are attached to the lateral borders. 
 
THE COCCYX. 155 
 
 (C) The Base : 
 
 Has ail oval articular surface for the sacrum. 
 
 (D) The Apex : 
 
 (Rounded.) 
 The tendon of the ext. sphincter m. is attached. 
 
 THE FEflUR. 
 
 Situation : 
 
 Extends from the pelvis to the tibia. 
 Form: 
 
 Cylindrical. 
 
 Structure : 
 
 The shaft is hollowed out by a large medullary 
 catial. It is composed of compact tissue ; the 
 cylinder is thick and dense in the middle third 
 of the shaft; but above and below this, it is 
 thinner as the layers of the bone separate into 
 cancelli, so that the upper and lower ends and 
 the articular extremities are of cancellated 
 tissue invested by a thin layer of compact tissue. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By 5 Centres : 
 
 i for the shaft. 
 
 i " each extremity. 
 
 i " " trochanter. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 3 Bones : 
 
 Os innominatum. 
 
 Tibia. 
 
 Patella. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 An upper extremity. 
 A lower extremity. 
 A shaft. 
 
I5 6 THE: FEMUR. 
 
 (A) Upper (Pelvic) Extremity : 
 Presents 
 
 1. The Head : 
 
 (Globular.) 
 
 Directed U., I. and a little F. It presents an 
 ovoid depression, for the attachment of the 
 ligamentum teres. 
 
 2. The Neck : 
 
 Directed U., I. and a little F. 
 
 It connects the head with the shaft. 
 
 Anterior Surface : 
 
 Is perforated by many vascular 
 foramina. 
 
 Posterior Surface : 
 
 Smooth, broad and concave. The 
 capsular ligament of the hip is at- 
 tached near its outer side. 
 
 Superior Border : 
 
 (Short and thick.) 
 Its surface is perforated by large 
 foramina, and the great trochanter 
 bounds it externally. 
 
 Inferior Border: 
 
 (Long and narrow.) 
 
 Curves backward, and ends at the 
 
 lesser trochanter. 
 
 3. Great Trochanter : 
 
 (Quadrilateral.) 
 
 Is located at the outer side of the neck, 
 
 where it joins the upper part of the shaft. 
 
 External Surface : 
 
 Is rough, broad and convex ; marked 
 by a prominent diagonal line, which 
 
THE FEMUR. jtjy 
 
 extends from the post, superior to 
 the ant. inferior angle. The tendon 
 of the glutens medius is attached. 
 A triangular surface, above the 
 diagonal line, occasionally smooth 
 for the bursa between the tendon of 
 the gluteus medius and the bone, 
 and sometimes rough for the tendon 
 of the same muscle. The gluteus 
 maximus plays over a smooth tri- 
 angular surface, which is situated 
 below and behind the diagonal line. 
 
 Internal Surface : 
 
 Presents at its base, the digital or 
 trochantefic fossa, for the attach- 
 ment of the tendon of the obturator 
 externus. 
 
 Superior Border : 
 
 Is free, thick, and irregular ; im- 
 pressions exist for the pyriformis 
 m. behind, and the obturator in- 
 ternus and gemelli in front. 
 
 Inferior Border ; 
 
 Is rough and slightly curved ; af- 
 fords attachment to the upper part 
 of the vastus externus. This border 
 corresponds to the point of junction 
 of the base of the trochanter with 
 the outer surface of the shaft. 
 
 Anterior Border : 
 (Is prominent.) 
 
 The gluteus minimus is attached to 
 its outer part. 
 
 Posterior Border : 
 
 (Very prominent.) 
 
 Is a free rounded edge and forms 
 
 the back part of the digital fossa. 
 
158 THK FEMUR. 
 
 4. Lesser Trochanter : 
 
 (A conical eminence. ) 
 
 It projects from the lower and back part of 
 
 the base of the neck. 
 
 The Base : 
 
 Is triangular, and is connected by 3 
 borders with the adjacent parts of 
 the bone. 
 
 The Summit : 
 
 Is rough, and gives insertion to the 
 tendon of the psoas magnus. Its di- 
 rection is I. and B. Just below the 
 lesser trochanter is the insertion of 
 the iliacus, between the vastus 
 internus in front, and the pectineus 
 behind. 
 
 5. Tubercle of Femur : 
 
 Projects from the upper and front part of 
 the neck, at its junction with the great tro- 
 chanter. 
 
 Following muscles are attached: 
 
 Gluteus minimus (ext). 
 
 Vastus externus (below). 
 
 Tendon of obturator internus 
 
 (above). 
 
 Gemelli (above). 
 
 6. Anterior Intertrochanteric Line : 
 
 (Spiral line of the femur. ) 
 Runs obliquely D. and I. from the tubercle ; 
 it winds round the inner side of shaft, and 
 ends in the linea aspera. 
 
 Its Upper Half: 
 (Rough.) 
 
 Gives attachment to the capsular 
 ligament of the hip-joint. 
 
THE FEMUR. 159 
 
 Its Lower Half: 
 
 Affords attachment to the upper 
 part of the vastus interims. 
 
 7. Post. Intertrochanteric Line : 
 
 Extends from the summit of the great tro- 
 chanter D. and I. to the upper part of lesser 
 trochanter. 
 
 8. Linea Quadrati : 
 
 Begins at the middle of the above mentioned 
 line, and passes vertically D. 
 Gives attachment to : 
 
 Quadratus femoris. 
 
 Few fibres of adductor magnus. 
 
 (B) Lower (Tibial) Extremity : 
 
 (Cuboid in form ) 
 Presents : 
 
 i. The External Condyle : 
 Outer Surface : 
 
 Presents the outer tuberosity, for the 
 ext. lateral ligament of the knee. Just 
 beneath it is a groove, for the tendon of 
 the popliteus. A depression, which is 
 the commencement of the groove just 
 mentioned, is smooth and covered with 
 cartilage in the fresh state. 
 
 Inner Surface : 
 
 Forms one of the boundaries of the 
 intercondyloid notch, and by its posterior 
 part affords attachment to the ant. crucial 
 ligament. 
 
 Inferior Surface : 
 
 (Convex and smooth.) 
 
 A depression, above the articular surface, 
 
 is for the tendon of the outer head of the 
 
160 THE; FEMUR. 
 
 gastrocnemius, above which is the origin 
 of the plantaris m. 
 
 2. The Internal Condyle : 
 
 Inner Surface : 
 
 Presents the inner tuberosity, for the 
 attachment of the int. lateral ligament. 
 A tubercle, above the tuberosity, is for 
 the tendon of the adductor magnus m. 
 A depression exists just beneath the 
 tubercle, for the tendon of the inner 
 head of the gastrocnemius m. 
 
 Outer Side : 
 
 Affords attachment by its anterior part 
 to the post, crucial ligament. It forms 
 one of the lateral boundaries of the inter- 
 condyloid notch. 
 
 Inf. (Articular] Surface : 
 
 Is convex and not so extensive as that 
 of the ext. condyle. 
 
 3. Inter-condyloid Notch : 
 
 Separates the 2 condyles. 
 
 (C) The Shaft: 
 Presents 
 
 i. The Linea Aspera : 
 
 (Posterior border.) 
 
 At the middle third of the bone, it presents 
 
 an external and an internal lip, and a rough 
 
 intermediate space. Just above the centre 
 
 of the shaft, the linea aspera divides into 3 
 
 lines. 
 
 (i) The External Line : 
 (Very rough. ) 
 
 Is continued almost vertically U. to 
 the base of the great trochanter. 
 
THE; FEMUR. 161 
 
 (2) The Middle Line : 
 
 Is continued to the base of the lesser 
 trochanter. 
 
 (3) The Internal Line : 
 
 Is lost in the spiral line of the femur 
 above. 
 
 The " linea aspera" divides below into 
 2 bifurcations, inclosing a triangular 
 space, the popliteal, upon which 
 rests the artery of the same name : 
 
 (1) Outer Bifurcation : 
 Descends to the summit of the 
 outer condyle. 
 
 (2) Inner Bifurcation : 
 
 Has a groove for the femoral 
 artery, and ends in a small tuber- 
 cle at the summit of the internal 
 condyle. 
 
 The vastus internus is attached to the 
 linea aspera along its whole course. 
 The vastus externus to the whole length 
 of the outer lip, and also to its whole 
 length, the adductor magnus. 
 
 The gluteus maximus (above), and the 
 short head of biceps (below), are at- 
 tached between the vastus externus and 
 the abductor magnus. 
 
 Between the abductor magnus and the 
 vastus internus the following muscles 
 are attached : 
 Iliacus. 
 Pectineus. 
 Abductor brevis. 
 " longus. 
 
162 THE FEMUR. 
 
 2. A Nutrient Canal : 
 
 Perforates the linea aspera a little below its 
 centre. 
 
 3. Lateral Borders : 
 
 (a) The Outer One: 
 
 Extends from the ant. inf. angle of the 
 great trochanter to the anterior extrem- 
 ity of the ext. condyle. 
 
 (b) The Inner One : 
 
 Extends from the spiral line to the an- 
 terior extremity of the int. condyle. 
 This border marks the limit of attach- 
 ment of the crureus m. internally. 
 
 4. Anterior Surface : 
 
 Is that part of the shaft between the 2 
 lateral borders. The crureus m. is attached 
 to the upper three-fourths of the surface ; 
 the lower fourth gives attachment to the 
 subcrureus to a small extent. 
 
 5. External Surf ace : 
 
 Is that portion of bone between the external 
 border and the outer lip of the liiiea aspera ; 
 it is continuous with the outer surface of the 
 great trochanter above ; and below, with 
 the outer surface of the ext condyle. 
 The outer portion of the crureus is attached 
 to its upper three-fourths. 
 
 6. Internal Surface : 
 
 This part includes the portion of bone be- 
 tween the int. border and the inner lip of 
 the linea aspera. Above, it is continuous 
 with the lower border of the neck ; and 
 below, with the inner side of the int. con- 
 dyle. The vastus internus m. covers it. 
 
THE PATELLA. 163, 
 
 THE PATELLA. 
 Situation : 
 
 In front of the knee-joint. 
 
 Form : 
 
 Triangular. 
 
 Structure : 
 
 Consists of dense cancellous tissue, covered by a 
 thin compact layer. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By i centre. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With the 2 condyles of femur. 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 Surfaces : 
 Anterior. 
 Posterior. 
 
 Borders : 
 Superior. 
 Lateral (2). 
 
 A Base. 
 An Apex. 
 
 (A) Surfaces : 
 
 Anterior Surface : 
 
 (Convex. ) 
 Presents 
 
 /. Small Apertures : 
 
 For the passage of nutrient vessels. 
 
164 
 
 2. Rough Longitudinal Stria : 
 
 Mark this surface and are numerous. 
 
 This surface affords attachment to the ligamen- 
 tum patellae below ; and it is covered by an 
 expansion from the tendon of the quadriceps 
 extensor. 
 
 Posterior Surface : 
 Presents 
 
 /. An Oval-shaped Articular Surface : 
 (Smooth.) 
 
 A Vertical Ridge Divides it into 2 
 Facets : 
 
 (1) Outer Facet: 
 (Broad.) 
 
 Articulates with the outer con- 
 dyle of femur. 
 
 (2) Inner Facet: 
 
 Articulates with the inner con- 
 dyle of femur. 
 
 The "vertical ridge" corresponds 
 to the groove on the trochlear sur- 
 face of the femur. 
 
 2. A Convex Non-articular Depression : 
 (Rough.) 
 
 The ligamentum is attached to the lower 
 half of this depression. Adipose tissue sepa- 
 rates the upper half from the head of the 
 tibia. 
 
 (B) Borders : 
 
 Superior Border : 
 
 Affords attachment to that portion of the 
 quadriceps extensor which is derived from 
 the rectus and crureus muscles. 
 
THE PATERA. 165 
 
 Lateral Borders : 
 
 Give attachment to the tendon of the quad- 
 riceps extensor ; e. g.> that portion from the 
 ext. and int. vasti muscles. 
 
 (C) The Base : 
 
 (Thick.) 
 The base, or superior border is'directed U. 
 
 (D) The Apex : 
 
 (Pointed.) 
 Affords attachment to ligamentum patella. 
 
 THE TIBIA. 
 Situation : 
 
 At the front and inner side of leg. 
 
 Form : 
 
 Prismoid. 
 
 Structure : 
 
 Like that of other long bones. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By 3 Centres: 
 
 i for the shaft. 
 
 i ' ' each extremity. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 3 Bones : 
 Femur. 
 Fibula. 
 Astragulus. 
 
 Presents for Examination- 
 Upper extremity. 
 Lower extremity. 
 A shaft. 
 
166 THE TIBIA.. 
 
 (A) Upper (Femoral) Extremities: 
 
 (Large and expanded on each side the head.) 
 Presents 
 
 7. The Tuberosities : 
 
 These 2 lateral eminences have 2 smooth 
 concave surfaces, which articulate with the 
 femur. 
 
 Int. Articular Surface : 
 
 (Longer than external.) 
 Articulates with int. condyle of 
 femur. 
 
 Ext. Articular Surface : 
 (Broader and flatter.) 
 Articulates with ext. condyle of 
 femur. 
 2. Spinous Process of Tibia : 
 
 (Between the articular surfaces.) 
 This eminence, surmounted by a tubercle on 
 each side, affords attachment to the extrem- 
 ities of the semi-lunar fibro- cartilages, 
 j. A Rough Depression : 
 
 Situated in front and behind the spinous 
 process ; it gives attachment to the ant. and 
 post, crucial ligaments, and the semi-lunar 
 cartilages. 
 4. Tubercle of Tibia : 
 
 Divided into 2 Halves : 
 
 (1) Upper Half : 
 (Smooth.) 
 
 In the fresh state it corresponds 
 with a bursa that separates the 
 ligament um patella from the bone. 
 
 (2) Lower Half : 
 (Rough.) 
 
 The ligamentum patellae is attached. 
 
THE TIBIA. !67 
 
 j. The Popliteal Notch : 
 (Shallow.) 
 
 Affords attachment to the post, crucial liga- 
 ment. This depression separates (poste- 
 riorly) the tuberosities of the tibia. 
 
 6. A Deep Transverse Groove : 
 
 Is situated on the post, surface of the inner 
 tuberosity ; it gives attachment to the tendon 
 of the semi metnbranosus m. 
 
 7. A Flat Articular Facet : 
 
 (Almost circular in form.) 
 This factt is on the post, surface of the 
 outer tuberosity, for articulation with the 
 fibula ; its direction is D., B. and O. 
 
 8. Lateral Surfaces (2) . 
 
 (Convex and rough.) 
 
 The int. lateral ligament is attached to the 
 
 internal one, it being the more prominent. 
 
 (B) Lower (Tarsal) Extremity : 
 
 (Smaller than the upper.) 
 Presents 
 
 /. The Inferior Surface : 
 (Quadrilateral.) 
 
 Is smooth ; narrow internally, and is con- 
 tinuous with the articular surface of the 
 inner malleolus. 
 
 Externally, there is a slight elevation which 
 separates two lateral depressions; the infe- 
 rior surface articulates with the astragulus. 
 
 2. The Anterior Surface : 
 
 Above, it is smooth and rounded, being cov- 
 ered by tendons of the extensor muscles of 
 the toes ; a rough transverse depression for 
 the attachment of the ant. ligament of the 
 ankle-joint is seen at its lower margin. 
 
i68 THE TIBIA. 
 
 j. The Posterior Surface : 
 
 Has a superficial groove, which has a direc- 
 tion obliquely D. and I., being continuous 
 with a similar groove on the post, extremity 
 of the astragulus, for the passage of the 
 tendon of the flexor longus pollicis. 
 
 4. The External Surface : 
 
 The inferior interosseous ligament is at- 
 tached to a triangular rough depression on 
 this surface. 
 
 With the lower part of this depression the 
 fibula articulates. The ant. and post, tibio- 
 fibular ligaments are attached to two promi- 
 nent ridges, which are continuous above 
 with the interosseous ridge, and which bound 
 this surface. 
 
 5. The Internal Surface : 
 
 This surface extends D. to form the int. 
 malleolus. 
 
 6. Int. Malleolus: 
 
 (a) Inner Surface : 
 
 (Convex.) 
 Subcutaneous. 
 
 (b) Outer Surf ace : 
 (Concave.) 
 
 Deepens the articular surface for the 
 astragulus. 
 
 (c) Anterior Border : 
 (Rough.) 
 
 Ligamentous fibres are attached. 
 
 (d) Posterior Border : 
 
 Has a broad, deep groove for the ten- 
 dons of the tibialis posticus and flexor 
 longus digitorum. The direction of the 
 groove is obliquely D. and I. 
 
THE TIBIA. X 6 9 
 
 (e) The Summit : 
 
 Has a rough depression behind for the 
 int. lateral ligament of the ankle joint. 
 
 (C) The Shaft. 
 
 (A triangular prismoid.) 
 
 Presents 
 
 /. The Anterior Border : 
 (Crest of the tibia.) 
 
 Commences above at the tubercle, and ends 
 below at the anterior margin of the inner 
 malleolus. It is curved O. above, and I. 
 below. The deep fascia of the leg is at- 
 tached to it. 
 
 2. The Internal Border : 
 
 Above and below it is smooth and rounded, 
 being rather prominent at the centre ; it 
 begins at the back part of inner tuberosity, 
 and ends at the post, border of inner mal- 
 leolus. 
 
 The int. lateral ligament of the knee is at- 
 tached to its upper part, also some fibres of 
 the popliteus. 
 
 Some fibres of the soleus and flexor longus 
 digitorum are also attached. 
 
 j. The External Border : 
 (Interosseous ridge.) 
 
 Is thin and prominent, and affords attach- 
 ment to the interosseous membrane ; it be- 
 gins above in front of the fibular articular 
 facet bifurcating below, it forms the boun- 
 daries of the triangular rough surface for 
 attachment of the interosseous ligament, 
 which connects the tibia and fibula. 
 
170 
 
 THE TIBIA. 
 
 4 The Internal Surface : 
 (Convex and smooth.) 
 
 Is broader above than below, being directed 
 F. and I. The aponeurosis from the tendon 
 of the sartorius, the tendons of the graoilis, 
 and semitendiiiosus cover it and are inserted 
 as far forward as the anterior border. 
 
 5. The External Surface : 
 
 (Narrower than internal.) 
 A shallow groove for the tibialis anticus is 
 situated at its upper two-thirds. The lower 
 third is convex and smooth, and gradually 
 curved forward to the anterior part of the 
 bone. It is covered from within outward by 
 the tendons of the tibialis anticus, extensor 
 proprius pollicis, extensor longus digitorum, 
 and the peroneus tertius. 
 
 6. The Posterior Surface : 
 
 (a) A Prominent Ridge at its upper part 
 ("oblique line of tibia,") extends from 
 the back part of the articular facet for 
 the fibula, to the internal border, at the 
 junction of its upper and middle thirds. 
 It gives attachment to the popliteus, and 
 serves for the attachment of the popliteal 
 fascia, and part of the soleus, flexor 
 longus digitorum and tibialis anticus. 
 
 (b) A Triangular Concave Surface above, 
 and to the inner side of the "oblique 
 line," gives attachment to the popliteus 
 likewise. 
 
 (c) A Vertical Ridge divides the middle 
 third of this surface into 2 lateral halves. 
 
 (i) Inner Half : 
 
 Affords attachment to the flexor 
 longus digitorum. 
 
THE TIBIA. 
 
 171 
 
 (2) Outer Half : 
 (Narrower.) 
 
 Gives attachment to part of tibialis 
 posticus m. 
 
 To the remaining part of the bone, is at- 
 tached the following muscles : 
 Tibialis posticus. 
 Flexor longus digitorum. 
 Flexor longus pollicis. 
 
 7. The Medullary Foramen : 
 (Directed obliquely D.) 
 Is just below the oblique line. 
 
 THE FIBULA. 
 
 Situation : 
 
 On outer side of tibia, and above, a little posterior 
 to it. 
 Form : 
 
 Slender, and like a brace, hence " the splinter 
 bone of the leg." 
 
 Development : 
 
 By 3 Centres: 
 
 i for the shaft. 
 
 i for each extremity. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 2 Bones : 
 
 Tibia. 
 Astragulus. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 An upper extremity. 
 A lower extremity. 
 A shaft. 
 
jy 2 THE FIBULA. 
 
 (A) Upper (Tibia!) Extremity. 
 
 (Irregularly rounded.) 
 
 Presents 
 
 /. A Flattened Articular Facet : 
 (Direct edU. and I.) 
 
 Articulates with a corresponding facet on the 
 ext. tuberosity of the tibia. 
 
 2. A Thick and Rough Prominence : 
 
 (On the outer side.) 
 
 It affords attachment to the tendon of the 
 biceps, and to the long ext. lateral liga- 
 ment of the knee. This prominence is con- 
 tinued behind into the pointed eminence, 
 the styloid process. 
 
 3. The Styloid Process : 
 
 To the summit of this process is attached 
 the short ext. lateral ligament. 
 The rest of the circumference of the head gives 
 attachment to the ant. sup. tibio-fibular ligament, 
 and to the upper and anterior part of the per- 
 oneus longus in front ; and to the post. sup. 
 tibio-fibular ligament and the upper fibres of the 
 outer head of the soleus behind. 
 
 (B) Lower (Tarsal) Extremity: 
 
 (External malleolus.) 
 
 It descends lower than the internal mal- 
 leolus. 
 
 Presents : 
 
 i. The External Surface : 
 (Convex.) 
 
 Is continuous with a triangular subcuta- 
 neous surface on the outer side of the shaft. 
 
THB FIBULA. 173 
 
 2. The Internal Surface : 
 
 In front, a smooth triangular facet articu- 
 lates with a corresponding surface on the 
 outer side of the astragulus. The post, 
 fasciculus of the ext. lateral ligament of the 
 ankle is attached to a rough depression be- 
 hind and beneath the articular surface. 
 
 j. The Anterior Border : 
 (Thick and rough.) 
 
 A depression below gives attachment to the 
 ant. fasciculus of the ext. lateral ligament. 
 
 4. The Posterior Border : 
 
 (Broad.) 
 
 A sh allow groove gives passage to the tendons 
 
 of the peroneous longus and brevis muscles. 
 
 5. The Summit : 
 
 (Rounded.) 
 
 Affords attachment to the middle fasciculus 
 
 of the ext. lateral ligament. 
 
 (C) The Shaft : 
 Presents 
 
 /. The Anterior Border : 
 
 It begins above in front of the head, and 
 extends vertically D. a little below the middle 
 of the bone where it curves O. , and bifurcates 
 below. This bifurcation bounds the triangu- 
 lar subcutaneous surface just above the outer 
 side of the ext. malleolus. An intermuscular 
 septum is attached to this border ; this septum 
 separates the muscles on the anterior surface 
 from those on the external. 
 
 2. The Internal Border : 
 (Interosseous ridge.) 
 
 It commences above beneath the head of the 
 bone, and ends below, at the apex of a rough 
 
174 TH 3 FIBULA. 
 
 triangular surface above the articular facet 
 of the ext. malleolus. 
 
 It gives attachment to the interosseous mem- 
 brane, and separates the extensor muscles 
 in front from the flexor muscles behind, 
 j. The Posterior Border : 
 (Sharp and prominent.) 
 It begins above at the base of the styloid 
 process, and ends below in the posterior 
 border of the ext. malleolus. It gives attach- 
 ment to an aponeurosis that separates the 
 muscles on the outer from those of the inner 
 surface of the shaft. A prominent ridge 
 (" the oblique line of fibula,") subdivides the 
 upper three-fourths into 2 parts, an anterior 
 and a posterior ; this ridge commences 
 above at the inner side of the head, and ends 
 at the lower fourth of the bone. The 
 " oblique line" gives attachment to an 
 aponeurosis which separates the tibialis 
 
 osticus from the soleus above, and the 
 exor longus pollicis below. 
 
 4. The Anterior Surface : 
 
 Is that portion of bone between the anterior 
 and interosseous borders ; it is grooved longi- 
 tudinally in its lower third. 
 
 Muscles Attached Are : 
 
 Extensor longus digitorum. 
 Peroneous tertius. 
 Kxtensor proprius pollicis. 
 
 5. The External Surface : 
 
 (Broader than anterior.) 
 Is directed O. in the upper two-thirds of its 
 course ; B. in the lower third, and is here 
 continuous with the post, border of the ext. 
 malleolus. This surface is entirely occupied 
 by theperoneous longus and brevis muscles. 
 
BONES OF THE FOOT. jytj 
 
 6. The Internal Surface : 
 
 Is that portion in the interval between the 
 interosseous ridge and the posterior border. 
 The " oblique line " of the fibula divides the 
 upper three-fourths into an anterior and 
 posterior portion : 
 
 (1) Anterior Portion : 
 
 Is grooved for the tibialis posticus. 
 
 (2) Posterior Part : 
 
 Is continuous below, with the rough 
 triangular surface above the articular 
 facet of the outer malleolus. Its 
 upper third is rough, for the soleus, 
 and its lower is connected to the 
 tibia by a strong interosseous liga- 
 ment. 
 
 7 . The Nutrient Foramen : 
 
 At the middle of the internal surface ; it is 
 directed D. 
 
 THE FOOT. 
 
 The Foot Consists of 3 Divisions : 
 
 Tarsus. 
 
 Metatarsus. 
 
 Phalanges. 
 
 (A) The Tarsus : 
 
 Calcanium. 
 
 Astragulus. 
 
 Cuboid. 
 
 Scaphoid. 
 
 Int. cuneiform. 
 
 Middle cuneiform. 
 
 Ext. cuneiform. 
 
176 BONKS OF THE) FOOT. 
 
 CALCANEUn. 
 Situation : 
 
 At the posterior and inferior part of foot ; it forms 
 %the heel. 
 
 Form : 
 
 Cuboidal. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By an epiphysis for its post, extremity. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 2 Bones : 
 
 Astragulus. 
 Cuboid. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 (6 Surfaces.} 
 
 i. Superior Surface : 
 
 Convex from side to side, concave from be- 
 fore backward, and corresponds above to a 
 mass of adipose substance placed in front of 
 the tendo-Achillis. 
 
 Two articular facets are seen on this surface, 
 being separated by a shallow groove, which 
 is rough for the ligament (interosseous) con- 
 necting the astragulus and calcaneum. The 
 ext. articular surface is situated on the body 
 of the bone ; the internal one being sup- 
 ported on the lesser process of the os calcis 
 (sustentaculum tali). 
 
 The upper surface of the greater process is 
 situated more anteriorly, and has numerous 
 ligaments attached ; it also gives origin to 
 the extensor brevis digitorum m. 
 
BONKS OF THE FOOT. 177 
 
 2. Inferior Surf ace : 
 
 (Narrow and rough.) 
 
 Convex from side to side, and is bounded 
 posteriorly by 2 tubercles, separatedPby a 
 rough depression : 
 
 (a) External Tubercle: 
 (Small and rounded.) 
 
 Part of the abductor minimi digit! 
 is attached. 
 
 (b) Internal Tubercle : 
 (Ivarger and broader.) 
 
 Gives attachment to the abductor 
 pollicis ; and in front, to the flexor 
 brevis digitorum. 
 
 (c) Depression Between Tubercles : 
 Affords attachment to the abductor 
 minimi digiti, and plantar fascia. 
 
 (d) Rough Surface in Front of Tuber- 
 cles : 
 
 Affords attachment to the long 
 plantar ligament, and to the outer 
 head of the flexor accessorius. The 
 short plantar ligament is attached 
 to a prominent tubercle near the 
 anterior part of the bone. 
 
 j. External Surface : 
 (Subcutaneous.) 
 
 A tubercle near its centre gives attachment 
 to the middle fasciculus of the ext. lateral 
 ligament. 
 
 A broad, smooth surface, above the tuber- 
 cle, gives attachment at its upper and ante- 
 rior part, to the ext. calcaneo-astragaloid 
 ligament ; in front of the tubercle, a narrow 
 surface is marked by 2 oblique grooves, which 
 are separated by an elevated ridge : 
 
BONES OF THK FOOT. 
 
 (a) Superior Groove : 
 
 Transmits the tendon of the peron- 
 eus brevis m. 
 
 (b) Inferior Groove : 
 
 Transmits the tendon of the peron- 
 eus longus. 
 
 (c) Intervening Ridge : 
 
 Affords attachment to a prolonga- 
 tion of the ext. annular ligament. 
 
 4. Internal Surface : 
 
 A deep concavity, directed D. and F., trans- 
 mits the plantar vessels and nerves, and flexor 
 tendons into the sole of the foot ; the flexor 
 accessorius m. is attached. 
 The lesser process is here presented, for the 
 attachment of a slip of the tendon of the 
 tibialis posticus m. Above, this process is 
 concave, and supports the ant. articular sur- 
 face of the astragulus ; below, it is convex, 
 and grooved for the tendon of the flexor 
 longus pollicis. Ligaments are attached to 
 its free margin. 
 
 5. Anterior Surface : 
 
 (Triangular in form.) 
 
 A rough prominence surmounts it on the 
 outer side, and is a guide to the surgeon in 
 the Chopart amputation. It articulates with 
 the cuboid. 
 
 6. Posterior Surface : 
 
 (Rough and convex.) 
 
 Is rough at its lower part for the tendo- 
 
 Achillis. 
 
Situation : 
 
 BONKS OF THE FOOT. 
 
 THE CUBOID. 
 
 At the anterior and outer part of foot, in front 
 of the calcaneum. 
 
 Form: 
 
 Cubical. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By i centre. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 4 Bones : 
 Calcaneum. 
 Ext. cuneiform. 
 Fourth metatarsal. 
 Fifth metatarsal. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 (6 Surfaces.} 
 
 1. Posterior (Articular) Surface : 
 
 (Smooth, triangular, concavo-convex.) 
 Articulates with anterior surface of calca- 
 neum. 
 
 2. Anterior {Articular) Surface : 
 
 (Irregularly triangular.) 
 
 A Vertical Ridge Divides it into 2 
 facets : 
 
 (1) Inner Facet : 
 
 Articulates with the 4th meta- 
 tarsal bone. 
 
 (2) Outer Facet : 
 
 Articulates with 5th metatarsal 
 bone. 
 
180 BONE; 3 OF THE; FOOT. 
 
 j. Internal (Articular} Surface : 
 (Irregularly quadrilateral.) 
 Presents at its upper and middle part a small 
 oval facet, for articulation with the ext. 
 cuneiform bone ; a smaller facet for articula- 
 tion with the scaphoid is behind this. Strong 
 interosseous ligaments are attached to the 
 rest of this surface. 
 
 4. Superior (Non-articular] Surface : 
 
 ( Dorsal surface. ) 
 
 Has a direction U. and O. Numerous liga- 
 ments are attached. 
 
 5. Inferior (Non-articular] Surface : 
 
 (Plantar surface..) 
 
 A deep groove in front lodges the tendon of 
 the peroneous longus ; the tuberosity of the 
 cuboid is the end of the ridge which bounds 
 the deep groove referred to above, behind. 
 The surface of this tuberosity possesses a 
 convex facet for the sesamoid bone of the 
 tendon in the groove. The long and short 
 plantar ligaments are attached near this 
 facet. 
 
 6. External (Non articular] Surface : 
 
 This is the smallest of the three surfaces ; it 
 is narrow, and shows a deep notch. 
 
 THE ASTRAQULUS. 
 Situation : 
 
 Superior and middle part of tarsus. 
 Form : 
 
 Has been likened to "a die." (?) 
 Development : 
 
 By i centre. 
 
BONKS OF THE FOOT. !8i 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 4 Bones : 
 Tibia. 
 Fibula. 
 
 Os calcis (calcaneum). 
 Scaphoid. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 (6 Surfaces.) 
 
 1. Superior Surface : 
 
 Presents behind, a smooth trochlear surface, 
 which articulates with tibia. 
 
 2. Inferior Surface : 
 
 A deep groove (which corresponds with a 
 similar groove upon the upper surface of 
 calcaneum, and when articulated with that 
 bone, forms a canal, which is filled up in the 
 fresh state by the calcaneo-astragaloid inter- 
 osseous ligament), separates 2 articular 
 facets : 
 
 (1) Anterior Facet : 
 
 Articulates with upper surface of 
 calcaneo-scaphoid ligament. 
 
 (2) Posterior Facet : 
 
 Articulates with lesser process of 
 calcaneum. 
 
 j. Internal Surf ace : 
 
 Has a pear-shaped articular facet at its upper 
 part, for inner malleolus. A rough depres- 
 sion below, for the deep portion of int. 
 lateral ligament. 
 
 4. External Surface : 
 
 Has a large triangular facet for articulation 
 with ext. malleolus. In front of the facet is 
 a rough depression for the attachment of the 
 ant. fasciculus of the ext. lateral ligament. 
 
182 BONKS OF THE FOOT. 
 
 5. Anterior Surface : 
 
 (Convex and rounded.) 
 
 Forms " head " of astragulus ; is continuous 
 below with that part of articular facet on 
 under surface which rests upon the calcaneo- 
 scaphoid ligament. 
 
 6. Posterior Surface : 
 
 (Narrow.) 
 
 A groove, which runs obliquely D. and I., 
 
 transmits the tendon of the flexor longus 
 
 pollicis. 
 
 There is a notch or depression external to 
 
 this, which lodges the post, fasciculus of the 
 
 ext. lateral ligament. 
 
 THE SCAPHOID. 
 Situation : 
 
 At the fore-part of astragulus, and inner part of 
 
 foot. 
 Form : 
 
 Somewhat like a boat. 
 Development : 
 
 By i centre. 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 4 Bones : 
 Astragulus. 
 Three cuneiform bones. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 (6 Surfaces.) 
 i. Anterior Surface : 
 (Oblong form.) 
 
 Two ridges divide it into 3 facets, for articu- 
 lation with the 3 cuneiform bonab. 
 
BON S OF THE FOOT. ^3 
 
 2. Posterior Surface : 
 
 (Oval and concave.) 
 
 Articulates with rounded head of astragulus. 
 j. Superior Surface : 
 
 Convex from side to side, and rough, for 
 
 ligaments. 
 
 4. Inferior Surface : 
 
 (Somewhat concave.) 
 Rough, for ligaments. 
 
 5. Internal Surf ace : 
 
 Presents the tuberosity of scaphoid, which 
 affords attachment to part of the tendon of 
 tibialis posticus. 
 
 6. External Surface : 
 
 (Broad and irregular.) 
 Rough, for ligamentous fibres. 
 
 INTERNAL CUNEIFORM. 
 Situation : 
 
 At inner side of foot, between the scaphoid be- 
 hind, and the base of ist metatarsal in front. 
 Form : 
 
 Wedge-like. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By 2 Centres : 
 i for shaft, 
 i for each digital extremity. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 4 Bones : 
 Scaphoid. 
 Middle cuneiform. 
 First metatarsal. 
 Second metatarsal. 
 
!84 BONKS OF THE: FOOT. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 (6 Surfaces.) 
 
 1. Internal Surface : 
 
 (Subcutaneous.) 
 
 Forms part of the inner border of foot ; a 
 small oval facet at its anterior inferior angle, 
 over which the tendon of the tibialis anticus 
 glides is situated here. The rest of the ex- 
 tent is rough for ligaments. 
 
 2. External Surface : 
 
 (Concave.) 
 
 Presents a narrow surface along its superior 
 and posterior borders, for articulation with 
 the middle cuneiform behind, and 2d meta- 
 tarsal in front. It is prominent below, where 
 it forms part of the tuberosity ; the rest of 
 its extent is rough for ligamentous attach- 
 ment. 
 
 j. Anterior Surface : 
 (Kidney-shaped. ) 
 Articulates with metatarsal bone of great toe. 
 
 4. Posterior Surface : 
 
 (Concave.) 
 
 Articulates with the innermost and largest 
 
 of the 3 facets of the anterior surface of 
 
 scaphoid. 
 
 5. Inferior (Plantar] Surface : 
 
 (Rough.) 
 
 A prominent tuberosity at its back part, for 
 attachment of part of the tendon of tibialis 
 posticus m. exists. In front, part of the 
 tendon of the tibialis anticus is attached. 
 
 6. Superior Surface : 
 
 Is the narrow pointed part of the wedge, 
 and is directed U. and O. Is rough for liga- 
 mentous attachment. 
 
BONKS OF THE FOOT. 185 
 
 fllDDLE CUNEIFORfl. 
 
 (Smallest of the three.) 
 Situation : 
 
 Between internal and external cuneiform bones ; 
 it corresponds to the scaphoid behind, and to the 
 2d metatarsal in front. 
 Form : 
 
 Wedge-like. 
 
 Development: 
 
 By 2 centres. 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 4 Bones : 
 Scaphoid. 
 
 Int. and ext. cuneiform. 
 Second metatarsal. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 (6 Surfaces.) 
 /. Anterior Surface : 
 
 (Triangular in form.) 
 
 Articulates with base of 2d metatarsal bone. 
 
 2. Posterior Surface : 
 (Triangular. ) 
 Articulates with scaphoid. 
 
 j. Internal Surface : 
 
 Has an articular facet along the sup. and 
 post, borders, for articulation with the int. 
 cuneiform ; below, it is rough for ligaments. 
 
 ^. External Surface : 
 
 A smooth facet posteriorly, for articulation 
 with ext. cuneiform bone. 
 
 5. Superior Surface: 
 (Base of wedge.) 
 
 Rough for ligamentous attachment. 
 13 
 
l86 BONKS OF THE FOOT. 
 
 6. Inferior Surface : 
 
 Pointed and tubercular; is rough for liga- 
 ments. 
 
 EXTERNAL CUNEIFORM. 
 
 Situation : 
 
 In the centre of the front row of tarsus, between 
 the middle cuneiform internally, the cuboid 
 externally, the scaphoid behind, and the 3d 
 metatarsal in front. 
 
 Form: 
 
 Wedge-shaped. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By 2 centres. 
 
 Articulations : 
 
 With 6 Bones : 
 Scaphoid. 
 Middle cuneiform. 
 Cuboid. 
 
 Second metatarsal. 
 Third metatarsal. 
 Fourth metatarsal. 
 
 Presents for Examination 
 
 (6 Surfaces.} 
 
 1. Anterior Surf ace : 
 
 (Triangular.) 
 
 Articulates with 3d metatarsal bone. 
 
 2. Posterior Surf ace : 
 
 Below it is rough for ligaments ; articulates 
 with the most external facet of the scaphoid. 
 
BONKS OF THE FOOT. 187 
 
 j. Internal Surface : 
 
 A rough depression, which affords attach- 
 ment to an interosseous ligament, separates 
 2 articular facets : 
 
 (1) Anterior Facet : 
 
 Situated at the superior angle of 
 bone ; articulates with the outer 
 side of the base of the 2d metatar- 
 sal bone. 
 
 (2) Posterior Facet : 
 
 Articulates with middle cuneiform 
 bone. 
 
 4. External Surface : 
 
 A rough non-articular surf ace, which serves 
 for the attachment of an interosseous liga- 
 ment, separates 2 articular facets : 
 
 (1) Anterior Facet : 
 
 Is at the superior angle of the bone, 
 and articulates with the side of the 
 4th metatarsal bone. 
 
 (2) Posterior Facet : 
 Articulates with cuboid. 
 
 5. Superior (Dorsal] Surface : 
 
 (Oblong in form.) 
 
 Is rough for ligaments. 
 
 6. Inferior {Plantar) Surface : 
 
 (An obtuse, rounded margin.) 
 Serves for the attachment of the tendon of 
 the tibialis posticus, part of flexor brevis 
 pollicis, and ligaments. 
 
jf8 BONES OF THE FOOT 
 
 (B) THE METATARSUS. 
 
 (5 in number.) 
 
 Common Characters : 
 
 'J he Shaft: 
 Prismoid. 
 
 It tapers from tarsalto phalange al extremity. 
 Is concave below. 
 Slightly convex above. 
 
 Posterior Extremity : 
 (Base.) 
 
 Wedge-shaped. 
 
 Articulates by its terminal surface v\iih the 
 tarsal bones*. 
 
 Articulates by its lateral surfaces with the 
 contiguous metatarsal bones. 
 Ligaments are attached to its dorsal and 
 plantar surfaces. 
 
 Anterior Extremity : 
 
 (Head.) 
 
 Has a terminal, rounded, articular surface. 
 
 A depression exists, for ligaments, on the 
 
 j-ides. It is surmounted by a tubercle 
 
 T he under surface is grooved (in the middle 
 
 line), for the flexor tendon, and on each side 
 
 is an articular eminence. 
 
 Peculiar Characters : 
 
 The First Bone : 
 
 Is remarkable for its size. 
 
 Shortest of metatarsal bones. 
 
 Shaft is strong and prismoid. 
 
 Post, extremity has no lateral facets which 
 
 are articular. 
 
 Its circumference is grooved, for the tarso- 
 
 metatarsal ligaments. 
 
BONES OF THE FOOT. 189 
 
 Its inferior angle has a prominence, for the 
 tendon of the peroneus longus m. 
 The head is large. 
 
 The Second Bone : 
 
 The tarsal extremity presents 4 articular 
 surfaces : 
 
 One behind, for articulation with middle 
 cuneiform. 
 
 Oae at the upper part of its int. lateral sur- 
 face, f >r articulation with the int. cuneiform. 
 Two on its ext. lateral surface, a superior 
 and an inferior, which are separated by a 
 rough depression. TJie anterior segment of 
 each facet articulates with the 3d metatarsal 
 the 2 posterior with'theext. cuneiform bone* 
 
 
 
 The Third Bone : 
 
 Articulates with the ext. cuneiform behind. 
 By 2 facets on its inner side with the 2d 
 metatarsal. By a single facet on its outer 
 side, with the 4th metatarsal bone. 
 
 The Fourth Bone : 
 
 Smaller than the third. 
 
 Its tarsal extremity has a terminal qia tri- 
 lateral surface, for articulation with the 
 cuboid. 
 
 On its inner side is a smooth facet, which is 
 divided by a ridge into an anterior part for 
 articulation with the 3d 'metatarsal ; the 
 posterior part articulates with the ext. cunei- 
 form, and a facet on the outer side articulates 
 with the 5th metatarsal bone. 
 
 The Fifth Bone : 
 
 On the outer side of the base is a tubercular 
 eminence. 
 
 Articulates with the cuboid behind, and in- 
 ternally with the 4th metatarsal bone. 
 
190 BONKS OF THE: FOOT. 
 
 Development : 
 
 These bones have 2 ossific centres each. 
 
 (C) The Phalanges : 
 
 (14 in number.) 
 
 Those of the ist row are similar to those of the 
 hand. 
 
 The shaft is concave below, and convex above ; 
 the ant. extremity of the shaft has a trochlear 
 surface for articulation with the 2d phalanges. 
 The post, extremity is concave. 
 The phalanges of the 2d row are broader than 
 those of the ist, but are very small and short. 
 The ungual phalanges resemble in form those of 
 the fingers, and have a broad base for articula- 
 tion with the 2d row ; the extremity is ex- 
 panded for the support of the toe, and the nail. 
 
 Development : 
 
 By 2 centres for each bone. 
 
PART II. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 The abbreviations used in this work are as follows : 
 Sup., superior. 
 Inf., inferior. 
 Ext., external. 
 Int., internal. 
 Ant., anterior. 
 Post., posterior. 
 Opp., opposite. 
 Br., branch, 
 m., muscle. 
 D., downward. 
 O., outward. 
 F., forward. 
 U., upward. 
 B., backward. 
 ?, occasionally. 
 I., inward. 
 Etc., etc. 
 
 191 
 
!2 CAVITIES. 
 
 CAVITIES. 
 Cotyloid Cavity : 
 
 (The acetabulum.) 
 
 Formed as Follows : 
 Internally : 
 
 By the pubes. 
 Above : 
 
 By the ilium. 
 Behind and Below : 
 By the ischium. 
 Qlenoid Cavity (of Scapula) : 
 
 A shallow, pyriform articular surface. 
 Longest diameter from above downward. 
 Is situated at the ant. angle of scapula. 
 Articulates with head of humerus. 
 Direction, O. and F. 
 Is narrower above than below. 
 
 Qlenoid Cavity (of Temporal Bone) : 
 
 Bounded as Follows : 
 In Front : 
 
 By the eminencia articularis. 
 
 Behind : 
 
 By the vaginal process. 
 Externally : 
 
 Auditory process. 
 
 Middle root of zygoma. 
 Glaserian Fissure Divides it Into 2 Parts : 
 (i) Anterior Part : 
 
 Articulates with condyle of lower jaw. 
 
 Post, glenoid process separates this part 
 
 fro n auditory process. 
 
CAVITIES. 193 
 
 (2) Posterior Part : 
 
 Formed principally by vaginal process 
 
 of petrous portion. 
 
 Lodges part of parotid gland. 
 
 Cavity of " True " Pelvis : 
 
 Is shallow in front. 
 
 Deeper on its posterior than on the anterior wall. 
 Broader in the middle than at the extremities. 
 It measures at the symphysis one and one-half 
 inches in depth, three and one-half inches in the 
 middle, and four and one half posteriorly. 
 
 Bounded as Follows : 
 In Front : 
 
 By symphysis pubes. 
 
 Behind : 
 
 By the concavity of sacrum and 
 coccyx. 
 
 Laterally: 
 
 By a smooth quadrangular plate of 
 bone, corresponding to inner sur- 
 face of body of ischium. 
 
 Great Sigmoid Cavity : 
 
 Formed as Follows : 
 
 By olecranon and coronoid processes of 
 
 ulna. 
 
 It articulates with trochlear surface of hu- 
 
 merus. 
 
 Is divided by a smooth, elevated notch into 2 
 
 lateral parts. 
 
 Lesser Sigmoid Cavity : 
 
 Situated on outer side of coronoid process of 
 
 ulna. 
 
 Articulates with head of radius. 
 
194 CRESTS. 
 
 CRESTS. 
 Temporal Crest (or ridge) : 
 
 Extends U. and B. from the ext. angular process 
 of the frontal bone, and is sharply curved. 
 
 Crest of Ilium : 
 
 Is convex and sinuously curved. 
 
 Bent inward anteriorly, and outward posteriorly. 
 
 Is longer in the female. 
 
 Very thick behind. 
 
 Presents at Each End : 
 
 Ant. sup. spinous process. 
 Post, spinous process. 
 
 Surface of Crest Has : 
 Two Lips: 
 
 (1) External. 
 (Intermediate space.) 
 
 (2) Internal. 
 
 Nasal Crest : 
 
 Forms part of septum of nose. 
 Articulates with nasal spine of frontal bone 
 above, and with the perpendicular plate of 
 ethmoid below. 
 
 External Occipital Crest : 
 
 (A vertical ridge.) 
 
 Descends from occipital protuberance of occi- 
 pital bone to the foramen magnum, of same bone. 
 
 Internal Occipital Crest: 
 
 Is the inf. division of the crucial ridge of occi- 
 pital bone, and extends to post, margin of fora- 
 men magnum. 
 It is bifurcated below. 
 
EMINENCES. I95 
 
 Crest of Pubes : 
 
 Is that portion of bone between the spine and 
 inner extremity of the pubes. 
 The angle of pubes is that point of junction of 
 the crest with symphysis. 
 
 Crest of Tibia : 
 
 (The ant. border.) 
 
 Is called " the shin." 
 
 Begins at the " tubercle " above, and ends at the 
 
 ant. margin of inner malleolus below. 
 
 Inferior Turbinated Crest : 
 
 Articulates with inf. turbinated bone. 
 
 EfllNENCES. 
 Eminencia Articularis : 
 
 Covered by cartilage in the fresh state. 
 
 It forms the front boundary of the glenoid fossa 
 
 of the temporal bone. 
 
 Canine Eminence : 
 
 Corresponds to the socket of canine tooth. 
 
 It separates canine from incisive fossa on the 
 
 sup. maxilla. 
 
 Frontal Eminence : 
 
 On each side of frontal suture, a little below the 
 centre of frontal bone. 
 
 Ilio-Pectineal Eminence : 
 
 Indicates point of junction of ilium and pubes. 
 Parietal Eminence : 
 
 Indicates point where ossification commenced. 
 
19$ FISSURES. 
 
 FISSURES. 
 Auricular Fissure : 
 
 Situated between vaginal and mastoid processes 
 of temporal. 
 
 Is the exit of the auricular branch of pneumo- 
 gastric nerve. 
 
 Glaserian Fissure : 
 
 Leads into tynipanum. 
 Lodges processes gracilis of the malleus. 
 Transmits thelaxator tympani m., and tympanic 
 branch of int. maxillary artery. 
 
 Maxillary Fissure : 
 
 Receives the maxillary process of palate bone. 
 
 Pterygo=MaxiIIary Fissure : 
 
 Transmits branches of int. maxillary artery. 
 
 Spheno=MaxiIlary Fissure : 
 
 Transmits sup. maxillary nerve, and its orbital 
 branch, the infra-orbital artery, and ascending 
 branches of Meckel's ganglion. 
 
 Sphenoidal Fissure : 
 
 (Foramen lacerum anterius.) 
 
 Is triangular in form. 
 
 It leads from cavity of cranium into orbit. 
 
 Bounded as Follows : 
 Internally : 
 
 By the body of sphenoid. 
 Above : 
 
 By lesser wing. 
 Below : 
 
 By int. margin of orbital surface of 
 
 great wing. 
 
FORAMINA. 
 
 197 
 
 Transmits : 
 
 Thild nerve (cranial.) 
 
 Fourth nerve. 
 
 Ophthalmic division of 5th and 6th 
 
 nerves. 
 
 Ophthalmic vein. 
 
 FORAfllNA. 
 
 Foramen Caecum (of frontal bone) : 
 
 Lodges a process of falx cerebri. 
 
 Transmits a vein from lining membrane of nose 
 
 to sup. longitudinal sinus. 
 
 Carotid Foramen : 
 
 Int. carotid artery. 
 Carotid plexus. 
 
 Condyloid Foramina : 
 
 (a) Anterior: 
 
 Directed D., O. and F. 
 Transmits : 
 
 Hypoglossal nerve. 
 
 A ineningeal branch ascending 
 
 pharyngeal artery. 
 
 (b) Posterior: 
 
 Transmits : 
 
 A vein to lateral sinus. 
 Cotyloid Foramen : 
 
 Nutrient vessels and neives to hip-joint. 
 
 Inferior Dental Foramen : 
 
 Inf. dental vessels and nerve. 
 Incisive Foramen : 
 
 Transmit vessels and nerves to incisor teeth. 
 
198 FORAMINA. 
 
 Infra=orbital Foramen : 
 
 Transmits infra-orbital artery and nerve. 
 Foramen Lacerum Posterius (Jugular) : 
 
 Transmits : 
 
 Int. jugular vein. 
 
 Meningeal branches of ascending pharyn- 
 
 geal and occipital arteries. 
 
 Eighth pair of nerves. 
 
 internal Auditory Foramen : 
 
 Transmits : 
 
 Facial and auditory nerves. 
 Auditory artery. 
 
 Foramen Magnum : 
 
 Transmits : 
 
 Medulla, and membranes. 
 Spinal accessory nerves. 
 Vertebral arteries. 
 
 Mastoid Foramen : 
 
 Transmits a vein to lateral sinus, also a small 
 artery. 
 
 Mental Foramen : 
 
 Transmits mental artery and nerve. 
 Obturator Foramen : 
 
 Transmits obturator vessels and nerve. 
 Optic Foramen : 
 
 Optic nerve. 
 Ophthalmic artery. 
 
 Foramen Ovale (of Sphenoid) : 
 
 Transmits : 
 
 Third division of 5th nerve. 
 SmaU meningeal artery. 
 Small petrosal nerve. 
 
FORAMINA. 199 
 
 Anterior Palatine Foramen : 
 
 Transmits : 
 
 Ant. palatine vessels. 
 Posterior Palatine Foramen : 
 
 Transmits : 
 
 Post, palatine vessels. 
 Descending palatine nerve. 
 
 Foramen Rotundum : 
 
 For the 2d division of 5th nerve. 
 Sacro=sciatic Foramen : 
 
 Transmits : 
 
 Pyriformis m. 
 
 Gluteal vessels. 
 
 Sup. gluteal nerve. 
 
 Sciatic vessels. 
 
 Greater and lesser sciatic nerves. 
 
 Int. pudic vessels and nerve. 
 
 A small nerve to obturator internus m. 
 
 Spheno=palatine Foramen : 
 
 Transmits spheno-palatine nerves and vessels. 
 Foramen Spinosum : 
 
 Transmits middle meningeal artery. 
 Sty lo=mastoid Foramen : 
 Transmits: 
 
 The facial nerve. 
 Stylo-mastoid artery. 
 
 Supra-orbital Foramen : 
 
 Transmits : 
 
 Supra-orbital artery, nerve, and vein. 
 
FOSSAE. 
 
 Canine Fossa : 
 
 Separated from incisive fossa by the caniiie emi- 
 nence. 
 
 Coronoid Fossa : 
 
 Receives coronoid process of ulna, when forearm 
 is flexed. 
 
 Digastric Fossa : 
 
 (Inner side of mastoid process.) 
 Digastric m. is attached. 
 
 Digital Fossa : 
 
 (Trochanteric.) 
 For tendon of obturator externus 
 
 Iliac Fossa : 
 
 (Venter of ilium.) 
 Lodges iliacus m. 
 
 Presents, at lower part, orifice of a nutrient 
 canal. 
 
 Incisive Fossa (of Sup. Maxilla) : 
 
 Depressor alee nasi originates here. 
 
 Incisive Fossa (of Inf. Maxilla) : 
 
 For levator menti m. 
 Infra-spinous Fossa : 
 
 Has a shallow concavity at the upper part, to- 
 ward the vertebral margin. 
 A prominent convexity is at the centre. 
 A deep groove, toward its axillary border, extends 
 from upper to lower part. 
 Infra spinatus m. is attached to inner two -thirds. 
 
2OI 
 
 Jugular Fossa : 
 
 Formed as Follows : 
 In Front: 
 
 By petrous portion of temporal. 
 
 By the occipital. 
 Lodges int. jugular vein. 
 
 Lachrymal Fossa : 
 
 Lodges lachrymal gland. 
 
 Occipital Fossae : 
 
 (Internal surface occipital bone. ) 
 Divided by a Crucial Ridge Into : 
 
 (a) Two Superior Fosses : 
 
 For post, lobes of cerebrum. 
 
 (b) Two Inferior Fosses : 
 
 Are larger than the superior. 
 Lodge hemispheres of cerebellum. 
 Present slight grooves for arteries. 
 
 Olecranon Fossa : 
 
 Receives summit of olecranon process of ulna/in 
 extension of the forearm. 
 
 Pituitary Fossa : 
 
 (SellaTurcica.) 
 Bounded as Follows : 
 In Front : 
 
 Middle clinoid processes. 
 Behind : 
 
 Post, clinoid processes. 
 
 Is perforated by numerous foramina for nutrient 
 vessels. 
 Lodges pituitary body. 
 
202 FOSSAE. 
 
 Pterygoid Fossa (of sphenoid) : 
 
 Formed as Follows : 
 
 By inner surface of ext. pterygoid plate. 
 Also by outer surface of int. pterygoid plate. 
 Int. pterygoid m. is attached. 
 
 Scaphoid Fossa : 
 
 Gives origin to tensor palati m. 
 
 Sublingual Fossa : 
 
 Lodges sublingual gland. 
 
 Subtnaxillary Fossa : 
 
 Lodges submaxillary gland. 
 
 Anterior Fossa of Skull : 
 
 Formed as Follows : 
 
 By orbital plate of frontal. 
 
 Cribriform plate of ethmoid. 
 
 The ethmoidal spine. 
 
 Lesser wing of sphenoid. 
 Is Traversed by j Sutures : 
 
 Ethmoido- frontal. 
 
 Ethmo sphenoidal. 
 
 Fronto-sphenoidal. 
 Presents \ from Before Backward: 
 
 1. Beginning of groove for sup. longitudinal 
 sinus. 
 
 2. Crest, for falx cerebri. 
 
 3. Foramen Caecum. 
 
 4. Crista galli. 
 
 5. Olfactory groove. 
 
 6. Int. openings of ant. and post, ethmoidal 
 foramina. 
 
 7. Ethmoidal spine. 
 
 8. Eminences and depressions, laterally, for 
 cerebral convolutions. 
 
 9 Grooves, for ant. meningeal arteries. 
 
203 
 
 Middle Fossa of Skull : 
 
 (Deeper than anterior.) 
 Bounded as Follows : 
 In Front : 
 
 By post, margin of lesser wing of 
 
 sphenoid. 
 
 The ant. clinoid process. 
 
 Ant. margin of optic groove. 
 
 Behind : 
 
 By upper border of petrous part of 
 temporal . 
 Basilar suture. 
 
 Externally : 
 
 By squamous part of temporal. 
 Ant. inf. angle of parietal bone. 
 
 Is Traversed by 4 Sutures : 
 Squamous. 
 Spheno-parietal. 
 Spheno-tempor al . 
 Petro-temporal. 
 
 Presents, from Before Backward : 
 
 1. Optic groove, which supports optic com- 
 missure. 
 
 2. Optic foramen (on each side). 
 
 3. Olivary process. 
 
 5. Ant. clinoid process (laterally). 
 
 6. Sella Turcica (separates middle fossae). 
 
 7. Cavernous groove. 
 
 8. Eminences and depressions (on the side) 
 for the convolutions of middle lobes of 
 brain. 
 
 9. Grooves, for branches of middle meningeal 
 artery. 
 
 10. Foramen lacerum anterius (sphenoidal 
 fissure). 
 
204 
 
 11. Foramen rotundum. 
 
 12. Foramen vesalii. 
 
 13. Foramen ovale. 
 
 14. Foramen spinosum. 
 
 15. Eminence (caused by sup. semicircular 
 canal). 
 
 16. Groove, leading to hiatus Falopii, for 
 petrosal branch of Vidian nerve. 
 
 17. A smaller groove (beneath the above) for 
 the smaller petrosal nerve. 
 
 18. Depression (near apex of petrous portion) 
 for Casserian ganglion. 
 
 19. Orifice of carotid canal. 
 
 Posterior Fossa of Skull. 
 
 (Largest of fossae of skull.) 
 
 Formed as Follows : 
 
 By the occipital bone. 
 
 By mastoid and petrous portions of temporal. 
 
 Is Traversed by j Sutures : 
 Petro-occipital. 
 Masto-occipital . 
 Masto-parietal. 
 
 It Lodges : 
 
 Cerebellum. 
 Pons Varolii. 
 Medulla oblongata. 
 
 Separated from Middle Fossa by : 
 
 Basilar suture (in median line). 
 
 Sup. border of petrous part of temporal (on 
 
 sides). 
 
 Presents 
 
 1. Foramen magnum. 
 
 2. A rough tubercle (on each side) for odon- 
 toid ligaments. 
 
205 B 
 
 3. Int. openings of ant. condyloid foramina. 
 
 4. Basilar process (in front of foramen 
 magnum). 
 
 5. Foramen lacerum posterius (jugular). 
 
 6. Int. auditory foramen. 
 
 7. A slit-like opening (leads into aquaeductus 
 vestibuli). 
 
 8. Inf occipital fossae (behind foramen 
 magnum). 
 
 9. Int. occipital crest. 
 
 10. Post, condyloid foramen. 
 
 Spheno=maxillary Fossa : 
 
 Situation : 
 
 At the angle of junction of spheno-maxillary 
 and pterygo-maxillary fissures. 
 
 Farmed as Follows : 
 Above : 
 
 By the under surface of body of sphenoid. 
 
 In Front : 
 
 By sup. maxilla. 
 
 Behind: 
 
 By pterygoid process of sphenoid. 
 
 Internally : 
 
 By vertical plate of palate. 
 
 Three Fissures End Here : 
 Sphenoidal. 
 Spheno-maxillary. 
 Pterygo-maxillary. 
 
 Communicates With j Fossce : 
 Orbital. 
 Nasal. 
 Zygomatic. 
 
20 6 FOSSAE, 
 
 V 
 
 Five Foramina Open Into This Fossa : 
 
 (a) Three on Post. Wall : 
 Foramen rotundum (above). 
 Vidian (below, and internal to this). 
 Pterygo-palatine (more inf. and int.). 
 
 (b) Two on Inner Wall : 
 Spheno-palatine. 
 
 Sup. orifice of post, palatine canal. 
 
 Temporal Fossa : 
 
 Bounded as Follows : 
 In Front : 
 
 Frontal bone. 
 
 Malar. 
 
 Great wing of sphenoid. 
 
 Externally : 
 
 By zygomatic arch. 
 Above and Behind : 
 
 By temporal ridge. 
 Formed by 5 Bones : 
 Part of frontal. 
 Great wing of sphenoid. 
 Parietal. 
 Squamous part of temporal. 
 
 bquarnc 
 Malar. 
 
 Is Traversed by 5 Sutures : 
 Transverse facial. 
 Coronal. 
 Spheno-parietal. 
 Squamo-parietal . 
 Sq uamo-sphenoidal . 
 
 Zygomatic Fossa : 
 
 Situation : 
 
 Below, and on inner side of zygoma. 
 
FOSSJE. 207 
 
 Bounded as Follows : 
 In Front : 
 
 By tuberosity of sup. maxilla. 
 
 By ridge, which descends from malar 
 
 process of sup. maxilla. 
 
 Behind: 
 
 By post, border of pterygoid process. 
 Above : 
 
 By pterygoid ridge on outer surface of 
 
 great wing of sphenoid and squamous 
 
 part of temporal. 
 
 Below : 
 
 By alveolar border of sup. maxilla. 
 Internally : 
 
 By ext. pterygoid plate. 
 Externally : 
 
 By zygomatic arch and ramus of jaw. 
 Two Fissures are at the Upper and Inner Part : 
 Spheno-maxillary. 
 Pterygo-maxillary. 
 
 Nasal Fossae : 
 
 Situation : 
 
 In the middle line of face ; extend from base 
 of cranium to roof of mouth ; a thin verti- 
 cal plate separates them. 
 
 Fourteen Bones Enter Into the Formation of 
 These Fossce. 
 
 (a) Three of Cranium : 
 Frontal. 
 Sphenoid. 
 Kthmoid. 
 
208 
 
 (b) All of Face, Except 2 : 
 Nasal. 
 
 Sup. maxilla. 
 Lachrymal. 
 Palate. 
 
 Inf. turbinated. 
 Vomer. 
 
 Each Fossa Communicates With 4 Sinuses : 
 Frontal (above). 
 Sphenoidal (behind). 
 Maxillary and ethmoidal (on either side) . 
 
 Each Fossa Communicates With 4 Cavities : 
 
 The orbit (by lachrymal canal). 
 . The mouth (by ant. palatine canal). 
 The cranium (by olfactory foramina). 
 The spheno-m axillary fossa (by spheno- 
 palatine foramen). 
 
 Each Cavity is Made Up of the Pillowing 
 Parts : 
 
 A roof (upper wall). 
 
 A floor. 
 
 An inner wall (septum) . 
 
 An outer wall. 
 
 (A) Roof (upper wall) : 
 
 Is long and narrow. 
 
 Concave from before backward. 
 
 Formed as Follows : 
 In Front : 
 
 By nasal bones. 
 Nasal spine of frontal. 
 
 In the Middle : 
 
 By cribriform lamella of eth- 
 moid. 
 
209 
 
 Behind : 
 
 By under surface of body of 
 
 sphenoid. 
 
 Sphenoidal turbinated bones. 
 
 This Portion Presents (from before back- 
 ward) : 
 
 1. Int. aspect of nasal bones. 
 
 2. Suture, formed between nasal 
 bone and nasal process of sup. 
 maxilla. 
 
 3. Elevated crest, which receives 
 nasal spine of frontal, and per- 
 pendicular plate of ethmoid. 
 
 4. A few small vascular apertures 
 (on surface). 
 
 5. A longitudinal groove for nasal 
 nerve. 
 
 6. Transverse suture. 
 
 7. SoVenoidal turbinated bones. 
 
 8. Orifices of sphenoidal sinuses. 
 
 (B) Floor: 
 
 Flattened from before backward. 
 Concave from side to side. 
 
 Formed as Follows : 
 In Front : 
 
 By palate process of sup. max- 
 illa. 
 Behind: 
 
 By palate process of palate bone. 
 Presents , from Before Backward: 
 
 1. Ant. nasal spine. 
 
 2. Upper orifice of ant. palatine 
 canal. 
 
 3. The elevated crest which articu- 
 lates with the vomer. 
 
FOSSAE. 
 
 4. Suture between palate and sup. 
 maxilla. 
 
 5. Post nasal spine. 
 
 (C) Inner Wall (septum) : 
 
 A thin vertical plate. 
 Separates the fossae. 
 
 Formed as Follows : 
 In Front : 
 
 Crest of nasal bones. 
 Nasal spine of frontal. 
 
 In the Middle : 
 
 By perpendicular lamella of 
 
 ethmoid. 
 Behind : 
 
 By vomer. 
 
 Rostrum of sphenoid. 
 
 Below : 
 
 By crest of sup. maxilla and 
 palate. 
 
 Presents 
 
 1. A large triangular notch, for tri- 
 angular cartilage of nose (in 
 front). 
 
 2. L,ower orifices of olfactory canal 
 (above). 
 
 3. The gutteral edge of vomer (be- 
 hind). 
 
 4. Vascular and nervous canals. 
 
 5. Groove, for naso-palatine nerve. 
 
 6. Sutures (traverse surface). 
 
 (D) Outer Wall : 
 
 Formed as Follows : 
 In Front : 
 
 By nasal process of sup. maxilla 
 and lachrymal bones. 
 
21 r 
 
 . 
 
 In the Middle : 
 By ethmoid. 
 
 Inner surface sup. maxilla. 
 Inf. turbinated bones. 
 
 Behind : 
 
 By vertical plate of palate bone. 
 Int. pterygoid plate of sphenoid. 
 
 Presents j Meatuses : 
 
 (i) Superior Meatus : 
 
 Is at the upper and back part of 
 each nasal fossa ; it occupies 
 the post, third of the outer wall. 
 Two foramina open into it, e g. .- 
 
 (a) Spheno-palatine Fora- 
 men : 
 
 At the back of outer 
 wall. 
 
 (b) Post. Ethmoidal Cells .- 
 
 At front part of upper 
 wall. 
 
 (2) Middle Meatus : 
 
 Is at the post, two-thirds of the 
 outer wall, and is between the 
 middle and inf. turbinated 
 bones. 
 
 Two Apertures are Pre- 
 sented : 
 
 (a) Orifice of Infundibu- 
 lum : 
 
 By it the middle meatus 
 communicates with the 
 ant. ethtnoidal cells ^ 
 and by them with the 
 frontal sinuses. 
 
212 FOSSAE. 
 
 (b) Orifice ofAntrum: 
 Situated at the centre 
 of the outer wall. 
 
 (3) Inferior Meatus : 
 
 Is the largest of the meatuses, 
 and is located between the inf. 
 turbinated bone and the floor of 
 the nasal fossa. The lachrymal 
 canal (lower orifice), is situated 
 anteriorly. 
 
 GROOVES. 
 
 Basilar Groove : 
 
 In front of foramen magnum. 
 
 Supports the medulla, and part of pons varolii. 
 
 Bicipital Groove : 
 
 Separates the greater and lesser tuber osities of 
 the humerus and passes obliquely D. and a little 
 I. ; ends at the junction of upper with middle 
 third of bone. 
 
 Lodges : 
 
 Part of tendon of latissimus dorsi m. 
 I/ong tendon of biceps m. 
 Ant. circumflex artery. 
 
 Cavernous Groove : 
 
 Lodges : 
 
 Int. carotid artery. 
 Cavernous sinus. 
 
 Inf ra=orbital Groove : 
 
 For infra-orbital artery and nerve. 
 Lachrymal Groove : 
 
 (a) Upper Part: 
 
 I/odges lachrymal sac. 
 
GROOVES. 
 
 213 
 
 (b) Lower Part: 
 
 Lodges nasal duct. 
 
 Assists in forming lachrymal canal. 
 
 Musculo-spiral Groove : 
 
 For musculo-spiral nerve and sup. profunda 
 artery. 
 
 Mylo=hyoid Groove : 
 
 For mylo-hyoid nerve and vessels. 
 
 Occipital Groove : 
 
 Lodges occipital artery. 
 
 Nasal Groove : 
 
 For branch of nasal nerve. 
 
 Olfactory Groove : 
 
 Supports bulb of olfactory nerve. 
 
 Is perforated by 3 rows of orifices, for filaments 
 
 of olfactory nerve. 
 
 A slit-like opening, in front, exist for the nasal 
 
 branch of ophthalmic nerve. 
 
 Optic Groove : 
 
 Lodges optic commissure. 
 
 Subclavian Groove : 
 
 Subclavius m. is attached. 
 
 LINES. 
 
 Superior Curved Line (occipital bone) : 
 
 Affords Attachment to : 
 
 Trapezius m. 
 Occipito-frontalis m. 
 Sterno-cleido-mastoid m. 
 
214 
 
 Anterior Intertrochanteric Line : 
 
 (Spiral line of the femur.) 
 
 Extends obliquely D. and I., from the "tubercle 
 
 of femur," to the linea aspera, where it ends. 
 
 Gives Attachment to : 
 
 Capsular ligament of hip-joint. 
 Upper part of vastus internus m. 
 
 Posterior Intertrochanteric Line : 
 
 Extends from summit of great trochanter D. and 
 J . to upper and back part of lesser trochanter. 
 The post, border of great trochanter of femur, 
 is formed by its upper half. 
 
 External Oblique Line of Lower Jaw : 
 
 Affords Attachment to 3 Muscles : 
 Depressor labii inferioris. 
 Depressor anguli oris. 
 Platysma myoides. 
 
 Mylo-Hyoidean Line: 
 
 Together with the ext. oblique line of lower jaw, 
 it divides the body of inf. maxilla into 2 portions, 
 e. g. : 
 
 (1) Superior (alveolar) portion. 
 
 (2) Inferior (basilar) portion. 
 
 Gives Attachment to 2 Muscles: 
 Mylo-hyoid. 
 
 Sup. constrictor of pharynx. 
 Pterygo- maxillary ligament. 
 
 Oblique Line of Clavicle : 
 
 From the conoid tubercle, it passes F. and O. to 
 
 outer end of the ant. border. 
 
 It gives attachment to the trapezoid ligament. 
 
 Oblique Line of Fibula: 
 
 Begins above, at inner side of the head, and ends 
 at the interosseous ridge. 
 
IvINES. 
 
 215 
 
 Oblique Line of Radius : 
 
 Affords Attachment to the Following Muscles: 
 Supinator brevis. 
 Flexor longus pollicis. 
 Flexor digitorum sublimis. 
 
 Linea Aspera : 
 
 1 i ) External L ip : 
 
 Adductor magnus m. 
 Vastus externus m. 
 
 (2) Inner Lip : 
 Vastus internus m. 
 Adductor magnus m. 
 
 Linea Hio-Pectinea : 
 
 This line forms part of the brim of the pelvis, 
 separating the true and false pelvis. 
 
 Linea Quadrati : 
 
 Afford Attachment to Following Muscles: 
 Quadratus femoris. 
 A few fibres of adductor magnus. 
 
 VERTEX OF SKULL. 
 
 External Surface : 
 
 Bounded as Follows : 
 In Front: 
 
 By nasal eminences. 
 
 Superciliary ridges. 
 Behind : 
 
 By occipital protuberance. 
 
 Sup. curved lines of occipital bones. 
 Parts Belonging to This Surface : 
 
 Vertical portion of frontal. 
 
 Most of the parietal bones. 
 
 Sup. third of occipital bone. 
 
216 VERTEX OF SKUU y . 
 
 Traversed by 2 Sutures : 
 Coronal. 
 Sagittal. 
 
 Presents from Before Backward : 
 Frontal eminences. 
 Frontal suture. 
 Parietal foramen. 
 Parietal eminence. 
 Surface of occipital bone. 
 
 Internal Surface : 
 
 (Concave.) 
 Presents : 
 
 Eminences and depressions. 
 
 Furrows for arteries. 
 
 A longitudinal groove (along middle line) 
 
 Depressions for Pacchionian bodies. 
 
 Int. openings of parietal foramina. 
 
 Traversed by j Sutures : 
 Coronal (in front). 
 Sagittal (from before backward). 
 Lambdoid (behind). 
 
 ANTERIOR REGION OF SKULL. 
 
 Bounded as Follows : 
 Above : 
 
 By nasal eminences. 
 Margins of orbit. 
 
 Below : 
 
 By prominence of chin. 
 
 On Each Side : 
 By malar bone. 
 Ant. margin of ratnus of jaw. 
 
ANTERIOR REGION OF SKUI,!,. 217 
 
 Presents (in median line] from Above Down- 
 ward ; 
 
 1. Nasal eminences. 
 
 2. Superciliary ridges. 
 
 3. Arch of nose (beneath nasal eminences). 
 
 4. Opening of ant. nares. 
 
 5. Ant. nasal spine. 
 
 6. Incisive fossa. 
 
 7. Alveolar process of upper and lower jaw. 
 
 8. Symphysis of chin. 
 
 9. Mental eminence. 
 
 10. Incisive fossa of lower jaw. 
 On Each Side : 
 
 1. Supraorbital ridge. 
 
 2. Supraorbital notch (foramen). 
 
 3. Opening of orbit. 
 
 4. Orbital ridge (of malar). 
 
 5. Ant. surface of malar bone. 
 
 6. One or two small malar foramina. 
 
 7. Infraorbital foramen. 
 
 8. Canine fossa. 
 
 9. Alveolar process. 
 
 10. Mental foramen. 
 
 11. Bxt. oblique line. 
 
 12. A shallow groove (for facial artery). 
 
 THE ORBITS. 
 
 Situation : 
 
 Upper and anterior part of face. 
 Composed of 7 Bones : 
 Frontal. 
 Sphenoid. 
 Ethmoid. 
 Sup. maxilla. 
 Malar. 
 I/achrymal. 
 Palate. 
 15 
 
2i8, THE ORBITS. 
 
 Each Orbit Presents : 
 A roof. 
 A floor. 
 An inner wall. 
 An outer wall. 
 Four angles. 
 A base (circumference). 
 An apex. 
 
 (1) The Roof : 
 
 (Concave. ) 
 
 Its direction is D. and F. 
 
 Is formed by orbital plate of frontal 
 
 (in front), and by lesser wing of 
 
 sphenoid (behind). 
 
 Presents 
 
 Depression (internally) for 
 sup. oblique m. 
 Depression (externally) for 
 lachrymal gland : a suture 
 (posteriorly) which connects 
 frontal and lesser wing of 
 sphenoid. 
 
 (2) The Floor : 
 
 (Flat.) 
 
 Formation : 
 
 In Front : 
 
 By orbital process of 
 malar bone. 
 
 Behind : 
 
 By orbital surface of 
 palate. 
 
 Presents 
 
 Depression for inf. oblique 
 
THE ORBITS. 
 
 219 
 
 Suture, between malar and 
 sup. maxilla. 
 Infra-orbital groove. 
 Suture, between maxillary 
 and palate bonae. 
 
 <(3) The Inner Wall : 
 
 (Flattened.) 
 
 Formation {from before back- 
 ward ; 
 
 By nasal process of sup. 
 
 maxilla. 
 
 -Lachrymal. 
 
 Os planum of ethmoid. 
 
 Body of sphenoid a (small 
 
 part). 
 
 I/achrymal groove. 
 Crest of lachrymal bone. 
 Sutures connecting ethmoid 
 and lachrymal in front. 
 Sutures connecting sphe- 
 noid behind. 
 
 (4) The Outer Wall : 
 
 formation : 
 In Front: 
 
 By orbital process of malar, 
 
 Behind : 
 
 By orbital plate of sphenoid, 
 
 Presents : 
 
 Orifices of I or 2 malar canals. 
 Suture joining sphenoid and 
 malar bones. 
 
220 THE ORBITS, 
 
 (5) Sup. External Angle : 
 
 Formation : 
 
 By junction of upper and outer 
 walls. 
 
 Presents (from before backward) : 
 Suture, joining frontal and 
 malar in front and with orbital 
 plate of sphenoid behind* 
 Sphenoidal fissure. 
 
 (6) Sup. Internal Angle : 
 
 Formation : 
 
 By junction of upper and inner 
 wall. 
 
 Presents : 
 
 Suture, joining frontal with 
 lachrymal bone in front, and 
 with ethmoid bone behind. 
 
 ( 7 ) Inf. Internal Angle : 
 
 Formation : 
 
 By junction of lachrymal and o& 
 planum of ethmoid, with sup. 
 maxilla and palate bones. 
 
 (8) Inf. External Angle : 
 
 Formation : 
 
 By union of outer wall and the 
 floor. 
 
 Presents : 
 
 Spheno-maxillary fissure. 
 
 (9) The Base (circumference) : 
 
 Boundary : 
 Above : 
 
 By supraorbital arch. 
 
THE ORBITS. 221 
 
 Melow : 
 
 By ant. border of orbital 
 plate of the malar, sup. 
 maxilla, and lachrymal 
 bones. 
 
 Externally : 
 
 By int. angular process of 
 frontal. 
 
 Nasal process of sup. max- 
 illa. 
 
 Marked by 3 Sutures : 
 
 Fron to-maxillary (internally). 
 Fronto-malar (externally). 
 Malo-maxillary (below). 
 
 Base is Directed F. and O. 
 
 (10) The Apex: 
 
 Situation : 
 
 At back part of orbit. The apex 
 corresponds to the optic fora- 
 men, 
 
 Nine Openings Communicate with Each Orbit : 
 
 1. Optic. 
 
 2. Foramen lacerum anterius. 
 
 3. Spheno-maxillary fissure. 
 
 4. Supra- orbital foramen. 
 
 5. Infra-orbital canal. 
 
 6. Ant. ethmoidal foramen. 
 
 7. Post, ethmoidal foramen. 
 
 8. Lachrymal canal. 
 
 9. Ext. orbital foramen. (?) 
 
TABLES OF MUSCULAR ATTACHMENTS.* 
 
 Occipital Bone : 
 
 To Sup. Curved Lines : 
 Occipito-frontalis. 
 Trapezius. 
 Sterno mastoid. 
 Biventor cervicis. (?) 
 
 To Space Between Curved Lines : 
 Complexus. 
 Splenius capitis. 
 Obliquus superior. 
 
 To Inf. Curved Lines : 
 
 Rectus posticus major et minor, 
 
 To Transverse Process : 
 Rectus lateralis. 
 
 To Basilar Process : 
 
 Rectus anticus major et minor. 
 Sup. constrictor of pharynx. 
 
 Parietal Bones : 
 
 One Muscle : 
 Temporal. 
 
 Frontal Bone : 
 
 Corrugator supercilii. 
 Orbicularis palpebrarum. 
 Temporal. 
 
 * For complete list see larger works on Anatomy. 
 222 
 
OF MUSCULAR ATTACHMENTS. 223 
 
 Temporal Bones : 
 
 1o Squamous Portion : 
 Temporal. 
 
 To the Zygoma : 
 Masseter. 
 
 To Mastoid Portion : 
 Occipito-frontalis. 
 Sterno-mastoid. 
 Splenius capitis. 
 Trachelo-mastoid. 
 Digastricus. 
 Retrahens aurem. 
 
 To Styloid Process: 
 Stylo-pharyngeus. 
 Stylo-hyoideus. 
 Stylo-glossus. 
 
 To Petrous Portion : 
 Levator palati. 
 Tensor tympani. 
 Stapedius. 
 
 Sphenoid Bone .* 
 
 Temporal. 
 
 Ext. pterygoid. 
 
 Int. pterygoid. 
 
 Sup. constrictor of pharynx. 
 
 Tensor palati. 
 
 L,axator tympani. 
 
 Levator palpebrae. 
 
 Obliquus superior. 
 
 Sup. rectus. 
 
 Inferior rectus. 
 
 Int. rectus. 
 
 Ext. rectus. 
 
224 TABI^S OF MUSCULAR ATTACHMENTS. 
 
 Superior flaxilla : 
 
 Orbicularis palpebrarum. 
 
 Obliquus inferior oculi. 
 
 Levator labii superior alaeque nasi. 
 
 Levator anguli oris. 
 
 Levator labii superioris proprius. 
 
 Compressor nasi. 
 
 Depressor alae nasi. 
 
 Masseter. < 
 
 Buccinator. 
 
 Orbicularis oris. 
 
 Ext. pterjgoid. 
 
 Lachrymal Bones : 
 
 Tensor tarsi. 
 
 flalar Bones : 
 
 Levator labii superioris proprius. 
 Zygomaticus major. 
 Zygomaticus minor. 
 Temporal. 
 Masseter. 
 
 Palate Bones : 
 
 Tensor palati. 
 
 Int. and ext. pterygoid. 
 
 Azygos uvulae. 
 
 Sup. constrictor of pharynx. 
 
 Inferior flax ilia : 
 
 To the External Surface : 
 Levator menti. 
 Depressor labii inferior is. 
 Depressor anguli oris. 
 Platysma myoides. 
 Buccinator. 
 Masseter. 
 Part of Orbicularis oris. 
 
TABLES OF MUSCULAR ATTACHMENTS. 225 
 
 To the Internal Surface : 
 Genio-hyo-glossus. 
 Genio-hyoideus. 
 Mylo-hyoideus. 
 Digastric. 
 Sup constrictor. 
 Temporal. 
 Int. pterygoid. 
 Ext. pterygoid. 
 
 The Hyoid Bone : 
 
 To the Anterior Surface of Body : 
 Genio hyoideus. 
 Genio-hyo-glossus. 
 Mylo-hyoideus. 
 Stylo-hyoideus. 
 Supra-hyoid aponeurosis. 
 Part of hyo-glossus. 
 
 To the Superior Border of Body : 
 Part of genio-hyo-glossus. 
 Thyro-hyoid membrane. 
 
 To the Inferior Border of Body : 
 Sterno-hyoid. 
 Thyro-hyoid. 
 Otno-hyoid. 
 
 To Outer Surface of Great Cornu : 
 
 Hyo-glossus. 
 To Upper Border of Great Cornu : 
 
 Middle constrictor of pharynx. 
 To Lower Border of Great Cornu : 
 
 Part of thyro-hyoid. 
 The Sternum : 
 
 To Anterior Surface of Manubrium : 
 
 Pectoral is major. 
 
 Sterno-cleido-mastoid. 
 
226 TABLES OF MUSCULAR ATTACHMENTS. 
 
 77? Posterior Surface of Manubrium : 
 Sterno-hyoid. 
 Sterno- thyroid. 
 
 To Anterior Surface of Gladiolus : 
 
 Sternal origin of pectoralis major. 
 To Posterior Surface of Gladiolus : 
 
 Triangular is stern i. 
 To Anterior Surface of Xiphoid Appendix : 
 
 Costo-xiphoid ligaments. 
 To Posterior Surface of Xiphoid Appendix : 
 
 Some fibres of diaphragm. 
 
 Triangularis sterni. 
 
 To Lateral Borders of Xiphoid Appendix : 
 Aponeurosis of abdominal muscles. 
 Lmea alba. 
 
 The Ribs : 
 
 Intercostals. 
 
 Scalenus anticus. 
 
 Scalenus medius. 
 
 Scalenus posticus. 
 
 Pectoralis minor. 
 
 Serratus magnus. 
 
 Obliquus externus. 
 
 Transversalis. 
 
 Quadratus lumborum. 
 
 Diaphragm. 
 
 Latissimus dorsi. 
 
 Serratus posticus superior. 
 
 Serratus posticus inferior. 
 
 Sacro-lumbalis. 
 
 Musculus accessorius ad sacro-lumbalem. 
 
 Longissimus dorsi. 
 
 Cervical is ascendens. 
 
 Ivevatores costarum. 
 
OF MUSCULAR ATTACHMENTS. 227* 
 
 The Clavicle : 
 
 Sterno-cleido-mastoid. 
 
 Trapezius. 
 
 Pectoralis major. 
 
 Deltoid. 
 
 Subclavius. 
 
 Sterno-hyoid. 
 
 Platysma myoides. 
 
 The Scapula : 
 
 To Anterior Surface : 
 
 Subscapularis. 
 To Posterior Surface : 
 
 Supraspinatus. 
 
 Infraspinatus. 
 
 7o the Spine : 
 
 Trapezius. 
 Deltoid. 
 
 To Superior Border : 
 
 Omo-hyoideus. 
 To Vertebral Border : 
 
 Serratus magnus. 
 
 L,evator anguli scapulae. 
 
 Rhomboideus major et minor. 
 
 To Axillary Border : 
 Triceps. 
 Teres minor et major. 
 
 To Glenoid Cavity : 
 
 Long head of biceps. 
 To Coracoid Process : 
 
 Short head of biceps. 
 
 Coraco-brachialis. 
 
 Pectoralis minor. 
 
228 TABLES OF MUSCULAR ATTACHMENTS. 
 
 To Acromion Process : 
 
 Platysma myoides. 
 To Inferior Angle- : 
 
 A few fibres of longissirnus dorsi. (?) 
 
 The Humerus : 
 
 To Great Tuberosity : 
 Supraspinatus. 
 Infraspinatus. 
 Teres minor. 
 
 To Lesser Tuberosity : 
 Subscapularis. 
 
 To Anterior Bicipital Ridge : 
 Pectoralis major. 
 
 To Post. Bicipital Ridge and Groove : 
 L/atissimus dorsi. 
 Teres major.. 
 
 To the Shaft : 
 Deltoid. 
 
 Coraco-brachialis. 
 Brachialis anticus. 
 Ext. and int. heads of triceps. 
 
 To Internal Condyle : 
 Pronator radii teres. 
 
 Common Tendon of: 
 Flexor carpi radialis. 
 Palmaris longus. 
 Flexor digitorum sublimis. 
 Flexor carpi ulnaris. 
 
 To Ext. Condyloid Ridge : 
 Supinator longus. 
 Extensor carpi radialis longior. 
 
TABLES OF MUSCULAR ATTACHMENTS. 229 
 
 To Ext. Condyle : 
 
 Common Tendon of: 
 
 Extensor carpi radialis brevier. 
 Extensor communis digitorum. 
 Extensor minimi digiti. 
 Extensor carpi ulnaris. 
 
 Aconeus. 
 
 Supinator brevis. 
 The Ulna : 
 
 To the Olecranon : 
 
 Triceps. 
 
 Anconeus. 
 
 One head of flexor carpi ulnaris. 
 To Coronoid Process : 
 
 Brachialis anticus. 
 
 Pronator radii teres. 
 
 Flexor sublimis digitorum. 
 
 Flexor profundus digitorum. 
 
 Flexor longus pollicis. (?) 
 To the Shaft : 
 
 Flexor profundus digitorum. 
 
 Pronator quadratus. 
 
 Flexor carpi ulnaris. 
 
 Extensor carpi ulnaris. 
 
 Anconeus. 
 
 Supinator brevis. 
 
 Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis. 
 
 Extensor secundi internodii pollicis 
 
 Extensor indicia. 
 
 The Radius : 
 
 . To the Tuberosity : 
 
 Biceps. 
 
 To the Oblique Ridge: 
 Supinator brevis. 
 Flexor digitorum sublimis. 
 Flexor longus pollicis. 
 
-230 TABLES OF MUSCULAR ATTACHMENTS. 
 
 To Anterior Surface of Shaft : 
 Flexor longus pollicis. 
 Pronator quadratus. 
 
 To Posterior Surface of Shaft : 
 
 Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis. 
 Extensor primi internodii pollicis. 
 
 To Outer Surface of Shaft : 
 
 Pronator radii teres. 
 To Styloid Process : 
 
 Supinator longus. 
 
 Pisiform Bone of Carpus : 
 
 Flexor carpi ulnaris. 
 Abductor minimi digiti. 
 Ant. annular ligament. 
 
 Trapezium of Carpus : 
 
 Abductor pollicis. 
 Flexor ossis metacarpi. 
 Part of flexor brevis pollicis. 
 
 Trapezoid of Carpus : 
 
 Part of flexor brevis pollicis. 
 
 Os flagnum of Carpus : 
 
 Part of flexor brevis pollicis. 
 
 Unciform Bone of Carpus : 
 
 Flexor brevis minimi digiti. 
 
 Flexor ossis metacarpi minimi digiti. 
 
 Ant. annular ligament. 
 
 Metacarpal Bone of First Finger : 
 
 (The thumb.) 
 
 Flexor ossis metacarpi pollicis. 
 Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis. 
 First dorsal interosseous. 
 
TABLES OF MUSCULAR ATTACHMENTS. 23! 
 
 fletacarpal Bone of Second Finger : 
 
 Flexor carpi radialis. 
 Extensor carpi radialis longior. 
 First and second dorsal interosseous. 
 First palmar interosseous. 
 
 Third fletacarpal Bone : 
 
 Extensor carpi radialis brevior. 
 
 Flexor b re vis pollicis. 
 
 Adductor pollicis. 
 
 Second and third dorsal interosseous. 
 
 Fourth fletacarpal Bone : 
 
 Third and fourth dorsal interosseous. 
 Second palmar interosseous. 
 
 Fifth Metacarpal Bone : 
 
 Extensor carpi ulnaris. 
 
 Flexor carpi ulnaris. 
 
 Flexor ossis metaca^pi minimi digiti. 
 
 Fourth dorsal. 
 
 Third pa] mar interosseous. 
 
 Base of First Phalanx of Thumb : 
 
 Extensor primi internodii pollicis. 
 Flexor brevis pollicis. 
 Abductor pollicis. 
 Adductor pollicis. 
 
 The Second Phalanx : 
 
 Flexor longus pollicis. 
 Extensor secundi internodii. 
 
 Base of First Phalanx of Index Finger : 
 
 First dorsal interosseous. 
 First palmar interosseous. 
 
 Base of First Phalanx of Middle Finger : 
 
 Second and third dorsal interosseous. 
 
232 TABI/ES OF MUSCULAR ATTACHMENTS 
 
 Base of First Phalanx of Ring Finger : 
 
 Fourth dorsal interosseous. 
 Second palmar iuterosseous. 
 
 Base of First Phalanx of Little Finger : 
 
 Third palmar interosseous. 
 Flexor brevis minimi digiti. 
 Abductor minimi digiti. 
 
 Innominate Bone : 
 
 To Outer Lip of Crest : 
 Tensor vaginae femoris. 
 Obliquus externus abdominis. 
 lyatissimus dorsi. 
 
 To Inner Lip of Crest : 
 Transversalis. 
 Quadratus lumborum. 
 Erector spinae. 
 
 To Space Between Lips : 
 
 Obliquus internus. 
 To Outer Surface of Ilium : 
 
 Gluteus maximus. 
 
 Gluteus medius. 
 
 Gluteus minimis. 
 
 Reflected tendon of rectus. 
 
 Part of pyriformis. 
 To Inner Surface of Ilium : 
 
 Iliacus. 
 To Int. Surface of Post. Sup. Spine : 
 
 Multifidus spinae. 
 To Anterior Border of Ilium : 
 
 Straight tendon of rectus. 
 
 Sartorius. 
 70 Outer Surface of Ischium : 
 
 Obturator externus. 
 
TABLES OF MUSCULAR ATTACHMENTS. 233 
 
 To Internal Surface of Ischium : 
 Obturator interims. 
 Levator ani. 
 
 To the Spine : 
 
 Gemellus superior. 
 Levator ani. 
 Coccygeus. 
 
 To ihe Tuberosity of Ischium : 
 Biceps. 
 
 Semi-tendinosus. 
 Semi-membranosus. 
 Quadratus femoris. 
 Adductor magnus. 
 Gemellus inferior. 
 Transversus perinaei. 
 Erector penis. 
 
 To the Pubes : 
 
 Obliquus externus. 
 
 Obliquus internus. 
 
 Transversalis. 
 
 Rectus. 
 
 Pyramidalis. 
 
 Psoas parvus. 
 
 Pectineus. 
 
 Adductor longus. 
 
 Adductor brevis. 
 
 Gracilis. 
 
 Obturator externus. 
 
 Obturator internus. 
 
 Leva tor ani. 
 
 Compressor urethrae. 
 
 Few fibres accelerator urinse. (?) 
 
 The Femur : 
 
 To Great Trochanter : 
 Gluteus medius. 
 Gluteus minimis. 
 16 
 
234 TABLES OK MUSCULAR ATTACHMENTS. 
 
 Pyriformis. 
 
 Obturator internus. 
 
 Obturator externus. 
 
 Gemellus superior. 
 
 Getnellus inferior. 
 
 Quadratus femoris. 
 To L esser Trochan ter : 
 
 Psoas magnus. 
 
 Iliacus. 
 To Posterior Surface of Shaft : 
 
 Vastus externus. 
 
 Gluteus maximus. 
 
 Short head of biceps. 
 
 Vastus internus. 
 
 Adductor magnus. 
 
 Pectineus. 
 
 Adductor brevis. 
 
 Adductor longus. 
 To Anterior Surface of Shaft : 
 
 Crureus. 
 
 Subcrureus. 
 To the Condyles: 
 
 Gastrocnemius. 
 
 Plantaris. 
 
 Popliteus. 
 
 The Patella : 
 
 Rectus. 
 Crureus. 
 Vastus internus. 
 Vastus externus. 
 
 The Tibia : 
 
 To Inner Tuberosity : 
 
 Semimembranosus. 
 To Outer Tuberosity: 
 
 Tibialis anticus. 
 
 Extensor longus digitorum. 
 
OF MUSCULAR ATTACHMENTS. 235 
 
 To the Internal Surface of Shaft : 
 
 Sartorius. 
 
 Gracilis. 
 
 Semitendinosus. 
 To the External Surface of Shaft : 
 
 Tibialis anticus. 
 77? the Posterior Surface of Shaft : 
 
 Popliteus. 
 
 Soleus. 
 
 Flexor longus digitorum. 
 
 Tibialis posticus. 
 To the Tubercle: 
 
 Ligimentum patella. 
 The Fibula : 
 
 To the Head: 
 Biceps. 
 Soleus. 
 Peroneus longus. 
 
 To Anterior Surface of Shaft : 
 
 Extensor longus digitorum. 
 
 Peroneus tertius. 
 
 Extensor proprius pollicis. 
 To Internal Surface of Shaft : 
 
 Soleus. 
 
 Tibialis posticus. 
 
 Flexor longus pollicis. 
 To External Surface of Shaft : 
 
 Peroneus longus. 
 
 Peroneus brevis. 
 
 The Foot : 
 
 7o the Calcaneum : 
 
 Part of tibialis posticus. 
 
 Plantaris. 
 
 Abductor minimi digiti. 
 
236 TABLES OF MUSCULAR ATTACHMENTS. 
 
 i> 
 
 Flexor brevis digitorum. 
 Flexor accessorius. 
 Extensor brevis digitorum. 
 Tendo-Achillis. 
 
 To the Cuboid : 
 
 Part of flexor brevis pollicis. 
 
 To the Scaphoid : 
 
 Part of tibialis posticus. 
 
 To Internal Cuneiform : 
 Tibialis anticus. 
 Tibialis posticus. 
 
 To Middle Cuneiform : 
 
 Part of tendon of tibialis posticus. 
 
 To External Cuneiform : 
 Part of tibialis posticus. 
 Flexor brevis pollicis. 
 
 To First Metatarsal : 
 
 Part of tibialis anticus. 
 
 Peroneus longus. 
 
 First dorsal interosseous. 
 
 To Second Metatarsal : 
 Adductor pollicis. 
 First and second dorsal interosseous. 
 
 To Third Metatarsal: 
 Adductor pollicis. 
 Second and third dorsal. 
 First plantar iuterosseous. 
 
 To Fourth Metatarsal: 
 Adductor pollicis. 
 
 Third and fourth dorsal interosseous. 
 Second plantar interosseous. 
 
TABLES OF MUSCULAR ATTACHMENTS. 237 
 
 To Fifth Metatarsal: 
 
 Peroneus brevis. 
 
 Peroneus tertius. 
 
 Flexor bfevis minimi digiti. 
 
 Fourth dorsal interosseous. 
 
 Third plantar interosseous. 
 To First Phalanges of Great Toe : 
 
 Innermost tendon of extensor brevis digi- 
 
 torum. 
 
 Abductor pollicis. 
 
 Adductor pollicis. 
 
 Flexor brevis pollicis. 
 
 Trans versus pedis. 
 To First Phalanges of Second Toe : 
 
 First and second dorsal interosseous. 
 To First Phalanges of Third Toe : 
 
 Third dorsal interosseous. 
 
 First plantar interosseous. 
 7o Fourth Toe ; 
 
 Fourth dorsal and second plantar interos- 
 seous. 
 To Fifth Toe: 
 
 Flexor brevis minimi digiti. 
 
 Abductor minimi digiti. 
 
 Third plantar interosseous. 
 
 Differences Between Female and Male Pelvis : 
 
 Female Pelvis : 
 
 Bones are more expanded and lighter than 
 
 in the male. 
 
 The iliac fossae are broader. 
 
 Spines of ilia are very much separated. 
 
 Inlet and outlet are larger. 
 
 Spines of ischia are less prominent. 
 
 Promontory of sacrum is less projecting. 
 
 Sacrum is much wider, but not so curved. 
 
 Arch of pubes is wider. 
 
 Cavity is shallower, and broader. 
 
238 TABLES OF MUSCULAR ATTACHMENTS. 
 
 Ossif ic Centres : 
 
 The Following 'Bones Have One Ossific Centre 
 Each : 
 
 Parietal. 
 
 Nasal. 
 
 Lachrymal. 
 
 Malar. 
 
 Palate. 
 
 Inferior turbinated. 
 
 Carpal bones of hand. 
 
 Patella. 
 
 Tarsal bones (except calcaneum). 
 
 The Following Bones Have Two Centres Each : 
 Frontal. 
 
 Inferior maxilla. 
 Clavicle. 
 Metacarpal. 
 Phalanges. 
 Metatarsal. 
 Phalanges of foot. 
 Vomer. 
 
 The Following Bones Have Three Centres Each : 
 Ethmoid. 
 Ulna. 
 Radius. 
 Tibia. 
 Fibula. 
 Ribs. 
 
 The Following Bones Have Four Centres Each : 
 Coccyx. 
 Occipital. 
 Temporal. 
 Superior maxilla. 
 
 The Following Bones Have Five Centres Each : 
 Femur 
 Hyoid. 
 
SUTURES. FONTANEU,ES. 239 
 
 5UTURES. 
 
 Three Sets of Cranial Sutures : 
 
 Sutures at Vertex of Skull : 
 Sagittal (interparietal). 
 Coronal (fron to-parietal), 
 lyambdoid (occipito- parietal), 
 
 Sutures at Base of Skull : 
 Basilar. 
 
 Petro occipital. 
 Masto- occipital. 
 Petro-sphenoidal. 
 Squamo-sphenoidal. 
 
 Sutures at Side of Skull : 
 Spheno-parietal. 
 Squamo-parietal (squamous). 
 Masto-parietal. 
 
 FONTANELLES. 
 
 Four in Number: 
 
 1 i ) Anterior Fontanelle : 
 
 Corresponds to junction of sagittal and 
 coronal sutures ; it is the*largest of the 
 four. 
 
 (2) \Posterior* Fon tanelle] : 
 
 Situated at junction of sagittal and lamb- 
 doid sutures. 
 
 (3) At the inferior angles of the parietal 
 bones, are the other two fontanelles. 
 
 [THE; END.] 
 
F. W . 5. Ld-ngwutid, Jf . <D. t 
 
 for $ract*ttoiMr &d stitdent, 
 S. $6fa St., <Phila., fa.