IC-NRLF B 3 371 bflb I THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESENTED BY PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA BY FRANK BROMILOW " I saw him run after a gilded butterfly ; and when he caught it, he let it go again ; and after it again ; and over and over he comes, and up again, catched it again; or whether his fall enraged him, or how 'twas, he did so set his teeth and tear it, 0, I warrant, hosv he mammocked it! " SHAKESPEARE. Coriolanus., Act I, scene 3. 51 BJjnrl arrnuut nf tjj? Htjapalama nf ttj? Hiarittnu Sips, NICE PRINTED BY P. CONSO &, Co //, Rue du Pont-Neuf, 11 1892 '-]" O&tf^ R CONTENTS i- o TAGS Preface 1 Papilionidse 5 Pieridae 10 Lycrenidae 23 Erycinidee % . . . 48 Libytheidee 49 Apaturidee 50 Nymphalidee 53 Satyricise 69 Hesperidss 94 Bibliographical List 103 Index of Families 105 Index of Species. Varieties, and Synonyms , 106 Appendix. A List of Plants and their English names . . 110 jv<368557 EXPLANATION OF THE ABBREVIATIONS & TERMS USED SIZE " used to express inches. '" lines ; a line being a twelfth part of an inch. SEX / means male. $ " female OTHER TERMS USED ab aberration. f.-w fore-wing. h.-w hind-wing. u.-s , under-side. v. or van . . . , variety . PREFACE The present brief description of the butterflies of this district, was undertaken to supply a long-felt want amongst practical entomologists. No work of the kind has been attempted since the publication, nearly thirty years ago, of Milliere's now scarce Catalogue raisonne des Lepidopteres da departement des Alpes-Maritimes. This latter, though invaluable as far as it goes, is by no means comprehensive, and is often not reliable. Further; the taxonomy and nomencla- ture are obsolete. In some instances, species cited as belonging to the fauna of the department are found, on closer investigation to be erroneously considered so. This is, no doubt, due to the fact of that eminent lepidopterist having often accepted information on these points without having substantiated it. As regards classification and naming. I have thought it best, in the present work, to follow that adopted by Dr 0. Staudinger of Dresden, in his well-known Catalogue, as being the most complete and that generally used by European entomologists. Several species from the Pyrenees and North jrn Italy are found in the Maritime 2 PREFACE Alps ; but I have not included this area in the book, as the whole fauna of those places is not met with here. The localities mentioned are those, for the most part, in which I myself have found certain insects, but it does not by any means follow that the species do not occur in other spots. I have purposely avoided the use of synonyms in dealing with the butterflies (except in a few cases), as not being within the scope of the present work ; but have appended a list of food-plants with their English names, at the end of the book. The Butter (lies of the Riviera is not primarily a descriptive manual, but merely a catalogue of species occurring in the district; descriptions, except in rare instances, where they are not usually to be found in the books, or in the case of some of the more interesting varieties , therefore, as well as tables for the determination of genera and species are omitted. Some new matter will be found on the habits &c., of certain larvae not generally met with in previous treatises, as, for example, in the description of the early stages of Erebia Neoridas. A special feature will be made in dealing with the early life-history of species. The two former of the rudimentary stages, PREFACE 3 viz,, : the egg and caterpillar state being most necessary to an exhaustive study of the perfect insect. Furthermore : there can be little doubt that a thorough knowledge of the ovum and larval periods, (especially the first of these, of which little has been written), would, in many instances, throw much light on the uncertain and often total disappearance of certain insects from favourite haunts. Exception might perhaps be taken to the use of the singular, ovum in the headings descriptive of eggs. This plan is adopted in most of the works in dealing with the larvae, and therefore must be followed in the case of the eggs. It may perhaps seem an oddity to talk of the egg of a butterfly, whereas to say the eggs, is taken as a matter of course. To show that grammatical accuracy is not sacrificed for the sake of effect, I may quote among instances, the description of the ova of Pier is Rapae. " Ovum. The ova of this species resemble a sugar-loaf, and are beautifully ribbed longitudinally ", &c., &c. In conclusion ; I have to thank entomological friends who have, at any time, assisted me in the present undertaking, especially in regard to information, dates, &c., but, while gladly 4 PREFACE availing myself of these latter, I can by no means hold myself responsible for their authenticity or correctness. I am indebted for much valuable information to my cousin, Edward Comerford Casey ; and my acknowledgments are also due to M.Thibon deCourtry, of Cannes. Any modifications or suggestions will meet with consideration and, if deemed suitable, may perhaps find a place in a future edition. F. B. Nice, France., April 1892. BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA Family 1. PAPILIONHXffi Genus 1. - - PAPILIO F. JPodalirius. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. April to September. HABITAT. Common everywhere as far north as Roquebilliere ; rare at Saint-Martin-Vesubie. LARVA. On Almond. Sloe, Plum, Apple, Pear and Cherry, &c., in June and September. Turns yellow when full-fed. PUPA. Chiefly on walls, which it resembles in colour. VARIETIES. v. Undecimlineata and v. Zancloeus. In the first of these forms, the f.-w. have one or more extra bands of black, which are not present in the type. HABITAT. It is found in the same localities as the typical insect ; but is rare, being more strictly confined to North Africa. I am indebted to Herr R. Piingeler of Rhedyt, for information about this variety. Zancloeus is an aberrant form of the second brood. I*. Alexanor*. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June to the end of July. 6 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA HABITAT. Saint-Martin- Vesubie, on the Route de Venanson ; and the valley of the Madone, extending as far south as La Bollene, though less plentifully. LARVA. On Seseli montanum and other alpine Umbelliferae, in July and August. OBSERVATION. The ground colour of this larva is generally described as being green ; this is incorrect. During the four successive years in which I have collected caterpillars, (last summer 1891, I found seventy-one), I have never seen a single individual of this colour. They are dirty whitish, with the usual bands and markings given in the works. I may here state that I have found eggs of the species, as early as July 18 th , and a few stragglers of larvae, even as late as September 28 th . F*. Maeliaori. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May to the end of August. HABITAT. Generally distributed ; but does not ascend to any great elevation in the mountains. OVUM. Oval, and of a pale green colour, but changes in a few days to steel-blue, and before the exit of the caterpillar, to black. From April to August. LARVA. On'Daucus carota (Wild Carrot), Anethum fceniculum (Fennel) and other Umbelliferae, from June to September. The caterpillars of this species, when very young bear a close resemblance to those of P. Alexanor ; they however, differ from the former in having short spines, and are of a reddish colour. PUPA. -Larger and rounder than that of the last ; PAPILIONID.E 7 it is grey in colour, but sometimes green ; and is met with on rocks, walls palings and other similar situations. VARIETY. v. SphyPUS. This form is smaller and darker than the type. Genus 2. THAIS T . JPolyxena. TIME OF APPEARANCE. April. In forward seasons it is found in March. I have seen or taken it on two successive seasons (1889-90), on April 1 st and 9 th respectively. I am informed on reliable authority, that it has been caught at Cannes, in fair abundance, though slightly worn, up to April 21 st . HABITAT. Vence-Cagnes, near the mouth of the River Loup : also at Cannes. According to the late M. Bruyat, the doyen of local collectors, often quoted by Milliere, Thais probably occurs^at Levens. It frequents marshy ground, and is of short duration. OVUM. The eggs are round, shiny, and white with a distinct yellow tinge. The ova in my collection are from a number, (thirty-six), deposited by a $, April 7 th 1892, in the interior of a collecting-box, and were given to me. VARIETIES. v. Ochracea. and v. Cassandra. I have never met with these varieties, the specimens of this genus which I sent to D r Staudinger, were certified to be the type Polyxena, though Milliere 8 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA claims that the typical form does not exist in the department. T. MedLesieaste. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. End of April, and May. HABITAT. L'Esterel and Trayas, near Cannes ; Grasse ; also " on the heights of Cannet." Mil. On May 23 rd 1890, several $ specimens among others, were taken on the hill-side at Trayas. They were all rather worn. LARVA. On Aristolochia pistoloehia, in March and April. OBSERVATION. Medesicaste is now considered as specifically distinct from Rumina, of which it was formerly supposed to be a variety. The Rev. Douglas C. Timins, who is acquainted with the larva of Medesicaste, describes it as specifically distinct from Rumina, on account of the caterpillar, which differs from that of the type. The difference, however, seems to be chiefly one of coloration. Genus 3. - - PARNASSIUS r>. Apollo. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June, July and August. HABITAT. Saint-Martin-Vesubie, and mountainous parts generally. Common. LARVA. On Saxifrages and Crassulaeeae, in May, June and July. I found a caterpillar, full grown, in the valley of the Boreon, not far from the Cascade (Italy), July 19 th 1891. PAPILIONID^l 9 It was discovered in the crevice of a rough stone wall. Five days later it began to pupate, spinning itself up amongst the leaves of a plant of Saxifrage, which I had previously placed in the breeding-cage for that purpose. In another five days the pupa was finished. The chrysalid itself could easily be seen, between its rudimentary covering of web and leaves. On July 27 th of the same summer, it emerged from the chrysalis state. JP. Mnemosyne. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June and July. HABITAT. According to the late A. Risso, Saint- Dalmas ; Fenestre; the "Cinq Lacs" (Five Lakes); but I have never had any authentic account of its capture from entomologists, nor have I ever taken it myself. LARVA. On Corydalis Halleri, in April and May. PUPA. Somewhat resembles that of Apollo, spinning up among leaves. 10 Family 2. - PIERID^E Genus 1. APORIA A. Orataegi. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May and June. HABITAT. Common. OVUM. In clusters on the food-plant, in June. The young larvae hatch in a period varying from ten to fourteen days. LARVA. Feeds in company on Crataegus oxyacantha (Hawthorn), Sloe, Cherry, and many other fruit trees. PUPA. Much resembles that of P. Brassicae, but is yellow, and the black spots are larger and more clearly defined. I found a chrysalis of this butterfly at Saint-Martin, by the road-side, on a dry stem of grass, June 12 th 1891. The imago emerged eleven days later. Genus 2. PIERIS P*. Brassicae. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. April to September, and sometimes later. HABITAT. Generally distributed. OVUM. - < The eggs are laid in May, and again in July, sometimes singly and sometimes in little Clusters, varying in number from four or five to a dozen Jn shape they somewhat resemble a champagne bottle which has had the upper part of its neck kn , cked off The attachment is by the base nly, and the egg stands erect like a ninepin ; it has PIERID^E 11 twenty or twenty-two longitudinal ribs, and between thirty and forty most delicate lines, which pass over the ribs themselves, as well as the interstices between them ". E. Newman. LARVA. On various Cruciferae, also on Tropaeo- lums, all the year round. A fact has been communicated to me, with reference to the caterpillar of Brassicae, which is here worth chronicling. It has been observed in the act of laying eggs on Capparis spinosa (Caper), a plant belonging to a tropical order, distantly related to the Cruciferae. PUPA. AbundantonwallSjpalings and outhouses, &c. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. April to October. HABITAT. Common everywhere ; somewhat less abundant than the former. OVUM. The ova of this species resemble a sugar- loaf, and are beautifully ribbed longitudinally, and delicately striated transversely, the number of ribs varying usually from ten to twelve. The striae are considered inconstant ; and are scarcely ever less than thirty. These eggs are attached by the base to the upper side of the leaf. They are found in April and May, and also in July and August. The young caterpillars are often observed eating the shell before quitting it. LARVA. On Cruciferae, in June and September. PUPA. Same kind of places as the last. F>. IVapi. TJMES OF APPEARANCE. April to September. 12 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA HABITAT. - - Vallon Obscur and Mont Vinaigrier, Nice ; Vence-Cagnes, and many other places. Not uncommon. OVUM. Conical, longitudinally ribbed, and striated transversely. The first brood occurs in April and May; the second, in July and August. LARVA. On Cruciferae and Resedaceae, from June to September. VARIETIES. v. Napaese. and ab. Bryonise, ?. HABITAT. The former is found in the same localities as the type. Bryoniae is a beautiful dark form of the female, found in mountainous districts. HABITAT. It occurs at Saint- Martin-Vesubie, on the Chemin de Venanson ; also at the Cascade (Boreon). F. Oallidioe. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June to August, and even September. HABITAT. Mt. Balme de la Frema, at Saint- Martin- Vesubie, at an elevation of 8000 feet, and over; and Madone des Fenetres near the" Lac", among other localities. LARVA. On Arabis alpina and other alpine Cruciferae, in August and the beginning of September. PUPA. The chrysalis passes the winter fastened to the rocks, the imago emerging in the following summer. OBSERVATIONS. Local in its habits ; but abundant where it occurs. The females of Callidice are PIERID.E 13 considerably scarcer than the males. It may here be well to observe that this butterfly is somewhat difficult to capture, on account of its rapid flight. A good plan, which I have always found effective, is to place oneself directly in the course of the insect, and so interrupt its further progress through the air. F*. E>aplidice. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. From April to August, being double-brooded. HABITAT. Nice, in the Vallon Obscur, Vallon des Fleurs, <&c.; Saint-Martin- Vesubie, on the Route de Venanson ; also on the " zig-zags ", on the ascent of the Balme de la Frema. Fairly common. OVUM. In April or May ; and again in August and September. LARVA. On Reseda luteola (Weld), Cabbage, and various Cruciferae and Resedaceae, in June and September. VARIETY. v. Bellidice. Smaller than the type. Marginal band of f.-w. less extensive ; and powdered with white scales. U. S : f.-w. without the inner marginal spot in the /. H.-w., deeper green. HABITAT. Same as the type. Genus 3. - - ANTHOCARIS A. JBelia. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. March to June. I have taken it sometimes, on March 1 st . HABITAT. Mt. Vinaigrier and Vallon Obscur, Nice; 14 BUTTER.FLIES OF THE RIVIERA Cannes, &c.; and at Saint-Martin-Vesubie it is taken as high as the Cascade of the Boreon. OVUM. The ova are long, thickest in the centre and tapering to a point at each end, and, like all of the genus, ribbed longitudinally with grooves ; they are shiny. When extruded, their colour is pale greenish-blue, which soon changes to deep orange inclining to red, and, before the exit of the young caterpillar, to lead colour, darkest at the apex. They are laid singly, attached by the base whichis flattened, in an erect position on the buds or the stems of the buds of Biscutella, &c., there being sometimes as many as six or seven eggs on one plant. They are found in April. On April 19 th this year, I collected twenty-six ova of the present species, together with larvae. Two only, out of this quantity of eggs were bluish in colour. The next day, several of them changed to a dark hue. LARVA. On Biscutella didyma, B. Burseri and other Cruciferae, from April to the end of June. I have met with very small caterpillars, as early as April 19 th , in two different seasons (1890 and 1892), and as late as June 18 th . PUPA. In May and of June. Those of the summer brood are capable of remaining as chrysalids for a period of two and even three years. VARIETIES. v. Ausonia. and v. Simplonia. The former of these is a variety of the second brood, and is found in the same localities as the type. Simpolonia corresponds to the ab. Bryoniae of P. Napi. 15 HABITAT. It has been taken at or near Saint- Martin- Vesubie, on the Route de Venanson, Cascade, and other places, and is an alpine form of the species. A. Tagis v. Bellezina. TIME OF APPEARANCE. April. Some works say " March to May ". HABITAT. Milliere quotes to the effect that it is " assez rare ". LARVA. On Iberis pinnata, in June and July. OBSERVATION. The type Tagis is not represented here ; it is only found in Portugal and Andalusia. A. Oarda mines. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. April, May and June. HABITAT. At Nice : in the Vallon Obscur, Mt. Vinaigrier, Ac.; also at Vence-Cagnes and Cannes. OVUM. It has the same form as all those composing the genus : and is glazed ; in colour, opal with a very slight yellowish tint, afterwards changing to orange-red if fertile, and before the exit of the caterpillar to dull lead-colour, transparent at the tip. It is laid singly, attached by the base which is flat, in an upright position on the peduncle (or flower- stalk) of the plant, sometimes in the very centre of the racemes, in which position it requires careful hunting for. Occasionally several eggs occur on one plant ; but never in the same position. Found from April to June. On April 22 nd of this year, I watched a female ovipositing on the flower-heads of Turritis glabra. On examining a plant which I had just observed her to visit, I found an egg. On several 16 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA subsequent occasions, I secured others. The larva emerged in nine days. LARVA. On Cardamine pratense, C. impatiens, Turritis glabra, and other Cruciferae, in July ; hybernating in the chrysalis state. VARIETIES. Specimens are to be seen from time to time, in which the orange blotch occurs on only one of the f.-w., or only on the upper-side or under-side. Abnormities also occur having the whole ground colour canary-yellow. A. Euplienoides. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. End of March to May. It has been taken as early as March 22 nd and 28 th , in Nice. The females, as is usual with most butterflies, emerge from their chrysalids about a fortnight later than the males ; and are somewhat rare. HABITAT. Vallon Obscur, Mt. Vinaigrier and gorge of Saint-Andre, Nice ; rarer at Cannes ; also at Saint-Martin-Vesubie, where it is never very common. It is interesting to note that it is to be taken even as high as the Boreon bridge, over the torrent near Saint-Martin. The specimens from the alpine parts strangely enough appear larger than those from the coast. OVUM. The ova are shaped like those of A. Bella; in colour pale yellow. They are deposited in a vertical position on the young buds of the food plant, being found in May. LARVA. On Biscutella didyma, B. Burseri and other kinds of Cruciferae, in June and July, according to the altitude. PIERID.E 17 In the summer of 1890 (from July 3 rd to 5 th ), I collected in the mountains altogether sixteen cater- pillars, nearly all full-fed. They were all found on a tall alpine crucifer, probably Sisymbrium polyeera- tium, sometimes as many as five on one plant. The imagines came out in the following spring, (from May 3 rd onwards). PUPA.. Can vary in colour from light drab or greyish buff bordered at the sides with a deeper shade, and with dark dorsal line, to light green. These chrysalids are more arched than those of the preceding species. Out of eight pupae of the normal colour only one was green. The imago (a male) which emerged from this latter, differed in no way from the others. OBSERVATION. Imagines are variable in size. One specimen which I possess, measures only 1" 3'" from the tip to tip of each fore-wing. The larvae of Euphenoides are easily reared with care from the eggs, on the air-tight principle of the corked bottle. The food-plant, which remains fresh for a conside- rable time, must not be allowed to get mouldy, and the bottle must never be exposed to the direct rays of the sun. Care must be taken not to allow moisture to collect on the sides of this too readily heat conducting larvarium. I may add, that I have successfully experimented with the larvae of R. Cleopatra and C. Pamphilus, from the ova. 18 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA Euphenoides is known by the French, as the " Gloire de Provence ". This species and the closely allied A. Eupheno from North Africa, were long confounded ; to avoid confusion then, D r Staudinger proposed the name of Euphenoides of the present species. Genus 4. LEUCOPHASIA Li. Slnapls. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. April and August. HABITAT. Common. Found in shady spots. LARVA. On Vicia cracca, Lotus, Lathy rus and other plants of the order Leguminosae, in June and September, the insect being double-brooded. VARIETIES. v. Erysimi. v. Lathy ri. and v. Diniensis. The latter variety is rather less common than the former in the district. L. Onponolieli. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. - May to August. HABITAT. -- I have no account of its capture in the department ; but, as it is stated in the entomological works as belonging to South-Eastern France, I insert it herewith. LARVA. Not described. OBSERVATION. - The species was first described by Duponchel, in 1832. PIERID^E 19 Genus 5. - - COLIAS O. l^alaeno. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. July and August. HABITAT. According to Pierre Milliere, "All the heights of the department, from 1.800 metres (5904 feet) to 2.000 metres (6560 feet) where type and variety are not rare. Ch.? " LARVA. On Vaccinium utiginosum and Coronilla, in May. The female of Palaeno, like most of the genus is dimorphic, but departs from the general rule in having the normal form white. There is, however, a yellow form which is found at a greater altitude than the type, namely the VARIETY. ab. Werdandi, H. S. OBSERVATION. Staudinger, like Milliere gives a v. Europomene., Och. The former also enumerates an ab. Werdandi &mongs the varieties of the type. Is. then, the oar. Europomene of Milliere's Catalogue identical with Staudinger's Werdandi of H. S. , or is Europomene separate ? O. JPlilcomono . TIMES OF APPEARANCE. July and August. HABITAT Mt. Colmiane, Mt. Balme de la Frema ; Madone des Fenetres (Fenestres) ; also heights of Berthemont, at an altitude of never less than 5000 feet . I observed a single specimen of the $, on the Colmiane, as late as October 14 th , one year. LARVA. On different kinds of Leguminosae, chiefly of the genus Vicia. 20 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA o. Hyale. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. From July to the end of September, and again in the spring after hybernation. HABITAT. Generally distributed. OVUM. - - The eggs are laid in the spring by hybernated females. LARVA. On Medicago, Coronilla varia and other Leguminosae, in June and July. OBSERVATION. Hybrids of this species and the next occur ; specimens possessing the characters of each being met with. O. Bdusa. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May and June, and from August until November. HABITAT. Common. OVUM. According to Newman, " They are placed in an erect position on the upper side of the leaf, and are shaped much like a ninepin, somewhat tapering towards both ends, and decidedly pointed at the tip ; their colour, when extruded, is pale yellow, but they gradually assume a darker hue, and finally become tinged with pink." They may be met with in the spring. LARVA. On Medicago lupulina and various species of Trifolium, in June and July. VARIETY. ab. Helice, $. Somewhat scarce. Intermediate forms are of constan 1 occurrence. PIERTD.E 21 Genus 6. - RHODOCERA JFt. FUiamni. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. From the end of July to October, and in the spring after hybernation. HABITAT. Saint-Martin-V6subie, on the Chemin de Venanson (though I am not quite sure of its identity), where it is rare ; it is, however, fairly common at the Lac de la Madone, flying wildly across the heights, at an altitude of 7503 feet. Not found on the coast. OVUM. The eggs are deposited singly on the twigs of the food-plant by hybernated females, after hybernation, about the middle of April. LARVA. On Rhamnus frangula, R. eatharticus and Prunus spinosa (Blackthorn), in May, and is full- fed by the end of June. OBSERVATION. Rhamni is essentially a native of Northern and Central Europe. It is, however, enumerated in all the local faunas. Fl. Farinosa. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. From the end of July to October, and in the spring after hybernaton. HABITAT. Same as the last, of which it used to be considered a form. LARVA. Unknown. Pt. Oleopatia. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. April and May, and again in July ; but the second brood is much less abundant than the spring one. 22 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA HABITAT. Common everywhere ; rare at Saint- Martin- Vesubic. OVUM. From May to June. The eggs are laid on the under surface of the terminal shoots of the food-plant, and the larva emerges within a week from the time of having been deposited. Out of a large number of ova (more than twenty), nearly all yielded caterpillars which fed up rapidly. LARVA. On Rhamnus alpinus and other species of Buckthorn, in May and June. The sole caterpillar which I reserved out of the above number, took exactly four weeks and a day (May 19 th to June 16 th ), from the time it was hatched till the date when the larva changed to a chrysalis. It remained in the pupal state three weeks June 16 th to July 6 th at the end of which period one evening at 7-30, the imago came forth. The time thus occupied, from the birth of the caterpillar to the exit of the butterfly being seven weeks and one day. PUPA. Is found in July. The chrysalid which I have in my collection is fastened to a twig of the plant on which the larva had formerly subsisted. OBSERVATION. Many entomologists consider this to be a variety of the last ; but it is difficult to see on what grounds. 23 Family 3. LYC^ENID^E Genus 1. - THECLA T. Betulee. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. From the end of July to the middle of September. HABITAT. Nice, in the Vallon Obscur ; also at Saint-Martin-Vesubie, on the Chemin de Venanson and the valley of the Madone, as well as various other spots in the vicinity. Not uncommon in the autumn. OVUM. The eggs are laid in September, on the twigs of the food-plant. " The egg is a depressed sphere, and white. "~^- Newman. The caterpillar emerges in the spring, and is full-fed by June. LARVA. On birch, blackthorn and the common plum also, according to Milliere, on poplar and hazel ; from June to August. On August 5 th 1890, I received a larva of Betulae, which immediately began to pupate. The imago appeared in a week. Last season (1891), on June 20 th and 23 rd , I found two caterpillars, one half-grown, the other full-fed, on a bush of Prunus, off the road which leads to the village of Venanson. The large one began to pupate, eleven days later. PUPA. It is not attached by silken threads, thus resembling the chrysalis of T. Quercus, which also does not attach itself by the head and tail and is by 24 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA some authors placed, with the present species, in the genus Zephyrus, Dalm. T. Spini. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May and June. HABITAT. Saint-Martin-Vesubie, on the Route de Venanson ; also in the valley of the Madone. It has been taken near the summit of the Balme de la Frema, at an altitude of about 7500 feet. Common. LARVA. On Prunus spinosa (Sloe) ; Crataegus oxyacantha (Hawthorn). I have always found it on Rhamnus eatharticus (Common Buckthorn), though it is not stated in the works as living on this plant. Milliere also gives wild rose (rosier sauvage). Found in June. The caterpillars may be obtained by beating the plants on which they live. Of the eighty-one larvae I collected, in the summer of 1891 (from June 14 th to 24 th ), nearly every one succeeded, PUPA. Much resembles that of Spini. It is brown. The first chrysalis of those I collected, was formed June 25 th ; the last one was finished on July 23 l>d . VARIETIES. v. Lynceus. Upper surface with large yellow spots. Another form, which is rather an accidental aber- ration than a fully established variety, has the white bands of the under side, especially on the h.-w., considerably enlarged. I have here to mention, what is apparently a curious hybrid of T. Spini and llicis, specimens of which I 25 now possess, but can find no mention of it in the books. They were obtained from larvae, (presumably of Spini], collected last summer, (1891). The wings have the same expanse as Spini, and the upper surface of the f.-w. resembles that of T. Spini, but has the dull orange patch on the f.-w., like Ilieis ; and the h.-w. have large yellowish spots at the anal angle. In the 9? there are five of these graduating in size, of a lighter colour than the /, instead of one. The u.-s. of all the wings is identical with that of Spini, having the ample clearly defined white zig-zag lines, &c. It has the large blue spot at the anal angle of the. h.-w. There are also faint traces of yellow spots on the hind-margin of the f.-w. I may add that I only got two of these remarkable varieties out of eighty-one larvae. T. "W. Album. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. July and August. HABITAT. Nice, at Saint-Barthelemy, &c., and at Cannes. A $ specimen was captured on a plant of marguerite daisies in the first mentioned locality, on June 10 th 1890. The species had been taken in the same spot, at an almost identical date in the preceding season. It is not very common in Nice owing, I suppose to the scarcity of its food-plant, in the larval state, in the neighbourhood. OVUM. On the twigs of the elm, in July and August. 26 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA LARVA. On Ulmus eampestris (Common Elm) and U. montana (Wych Elm), from whence it may be obtained by beating, after hybernation at the end of May and the beginning of June. Turns brown when full-grown. PUPA. Attached to the stems of the food-plant. T. 1'ru.n.i. TIME OF APPEARANCE. June. HABITAT. ? OVUM. The eggs are laid in the summer and remain all the winter, hatching in the following spring. LARVA. On Prunus spinosa, oak and other trees, in May. T. Illols ab. oerri ? , and v. ^Bsciili. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May, June and September. HABITAT. Saint-Martin-Vesubie and many other places. In the former locality it is found on the Route de Venanson, among or near oak trees. I captured a very fresh specimen of Cerri, on July 5 th 1890, in the last mentioned spot. jEscati is found in this place also. Three very worn specimens intermediate between the type and ab. Cerri, were taken on July 19 th 1891. OBSERVATION. The typical llicis does not exist in the South of France or Spain. T. Aoaciae. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June and July. HABITAT. Rare. 27 LARVA. On Prunus communis (sloe) " preferring the smallest and most depauperated bushes ", (Hof)-> in June. T. Lederer*!. TIME OF APPEARANCE. June. HABITAT. Route de Venanson, at Saint-Martin- Vesubie ? Rare. Any really authentic accounts of the capture of this Theela in the department, would be of value to the lepidopterological fauna. It is usually considered as belonging to Armenia and the Trans-Caucasus. LARVA. Unknown. T. liotoorls. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May and June HABITAT. Saint-Martin-V6subie, in the same loca- lities as T. Quercus. It is somewhat rare, four or five individuals only, being captured in the course of a season by entomologists. LARVA. " Dull brown, with a black dorsal streak bordered with obscure yellow markings." (V. G.) " On oak?" (Kirby, Man. Eur. But., p. 87), and ash (Fraxinus}. OBSERVATION. Some authors constitute Roboris as a separate species and place it in the genus Laeosopis (Ram), but as it is included in the genus Theela by D r Staudinger, I have thought it best to follow his arrangement. The eyes of this species are not hairy as in Theela. The hind-margins of the h.-w. are not scalloped near the anal angle, and the u.-s. does not show the light 2S BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA coloured streaks, but has rows of black spots along the hind-margins. T. Queroiis. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. July and August. I took a $ of this species very fresh, on July 30 th 1891. HABITAT. Saint-Martin- Vesubie, on the high-road to Nice about two miles from the village, in a copse of oak trees off the road ; also, Route de Venanson. Its habit of frequenting oak woods is well known, hovering over the tops of the trees, and settling on the leaves. OVUM. On the twigs of oak, in July. LARVA. On Quercus robur (Common Oak), in May and June. Stainton says " I find the statement that the larva of this species frequently undergoes its transformations below the surface of the earth, perfectly substantiated. Carnivorous in captivity. PUPA. The caterpillar on assuming the chrysalis state, is said by the most accurate observers not to attach itself by the tail or by a silken belt, thus resembling the pupa of Thecla Betulae, with which species the present one is placed in the genus Zephyrus by many modern entomologists. T. Ftulbi. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. April, May and August. HABITAT. Common everywhere . OVUM. Early in June. LARVA. On the flower buds of Rubus (Bramble), Genista and various Papilionaceous plants. It is full- fed by the beginning of July. 29 PUPA. The Rev. Joseph Green mentions that he has found this chrysalis under moss, on an old tree trunk. Genus 2. THESTOR T. Ballus. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. End of March and beginning of April. HABITAT. " It has been taken from time to time, on the waste land of Vallauris, at the beginning of April/' Mil. LARVA. On Lotas hispidus, in May. Genus 3. - POLYOMMATUS F*. Virgaixreae. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May and August. HABITAT. Saint-Martin-Vesubie, Thorenc, &c., where it is always abundant. LARVA. On Solidago oirgaureae, (Golden Rod) and various species of Rumex, in June and September. F. Tlxej^samoii v. Ompliale. TIME OF APPEARANCE. July. HABITAT. I quote Milliere ., " Vallee de Lantosque, hauteurs de 1,000 metres (3280 feet), to 1,500 metres, (4920 feet), ou elle se montre partout et ou cette variete constante semble remplacer le type. Ch.? " LARVA. Unknown. OBSERVATION. I may mention that D r Lang. (But. Ear., vol. I., p. 138), gives the habitat of this variety as Asia Minor. 30 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA . Mippothoe. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June to September. HABITAT. Saint-Martin- Vesubie in the valley of the Madone. also at the Madone des Fen6tres, not far from the hotel. It is not uncommon at this altitude. OVUM. In August. LARVA. On Rumex hydrolapathum and R. acetosa, in June. VARIETIES. v. Confluens and v. Eurybia. HABITAT. Saint-Martin- V6subie and the valley of the Madone, in fields and moist places. Rather wider distribution than the type. F. Oordius. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June to August. HABITAT. Saint-Martin-Vesubie on the Route de Venanson, where it is always common in the full sun ; it also occurs in the valley of the Madone, and is to be met with at a height of 7000 to 7500 feet ; and at Cimiez. Nice, (A. Risso). LARVA. Unknown. F. IDorills. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. The greater part of the year, from early spring to late autumn. HABITAT. Saint-Martin-Vesubie, especially on the Chemin de Venanson, in hot sunny spots, &c. LARVA. On Rumex acetosa and Cytisus scoparia, in April and May. 31 There are three or four broods in the year. VARIETY. v. Subalpina. HABITAT. Madone des Fenetres near Saint-Martin- Vfesubie, at a height of 6000 feet and over ; also Mt. Balme de la Frema. This very dark variety, which resembles the v. Sim- plonia of Anthocaris Belia, is usually found at a greater elevation than the type. F*. FMilaeas. TIMBS OF APPEARANCE. Throughout the greater part of the year, there being several broods. I have taken it in Nice, as early as the end of February. HABITAT. Common everywhere. LARVA. On various species of Rumex, in May, July and September. VARIETIES. v. Schmidtii. and v. Eleus. The following description of Schmidtii is taken from Lang., vol. I, p. 93 ,1 can find no other satisfactory mention of it in the works I have consulted. It will, no doubt, enable collectors who may be so fortunate as to chance to find this very scarce variety in identifying it. " In this form, all those portions of the wing that are normally copper-coloured are bril- liant shining white." HABITAT. "It is found most commonly in the southern districts of the territory inhabited by P. 'Phlaeas, but it occasionally occurs in the more northern parts " ........ Eleus is darker than the type Phlaeas 32 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA It is a southern variety. HABITAT. Found at Nice, Cannes, Saint-Martin- Vesubie, &c., in the same localities as the type. Genus 4. LYCLENA lu. Bcetica. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. August, September, and October. HABITAT. I know of no special locality where it is to be found ; but on October 8 th 1888, I took a superb $ specimen of the insect, at Ray, near Nice. It is rather scarce. It is found at Cannes, where it has been stated to occur up to December. OVUM. " The eggs are laid in the autumn, on the twigs of the plants, the newly emerged larva entering the young pods in the following summer ; when it is fully grown, it undergoes its pupution on the stems, or in the leaves." LARVA. On Colutea arboreseens and Pisum sativum (common garden pea), in June and July. OBSERVATION. It is not unlikely that this species may occur at Lantosque, near the high-road to Nice, as plants of the Colutea grow there. L,. Tellcanus. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. July to October. Milliere states from February. Stragglers in some seasons may be taken, rather worn, as late as the beginning of November. LYOENID.E 33 HABITAT. Nice, in the Vallon Obscur, Vallon des Fleurs, and the Valley of the Mantega ; it occurs also at Saint-Martin- Vesubie on the high-road, though less abundantly than at the coast. On September 24 th 1889,1 took six ragged specimens, all males, in the Vallon Obscur. They were hovering over a bramble bush. They seem to have a partiality for dry torrent beds, settling on a large yellow composite, Inula graveolens which grows in these kind of spots. The females are much scarcer than the males. LARVA. On Lythrum salicaria (Purple loose- strife), on the flowers of which it feeds ; also on Calluna (Ling), and probably several other low-growing plants, in August and September. Li. Aegoii. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May to August. HABITAT. Saint-Martin-Vesubie, &c., where it is common. OVUM, In form circular ; white " flattened and depressed in the centre both above and below, ribbed and beaded boldly at the sides, and from thence more finely by degrees to the centre. The egg does not change colour, but retains its pure dead-white appearance even after the exit of the caterpillar ; a small hole, showing like a black spot on the side of the shell, alone betraying the escape of the little creature." C. G. Barrett, in Newman's British Batter/lies., volume I., page 119. LARVA. On Genista, Vicia, and Colutea. Milliere a tates Ulex ; in May and June. i 34 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA VARIETY. ab. Argyrognomon $. (Stgr.) Usually stated in the books as a variety of L.Argus. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May to August. HABITAT. I took two / and two $ very fresh, besides others seen, on August 11 th 1890. One of the $ was suffused with blue, but, according to Staudinger, was not the variety Argyrognomon of authors. They were caught on the summit of Mt. Balme de la Frema, at an altitude of 8000 feet. I have never taken it at a lower elevation. LARVA. On various species of Genista, and on Melilotus officinalis, in May. L. Orion. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May to the end of July. HABITAT. Levens, twenty-two kilometres from Nice. I took several specimens in good condition, in the gorge of Saint-Andre, near Nice, on June 9 th 1891. LARVA. On Sedum telephium, in July. JLi. Baton. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. April to August, on the coast ; May to August in elevated districts. I have taken it on two successive seasons, (1889-90), as early as April 18 th , and March 26 th . HABITAT. Mt. Vinaigrier, Nice; and is very scarce at Saint-Martin- Vesubie. LARVA. (Of v. Panoptes}. Milliere thus describes the caterpillar : 35 " It is green, inclining to olive ; the head is black and retractile. There is a broad dorsal line of pink, bordered on each side by a narrow stripe of light yellow. In a line with the stigmata is a brilliant white stripe, the stigmata themselves being whitish. " The ventral surface is green, but duller than the back and sides ; the legs (pattes cailleuses) are brown; the claspers (pattes membraneuses) are green. " It feeds on Thy mm vulgaris. " The egg is hatched when the thyme is in full flower, and its growth is rapid, the pupa being -formed by the first week in June. " The pupa is ovoid, short, and slightly tapering at the extremities ; its surface is smooth, clay-coloured, the wing-cases being tinged with green." Lg. But. Ear. vol. I., p. 110. He states it as occurring at Hyeres, Cannes, and other places on the Mediterranean. I may add that the two specimens of Baton, caught in Nice, which I sent to D r Staudinger, several years ago, to be correctly designated, were stated by him to be the Baton type. Li. Lyslmon. TIME OF APPEARANCE. July. HABITAT. Stated in the larger works as occurring in the South of France ; but I can find no record of its existence in the district, in local books on the butterflies. LARVA. Unknown. L. Orl>itnlu.s. TIME OF APPEARANCE. July. 36 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA HABITAT. " Vall6e de Lantosque ; pentes meridio- nales qui y aboutissent. Ch." Mil. Jb. Astrarclie. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. April to October, there being a succession of broods in the year. The individuals of the spring brood are larger and lighter than those of the later ones. HABITAT. Vallon Obscur, Nice ; Saint-Martin- V6subie, and other places. OVUM. Greenish white, changing in ten days to pure white, and having on its upper side a large kidney-shaped hole after the escape of the young larva. These eggs are laid on the under-side of the leaf of the food-plant ; and are found in August. Adapted from The Natural History of British Butter- flies, by Edward Newman F. L. S., F. Z. S., p. 124. LARVA. On Erodium cicutarium (Stork- bill). PUPA. Spun up among the leaves of Erodium and Artemesia. VARIETY. v. Allous. A varietal form of the summer brood. L. Icarus. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. From May to September. There are several broods in the year . HABITAT. Very common everywhere. OVUM. The eggs, which are round, smooth, and considerably flattened at the extremities, are pale bluish-green in colour. They are laid on the buds of the food-plant. I took a number of ova on a plant of Ononis spinosa, (Hest-Harrow), on August 1 st 1891. 37 OBSERVATION. It is a good plan when eggs of any given species are desired, to watch the parent female as she flies hither and thither, depositing ova. The portion of the plant on which the eggs are laid, can thus be easily secured. Another plan, is to incarcerate an impregnated female in a darkened box, but which partially admits the rays of the sun. The interior can be loosely lined with leno or tissue paper, on which the insect can deposit her eggs, which can then be clipped off, if desired. It is best to regale the insect thus imprisoned, with a sirup of sugar and water, once or twice daily. When the butterfly is required to partake of this fare, place the nectar before it, and blow her gently in its direc- tion, when she will immediately unfold her proboscis and feed. Of course, when the female has deposited her complete stock of eggs or as many as are wanted, she can then be allowed to escape into the air, again. I have always found this plan to succeed perfectly. This system, of course, applies to all species ; though some are more difficult of treatment than others. LARVA. On Ononis spinosa, Genista, Grass and Clover, especially the former of these, in April, July and August. VARIETIES, &c., v. Icarinus. HABITAT. Same localities as the type. There is also a beautiful aberration of the $, in which all the wings are suffused with the blue of the /, thus answering to the tar. Ceronus of L. Bellargus. HABITAT. Same as the type. It has been found, among other places, in the Vallon Obscur, Nice; and 38 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA the Route de Venanson, at Saint-Martin- Vesubie. The coast specimens are usually finer than those from the alps. It is probably this form which is described by D r Staudinger as ab. Caerulea. This aberration is not very abundant. Intermediate forms are not rare. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. July and August. HABITAT. Madone des Fenetres, near Saint-Martin - Vesubie, about a quarter of a mile below the hotel. LARVA. On Geranium pratense (Blue Meadow Crane's-bill) and G. purpureum (Crimson Crane's- bill)., Hofm. Li. Amanda. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June to August. HABITAT. Saint-Martin-Vesubie, on the Chemin de Venanson, and at the Cascade of the Borreon, near Saint-Martin. LARVA. Unknown. OBSERVATION. Not very common. L. Esclieri. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May to July. HABITAT. Nice, in the Vallon Obscur, c., where it is riot uncommon ; also Saint-Martin-Vesubie, on the Chemin de Venanson. The female is rather less common. I have a $ of this species, whose wings, front and hind, are suffused with blue ; I have seen no mention of it in the books, though it is well known that all the females of the Lyeaenidae are subject to dimorphism. 39 L,. Bellargus. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. From May, to the middle of September, being double-brooded. HABITAT. Vallon Obscur, Nice ; Chemin de Venanson, and the road leading to the Cascade, near Saint-Martin-Vesubie, <&c. Its preference for chalky and limestone districts is well known. Like many of the genus, it is fond of settling on moist ground, near water. Common. LARVA. On Lotus, Hippocrepis, Vicia, and other kinds of Leguminosae, in May and June. VARIETIES. ab. Cinnus and ab. Ceronus. HABITATS. Same as the type. OBSERVATION. " Hubner considered as belonging to the male Ceronus, those specimens of that sex which have a row of black dots on the hind-wings." Lg. L.. Oorydon. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May to September. HABITAT. Generally distributed. It has the same habits as the preceding species. LARVA. On Papilionaeeae, in May and June. OBSERVATION. It is somewhat difficult to distinguish between females of this and the preceding species, owing to their great similarity. A point of difference, however, to be noted, is that in Bellargus the fringes of the wings are black and white ; while in Corydon they are white, spotted with black more distinctly than in Bellargus. Moreover, the undersides of the wings in L. Corydon, are similar to Bellargns, but the three basal spots are separated 40 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA from the central row on the h.-w., so as not to form a regular curve round the discoidal spot. L. Hylas. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May to August. HABITAT. Saint-Martin- Vesubie, on the Chemin de Venanson ; and the Vallon Obscur, Nice. Not very common. LARVA. On the flowers of Melilotus officinalis^ in May and August. JU. Meleager. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May to July. HABITAT. Saint-Martin- Vesubie, on the Route de Venanson., &c. LARVA. Unknown. VARIETY. ab. Stevenii. Same localities as the type. Rather uncommon. JLi. Admetus v. Filpartii. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June arid July. HABITAT. ? It is only found on "the southern elopes of the Alps." Lg. L. Dolus. Lefebvrei., Godt. Mithridates., Stg. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June to August. HABITAT. Not very common. LARVA. On Onobrychis satioa, in May. OBSERVATION. I cannot find the species known under these names, in Staudinger's List ; it is, however, probably Mithridates^ which in order comes LYOENID.E 41 between L. Admetus v. Ripartii and L. Menaclas, as Dolus does. JLi. Menaelas . TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June to August. HABITAT. Same as the last. LARVA. Unknown. OBSERVATION. Formerly supposed to be a variety of Dolus. D r Staudinger gives it specific rank. JLi. Damon. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June to August. HABITAT. Saint-Martin-Vesubie, on the Chemin de Venanson, ascending even as high as the summit of the Balme de la Frema. LARVA. On Onobrychis satioa and supinus, in May and June. OBSERVATION. It is rather local ; but common where it occurs. Its habit of frequenting saintfoin fields has been noticed. JL. Oonzelii. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June and July. HABITAT. Saint-Martin- V6subie, in the valley of the Borfeon. It is rather rare. LARVA. Unknown. JL.. Argiolus. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. April to August, being double-brooded. HABITAT. Vallon Obscur, Nice, where it is always common ; rare at Saint-Martin-Vesubie. I have observed it at this latter locality, near the torrent, which passes by the village. 42 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA OBSERVATION, Its habit is to hover over the bushes, and the tops of the trees. LARVA. On the flowers of Ilex (Holly), Hedera (Ivy), Rhamnus (Buckthorn) and Dorycnium, in June, and again in the autumn. X-.. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May to July. HABITAT. Elevated hills in the neighbourhood of Grasse. LARVA. Unknown. L. Minima. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May to August. HABITAT. Saint-Martin-Vesubie, and many other places, where it is abundant, especially near damp spots and streams ; rarer at Nice ; it is also found at the Cascade of the Boreon and at the Madone, near Saint-Martin-Vesubie. OVUM. In colour glaucous ; they are reticulated, and the meshes stand out in relief, rhomboidal, and knotted at the junction of their angles. These eggs are laid singly, between the downy calyces of the flower-heads of Anthyllis y &c., in June. Condensed from Newman. LARVA. On Anthyllis vulneraria, Coronilla varia, Astragalus, and several kinds of vetches, in June and August. VARIETY. v. Lorquinii. Found in the same places as the type. It is probably a distinct species. OBSERVATION. Minima is very variable ; some specimens, specially from Northern Europe, measuring LYC^ENID^E 43 only half-an-inch, while others extend to an inch and sometimes more. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May to July. HABITAT. Saint- Martin- Vesubie, " Cascade ", &c., &c., where it is common, especially in fields, and near water. OVUM. Small, shiny, and round ; in colour they are white. The $ deposits a string of eggs, freely, even when impaled with the collector's pin. LARVA. In the flower-heads of Armeria oulgaris (Z), and Anthyllis vulueraria, (As). JLi. Oaelestina. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June and July. HABITAT. It is mentioned in Milliere's work thus : " Juillet. Bords de la haute Vesubie et du Boreon." LARVA. Unknown. OBSERVATION. According to the above-quoted author, Caelestina is new to the entomological fauna of France. It is generally stated as occurring in Turkey, and the South-East of Russia (principally Sarepta). L. Oyllams. TIMES OE APPEARANCE. May, to the end of August. HABITAT. Nice, in the Vallon Obscur, &c., also at Saint-iMartin-Vesubie, though less commonly. LARVA. On Medicago, Oiobrychis, and several other kinds of Leguminosae, in June and July. VARIETY. Milliere figures a variety which has the characters of Cyllarus and Melanops. 44 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA He says, " If this variety is not a distinct species, it might well be a variety of the two Lycaenae." Hi. JNXelaiiops. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. April and May. HABITAT AND LARVA. It appears in May, and flies in the localities where the Dorycnium decumbens occurs. It is on this plant that the larva feeds, in June." Mil. Found in Nice, in the Vallon Obscur ; also at Cannes and Thorenc., &c. The caterpillar also lives on several other species of Leguminosae, till as late as July. OBSERVATION. The insect remains in the lethargic state, for more than ten months. VARIETY. v. Marchandii. The spots on the u.-s. of the h.-w., are not ocellated, like the var Cinnus ofBellargus. Met with in the same localities as the typical form. Li. lolas. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June and July. HABITAT. I am not aware of any particular spot where it occurs. LARVA. On the pods of Colutea arborescens. TIME OF APPEARANCE. The time does not seem to be stated in the books ; it probably appears in May. L*. Alcon. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. July and August. HABITAT. I have no account of its capture here ; it is described as occurring in Southern Europe. LARVA. Unknown. 45 OBSERVATION. A local species, occurring on moorland meadows. L. Arion. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. From the end of May to the middle of July. HABITAT. Vallon Obscur, Nice ; Saint-Martin- Vesubie, on the Route de Venanson, &c., also at the Madone des Fenetres. OVUM. It is spheroid, much depressed at the north pole, and concave at the south pole, where it is very slightly attached to the hairs of the calyx of the Thyme. The surface of the egg is reticulated. Its colour and texture much resembles white porcelain, with the slightest possible tint of green. From Newman. According to the same authority they are laid either singly, or in groups varying in number from two to six. The young caterpillar, on quitting the egg, consumes a considerable portion of the shell. LARVA. It has never been observed in its full- grown state ; but has been described when thirteen days old (May 4 th to 16 th ), as being of a dirty pink colour, the head brown and shiny, the dorsal line rust-colour. It was reared by M r Porritt of Huddersfield (England) , on Wild Thyme (Thymus), on the flowers of which it feeds, from May to July. VARIETY. v. Cyanecula., Ev. Bull. Mosc ; H. S. 593-4. Wings rather lighter above. U. S.: h.-w. have the 46 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA ground colour greenish-blue throughout the whole area between the base and the hind-marginal row of black spots. Rare. OBSERVATION. On June 23 rd 1890, I caught four specimens of the typical Arion, in the first-mentioned locality, (one of them was a male and three were females). They were all fresh except one, a 5. They were captured in a little field, on the west side of theVallon near the entrance from the high road. I subsequently secured fifteen more of the same species, all in the same spot. They are very local in Nice. The females, which preponderated, were very large and brilliant, and generally far lighter in colour than those I have usually seen, especially in the mountains. They were, however, very variable in size. One specimen, a male, whicli I have before me, measures only 1" 1'". Its right h.-w. is imperfectly developed, a not unusual occurrence, where there is a large number of one particular insect. Another individual and a female, from the same place, measures exactly an inch-and-a-half ! At this period they were abundant, settling on the flowers of Onobrychis, &c. As a rule, the females, especially, swarmed on the flowers of Origanum vulgare (Wild Marjoram), to all appearance laying eggs . Origanum is closely related to Thyme, on the latter plant of which, as has before been stated, the larva of Arion feeds. I may here mention that this form of the female might well be considered as a constant variety, LYOENHXE 47 or at least an aberration. The chief points of difference are : That it is larger and lighter than the typical form of the species. The dark marginal border on the f. and h.-w., are deeper black, while the crescent of spots on the f.-w. are greatly enlarged, and jet black. The largest of these spots is exactly equal in size, to a third part of the f.-w. The differences from the typical form of the species, are as marked as those entitling L. Baton v. Panoptes or L. Icarus v. Icarinus, to varietal rank. Li. Areas. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. July and August. HABITAT. ? It is to be taken in the South of France, &c.; but I have not seen an account of its capture in local works on the butterflies. LARVA. Unknown. Family 4. ERYCINID^E Genus 1. NEMEOBIUS IV. Lnclna. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May and Juno, and again in August. The second brood is scarcer than the former. HABITAT. Following Milliere, " On all our wooded mountains from 600 metres (1968 feet) to 800 metres (2624 feet) altitude." A $, very worn, on the Chemin de Venanson, at Saint-Martin-Vesubie, near water, June 5 th 1892. Probably at Levens, Grasse, &c. OVUM. Spheroid, depressed at the south pole or base, and produced at the north pole or apex ; their colour is pale glaucous. Found either singly, or in clusters of four or five on the under-side of the leaves, at the end of May and the beginning of June. LARVA. On Primula veris (Primrose), P. elatior (Ox-lip), and various species of Rumex, &c. Imago of the / with only four legs fitted for walking ; the $ with six legs. 49 Family 5. LIBYTHEID^E Genus 1. LIBYTHEA L. Oeltis. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. January, and again from March, to the end of July. HABITAT. A specimen was taken at Carabacel, (Nice), near the railway crossing, on April 16 th 1889. It is found more generally, at Cannes, Antibes, &c., at the latter of which places there are an abundance of Celtis trees . LARVA. On Celtis australis, (Nettle Tree), in April, May and July. When young, it is brown with white dorsal and sub-dorsal lines. When full-grown, it is green, with a dark dorsal stripe, the spiracles black, the lateral stripe purplish. The entomologist Milliere once found a brood of sixty larvae ! OBSERVATION. The anterior legs rudimentary in the / ; perfect in the $. These characteristics have induced some writers to associate this species with the last ; in spite of its different larva, mode of pupation, &c. The larva has been found, two thirds grown, at Cannes on May 15 th . 50 Family 6, - APATURID^E Genus 1. CHARAXES O. Jasiizs. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May and June, and August and September. HABITAT. Nice, at Saint-Barth6lemy and valley of the Mantega ; also Cannes, Antibes, &c. LARVA. On Arbutus unedo (Strawberry Tree), from May to August. The autumn larvae hybernate. Herr Seyfarth, an horticulturist of Nice, informs me that when very young this larva will feed on rose ; but that it ceases to thrive on this pabulum after a certain age. This is not improbable ; since many small cater- pillars will feed on certain succulent plants which, in a later stage of their development, they would reject. OBSERVATION. A specimen of Jasius, very worn, was taken in the back-yard of a private house at Saint-Barthelemy, (Nice), October 3l sl 1888, it was caught by a cock ! Jasius has repeatedly been seen in the neighbourhood, at different times. It has a habit of settling on the figs as they lie drying, exposed to the sun ; but it can also be attracted by decaying animal matter, &c., thus resembling in its tastes, A. Iris. Some years ago, it was abundant at the ' ' Chateau ", (Nice), settling everywhere on the paths and drives ; but it is never very common, and is somewhat difficult to capture. Of course the best specimens are APATURID, 51 secured ex laroa, i.-e. by rearing from the caterpillars. The French call it the " Pacha a Quatre Queues ". It is also known as the " Bashi-Bazouk." Genus 2. - APATURA A. Iris, TIMES OF APPEARANCE June and July. HABITAT. Neighbourhood of oak woods. OVUM. " Somewhat resembles a fossil Eehinus which has lost its spines." Newman. LARVA. On Populas alba (White Poplar), and P. tremula (Aspen Poplar), in May and June. It is usually full-fed by the middle of June, at the latest. VARIETY. ab. Jole. In this variety, the central band of white spots on the f.-w., and the white fascia of the h.-w. are obsolete. It is of great rarity. OBSERVATION. The imago of Iris is remarkable for its habit of frequenting oak woods, where it keeps itself at a great distance from the ground. It may be captured by being attracted by decaying animal matter, sugar, and in dry weather, by moisture. Another plan is to irritate the " Purple Emperor ", by throwing up pieces of paper, or tin, into the air, when the insect, enraged, descends to encounter the foe. A. Ilia ab. Olytie. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June, and the end of August. It is double-brooded in the district. 52 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA HABITAT. Saint-Martin-Vesubie ; Venanson ; La Bollene. A specimen of the / was taken at Saint-Martin, July 15 th 1889, near the torrent which flows by the village. It had settled on the wall of the bridge, near moisture. It appears rather uncommon Another form of the type Ilia, is the VARIETY. v. Metis. One of the characteristics of which, is the absence of the ocellated spot on the h.-w. TIME OF APPEARANCE. Found in May, according to Milliere, in " moist places planted with willows and poplars." HABITAT. Probably occurs at Saint-Martin, and at the Var. LARVA. On Salix (Willow), and Populus (Poplar), in June and July. 53 Familly 7. NYMPHALID^E Genus 1. - - LIMENITIS L,. Oamilla. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June to August. HABITAT. In Nice : in the Vallon Obscur, where it is but fairly common ; and La Trayas, near Cannes, where it is not rare ; scarce at Saint-Martin- Vesubie. I took a very fresh specimen of Camilla in the " Vallon ", on June 4 th 1889, also a / and $ together, in the same spot, June 23 rd 1890, and on July 29 th of the same year four more, besides another seen. LARVA. On Lonieera (Honeysuckle). It passes the winter, and is full-fed in April and May. Genus 3. VANESSA V. Egea. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. March to June, and again in September. Milliere states it to be triple-brooded. HABITAT. Vallon Obscur, Nice ; and at Saint- Martin-Vesubie, Venanson, Cannes and many other places. LARVA. On Parietaria officinalis, in July. VARIETY. ab. J. -album. A dark form of the summer brood. HABITAT. Same localities as the type. Specimens intermediate between type and variety are not uncommon. 54 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA V. O.-albumn. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. From April to September. HABITAT. Generally distributed. OVUM. The ova are laid in May, by hybernated females. I think I saw a $ of either this species or else Vanessa Egea, deposit an egg on Robinia Pseudo- Acacia ( Acacia), at Saint-Martin- Vesubie, July 24 th 1891. The ovum was pear-shaped, if I remember, and ribbed longitudinally with grooves ; it was shiny. Its colour was dark green. The circumstance is curious, as all the known food-plants of the above- mentioned species, are in no manner related botani- cally to the tree on which the egg was found. LARVA. On Elm, Currant, Sloe, Hop, Nettle, Willow and Poplar, from May to August. OBSERVATION. The spring brood of C. album is lighter in colour than the summer form of the species. "V. F*olyclxloros. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. From March to May, and from July to September. HABITAT. Fairly common everywhere. OVUM. The egg of the present species has eight longitudinal ridges, which can vary in number from seven to nine, commencing near the crown, and terminating at the base, just where the egg adheres to the twig. LARVA. On Elm, Sallow, Cherry, and also on Pyrus aria (White Beam Tree). VARIETIES. v. Testudo and v. Pyromelas. NYMPHALIM: 55 In the first-named variety the spots on the f.-w. are confluent. Pyromelas is simply a small form of the species. HABITAT. Both forms are met with in the same localities as the type. OBSERVATION. Sometimes in bright weather hyber- nated specimens may be seen on the wing. V. TJrticae. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. From January to December. HABITAT. Common everywhere. OVUM. " Oblong, and depressed at both extre- mities ; at the upper extremity is a circular operculum, which is pushed off, and disappears at the time of hatching ; there are generally eight longitudinal keels or ridges, extending from the operculum to the base, but this number is not constant, varying to seven and nine." Newman. In colour they are green, resembling the leaves of their food-plant. These eggs are laid in batches of sixty or eighty and sometimes a much larger number, by hybernated females, in May and June. LARVA. Gregarious under a web, on Urtica dioica (Common Nettle), and, on the authority of The Entomologist., January 1892, on Humulus iitpulus (Hop), in June and July. OBSERVATION. Occasionally aberrations of Urticae occur, in which the dorsal and median spots on the f.-w. are in abeyance, somewhat resembling the variety Ichnusa ; but these varieties have not the same outline as Ichnusa, which is confined to Corsica and Sardinia. 56 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA V. 10. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. April to October,the imagines hybernating. HABITAT. Common on the coast ; but very scarce in the mountains. OVUM. Eggs in April and May. LARVA. On Urtica dioiea and Humulus lupulus (Hop), from June to August. VARIETY. ab. Joides. It is merely a small form of the species, and is not confined to any particular locality. V. Antiopa. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. From March to May, and from June to October. HABITAT. Nice, in the Vallon Obscur ; Cannes ; Saint-Martin- Vesubie, near the torrent ; and many other places. Very common. OVUM. Laid in the spring by hybernated females. LARVA. Lives in company on Salix alba, and. some- times on Birch, Poplar and Nettle, from June to August. VARIETY. ab. Hygiaea. The white, or light yellow hind marginal band is much broader than in the typical form, and the blue spots are either entirely, or partially absent. HABITAT. The same localities as the type. It is very rare. OBSERVATION. The individuals of the March brood are hybernated specimens. V. A talari ta. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June to October, and after hybernation, in the spring. NYMPHALID.E 57 It has been seen on the wing in Nice, as early as January 10 th . HABITAT. Common everywhere. OVUM. The eggs are laid singly. LARVA. Solitary under a web. on Nettle and Parietaria officinalis, from June to September. On the coast it is found in the spring, and has been collected as early as April 1 st , full-fed. "V. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. March to June after hybernation, and from July to September. Milliere states that it flies " even in December and January." HABITAT. Very common everywhere, occurring up to a height of 8000 feet and over, in the mountains. OVUM. Laid singly, low down on the plant, generally towards the end of June. LARVA. On various species of Carduus, on Echium vulgare (Viper's Bugloss), and accidentally on Parietaria, from June to August. Genus 4. - MELIT^A M. Oyntlila. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. July and August. HABITAT. Saint-Martin-Vesubie, on the Balme de la Frema.and at the Madone des Fenetres,near the lake. I have taken it on four consecutive seasons, (1889-92), either as larvae or imagines. On July 24 th 1889, several specimens were taken ; and also on July 14 th and 23 rd 1890, Most of those seen on the latter occasion, however, 58 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA LARVA. On Plantago lanceolata and several other species of Plantain, in June. Many larvae, full-fed, as well as pupae were found on the Balme, June 25 th 1889. On June 28 th 1891, I found four caterpillars, and several chrysalids. The first imago of these latter, emerged on July 9 th of the same summer. PUPA. Suspended, on grass and other low-growing herbage. M. Amrinia v. Froviiieialis, Boisd. and v. Ilberiea, Oberth. Desfontaines, H. S. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May to August. HABITAT. (of v. Iberica). Mt. Vinaigrier, Nice ; and Saint-Martin- Vesubie, on the Chemin deVenanson. I have never taken the var. Prooincialis, and, in fact, am in doubt of its existence in the Maritime Alps. Iberica has been taken, in very worn condition at Saint-Martin,on July 4 th to 6 th 1890 ; and on June 23 rd 1891 I captured a f specimen, fresh. I cannot be sure whether the insects caught in the mountains are Provineialis or Iberica ; but in the case of those taken in Nice, Ihave it on the authority of D r Staudinger, that they are of the latter variety. OVUM. (of Aurinia type), Somewhat flattened on the crown. The eggs of this species are laid on the under-side of those leaves nearest the ground, from the beginning to the middle of June. LARVA. (of Aurinia),0n Scabiosa succisa.,Teucrium Scorodina, Digitalis purpurea, Centranthus ruber and Plantain, from March to September. NYMPHALID^E 59 I have always found these larvae (Iberica}, on Centranthus ruber (Red Valerian), though it is not usually stated in books as feeding on this plant. On April 18 th and May 14 th 1889, I found a great many larvae ; and on the latter date, pupae on Mt. Vinaigiier . PUPA. The chrysalids fastened in the crevices of walls, &c. OBSERVATION. At Saint-Martin, the species seems to frequent the neighbourhood of hazel bushes which cover the hill side, where it is common. This variety, as its name implies, is usually supposed to be confined to Spain and Portugal. It must not be confounded with M. Desfontanil of Godt, a totally distinct species. AJ[. Oinxia. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. April, May, June and August. HABITAT. Common. OVUM. Laid in batches on the food-plant, in May and June. LARVA. On Plantago laneeolata, Hieracium pilosella and Veronica, from April to May, and from August to September. It is stated by Milliere, that this larva when young lives in society, and passes the winter under a common web ; in this stage it is only in its third moult. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May to August. HABITAT. Saint-Martin-Vesubie, Berthemont and other localities. Not uncommon. 60 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA LARVA. On Centaurea jacea, from May to September. M. IMdyma. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May to August. HABITAT. Cannes, Nice, Saint-Martin-Vesubie, Berthemont, and other spots. Generally distributed. LARVA. On Plantago, &c., from April to June. VARIETIES. The present species, like all of the genus is very variable. The females, which are darker than the males, range in colour from a light brown to deep black, varied by a few spots of a lighter shade. This very dark form most resembles the variety Meridionalis, which, however, does not occur in the department. The other variety, which does not appear to be mentioned in the local faunas, is the v. Occidentalis. HABITAT. In South Europe it is found in the same localities as the type. OBSERVATION. Didyma is, without doubt, the most subject to variation of all the species composing the genus. Staudinger, in his Lepidopteren-Liste, enume- rates no less than eleven well-marked varieties. Specimens are found, from time to time, in which the ground colour of the wings is entirely white. This condi- tion is owing to the absence of pigment in the scales. M. r>ejone ? TIME OF APPEARANCE. June. HABITAT. In the European works, it is stated as being found in " the South of France ", &c. Its occur- rence in the district is, perhaps, rather improbable. NYMPHALIDyE 61 I have seen no accounts of its capture. LARVA. Undescribed. M, Athalia. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May to August. HABITAT. Common everywhere. LARVA. On Plantago and Melampyrum sylva- tieum, from May to September. VARIETIES. The varieties of this species, perhaps, above all other Melitaeae, are the most remarkable. Individuals occasionally occur, in which several of the central rows of deep fulvous or black spots on the f.-w., are confluent. This deviation from the common form, gives the insect the appearance of having a thick black band in the middle of the wings. Another variety, which most approaches the variety Nacarina, has the f.-w. almost entirely suffused with dark fulvous. There are various other aberrations from the typical form, which, however, it would be unprofitable to enumerate. ab. Corythalia, the f.-w. are more broadly fulvous than in the type. ab. Navarina has the wings almost entirely black above, with hind marginal fulvous band. M. F*artlieiiie. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June and August. HABITAT. Saint-Martin- Vesubie, at the Col de Saint-Martin ; also on the Balrne, and is also found at the Madone, Berthemont and Thorenc. A sub-alpine species. 62 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA LARVA. On Plantago, in April. VARIETY. v. Varia. This is the true Alpine variety of the species, and is found at a higher elevation than the type. It is smaller than Parthenie and the female is darker, and clouded with greenish black. Both sexes have the central row of spots on the u.-s. of the h.-w. white, instead of yellow. I have found both type and variety, also & forma intermedia, or intermediate form of the two species. It is common at these high elevations. Genus 5. - - ARGYNNIS A. Eu/plurosyiie. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May and June, and again in August. HABITAT. Vence-Cagnes ; and at Saint-Martin, where it is found at the Cascade and the Madone. On June 19 th 1891, I captured a / of Euphrosyne, fresh, at the Cascade . OVUM. According to M r Buckler, quoted by Newman in his British Butterflies, it is " of a blunt, conical shape, with its lower surface which adheres to the leaf, flattened ; its sides are ribbed : at first it is of a dull greenish-yellow colour, becoming after- wards brownish." It occurs in May and June. LARVA. On Viola canina, in June and September. A. F*ales. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. July and August. HABITAT. Mt. Balme de la Frema, at the summit ; and at the Madone, to the east of Saint-Martin-Vesubie. NYMPHALID^l 63 It is only found on the higher Alpine Passes. Fairly common. LARVA. On Viola montana, V. eanina and other species of violets, in July. VARIETY. ab. Napaea. The / is tinged with sulphur yellow beneath ; 9 greenish above. HABITAT. Same as the type OBSERVATION. It varies ; specimens intermediate between type and variety being met with, as in the case of M. Parthenie and the oar. Varia, &c. In some instances, insects of specific rank possessing no varieties, bear some of the characters of another, and totally distinct butterfly. A. E>ia. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May to September. HABITAT. Vence-Cagnes, near the river ; and at Cannes. Not uncommon. ? I took a specimen, fresh, at Cagnes, on April 9 th 1889. LARVA. On Viola eanina , V. tricolor and other kinds of Violets, in July and September. A. Amatlmsia. TIME OF APPEARANCE. July. HABITAT. At Saint-Martin-Vesubie, it is found on Mt. Colmiane, the summit of the Balme de la Frema, and at the Madone des Fenetres. An alpine butterfly, and somewhat local, though common where it occurs. On July 14 th 1890, I captured five males and two females in a little field at the side of the road, about half a mil before reaching the Madone itself. 64 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA They were common, though most of them were rather worn, at this date. It is a curious circumstance, that nearly all the specimens taken had either one of the f.-w. or else one of the h,-w. much smaller than its fellow, and it was generally in a crumpled state. I have noticed the same thing in the ease of A. Bella, E. Cassiope and S. Laoaterae, but not to this extent. On July 22 nd , I took a very fresh / specimen on the Balme. At this great altitude plants and insects are somewhat later in appearance, than at a lower elevation. They are consequently to be met with till a later date. LARVA. On Polygonum bistorta> in May. A. IDapline. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May to August. HABITAT. It is found on the high-road to Nice, about a mile before the village of Saint-Martin- Vesubie ; on the ascent to the Balme de la Frema ; and on the road leading from Saint-Martin toVenanson. I took a $ on the Chemin de Venanson. It is never very common, but it is most frequent flying round bramble bushes in the full sun, on the Route de Nice. LARVA. On Rubus idaeus (Raspberry), in May. A. Hecate. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June and July. HABITAT. It is a mountain species. Milliere says it is rare. LARVA. Unknown. NYMPHALID^ 65 A. Latlionia. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May to September. HABITAT. Saint-Martin- Vesubie ; Berthemont ; Levens, &c., where it is commonly distributed. OVUM. Solitary, in August or September. LARVA. Feeds solitarily on Viola tricolor and Onobrychis, in May and August. VARIETY. ab. Valdensis. An aberrant form, in which the silver spots are confluent. A. Aglaja. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May to September. HABITAT. Saint-Martin- Vesubie, on the Chemin de Venanson ; Mt. Colmiane ; Mt. Balme de la Frema, and many other places. Common. OVUM, Eggs in August. LARVA. On Viola canina and Polygonum bistorta, in May and June. P. bistorta is not mentioned in the books as a food- plant of the species, though larvae were found in abundance on this plant, on the Colmiane, on July 1 st 1889. The butterflies emerged three weeks afterwards. I do not possess any imagines from caterpillars found on this occasion, but have seen several of them, which appear smaller in size than those from a lower elevation. VARIETY. ab. Charlotta, ?. In this form, " the silver spots on the u.-s. are larger than in the type, there being especially three large basal silvery blotches ; occasionally the spots of the central row coalesce to form bands." (Lg.) 66 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA A. IViolbe. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. July and August. HABITAT. According to Milliere, " it flies in mountainous regions." LARVA. On Viola tricolor and odorata, in May. VARIETIES. ab. Eris and ab. Pelopia. The u.-s. of the h.-w. have the light spots changed to pale yellow,without any trace of silver. Occasionally a faint silvery tinge is seen in the light markings, as in Ntobe. Specimens, in fact, are met with intermediate between type and variety. HABITAT. At Saint-Martin-Vesubie and mountainous districts generally ; it is found on the Route de Venanson; Mt. Colmiane; and the Balme de la Frema. This variety is the form of the insect most usually met with. ab. Pelopia, Bork, has the wings suffused with black by the extension of the dark markings. It may here be well to mention that individuals of this genus are sometimes to be seen, whose wings bear white patches or traces of markings of a light colour. The reason for this condition has already been stated. The same thing may be observed in the case of Erebia Cassiope and Epinephile Janira.lt is known by dealers as albedine infecta. A. Adippe. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May to July. HABITAT. Fairly common everywhere. It is also found in the mountains, but not at any great height. NYMPHALIDyE 67 OVUM. In August. LARVA. On Viola odorata and tricolor, in May and June. VARIETY. ab. Cleodoxa. Corresponds to the variety Eris of A. Niobe. HABITAT. Same as the type. It is to be found at Saint-Martin-Vesubie, though it is not abundant. A. Fapliia. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. July and August. HABITAT. It is common on the coast and in the mountain districts, as at La Bollene, Saint-Martin, &c. OVUM. It is whitish, and is laid singly. M r Newman, in his very interesting book, relates that the eggs of Paphia are laid on dead leaves or moss, or on the living leaves of Viola eanina and odorata, at the end of July and beginning of August. LARVA. On Viola eanina and V. odorata, from the end of May to the middle of June. VARIETIES. ab. Valesina, ? and v. Anargyra. The former is a dimorphic condition of the female, in which the wings are dark blackish brown, with black spots. HABITAT. Same as the type. It is to be met with in the fields near the torrent, at Saint-Martin-Vesubie; and also near the Col de Saint- Martin, on the ascent of the Balme de la Frema. v. Anargyra has the silver streaks absent from the u.-s. of the h.-w. Rare. 68 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA A. F>and.ora. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June and July. HABITAT. Roquebilliere, La Bollene, Saint-Martin- Vesubie, and other places. It is rare. LARVA. On Viola tricolor, in May. 69 Family 8. SATYRID^E Genus 1. MELANARGIA M. Oalatliea v. F*rocida. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June to August. HABITAT. Generally distributed. It also occurs in the mountains, though it does not extend to any great elevation. OVUM. " The eggs are laid at random, the parent female not selecting any particular species of plant. The eggs thus deposited, find their way by the simple power of gravitation to the roots of the grass, there to take their chance of hatching and future well-doing. The egg, which is perfectly hard and dry, and free from any glutinous covering, is white and almost spherical, but is slightly flattened at both its poles " From Newman's " British Butterflies ". LARVA, (of typical Galathea), On Phleum pratense and other grasses, in April and May. The f larva is usually brown ; and the $, green. OBSERVATION. The type is not found in the Maritime Alps. Other varieties are ab. Leucomelas ?, and ab. Galene. In Leucomelas, a variety confined to the female, the markings are entirely absent from the u.-s. of the h.-w. which are quite white, the black markings on the upper surface only, showing through. ab. Galene has the ocellated spots absent. 70 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA Psyche, Hub. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May and the beginning of June. HABITAT. Route de Villefranche near Nice, on rocky ground near the sea ; Villefranche ; Saint-Jean ; gorge of Saint-Andr6, near Nice ; lies des Lerins off Cannes. It is local ; but abundant where it occurs. LARVA. On Brachypodium pinnatum, in May. The following, which I quote with certain omissions from Lang. But. Ear. vol. I, p. 236, is translated from Milliere ; " At this time (May 10 th to 15 th , i. e., when it is full-grown), it is rather elongated, pubescent, of a yellowish flesh-colour, with well-marked and conti- nuous lines. The vascular line is large, of a clear brown, and bordered narrowly with white on each side. The sub- dorsal line is Naples-yellow, and is edged with green above and below ; stigmatal line fine and clear. The head is globular, pubescent, and of an indistinct green, with two black ocelli on each side. The legs are flesh coloured ........ The stigmata are very small, white, encircled with black. Caterpillars can vary from the normal colour, to bright green with a black vascular line. PUPA. According to the same authority, it is <( Rather elongated, plump, and smooth, yellowish in colour, and finely striped with dark brown." VARIETY. ab. Ixora. The ocelli are wanting from the u.-s. of the h.-w. SATYRID.E 71 Genus 2. EREBIA E. Epipliron v. Oassiope. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June and July. HABITAT. At Saint-Martin- Vesubie : Mt. Siruol ; Balme de la Frema ; Madone des Fenetres ; Col de Saint-Dalmas, and many other places. It is common at these heights. LARVA. (of Cassiope), On Poa annua and Festuca ovina. OBSERVATION. - The type Epiphron, contrary to Milliere,does not belong to the entomological fauna of the department. It is, perhaps, here- well to observe, that all known pupae of this alpine genus, are not attached by the tail, but placed in an upright position among grass, near the ground. E. Cassiope, as has already been pointed out, is subject to albinism ; specimens being occasionally caught, whose wings bear marks or traces of marks of a light colour. The spots on both the f. and h.-w. can also be partially or entirely absent. EJ. ]Ylelarnpu.s. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. July and August. HABITAT. Mt. Balme de la Frema, &c., at Saint- Martin- Vesubie ; and, following Milliere, also at Berthemont. It is much less common than the former. On August 2 nd 1890, I captured a good specimen at the Madone; and on August 11 th , I caught two more on 72 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA the Balme (or Baume) de la Frema. They were all forwarded to D r Staudinger, who certified them to be Melampus. I have also usually done this in the case of most species of whose identity I have been doubtful. LARVA. Unknown. E. Mnestra. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. July and August. HABITAT. Balme (or Baous) de la Frema, at Saint- Martin- Vesubie. Rare. On August 11 th , I captured a 5 in the above- mentioned locality. LARVA. Unknown. VARIETY. v. Gorgophone, Bell. Larger than the type. E. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. July and August. HABITAT. I know of no particular locality. It ought, according to the works on lepidoptera, to be found in the same places as the others of the genus already enumerated. Milliere does not appear to have met with it, or Mnestra. LARVA. Unknown. E. IVtanto. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. July and August. HABITAT. " Prairies elevees de la haute Vesubie 2000 metres (6560 feet) environ." Mil. LARVA. Unknown. VARIETIES. ab. Bubastis and v. Pyrrhula (?). SATYRIDjE 73 The former variety differs from the type in the h.-w. having a white band ; $ with differently marked cilia or fringes. EJ. Oeto. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. July and August. HABITAT. Saint-Martin- Vesubie, near the village ; Balme de la Frema ; Madone ; Cascade ; and at Berthemont-les-Bains. Common. I took it on one occasion, in a little field off the mule path, about half-a-mile from the Madone des Fenetres, on July 14 th 1890, when five males and eight females were captured in the course of a few minutes. The spot literally swarmed with them ; in fact, it was about the only species of Erebia represented. LARVA. Unknown. VARIETY. v. Phorcys. The submarginal spots on the u.-s. are white, with dark brown centres. OBSERVATION. At the time of the capture of Ceto, a specimen of what was apparently the variety Phorcys was taken. D r Staudinger does not appear to acknowledge this form. E. Medusa. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May and June. HABITAT. According to the late A. Risso, " High mountains of the Maritime Alps." LARVA. On Panicum sanguinale and other Grasses, in April and May. E TIME OF APPEARANCE. July. 74 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA HABITAT. Saint-Martin-V6subie,onall the neighbou- ring mountains, such as the Conchet, in April and May. 96 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA S. Tessellum. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May and August. HABITAT. Milliere states it to be " Rare." S. Sidae. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May and June. HABITAT. It frequents woods and is somewhat uncommon, though not so rare as the last. Milliere enumerates the species in his Catalogue. LARVA. Unknown. S. Oartliami. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May and August. HABITAT. Saint-Martin- Vesubie, Cascade and Madone. It is an alpine species, and does not occur on the coast. Common. LARVA. Unknown. S. Alveus. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May and August. HABITAT. Fairly common everywhere. It is to be found in the mountains, as well as by the coast. LARVA. Unknown. VARIETIES. v. Cirsii, v. Carlinae arid v. Onopordii. The two latter of these is mentioned by Milliere. Cirsii is smaller than the type, the white spots on f.-w. rather more distinct ; h.-w. with a central and submarginal white band. U.-S.: h.-w. have the white bands narrower than in the type, the ground colour being of a darker green. HESPERID^E 97 HABITAT. Same as the type. v. Carlinae is smaller than Aloeus and darker, the spots on f.-w., indistinct and small. U.-S.: f.-w. grey, with small black and white spots ; h.-w. greenish with white spots, as in the typical form of the species. HABITAT. "Cascade of the Borreon ; steep banks of the high Spaillard. Rather rare." Mil. v. Onopordii : Larger and darker than the typical insect, with white and black spots. HABITAT. Same as Aloeus. S. Serratiilae ? TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June and July. HABITAT. Ought to occur in the Maritime Alps ; it is a meridional species. LARVA. Unknown. S. Oaealiae. TIME OF APPEARANCE. July. HABITAT. " Spurs and summit of the Pic-de-l'Aigle, where it is very abundant on the flowering lavenders." Mil. LARVA. Unknown. OBSERVATION. ' It is an alpine species, and is found, according to D r Hofmann, at altitudes varying from 1.900 metres (3280 feet), to 2,300 m. (7544 ft.) S. MalVae. Alveolus ; Hub., Godt. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May and August. HABITAT. Generally distributed. OVUM, The eggs are small, round, and of a pale green colour. Each egg is deposited singly on the upper surface of the leaves, or on the stems of the plant. 7 98 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA LARVA. On Rubusfruticos us, R. idaeus (Raspberry), Fragaria vesca, and according to D r Ernst Hofmann, of Stuttgart, on Potentilla comarum, in April and September. VARIETY. ab. Taras. This form is distinguished, among other things, by the white spots on the f.-w., which are very large and confluent, giving the wing the appearance of being white in the central portion, with black veins. S. Sao. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May, July and August. HABITAT. Nice, Cannes and other places on the coast line ; also in the mountains. It appears commo- nest in the southern area of its distribution, and is rather scarcer in the mountainous parts. LARVA. Unknown. Genus 3. - - NISON1ADES 1ST. Tages. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. April and August. HABITAT. Commonly distributed. OVUM. Eggs in May. LARVA. On Lotas cornieulatus and Eryngium campestre, in May, June and September. Genus 4. HESPERIA HT. TJiaxiixias. Linea, Hub. Godt. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June to September. HABITAT. Common. HESPERID^: 99 OVUM. In July ; the young larvae which come forth probably hybernating. LARVA. On grasses, especially Piptaterum multi- florum, in May and June. OBSERVATION. Thaumas is, perhaps, the most abundant of all the Hesperidae. H. Liineola. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. July and August. HABITAT. It is found in the same places as Thaumas, but is not so common. LARVA. On grasses, in May and June. H. Acteon. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June to August. HABITAT. Fairly abundant everywhere. I have seen it in quantities, generally near water, in the Vallon Obscur, at the end of June (from 22 nd onwards). It congregates in little groups on the moisture. LARVA. On Calamagrostis epigeios and other Grasses, in June. It feeds at night. OBSERVATION. The $ is much less common than the /. It is distinguished, among other traits, by the absence of the small blackish streak in the centre of the f .-w. H. Sylvanixs. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May, June and August. HABITAT. Generally distributed. It seems partial to dry woods. 100 BUTTERFLIES OF THE RIVIERA LARVA, On Holeus lanatus and other Grasses, in May. H. Oomma. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. July and August. HABITAT. Common everywhere, both in the mountains and on the coast. LARVA. On Lotus, Coronilla, Ornithopus and other Leguminosae, in June and July. H. INostrod.ai:nu.s ? TIMES OF APPEARANCE. August. HABITAT. It should occur in the district, as it is stated in the larger works, as inhabiting among other places " the South of Europe generally." I have never found it ; and rather doubt its existence here, though perhaps it may fly in some unexplored corner of the department. It is essentially a southern species, and does not occur north of the Alps. LARVA. Unknown. Genus 5. CYCLOP1DES Steropes. Boisd. O. Steropes ; Esp, Hiib. Aracinthus ; Fab, Godt. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. - The end of June and beginning of July. HABITAT. " Heights of Berthemont-les-Bains ; not very common." Mil. LARVA. On Grasses, in May and June. HESPERIDyE 101 Genus 6. - - CARTEROCEPHALUS Cyclopides, Steropes, auctorum. O, Paniseus ; Fab, Esp, Godt. TIMES OF APPEARANCE. May and June. . HABITAT. According to P. Milliere, it is found in the " Valley of Lantosque. In grassy places, where it is not rare." LARVA. On Plantago major, in April and September. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST As Asmus. Bell Bell. Boisd. ....... Boisduval. Bork Borkhansen. Dal Dalman. 1816 and 1823. Dun Duncan, James, Foreign Butterflies. Entomologist, The, edited by Richard South F. E. S., no. 344., 1892. Ev Eversmann. Bulletin de la Soeiet6 Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou. Fab Fabricius. Entomologica Sy&tematica Emendata et Aucta, Paris, 1793. Godt Godt. Histoire Naturelle des Lepidopteres de France, Tome I. V. Hof Hofmaun, D r Ernst, Die Gross- Schmetterlinge Europas. Stuttgart, 1887. Coloured Plates. H.-S Herrich-Schaffer. Kir Kirby, W. F. A Manual of European Butter- flies. London, 1862. Lg Lang, Henry C., M. D., F. L. S., &c. The Butterflies of Europe. Two volumes, 80 colou- red plates. London, 1884. Linn Linnaeus. Mil Milliere, Pierre, Iconographie et description des Chenilles et Lepidopteres inSdits. Mil Milliere, P. Catalogue Raisonn6 des Le"pidop- teres du departement des Alpes-Maritimes. (From the Memoires de la Socidte" des Sciences Naturelles de Cannes. Three parts. Pt. I only, deals with the Rhopalocera, as does also a portion of the Appendix. Cannes; (No date) . 104 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST Newman Newman, Edward F. L. S., F. Z. S., An Illustrated Natural History of British Butter- flies, London ; (No date). Oberth Oberthur. Och Ochsenheimer. Die Schmetterliuge von, Europa. Leipzig, (1). Ten volumes. Och Ochsenheimer, 1807, (2) 1808., I to IV., Leipzig, 1807-1816. Ram Rambur., Catalogue Syst6matique des Lepi- dopteres del'Andalousie : Paris, Part. I, 1858. Ram Rambur., Faune Entomologique de 1'Anda- lousie : Paris 1838-39. Risso. , Risso, A. Histoire Naturelle des principales productions des environs de Nice. Stain Stainton, H. T., A Manual of British Butterflies and Moths. (Illustrations). London, 1857-1859. A portion of vol. I only, treats of the diurnal lepidoptera. Stgr. or Staud. Staudinger, Otto, PH. D. Catalogue ou Enumeration m6thodique des L6pidopteres qui habitent le Territoire de la Faune Euro- p6enne. I., Macro-lepidoptera. Dresde, 1871. (This, together with D r Wocke's Catalogue of the Micro-lepidoptera, which forms Part II of the same volume, is undoubtedly the most complete and accurate guide to the Lepi- doptera of the European Fauna that has ever been written.) V. G De VilHers and GuenSe, Tableaux Synop- tiques des Le"pidopteres d'Europe, Tome I., Diurni, 1835. Z . Zeller. INDEX OF FAMILIES All synonymic names are italicined. Anthocaris 13 Apatura 51 Aporia 10 Argynnis 62 Ccenonympha 91 Carterocephalus 101 Charaxes 50 Colias 19 Cyclopides 100 Epinephiie 88 Erebia 71 Hesperia 98 Leucophasia 18 Libythea 49 Limenitis 53 Lycaena 32 Melanargia 69 Melitaea . . 57 Nemeobius 48 Nisoniades 98 (Eneis 80 Papilio 5 Pararge 86 Parnassius 8 Pieris 10 Polyommatus 29 Rhodocera 21 Satyrus 81 Spilothyrus 94 Steropes Syrichthus 95 Thais 7 Thecla 23 Thestor 29 Vanessa 53 Zephyrus INDEX OF SPECIES VARIETIES AND SYNONYMS The genus occurs after each species. Species mentioned in the present work, but not belonging to the district, have an asterisk (*). The synonyms of other writers, are in italics. Acaciae, Thee 26 Actaea, Sat 85 Acteon, Hesp 99 Adippe, Arg 66 Adrasta, Par 87 Aegeria, Par.. 88 Aegon, Lye 33 Aello, Oen 80 Aesculi, Thee 26 Aethiops, Ereb 78 Aglaja, Arg ,... 65 Alceae, Spil 94 Alcon, Lye 44 Alcyone, Sat... 81 Alexanor, Pap 5 Allionia, Sat 84 Allous, Lye 36 Altheae, Spil 94 Alveolus, Syr 97 Alveus, Syr 96 Amanda, Lye 38 Anargyra, Arg 67 Antiopa, Van 56 Apollo, Parn 8 Aracinthus, Cycl 100 Arcania, Coan 91 Areas, Lye 47 Arete, Epin 91 Argiolus, Lye 41 Argus, Lye 34 Argyrognomon, Lye ... 34 Arion, Lye 45 Astrarche, Lye 36 Atalanta, Van 56 Athalia, Melit 61 Aurinia, Melit 58 Ausonia, Anth 14 Australis, Spil 94 Ballus, Thestor 29 Baton, Lye 34 Delia, Anth 13 Bellargus, Lye 39 Bellidice, Pier.. 13 Bellezina. Anth 15 Betulae, Thee 23 Baeticus, Spil , Boetiea, Lye , Brassicae, Pier Briseis, Sat Bryoniae, Pier Bubastis, Ereb Cacaliae, Syr 97 Caecodromus, Ereb. ... 75 C-album, Van 54 CalHdice, Pier 12 Camilla, Lim 53 Cardamines, Anth 15 Cardui, Van 57 Carlinae, Syr 96 Carthami, Syr 96 94 32 10 82 12 70 INDEX OF SPECIES 107 PAGE Cassandra, Thais 7 Cassiope, Ereb 71 Celtis, Lib 49 Ceronus, Lye 39 Cerri, Thee 26 Ceto, Ereb 73 Charlotta, Arg 65 Cinnus, Lye 39 Cinxia, Melit 59 Circe, Sat 81 Cirsii, Syr 96 Cleodoxa, Arg 67 Cleopatra, Rhod 21 Clytie, Apat 51 Ccelestina, Lye 43 Confluens, Pol 30 Cordula, Sat 86 Corydon, Lye 39 Cory thalia, Melit...... 61 Crataegi, Apor 10 Cyanecula, Lye 45 Cyllarus, Lye 43 Cynthia, Melit 57 Damon, Lye 41 Daphne, Arg 3 64 Daplidice, Pier 13 Darwiniana, Coenon... 92 Dejone, Arg 60 Desfontaines , Melit.. . 58 * Desfontanii, Melit.... 59 Dia, Arg 63 Didyma, Melit 60 Diuiensis, Leuc 18 Dolus, Lye 40 Donzelii, Lye 41 Dorilis, Pol 30 Dorus, Coenon 92 Dromus, Ereb 75 Dryas, Sat 84 Duponchelii, Leuc 18 Edusa, Col 20 Egea, Van 53 Egerides, Par 88 Eleus, Pol 31 * Epiphron, Ereb 71 Epistygne, Ereb 74 Eris, Arg 66 Erynis, Ereb 76 Erysimi, Leuc 18 Escheri, Lye 38 Eumedon, Lye 38 Eupheno, Anth 18 Euphenoides, Anth. ... 16 Euphrosyne, Arg 62 Europomene, Col 19 Euryale, Ereb 80 Eurybia, Pol 30 Evias, Ereb 74 Farinosa, Rhod 21 Fidia, Sat 84 * Galathea, Melan 69 Galene, Melan 69 Goante, Ereb 76 Gordius, Pol 30 Gorge, Ereb 75 Gorgone (Boisd), Ereb. 76 Gorgone (H.-S.), Ereb. 76 Gorgophone 72 Hecate, Arg 64 Helice, Col 20 Hermione, Sat 81 Hippo thoe, Pol 30 Hispulla, Epin 89 Hyale, Col 20 Hygiaea, Van 56 Hyperanthus, Epin. ... 90 Iberica, Melit 58 Icarinus, Lye 37 Icarus, Lye 36 * Ichnusa, Van 55 Ida, Epin 89 * Ilia, Apat 51 * Ilicis, Thee 26 Io, Van 56 lolas, Lye 44 Iphis, Ccenon 91 Iris, Apat 51 J. -Album 53 Janira, Epin 89 Jasius, Char 50 Joides, Van 56 Jole, Apat 51 108 VARIETIES AND SYNONYMS Lathonia, Arg 65 Lathyri, Leuc 18 Lavaterae, Spil 95 * Ledereri, Thee 27 Lefebvrei, Lye 40 Leucomelas, Melan 69 Ligea, Ereb 79 Lineola, Hesp 99 Lorquinii, Lye 42 Lucina, Nera 48 Lycaon, Epin 88 Lyllus, Ccenon 93 Lynceus, Thee 24 * Lyssa, Parar 88 Machaon, Pap 6 Maera, Parar 86 Malvae, Syr 97 Manto, Ereb 72 Medesicaste, Thais.... 8 Medusa, Ereb 73 Megaera, Parar 87 Melampus, Ereb 71 Melanops, Lye 44 Meleager, Lye 40 Menaclas, Lye 41 * Meridionalis, Melit. . 60 Metis, Apat 52 Minima, Lye 42 Mithridates, Lye 40 Mnemosyne, Parn 9 Mnestra, Ereb 72 Morpheus, Cycl 100 Napaeae, Pier 12 Napaea, Arg 63 Napi, Pier 11 Neoridas, Ereb 77 Niobe, Arg 66 Nostrodamus, Hesp. . . . 100 Ochracea, Thais 7 Omphale, Pol 29 Onopordii, Syr 96 Orbitulus, Lye 35 Orion, Lye 34 Palaemon, Cart 101 Palaeno, Col 19 Pales, Arg 62 PAGE Pamphilus, Cosnon 92 Pandora, Arg 68 Paniscus, Cart 101 Panoptes, Lye 34 Paphia, Arg 67 Parthenie, Melit 61 Pasiphae, Epin 90 Peas, Sat 86 Pelopia, Melit 66 Phaedra, Sat 84 Phicomone, Col 19 Phlaeas, Pol 31 Phoebe, Melit 59 Phorcys, Ereb 73 Pirata", Sat 82 * Podarce, Sat 86 Podalirius, Pap 5 Polychloros, Van 54 Polyxena, Thais 7 Procida, Melan 69 Proto, Syr 95 Provincialis, Melit 58 Pruni, Thee 26 Psyche, Melan. ........ 70 Pyrenaica, Ereb 74 Quercus, Thee 28 Rapae, Pier 11 Rhamni, Rhod 21 Ripartii, Lye 40 Roboris, Thee 27 Rubi, Thee 28 * Rumina, Thais 8 Sao, Syr 98 Schmidtii, Pol 31 Sebrus, Lye 42 Semele, Sat 83 Semiargus, Lye 43 Sidae, Syr 96 Simplonia, Anth 14 Sinapis, Leuc 18 Sphyrus, Pap 7 Spini, Thee 24 Statilinus, Sat 83 Steropes, Cycl 100 Stevenii, Lye 40 Stygne, Ereb 73 INDEX OF SPECIES 109 Subalpina, Pol 31 Syllius, Melan 70 Sylvanus, Hesp 99 Tages, Nison 98 * Tagis, Anth 15 Taras, Syr 98 Telicanus, Lye 32 Tessellum, Syr 96 Testudo, Van 54 Thaumas, Hesp 98 * Thersamon, Pol 29 Tithonus, Epin 90 Tyndarus, Ereb 74 Urticae, Van 55 Valdensis, Arg 65 Valezina, Arg 67 Varia, Melit 62 Virgaureae, Pol 29 W-album, Lye 25 Werdandi, Col 19 Zaucleus, Pap 5 A List of Latin names of Plants, with their English synonyms. Agrostis canina Small Bent-grass. Aira coespitosa , (See Triticum ccespitosa). praecox Vernal Hair-grass . Atnygdalus Almond. Anettium foeniculum Fennel. Anthoxanthum. Sweet Anthoxanth. Anthyllis vulneraria Kidney Vetch ; Lady's Fingers. ArablS Sftata ' '.'!'.'.] Frin 8 ed Rockcress. A rbutus unedd . '. '. .'.'.'.'.'..'.'..' Straw berry Tree . Aristolochia Birthwort. Armeria ouigaris Common Thrift. Artemesia Arternesia. Astragalus Milk Vetch ; Astragal . Avena elatior ) FalsQ Oat Silve r Oat-grass. Arrhenatherum aveneceum ) Betuta Birch . Brachypodium pinnatum Heath False-Brome. Bromus Brome Grass. Calamaqrostis epiqeios .. Wood Smallreed. Calluna Heath. Capparis Caper. Cardamine pralense Meadow Bittercress ; Ladies' Smock; Cuckooflower. impatiens... , Narrow-leaved Cardamine, or Bitter Cress. Carduus Thistle. Celtis australis Nettle Tree. Centranthus ruber Red Valerian . Centaurea^cea..... ........ ...j B , ack Centaurea . Cerasus Cherry . Comarum palustre ) ,.. r, p rt * or ,* :i PotenWa comarum j Marsh Potent " ' CoronUta Coronilla. Corydatis Corydal . Corylus Hazel. Crataegus oxyacantha Hawthorn ; May ; Whitethorn . Cynosurus cristatus Crested Dog's Tail . Cytisus Broom. Dactylis Cock's Foot. Digitalis purpurea. . Purple Foxglove. Daucus carota Wild Carrot. Echium vulgare Viper's Bugloss . Erodium cicutariwn Stork's-bill . Eryngium campestre F ield Eryngo . Festuca ovina Sheep's Fescue. Fragaria vesca Strawberry . APPENDIX 111 Genista .' Genista. Geranium pratense Blue Meadow Crane s-bill . purpureum j Crimson Crane's-bill . ,, sangutneum ) Iledera Ivy. Hieraciutn PiloseLla Mouse-ear Hawk weed . Hippocrepis Horseshoe Vetch . Holcas lanatus Meadow Soft-grass. Humului lupulus Hop. JOeris Candytuft. Ilex Holly. Jnula Elecampane. Lathyrus Pea. Linaria Toad-flax. Ligustrum Privet . LoLium perenne Rye-grass ; Common Ray-grass. Lonicera Honeysuckle. Lotus corniculatus Bird's foot trefoil . Lyikrum salicaria Purple Loosestrife. Marrubium Horehound. Medicag>j lupulina Black Medick . Melam/uyrum Cow-wheat. Coramon MeUca Melick. Melilotus offlcinalis Common Melilot . Mi Hum Millet Grass. Gastridum lendiy rum ........ Onobrychis sativa. . ........... \ Sainfoin Saint-foin . Jledysarum onobryclus .......... ) Onp'nis spinosa ...' ................ Restharrow . Origanum vulgare ................ Wild Marjoram . Ornithopus.. ...................... Bird's-lbot. Panicum sanguinale ............. Fingered Panic. Parietaria officiualis ............. Wall Pellitory. P/deum pratense ................. Timothy Grass ; Cat's Tail . Piptaterum multiflorum ......... ^ M( Hum multiflorum ............. \ Millet Grass. Agrostis mjtiacea ................ ) Pisum sativum ................... Common Garden Pea . Ptantago ......................... Plantain, and Scabious. major ................... Greater Plantain. lanceolata ............ . . Ribwort Plantain. Poa annua ....................... Annual Meadow Grass. ,, pratensis .................... Smooth-stalked Meadow Grass . Polygonum bistorta ............... Bistort ; Snakeweed. Populus alba ..................... White Poplar, ,, tremula ................. Aspen Poplar. Primula veris ................... Common Primrose . elatior ...... ............. Oxlip. Prunus communis ................ Sloe ; Blackthorn. Pyrus communis .................. Pear. mains ..................... Crab, and Apple Trees. Quercus ilex ...................... Evergreen Oak. robur .................... British Oak. Resedaceae ....................... Mignonnette, etc. Reseda luteola .................... Weld ; Dyer'sWeed ; Dyer's Rocket Dyer's Mignonnette. Rhamnus frangula ............... Alder Buckthorn . ,, catharticus ............. Common Buckthorn. Ribes rubrum ..................... Red and White Currant Rosa .... ......................... Rose. 112 APPENDIX Robinia Pseudo- Acacia .......... Acacia; Robinia. Rubus idaeus ..................... Raspberry. Rubus fruticosus .................. Bramble Blackberry ; Blackberry , , hydrolapathum ........... Water Dock . Salix alba ....................... Common Willow ; Sallow. Sanguisorba officinalis ........... Great Burnet . Saxif'raga ........................ Saxifrage. Scabfosa succisa ................. Devil's bit. Sedum ielephium ................. Orpine Sedum . Sisymbrium ....................... Hedge-mustard. Solidago virgaurea ............... Golden-rod . Stachys ..... '. ..................... Wound-wort. Teucrium Scorodonia ............ Wood Sage. Trifolium...: ..................... Clover; Trefoil. Triticum ccespitosum ............ S Aria ccespitosua ................ { Tufty Hair Grass . Deschampsia .................... j Triticum repens .................. Couchgrass . Tropaeolum ...................... Nasturtium . Turritis gtabra .......... . ...... ) Tower-mustard; Tower-eress; Tower- Arabis perfbliata ................ i wort. Glabrous Rockeress . Ulex ............................. '. Furze . Ulmus campestris ................. Elm ; Common Elm. ,, monlana .................. Wych Elm. Urtiua dioica ...................... Common Nettle . V actinium uliginosum ............ Bog V accinium . Veronica ......................... Veronica. Vicia cracca ..................... Tufted Vetch . Viota odorata .................... Sweet Violet. ,, canina ........ . ............ Dog Violet. ,, tricolor .................... Heartsease; Pansy. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS Page 8, after line 6 from top of page, insert " It is found even as high as Duranus, where I met with a $, slightly worn, by the road-side. Larvae also, were met with at this date (June 3 rd 1892), some of them being nearly half-grown." P. 22, line 2 from top, read *' and occurs even above Venanson." P. 27, after line 18 from top of page, insert " In some years it is even abundant. In the present season (1892), no less than twenty-nine specimens were taken ! It is noteworthy that there were none of the trees on which the species subsists in the larval state in the vicinity, though hazel (CorylusJ and privet (Ligustrum) abounded. " Possibly Roboris may feed, in addition to its known food-plants, on one or both of these ? " P. 30, line 15 from the top, reads P. Alciphron v. Gordius. P. 30, after line 21 from top, insert : " VARIETY. There is a form having fewer spots than the type, thus corresponding to the var. Neera of MelitaeaDidyma. The u.-s. of the h.-w., especially, have only the double hind-marginal row of dots, all spots intervening, with the exception of the central group being absent. " 114 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS P. 40, line 9 from bottom of page, to read : " At La Bollene. Several specimens, rather worn, were captured by my cousin, Edward C. Casey, in the above locality, on the hill-side near the main road, July 24 th 1892. " P. 61, line 2 from top, insert " On Linaria." P. 74, after line 20 from top, read : " B. Lappona, Esp. " TIMES OF APPEARANCE. July and August. " HABITAT. Summit of the Pepiori, near Saint- Martin- Vesubie, at a height of 2,675 metres (8774 feet). " It ascends to a greater elevation than any of the before-mentioned Erebiae, being only found on the verge of perpetual snow. ce I captured three specimens (two males and a female), rather worn, July 18 th 1892, in the above- mentioned locality, and have never heard of any previous captures in the neighbourhood. "VARIETIES. ab. Pollux and v. Sthennyo. " In the former variety the wings are not banded beneath. Sthennyo hardly differs from the type. " LARVA. Unknown. " P. 83, after line 4 from top, read : " SJ. Axetlrusa. " TIMES OF APPEARANCE. June and July. " HABITAT. Appears in dry and stony places, but is local. " Mil. " I met with a fresh / specimen apparently inter- mediate between the type and the var. Dentata. on the Route de Venanson, Saint-Martin-Vesubie, August 7 th 1892. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 115 " VARIETY. v. Dentata, Stgr. " U.-s. : h.-w. with neuration marked with white ; also a clear white central band, and usually a darkish dentate line between it and the hind-margin. " HABITAT. In these alps it is found in the same places as the typical insect. ie LARVA. Unknown. "