y^ FIRST XS^ SPANISH BOOK AND READER GIESE Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/firstspanishbookOOwillrich TWENTIETH CENTURY TEXT-BOOKS GENERAL EDITOR A. F. NIGHTINGALE. Ph.D., LL. D. SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS, COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF MODERN LANGUAGES French — Edited by Henry A. Todd, Ph. D. Columbia University German — Edited by Horatio S, White. LL. D. Harvard University Spanish — Edited by William F, Giese, A. M. University ok Wisconsin TWENTIETH CENTURY TEXT-BOOKS A FIRST SPANISH BOOK AND READER BY WILLIAM F. GIESE, A. M. u ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF ROMANCE LANGUAGES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN Die Grundfordcrung der gesamten Reform, mogen noch so weitgehende Unterschiede zwischcn ihren einzelnen Vcrtretern bestehen, ist immer gcblieben : "DieLektiire muss im Mittelpunkt des ganzen Unterrichts stehen." Baetgbn NEW YORK APPLETON AND COMPANY PRESERVATION COPY ADDED :\ Copyright, 1902 By D. APPLETON AND COMPANY PEEFACE Although this little volume contains a brief grammar as well as a reader, such originality as it may have consists chiefly in its attempt at fusing the two and at presenting grammar through reading. It does not aim at registering with any completeness the conventional usages of Spanish ; it aims at securing thorough mastery of a perhaps rather boldly minimized epitome of grammatical theory by lessons very carefully simplified and graded, in which constant reading of the living language is made the basis of imita- tion and application. The usual colorless and unimpressive disconnected sen- tence has been wholly abandoned, for the reason that the student seems to acquire through it but little grammar, still less vocabulary, and almost no feeling for the living language. It is unpsychologic and unpedagogic. In a connected piece of prose each sentence is a key to the fore- going and the following. The undercurrent of meaning helps to carry the student along when he swims with it and automatically warns him when he swims against it, calling the faculties of judgment and divination into constant play instead of exercising the mere memory without even interesting it. Each lesson begins with the development of a few prin- ciples of elementary grammar, followed by an easy piece of narrative prose, so graded as not to anticipate any unex- plained forms or principles. This serves as a basis for the 89()4f?3 VI FIRST SPANISH BOOK whole lesson. In Part One a second (and for a time even d third) extract follows, illustrating the same theory, and introducing no new words. These extracts may therefore be read at sight. A very simple exercise for translation into Spanish of isolated grammatical forms, and a compo- sition and a conversation follow, all based on the first ex- tract and drawing on the same vocabulary.^ This involves repeated rereading as well as constant repetition of the same elements. In Part One no irregular verbs^ are used, and no suh- junctives occur except in the last four lessons. In each lesson, moreover, throughout the grammar some special forms, mood, or tense predominate, recurring practically in every line. The vocabulary also is, of course, extremely restricted, especially in the earlier lessons, and the story finally has to be drawn out to the proper didactic length. It must, therefore, not be judged as a specimen of narra- tive art or of literary style. The anecdotes are of a humor- ous character, and I have attempted to give them at least such movement and vivacity as were possible under all these restrictions. In spite of their bulkiness and the burden of grammatic theory which they bear, I hope that I have thus avoided making them seem mere elephantine masses of vocables wagging a tiny tail of wit. Part Two is devoted wholly to the irregular verbs. They are treated by tenses ; the interdependence of the different forms is fully worked out, and a system of derivation from three principal parts replaces the old division into classes. It is hoped that these innovations will commend themselves as combining simplicity with completeness. Part Three is a brief Spanish Header. The chapters from Padre Isla's elegant version of Gil Bias can hardly be * In the conversations a half-score, perhaps, of additional words were necessarily used. 2 A mere half-dozen of isolated forms were inevitable, as : es, era, hay, dyo, etc. PREFACE VU equaled in Spanish for combined simplicity of style, inter- est of content, and charm of manner. For the American student this keen wit, all point and delicacy, has a certain educative value. The easy anecdotes, the vocabulary of which has been almost wholly anticipated in the grammar, are intended for early experiments in sight-reading. The text of Gil Bias has been occasionally altered and simplified. The enclitic pronouns have been throughout put before the verbs, in accordance with the practise of modern col- loquial Spanish, in order to offer the student a safer style for imitation. The foot-notes afford ample stimulus for review and mastery of the elements, by constant reference to the grammar. The Idiomatic Commentary is the best device that sug- gested itself for making the idioms of the text really avail- able through systematic study and constant review. Only the more common and useful idioms have been included, the rest being relegated to the notes and vocabulary. The drill afforded by the exercises in the Grammar should be continued by practising variations upon these idiomatic phrases in various tenses, moods, etc. The bracketed numbers in the vocabulary will show the student whether a given word is really new to him or not, and will enable him to locate the precise connection in which it first occurred. As regards the accentuation, the imperatives Ae, ve, and di, and the indicatives como, hajo, etc., appear without accent; infinitives like o/r, reir are accented, as are the demonstra- tive pronouns unless immediately associated with a subject or predicate noun through the verb to he. Except in the earlier lessons, the Academy's unsatisfactory rule for accent- ing aun is disregarded and the accent is used only when aun is a temporal adverb equivalent to todavia. In conclusion, I am pleased to acknowledge indebted- ness for many valuable criticisms and suggestions to M. viii FIRST SPANISH BOOK Juste Kosell, of Paris, and to Seflor Don Luis Prieto, of the city of Mexico. For the shortcomings in the execution of my plan, however, I am alone responsible. And as I can not flatter myself that, in spite of the pains I have given to the working out of a rather difficult and complicated scheme, there do not still remain in my work occasional imperfections of detail, I shall be extremely grateful for any suggestions that may be offered me for their improve- ment and correction. W. F. GlESE. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. CONTENTS INTEODUCTION LESSON # PAOB The Spanish Alphabet 1 Pronunciation 2 Orthographic and Phonetic Changes .... 4 Diphthongs and Triphthongs 6 Accent 6 Division of Syllables . . 8 Punctuation 9 FIRST PART ACCIDENCE • I. Noun and Article — Nouns 13 Articles 14 Augmentatives and Diminutives. . • . . . .16 L La Primavera y el Verano . . . .17 IL El Otoflo y el Invierno 17 in. La Ciudad y el Carapo 18 n. Adjectives and Adverbs 20 Position of Adjectives . . . . . . .21 Adverbs .22 IV. La Familia de Juanito 22 V. La Lectura 23 VI. El Profesor y sus Herraanas .... 24 in. Verbs: Infinitive and Participles 27 Compound Tenses 28 Passive Voice 28 Progressive Tenses 28 VII. El Estudio de las Lenguas .... 29 VIII. Lo Mismo 30 IX. Dialogo ,,*,,. c 31 X FIRST SPANISH BOOK I.ESSON PAGE IV. Present Indicative 34 Nominative Personal Pronouns 35 Personal Direct Object 30 Negatives 36 X. El Poeta 37 XI. El Sabio 37 xn. El Amigo del Poeta 38 V. Imperfect Indicative 41 xiiL El Abogado 42 XIV. Los Abogados y el Poeta .... 43 XV. El Abogado, el P(«ta y el Comico ' . .43 VI. Preterit Indicative 46 xvL El Medico 47 xvii. La Suegra 47 xviTi. Los Dos Poetas 48 Vll. Objective Personal Pronouns . . . . . .51 Disjunctives 51 Conjunctives 51 Reflexive Pronouns .53 Table of Conjunctive and Disjunctive Pronouns . .55 xix-xx. El Colegial 55-50 XXI. Dialogo 56 VIII. Future Indicative 60 xxii-xxiv. El Astrologo 60-G2 IX. The Conditional Mood . 65 xxv-xxviL El Astrologo 06-67 X. Relative Pronouns 71 Interrogative Pronouns 72 xxviii-xxx. El Conierciante y el Obrero . . . 73-74 XI. Demonstratives 78 xxxL El Comico y el Fondista .... 79 xxxn. Los Cuatro Hermanos 81 xxxiii. El Perro del Fondista 82 XII. Possessives 85 XXXIV. El Caiionazo 86 XXXV. El Ayuda de Camara 88 XIII. Comparison of Adjectives, etc 91 XXXVI. El Jornalero 94 xxxvii. Los Dos Mendigos 95 XIV. Numerals 99 xxxviii. El Turco 101 xxxix. I. OS Dos Turccs 103 CONTENTS rl LESSON PAGE XV^. Present Subjunctive 105 Uses of the Subjunctive Mood 105 Sequence of Tenses 107 XL. El Rey y el Reo 107 XLi. El Rey y el Loco 109 XVI. Imperative Mood, etc 114 XLii. Los Prisioiieros 116 XLiii. Los Jueces 118 XVII. Imperfect Subjunctive (se) 122 XLiv. Los Dos Misioneros 123 XLV. El Rey de Utopia 125 XVIII. Imperfect Subjunctive (ra) 129 Future Subjunctive 130 XL VI. El Joven Pobre 130 XLVii. El Joven Melancolico 132 SECOND PAKT IRREGULAR VERBS XIX. Orthographic Changes in Verbs 137 XLviiL EI Conspirador 138 XX. Present Participle 141 XLix. La Hija de Cromwell . . . . . 143 XXI. Past Participle 146 L. El Gaballero Fastidioso 146 XXir. Present Tense (First and Second Conjugations) . 149 Li. El Ciego y el Jugador .*.... 150 XXIII. Present Tense (Third Conjugation) .... 153 Lii. Los Doce Pares 155 XXIV. Present Indicative 158 Lin. EI Alcalde 160 XXV. Present Subjunctive 163 Liv. El Lloron 165 XXVL Imperative 168 Lv. Los Colegiales 169 XXVII. Preterit Indicative 172 LVi. El Nuevo Hercules 173 XX VIII. Preterit Indicative 177 Lvii. El Telegrafo 177 XXIX. Future Indicative — Conditional 181 Lviii. El Nuevo Hipocrates 182 xu FIRST SPANISH BOOK LESSON PAOK XXX. Past and Future Subjunctives 185 Lix. La Grulla . 186 THIED PAKT SPANISH READER Gil Blas — Le Sage (el Padre Ma) 193 Las Dos Glorias — Alarcbn 259 Anecdotes for Sight-Reading 266 Idiomatic Commentary 379 APPENDIX Paradigms 291 I. The Three Regular Conjugations 292 II. Compound Tenses . . . . ■- 294 III. Passive Voice 295 IV. Reflexive Verb 296 V. Progressive Verb 297 List of Irregular Verbs 298 Vocabulary ..." 311 Index. 359 FIRST SPANISH BOOK! I]SrTEODTJOTIOl!5" I. THE SPANISH AlfHABET a (a) n (ene) b (be) n> (ene) c (ce) (o) ch (che) P (pe) d (de) q (cu) e-(e) r (ere) f (efe) rr (erre) g (ge) 8 (ese) h (hache) t (te) i (i) u (u) j (jota) V (ve) k (ka) w (doble u) 1 (ele) X (ekis) U (elle) y (je or i griega) m (eme) z (zeta 07' zeda) ' This letter is distinguished from n by the tilde. 1 FIRST SPANISH BOOK II. PRON-O-NCJATIO-Ji (OASTILIAN) [The English eqriv&lent? are in I'losi chSos only approximate. Espe« cially is this true of the vowels, which '^ave riot the vanish characteristic of the English. The consonants are in general less forcibly pronounced than the English equivalents, but I, r, rr, ft, and II are more forcibly pronounced.] A — ^like a in far. B — is pronounced less forcibly than in English, the lips being only slightly pressed together, Especially between vowels it approximates the English V, Spaniards pronounce B and V alike. ( Vide V.) C — like h, unless followed by e or i. In ce and cij G is like th in think When c is doubled, the first G always has the value of ^, even be- fore Ge and gL ♦ Ch — like gTi in Ghain, D — like th in those, but less forcibly pronounced. As in the case of B, the difference from the English is most noticeable between vowels. When final, D is sounded very slightly. E — like a in name. But when followed by a con- sonant in the same syllable, or by II or rr^ it is somewhat shorter, like e in nest, F — like / in fate. G — like g in go, unless followed by e or i, when it has the same sound as Spanish j. H — is always silent. I — like i in maGhine. INTRODUCTION 3 J — has a guttural sound like a strongly aspi- rated h. The ^ Gerp^an cli ,i& an approxima- tion. Jota Wi io *g (in go) as German ch is ; • •> r >. .i^y >^, >^ > . ^ to k. . >V' .' i> * ;»•; *>.'' ^ -\'' K — like English h (K occurs only in a few for- eign words.) L — like I in brilliant LI — like Hi in brilliant M — ^like m in may. N — like n in nay, N — like /^^ in union, — like in 7i<9^. But when followed by a conso- nant in the same syllable, or by II or rr^ the sound is nearer that of o in or. P — like p in ^j9^/i. Q — like h. Qu has also the value of a mere h R — is slightly trilled. But when initial, or when preceded by I, n, or s, it is strongly trilled. Rr — is strongly trilled. S — like s in so. It is never like s in is. T — like t in tone. U — like 00 in boot TJ is silent in the combina- tions q^ie^ qui, gue, and gui, unless the dieresis ( •) is placed over it. V— like the second v in valve. It is less forcibly pronounced than English v, with slighter pres- sure of the lips. ( Vide B.) W — occurs only in foreign words. In German words it is pronounced like Spanish v, in Eng- lish words like Spanish u. 4 FIRST SPANISH BOOK' X — like X in express (academic). In practice, it is in most coi^binatidnS [grOiiounced like 5 in so, especially in initial ex ; but between vowels it is usually likie ' i* • in ^ expot^ess^ Y — ^like i in machine. But before a vowel it is like y in yarn, Z — like ih in thin, l^OTE. — In Spanish America and in many parts of Spain the pronunciation varies from the Castilian, especially as regards the letters c, z, and II. These are usually pro- nounced as follows : C before e or * = 5 in so, Z = 5 in so. LI = y in yet. Many consonants, especially 5, frequently become silent. in. ORTHOGRAPHIC AND PHONETIC CHANGES 1. Certain orthographic changes occur in conju- gation, in inflection, and in derivative words, usu- ally in order to preserve the sound of a variable consonant : c ( = k) becomes qu before 9 or i. g ( = g in go) becomes gu before e or i. c ( = th in thin) becomes z except before e or i, qu ( = k) becomes c except before e or i. gu ( = g in go) becomes g except before e or i. gu ( = gu in linguistic) becomes gil before e or i, z always becomes c before e or i. g { = Spanish j) becomes / except before e or i. INTRODUCTION 6 The following scheme illustrates these varia tions : ca, que, qui, go, cu. ga, gue, gui, go, gu. gua, giie, giii, guo. ja, ge, gi, jo, ju. za, ce, ci, zo, zu. Examples sacar, sac6, saque. delinquir, delinco, delinca. pagar, pago, pague. averiguar, averiguo, averigiie. coger, cojo, cogi6, coja. gozar, gozo, goce ; vez, veces. cocer, cuezo, cuece. 2. 'ihe e and o of unaccented syllables fre- quently become ie and tte respectively in accented syllables. Conversely, the ie and ue of accented syllables become e and o in unaccented ones. Moreover, often becomes i in both accented and unaccented syllables (of verbs) : mover, movemos, muevo ; movimiento. bueno, bonisimo ; abonar. pensar, pienso ; pensamiento. ciento; centenar. mentir, mintiendo, miento ; mentiroso. Note. — These changes, running through the whole Spanish vocabulary, are especially important in the conju- gation of the verb. FIRST SPANISH BOOK IV. DIPHTHONGS AND TRIPHTHONGS A diphthong consists of two and a triphthong of three vowels in the same syllable. The strong vowels are a^ e, o. The weak vow- els are % u, and final y} Two strong vowels can not form a single syl- lable ; hence a diphthong must contain at least one weak vowel, while a triphthong consists of a strong vowel between two weak vowels. Thus ci^eo, cree, crea are dissyllabic and not diphthongal. But hay^ Jioyj rey, muy^ bien are diphthongal monosyllables ; premidiSj premieis are triphthongal dissyllables. In diphthongs and triphthongs the strong vowel is stressed. If both vowels of a diphthong are weak, the last one predominates. V. ACCENT The tonic accent, or stress of voice, in a Span- ish word always falls on one of the last three syllables. Usually it falls on the final when the word ends in a consonant (except n or 5) or in y, and on the penult when the word ends m n ov s or in a vowel (except y). Consequently : * Mnemonic device : Y, i, and u are weak = Why I and you are INTRODUCTION 7 The written accent must be j^iaeed over final accented syllables when they end in a vowel (ex- cept y) or in n or s. Thus : Imblo, hahle^ hahh/rds, hahlardn, which bear the accent on the final, are distinguished from liahlo, liable^ hablaras^ and Tia- blaran in which the penult is accented. The written accent must be placed over the ac- cented penult in words that end in a consonant other than n or s. Thus, Gomez^ drbol. The written accent must be placed over every accented antepenult. Thus, amdhamoSj arndse- Note 1. — When i or w, although immediately preceded or followed by a strong vowel, is nevertheless stressed, it must bear the written accent in order to show that the combination is not diphthongal or triphthongal. Thus, tenia^ dia, mia, caido, ataud, oir^ sentiais. Note 2. — The demonstrative pronouns (§ 71) and the interrogative pronouns (§ 70) are accented, to distinguish them from the demonstrative adjectives and from the rela- tive pronouns. Note 3.^When pronouns are affixed to a verb bearing a written accent, the latter is retained. When by affixing pronouns the accent ceases to be either ultimate or penulti- mate, it must be written : fui, fuime ; dio, diole ; amando, amandole. Note 4. — An adjective bearing the written accent re- tains it when 7ne7ite is added (§28). Note 5. — The written accent is used to distinguish a few words spelled alike ; FIRST SPANISH BOOK como. as. j i cdmo ? ( I cdmo ! how? how! cuando, when. (J cuando : ' when? cuanto, as much. I cuanto ? how much ? de, of. dd. give (§ 135). donde, where. ^ donde? where ? el. the. dl. he. mas. but. m^s. more. mi. my. ml, me. se. himself, etc. sd. I know, be (§137). si. if. sf. himself, etc. solo. alone (adj.). sdlo. only (adv.). tu. thy. tii. thou. Note 6. — The words d, e, 6, u require the accent. Note 7. — In the process of inflection, accents of course appear or disappear, in the case of a given word, in accord- ance with the foregoing rules : ingles, ingleses ; joven, jovenes. VI. DIVISION OF SYLLABLES A single consonant (or cJij llj rr) goes with the following vowel : pe-ro, e-cha/Tj JiOrllo^ pe-rro. Two consonants are regularly divided, but I or r, preceded by any consonant except 5, is not di- vided from it : alrma^ hom-hre, arcla-rar, d-trds, S is always disjoined from a following con- sonant : has4aj as-pirar, conspira/r. INTRODUCTION Diphthongs are, of course, not separated. Compounds are separated into their parts. ( Vide S, however.) VIL PUNCTUATION Spanish punctuation corresponds in general to the English. Interrogative and exclamatory sentences regu- larly prefix an additional interrogation or excla- mation point (reversed) : ^ Lo cree usted 9 / Poire mujer 1 FIKST PART ACCIDENCE Lessons I-XVIII LESSON I NOUN AND ARTICLE 1. There are in Spanish, besides the masculine and feminine genders, a few remnants of the neuter. All nounSj however, are either masculine or fem- inine. ^ 2. Nouns that designate males are masculine : el profesor, the professor. el padre, the father. el abuelo, the grandfather. 3. Nouns that designate females are feminine : la abuela, the grandmother- la madre, ■ the mother. 4. The gender of other nouns may, to a great extent, be determined from the endings. 5. Nouns ending in o are masculine, those end- ing in a (except a few nouns of Greek origin) are feminine : Masc. : el p^jaro, the bird. el verano, the summer. Fem. : la hierba, the grass. la prima vera, the spring. 13 14 FIRST SPANISH BOOK 6. Nouns ending in cion and ad are feminine : la estacidn, the season, la variedad, the variety. 7. The gender of nouns, wlien not determined by the above rules, may be ascertained by consult- ing the dictionary. 8. Nouns ending in a, o, e ot e form the plural by adding s : el pajaro, los pajaros, the birds, el bosque, los bosques, the woods, la hoja, las hojas, the leaves. 9. Nouns ending in a, i, y, or in a consonant, form the plural by adding es : la flor, las flores, the flowers, el rey, los reyes, the kings. Note. — A few nouns ending in s remain unchanged in the plural, as lunes^ Monday. Nouns ending in z substitute c before the plural ending es, as vez^ veces, times. ( Vide Introduction, III, 1.) ARTICLES 10. The articles, definite and indefinite, agree in gender and number with the word they modify. 11. The definite article masculine is in the sin- gular el, in the plural los, 12. The definite article feminine is in the sin- gular la, in the plural las, 13. The neuter article is lo. It has no plural, and is used chiefly before adjectives employed as NOUN AND ARTICLE 15 substantives in a general sense, and before adverbs. It often modifies a wbole idea ; lo bueno, that which is good, lo falso, that which is false, lo bien recibidos que fueron, the hospitable manner in which they were received. d pesar de lo hermosas que in spite of my sisters' son mis hermanas, beauty. 14. The masculine article el is employed for euphony before dissyllabic (and optionally before trisyllabic) nouns in the feminine singular begin- ning with accented a or ha: el agua, the water. . el hacha, the axe. la or el aguila, the eagle. 15. The masculine article is employed before infinitives used as verbal nouns : el leer y el escribir, reading and writing. 16. Abstract nouns and nouns used in a general sense are regularly preceded by the definite article : el desinter^s entre los disinterestedness among poetas, poets. 17. The indefinite article is un before masculine vrords, una before feminine words : un estudiante, a student, una manzana, an apple. Note — The plurals unos and unas are to be translated some or a few : unos estudiantes, some students. 16 FIRST SPANISH BOOK 18. Del (of the, from the) and al (to the, at the) are contractions which for euphony replace de el and a el before the masculine singular : las ramas del arbol, the branches of the tree, al pie del arbol, at the foot of the tree. 19. In English, possession may be expressed with a noun in two ways : 1. The poet's grief. 2. The grief of the poet. In Spanish only the prepositional form exists : el dolor del poeta, the grief of the poet. AUGMENTATIVES AND DIMINUTIVES 20. Certain endings, augmentative and dimin- utive, may be affixed to nouns and adjectives, usually with loss of final vowel. Many of these endings convey an additional notion of aflEection, depreciation, etc. Common augmentative endings are: 6n^ ona\ azo, aza ; ote^ ota ; and in a depreciative rather than augmentative sense : ucho, ucha^ and acJw^ acha. Common diminutive endings are : illo^ ilia ; irio^ ina ; ito, ita, cito^ cita, ecito, ecitaj etc., and usually in a depreciative sense : uelo, uela. KoTE. — The ending azo^ when not augmentat^ive, usu- ally denotes a blow, thrust, shot, etc., with a weapon. pistoletazo, pistol-shot, latigazo, blow with a whip. NOUN AND ARTICLE 17 READING LESSONS I LA PBIMAVERA Y EL VEBAKO Hay cuatro estaciones : la primavera, el verano, el otoflo y el invierno. En la primavera hay millares de flores en el bosque y millares de piijaros entre las ramas de los drboles. ; Quo gozo para los ojos y que deleite para los oidos es contemplar la variedad de las flores en el suelo, oir el canto de los paja- ros en el cielo, ver nacer las hojas en las ramas y la hierba en los jardines y en los campos, cuando aun hay nieve entre las rocas, en el campo, a los pies de los arboles, y en los teja- dos de las casas de la ciudad ! En el verano, al menos despues del mes de junio, ya no es posible gozar de la naturaleza como en la primavera. El calor es un obstaculo para gozar de la hermosura del tiempo, del cielo, en fin, de los mil deleites de la estacion, aunque hay entonces mas pajaros y mils flores que en la primavera. El calor del sol es un enemigo sin piedad de la frescura de la hierba y de los colores de las flores. Tambien hay frutas en el verano, aunque solo tres 6 cuatro variedades, como fresas y cerezas ; pero no hay aun ni manzanas, ni peras, ni melocotones, ni uvas, ni ciruelas. II EL 0T05J0 Y EL INVIERNO El otofio es la estacion de las frutas, de las manzanas, de ias peras, de los melocotones, de las ciruelas. Entonces en las ramas, entre las hojas, y en la hierba al pie de los arboles hay mil variedades de fruta. ; Que deleite para los ojos es ver los mil colores de las hojas en el otofio y gozar sin obstaculo de la hermosura de los campos y de los ;iardine8 1 18 FIRST SPANISH BOOK En fin, despues del otono — el invierno. Entonces ya no hay frutas ni flores en el campo ni en el jardin. Entonces no hay mas deleites ni para los oidos ni para los ojos. No es posible oir el canto de los pajaros en las ramas, ni ver, como en el verano, las flores y las fresas entre las hierbas. las cerezas entre las hojas. Solo hay nieve. Hay nieve en el suelo, nieve en el cielo, nieve en los tejados de las casas, nieve en la ciudad y nieve en el campo. Ill LA CIUDAD Y EL CAMPO J Que gozo y que deleite hay en el campo ! ; Que her- mosura ! ; Que de pajaros hay entre las ramas en los meses de la primavera, cuando ya no hay mas nieve en el suelo, cuando el calor del sol aun no es un obstaculo para gozar de la naturaleza y de la hermosura de las flores, de la hierba y de los arboles ! En la ciudad no hay ni los millares de pajaros ni los millares de flores que hay en el campo. Hay arboles, pero no hay bosques ; hay hierba, pero sin frescura ; hay flores, pero sin color; hay frutas, pero no en las ramas de los arboles ; hay fresas y cerezas, pero no entre las hierbas y las hojas. En la ciudad no es posible ver mas que los teja- dos de las casas ; y despues del mes de junio, j que tiempo y que calor ! EXERCISE I 1. The bird and the flower. 2. The birds and the flowers. 3. The song of the bird. 4. The colors of the birds. 5. At the foot of the tree. 6. The color of the flower. 7. The roof of the house. 8. The sun's heat. 9. The house in the garden. 10. The flowers of the garden. 11. Nature's beauty. 12. To the house. 13. To the city. 14. To the country. 15. Of the country. 16. Of the eyes and of the ears. 17. Of the eye and of the ear. 18. The trees of the forest. 19. To the field and to the forest. 20. NOUN AND ARTICLE 19 Spring and fall. 21. What delight it is to see the beauty of the garden! 22. There are flowers in the forest. 23. There are birds among the branches of the trees. COMPOSITION I In the months of spring there are flowers in the forest, grass in the fields, and birds in the trees. It is a delight in the cities no longer to see the snow on the roofs of the houses. It is a delight too, in the country, to hear in summer and in autumn the singing of the birds and to see the varieties of flowers and of fruits. In the month of June there is nothing more than cherries and strawberries ; but in autumn there are also pears, peaches, apples, grapes, and plums. What a delight it is to see the fruit on the branches or at the foot of the trees in the field and in the gardens ! In winter there is nothing but snow. It is not possible, as in spring, to enjoy the beauty of the season, nor, as in summer, to enjoy the warmth of the sun and the weather, and to contemplate the beauty of the flowers, of the grass, of the fields, of the earth, and of the sky. Winter is — winter ! CONVERSATION I 1. ^ Hay solo tres estaciones ? 2. (i Que estaciones hay ? 3. (i Que hay en el bosque en la primavera ? 4. ^ Que deleite hay para los oidos ? 5. (J Para los ojos que gozo hay ? 6. <: Hay nieve en la primavera ? 7. i Es posible gozar de la naturaleza en el verano como en la primavera ? 8. ^ Que obstaculo hay ? 9. (i Hay flores y pajaros en el verano ? 10. (i De que es enemigo el calor del sol ? 11. ^ Que variedades de fruta hay en el verano ? 12. jj Que f rutas hay en el otofio ? LESSON II ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 21. Adjectives, and participles used adjectively, agree in gender and number with the word which they modify : primera leccidu, first lesson, libro primero, first book, primeras lecciones, first lessons. 22. The plural of adjectives is formed like that of nouns. ( Vide §§ 8, 9.) 23. The feminine is formed by changing the final vowel o to am adjectives wdth this ending : primero, fern, primera, first. Other adjectives remain for the most part un- changed in the feminine, although many of those ending in a consonant add a : charlatan, charlatana, loquacious, inglds, inglesa, English. Note 1. — Adjectives that modify more than one sub- stantive are pluralized. When both substantives are singu- lar, the adjective is masculine if either substantive is of that gender. If both are plural, the adjective may follow the same principle or may agree with the nearest substan- tive. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 21 Note %. — Adjectives may be used substantively : el necio, the foolish one. el joven, the young man. 24. The following adjectives in o lose this vowel when they immediately precede a masculine noun : bueno, good, malo, bad. primero, first, tercero (optionally), third, postrero, last, alguno, any. ninguno, no. un buen vecino, a good neighbor. So uno^ not modifying the following word, re- tains the final o, but loses it when used as an arti- cle or numeral before a noun : cada uno de ellos, each one of them. The adjective grande usually becomes gran be- fore a noun, when the latter begins with a conso- nant (rarely when it begins with a vowel) : un gran medico, a great doctor. la gran alegria, the great joy. Note. — All the above adjectives form the plural with- out curtailment. los grandes mddicos. POSITION OF ADJECTIVES 25. The adjective does not, as in English, always precede its noun. Long adjectives and participles usually follow. In animated or elevated style great freedom is allowed. 22 FIRST SPANISH BOOK 26. Adjectives that drop their final o {vide § 24), and, in general, adjectives that are shorter than the modified word, usually precede the latter. 27. Adjectives that denote color or nationality follow, except in poetry, when they may precede : un libro espanol, a Spanish book. ADVERBS 28. There are two classes of adverbs : adverbs without special termination, and adverbs with the termination -mente. The latter are derived from adjectives. Adjectives ending in o add Tuente to the femi- nine form : alto, altamente, highly. Adjectives that are alike in both genders simply affix mente : grande, grandemente, greatly. fd.cil, f d-cilmente, easily. Note. — When two or more adverbs in me7ite follow each other, this termination is affixed only to the last one : sencilla y claramente, simply and clearly. READING LESSONS IV LA FAMILIA DE JUAN^ITO Hay una pequelia casa de un solo piso en la ultima calle de Ciudad Eeal, al lado del gran bosque. Es la humilde casita del pobre pero honrado Senor Don Tomas. El buen hombre es un sabio prof esor de literatura y gramatica espa- ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 23 fiola; grave, erudito, de mucha lectura, con no poca pa- ciencia y mas sabiduria que Salomon : en fin, un poco aburrido. En la pequefia casa hay una familia muy grande : el viejo abuelo y la abuela de Juanito, muy cliistosos y alegres ambos ; el buen padre y la buena madre del mismo, y tres niilos muy chicos aiin, Juanito, Juana y Maria. Juanito es un buen muchacho, siempre alegre y diverti- do, y Juana su hermana mayor, es una chica sencilla, razo- nable y linda. Mariquita es la menor. Es una nifia aun m^s bonita que Juana, muy viva y encantadora ; pero buena no, pues es muy traviesa. La perfeccion absoluta es cosa del otro mundo, y cuando entre tres nifios hay dos buenos, ya es mucho. Es muy cansado el cuento de Juanito y de sus dos lindas hermanitas, ^ no es verdad ? j Pobrecito lector ! con f rases tan sencillas y solo con nombres y adjetivos singulares jj plurales, y con los verbos es y hay^ es absolutamente imposi- ble contar una historia larga, bonita, divertida e instructi- va, llena de episodios encantadores, interesantes y alegres, de descripciones raras, de chistes divertidos y de anecdotas comicas. Al principio es precise leer mucho, aprender al menos algunos principios, algunas palabras, tales como pronombres y adverbios, y tambicn algunas concordancias como : som- brero alto, mesa larga, zapatos viejos, libro septimo, y otras frases de la misma suerte, con el fin de poder leer despues literatura instructiva y divertida. Sobre todo, es preciso ser razonable, tener paciencia, y no querer buscar flores en la nieve de la primavera, ni historias divertidas en la pri- mera leccion del libro, ni en las dos 6 tres siguientes. V LA LECTURA Hay siempre, en las primeras lecciones de las gramaticas, pequefias frases tales como : El sombrero es bonito ; hay 24 FIRST SPANISH BOOK dos sombreros viejos en la mesa ; el zapato del buen niflo es bueno, etc. ; pero en las lecciones siguientes de los tales libros y sobre todo en las ultimas, cuando ya es posible leer toda suerte de literatura, hay cosas interesantes, graves, eruditas, raras, y mas llenas de sabiduria que las palabras del sabio Salomon. Es verdad que la primera leccion de nuestro (our) libro como tambien unas pocas de las siguientes, es aun mas aburrida que las historias de los primeros libros de lectura para los niflos pequefios. Pues ^ paciencia, ya en la septima leccion hay una historia alegre, chistosa y bonita ; y en todas las siguientes hay muchos chistes, pequefias anecdotas y cuentos divertidos y raros. Solo en las pocas lecciones del principio es precise ser razonable, tener mucha pacien- cia y leer cosas mas aburridas que divertidas, con el fin de aprender los principios mas sencillos, como el singular y plural de los nombres y adjetivos,la concordancia de ambos, y otras cosas de la misma suerte. En las lecciones siguien- .tes ya es otra cosa. VI EL PROFESOR Y SUS HERMAKAS En la Calle Eeal, la mas larga y la mas alegre de la ciu- dad, hay tres casas : una muy alta y grande, de tres pisos, y las otras, de uno y otro lado, muy pequefias y de dos pisos solamente. La primera es del profesor de espafiol, Don Tom as, hombre muy sabio y honrado, y las otras dos son (are) de sus hermanas, ambas muy lindas. La hermana mayor es mas sabia que la otra hermana ; pero es poco interesante y poco divertida. La menor, mucho menos grave y menos erudita que su hermana, es una chica muy viva, alegre y encantadora. No es cansada como su hermana mayoo*. Es imposible contar historias mas chistosas, divertidas 6 interesantes, y anec- * Exclamatory : well, why. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 25 dotas mas raras y comicas que las suyas {hers) — ni menos instructivas. Entre sus dos hermanos, graves, erudites y aburridos, la chica es como una linda flor en la nieve de la primavera. La hermana mayor habla (speaks) solamente de litera- tura y de gramatica, de pronombres y de adverbios, de nom- bres singulares y de adjetivos plurales, de lecciones y de concordancias tales como : sombrero viejo, zapatos bonitos, padre bueno, mesa alta, buena madre y niflas traviesas; habla de los libros viejos, instructivos y largos que es pre- ciso leer, y de las grandes verdades que es preciso buscar ; habla de cosas mas aburridas y eruditas que toda la sabi- duria de Salomon : en fin, no es una nifla, es una abuela. EXERCISE II 1. The last streets. 2. The little house. 3. The first story of the large house. 4. The good man. 5. The good mother. 6. The good men. 7. The good mothers. 8. The learned professors. 9. A simple phrase. 10. The simple phrases. 11. The first thing and the last thing. 12. A long and tiresome story. 13. Every kind of litera- ture. 14. The first lessons of the book. 15. The follow- ing lessons. 16. At the beginning of the story. 17. An instructive and amusing book. 18. An amusing and in- structive anecdote. 19. Of the other world. 20. To the other world. 21. To the good child. 22. To the good children. COMPOSITION n In the first lessons of grammars and of readers for little children there are only very simple words and phrases, all more or less tiresome. There are no diverting anecdotes nor long and interesting stories with pretty descriptions and charming episodes. It is an impossible thing. It is necessary to be reasonable and not seek for literature in the first lesson of such books nor in the subsequent ones. 26 FIRST SPANISH BOOK In the beginning it is necessary to learn many nouns and adjectives, some verbs, singular and plural, and also many other words. The truth is, that it is necessary to learn at first some more or less tiresome things with the object of being able to read afterward interesting, instruc- tive and diverting things. In fine, it is necessary to have much patience. CONVERSATION II 1. (J Que hay en Ciudad Eeal ? 2. (I Que es Don Tomas ? 3. (I Es muy grande la f amilia que hay en la casita del prof esor ? 4. (J Es travieso y cansado Juanito ? 5. <; Es traviesa la hermana mayor ? 6. (J Es buena la hermana menor ? 7. jiEs divertido el cuento de los tres nifios? 8. I Es imposible contar anecdotas chistosas en las pri- meras lecciones ? 9. I Que es preciso aprender al principio ? 10. I Que es preciso sobre todo ? LESSON III VEKBS: INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLES 29. Verbs are classed in three conjugations, ac- cording to the ending of the infinitive. Infinitives ending in ar belong to the first conjugation, those in er to the second, those in ir to the third : 1. hablar, to speak. 2. leer, to read. 3. escribir, to write. 30. The stem of a verb is obtained by dropping the infinitive ending ar^ er, or ^V^ 31. The present participle is regularly formed by adding to the stem of the verb the endings ando in the first conjugation and iendo in the second and third : 1. hablar, hablando, speaking. 2. perder, perdiendo, losing. 3. leer, leyendo, reading. 4. escribir, escribiendo, writing. Note. — After vowels iendo becomes yendo. 32. The past participle is regularly formed by adding to the stem the ending ado in the first con- jugation and ido in the second and third : 27 28 FIRST SPANISH BOOK olvidar, olvidado, forgotten, perder, perdido, lost, traducir, traducido, translated. COMPOUND TENSIJS Veebs : to have and to he, 33. The verb to have has in Spanish two equiva- lents, haher and tener, Haher is used as an auxil- iary verb to form compound tenses (for their con- jugation see Appendix) ; tener is used as an inde- pendent verb to express possession : haber enganado, to have deceived, tener dinero, to have money. 34. The verb to he has likewise two equivalents : ser and esta/r, Ser expresses permanent and essen- tial states of being ; estar expresses temporary, accidental, and local ones : ser malo, to be wicked, estar malo, to be ill. estar en casa, to be at home. PASSIVE VOICE 35. Ser is used as an auxiliary verb with the past participle to form the passive voice : ser enganado, to be deceived. PROGRESSIVE TENSES 36. Esta/r is used as an auxiliary verb with the present participle to form progressive tenses : estar enganando, to be deceiving. VERBS: INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLES 29 READING LESSONS VII EL ESTUDIO DE LAS LENGUAS I Que dificil tarea y que larga es aprender a, hablar, leer y escribir una lengua ! Hay metodos para aprender una lengua en seis lecciones fiiciles y breves ; hay otros para aprender a leer, escribir y hablar la misma en seis meses. La verdad es, sin embargo, que, para aprender verdadera- mente una lengua, es precise emplear antes seis aflos que seis meses, hablando, leyendo y escribiendo cada dia, por- que una lengua rapidamente aprendida es rapidamente olvidada. Es un error muy com tin el siguiente : creer que es posible aprender a hablar solamente leyendo ; 6 a leer, es- cribiendo ; 6 a escribir y leer, hablando. Es preciso em- plear cada dia una 6 dos horas leyendo los libros mas apro- piados para los principiantes, notando en los trozos leidos los giros mas usados y repetidos, observando los idiotismos mas bien recibidos y, sobre todo, fijando siempre la aten- cion en los vocablos mas corrientes y mas empleados. Es necesario tambien fijar en la memoria los giros notados por el estudiante al ir ^ leyendo, y las palabras mas usadas por los naturales en el trato de cada dia. Pero no es posible aprender las palabras de la lengua comun sino practicando y conversando con frecuenoia ; no es posible fijar las mismas palabras sino leyendo mucho, y no es posible emplear bien las palabras y los giros mas usados de una lengua sino escribiendo mucho. Pues para no perder tiempo con detalles y cosas de poca utilidad es preciso estudiar una lengua de la manera si- guiente : seguir hablando y leyendo mucho ; adivinando siempre mas y mas lo desconocido por lo conocido, los de- »§15. 30 FIRST SPANISH BOOK talles y principios menos elementales por las relaciones de las ideas ; no buscando en el diccionario sino lo absoluta- mente necesario, y no descuidando entretanto ni perdiendo de vista que lo mas importante al leer un libro es estudiar y aprender las ideas del autor contenidas en el. Habiendo sido, pues, bien instruido por un profesor sabio ; habiendo estudiado, leido y traducido unos pocos trozos cada dia ; habiendo aprovechado el tiempo ; habiendo tambien leido, sin traducir^ muchos libros de estilo bueno y facil ; habiendo tratado mucho con los naturales, y ha- biendo notado y fijado muchos giros y muchas palabras usuales, es posible con mucho estudio aprender en algunos afios a hablar, leer y escribir una lengua medianamente bien ; es decir, de manera de ser comprendido casi siempre y muy rara vez burlado por los naturales. VIII LO MISMO Para aprender una lengua desconocida es preciso recibir lecciones de un profesor instruido y emplear algunos anos estudiando, leyendo y escribiendo con frecuencia, practi- cando cada dia los principios conocidos y aprendiendo los desconocidos. Es preciso tambien ir notando y fijando en la memoria las palabras y los giros mas usados por los naturales. La manera de aprender una lengua es la siguiente : fijar en la memoria, por un estudio repetido, los principios elementales, descuidando al mismo tiempo todos los detalles menos necesarios, y leer repetidas veces el mismo trozo buscando en el diccionario los vocablos desconocidos, aprendiendo asi todas 6 casi todas las palabras empleadas por el autor. Al mismo tiempo tambien es necesario leer rapidamente algunos libros de estilo facil y apropiado a los principiantes, descuidando entretanto el diccionario 6 bus- cando en el solamente unas pocas palabras desconocidas y VERBS: INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLES 31 adivinando las otras por sus relaciones con las conocidas. En fin, es bueno leer tambien fijando la atencion en el con- tenido del libro mas que en las palabras contenidas en el, porque es tiempo perdido ir aprendiendo palabras descui- dando las ideas. IX DIALOGO EsTUDiANTE. §24. 32 FIRST SPANISH BOOK desconocidos y no olvidar los conocidos; y tambien para aprovechar las ideas del autor y para no olvidar que una sola idea es mas importante que muchas palabras. EXERCISE III 1. To receive, receiving, received. 2. To speak, speak- ing, spoken. 3. To lose, losing, lost. 4. To read, reading, read. 5. To believe, believing, believed. 6. To employ, employing, employed. 7. To write, writing. 8. To go, gone. 9. To be, been. 10. To learn, learning, learned. 11. To speak, to lose, to translate, to believe. 12. Speak- ing, losing, translating, believing. 13. Spoken, lost, trans- lated, believed. 14. Having books. 15. Speaking lan- guages. 16. Heading anecdotes. 17. The lost books. 18. The languages spoken. 19. The anecdotes read. 20. To read books. 21. To have books. 22. To speak languages. 23. Having lost a book. 24. Not having been translated. COMPOSITION III In order to learn a language well it is necessary to study many months, spending a few hours daily in speaking, reading, and writing. In the books read by the beginner it is well to note and learn the words most used and the idioms most repeated. It is not possible to learn to read, write, and speak except by reading many books ap- propriate for beginners, fixing in the memory only the ele- mentary details of the language and neglecting the others in the meantime, looking up the less common words in the dictionary, and guessing at the most common and current ones — for it is almost always possible to guess the unknown by the known, and thus to fix the words and the turns of expression in the memory more easily {Men) than by look- ing up each one ^ in the dictionary. By always writing a \ittle likewise, and by speaking with natives and observing VERBS: INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLES 33 carefully the words and turns of expression most used in every-day intercourse, it is possible to learn to read, write, and speak. CONVERSATION III 1. ^ Es facil aprender las lenguas ? 2. ^ Es posible aprender una lengua en pocas lecciones ? 3. ^ No es posible aprender bien y rapidamente una lengua? 4. ^ Que error es muy comun ? 5. <: De que manera es preciso leer ? 6. ^ Que metodo hay para aprender, fijar y emplear bien las palabras ? 7. §57. »§59. «§74. *§24. ^ §§ 69, 74. 4 38 FIRST SPANISH BOOK verdad, pero un sabio nunca es charlatan, y muchos no abren la boca mds que cuando es precise. Parece muy sin- cere ; no finge amistad hacia los necios 6 los malos ; pero no se engaflan nunca los buenos y los sabios que creen que el poeta es un amigo desinteresado. Dedica mucho tiempo a escribir comedias, estudia un poco y lee mucho. Madruga siempre, porque le gusta levantarse^ temprano. No bebe nunca sino un poco de agua, y solo come lo ^ que cree preciso para vivir. No debe dinero a nadie, porque paga siempre sus deudas, y algunas voces ayuda a sus ami- gos. Viaja rara vez y s61o en el verano. XII EL AMIGO DEL POETA Considero al joven poeta, que es tu {thy) amigo, como un vecino muy malo. Con gran desinteres dedicas tu tiempo a este^ hombre ; te* lee poesias, pero solo te lee las poesias que escribe ; te habla, pero solo te habla de las comedias que escribe ; cuando abre la boca, solo es para hablar de lo ® que le gusta, y solo le gustan las malas poesias y las malas comedias que te * dedica. Visita rara vez a sus amigos, y no visita a nadie sino para contraer deudas que no paga nunca. Tu^ vivos como un anacoreta; el® vive como un principe. Tu bebes agua ; el bebe vino. Tu comes poco ; el come mucho. Tu te levantas temprano ; el no se levanta temprano nunca. Tu lees, escribes y estudias ; el no lee, ni escribe, ni estudia mas que sus malas comedias. ^iY tu crees que es preciso ayudar a este ^ hombre ? El vive con- tigo,^ te debe dinero y contrae deudas. ; Tu ores ® su amigo y pagas ! ; Eres un necio ! EXERCISE IV 1. I find.® 2. I deceive. 3. I speak. 4. I open. 5. We find. 6. We deceive. 7. We speak. 8. We open. 9. 1 §§ 54, 59. 3 § 71. 5 g 69^ 74. ^ § 52. 9 Hallar. «§69,74. ^%m. . ^^§38. «§131(3). PRESENT INDICATIVE 39 They find. 10. They deceive. 11. They speak. 12. They open. 13. He finds. 14. He deceives. 15. He speaks. 16. He opens. 17. You^ find. 18. You deceive. 19. You speak. 20. You open. 21. I do not believe. 22. You do not believe. 23. He does not believe. 24. Nobody be- lieves. 25. I never believe. 26. He never believes. 27. They never speak. 28. You (pi.) never speak. 29. I speak to no one. 30. He speaks to nobody. 31. I deceive nobody. 32. He deceives nobody. 33. They find nobody. 34. We find nobody. 35. You deceive nobody. 36. They believe nobody. COMPOSITION IV [Translate you by usted and yovr by su^ pi. sua.] I consider your neighbor as a man exceedingly good- natured. He seems to his friends very disinterested be- cause he devotes his time and his money to them.^ You believe him foolish and you do not deceive yourself ^ : it is the truth. He is always sincere ; you only feign a friend- ship which is not true. He does not contract debts save rarely, but many a time he pays the debts which you con- tract. He speaks to his many friends only of his neighbor the poet, and he believes that you speak of him * with the same friendship ; but you deceive him and always talk of him* as of a fool. You read him^ your bad plays, you dedi- cate to him your bad poems, and you believe yourself^ the prince of poets. He^ believes it likewise, but we^ do not believe it. CONVERSATION IV 1. (J Como consideran ustedes al poeta ? 2. <; Engafia a sus amigos ? 3. ^ No f inge amistad a nadie ? * N. B. — In all the exercises you should be translated by V. singu- lar, unless the plural is indicated. '§§53,54,57. »/Se, §54. * § 51. » §§ 38, 39. 4:0 FIRST SPANISH BOOK 4. ^ Es desinteresado ? 5. ^ Cuando habla ? 6. <; Es necio ? 7. ^ Contrae muchas deudas ? 8. ^ Como vive ? 9. jj Cuando se levanta ? 10. <; Cita ref ranes ? 11. ^ Escribe buenas poesias ? 12. (i Visita a sus amigos ? 13. (? Viaja mucho ? LESSON V THE IMPERFECT INDICATIVE 46. This tense expresses continued, habitual, or repeated past action. Thus : I was going to school one morning ; I used to he Si good scholar when I was a child; I weiit to school daily — all require the imperfect. But a definite past act, not con- tinued, repeated, or habitual, is put into the pre- terit indicative (Lesson VI). Thus : I went to school one morning ; I recited well yesterday — re- quire the preterit. 47. The imperfect is formed by adding to the infinitive stem the endings aha, etc., in the first conjugation, and ia, etc., in the second and third.* I II III Vagar, to pay. creer, to believe. dbrir, to open. S. 1. paga&a. crem. abria. 2. paga&as. crems. abrms. 3. pagafea. crem. abria. P. 1. pagdfeamos. cvQiamos, abrmmos. 2. paga6ai5. creiais. abrmts. 3. paga6an. creian. abrian. Accent. — The accent falls on the first vowel of the ending throughout. * The personal endings of the second and third conjugations are alike except in the first and second persons plural of the present indica- tiye and in the second person plural of the imperative. 41 42 FIRST SPANISH BOOK 48. There are only tlu^ee irregular imperfecta (and compounds) : ser, to be : era, eras, era, ^ramos, erais, eran. ir, to go : iba, ibas, iba, Ibamos, ibais, iban. ver, to see : veia, veias, vela, velamos, veiais, vefan. READING LESSONS XIII EL ABOGADO Considerabamos a nuestro vecino, el joven abogado, como un hombre muy tonto y muy malo al mismo tiempo. Sus amigos no le^ encontraban sincero, aunque fingia consagrarse^ a todos con sumo desinteres. Pero ya no le escuchaba nadie, porque le encontrabamos mas charlatan que un diputado. El hecho es que rara vez abriamos la boca cuando le visitabamos, puesto que el hablaba siempre aunque no decia nada bueno y no inspiraba nunca ningiin interes. Pero se engaiiaban los ^ que le creian sabio, por- que hablaba como un verdadero necio. Como era pobre y siempre estaba apurado, contraia mu- chas deudas, y no pagaba lo * que debia sino cuando le pres- tabamos algun dinero. En el verano se iba al campo ; vivia solo y muy retirado, se consagraba al estudio, y escribia algunas comedias, que dedicaba a sus amigos ; que eran todas malas y que no gus- taban a nadie. Aunque se acostaba tarde, se levantaba asi que vela apa- recer el sol ; pero aunque madrugaba para escribir, parece que Dios no le ayudaba mucho, porque el publico encon- traba sus comedias tan malas que nadie las^ leia. Los comicos del Gran Teatro tampoco querian representar ninguna. »§57. «§§54, 59. »§69. * § 69. THE IMPERFECT INDICATIVE 43 XIV LOS ABOGADOS Y EL POETA Nuestros vecinos, los jovenes abogados, eran hombres tan sinceros y buenos, que no consideraban a nadie como malo y tonto, y creian que todos los' que los^ visitaban eran tan sabios como ellos. Parecia que todos los hombres les ^ gustaban : el comico que nunca abria la boca, el dipu- tado charlatan que siempre hablaba aunque no decia nada bueno, y el poeta que los visitaba rara vez y no decia nunca nada, pero que siempre leia sus comedias. Cuando le veian, todos se levantaban y se retiraban ; pero los abogados pare- cian escucharle^ con sumo interes, y aunque encontraban sus comedias muy malas, no se * lo decian nunca. Tambien prestaban mucho dinero al poeta, que era muy pobre y contraia muchas deudas que no pagaba nunca, puesto que engaflaba a todos. Cuando los amigos a quienes ^ debia dinero querian ir a ver al poeta, el pobre hombre, asi que los veia aparecer, se iba al campo, 6 se acostaba y fingia que estaba muy malo y que no le era posible ver a nadie. XV EL ABOGADO, EL POETA Y EL COMICO El abogado no consideraba d sus vecinos, el poeta y el comico, como hombres muy buenos. El poeta dedicaba sus comedias a sus amigos, pero nunca les dedicaba su tiempo, y el comico creia que para el sabio todo era una comedia, que el desinteres era siempre fingido, y que solo los tontos eran sinceros. Los amigos a quienes ^ el comico solo queria, eran los que le prestaban dinero ; los hombres que solo le gustaban al poeta eran los amigos a quienes leia sus comedias, que eran siempre muy malas. »§74. «§57. »§54. *§63. »§68. •§68. 44 FIRST SPANISH BOOK Cuando el poeta leia una comedia al abogado, 6ste ^ fingia siempre un verdadero interes ; pero como el poeta, asi que abria la boca, ya no veia a nadie, el abogado se levantaba y se retiraba, y el poeta seguia leyendo. Los dos amigos, el poeta y el comico, le hablaban mu- chas veces al abogado de sus deudas y cuando el les presta- ba algun dinero, el poeta pagaba sus deudas al comico y el comico pagaba sus deudas al poeta ; es decir que nunca pa- gaban a nadie lo que debian. EXERCISE V 1. I used to find.^ 2. i used to believe. 3. I used to feign. 4. He was finding. 5. He was believing. 6. He was feigning. 7. We found. 8. We believed. 9. We feigned. 10. They found. 11. They used to believe. 12. They were feigning. 13. You found. 14. You believed. 15. You used to feign. 16. You (pi.) found. 17. You (pi.) used to believe. 18. You (pi.) were feigning. 19. Thou wast finding. 20. Thou believedst. 21. Thou didst feign. 22. I was opening. 23. Thou wast opening. 24. She was opening. 25. We were opening. 26. Ye were opening 27. They (fern.) were opening. 28. You used to owe. 29. You were owing. 30. You (pi.) used to owe. 31. I wan reading. 32. They were reading. 33. He read. 34. Ye were reading. 35. We were reading. 36. Thou didst read. COMPOSITION I used to consider my neighbor, the young poet, as a very foolish man. He owed much money, because he al- ways continued contracting debts which he never used to pay. His good friend, the actor, used to lend him money, devoted all his time to him, and talked to him like a sage. He used to tell him that he ought not to contract debts, but that he ought to pay the debts already contracted. »§§71, 73. * Hollar. THE IMPERFECT INDICATIVE 45 The sincere words of the good actor did not please the fool- ish poet. As soon as his friend spoke to him of his debts, he got up, withdrew, pretended to write, went to the thea- ter, or went to bed. He owed money to all his friends : to the actor, to the lawyer, and to the congressman j but he never used to pay a single debt. CONVERSATION V 1. ^ Como consideran ustedes al yecino ? 2. (J Es sincere ? 3. ,; Le escuchan sus amigos ? 4. ^ Habla mucho d los que le visitan? 5. ^ Es muy sabio ? 6. ^ Paga las deudas que contrae ? 7. (j Como vive en el verano ? 8. (i C6mo eran las comedias que escribia? 9. ^ Cudndo se levanta ? 10. <: Inspiraban interes al publico sus comedias P 11. ^ Gustaban a los comicos ? LESSON VI PRETERIT INDICATIVE 49. This tense is formed by adding to the infini- tive stem the endings §57. » §§ 54, 57. »§§71,73. * § 56. » § 59. 4:8 FIRST SPANISH BOOK Trato de levantarse,* pero como me pareci6 que le causaba mucho dolor, le manifeste que no era preciso. Como no le gusto hablar mucho, yo le lei la comedia que escribio su vecino el 3 oven poeta, comedia que los comicos halla- ron muy buena y que representaron muchas veces el aflo pasado. Despues de leer, pasamos media hora hablando. Solo yo hable, pues la pobre mujer casi no abrio la boca. Hable del poeta y de sus deudas, y de como engaiiaba a todos sus amigos que le prestaban dinero, aunque el no pagaba nunca. Parece que mi suegra tambien le presto dinero, que pro- metio devolver despues de medio afio, pero que no devolvi6 nunca. Pasada media hora me levante ; prometi a mi po- bre suegra ir a visitarla ^ con mi mujer al dia siguiente a la misma hora y me retire. XVIII LOS DOS POETAS Ayer visits a mis vecinos, los dos jovenes poetas que escribieron la buena comedia que los comicos representaron el afio pasado y que tanto gusto a los ^ que se hallaban pre- sentes en el teatro. Pero, recientemente, uno de los poetas escribio una comedia tan mala que todos se levantaron y se retiraron del teatro manif estando que la obra no les causaba ningun placer. Los dos poetas hablaron de como* yo los ayude una vez prestdndoles ^ mucho dinero, aunque esto^ no le gusto mucho a mi nyijer que creia que era muy necio prestar di- nero a los poetas porque no pagan nunca sus deudas. Pero despues de medio afio me pagaron todo el dinero que les preste. Mi mujer no lo ere)- 6 ; pero como pagamos .las deudas de mi suegra y ayudamos a la mujer del medico con el dinero de los poetas, manifesto por fin creer que verda- deramente me habian pagado. »§§54,59. 3 § 69, 74. » §§ 54, 57. « §§ 54, 57. * Introduction, V, note 5. « § 71. PRETERIT INDICATIVE 49 EXERCISE VI [Use preterit unless otherwise indicated.] 1. I visited. 2. He visited. 3. They visited. 4. I be- lieved. 5. He believed. 6. They believed. 7. I feigned. 8. He feigned. 9. They feigned. 10. I promised. 11. He promised. 12. They promised. 13. I promise. 14. I was promising. 15. I promised. 16. He promises. 17. He used to promise. 18. He promised. 19. They believe. 20. They used to believe. 21. They believed. 22. You be- lieve. 23. You were believing. 24. You did believe. 25. You (pi.) believe. 26. You (pi.) used to believe. 27. You (pi.) believed. 28. Do you believe? 29. Did you use to believe? 30. Did you believe? 31. Does he pay? 32. Was he paying ? 33. Did he pay ? 34. Do we feign ? 35. Were we feigning ? 36. Did we feign ? COMPOSITION VI The wife and the mother-in-law of the poet visited the doctor yesterday and spoke to him of the bad health of the young man.^ The doctor expressed his real grief, and promised to come and visit him an hour later ; but he de- ceived the women, and visited the poet only on the follow- ing day. He found him very ill, but the poet pretended not to believe it, and tried to rise. This comedy did not please the doctor, and the poet promised to rise * only after some days. He spoke of his debts, of the money which his wife and his mother-in-law received from his neighbor and which they lent to his friend, the poet, who passed so many years writing plays that nobody ever played. They passed some hours in talking — it is true that only the poet talked ; the doctor hardly opened his mouth, and finally rose and withdrew. ->»^ - >§ 23, Note II. »§§54,59. 50 FIRST SPANISH BOOK CONVERSATION VI 1. ^ A qui^n visitaron ustedes ayer ? 2. I Hablo mucho el medico ? 3. I Creia sinceros a sus amigos ? 4. ^ Qui6n ayudo al medico ? 5. I Que prometio el joven medico ? 6. i Pago sus deudas ? 7. ^ Que escribio el poeta ? 8. (I Quien leyo su comedia ? 9. I Devolvio el poeta el dinero que le presto el medico ? 10. I De que hablo el medico a sus amigos ? 11. I Que le prometieron al medico sus amigos ? LESSON VII OBJECTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS DISJUNCTIVES 51. All the nominative forms of the personal pronouns (§ 38), except yo and tu^ are used as the objects of prepositions. Yo and tii become mi and ti. These pronouns are called disjunctive because disjoined from the verb (see list, § 64). ^ ml, to me. de ti, • of thee. por ^1, by him. con ella, with her. de ello, of it. para nosotros, for us (masc). para vosotras, for you (fem.). sin alias, without them (fem.). sin ellos, without them (masc). 52. Instead of con mi, con ti, and con si, are al- ways substituted conmigo, with me, contigo, with thee, and consigo, with himself, herself, itself, or themselves — and (in connection with V. or VV.) yourself or yourselves. CONJUNCTIVES 53. Conjunctive object pronouns are personal pronouns used in immediate connection with a verb 51 52 FIRST SPANISH BOOK governing them as direct or indirect objects (see list, § 64). 64. These pronouns regularly precede the verb, but they follow the infinitive, present participle, and affirmative imperative forms, and are attached to them (and occasionally to other forms) : levantarse, to raise one's self, levant^ndole, raising him. levdntese usted, raise yourself, lev^ntate, raise thyself. But, levant^ndomelo, raising it for myself. me levanto, I raise myself. la levantaba, he was raising her. no te levantes, do not rise. 55. When there are two object pronouns, the indirect precedes the direct, but se always pre- cedes : Lo neg(5, he refused it. Nos lo neg(5, he refused it to us. Se lo mostrd, he showed it to him. 56. As direct or indirect objects of a verb, me and te are used in the first and second persons of the singular, nos and os in the first and second per- sons of the plural : Me habld, he spoke to me. Me vi6, he saw me. Nos habla, he speaks to us. 57. In the third person le (to him, to her, to it) and les (to them) are used as the indirect objects. The direct objects are la, her, it (fem.), le or h, REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 63 him, it (masc), and lo, it (neut.) — in the plural las, them (fem.), and los (or fes, though not academic), them (masc.) : La hallo, I find her or it (fem.). Los hall^, ' I found them (masc). Las halla, he finds them (fem.). 58. Frequently a redundant object pronoun (or noun, etc.) is used : A el le dijo, he said to him. La hallaron d ella, they found her. Le hablo d la senora, I am speaking to the lady. Note. — As usted requires all correlated pronouns to be in the third person, the redundant construction is, for the sake of clearness, especially common in connection with pronouns so used : Le hablo, I speak to him, her, or you. Le hablo ^ V., I speak to you. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 59. The conjunctive and disjunctive pronouns are also used reflexively, but in the third person si (disjunctive) and se (conjunctive) replace the other pronouns in all genders and numbers : hablo de ml, I speak of myself, me hablo, I speak to myself, hablamos de nosotros, we speak of ourselves, nos hablamos, we speak to ourselves. ( he speaks to himself, se habla, •] she speaks to herself. ( it speaks to itself. 64 FIRST SPANISH BOOK se hablan, they speak to themselves (masc. or fern.). habla de sf, he, she, or it speaks of, etc. hablan de sf, they speak of themselves (masc. or fem.). 60. The reflexive pronouns nos, os, and se may- be used with reciprocal value : nos hablamos, we speak to each other. OS habMis, you speak to each other, se hablan, they speak to each other. 61. The reflexive se, though always objective, may be often loosely construed as a nominative subject pronoun (equivalent to French on or Ger- man man) : se habla de €1, one speaks of him. 62. The reflexive is also used with passive value : se venden los caballos, horses are sold (literally : the horses sell themselves). 63. Se, for euphony, replaces le or les whenever they are followed by le, la, lo, les, las, los, se lo escribo, I write it to him (her or them), se los {or las) daba, I was giving them to him (her or them). ^ Note. — The English myself^ thyself, etc., are not always to be rendered by reflexive pronouns. When in apposition with a noun or with a personal pronoun, they are rendered by mismo : ella misma lo cree, she herself believes it. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 55 64. For convenience, a table of the conjunctive and disjunctive pronouns is added : Sing. DISJUNCTIVE 1. ml. 2. ti. ella. ello. Plural. 1. 2. 3. si. nosotros. vosotros. ellos. ellas. si. CONJUNCTITB me. te. le or lo (direct obj. masc). ( " " fem.). ( " " neuter). (indirect object). (reflexive). rle ^la Uo le se nos. OS. los {or les^) (direct obj. masc). las ( " " fem.). les (indirect object), se (reflexive). READING LESSONS XIX EL COLEGIAL Cuando ibamos mi hermano y yo al colegio, eramos unos estudiantes muy traviesos y nos conduciamos muy mal, peor, seguramente, que todos los demas colegiales. Asi, por ejemplo, le pedimos un dia permiso al maestro para ausentarnos media bora, pero este^ nos lo nego con enfado y sin preguntar nuestro objeto. Nosotros fingimos que no habiamos oido lo^ que decia y dirigiendonos al otro maestro le repetimos la misma suplica. Aunque este * nos nego tambien su permiso, porque ya nos habia oido pedirle al primer maestro permiso para salir, nos levantamos y sali- mos sin mas cumplidos. Volvimos a la clase media hora despues y los dos maes- tros que nos aguardaban, muy enfadados por supuesto, nos * Not academic. §71. §73. 66 FIRST SPANISH BOOK gritaron : ^ C6mo os habeis atrevido a salir despues que os negamos el permiso ? ^ Os parece licito hacerlo ? ^ Como sin permiso? les respondimos nosotros. AI contrario, les pedimos a ustedes permiso dos voces : una al primer maes- tro, quien nos lo nego, y otra al segundo que nos lo rehuso tambien. Puesto que dos negaciones afirman, como ustedes explican tan a menudo k sus discipulos, creimos que con- sentian ustedes y salimos sin aguardar otra respuesta de nadie. Les gusto tanto a los buenos maestros la gracia con que Iss respondimos que nos perdonaron por entonces. XX Iba al colegio un estudiante muy travieso que se condu- cia muy mal. Se atrevio un dia a pedir permiso a su ma- estro para salir, pero este se enfado y se lo nego. El colegial fingi6 no baberle oido y le dirigio la misma suplica por segunda vez, pero tambien esta ^ el maestro se ^ lo nego. Entonces el discipulo, sin aguardar mas, se salio de la clase. Volvio una hora despues y el maestro, que le aguardaba muy enfadado, se levanto gritandole : ; Como te atreviste a salir cuando yo te habia negado dos voces mi permiso ! El estudiante respondio : Le pedi a usted per- miso dos voces, y como le habia oido repetir muy a menudo que dos negaciones afirman, crei que consentia usted y me sail sin mas cumplidos. Esta^ vez te lo perdono, respondio el maestro, a quien gusto mucho la gracia del colegial. XXI DIALOGO ^Erais buenos estudiantes, tu y tu hermano, cuando ibais al colegio ? No ; no lo eramos. ; Como ! ^ No os conduciais bien ? " »§71. '§63. ' REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 57 No ; yo me conducia muy mal, y mi hermano se con- ducia tan mal como yo. ^ Que haciais ? Todo lo que hacen los estudiantes traviesos. No hacia- mos lo que nos pedian los maestros ; haciamos todo lo que nos gustaba. (J Y no se enfadaba el maestro ? Por supuesto ; pero enfadarle era lo que nos gustaba. Asi, por ejemplo, le pedi un dia permiso para ausentarme media hora. <; Y el te lo rehus6, por supuesto ? Me lo rehuso, pero yo fingi no haber oido lo que decia, y me dirigi al otro maestro. Y cuando el otro maestro te oy6 repetir la suplica, Vide title, . « Am, § 131. 84 FIRST SPANISH BOOK COMPOSITION XI The theater of Eoyal City is the most celebrated in ^ this country. There was near that theater an inn, and in this the comedians used to come together to amuse them- selves. There .were among these two brothers, A and B. The former was the most roguish man in the world, and the latter likewise was always seeking occasions for displaying his wit. These brothers stopped one day before this inn without entering it. The innkeeper, on seeing this, cried out to them : " What do you mean by (= What manner is that of) stopping in front of my inn ? Will you not enter this house to drain some bottles — some of those (so) cele- brated in all this city ? " " That is what we wish to do," answered those rogues. " We will enter and will drain those bottles." " That's it," said the innkeeper. The two broth- ers entered and did not go out again during ^ all that day. " Why did they not leave ? " all will exclaim. That we do not wish to tell ^ this time. CONVERSATION XI 1. ^ Era muy celebre el comico del Teatro Real? 2. ^ Para que salia al campo ? 3. (J Que campina atravesaba ? 4. I Por que entro en la f onda ? 5. (i Que habia debajo de la mesa? 6. ^ Que habia en la mesa ? 7. ^ Holgazaneaba mucho el f ondista ? 8. ^ Que se marcho a buscar en la cocina ? 9. ^ Que estaba haciendo el gracioso cuando volvio ? 10. ^ Que le dijo el fondista ? 11. (J De que manera respondio el comico ? 12. (I Que es lo que creia ? * In after superlatives is rendered de. LESSON XII FOSSESSIVES 75. The possessive adjectives regularly precede the noun, but sometimes follow it. They have the same gender and number as the nouns they modify. They are as follows : I II Before Noun After Noun s. P. S. P. 1. my, mi. mis. mlo-a. mios-as. 2. thy, tu. tus. tuyo-a. tuyos-as. lis, ] 3. lier, ^su. its, . STIS. suyo-a. suyos-as. 1. our, nuestro-a, . miestros -as. nuestro-j a. nuestros-as. 2. your, vuestro-a . vuestros -as. vuestro-j a. vuestros-as. 3. their, su. sus. suyo-a. suyos-as. EXAMPLES mi hijo. my son. i hijo mfo ! my son ! mis hijos. my sons. mis hijas. my daughters 1. su libro. his, her, their book. un libro suyo. a book of his, hers, its, theirs, or (with antecedent V. ex- pressed or understood) of yours. 7 85 86 FIRST SPANISH BOOK 76. The possessive jpronouns are identical with the forms in the second table, but the article is regularly prefixed to them, except after the verb to he, where it is more frequently omitted : tengo dos libros, el mio I have two books, mine and y el suyo, his, hers, its, theirs, or yours. este libro es el mlo, or es this book is mine, mio, 77. Owing to their numerous significations, su and suyo may be replaced (or reenforced) by the possessive cases de el, de ella, de ellos, de ellas, de V,, deVV. As; estos versos son suyos, or these verses are his. son de ^1, etc., sus versos, his, her, their, your verses, sus versos de V., 1 sns versos de W., Y your verses. * los versos de V., J READING LESSONS XXXIV EL ca:5^okazo Cuando principi^ mi carrera estando al servicio de Su Majestad, escribe en sus memorias el almirante B., que ahora esta retirado, pas6 algun tiempo en el buque de guerra " Indiano." Yo era ayuda de camara del capitan, el celebre capitan X, que, a pesar de su gran vejez, infundia en la batalla fcanto terror al enemigo con su semblante feroz, sus dientes que rechinaban siempre, su ojo de cristal y sus largos ca- bellos enmaranados. POSSESSIVES 87 Habia en mi camarote dos conocidos mios, novicios en la marina, que se querian como hermanos, ingles el uno e irlandes el otro. Este ultimo era el hombre m.ds gracioso que habia k bordo de nuestro buque, justamente por ser la persona mas sencilla del mundo. Todos se burlaban de el, pero nunca se enfadaba. Cuando el ingles le decia : Todo lo que es mio es tambien tuyo, el respondia graciosamente : Pues por lo que a mi toca, todo lo que es tuyo es tambi6n mio, sin darse cuenta nunca de cuan disparatadamente expresaba lo que queria decir» La verdad es que entre los dos amigos todo era comun, y mezclaban sus cosas hasta no llegar a distinguir 4 cual de ios dos pertenecian. El uno le daba al otro su tabaco, su ropa, su dinero, en fin todo lo suyo indiferentemente. Y es mas : cada vez que uno de ellos caia enfermo y tenia que acostarse, el otro le reemplazaba tomando a su cargo los deberes del amigo sin dejar los suyos propios. De este irlandes y de su amigo queremos contar un lance muy divertido. El dia que nuestra flota, aliada con la francesa, salio del puerto de X, donde gano su gran victoria sobre nuestros enemigos, los rusos, perdio el ingles una pierna en el combate. Viendo que su amigo no estaba muy lejos, le llamo y le dijo : Mira, ^ Patricio, acabo de perder mi pierna izquierda ; llevame ^ en tus brazos a nuestro camarote. Acudio en seguida el irlandes a su socorro y recogio al herido, cargandosele cuidadosamente en los hombros. Pero mientras se precipitaba hacia el camarote, los alcanzo un caflonazo que se llevo la cabeza del herido. No noto nada de esto el irlandes, y a los pocos pasos, mientras seguia caminando con su carga, encontro a un camarada suyo, el cual, tirandole de la manga, le pregunto que estaba haciendo. » Imperative. Vide Lesson XVI. 88 FIRST SPANISH BOOK No es dificil adivinarlo, contesto. Busco al cirujano para curar k mi amigo y ponerle una pierna postiza. ; Caramba ! replico el otro, ^ no ves que tu amigo ha perdido la cabeza ? J Dios mio ! gritu el pobre Patricio, manifestando el mas profundo estupor, y dejando caer a sus pies el cadaver de su camarada. Y, sin quitar de el sus espantados ojos, afiadio : ; Si ^ el mismo me dijo que lo que habia perdido era su pierna! <: Como es posible equivocarse hasta tal punto ? XXXV EL ATUDA DE CAMARA El capitan B., un conocido mio que principio su carrera en el mismo buque de guerra que yo, me conto ultimamente un lance de los mas divertidos. Estando al servicio de Su Majestad, su ayuda de camara cayo un dia enfermo y encargo a un irlandes, amigo suyo, reemplazarle en sus deberes. Este irlandes era el liombre mas sencillo del mundo y hacia cosas muy disparatadas. El capitan, que se habia distinguido en mas de una vic- toria sobre nuestros enemigos, los franceses, habia perdido su pierna izquierda, los dos brazos y un ojo. La vejez, aliandose a la guerra, se habia encargado de acabar con sus dientes y sus cabellos. El pobre capitan llevaba pues postizas todas estas cosas ; pero su ayuda de camara no se lo manifesto al amigo que le reemplazaba. Cuando el capitan estaba k punto de acostarse, llamo al .rlandes y este acudio precipitadamente al camarote. Qui tame 2 esta pierna, le dijo el capitan. El irlandes le miro espantado, pero viendo que el capitan no se burlaba, * If (omit). 8 Imperative. Vide Lesson XVI. POSSESSIVES 89 tiro de la pierna y se la llevo. Ahora quitame estos brazos, dijo el capitan. Y el irlandes tiro de los brazos y se los llevo tambien. Ahora toma ^ estos dientes, afladio el capi- tan. Y el irlandes tomo los dientes. Ahora mis cabellos. Ahora mi ojo. Y el irlandes seguia recogiendolo todo y mirandole cada vez mils espantado. El capitan, notando todo de esto y queriendo divertirse con el, le dijo : Ahora lo ultimo y lo mas dificil : quitame ^ la cabeza. I Dios mio ! grito el pobre irlandes, dejando caer 4 sus pies el ojo de cristal que acababa de recoger. ; Quitarle a usted la cabeza ! ^ Xo se equivoca usted ? Quitamela, grito el capitan. Yo no me equivoco nunca. Pero le infundia tanto terror al pobre ayuda de cdmara lo que el capitan le decia, que se salio precipitadamente del camarote, llevandose los largos cabellos de aquel y gritando : I El capitan es todo postizo, todo postizo ! EXERCISE XII (Give all possible translations, and refer possessive pro- nouns to last preceding noun.) 1. My brother. 2. Your brother. 3. His brothers. 4. Our brothers. 5. Your brothers. 6. Ours, yours, his, hers, theirs (pi.)- 7. Ours, yours, his, hers, theirs (sing.). 8. A brother of mine — of his, of yours, of hers, of theirs. 9. My money, thy money. 10. This money is mine, thine, his, hers, theirs. 11. That money is yours, his, hers, theirs. 12. His and mine. 13. My friend. 14. My friend ! 15. This friend of mine, of thine, of his, of hers. 16. Those friends of yours, his, hers. 17. Whose clothing is this ? 18. This clothing is his, hers, theirs, yours, mine, ours. 19. Our clothing — your, his, her, their clothing. 20. Our boats — your, his, her, their boats. 21. Our careers — your, his, her, their careers. 22. My career, mine, your career, yours. ' Imperative. Vide Lesson XVI, 90 FIRST SPANISH BOOK COMPOSITION XII An Englishman, who began his career in the service of his Majesty as valet, lost his left leg in the celebrated vic- tory which our fleet won in the port of X. Seeing, not far from himself, an Irishman, a comrade of his, he cried out to him : " My friend, carry ^ me to your cabin. A cannon- shot has carried off my left leg in the combat with our enemies." " Your leg ! " cried his comrade, running up and taking him on his shoulders. " I will take you to my cabin, and I will look for our friend, the surgeon, who will come to your help and will attend to your leg immediately." But when the surgeon came he did not find the wounded man. Some of his friends had carried him to another cabin. " Halloo ! " cried the surgeon, " where is (estd) my patient ? " " Your patient ? " replied the Irishman, " it is not hard to guess where he is ; he must have ^ gone out to look for his leg." CONVERSATION XII 1. (J Como principio el almirante su carrera ? 2. (I Quien era su capitan ? 3. (I Como le infundia el capitan terror al enemigo ? 4. (J Que hombres estaban en el camarote del ayuda de camara ? 5. (i Era gracioso el irlandes ? 6. (J Era sencillo ? 7. (i Que le decia el ingles ? 8. ^ Tenian sus cosas en comun ? 9. <; Como se reemplazaban en sus deberes ? 10. (i Cayo el ingles en la batalla ? 11. ^ Que le dijo a Patricio ? 12. ^ Se llevo este a su amigo ? 13. ^ A quien encontro el irlandes en su camino? 14. ^ Que le dijo Patricio a su camarada ? ' Imperative. Vide Lesson XVI. * Translate must have by will have (habrd). LESSON XIII COMPABISON OF ADJECTIVES, ETC. 78. The comparative of adjectives and adverbs is formed by prefixing mAs, more^ or menos, fes5, to the given vrord : m^s pobre, poorer, m^s ^ meniido, oftener. menos pobre, less poor. 79. The superlative is formecl by prefixing, in addition, the definite article to mm or menos, A possessive may replace the article : el mas pobre, the poorest. los menos pobres, the least poor. en sus m^s felloes aiios, ) . i • v - , , » , . M- m his happiest years, en sus anos mas fences, ) ^^ "^ 80. The absolute superlative, ending in isimo-a, indicates merely a high degree of the positive ad- jective. It is to be translated by such vrords as very, exceedingly, etc. It is formed by adding isi- mo to the adjective, dropping its final vowel or diphthong if it have one : litil, utilisimo, very useful, alto, altfsimo, very high. 81. The regular orthographic changes take place, accented ue and ie becoming respectively o and e^ 91 92 > FIRST SPANISH BOOK and final z^ c, and g becoming respectively § 131. ' Ya is merely emphatic. 96 FIRST SPANISH BOOK pedire yo esa desgracia. Nos ganaremos la vida sin mover un dedo, y viviremos tan felices como dos principes. No lo creo, replico el otro. Si, hombre, si, replico el primero. Lo que debemos hacer es esto : llegaremos al rio que esta a pocos pasos de aqui ; tu te arrojaras al agua ; yo tambien me arrojare, y siendo nadador expertisimo, te salvare. Una vez en la orilla, nos dejaremos llevar por los espectadores ante el juez, el cual me dara el premio que se da siempre al que salva la vida de otro. De esta manera, pasando cada dia por otros lugares y volviendo a arrojarnos al agua, ganare- mos siempre premios y mas premios. Eso si que es gracioso, respondio el otro mendigo. !De- bemos hacerlo en seguida. Llegan al primer lugar ; se arroja uno de los mendigos al agua ; el otro le salva, y. el juez le da el premio. A los pocos dias y en un lugar vecino, volvieron a arro- jarse al agua, a salvarse, y despues a pedir el premio al juez. Desgraciadamente, habia en los dos lugares el mismo juez, el cual, viendo comparecer los mismos mendigos a quienes habia premiado pocos dias antes, lo comprendio todo; y, esta vez, mas inclinado a ahorcarlos que a soco- rrerlos, dijo : ; Que desgracia ! Los pobres estan tan moja- dos como una sopa. Debemos colgarlos ahi para secarlos. Y mando ahorcar en seguida a los dos mendigos. EXERCISE XIII 1. The beggar is poor. 2. The beggar is poorer than L 3. The poorest beggar. 4. The richest man- 5. The least rich of the men. 6. The poorest of the men. 7. A very sad man. 8. A happier man. 9. Poorer than I. 10. Hap- pier than she. 11. Less happy than we. 12. More than two men. 13. Less than two men. 14. More than he earns. 15. As poor as I. 16. As happy as he. 17. As much as you wish. 18. As many neighbors as he desires. 19. More COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES, ETC. 97 neighbors than he desires. 20. He gains more than you believe. 21. He gains more than he needs. 22. He gains less than you believe. 23. He gains as much as he needs. 24. As much money as he needs. 25.' The more he gains, the more he needs. 26. The less I gained, the less I needed. 27. As many neighbors as I desire. 28. The poorest neigh- bors. 29. The least poor neighbors. 30. As poor as his neighbor. 31. As poor as her neighbors. 32. The poorer and the richer of the two neighbors. COMPOSITION XIII A laborer who was as poor as a beggar, and even more hungry and ragged, asked himself one day if his fate would not be better perhaps in the other world than it was in this — worse it could not be.^ He worked more than his neighbors and earned less than the poorest of them. All were happier than he, and all possessed more than he pos- sessed. The more he reasoned in regard to his wretched life, the less he desired to live and suffer ; and as he could not earn even as much as he needed, it seemed better to him to take his life by throwing himself into the water. One day, in fact, more desperate even than before, he set out from the house in the direction of the river nearest there. In less than one minute he arrived at the bank, and threw himself into the water ; but, being the most expert swimmer of the village, in a little less than two minutes he came to the shore again and said : " I have always been more unfortunate than other men. I will not throw my- self more than once into the water, for, being a very expert swimmer, how shall I not act again as the first time, finding myself, when^ in the water, always more inclined to get out of it than to die ? " ' Add it • Omit wTien, 98 FIRST SPANISH BOOK CONVERSATION XIII 1. ^ Era estupido y pobre el jornalero ? 2. ^ En que penso un dia ? 3. ^ Qu6 pensaba del otro mundo ? 4. ^ Habia sido f eliz ? 6. (i Eran af ortunados sus vecinos ? 6. (J Cuanto ganaban ellos ? 7. jj Sufrian los hijos del jornalero? 8. (i A que se decidio ? 9. (J Quien era el nadador mas experto, el jornalero 6 el molinero ? 10. ^ Como se quito la vida el jornalero? 11. ^ Por que le dejo colgado el molinero? 12. (I Que le pregunto el juez al molinero ? 13. (I Le replico este graciosamente ? LESSON XIV NUMERALS 89. The cardinal numbers are as follows Suno. un. una. 2dos. 3 tres. 4 cuatro. 5 cinco. 6 seis. 7 siete. 8 ocho. 9 nueve. 11 once. 20 veinte. 200 doscientos. 30 treinta. 300 trescientos. 40 cuarenta. 400 cuatrocientos. 50 cincuenta. 500 quinientos. 60 sesenta. 70 setenta. 80 ochenta. 10 diez. 100 j ci( ] ci( 600 seiscientos. 700 setecientos. 800 ochocientos. 900 novecientos. 1,000 mil. 12 doce. 13 trece. 14 catorce. 15 quince. 16 diez y seis. 17 diez y siete. 18 diez y ocho. 19 diez y nueve. 90 noventa. cien. ciento. 1,000,000 un mill6n. 21 veinte y uno or veintiuno (but un before any noun). 22 veinte y dos or veintidos. 23 veinte y tres or veintitres, etc. 31 treinta y uno {vide 21). 32 treinta y dos, etc. 41 cuarenta y uno, etc. 101 ciento y uno, etc. 110 ciento diez (y being only used before final 1-9). 1,001 mil y uno, etc. 1,408 mil cuatrocientos y ocho. 1,857 mil ochocientos cincuenta y siete. 100,000 cien mil. 1,000,000,000,000 un billon (a million millions). Note. — Ciento is contracted to cien when immediately followed by a substantive, as cien aflos, 100 years. Compounds of ciento end in os or as to agree with the noun modified. 99 100 FIRST SPANISH BOOK ORDINALS 90 The ordinal numbers (which are usually re- placed by the cardinals after decimd) are : 1st primero-a. 30th trigesimo -a, etc. 2d segundo -a. 40th cuadragesimo. 3d tercero -a. 50th quincuagesimo. 4th cuarto, etc. 60th sexagesimo. 5th quinto. 70th septuagesimo. 6th sexto. 80th octogesimo. 7th septimo. 90th nonagesimo. 8th octavo. 100th centesimo. 9th i'^^'"'- ( noveno. 101st centesimo primo. 200th ducentesimo. 10th decimo. 300th trecentesimo. 11th undecimo. 400th cuadragentesimo. 12th duodecimo. 500th quingentesimo. 13th decimo tercio. 600th sexcentesimo. 14th decimo cuarto. 700th septengentesimo. 15th decimo quinto, etc. 800th octogentesimo. 20th vigesimo-a. 900th nonagentesimo. 21st vigesimo -a primo -a. 1,000th milesimo. 23d vigesimo -a tercio -a. 2,000th dos milesimo, etc. 1,000,000th millonesimo. 91. With the exception of jprimero^ the cardinal numbers are alone employed in dates : el primer o de julio, July 1st. ' el ocho de julio, July 8th. el diez y ocho de julio, July 18th. 92. The hour is expressed with the feminine definite article as follows : NUMERALS 101 la una, one o'cloclc las dos, two o'clock, d las tres, at three o'clock. ^ las cuatro y media, at half-past four, las cinco menos cuarto, a quarter of five, las seis y cuarto, a quarter after six. READING LESSONS XXXVIII EL TURCO [Read all the numbers and dates, in this and the following extracts, in Spanish.] Un jornalero turco, siervo fidelisimo ^ del santo prof eta Mahoma, y que tenia 48 6 49 afios, no habia pasado mds que desgracias en los 21 6 22 que llevaba de casado. Su mujer, 11 6 12 aflos mas joven que el, era una gran- disima sinvergiienza, mas mala que el mismo Barrabtis. No hacia mas que atormentarle durante las 24 horas del dia, y no consagraba al reposo ni uno solo de los 7 dias de la semana. Cuando su misero marido le decia algo, le contestaba con improperios y hasta con golpes. La cuenta que daremos de las mil desdichas del jorna- lero desde su casamiento pareceni mentira ; pero es la pura verdad. Su primer hijo nacio sordo ; el segundo quedo ciego Ji la edad de 17 aflos; el tercero se cayo al rio cuando ya habia alcanzado la edad de 16 afios; el cuarto, a los 13, jugando con un fusil cargado, se levanto la tapa de los sesos (y eso ^ que no tenia muchos). El quinto era cojo, el nono era mudo, y al septimo le ahorcaron porque el picaro habia robado 500 pesos. El sexto y el octavo murieron * Irregular (Jiet), * J^ao, the fact is. 102 FIRST SPANISH 300K (died) a los 10 afios y el decimo cayo enfermo a los 5 afios y murio despues de 3 de padecimientos. El 22 de febrero de 1857, heredo nuestro hombre 213 pesos 42 centavos ; pero no bien se los pagaron los echo en un saco roto y los perdio todos. El 31 de enero de 1862, se quemo la casa del jornalero, el cual, 6 dias despues, es decir, el 6 de febrero, se rompio la pierna izquierda, cuando ya se habia roto,^ dos dias antes, el brazo derecho. Mien- tras estaba enfermo, un vecino suyo, hermano de su mujer, le robo 15 polios (todos los que tenia), y 4 dias despues se le murio su unica vaca, cosa muy sensible, porque debe advertirse que estaba haciendo experiencias para acostum- brarla a no comer, y justamente se le murio cuando ya se iba acostumbrando a ello. Para colmo de sus mil desdichas no se le murio su mujer. Por consiguiente, el misero pecador resolvio qui- tarse la vida. Si ; antes morir que sufrir, se dijo, reflexio- nando sobre su tristisima suerte. Un dia, salio de casa a la una de la tarde; tomo el camino de la estacion ; compro un billete por 39 centavos y le admitieron en seguida en el tren de las 2 y 8. Llego a la ciudad a las 3 y 15. A las 3 y 30 ya habia bajado a la playa, y, abriendo un paraguas, pues llovia a cantaros, avanzo 4 pasos entre las olas. . J Caramba ! grito de pronto, dando un brinco f uera del agua. J Que agua tan fria ! \ Seria un idiota si me aho- gara ^ hoy, 14 de marzo ! Volvere aqui otro dia. Pero es menester afiadir que el bueno del ^ jornalero no volvio nunca mas, sino que vivio aun 35 alios al lado de su amable esposa y murio, a los 84 de edad, el mismo dia que su mujer. Algunos aseguran que entro junto con ella por las puertas del paraiso de Ala. » § 123. 2 g 106. « Del is redundant. NUMERALS 103 XXXIX LOS DOS TURCOS El 27 de enero de 1897 cayeron enfermos dos jornaleros turcos, y 5 horas despues, a las 3 de la tarde, murieron. Habian vivido, el uno 84 afios y el otro 79. Llegaron juntos a las puertas del paraiso de Ala. Como llovia a cantaros y no tenian paraguas, querian entrar pron- to. Pero Mahoma, avanzando 4 pasos, les grito : Picaros, aqui no entrareis. Tu, grandisimo sinvergiienza, le dijo al primero, desde que naciste, en 1813, tomaste el camino del mal. Buena cuenta me dan de ello los vecinos de tu ciu- dad que llegan aqui, y no la echo en saco roto. Primero : el 21 de febrero de 1862, robaste una vaca a un vecino tuyo. Es verdad, Santo Prof eta, contesto el pecador; pero este vecino era el hermano de mi mujer, y me habia robado a mi, 8 dias antes, unos 15 polios, mientras yo estaba en- fermo. Bien, dijo Mahoma. Segundo: el 31 de enero de 1876, rompiste un paraguas en el brazo de tu mujer. Si, gran Mahoma, es la verdad, contesto el jornalero ; pero debo advertirle a usted que mi mujer me habia roto antes la cabeza con el mismo paraguas. Bien, dijo el santo prof eta. Tercero : el 11 de marzo de 1888, echaste un qantaro de agua fria sobre la cabeza de tu mujer. • Si, grandisimo Mahoma, tambien eso es la pura verdad ; pero debe advertirse que mi amable esposa me habia roto antes el mismo cantaro sobre la cabeza. (J Como antes ? grito Mahoma. I No, no, no ! dijo el jornalero. j Despues ! queria decir despues. Bien, dijo el prof eta. Tambien eso lo echare en saco roto. i Pero que mujer ! ^caramba ! j Que mujer tan mala tenias! Cuarto : el 18 de enero de 1862, resolviste qui- 104 FIRST SPANISH BOOK tarte la vida. Esto si que no lo echar6 en saco roto como las otras cosas, porque es muy malo. Amabilisimo Mahoma, contesto el jornalero, es menester tener en cuenta como me atormentaba mi mujer. Bien, bien, dijo el prof eta ; te dejare entrar en el parai- so esta vez, porque con los 57 aflos que llevabas de casado y de atormentado ya pagaste por todo. Santo Profeta, dijo el jornalero, no dejaras entrar a mi mujer, ^ verdad ? No la dejare, contesto Mahoma. Y el misero pecador entro de un brinco en el cielo. El profeta se volvio en seguida al otro pecador y le dijo : De ti no me dan muy buena cuenta, grandisimo sinvergiien- za. Tu no entraras. Pero, grandisimo Mahoma, contesto este, es preciso ad- vertirle a usted que mientras que mi amigo no se caso sino una vez, yo me case 3 veces, y mis 3 mujeres eran todas mas malas que Barrabas ! (i Tres veces ? grito Mahoma. \ Fuera de aqui ! En el paraiso no admitimos idiotas. i CONVERSATION XIV 1. (I Llevaba el jornalero muchos aflos de casado ? 2. ^ Era su mujer de mas edad que el? 3. ^ Cual de los hijos nacio sordo ? 4. ^ Cuando quedo ciego el segundo ? 5. (I Como murio el cuarto ? 6. (i Como el septimo ? 7. ^ Como el decimo ? 8. (J Cuando heredo nuestro hombre ? 9. (J Cuando se quemo su casa ? 10. (J Cuando se rompio la pierna ? 11. (i Que le robo el hermano de su mujer ? 12. (I Cuando tomo el jornalero el camino de la estacion ? 13. ^ Cuando bajo a la playa ? 14. (iQue edad alcanzaron el y su esposa? LESSON XV PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE 93. The present subjunctive is formed by add- ing to the verb-stem the set of endings appro- priate to the given conjugation (as indicated in the italic type of the paradigms following) : I II entrar, to enter. S. 1. entre. 2. eiitTes, 3. entre. P. 1. entTemos, 2. entveis, 3. entren. III abrir, to open, abra. sibras, abra. abramo5. abrdz5. abran. creer, to believe, crea. creas. crea. • CTeamos, credis. crean. Accent. — The accent falls on the penult throughout, when unwritten (consequently shifting to the ending in the first and second persons of the plural). Uses of the Subjunctive Mood 94. The subjunctive mood regularly occurs in subordinate clauses only. It does not simply state an idea, but always conveys a hint of the uncertain or hypothetical nature of the idea. The subjunctive mood is therefore used after : (1) Impersonal verbs : es juste que rehuse. it is just that he should refuse. 105 106 FIRST SPANISH BOOK (2) Emotional verbs (such as express joy, sor- row, surprise, etc.) : me pesa que V. sufra, I am sorry you should suffer. (3) Volitional verbs (such as express will, de- sire, command, permission, concession, prohibition) : suplico que me quiten de I beg that they remove me aqui, from here. (4) Verbs having in them an inherent element of doubt (such as express hope, fear, anticipation, and also many verbs used negatively or interrog- atively) : temo que me condene, I fear he may condemn me. no creo que te condene, I do not think he will con- demn (or condemns) you. (5) After many conjunctions, mostly compound- ed of qiie^ and a few adverbs, when they introduce an uncertain or hypothetical idea. Such are : ^ que, para que, , 1 \ provided that, con tal que, J ^ antes que, before. hasta que, until. a menos que, unless. cuando, when (referring to an indefi- nite future). si, if (introducing a condition contrary to fact). por (+ adj. or adv.) que, however (+ adj. or adv.). sin que, without. aunque, although. J in order that. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE 107 (6a) Some of these compound conjunctions are followed by the indicative when they introduce a statement of indubitable fact : aunque vivid cien anos, though he lived a hundred years. aunque viva cien anos, though he should live a hun- dred years. (6) In relative clauses that express uncertain and hypothetical ideas • si hay quien lea, if there is any one who reads. Sequence of Tenses 95. The present subjunctive is used after a gov- erning verb which is present or future.' The past subjunctive is used after a governing verb which is in a past tense or in the conditional mood. XoTE. — The future subjunctive may replace the present in certain cases where reference is made to an indefinite future. ( Vide Lesson XVIII.) • READING LESSONS XL EL REY Y EL REG El red. Me echo a los pies de Vuestra Majestad para que se apiade de mi, y no me levantare hasta que me escu- che y me conceda la vida, 6 por lo menos mitigue * la pena tan cruel que me espera. El key. Precisamente yo entre en esta carcel para ver a los presos ypara saber que delito cometio cada uno de los que estan aqui encerrados. Con tal que el Director k quien ^ But the past subjunctive is used even here when referring to time prior to that of the governing verb. ' § 113. 108 FIRST SPANISH BOOK encontre en el pasillo, proclame tu inocencia, nada se opone a que te perdone la vida. El reo. Seflor, no es posible que el director proclame la inocencia de un culpable. Es preciso, al contrario, que yo admita mi delito, y es justo que me castiguen ^ y encarcelen por haberlo cometido. Pero si alia en el cielo se halla quien lea en el fondo de mi corazon, no creo que me condene sin piedad, y no dudo tampoco que Vuestra Majestad se digne mitigar la severidad de la sentencia que me condeno, con- mutando la pena en otra menor, puesto que cometi el robo para dar pan a aquellos que de mi dependen, es decir, a mis hijos, despues de liaber perdido todo cuanto poseia, y cuan- do ya no me quedaba nada, absolutamente nada. El key. No es posible que te perdone la vida, a menos que no^ quede probada plenamente tu inocencia. Mi opi- nion es, no obstante, que es lastima que deba morir un hom- bre tan joven, aunque las leyes lo manden asi. Pero es menester que el rey mismo respete las leyes y no cambie lo que ellas ordenan. Con todo eso, me pesa de veras que sufras tan dura pena y te permitire que solicites una gracia, ya que no es posible que yo anule tu sentencia. El reo. I Que gracia, Senor ? El rey. La de que sefiales tu mismo el genero de muerte con el cual deseas que se acaben tus dias. El reo. Gracias, Sefior. Muchisimas gracias. Un mi- llon de gracias. j Que bueno es Vuestra Majestad ! j Es un verdadero Mesias ! No es posible encontrar palabras que describan mi sincera emocion. Se me extravia la cabeza. Me volvere loco de jubilo. No deseaba mas gracia que la que Vuestra Majestad me promete. Solo suplico que me quiten de aqui en seguida y que Vuestra Majestad me per- mita morir de viejo.^ El rey. ; Caramba ! j Que picaro ! No esperaba res- puesta tan aguda. Segun las apariencias, sera preciso, * § 113. ^ No redundant after d menos que. * Vide Reading Lesson XXII, last line. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE 109 pues, que yo te conceda la libertad. Pues bien ; me ocu- pare en ello sin perder tiempo. Hablaremos, el director y yo, antes que me aleje de aqui, y pronto disfrutaras de esta gracia, porque no es justo que un monarca, cuyas promesas son ley, prometa algo y despues rehuse hacerlo. Si, es me- nester que no falte a mi promesa. Mandare ahora mismo que te dejen ir a donde mejor te guste ; y, es mas,^ te sefla- lare una pension y asi moriras de viejo, segun deseas, con tal que no robes otra vez, sino que vivas tranquilamente en tu casa, acompafiado de tu mujer y de tus hijos. Pero, vol- viendo a las andadas, no debes esperar nunca que se te con- ceda de nuevo la misma gracia. Tal es mi sentencia. El eeo. Seria, sin duda, una locura volver k las anda- das. Le aseguro a Vuestra Majestad que se * lo agradeceran cuantos de mi dependan, y yo mismo no echare en saco roto este gran favor, aunque el Padre Etemo me conceda que viva cien afios. XLI EL EEY Y EL LOCO Un rey entro un dia en una casa de locos, no para que- darse en ella, sino para ver a los hombres que vivian alii. La vida de un rey es dura. No le es permitido que viva sin hacer nada, como a muchos hombres. Al contrario ; es precise que cuide de todo, aun de los reos y de los locos ; que escuche a los que solicitan gracias ; que rehuse unas y conceda otras ; que condene y castigue ^ a los que cometen delitos ; que de * libertad a aquellos cuya inocencia quede probada ; que conmute las sentencias y mitigue las penas de los que robaron por dar pan a sus hijos, y aun de muchos otros mas culpables que ^stos, con tal que proclamen haber cometido un delito y prometan no volver k las andadas. El rey encontro en el pasillo a un hombre joven y de muy buena apariencia, el cual se levanto y le dijo : <; Vuestra » And moreoTcr. « § 63. » § 113. *§135. 110 FIRST SPANISH BOOK Majestad desea ver, sin duda, a los locos ? Si asi es, solicit© me permita que le acompafle donde guste y se lo describa todo. Gracias, contesto el rey, creyendo hablar con el director de la casa. Agradecere mucho que usted me acompafie y me describa el genero de locura de cada uno de los que aqui estan. Y no debe usted creer que yo eche este favor en saco roto. Deseo que ahora mismo me describa usted la locura de este hombre, dijo el rey, senalando a uno de los locos. Pero el loco no permite al que acompana al rey que responda, sino que se echa a los pies del monarca suplicandole que le escuche y le conceda su libertad. Aseguro a Vuestra Majestad, dijo, que mis hijos me hacen encerrar aqui, deseando que acabe mis dias en esta casa para que ellos disfruten de todo lo que yo poseo. i Que picaros! dijo el rey con sincera piedad, creyendo todo lo que le decia el loco. Es lastima, de veras, que le roben a usted asi, y aun mas que le quiten su libertad. Me pesa mucho que sufra usted tan cruelmente. Pero acabaran pronto sus penas, y no esperen ^ estos picaros que los condene a una pena menor ^ que la muerte misma, ni que anule despues mi sentencia y les perdone la vida. Justo es que sufran los que cometen tales delitos, porque es preciso que los hijos respeten 4 sus padres, que no les roben cuanto poseen, y que no los dejen encerrados en las casas de locos. ; Ah ! dijo el loco. Mucho se lo agradecere a Vuestra Majestad, y cuando me dejen ir a mi casa, yo le dare por lo menos cien millones. ; Caramba ! j Que loco es ! se dijo el rey, alejandose en seguida de el. Y acercandose a otro loco, dijo : Este hombre si que debe ser loco de veras ; no es posible que se dude de ello viendo su cabeza. " »^99. «§83. ' PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE 111 Segtin las apariencias, si, respondio el loco, que le escu- chaba; pero es preciso que Vuestra Majestad cambie de opinion y se apiade de mi, puesto que esta no es mi cabeza, sino una que me dejaron unos picaros que me robaron la mia. Pero aseguro que la de Vuestra Majes- tad me gusta mucho mas y le suplico que me la cambie por esta. El rey se alejo tambien muy pronto de este loco y se acerco a otro. Este, le dijo el que el rey creia que era- el director, es el mks loco de todos. Asegura ser el mismo Mesias, pero siendo yo el Padre Eterno, aseguro a Vuestra Majestad que este hombre no es mi hijo. ^ Tambien tu ? dijo el rey. Si me quedo mas tiempo en esta casa, me volvere loco yo tambien. EXERCISE XV [In the abbreviated sentences the verb must be separately trans- lated to agree with each pronoun.] 1. In order that we may listen — that you, I, they may listen. 2. Provided that you concede — that she, I, they concede. 3. It is not possible that I should admit — that you, he, they admit. 4. It is just that he listen — that he concede — that he admit. 5. It is just that we listen — that we concede — that we admit. 6. Unless I admit, concede, listen. 7. Unless he admit, concede, listen. 8. Unless we admit, concede, listen. 9. Unless they admit, concede, lis- ten. 10. It is a pity that I should believe — that she, you, they, we should believe. 11. It grieves me that he should suffer — that she, you, I, they, we suffer. 12. It is necessary that I occupy myself — that they occupy themselves, that we occupy ourselves, that you occupy yourselves, that she occupy herself. 13. Before I rise ^ — before you, they, we, > Use reflexive form, subjunctive. 112 FIRST SPANISH BOOK he rise. 14. Provided I do not rob him — he do not rob her, you do not rob us, we do not rob him, they do not rob them. COMPOSITION XV We kings ^ do not live like other men. It is not pos- sible that we should live without doing anything. It is necessary that we take care of everything ; that we listen to everybody; that we grant and refuse favors; that we condemn the guilty whose crimes are proved; that we commute the sentence and lighten the penalty of the guilty man who promises not to return to his old ways. It is necessary likewise that we imprison some men in order that they may not commit more crimes, that they may not steal any more, and that they may respect the laws ; and it is just that we should take pity on others, should spare their lives and give them liberty, provided that they promise to live peacefully in their home with all who belong to them. And when it is not possible that we annul or change the sentences, it is necessary many a time that we designate the kind of penalty or of death which the guilty must suffer. Thus, it is not permitted us that we live as we would wish; that we withdraw from other men to go wherever we please, and that we enjoy life tran- quilly ; but it is indispensable that we should care for everything and should suffer until our days come to an end, although we should live a hundred years. What a pity that we kings must suffer more than all other men ! CONVERSATION XV 1. ^ Por que se echa el reo a los pies del rey ? 2. §58. . 10 134 FIRST SPANISH BOOK out his brains one day, and, being afraid that I might put an end to his fortune and lose everything, he did not leave ft single dollar to me, leaving me to get along in the world as best I could. Therefore it was necessary for me to re- veal to you my poverty, or hold out my hand and solicit money from those who walk in the park." With this sad story, and by speaking as if she were weeping and were afraid that the youth might see it, the lady brought it about that the latter decided to pay her, and handed her ten dollars. CONVERSATION XVIII 1. (J Qu6 le dijo el joven a la sefiora? 2. I En que consistia el favor que solicito ? 3. I Que le dijo a la seflora de su situacion ? 4. I Tenia el padre del joven mucha aficion al juego? 5. I Que resulto f orzosamente ? 6. (J A que instaron los acreedores ? 7. (jEn que situacion dejo el padre a la madre y al hijo? 8. I Que logro el joven con su triste historia ? 9. I Por que al joven no le aprovechaba nada un solo peso? 10. (jDisgusto mucho a la senora la desvergiienza del joven ? 11. I Como se marcho este ? 12. I Como acaba la historia ? SECOND PART IRREGULAB VERBS Lessons XIX-XXX NOTE Ik the lessons of the Second Part, only the simple verhs are treated usually, as their compounds regularly exhibit the same peculiarities. LESSON XIX OBTHOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN VERBS {Vide Introduction, III, 1.) 110. Vekbs ending in ca/r, gar, guar, zar, cer, ci/r (not preceded by a vowel), ger^ gii\ and guir suffer certain obvious changes in spelling, usually in order to keep the sound of the stem uniform. 111. Verbs ending in cer and d/r (preceded by a vowel) also suft'er orthographic changes which alter instead of preserving the sound of c. ( Vide § 133.) 112. Verbs in car change c to qu before e^ as sacar, present subjunctive saque, 113. Verbs in gar change g to gu before e, as pagar, -^veierit pague (hut pagaste, pago^ etc.). 114. Verbs in guar take the diaeresis when gu is followed by e, as averiguar, present subjunctive averigue, etc. 115. Verbs in zar change ztoc before €j as gozar, present subjunctive goce, etc. 116. Verbs in cer and in ci/r (preceded by a con- sonant) change c to z before a or (?, as veneer^ pres- ent indicative venzo, esparcir^ present subjunctive esparza^ etc. 137 138 FIRST SPANISH BOOK 117. Verbs in ger and gir change g to j before a or 6>, as escogei\ present subjunctive escojaj dirigir, present indicative dirijo. 118. Verbs in guir (u silent) drop u before a or 0, as it is used in the other forms only to harden the g, as distinguir, present subjunctive distinga. So delinquir gives in present indicative delinco, in present subjunctive delinca, 119. Verbs whose stems end in II, in ft, or in cJi, absorb the vowel i before e ov om such endings as iendOj id, iera, iese, etc., as hullir, present participle hnllendo ; cenir, past subjunctive cinese ; ' lienchir, preterit indicative hincho (or Tiinchio, as the regular endings often occur in ch stems). READING LESSON XLVIII EL COKSPIRADOR Tome parte en la celebre conspiracion de 1868 y pague muy cara mi locura. Me cogieron y me echaron a presidio. Aun hoy mismo, no venzo la repugnancia que me inspira tal recuerdo. Sin embargo, el carcelero me cayo en gracia desde el pri- mer dia, porque halle en el una gran bondad y una simpatia particular hacia mi. El populacho, mas y mas irritado por la conspiracion, llegaba diariamente delante de las rejas de mi celda para demostrar su rabia contra mi y su gozo al verme en- jaulado. No OS goceis tanto de mi desdicha, les grite un dia ; qui- » Yide Lessons XX and XXX § 146, note. ORTHOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN VERBS 139 zas llegue una nueva revolucion y os coja a vosotros el mis- mo infortunio. Con esta prediccion provoquu una furia aun mjis rabiosa en la muchedumbre, que, bullendo de colera, cerco la pri- sion por todos lados, gruilendo y blandiendo sus armas de combate, y amenazando destruirlo todo para llegar hasta mi calabozo y hacerme pedazos. Entonces me dije : j Cuspita ! ; Si vencen la resistencia de la guardia, mi vida esta perdida ! j Pero animo ! £s preciso que yo venza los escrupulos del carcelero y que le pague una fuerte suma para que me saque de aqui sin tardar. Le llame y le dije : Amigo : sacame de esta carcel ; el populacho amotinado esta destruyendo los muros y temo en verdad que lleguen hasta mi y me maten. El me interrumpio : ; Imposible ! Seria uu delito liber- tar a un prisionero, y si delinco de esa manera, perdere mi vida por haber querido salvar la suya. Asi, pues, como mi deber y mi interes se oponen por igual a lo que usted acaba de proponerme, no distingo lo que ganaria aceptando su propuesta. Expliquemonos,^ amigo, le replique. Tu no distingues tu interes tan bien como crees, porque sacarias grandisimo provecbo haciendo lo que yo te rogue. Ahora mismo lo veras. Empecemos por lo principal. Hablando asi, saque de mi bolsa unas cuantas monedas de oro y se^ las en- tregue. Comprendo muy bien la explicacion, me contesto el carcelero, dirigiendome una mirada maliciosa. Otorgueme usted tan solo cuatro minutos, afladio luego saliendose del calabozo. Espere mas de veinte y empece a desesperarme furiosa- mente. ' § 102. « § 63. 140 FIRST SPANISH BOOK Pero al fin entro gritando : Acabo de esparcir las mone- das por el camino que conduce a las puertas de la ciudad. Esperemos que se esparza tambien la gente para recogerlas ; escojamos el momento mas propicio y salvemonos ^ huyen- do. Avancemos aprisa y dirijamonos por entre los arboles para que no nos distingan. He ahi ^ como huimos de la prision y llegamos a la fron- tera francesa. EXERCISE XIX 1. I conquer ; we conquer. 2. He conquers ; it is neces- sary that he conquer. 3. I pay ; thou arrivest ; we ask [rogar} ; we hand over. 4. (In preterit) I paid; I handed over ; I arrived. 5. It is necessary that I pay ; that thou shouldst arrive ; that we ask ; that we hand over. 6. It is necessary that he should enjoy, provoke, scatter, distin- guish, catch, direct, and select. 7. He enjoys, provokes, scatters, distinguishes, catches, directs, and selects. 8. (In preterit) I enjoyed, provoked, scattered, and directed. 9. (Translate in second person singular, vide Lesson XVI) catch, do not catch ; scatter, do not scatter ; conquer, do not conquer; pay, do not pay; explain, do not explain; distinguish, do not distinguish ; hand, do not hand ; enjoy, do not enjoy ; direct, do not direct ; select, do not select. 10. Let them provoke; let them pay; let them conquer; 11. They are provoking ; they pay ; they conquer. 12. Let them select ; let them enjoy ; let them direct ; let them dis- tinguish. 13. They do distinguish ; they direct ; they en- joy ; they select. »§102. * This is bow. §137. LESSON XX THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE 120. The present participle is always regular in the first and second conjugations. (Exception : poder^ In the third conjugation its only irregu- larity consists in the change of ^ to ^ in the last syllable of the stem in numerous verbs, as servir, sirviendo, serving. 121. The following participles, however, are irregular : dormir, duriniendo, sleeping. morir, muriendo, dyijig- poder, pudiendo, being able. podrir (also pudrir), pudriendo, rotting. refr, riendo, laughing. ir, yendo, going (§ 133, note). 122. The following lists include the most com- mon of the verbs that change ^ to ^ in the present participle : I. cenir, to gird, competir, to compete, concebir, to conceive, conseguir, to attain. 141 142 FIRST SPANISH BOOK contradecir. to contradict. corregir. to correct. decir. to say. despedir. to dismiss. elegir. to elect. gemir. to groan. liencliir. to fill, puff up. impedir. to prevent. medir. to measure. pedir. to ask. regir. to rule. rendir. to render. renir. to reproach, scold. repetir. to repeat. revestir. to put on, wear. seguir. to follow. servir. to serve. tenir. to dye. vestir. to dress. II. adherir. to adhere. advertir. to warn, notify, perceive. arrepentir (se), to repent. convertir. to convert. divertir. to divert. herir. to wound. liervir. to boil. mentir. to lie. pervertir. to pervert. presentir. to have a presentiment, foresee. preferir. to prefer. proferir, to proffer. referir. to report. sentir. to feel, to regret. sugerir. to suggest. venir, to coine. THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE 143 READING LESSON XLIX LA HIJA DE CROMWELL Las personas que pasan su vida sirviendo a los reyes 6 d los grandes hacen pensar muy a menudo en el refran : " No es oro todo lo que reluce." Cifiendo espada y vistiendose de gala, como les es for- zoso hacerlo, llegan a creerse cast iguales ti sus amos. Algunos, advirtiendo lo^ vacia que es la vida cortesana y arrepintiendose a tiempo de haber entrado en la carrera que estan siguiendo, se retiran y viven en una pobreza hon- .rada; mientras que otros, pervirtiendose por entero, con- virtiendose en automatas, repitiendo cada dia las mismas frases insulsas, profiriendo los mismos cumplimientos necios, riendose de todo lo honrado y justo, mintiendo cada cual mas, compitiendo en bajezas el uno con el otro, y viniendo a ser rastreros esclavos de su amo, pasan sus dias comiendo y durmiendo en un gran palacio, rindiendo culto al poderio de la riqueza y muriendose sin haber gozado de una sola hora de independencia y libertad. De esta ralea habia un hombre que estaba sirviendo, desde hacia muchos afios, en casa del Protector Cromwell. Era uno de esos ambiciosos que, eligiendo y prefiriendo a todo otro destine la dorada servidumbre de la corte, y re- vistiendo una librea, van ^ por el mundo hinchados de orgu- llo, midiendo con despreciativa mirada a todo el que no ha querido hacer otro tanto. Este hombre se habia granjeado la confianza de su amo, adhiriendose siempre a los intereses del Protector, rindiendo homenaje a todos los amigos de este, contradiciendo k los que hablaban mal de el, y aun tifi6ndose algunas veces las manos con la sangre de los que se resistian a sus argu- mentos. »§13. »§131,8. ' 144 FIRST SPANISH BOOK Muchas veces, se le veia divirtiendo al Protector con sus agudezas, refiriendole los chismes de la corte 6 diciendole lo que se contaba en la ciudad. Asi, pidiendo siempre mas y mas favores al Protector y consiguiendo la mayor parte de ellos, si no todos, habia acabado por envanecerse tanto que se atrevio a poner sus ojos en la hija del hombre que casi estaba rigiendo a toda Europa. La sefiorita, que era muy joven aun y un poco coqueta, sintiendose lisonjeada por sus finas atenciones, se las agra- decia, pero no tomaba la cosa en serio. El embustero se atrevio al fin a proponerle un casa- miento secreto, presintiendo que la senorita, al compren- der acaso sus verdaderos motives, acabaria por darle cala- bazas, poniendo su cariiio en un sujeto mas digno y mas honrado que el. El Protector, no se sabe bien por que, concibiendo sos- pechas sobre el servidor, entro un dia en la sala en donde 6ste hablaba con la sefiorita. Le hallo de rodillas d-elante de ella, porque justamente en aquel momento estaba em- pleando, aunque sin provecho, toda su elocuencia en per- suadirla a casarse secretamente con el. He^ aqui la escena : el padre, hirviendole y pudriendosele la sangre de ira, despidiendo centellas por los ojos e hiriendo el suelo con el pie, pidiendo cuentas al desgraciado embus- tero ; la hija, gimiendo y vertiendo lagrimas ; y el enamo- rado servidor, trastornado, presintiendo una muerte inme- diata, e impidiendole el castafieteo de sus dientes proferir una sola palabra. Pero al fin, sugiriendole su astucia una idea muy acer- tada para salir del apuro, dijo que se habia enamorado de la doncella de la sefiorita, y que solo estaba pidiendo a esta su apoyo para veneer la esquivez de aquella. Cromwell no lo creyo; pero no pudiendo resistir a la §137. THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE 145 facil venganza que entreveia y prefiriendo acabar en el acto con el asunto, mando por la doncella, que era de las mds feas, y por el capellan. Al venir ambos, Cromwell, rifiendo dulcemente a la don- cella por su coqueteria, le mando dar la mano al servidor. Ella se conformo, sonriendose, y tifiendosele las mejillas de un ligero carmin, y el, viendose cogido y sintiendo con toda su alma lo que pasaba, se dejo casar diciendose : Del mal el menos ; pues sabia que corrigiendo el error era hom- bre perdido. EXERCISE XX 1. To serve a king. 2. Serving a king. 3. To gird on a sword. 4. Girding on a sword. 5. To notice this. 6. Not noticing this. 7. I shall repent having lived in a grand palace. 8. Kepenting (my) having lived in his palace. 9. To convert or to pervert. 10. Converting or perverting. 11. I repeated the phrase. 12. Kepeating a phrase. 13. I used to come and go. 14. Going and coming. 15. To die, to sleep. 16. Sleeping or dying. 17. I used to put on a livery. 18. Putting on a livery. 19. We speak but do not contradict. 20. Speaking and contradicting. 21. We di- vert ourselves. 22. Diverting ourselves. 23. He used to ask favors and to get them. 24. Asking and attaining favors. 25. Not being able to laugh, and not laughing. LESSON XXI THE PAST PARTICIPLE 123. The past participle is always regular, except in the following verbs and their compounds : abrir. abierto. opened. cubrir. cubierto. covered. decir. dicho. said. escribir. escrito. written. -facer. -fecho. [in compound verbs]. hacer, hecho. made or done. imprimir, impreso. printed. morir. muerto,^ dead. poner. puesto. put. -solver. -suelto. [in compounds]. ver. visto. seen. volver. vuelto, turned, returned. romper. roto or rompido. broken [in compounds -rompido]. READING L LESSON . EL CABALLERO FASTIDIOSO El caballero B. era un sujeto muy fastidioso. Nunca se vio un hombre mas satisfecho de si mismo. Habia escrito una comedia, impresa luego a su costa, y se preguntaba cada dia por que la Eeal Academia no le ' Muerto also replaces matado, killed, when governing a jpersonal object. 146 THE PAST PARTICIPLE 147 habia abierto sus puertas. Tambien habia hecho un papel poco airoso en la politica de no se sabe que lugarcillo, y se quejaba de que el Presidente del Consejo aun no le habia propuesto entrar en el gabinete para que quedasen resuel- to3, al fin, los arduos problemas de la politica contempora- nea, cuya solucion solo el habia entrevisto y que creia esta- ban, para los otros, envueltos en prof undisimas tinieblas. Tan poseido estaba este hombre de si mismo y tan en- greido con su supuesta gloria, que creia que le era permi- tido y casi prescrito lo quo para los demas era proscrito. En el circulo circunscrito de sus amigos no habia nin- guno que, viendole desde la ventana 6 por la puerta en- treabierta, no se aprovechase para tomar las de Villadiego, resuelto a todo antes que a verse expuesto a tal verdugo. Unos cuantos amigos suyos, mas sinceros que los demas, habiendo previsto donde iria a parar todo esto, le habian dicho que, si seguia siendo can fastidioso, ni seria absuelto nunca de la molestia que causaba, ni le seria abierta nin- guna puerta. Pero el nunca les habia hecho caso, ni habia dado credito a sus vaticinios. Este hombre tenia amistosas relaciones con cierta fami- lia a cuya casa iba muy a menudo y a la que habia descu- bierto, cada dia mas claramente, su caracter fastidioso. La sola idea de sus visitas ponia aquellas buenas gentes muertas de miedo y habian acabado por creerse dispensadas de todo cumplimiento para con el ; asi que muchisimas veces mandaban k la criada decirle que estaban fuera. Pero el, sin que comprendiese jamiis el sentido encubierto de tan repetidas excusas, se sentaba casi siempre en el sofa, con aire risuefio y satisfecho, y se mostraba dispuesto a esperar, hasta una bora muy avanzada, la vuelta de sus amigos. Unas veces aseguraba que el amo mismo le habia dicho que esperase alii, siempre que no le hallase en casa ; otras veces decia que pasaria media hora divirtiendose con los nifios, y se quedaba hasta que los nifios tomaban tambien las de Villadiego; otras, decia que se divertiria mientras 148 FIRST SPANISH BOOK esperaba, hablando con el loro ; y otras, tenia por excusa pararse en la sala para arreglar su reloj, y se quedaba trea 6 cuatro horas arreglandolo. Con estos pretextos y esta conducta habia al fin puesto tan furiosa a la criada que esta habia resuelto hacerle un dia un desaire tremendo. Como tenia la lengua muy suelta, no podia faltarle la ocasion. De alii a poco volvio el fastidioso caballero a hacer otra visita a sus amigos. La criada, que le habia visto acercarse a la casa, resuelta a no dejarle entrar, le acogio de una ma- nera tan extrafia como graciosa. Asomandose 4 la ventana, le grito desde lejos : Senor Don Fulano de Tal, mis amos aun no han ^ vuelto a casa ; los niiios estan en la escuela ; el loro se ha ^ muerto y el reloj de la sala esta roto. Dicho esto volvi6 a cerrar la ventana, antes de que el caballero, corrido y avergonzado, saliera de su asombro. EXERCISE XXI 1. The open doors of the Academy. 2. Satisfying me, you will be satisfied with yourself. 3. To write and print a comedy. 4. A comedy written or printed. 5. Said and done. 6. We say and do. 7. To play a role. 8. To have played a role. 9. We do not resolve the question, the ques- tion is resolved. 10. This supposed solution remains the solution proposed. 11. The gentleman had discovered the dead man. 12. Having foreseen that all this would be pre- scribed and not proscribed, he showed himself satisfied and disposed to repeat that which he had said and done. 13. He had returned, but he had not seen the servant-girl. 14. She had caught a glimpse of him, and was resolved to tell him that the clock was broken. 15. Having told this, she had died. > § 131. LESSON XXII PRESENT TENSE (First and Second Conjugations) ( Vide Introduction, HI, 3.) 124. Many verbs of the first and a few of the sec- ond conjugation with o or ^ in the last syllable of the stem change o to ue and e to ie whenever the last stem syllable is accented — i. e., in the whole singular and in the third person plural of the pres- ent tense, both indicative and subjunctive, and also in the imperative singular. INDICATIVE contar, to recount. confesar, to confess. S. 1. cuento. 2. cuentas. 3. cuenta. P. 1. con tamos. 2. Contois. 3. cuentan. poder, to be able. S. 1. puedo. 2. puedes. 3. pnede. P. 1. podemos. 2. pod^is. 3. pueden. 11 confieso. confiesas. confiesa. confesamos. confesd.is. confiesan. querer, to desire, quiero. quieres. quiere. queremos. qner^is. quieren. 149 150 FIRST SPANISH BOOK SUBJUNCTIVE S. 1. cuente. quiera. 2. cuentes. quieras. 3. cuente. quiera. P. 1. contemos. queramos. 2. Contois. querais. 3. cuenten. quieran. IMPERATIVE S. 2. cuenta. quiere. confiesa. READING LESSON LI EL CIEGO Y EL JUGADOR ^Quieres que te cuente un lance de los mas diver- tidos ? Pues te contare el aprieto en que se hallo un ciego y como salio de el. Apuesto que jamas te contaron cuento mas gracioso. Un ciego (y confieso que no puedo acordarme de su nombre porque no me acuerdo nunca de ninguno) un ciego, pues, que tiene su habitacion cerca de la mia, suefia una noche que vienen tres ladrones a su casa, que descerrajan la caja en que encierra su oro y se lo pillan todo, salvo algunas monedas. Estas las deja caer uno de los ladrones, que tro- pieza al salir ; las monedas ruedan por el suelo y vienen a parar a los pies del ciego. En este memento se despierta el pobre- hombre, sin aliento, helado de terror y temblandole todo el cuerpo. Vuela a su querida caja y la encuentra cerrada e intacta. Pero no por eso se avergiienza de su loco terror, sine que tomando el suefio por un aviso del cielo, baja al jardin antes de almorzar, y, aunque hiela y nieva muy recio, en- tierra alii su oro. Desgraciadamente le ve cierto vecino PRESENT TENSE 151 suyo, que concibe^ la idea de robarselo^y espera a que el ciego almuerce para efectuarlo. Descubierto el robo, vuelve a quejarse el infortunado ciego, y esta vez con alguna razon ; se retuerce las manos y, en su amargo desconsuelo, se arranca los cabellos. Vuelve a calmarse despues de algun tiempo y empieza i preguntarse qui en puede ser el ladron. Piensa en el vecino, el cual juega^ y derrocha todo la que posee, y cuanto mas piensa en el tanto mas se acrecieu' tan sus sospechas, que, como ya se sabe, no carecen de fun- damento. No pierde mas tiempo en cavilaciones ; entra en casa del jugador, se sienta, busca un exordio y, al fin, le habla de esta manera: Amigo mio, quiero que me de usted un consejo, puesto que todos convienen en decir que tiene usted mas sabiduria que el mismo Salomon. Kucgole me acon- seje lo que debo hacer. Poseo mil pesos de los cuales ya enterre quinientos en un lugar seguro. ^Me recomienda usted que entierre alii tambien los otros quinientos 6 que los encierre en mi caja ? El vecino, queriendo robarle ahora esta nueva suma, no aprueba la ( f u6, f ueron ) es, son • (subj.) sea 1 (subj.) fuera, etc. (imp. s.)se serrar (saw) sierro servir (serve) sirviendo sirvo SOBRE soler (he wont) suelo soltar (loosen) suelto -solver (-solve) -suelTO (p. p.) -suelto sonar (sound) sueno soflar (dream) suefLo sonreir (smile) [see reir] sosegar (quiet) sostener (sustain) [see tener] sosiego SU SUB substraer (subtract) sugerir (suggest) [see traer] [see digerir] SUPER sustitair (suistitute) sustituyo IRREGULAR VERBS 309 II III INFINITIVE PRESENT PARTICIPLE PRESENT INDICATIVE sustraer (subtract) [see traer] temblar (tremlle) tiemblo tender (te7id) tiendo tener (have) (fut.) tendr6 { tengo < tienes ( tiene, tienen (pret.) tuve-o (imp. i i.) ten tefiir (dye) tiflendo tiflo traducir (translate) [see conducir] traer (carry) traigo (pret.) traje-o, trajeron (subj.) trajera, etc. TRANS TRAS trocar (exchange) ' trueco tropezar (stumble) tropiezo valer (be worth) valgo (fut.) valdre (imperat. s .) val, vale venir (come) (fut.) vendre viniendo ( vengo < vienes ( viene, vienea (pret.) vine-o (imp. s .) ven ver (see) veo (p. p.) visto (imperfect) veia verter (pour) vierto vestir (dress) vistiendo visto volver (turn) vuelvo (p. p.) vuelto yacer (lie) yazgo, etc. zaherir (blame) zahiriendo zahiero 21 VOCABULARY When a word can not be found in the vocabulary, vide list of irregular verbs. Observe tliat oh follows oz, 11 follows Iz, u follows nz, but rr follows rq. Observe that initial h often represents an original f and accented ue and ie an original o and e. C In the vocabulary the numbers in parentheses refer to the lesson in which a word occurs for the first time. Thus [18] refers to the first selection for reading (No. XLVI) in Lesson XVIII. The following abbreviations are used : m. masculine. /. feminine. 8. singular. pi. plural. adj. adjective. adv. adverb. pron. pronoun. eonj. conjunction. prep, preposition. interj. interjection. inf. infinitive. pp. past participle. pres. present. pret preterit. indie, indicative. dim. diminutive. d, to, at. abajo, down, below. abalanzarse, to dart, rush. abandonar, to abandon. abasteoer, to furnish, supply, stock. abatirse, descend, crouch. abierto, pp. abrir [21], to open. abismo, m. abyss. ablandar, to make bland, soften, miti- pate. abogado, m. [5] lawyer. abominar, to abominate, condemn. abonar, to accredit, guarantee. aborreoer [24], to abhor. abrasar, to burn. abrazar, to embrace. abrazo, m. embrace. abreviar, to abridge. abrir [4], to open. abBolutamente, absolutely. absolute, absolute ; en absoluto, ab- solutely. absolver, to absolve, forgive, acquit. absurdo, absurd. abuela,/. [2] grandmother. abaelo, m. [2] grandfather. abundanoia, /. abundance, aburrido-a [2], tiresome; tired, bored. aod, here. aoabar, to finish, end ; aoabar de (with infinitive), to ha\:e just — ~; acabar oon, put an end to. academia, academy. aoalorar, to warm. acaso [9], perhaps ; por aoaso, perhf^)8. acoeder, to accede. aooidente, m. accident, occurrence. aooidn, /. action. aoeite, m. oil, olive-oil. aoeitunado-a, olive. aoelerar, to accelerate. aoento, m. accent. aoepillar, to brush, aoeptar, to accept, acerbamente, bitterly. 311 312 FIRST SPANISH BOOK aoeroa, adv. near; aoeroa de, regarding. aoeroar [11], bring near; aoercarse, to approach. aoertado-a [20j, successful, to the point, aoertar, to hit the mark, to succeed; aoertar con, to hit upon. aoierto, m. [17] success. aolamacidn, /. acclamation. aoobardarse, to be afraid, be cowardly. aoog-er [21], to receive. acometer, to attack. aoomodar, to accommodate, place ; adapt; aoomodado, easy, comfortable. aoomodo, m. accommodation, place. aoompanamiento, m. accompaniment. acompanar [15], to accompany. aoonsejar [18], to counsel. aconteoer [8], to happen. acordar, to accord; aoordarse, to re- member. aoortar, to abridge, cut oflf. acostarse [5], to lie down, to retire. aoostumbrar [11], to accustom, to be accustomed. aoreoentar, to grow, increase. aoreditar, to credit, to repute, aoreedor, m. [18] creditor. aoreedor-a, entitled (to). aotividad, /. activity. aoto, m. act ; en el aoto, at once. aoudir [12], to run up, to have recourse (to). aouerdo, m. agreement. aoumular, to accumulate, heap up. aouoso-a, aqueous, watery, acusador, m. accuser. aousar, to accuse. aohaooso-a, infirm, sickly, aohaque, m. infirmity, complaint, adaptar, to adapt, adelantar, to progress, advance. adelante, adv. forward ; en adelante, henceforward, thenceforth. ademan, m. [27] gesture, appearance, ademas, adv. [11] besides. adentro, adv. within. adherir, to adhere. adids, good-by. adivinar [3], to divine, guess. adjetivo, m. adjective. administrador, m. administrator. administrar, to administer, give. admirable, admirable, wonderful. admiracidn,/, admiration, wonder. admirado-a, astonished, surprised. admirador, m. admirer. admirar, to admire, wonder at, cause wonder ; admirarse, to wonder at. admitir, to admit, accept. adolecer, to suffer (from). adonde, whither ; addnde, whither ? adoptar, to adopt. adredemente, ' expressly. adulacion, /. adulation, flattery. aduladoT, m. flatterer. adverbio, m. adverb. advertir [14], to warn, give notice notice. adviento, m. advent. afamado-a, famous. afectacidn, /. affectation. afectar, to affect, move, afecto, m. affection. aficidn,/. [18] affection. aficionarse, to take a liking (to). afirmar, to affirm. aflicoidn, /. affliction. afligir [25], to afflict, distress. afortunadamente, fortunately. afortunado-a, fortunate. afrentar, to offend. africano-a, African. agarrar [27], to seize, agasajar [30], to treat with friendship, agil, agile. agitar, to agitate. agonia, /. agony (of death), agonizante, dying. agonizar, to be dying. agradable, agreeable. agradar [22], to please. agradecer [15], to thank. agradecido-a, grateful. agradeoimiento, m. gratitude. VOCABULARY 313 agrado. m. pleasantness. agravar, to aggravate, burden. agua,/. [4j water. ag-uantar, to endure, tolerate. aguardar [7j, to wait, await. aguardiente, m. brandy. agudeza, /. [20] wit, witticism. agudo-a [15 J, acute, witty. agUero, m. [22] augury. aguzar, to sharpen, prick up. ah, interj. ah. ahi [13j, there. ahogar [14], to drown, choke. ahora [14], now; ahora mismo, this very (minute). ahoroar [13], to hang. ahorrar, to spare, save. aire, m. air (vivacity). airoso-a [21], airy, graceful, ajeno-a, (alien) foreign, of another, ajustar, to adjust, arrange, ajuste, m. arrangement. Ala, Allah. alabanza,/. [80] praise, alabar, to praise, alambre, m. wire. alargar [16], to reach, reach out, hand, alarido, m. shriek, alarmar, to alarm, alba,/. [30] dawn, albanil, m. mason, alborotar, to rebel, mutiny, arouse to mutiny. aloalde, to. [24] judge, mayor, alcanzar [12], to reach, attain, aldea,/. village, aldeano-a [28], villager, alegrar [16], to rejoice, alegre [2], joyous. alegremente, joyously, alegrla, /. [25] joy. Alejandro, Alexander, alejar [15), to remove to a distance; alejarse, to go away, alerto-a, alert ; alerta, adv. on the watch, aletargar, to make lethargic. alforja, /. bag, saddle-ba^. algo, something, somewhat. algaaoil, m. policeman, sheriffs officer. algdn, vide § 24, algano-a [2], some, some one. alhaja./. [29] jewel. aliar, to ally. aliento, to. [22] breath, courage. alimento, m. aliment, food. alistar [28], to enlist. aliviar, to alleviate, lighten, relieve. alivio, TO. alleviation, relief. alma,/. [17] soul. almirante, to. [12] admiral. almorzar [11], to breakfast. almaerzo, to. [11] breakfast. alquilar, to hire, rent. alrededor [17], around; alrededor,TO. surroundings, environs ; d mi alre- dedor, around me. altaneria, /. pride, haughtiness. alteracidn, /. change, perturbation. alterar, to change, upset; alterarse, to get angry. alternativamente, alternately. Alteza, /. Highness. altivo-a, haughty. alto, TO. halt. alto-a [2], high. altura, /. height. alumbrar, to give light. alumno, to. [26] pupil. alzar, to raise. alld [13], there. alii [11], there ; de alii & pooo, shortly afterward. ama, /. mistress ; ama de gobierno, housekeeper. amable [14], amiable. amanecer, to break (of day), to be- come light. amapola, /. poppy. amar, to love. amargamente, bitterly. amargo-a [18], bitter. amargura,/. bitterness. amarrar, to tie. amartillar, to cock (a pistol). 314 FIRST SPANISH BOOK ambicioso-a, ambitious. ambo8-as [2], both. amenaza,/. menace. amenazar [17], to menace, threaten. amenudo (d meniido) [7], often. amigro-a, m. /. [4j friend ; amigo de, fond of, inclined to. amistad,/. [4] friendship. amistoso-a, friendly. amo, m. [20] master. amor, m. love ; amor propio, self-love. amotinar, to rouse to mutiny. amulatado-a, brown (mulatto-colored). anacoreta, wi. hermit. andlogo-a, analogous, similar. anatomia, /. anatomy. anciano-a [29], ancient, old, aged. anoho-a, broad. andadas [15] (from andar), volver d las andadas, to return to one's old tricks. Andalucia, /. Andalusia, a province of southern Spain. andar [27], to go, move, walk, (to be). an^odota, /. anecdote. anegar, to inundate, flood. anfltridn, m. host. dngel, m. angel. ingnlo, m. angle. animal, m. animal. inimo, m. [19] mind, purpose, courage. animoso-a, courageous, spirited. anoohe, adv. last night. anooheoer [22], to grow dark, to fall (of night). ansia, /. anguish ; avidity. antagonista, m. antagonist. ante, prep, before (in the presence of). antecedente, preceding. anteojos, m. pi. [25] spectacles, eye- glasses. anterior, anterior, preceding. antes, adv. [3] rather ; before, former- ly ; antes bien, rather. antesala,/. anteroom. antioipar, to anticipate. antiguo-a[l7],ancient,oflongstanding. antojarse, to fancy, to covet, to desire. antorcha, /. torch. anndar [27], to tie a knot. anular, to annul. anunciar [17], to announce. imadir [12], to add. imo, m. [3] year. apaoible, serene, agreeable. apalabrar, to agree, promise. apareoer [5], to appear. aparentar, to feign, to assume to be. aparienoia, /. [15] appearance. apasionado-a, impassioned, enthusias- tic. apear [30], to alight, dismount. apego, m. attachment, inclination. apelaoi6n, /. appeal. apelar, to appeal. apenas, adv. scarcely, hardly. aperoibirse [12], to perceive, prepare. apetecer, to desire. apetito, m. appetite. apiadar [15], to excite pity; apiadar- se, to pity. aplacar, to placate. aplaudir, to applaud. aplanso, m. applause. aplazar [9], to postpone. aplicar, to apply. apoderarse, to take possession (of). apologia, /. apology, defense. apoplejia, /. apoplexy. aposento, m. room, apartment. apostar [22], to wager. apostasia,/. apostasy. apdstata, m. apostate. apostatar, to apostatize, to renounce one's faith. apoyar, to support ; apoyarse, lean. apoyo, m. [20] support, help. apreciable, to be prized, estimable. apreciar, to appreciate ; set a price. aprecio, m. appreciation, esteem. aprender [2], to learn. apresnrado-a, hurried, eager. apresurar, to hurry. apretar [22], to press, squeeze. VOCABULARY 315 aprieto, m. [22] a difficult position. aprisa, adv. [19] in haste, fast. aprobaoidn, /. approbation. aprobar [22], to approve. apropiar [3], to appropriate, accom- modate. aproveohar [3], to profit, benefit; aprovecliarBe, profit (by), take ad- vantage (of). apuntar, to aim; designate ; note down. apnrado-a [5], exhausted, troubled, in difficulty (financial or other). aparar, to exhaust, drain. apuro, TO. [18] strait, difficulty. aquel-Ua (adj.), that. aqudl, aqu^lla, aquello, pron. that, that one, the former. aqai, adv. here. ara, /. altar. drabe, to. /. Arab. ariu^a, /. chandelier. arbitrio, m. means, expedient. irbitro, to. arbiter, judge. irbol, TO. [1] tree. aider, to burn. ardor, to. ardor. arduo-a [21], arduous. arenga, /. hartingue, speech. arengar, to harangue, exhort. argUir [23], to argue, infer. argnmentar, to argue, reason. argamento, m. argument. aritm^tioa, /. arithmetic. arma,/. arm, weapon. armar, to arm ; armar an pleito, bring suit. arrabal, to. suburb. arraigar [17], to take root. arranoar [22], to pull, pull out. arrebato, to. rapture. arreglar [18], regulate, arrange; arre- glarse, to get along. arreglo, to. [10] arrangement, order; repair ; con arreglo i, in accordance with. arrepentirse [20], to repent. arrestar, to arrest. arriba, adv. up, above, upstairs. arriero, m. mule-driver, mideteer. arriesgar, to risk. arrimar, to lean ; to put by, reject. arrodillarse, to kneel. arrojar [8], to throw. arruga, /. wrinkle. arrainar, to ruin. arte, to. or /. art. artesano, to. [27] artisan. articular, to articulate. articulo, TO. article, detail. artista, to. /. artist. arzobispal, archiepiscopal. arzobispo, to. archbishop. as altar, to assault, assail. asar, to roast. ascetico-a, ascetic. aseado-a, neat, clean. [save asegurar [14], to assure, assert, secure, asentar, to place, to register. aseroidn, /. [30] assertion. asesinar, to assassinate. asesinato, to. [24] assassination. asesino, to. assassin. asi [7], thus, so ; asi que [5], as soon as. asiento, m. seat. asilo, TO. asylum, refuge. asistente, to. [25] one who is present, spectator. asistir, to assist, succor ; be present. aano, TO.'ass, donkey. asomarse [21], to appear, show one's self. asombrar [27], to amaze ; frighten. a8ombro,TO, [21] astonishment, horror. aspeoto, TO. aspect. aspereza, /. asperity, sharpness, harsh- ness. ispero-a [28], harsh, sharp, rough. aspirar, to aspire. a8tr''- them (you pL\ to them (to youpZ.). letra,/. letter, handwriting, levantar [4], to raise, levemente, lightly, ley, /. [10] law. liberal, liberal. libertad,/. liberty. libertador, to. liberator. libertar [19], to liberate. libertino-a, libertine. librar, to liberate. libre [16], free. librea, /. [20] livery. libremente, freely. librero, m. [23] bookseller. libreria, /. [23] book-store. libro, TO. [2] book. licencia, /. license, permission. lioenoiado, to. licentiate, one who has taken the degree of licentiate. lioito-a [7], licit, permissible. licor, TO. liquor, liquid. lidiar, to struggle. liebre,/. hare. lienzo, to, linen, canvas. ligero-a [20], light, slight. limitar, to limit. limite, m. limit. limosna, /, alms. limosnero, to. almoner. limpiar, to clean. limpio-a [16], clean; poner en lim- pio. copy out. lindo-a [2], pretty. linterna, /. lantern ; lintema sorda, dark lantern. lio, TO. [28] bundle. lisonja, /. flattery. lisonjear [20], to flatter. lisonjero-a [23], flattering. listo-a [9], active ; wide-awake. literatura, /, literature. * lo, neuter article, the. lo, pron. it, him, that. Idbrego-a, dark. loco-a [15], mad. locucidn, /. [23] mode of speech, ex- pression. locuela, /. loquacity. looura,/. [15] madness, folly. Idgrica, /. logic. lograr, to attain, obtain, bring about, Londres, London. lonja, /. shop, store. 338 FIRST SPANISH BOOK loro, m. [21] parrot; lorito, dim. los, pron. them (you pL). lucido-a [29j, brilliant. luoir [llj, shine; excel; display to advantage. luchar, to struggle, wrestle. luego [19], immediately ; soon; then; afterward; luego que, as soon as; desde luegro, immediately. lugar, m. [13] place, village. ' lugarcillo, m. [21] little village. lug-areiio [24], villager. lumbre, /. fire ; light.* luna, /. moon, lustro, m. lustrum (five years). luto, m. mourning ; de luto, in mourn- ing. luz, /. [16] light ; sacar a luz, to dis- close, reveal. LL llama, /. flame. llamar [8], to call; knock; llamarse, to he named. Uanto, m. weeping. llanura, /. plain. Have, /. key. llegada, /. arrival. Uegar [8], to arrive ; Uegarse, to come up, approach. Uenar [24], to fill. Ueno-a [2], full. Uevar [9], to carry, carry off; wear; take, take along, lead (a life, etc.) ; Jlevar a mal, to take ill ; llevar ( — ) anos de oasado, to have been mar- ried ( — '; years. Uorar [10], to weep. Uordn, m. [25] a hired mourner. Hover [14], to rain. maoho, m. mule. madera, /. timber, wood. madero, m. [27] thick plank, madre, /. [2] mother. Madrid, capital of Spain. madrugar [4], to rise early. maduro-a [17], mature, maestro, m. [7] master, teachBr. magico, m. [29] magician. magnifioenoia, /. magnificence. magnifioo-a, magnificent. Mahoma, Mohammed, Mahomet. majadero-a [30], foolish, stupid. majestad, /. [8] majesty. mal, adv. ill, badly. mal, m. [17] evil; del mal el menos, (prefer) the lesser evil; mal hayai bad luck to. maldecir, to curse. maldito-a, accursed, maleta, /. valise. malgastador-a, of spendthrift habits, malgastar, to squander, destroy. malioia, /. malice, mischief. maliciar, to suspect. malicioso-a [19], malicious, mischiev- ous, cunning. maligno-a, malignant. malo-a [4], bad, evil, sick. malograr, to fail, miss, end unhappily. maltratar [17], to treat ill, abuse. malvado-a [24], wicked. mancha,/. [17] stain, spot. manda, /. legacy. mandado, m. order. mandar [8], to command, send, send (for). maadato, m. [26] order. mando, m. authority. manera, /. [3] manner; de manera que, so that. manga,/. [12] sleeve. manifestar [6], to manifest, tell. mano, /. [18] hand; echar mano, lay hold of. manteista, m. university student. mantener, to maintain, keep. Manuel, m. [26] Immanuel. manzana, /. [1] apple. mana, /. skill, cunning ; darse mana, to show skill. manana, /. [11] morning. manana, adv. to-morrow. VOCABULARY 339 maq.uina, /. macliine. maravilla, /. marvel, wonder. maravillar, to astonish ; maravillar- se, to be astonished. maravillo80-a, wonderful, marcar, to mark, marchar [llj, to march, walk, go; marcharse, to go away, mare magnum, wi. [29 J (Latin, great sea) immensity, great quantity, marido, m. [14] husband. marina, /. [12] marine, navy. marinero, m. sailor. marzo, m. March, mas, conj. but. i mas, adv. more (most, § 79) ; por mas que, however much ; y es mas, and what is more, matar [10], to kill. Mateo, m. [25] Matthew, materia, /. matter, material. matorral, m. heath, ground covered with heather, thicket. matrimonio, m. matrimony, marriage, mayor [2], greater, older. mayordomo, m. steward. me, pron. me, to me. mechon, m. tuft. medianamente [3], medium, moder- ately, tolerably. mediar, to mediate, intervene. medioamento, m. medicine. medicina,/. [29] medicine. medioo, m. [6] physician, doctor. medida, /. [9] measure ; a medida, in proportion, in the measure. medio, m. [26] means, middle. medio-a [6 J, half, mean, average, mediquillo, m. little doctor. mediquin, m. little doctor, medir [20], to mea.sure. meditar, to meditate. medroso-a, timid, afraid, fearful, mejilla, /. [20] cheek, mejor [13], better. melanoolia, /. melancholy. melanodlioo-a, melancholy. melocotdn, m. fl] peach. melon, m. melon. memoria,/. memory.— pL memoirs. memorial, m. memorial, petition. mendigo, m. [13] beggar. menear [11], to move, stir. menester, m. [14] need, necessity; es menester, it is necessary, there is needed ; haber menester, to need. menor [2], minor, lesser ; younger, menos, adv. [1] less, least; except; al menos, at least; por lo menos, at least. menteoato-a, foolish. mentir [20], to lie. mentira, /. [14] lie, falsehood. menudo-a, minute, small ; a menudo [7], often. meramente, merely. merceider, m. dealer. merced, /. favor, grace, pay ; su mer- ced, etc., your grace = you. mereoer [16], to deserve; obtain, merienda, /. lunch (feasting), mdrito, m. merit. mero-a, mere, mes, m. [1] month, mesa, /. [2] table. Mesias, m. Messiah, mesdn, m. inn. mesonera, /. innkeeper's wife, mi» tress of an inn. mesonero, m. innkeeper, metal, m. metal. meter [16], to put. metodo, m. method. mezclar [12], to mix, mingle. mi, my. mi, me. miedo, m. [21] fear. miembro, m. member, mientras, adv. [11] while, until, dur ing ; mientras tan to, meanwhile. mil [1], thousand. milagro, m. miracle, marvel, milla, /. mile, miliar, m. [1] thousand. 340 FIRST SPANISH BOOK rnilldn, m. [15] million. mimar, to spoil (by indulgence), minimo-a [17J, smallest, least. ministerio, m. employment. minuto, m. [13j minute. mio-a, my, mine. mirada,/. [19 J glance. miramieiito, m. regard, consideration. mirar [12], to look, view. misa, /. mass. miserable, wretched, miserable. miserable, m. wretch. misericordia, /. pity. miser o-a [14], wretched. mision, /. mision. misionero, m. [17] missionary. mismo-a [2], same; self; own; very. misterioso-a, mysterious. mistico-a, mystic. mitad,/. [23] half, middle. mitigar [15], to mitigate. mocito, m. diminutive of mozo, youth. modales, m. pi. manners. moderaoion, /. moderation. modestamente, modestly. modestia, /. modesty. modo, m. [10] mode, manner. mojar [10], to moisten, Avet. molestar [26], to trouble, inconve- nience. molestia, /. [21] trouble, annoyance. molinero, m. [13] miller. molino, m. [13] mill. momento, m. [8] moment ; momen- tito, dim. of momento. monarca, w. [8] monarch. monarquia, /. monarchy. monasterio, m. monastery. moneda,/. [19] coin. monja, /. nun. montana,/. mountain, montar [30], to mount (to ride). monte, m. mountain ; forest. montdn, m. [11] heap. moral, moral. morder, to bite. moi«no-a, dark, brown, swarthy. morir(se) [8], to die. moro-a. Moor. mortal, mortal. mortificar, to mortify, hurt. mortuorio-a, mortuary. mosquetazo, m. musket-shot. mostrar [11], to show. motivo, m. [ 20] motive ; de su motivp • spontaneously. mover [13], to move. movimiento, m. movement. mozo-a [18], a youth, girl. muchacho-a [2], boy, girl. muchedumbre, /. [19] multitude. mucho-a [2j, much, many; pormuoho que, however much. mudar, to change. mudo-a [14], mute. mueble, m. piece of furniture. mueca,/. [30] grimace. muela, /. [26] molar tooth. muerte,/. [9] death. muerto-a, dead; killed (active par- ticiple). muestra, /. [27] show ; sample, speci- men. mujer,/. [6] woman, wife. mula, /. mule. muletero, m. muleteer. mundo, m. [2] world ; todo el mundo, everybody. munifico-a, munificent. muralla,/. [27] wall (of stone). murio [14], pret. indie. Sd s. of morir, to die. murmuracion, /. slander, gossip. murmurar [16], to murmur ; speak ill. muro, m. [16] wall. mutuamente [17], mutually. muy, adv. very ; too much, too. N nabo, m. turnip. nacer [1], to be born, nacimiento. m. birth. nada, nothing. VOCABULARY 341 nadador, m. [13] swimmer. nadar, to swim. nadie, nobody. nado, TO. swimming ; i nado, by swim- ming. Napoles, Naples. nariz,/. nose. natal, native. natural, natural, native. naturaleza, /. [1] nature. naturalidad, /. naturalness. naturalmente, naturally. naufrago-a, shipwrecked. nave,/, .ship ; nave, main aisle. necedad, /. [22] folly, foolishness. necesario-a, necessary. neoesidad, /. necessity. necesitar [13], to need. neoio-a [4], silly, foolish. nectar, m. nectar. negacidn,/. [7] negation. negar [7], to deny, refuse. negativa,/. [30] refusal. negocio, m. [23] business. negro-a [16], black; a negro. nervudo-a, nervous, strong. nevar [22], to snow. ni, conj. nor, not even, even ; ni — ni, neither — nor ; no — ni, not even. nieve,/. [1] snow. ninguno-a [5], none, no, no one. nino-a [2], child. no, adv. no, not ; no — sino, not — but; only, noble, noble. nobleza, /. [17] nobility. nooidn,/. [23] notion, idea. noche,/. [22] night. nombrar [30], to name. nombre, m. [2] name, noun. nono-a [14], ninth. no8, pron. us, to us. nosotroB-as, pron. we, us. notar [3], to note, notice. noticia, /. [25] news, notice. noticiar, notify, make known. novela, /. novel, story. 23 novia, /. fiancee, betrothed, bride. novicio, m. [12] novice, apprentice. nube,/. [29] cloud. nudo, w. [27] knot. , nuestro-a, our. nneva,/. [17] news. nueve, nine. nuevo-a, new ; de nuevo, anew. niimero, m. [29] number. nunoa, adv. never, ever. d, conj. or. — interj. 0, oh. obedecer [26], to obey. objeto, m. [7] object. obligaoidn, /. obligation. obligar [18], to oblige. obligatorio-a, obligatory. obra,/. [6] work. obrar [16], to operate, proceed. obrero, m. [10] workman. obsouro-a [16], obscure, dark. obsequio, m. attention, politeness. observacidn, /. observation. observar, to observe. obstaculo, TO. [1] obstacle. obstante [15], no obstante, notwith- standing. obtener, to obtain. ocasidn,/. [11] occasion. ociosidad, /. [29] idleness. ocioso-a, idle. ootavo-a [14], eighth. * ocultar [11], to hide. oculto-a, hidden. ocupacion, /. occupation. ocupar [11], to occupy. ocurrir [16], to occur, ocho [28], eight. odiar [9], to hate. ofender [8], to otfend. oferta, /. offer. oficial, TO. officer. oficio, TO. business, profession, church service ; buenos oficios. good offices. ofrecer [25], to offer ; i que se le of race 4 V. ? what do you desire ? 342 FIRST SPANISH BOOK ofusoar [24], to obfuscate, Jim, throw into the shade. oh, interj. oh ! oido, m, [1] hearing ; ear. oir [1], to hear. ojala, interj. would that. ojeada,/. [28] glance. ojo, m. [1] eye. ola, /. [14] wave. ola, interj. oh, ah, hallo. oler, to smell; oler a, to smell or savor of. olvidado-a, forgetful. olvidar [3], to forget. olvido, m. [30] oblivion, forgetfulness. omitir, to omit. onoe, eleven. operacidn, /. operation. opinion, /. opinion. oponer [15j, to oppose. oportunidad, /. opportunity; oppor- tuneness. opulento-a, wealthy. oraoidn, /. prayer ; speech. oraculo, m. oracle. orador, m. orator. 6rbita,/. orbit, socket. orden, m. f. [17] order. ordenanza, /. array. ordenar [15], to arrange, command, order. ordinario-a, ordinary. oreja, /. ear. orgullo, m. [20] pride. orig-en, m. [24] origin, source. original, original, eccentric. orig-inalidad, /. [23] originality. orilla,/. [13] bank, shore. oro, m. [19] gold. ortografia, /. spelling. oa, pron. you, to you. oscureoer [17], to obscure. osouridad, /. obscurity, darkness. oscuro-a, obscure, dark ; a oscuras, in the dark. ostentar, to display. otono, m. [1] autumn. otorgar [19], to grant. otro-a [2], other, another; otro tanto, as much (more). Pablo, m. Paul. paciencia, /. [2] patience. padecer [26], to suffer. padeoittiento, m. [14] sufferiag. padre, m. [2] father. — pi. parents. padrino, m. godfather. paga, /. pay. pagano-a [17], pagan. pagar [4], to pay ; pagarse, to become infatuated. pais, m. [17] country. paisano, m. peasant. paja,/. [29] straw. pajaro, m. [1] bird, palabra, /. [2] word, promise, palacio, m. [20] palace, paleto, m. [28] rustic. , palido-a, pale. palo, m. stick, stake. pan, m. [15] bread. panegirico, m. panegyric. panegirista, m. eulogist. panico-a, panic. pano, m. cloth. papa, m. pope. papalina, /. bonnet with ribbons, papel, m. [16] paper ; role. paquete, m. [28] package. par, m. peer, pair, para, prep, for; para con, toward; para que, in order that ; estar para, to be about to. parabien, m. congratulation. paraguas, m. [14] umbrella. paraiso, m. [14] paradise. paraje, m. place. parar [11], to stop ; ir a parar, to end? parasismo, m. paroxysm. [atop. pardiez, by Jove. parecer [4], to appear; parecerse, be like, resemble. parecer, m. opinioa. VOCABULARY 343 pareoido-afll], alike, like; such; Men pareoido-a, good-looking. pared,/. [16j wall. pariente-ta, relative. par que, m. [18 J park. parroquiano, m. [23] parishiouer, cus- tomer, patient. parte,/. [19j part; place; direction; side ; por otra parte, on the other hand ; de parte a parte, through and through; de parte de, in the name of. partioipar, to impart. partioalar, particular, peculiar, indi- vidual. particular, m. subject, matter. partioalarmente, particularly. partida, /. departure ; party ; expedi- tion. partido, m. [18] decision, resolution. partir [17], to depart ; divide, break. pasaje, m. paFisage. pasajero, m. pa.ssenger, passer. pasante, m. doctor's apprentice. pasar [6], to pass, pass through, hap- prn ; pasarse, to go ; pasarlo mal, to suffer; pasarlo ( alegremente, cfo.), pasado~a, past, last. [to live, etc. pasear. to walk, to load up and down ; pasearse, to go walking. pasillo. m. [15] hallway. pasidn./. passion. [position. paso, m. [13] step; passage; difficult pastelero, m. pastry-cook. pata,/. [20] paw, foot (of animal). patada, /. pawing, patetioo-a, pathetic. patibulo, m. scaffold. patiestevado-a, bow-legged. patio, m. court. patria, /. native country. Patricio, to. Patrick. patrimonio, m. patrimony. paz,/. peace. peoado, m. sin. pecador, to. [14] sinner. peoho, m. breast pedante, m. pedant, pedagogue. pedazo, m. piece. pedir [T], to ask. Pedro, TO. Peter. pegar, to stick ; infect ; strike. pelea, /. struggle, fight. pelear, to fight. peligro, TO. [17] peril. peligro80-a, perilous. pellejo. TO. skin. pelo, 7/t. hair. pelota, /. ball, tennis-ball. peluca, /. [25] wig. pena,/. [15] pain; penalty; valer la pena, to be worth while, pender, to hang, pendiente, steep. penetracidn, /. penetration, penetrar, to penetrate. penique, to. penny, penitencia, /. penitence. penoso-a, painful, painstaking, pensamiento, to. [17] thought, pensar [11], to think, pensativo-a [23], thoughtful, pensive, pensidn, /. pension. peor (7J, worse. pepita,/. [29] seed (of fruit). pequeno-a [2], little, pera, /. 1 1] pear, perceptible, perceptible, percibir, Ui collect. perder [3], to lose, ruin, perdida. /. [24] loss. perdido-a, wicked, perdiz,/. partridge, perdonar [7], to pardon; spare, perdonavidas, to. bully, hector, perecer [lOl, to perish, pcregrino-a [27], very beautiful, pereza. /. laziness. perezoso-a, idle, lazy. perfecci6n, /. perfection, perfectamente, perfectly, perfecto-a, perfect. perjudicar [2H], to prejudice, injure, perjudicial [24], prejudicial, harmful. 344 FIRST SPANISH BOOK perjuioio, m. prejudice. perla, /. [29] pearl; de perlas, per- fectly, marvellously. permaneoer [16], to remain. permiso, to. [7] permission. permitir [7], to permit. pemioioso-a, pernicious. pero, conj. but. perplejo-a [29], perplexed. perro, to. [11] dog. perse ^ir, to persecute, pursue. persona, /. [8J person; personilla, dim. of persona. personaje. to. personage, role. perspicacia, /. perspicacity, discern- ment. persuadir, to persuade. pertenecer [12], to pertain, belong. perverso-a, perverse. pervertir, to pervert. pesado-a, heavy ; grievous. pesar [15], to weigh ; grieve. pesar, m. grief; a pesar de, in spite of pescado, to. fish. pescuezo, to. neck. pesebre, to. manger. peseta, /. coin worth about 20 cents. peso, TO. [14] weight, dollar. peste,/. pestilence. petardista, to. rascal, cheat. pez, TO. fish. piadoso-a [17], pious. picar, to prick. picarse, to pride one's self. picaro-a [11], roguish, wicked. picardla, /. [30] rascality, roguish trick. pie, TO. [1]* foot. piedad, /. [1] pity, piety. piedra, /. [27] stone. pierna,/. [12] leg; dormir & pierna suelta, to sleep soundly. pieza, /. piece, room. pildora, /, pill. pillar [22], to plunder. pintar, to paint, depict. pintor, TO. painter. pintura, /. painting. pipa,/. [26] pipe. pira, /. pyre, fire. piso, TO. [2] story, floor. pistola, /. pistol. pistoletazo, to. pistol-shot. pituitoso-a, pituitous, slimy. placer, to. [6] pleasure. planidor, to. mourner. plata, /. silver. plato, TO. [11] dish. playa, /. [14] shore, strand. plaza, /. [27] place, market-place. plazo, TO. [28] respite, time seL plebe, /. the lower class. plebeyo-a, plebeian. pleito, TO. [10] lawsuit. plenamente [15], fully. plieg-o, m. [16] fold; sheet. pluma, /. feather ; pen. plural, plural. pobre [2], poor; pobrecillo, dim. of pobre. pobreza,/. [18] poverty. poco-a, little, few ; de alii a poco, soon after ; poco a poco, little by little. poco, adv. little, slightly. poder [2], to be able. poder, TO. power. poderio, to. [20] power. poderosamente, powerfully. poderoso-a [9], powerful. podrir (or pudrir) [20], to rot. poema, to. poem. poesia, /. [4] poetry, poem. poeta, TO. [4] poet. politica, /. [21] politics, policy, polite- ness. polio, TO. [14] chicken. pomposo-a, pompous. ponderar, to extol. poner [12], to put, set; impute; as- sign ; poner en duda, to doubt ; po- ner en limpio, to copy ; poner po' caso, to assume ; poner por obra, to popa, /. stern of a ship. [perform VOCABULARY 345 populacho, m. [19] populace. poquitioo [23], dim. of pooo (adv.) •poT, prep, through, by, for, in behalf of por qu6, why ? por mds que, how- ever much. poroidn, /. portion, quantity. pordiosero, m. beggar. porfia, /. [25] obstinacy ; d porfia, in emulation. porfiado-a, obstinate. pormenor, to. [24] detail. porque, because, in order that. porque, why? porrazo, to. blow. portal, TO. portal, entrance. portar, to carry, bear ; conduct. porta, TO. carriage, transportation. portezuela, /. dim. of puerta, door. porvenir, to. [8] the future posada, /. hotel, inn. poseer [13], to possess ; poseido de si mismo, self-conceited. posesidn, /. possession. posible, possible. posicidn, /. position. positivo-a, positive. posta, /. relay, stage-coach system. postizo-a [12], supposititious, artifi- cial. postura, /. posture, position. potencia, /. power. practica,/. [4] practise. practioante, to. [29] a doctor's assis- tant. praotioar, to practise. prado, 7«. [27] meadow. prebenda, /. prebend, ecclesiastical stipend. preoauci6n, /. precaution. preoedente, preceding, former. preceder, to precede. preceptor, to. teacher. precio, m. [17] price. precioso-a, precious. precipitacidn, /. precipitation, haste. precipitadamente, precipitately, has- tily. precipitar, to precipitate, hasten. precisamente 110], precisely. precisar, to compel, force. precisidn,/. [18 j neces.sity. preoiso-a [2], necessary. predecir [8], to predict. predicar [17], to preach. prediccidn, /. prediction. preferir, to prefer. pregunta, /. [8] question. preguntar [7], to ask. prelado, to. prelate. premio, to. [13] reward. prendar, to charm, impassion. prender, to take, capture. preocupacidn, /. prejudice. preocupar [16], to concern. preparaoiiJii, /. preparation. preparar, to prepare. presa, /. booty. presagiar, to presage. presagio, to. presage. prescribir, to prescribe. prescrito-a, prescribed. presenoia, /. presence. presentar, to present. presente, present; al presente, at present. presentimiento, to. presentiment, presentir [20], to feel in advance, to foresee. preservar, to preserve, presidente, to. president ; presidente del consejo, prime minister. presidio, to. [9] prison, preso, TO. [15] prisoner, prestar [5], to lend. presteza, / agility, quickness, presto-a, sudden, quick, presto, adv. soon, presumir, to presume, presunoidn, /. presumption, presunto-a, presumed, supposed, pretender, to pretend, aspire, sue for. pretensidn, /. pretention, pretense, pretezto, m. pretext. prevenido-a, prepared. 346 FIRST SPANISH BOOK prevenir, to prepare ; warn ; antici- pate. prever [21]. to foresee. previsidn, /. foresight. previsor, capable of foreseeing. primavera, /. [ij spring. primeramente [17], firstly, at first. primero-a [2], first. primitivo-a, primitive, original. primor, m. perfection. primorosamente, charmingly, beauti- fully. prinoesa, /. princess. principal, principal ; most important. prinoipe, m. [4] prince. prinoipiante, m. [3] beginner. prinoipiar, to begin. principio, m. [2] beginning; prin- ciple. prior, w. prior. prisa, /. haste ; a prisa, in haste ; de prisa, in a hurry. prisidn,/. [19] prison. prisionero, m. [16] prisoner. privado, m. confidant. pro, m. [17] profit ; en pro de, for the benefit of probable, probable ; provable. probacion, /. probation. probar [9], prove ; test ; try. problema, m. problem. prooaz, insolent. proceder, to proceed. proceder, m. procedure ; conduct. procedimiento, m. procedure. proclamar, to proclaim, declare. procurar [8], to try, procure. prodigio, m. prodigy. prodig-ioso-a [27], wonderful. prodigo-a, prodigal. produccidn, /. [6] production. produeir [27], to produce. proeza, /. [27] prowess, exploit. proferir [20], to profiler, utter. profesar, to profess ; take vows in a religious order. profesi6n,/. profession; taking of vows. profesor, m. professor ; practitioner, profeta, m. prophet. piofetizar, to prophesy. profundamente, profoundly, deeply, profundo-a, profound, deep. prohibicidn, /. prohibition. prohibir [26], to prohibit. promesa, /. [15] promise. prometer [6], to promise. pronombre, m. pronoun. pronosticar [30], to predict. prondstico, m. prognostic, forecast, prontamente, promptly. prontitud, /. promptness. prouto-a, prompt, quick, ready. pronto, adv. soon, immediately ; de pronto, suddenly. pronunciar, to pronounce. propag'ar, to propagate, spread. propasarse, to make bold. propicio-a [19], propitious, fit. propiedad, /. propriety ; property. propio-a [12], own, proper ; lo pro- pio, the same. proponer [10], to propose. proporoionar [18], to furnish, give. proposicion, /. proposition. proposito, m, purpose ; a propdsito, suitable. propuesta, /. [19] proposal. prorrumpir, to break out. proscribir, to proscribe. proscrito-a, proscribed. [persecute, proseguir [26], to proceed, continue; prosperidad, /. prosperity. protector, m. [20] protector. protestar, to protest. provecho, m. [19] profit; hombre de provecho, useful man. providencia, /. [17] providence. provincia, /. province. provisidn, /. supply. proTOcar.[19], to provoke, proyectar [16], to plan ; project: cast, proyecto, m. [17] project. prudencia, /. prudence. prudente [17], prudent. VOCABULARY 347 prueba, /. [8] proof, trial, test. pnblicar, to publish. publico-a [oj, public. pi^blico, m. public. pudrir (or podrir), to rot; pudrirse la sangre a uno, to be irritated, ex- asperated. pueblo, m. [27] people, village. puerta,/. [11] door. Puerto, Ml. port. pues, conj. or adr. then, well, since, ac- cordingly; pues bien, well, well then. puesto-a (p. p. ofponer\ put ; dressed. puesto, m. post, situation. puesto que, since. pulso. m. [29] pulse ; tomar el pulso, to teel tlve pulse. punta. /. point. puntapie, m. [11] kick. puntiagrudo-a, sharp-pointed. punto. m. [12] point, instant, period. puntualidad, /. punctuality. punada, /. blow with the fist. puno, in. [27] fist. puro-a [8], pure. que, adv. than. que, conj. that, for, because, so that; con que, so then, so. que, pron. who, whom, w hich ; el que, etc., he who. que, pron. what? what! que de. how many ? que, prouominal adj. which ^ what J que tal, how i quebrantar, to break. quebrar, to break, quedarfse) [8], to remain, stay, be; quedaos con Dios. adieu, good-by ; quedarse con, to keep. quejarse [21], to complain. quejido. m. cry of pjun, groan. quemar [14], to burn. querellante. m. plaintiff. querer l2j. to wish, h-ve; querer de- ' ^uoridc-a, dear. [cir, to njean. quermes, m. kennes (preparation of queso, m. cheese. [antimony) quia, inter j. why! quien, pron. who '? whom ? quien, pron. who ? whom ? quieto-a, quiet. quietud,/. quietude, tranquillity. quimioo-a, chemical. quince \'2\i], fifteen.. quinientos-as, [22] five hundred. quinto-a, fifth. quitar [11], to take away (to clear). quiza, > ^^^^ [^^g-j pej-haps. quizas, ' rabia,/. [19] rage. rabiar [27], to go mad. rabioso-a [19], mad. raciocinio, m. reasoning. radicalmente, radically, thoroughly. raiz, /. root ; de raiz, thoroughly. ralea, /. [20] race, tribe. rama,/. [1] branch. Ramdn, m. Raymond. rapidamente. rapidly. rapido-a, rapid. raro-a [2], rare: strange. rasgo. m. trait, leaturc ; notable act. rastrero-a [20], servile, groveling.' rato. wi. L23] space of time. ratdn, in. mouse. ratonera, / mouse-trap. rayar [30], to streak. raz6n, /. [22] reason.— p^ talk ; tener razdn, to be right; dar razdn, to give account. razonable. reasonable. [coui-se. razonamiento, in. argument ; dis real [2]^ royal, genuine, noble, real m. coin (about five cents). realmente, really. rebano, to. flock. rebelde, rebellious. rebelidn, /. rebellion. recado, m. [27] mes.«»age. recelar, to fear. 348 FIRST SPANISH BOOK receta. /. prescription, recipe. reoetar [29], make a recipe, prescribe. reoibir [3], to receive. reoi^n, adv. (before past participles), recently. recientemente [6], recently. reoio-a [22], strong, vigorous ; recio, adv. vigorously. reciprooamente, reciprocally. recobrar, to recover. reooger [12], to pick up : recogerse, to retire, betake one's self. reoomendaoidn, /. recommendation. recomendar [22], to recommend. recompensa, /. recompense. recompensar, to recompense. reconocer [24], to recognize, acknowl- edge, examine. reconocimiento, m. gratitude. recontar, to count again. recordar, to remember. recorrer, to run through. rector, m. [26] principal, head. recuerdo, m. [19] memory, recollec- tion. recurrir, to recur, have recourse. reourso, m. [18] recourse, resource. reohinar [12], to gnash. red,/, net. redimir, to redeem. reducir, to reduce, reemplazar, to replace. referir [20], to refer, report, relate. reflejo, m. reflection. reflexidn, /. reflection, thought. reflexionar, to reflect. refluir [26], to flow back. refran, m. [4] proverb. refriega, /. aff"ray, fight. refugiar, to take refuge. regalado-a, dainty. vegalar, to present. regimiento, m. [28] regiment. regir [20], to rule. registro, m. register ; inspection. regla, /. [29] rule. regooijar, to rejoice. regular, regular, natural ; por lo regu- lar, regularly. rehusar [7], to refuse. reinado, m. reign. reino, m. [9] kingdom. reir [20], to laugh; reirse, to laugh. reja,/. [16] grating; rejilla,/. dim. of reja. relacidn, /. relation, narration. relamerse, to lick one's lips. relatar, to relate, repeat. relate, m. [27] narration. religidn, /. religion. religiose, m. monk. reliquia, /. relic, remnant. reloj, m. [21] watch, clock. relucir [20], to shine. remediar, to remedy. remedio, m. remedy. remendon, m. cobbler. remitir, to remit, send ; remitirse, to depend on, to count on, to leave to the judgment of. remontar, to soar. remover, to remove ; stir up. rendidamente, humbly, submis- sively. rendir [20], to render; rendirse, to surrender, yield. renegar, to deny, renounce, blas- pheme. renta. /. income. renunciar [17], to renounce. renir [20], to scold ; quarrel. reo-a [15], guilty. reparar [18], to notice. repasear, to lead up and down. repente ; de repente, suddenly. repetir [3], to repeat, recur. replica,/, reply. replicar [8], to reply. reponer [27], to reply, put back; re« ponerse, to recover, get better. reposar, to repose. reposo, m. repose. reprender, to reprehend, blame. reprensidn, /. blame. VOCABULARY 349 representaoidn, /. representation, role. representar, to represent, reprimir, to repress, reprochar [28], reproach, repugnanoia, /. repugnance, reputacidn, /. reputation, reputar, to repute, requerir [28], to require, demand, ask for. resbalarCse) [10], to slip, resentirse [28], to resent, residente, resident. residao, m. residuum, resistenoia, /. resistence. resistir, to resist. resolucidn, /. resolution. resolver, to resolve ; solve. resonar, to resound, respeoto a, as regards, respetar [15], to respect, respeto m. [30] respect. respetuosamente, respectfully, respetuoso-a, respectful. respiraoidn, /. respiration, responder, to respond, respuesta, /. [7] response, answer, restablecer [16], to reestablish; res- tableoerse, to recover, restante, remaining, restar, to remain ; subtract, restituir, to restore, replace; resti- tuirse, to return, teste, j)i. rest, remainder, resucitar, to resuscitate, resaelto-a, resolute, resolved, resulta. /. result. resultado, m. [26] result, resultar [9], to result, resumen, m. rcsum^, summary ; en re- snmeii, in sum. retirar, to retire, retire, m. retirement, seclusion, retocar, to touch again, retoroer [22], to twist, wring, retozar [25], to frolic, dance. retraso, m. delay. retratar, to portray. retrato, m. portrait. retroceder, to recede, retreat, step back. ,' retrncar, to knock back a ball, to re- ' tort. reumatismo, m. rheumatism. reunir, to reunite, rejoin, gather. / revelar, to reveal. ' reventar, to burst (be eager). reverenoia, /. reverence ; bow. revestir [20], to put on, clothe. revocar, to revoke, call back. revoloar [22], to roll, flounder. revolucidn, /. revolution. revolver, to turn. revuelta, /. winding. rey, m. king. rezar, to pray. ricamente, richly. rico-a [10], rich. ridiculo-a, ridiculous. rienda, /. rein. riesgo, m. risk. rigido-a, rigid. rigor, m. rigor. rinc6n, m. [16] corner. rio, m. [13] river. riqueza,/. [20] riches. risa, /. [23] laughter. risible, laughable, laughing. risueno-a [21], smiling. rival, rival. robar [14], to steal. robo, TO. [15] robbery, theft. robusto-a, robust. roca, /. [1] rock. rodar [22], to roll. rodear [11], to surround. rodilla, /. [20] knee; de rodillas, kneeling. rogar [9], to ask ; haoerse de rogar, to have to be begged. romance, m. Castilian (plain lan- guage). romero, m. rosemary. romper [14], to break ; wear out. 350 FIRST SPANISH BOOK ropa,/. [12] clothing. rosatio, m. rosary. rostro, m. [18] face. roto-a [14], (p.p. of romper) broken, torn. rozar, to rub, touch. rozarse, to stammer, repeat one's self. rubio-a, blond. rudo-a, rude, hard, difficult. ruido, m. noise. rumor, m. rumor, noise. ruso-a, Russian. S. E., Su Excelencia, your Excellency. S. M., (pi. SS. MM.) Su Majestad, his, your Majesty. sabandn, m. chilblain. saber [8], to know, know how; learn ; be able ; es a saber, to wit. sabiduria,/. [2] wisdom. sabio-a [2], wise. sacar [13], to draw, draw out, put out ; infer; sacar a luz, to disclose, re- veal. saoerdote, m. priest. saoo, m. [14] bag ; echar en saco roto, to forget. sacrificar, to sacrifice. sacrificio, m. sacrifice. sagaz, sagacious. sagrado-a, sacred. sal,/, salt. sala, /. [20] room, parlor. Salamanca, a university city. salario, m. salary, pay. salida,/. issue, exit. saliente, salient, prominent. salir [7], to go out; salirse, to go out ; salirse con, to succeed in. salmodiar, to sing hymns. Salomon, m. Solomon. salon, m. parlor. saltar, to leap. salud, /. [6] health. saludable, salutary. saludar, to salute. salvar [13], to save. salvia,/, sage. salvo-a [22], safe; salvo, adv. with the exception of; en salvo, in a safe place. san (= santo), saint. sanar, to heal, grow well. sangrar, to bleed. sangre, / [20] blood. Sangria, /. bleeding, blood-letting. sanguinario-a [lY], bloodthirsty. santo-a [14], saintly, holy, saint. sapientisimo-a, very wise. sargento, m. sergeant. satisfaccidn, /, satisfaction. satisfacer [21], to satisfy. satisfecho-a, satisfied. sazdn, /. season, time. se, pron. himself, herself, itself, them- selves (yourself, yourselves), each other ; se = le or les : vide § 63. secamente, dryly. secar [13], to dry. seco-a, dry, lean. secretamente, secretly. secretario, m. secretary. secrete, m. secret. sed, / thirst. seda, / silk. seglar, secular. seguida, /. [12] en seguida, imme- diately, next. seguir [3], to follow, go on. segiin, prep, according to, according as. segundo-a [7], second. seguraraente [7], assuredly. seguridad, /. security. seguro-a [22], secure, sure. seis [3], six. semana,/. [14] week. semblante, m. [12] face, appearance. semejante [9]; similar, such. semejarse, to resemble. sencillamente, simply. sencillez, /. simplicity. sencillo-a [2], simple. VOCABULARY 351 senda, /. path. sendos-as, one each, one after the other. sensible [U], sensible, painful. sensualidad, /. sensuality. sentar [llj, to seat, set down; regis- ter. sentencia,/. sentence. sentenciar [10], to pass sentence. sentido, m. [21] meaning, sense. sentido-a, grieved. sentimiento, m. sentiment, regret, grief. sentir [20], to feel, regret. sentir, m. opinion. sena, /. [30] sign. senal, /. [6] sign. senalar, to signalize, assign, indicate, point out. senor, to. [2] Lord, Mr., sir, master, gentleman. senora, /. [18] lady, Mrs., madam, mistress. senoria, /. lordship. senor io, to. lordliness. senorita,/. [20] young lady, miss. senorito, to. [26] young gentleman master. separaoidn, /. separation. separar, to separate. B^ptimo-a [2], seventh. sepuUura, /. sepulchre, sepulture. seqnedad, /. dryness, coldness. ser [2], to be, become. ser, TO. a being. serenar, to trunquilize, make serene. serenidad, /. serenity. sereno-a, serene. ser ie dad, /. seriousness. ■erio-a [20], serious ; en serio, seri- ously. lermdn, m. sermon. seroso-a, serous, watery. servioio, to. [4] service. seryidor, to. [20] servant. serTidumbre, /. [20] servitude. gervilleta,/. [11] napkin. servir [20], to serve-, servirse, to use ; be pleased, please to ; lirTase v., please, be pleased to. sesenta, sixty. seso, TO. [14] sense, brain. setiembre, to, September. setimo-a, seventh. severidad,/. severity. severo-a, severe. sexto-a [14], sixth. si, adv. yes, indeed. si, pron. himself, herself, itself, them- selves (yourself, yourselves), each other. si, conj. if, whether ; si no (often in- troduces a strong negation). siempre, adv. [2] always ; siempre que, whenever. sien, /. temple. siervo, to. [14] servant. siesta, /. afternoon nap. siete [4], seven. siglo, TO. [17] century, world. signifloar, to signify. significativo-a, significant, meaning. siguiente [2], following. silencio, w. silence. silla,/. [11] chair. simpatia,/. [19], sympathy, simple, simple, foolish. , simpleza, /. [28] simplicity. simpl6n, to. [28] simpleton. sin, prep, without. sinceridad,/. sincerity. sincero-a, sincere. singular, singular. sino, conj. but, except ; sino que, but; no — sino, not — but ; only. sintoma, to. symptom. sinvergUenza [14], shameless person. siquiera [13], at least, even. sirviente, w. servant. sitio, TO. [22] site, place ; siege. situacidn, /. situation. soberauamente, sovereignly. 8«berano-a, sovereign, • 8oberbio-a, proud, haughty. 352 FIRST SPANISH BOOK 8obrado-a, excessive. sobrar, to be more than enough. sobre, prep, on, over, about, besides? above; estar sobre si, to be on one's guard. sobrecoger, to seize. sobrehumano-a [27J, superhuman. sobremanera, adv. [30j exceedingly, beyond measure. sobresaltarse, to be startled, alarmed. sobresalto, m. alarm, terror. sobrevivir [6], to survive. sobrino, m. nephew. socarr6ii-a, cunning. socio, TO. [24] associate, partner. sooorrer [13], to sucpor. socorro, to. [12] succor, help. sochantre, to. choral director. sofa, TO. sofa. sog-a, /. [27] rope. sol, m. [1] sun. solamente, only. soldado, TO. [28] soldier. soledad, /. solitude. soler, to be wont, to be accustomed. solicitar, to solicit. solioitud,/. solicitude, solicitation. solidez. /. solidity. s61o, adv. only, solely ; tan s61o, only. solo-a [4], alone, only, single ; a solas, alone. soltar [27], to let loose, let go, emit. solucidn,/. [21] solution. soUozo, TO. sob. sombra, /. [28] shade, shadow. sombrero, to. [2] hat. sombrio-a, gloomy. someter [8], to submit, subject. somos, we are. ) ,^. , „ , „, ,„. , ' . } Vide § 131 (3). son, (they) are. ) a v / son, m. sound ; en son de, in the man- sonar, to sound, resound. [ner of. sondear, to sound, probe. sonreir [20], to smile; sonreirse, to sonrisa,/. [16] smile. [smile. sonsacar, to draw out by underhand means. sonar [22], to dream. - sopa,/. [13] soup, sop. sordo-a [14], deaf; linterna sorda« dark-lantern. sorprender, to surprise. sorpresa, /. surprise. [at rest. sosegar, to quiet, tranquillize ; to be sosegado-a, quiet, calm. sosiego, TO. tranquillity, calm. • sospecba, /. [20] suspicion. sospechar, to suspect. sospecboso-a, suspicious, suspected. sostener, to sustain, maintain. soterraneo-a, underground ; to. cave. su, his, her, its (your), their. suavemente, softly, pleasantly. subir [10], to go up, mount. subitamente, suddenly. sublime, sublime. suoeder [8], to happen. suceso, TO. [28] event, happening, re- sult. sucintamente, briefly. sucio-a, foul, dirty. sudor, TO. perspiration. suegra, /. mother-in-law. suela, /. [28] sole. suelo, TO. [1] soil, floor. suelto-a, loose; dormir a pierna suel- ta, to sleep soundly. sueno, TO. [22] dream, sleep. suerte, /. [2] fate, lot, sort, kind; oaber (tocar) en suerte, fall to the lot. suficientemente, sufficiently. sufrimiento, to. [17] suffering. sufrir [10], to suffer. sugerir [20], to suggest. suicidio, to. [13] suicide. sujetar, to tie, submit. sujeto, TO. [20] person. suma,/. [16] sum. sumar, to add. suministrar [17], to supply, furnish. sumo-a [4], highest, greatest. suntuoso-a, suiiiptvious. superior, m. superior, liead. VOCABULARY 353 suplente [16], supplementary, substi- tute. siiplica /. [7] petition, request guplioar [15j, supplicate, beg. suplir, to supply, supplement. Buponer [4], to suppose. gupremo-a, supreme. sapuesto-a, supposed ; por supuesto, of course ; dar por supuesto, to take for gnuitcd ; supuesto, in. supposi- SUS, interj. up. [tion. susoitar, to rouse, raise up. suspender, to suspend. suspirar, to sigh, lament. suspiro, m. sigh. sustituir, to substitute. sustituto, m. substitute. sustraerse, to escape. susto, m. terror. ■util, subtle, cunning. sutileza, /. subtlety ; witticism. suyo-a, his, her, its (your), their. tabaco, m. [12], tobacco. taberna, /. [28] tavern. taoha, /. stain, fault. taimado-a [23], cunning, crafty. tal [2], such ; aforesaid ; con tal que [15], on condition that ; qui tal, how ? tal vez, perhaps (rarely : sometimes). talego. m. bag, sack. talento, m. talent. talidn, m. retaliation resembling the oftcnse. taldn, m. heel. tamano-a, so great or large. tamano, m. size. tambien, adv. [1] also. tampooo, adv. neither, not either. tan, ndv. so ; tan s61o, only. tantear, to examine, try. tanto-a [r.], bo much, as much; otro tanto, as much more ; entre tanto, meanwhile ; mientras tanto, mean- while ; por tanto, accordingly, there- fore. tapa, /. [14] top, lid. tapar, to fill up, tapia, /. [27] wall. tapiz, m. tapestry. tardanza, /. delay. tardar [17], to be tardy.slow, to delay, tarde, /. [14] afternoon, tarde, adv. late, tare a, /. [3] task. tasa, /. limit. tasar, to tax, value, taza,/. cup. te, pron. thee, to thee, you, to you. teatro, m. [5] theatre. techo, m. roof, ceiling. tecla, /. key (of piano). tedio, m. tediousness, repugnance, teja, /. [10] tile. tejado, m. [1] tile-roof. tejedor, m. [24] weaver, tela, /. cloth, fabric, texture. telegrafico-a, telegraphic, telegrafo, m. telegraph. tema, m. theme.—/, hobby. temblar [22], to tremble. temblor, m. trembling. temer [18], to fear, temerariamente, rashly, temeridad, /. temerity, rashness, temeroso-a [18], afraid, temible, fearful. temor, m. fear. templar, to temper, temple, m. temper, temple, m. temple, church, temprano-a [4], early, temprano, adv. early, tender [22], to extend, stretch out. tendero, m. [23] shopkeeper, dealer, tenedor, m. [11] fork, tener [2], to have, possess, hold ; tener que, to have to, be obliged to ; tener diez anos, to be ten years old ; tener que ver con, to have to do with; i qu6 tiene usted ? what is the mat- ter with you? tener razdn, to be right. 354 FIEST SPANISH BOOK teniente, m. lieutenant. tentaoidn, /. temptation. tentativa,/. [13] attempt. tenir [20 J, to dye. tercero-a [14j, third. terminantemente [26], absolutely. terminar, to terminate ; dar por ter- minado, make an end of. termino, m. term, end. termdpola, /. hot-drink bar. terrenal, earthly. terreno-a, m. earth, land, field. terrible, terrible. terror, m. terror. tesorero, m. [8] treasurer. tesoro, m. treasure. testamento, m. will. testimonio, m. testimony. tetera, /. teapot. ti, pron. thee, you. tia, /. aunt. tiempo, m. [3] time ; weather. tienda, /. [23] shop, store. tiento, m. care. tierno-a, tender. tierra, /. earth, land. timidamente, timidly. timorato-a, scrupulous, conscien- tious. tinieblas, /. pi. [21] darkness. tinta, /. ink ; saber de buena tinta, to know on good authority. tio, m. uncle. tirano-a, tyrannical. tirante, m. traces (of harness). tirar [11], to throw, pull, aim, shoot. tiro, m. shot; tiro de fusil, gunshot distance. tirdn, m. (big) pull. tisis, /. phthisis, consumption. titular [23], to give a title. tocar [12], to touch; pertain; fall to the lot of; tocar en suerte, to fall to the lot of. todavia, adv. [11] still, yet. todo-a [2], all, whole ; everything ; (del) todo, quite, wholly ; con todo (eso), nevertheless ; todo el que, every one who. tolerar, to endure. tomar [4], to take ; tomar las de Villadiego, to run away, be oflf. tomate, m. tomato. tono, m. tone. tonteria, /. folly. tonto-a [5], fooHsh. topar, to run against, clash ; toparse con, to meet, fall in with. torcer, to twist. tormento, m. torment, torture. torpeza, /. baseness. tortilla, /. omelette. torvo-a, frightful, fearful. trabajador, m. workman. trabajar [10], to work. trabajo, m. [10] work, travail, trouble. trabajosamente, laboriously, with dif- ficulty. trabar, to" join. tradicidn, /. tradition. traduoir [3], to translate. traer, to bring, carry ; wear. tragrar, to swallow. trago, m. [28] draught; eohar un trago, to drink a glass. traicionar, to betray. traidor, m. traitor. traidor-a, traitorous. traje, w. [28] suit, costume. tramar [9], to weave ; concoct (join). trampa, /. trick, trap, trap-door. tranquilamente, quietly. tranquilo-a, tranquil, quiet. tras, prep, behind, after. trasluoirse, to shine through, be ap- parent. traste, m. dar al traste, to destroy, ruin. trastornar, to confuse. tratado, m. treaty, contract. tratar [3], to treat, deal, have inter- course ; tratar de, to try ; call, des- ignate ; treat of, discuss ; tratarse de, to be the question. VOCABULARY 355 trato, m. [3] trade ; intercourse ; style of living. travieso-a [2], naughty. traza, /. appearance ; indication. trecho, m. stretch, interval. * tregua, /. truce, suspension of hostili- ties or pain, etc. treinta, thirty. tremendo-a, tremendous. tren, m. [Hj train. tres [Ij, three. tribunal, m. tribunal, court, triste [6j, sad, sorry. tristemente, sadly. trituracidn, /. trituration, pulverisa- tion. triunfante, triumpliant. triunfar, to triumph. triunfo, m. triumph. trompeta,/. trumpet. tronoo, TO. trunk (of a tree, body). tropezar [11], to stumble; tropezar con, to stumble upon, find, meet. trozo, TO. [3] fragment, extract. truoha, /. trout. trueque, to. exchange. trahan, to. buffoon, wag. tu, thy, your. tii, thou, you. tumba,/. tomb. tumbar [27], to throw down. turbaoidn, /. perturbation. turbar, to perturb, disturb. turco-a [14], Turkish. tuyo-a, thy, thine ; your, yours. 4, or (replaces 6 before words bejjin- ning with o or ho), nfano-a, exultant. tiltimamente [12], recently. ultimo-a, last. un-a, a, an ; nnos-as, some ; unos caantos, a few. unanimemente, unanimously. linioo-a, unique, only. uaiforme, to. uniform. unir, to unite. universal, universal. universidad, /. university. universo, to. universe. uno, one (1). uno, pron. one ; uno y otro, both. urbanidad, /. urbanity, politeness. nsar [3], to use, wear. uso, TO. use, usage. usted (V., Vd., U., TJd.), you. usual, usual. utensilio, m. [11] utcnslL titil, useful. utilidad,/. utility." Utopia, /. the land of Nowhere. uva,/. [1] grape. V v., Vd. (usted), pi. W., you. V. S., Vuestra Senoria, yo ur lordship vaoa,/. [U] cow. vacaci6n(e8),/. vacation. vaciar, to empty, vacio-a, empty ; de vacio, unloaded. vagar [13], to wander, loiter. vajilla, /. dishes, silver plate. valentdn, to. bully, braggart. valer [24], to be worth, to bring a pe- cuniary return, avail ; valerse, to avail one's self. valiente, valiant (great). valor, TO. valor ; value. valuar, to value, appraise. vamos (ir), come ! vanagloriar [27], to vaunt, boast. vanidad,/. vanity. vano-a, vain. variedad,/. variety. vario-a, various (pi, several). vasija,/. vase, vessel. vaso, TO. [11] a glass. vatioinio, to. [21] vaticination, proph. ecy. vaya [ir], come ! really ! all right ! etc. vehemenoia, /. vehemence. vecindad, /. neighborhood. ▼ecino-a [4], neighbor. veia [5], imperfect indie, of ver, to see. 366 FIRST SPANISH BOOK veinte [19], twenty. vejez,/. [12] old age. vela, /. candle. velar, to veil, veneer [19], to conquer, overcome. vender [23], to sell. veneracidn, /. veneration. venerar, to venerate. venganza,/. [20] vengeance. veng-ar [8], to avenge. venidero-a, future. venir [16], to come ; venirse, to come up. ventajosamente, advantageously, prof- itably. ventajoso-a, advantageous, profitable. ventana,/. [8] window; ventanilla, /. small window. Ventura, /. chance, fortune ; a la Ven- tura, at a venture, at random ; por Ventura, perad venture. ver [1], to see, verano, m. [1] summer. veras,/.i?L [15] indeed ; de veras,t'-uly, verbo, m. [2] verb, verdad, /. [2] truth; a la verdad, truly ; ^ verdad ? (e no es verdad ?) is it not so ? verdaderamente [3], truly. verdadero-a [5], true, verdugo, m. [21] executioner ; bore, tiresome person. vergonzosamente, shamefully. verglienza, /. shame. verificar, to verify, bring to pass, effectuate. verosimilmente, probably. verter [20], to pour, shed. vestido, m. .[25] costume, garb. vestir [18], to dress. vez, /. [3] time, occasion ; a la vez, at the same time ; a mi vez, in my turn; en vez de, instead of; de una vez, once for all ; tal vez, perhaps ; sometimes (rare), viajar [4], to travel. viaje, m. journey, voyage. vianda,/. viand. vicio, m. [26] vice. victima, /. victim. victoria, /. victory. vida,/. [10] life; livelihood. viejo-a [2], old; de puro viejo, from mere old age. viento, m. wind. viernes, m. Friday. viga,/. [13] beam. vigesimo-a, twentieth. vigilancia, /, vigilance. vigilar, to watch. vigor, m. vigor. vigoroso-a, vigorous. villa, /. village, town. Villadiego ; tomar las de Villadiego, to take to one's heels. vino, m. [4], wine. violencia, /. violence. violento-a, violent. virey, m. viceroy. virtud, /. virtue. virtuoso-a, virtuous. visita,/. visit. visitar, to visit. vispera, /. preceding evening or day. vista, /, [3] sight ; view, visto, p. p. of ver, to see. vituperar, to blame, reproach, vituperio, m, [28] blame, reproach. viuda,/. widow. vivir [4], to live. vivo-a [2], alive ; lively. vizcaino-a, Biscayan. vmd. (usted), you. vocable, m. [3] word. vocacion,/. vocation. voJar [22], to fly. voluntad,/. [17] will, good-will. volver(se) [7], to turn, return; vol- ver a (with infinitive), to . . . again ; volver por, to stand up for ; volver a las andadas, to return to one's old tricks ; volver en si, to recover one's vomitar, to vomit, exhale. [senses. vos, prom,, (rare) yoa. VOCABULARY 357 V080tr08-a8, pron. you, ye. voto, m. vow, oath. V0J5, /. [30] voice, noise, cry. vuelo, m. flight. vnelta, /. [21] return, turn, walk up and down, vuelto, p. p. of volver. vuesa (= vueitra). ▼aestro-a, your, yours. Y y, conj. and. ya [Ij, already, really ; ya no, no — ya, no longer ; ya que, since. yerro, m. error. yesca, /. tinder ; echar yesoat, strike a flame. yo, I. yngo, w. yoke. zabuUir, to plunge. laga, /. back of a carriage, zaherir [30j, to blame, censure. zapateria,/. [28] shoe-shop. capatero, m. [28], shoemaker. lapato, m. [2] shoe. 24 INDEX N. B. — The numbers refer to sections. p., page ; ff., and the following ; id., the same. 6 before personal direct object, 43. accent, p. 6. interrogative pronouns, 70, and note. demonstrative pronouns, 71. adjectives. agreement, 21, 23. plural, 22. dropping final o, 24. position, 25-27. demonstrative, 71. possessive, 75. comparison, 78 flf. adverbs, 28. formation, 28. dropping mente, 28, note. comparison, 78 ff. al for d el, 18, 69, 74. alphabet, p. 1. aquel and eae, distinguished, 72. article (definite), 10 ff. before abstract and general nouns, 16. contraction, 18. el for la, 14. article (indefinite), 17. omission, note 10, p. 232. plural (how rendered), 17, note. plural (use), note 25, p. 241. article (neuter), 13. aogmentatives, 20. auxiliary verbs, 33-36. -azo, 20, note. c changed to qu, p. 4. id. in verbs in car, 112. C changed to z, p. 4. id. in verbs in cer, cir, 116. cien (= ciento), 89, note. comparison, 78 ff. irregular, 82. of equality, 86 ff. formulas, 86-88. compound tenses. paradigm. See Appendix 11 ff, replaced by simple, 147. conditional. formation, 67. irregular, 144. use, 66. expressing conjecture, note 14, p. 204. conjugations (paradigms) Ap- pendix. conjunctions with subjunctive, 94(5). conjunctive pronouns, 53 ff. position, 54, 55, 101, and note 20, p. 213. table, 64. conmig^o, etc., 52. 359 360 FIRST SPANISH BOOK d dropped before -05, 103. dates, 91. de in comparisons, 84, 85. de lo que, etc., in comparisons, . 85. del (= de el), 18, 69, 74. demonstratiye pronouns, 71. accent, 71. diminntiyes, 20. diphthongs, p. 6. disjunctire pronouns, 51. table, 64. e changed to ie or i, p. 5 (2). to ie in present tense, 124-127. to i in present tense, 125, 127. el (article). before infinitive, 15. pronoun, 69, 74. el que, etc., 69, 74. enclitic pronouns, 54, 101, and note 17, p. 202. ese and aquel distinguished, 72. estar distinguished from ser, 34. former (the), 73. future (indicative). formation, 65. irregular, 144. origin, note 1, p. 211. expressing conjecture, note 14, p. 204. future (subjunctive). formation, 108. irregular, 145, 146. use, 109. future perfect (indicative), Ap- pendix II. g changed to J, p. 4. in verbs in ger, gir, 117. g changed to gu, p. 4. , in verbs in gar, 113. gender of nouns, 1. natural, 2, 3. by ending, 4-7. gran (= grande), 24. gu changed to g or gu, p. 4. changed to g in verbs in guir^ 118. changed to gu in verbs in guar, 114. haber (its use), 33 and Appendix. hijo (peculiar use), note 10, p. 208. hour (how translated), 92. i omitted in iendo, id, etc., 119. changed to y, 31, ^lote, 50, 105, 106, note. imperatiye. formation, 96, 136. irregular, 137. uses, 97-99. imperfect (indicative). formation, 47. irregular, 48. distinguished from preterit, 46. used for pluperfect, note 26, p. 211. imperfect (subjunctive). formation, 104, 106. irregular, 145, 146. indicative (conjugation). See tense-formation. after certain conjunctions, 95 (5a). inHnitiye. how classed, 29. with article el, 15. interrogative pronouns, 70. accent, 70, note. -isimo-a, 80. la = Ie, note 9, p. 206. latter (the). 73. INDEX 361 le, les, replaced by se, 63. le = lo, 57, and note 21, p. 195. less (the less — the less), 88. lo (neuter article), 13. mismo (self), 63, note. more (the more — the more), 88. negatiyes, 44, 45. redundant, note 13, p. 194. no, 44, 45. redundant, note 13, p. 194. nouns. plural, 8, 9. gender,fl-7. numerals. cardinal, 89. ordinal, 90. O changed to ue, p. 5 (2). id. in present tense, 124. object (personal direct) with a, 43. o'clock, 92. orthographic changes, p. 4. in verbs, 110-119. in superlatives, 81. participle. as adjective, 21. position of the latter, 25. participle (past). formation, 32. irregular, 123. participle (present). formation, 31, 120. irregular, 121, 122. passive voice. formation, 35. paradigm, Appendix III. reflexive substitute, 62. perfect (indicative). formation. Appendix II. replaced by present tense, note 26, p. 211. phonetic changes, p. 4. pluperfect (indicative). formation,* Appendix II. plural (see nouns'jadjectives), possessive. noun, 19. adjective, 75. pronoun, 76. present (indicative). formation, 37. irregular, 126-133. used for perfect, note 26, p. 211, present (subjunctive). formation, 93. irregular, 124-128, 134, 135. preterit (indicative). formation, 49. irregular, 139-142. distinguished from imperfect, 46. progressive verb. formation, 36. paradigm, Appendix V. pronouns. personal nominative, 38-42. id. omission, 39. disjunctive, 51. id. table, 64. conjunctive, 53 fE. id. table, 64. id. position, 54, 55, 101, and note 20, p. 213. reciprocal, 60. demonstrative, 71 ff. id. accent, 71. interrogative, 70. id. accent, 70, note. possessive, 75, 76. (see also enclitic pronoims), pronunciation. Castilian, p. 2. S. American, etc., p. 4, note. punctuation, p. 9. 362 FIRST SPANISH BOOK qu changed to c, p. 4. id. in Terbs inquir, 118. que, before imperative, 100. omitted, note 1, p. 198. redundant before assertions, note 21, p. 230. reciprocal pronoun, 60. redundant object pronoun, 58. id. with usted, 58, note. reflexiye pronoun, 59-62. as reciprocal, 60. with passive value, 62. reflexiye verb (paradigm) Ap- pendix IV. relative pronouns, 68, 69. s dropped before -nos, 102. se as virtual nominative, 61. se for te or les, 63. -self, how translated, 63, note. ser distinguished from estar, 34. subjunctive. regular forms (see tense-forma- tion). irregulai! present, 124-128, 134, 135. id. imperfect, 145, 146. id. future, 145, 146. uses, 94. use after nouns, adjectives, etc., note 5, p. 233. uses of imperfect, 107. use of future, 109. sequence of tenses, 95. superlative, 79-82. absolute, 80. id. orthographic changes, 81. syllables (division of), p. 8. tener, its use, 33. as auxiliary, note 23, p. 249. tense-formation (regular). present indicative, 37. tense-formation (regular). imperfect id., 47. preterit id., 49. future id., 65. present subjunctive, 93. imperfect id. (se) 104, (ri) 106. future id., 108. tenses. simple used for compound, 147. sequence (of subjunctive), 95. imperfect and preterit indicative (uses), 46. i than (= que), 83. {=de),M. ♦ {=delo que, etc.), 85. tilde, foot-note, p. 1. I triplitliongs, p. 6. tfi, its use, 40. un, 24, 17. un, una omitted, note 10, p. 232. uno, 24. unos, Unas, 17, note, and note 25, p. 241. usted, use, 41, 42. in commands, 98. verbs. (paradigms) see Appendix. regular (see tense-formation), irregular (see separate tenses). orthographic changes, 110-119. ending in uir, 128. auxiliary, 33-36. Yosotros, use of, 40. vowels (weak and strong), p. 6. y, used for i (see i). inserted in verbs in uir, 128. your, 77. 2 changed to c, p. 4. id. in verbs in zar, 115. [17] ONE MONTH USE PTFASE RETURN TO DESK S WHICH BORROWED EDUCATION-PSYCHOLOGY LIBRARY to due date. ... BOOKS^KB^SU^BJBCT TO^KBCA^ 7 DAVS LD 2lA-30m-5,'75 (S5877L) Geaeral Library University of California Berkeley U.C. 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