BERKELEY LIBRARY UNIVtRSin OF CALlfORWlA LlBK^i^i SCHOOL AUGUSTA MAINE LIBRARY SCHOOS 751 TRUSTEES 1896 JAMES W. BRADBURY ( President) LESLIE C CORNISH (SccretarjO RICHARD E. GOODWIN (Treasui'er) CHARLES A. MILLIKEN (Mayor) J. MANCHESTER HAYNES LENDALL TITCOMB BENJAMIN F. PARROTT JAMES W. NORTH CHARLES E. NASH JOHN W. CHASE JOHN F. HILL JOSEPH H. MANLEY OSCAR HOLWAY GEORGE W. MARTIN CONTENTS Page The Lithgow Library and Reading Room, . i Llewellyn William Lithgow's Bequest, . ii Acceptance of Trust by City of Augusta, . 21 Raising of the Building Fund, ... 30 laying of the corner stone, ... 47 The Completion of the Building, ... 73 Devices of the Early Printers, ... 83 The Dedication of the Building, . . .116 The Architects of the Building, . . .142 Appendix, 147 Index, 159 PORTRAITS James W. Bradbury, . . opposite page 9 Andrew Carnegie, 35 Leslie C Cornish, 130 John W. Chase, 83 Richard E. Goodwin, . 111 J. Manchester Haynes, 21 John F. Hill, . 76 Oscar Holway, 42 Llewellyn W. Lithgow, 7 Joseph H. Manley, 26 George W. Martin, . 44 Charles A. Milliken, 56 Charles E. Nash, 123 Joseph L. Neal, 142 James W. North, 106 Benjamin F. Parrott, . 138 Ira H. Randall, 37 William R. Smith, 13 Lendall Titcomb, 58 Joseph H. Williams, . 150 AUTOGRAPHS JAMES W. Bradbury, . page 58 John W. Chase, 84 Leslie C. Cornish, 63 Richard E. Goodwin, 114 J. Manchester Haynes, 33 John F. Hill, . 77 W. Scott Hill, 39 Oscar holway, 111 Alfred Hopkins, 144 James N. Lithgow, 18 L. W. Lithgow, 19 William Lithgow, 15 J. H. Manley, . 81 Geo. W. Martin, 74 Chas. a. Milliken, 79 Chas. E. Nash, 124 Joseph L. Neal, 143 AUTOGRAPHS (Concluded). E. E. Newbert, page 120 James W. North, 78 B. F. Parrott, 32 Ira H. Randall, 36 W. R. Smith, . 45 A. W. Snyder, 52 Lendall Titcomb, 44 Joseph H. Williams, . 152 James S. Williamson, 141 ILLUSTRATIONS The Lithgow Library and Reading Room, Frontispiece LAYING THE CORNER Stone, . opposite page 55 The Rotunda, The Rotunda and Book Room, The Reading Room - Northwest Comer, The Reading Room - Southwest Comer, The Reading Room - Northeast Comer, The Reading Room - Southeast Comer, 74 87 90 101 95 108 PLATES Certificate of Membership, fac simile, . 5 Mr. Lithgow's Will, fac simile, . . 24-25 Mr. Carnegie's Letter, fac simile, . . 40-41 Diagrams : Basement, First Floor, Upper Story, 46-47 Mr. William's Will, fac simile, . . 152-153 Genealogical Chart, Joseph L. Neal, . 144 BUILDING COMMITTEE JAMES W. BRADBURY (Chairman) CHARLES E. NASH (Secretary) JOSEPH H. MANLEY RICHARD E. GOODWIN JOHN W. CHASE ♦ THE LITHGOW LIBRARY AND READING ROOM. >!< THE BEGINNING. HE LiTHGOW Library and Eeading Room is the continuation and grand expansion of the Augusta Literary and Library Association ; it is the fruition of the hopes of the originators of that Association which was formed "for the purpose of maintaining in the city of Augusta, a library, read- ing-room, courses of literary and scientific lectures, and for such other purposes as may come within the province of similar associations ;" it was authorized to raise money by assessment and to hold personal property to the amount of twenty thousand dollars. It is not inappropriate to recall in this connection the fact that the Association's immediate predecessor was the Shakespeare Club, a society composed of ladies and gentlemen who found enjoyment and The Lithgow Library profit in holding meetings at the members' homes in rotation, and reading from the best books. The follow- ing mention of the names of some of the members will indicate the pei\sonnel of the Club and the quality of literature discussed : General and Mrs. Selden Connor; Colonel and Mrs. Franklin M. Drew; General and Mrs. J. Manchester Haynes ; Honorable and Mrs. Wm. P. Whitehouse ; Honorable and Mrs. Warren Johnson ; Mr. and Mrs. Gardiner C. Vose ; Mr. and Mrs. S. F. Robinson ; Honorable Joseph T. Woodward. It is certain that this Club gave an impulse to the idea of a public library in Augusta. Soon after the passage of the act* of incorporation, the corporators assembled for organization, and at a meeting held in Granite Hall Block, on Friday, the 1st of March, 1872, the following named gentlemen were elected Directors : James W. Bradbury, Joseph J. Eveleth, Wm. T. Johnson, Thomas Lambard, Henry A. DeWitt, Joshua Nye, Selden Connor, Henry S. Osgood, Warren Johnson, Horace M. * The act of incorporation was approved by Governor Perham, February 9, 1872, and recites the names of fifty-one citizens of Augusta, as follows : Lot M. Morrill, K. D. Rice, J. G. Blaine, J. W. Bradbury, Allen Lambard, Samuel Titcomb, Josiah P. "Wyman, W. T. Johnson, Joseph Baker, Thomas Lambard, Joseph A. Homan, G. "W. Quinby, Warren Johnson, W. S. Badger, W. P. Whitehouse, J. M. Haynes, Joshua Nye, J. T. Woodward, George G. Stacy, F. M. Drew, A. T. Thompson, AND Reading Room. Jordan, Franklin M. Drew, J. Manchester Haynes, Joseph T. Woodward, Joseph H. Manley, Wm. P. Whitehouse. At another meeting the following named officers were elected : President, James W. Bradbury ; Vice President, H. A. DeWitt ; Clerk, Samuel L. Boardman ; Treasurer, Chas. B. Morton ; Auditor, Hilton W. True ; Executive Committee, H. S. Osgood, J. J. Eveleth, J. T. Woodward ; Literary Committee, J. M. Haynes, W. P. Whitehouse, J. H. Manley, H. M. Jordan, F. M. Drew. At a meeting in May, Rev. S. C. Beach was elected a Director in place of H. M. Jordan, removed from the city ; and Selden Connor was added to the Literary Committee. In December, Joseph T. Woodward resigned from the Executive Committee and J. M. Haynes was elected to fill the vacancy. Subsequently William R. Smith was elected Treas- urer in the place of Charles B. Morton, resigned. M. V. B. Chase, J. B. Bell, J. W. Clapp, S. F. Eobinson, W. B. Lapham, Selden Connor, B. H. Cushman, Amos Wilder, J. H. Manley, Howard Owen, S. L. Boardman, W. E. S. Whitman, E. C. Allen, J. F. Pierce, Samuel W. Lane, G. E. Brickett, H. S. Osgood, H. A. DeWitt, Horace Jordan, H. H. Hamlen, G. C. Vose, H. W. True, E. F. Pillsbury, O. C. Whitehouse, J. J. Eveleth, Geo. E. Weeks, C. B. Morton, S. W. Wyman, William Caldwell, David Cargill ; their associates, successors and assigns. Ch. 77. Private and Special Laws, 1872. The Lithgow Library The first home of the Association was a room on the second floor in Meonian Hall Block, where its collec- tion of books was begun ; after about a year this place was exchanged for a larger room in Bradbury Block on the opposite side of the street, — the birth- place of the Lithgow Library and Reading Room. The method adopted to raise money for the purchase of books and the equipment of a library was that of voluntary contributions. Subscribers to the amount of fifty dollars became Life Members of the Association, and entitled to the use of the library, during the rest of their lives, list of the Life Members : The following is a Joseph Baker, J. Manchester Haynes, David Cargill, Joseph J. Eveleth, Emmons Blaine, Henry M. Harlow, James W. Bradbury, James W. Bradbury, Jr., Benj. G. Davis, E. C. Williams, Orville D. Lambard, Martin V. B. Chase, Charles E. Nash, Alden Sprague, John H. Hartford, Allen Lambard, Geo. W. Stanley, Clinton Boothby, Wm. R. Smith, Llewellyn VV. Lithgow, Lot M. Morrill. Walker Blaine, Chas. W. Safford, Richard D. Rice, Henry A. DeWitt, Barrett E. Potter, Samuel Titcomb, Thomas Lambard, Amos Wilder, Joseph H. Williams, Geo. E. Brickett, Seth C. Whitehouse, Joshua Nye, Horace H. Hamlen, Joseph T. Woodward, William B. Lapham, John W. Chase, W. Penn Whitehouse, Treby Johnson. A. W. Thayer, Franklin M. Drew. George W. Quinby. AND Reading Room. The subscriptions to Life Memberships amounted to about $2500. The most of this sum was immedi- ately expended for carefully selected books. The purchasing committee were : James W. Bradbury, F. M. Drew, J. M. Haynes, H. S. Osgood, Selden Connor. The library received many excellent accessions from donations by generous well-wishers. John D. Myrick made a gift of two hundred volumes ; Miss Sarah E. R. Burton, twenty-seven volumes ; MissH. "W. Fuller, thirty-five volumes, and the Atlantic Monthly for twelve years ; other kind givers Avere : Joseph A. Homan, Alanson B. Furwell, Wm. H. Stacy, Mr. and Mrs. John Dorr, Samuel L. Board- man, J. W. Toward, Llewellyn W. Lithgow, Eussell Eaton, H. A. DeWitt; Wm. T. Johnson, James B. Bell, Charles H. Nason, Wm. S. Tilton (Governor of National Military Asylum, Togus). During the first year of its existence the Associa- tion was without the services of a regularly employed librarian. The shareholders or life members provid- ed themselves with keys which gave them access to the library-room ; but this method proving incon- venient. Miss Emma S. Sawin was engaged as librarian April 21, 1873, which position she filled until she was succeeded by Miss Julia M. Clapp, November 4, 1876. The Lithgow Library After the employment of a librarian the library was opened to the public on every secular day between the hours of ten and twelve o'clock, a. m., and two and six o'clock, p. m., and on Saturday evenings between the hours of seven and nine o'clock. The privileges of the library were extended to all persons on payment of an annual fee of two dollars. The payment of five dollars a year entitled the subscriber to the same privileges as those enjoyed by a life member. Each patron was allowed for home use two volumes at one time, for two weeks, with option of one renewal. As the purpose of the Association included within its scope the promotion of public education in literary, scientific and aesthetic lines, that part of its work was not left unperformed. Under the patronage of the Association several excellent and favorite lecturers* ^ave their best efforts on the Augusta platform to appreciative audiences. The success that attended the formation of the Augusta Literary and Library Association, the character, intelligence and culture of the chief promoters, and the handsome foundation sum that ♦Among them: George Dawson, Dec. 11, 1873; W. H. H. Murray, Jan. 1, 1875 ; S. Steele Mackaye, Jan. 26, 1875 ; A. C. Herrick, Feb. 5, 1875 ; An Opera, Feb. 12, 1875 ; Temple Quartette; A Spelling Match, in Granite Hall. d'yyiiC^ LLEWELLYN W. LITHGOW AND Reading* Room. was collected from Life Memberships, warranted the full assurance that thenceforth the people of Augusta were to have a public library, sufficient for the community and an object of pride as a local institution. But unfortunately the hopes founded on some of the early signs of promise were not to be realized. There was a well selected collection of books, numbering between two and three thousand volumes, wholly dependent upon a limited public patronage for current expenses and the increase that is indis- pensable to a living library. The oversight by the management when the library was founded, in not taking care that some reliable rill of income, how- ever small, should flow into the treasury, bore its inevitable fruit. The money derived from Life Memberships having been expended mainly for books, in the enthusiasm of creating the library, the only permanent resort for funds was the uncertain amount annually paid by the public for the use of books ; occasionally small additions were made to the library by purchase ; gradually the receipts began to decline, and finally they were insufficient to meet the actual expenses of rent, fuel and librarian hire. Such was the condi- tion until the indebtedness of the Association amounted to several hundred dollars ; and was steadily increasing. Finally the managers, after an The Lithgow Library unsuccessful effort to obtain the necessary support and being wholly discouraged by the unfevorable outlook, formally passed a vote to sell the books and disperse the library. Fortunately this vote was not carried into eff'ect. Honorable James W. Bradbury, who was a corpo- rator and member and one of the foremost promoters of the Association, was in possession (as counsel and attorney) of confidential knowledge of great weight in connection with the matter. Mr. Bradbury solicited and obtained a reconsideration of the vote to sell the books by providing a library room for the then ensuing year rent free. The library was thus rescued from impending sale and preserved ultimately for long and honored use, as will subsequently be shown. The first meeting of the Trustees of the Lithgow Library and Reading Room was held February 13, 1882, at which were present ; James W. Bradbury, President; Herbert M. Heath, Secretary; Wm. R. Smith, Treasurer; J. Manchester Haynes, Auditor; Peleg O. Vickery, Mayor. At that meeting Mr. Haynes and Mr. Heath were appointed a committee to prepare a list of books to be purchased, and Mr. Smith was instructed to confer with the Augusta Literary and Library Association, and see on what terms they would transfer their Library to the Trustees. ^^-p^^-t^^y%H^ -^^z J^^u y~lri^^_^ JAMES W. BRADBURY, TRUSTEE AND Reading Room. On the 19th day of June, following, Mr. Smith made report to the Trustees that he had received from the Association the following proposition : "At Ji meeting of the Augusta Literary and Library Association, holden on the 15th day of June, instant, it was voted, that the Clerk of this Associ- ation be and he is hereby authorized to transfer to the Trustees of the Lithgow Library, for said Library, the books, cases and furniture belonging to this Association, upon condition that said Lithgow Library shall assume the payment of the debt of said Association, and shall further give to such members thereof as may request it a certificate of the right during life to take books from the Lithgow Library, subject to the general regulations thereof, without the payment of fees or dues, and shall agree to carry out the arrangements with annual members for the present year." The proposition as above recited was accepted, and the payment of the Association's indebtedness was assumed by the Lithgow Library. Most of the indebtedness was for rent due to Mr. Bradbury, but that gentleman voluntarily reduced the amount to about $300. Thus the property of the Augusta Literary and Library Association, which had cost not less than 10 The Lithgow Library $3000, was transferred to the Trustees of the Lithgow Library and Reading Room ; and the former corporation after a career of invaluable use- fulness, covering a period of ten years, ceased to exist save in honored memory and the works which do follow it in the larger field filled by its more substantially endowed successor ; it was the strong forerunner of the later institution which it suo^jjested and promoted, — to which it finally consigned its valuable collection, and into which its own identity has been merged. LLEWELLYN WILLIAM LITHGOW'S BEQUEST. THE LIBRARY FOUNDED. ILEWELLYN W. LITHGOW, the founder of the Lithgow Library and Reading Room, was a Life Member of the Augusta Literary and Library Association. To join or to become actively identified with any new local society was with him an unusual act, but the objects of that Association appealed powerfully to his conviction that it is well for the people to exercise and culti- vate more the intellectual part of their nature. It was no habit of Mr. Lithgow, to give money osten- tatiously ; and while his name was not always seen on the circulating subscription papers of the street, he readily became a shareholder with others, his 12 The Lithgow Library fellow-citizens, in the undertakinor of establishins; a library and reading-room in his adopted city. During the seven or eight years preceding the new- year, 1881, Mr. Lithgow did not fail to recognize the difficulties which beset the new literary society of his city, in its efforts to attain the most satisfactory results. He saw the little library languish, and the reading- room closed ; and he knew that ere long the society toward which he and his townsmen had contributed so hopefully, would be unable to meet its expenses. He saw already obtained the nucleus of a good library, — the public need of it also, — and the desirability of a reading-room where the youth of the city, as well as their elders, could be permitted to repair for study and mental improvement and seclusion from the coarser influences of the streets. It was on the 21st day of January, 1881, that Mr. Lithgow executed his last will and testament, from which the following is an extract : "Item. I give, bequeath and devise unto the City of Augusta, in the County of Kennebec : To have and to hold forever (in trust) and upon the conditions herein after stated, viz., the sum of twenty thousand dollars ($20,000). This devise is made for the ex- press purpose of creating a fund of twenty thousand dollars, to be known as the Lithgow Library and WILLIAM R. SMITH, TRUSTEE 13 AND Reading Room. Reading Room Fund ; only the interest of which is to be used in establishing and maintaining a Public Library in said City of Augusta, for the use of the citizens thereof forever ; subject to such regulations and rules as the City Government may establish for the management thereof, the principal is never to be suflfered to diminish ; and if by any contingency the principal shall be reduced, said City of Augusta shall immediately make it good." . . . It is appropriate that there should be recorded here some facts relating to the man, who, by placing the above quoted clause in his will, made the present and the future generations of the people of Augusta his grateful debtors. Llewellyn William Lithgow was born in the town of Dresden, Maine, on the 25th day of December, 1796. He was the son of James Noble Lithgow, who was the son of William Lithgow, who was the son of Robert Lithgow,* who was of Scotch descent and who appears to have emigrated from his native country with his wife and young son William in one of Robert Temple's chartered ships that brought to New England so many Scotch-Irish colonists from the north of Ireland between the years 1718 and 1720. A large company of those emigrants attempted a settlement on the Kennebec river in the vicinity of ♦ Spelled Lithgood in the Topshan Eecords, and Lithgoe in Colonel Arthur Noble's will, dated November 21 1746. 14 THE LiTHGOW Library Merryraeeting Bay, on lands of Robert Temple and others. The Indian war of 1722-1725 dispersed the colonists, the most of them fleeing from Maine, to find more tranquil homes in the wildernesses of New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. Some, however, after the close of the war, returned to the Kennebec and there permanently established homes. Among these were Robert Lithgow and his neighbor and fellow-settler, Arthur Noble, — the earliest known ancestors of Llewellyn W. Lithgow. It is supposed that Arthur Noble and his wife Sarah were passengers also (with the Lithgows) in one of the Robert Temple ships, and that there were social relations and friendship between the two families. It is certain that Arthur Noble* (then lieutenant,) and Robert Lithgow, were members of the same military company during the Indian war (1722-'25) that was made memorable by the massacre at Nan- rantsouak (now Indian Old Point,) and Lovewell's fight at Piggwacket (now Fryeburg). The family name of Mrs. Robert Lithgow was McCurdy. She and her husband seem to have had their home at Fort Halifax while their son William commanded there (1754-'59). Only a few facts beyond those above recited have * Arthur Noble is supposed to have been born in Enniskillen, Ulster county, Ireland. 15 AND Reading Room. been preserved concerning Robert Lithgow. He was a hardy pioneer settler on the ancient Sagadahoc, and with his good wife whose christian name we do not find in any record, had the happiness to be blessed with a son William who was destined to become conspicuous in the annals of the Kennebec, and who presumably exhibited in his honorable career the wholesome precepts and example of his worthy parents. William Lithgow, grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was born either in Scotland or at the north of Ireland in 1712, and as a child accompanied his parents in their quest for a home in the New World. His boyhood appears to have been passed partly in Boston, but principally on what was then the frontier of civilization, — on the lower Kennebec and Andro- scofiT^in. He was often brought in contact with the Indians, and became ver- /^~r^y/f/^y7 ' ^^ J/ - sed in their (^/U^CCOll language by trading with them, and by commanding forts — first at Fort St. George (Thomaston) in 1734 and then at Richmond Fort in 1748, and finally at Fort Halifax (Winslow). He informs us in 1767 that he had been familiarly connected with the 16 The Lithgow Library Indians "for thirty years past." When the Province of Massachusetts in 1754, erected Fort Halifax, Colonel Lithgow was commissioned by Governor Shirley to command it. He remained at that post until the dawn of peace, — which came through the capture of Quebec by General Wolfe in 1759. On the organization of Lincoln county in 1760, he was appointed a judge of the court of Common Pleas. In 1775 he was commissioned a judge of the same court under the revolutionary government. Colonel William Lithgow married Sarah, only daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Noble, who with his regiment participated in the brilliant capture of Louisbourg under Sir Wm. Pepperell in 1745, and who met a tragic death at Minas in Nova Scotia, February 11, (new style) 1747, at the hands of a party of French and Indian rangers. Sarah Noble Lithgow inherited the estate of her father at Pleasant Cove in the town of Phippsburg, a few miles below the city of Bath, and that farm, improved and beautified, by the tenancy of Judge Lithgow and his family, after his retirement from Fort Halifax, became the famous Lithgow Home- stead — the manor-house of Sagadahoc — the abode of comfort, gentility and colonial elegance, and where the wayfarer high or low never missed of kindly welcome and good-cheer. Mark Langdon 17 AND Reading Room. Hill, a distinguished fellow townsman of Judge Lithgow, writing nearly a generation later, says, "he possessed a fine natural disposition, facetious and pleasant manners, and was exceedingly hospitable in his house to rich and poor, and this was charac- teristic of all his family, who were remarkable for their genial and elegant deportment." Judge Lithgow died December 20, 1788 ; his widow survived him until November 11, 1807.* Their family numbered ten children, the most of whom lived to adult age. The burial-place of Colonel Lithgow and his wife and some of their children was on the old homestead at Pleasant Cove, where the memorial stones are now the onl}'' visible vestiges remaining of the once notable occupancy of the farm by the Lithgow family. f * Col. William Lithgow's estate was administered upon by his widow, who was appointed administratrix May 2, 1799. Inven- tory by Dummer Sewall, Joseph Bowker, Elijah Drummond, March 31, 1800. The estate was appraised at $15,605.47. fFor other facts relating to the various members of this distinguished Kennebec family, the inquirer is referred to the Maine Historical Society's Collections, Volumes V and VIII; North's History of Augusta; the Bridge Genealogy, by Wm. F. Bridge, of Foster's Crossing, Ohio, January, 1884, pages 79-88 ; Boston : J. S. Cushing & Co., Printers. A complete compilation of the genealogical history of the Lithgow family in America is 18 The Lithgow Library James Noble Lithgow was the second son and seventh child of William and Sarah Lithgow ; he was born at Phippsburg (then a part of Georgetown) October 10, 17()3, and settled for life in Dresden where he died December 20, 1819 ; he married, Ann Gardiner, who was born January 4, 1771, and died May 9, 1799; she 2/^yy\- was the daugh- ter of John Gardiner, a celebrated lawyer, and sister of Dr. Gardiner, a rector of Trinity Church, Boston, and grand-daughter of Dr. Sylvester Gardiner, one of the landed proprietors on the Kennebec and the founder of the city of Gardiner, Their son, Llewellyn William Lithgow, the founder of the Lithgow Library and Reading Room, whose honorable ancestry has thus been briefly noted, spent the first forty years of his life in his native town. He engaged in mercantile business there and prospered so well that he was able at the age of now (1896) in progress in the hands of Mrs. Dunlap Hoplcins of New York, member of the N. Y. Genealogical and Biographical Society, who has found after much investigation, the probable branch in Scotland of which Robert the emigrant was a scion. The Scotch family shows an uninterrupted line through Robert de Bruce (1274-1329) to Egbert (775-836). 19 AND Reading Room. forty to retire on a competency. In 1839 he removed permanently to Augusta. He was married * May 30, 1825, to Mary, daughter of Thomas Bowman of Augusta; and to his second wife, Pauline P., daughter of Elisha Child of Augusta, in June, 1869. His residence was on State street where Mrs. Lith- gow now (1896) resides. Mr. Lithgow was a gentleman of the old school ; to urbane manners and a genial disposition he united a broad, public spirit, and great probity of character, qualities which won for him universal confidence and ^O^ respect. He was an active o^'^ member of Christ Church (Unitarian) of Augusta, and cherished the firm conviction that he was to enter upon a higher and more glorious stage of existence at the close of the present. Mr. Lithgow died suddenly on Wednesday, June 22, 1881 ; the funeral took place the following Friday, at ten o'clock in the forenoon, from his * The ceremony took place in Fort Western. It is interesting to note incidentally that in 1788, General William Lithgow, Jr., an uncle of Llewellyn W. Lithgow, moved to Augusta, and opened a law office in the south-western room of Fort Western, — the first room in the town whose walls received a coat of plastering. 20 The Lithgow Library late residence, and was attended by a large number of friends and neighbors and townsmen. The burial was at Dresden, his native town, and among his kindred. Thus passed from amongst us one of Augusta's most esteemed and distinguished citizens. Of the ending of his life it was said : " The busy day, the peaceful night, Unfelt, uncounted, glided by ; His frame was firm, his powers were bright, His flve-and-eightieth year tho' nigh. " Then with no fiery, throbbing pain, No cold gradations of decay, Death broke at once the vital chain, And freed his soul the nearest way."* * Quoted in an obituary notice of Mr. Lithgow, written by Daniel T. Pike, published in the New Age Newspaper. ii ^Sl^^* rt^ J. MANCHESTER HAYNES, TRUSTEE * ACCEPTANCE OF TRUST BY CITY OF AUGUSTA. THE LIBRARY OPENED. R. LITHGO W'S WILL was approved and established by the Probate Court, July 25, 1881. The Executors of the will (Samuel W. Luques of Biddeford, Peter F. Sanborn of Hallowell, Samuel Titcomb of Augusta, together with Mrs. Pauline C. Lithgow, or the survivor of them,) having notified the city government of Augusta of the bequest and the conditions thereof, a meeting of the Mayor and Aldermen was held August 5, 1881, at which, after reciting the notice, the bequest and the conditions upon which it was made, the foHowing vote was passed by the Board : " And whereas the Mayor and Aldermen of said city of Augusta, gratefully recognizing the generous 22 The Lithgow Library purposes of the devise and bequest to said city, which will be for all time a monument to the muni- ficence and liberality of the donor, deem it for the interest of said city that the above named noble devise and bequest should be accepted, and that the condition thereof should be complied with on the part of said city, therefore : Voted^ that said devise and bequest of said Llewellyn W. Lithgow to the city of Augusta, upon the terms and conditions therein specified, be and the same hereby are accepted. " Voted. That a copy of the vote of acceptance duly certified by the City Clerk, be immediately filed with the executors of the said Llewellyn W. Lithgow." Upon receiving the notice of acceptance, the executors placed in the hands of the treasurer of the city the sum of twenty thousand dollars, the amount of the bequest named in the will ; and in Board of Aldermen, December 6, 1881, the following Ordi- nance relative to the Lithgow Library Fund was passed : "An ordinance relating to the Lithgow Library and Reading Room Fund. "Be it ordained by the City Council of the City of Augusta, as follows: ** Section 1. The management, care and control 23 AND Reading Room. of the Public Library and Reading Room founded by the late Llewellyn W. Lithgovv, shall be vested in a Board of trustees which shall be constituted as fol- lows, viz : Said Board shall consist of five* members of which number the Mayor of the city shall be ex- officio one, and the rest shall be appointed by the Mayor and Aldermen, and hold their ofiice for three years, except that the executors or representatives of the estate of said Lithgow may appoint one of them, and that at the first election one of the remaining three shall be elected for one year, one for two years, and one for three years ; vacancies in the Board may be filled by the Mayor and Aldermen. "Section 2. Said Board of Trustees shall pre- scribe the rules and regulations under which said Library and Reading Room may be used, and do all things needful to protect, preserve and take care of the same. They shall have authority to use the income that shall accrue from the bequests afore- said, and such sums as shall from time to time be appropriated by the city for the purpose, in making the requisite purchases for said Library and Read- ing Room and in providing accommodations therefor, and for any deficiency in the expense of taking care of the same. * This number was enlarged to fourteen by City Ordinance passed February 10, 1893. 24 The Lithgow Library "Section 3. The city of Augusta consents to receive in trust the twenty thousand dollars already paid by said Lithgow's executors to its treasurer, and to pay therefor the interest thereon at the rate of five per cent per annum in semi-annual payments perpetually to said Board of Trustees for the purpose aforesaid, under the provisions of chapter ninety-two of the Laws of 1873. And the treasurer shall give the obligation of the city of Augusta to said Board of Trustees to make such payments ; and said Board shall have the necessary power to enforce the same. "Section 4. The city will carry out the known purpose of said Lithgow so far as it may have the power to do it ; that all such sums as it may hereafter receive from said estate shall be applied to the enlargement and sustaining said Library and Reading Room, or in providing accommodations therefor." In Board of Aldermen December 29, 1881, the following named persons were unanimously elected as Trustees : J. Manchester Haynes for three years ; William R. Smith for two years ; Herbert M. Heath for one year. James W. Bradbury was announced by the Mayor as the person selected by the executors of the Lithgow estate as the fourth member of said Board of Trustees. The Mayor was made ex-officio the fifth member. Mr. Heath resigned \ JW ^^ ^ 'x^ i u .^ ^^" r i^t-^ ^^ ^^"^ ,1 ^ f I i ^ , ^ "^ ^E 1l J :^^ J, J ^ s .> 1 I L\^ \ ^ ^ i\ X. ^ 1 1^ ^,^ ^1 %1 4 ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ .^ "I 25 AND Reading Room. in 1883, in contemplation of removal from the State, and Leslie C. Cornish was appointed to fill the vacancy. The first work performed by the Board of Trustees after its organization on February 12, 1882, was the acceptance of the books and fixtures of the Library of the Augusta Literary and Library Association, as noted on a preceding page. On September 23, 1882, the Trustees entered into possession under their organization, and opened for the first time the Lithgow Library and Reading Room. It was voted to keep the Library open every secular afternoon in the week and Saturday evenings. Miss Julia M. Clapp, (the Librarian of the Augusta Literary and Library Association,) was elected Librarian. It was also voted that the Committee on Books with the concurrence of the President, expend five hundred dollars in the purchase of new books, and that the right of taking books from the Library for home use, should be extended to the inhabitants of Augusta upon the payment of one dollar per year in advance, only one book at a time to be taken by the same person, and that to be kept not exceeding two weeks. From that time to the present the Library has been open to the public. In addition to the bequest of the twenty thousand 26 The Lithgow Library dollars by Mr. Lithgow, the city of Augusta became interested as a residuary legatee. After bequests to family and friends and to the town of Dresden upon certain conditions, the will contained the following residuary clause : " Should any one of the aforesaid devisees or legatees refuse to accept the devised estate upon the conditions named in said devise, then such part together with the remainder of my estate, I then give, bequeath and devise one-half to the town of Dresden, and the remaining half to the city of Augusta." Mr. Lithgow having omitted to state that the receipts under this clause of the will should be applied to the same library purposes as the preceding bequest, legislation became necessary to carry out this intention of the testator, as without it the receipts would have passed unconditionally into the city treasury. The city authorities were disposed to carry out Mr. Lithgow's intentions as fully as they had power. With their assent, application was made to the Legislature for the requisite power. It was deemed advisable to ask also for authority to organize as a corporation so that the Trustees of the Library could better protect its property, collect its dues, maintain its rights, and secure its permanency. As a result of the application, the Legislature passed the following Act. JOSEPH H. MANLEY, TRUSTEE 27 AND Reading Room. Private and Special Laws of 1883. Chapter 174. An Act authorizing the city of Augusta, to apply a certain bequest from L. W. Lithgow to Library purposes, and to incorporate the Lithgow Library and Reading Room. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in Legislature assembled, as follows : Section 1. The city of Augusta is hereby authorized to appropriate and use all such money and other property, or the proceeds thereof, as shall be received by said city under the residuary clause in the will of the late Llewellyn W. Lithgow in providing accommodations, by a building or otherwise, for the public library and reading room established by aid of the specific legacy of twenty thousand dollars under a prior clause in said will, and in maintaining and enlarging said library. Section 2. James W. Bradbury, P. O. Vickery, J. Man- chester Haynes, William R. Smith and Herbert M. Heath, the present board of trustees of said library and reading room, and their successors in said trust, are hereby constituted a body corporate under the name of the Lithgow Library and Reading Room, with all the corporate powers given to like corporations by chapter fifty -five of the Revised Statutes of 1871. Said corporation may take and hold by purchase, gift, devise or bequest, personal or real estate, in all not exceeding in value one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, owned at any one time, and use and dispose thereof only for the purposes for which the corporation was organized. It is, however, here provided that the rules and regulations for the management of said library and reading room shall be subject to the authority of the city government of said City of Augusta. It is further provided that this section shall take eflFect only when said city of Augusta shall, by vote of its city government, accept its provisions. Approved January 27, 1883. 28 The Lithgow Library At a meeting of the Board of Aldermen, held September 28, 1883, the provisions of section two of the foregoing Act of the Legislature was by formal vote accepted, and it was thereupon : " Ordained^ That all such moneys or other property, or the proceeds thereof as shall be receivable under said residuary clause in said Lithgow's will, shall be paid by the executors to the Treasurer of the Board of Trustees of said Library and Keading Room, to be applied and used for library purposes, in accord- ance with said ordinance, [of December 6, 1881,] and Act [of January 27, 1883] . And said Treasurer is hereby authorized to receipt therefor in the name of the city, — to the end that the purposes of said Lithgow and of the ordinance aforesaid may be fully carried into effect." The organization of the corporation was effected on October 22, 1883. A meeting of the Trustees was held on that day, at which were present : James W. Bradbury, William R. Smith, J. Manchester Haynes, Leslie C. Cornish and Alden W. Philbrook, Mayor, and it was " voted to accept the Act of Janu- ary 27, 1883, authorizing the city of Augusta to apply a certain bequest from L. W. Lithgow to library purposes, and to incorporate the Lithgow Library and Reading Room." Thereupon the follow- ing officers were chosen : President, James W. 29 AND Reading Room. Bradbury ; Secretary, Leslie C. Cornish ; Treasurer, William R. Smith ; Auditor, J. Manchester Haynes. It was then voted to accept the provisions of section one of the Ordinance of the city of Augusta, passed December 6, 1881, prescribing the number and manner of electing trustees ; and it was voted also that the corporation hold in trust the books and other property of the library for the purpose of carrying out the objects indicated in the will of the late Llewellyn W. Lithgow. Miss Julia M. Clapp was elected Librarian. The organization of the Lithgow Library and Reading Room into a corporation, having thus been legally effected, the corporation had thereafter all necessary power to carry out the purposes of Mr. Lithgow, to manage the affairs of the Library and secure its permanency. RAISING OF THE BUILDING FUND. THE ARCHITECTS PLAN. N MR. LITHGOWS WILL one of the bequests to the to wn of Dresden ( $5000 ) was upon conditions so expressed that j there was a difference of opinion as to the intent of the testator, which led to the application by the executors to the court for in- structions as to the legal construction of the clause containinoj the conditions. The town of Dresden claimed to have complied with them, and its con- struction of the clause was ably argued by legal counsel, but the court upon consideration decided otherwise. This decision carried the bequest of the live thousfind dollars into the residuary fund, to be 31 The Lithgow Library. equally divided between Augusta and Dresden. The total amount that Augusta received under the resid- uary clause in the will, was about sixteen thousand dollars, making the total legacy under the will, in round numbers thirty-six thousand dollars. The sixteen thousand dollars legacy under the residuary clause was independent of the trust fund of twenty thousand dollars, and fell into the treasury of the corporation without any conditions attached to it. It was determined by the Trustees after careful consideration, to employ the portion of the legacy that came under the residuary clause, "in providing accommodations by a building," — as authorized by the lenrislative act of 1883. Therefore the sum of sixteen thousand dollars was appropriated as the substantial nucleus of a Building Fund, and placed on interest to await such accretions as would iinall}'' make the enlarged fund sufficient to erect an adequate and appropriate library building. As early as 1888, the location was selected and a lot of land secured for the proposed building. On the 8th of December of that year, the Trustees purchased of Gardiner C. Vose and William P. Whitehouse, for the sum of $5300, the Cushnoc House property, situated at the comer of State and Winthrop streets. This property was thenceforth leased by the Trustees at fair rentals, until the 32 The Lithgow Library destruction of the buildin_o:s by fire during the evening of September 13, 1892. The same conflugra- tion that swept away the ancient Cushnoc House and stables destroyed also the adjoining stable of William G. Moody. The lot on which the latter stable stood thus incidentally becoming available was purchased by the Trustees October 14, 1892, for four thousand dollars. The two lots were mersfed forming a commodious site for the contemplated library building. The south line of the lot on Winthrop street measures 176' 5" ; the north line, 170' 8"; on State street, 107'; on Pleasant street, 117' 3". Though no two sides are equal, in length, the irregularities are so slight as to be of no account practically. As there was a general desire that a library building should be erected as soon as practicable the Trustees made through the pub- lic press an appeal to citizens to furnish the necessary aid. The financial con- dition at the beginning of 1891, was as follows : A permanent fund of twenty thousand dollars loaned to the city of Augusta at five per cent to sustain and enlarge the library proper by the use of the income ; a building lot that had cost fifty-three 33 AND Reading Room. hundred dollars, and about fifteen thousand dollars applicable to building purposes, principally from the Lithgow estate. At a meeting of the Trustees held July 14, 1891, it was : " Voted, that the donor of one thousand dollars or more towards the erection of a Library Building shall be entitled to have an ^ alcove f ^/^ ^*N therein "^ bear his or her name or that of such person as he or she shall designate." At the same meeting a circular letter was prepared setting forth the condition and needs of the library, and sent to a goodly number of Augusta citizens, and to natives of Augusta residing elsewhere, making an appeal for co-opera- tion. To this appeal the first response received was from Charles F. Alden, of Clinton, Iowa, who sent a subscription of one thousand dollars for an alcove in memory of his mother, Bethia S. N. Alden. At a meeting of the Trustees held on the 16th of September, 1892, another plan was suggested. The President of the Trustees, — Honorable James Ware Bradbury, — proposed to give the sum of one thous- and dollars upon the condition that enough more 34 The Lithgow Library should be subscribed within three months to make ten thousand dollars, — four of the subscriptions to be for one thousand dollars each. The next day Horace Williams sent a subscription for one thousand dollars. This was followed by like subscriptions from Emery Sanborn of Hallo well, in memory of his deceased wife, Annie Lithgow Sanborn ; James Gr. Blaine in memory of his son, Walker Blaine ; Mrs. Sara Rockwood Ladd Fuller, of New Rochelle, New York, in memory of her husband, Henry Weld Fuller; Mrs. Harriet Stanley Lambard, in memory of her father, George W. Stanley ; Joseph H. Williams and sisters in memory of their father, Reuel Williams; Mrs. Anita McCormick Blaine, of Chicago, Illinois, in memory of her husband, Emmons Blaine ; Henry M. Harlow, in memory of his daughter, Alice W. Harlow ; Treby Johnson and sisters and John W. Chase, in memory of William T. Johnson ; Peleg O. Vickery and John F. Hill, in memory of Mrs. Lizzie Vickery Hill. Mr. Bradbury's subscription was for an Alcove in memory of his son, James Ware Bradbury, Jr. While the Trustees were engaged in obtaining these subscriptions, Mr. Ira H. Randall addressed a letter to Mr. Andrew Carnegie, who is well known as a founder of libraries, reciting to that distin- "•aW" ANDREW CARNEGIE 35 AND Reading Room. guished benefactor, the general condition of the Lithgow Library's affairs up to that time ; also describing the proposed location of the building, giving the names of the large subscribers, outlining the prospects of the institution for the future, and offering a respectful suggestion that Mr. Carnegie contribute such sum, if any, as he could "afford." Mr. Carnegie promptly replied as follows : Hotel Royal Danieli Venise Tenu Pak Genovebsi & Campi. Nov. 15, 1892, My Dear Mr. Randall : Your letter about the Public Library reaches me here. As I understand you, $22,000 have been raised; $40,000 are required. You are therefore short $18,000. Subscriptions are to be solicited throughout the city. Now, then, raise half of the deficiency, $9000, and although steel business upon which I depend for all my resources, is not paying any dividends these times, I cannot resist the temptation to iden- tify myself with the Library, by oflFering to provide the other half. Wishing you speedy success, I am. Truly yours, Andrew Carnegie. On the receipt by Mr Randall of Mr. Carnegie's generous offer, it was unanimously : " Voted, That 36 The Lithgow Library the Trustees of the Lithgow Library and Reading Room are gratified by the intelligence of the proposed liberal donation to our Library by Mr. Andrew Carnegie. It is certainly exceedingly kind for a stranger to do so generous a deed, for which he has the thanks of all the patrons of the Library ; and our secretary is instructed to send him a copy of this vote expressing our appreciation of his generosity, and to inform him that we are engaged in the effort to raise the funds necessary to fulfil the conditions of his donation, and that they will advise him of the result of their efforts which they have no doubt will be successful."* The success of the efforts to erect a buildina: was now felt to be assured. All that remained to be done was to formulate a method of proceeding, and appeal to the public for the sum of $9000. On the motion of the five members who had hitherto constituted the management of the institu- tion, the Board of Trustees was enlarged by the addition of nine new members. This was done by ordinance of the City Council passed February 10, 1893. The names of the new Trustees were : Benj. * Record, December 1, 1892. IRA H. RANDALL, TRUSTEE 37 AND Reading Room. F. Parrott, Lendall Titcomb, James W. North, Richard E. Goodwin, Charles E. Nash, Ira H. Randall, Joseph H. Manley, John F. Hill, Oscar Holway. Mr. Randall subsequently declined the position and John W. Chase was appointed to fill the vacancy. A committee consisting of Messrs. Manley, Hol- way, Randall, Nash and Goodwin, was appointed March 9, 1893, to solicit subscriptions. About this time several young gentlemen and ladies of Augusta had organized themselves into an amateur dramatic company, and performed in the Opera House, on March 9, 1893, the four-act comedy, entitled "School," by T. W. Robertson, for the benefit of the Lithgow Library. The following named persons assumed characters in the play : Mr. Frank A. Owen, Bangor; Mr. Richard E. Goodwin, Augusta; Mr. Edwin L. Nash ; Mr. Geo. H. Bangs ; Mr. Byron A. Mead ; Mr. Harry H. Pierce ; Mr. Cony Sturgis ; Mr. Woart Lancaster ; Master Frank Chase ; Miss Grace Randall ; Miss Frances W. Chase ; Mrs. F. W. Chase ; Miss Alice W. Welch ; Miss Ena Chadbourne ; Mrs. Geo. H. Brickett ; Miss Mary Huntington ; Misses Marion Michoelis, Mabel Gould, Carrie North, Gertrude Stone, Winnefred Smith, Zoe Peterson, Charlotte Randall, Lou Pierce, Muriel Haynes. 38 The Lithgow Library From the proceeds of this entertainment which was generously patronized by the public, the sura of five hundred dollars was kindly paid into the treasury of the Library. The Subscription Committee reported on April 10th, that from statements of sub-committees it was believed that the needed amount had been secured and that they could report finally at the next meeting. At the meeting of April 22d, 1893, the prelimi- nary steps toward actual building operations were taken. It was voted that the walls of the building be of granite, with facade on Winthrop street ; that it be located as near the northern line as practicable, and equally distant from State and Pleasant streets ; and that the Secretary be authorized to invite architects to submit plans for a building that would afibrd accommodations for a library of 30,000 volumes, and contain also a Reading Room, and a Lecture Hall. Lendall Titcomb was chosen secretary pro tempore at this meeting and served during the two months' absence of Mr. Cornish in Europe. The next meeting was held May 22, 1893. There were present : Messrs. Holway, Manley, Hill, Par- rott, Goodwin, Titcomb and Nash, The Committee on subscriptions reported that the sum of nine 39 AND Reading Room. thousand dollars had been subscribed by Augusta citizens, the sum necessary to meet the condition required by Mr. Carnegie's offer. The Committee reported that Dr. W. Scott Hill had offered a subscription of five hundred dollars on condition that the Kennebec Natural History and Antiquarian Society should be allowed a hall for its meetings and collection. This subscription was accepted.* * At a meeting of the Trustees held October 26, 1895, the following was adopted : " Whereas, Dr. W. Scott Hill has made a subscription of five hundred dollars to the funds of the Lithgow Library conditioned on the right of the Kennebec Natural History and Antiquarian Society of Augusta to occupy the Hall in the Lithgow Library building, therefore, voted, that the Kennebec Natural History and Antiquarian Society of Augusta be henceforth granted the right to occupy the Hall in the new Library for their meetings, and also for such of their cases of collections as can be arranged around the walls, without expense except as to lighting and janitor which shall be borne by said society ; it being understood that the Library shall retain the care and control of said Hall and use the same for such other purposes as the Trustees may desire ; Provided that the said Lithgow Library shall have the right to terminate said occupancy at any time by giving said Society six months' notice and upon payment to said Dr. W. Scott Hill of the said sum of five hundred dollars during his lifetime, or in the event of his death to the said Kennebec Natural History and Antiquarian Society. " 40 The Lithgow Library The following list embraces the subscriptions to the Building Fund, additional to the amount derived from the Lithgow bequest : COXTRIBUTORS TO BUILDING FuND. Andrew Carnegie, Pittsburgh, Penn., nine thousand dollars, - ... - $9000. Charles F. Aldeu, Clinton, Iowa, one thousand dollars, 1000. James W. Bradbury, Augusta, one thousand dollars, 1000. Horace Williams, Augusta, one thousand dollars, 1000. Emery A. Sanborn, Hallowell, one thousand dollars, 1000. Mrs. Sara Rockwood Ladd Fuller, New Rochelle, N.Y., 1000. James G. Blaine, Augusta, one thousand dollars, 1000. Joseph H. Williams and sisters (Mrs. Helen A. Oilman of Portland, Miss Ann M. Williams and Mrs. Jane E. Judd of Augusta), one thousand dollars, 1000. Mrs. Harriet Stanley Lambard, Augusta, one thousand dollars, 1000. Mrs. Anita McCormick Blaine, Chicago, Illinois, one thousand dollars, . - - - 1000. Heni'y M. Harlow, Augusta, one thousand dollars, 1000. Treby Johnson and sisters (Mrs. Adeline N. Belcher of San Francisco and Miss Abby C Johnson of Augusta), and John W. Chase of Augusta, one thousand dollars, - . - - 1000. Peleg O. Vickery and John F. Hill, Augusta, one thousand dollars, ... - 1000. William H. Gannett, Augusta, five hundred dollars, 500. Lendall Titcomb, Augusta, five hundred dollars, 500. W. Scott Hill, Augusta, five hundred dollars, - 500. Orville D. Baker, Augusta, two hundred fifty dollars, 250. Joseph H. Manley, Augusta, two hundred fifty dollars, 250. Carried forward, $23,000. D ANIE L I VENlSt. TENU PAR GENQVES) &CAMPI CcJ^'^^Ju =0 Co O =0 LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE. MASONIC CEREMONY. URING the month of May, 1894, the ground of the library lot was broken for the foundation of the proposed building ; the necessary excavations -J were made, and the mason work be- gun. Contracts had been made with various parties for the erection and completion of the building. On the 14th day of June the Corner-Stone of the building was laid by Freemasons with the imposing and solemn rites of that ancient and revered frater- nity. Invitations to be present had been sent to all of the contributors to the building fund. The one sent to Mr. Carnegie and family was acknowledged 48 The Lithgow Library by that gentleman a few months later * There were other distinguished persons specially invited. Platforms shaded with canvas had been prepared for the accommodation of the invited guests. The Governer (Henry B. Cleaves) and his Military Staff and the members of his Executive Council ; the Honorable Mayor (Charles A. Milliken) and City Council of Augusta; the Grand Master (Horace H. Burbank) and the other officers of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Maine ; the Governor (Luther Stephenson) of the National Military Asylum for Disabled Soldiers ; Mrs. * 5 West 51st St., New York. November 8, 1894. My Dear Sir : I find here upon my arrival your kind invitation to be present, at the laying of the corner stone of the Lithgow Library. You must have have thought me very remiss in not acknowledg- ing it. If it had been received by me abroad, I should have written something to be used on such an interesting occasion. I trust all passed off well. The opening of a Free Library is always to me an encouraging event. I have faith in these insti- tutions as an instrument for the genuiue progress of our race. With best wishes, I am always Yours, very truly, Andrew Carnbusie. Chas. E. Nash, Esq., Sec'y B'Id'g Committee Lithgow Library, Augusta, Me. 49 AND Reading Room. Llewellyn W. Lithgow ; the ladies of Rose of Sharon Chapter, No. 13, Order of the Eastern Star; the Eminent Commanders of the several Coraman- deries of Knights Templar present ; the contributors to the Lithgow Library Building Fund, and other special friends of the institution ; the Trustees ; and others, filled the platforms. The ladies of Rose of Sharon Chapter, Mrs. D. W. Emery, Worthy Matron, contributed a profusion of flowers, and wove then into a large and beautiful arch over the entrance, through which the distin- guished cortege passed into the area and to the platforms erected at the exterior of the north-east corner of the foundation masonry ; a globe of flowers exquisitely arranged in manner to symbolize the eastern and western hemispheres of the globe, surmounted the arch. The grounds were rendered attractive and the scene inspiring b}- an abundance of national flags waving from the derrick-guys in honor of the occasion. Through the graceful courtesy of General Stephen- son, the Military Band of the National Soldiers' Home at Togus, furnished music for the occasion. Within the Corner-Stone was deposited a sealed copper box containing records and documents and other tokens that will perchance interest those who 50 The Lithgow Library may look upon them in the far distant future when the building shall have become a wasted ruin. The weather was exceptionally fine and many thousands of people were witnesses of the ceremonies. At 2 o'clock in the afternoon the procession was formed on Water street, in the the following order. ORDER OF PROCESSION. Chief Marshal, Sir Knight Winfleld S. Choate. Adjutant and Chief of Staff, Sir Knight Wm. H. Williams. Aids : Sir Knights M. S. Campbell, F. E. Southard, George A. Philbrook, E. C. Dudley, John W. Berry, A. L. McFadden. National Home Band, B. W. Thieme, Leader. Trinity Commandery, Augusta, Eminent Sir Edwin C. Dudley, Eminent Commander. Maine Commandery, Gardiner, Eminent Sir T. A. Jewett, Eminent Commander. Grand Commander Wm. J. Landers and Staff. Knights Templar in carriages. Grand High Priest Seward S. Stearns and Staff. Honorable James W. Bradbury, President of the Day. Honorable Henry B. Cleaves, Governor of Maine. General Luther Stephenson, Governor of National Home, Disabled Volunteer Soldiers. Honorable Charles A. Milliken, Mayor of Augusta. Major J. R. McGuinness, Commandant U. S. Arsenal. Governor's Staff. Executive Council. Trustees of Lithgow Library. Morning Star Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons, Litchfield, Herbert M. Starbird, Worshipful Master. 51 AND Reading Room. Order of Procession (concluded). Augusta Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons, Augusta, D. W. Emery, Worshipful Master. Bethlehem Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons, Augusta, Albert T. Murphy, Worshipful Master. Visiting Masons. Cushnoc Chapter, Royal Arch Masons, Augusta, F. W. Plaisted, High Priest. Jerusalem Chapter, Royal Arch Masons, Hallowell, J. E. Blanchard, High Priest. Winthrop Chapter, Royal Arch Masons, Winthrop, L. E. Jones^ High Priest. Dunlap Chapter, Royal Arch Masons, China, Charles W. Jones, High Priest. Waterville Band, R. B. Hall, Leader. St. Omer Commandery, Waterville, Eminent Sir W. C. Philbrook, Eminent Commander. DeMolay Commandery, Skowhegan, Eminent Sir T. H. Anderson, Eminent Commander. Most Worshipful Horace H. Burbank, Grand Master, and Officers- of Grand Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons, of Maine. The route of procession was from "Water street to Grove, down Grove to State street, down State to Capitol ; countermarched and formed line facing west, the right resting at the junction of Grove and State streets, near the Augusta House. At this place the President of the Day, the Gov- ernor and suite, and the Grand Master and officers of the Grand Lodge were received, and they took position in the line. 52 The Lithgow Library The route of march then continued up Western Avenue to Sewall street, through Sewall to Winthrop street, down Winthrop to the Library lot. The exercises were opened with prayer by the Rew. A. W. Snyder, Rector of St. Mark's Episcopal Church ; an address was then given by the President of the Day, Mr. Bradbury ; this was followed by a pa'esentation.address by Leslie C. Cornish ; then was the formal laying of the Corner-Stone by the Most Excellent Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Maine, assisted by his Wardens and other officers. PRAYER BY REVEREND A. W. SNYDER. Blessed be Thy name, O Lord God, that it hath pleased Thee to put it into the heart of Thy servant to found this Library, the corner-stone of which we now lay in Thy name and presence. Prosper Thou the work of our hands. Give, O Lord, we pray Thee, to those who have the management ^.^.JL.:<.oUa}^ of this Library, wis- *^ dom in the conduct of its affairs. Guard by Thy merciful providence the erection of this edifice now entered upon in Thy 53 AND Reading Room. holy name. Excite the skill and animate the fidelity of the superintendents and workmen. Protect them from all dangers both of soul and body. Bless, we pray Thee, this undertaking to us, and to our chil- dren from generation to generation, and grant that our work, this day, may now, and always, be to Thy glory and the good of Thy people. Amen. ADDRESS BY HONORABLE MR. BRADBURY. Fellow Citizens^ Ladies and Gentlemen: It is a suggestive truth that th« good men do in this world lives after they have left it. A good deed does not die. Our meeting on this occasion is evidence of the fact. We have assembled to lay the corner-stone of an edifice for a public library, devoted to the public good — where the rich treasures of learnins: of all ages of the world, in history, biography, poetry, science, art, general literature and fictfon are to be garnered, preserved and made available to public use, for the free enjoyment of every citizen. We owe this privilege to the public spfrst of Llewellyn W. Lithgow — a name that will lie h^eld in grateful remembrance by the countless beneficiaries of his useful and wise bequest, of the present and future generations. 54 The Lithgow Library The library was founded by him, and it appropri- ately bears his name ; while liberal and essential aid has been received from others which is thankfully appreciated. Mr. Lithgow was a native of Maine, of a family distinguished in its early history. He was born in the town of Dresden, where he lived and entered into business and remained until 1839, when he moved to Augusta, where he resided for more than forty years, a valued and respected citizen, until his death which occurred June 22, 1881. By his will, dated January 21, 1881, proved and established by the court of probate, July 25, 1881, he gave to the city of Augusta $20,000 in trust, for the express purpose of creating a fund to be known as "The Lithgow Library and Reading Room Fund," the interest of which is to be used in establishing^ and maintaining a public library in the city of Augusta for the use of the citizens thereof. He further provided that the principal must never be diminished ; and if in any contingenc}' it should be reduced, the city must make it good. The city has accepted the trust, received the $20,000, and given its obligation to pay to the trustees of the library, perpetually, $1000 per annum, tin semi-annual payments of $500. The permanency of the library is thus secured. In addition to this specific bequest, Mr. Lithgow, 55 AND Reading Room. in the residuary clause of his will, provided that after paying all his specific bequests Augusta and Dresden should be his residuary legatees. The clause in his will for the specific bequest was prepared for him by counsel, at his request, but the rest of it was drawn by himself, and in making the residuary bequest to Augusta he omitted to state that it was for the same purpose as his other donation ; and it became necessary to obtain authority from the Legislature to enable the city to carry out this intention. In obtaining this authority an act of incorporation was also secured, and "The Lithgow Library and Reading Room" is now a legal corporation, with power to protect its property and maintain its rights. Under this residuary clause the library had received about $15,000 some years ago. A literary and library association that existed prior to our organization, had a valuable selection of books costing over $2500, the sale of which was ordered as the association was running in debt, but was arrested and this whole library, making a material addition, was subsequently transferred to ours at a cost of a few hundred dollars. It has been the effort of the trustees to provide not merely works of fiction, which are in great demand by the younger patrons of the library, but 56 The Lithgow Library largely books of a more instructive character, designed to interest the general reader, to develop a higher standard of taste, and gradually, as our funds will permit, place on our shelves the works of our best authors in every department of learning. Two or three years ago there was a strong feeling in favor of the erection of a library building, but after the payment for the lot the funds applicable to that purpose were much too small to pay the cost of a suitable one. In this exigency the trustees made repeated appeals for aid. Without further partic- ulars (which are fully stated in my report to the City Government) it is sufficient on this occasion to say, that enough has been secured to bring the general or building fund up to $40,000, including in it the balance received from the Lithgow estate under the residuary clause in the will, after the payment for the lot. Of this amount there were twelve subscriptions for $1000 each, three for $500, seven for $250, one for $200, one for $175, twelve for $100 and a good number for less amounts, all being specifically entered upon the records of the library. It includes the generous aid we have received from non-residents of Augusta : from Mrs. Henry W. Fuller, and Mrs. Emmons Blaine, of $1000 each, and a like amount from Mr. Charles F. Alden, Mr. Horace Williams CMa^' ^9?lcmk^ CHARLES A. MILLIKEN, MAYOR 57 AND Reading Room. and Mr. Emery A. Sanborn, and $9000 from Mr. Andrew Carnegie. The library corporation now has a solid standing. Permanent fund, twenty thousand dollars ($20,000), general and building fund, forty thousand dollars ($40,000). The lot is unincumbered, and there is a library of over six thousand books. We have the nucleus of a good public library. It has been my hope that we could save enough from the general fund, with the amount received from the takers of books, to meet our current expenses, and thus leave the whole of the $1000 income to be expended in the purchase of books and additions to the library. One thousand dollars annually and judiciously applied to such purpose would in time make the Lithgow Library, in a good library room, one of the best and most attractive and useful libraries in the State. A good public library in a town like this is an educational institution of inestimable value. It inspires a taste for reading. It increases the general intelligence, raises its standard of intel- lectual character and adds to its influence and power. It will contain the best thoughts of great minds of 58 The Lithgow Library all countries, in all ages of the world known to history, and offer them to us for our instruction, in our own lano;uao;e. By their works we make our acquaintance with the authors, and they become our intellectual com- panions, and like a companion, make an impression of their character upon us. The more we study them, the longer the companionship, and the deeper the impression. The young should be as careful in the selection of their books as of their companions. Is it not instructive to make acquaintance with such men as Homer, Socrates, Plato, Demosthenes and others amongst the illustrious men of Greece, to hear the blind poet recite his Iliad, to listen to the instructions of the philosophers and learn how they reason and think, and to be aroused by the philip- pics of the matchless orator of antiquity? We can also make the acquaintance of some of the illustrious men of the Roman race — with Virgil who will delight us with his polished verse, with Cicero, eloquent upon every subject touched by his prolific pen, with Julius Ct^sar, the master mind of his age. But no one's life can give us a more instructive, practical lesson than that of Cornelia, the mother of ll/V€i<^l£i LENDALL TITCOMB, TRUSTEE 59 AND Reading Room. the Gracchi, who devoted herself to train, educate and prepare her two sons for their distinguished career. She comprehended the true sphere of woman, the grandest open to humanit}^ — the power to mould and form the character of the entire coming generation. The Romans erected a statute to her memory. But our principal library acquaintance will be with the distinguished writers of modern times, and largely those of the English speaking race, — with such as Shakespeare, Milton, Addison, Scott, Thack- eray, Dickens, Macaulay, Carlyle and others, and the writers of the present age upon every branch of learning, and with our American authors who have made their names historical, such as Irving, Bancroft, Prescott, Motley, Emerson, Longfellow, Hawthorne, Abbott, Holmes, Lowell, Whittier and many others of like ability, and with the able writers with whose work the press is now daily teeming and the shelves of the library are being tilled. It is with such an array of distinguished men and women of ancient and modern times, our thoughtful benefactor and his associates offer the privilege of an acquaintance to the entire community. All honor to his name. I have sometimes thought that if it is permitted to those who have left us for the life beyond to know 60 The Lithgow Library what is transpiring here, and our friend could look into the library room some afternoon and see the group of young persons sitting around the tables and intently poring over the books in the earnest pursuit of knowledge, and the crowd that press around the librarian for books to take home and read, it could not fail to fill his heart with joy to see that in doing good here his influence still lives. At the close of Mr. Bradbury's address, the National Military Home Band finely rendered a selection entitled, "Northern Romance." Then followed the presentation address by Mr. Leslie C. Cornish. ADDRESS BY MR. CORNISH. Mi\ President y Ladies and Gentlemen: When the Pilgrim Fathers established on these shores the infant commonwealth, they planted side by side the schoolhouse and the church, the one representing their faith in man, the other their faith in God. To these two sources, coupled with the spirit of civil and religious liberty, may be traced the intellectual and moral progress of the New England of to-day. 61 AND Reading Room. But different times have different needs, and what was ample for the beginning of the seventeenth century is quite insufficient for the end of the nineteenth. To-day a new factor has come into our social economy, not to supplant, but to supplement both school and church, and that factor is the public library. Such an institution was impossible in the days of our forefathers. Books were few in number and and practically inaccessible. When the keel of the Maj'flower first parted the waters of Plymouth Bay Shakespeare had been dead but four years and no edition of his works had as yet been attempted. Bacon, in the zenith of his fame, was just putting forth his marvelous productions, and literature as such was meagre in the extreme. The two hundred and seventy-four years that have elapsed since that time have witnessed a constantly increasing supply in every branch of study. All de- partments have vied with one another in intellectual activity until the well equipped library of the present day contains nearlj'- as many thousands as its predecessor of that early time could have contained single volumes. Thinking men have come to recognize the value of these institutions to the citizens at large, and throughout New England, where once you saw simply the schoolhouse and the church, you 62 The Lithgow Library now see standing beside them and lifting its head with equal pride, because conscious of the equal duty it is performing, the public library, the intellectual store- house of the people. Augusta to-day, is celebrating her good fortune, and is about to lay the corner-stone of her new library building. The corner-stone of the library itself was laid many, years ago through the thought- fulness of the generous citizen whose name it bears. His generosity has been imitated by others. The rich have given from their abundance, those of moderate means from their prudent savings ; all alike have been bountiful, and have rendered possible the occasion on which we now are met. "Well may the friends of this institution be happy. They have planned for it and worked for it, in season and out of season, during these many years, and to-day witnesses the fulfilment of their hopes. I wonder if we fully appreciate the significance of these exercises. It is the founding not of a school or a college, where only a few of a certain age can receive instruction ; nor of a church where a few of a certain sect can worship together ; but it is the establishment of a university for the ten thousand people within the limits of this fair city, and for the tens of thousands that may hereafter dwell here ; for the rich and for the poor, for the educated and the 63 AND Reading Room. illiterate, for the 3'oiing and the old, in short, for all conditions and for all classes. Its walls will be quarried from the strength of our own Maine hills, and within them will be gathered the best thought of all the ages. What poets have dreamed and historians chronicled, what philosophers have reasoned and scientists have discovered, all this and more will be treasured within this edifice, and then the doors shall be thrown wide open to every resident of this city, with the invitation to enter and partake freely of the feast prepared. Thus and thus only can it meet its purpose. The public library like the public school should be absolutely free. No other position is consistent with our American ideas. No membership fee, however meagre, should stand as a possible barrier to the worthy poor, but over its entrance should be inscribed in clearest outlines the words, "Welcome — Welcome to all." Goethe, in one of his works, describes the laying of the corner stone of a house for the lord of the manor, and he makes the young mason who stands 64 The LiTHGOW Library with trowel in hand to perform the ceremony say that three thino^s must be looked to in a buildinj^ : "First — That it stands in the right spot. "Second — That it be securely founded. "Third — That it be successfuly executed." The first injunction has been followed here. The right spot has been selected ; the location is ideal. That it may be securely founded we have invited you, Brothers of the Ancient Order of Free and Accepted Masons, to perform this beautiful cere- mony, a ceremony as old as the order itself, and yet ever fresh and new. There is, indeed, a tinge of sadness with it all. The box which is to be deposited in the corner-stone treasures M'ithin itself a record of to-day. When it is opened in some far off, distant time, the hands that have tenderly placed it here will long since have been folded for their final rest, and the names of those who take part in these ceremonies would, but for the record it preserves, have been long since forgotten. It is fitting therefore, if we are building for the future, that we build well. Most Worshipful Grand Master: — In behalf of the Trustees of the Lithgow Library and Reading Room, it is my pleasant duty to deliver to you this 65 AND Reading Room. Corner-Stone, and request you to lay the same in accordance with the ancient rites of Masonry. Apply to it the emblems of your order, the Plumb, the Level and the Square. See to it that it meets every requirement. And if the craftsmen have done their duty, may it henceforth stand as the corner-stone of an institution of which this city may be justly proud in all the years to come. The list of the contents of the box deposited within the corner stone was read by Charles C. Hunt, of Augusta, Acting Secretary of the Grand Lodge. CONTENTS OF BOX. List of the Life Members of the Augusta Literary and Library Association. Historical Sketch of Lithgow Library, by Leslie C. Cornish. List of contributors to building fund. Eeport of Lithgow Library for 1890, by James W. Bradbury. Catalogue of Lithgow Library, 1894. Architects' specifications for building materials for Library Building. Invitation to exercises at Laying of Corner Stone. Programme of same. Programme of entertainment " School," for Library fund. Miscellaneous circulars relating to Library. Constitution and general regulations of Grand Lodge of Masons of Maine, 1885. 66 The Lithgow Library Contents of Box (Continued). History of Augusta Lodge, No. 141. Roll of membership of Augusta Lodge. Roll of membership of Bethlehem Lodge, No. 35. Roll of membership of Trinity Commandery, No. 7. Roll of membership of Cushnoc Royal Arch Chapter, No. 43. History of Eastern Star Chapter. Portraits of Llewellyn W. Lithgow, James W. Bradbury, James G. Blaine, Walker Blaine, Emmons Blaine, Mrs. Emmons Blaine, E. C. Burleigh, S. S. Brooks, E. C. Allen, John F. Hill, H. M. Harlow, Daniel Cony, Samuel Cony, Reuel Williams, Jos. H. Williams, Samuel Titcomb, R. D. Rice, Artemas Libby, Wm. P. Whitehouse, Jos. H. Mauley, Lot M. Morrill, Geo. W. Stanley, Samuel W. Lane, P. O. Vickery, Seth C. Whitehouse, G. T. Stevens, H. M. Heath, J. R. Bodwell, James Bridge, Wm. R. Smith, Oscar Holway, James W. North, Insane Hospital, St. Mary's Catholic Church, Lithgow Library, Fort Western in 1754. Copy of Gospel Banner, by Byron A. Meade. Daily and Weekly Kennebec Journal, by Burleigh & Flynt. New Age, by Fred W. Plaisted. Maine Farmei", by Howard Owen. Maine Central, by Samuel Cony Manley. Charter and Ordinances of City of Augusta, 1893, by F. E. Southard. Mayor's Address and City Reports, 1893. Mayor's Address and City Reports, 1894. Report of Directors of Village School District, 1894. Reports of City schools, 1894. Register of Executive Department of State of Maine, 1893-4. Official list of Governor's staff, 1894. Calendar of Supreme Judicial Court of Maine, 1894-5. Official Register of Kennebec County, 1893-4. Proceedings of Maine State Bar Association, for the years 1892, 1893, 1894, by Leslie C. Cornish, Secretary. 67 AND Reading Room. Contents of Box (Concluded). Maine Farmers' Almanac, 1893 and 1894, by Charles E. Nashi. Maine Year Book for 1893-4, by D. W. Emery. North's History of Augusta, by Dr. J. W. North. Proceedings of Maine Historical Society at complimentary dinner to Hon. James W. Bradbury, June 10, 1887. Dedicatory exercises of Congregational Chapel, 1890. Bowdoin Conference Free Baptist churches, June 13, 1894. Proceedings of Sons of Veterans, 1893, by Edwin L. Nash. Republican organization for 1894, by Wm. H. Williams. Records of G. A. R., of Maine, by Lewis Selbing. Miscellaneous papers relating to G. A. R. of Maine. Memorial of E. C. Allen, by Charles S. Hichborn. List of Directors of Granite National Bank. List of Directors of Augusta National Bank. List of Directors of First National Bank. List of Directors Augusta Safe Deposit & Trust Co. Copy Depositor's Book Augusta Savings Bank. Copy of Depositor's Book Kennebec Savings Bank. Miscellaneous Papers and Programmes. Copy of Lyric Poems, 1802, presented by Miss Julia M. Clapp. Two pennies given to S. S. Cahill of Brunswick, Me., by Hon. James G. Blaine, as souvenirs. Box containing ancient coins, by Miss Julia M. Clapp. Box containing full series of silver coins, coinage of 1894, by Granite National Bank. Columbian Silver Dollar, by Charles S. Hichborn. The Grand Master proceeded to lay the corner- stone according to the ancient rites of Masonry, in manner following : Orand Master — From time immemorial it has 68 The Lithgow Library been the custom of the Ancient and Honorable Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons to lay, when requested so to do, with its ancient forms, the corner-stone of buildings erected for the worship of God, for charitable objects, or for the purposes of the administration of justice and free government, and of no other buildings. This corner-stone, therefore, we may lay in accordance with our law, and gladly do so, testifying thereby our obedience to the law and our desire to show publicly our respect for the government under which we live. Then followed prayer by Grand Chaplain Pepper. Grand Master: Brother Deputy Grand Master, what is the proper jewel of your office? Deputy Grand Master: The square. Grand Master : What does it teach ? Deputy Grand Master: To square our actions by the square of virtue, and by it we prove our work. Grand Master: Apply your jewel to this corner- stone, and make report. Deputy Grand Master : The stone is square ; the craftsmen have done their duty. Grand Master: Brother Senior Grand Warden, what is the jewel of your office ? 69 AND Reading Room. Senior Grand Warden: The level. Grand Master: What does it teach? Senior Grand Warden: The equality of all men, and by it we prove our work. Grand Master: Apply your jewel to this corner- stone and make report. Senior Grand Warden : The stone is level ; the craftsmen have done their duty. Grand Master: Brother Junior Grand Warden, what is the jewel of your office ? Junior Grand Warden: The plumb. Grand blaster: What does it teach? Junior Grand Warden: To walk uprightly before God and man, and by it we prove our work. Grand Master: Apply your jewel to this corner- stone, and make report. Junior Grand Warden : The stone is plumb ; the craftsmen have done their duty. The Senior and Junior Deacons, bearing the trowel and gavel then approached the prepared stone. 70 The Lithgow Library The Grand Master, Horace H. Burbank, preceded by the Grand Marshal, Winfield S. Choate, advanced to the stone ; the Grand Master spread the mortar upon it ; he struck it three blows with the mallet, and returning to his place said : "I, Horace H. Burbank, Grand Master of Masons of the State of Maine, declare this stone to be plumb, level and square, to be well formed, true and trusty, and duly laid. Let the elements of consecration be presented to the proper officers." Grand Stewards H. A. Torsey and C. W. Crosby then advanced to the Stone, followed by the Deputy Grand Master, Senior Grand Warden and Junior Grand Warden, bearing the Corn, Wine and Oil. The Deputy Grand Master then scattered the corn, saying : " May the blessings of the Great Architect of the Universe rest upon the people of this State, and the corn of nourishment abound in our land." The Senior Grand Warden, poured the wine saying : "May the Great Architect of the Universe watch over and preserve the workmen upon this building, and bless them and our land with the heavenly wine of refreshment and peace." 71 AND Reading Room. The Junior Grand Warden then poured the oil, saying : "May the Great Architect of the Universe bless our land with union, harmony and love, — the oil which maketh men to be of a joyful countenance.'' Grand Master : May the all bounteous author of nature, the Supreme and ever living God, bless the inhabitants of this place with all the necessaries, comforts and conveniences of life, — assist in the erection and completion of this building — protect the workmen against every accident, and long preserve from decay the structure which will here arise. And may He grant to us in needful supply, the corn of nourishment, the wine of refreshment, and the oil of joy. JResponse (in concert) : So mote it be. The public grand honors were then given. The Grand Marshal presented the Architect, (personated by the Secretary of the Building Committee,) saying : " I present to ^''ou the Architect of this building. He is ready, with craftsmen, for the work, and asks the tools for his task." The Grand Master then placed in Mr. Nash's hands the Square, Level, Plumb and Plane, saying : "Labor on this task, and be blessed with wisdom in 72 The Lithgow Library the plan, strength in the execution, beauty in the adornment; and when complete, may wisdom be still within its walls to enlighten, strength to encour- age and sustain our rulers, and the beauty of holiness to adorn all their works." The Grand Marshal then made the following proclamation : " In the name of the Most Worship- ful Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the State of Maine : I proclaim that the Corner- stone of the Lithgow Library and Reading Room, of Augusta, has this day been found square, level and plumb, true and trusty, and laid according to the old customs by the Grand Master of Masons." After the la3dng of the corner stone the National Home Band rendered, "In These Sacred Halls," a selection arranged by Prof. B. W. Thieme, and then followed the benediction by Grand Chaplain Pepper. At the completion of the services at the library foundation the procession reformed and marched to Water street, where the Grand Master laid the corner stone of the Masonic Temple in the same manner. y^^^^m^^^jy THE COMPLETION OF THE BUILDING. DESCRIPTION. HE laying of the corner stone was with great eclat and public approbation, and formally inaugurated a new era in the history of the Library. When the Grand Master and his brethren went forth from the embedded stone, and the pageant of marching Lodges and Chapters and Commanderies with nodding plumes and waving banners had disap- peared from the scene, the workmen began with energy the task which the architects had set before them. The foundation masonry — already in a state of forwardness, — was soon finished, and presently 74 The Lithgow Library the superstructure was begun, — the granite therefor being brought from Norridgewock. The workmen both at the quarry and at the building made slow but steady progress, week by week, so that by autumn the walls of the super- structure were completed, and the roof put on. Before early winter the exterior was completed, and the building was ready to be closed at doors and windows. The heating system (hot water) was then put in ; so the carpenters were enabled to work on the interior during the winter. As the work of the builders progressed and under their hands the granite, the bricks and the mortar gradually disclosed the conception of the designers and finally assumed the proportion of the finished edifice it was patent to all that the building would be one of durability and rare beauty. The style of architecture comes under the name applied to the Romanesque-Rennaissance order. The exterior in its y^^ * entirety is equally pleasing to the beholder, from any point of view. Its colors and contrasts are harmonious ; it is massive without heaviness, strong without grossness, and dainty without weakness ; classic and 75 AND Reading Room. dignified as becomes a building devoted to literature and learning. In the distribution of the illustrious names on the exterior of the building, the place of honor was pre- ferred for the representatives of American literature, and the two panels at the right and left of the arched entrance bear in intaglio : FRANKLIN EMERSON LONGFELLOW HOLMES HAW^THORNE POE LOWELL BRYANT PRESCOTT W. IRVING WHITMAN WHITTIER The large panel of the east wall contains this group of names : CHAUCER PETRARCH JONSON MARLOWE SHAKESPEARE SPENSER CERVANTES MILTON SCHILLER RACINE FIELDING THACKERAY DICKENS NEWTON HUMBOLDT ADDISON LESSING GIBBON TENNYSON BROAVNING MACAULAY CARLYLE RUSKIN BANCROFT PARKMAN HALLAM MOTLEY MOMIHSEN The medallion-panels — six on the south and nine 76 The Lithgow Library on the north sides, and three on each end of the building, — bear singly the names: (south) virgil, C^SAR, HOMER, PLATO, DANTE, BACON; (north) BYRON, HUME, KEATS, MOORE, KANT, LAMB, POPE, LOCKE, BURNS; (west) LUTHER, T. MORE, HEINE; (east) GOETHE, SCOTT, V.HUGO. The interior finish required not only a high degree of skill but also much time and patience ; it called for expert artisans in so many different trades that progress was necessarily slow. In all of the partitions and ceilings of the buildings metallic lathing was used. Adamant was the material used in plastering. The basement floor is of cement. The building is practically fire-proof. The basement as finished is divided into five different apartments nine feet high, and sufficiently commodious for the uses assigned to them. In the east end is a Document Room, of the same superficial size as the Reading Room above it. On either side of the central room is a Lavatory, and the west end of the basement is devoted to the furnaces and fuel. There is also in the basement under the vestibule, a fire-proof vault for valuable papers. The basement is reached by two stairways, — one leading from the vestibule and the other from the north side of the Book-Room. S^^S^v^^- i4\-SLSU JOHN F. HILL, TRUSTEE 77 AND Reading Room. ^^^:^wv^- 14nJUu Throughout the building above the basement excepting the Reading Room, the wood-work is of quartered-oak in antique finish. This includes the doors, the mantels, the wainscots, the cornices, stairways, etc. ; also eight fluted columns with Ionic capitals, which stand in pairs in the four corners of the Rotunda and a carving of the Seal of the State of Maine as a panel in the Book-Room mantel. The Trustees' Room has likewise a fire-place and mantel. In the Reading Room the wood finish is of pine, painted and tinted in ivory-white, with papier- machie ornamentation, decorated with gold-leaf in lemon and old-gold hues. In the frieze are sixteen shields, bearing in lemon-gold the names : colum- BUS, WASHINGTON, LINCOLN, VESPUCCI, MAGELLAN, GALILEO, HAYDEN, RAPHAEL, HUXLEY, FENELON, AGASSIZ, CICERO, BUFFON, CUVIER, DARWIN, KEPLER. Two small mantel-pilasters bear the names of the Greek poets, sappho and pindar. There are eight wall-coves or niches — three on each side of the mantel at the east end of the room and one on each side of the entrance opposite. These, besides their office of ornamentation, are adapted to receive, each 78 The Lithgow Library one a piece of statuary, of one-half size or more, in bronze, of some classic and appropriate subject. The walls and ceiling are nile-green color and harmonize with the surrounding tints. The Lecture Hall is reached by a stairway leading from the vestibule. It has a stage, and two ante- rooms in one of which is a lavatory. It receives day-light through five stained glass windows — three on the south and two on the north, and also through two ceiling windows of ondoyant glass which trans- mit light received through two squares in the roof that are shingled with hammered glass tile, resem- bling terra-cotta in color. In the large centre window of the south wall is a representation of the Scrinium, which was a wooden box used by the ancients for keeping their books (or rather written rolls). The Scrinium was cylindrical, and some- ^ times secured by a lock. i-^^vVL^ /\( yiar-t^^ "T^® f^i'*^ ^^s convenient ^ for holding such docu- ments, which were labelled above, for easy reference ; straps were sometimes appended for convenience of removal, particularly by scholars. The original of the design here shown was rescued from Pompeii. At the ends of the Lecture Hall, east and west, are two spare rooms suitable to be utilized for 79 AND Reading Room. storage purposes. The capacity of the hall is sufficient to accommodate comfortably about two hundred persons. The design of the stairway and railings and lattice-work between the vestibule and this hall are specially attractive for their originality and artistic excellence. The plain windows of the book and reading and catalogue rooms are of the finest plate glass ; the panel in the entrance door is shielded by a antique (j^^ , C^99^Cmk^ copper specially designed by Mr. Neal. All of the other windows above the basement are of stained glass figured in various combinations of colors and tints, representing symbols harmonious with the purposes of the building. The ornamental windows on either side of the entrance arch and in the opposite wall in the book-room bear the device of the classic torch and wreath. TRANSOM WINDOWS. Of the thirty-eight transom windows of stained glass, six in the book-room are treatments of local 80 The Lithgow Library historical subjects, and relate to as many important events in the annals of Augusta. PLYMOUTH TRADING HOUSE. One is an ideal picture of the house built at Kouissinok (Cushnoc) by the Plymouth Colony in 1628, for traffic with the Indians. This sketch was drawn specially for this window by Charles C. Willoughby, formerly of Augusta, but now and for several years past, Assistant Curator of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Cambridge, Massachusetts. FORT WESTERN. A companion sketch to the Plymouth trading- house is that of Fort Western, which was built on the site of the former in 1754, by the proprietors of the territory derived from the assigns of the Plymouth Colony. This Fort is still standing with the exception of the palisades and block-houses. The grandfather of Llewellyn W. Lithgow was the ranking commandant of this Fort so long as it was used for military purposes. Captain James Howard was the local resident commandant. TOWN MEETING-HOUSE. The first public building erected in Augusta (then 81 AND Reading Room. called the Fort Western settlement of Hallowell) was the Town Meeting House, which was built by the town in 1782. It stood partly on the site of the present E. C. Allen Building on Market Square and partly in the Square itself. It was the meeting- place of the people for both religious and secular purposes, for about twenty-six years. KENNEBEC BRIDGE. Another window shows the likeness of the first Kennebec Bridge, which was built in 1797, by the people of the Fort Western settlement, to unite the two portions of the village and town. This was the first bridge that ever spanned the Kennebec river, and at the time it was /O^ built it was the longest one Mf/y(x m^^^J^ in the District of Maine. //>'/ ^'-^ ^-^^^ J Its erection was the event ^ ^ / that gave to the Fort Western settlement the local advantage that determined its ascendency over the larger village two miles below, and led eventually to the locating of the State Capitol at Augusta. This bridge stood until 1816, when its unscien- tifically designed (not sufficiently curved) arches gave way and the structure fell into the river. 82 The Lithgow Library SOUTH PARISH MEETING-HOUSE. The South Parish Congregational Meeting House was built in 1809, on the spot where the Granite Church now stands. It was the second and for many years the only church edifice built in the town. Reverend Benjamin Tappan, D.D., was the minister of the church and parish from 1811 until 1850 ; the place of worship became best known as ''Parson Tappan's Meeting House." It was struck by lightning July 11, 1864, and burned to the ground. CONY FEMALE ACADEMY. The Cony Female Academy was founded in Augusta in 1815, by Daniel Cony, a distinguished early settler, and the maternal grandfather of the late ex-Governor Joseph H. "Williams. The first academy building as shown in the window, was erected at the northeast junction of Bangor and Cony streets. It was occupied for academy purposes until 1844, when it was vacated for a larger building that stood on the opposite side of Cony street. It was from the accumulation of the endowment fund of the Cony Female Academy that the trustees erected in 1881, the Cony High School Building, and tendered it to the city of Augusta for high school purposes. .^^^^ ^.^/^ a,-i-e^ JOHN W. CHASE, TRUSTEE DEVICES OF THE EARLY PRINTERS. >i< TRANSOM WINDOWS. HIRTY-TAVO transom windows exhibit the devices of that num- ber of printers who flourished during the first two centuries that followed the invention of the press. "The discovery of the Printing Press," says Ambroise Firmin Didot, in his monograph of Aldus Manutius, " is the incident that forms the true separation of the ancient and modern world, opening up a more brilliant and wider horizon to the genius of man, — who from that epoch became endowed with a higher and entirely different kind of existence." Eabelais (1483-1553) The Lithgow Library ^:7^f7C^ ^.^/L speaks of the art of printing " so elegant and exact, .. . . which in my [his] day was invented by divine inspiration, as cannon were by suggestion of the devil." Printing even in its infancy was a fine art ; it was an effort to rei)roduce rapidly the learned and costly manuscipts of the schoolmen vnfac simile. The beauty of the work .^j^,^_^^of the early printers, has never been excelled. Only learned men buttress- ed by wealthy friends or the patronage of princes could then engage in the mysterious profession of printing books. One unique feature of the early books was the colophon, which was the postscript employed b}' the first printers, before the introduction of title-pages, to announce the date and place of publication and the name of the printer, to which was often added some text of scripture or moral reflection. The printer's mark or device was used in connection with the colophon. As early as 1537, a law was passed by which the marks or arms of printers were protected. The devices shown in the transom windows are those of eminent printers of nine different countries, viz., Belgium, England, France, Germany, Holland, 85 AND Reading Room. Italy, Scotland, Spain, and Switzerland. The joint inventors of printing. Coster (1370-1440) and Gutenberg (1400-1468), had no marks. The earliest one is that of Fust and Sooehffer, which was adopted after Gutenberg had been forced from the partnership. Printers' Marks, — Book Room. FUST AND SCnCEFFER. 1397-1468. Fust and Schceffer, Mayence. John Fust, born in 1395, became by means of his money and his btisiness of loaning the same, a great promoter of the art of printing which was then in its infancy. In 1450, Gutenberg (1397-1468), being in a state of financial embarrassment, made an arrangement with Fust (variously written Faust and Faustus) by which the latter was to receive all the advantages of a partnership with the needy inventor and at the same time be absolved from all the attendant liabilities. The result of the transaction was that Fust gained legal possession of all Gutenberg's printing material. He then dissolved partnership with Gutenberg, but carried on the art in conjunction with his son-in-law, Peter Schceffer, and in the original establishment of Gutenberg. The new firm then produced the Psalter of 1457 ; which was followed by Durandus, 1459: Constitutions of Clement V, 1460; the Bible, 1462; Decretals of Boniface VIII, 1465; Offices of Cicero, 1465. Fust died previous to 30th October, 1466, on which date a mass was said for the repose of his soul. Peter Schceffer was born about 1430 ; he was a student in Paris in 1449. It is supposed that he was employed by Fust and Gutenberg as a proof-reader. It is probable that his connection with John Fust had commenced 86 The Lithgow Library Pkinters' Maeks (Continued). before the year 1455. SchoBffer carried on the business after the death of Fust. He printed a fourth edition of the Psalter in 1502, and died the same year. The device of Fust and Schoeffer was the first of all those celebrated badges or printing marks of which so tine a series was subsequently created by the successive practitioners of the art in the various countries of Europe. It consisits of two printers' rules, in soltire, on twoshields hanging from a stump; on the right shield two rules forming an angle of 45°, and three stars, disposed 2 and 1. This mark shows how early in the history of printing the device was used, for the only book which is known to have been issued from the press prior to the Psalter of 1457, was the Bible of Gutenberg, finished in 1455. CHRISTOPHER PLANTIN. 1514-1589. Christopheu Plantin, Antwerp, was born at Montlouis, France, in 1514, and studied his art under the King's Printer at Caen. He established himself at Antwerp, where he began to print in 1555. His first production was, "La Institutione di una famiuUa nata nobilmente," (Education of a young woman of Noble Birth) in the dedication of which it is poetically styled "the first blossom from the garden of his printing-press." Plantin gradually extended his establishment until, in 1576, he had seventeen presses in constant employment. He became so celebrated for the excellence of his typography that the King of Spain conferred on him the title of " Archi-typographus," which is alluded to in his epitaph in the Church of Notre Dame at Antwerp : — " Christophorus situs hie Plantinus, Regis Iberi Typograpus ; sed Ilex Typograhum ipse fuit." (Here lieth Christopher Plantin, The King of Spain's typographer And himself the Prince of Printers.) 87 AND Reading Room. Printers' Makks (Continued). The King of Spain (which country then held domination in the Netlierlands) also gave Plantin a salary and patent for printing religious books, with which he almost exclusively supplied both Europe and the Indies. The King of France endeavored to prevail upon Plantin to return to France, but he preferred to remain at Antwerp, and finally established branch printing houses in Leyden and Paris. One of the most remarkable productions of Plantin's press was the "Polyglot Bible," issued in 1573, by authority of Philip II of Spain (regnant 1555-1578). It was in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Chaldaic, and Syriac, and formed eight folio volumes. Forty workmen were employed continuously on this Bible four years, and the labor alone cost 40,000 ecus. Twelve copies were printed on vellum and sold to Philip II, of which the king made a present of one to the Pope. His last work was vol. i 9 "Annales Ecclesiastici Cajsaris Baronii Sorani," and he died shortly after, viz., on the 1st of July, 1589. The device of Plantin consisted of a compass, held by a hand issuing out of the clouds. On a ribbon is the legend, "Lahore et Constantia," and at the sides are two figures representing allegorically those qualities. Plantin used the device of the compass for the first time in 1558, and in his " Polyglot Bible " he says that in the compass itself there is a meaning — the right limb — the fixed one — representing constancy; the left, — the movable one — representing labor. Plantin's house in Antwerp was called the " Golden Compass. ' Plantin's successors, in a direct line from his son-in-law, Jean Moretus, kept up the business until 1876, when the city of Antwerp purchased from Edouard Moretus-Plantin the entire plant, for the sum of $400,000, and established it as the Plantin-Moretus Museum, — the largest and most interesting typographical museum in the world. The library contains 13,000 volumes, and one room is devoted entirely to the books published by Plantin himself. The Lithgow Library Printers' Marks (Continued) . ANDREA TORRESANO. U81-1540. Andrea Torresano, Venice, was one of the earliest Italian printers, and appears to have succeeded to the press of the famous Nicholas Jenson at the latter's death in 1481. Jeuson printed with Roman characters of his own invention which are the direct parents of the letter now in general (almost universal) use. Torresano used the Jenson types and presses and was in 1494 succeeded in the establishment by the celebrated founder of the Aldine press — Aldus Pius Manutius, who had married his daughter, and whose fame has not only absorbed that of all the earlier Venetian printers, but that of the printers of every other Italian seat of the art. After the death of his son-in-law in 1515, Torresano conducted the business of the Aldine press during the minority of Paulus, and until 1540. The Aldine edition of the Septuagint, 1518, the first edition of the Scriptures printed in Greek, was issued during the administration of Torresano. RICHARD GRAFTON. 1537-1572. Richard Grafton, London, was one of the most eminent men of his time, and as a typographer his name is one of the most distinguished. He is the most celebrated English printer since Caxtou. He was born at the latter end of the reign of Henry VII, and pursued his calling during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth. Grafton began printing in London in 1537. Previous to this he seems to have resided on the continent and to have been engaged in sending books over to England, where they were circulated. In 1526, the importation of the New Testament translated by Tyndale in 1525, and printed in Cologne, moved the Bishop of London to issue a prohibition which refers to the introduction of the Bible and other books by "mayntayners of Luthers sect, which without doubt will contaminate and infect the flock committed to us with most deadly poyson and heresie." The first book 89 AND Reading Room. Peixters' Marks (Continued). published by Grafton, in 1537, was an edition of the Bible in in English, "truely and purelye translated into English, by Thomas Matthewe," an alias of John Rogers. In 1538, another edition of the Bible was issued from the same press. In 1539 was printed "Cromwell's Bible," so called, or the " Great Bible," " by Rychard Grafton and Edward Whitechurch cum privilegio ad imprimendnra solum." In 1540, Grafton printed the edition known as " Cramner's Bible." By patent dated January 28, 1543, Henry VIII granted to Richard Grafton and Edward Whitechurch sole liberty to print the books of divine service — viz., the "masse book, graile, antyphoner, himptnall, portans, and pryraer," both in Latin and English, for a period of seven years. In 1545, Grafton printed the primer of king Henry VIII in Latin and English. In the first year of the reign of Edward VI (1548) Grafton obtained the sole privilege of printing the statute books. In 1549 he was appointed to print the proclamation relative to the proposals of the king and parliament for the preparation of a "uniform, quiet and godly order of common and open prayer." lu the same year he printed the iirst edition of the " Book of Common Prayer." In 1553, on the death of Edward VI, Grafton, being the king's printer, was employed to print the proclamation by which Lady Jane Grey was declared the successor to the throne. On the accession of Mary, however, he was fined and deprived of his patent and imprisoned. He was reduced to poverty, and there is no notice of him subsequent to 1572. The books issued by Grafton are distinguished for their beauty of execution and their important character. His mark was a rebus or pun upon his name consist- ing of a tun and a grafted apple-tree, (or ton as it was then spelled). The tun is inscribed with a capital G, and is surmount- ed by the printer's monogram. On a scroll is the motto, "suscipite incitum verbum — Jaco I." (Receive . . . the engraf- ted word, — James i 21),— freely translated, "By their fruits ye shall know them." 90 The Lithgow Library Printers' Marks (Continued). JOSSE BADE. 1501-1536. JossE Bade, (Latin Jodocus Badius Ascensius) Lyons, commenced his career as corrector of the presses of Trechsell and DeWingle, and afterwards married Thelif, the daughter of Trechsell. On the death of his father-in-law, he went to Paris, and printed there. He I'eturned to Lyons about 1516 and from that time to his death in 1535, was the intimate associate of the most distinguished literary characters of the day. He issued a number of editions of the best Latin classics. His decease was commemorated by numerous epitaphs, among them the follow- ing. Latinized from the Greek by Henry Stephens (Henri Estienne, Geneva, printed 1554-1598), son of Robert (Estienne, Paris, d. 1588) :— " Hie, liberorum plurimorum qui parens, Parens librorum plurimorum qui fuit, Situs lODOCUs Badius est Ascensius. Plures fuerunt liberis taraen libri Quod jam senescens ccspit illos gignere. Aetate florens coepit hos quud edere." (Here lies the sire of children numerous; The father, too, of many printed books, — Jodocus Badius the Pre-eminent ; Far more prolific he in books than heirs, For not until his manhood's noon had passed Did come his tardy flrst-born to his house, But in the early vigor of his youth Did he begin to procreate his books.) Bade chose the printing press for his device (the first upon record), accompanied by the pressman and his assistant as "beater" with the "dabbers" or inking balls, busily at work* 91 AND Reading Room. Printers' Makks (Continued). The compositor, a woman, is also shown engaged in setting type. The inscription on the press is " Prelum Ascensianum " — the Asensian Press. The word "prelum," in Latin, is applied to the ancient wine presses, after which in fact the first printing presses were modelled. The platen came down with a dead weight, and there was no contrivance for enabling it to regain its position except by screwing it up again. The press of Ascensius continued in use with few variations until William Jansen Balew, an eminent printer of Amsterdam, made consid- erable improvements in it about the year 1620. Balew's press was in its turn improved, until the comparatively modern hand press used by Benjamin Franklin was evolved. PETER TREVERIUS. 1514-1521. Peter Treverius, London, was of ^Italian origin. The " Disticha Moralia," 1514, seems to have been his first work, but he is better known by his " Grete Herbal," a folio volume published in 1516. He printed also that very curious book, Arnold's " Customs of London " (1521), and an English edition of a very interesting and well-known German work, Brouns- wyke's "Description of Surgery," the German edition of which has a series of well executed plates, exhibiting in very graphic style the costumes of the times and different scenes in a surgeon's practice, the whole of them, says H. Noel Humphreys, " being executed with wonderful truth and spirit." His edition of the " Polychronicon," exhibits the first example in the annals of English printing of a true title-page, in our present acceptation of that term. His device was a wild man and woman, with bows and arrows, in front of a tree, on which is slung a shield bearing his initials. 92 The Lithgow Library Printers' Marks (Continued). THOMAS CREEDE. 1588-1618. Thomas Creede, London, was made a freeman of the Stationers' Company in 1578, on the nomination of Thomas East. Wharton, in his History of English Poetry, quotes from the Register of the Stationers' Company, March 10, 1594, "To T. Creede," — "mother Reddcape, her last will and testament, conteyning sundrye conceipted and pleasant tales, furnished with much varyetie to move delighte." The British Museum has the edition of 1599, "printed by Thomas Creede." In the Records of the Stationers' Company it is stated that in 1595, Creede was fined 2s. 6d. for having kept an apprentice, without enfranchising him, after the proper terra of servitude, and that this printer was also bound over in the penalty of £40 not to teach a person named the art of printing. The device employed by Creede is an emblem of Truth, crowned and flying naked under a hand issuing from the clouds, striking on her back with a rod, and with the motto round it, "Veritas Virescit Vulnere," with a fault in the spelling, and between the feet of the figure the initials T. C. ANDREAS CRANTANDER. 1530-1540. Andreas Craxtander, Basle, ("1530-1540,) issued several beautifully printed works. But few data connected with his press are obtainable. JOHN GRUNINGER. 1482-1529. John Gruninger, (alias Reynard or Reinhard,) Strasburg, printed as early as 1482, and as late as 1529'. His first book was printed in partnership with Henry d'Ingwilen ; many of his works were illustrated with engravings, generally not cut in wood, but on a soft metallic substance like pewter, from which only a small 93 AND Reading Room. Printebs' Marks (Continued) • number of good copies could be printed, while the remainder offered a blurred appearance as the metal yielded under the platen. His book " CosmographiiB Introductio," (Introduction to Geography) used for the first time the word America. In this book, which is in Latin, written by Martin Waldsee-Milier, a professor of geography in the gymnasium of St Die, Lorrain, is the notable suggestion that the land in the western hemisphere visited by Amerigo Vespucci should be called " Amerige " or *' America." Having described Europe, Asia, and Africa, the author says : " And now these parts have been more widely surveyed, and another fourth part has been found by Americus Vesputius (as will be perceived by what follows), I cannot see why any one can possibly forbid the calling of this part Amerige or America, that is the land of Americus, for Americus, the discoverer, an intelligent man, as Europe and Asia have taken their names from women." Gruninger's device is the emblem of the winged lion and eagle, holding an escutcheon, with the Gothic letters I. G., on a sable field diapered, hanging from a tree. JOHAN GIRARD. 1537-1554. JoHAN GiRARD, Geneva, (1537-1554,) was an eminent printer. The device selected for the window comes from one of John Calvin's books printed in 1545, the latin motto (Non veni pacem- mittere sed gladium) being thus anglicized: "I come not to bring peace but a sword." THOMAS VAUTROLLIER. 1566-1606. Thomas VAUXROLLraR, London-Edinburgh, was a native of France, a scholar and printer, and went to England from Paris about the beginning of queen Elizabeth's reign and first settled his printing office in Black Friars, London. His daughter Jaken married January 13, 1588, Richard Field, printer. Black 94 The Lithgow Library Printers' Marks (Continued). Friars. Vaultrollier's productions show him to have been a most curious printer. He was the printer of Jordanus Brunus, in the year 1584, which was considered a public offence, for which he fled England, and the next year being in Edinburgh, he flrst taught the Scotch nation the way of doing their book- making in a masterly manner. The flrst publication on the subject of poetry, is found in a most rare volume, which contains tracts written by king James VI of Scotland (b. June, 1666, reg. 1567-1625,) entitled ; *' The essays of a prentise in the divene art of poesie. Printed at Edinburgh by Thomas Vautrol- lier, 1585. Cum previlegio regalio." VautroUier remained in Edinburgh until by the intercession of friends, he procured his pardon ; as appears by a dedication of his to the right worshipful Thomas Randolph, where he returns his thanks for his great favor, and for assisting him in his great distress. He seems to have been in the printing business from about 1566, until his death in 1606. Nearly all of his books were in Latin. His device was an anchor suspended from the clouds and two sprigs of laurel twined, with the motto, " Anchora Spei." ANTOINE VERARD. 1487-1530. Antoine Vekard, Paris, was at first an illuminator of books, and probably a block-book engraver, but he soon became very eminent, after he adopted the new art of printing. He printed the Bible in 1487. He executed above an hundred different works ; among others his famous " Mirroer Historical " (1495), and the curious book, " Traytte of God Lyvyng and Good Deying, etc., translatyt in Parys the XIII day of May, of Franch in Englysh, thowsan V hondreth et III, zears," &c. The illustrations of the latter book exhibit the purgatorial punishments of gluttonry, brandy-drinkers being drenched with "real" liquid fire, while gastronomists are forcibly fed with loathsome reptiles. He 95 AND Reading Room. PmsTERs' Marks (Continued). printed very early (about 1490), " La Romaunt de la Rose," which was a brilliant and magnificent specimen upon velliim. Verard and Pigouchet in 1484 founded a new school of printing when they undertook to make prayer-books and romances in the style of the miniaturists. Verard is celebrated for beautiful editions. A copy of his Romance of the Rose sold in 1829, for £16 16s. He presented books to Anne of Brittanj', as is shown at the commencement of a copy of JEsop's Fables representing Verard on his knees holding up the book to Anne. The ''Art of Good Living and Dying" was printed in English and for the English market. He published an edition of the illustrated Prayer Book or " Book of Hours" (1507), in which the illustra- tions are beautifully colored and illuminated by a stencilling process adopted and probably invented by himself. He used for his device the arms of France under which in a compartment, is a cypher probably intended to express the whole of his surname. These with other minor ornaments are included in a paralellogram, around the extreme margin of which is an inscription in Gothic characters. He kept his printing-house upon the bridge of Notre Dame at the sign of St. John the Evangelist. His mark was sometimes enclosed with four French lines in a pious strain : " Pour provoquer ta grand misericorde A tout pecheur faire Grace and Pardon ; Antoine Verard humblement te recorde Tout ce qu'il a, il flent detoy pardon." (Goaded by Thy great compassion Thou to sinners pardon giveth ; Antoine Verard in humbleness Trusteth in Thy love and liveth.) 96 The Lithgow Library Prixters' Marks (Continued). THEODORIC MARTENS. 1473-1534. Theodoric Martens (or Mertens, or Martin cl'Alost, Thierry) : Latin Theodoricus Martinus. Device, the double anchor, the symbol of Hope, with the inscription: " Theodo Martin excudebat." Ei-asmus makes the following allusion to the device in the epitaph he wrote as a memorial of his friend : — "Hie Theodricus jaceo, prognatus Alosto : Ars erat impressis scripta referre typis. Fratibus, uxori, soboli, notisque superstes, Octavam sacra manet, gratas notissiraa pubi : Christe! precor nunce sis anchora sacra mihi." (Here lieth Theodricus, earth-born at Alost, "Whose art was to write by impressions on types ; The outliver of brethren, wife, offspring and friends, He resteth at last at fourscore with a blessed hope — A glorious hope like that of glowing youth : O Christ! I pray thee be to me that sacred anchor.) Martens was born at Alost, in Flanders, 1453, and it has been asserted that he was the first printer of Belgium. In July, 1856, the town of Alost erected a bronze statue to him as the introducer of printing into Belgium. He became associated with John of Westphalia in 1474 at Alost. He piinted at Antwerp in 1476, but from that date up to 1487, when he returned to his native place, nothing is known as to any of his editions. Some authors have stated that between 1474 and 1513, Mai'tens had presses at work simultaneously in Alost, Antwerp, and Louvain where he was established in the early part of the 16th centui'y. In his first editions he used the semi-gothic style of type; in 1476 he employed the German Gothic; in 1487, he used the types of Gerard Leeu ; and in the 16th century he 97 AND Reading Room. Printeks' Marks (Continued). employed the Roman letters. He died May 28, 1534. His press is distinguished for the excellence of its productions. He was noted as a scholar, and was the friend of Barland and Erasmus. He wrote several works which are cited by Marehand. THOMAS ANSHELM. 1488-1522. Thomas Anshelm, Strasburg (1488-1522), was the first printer who set the example of placing the numbering of the pages in the bottom margin. This was done for the first time in the book " Hesychius," printed in 1521. Anshelm appears to have printed at one time in Pforzhim, about 1500. Data concerning him and his works are very meagre. Among the editions from his press are the works of Pliny, Melancthon and Erasmus. GEOFFREY TORY 1480-1533. Geoffrey Tory, Paris, born in 1480 ; began his literary career in Paris in 1505 ; began to practice wood engraving, and finally determined to pursue art studies in Italy. There he became interested in printing. As a wood engraver he was soon recognized as one of the chief artists of his time. Believing that the undue pre-eminence given by scholars to the Greek and Latin languages was producing a disastrous effect upon the vernacular of his own country, he composed the work — " Champ Fleury, auquel, est connu I'art et science de la vraie proportion des lettres Attiques, ou Antiques, autrement dites Roraaines, selon le corps et visage humain, Paris, 1529." The result of this work was complete revolution in French typography and orthography — the abandonment of the Gothic and the adoption of a new cut of antique face printing type. The Champ Fleury also attracted attention to the proper use in French of the accents, apostrophe, and marks of punctuation. The publication of this work won for its author the title of King's 98 The Lithgow Library Printers' Marks (Continued). Printer from Francis I. Tory was elected one of the sworn booksellers of the University of Paris. A publication in 1533 introduced Tory's improved system of orthography. His device, the broken vase, and accompaniments, with the motto nan plus (no more) refers to the death of his beloved daughter. Tory is worthy of remembrance, not merely as an eminent printer, but as a writer of the earliest technical book on printing. ESTIENNE DOLET. 1509-1546. EsTiENNK DoLET, Lyons, was a native of Orleans, born in 1509. At the age of twelve he was sent to Paris for study, and after- wards to Padua, and in early manhood became secretary to the French ambassador at Venice. He afterwards studied juris- prudence at Toulouse, where as orator of a youthful club he indulged in such caustic reflections on the authorities of the town that he was first imprisoned and then expelled (in 1533) from the city. The next year he went to Paris and published some works. In 1536 he returned to Lyons, but in 1537, having killed a man who attacked him, was obliged to flee. He went to Paris, implored the king's pardon, and received it. Dolet laments the sad event in passages of his poems (in Latin). Soon afterwards he appears at Lyons as a printer, and the first production of his press was his own poems, — " Carminium Libri IV, 4to. Lugduni [Lyons], 1538." It seems from some lines of his Second Eufer that he was imprisoned twice at Lyons and once at Paris, after his incarceration at Toulouse. The occasions of these successive imprisonments are unknown, but it is supposed his satirical temper had made him many enemies, especially among the ruling religious classes. He was the author of at least twenty-four distinct works, many of which are in the French tongue, and several of a religious complexion. He seems to have used in some of his works the language of fatalism and to have diflered 99 AND Reading Room. Printers' Marks (Continued) . from both the catholic and protestant churches in his teachings. This singular, mysterious and ill-fated scholar-printer, was condemned to the flames as an heretic or atheist, and the sentence was carried into execution August 3, 1546, in the city of Paris. He was first strangled, and afterwards burned, thus perishing at the age of thirty-seven, protesting in his latter moments, that his " works contained many things which he had never under- stood." The productions of his press are now of rare occurrence. His insigne typographicum or mark, bears an obscure allusion to his name ; a hand furnished with an axe, and hewing a knotty block of wood. Printers' Marks, — Reading Room. JOAHNN FROBEN. U91-1527. JoAHNN Froben, Basle, was a native of Hamraelburg, in Frank- land (Bavaria), and began to print at Basle in 1491. In the year 1500, he married Gertrud, a daughter of the learned Wolfgang Lachner, who was the corrector of the books issued from his press, as also were Marcus Heiland, Wolfgang Musculus, Joh. Oecolampadius, and later, Erasmus. His editions were generally faultless, and sought after by the best scholars in Europe, but his publications did not enrich him. Erasmus was the editor oC the first edition of the New Testament printed by Froben at Basle in 1516. Froben printed Sir Thomas More's "Utopia" inj 1518, and Erasmus' "Encomium Morite" in 1519. Erasmus was to the end Froben's faithful Mend, and wrote for him the epitaph which is still to be read under the porch of St. Peter's Church at Basle, on the grave of the illustrious printer. This epitaph is in the three languages in which Froben published his books, — 100 The Lithgow Library Printees* Marks (Continued). Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. Froben's device consists of the cadu- ceus, held by two hands (of mercy) issuing from the clouds ; the two serpents (emblems of learning and wisdom) crowned, and the wand surmounted by a dove. This led Erasmus to remark that his learned friend did indeed unite the wisdom of the serp- ent to the simplicity of the dove. The caduceus was a rod of laurel or olive with a representation of two snakes coiled round it. It was the symbol of peace, and formed the chief badge of heralds, whose persons were held sacred. On the death of Froben iu 1527, Erasmus wrote : "All the friends of belles lettres should put on mourning attire and shed tears at the death of this man." He further writes in the Latin verses which he dedicated to Fro- ben's memory : "Study is now orphaned and has lost its father, who nurtured it with art, activity, care, money, power, and con- stancy. I bore with moderation the death of ray own brother ; but what I cannot endure is the longing for Froben ; so simple and sincere was his nature, that he could not have dissembled had he wished ; to show kindness to every one was his greatest delight; he had no idea of envy, just as little as the man born blind has no idea of color. JUAN ROSEMBAUCH. 1493-1526. Juan Kosembauch, Barcelona. The introduction of printing to the Iberian peninsula, took place as early as 1478. Barcelona, Valencia, Saragossa, and other cities dispute the honor of pref- erence in its adoption. Juan de Eosembach was probably the earliest printer of Spain. He seems not to have been permanently fixed there, for after printing "Tarragona" at Barcelona in 1499, the book, "Perpignan" was issued in 1500 by "J. Rosembach de Heidelberg." His device is an amplification of the Latin Cross which was the basis selected by an almost innumerable number of the early printers for their marks. 101 AND Reading Room. Printeks' Makks (Continued) . MICHAEL HILLENIUS. 1514-1531. Michael Hillenius, Antwerp, printed at Antwerp in 1531, an anti-Protestant work for Pepwell, wlio could find no printer in London witli sufficient courage to undertake it. His device con- sists of the emblem of time standing on clouds, with a sickle in his right hand, and a serpent coiled in circle in the left ; on either side the word Tempus. JOHN JAGGARD. 1596. John Jaggard, London, was the son of John Jaggard, a citi- zen and barber-surgeon, who printed in 1599, " The Passionate Pilgrime, by W. Shakespeare, at London, printed for W. laggard, and are to be sold by W. Leake." The mark is found on the title- page of "The Historie of Ivstine," etc., London, 1596. The de- vice consists of the emblem of the serpent biting his tail, coiled twice round the wrist of a hand issuing from the clouds, and holding a waud from which spring two laurel branches, and which is surmounted by a portcullis (the Westminster arms) ; in the last coil of the serpent, the word Prudentia. WOLFGANG KOPFEL. 1489-1554. Wolfgang Kopfel, Paris (1489-1554), was a German by birth, and is sometimes referred to as a German printer. He was asso- ciated with Henri Estiennes (Henry Stephens") in the establishing of the celebrated press of the Estiennes, which was in a state of activity for nearly two hundred years. Kopfel seems to have printed at Strasburg during a portion of his career. His device consists of two basilisks or serpents gracefully entangled with themselves, surmounted by a dove, the serpents grasping with their mouths and fangs and holding suspended ia the air a foun- dation block of stone. 102 The Lithgow Library Pkixters' Marks (Continued). HEINRICH PETRI. 1579. Heinrich Petri, Basle. The device of this celebrated Swiss printer, represents Thor's hammer, held by a hand issuing from the clouds, striking fire on the rock, while a head symbolizing the wind, blows upon it. A list of the Latin and German works from the press of Heinrich Petri, was published in 8vo., pp. 46, under the following title : Liborum tabernse et offlcinse Henric- petrinse, per Henricum Petri et Sebastianum Henricpetri F. Ed- itorum index. Basilae : 1679. JOHN KNOBLOUCH. 1497-1558. John Knoblouch, Strasburg, was a printer of note who flour- ished between 1497 and 1558. He printed in 1507 for the first time the woi'ks of John Francis Picus de Mirandula. His device represents Ignorance ascending from the darkness of a cave be- neath the surface of the earth, into the light of day. WILLIAM CAXTON. 1412-1491. William Caxton, Westminster. The first English printer (to use his own language) " was borne [in 1412] and lerned myn Englissh in Kent, in the weald." He was apprenticed to Robert Strange, a merchant mercer of London, who afterwards became Lord Mayor. The apprentice was subsequently admitted by the master to partnership. Caxton comes prominently into sight in 1468 through his translation into English of Raoul le Fevre's "Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye." About 1474 he found the money and Colard Mansion (the printer of Bruges,) the requisite knowledge and skill to print "Le Recuyell," the first book print- ed in the English language. Caxton says it was "begonne in Brugis, and contynved in gaunt, and finished in Colyn, in time of the troublous world, and of the great deuysions being and rejgnjHg as well iu the royauraes of Englond and fraunce, as in 103 AND Reading Room. Printers' Marks (Continued) . all other places universally through the world — that is to wet the yere of our lord a thousand four hundred Ixxj." On the com- pletion of this book, he began another, a French translation of a little treatise in latin, entitled, "The Game and Playe of the Chesse," — not a book on chess-playing, but a moral treatise on the philosophy and symbolism of chess. It was the second book printed in English. Having decided to return to his native Eng- land, Caxton employed Colard Mansion to cut and cast for him a fount of types, and after an absence of about thirty-five years in the Low Countries Caxton, in 1475, returned to his own coun- try, " laden with a more precious freight than the most opulent merchant-adventurer ever dreamt of, to endow his country with a blessing greater than any other which had ever been be- stowed, save only the introduction of Christianity." He imme- diately set up his press at Westminster in the precincts of the abbey. In 1477 he issued a collection of witty sayings and prov- erbs, entitled, "The Diets and Sayinges of the Philosophers," which was the first book printed in England. After this there followed in quick succession, a large number of important works. In 1491 he translated the "Vitas Patrvm," which was printed afterwards by Wynkeu de Worde, who, in his colophon, tells us that it was finished "at the laste daye of hys [Caxton's] lyfi"." The exact date of his death is not known, but it is surmised to have occurred about the close of 1491. He was buried in Saint Margaret's, Westminster, which adjoins the walls of the abbey. In 1820, a tablet was erected to his memory by the Roxburghe Club. The mark of Caxton has been a subject of much discus- sion by writers on typography. Its meaning is not clear. The merchant's trade device was the direct source of the printer's mark, and competent judges think Caxton's is simply the trade- mark which he used as a merchant, revived with ornamentation. Others give it more significance, and hold that "W. C." and the 104 The Lithgow Library Printers' Marks (Continued). cabalistic resemblance to the figures "74," symbolize both his name and the year 1474, when his first book was printed at Bru- ges. Whatever its meaning, it will never cease to be interesting as the device of the first printer of books in the English language. PETRUS-LEICHTENSTEIN, 1475-1494. Petrus-Leichtensteix, Venice (1475-1494). Herman Leich- tenstein (in Latin Leviliapis) was a native of Cologne, and the first printer who wrought at Vincenza, where he printed "Ptol-- emseus" in 1475. He printed several editions in partnership with Nicholas Petri alias Peter de Harlem. Leichtenstein printed also at Treviso, where he issued two editions, both dated 1477. He printed "Ovid" and "Tortellius" in 1480. One remarkable edition of his is, "Pauli Orosi Hispani historiarum libra vii ad Aurelium Augustinum de maximis calamitatibus ab orbe conditio usque ad sua tempora." This edition was corrected by .aEneas Vulpes. Leichtenstein removed to Venice where he printed five editions between 1483 and 1494. He died the latter year while printing the work of Vincentius entitled, "Speculum Morale." THE GIUNTAS. 1480-1578. The Giuntas (in different languages, Juntas, Juntas, Zonta,) constituted a celebrated family of printers engaged in the art for a period of more than a century (1480-1598), conducting the business at diflerent eras, in Home, Geneva, Florence, Lyons, and Venice. "Zenobius," printed by Filippo (Philip) Zunta, at Venice in 1497, is one of the earliest productions of the cele- brated Giuuta press, which to the termination of the 16th century, was accustomed to produce every year some book or books of great importance to the literary world. Indeed, all the books from this press receive the unqualified praise of scholars. Pope Leo X granted Philip Giunta a ten years privilege for all the Greek and Latin editions which the latter should print during that time. 105 AND Reading Room. Printers' Marks (Continued). The Giuntas printed "Vallesnmubrosee" (1503) and "Predicato- rum (1504) at Venice. Lucantonio of Venice, was the first of the Giuntas, who was of noble birth, and he employed the cele- brated John de Spira to print for hira. Other members of the family were Jacobi, Francisci, Bernard, and Thomas. Aldus Manutius the youn2;er (1547-1597) married into the Giunta fam- ily by espousing Frances Lucretia, the daughter either of Bern- ard or Thomas. All the printers of the Giunta family have been persons of the most distinguished merit for their literary per- formances. Some practiced the art of engraving as well as printing. Their common rebus or mark was the fleur-de-lys, with the motto, "Nil candidius" (Nothing is whiter), to which they sometimes added the initial letters of their names, and some- times printed them at length. Successors to the founder of the family varied the mark somewhat, but that of Lucantonius was beautiful in its simplicity, — the lily of France, accompanied by his initials, "L. G." WYNKYN DE WOKDE. 1493-1534. Wynkyn de Worde, Westminster, was born in Lorraine, and became a citizen of England in 1496, and the successor to the press of Caxton. It is supposed that he was an apprentice to Caxton before the latter returned to England, and It is certain that he was connected with Caxton at Westminster. After the hitter's death (1491), Wynkyn de Worde practiced the art of printing on his own account. His first book was issued about 1493. He occupied the oflSce of Caxton until 1499, when he re- moved to "the Sign of the Golden Sun," in the parish of Saint Bride, in the "Fleetstreet." In 1532 he was living in "fiete- strete, at the sygne of the soune, agaynst the Condyth." It is supposed that he died in 1534. He printed the first book on paper of English manufacture. He improved the printer's art to a great 106 The Lithgow Library Printers* Marks (Continaed). degree of perfection His device, which he used in several forms retains the characters of Caxton's device, conflrmiug tlie belief that he loolied upon his old master with great veneration. The most distinctive device of Wynltyn de Worde, is nearly square, and enclosed by one strong black line ; at the top is a scroll of three folds placed between two blazing stars, having upon it the printer's name. Beneath the centre of the scroll is a crescent, supporting a star between its horns; and below, occupying almost the whole breadth of the cut, are Caxton's initials and cypher, linked together by large and grotesque knots, all cut in outline. The bottom displays the sun, standing between three tall flowers growing out of the ground on the left hand, and a vine with grapes on the right. A tuft of grass and leaves appears at the root of each plant, and another rises out of the bottom centre next to the ft-ame. RICHARD PYNSON. 1493-1529. Richard Pynson, London, appears to have been a Norman by birth, from King Henry's patent of naturalization, wherein he is styled "Richardum Pynson, in partibtis Normand. Oriuud." He exercised the art of printing in England as early as 1493. There are facts tending to show that he was apprenticed to Cax- ton, and he indeed calls Caxton "his worshipful master." Very little is known concerning him. He enjoyed a patent as King's Printer, and his last book issued was in 1529. His device is a shield bearing his initials, " R. P.," held by two cherubs of the two sexes, surmounted by a helmet on which perches a dove, amid a constellation of nine stars ; his full name is given at the foot. THE ELZEVIRS. 1583-1712. The Elzevirs, Leyden. This great family of printers flour- ished for a century, and were famous for the elegance of their yjr^^^. JAMES W, NORTH, TRUSTEE 107 AND Reading Room. Printers' Marks (Continued). type, the excellence of their press-work, the accuracy of their text, and their successful efforts to introduce the duodecimo as an improvement upon the larger and more expensive form of books. Of twelve printers belonging to this family at least seven were celebrated for special excellence. Louis, the first printer of the family, issued his first book — an edition of Eutropius — at Leyden in 1592. He continued to print until his death in 1617. The five sons of Louis were all printers, — the youngest, Bona- venture Elzevir, achieving great celebrity as the publisher of the famous duodecimo classics, which appeared from 1629 to 1665. Daniel, the son of Bonaventure, achieved great fame in Leyden, and afterwards in Amsterdam, continuing to print until his death in 1689. His widow carried on the business after his death, and the last book issued by the family, was in 1712, by Abraham El- zevir, alderman, the sole survivor of the family. The Elzevirs did not aim at luxury, like the Aldi (Venice, 1494-1598), and the Stephens (Estiennes, Paris, 1470-1674), for they printed only one work on vellum, but devoted their endeavors to furnishing accu- rate works for common use. Several difi'erent marks were used by this family, but the most distinctive and familiar one is the emblem of the olive-tree, around the trunk of which is twined a vine heavy with grapes, and under it is the sage (represented by an aged man,) in the act of gathering the ripened fruit, while a scroll bears the motto, "Non solus" (not alone). The solitary man is symbolical of the preference of the wise for solitude, — "Je suis seul eu lieu etre solitaire." The motto and the solitaire are symbolic of concord. This mark was in use from 1620-1712, until the last representative of the family ceased to print. THE ESTIENNES. 1470-1674. The Estiennes, Paris-Geneva. This family of eminent print- ers may be fitly termed the French Aldi. The first of the name 108 The Lithgow Library Printers' Marks (Continued). was Henri, of noble birth, who alienated himself from his family and abandoned his title, preferring to win distinction in promot- ing the then comparatively new art of printing. He is first seen working in conjunction with Wolfgang Hopyl, as printer to the University of Paris in 1496. His first work was a Psalter in which the text was for the first time divided into verses distinguished by numerals, — which was the first time that the system of num- bering tlie sentences was applied to the text of any portion of the Bible, and led the way to that separation of the sentences of the Holy Scriptures into the present so-called verses, — a system which was first applied to the whole of the sacred volume by the grandson of the first Estienne (English Stephens). Henri issued above one hundred and eighteen works, almost all of a theologi- cal or scholastic character, and died shortly before 1526, soon after which appears his son Robert in possession of the printing establishment. Robert adopted the paternal euseigne of the olive tree, with the motto, "Noli altum sapere, sed time;" a sign which became not only that of the house but also of each book — a matter in which the printer had then no choice, as he was com- pelled by the authorities to attach his sign or mark to every work printed, in order that the printer might be known, and punished for any infraction of the established rules, which in France had already become very stringent in regard to the products of the press. The total number of Robert's books is about five hundred and twenty-seven, many being however, only pamphlets or school books. One of his most remarkable works is the New Testament in Greek, minion type, issued in 1546. The cost of the types was defrayed by Francis I. Robert Estienne took such infinite pains to correct his proofs, that it is said he exposed proof-sheets out- side his printing-oftice, o3"ering rewards to any who would point out errors. De Thou says : " La France doit plus k Robert Es- tienne pour avoir perfectionne I'imprimerie, qu'aux plus grands 109 AND Reading Room. Printers' Marks (Continued). capitaines pour avoir ctendu ses frontieres." (France owes more to Robert Stephens for having perfected the art of printing than to its greatest soldiers for having extended its frontiers.) Rob- ert died in 1559, having fled to Geneva, because of his protestant tendencies. His son Henri (printed 1554-1598,) followed in his father's steps as a great printer. Like his father, too, his pro- testant tendencies were his commercial ruin in France. A satire on monks brought about his condemnation to be burnt in effigy, and he only eflfected his escape in time to avoid a more efl'ectual application of the faggots; taking refuge among the snowy heights of the mountains of Auvergne, where he is reported to have remarked to a friend that he was never so cold in his life as the day he was burnt in efflgy in Paris. His Greek "Thesau- sus" is his chief work ; his edition of Plato ranks next. The typographical beauty of some of his works is very remarkable. There were eleven members of this celebrated family, the last one of whom died in 1674. During the career of this family — covering the period of two centuries, — twenty different marks were used by its members in their books, but the olive tree is the distinguishing feature of the larger number. THE ALDI. 1494-1598. The Aldi, Venice. Aldus Pius Manutius, better known as Aldus the elder, was born in 1449 or 1450, at Serraonetta, near Velletri, in the States of the Church. His baptismal name was Theobaldo, the last two syllables of which served him for a nom de plume, which was latinized into Aldus, with the affix Manu- tius for his family and sometimes Romauus to indicate his coun- try. In addition to all these names he afterwards assumed that of Pius, out of compliment to a pupil (the young prince of Carpi, Alberto Pio). A civil war exiled him in 1482, to Greece, where he became an accomplished Greek scholar ; but after a few years no The Lithgow Library Printers' Marks (Continued). he returned to his country and became the great Italian printer of the 16th century, — to whom the world of literature owes some of the best editions of the Greek classics and the world of art some of the noblest examples of typography. He printed the works of Plato, and dedicated them to Pope Leo X. He was the inventor of that description of type called the cursive, or italic (from Italy). The Pope granted him the exclusive privilege, for fifteen years, of publishing all the Greek and Latin books which he might print from types invented or improved by himself. The device which he adopted, was a dolphin entwined round an an- chor, a device found on the obverse of a medal of Vespasian and one of Domitian. The great printer adopted the emblem as a token of swiftness (the dolphin) in execution, combined with steadiness (the anchor) in conception. His first book was printed in 1494, and his last in 1515, — the year of his death. He has been called the King of Printers. Paulus Manutius, son of Aldus, was born in 1512, and succeeded to the press of his father. At the solicitation of Pius IV, he became head of the Apostolic Print, ing Establishment, the intention of the Pope (ultimately carried out) in establishing which was the publication of a complete col- lection of the Fathers. Manutius was charged, together with J. Poggianus and C. Amalthse, to write, entirely in Latin, "The Catechism of the Council of Trent." For this purpose he went to Rome in 1560, but left there to return to Venice in 1570. He died in 1572. Between 1515 and 1540, the Aldine press was con- ducted by Andrea Torresano. Aide Manuce, often called Aldus the younger, was the son of Paulus and was a scholar and printer of great eminence, and was esteemed the greatest genius and most learned man of his time. He was ennobled by his king, and granted a coat of arms, into which was incorporated the anchor and dolphin of the family. He died in 1598, and was the last printer of that famous line. RICHARD E. GOODWIN, TRUSTEE Ill AND Reading Room. Printers' Marks (Concluded). FELIX KINGSTON. 1597-1622. Felix Kingston, London, was a pi'inter from 1597 to 1622. John Bodenham's "Belvedere, or the Garden of the Muses, im- printed at Loudon by F. K. for Hugh Astlcy, dwelling at Saint Magnus Corner," 1600, 8vo., is a valuable book, and very seldom found perfect. Kingston's device consists of the emblems shin- ing on Parnassus ; a laurel tree stands between two conical hills ; on either side a pansy and a sun-flower. In the oval border are the words : "Digna Parnasso et ApoUine." THE BOOK-CASES are so arranged as to form a system of twelve alcoves. There are a dozen double library cases each ten feet long, seven and one-half feet high and twenty inches wide ; there are also three single wall cases of the same height, two ten feet and the other eleven feet in length, -each ten inch- es wide. The material excepting mouldings and orna- mentation, (which are of bronze) is of the best grade of pickled and cold rolled steel. The shelves are single and adjustible and can be quickly raised or lowered to any desired height. The book-cases follow in construction those of the Massachusetts State Library. Their ends and bases have mouldings in bronze. The ends are oniament- 112 The Lithgow Library ed also with the device of a book and encircling wreath, of bronze. There are twelve memorial tab- lets, in bronze, each in duplicate, making panels over both the entrances to each alcove. These tablets bear in antique relief letters the folio vving inscriptions : IN MEMORY OF BETHIA S. N. ALDEN. IN MEMORY OF WALKER BLAINE IN MEMORY OF HENRY WELD FULLER. IN MEMORY OF LIZZIE VICKERY HILL IN MEMORY OP ANNIE LITHGOW SANBORN. IN MEMORY OF HORACE WILLIAMS. IN MEMORY OF JAMES WARE BRADBURY. JR. IN MEMORY OF EMMONS BLAINE IN MEMORY OF ALICE W. HARLOW. IN MEMORY OF WILLIAM T. JOHNSON. IN MEMORY OF GEORGE W. STANLEY IN MEMORY OF REUEL WILLIAA\S. The Book-Room has a capacity for about 30,000 volumes. Whenever in the future the present outfit of shelving shall become overcrowed by accessions of books another story of cases can be added, as contemplated in the architects' design. 113 AND Reading Room. The portrait in crayon of the founder of the institution, Llewellyn W. Lithgow, which hangs on the southwest wall, was the gift of the first Board of Trustees. The pastel portrait of Honorable James Ware Bradbury, which hangs on the northwest wall, was the gift of that gentleman in 1896. The electric and gas fixtures for artificially lighting the buildino- were made from original desio^ns. The O finish of the fixtures in the Readino- Room is lio^ht scoured old brass ; in the lecture hall a rich gilt, and in the Rotunda and Book Room, antique copper. The furniture of the Reading Room is of mahogany, made from special designs approved by the com- mittee after much deliberation. There are four reading tables, (each four feet wide and eight feet long,) and thirty-two chairs. The graceful set of andirons that furnishes the Reading Room fireplace was the gift of Mrs. Richard Patten Goodwin in 1895. Bronze tablets commemorating the munificent gifts of Mr. Lithgow and Mr. Carnegie, are in process of design and preparation while this book is in press. 114 The Lithgow Library APPROPRIATION BY CITY OF AUGUSTA. At a meeting of the Trustees of the Library held October 18, 1895, the following resolution was presented and unanimously adopted : "Whereas a certain petition was presented to the City Government of Augusta for the year 1895, by the Trustees of this Association, asking that the city make an annual appropriation of one thousand dollars for the use and A benefit '^ of said Library on condition that the same be made free to all residents of Augusta, under proper restrictions and regulations ; and whereas, said City Govern- ment of Augusta accepted said proposition in the following vote : "'Voted, that said proposition on the part of said Trustees be and is hereby accepted ; and that an annual appropriation of one thousand dollars shall henceforth be made for the use and benefit of the Library so long as the same shall remain free to the residents of this city under such restrictions and regulations as the Board of Trustees may prescribe ; one-half of said appropriation to be paid to the 115 AND Reading Room. Treasurer of said Library on the first day of July and one-half on the first day of January, of each year, beginning with July 1st, 1895 ; '" "Now, therefore. Voted : That the presentation of said petition to the City Government and the pro- position therein contained are hereby ratified and confirmed, and that this Library shall henceforth remain free to the residents of this city, under such restrictions and regulations as the Board of Trusteea may prescribe." DEDICATION OF THE BUILDING. CONCLUSION. flANUARY, of the year 1896, saw the building finished, and the books having been removed from Bradbury Block on Water street and arranged in order on the shelves of the Memorial Alcoves, the Trustees invited the people of Augusta and the public generally to visit the new home of the library. In response to the invitation a large number of people visited the new building, between the hours of ten o'clock in the forenoon and nine o'clock in the evening of Monday, January 27, 1896, and between the same hours on the five days following. Owing to the moderate size of the hall it was not possible to accommodate all of the people whom it 117 The Lithgow Library. was desirable should be invited to attend an elaborate dedicatory ceremony ; a purely public dedication of the new building, was therefore not attempted. The Trustees invited the contributors toward the building fund to meet in Library Hall, on Monday, February 3d, at four o'clock in the afternoon, to celebrate the completion of the building, and in a simple and appropriate manner to formally dedicate it. At the hour appointed the contributors and their families assembled in the hall, filling it to its capacity. An orchestra of music was stationed in the Rotunda. Honorable James Ware Bradbury was President of the day ; seated with him on the platform were : Eev. E. E. Newbert, pastor of Christ Church (Unitarian) ; Rev. J. S. Williamson, pastor of the South Parish Congregational Church (Congregation- alist) ; also Charles A. Milliken (Mayor), John W. Chase, Leslie C. Cornish, Lendall Titcomb, Oscar Holway, James W. North, Richard E. Goodwin, Benj. F. Parrott and Chas. E. Nash, Trustees. It was cause for disappointment that Mr. Carnegie could not be present in person ; he sent the following telegram. 118 The Lithgow Library New York, February 3, 1896. To Charles E. Nash, Lithgow Library, Augusta, Maine : Hearty congratulations upon to-day's ceremonies. Absent in body. But with you in spirit. Andrew Carnegie. Letters of regret were received from other distin- guished patrons and friends of the Library. The following was the order of exercises. ORDER OF EXERCISES. Honorable James Ware Bradbury, President of Board of Trustees, Presiding. 1. Music, ... . Orchestra. 2. Invocation, - - Reverend E. E. Newbert. 3. Statement of Expenditure of Building Fund BY the Treasurer, Mr. Richard E. Goodwin. 4. Delivery of Building by Building Committee to Trustees, - - Mr. Charles E. Nash. 6. Response by the President, Honorable James "Ware Bradbury. 6. Address of Acceptance and Dedication. Mr. Leslie C. Cornish. 7. Benediction, - Reverend James S. Williamson. 8. Music, .... - Orchestra. 119 AND Reading Room. INVOCATION BY REVEREND E. E. NEWBERT. Infinite God ! Sharers in mystic life, and not altogether unconscious of its meaning, we come to this hour sensible of what it is to live, and with a twofold question on our lips. What is man, that thou art mindful of him? What is man, that he is mindful of thee? What is man, that he is mindful of the highest in life? What interest calls us together to-day? What have we here for profit? Why do we care for these things ? A large answer, all sufficient for the moment, is found in our presence here at this still twilight hour, gladly turning aside from the stern routine of the day that we may stand together before life's great and common riches of mind and heart, — this wealth of the world which no man possesses apart from humanity. Inspired by this larger thought of life, we would now come to dedicate and consecrate this beautiful building, the work of our hands, the pride of our hearts, the proof of our culture. And we consecrate it in the name of God and in the name of man. We dedicate it to the public weal, to the intelligence of all our people, to the well earned supremacy of intellect, to the broadest culture and the largest, freest education. We dedicate it to the highest scholarship, to free inquiry, to the progressive spirit, 120 The Lithgow Library to the very all of truth, goodness and beauty. We dedicate it to science, laborious, disinterested, patient ; to literature, ennobling, emancipating ; to philosophy, the ripest product of the human reason ; to art and music, the eloquent language of the feelings. Yes, we would dedicate it to life in all its human meaning, expressed in education, morality and religion. Nor are we forgetful in this glad hour of the memory of that good and noble citizen in whose generosity and wisdom this free institution had birth. His name is already cut in stone. It shall fhe wrought in bronze, in endurino; J^ ff 7)^..^. tablet. His likeness shall adorn these walls. But his most lasting monument — ever building, never finished — shall be seen in the growing culture of our city ; the free education inspired in the masses of our people ; young minds helped to see the best, desiring to achieve it. There is no greater monument ; no eulogy more eloquent. In his memory, then, and in the memory of all the dead, and in gratitude to all the living, who, by little or by much, helped to bring us to this day and this loving service, we 121 AND Reading Room. earnestly, gratefully dedicate this building, and all that it shall contain, to man and the world. And may it stand henceforth in our midst a con- stant reminder that we live not by bread alone ; the center of our highest life ; a retreat, a shrine, a holy place. Thus may it stand, with our busy city growing around it, while youth passes to manhood and manhood to age, — so long, indeed, as man loves the best, — so long, yea, so long as the rugged stones that compose its walls shall withstand the crumbling action of time. In gladness and solemnity we dedicate it to the present, and to that future — distant, unknown — when other generations shall come to stand where we stand to-day, nearer truth, larger minded, nobler born because of our legacy of mind and heart — the riches of the world. Amen. 122 The Lithgow Library The Treasurer, Mr. Richard E. Goodwin, made a statement of the expenditures of the Building Fund, as follows : STATEMENT BY MR. GOODWIN, TREASUREK. Money received. Received from estate of Mr. Lithgow, $14,545. Received from rents and insurance, - 2,598. Received from interest and dividends, 7,394. Mr. Andrew Carnegie's gift, - - 9,000. Received from benefit performance, - 500. Received from popular subscriptions, 18,350. $52,387. Money paid. Cost of Cushnoc House and Moody lots, $9,360. Cost of Library Building, - - 37,824. Cost of furnishing, _ _ _ 3,130. Cost of grading, _ _ - - 1,536. $51,850. Amount unexpended, - - - 537. $52,387. \ LJyJXS,. S.yYaS-^ CHARLES E. NASH, TRUSTEE 123 AND Reading Room. The delivery of the building by the Building Committee to the Trustees, was by Charles E. Nash, the Secretary of the Committee. DELIVERY OF BUILDING BY THE SECRETARY OF THE BUILDING COMMITTEE. Mr. President: — On these grounds, a little less than twenty months ago, a corner stone was laid ; laid with eloquent ceremony by regaliaed Free Masons, in the imposing presence of thousands of assembled people. Ever since that notable occasion (so vivid in our memories, and henceforth distinguished in the annals of Augusta), ever since that fair summer day, (June 14, 1894,) the busy hands of skillful artisans have built upon that chambered, consecrated stone. They have quarried from the distant granite mountain its choicest layers, and have brought them hither, wrought and fashioned to perfect fitness. Block by block, and layer upon layer, these walls have risen in strength and stateliness, to the rhythm of the burdened, quivering derricks, and the clink of the drill and trowel. From base to pediment, we see the cunning craftsmen's excellent work, — in shaggy ashlar, in lettered panel and medal- lion ; in rounded arch and chiselled tracery, in column and pilaster and capital ; in bracket, in 124 The Lithgow Library moulding, in cornice, in kneeler, and coping, and finial. The diversity and the unity, — the simplicity and harmony of the planes and curves and angles of the woven rock, bespeak alike the genius of the designer and the skill of the long-apprenticed workmen. For sill and girder and roof-tree, they have brought from the great forest the lofty pine, and squared and grooved and fastened it with brace and bolt. The majestic oak tree, ripened by the growth of centuries, has given of its gnarled and libered trunk the slabs that bind and beautify the ceilings. There have assembled here the various industries that wait upon the noble art of architecture. The moulder of clay has brought his bricks, his terra cotta, and his dainty tile ; the plasterer has spread his imperishable adamant ; the decorator has brought his graceful carvings ; the painter his blending colors ; the artist gilder his beaten gold ; the glazier has brought the crystal product of the laboratory, adorned with historic scenes, and the mystical sym- bolic devices of the fyp r^ yy^^zJ? early press. From the K^i'XJXS. ^''/'^^>^ distant Mediterranean shore has been sent the veined and fossiled marble for vestibule and thresh- hold ; while the immortal names of philosophers and 125 AND Reading Room. poets and discoverers and statesmen — radiant fixed stars in the world's intellectual galaxies — these have been scattered in frieze, and pilaster, and panel, to embellish and seal as the temple of thought and enlightenment our gifted architect's enduring master- piece. The last workman with his implements of labor has retired. Behold, now, the completed edifice, ready for its destined and exalted use. I have the honor, sir, in behalf of the building committee, to transfer to you its full possession. These keys admit to its doors. Allow me, venerable sir (to Mr. Bradbury), in closing this last service of the building committee, to say personally to you who have been our revered chairman, that your junior associates have learned from you during their months of labor how beautiful may be a long extended career, and have seen in their honored senior that the fairest crown of old age is its silver hair and the record and satisfaction of an honorable and useful life. 126 The Lithgow Library Honorable James Ware Bradbury, the President of the Day and also of the Board of Trustees, responded. RESPONSE BY PRESIDENT OF TRUSTEES. Ladies and Gentlemen: — The building committee having successfully discharged the duty imposed upon it, has now delivered this elegant building to the trustees. The care, labor and time the members of the committee, and especially Mr. Nash, its secretary, have given in attending to the erection and furnishing the edifice, and preparation of the ground, are well known and appreciated. The building is received as a sacred trust, and with the library it contains, will ever be held by the trustees and their successors in trust for the citizens of Augusta, and their friends. I am aware that this is a fit occasion for an address to give an appropriate expression of our gratitude to the venerated founder of the library and to those who have liberally aided us in carrying out his purpose in a work so full of promise of usefulness, but the state of my health has been such that I did not deem it prudent to undertake it, and I have imposed that duty upon one of our associates, 127 AND Reading Room. capable of doing justice to the subject, who has kindly consented to do what I should have done. This classic edifice is valuable as a work of art, and it is infinitely more valuable for what it contains. Within it will be found the best thoughts, the intellectual fruit of the master minds of centuries, of the ancient as well as the modern world, expressed in language we all can understand, thus enabling us to become the associates of the writers and receive the inspiring influence of such association. I regard a public library as an educational institu- tion of inestimable value. It will both add to the knowledge, and increase the intellectual power of those who avail themselves of its proper use, and it will elevate the intellectual and the moral standard of every community where one is maintained. A word as to the proper use of a library. Most em- phatically, I would say to the young, (and if those who are older shall chance to notice the advice it will do them no harm) : Do not confine your reading too much to works of fiction. Such reading tends to weaken the memory, causes unhealthy excitement, and some of the works instill erroneous views of real life. Read biography, history, poetry, general literature, or something else. It would be a good rule never to 128 The Lithgow Library read two novels in immediate succession, but, in- variably, after you have finished reading one, to read carefully a different kind of work before you touch another novel. I do not refer to that impure class of works that endeavor to make vice attractive, for our trustees will see to it that such books shall never have a place in this library. I have felt a special interest in this library ever since Mr. Lithgow called upon me and informed me what he intended to do, and requested me to prepare a provision to be put into a will, and I then drew the section for the Lithgow Library and Reading Room, which he took and inserted in the will which he himself prepared. The words "Reading Room" were inserted for a purpose, and I hope his purpose may be carried out, and that newspapers as well as periodicals will be provided, and the reading room kept open and made comfortable and attractive ; and that our young men will make it a point to spend their evenings there in useful reading. The generous founder of this library has well done his part, and others have liberally done theirs, and I now commend it to the city, in the hope that it will receive such aid that the whole of the thousand dollars annual income of the trust fund can be used 129 AND Reading Room. for the purchase of books, and additions to the library that will make it a library worthy of its venerated founder and of the capital of the State. Mr. Cornish, who needs no introduction to any audience in this part of the country, has kindly consented to address you. ACCEPTANCE AND DEDICATION BY MR. CORNISH. Mr. President, Ladies wad Gentlemen: — It would seem more fitting on this occasion if the response on behalf of the board of trustees were made by the honored president, who for so many years has been closely identified with the best interests of this institution ; but we know that he has always been ready to bear his part when health would permit, and has kept both himself and us unmindful of his advancing years by holding himself in close touch with the progressive movements of the day, and by maintaining a deep and earnest interest in all that concerns the intellectual and moral welfare of this community. We therefore comply with his request to be relieved from more arduous labors, and count it good fortune that in spite of his nearly ninety-four summers (he has had 130 The Lithgow Library no winters,) he is permitted to preside on this occasion and to witness the completion of this work. The duty that he has selected me, as his subaltern, to perform, is a most pleasant one, that of express- ing to the building committee our appreciation of their labors, and of accepting this perfected structure fresh from their hands. No formal address is required or expected, and no literary disquisition need be attempted. We are gathered here, as friends and neighbors, joint stockholders in a good enterprise, in a purely informal manner to observe this simple service of dedication, or as it might perhaps be better termed, of recognition. On a bright June day of 1894, with imposing ceremonies and in the presence of a vast assemblage, the corner stone of this building was appropriately and impressively laid. The deep blue of a rare June day hovered over us with all the beauty of a new heaven, and the full measure of a New England springtide surrounded us with all the fragrance of a new earth. In a few hours the martial music had ceased, the pomp and display had vanished and the spectators had dispersed to their respective homes. Scarcely had the curtain rung down upon that first fair scene when there came upon the stage, unheralded and without display, a small body of ^■ O^O^^^v-^ (L^^'tS ^'^-^-i^t^t'^^<^ LESLIE C. CORNISH, TRUSTEE 131 AND Reading Room. men into whose hands had been committed the erection and completion of the structure. Faithfully, patiently and persistently they have done their work and this afternoon they present to us as the best evidence of their stewardship, this perfected building, with its rugged strength, its chaste outlines, its elegant equipment. Many may have wondered why more rapid progress was not made, and why roof did not more closely follow upon foundation. It is but just to the committee to say that progress has been made as rapidly as was consistent with thoroughness and that "well done" rather than "quickly finished " has been the motive. Somewhere I have heard this legend used as a text : A traveler in a strange country saw workmen busily engaged upon the foundation of a building. And the stranger said to the workmen, " What build ye here — a palace- or a hovel?" And the workmen replied, "Sire, we- know not, for we build in the dark." "See to it,, then," said the stranger, "that ye build Avell." It was prosaic, this digging for firm foundations, this laying of stone on stone, of brick on brick, this fastening together of timbers, this finishing, part by part. And yet as the rough stone of the quarrj- was gradually transformed into the graceful exterior, and the rugged oak of the forest grew into pillar, 132 The Lithgow Library wainscot and cornice, their satisfaction must have been not unlike that of the sculptor whose chisel calls forth the statue from the marble, or the artist whose brush bids the portrait speak from out the canvas. Gentlemen of the Committee, you have given to this work the most valuable gift that busy men can bestow upon the public, your time, and for the days and months which you have devoted to it you deserve and will receive the deepest gratitude. It was appropriate that the beginning should have been made in the spring time. It is equally appropriate that its completion should have been reached in midwinter, which to us of New England suggests so much of indoor comfort, and that this twilight hour should have been selected for this simple service of dedication, that hour which is the dearest of the day, gathering the family about the hearthstone in that circle of mutual love and helpfulness, of intellectual culture and moral improvement which the stern bleakness of a New England winter seems only to cherish and to strengthen. To me the best picture of a New England home is found just there, and now as night approaches, these members of a larger circle have gathered about this intellectual hearthstone to be 133 AND Reading Room. welcomed to this new home of learning and to dedicate it to the noble purposes for which it was conceived and erected. The citizens of Augusta may be pardoned if they feel to-day, a full measure of honest pride and self- satisfaction. In the first place, this is pre-eminently a Maine institution, and I can almost say, an Augusta institution. Its founder was a native of this State and lived all his life within her borders. Nearly every gift toward the building fund, supple- menting the bequest of the founder, was made by either a native or a resident of Maine and with rare excep- tions a native or a resident of this city. This building was designed by a Maine man, a native of the same county as Mr. Lithgow. It is built of INIaine granite, the product of our inexhaustible quarries. It has ]>een put together by Maine men, the faithfulness of whose work will bear the most scrutinizing test; and it is to be used by Maine people who will see to it that an institution so founded and a building so designed and constructed shall be fostered and maintained. In the second place, this library speaks for the public spii-it of our citizens. It proves that they may be relied upon to encourage and support an institution that deserves their confidence, and that wealth accumulated in our midst is used not for 134 The Lithgow Library selfish purposes alone, but for the broader service of humanity. The man whose name it bears was an honored resident of this city for more than forty years, living a quiet, unostentatious life, but a life inspired by broad purposes. His generous bequest crystalized and made permanent his spirit of beneficence and has created for him a monument more enduring than bronze. But I regard it as fortunate that large as that bequest was, it was not ample for the fulfillment of the purpose because it gave an opportunity to test the generosity of our people in order to complete the work begun. How cheerfully they responded ! This building, with the lot on which it stands, represents in round numbers a cost of $50,000. Of this sum, $20,000 came from the residuum of Mr. Lithgow's estate, $9000 from Mr. Carnegie, and the balance, $21,000, from what may be termed popular subscriptions. Twelve contributions were received of $1000 each. In return for so large a gift the subscribers were granted the privilege of naming an alcove in memory of such person as they might designate, and the bronze tablets in the library below bear those names. But they mark, too, though not in letters, the names of the givers, and will stand not only as memorials to the departed but also as tributes to the generosity of the living. 135 AND Reading Room. The other $9000 out of the $21,000 was raised by smaller contributions ranging from $5 to $500, and to the credit of our citizens let it be said that not a single subscription out of the entire $21,000 will be lost to the library. I therefore rejoice that this library is not the gift of one person. We honor the memory of Mr. Lithgow, and but for his benevolence the event which we are now celebratino: would doubtless have been much longer delayed ; but gifts are not always fully appreciated and the fact that this building represents not the donation of one but of many, and that the many are to have the privilege of using it gives a sense of proprietor- ship that will insure watchful care over it in the future. And in this connection a word should be said in gratitude to Mr. Carnegie for his princely gift of $9000, a surprise to us but not to those who know of his many charities. So large a donation from a gentleman who had never been within our city and who knew little of it except from his personal acquaintance with our distinguished citizen, Mr. Blaine, himself the donor of $1000 to the fund, and from the earnest appeal of Mr. Randall, bears the impress of a man whose hand has ever been open in well directed generosity and who deemed this object 136 The Lithgow Library worthy of his attention. We regret that he cannot be with us to-day. But the citizens of Augusta will hold the name of Andrew Carnegie in grateful remembrance and an appropriate tablet will be placed within these walls to commemorate his munificent gift. In the third place, this city should be proud, to-day, because this library shall be henceforth in fact as well as in name, a public library. In addition to the residuary bequest to which I have already alluded, Mr. Lithgow made a specific bequest of $20,000, to be held by the city in trust forever as a permanent fund, the income thereof to be used for the maintenance of the library and the purchase of books. That fund is now and will continue to be so held, but the annual income of $1000 therefrom was insufiicient to properly main- tain the library in its new quarters and allow anything for the purchase of bookvS unless an annual charge were made to the takers, as has been done in the past. The city in its municipal capacity was then appealed to, and was asked to grant an annual appropriation of $1000, provided the trustees would make the library free to all the people of our city, subject only to such restrictions as would be necessary for its care and preservation. The city 137 AND Reading Room. government cheerfully grunted the request and in so doing voiced an enlightened and progressive public sentiment. This action on their part brings us also an annual donation of $100, on the part of the State, for the Legislature has deemed it wise to encourage in a substantial manner the increase of free public libraries as a part of our educational system. Is it strange, then, that we should congratulate ourselves because of our good fortune, with a beautiful building free from debt, with a library choice if not large, with a fixed annual income of $2100, and best of all, with the words, "Welcome to the people," inscribed above the entrance. And this means what? That to-morrow at ten o'clock, for the first time in the history of this city, a free public library will open its doors to all its citizens of suitable age, and that without money and without price the advantages of self-culture will be accessible to all. It means that that beautiful reading room, itself a source of education, may become the private library of the boys and girls, the young men and the young women of this town, w^here amid artistic surroundings they may sit and read the best thoughts of the best thinkers. It means that the searchers after truth can find in the card catalogue 138 The Lithgow Library which has just been completed the key to the treasures upon the shelves, and can glean all that is there contained upon any subject or along any line of thought. Few can have the advantage of a collegiate educa- tion, and most of the world's workers must be self educated, if educated at all. Here are 7000 volumes carefully selected, including the best works of the best authors, and they are yours for use. Do you wish to associate with the best society? Come here and you shall find it. Do you wish to make friends who will be as steadfast in adversity as in prosperity, who know no change but are always constant, helpful and true ? They are waiting for you on the shelves below. And as you meet these great men here, you can talk with them and they with you, without the formality of an introduction. Tennyson, the man, lived a recluse in the Isle of Wight, where personal approach was well nigh impossible, and if by chance you were ushered into his presence, the coldness of his manner rendered escape desirable. Tennyson, the poet, lives here and is the same sweet, honest-hearted soul to every one who will but knock at his cloth-covered door. Many a traveler goes to Concord to visit the old manse by the early battle- BENJAMIN F. PARROTT, TRUSTEE 139 AND Reading Room. field, where Hawthorne dwelt, and the plain white house where Emerson wrote his world-wide truths. But the "Mosses from an Old Manse" are richer still, and the immortal truths themselves than the house in which they were written. Not a few journey across the water to see the thatched cottage of Burns in bonnie Ayrshire, the baronial castle of Scott on the banks of the Tweed, or the churchyard where Shakespeare lies in Strat- ford-upon-Avon, and there is a thrill of satisfaction even in seeing the places where great men once lived and worked ; but it is better far to know the thoughts, to understand the teachings and to catch the spirit of the men themselves. These, these, are here. And it is to such companionship that the doors are now thrown open. The trustees therefore accept this building from the committee with a deep sense of gratitude, but with a deeper sense of the responsibility it imposes. They accept it as trustees for the people, pledging themselves to cherish and promote its interests and to transmit it to their successors richer, stronger and more potent. They accept it too, with the confident hope that as the past has brought forth friends to found, erect and equip, so the future shall raise up 140 The Lithgow Library other benefactors to enlarge, to increase and to advance.* And now as the final word before the old order of things passes into the new, let rae add that the trustees would dedicate this building to wider learn- ing, to better citizenship, to truer manhood and to nobler womanhood ; they w^ould dedicate it to the higher service of man, and therefore to thp worthier service of God. May peace, plenty and prosperity attend this institution as it now steps forth into a wider sphere of action, clothed with new garments and eager for the work that lies before it. * Among the bequests of the late Hon. Joseph H. Williams, (born Feb. 15, 1814,) was one for the sum of one thousand dollars in favor of the Lithgow Library. Mr. "Williams with his sisters (Mrs. Helen A. Gilman of Portland, Miss Ann Williams and Mrs. Jane E. Judd of Augusta,) contributed $1000 to the building fund. The historical engraving, Cromwell Befusing the Crown of England, which hangs above the mantel in the Book Room, was the gift of Mr. Williams. The hanging of that rare and im- pressive picture was the occasion of the revered donor's last visit to the Library, when the weight of years was bearing heavily upon him, a few weeks before his death, July 19, 1896. Mrs. Mary Nason Robinson, daughter of the late Edward A. Nason of Augusta and widow of the late Samuel F. Robinson of Indianapolis, Indiana (formerly of Augusta), bequeathed by will the sum of $1000 to the Lithgow Library and Reading Room. The will was probated at Indianapolis, November 5, 1896. 141 AND Reading Room. The exercises closed with a benediction pronounced by Rev. James S. Williamson. BENEDICTION BY REVEREND JAMES S. WILLIAMSON. Almighty God ! May the years bring to our experience the joys of the love which fills Thy heart and may eternity employ the exercises of our minds so as to perceive the beauty and wisdom which dwells supremely in Thee and in all the works of Thy hands. We ask in the name of our Lord and brother, Jesus Christ. Amen. ^ ARCHITECTS OF ^ ^ THE BUILDING. ^ NEAL & HOPKINS. JOSEPH LADD NEAL, was born in Wiscasset, Maine, May 27th, 1866. In 1886, he commenced the study of architecture as a student in the office of C. Howard Walker, architect, Boston, Mass. Before leavins: Boston for New York, he studied and worked as a draughtsman in the office of the succes- sors to Henry Hobson Richardson, of Brookline, Mass. , (father and promoter of the modern American Romanesque style of architecture) when the influ- ence of that famous architect was still strong, and where Mr. Neal imbibed a respect for that style which is indicated in the strong lines of many of his designs, including the Lithgow Library. In New York, he was connected with some of the largest and most prominent buildings in that city and vicinity, including the "Wilkes Building," x^ JOSEPH L. NEAL, ARCHITECT 143 The Lithgow Library. building for the "Farmers' Loan and Trust Co.," "Bank of America," "Mechanics' Bank," the "Green- wich Savings Bank," "Chapel" at Sailors' Snug Harbor, and "All Saints' Cathedral/' In the fall of 1891, he established his present office at No. 61, Fourth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Penn., C^^ and shortly y^^^^ys^ after formed ' partnership ^ with Alfred Hopkins, with whom he had been associated while in the office of James Ken wick, — now deceased, one of the oldest and most prominent of New York architects. This partnership was dis- solved in 1894, Mr. Neal continuing the business. Among the successful buildings designed by this lirm, may be mentioned the "First Unitarian Church," Pittsburgh; "Home for Colored Orphans," Alle- ghany, Penn. ; Hotel, at Ellwood, Penn. ; Power House for the " Alleghany County Light Co. ;" the "Morrill Memorial Library," at Norwood, Mass., (now, 1896, under construction, and the result of the fame of the Lithgow Library,) and including residences in Pittsburgh for Mr. James Neale, John A. Bower, Charles M. Bollman, and the summer residence for Mr. James B. Dewhurst at Ross Mountain Park. 144 The Lithgow Library Mr. Neal considers the Lithgow Library — the honor for which he shares with his former partner, Mr. Hopkins — to be among the best, if not the best, result of his hibors, and of which he is justifiably proud. Mr. Neal's ancestry as shown on the annexed genealogical chart, runs back in two of its lines at least, to families of the first two colonies of New England, — John Alden of Plymouth and Chris- topher Wadsworth of the Massachusetts colony. It is a fact of interest and not unworthy of note here, that it was one of the descendants of John Alden, (whom Longfellow idealized in Myles Stan- dish's Courtship and who personally engaged in establishing and conducting the Pilgrims' trading- house at Cushnoc,) who was selected as the designer of a library building for the city that has been built at the place where two and a half centuries ago the pilgrim ancestor trafficked with the Indians in the interest of the Plymouth Colony. Mary South worth, wife of David Alden, son of John and Priscilla Mullin Alden, was a daughter of Constance South- worth, the first resident magistrate at Cushnoc. Alfred Hopkins, son of Capt. Alfred Hopkins, U. S. N., was born in Saratoga, N. Y., March 14th, mi i i 5 -I 1 3 «.3 9^ I 1 2i O -1^ s 2? i I 145 AND Reading Room. 1870. He lived and commenced his studies in architecture in Washington, D. C, and before his professional connection with Mr. Neal spent a number of years ^ n I n I I J - draitsman m the U I office of James Renwick. He is an energetic young man of many talents, and in addition to his success as an artist and architect, is a musician of marked ability, — playing many instruments and ranking high as an amateur performer on the violin and violin-cello. His friends predict a successful career in either or both of his favorite pursuits, and should he concentrate his energy and abilities on either, it is safe to predict fame as the result. APPENDIX 149 The Lithgow Library. APPENDIX. CONTEACTORS, BUILDERS AND FURNISHERS. Neal and Hopkins, Architects, No. 61 4th Avenue, Pitts- burgh, Pa. Granite for the foundation walls : Augusta Granite Co. ; Philip H. Carey, foreman; Albert T. Fuller, treasurer. Granite (wrought and carved) for the superstructure : The DoDLiN Granite Company, Oakland ; "Wm. M. Ayer, treasurer. All granite and brick masonry work : Sahth and Clark, Augusta, superintended by Henry T. Clark. The carpentry: Llewellyn E. Bradstreet, Hallowell; Herbert M. Damren, foreman. Roofing: The Celadon Terra Cotta Co., Alfred, N. Y., by J. K. Smith of Waterbury, Conn. Adamanting walls and ceilings : Fred'k Cony, Augusta ; J. Manley Nichols, foreman. Painting and finishing woodwork : Hiram W. Judkins, fore- man, Augusta. Papier Mache and composition ornaments and carving of capitals : Charles Emmel, No. 383 Albany St., Boston. Gilding decoration in Reading Room, Ruby L. Gledhill, No. 874 DeKalb Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y., and John Weigel, Brooklyn, New York. Fire places tile : Charles A. Millen and Co., Nos. 11 and 12 Charlestown St., Boston, Mass. Leaded glass windows (transoms) : Phipps, Slocxjm and Co., No. 144 Essex street, Boston, Mass. Carved State Seal in Book Room: Morse and Co., Bangor, Maine. 150 The Lithgow Library CONTRACTORS, BUILDERS AND FURNISHERS (Concluded). Book shelving and memorial tablets : The Fenton Metallic Manufacturing Co., Jamesto'.vn, N. Y., M. S. Kelly, Agent. Heating outfit: Tabkr, Cakey and Co., Augusta, Me., Willis R. Goodwin, foreman. Oak mantels (three) : R. S. Bradbury, Augusta. Marble Wainscot, etc., in vestibule, Chas. E. Hall, Boston, Mass. Carving names on granite panels aud medallions : Wm. Tregembo and George B. Lord, Hallowell, Me. Lighting fixtures : The Kennebec Light and Heat Co., John A. Hamblin, superintendent; with the manufacture of McKenny and Waterbury, Boston, Mass. Vestibule floor: The Enamel and Mosaic Marble Co., Beverly St., Boston, Mass. Leaded glass windows (basement) : Redding, Baird and Co., 83 Franklin St., Boston, Mass. Plate glass window sashes : Webber and Gage, Augusta, Me. Filling and grading the grounds : J. A. Norton and O. R. Wellman ; Robert McCutchix, foreman. Reading Room furniture (mahogany) : The Grand Rapids School Furniture Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. General Agent, E. K. Fassett, No. 76 Fifth xAvenue, New York. Catalogue cases, tables, etc. ; The Library Bureau, Boston, Mass., General Agent. Plumbing : Taber, Carey, & Co., Augusta, Me. ; Herbert A. Cauey, foreman. ^^ ;^!?v^^^<^5^< ^ h^ 153 AND Reading Room. City of Augusta. In Board of Aldermen, November 12, 1896. Whereas, the Executors of the will of Joseph H. Williams give notice that by the Eighth item of said will he gave and bequeathed to the City of Augusta the sura of One Thousand Dollars ($1000), on condition that it shall first consent by a valid vote of the city authorities to accept the said sum of money in trust, as follows, viz : To safely invest it or hold it for municipal purposes only, paying inter- est therefor at the rate of five per centum per annum, and in either case in trust, to apply the income aris- ing therefrom to the use of the Lithgow Library and Reading Room, in the said city, and pay the same an- nually to the Trustees thereof, to aid in maintaining the said Library and Reading Room : Therefore ; Ordered^ That said gift and bequest to the cit}'^ of Augusta by the Eighth item of the will of said Joseph H. Williams, be and hereby is gratefully accepted upon the conditions therein expressed. And further Ordered^ That a copy of this vote certified by the City Clerk be forthwith filed with the Executors of the will of Joseph H. Williams. Read and passed. Sent down for concurrence. Attest : L. A. Burleigh, City Clerk. In Common Council, November 12, 1896. Read and passed in concurrence. Attest : C. R. Hall, Clerk. 154 The Lithgow Library BEQUEST OF MKS. MARY N. ROBINSON. In the will of Mrs. Mary Nason Robinson, dated March 27, 1895, was the following clause : "Fourteenth. — I give and bequeath to the Lithgow Library of Augusta, Maine, the sum of one thousand dollars." The will was probated at Indianapolis, Indiana, November 5, 1896, with Charles W. Smith of Indi- anapolis, and James H. Bell of Boston, Massachu- setts, as executors. Mrs. Robinson's death took place in Boston, Mass., on Thursday, October 15, 1896. During the last two years of her life, she had resumed her home in her native city of Augusta. She was on a brief visit to friends in Boston, when she suddenly became ill of typhoid pneumonia and in spite of the interposition of the most eminent medical skill the malady speed- ily increased until the end came. Mrs. Robinson was the widow of the late Samuel F. Robinson. Mr. Robinson was born in Skowhegan, August 1, 1838. He served with honor in the 16th Maine regiment during the war of the rebellion. After the close of the war he settled in Augusta, and entered the firm of Deering Holway & Co., whole- 155 AND Reading Room. sale flour and grain merchants, with a branch house at Auburn. In 1885 he removed to Indianapolis, Indiana, and there became one of the proprietors of the Acme milling plant, ofliciating as president of the company. On August 15, 1894, while on the floor of the Indianapolis Exchange, he was stricken with paralysis. In the hope of obtaining successful medical treatment he was removed to Boston, where he died at Hotel Brunswick, November 29, 1894. Bereaved of her devoted husband and without the solace of children of her own, Mrs. Robinson was moved to remark as in loneliness she bravely faced the future, "Now I have only the Master's work to do." And to that work she devoted herself, bring- ing to bear all the force of her bright, cheerful, sunny nature. Beautiful in person, she was passing beautiful in the sweetness of her character and in the symmetry of her christian life. She was born March 13, 1843. She joined the Congregationalist Church when sixteen years of age. Her father was the be- loved deacon Edward A. Nason, and with his widow and her sister Margaret Nason, e had made her home since returning to Augusta, after the death of her husband.* Her mother was Julia Ann, daughter of Lewis Hamlin, and sister of the late Lewis B. Hamlen of Augusta. • Adapted from obituary notice written by Mr. Howard Owen, and published in the Maine Farmer, October 22, 1896. 156 The Lithgow Library CITY ORDINANCES. State of Maine. City op Augusta. CHAPTER XX. Lithgow Library and Reading Room. Section 1. The management, care and control of the Lithgow Library and Reading Room, shall be vested in a board of trustees which shall be consti- tuted as follows : Said board shall consist of five members of which number the mayor of the city shall be ex-officio one, another shall be appointed by the executors or representatives of the estate of Llewellyn W. Lithgow, and the rest shall be ap- pointed by the mayor and aldermen , one each year, to hold office for a term of three years. Section 2. Said board of trustees shall prescribe rules and regulations under which said Library and Reading Room may be used, and do all things need- ful to protect, preserve and take care of the same. They shall have authority to use the income that shall accrue from the bequests, and such sums as shall from time to time be appropriated by the city for the purpose, in making the requisite purchasse for said Library and Reading Room, in furnishing accommodations therefor, and for any deficiency in the expense of taking care of the same. 157 AND Reading Room. AMENDMENT TO CHAPTER XX. State of Maine. City of Augusta. In Board of Aldermen, February 10, 1893. Be it ordained by the City Council of the City of Augusta^ as follows : Section 1. Section one of chapter twenty of the revised ordinances of the city of Augusta is hereby amended by substituting in place of the word "five," in the fourth line, the word " fourteen ;" and in place of the word " one," in the ninth line, the word " four," so that said section as amended shall read as follows : Section 1. The management, care and control of the Lithgow Library and Eeading Room, shall be vested in a board of trustees which shall be consti- tuted as follows : Said board shall consist of fourteen members, of which number the mayor of the city shall be, ex officio, one ; another shall be appointed by the executors or representatives of the estate of Llewellyn W. Lithgow and the rest shall be appointed by the mayor and aldermen, four each year, to hold office for a term of three years. Section 2. Section one of this ordinance shall be subject to the following provisions, namely : Imme- diately upon the passage hereof the mayor and alder- 158 The Lithgow Library men shall appoint three trustees to hold office for a term of one year, three to hold for a term of two years, and three to hold for a term of three years, and thereafterward all appointments, except to fill vacancies, shall be made under the provisions of said section one. Section 3. This ordinance shall take effect March 1, 1893. INDEX 161 The Lithgow Library. INDEX. PAGE Acceptance of Lithgow bequest by city of Augusta, - 21, 28 Act authorizing the city of Augusta to apply a certain bequest from L. W. Lithgow to Library purposes, and to incorporate the Lithgow Library and Beading Room, . - - 27 Alden, Charles F., contributor, 33, 40 Alden, Bethia S. N., 33 Allen, E.G., 3 Allen, E. C. & Co., contributors, ----- 41 Andirons in Reading Room, ------ 113 Andrews, Albert G., contributor, ----- 42 Appropriation by city of Augusta, - - - - 113 Architects of the building, ------ 142 Augusta, city of, bequest to in trust, - - 12, 140, 151-153 City Council of, at laying of corner-stone, 48 Augusta Literary and Library Association, - - 1, 2, 4, 6, 9 162 The Lithgow Library INDEX (Continued). Baker, Joseph, _..._-. page 2, 4 Baker, Orville D., contributor, ----- 40 Bangs, George H., -------- 37 Beach, Rev. S. C, 3 Belcher, Mrs. Adeline N., contributor, - - - 40 Bell, J. B., 3, 5 Bell, James H., executor of will of Mrs. Mary Nason Robinson, ------- 154 Benediction by Rev. James S. "Williamson, - - 141 Bequest, Lithgow, acceptance of by City of Augusta, - 21 of Mrs. Mary Nason Robinson, - 140, 154-155 of Hon. Joseph H. Williams, - - 140, 151-153 Black, Richard W., contributor, 42 Blaine, Emmons, 34 Blaine, James G., - 2, 67 contributor, - - - - - - 34, 40 Blaine, Mrs. Anita McCormick, contributor, - - 34, 40 Blaine, Walker, 4, 34 Boardman, Samuel L., - - 3, 5 Bookcases, description of, ----- - 111 Books, donations of, ------- 5 Boothby, Clinton, -------- 4 Bowditch & Webster, contributors, - - - - 42 Bowker, Joseph, -------- 17 Bowman, Mary, -------- 19 Bowman, Thomas, -------- 19 Box deposited in corner-stone, contents of, - - - 65-67 Bradbury, James W., 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 24, 27, 28, 44, 62, 65, 67, 117 contributor, - - - - - - 33, 40 address by at laying of corner-stone, - 53-60 portrait of in Reading Room, - - - 113 address of at dedication, - - - - 126-129 Bradbury, James W. Jr., 4, 34 163 AND Reading Room. INDEX (Continued). Brickett, G. E., page, 3, 4 Brickett, Mrs. George H., ----- - 37 Bridge, Joseph H., contributor, ----- 41 Bronze memorial tablets, ..-.-- iig tablets to Mr. Lithgow and Mr. Carnegie, 113 Building committee appointed, ----- 44 Building, completion of, ------ 73 description of, ----- - 73-85 fund, S& Burbank, Horace H., Grand Master of Maine, - - 48 Burleigh, Hon. Hall C, 46 Burleigh & Elynt, -.----.- 66 Burton, Miss Sarah E. E., _-_.-. 5 Caldwell, "William, - 3 Cargill, David, -------- 3, 4 Carnegie, Andrew, contributor, - - - - 34, 35, 40 letter from to Mr. Randall, - - - 35 check of for #9000, to treasurer, - - 43 letter from to Mr. Nash, - . - - 48 telegram from to Mr. Nash, - - - us Chase, John W., 4,117 contributor, ------ 34 trustee, 37, 40 added to building committee, - - - 45 Chase, M. V. B., 3, 4 Chase, Master Frank, 37 Chase, Miss Frances W., ------ 37 Chase, Mrs. F. W., 37 Chadbourne, Miss Ena, ------- 37 Child, Elisha, 19 Child, Pauline P., 19 Choate, Winfleld S., contributor, ----- 41 Grand Marshal, ------ 70 City of Augusta, appropriation by, - - - - 114 Clapp, Miss Julia M., Librarian, - - - - 5,25,67 164 The Lithgow Library INDEX (Continued). Clapp, J. W., - page, 3 Cleaves, Henry B., Governor, . . - - - 48 Cogan, John H., contributor, . . . . . 41 Cole, Nathaniel W., contributor, ----- 41 Comedy, " School," 37 Completion of building, - 73 Connor, General and Mrs. Selden, - - - - 2, 3, 5 Contractors, builders and furnishers, - - . 149-150 Contributors to the building fund, - . - - 40-43 Cony, Daniel, 80 Cony Female Academy, - 82 Cony, George A. , contributor, ----- 43 Corner-stone, laying of, June 14, 1894, - - . 47 Cornish, Leslie C, - - - - 25,28,29,52,65,66,117 contributor, ------ 41 address of at laying of corner-stone, - 60-65 address of at dedication, - - - 129-140 Cromw^ell Refusing the Crown, (engraving,) - - 140 Crooker, Leander J., contributor, . - - - 41 Crosby, C. W., ^ 70 Cushman, B. H., .-- 3 Cushnoc House property purchased, - - - - 31 Davis, Benj. G., -- 4 Davis, Edward E., contributor, ----- 42 Dawson, George, 5 Dedication of building, Feb. 3, 1896, . - - - 116 Delivery of building to Trustees, ----- 123 Devices of the early printers, ----- 83-111 DeWitt, Henry A., 2, 3, 4, 5 Donations of books ------- 5 Dorr, Mr. and Mrs. John, ------ 6 Drew, Colonel and Mrs. Franklin M., - - - - 2 Franklin M., 3, 4, 5 Drummoud, Elijah, - 17 Dudley, Edwin C, contributor, 42 165 AND Reading Room. INDEX (Continued). Eaton, Russell, ....--- page, 6 Electric and gas fixtures, - 113 Emery, D.W., 67 Emery, Mrs. D. W., "Worthy Matron, ... - 49 Entertainment, " School," ..-.-- 37 Eveleth, Joseph J., - - - - - - - 2, 3, 4 Executive Council of Maine, ------ 48 Exercises at dedication of building, - - - - 118 Extract from will of Llewellyn W. Lithgow, - - 12 from will of Joseph H. Williams, - 151-152 from will of Mrs. Mary Nason Robinson, - 154 Farwell, Alanson B., 5 Fort Halifax, (Winslow) , 15,16 Fort Richmond, -------- 15 Fort St. George (Thomaston), ----- 15 Fort Western, 19, 80 Fowler, Lemuel B., contributor, 41 Frick, Mrs. Elise Dana, contributor, _ - - - 41 Fuller, Albert T., contributor, ----- 41 Fuller, Henry Weld, 34 Fuller, James E., contributor, . . - . - 42 Fuller, Miss H. W., 5 Fuller, Mrs. Sara Rockwood Ladd, contributor, - 34, 40 Furniture in Reading Room, - 113 Gage, Wm. E., contributor, 42 Gannett, Wm. H., contributor, 40 Gardiner, Ann, ._------ 18 Gardiner, John, --- ig Gardiner, Dr. Sylvester, 18 Gilman, Mrs. Helen A., contributor, - - - - 40, 100 Goodwin, Richard E., 38, 44, 113, 117 trustee, ------- 37 contributor, ------ 41 elected treasurer, ----- 45 statement of as treasurer, - - - - 122 166 The Lithgow Library , INDEX (Continued). Gould, Miss Mabel, page, 37 Grand Master of Grand Lodge of Freemasons, - - 48 Granite National Bank, ------- 67 Hall, Oliver G., contributor, ----- 42 Hamlen, Horace H., ------- 4 Harlow, Alice W., 34 Harlow, Henry M., contributor, - - . - 4, 34, 40 Hartford, John H., 4 Haynes, General and Mrs. J. Manchester, . . - 2 J. Manchester, - - - 3, 4, 6, 8, 24, 27, 28, 29 Haines, Miss Muriel ------- 37 Heath, Herbert M., 8, 24, 27 Herrick, A. C, ---.-_-. 5 Hersey, Fred L., contributor, ----- 43 Hichborn, Charles S., contributor, - - - - - 42, 67 Hill, John F., contributor, . - - . 34, 38, 40, 44 trustee, -.-__.- 37 Hill, Mark Langdon, 16 Hill, Mrs, Lizzie Vickery, ------ 34 Hill, W. Scott, contributor, 34, 40 Historical engraving presented by Mr. Williams, - 140 Holway, Oscar, trustee, - - - - 37, 38, 44, 117 contributor, ------ 41 Homan, Joseph A.,- - - - - - - - 2, 5 Hopkins, Neal &, architects, ------ 142 Hopkins, Mrs. Dunlap, New York, - - - . 18 Hopkins, Alfred, biographical sketch of, - - - 144 Howard, Captain James, ------ 80 Huntington, Miss Mary, ------ 37 Hunt, Charles C, Acting Grand Secretary, - - - 65 Invocation at Dedication, ._---- 119 Johnson, Miss Abby C, contributor, - - - - 40 Johnson, Treby, -------- 4 Treby and sisters, contributors, - - - 34, 40 167 AND Reading Room. INDEX (Continued). Johnson, Honorable and Mrs. Warren, - - - page, 2 Johnson, Wm. T., 2, 5, 34 Judd, Mrs. Jane E., contributor, - - - - 40, 140 Judd, Hophni, executor of will of Joseph H. Williams, 149 Kennebec Bridge, 1797, 81 Kennebec Natural History and Antiquarian Society, - 39 Kennebec Journal, contributor, . . - . - 41 Kinsman, Frank W., contributor, ... - 41 Kinsman, Fred G., contributor, 41 Knowlton, Charles, contributor, .... - 41 Lambard, Allen, --. 2, 4 Lambard, Mrs. Harriet Stanley, contributor, - - 40 Lambard, Orville D., -- 4 Lambard, Thomas, 2, 4 Lancaster, Woart, -------- 37 Lane, Samuel W., contributor. 41 Lane, Mrs. Samuel W., contributor, . - - - 41 Lapham, W. B., 3, 4 Laws, private and special, 1883, 27 Lectures and entertainments, ----- 6 Lee, Mrs. A. C, contributor, 43 Libbey, Artemas, contributor, 42 Libby, Wm. H., contributor, 41 List of contents of box in comer-stone - - - 65-67 Lithgow Library and Eeading Koom, founded - - 11 trustees elected, ----- 24 opened to the public, . - - - 25 organized into a corporation, - - - 28 fund, ordinance relating to, - - - 22 lot for building purchased, - - - 31, 32 corner-stone of building laid, - - - 47-72 building dedicated. - - - - - 116 bequest to by Mrs. Mary Nason Eobinson, 164 Lithgow, General William, Jr., 19 168 The Lithgow Library INDEX (Continued). Lithgow, James Noble, ------ page, 13, 18 Lithgow, Mrs. Llewellyn W., ----- 49 Lithgow, Llewellyn W., 4, 5, 11, 13, 18, 19, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28 extract from will of, 12 construction of residuary clause of will of, 30 portrait of in Reading Room, - - - 113 Lithgow, Mrs. Pauline C, executor, - . - . 2I Lithgow, Robert, 13, 14, 15 Lithgow, Sarah Noble, ------- 16 Lithgow, Colonel William, - - - - 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 Lord & Lowell, contributors, - . - - . 42 Luques, Samuel W., executor, ----- 2I Lynch, Thomas J., contributor, ----- 43 Mackaye, S. Steele, 5 Macomber, George E., contributor, - - - . 41 Maine Board of World's Fair Managers, . - - 45 Manley, Samuel Cony, 66 Manley, Joseph H., trustee, 3, 37, 38, 44 Joseph H., contributor, ----- 40 Martin, George W., trustee,* ----- 45 George W., contributor, ----- 41 Masonic ceremony, laying corner-stone, - - - 67-72 Temple, laying corner-stone of, - - - 72 Mead, Byron A., 37 Memorial tablets, -------- n2 Michaelis, Miss Marion, 37 Milliken, Charles, contributor, ----- 42 Milliken, Charles A., mayor, - - - - - 48, 117 Charles A., contributor, ----- 41 Moody, Wm. G., lot purchased of, - - - - 32 Morrill, Lot M., 2, 4 Morton, Charles B., ------- 3 Murray, W. H. H., 6 * Born May 7, 1833; died October 26, 1896. 169 AND Reading Room. INDEX (Continued). Myrick, John D., page, 5 Nash, Charles E., trustee, - - 4, 37, 38, 44, 48, 67, 71 Charles E., contributor, ----- 4i Charles E., address of at dedication, - - - 123-125 Nash, Edwin L., 37, 67 Nason, Charles H.,- ------- 5 Charles H., contributor, ----- 42 Neal & Hopkins, architects, plan of accepted, - - 44 biographical sketches of - - - 142-144 Newbert, Rev. E. E., invocation of at dedication, 117-119 Noble, Colonel Arthur, 13, 14, 16 Noble, Sarah, 14 North, James W., trustee, 37, 67, 117 James W., contributor, ----- 41 North, Miss Carrie, - 37 Nye, Joshua, --------- 2, 4 Opera at Granite Hall, ------- 5 Ordinance relating to the Lithgow Library and Reading Room fund, 22 Ordinances relating to the Lithgow Library and Reading Room, 156-158 Order of procession at laying of corner-stone, - - 50-51 Order of exercises at dedication, ----- us Organization of the Lithgow Library and Reading Room into a corporation, ----- 28 Osgood, Henry S., 2, 3, 5 Owen, Frank A., Bangor, 37 Owen, Howard, -------- 3 Howard, contributor, ------ 42 Parrott, Benjamin F., trustee, - - - 37, 38, 44, 117 Benjamin F., contributor, - - - - 41 Partridge, Frank R., contributor, ----- 42 Peterson, Miss Zoe, ------- 37 Philbrook, Alden W., mayor, . . . - . 28 170 The Lithgow Library INDEX (Continued). Pierce, J. Frank, page, 3 J. Frank, contributor, 42 Pierce, Miss Lou, 37 Pierce, Harry H., -------- 37 Pike, Daniel T., 20 Pillsbury, E. F., g Plaisted, Fred W., 66 Plan of Neal and Hopkins accepted, - - - _ 44 Plymouth trading house at Cushnoc, - - - - go Potter, Barrett E., 4 Printers' Marks, 83-111 Book Room. Andreas Crantander, - - - . 92 Andrea Torresano, 88 Antoine Verard, 95 Christopher Plantin, ----- 86 Estienne Dolet, 98 Fust and Schoeffer, 85 Geoffrey Tory, 97 Johan Girard, - 93 John Gruninger, 92 Josse Bade, ------ 90 Peter Treverius, ----- 91 Richard Grafton, 88 Theodoric Martens, 96 Thomas Anshelm, 97 Thomas Creede, ----- 92 Thomas VautroUier, ----- 93 Reading Room. Aldi, The, 109 Elzevirs, The, 106 Estiennes, The, 107 Felix Kingston, - - - - - - 111 Giuntas, The, 104 171 AND Reading Room. INDEX (Continued). Printers' Marks, page, 83-111 Eeading Room (continued). Heinrich Petri, 102 Joahann Proben, 99 Jolin Jaggard, 101 John Knoblouch, 102 Juan Rosembach, ----- 100 Michael Hillenius, ----- 101 Petus-Leichtenstein, ----- 104 Richard Pynson, ----- 106 William Caxton, 102 Wolfgang Kopfel, 101 Wynkyn de Worde, 105 Proceeds of Entertainment '» School," - - - -37,43 Procession, order of at laying of corner-stone, - - 60-51 Quinby, G. W., 2, 4 Randall, Ira H., trustee, ------- 34 Ira H., letter from Mr. Carnegie, - - - 25 Randall, Miss Grace, -- 37 Randall, Miss Charlotte, ------ 37 Reid, William H., contributor, ----- 42 Reilly, Miss Mary J., contributor, - - . - 42 Residuary clause in Mr. Lithgow's will, - - - 30 Revised ordinances relating to Lithgow Library and Reading Room, ----- 156-158 Rice, Richard D., 2, 4 Roberts, Edward J. , contributor, 43 Robertson, Gustavus A., contributor, - - - - 41 Robertson, T. W., 37 Robinson, Mr. and Mrs. S. F., 2, 3 Robinson, Mrs. Mary Nason, bequest of, - - 140, 154 Rose of Sharon Chapter No. 13, 49 Sanborn, Annie Lithgow, 34 172 The Lithgow Library INDEX (Continued). Sanborn, Bigelow T., contributor, - - - page, 42 Sanborn, Emery A., contributor, 34,40 Sanborn, Peter F., executor, ..... 21 Safforcl, Charles W., 4 Sawin, Miss Emma S., ------- 5 Selbing, Lewis, 67 Sewall, Dummer, 17 Shakespeare Club, --...--. 2 Shirley, Governor, 16 Smith, Charles W., executor of will of Mrs. Mary Nason Eobinson, - - 154 Smith, Eleazer H. W., contributor, ... - 42 Smith, H. Eugene, contributor, 43 Smith, Miss Winnefred, 37 Smith, William R., trustee,, - - 3, 4, 8, 9, 24, 27, 28, 29, 43 William R., death of, 45 Snyder, Rev. A. W., prayer oflfered by, ... 52 South Parish Meeting-house, 82 Southard, Frank E., contributor, - - - - - 42, 66 Spelling match in Granite Hall, .... - 5 Sprague, Alden, ........ 4 Stacy, George G., -------- 2 Stacy, William H., 5 Stanley, George W., 4, 34 Statement of treasurer at dedication, .... 122 Stevenson, General Luther, - - - - - - 48, 49 Stevens, GreenliefT., contributor, ... - 41 Stinson, Walter D., conti'ibutor, ..... 42 Stone, corner, laying of, .--..- 47 Stone, Everett, contributor, .-..-- 42 Stone, Miss Gertrude, ...---- 37 Sturgis, Cony, 37 Sturgis, J. Henry, contributor, . - - . . 42 Tablets, memorial, »--.-.- 112 173 AND Reading Room. INDEX (Continued). Tappan, Kev. Benjamin, D.D., - - . - page, 82 Temple Quartette at Granite Hall, ... - 5 Temple, Robert, 13, 14 Thayer, A. W., 4 Albert "W., contributor, ----- 42 Thieme, Prof. B. W., 72 Thompson, A. T., 2 Tilton, William S., 5 Titcomb, Lendall, trustee, - - - - 37, 38, 44, 117 Lendall, contributor, ----- 40 Lendall, executor of will of Joseph H. Williams, 149 Titcomb, Samuel, -------- 2, 4 Samuel, executor, ------ 21 Tobey, George 0., contributor, 42 Torsey, H. A., 70 Toward, J. W. 6 Town Meeting-house, ------- 80 Treasurer, statement of at dedication, - - . - 122 True, Hilton W., 3 Trustees of Lithgow Library and Eeading Room, 23, 24, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 43, 44, 114 Vickery, George W., contributor, 43 Vickery, Peleg O., contributor, - - - - - 34, 40 Peleg O., Mayor, 8, 27 Vose, Gardiner C, - 31 Vose, Mr. and Mrs. Gardiner C, 2,3 Webber, John C. , contributor, ----- 41 Webster, Bowditch &, contributors, - - - - 42 Weeks, George E., - 3 Weever, Lyman B., contributor, ----- 42 Welch, Miss Alice W., 37 White, Charles H., contributor, ----- 42 Whitehouse, O. C, 3 174 The Lithgow Library. INDEX (Concluded). Whitehouse, Seth C, - - - - - - page, 4 Whitehouse, Honorable and Mrs. "William P., - - 2, 3, 4 William P., contributor, - - - - 31, 42 "Whitman, W. E. S., - 3 "Wight, Amos M., contributor, ----- 42 "Wilder, Amos, -------- 3^4 "Will of Llewellyn "W. Lithgow, extract from, - - 12 legal construction of residuary clause of, - 30 "Will of Joseph H. "Williams, extract from, - - 151-152 "Will of Mrs. Mary Nason Kobinson, extract from, - 154 Williams, E. C, 4 "Williams, Horace, contributor, 34, 40 "Williams, Joseph H., and sisters, contributors, - 4, 34, 40, 82 Joseph H., bequest of, - - - - - 140 "Williams, Miss Ann, contributor, - - - - - 40, 140 "Williams, Reuel, -------- 34. "Williams, William H., 67 Williamson, Eev. James S., benediction by, - - 117, 141 Willoughby, Charles C, 80 Windows, historical, ------- 79 Woodward, Joseph T., 2, 3, 4 World's Pair Managers, ------ 4.5 Wyman, John P., contributor, 42 Wyman, S. W., 3 THE MAINE FARMERS' ALMANAC PRESS, AUGUSTA EDWIN L. NASH, PRINTER 1897 cF.s.jy^ nr.j 7 1958 "liil