oa THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA A MONOGRAPH BY HARRY ALLEN OVERSTREET PUBLISHED BY DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION CALIFORNIA LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION = COMMISSION = SAN FRANCISCO, CAL., 19O4 The University of California By HARRY ALLEN OVERSTREET m The University of California By HARRY ALLEN OVERSTREET It is significant of the place which the University of California holds in the political organization of which it is a part, that its date of birth, in organic idea, is one with the birth-date of the State. The very first Constitution of the incipient commonwealth prescribed measures for the protection and proper disposition of lands granted for the sup- port of a university of the State and made it a duty of the Legislature to "provide effectual means for the improvement and permanent security of the funds of said university." But although a university of the State was thus calted for by the Constitution of 1849. it was not until 1868 that the University .of Cal- ifornia was founded. The intervening years were years of preparation, with their many uncertainties as to the character of the new institution, their tentative suggestions and rejected plans, and often their periods of gloomy doubt as to the whole affair. Throughout them all, however, are found the traces of steadfast effort on the part of a small body of earnest men toward the accomplishment of the wished-for end. These men in public and private utterances made the voters of California alive to the vital need of an adequate university, and by the educative influence of their arguments kept the public pressure on the Legislature suf- ficiently firm. The Constitution of 1849 had not been able to make definite pro- vision for the support of the proposed university, but the Constitutional Convention had prayed Congress to adopt such measures that "seventy- two sections of the unappropriated lands within the State should be set apart and reserved for the use and support of the university, which, together with such further quantities as might be agreed upon by Con- gress, should be conveyed to the State and appropriated solely to the use 363303 and support of the universit v." Congress responded affirmatively in IS,"))) with a grant of forty-six thousand and eighty acres for a "seminary of learning." With the income from these lands assured, the support of sonic kind of an institution appeared a certainty, and resolutions were passed in ^11 %* * i SHCCI ssive Legislatures' looking to the organization of a State university. One of the plans proposed at this time is remarkable as. an indication of what higher education in California did not suffer from its friends. As recounted l>v Professor William Carey Jones, in his ff Hi#lf Ihr (' nirci^il >/ of California," "Bey. Sam. B. Bell, representing Alameda and Santa (Mara counties, had meanwhile introduced an extraordinary hill into the Senate 'for organizing the University of the State of Cali- fornia under the name of the Regents of the University of the State of California.' . . . The bill was introduced on March 23, 1858, went through the usual course, was at one time laid on the table, was tli en called ii i ) through the urgency .of Mr. Bell, and on April 16 passed .the Senate. 1 1 was then sent to the Assembly, where it was referred to the Committee on Education. The report of this committee was one of crushing destruction to the project. The proposition of the bill was to sh M body of regents, with various salaried officers appointed bv including a chancellor, vice-chancellor, treasurer and secretary; e under this board all the colleges then established and thereafter to be established in the State, with whatsoever faculties they might have, and wheresoever situated; and to distribute among these scattered in- stitutions the funds that were designed for the univ'ersit v. The com- mittee declared that 'such, a heterogeneous combination for a university' \vould he 'impolitic, impracticable, and not the institution contemplated by the Act of Congress.'" In IS.") 8 the Legislature- ordered the -sale of the public lands and directed that the proceeds be held by the Treasurer of the State as a special fund to he devoted to the uses of the '"'Seminary.'' But notwith- standing the official urgings of Superintendents of "Public Instruction, and of legislators, plans and resolutions in these years still came to nothing. Clearly, the great difficulty in the way of establishing a university \\as the inadequacy of the funds at hand. With the income 'assured, a vdry small college might have been maintained, or perhaps a polytechnic school : but the men who were earnest for the univcrsit v looked for some- thing better than this. Hence the great stimulus to effort that came with the passage of the Morrill Act in 1862. In pursuance of ,1his Act, the I'nitcd States granted to California one hundred and fifty thousand, acres for the endowment of a college which should have for its main object the teaching of agriculture and mechanics. Here at last seemed an adequate provision for the technical branch .of a university. With this assured, the State might now devote its original funds to the mainte- nance of other faculties. And thus the question, so anxiously debate*! in former years, whether the State should divert its small funds- to aca- dcinic education or to technical training seemed, answered oven beyond the hopes of those years, by the possibility of combining both functions in one university. Consequently, in 1863, a commission was appointed to report a plan for the founding of a "seminary of learning." The commission's report was decisive in favor of a single institution, but to the chagrin of 'the advocates of academic education, it recommended that ..the -proposed institution should, for the time being, be simply a polytechnic schooU- Largely pursuant of this report, the Legislature of '1866 passed an Act to establish an Agricultural, Mining and Mechanical Arts College. A Board of Directors was appointed, to serve for two years, which was to effect plans for the new institution. Fortunately for the State, how- ever, lief ore active operations were begun, Governor Low. in n consid- ering the whole matter, detected the unwisdom of diverting all the State moneys for higher learning to a purely technical training, and in' liis address of December 2, 1867, urged a more far-sighted policy. But it is difficult to say what would have been the fate of the higlven institution had there not occurred at this time an act remarkable for its generosity and its fine public spirit. At a meeting of the Board of Trustees of the College of California, of Oakland, on October 9, 1SU7. it was resolved that all the lands and buildings of the college be offered as a gift to the State, on the sole condition that the State permanently maintain in its proposed university a college of letters. It was further resolved, in pursuance of this, that the College of California should disincorporate so soon as the State should accept its offer and make pro- vision for the continuance of a college of classical learning. Here was the third great good fortune of -the State, greater and more touching than the others, in that it represented the deliberate sacrifice of a bodv of public-spirited men. For the College of California was no weakling product, glad to make itself over into something stronger and richer. Founded in 1853 by a high-minded minister of Xew England, Henry Durant, it had grown from a struggling private school into a college of recognized worth and academic dignity. It was religious in its char- acter, but non-sectarian; in fact, its incepticn had been in the ideal of Henry Durant to establish on the new western coast a college that should be Christian in a more fundamental sense than the ordinary sectarian seminaries. Under the efficient administration of its founder, it had come to hold in California a place of leading influence among Protestant institutions. Hence it was a matter of no small sacrifice when it magnanimously withdrew from its field of earned success in order that the State might have no rival in its high effort. Tli is generous action of the College of California solved the prob- lem that was being so anxiously debated. Through the co-operative effort, now, of the Board of Directors of the proposed College of Agri- culture, Klines and Mechanical Arts, and the Board of Trustees of Cal- ifornia College, a system. of university organization that made provision both for the technical education required by the Morrill Act, and the classical training called for by the conditions of the gift of California College was devised. Governor Haight, in his inaugural address, recom- mended the passage of a law establishing the university. A bill to "create and organize the University of California" was introduced on March 5. 1S(>S, by Hon. John W. Dwindle. On March 21 it passed both houses of the Legislature, and on March 23 was signed by Gov- ernor Haight. Thus was the period of tentative planning at an end. The university was now virtually an accomplished fact. "A State university is hereby created." reads 'the first section of the Charter, "'pursuant to the requirements of Section 4, Article IX, of the Constitution of the State of California; and in order to devote to the largest purpose of education the benefaction made to the State of Cal- ifornia" by the Morrill -Act of 1862. "The said university shall he called the Tniversity of California, and shall be located on the grounds heretofore donated to the State" by the College of California. "The university shall have for its design to provide instruction and complete education in all the departments of science, literature, art. in- dustrial and professional pursuits, and general education, and also special courses of instruction for the professions of agriculture, the mechanic arts, mining, military science, civil engineering, law. med- icine and commerce." Thus did the State assure its youth not only an adequate training in preparation for material activities, but also a real cultivation of character. In accordance with its Charter, drawn up almost entirely by Hon. John W. Dwindle, the government of the university was vested in a hoard of regents, an academic senate, and the separate faculties. The board of regents was to consist of ex officio members, viz., the Governor of the State, the Lieutenant-Governor, the Speaker of the Assembly, the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, the President of the State Agricultural Society, the President of the Mechanics' Institute of San Francisco, and the President of the university; eight members ap- pointed by the Governor, and eight honorary members, elected by the appointed and ex officio members. By a later provision, all the posi- tions on the board, with the exception of those officially held, became appointive. The following provision was expressly made in the Charter: "No sectarian, political or partisan test shall ever be allowed or exer- cised in the appointment of regents, or in the election of professors, teachers, or other officers of the university, or iii the admission of students thereto, or for any purpose whatsoever. Nor at any time shall the majority of the board of regents be of any one religions sect, or of no religious sect ; and persons of every religious denomination, or of no religious denomination, shall be equally eligible to all offices, appoint- ments and scholarships." Regents were to hold their office for a term of sixteen years. The members first appointed were to be classified by lot, so that one member should go out of office at the end of every suc- cessive two years. By this important plan, whereby the board changed its membership gradually, and whereby each term of office covered a number of gubernatorial administrations, as well as by the special pro- vision already noted with regard to sectarian influence, the board of regents was secured against the pressure both of political and theological considerations. Unlike many provisions of this kind, this one has been eminently successful in its operation, for it is a recognized fact that the board of regents, as it has gradually changed its complexion with the years, has never in any sense been subjected to illegitimate pressure. The original constitution of the University provided for four classes of colleges: (1) College of Arts, including agriculture, mechanics, mines and civil engineering; (2) a College of Letters, or classical course: (3) professional colleges, including medicine and law; (4) other colleges incorporated into or affiliated with the university. On September 23, 1869, the new university opened its doors. They were the doors, to be sure, of the College of California, in Oakland, for there had not yet been time to plan and bring to completion the build- ings of the new institution; but those doors were opened now, not under private endowment, but under the auspices of the State. The university began its work humbly, indeed, witli a class of forty students and a teaching force of ten members. Yet there was power in this simple beginning, for the university had in three of its teachers, at least, men who were to prove of inestimable worth to its future life Henry Durant, the first president of the university; John LeConte, professor of physics and later president of the university, and Martin Kellogg, professor in the College of California, professor in the University of California, many times chairman of its faculties, and later president of the university. The last of these has only just passed away, in ripe old age and the honor of approved scholarship. 8 The instruction begun in the College of California buildings in 1869 w&s continued tin-re until the summer of 1873. On July 16, 1873. the commencement ex< rcises of the first class to graduate a class of twelve were held in .Berkeley, and the university then made formal entrance upon its new home. The university was from 1870 to 1872 under the presidency of Ilenrv Durant. I'poii his resignation, Professor Daniel Coit Oilman accepted the call to the position. President Oilman remained with the university until 1ST"), when the fascinating offer extended to him by the incipient Johns Hopkins L^niversity successfully tempted him from the western coast. The executive office was then filled by Professor John LeConte. In the first two years of the university's existence, two important steps were taki n that have not since been retraced. In 18G9 all ad- mission and tuition fei s were abolished, and in 1870 the university was opened to women on terms of complete equality with men. The latter provision was made part .of the State Constitution of 1879, where it was expressly statid that no person should "be debarred admission to any of the collegiate departments of the university on account of sex." President LeConte resigned his office in 1881 and was succeeded by William T. Reid. The latter held office until 1885, when he was succeeded by Professor Edward S. Holden. The new president was to fill the vacancy only until the completion of the Lick Observatory, when he was to assume the position of its director. Upon the completion of the observatory in 1SSS, Hon. Horace Davis was elected to the presi- dency, remaining in office until 1890. Upon his resignation, the otliee was for some years unfilled, Professor Martin Kellogg meanwhile per- forming its duties as chairman of the faculties. On January 24, 1893, Professor Kelloo-o- W;ls r l ( , c tcd to the presidency, administering his office with efficiency until 1S99. With the resignation of President Kellogg and the election of his honored successor, President Benjamin Lie Wheeler, we are brought to tin 1 present, and may now retrace our steps for a consideration of some of the determining events in the life of the university during the years recounted. Betwiui lSi; ( .) and 190:>. the growth of the university has been noth- ing Less than marvelous. Beginning with a total registration of 24. and graduating a first class of l:>. the university has grown in numbers, until in 19<>:> the ollicial registration showed a total of 2669 students enrolled in the academic colleges alone; while in the university, inclusive of ihe Afliliated Colleges o.f Law. Medicine, Pharmacy and Art, and the Lick Observatory, there was a total of 3275. The instructing force has in- creased from 10 in 1869 to a total in the academic colleges, of 2-UJ * I 9 in 1903, and in the whole university of 434. From a first graduating class of 12, the university has grown until, in 1902, it graduated a senior class of 280 in the academic colleges, and in the whole university a class of 417. But this remarkable growth would hardly have been possible had not the State in 1887 generously placed at the disposal of the university a permanent income from the State moneys. In 1887, the Yrooman Act, introduced into the State Senate by the Hon. Henry Vrooman, and into the Assembly by the Hon. C. A. Alexander, provided that the uni- versity should receive annually the proceeds of a tax of one cent upon every one hundred dollars of taxable property in the State. Hardly could a law more vital to the university have been enacted, for b}^ plac- ing the university's support upon a constitutional and not a legislative basis, it permanently freed the institution from the dangers of political variation. Thus with an assured income, and with the pledge given by the State in its Constitution of 1879, that the maintenance of the university should be perpetual, the University of California w r as able, for a time at least, to free, itself of the more distressing material anxieties and to address itself to its essential business of providing a culture and a training that should be adequate. But a great difficulty lay in its pathway in the early years, a diffi- culty that for some time threatened to bring all its efforts to naught. To educate, it must have students, and to be a university, it must have students trained up to matriculation standards of a university. The success of the university, then, was one with the success of the high schools of the State. It may be imagined, therefore, how severe was the blow to the university when, by the Constitution of 1879, all State aid was withdrawn from the high schools and all the State's moneys for common schools were diverted to the schools of elementary grade. For a time it seemed as though the university must go under for lack of proper material. But after a period of dark uncertainty, the communi- ties throughout the State bestirred themselves to a manful local support of high schools. Thus w r as this realty grave danger averted. But a second danger lay in the complete separation of high schools and university. The high schools pursued their work as best they knew how, with no indication as to the university's standards; the university pursued its work irrespective of the kind of training given in the high schools. The result was inevitable friction and loss of energy on both sides. It was soon realized by the university that if it was to be sue- 1 cessful, there must be a unified high school system in the State that should join properly w r ith the system of higher training. Hence the 10 university set to work to evolve a plan whereby secondary and higher education might be brought into more harmonious conjunction. . The result was the system, since then become permanent, of accredit- ing high schools. Before this plan was adopted students were admitted to the university only upon examination. It was now agreed that students who should graduate from high schools approved by the uni- versity, and who should have, in addition to their diploma, a recom- mendation of their principal, showing their work to have been of supe- rior character, might enter the university without examination. The effect of the accrediting system upon the education of the Stale has been of the very best. In order to determine the character of the various high schools, the university found it necessary to send men of its facul- ties to examine the work done. This at once brought about intercourse between the two systems of education; the high schools learned the re- quirements of the university; the university became aware of the needs and the obstacles of the high schools. The result was an increasing! v greater unifying of the whole system of secondary and higher educa- tion throughout the State. And the effect has at the present penetrated even to the grammar schools, so that the next years bid fair to see the triple system of education in California, with all its past waste and friction, rationally and uniformly organized. That the accrediting work has met with real success may be seen from the fact that from three accredited high schools in 1884, the list has grown until, accord- ing to the last report (1903), the accredited schools of the State now number 118. The years that we have recorded witnessed many important acqui- sitions by the university. The Colleges of Law, Pharmacy, Dentistry and Medicine were established in San Francisco and affiliated with the State institution. The munificent bequest of $700,000 made by James Lick, in 1876, for the founding and equipment of an astronomical observatory gave the first great impetus to the adequate support of scientific work in California. In 1872, Mr. Edw. Tompkins, by a grant of land in Oakland, established the first endowed chair in the university, the Agassiz professorship of Oriental Languages and Literature. In 1878, Mr. J. K. P. Harmon responded to a much felt want by building and equipping a students' gymnasium on the campus. The nucleus of one of the most important of all the university's funds, the library fund, was established by Michael Reese; while the founding of an art gallery was due to the generous gift of Henry D. Bacon. In 1881, Mr. D. 0. Mills, by a gift of $75,000, established the second endowed chair in the university, the Mills Professorship of Intellectual and Moral Philos- ophy and Civil Polity. This endowment has proved of inestimable worth 11 to the higher life of the university. In 1893, Mr. Edw. Searles trans- ferred to the university the land and buildings in San Francisco now known as the Mark Hopkins Institute of Art "for the exclusive uses and purposes of instruction and illustration of the fine arts, music and literature.''' In 1898, Miss Cora Jane Flood made over to the board of regents the Flood mansion, near Menlo Park, together with certain lands and shares. In 1891, Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst laid the foundations of a scholar- ship system in the university. In a letter to the board of regents, of the date September 28. 1891, she expressed her aims as follows: "It is my intention to contribute annually to the funds of the University of California a sum sufficient to support eight three hundred dollar scholarships for worthy young women. ... I bind myself to pay this sum during my life time, and I have provided for a perpetual fund after my death. The qualifications entitling students to the scholar- ships shall be noble character and high aims, it being understood that without the assistance here given, the university course would in each case be impossible. . . . The award shall be made by a vote of the faculty,, but I do not wish" any scholarship to be given as a prize for honors in entrance examinations." Six years later, when the doubling of the university's income was assured by the State legislature, the university appropriated three thousand and five hundred dollars "to be distributed equally among the eight Congressional districts of the State, for the purpose of aiding poor and deserving students to attend the State University." These scholar- ships were to be known as the "State of California Scholarships;" they were not to exceed twenty-eight in number and were to yield to each holder one hundred and twenty-five dollars per annum. Immediately this appropriation was made, Mr. Levi Strauss of San Francisco gen- erously offered to duplicate it, the scholarships to be of exactly the same character with regard to income and award as those provided by the State. In addition to these sixty-two scholarships, .single scholarships have been established by various persons and institutions. In 1899, Mrs. Cornelius B. Houghton, in memory of her husband, made provision for an annual scholarship. The San Francisco Girls' High School, the Hay wards, the San Jose and the Los Angeles High Schools have main- tained scholarship funds which they apportion to the meriting members of their schools. Besides these, scholarships are awarded out of the William and Alice Hinckle}* fund and the Joseph Bonnheim memorial fund. For the encouragement of graduate work, the university awards the LeConte Memorial Fellowship, established by the Alumni Association, 12 in memory of Professors John and Joseph LeConte, three University Fellowships at the Lick Observatory, two Whitin? Traveling Fellow- ships, maintained out of a bequest of $20,000 made by the will of Harold Whiting, formerly associate professor of physics in the university, two Emanu-El Fellowships in Semitic languages, established by the Congre- gation Emanu-El of San Francisco; the Harvard Club scholarship, and the Yale Alumni Fellowship, founded and maintained by graduates of these universities. In addition, the university has two loan funds, the Frank J. Walton Memorial Loan Fund, established by the Class of 1883, and the loan fund of the Class of 1886. We have already mentioned the State's grant to the university in 1887 of an income of one cent on every one hundred dollars of taxable property. For a few years the funds thus accruing were, economically administered, adequate to the needs of the university. But then came a period of unprecedented growth. Within five years from 1891 to 1896 the enrollment of the university increased by a full three-fold, while the funds at its disposal remained practically unaltered. The in- stitution was in direst straits, not only because it had no means to aug- ment its teaching force 'sufficiently to meet the larger needs, but also because it was unable even to provide room for the ever-increasing numbers. Determined action was necessary. In a report to the board of regents in May, 1896, the Ways and Means Committee, consisting of Regents Reinstein, Black, and Rodgers, made a statement of the uni- versity's distress that became a basis for an appeal to the State Legis- lature. "The provision made by the State of California for the constantly increas- ing wants of the State University is embodied in the Act of the Legislature of 1887, and consists of a tax of one-tenth of a mill on the dollar. "At that time the number of students in the University was 288, while now it is 1336 (at Berkeley). The provision then made by the Legislature was considered just sufficient for the then needs of the University, and it was anticipated that the taxable wealth of the State would increase in just about the proportion that the University would grow, and thus meet and provide for the constantly increasing demands of the University through the enlargement of the number of its students. This expectation seemed then to be well founded, and was justified by the growth of the University for the succeeding four years, but since the year 1891, the number of students at the University, which was then 456, has increased to a degree as remarkable as it is gratifying. "Within the last four years the number of students at the State University has trebled, and is at the present writing 1336, while in the entire University, including its affiliated colleges, the number is 2047, while the indications are that the next Freshman class will outnumber all before it. The income of the University from this Act, however, so far from doubling, has increased only IB an insignificant amount within the last five years, and is actually less in 1895 than in 1894 or 1893. ''Under these circumstances alone, it is but reasonable to believe that the next Legislature will take such steps as will be commensurate with the power, the pride, and the dignity of a sovereign State, when it realizes that the pro- vision for the. support of the University made by the Legislature in 1887 i- entirely inadequate to the present quadrupled demands of the University, and still less adequate to maintain that constantly increasing prosperity of the State's highest institution of learning, which is a just source of State pride and an essential condition of State dignity and prosperity." In response to this statement of needs a bill was. in 1897. introduced l>y Hon. F. S. Stratton into the Senate, and into the Assembly by Hon. Howard E. Wright, which provided that the university's income should be increased to two cents on every hundred dollars of taxable property. To the "Teat relief of all friends of the university, the bill passed botb House's without opposition and was signed by Governor Bndd on Feb- ruary 27, 1897. Thus did the State a second time prove her deep and zib id ing interest in the welfare of her university. To one who has visited the university, nothing can be more strikingly obvious than the painful contrast between the character of its site and its buildings. Situated on the foothills of the Contra Costa range, and looking westward out through the Golden Gate, its natural placing is al- most unmatched. Yet with this remarkable beauty of location is coupled an equally remarkable ugliness of makeshift buildings. Tin- pressing difficulty that the university faced in the years of its rapid growth was that of finding, not the best room, but any kind of room for its students; and in attempting to solve this difficulty with an inade- quate income, the only resort was in hastily constructed temporary buildings. The sole virtue of these was their cheapness and their capac- ity. As a result, the succeeding years saw the beautiful campus crowded more and more with homely buildings, scattered about with hardly a thought of present or future plan. That this haphazard construction was unwise and ruinous to the beauties of the university's site was felt by many, but two men especially put their convictions into serious and concerted effort. Mr. B. E. Maybeck, instructor in architectural drawing in the university, had long felt the need of a permanent plan for the placing and style of the university buildings, and he was active in making known his views. They were heartily seconded by Mr. J. B. Reinstein. a regent of the university, so heartily that as a result of a communication addressed to the board of regents on April 29, 1896, the board voted that there should be prepared a programme "for a per- manent and comprehensive plan, to be open to general competition, for a system of buildings to be erected upon the grounds of the University 14 of California in Berkeley." Before the resolve of the board had been put into effective operation, however, it came to the notice of Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst, who had herself long been deeply eoneerned in the architectural beautifying of the university. Mr?. Hearst, with a gen- erositv. spontaneous and admirable, wrote at once to the board of re- gents, expressing her great interest in the project and her desire to con- tribute wholly the expenses of the proposed competition. Needless to say that the ofl'er so totally unsolicited and so magnificent beyond expecta- tions was gratefully accepted by the board. It is impossible in this cursory history of the university to give more than the barest outline of the course of the "Phoebe A. Hearst Archi- tectural Competition." That contest of the world's known artists has become so internationally famous that it hardly needs more than men- tion to have its whole story recalled. In preparing for the competition, the two men who had been most zealous in the cause were commissioned to canvass the leading architects of the world to the end of enlisting adequate interest and of preparing a just plan of contest. After careful consideration a programme was drawn up, providing for two competi- tions, a preliminary one, to be held in Antwerp, and a final one, to be held in San Francisco. The committee of award was to consist of .Messrs. U. Norman Shaw, J. L. Pascal, Paul Wollot, Walter Cook and .1. B. Kcinstein. Owing to the illness of Mr. Shaw. Mr. John Belcher was substituted in his place. The preliminary competition opened on .January 15, 1898, and closed July 1, 1898. Of the 10.5 plans received, eleven were selected by the jury to stand for the final contest. As a help toward the further preparation of their plans, the winners in the first award were invited, at the expense of Mrs. Hearst, to visit the uni- versity town. The second contest, in San Francisco, on September 7, 1899, resulted in the following award: first prize, Mons. E. Benanl. Paris; second prize, Messrs. Howells, Stokes and Hornbostel, Xcw York: third prize, Messrs. D. Despradelle and Stephen Codman, Boston; fourth prize, Messrs. Howard and Cauldwell. Xew York; fifth prize. Messrs. Lord, Hewlett and Hull, Xew York. This i's but a bare statement of the essential facts of the contest. But if one would know the reality of the Phoebe A. Hearst architectural competition one must read into the skeletal bones of these facts, all the loyal enthusiasm, the ardor of hope, the fire of great purpose awakened by the project. If the plan had meant merely an embellishing of the outer life of the university, it would have signified little indeed ; hut ostensibly a remedy for the outward, it called forth in the State and in the university the firm determination that the inner life should not be unworthv. 16 Yet it must not be thought that it was ever in the intent of the donor that the plan should serve merely as a means to outer embellish- ment Mrs. Hearst has long felt that beauty serves an essential need of the soul, that in plaeing beautiful objects before the maturing student one helps to develop pure, strong character us surely as with the spoken truth. Mrs. Hearst has for some years been proving the strength of her conviction by providing the students of the university with best examples of the fine arts. With art collections and concerts of a superior kind, she has opened the eyes and the ears of the student to beauty. The work has been none the less great that the refining and purifying in- fluence has been all unconscious. In this recital of the university's growth, we have made no reference to its attempts to fulfill one of the main purposes of its establishment. The grant of the Morrill Act of 1862 was made, as we have seen, on condition that an institution be founded that should have primarily in view a training in agriculture. The university has attempted to moet this requirement to the full; and there can be no doubt that as the years have passed its efforts have been successful. Up to 1891, work in agriculture was entirely within the university confines. In that year, however, was inaugurated the custom of holding Farmers' Institutes throughout the State. By this means the university came into touch with the farmers of California, with a success that is indicated by the yearly increase in the number of institutes held. In 1897, so important had this work beyond the university's doors become, that a new depart- ment was created, a Department of University Extension in Agriculture. By means of the information disseminated at these institutes, as well as through its frequent bulletins, the agricultural department of the uni- versity has enabled the State not only to increase in very large degree its present agricultural earnings, hut also to make sure the permanent fertility of its soils. On July 18, 1899, the university entered upon a new stage of its development in the election to its presidency of Professor Benjamin Ide Wheeler, of Cornell University. The four years and a half of President Wheeler's administration have witnessed a remarkable growth in the university's prosperity, lx>th in the inner life that is more properly its concern and in the material resources that must ever be indispensable. Those years have proved most especially the deep love of Californians, rich and poor alike, for their university. In 1900-1902. the gifts to the university, from private sources alone, amounted to about $900,000. As we are writing this, word has just been received of a bequest of some $500.000 to $600,000 by one of San Francisco's leading business men, Mr. Charles F. Doe, for the building of a new university library. But K; it is not in the public-spirited wealthy alone that the university is be- ginning to find her strength. In countless ways donations are being made bv those of more modest income. From the five dollars that comes as an annual gift from an anonymous alumnus, or the scholarship money returned bv another graduate, to the more substantial gifts for library or departments. It is of deepest significance that California's Alumni feel the impulse to give of their own, for in this abiding love for their universitv lies the real promise of her permanent and increasing great- ness. It will be fitting at this point to mention some of the leading bene- factions to the university in the years of President Wheeler's adminis- tration. Only a bare handful may be recounted in this^ brief history. Significant of his concern for the higher life of the university was the gift, in 1902, by Mr. D. 0. Mills, of $50,000 for the furtherance of the work of the Department of Philosophy. This was in addition to M r. Mills' original gift of $75,000 for the establishment of a chair of philos- ophy. The endowment of another important chair in classics is due to the generosity of Mrs. J. K. Sather. who lias given $75,000 for that purpose. Mrs. Sather has also made over to the university real prop- ertv of great value for the establishment and support of a law library, and has, in addition, made important gifts of books. The construction of a Physiology building, at an expense of $25,000, has been made pos- sible by the generosity of Mr. Eudolph Spreckels, and its thorough equipment by Dr. Max Herzstein's gift of $8000. A most important addition to' the library of political science, finance, and history has been made by Mr. Clans Spreckels' gift of $11,675.82. Mr. H. Weinstoek has presented the university with $5000 as a foundation fund for the "Barbara Weinstoek Lecture on the Morals of Trade." One of the sorest needs of the university has been met in the construction of a great open- air theater, built on the model of the Greek Theater, and seating some 7000 people. Mr. W. R, Hearst contributed the $10,000 necessary for the building of this unique structure. An assemblage place, not only capacious but singularly beautiful, it will prove a source of stimulation in ways that have heretofore been beyond the universitv's power to realize. When we attempt to recount Mrs. Hearst's gifts to the university the pen fails. They are numerous beyond any possible listing, because many of them are known only to Mrs. Hearst herself. We have alreadv recounted Mrs. Hearst's assumption of the expenses of the architectural competition. Mrs. Hearst is now erecting, in accordance with the ac- cepted plans, a mining building as a memorial to her husband. Senator Hearst. The minimum cost of this building will be half a million of 17 dollars. She is maintaining, the department of anthropology, expend- ing $10. (MKi a year for five years for excavations and research in Kgvpt. $3500 a vear for five vears for the like work in South America, $10. (MID a year for two years for research in Greece, and $(iOOO a year for anthro- pological work in California^ Mexico and New Mexico. The mainte- nance of this department alone for 1900-1902 was at a cost of $103.0-16. She has contributed over $(5000 for a museum building, has presented the university with Hearst Hall, valued at $.")(). 000, has supported the Hearst Domestic Industries at an annual cost of over $1">.000, has pro- vided over $27.000 for j:he equipment of the medical department. $1:5.000 for. a mining laboratory. $8400 for the equipment of gym- nasiums. The president"- biennial report of 1898-1900 gives the fol- lowing figures for the two years recorded: "The total of gifts for which figures have been given in the -foregoing list (exclusive of the support of archaeological expeditions of about $.'50.000 a year) is $27.1,566^65. This amount is. however, far less than what Mrs. Hearst has actually expended for the benefit, direct or indirect, of the university." But to write a list of Airs. Hearst's gifts to the university is all un- satisfactory, for the real significance of them lies not so much in their magnificence, if one may use the word, but rather in the fine insight of the giver, the sympathetic touch with younger lives, the personal de- light in discovering the deepest and the most real needs. And though great bevond reckoning has been the tale of her free-will offerings, greater, after all. and more lasting in worth for the university has fine idealism of her character, her unswerving faith in the if ul and the true and the good, and her high efforts toward their at ion in her chosen children. And yet. even with this generosity of her friends, the university has not been wholly free of embarrassment. Almost, it might be said, it has suffered from 'too much good-will. In 1S9S-99. the total registra- tion of students, including those in the professional colleges, was 2i:>9: in l!'02-o:5 it bad leaped to .'12 ''."). In lS!)S-99 the total registration in the aerdemie colleges ah 'ie was 1717: in 1902-0:5 it had increased by more than one-half, being in that }~ear 2669. Meanwhile the two-cent tax. which, in 1 come to be of a more distinctly advanced kind than in the years of its inception. The departments now recognize a radical difference in aim and methods 1 iet ween undergraduate and advanced work, so that the higher degrees DOW signify not a mere prolonging of the period of residence, but the successful completion of work of a thoroughly graduate nature. A factor of great importance in the University's life is its function as a training school for prospective teachers of the State. By a law of the State. Boards of Education and Examination have authority to issue certificates of high school grade, without examination, to graduates of the University who are recommended by the Faculty. The operation of this law has been of utmost benefit to California, in that it has en- couraged the University to send forth trained students into the high school field. The result has been not only a bettering of the tone and scholarly character of secondary teaching, but also a securer and more sympathetic drawing together of the University and high school forces. The coming years bid fair to witness the long-desired establishment of a Teachers' College. The- University has established a regular series of publications in each of the following departments: Botany. Geology, Education, Zoology, Gra3co-Roman Archaeology, Egyptian Archaeology, American Archaeology and Ethnology, Anthropology, Physiology, Pathology. Astronomy,- and Agriculture. It also issues, every quarter, the Uni- rrrxity Chronicle., which is an official record of University life. The University now comprises the following Colleges and Depart- ments: College of Letters, College of Social Sciences, College of Xatural Sciences, College of Commerce, College of Agriculture. College of Mechanics. College of Mining. College of Civil Engineering, College of Chemistry, Lick Astronomical Department, Mark Hopkins Institute of Art, Hastings College of the Law, Medical Department. Post-Graduate Medical Department, Dental Department, California College of Phar- macy. In this very brief account of the University's life, it has clearly been impossible to trace out, with the explicit detail that their importance warrants, the factors and forces that have made the institution what it is. But bare as the outlines are, they may, if nothing more, serve to suggest the peculiar conditions amid which a State University is placed, the difficulties of its development, the boundless scope of its oppor- tunities. The University of California has not made its way without struggles peculiar to an institution that finds its support in the suffrage 20 of the people. It is of the deepest import to the cause of publie higher education that it has won its support without truckling, thai it has never lowered its ideals to temporary public wishes, but has held high the standard of pure scholarship. The University of California is to-dav without doubt a permanent factor in the life of the State, and as such, the outgoing of its influence may not be measured. With its sister University, it stands for the development of the very highest in the character of California. It may be extravagant to predict, as some are pleased to do. that in California a new note in world thought and feeling is to be sounded a new literature, art. philosophy. Yet it is hardly extravagant to feel convinced that California is immense in possibilities of culture, that her birth to a richer life is even now but just accomplished, while the greatness of her days may scarcely be foretold. In the midst of this youthful promise, the two vigorous Universities stand as nurturers of the best. If the life of the past is promise of the future, California is assuredly secure in the high character of her University guides. The LeConte Oak Courtesy of Needham Bros., Berkeley Oversireet, H.A. 363303 The University of California a moaog raph Cay lord Bros. Makers Syracuse, N.Y. ML JAM. 21 .IMS UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY