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 STUDIES OF 
 
 ASSASSINATION 
 
 AVTHOK OF "BRITISH GOBLINS: WELSH FOLK-LORK, I'-VIRY MYIHOLOGT, 
 
 LKGF.JfDS AND TRiDITIOXS." 
 
 " Kvil on itself shall back recoil." J 
 
 ILonUon : 
 SAMPSON LOW, MAIISTOX, SEARLE, & RIVIXGTON, 
 
 CROWN BUILDINGS, 18?, FLEET STREET. 
 
 1881. 
 [All rights reserved.]
 
 Stack 
 Annex 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THE aim of this work is to emphasize the 
 folly of assassination, by illustrating its 
 common reaction on its perpetrators and 
 its consistent failure to accomplish its 
 purpose. 
 
 Attention is specially drawn to this sub- 
 ject at the present moment by the assassi- 
 nation of Czar Alexander II. of Russia, and 
 the resultant events. It is yet too early to 
 employ the story of this assassination as 
 a lesson, for its consequences are in the 
 future. But it may be predicted with con- 
 fidence that these consequences will in this 
 
 1104552
 
 VI PREFACE. 
 
 case be resilient, as they have uniformly 
 been in all assassinations known to modern 
 history, and that failure will once more 
 attach to the assassins' work. Never by 
 such means has civilization advanced; never 
 by such means have the rights of man been 
 promoted. Rebellion has sometimes helped 
 the cause of human progress, but assassi- 
 nation never ; and it is possible for rebellion 
 to win our respect, when its cause is righte- 
 ous ; but assassination can only excite 
 abhorrence, be its cause good or bad. 
 
 United States Consulate, Cardiff, 
 April, 1881.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 i. 
 
 CATHERINE DE MEDICI . . . . .1 
 
 II. 
 W ILLIAM OF ORANGE . ... . .53 
 
 III. 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT . . . .71 
 
 IV. 
 
 CHARLOTTE CORDAY . . ~ , . . 105 
 
 V. 
 
 ABRAHAM LINCOLN . . . -^ . 147 
 
 VI. 
 
 ALEXANDER II. OF EUSSIA . 163
 
 
 I. 
 
 CATHABINE DE MEDICI. 
 
 B 
 
 > /
 
 CATHARINE DE MEDICI. 
 
 I. 
 
 FLOBENCE, that wondrously beautiful Italian 
 city where the cultured tourist lingers 
 most lovingly, and from which he parts 
 most regretfully, has given to the world 
 many names which will endure to the 
 end of time. Here dwelt Dante, framer 
 of immortal verse ; Michel Angelo, 
 whose marvellous genius lives alike in 
 painting and in sculpture ; Galileo, 
 mightiest and first of astronomers; 
 Americus Vespucius, Machiavelli, Boccacio, 
 Cosmo; and here was born that most 
 depraved and monstrous of women, that 
 greatest and most heartless of assassins, 
 B 2
 
 4 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 Catharine de Medici. For every other 
 assassin that the world has known, some 
 palliating word may possibly be said ; for 
 her, none! The murderer of William of 
 Orange was animated by a fanatic zeal in 
 religion; but Catharine de Medici cared 
 nothing for religion. Charlotte Corday 
 was gentle to whom she loved, and a 
 vestal in her purity ; Catherine de Medici 
 loved no one, and rioted in luxurious vice. 
 Guy Fawkes and his fellows were men of 
 honour and credit ; with her honour was a 
 bagatelle, a nothing. Even Wilkes Booth 
 believed himself serving the purposes of 
 his friends, and striking at tyranny; 
 Catharine de Medici served no one but 
 herself, cared for no one but herself, and 
 held in her brutal breast no single throb of 
 human sympathy. Her assassinations were 
 many, and occurring at frequent intervals ; 
 but in the single massacre of St. Bartholo- 
 mew's day, her terrible genius wrought the 
 most gigantic crime of this description 
 known to history. To beautiful Florence
 
 Catharine de Medici. 5 
 
 belongs the fame, or infamy, of having been 
 the birthplace of her whom we may truly 
 term the most infamous and the most 
 heartless of assassins. 
 
 The year 1519 saw the infant born, who 
 during the seventy years of her dreadful 
 life displayed such demoniac wickedness. 
 Of her childhood we know nothing espe- 
 cially noteworthy ; but it seems impossible 
 that one so devoid of all gentle human 
 attributes could even in her childhood have 
 been innocent and artless. 
 
 Florence, in that day, was under the 
 brilliant but despotic government of Lo- 
 renzo de Medici, Catharine's father. She 
 was reared among the scenes of that 
 dazzling and demoralizing period which 
 followed the surrender of Italian liberty 
 liberty which had been bought with 
 bloody and desperate strife, amid the 
 clangour of arms and the pealing of 
 shouts for freedom the busy hum of 
 industry drowned in the tumult of 
 clanking steel an enthusiastic people
 
 6 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 gathered about the unfurled gonfalon, their 
 hearts nerved with the determination to 
 live or die in the defence of their down- 
 trodden rights the polished citizen and 
 the wild robber of the Apennines cross- 
 ing their flashing knives fraternally, to 
 swear destruction to their oppressors ; that 
 demoralizing period, when liberty thus 
 bought had been tamely and ignominiously 
 surrendered after two centuries, and an 
 effeminate and enervated people submitted 
 without a cry or a struggle to the revival 
 of the old oppression, in the sway of Lorenzo 
 de Medici. But never did oppressor more 
 cunningly conceal chains beneath garland- 
 ing flowers. Lorenzo was intellectual, culti- 
 vated, and immensely wealthy. He drowned 
 the cries of expiring liberty beneath strains 
 of enchanting music. The minds of the 
 people were diverted from any remembrance 
 of their degradation by a round of the 
 most dazzling delights. Poets sang 
 voluptuous strains, and sculptors rendered 
 in speaking marble the loveliness that has
 
 Catharine de Medici. 7 
 
 outlived centuries. Entertainments of the 
 most gorgeous description were provided 
 for the young, and munificent academies 
 and libraries were founded and maintained 
 to please their elders. The rudest of the 
 populace were welcomed to dramatic 
 entertainments whose splendour the world 
 has never outri vailed ; while in the magni- 
 ficent palace of the Medicis the wealthy 
 and the learned feasted and made merry, 
 with sparkling wines and delicious viands 
 and lovely women, surrounded by the 
 noblest paintings and the most beautiful 
 statuary Michel Angelo with his pencil, 
 and Politian with his inspired verse, 
 celebrating the glories of the scene. Amid 
 these surroundings the little girl Catharine 
 moved while her father lived, and after- 
 ward under the equally despotic but less 
 hypocritical reign of Alexander de Medici. 
 She had only reached her fourteenth year 
 when the reigning pope, her uncle, 
 negotiated her marriage with the French 
 Henry, Duke of Orleans ; and the Italian
 
 8 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 girl left Florence for ever, to take up her 
 abode in France. 
 
 II. 
 
 It was in the year 1533 that this baleful 
 spirit took its place in French history. 
 From this earliest moment she began the 
 practice of that studied hypocrisy whose 
 clear purpose was the obtaining of dominion 
 over the people of France. Her position 
 was a comparatively humble one in 
 that court. Henry, her husband, was 
 the second son of the French king, 
 Francis I. ; there was little prospect that 
 he would ever attain to the throne. Her 
 husband's mistress, Diana de Poitiers, and 
 her father-in-law's mistress, the Duchess 
 d'Etampes, were both women of more 
 influence than was Catharine ; but the wily 
 Italian flattered and courted them both 
 bitter haters of each other as they 
 were. By-and-by the elder brother died,
 
 Catharine de Medici. 9 
 
 and when the king soon after followed him 
 to the grave Catharine's husband became 
 king. Still Catharine bided her time, and 
 pretended to care nothing for affairs of 
 state, and her husband's mistress shone 
 in public as the virtual queen. It was not 
 until she had reached her fortieth year 
 that the wily Italian woman believed she 
 saw her way clear to the power for which 
 she thirsted. Her husband was accident- 
 ally killed at this time, and her son, Francis 
 II., became King of France. 
 
 Francis II. was a feeble, sickly 
 youth, with little mind, and less energy. 
 His mother believed she could sway him 
 easily ; but, unfortunately for her calcu- 
 lations, he was submissively fond of his 
 beautiful young wife, Mary Queen of 
 Scots, whose influence over him was 
 supreme. Mary, in her turn, was under 
 the influence of her maternal uncles, 
 the Cardinal Lorraine, Le Balafre, and 
 Francis Duke of Guise all good Catholics, 
 but caring nothing for Catharine de
 
 io Studies of Assassination. 
 
 Medici and her wishes. Finding herself 
 baulked in her ambition, the queen mo- 
 ther renounced the Catholic faith and 
 espoused the cause of the Protestants 
 the Huguenots, as they were called in 
 France. 
 
 In this day those who are not intimately 
 familiarized, by the study of history, with 
 the terrible religious wars of the sixteenth 
 century, find it difficult to enter fully into 
 tho feelings of the combatants in those 
 dreadful internecine conflicts. The intelli- 
 gent Catholic of to-day cannot comprehend 
 the feeling which made the heretic of the 
 sixteenth century such an object of abhor- 
 rence to those of the older faith. The 
 Protestant of to-day is equally unable to 
 realize that feeling which made a Huguenot 
 father prefer that his daughter should die 
 at his feet a Protestant, rather than that 
 she should be exposed to the influences of 
 a Catholic convent, which he sincerely 
 believed to be nothing less than " a gate of 
 hell." Religion was in that day, through-
 
 Catharine de Medici. 1 1 
 
 out Europe, merely a gage of battle. 
 Under its name, the intensest civil wars 
 were waged. At the moment of which I 
 speak, the eyes of all the other European 
 nations were upon France ; and the contest 
 was not one of principle, in any true sense 
 it was for a form of religion, and for the 
 substance of political power. It was not 
 for religious freedom in its purity that 
 the Huguenots fought. Had they succeeded 
 in gaining power, there is no reason to 
 believe that they would have extended to 
 the Catholics any greater degree of tolera- 
 tion than the Catholics in their day of 
 power extended to them indeed, there is 
 every reason to believe that they would 
 not have done so. Their fanaticism was 
 hardly less furious than that of the 
 Catholics. When they obtained the tem- 
 porary opportunities of victory in battle, 
 the Huguenots levelled Catholic churches 
 with the ground, destroyed images and 
 paintings the most dear to the hearts of 
 the Catholics, and covered all the outward
 
 12 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 manifestations of the Romish religion with 
 contumely. 
 
 The Huguenots had been steadily grow- 
 ing in numbers for many years previous to 
 the comingto France of Catharine de Medici. 
 During her husband's reign they had accu- 
 mulated in sufficient force to be animated 
 with hopes of obtaining political power in 
 the nation. At the time when Catharine, 
 in a fit of jealousy, and for her own base 
 purposes, announced her espousal of their 
 cause, the Huguenots were led by various 
 members of the royal family and the 
 French nobility, conspicuous among whom 
 was the brave and virtuous Admiral Gaspard 
 de Coligni one of the few men of note in 
 the history of that time whose names have 
 come down to us unsullied with the vices 
 of the period. Catharine's efforts were at 
 once turned towards bringing about a revo- 
 lution that should place her over the French 
 people as ruler ; to seize the boy-king 
 Francis, her son, and Mary his wife, and 
 shut them up in prison ; to slaughter such
 
 Catharine de Medici. 1 3 
 
 others of the royal family as stood in her 
 way ; and to form a Huguenot council of 
 regency, of which she should be the head. 
 The Huguenots assented to this scheme, 
 but before it could be carried out it was 
 crushed, and many Huguenots suffered 
 death. Thereupon Catharine deserted her 
 new allies, and returned again to the 
 Catholics, with a shameless faithlessness 
 quite characteristic of the woman. 
 
 The result of her return to her former 
 allegiance was ere long made apparent. 
 Her son Francis, the king, whom she could 
 not control, suddenly died. That his 
 mother was guilty of his death there is 
 little doubt ; he died from the effects of a 
 subtle poison, dropped into his ear under 
 pretence of curing the ear-ache, to which 
 he was subject. Charles IX., her next son 
 also a boy in years now became king, 
 and Catharine de Medici became, to a cer- 
 tain extent, the sovereign of the realm, for 
 over this son she had unbounded influence. 
 
 The course which this most unnatural
 
 14 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 mother now adopted to effect her purposes 
 and extend her sway, was worthy of the 
 wicked spirit which prompted it. She set 
 herself deliberately to work to ruin all her 
 children at heart, to dull and stultify every 
 moral principle which nature had planted 
 in their breasts. She led them one con- 
 tinuous round of sensual delights, and con- 
 verted her palace into the semi- semblance 
 of a brothel, a scene of riotous debauchery. 
 The result was such as she intended it 
 should be. The health of her children was 
 undermined, their frames enfeebled and 
 sown with the seeds of dreadful disease, 
 rendering them listless, dawdling creatures, 
 devoid of energy and life. Their morals, 
 also, became as thoroughly undermined as 
 their physical constitutions; vice had no 
 hideous mien to them crime was not 
 abhorrent bloodshed was viewed almost 
 with indifference, and religion was looked 
 upon as a mere pretence and pander. 
 
 The picture now presented in the royal 
 household shows us the two prominent
 
 Catharine de Medici. 1 5 
 
 figures of our story thus : Charles IX., 
 the young king, a man of not remarkable 
 cruelty of character, possessing such good 
 traits as might enable him to be charac- 
 terized as a " good-hearted fellow at 
 bottom," but of feeble will, saturated with 
 the weakness born of sensual indulgence. 
 From him, standing alone, it is impossible 
 for the candid historian to believe the 
 monstrous crime about to be perpetrated 
 could ever have issued to performance. 
 But his Mephistopheles stood at his elbow, 
 in the shape of his mother, Catharine de 
 Medici. She was now over fifty years of 
 age ; and all her bad passions were at their 
 height. While leading her son through 
 every conceivable avenue of pleasure that 
 could enervate and demoralize him, she 
 poured into his ear a continual stream of 
 corrupting counsel, with a view to creating 
 in his breast a terror of the Huguenots that 
 should lead him to seek their destruction 
 in a spirit of self-protection. 
 
 The Duke of Guise, a Catholic, and the
 
 1 6 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 Admiral Coligni, a Huguenot, were the 
 two leading spirits of the hour. Of both 
 these men Catharine was jealous and 
 fearful. She therefore pretended friend- 
 ship for them both, and laid her plans for 
 having them both destroyed. She induced 
 the Duke of Guise to attempt the assassina- 
 tion of Coligni, intending to afterwards 
 cause the duke to be hung for the murder 
 thus ridding herself of both at one blow. 
 The assassination was attempted ; Coligni 
 was shot in the street, while passing the 
 duke's residence, and badly wounded ; but 
 he was not killed. He was borne to his 
 own house, where he speedily received a 
 visit from the young king, who expressed 
 his sympathy with the sufferer and abhor- 
 rence of the deed. But Coligni was doomed. 
 The hour of the monster massacre was at 
 hand.
 
 Catharine de Medici. 1 7 
 
 III. 
 
 On the morning of the 17th of August, 
 1572, a brilliant assemblage was gathered 
 at the church of Notre Dame, in Paris. In 
 front of the church was a wide platform, 
 covered with rich carpets, in whose velvet 
 depths the foot sank luxuriously. High 
 overhead loomed the massive towers of the 
 celebrated cathedral, while festoons of 
 gaily-coloured silks, and gilded banners and 
 pennants, floated and waved in the balmy 
 summer air. The house-tops were thronged 
 with people, eager to witness the ceremony 
 at hand ; while in the streets and in the 
 church, at olden balconies and windows, 
 "fair women and brave men," the pride 
 and fashion of the French capital, were 
 gathered together. The Huguenot and the 
 Catholic met on a common footing that 
 day, and many hearts rejoiced in that hour 
 which seemed so full of promise for the 
 cause of peace and toleration. For this 
 was the wedding-day of Henry of Navarre, 
 
 c
 
 1 8 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 a Huguenot, with Marguerite, a Catholic, 
 the daughter of Catharine de Medici, and 
 the sister of King Charles. 
 
 The marriage took place in the presence 
 of the assembled multitude, a Catholic 
 bishop officiating, and then the royal cortege 
 returned, amid the strains of music and 
 surrounded by the perfume of flowers, to 
 the palace it had left. Now commenced 
 one long round of gaiety in the French 
 capital, in honour of this seemingly aus- 
 picious event. Huguenots and Catholics, 
 so recently battling fiercely in the conflicts 
 of civil war, now met in the grand saloons 
 of the royal family, and mingled in the 
 dance. The evenings of day after 
 day saw the city brilliantly illuminated, 
 and a gorgeous pageantry of display was 
 beheld on every hand. Until the evening 
 of the 22nd the revel was prolonged. That 
 evening, Coligni, as he left the scene of 
 festivity to return to his lodgings, was 
 fired upon and wounded, in the manner just 
 described.
 
 Catharine de Medici. 1 9 
 
 What pen can picture the consternation 
 of the unsuspecting Protestants on learning 
 that their beloved leader had received this 
 treacherous blow ! From all parts of the 
 kingdom they were here gathered in great 
 numbers, having been invited hither 
 by the king the king at whose elbow 
 Mephistopheles held ceaseless vigil, in the 
 shape of Catharine de Medici. It is easy 
 to believe that there were some mutterings 
 of vengeance among the Huguenots ; but 
 for the most part they felt simply con- 
 sternation and bewilderment doubting, 
 hoping, fearing in the same hour. 
 
 Now was the time for Catharine de 
 Medici's diabolical genius to display itself. 
 She brought to bear upon the weak and 
 vacillating king, her son, the terrible 
 engines of her wicked will ; she made him 
 believe that there was a design upon his 
 life entertained by the Huguenots now in 
 the city. He ran in his terror to see the 
 wounded Coligni and promise him protec- 
 tion ; but his fiendish mother again beset 
 c 2
 
 2O Studies of Assassination. 
 
 him and gave him no peace. She pictured 
 to him his own head swinging in the 
 avenging hands of a fierce Huguenot, and 
 chilled his coward soul to its depths. She 
 taunted him with cowardice in fearing to 
 shed the blood of his foes. Frantic at last, 
 the young king (but twenty-two years old 
 at that time) finally cried out the fatal 
 words : " Kill them all, then kill them all. 
 Let not one Huguenot remain to reproach 
 me!" 
 
 It was enough. Catharine immediately 
 communicated with the Duke of Guise, and 
 preparations for the massacre of St. Bar- 
 tholomew's day were speedily made. The 
 city was already closely sentinelled; no 
 Huguenot was allowed to leave on any 
 pretext. The doomed people were helpless 
 and unarmed in this hour of their fancied 
 greatest security. The Catholics were 
 instructed to wear white crosses on their 
 hats or breasts, so that they might not be 
 confounded with the Protestants in the dim 
 light of the streets at night. Certain
 
 Catharine dc Medici. 2 T 
 
 houses throughout the city were directed 
 to be illuminated, to afford some extra 
 light on the occasion and add to the 
 visible horror of the scene. 
 
 It was nearly midnight of the 24th of 
 August, 1572 St. Bartholomew's day: 
 when the Duke of Guise, on horseback, 
 surrounded by a number of the Italian 
 guard, with certain followers of his own, 
 gathered in a street of the French capital, 
 arrayed in the brilliant costumes of the 
 period, and armed to the teeth. As soon 
 as all was ready, the cavalcade moved 
 away. Drawing up presently in front of 
 the residence of Admiral Coligni, the duke 
 sent a portion of his force into the house, 
 under the leadership of a German named 
 Behme. They came into the presence of 
 the wounded admiral, who met them with 
 calm dignity, and demanded the meaning 
 of this intrusion. For an instant the 
 murderers hesitated but for an instant 
 only: the brutal German, crying out 
 " This is our errand !" plunged a long boar-
 
 22 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 spear into the stomach, of the doomed man, 
 and the others at the same moment struck 
 him down with their swords. The Duke 
 of Guise, sitting coolly on his horse in the 
 street, cried out to his men to throw the 
 body out of the window. They obeyed, 
 and the bloody corpse came tumbling to 
 the ground. The duke got off his horse, 
 and wiping the gore from the face of the 
 murdered man with his handkerchief, said, 
 "Yes; it is he;" and then, spurning the 
 lifeless form with his foot, remounted, and 
 rode away with his followers, to commence 
 the greater work of blood before him. 
 
 Catharine de Medici and her cowardly 
 son were waiting, at their palace of the 
 Louvre, the signal which, as previously 
 arranged, should announce to their listen- 
 ing ears the death of Coligni and the com- 
 mencement of the terrible work of death 
 the tolling of the great bell of St. Germain 
 1'Auxerrois.
 
 Catharine de Medici. 23 
 
 IV. 
 
 Out on the still night air came the 
 booming of the bell high in its stone tower ; 
 and at the signal there poured forth into the 
 streets the horde of fanatic murderers who 
 executed the will of the demon woman. 
 The houses of the Huguenots were broken 
 into, and their screaming inmates dragged 
 forth into the streets and ruthlessly 
 butchered. Others were hewn down in 
 their night-garments as they ran out of 
 their chambers, and their bodies were flung 
 from the windows to the pavement below. 
 Women and children were chopped to 
 pieces in their beds, and the white sheets 
 crimsoned with gore. The flaring torches 
 in the streets lighted up a scene of pande- 
 monium, miles on miles in extent. The 
 pavements all over the city were slippery 
 with blood. Corpses lay in heaps all about, 
 with gashed necks dripping sanguinary 
 tears both sexes and all ages piled in 
 indiscriminate slaughter. The voice of
 
 24 S Indies of Assassination. 
 
 weeping and of wailing shrieks of anguish, 
 and groans of despair of wrangling, tiger- 
 like struggles, and shouts of " Vive Dieu et 
 le Roi ! " in one horrid Babel rose up to 
 the shuddering skies, where the stars looked 
 down in mocking serenity. Flying fran- 
 tically hither and thither, the defenceless 
 Huguenots sought in vain for shelter. They 
 were dragged from hiding-places with yells 
 of exultation, and pierced with gleaming 
 daggers. 
 
 All the vilest elements of Parisian life 
 the dregs of scoundrelism and crime rose 
 to the surface of that raging sea, and 
 revelled in murder, robbery, and rapine. 
 Not only were the staunch adherents of 
 Protestantism destroyed, but others them- 
 selves Catholics, but not active participants 
 in the massacre. The coward who had 
 quarrelled with another, seized this hour 
 of bloody indulgence in which to murder 
 his antagonist with impunity. The thirst 
 for blood at last pervaded all classes 
 women murdered women, their rivals
 
 Catharine de Medici. 25 
 
 in beauty children murdered children 
 members of families fell upon each other, 
 and sought, in the licence of the moment, 
 to encompass private ends and execute 
 private vengeance : the father fell before 
 the knife of his son the sister was cut 
 down by her own brother. Horror never 
 supped her dreadful fill more completely 
 than during this raging of the demon long 
 pent up in the bosom of Catharine de 
 Medici now let loose in all its indescrib- 
 able fury. 
 
 The massacre lasted throughout several 
 days. It was not confined to Paris, but 
 extended into all the principal cities of the 
 kingdom : Meaux, Orleans, Lyons, Troyes, 
 Bourges, Rouen, Toulouse, Bordeaux 
 wherever Catharine's will could reach, and 
 the executioners be found. In some quar- 
 ters, the Huguenots were in a majority ; in 
 some, the local authorities spurned the 
 royal mandate, and would not imbrue their 
 hands in innocent blood. In one case the 
 Catholic bishop (of Lisieux) openly gave
 
 2 6 Studies of Assassination . 
 
 his protection to the Huguenots throughout 
 his diocese ; and no fact is better esta- 
 blished in history than that great numbers 
 of Catholics abhorred the hideous deed 
 and not only that, but struggled earnestly 
 to save all they could from massacre. 
 Certain it is that the Catholics of to-day 
 thrill with an indignation as sincere as that 
 which stirs in Protestant breasts, in con- 
 templating this massacre. Catholic histo- 
 rians also claim that no priest of their 
 church united in these bloody orgies. 
 Whether this be true or not, every candid 
 student of history must freely admit that 
 political motives were at the base of the 
 crime, and that religion was used but as a 
 pretext by the infamous chief-instigator of 
 the massacre, Catharine de ' Medici. She 
 cared no more for the Catholic religion than 
 for any other. With her, all religion was 
 a fiction. 
 
 It is impossible to give a correct state- 
 ment of the number of Huguenots who fell 
 in this massacre throughout France. It
 
 Catharine de Medici. 27 
 
 lias been estimated at as high a figure as 
 one hundred thousand souls. The more 
 common estimate is in the neighbourhood 
 of thirty thousand. The lowest estimate I 
 have seen is that of the Catholic historian, 
 Lingard, who places the number at fifteen 
 hundred. 
 
 The usual result of all assassinations 
 followed this one : failure to accomplish the 
 result anticipated. The Huguenots multi- 
 plied rapidly in numbers and in power. 
 The French court reaped only a harvest of 
 infamy. Other nations expressed their 
 sympathies with the Huguenots, and their 
 abhorrence of the French Catholics. The 
 French ambassador received open and 
 marked insult from the Queen of England, 
 who turned her back upon him when he 
 was ushered into her presence. Persecu- 
 tion of the Huguenots grew less severe from 
 that hour forward; and in 1593 the Edict 
 of ISTantes was put forth, securing to the 
 Huguenots their liberties thenceforward by 
 solemn pledges.
 
 2 8 Studies of Assassination . 
 
 V. 
 
 Catharine de Medici lived seventeen 
 years after the St. Bartholomew massacre, 
 and retained her diabolical spirit to the very 
 last moment of her life. But her son, King 
 Charles, became the prey to remorse the 
 most terrible, and openly showed his brutal 
 mother the depth of detestation and abhor- 
 rence in which he held her. Her influence 
 over him was gone, and as a result, he was 
 destined to be the next victim of her terrible 
 genius. She was an adept in the use of 
 poisons, and alchemy had been her favourite 
 study throughout her life. It has been 
 seen how she destroyed her son Francis,, 
 by causing poison to be dropped into his 
 ear. The manner in which she caused the 
 death of Charles was even more subtle and 
 more dreadful. 
 
 Charles was passionately fond of the then 
 popular amusement of hawking. Catharine 
 therefore procured a work on hawking, 
 which she knew her son would read if it
 
 Catharine de Medici. 29 
 
 were placed in his way. The leaves of this 
 oook she caused to be lightly stuck together 
 by a thin gluten, and this gluten was 
 impregnated with poisonous matter. Her 
 scheme worked as she intended ; Charles 
 found the book and proceeded to read it. 
 In order to separate the leaves, he would 
 moisten his fingers on his tongue, and thus 
 the poison in the gluten entered his system 
 and did its work slowly but surely. He 
 died within two years of the great massacre 
 " sweating blood from every pore," and 
 crying out in bitter remorse. It is the 
 remembrance of his dreadful death, and his 
 agony of repentance for the crime into 
 which his mother had driven him, that bids 
 us speak as gently as we may of this weak 
 and miserable man. The piteous plaintive- 
 ness of his cries to his nurse cannot be 
 rendered into any English words that will 
 do them justice. " Ah, nourrice ! " he 
 would cry, " my dear, my good nurse ! 
 What blood, what murders ! Oh ! what 
 bad counsels have I followed ! Oh,
 
 30 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 Lord God, pardon me, and grant me 
 mercy ! " 
 
 It is but meet justice to this young man's 
 memory to allude to the stories current 
 among certain historians, to the effect that 
 Charles, with his own gun, united in the 
 great massacre, and fired from the windows 
 of the Louvre upon certain Huguenots who 
 endeavoured to escape by swimming the 
 Seine. I can find no reliable authority 
 whatever for any such belief ; and the 
 vraisemblance of the occasion calls for no 
 such belief. It is' on better authority, 
 however, that the following story is 
 received: When the Duke of Guise was 
 about departing with his followers for the 
 house of Coligni, he received a note from 
 the frantic king, countermanding his order 
 for the massacre which the duke, remark- 
 ing " It is too late," placed in his pocket, 
 and so galloped away. 
 
 Catharine now trusted that, Charles 
 being dead, her hour of supremacy had 
 come, for her younger son, Francis,
 
 Catharine de Medici. 3 1 
 
 possessed a spirit kindred to his mother's, 
 and with him as king she could rule at 
 will. But there was another son Henry 
 III. whose claim to the throne was first, 
 because he was the elder. True, he was 
 absent in Poland, of which country he 
 had been made king through his mother's 
 efforts ; but Poland was not France, and 
 as soon as Henry heard that Charles was 
 dead, he ran away from his Polish subjects 
 and returned to Paris, where he claimed 
 and mounted his throne. So Catharine 
 was disappointed again, for she could not 
 sway Henry to her will so easily. She 
 succeeded, however, in again plunging the 
 country into war. But the consequence of 
 this was not as she desired. The only 
 marked result of the war seemed to be the 
 covering of her old rival, the Duke of Guise, 
 with glory and power. Upon this man, the 
 brutal assassin-leader of the St. Bartholo- 
 mew massacre, the next blow of Catharine's 
 murderous hand was now to fall. 
 
 The Catholic populace almost idolized
 
 32 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 this formidable man. They would have 
 been willing that he should have mounted 
 the throne of France by force, expelling 
 Henry and his mother, or killing them. 
 Indeed, some authorities say that a plot of 
 this kind was on foot. Be this true or 
 not, it is certain that Catharine, playing 
 upon Henry's fears, made him believe it 
 true ; and the arrangements for the assassi- 
 nation of the Duke of Guise were accord- 
 ingly made. He was invited to meet the 
 king in his cabinet, at an early hour in the 
 day. The duke came at the appointed 
 hour, tall and majestic in mien, and parted 
 the curtain leading from an anteroom into 
 that where the king sat. At that moment, 
 as previously arranged, one of the king's 
 body-guard ran the duke through the body ; 
 and at the same moment others of the 
 guard fell upon him. He sank down dead, 
 and Henry, coming out to look at the body, 
 spurned it with his foot. 
 
 Catharine de Medici at that time lay ill 
 in bed. Henry himself carried to her the
 
 Catharine de Medici. 33 
 
 intelligence that the Duke of Guise was 
 dead, and that they need no longer fear 
 his attempts to usurp the throne. 
 
 "It is well," said Catharine, without 
 evincing the lightest touch of emotion, 
 either of pleasure or of sorrow ; " now 
 look to your throne, or you may find it less 
 safe under you than you think. Be vigi- 
 lant and resolute, or you lose all." 
 
 "With these words this stony-hearted old 
 woman dismissed her son. Twelve days 
 later she died, without remorse, or any sign 
 of repentance for the crimes of her long 1 , 
 dark life. 
 
 From first to last this miserable creature, 
 to whom human life was a bagatelle, and 
 with whom the thirst for power outbalanced 
 every other interest of existence, was doomed 
 to disappointment and defeat. Like most 
 assassins, she imbrued her hands in blood 
 in vain. Even the son whom she left upon 
 the throne was assassinated in his turn 
 soon after his mother's death. And it is a 
 sufficient comment on the part religion
 
 34 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 played in the political contentions of those 
 days to state that the dagger which let out 
 the life-blood of this Catholic king, was 
 wielded by the hand of a Catholic priest, 
 avenger of the murdered Duke of Guise.
 
 ir. 
 
 WILLIAM OF OEANGE. 
 
 D 2
 
 WILLIAM OF ORANGE. 
 
 I. 
 
 IT was the afternoon of the 25th day of 
 October, in the year 1555. In the old 
 ducal palace of Brabant, in the gay city of 
 Brussels, a newly-erected stage or platform 
 stood at the western end of the great hall. 
 In the centre of this stage was a splendid 
 canopy, erected as a temporary throne. 
 Around it, on tapestried seats, sat an as- 
 semblage of dignitaries, grave magistrates 
 and executive officers, arrayed in the pic- 
 turesque and brilliant uniforms peculiar to 
 the ancient Netherlander s. In the body of 
 the hall a great multitude was gathered. 
 All were awaiting the appearance of Charles 
 V., their emperor, who was on that day to
 
 38 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 abdicate the throne in favour of his son, 
 Philip II. 
 
 The clock struck three. Charles V. 
 entered, a prematurely decrepit old man, 
 with white and bristling hair, shaggy grey 
 beard, wide forehead, and dark blue eyes, 
 tottering on crippled legs, and supported 
 on one side by a crutch, on the other by a 
 tall and handsome young man of twenty- 
 two, then simply the emperor's page and 
 confidant, but afterward the grandest figure 
 in the history of his country. His features 
 were dark, symmetrical, and well chiselled ; 
 his head small, but sturdily set ; his hair, 
 moustache, and peaked beard, of a dark- 
 brown hue ; his eyes brown and thought- 
 ful ; his forehead expansive, and, even at 
 that early age, marked with lines of thought, 
 for he was the emperor's adviser in all 
 cares of state. His dress was magnificent 
 in the highest degree, as the times in 
 general, and the present ceremony in par- 
 ticular, rendered necessary. 
 
 This young man was William, Prince of
 
 William of Orange. 39 
 
 Orange ; and this occasion was his debut 
 as the hero of the long and eventful drama 
 which has rendered his name one of the 
 most illustrious in modern history. 
 
 Philip II. on that day took the Nether- 
 lands throne. The abdicating monarch 
 recommended to his son's confidence the 
 prince who had served him so ably. Philip, 
 at first adopting the recommendation, was 
 afterward led to believe that William was 
 his enemy, and the enemy of his throne. 
 
 In the following year, Charles V. also 
 abdicated the throne of Spain, in favour of 
 Philip. When Philip, in 1559, left the 
 Netherlands to make his residence in Spain, 
 he publicly insulted William, on the eve 
 of his departure. The government of the 
 Netherlands was bestowed upon Margaret 
 of Parma, a woman wholly under the in- 
 fluence of Cardinal Granvelle, an ambitious, 
 unscrupulous prelate. Under the govern- 
 ment of this wily minister of evil were the 
 Dutch doomed to suffer. 
 
 In 1559 William of Orange, then still in
 
 40 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 Philip's confidence, was despatched to 
 France, to negotiate with the French king 
 a treaty of peace. The Frenchman indis- 
 creetly communicated to William a plan 
 which was on foot, whereby the Inquisition 
 was to be introduced into the Netherlands, 
 with all its most horrible machinery, when, 
 to use the prince's own words, " It would 
 need but to look askance at an image to be 
 cast into the flames." He made no sign 
 before the French monarch of his horror 
 at this news ; but from that" hour his pur- 
 pose was firm to set his life against this 
 monstrous iniquity. Himself a Catholic, 
 it was not a feeling of religious opposi- 
 tion that animated him, but simply one of 
 sympathy and compassion, as he avowed, 
 " for so many virtuous men and women 
 thus devoted to massacre." 
 
 From this time forth, the life of William 
 of Orange exhibits a striking likeness to 
 that of Abraham Lincoln, which I shall 
 seek rather to indicate than to illustrate 
 by comparison. Although he ultimately
 
 William of Orange. 4 1 
 
 became the instrument of the Dutch Re- 
 public's creation on a free basis, emanci- 
 pated for ever from the shackles of that 
 slavery of conscience which had cursed the 
 land, it was not with a purpose to reach 
 that end that he was first animated. His 
 primary motive was to combat encroach- 
 ments upon the rights of the Netherlands 
 to baulk the tyranny of the bigoted monarch 
 in his efforts to obtain an unbounded in- 
 fluence over his Dutch empire. When, at 
 twenty-six years of age, William stood 
 arrayed against the Inquisition, and against 
 the proscription of religious freedom, he 
 simply stood where he was placed by the 
 inevitable logic of right and justice. He 
 was not widely known among his country- 
 men ; he only awoke their admiration, their 
 love, their devotion, through successive 
 stages, until at last he was recognized by 
 them as their champion, and was looked 
 upon by them as the saviour of his country, 
 in the hands of God. Through the fire of 
 trial put upon his country, in which he
 
 42 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 stood as the central figure, lie struggled 
 upward and onward, against enemies and 
 obstacles the most bitter and the most 
 appalling, but never quailed never fal- 
 tered. Throughout his whole public career, 
 he was the mark for slanders the most 
 cutting and contumelious, although his life 
 was one steady and consistent refutation of 
 slander. From the hour when he was 
 charged with having murdered his wife, 
 Anne of Egmont, onward, he was accused 
 of every mean, base, cruel, and detestable 
 vice and crime known to humanity ; but a 
 purer man perhaps never lived. To these 
 charges he seldom gave any notice, and 
 never bestowed angry words upon any one 
 about him. His manner, while never 
 cringing or fearful, was gentle and kind to 
 every one. An historian who spoke most 
 bitterly of the prince gave his character 
 just eulogy, saying, " Never did an arro- 
 gant or indiscreet word fall from his lips. 
 He upon no occasion manifested anger to 
 his servants, however much they might be
 
 William of Orange. 43 
 
 in fault," etc. He also was naturally gay 
 and lively in disposition, fond of genial 
 conversation, and possessing a familiar yet 
 dignified manner with all who had to do 
 with him. Caution was one of his most 
 predominant characteristics, so that by the 
 radicals of his day he was deemed too slow; 
 but he did not espouse the side of freedom 
 in order to convert that freedom again into 
 slavery; and when the religious reformers, 
 who had succeeded in banishing the Catholic 
 Inquisition, sought to introduce a milder 
 but no less reprehensible slavery over those 
 who rejected the now popular faith, Wil- 
 liam's was the hand which restrained these 
 radicals and prevented the outrage. He 
 cherished no malice against enemies, and 
 seemed almost too lenient with offenders. 
 His unimpeachable honesty was another 
 striking trait in his character. In 1564, 
 when a gangrene had spread through the 
 whole government, and corruption and 
 fraud ruled with a high hand when all 
 public functionaries w T ere notoriously and
 
 44 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 outrageously venal William of Orange set 
 his breast against the sea of poison, and 
 was uncontaminated by it. " Of all the 
 conspicuous men in the land," says Motley, 
 " he was the only one whose worst enemy 
 had never hinted through the whole course 
 of his public career that his hands had 
 known contamination." And this not 
 through mere negative virtue, which is 
 almost no virtue at all ; for he was sorely 
 tempted, being plunged in a deep sea of 
 debt and pecuniary embarrassment through- 
 out his public career, though wealthy enough 
 while still in private life. A picture of the 
 prince, when the cares of state, and of the 
 great cause in which he was champion, had 
 begun to tell upon his physique, represents 
 him as careworn of- face, thin of figure, and 
 sleepless of habit ; and though still genial 
 and gentle to all, a deep sadness could be 
 read in his face. 
 
 How like an exposition of the traits and 
 character of Abraham Lincoln does all this 
 read ! To it, with singular fidelity of like-
 
 William of Orange. 45 
 
 ness, must be added the history of his life 
 labours, with their result, and the final going 
 out of this serene and beautiful light before 
 the breath of the assassination fiend. 
 
 II. 
 
 In 1563, William of Orange united with 
 two other noblemen of the day in an effort 
 to induce Philip (now in Spain, of which 
 country he was king, as well as emperor 
 of the Netherlands) to withdraw Cardinal 
 Granvelle, representing that there was 
 danger of rebellion among the people unless 
 this offensive prelate were removed from the 
 power he held, through Margaret of Parma, 
 his tool, regent of the province. Philip, 
 who was one of the most earnest advocates 
 of the Inquisition, was enraged at this 
 action of William of Orange, but dared not 
 refuse to comply with the people's wishes. 
 So Granvelle was withdrawn ; but to re- 
 compense himself, Philip sent to his in- 
 subordinate Netherlands, from Spain, an
 
 46 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 army of Spanish and Italian soldiers, 
 under the Duke of Alva. Philip by no 
 means relinquished his purpose of intro- 
 ducing the Inquisition into the province. 
 In 1566 a remonstrance against the pro- 
 posed introduction was offered to Philip 
 by 300 noblemen, headed by Louis, 
 brother of William; but it was rejected 
 with scorn, and the petitioners styled 
 gueulw, or beggars. This treatment of a 
 band of the first gentlemen of the country 
 created great indignation among them. 
 " They call us beggars ! " cried Brederode, 
 a tall, black-bearded nobleman of com- 
 manding mien; " let us accept the name!" 
 Putting on a leathern wallet such as 
 beggars of that day wore, and taking a 
 large wooden bowl such as the beggars 
 carried, he filled the bowl with wine, and 
 draining its entire contents at a draught, 
 cried out, " Long live the beggars ! " 
 The excited noblemen took up the cry ; 
 each donned the wallet and drained the 
 bowl in turn, and with shouts and laugh-
 
 William of Orange. 47 
 
 ter they repeated the thrilling cry which 
 often thereafter rung over fields of blood 
 and carnage, " Vivent les gueulx / " It 
 became their shibboleth, and in after-years 
 their enemies learned to dread] the name 
 of " The Beggars." 
 
 The Duke of Alva, with his soldiers, 
 advanced into the excited and rebellious 
 Netherlands. Several noblemen of conse- 
 quence were arrested as traitors, and exe- 
 cuted. Granvelle, the determined cardinal, 
 who was in Spain, at Philip's elbow, was re- 
 joiced at this, but demanded that William 
 of Orange should also be arrested and 
 executed. " If this fish is not caught," 
 said Granvelle, " the duke's fishing is 
 good for nothing." Accordingly, William, 
 together with other noblemen, was sum- 
 moned to appear before the infamous 
 " blood council," with which trial was a 
 mockery, and death almost a certainty. 
 William refused to appear, and denied the 
 jurisdiction of that unholy body. There- 
 upon Alva declared William outlawed,
 
 48 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 seized the prince's estates in the Nether- 
 lands, and quartered his soldiers thereon 
 also seizing William's only son, and 
 sending him to Spain as a hostage. 
 
 This was the commencement of a long 
 and bloody war. William of Orange took 
 the field against the Duke of Alva not 
 against King Philip, toward whom William 
 still professed entire loyalty. The prince 
 held the duke to be a satrap who had in- 
 vaded his (William's) domains, and had 
 acted in his late behaviour without the 
 king's orders. But efforts subsequently 
 made to effect a peace, showed that Philip 
 would not permit a peace that left the 
 Netherlands freedom of conscience. Un- 
 less they would accept the Inquisition, the 
 war should continue. 
 
 In 1581, it having become apparent to 
 the Netherlands that they must either 
 accept the Inquisition at last, or separate 
 boldly from their allegiance to Philip, they 
 chose the latter alternative ; and on the 
 26th of July in that year they promulgated
 
 William of Orange. 49 
 
 their Declaration of Independence. On 
 the 5th of the same month, William of 
 Orange had, after being urgently pressed, 
 accepted the " entire authority as sovereign 
 and chief of the land, as long as the war 
 should continue." Without this limitation 
 as to time, William would not accept the 
 sovereignty. Soon after, this limitation 
 was secretly cancelled by the States, with- 
 out the knowledge of William. They were 
 determined that the man who had served 
 them so well, should continue permanently 
 to serve them. And he did so continue 
 until his death. 
 
 In the previous year, Cardinal Granvelle 
 had drawn up a paper which is known to 
 the world as the Ban, one of the most in- 
 famous papers that ever disgraced the 
 annals of tyranny. By it, Philip offered a 
 magnificent prize to the murderer who 
 should assassinate the good William of 
 Orange, whom it charged with being a 
 great criminal and a "wretched hypo- 
 crite." The dastard who should take the
 
 50 Stiidies of Assassination. 
 
 life of this man was to be rewarded with 
 money to the value of 50,OOOZ. sterling 
 (equivalent to 200,000?. in the present day); 
 " if he have committed any crime," con- 
 tinued the Ban, "however heinous, we 
 promise to pardon him ; " and, strongest 
 temptation of all to the vulgar mind, the 
 assassin was to be rewarded with admission 
 into the ranks of Spain's nobility the 
 haughtiest nobility on the face of the 
 globe. By this monstrously infamous 
 scheme did Philip seek to be rid of the 
 man who fought his tyranny with hard 
 and bitter hand the man who had re- 
 sisted ever effort of the king's emissaries 
 to win him over by bribery. But here 
 shone forth the lustre of William's honest 
 and incorruptible nature, with pure and 
 steady light. He had been approached 
 when his cause seemed tottering to decay, 
 when he was overwhelmed with cares, 
 harassed with trials, plunged in a wide sea 
 of doubt and distress ; and even in that 
 hour, when distinctly given to understand
 
 William of Orange. 5 1 
 
 that he had but to name his own terms, 
 and forsake the cause to which he had 
 given his life, he turned his back upon his 
 tempters, and wooed freedom with renewed 
 vigour. "Neither for property nor for 
 life," were the words of William of Orange, 
 " neither for wife nor for children, will I 
 mix in my cup a single drop of treason." 
 
 III. 
 
 It was but natural that the glittering 
 prize offered by the Ban should set to 
 work a host of murderous but ambitious 
 men, each seeking after his own fashion in 
 what manner he could compass the death 
 of the Prince of Orange. It may be sup- 
 posed that wherever William moved, his 
 path was followed by the bloodthirsty 
 wretches who sought his life. But the 
 States provided for Father William (as he 
 was now affectionately styled) a body- 
 guard, which left no hope of a public 
 assassination with a subsequent escape for 
 the murderer. So that the attempts made 
 E 2
 
 52 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 upon William's life were most probably in 
 very small proportion to the number of 
 men who watched night and day for an 
 opportunity to make such attempt. 
 
 On Sunday, the 18th day of March, 
 1582, the first open attempt on the 
 prince's life was made. In some respects, 
 which the reader will hardly fail to ob- 
 serve, the manner of this attempt was 
 strikingly like that which the assassin 
 Booth made with such terrible success on 
 the life of Lincoln. The prince dined with 
 a company of " noble gentlemen " at his 
 own house on that day, and was in fine 
 spirits, having participated with all his 
 accustomed geniality in the lively conver- 
 sation at the -table. On leaving the table, 
 William led the way to his own apart- 
 ments, pausing on the threshold of the 
 antechamber to show his guests 'a piece of 
 tapestry on which some Spanish soldiers 
 were represented. At this moment a 
 young man of small stature and sallow 
 complexion appeared, and handed him a
 
 William of Orange. 53 
 
 petition. As lie took the paper, the young 
 man suddenly held a pistol close to the 
 prince's head, and fired, the ball entering 
 the neck under the right ear, passing 
 through the roof of the mouth, and coming 
 out under the left jaw, carrying with ,it 
 two teeth. The prince's beard was set on 
 fire, so closely was the pistol held to his 
 head. But at the same time the fire from 
 the weapon cauterized the wound, which 
 otherwise would probably have caused his 
 death by bleeding, before the wound could 
 have been dressed. The prince on re- 
 covering his consciousness, which he did 
 as he stood, though at first blinded and 
 stunned, called out quickly, " Do not kill 
 him I forgive him my death ; " thus 
 illustrating the kind and forgiving disposi- 
 tion he possessed in such a remarkable 
 degree. But before his words were ut- 
 tered, the young man had been pierced in 
 thirty-two vital places by the weapons of 
 the halberdiers, while two of the noblemen 
 present had already run him through with
 
 54 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 their rapiers. The prince lay long in a 
 critical condition, his life being alternately 
 hoped for and despaired of; but he re- 
 covered at last, and on the 2nd of May 
 following went to the great cathedral, 
 where he offered up thanksgiving, sur- 
 rounded by a vast multitude sobbing for 
 joy at the deliverance of the man they so 
 loved. The would-be assassin in this 
 instance was one Juan Jaureguy, a ser- 
 vant of a Spanish merchant in Antwerp, 
 who had entered into the affair purely as a 
 commercial speculation. 
 
 In the following July a second attempt 
 was made this time by poison. One 
 Basa, an Italian, and Salseda, a Spaniard, 
 undertook the murder by this means, but 
 were early detected and imprisoned. Basa 
 committed suicide in prison. Salseda was 
 torn to pieces by four horses a horse 
 being fastened to each of his limbs, and 
 then, stripped of all harness, the four were 
 whipped till they ran in different directions 
 with the mutilated remains. 
 
 In March, 1583, Pietro Dordogno was
 
 William of Orange. 55 
 
 executed for the third attempt to assassi- 
 nate the prince, he having confessed that 
 he came from Spain expressly for that pur- 
 pose. In April, 1584, Hans Hanzoon was 
 executed for the fourth attempt to accom- 
 plish the base deed, by means of gun- 
 powder placed under William's seat in 
 church, and under his house in Flushing, 
 where Hanzoon lived. The fifth known 
 attempt was frustrated by the honourable 
 conduct of Le Goth, a French officer, whom 
 the Duke of Parma released from prison on 
 condition that he would poison William ; 
 but Le Goth, rightly holding that a compact 
 so villainous was of no binding effect upon 
 him, exposed the plot to the prince, and 
 became one of his most faithful adherents. 
 It is with the sixth and last attempt that 
 we now have to deal, for it was successful. 
 
 IV. 
 
 In the drowsy little city of Delft still 
 stands a plain, two-storied brick house, 
 with a red- tiled roof, opposite the " old 
 kirk," a plain, old-fashioned brick church
 
 56 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 with lancet windows. In that house, in 
 the summer of 1584, William of Orange 
 resided, having removed thither from 
 Antwerp in the previous year. The still- 
 ness of that canal-intersected old city, 
 whose traffic was mostly conducted on the 
 noiseless waters of the canals, and whose 
 clean and shaded streets were seldom dis- 
 turbed by the rumble of wheels, was about 
 to be broken by an event of the bloodiest 
 and most cruel character an event which 
 should carry grief and lamentation into 
 many a peaceful household, and whose 
 horror should come thrilling down the 
 lapse of centuries, to stir the blood of the 
 living in our day. 
 
 At an obscure village in Burgundy, 
 several years preceding the year of the, 
 assassination, the prince of darkness had 
 been at work in the breast of a young man 
 of insignificant aspect and seemingly inoffen- 
 sive nature, named Balthazar Gerard. This 
 young man had long cherished the purpose 
 of murdering William. When but twenty
 
 William of Orange. 57 
 
 years of age he one day struck his dagger 
 into a door, exclaiming passionately, 
 " Would that this were the heart of 
 Orange ! " The publication of the Ban 
 seemed to give directness and force to his 
 purposes. From that hour, he devoted him- 
 self to the one object of his life. He pro- 
 ceeded to Luxembourg, and there learned 
 that the assassination already had been 
 performed by Juan Jaureguy. But, this 
 proving untrue, he was again aroused to 
 action; for he had, meantime, become a 
 clerk in the employ of Count Mansfield, 
 Governor of Luxembourg. His first work 
 was to secretly take impressions in wax 
 of the Governor's seals, in order to offer 
 them to the Orange party, and thus win 
 their confidence. He was detained in 
 Luxembourg for some time, by various cir- 
 cumstances, but at last, in March, 1584, he 
 departed. Arriving at Treves, he confided 
 his plan to two Jesuit fathers in the 
 college there, who did not disapprove of 
 his determination, while one of them was
 
 58 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 warm in his approbation, promising Bal- 
 thazar a place among the martyrs should 
 he be killed in the attempt. At Tournay 
 he was greatly comforted and encouraged 
 by another Jesuit to whom he made con- 
 fession. His next step was to address to 
 the Duke of Parma a letter, most carefully 
 worded, laying before that personage a 
 general plan of his project. This letter he 
 presented in person to the duke ; but 
 Parma was almost disheartened in his long- 
 maintained efforts to have William killed. 
 He had paid money to numerous cut- 
 throats of villainous aspect, on the promise 
 to perform the deed, but without result. 
 When he therefore looked upon this 
 " obscure, undersized, thin-bearded run- 
 away clerk," he bestowed little attention 
 on the adventurer, and dismissed him with 
 no encouragement. Learning more about 
 Balthazar afterwards, Parma consented to 
 hear his plans in detail. After hearing 
 them, he so far modified his opinion of the 
 clerk as to promise him the offered reward
 
 William of Orange. 59 
 
 in case of success ; but it is notable that 
 the duke refused to furnish Balthazar even 
 the sum of fifty crowns to defray necessary 
 expenses. Balthazar was therefore unable 
 to buy himself so much as a weapon 
 with which to commit the murder. But, 
 nothing daunted, he set himself to work 
 with the means at his command, and by 
 skilful manoeuvrings, and the practice of 
 an actor's shrewdest arts, he succeeded in 
 finally getting into the service of Noel de 
 Caron, adherent of Orange, then setting 
 forth on a mission to the Duke of Anjou. 
 Soon after this, while in France, Balthazar 
 obtained permission to convey to William 
 of Orange the news of the Duke of Anjou' s 
 death. With this important mission, 
 Balthazar confidently relied on eventually 
 obtaining access to William's person. 
 
 Arriving in Delft, Balthazar left his 
 despatches. It was early in the morning 
 of a Sunday, and the prince was yet abed. 
 To Balthazar's surprise and no little agita- 
 tion, he was introduced into William's bed-
 
 60 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 room, in order to relate fuller particulars 
 of Anjou's death. What must have been 
 the emotions of this bloodthirsty assassin 
 at finding himself for the first time face to 
 face with the man whose life he had sought 
 for so many years with such an unflinching 
 purpose ! There he lay, in bed, alone, 
 helpless; while his assassin, through his 
 guise of a pious, psalm-singing Calvinistic 
 youth, gloated with eager eyes upon the 
 spectacle before him. But in his wildest 
 moments of hopefulness, Balthazar had 
 never dreamed of an hour like this ; hence 
 he was unprepared. He had provided no 
 means of escape in such an event ; he had 
 no weapons. In fact, he had not even 
 money to buy weapons. And it was with 
 the money that the kind Prince of Orange 
 gave him in charity, that Balthazar went 
 off and purchased the pair of pistols, one of 
 which took that prince's life. 
 
 On Tuesday, the 10th day of July, 1584, 
 at high noon, William of Orange, with his 
 wife on his arm, led the way to the
 
 William of Orange. 6 1 
 
 dining-room in the old brick house at 
 Delft. He wore a wide-brimmed soft hat, 
 with a cord of silk about the crown ; a 
 ruffled collar surrounded his neck ; a medal 
 of the never-to-be-forgotten Beggars, or 
 gueulx, rested on his breast ; and over his 
 well-worn leathern doublet was a loose grey 
 surcoat; while the wide, slashed under- 
 clothes of the period made up his dress, in 
 the plainest fashion of his time. At the 
 doorway Balthazar Gerard presented him- 
 self, with pale and agitated face, and asked 
 for a passport. William (although he had 
 been informed by residents of Cologne of 
 the attempt about to be made on his life) 
 was as serene and undisturbed as usual, 
 and took no notice of Gerard's manner ; 
 but his wife, more keenly awake to the 
 dangers which beset her husband, anxiously 
 questioned the prince, and remarked in an 
 undertone that " she had never seen so vil- 
 lainous a countenance." But William was 
 undisturbed ; he directed a secretary to give 
 Gerard (or Francis Guion, the orphaned
 
 62 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 Calvinist, as lie supposed him) the pass- 
 port. He then went on into the dining- 
 room, and remained over his dinner till 
 two o'clock, conversing cheerfully with his 
 family and his guest, the burgomaster of 
 Leewarden. 
 
 The dining-room was on the ground 
 floor. The prince's private apartments 
 were above. The wooden stairway leading 
 up to them had its foot in a little square 
 vestibule opening off from the dining-room. 
 This vestibule had on one of its sides an 
 obscure arch, sunk deep in the wall, and 
 communicating by a portal with the narrow 
 lane a.t the side of the house. A flood of 
 light streamed over the stairway from a 
 large window half-way up, but the arch 
 just mentioned was completely in shadow. 
 In this arch Balthazar Gerard awaited his 
 victim. The clock struck two. The good 
 prince entered the vestibule, talking" 
 pleasantly to the old burgomaster, with a 
 benevolent smile on his face. He passed 
 to the foot of the stairway and placed his
 
 William of Orange. 63 
 
 foot on the lowest step. Gerard crept 
 from his place of concealment. The prince's 
 foot was on the second stair, when there 
 rang through the little room the report of 
 a pistol, and he fell backward into the arms 
 of Jacob Van Maldere, one of his atten- 
 dants, exclaiming, " Mon Dieu, ayez pitie 
 de mon dme ! Mon Dieu, ayez pitie de ce 
 pauvre peuple!" (My God, have pity on 
 my soul ! My God have pity on this poor 
 people !) These were his last words. In 
 a few minutes he was dead. 
 
 Balthazar Gerard had poisoned the balls 
 of the pistol, and he did not pause to note 
 the result of his shot, for he knew it was 
 fatal. Into the arch he sprang, and 
 through the side-door out into the narrow 
 lane. He had thrown away his weapons, 
 and ran swiftly up the lane, designing to 
 scale the ramparts, and leap into the moat. 
 He had provided himself with bladders 
 having pipes attached, so that he could 
 blow them full of air, and they would help 
 him in swimming across the moat, where
 
 64 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 he had a horse in waiting. But' just as 
 the ramparts were close before him, he 
 stumbled over a heap of rubbish. The 
 miss-step was fatal. A number of pages 
 and halberdiers had given chase when he 
 ran, and as he struggled to his knees after 
 falling, they seized him, and returned with 
 him to the house. He did not deny the 
 deed, but gloried in it. The city magis- 
 trates immediately convened a court in the 
 prince's house, and held a preliminary 
 examination of the prisoner, after which 
 he was heavily ironed and thrown into a 
 
 dungeon. 
 
 Y. 
 
 The prince was laid, in the tomb, amid 
 the tears of a weeping people, on the 3rd 
 of August, 1584 But he had lived long 
 enough to establish the emancipated com- 
 monwealth on a secure foundation, and to 
 give existence to an independent country, 
 liberated for ever from Spanish tyranny. 
 His death, however, prevented the union
 
 William of Orange. 65 
 
 of all the Netherlands into one republic, a 
 purpose which would doubtless have been 
 accomplished had his life been spared. 
 That life stands to all coming time as its 
 own noblest testimonial. He accomplished 
 a great and glorious work, and enshrined 
 himself for ever in the affections of Iris 
 people. "As long as he lived," says 
 Motley, " he was the guiding-star of a 
 whole brave nation, and when he died, the 
 little children cried in the streets." 
 
 The popular grief at the death of this 
 man, and the popular rage against the 
 fanatical assassin, may be appreciated more 
 fully by Americans than by any other 
 people of the present day ; for a like grief 
 prevailed among them with like occasion, 
 but a few years ago ; and it is doubtless 
 true that their first fury of indignation 
 against Wilkes Booth was equal to that 
 which the Netherlander felt against Gerard. 
 But the tortures their anger would have 
 led them to inflict upon Booth would never 
 have been put in practice had he been cap-
 
 66 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 tured alive, for our present civilization 
 would have revolted at it, as it revolts at 
 the sufferings of Balthazar Gerard. Wil- 
 liam of Orange had saved from torture 
 other men who had attacked him with the 
 sftiae deadly intent, and he would have 
 done as much for Gerard ; but the prince 
 was gone, and there was no man in the 
 Netherlands who could or would intercede 
 for his assassin. He was put upon the 
 rack, and from day to day endured the 
 most frightful pains with a composure so 
 astounding that his judges believed he was 
 protected by witchcraft. In the intervals 
 of repose in the torture he conversed 
 calmly and intelligently, and avowed that 
 the prospect of dying a thousand deaths 
 would not deter him from again attempt- 
 ing the crime, if he were free and William 
 living. A shirt from the body of a hos- 
 pital patient supposed to be a sorcerer, 
 was put upon Gerard, but, as may be sup- 
 posed, it had no effect in breaking up his 
 wonderful composure and fortitude. He
 
 William of Orange. 67 
 
 would raise his bloody head from the 
 bench and cry, blasphemously, " Ecce 
 homo!" (Behold the man!) To the 
 judges, in return for the food they gave 
 him in prison, he said that he would serve 
 as their advocate in the courts of heaven. 
 He wrote deliberately a full account of the 
 motives that had impelled him to the com- 
 mission of the crime, and the means by 
 which he had succeeded in bringing ifc to 
 pass ; but he took care, in what he said, to 
 avoid implicating the Duke of Parma. 
 
 The frightful sentence which was finally 
 passed upon the assassin was carried out 
 to the letter, with a cruelty so fierce that 
 the gentle spirit of the assassinated prince 
 might almost have been expected to rise 
 from the grave to protest against it. It 
 was on the 14th of July that the horrible 
 spectacle took place, in the presence of a 
 jeering crowd of spectators. His joints 
 had been already put out of place by the 
 rack, and his body was scarred and roasted 
 by the flames of previous torture, but he 
 F 2
 
 68 Stiidics of Assassination. 
 
 mounted the scaffold with calm and un- 
 shrinking nerve. The pistol which had 
 sent the fatal ball into the prince's body 
 was broken in pieces by the hammer of one 
 of the executioners, as the first step in the 
 ceremony. In doing this, the executioner 
 was hit upon the ear and hurt, by the flying 
 off of the head of the hammer. The crowd 
 laughed over this mishap, and the culprit 
 joined in the laugh. Gerard's right hand, 
 which had pointed the fatal weapon, was 
 burned off with a red-hot iron, and even 
 this excruciating torture wrung no cry 
 from the man. His flesh was then torn 
 from his body with pincers, in six different 
 places. His legs and arms were then 
 chopped off close to his body, and his 
 bowels torn out by cutting open the ab- 
 domen. Still Gerard lived. It was not 
 until his heart was cut out and thrown in 
 his face that his lips ceased their motion. 
 His head was then chopped off and the 
 sentence was executed. 
 
 Thus was the crime of the fanatic
 
 William of Orange. 69 
 
 avenged for fanatic he was. While ani- 
 mated to some degree by the reward offered 
 by the Ban, it is true that Balthazar Gerard 
 believed himself serving the cause of his 
 king and his God by ridding the earth of 
 an enemy of religion and humanity. For 
 himself, he was upheld in his sufferings on 
 the scaffold by a firm belief that he should 
 reign with the saints and martyrs in Para- 
 dise. The reward promised to the assassin 
 was paid to his father and mother, for 
 what Parma termed " the laudable and 
 generous deed" their son had performed. 
 They were made nobles of the land, and 
 received the three seignories of Livremont, 
 Hostal, and Dampmartin formerly the 
 property of William of Orange. At a later 
 day, on the union of Franche Comte with 
 France, the patents of nobility the Gerards 
 held were torn in pieces and trampled under 
 foot by a French Governor.
 
 III. 
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT,
 
 THE GUNPOWDER PLOT. 
 
 THE stories of history make long strides 
 in their onward movement. Often the 
 opening chapters introduce you to cha- 
 racters, not one of whom will figure in the 
 grand denouement. In history, men are 
 often nothing but puppets ; the power that 
 moves them first is transferred, in its 
 course of growth, from generation to 
 generation, and perhaps works out its 
 tragedies in their children. 
 
 A full exhibit of the events which led to 
 that most extraordinary crime known as 
 the Gunpowder Plot, would involve a long 
 history of the religious wars which raged 
 in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
 
 74 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 I have given my readers one page of this 
 in the story of "William of Orange. Then, 
 we found the oppressor wearing the 
 colours of Catholicism. In the period and 
 on the scene of the gunpowder plot, the 
 oppressor wore the colours of Protestant- 
 ism. I will go back no further, in giving 
 the story of the gunpowder plot, than to 
 the year 1587, which beheld the execution 
 of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots. 
 
 On the evening of the 7th of February, 
 in that year, Mary Stuart sat in her apart- 
 ment in her prison of Fotheringay Castle, 
 in England, a beautiful woman of forty- 
 five, whose face bore traces of care and 
 suffering, for her life had been no holiday 
 journey through the years. Her solitude 
 was broken by the entrance of two noble- 
 men, who saluted the captive queen with 
 the respect belonging to her exalted rank, 
 though they were the bearers of cruel 
 tidings. They were the Earls of Kent and 
 Shrewsbury. Without unnecessary delay 
 they informed Mary they had been com-
 
 The Gunpowder Plot. 75 
 
 missioned to tell her that her life would 
 end on the scaffold on the following 
 morning, at eight o'clock. The intelligence 
 came most unexpectedly, and the poor 
 lady showed her surprise in her counte- 
 nance ; but she did not turn pale, nor 
 exhibit terror. On the contrary, she said 
 to her visitors, with a sweet but plaintive 
 smile, that she was prepared to die. " I 
 could not believe," she said, " that my 
 sister Elizabeth, Queen of England, had 
 consented to my death, or would execute 
 sentence upon one who is not subject to 
 the laws and jurisdiction of England. 
 Nevertheless, since this is her will, I am 
 content. Death will put an end to all my 
 miseries, and I welcome its coming. That 
 soul would be unworthy the felicities of 
 heaven, which could not support the body 
 under the horrors of the last passage to 
 those realms of bliss. I have only this 
 request to make now : that you will permit 
 my last moments to be consoled by the 
 presence of my confessor."
 
 76 Studies of Assassination, 
 
 To her great distress, the queen was 
 told that this request could not be com- 
 plied with; that no Catholic priest could 
 be permitted to approach her ; but that she 
 should be attended by a Protestant divine, 
 Dr. Fletcher, the Dean of Peterborough. 
 She refused to listen to this proposal, for 
 she knew the character of this minister, 
 and considered the proposal an insult to 
 her faith. The Earl of Kent, with a 
 brutality worthy of severe condemnation, 
 upbraided the defenceless woman, pro- 
 nouncing her a child of Satan, and 
 declaring that he was glad she was 
 doomed to death. 
 
 " Your life would have been the death 
 of our religion," said he, with the coarse- 
 ness of a thorough bigot ; " your death 
 will be its life." 
 
 The two earls took their leave; and, 
 from that hour till the hour of her de- 
 parture for the scaffold the next mornino-, 
 
 O * 
 
 Mary occupied herself in the preparations 
 for death. Her manner continued cheerful
 
 The Gunpowder Plot. 77 
 
 to the last. Calling her servants about 
 her, she pledged their prosperity in a glass 
 of wine, and they all knelt down and 
 pledged her in return. A tender and 
 tearful leave-taking was undergone; and 
 the servants left her to her lonely vigils. 
 When morning came, she dressed herself 
 in a rich robe of silk and velvet, remarking 
 that she must not forget the respect due 
 to her station. The sheriff, entering her 
 room, bade her follow him, which she did, 
 with a guard at each arm. A scene of the 
 most affecting description took place in the 
 hall through which she passed, where her 
 servants and adherents were gathered to 
 bid her farewell. She addressed language 
 of comfort and cheer to them, herself calm 
 and composed, though sobs and lament- 
 ations filled the hall. Wishing to have 
 some of her servants attend her to the 
 scaffold, she was shocked by the further 
 brutality of the Earl of Kent, who ex- 
 pressed a fear that they would perform 
 some superstitious rite above her body,
 
 78 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 and dip their handkerchiefs in her blood. 
 Mary's indignation was awakened, and she 
 turned a withering glance upon the earl. 
 " I am cousin to your queen," she cried, 
 " and descended from the blood royal of 
 Henry VII., and a married Queen of 
 France, and an anointed Queen of Scot- 
 land." This outburst of royal pride se- 
 cured her her wish, and four of her men 
 and two of her maids accompanied her 
 into another hall, where a black scaffold 
 had been erected, and the grim executioners 
 confronted her. The hall was crowded 
 with spectators. Here, at the moment 
 when the executioners were preparing to 
 take hold of her, the bigoted Dean of Peter- 
 borough insulted her by coming forward 
 and reading her a lecture on her heresy, 
 in spite of her protestations, saying, in 
 substance, unless she abjured the Catholic 
 faith then and there, she would in a few 
 moments fall into hell. Mary frequently 
 interrupted his harangue, saying, " I was 
 born in this religion, I have lived in this
 
 The Gunpoivder Plot. 79 
 
 religion, and in this religion I arn resolved 
 to die." The Earl of Kent also put in his 
 word, on observing her clasping a crucifix 
 lovingly in her hands. At last this dis- 
 graceful scene was ended. Mary disrobed 
 herself, smiling gently, and remarking that 
 she was unaccustomed to undress before 
 so large a company. Her servants burst 
 into tears and lamentations, but she placed 
 her finger on her lips, and enjoined them 
 to be silent ; gave them her blessing, and 
 asked their prayers ; and then lay quietly 
 down and placed her head on the block. 
 A handkerchief was placed over her face, 
 and the executioner struck her on the 
 skull, inflicting a ghastly wound, but 
 without shaking her brave spirit. Two 
 fierce blows of the axe severed her head 
 from her body ; and the executioner, seiz- 
 ing the head by the hair, held it aloft, 
 dripping blood, the face still in agonizing 
 convulsions. 
 
 Thus did the oppressive spirit of the 
 bigotry of that day make its victim of a
 
 8o Studies of Assassination. 
 
 beautiful, accomplished, and singularly 
 amiable woman. The question of her 
 guilt or innocence of complicity in certain 
 crimes charged against her, is to this day 
 a theme of discussion; but there is no 
 question as to the fact that she really was 
 executed because she was a Catholic. The 
 memory of her sufferings was not likely to 
 allay the fever of the Catholics' hatred 
 toward the tyranny that oppressed them in 
 England, and the rankling of this bitter 
 wound added strength to the fury of the 
 hour and the bad passions of the period. 
 
 II. 
 
 Seventeen years passed. The Protestant 
 queen who occupied the throne of England 
 when Mary Queen of Scots was beheaded, 
 was now dead, and she had been succeeded 
 by James I. , son of the Catholic queen whose 
 execution I have briefly described. The 
 Catholics still were chafing under the grind- 
 ing laws enacted during Elizabeth's reign,
 
 The Gunpowder Plot. 8 1 
 
 and they hoped that James, the son of Mary 
 Stuart, would exert his influence to soften the 
 pains under which they travailed. By these 
 laws any per son over sixteen years of age who 
 refused for four successive weeks to attend 
 a Protestant place of worship, was com- 
 mitted to prison. If thereafter he persisted 
 in " this evil course " for three months, he 
 was banished from the country. If he 
 refused to depart, or if he returned after 
 banishment, he was put to death. Under 
 these laws, and others of like severity, 
 great numbers of Catholics were murdered, 
 and others driven from their native land, 
 while those who remained were compelled 
 to practise an unwilling hypocrisy to save 
 themselves from these dreadful punish- 
 ments. The infamous Star Chamber Court 
 was also under full sway in the realm a 
 body of men appointed by the reigning 
 monarch, and possessing unlimited powers 
 of punishment by fines, imprisonment, and 
 the whipping-post. Another court, still 
 more monstrous in its character, was kno^vn 
 
 G
 
 82 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 as the Court of High Commission. It had 
 jurisdiction of the crime of heresy a crime 
 so indefinable in character that scarcely 
 any one was safe. Further, there was 
 martial law a name whose terrors the 
 people of our day can scarcely appreciate ; 
 during the American rebellion its exercise 
 interfered not at all with the safety of 
 society; but in that day, he who came 
 under the suspicion of treason, as hundreds 
 did on the slightest pretext, was executed 
 in cold blood without even the barest form- 
 alities of trial, while hundreds of others 
 languished in prison. In one period of 
 Elizabeth's reign, martial law even hung 
 numerous men in London who were not so 
 much as suspected of treason, and were 
 guilty of no greater offence than that dis- 
 orderly conduct in the streets, which we 
 in our day might call " rowdyism." 
 
 Besides these three courts, there was still 
 another arbitrary body, which laid no claim 
 to be called a court, which had no trials, 
 and inflicted no penalties, but which seized
 
 The Gunpowder Plot. 83 
 
 men wherever it chose, and threw them into 
 gaol on suspicion in many cases loading 
 them with chains and confining them in 
 dungeons, where they suffered greatly. 
 Sometimes the gaols of which there were 
 many were literally crowded with 
 " prisoners o state." The horrible rack 
 very commonly was employed to extort 
 confessions. In short, the life of an un- 
 orthodox person was full of terrors, and 
 the arbitrary executions of the French 
 Revolution itself hardly more frightful in 
 their licence. 
 
 James I. having ascended the throne of 
 England, therefore, at the death of Eliza- 
 beth, the Catholics entertained hopes that 
 their liberties would be in some measure 
 restored to them, and Elizabeth's iniquitous 
 laws annulled. The memory of Mary's 
 execution was still fresh in their minds, 
 and they hoped that the son, remembering 
 his mother, might espouse the cause of that 
 religion which had been assaulted through 
 her. They knew that the son was a Pro- 
 G 2
 
 84 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 testant, as Ms father had been, but they 
 believed him tolerant towards the Catholic 
 faith. In this they were disappointed ; 
 and it may be imagined with what despair 
 they heard the new king express his deter- 
 mination to rigidly enforce all the laws that 
 had been enacted against them. Their 
 anger turned fiercely against James ; for 
 some historians declare that he had en- 
 couraged these hopes in the Catholics, 
 before coming in to possession of his crown. 
 Be this as it may, the project of assassinat- 
 ing him was now entertained by certain 
 Catholics, and there was little about his 
 character to turn away the dagger. He 
 possessed none of those amiabilities and 
 excellences which I have portrayed as 
 belonging to the good Prince of Orange, 
 which ought to have disarmed all personal 
 hatred. He was a very learned man, but 
 a pedant, that most offensive of characters 
 in literature. In his habits he was grossly 
 intemperate; and with all his hatred of 
 Catholic superstition, he was himself de-
 
 The Gunpowder Plot. 85 
 
 gradingly superstitious, and stood in mortal 
 terror of witches. His appearance was 
 burly and unprepossessing, and he was a 
 tyrant and a coward to the depths of his 
 nature. 
 
 III. 
 
 The gunpowder plot was the invention 
 of a Catholic nobleman named Catesby. 
 One day in the spring of 1604, he was con- 
 versing with another of his kind named 
 Percy, a descendant of an illustrious house, 
 on the persecutions to which those of their 
 religion were still subjected, and Percy 
 boldly proposed that they should at once 
 set about effecting the assassination of 
 King James. But Catesby informed him 
 that he had a grander scheme in his mind. 
 
 " What good effect would result from 
 his assassination?" Catesby inquired. " Do 
 you not know that one of his children 
 would immediately assume his place, and 
 perpetuate these evils ? Even if the whole 
 royal family were swept away it would not
 
 86 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 serve us. The nobility and the Parliament 
 are linked in one bond ; they would raise 
 another family to the throne, who would 
 persecute us still, and seek revenge besides 
 for the death of these. Percy, we must 
 destroy not only the royal family, but the 
 lords and the commons at one blow." 
 
 " But how is this possible ? " asked Percy, 
 eagerly. 
 
 " Listen ! The first meeting of Parlia- 
 ment will soon occur. There the whole 
 number of our foes will be met together. 
 We must take into our confidence some 
 few staunch Catholic gentlemen like our- 
 selves, and run a mine beneath the hall in 
 which our enemies are assembled. Seizing 
 upon the moment when the king is ad- 
 dressing the two branches of Parliament, 
 we will explode the mine, and blow them 
 all into a thousand fragments at the same 
 instant even while they may be meditat- 
 ing fresh persecutions against the followers 
 of the true religion. Thus we shall make 
 our triumph complete."
 
 The Gunpowder Plot. 87 
 
 " It is a noble plan of vengeance, 
 Catesby," replied Percy, delighted. " I 
 am with you, heart and hand." 
 
 They immediately set about the selection 
 of their fellow-conspirators, each of whom 
 they bound to secrecy by solemn oaths, 
 superadding thereto that most sacred of 
 their rites, the communion service. The 
 first whom they admitted to their con- 
 fidence was Thomas Winter. Him they 
 despatched to Flanders, to secure the ser- 
 vices of one Guido Fawkes, an Englishman 
 by birth, but so devout a Catholic that he 
 could not live in England. Fawkes was 
 at that time serving in the Spanish army 
 which the Catholic tyrant Philip still main- 
 tained in that province of the Netherlands 
 which had of late given him so much 
 trouble in his efforts to do precisely what 
 the Protestants in England were now doing 
 namely, to extinguish religious free- 
 dom. Fawkes entered eagerly into the 
 plot when Winter broached it to him, and 
 the two made haste to return to England.
 
 88 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 The conspirators knew their man before.- 
 hand. Fawl^es was a person- of most for- 
 bidding aspect lean and scowling but 
 one- who had proved the quality, of his 
 courage in previous adventures, and whose 
 zeal was beyond all question. 
 
 The spring and summer went by, -and late 
 in the autumn the conspirators began to- 
 put their plans into action. .Percy. hired' 
 a house adjoining the Parliament House, 
 and caused a large quantity of provisions 
 to be put into it. About Christmas, one 
 by one the conspirators gathered, and then 
 the house was shut up, the shutters closed 
 and the doors fastened, to give the passers- 
 by the impression that there was nobody 
 within. Spades, pickaxes, etc., had also 
 been provided, together with arms with 
 which to defend themselves in case of a 
 surprise. They were ready for death, if 
 need be, and, 'animated by a belief that they 
 were serving the cause of religion, were full 
 of the highest enthusiasm. Fawkes alone 
 remained on the watch in the upper part
 
 The Gunpowder Plot. 89 
 
 of the house ; the others, seven in number, 
 descended to the cellars to commence their 
 labours. The wall which they had to pierce 
 was nine feet thick, and of a masonwork so 
 hard and old that it was almost as impreg- 
 nable as solid" stone. They divided into 
 two ga.ng-6, and while one gang worked the 
 other rested, to eat or sleep. They had 
 in the cellar an ample . store of baked 
 meats and wine, and their enthusiasm con- 
 tinued unabated through the six weeks 
 in which they picked away at the flinty 
 wall. Gentlemen as they were, and all 
 unused to work of this sort, they toiled 
 like common labourers ; sweat poured from 
 their faces, and their hands were blistered 
 with the unwonted exertion ; yet though 
 they scarcely rested day nor night, they 
 made no greater progress than a foot a 
 week. The rubbish they put in bags and 
 carried carefully out at a back-door in the 
 darkness of midnight, and digging deep 
 holes in the soil of the garden, buried the 
 contents of the bags where no eye could see.
 
 90 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 Candlemas came time of the church 
 feast so dear to the Catholics, but whose 
 celebration was at that period prohibited 
 in England. But five days now before the 
 time at which Parliament was to meet, and 
 the wall scarcely more than half pierced ! 
 Despair began to creep upon the conspira- 
 tors. It seemed impossible that they 
 should get through the wall in time ; but 
 they laboured on. 
 
 " Hark ! " whispered Percy, breaking the 
 silence in which they were pursuing their 
 toil. He bent forward in a listening atti- 
 tude, his hand raised to enjoin silence 
 upon his companions. " What is that 
 noise ? " 
 
 All listened intently. It seemed to come 
 from the opposite side of the wall on which 
 they were at work, but what it meant they 
 were at a loss to know. In some trepida- 
 tion, they ceased their labours, and one of 
 their number cautiously left the house and 
 went into the street. He found by inquiry 
 that a coal vault underneath the House of
 
 The Gunpowder Plot. 9 1 
 
 Lords was being emptied of its stores, the 
 owner having resolved to sell off, and let 
 the vault to the highest bidder. Keturning 
 to his companions, he laid this fact before 
 them, and they immediately resolved to 
 rent the vault for their own purpose. But, 
 unexpectedly, Parliament was prorogued to 
 the following October. This news was re- 
 ceived with great joy by the conspirators, 
 for now they would have ample time in 
 which to perfect their arrangements. 
 
 They hired the vault, and, with great 
 caution and at intervals, conveyed thither 
 thirty-six barrels of gunpowder enough 
 to tear the building to its foundation, and 
 leave " no stone upon another." This 
 formidable magazine was then covered with 
 fagots and billets of wood, in such manner 
 as to convey the impression that the vault 
 contained nothing else. Guy Fawkes was 
 placed to watch over the vault, under the 
 pretence of being the servant of Percy, who 
 was supposed to own all this wood. The 
 doors were thrown open boldly, and people
 
 92 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 allowed to enter freely if they chose, no 
 one suspecting the fearful secret of that 
 great honest-looking pile. 
 
 IV. 
 
 The long- waited time at last drew near. 
 The conspirators, secure in their prepara- 
 tions, gave themselves no concern as to the 
 fatal cellar ; they knew it was in the hands 
 of a zealous dare-devil, who would not fail 
 to fire the mine when the proper moment 
 came. But they learned that there would 
 be one of the royal family absent, at the 
 opening of Parliament, namely, the young 
 duke, whose tender years kept him away. 
 Therefore, it was arranged that Percy 
 should murder him, or kidnap him, simul- 
 taneously with the bursting of the mine. 
 
 But this plot, which embraced so wide a 
 sweep of revenge, involved also the lives of 
 some good Catholics, who, ignorant of the 
 approaching catastrophe, would be present 
 as spectators, or attendants on the king, or
 
 The Gunpowder Plot. 93 
 
 as peers of the realm occupying seats in 
 the house. This prospect, appalling as it 
 was, had been softened by the specious 
 assurances of Jesuit priests who had been 
 admitted into the secret, and who showed 
 the conspirators that the interests of religion 
 demanded the sacrifice of a few innocent 
 lives, in order that the guilty should be 
 punished. The conspirators, who now 
 numbered twenty, therefore determined to 
 keep their secret inviolable, and calmly be- 
 hold the destruction of their co-religionists. 
 Among these seemingly doomed Catho- 
 lics was Lord Monteagle, a gentleman much 
 beloved. Ten days before the expected 
 meeting of Parliament, a person in disguise 
 put into the hand of a servant of this lord 
 a letter, which the servant delivered to his 
 master. " My lord," this letter said, " out 
 of the love I bear to some of your friends, 
 I have a care of your preservation. There- 
 fore, I would advise you, as you tender 
 your life, to devise some excuse to shift off 
 your attendance at this Parliament. For
 
 94 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 God and man have concurred to punish the 
 wickedness of this time. And think not 
 slightly of this advertisement : but retire 
 yourself into your country, where you may 
 expect the event in safety. For though 
 there be no appearance of any stir, yet, I 
 say, they will receive a terrible blow this 
 Parliament, and yet they shall not see who 
 hurts them. This counsel is not to be 
 contemned, because it may do you good, 
 and can do you no harm ; for the danger is 
 past as soon as you have burned the letter. 
 And I hope God will give you the grace to 
 make good use of it, into whose holy pro- 
 tection I commend you." 
 
 Monteagle perused this singular epistle 
 more than once, in his inability to compre- 
 hend its hidden meaning. Had he been at 
 once a coward and a rogue, he would have 
 taken fright at its dreadful insinuations, 
 and silently complied with its recommenda- 
 tions, leaving the scheme to be carried out 
 in all its original horror. But fortunately 
 for those who were to have been the victims,
 
 The Gunpowder Plot. 95 
 
 and fortunately for that page of history 
 which would have been blackened by the 
 record of this monstrous crime, he was not 
 frightened ; he half believed the writer to 
 be some knave who sought to hold him up 
 to ridicule. At all events, he took the letter 
 at once to Lord Salisbury, Secretary of 
 State, who, in his turn, took it to the king. 
 The result was, that it was resolved to 
 inspect all the vaults beneath the houses 
 of Parliament. 
 
 On the day preceding that on which 
 Parliament was to meet, the Earl of Suffolk, 
 then Lord Chamberlain, commenced the 
 search, with little serious thought that he- 
 should discover anything. Nevertheless, 
 he did his duty thoroughly. Pausing before 
 the vault in which the barrels of gun- 
 powder were concealed, he ran his eye over 
 the pile of wood and fagots. Guy Fawkes, 
 with his hat slouched over his eyes, stood 
 in a dark corner, and the chamberlain 
 accosted him. 
 
 " "Who are you, sirrah ? " he asked.
 
 g6 St^idies of Assassination. 
 
 " I am the servant of Master Percy, my 
 lord," said Fawkes. 
 
 " I like not your countenance, I promise 
 you," said the chamberlain. " What name 
 do you bear ? " 
 
 "My name is Johnson, my lord," 
 answered Fawkes. 
 
 " "What doth Percy with such a quantity 
 of fuel as this ? " pursued the chamberlain. 
 " He lives little in town. Nay, keep your 
 answer," and he turned away, with his sus- 
 picions fully confirmed. 
 
 That night, as the hour of twelve 
 sounded, Sir Thomas Knevet, a justice of 
 the peace, with several stalwart attendants, 
 suddenly made his appearance, and seized 
 Fawkes at the door of the vault. He made 
 a fierce resistance, but to no purpose ; he 
 was bound and taken to prison. The wood 
 was torn aside, and the barrels of powder 
 found underneath. In Fawkes' pocket 
 were found the matches and touchwood 
 with which he was to have fired the train 
 leading to the mine.
 
 The Gunpowder Plot. 97 
 
 Finding that all TV as discovered, Fawkes 
 made no effort to shield himself from 
 punishment, but loudly lamented that he 
 had not had a moment's warning, so that 
 he could have fired the powder and perished 
 with his enemies. When brought before 
 the council, his manner was firm, and even 
 scornful. He had only words of regret for 
 his failure to carry out the plot, and made 
 no appeals for mercy. He stubbornly re- 
 fused to disclose the names of the con- 
 spirators. He was told that unless he 
 yielded, a death more horrible than that of 
 the assassin of William of Orange should 
 be his fate. 
 
 " I can bear it as well as he," said 
 Fawkes. 
 
 He was threatened with the most fright- 
 ful tortures, 
 
 " I will suffer a thousand deaths before 
 I will betray my companions," was his 
 response. 
 
 He was put in prison, loaded with chains, 
 and left in darkness and solitude for three 
 
 H
 
 98 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 days and nights, at the end of which time 
 he was brought out for torture. His fierce 
 spirit had been broken by his confinement, 
 and when the dreadful rack was shown to 
 him, he yielded, and made a full confession. 
 His fellow-conspirators had taken flight, 
 but were pursued, and those who were 
 taken alive were executed. Thomas Winter 
 was one of these ; but Percy and Catesby 
 were shot and killed while fighting, they 
 having, together with several adherents, 
 banded themselves together in arms and 
 made a desperate resistance to their pur- 
 suers. 
 
 From an old and extremely rare pamphlet 
 of thirteen leaves " London, imprinted 
 for Jeffrey Charlton ; and to be sold at his 
 shop at the great North dore of Powle's, 
 1606," we make the following extract, 
 descriptive of the execution of Guy 
 Fawkes : " Last of all came the great 
 Devill of all, Faulkes alias Johnson, who 
 should have put fire to the powder ; his 
 body being weak with torture and sickness,
 
 The Gunpowder Plot. 99 
 
 he was scarce able to go up the ladder, but 
 vet, with much ado, by the help of the 
 hangman, went hie enough to breake his 
 neck with the fall, who made no long 
 speech, but after a short seeming to be 
 sorrie for his offence, asked a kind of for- 
 giveness of the King and the State for his 
 bloodie intent, with his crosses and his idle 
 ceremonies made his end upon the gallowes 
 and the block to the great joy of the be- 
 holders." 
 
 y. 
 
 Thus perished the man who, had he been 
 successful, would have lived in history as 
 the most stupendous assassin the world 
 ever knew. It by no means appears that 
 he was of a specially bloodthirsty nature. 
 Born among the quiet scenes of a Yorkshire 
 rural neighbourhood, he was a Catholic of 
 the devoutest sort, and it was through his 
 great devotion to his religion that he 
 became a soldier under the banner of Philip 
 of Spain, who in his day was looked upon 
 H 2
 
 I oo Studies of Assassination. 
 
 as the firmest ally of the Pope. Like 
 nearly all the assassins of history, Fawkes 
 was a fanatic in the service of a faction ; 
 and it by no means follows that he was 
 indeed " the great Devill of all," merely 
 on account of his being the hand of the 
 body of men whom he worked with. The 
 burning in effigy of Fawkes, on the 5th of 
 November in each year, was long thereafter 
 a regular practice in England, and was 
 formerly a legal holiday in this country, 
 though it is no longer such. In New 
 England, the custom was also for some 
 years common ; and there are few who are 
 not familiar with the verses : 
 
 " Remember, remember, the fifth of November, 
 The gunpowder treason and plot." 
 
 As is almost invariably the case where 
 assassination steps in to work out certain 
 purposes, the gunpowder plot re-acted 
 upon its projectors ; and, so far from the 
 penal laws against Catholics being amelio- 
 rated, their rigour was increased. Even had 
 the plot been successful, there is no reason
 
 The Gunpowder Plot. 101 
 
 whatever to believe that it would have 
 served the purposes of the Catholics. The 
 Protestant people would almost inevitably 
 have arisen in a vengeful fury, and a 
 general massacre of Catholics throughout 
 the kingdom would have ensued. It seems 
 as if the actors in schemes of assassination 
 were always completely blinded as to the 
 true results which must follow their 
 atrocities. 
 
 Justice will not permit us to pass by the 
 other actors in this plot, and bestow the 
 title of assassin on Fawkes alone of all the 
 conspirators. Certainly to Catesby, Percy 
 and Winter, if not to Rookwood, Digby, and 
 others, we must in equity apply the same 
 infamous name. They were no less fanatics, 
 also, than Fawkes, and there had been 
 nothing in the previous tenor of their lives 
 to lead us to expect that such men would 
 plunge themselves into the hideous gulf of 
 crime. They were men of fortune, and 
 much respected by those who knew them. 
 Catesby, it seems, was a man of such
 
 IO2 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 general excellences of character as to have 
 attached Rookwood and Digby to him so 
 strongly that they declared they would lay 
 down their lives for him in any cause. 
 Their trust in the integrity of his purposes 
 and the soundness of his judgment was 
 so complete that they needed no persuasion 
 to enter into any project that he recom- 
 mended to them. Of the other con- 
 spirators, similar good words could be said ; 
 and Digby, notwithstanding his Catholic 
 belief, was high in favour with the Pro- 
 testant Queen Elizabeth, so recently dead. 
 These things only serve to show, in a 
 stronger light, the iniquities into which 
 men may be led by the spirit of fanati- 
 cism. 
 
 The lesson which is borne home to us 
 with strong force by these dark passages 
 in history, is clear and emphatic. "We 
 learn that freedom, the basis of republican 
 institutions, is but an infernal delusion 
 when it is not sanctified by religion. We 
 learn that religion, the safeguard of the
 
 The Gunpowder Plot. 103 
 
 social system, becomes robbed of its purity 
 and beauty, when it is no longer wedded 
 to freedom. Freedom, with, no religious 
 principle at its base, was the monster that 
 raged and slaughtered its gory path 
 through the French people in that revolu- 
 tion which the breath of a Marat helped 
 to kindle ; and such freedom was worse 
 than any mere individual tyranny could 
 ever be. Religion, without the grand 
 principle of freedom for the rock of its 
 foundation, was the fiend that wreaked its 
 fury upon its opponents in the sixteenth 
 century; and, now Protestant, now Catho- 
 lic, perpetrated the most frightful murders, 
 and counted by thousands its victims at the 
 stake, on the scaffold, and on the gallows.
 
 IT, 
 
 CHARLOTTE COEDAY.
 
 CHARLOTTE CORDAY. 
 
 I. 
 
 IT was the afternoon of the 9th of August, 
 1792. In a cellar in the old Rue des Cor- 
 deliers, in Paris (the street now known as 
 the Rue de 1'Ecole de Medecine), standing 
 by a barrel covered with manuscripts, a 
 newspaper editor was writing. He was a 
 man of a most repulsive aspect, gaunt and 
 bony in frame, with a mottled and un- 
 healthy skin, which seemed, by its hue, to 
 typify the bloodthirsty nature of the soul 
 that dwelt within that ugly body. His 
 eyes, black and bloodshot, glowed fitfully 
 beneath a brow on which the stamp of a 
 feverish ambition was set as with a brand 
 of fire. His mouth, with thin and livid
 
 io8 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 lips, wore an habitual sneer, and seemed to 
 indicate a being devoid of every tender 
 emotion. The general aspect of his coun- 
 tenance was such as would have impressed 
 the beholder with a sense of great strength, 
 of indomitable will, unflinching purpose, 
 and intellectual force of the most remark- 
 able type. It was the face of a man who 
 had cultivated his intellect, and crushed 
 his heart to death ; at the same time his 
 frame indicated the ruin of his physical 
 system, through the same harsh process. 
 
 This man wore a dirty cloth bound round 
 his head, partially covering his black and 
 uncombed hair from sight. His clothing 
 was slovenly to the last degree, and dirt 
 was the prevailing feature of his dress. He 
 wore heavy shoes, with nails in the soles, 
 after the manner of the peasantry of France, 
 and instead of the buckles worn at that 
 time by the class of men with whom he 
 associated, his shoes were tied with bits of 
 string. His trousers were of coarse and 
 common stuff, and thick with grease and
 
 Charlotte Corday. 109 
 
 dirt, as was the workman's blouse that 
 hung from his thin shoulders. His shirt 
 was thrown open at the neck; he wore 
 neither collar nor cravat. In every way, 
 his costume was in the most striking con- 
 trast to the studied elegance of that period. 
 His hands were thick, short, and always 
 dirty; his nails untrimmed, but gnawed 
 off by their owner's teeth, with the action 
 of a wild beast. 
 
 The cellar was feebly lighted by one 
 small aperture only. It was under the old 
 convent of the Cordeliers, and was inac- 
 cessible to all save those who were in the 
 secret of this man's hiding-place. He lis- 
 tened to the rumbling of wheels in the street 
 without, pausing in his work from time to 
 time, and laying down his pen. As the 
 rumbling would die away in the distance, 
 he would shake his head despairingly, 
 and resume his writing. Again he would 
 leave his place by the barrel, and rush, 
 rather than walk, about his dark cage, 
 with the action of a maniac, muttering be-
 
 no Studies of Assassination. 
 
 tween his set teeth, and gesticulating 
 fiercely with his naked arms, from which 
 the sleeves were up-rolled. As night came 
 on his agitation seemed to increase. His 
 hand so trembled in attempting to light 
 the miserable candle that it was with diffi- 
 culty he accomplished his object. 
 
 Presently there came three distinct raps 
 on the door of the cellar. The haggard 
 face looked up, and appeared to listen 
 doubtfully. Then the voice of a woman 
 was heard, saying, " Open, monsieur it is 
 I." He unbarred the door then, and ad- 
 mitted a young girl, with a basket on her 
 arm. She brought him his supper some 
 rice, dried fruits, and a bottle of coffee 
 his unvarying diet. He eagerly asked this 
 girl the news. She replied that Paris still 
 remained quiet. A gesture of despair was 
 the man's response to this intelligence. 
 "Our cause is lost," said he; "we have 
 nothing to do but to leave this doomed 
 city. Since the people are determined to 
 be slaves, slaves let them be ! "
 
 Charlotte Corday. 1 1 1 
 
 He paced the cellar again, stamping the 
 ground in anger, his face distorted with 
 the violence of his emotions ; and thus con- 
 tinued to walk, with furious imprecations, 
 or to seat himself at his barrel and dash off 
 in a frenzy the thoughts which surged in 
 his heaving breast. As the hour of mid- 
 night came, the solitary boom of a single 
 cannon rung over Paris, and penetrated 
 the journalist's cellar. He rose to his feet 
 with a cry of joy, and clasped his hands on 
 his quick-beating heart. Then bells began 
 to ring. The tocsin sounded. The re- 
 verberations of a thousand brazen tongues 
 resounded over the city. All night long 
 the tumult continued ; all night long the 
 excited journalist paced the gloomy limits 
 of his cellar, or seated at his barrel penned 
 the fiery words which the following day 
 should be scattered all over Paris, through 
 the columns of his paper, The Friend of 
 the People. 
 
 The reader of history needs not to be in- 
 formed that this physically repulsive but
 
 1 1 2 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 intellectually powerful man was Jean Paul 
 Marat, the Diogenes of the French Revo- 
 lutiona man utterly unselfish, but utterly 
 brutal a man whose honesty in his con- 
 victions was, beyond doubt, as perfect as 
 his modes of serving those convictions were 
 monstrous. 
 
 Marat was not a Frenchman. He was 
 born at Bondry,in Neufchatel, Switzerland, 
 and came to Paris when a young man. 
 Here he studied medicine, and published 
 various scientific works. He was practising 
 his profession (in the somewhat inferior 
 capacity of a veterinary surgeon, it is said), 
 at the beginning of those disturbing move- 
 ments which inaugurated the French Revo- 
 lution. His first appearance as one of the 
 revolutionist haranguers was received with 
 ridicule and contempt. When he attempted 
 to speak in the streets, the crowd, instead 
 of listening to the voice of the hideous 
 little horse-doctor, would elbow and jostle 
 him, laughing coarsely at his frantic ges- 
 tures, and treading with their hob-nailed
 
 Charlotte Cor day. 113 
 
 slioes upon his toes. But he was not to 
 be discouraged ; and as the tide of events 
 and opinions was setting strongly in the 
 direction that he favoured, he speedily be- 
 came a recognized leader, and the editor of 
 that sheet which wielded such a potent 
 influence throughout so many bloody years, 
 L' 'Ami du Peuple. So bold and startling 
 were the utterances of this journal so 
 bloodthirsty its demands so bitter its 
 venom against royalty and aristocracy 
 that the government soon became seriously 
 alarmed, and Marat was in danger of 
 losing his liberty if not his life. The 
 police of Paris endeavoured to secure 
 him, but through the aid of some of his 
 fellow-revolutionists, he escaped the vigi- 
 lance of the authorities, and found a 
 refuge in various low and obscure quarters, 
 from which he continued to put forth 
 his incendiary sheet. Numerous efforts 
 were made to suppress it, and to 
 bring Marat to punishment; but they 
 were in vain. The revolutionists were 
 
 I
 
 1 1 4 Studies of Assassination . 
 
 already in too great numbers ; and though 
 Marat was hunted like a wild beast from 
 retreat to retreat, from kennel to kennel, 
 from cellar to cellar, he succeeded in 
 avoiding his pursuers, and in uninter- 
 ruptedly publishing his paper. The cellar 
 under the old convent of the Cordeliers 
 finally became his secure refuge, and here 
 he remained closely shut up, or going 
 abroad only at night, carefully disguised, 
 and watched over by his friends, until the 
 moment at which I have introduced him 
 to my reader. 
 
 "While Marat waits in his cellar, v and 
 listens eagerly to the details of the events 
 of that terrible 10th of August, as they 
 are brought to him hour by hour by his 
 trusty messenger the girl we have already 
 seen let us go out into the streets of 
 Paris, and see for ourselves what is 
 transpiring. And as we view these scenes, 
 and reflect upon the fact that they were 
 brought about, more than by any other one 
 thing, by the tireless energy of this man,
 
 Charlotte Cor day. 1 1 5 
 
 Marat, we may conceive the exultation 
 that filled his brutal breast, as he recog- 
 nized his triumphant work. Although he 
 was not as yet the recognized leader of the 
 revolutionists, he was the " power behind 
 the throne," and wielded a mightier in- 
 fluence than Danton himself, through that 
 engine of power for good or guile the 
 Press. The day came when his star was 
 brighter, his place in the breasts of the 
 people more firm, his share in their 
 enthusiastic devotion greater, than that of 
 any other member of the terrible Committee 
 of Five Robespierre, Danton, Saint Just, 
 Camille Desmoulins, Marat. 
 
 The revolutionists were at this time best 
 known by the title of Jacobins a name 
 derived from their place of meeting, in the 
 church of a suppressed Jacobin monastery. 
 The Jacobins were divided into two factions 
 the Girondists and the Cordeliers. The 
 Girondists, while seeking the establishment 
 of a republic, were still the friends of the 
 king and his family. The Cordeliers on 
 i 2
 
 1 1 6 Stiidies of Assassination. 
 
 the contrary entertained the most bitter 
 hatred for the king, and sought his destruc- 
 tion. Of course Marat was of this latter 
 party, as were Robespierre, Danton, etc. 
 The Cordeliers, through Marat's influence 
 upon the people in his paper, and other 
 influences, had obtained the ascendency, 
 and drawn after them the mob. They now 
 clamoured for the overthrow of the throne. 
 The insurrection of the 10th of August was 
 the result, and had been carefully planned 
 by Marat and his companions. The palace 
 of the Tuileries, where the king resided, was 
 to be marched on, and Louis and his 
 family seized. Information of the plot had 
 been conveyed to the king, and such 
 provisions made for defence as could be 
 made. The palace was surrounded by 
 soldiers, to receive the battle of the 
 people. Here the king awaited the coming 
 of the morning, even as Marat was await- 
 ing it in his gloomy cellar but with what 
 different emotions ! The palace was but 
 the prison of Louis now ; it was incapable
 
 Charlotte Coraay. 117 
 
 of resisting a siege : it had no ramparts ; 
 nor could Louis escape from it. With his 
 family, he awaited the result of the rising 
 of the infuriate populace. 
 
 II. 
 
 The rising sun showed the surging sea 
 of humanity that swelled and roared about 
 the palace. It had been clamouring all 
 night long while above its tumult sounded 
 the tocsin (the royal alarm-bell) hour on 
 hour. Throughout the streets of Paris, 
 the people were moving. They had no 
 employment on this day but the overthrow 
 of royalty. The battalions of the faubourg, 
 armed with sabres and bayonets, presented 
 an appearance of a somewhat martial 
 character. Those who followed were more 
 terrible in aspect. Their faces glowed 
 with fury. They marched in the wildest 
 apparent disorder, with shouts and 
 brandishing of arms at the houses of 
 suspected aristocrats. Their arms were
 
 n8 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 of every description of tool and utensil 
 known to labouring men pikes and cut- 
 lasses, hammers and axes, the carpenter's 
 saw, the shoemaker's knife, the pavior's 
 lever, crowbars, clubs, and every conceivable 
 weapon capable of inflicting a wound. 
 Men, women and children, dirty and 
 ragged, mingled indiscriminately in the 
 surging mass, and united with frantic voices 
 in chanting the Qa Ira, " the Marseillaise 
 of assassins." Women of ill-fame, the 
 scourings of the vilest quarters, marched 
 in soiled silken dresses, with brazen fore- 
 heads and libidinous tongues, by the side 
 of beggarly hags, leading little ones at their 
 side, with emaciated cheeks and hollow 
 eyes a confused and squalid mass 
 pouring in from every quarter of the city 
 surging like the waves of a living ocean 
 toward the palace where their king and 
 queen awaited their onset. This was the 
 hydra-headed fiend that Marat had evoked. 
 It marched toward the palace of the 
 Tuileries.
 
 Charlotte Cor day. 1 1 9 
 
 The first demand of the people for 
 admission to the palace was answered by 
 the open departure of the king and family 
 to the assembly, leaving the palace still 
 surrounded by the Swiss guard, the national 
 guard, and the royalist gentlemen. These 
 gentlemen viewed the king's departure with 
 consternation ; this was the reward of their 
 fealty ! Some of them snapped their swords 
 in two, and tore the cross of honour from 
 their breasts, in their shame and indigna- 
 tion. While the king was gone, the 
 populace and the guard about the palace 
 came in collision ; and the horrors of the 
 10th of August set in. From that hour 
 forward, the most dreadful tumult reigned. 
 Blood flowed in torrents. The guard were 
 overpowered and killed after a varying 
 struggle, and then the living sea poured 
 into the palace and spread its roaring 
 waves through every apartment. The 
 rabble, pitiless, bloodthirsty, revengeful, 
 assassinated all they met servants, pages, 
 priests, librarians, no matter what their
 
 1 20 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 office in the palace. They tore up the 
 floors, broke the furniture and works of art, 
 tossed beautiful things out of the windows, 
 mutilating and destroying in rage and hate. 
 They sought only blood and held up their 
 hands to show their emptiness, while they 
 showed them also red with gore. Some, 
 who undertook to steal, were hung on the 
 spot. For three hours, the bloody hunt 
 continued, till every human being was 
 destroyed. In vain the affrighted royalists 
 sought to hide in cellars and subterranean 
 passages upon the roofs of houses or 
 under heaps of forage in the stables they 
 were sought out with cries of derision, and 
 their blood spirted upon the floors and 
 walls, till every angle of the scene dripped 
 blood like tears. When all was over, and 
 the streets resounded with the cries of 
 victory, Marat came forth from his cellar. 
 He was hailed with shouts of acclamation, 
 a sabre was put in his hand, a crown of 
 laurels on his head, and, elevated upon the 
 shoulders of half-a-dozen men* he was
 
 Charlotte Corday. 121 
 
 borne through the streets to the royal 
 printing-house, where he seized upon the 
 presses as his own especial spoil. 
 
 III. 
 
 It does not fall within the scope of this 
 paper, to follow the fortunes of the royal 
 family. I only aim to give such passages 
 in the history of that dreadful time, as will 
 enable the reader to perceive the guiltiness 
 of Marat, the future victim of assassination. 
 More than any one other man was he 
 responsible for the horrors of the 10th of 
 August; more than any one other man, 
 also, for the frightful massacres of Septem- 
 ber following. The idea was his, although 
 the acceptance and responsibility belonged 
 to others. It was an idea as sublime as it 
 was horrible, by which he aimed to sweep 
 out of life at one monstrous blow all those 
 people, of royalist inclinations, whom he 
 deemed dangerous to the prosperity of the 
 future republic to purge Paris, as the
 
 122 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 centre of France, of all its anti-democratic 
 elements, so that he might reconstruct 
 society on the plan that his insane and 
 furious brain had conceived to be neces- 
 sary. 
 
 Many deem the September massacres to 
 have been an unpremeditated outburst of 
 the popular frenzy. Few things can be 
 more certain in history, than that this idea 
 is a fallacy. The evidences of studious 
 preparation for this horrible event, are clear 
 and overwhelming. I need not discuss 
 them. He who studies carefully the his- 
 tory of this period will discover them for 
 himself. 
 
 The preparations being completed days 
 beforehand, the very grave of the victims 
 being marked and paid for, (the grave 
 being a circular spot, some six feet in 
 diameter, in the parish of St. Jacques du 
 Haut Pas, beneath which was an opening 
 leading into those subterranean abysses 
 which had formerly served as catacombs 
 for Paris), the drama was opened. The
 
 Charlotte Cor day. 123 
 
 city was surrounded completely by a guard 
 which prevented the escape of any inhabi- 
 tant, and then the houses were searched, 
 one by one, and all persons suspected of 
 royalism were torn from their homes, and 
 conveyed to prison. The unfortunate 
 wretches, perceiving * their approaching 
 doom, had hid themselves in cellars, crept 
 into chimneys, under planks in floors, 
 behind pictures or tapestry where holes had 
 been dug in the wall ; they had even lain 
 down in beds in hospitals, by the side of the 
 sick and dying, and feigned to be sufferers 
 there ; but no stratagems availed the 
 plans were too carefully laid. Five thou- 
 sand persons were shut up in one night, in 
 the several prisons of Paris, and in various 
 convents and old buildings put on this 
 occasion to the use of prisons. Those who 
 were found, on the following day, to have 
 been erroneously confounded with the 
 aristocrats, were set free. The prisons 
 were still full of victims ; and now that 
 they were here shut up, unarmed, defence-
 
 1 24 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 less, the hired assassins of Marat and 
 Danton proceeded to kill them as butchers 
 slaughter animals. 
 
 I can present but a general view of the 
 dreadful work of this day and the days 
 following. A semblance of judicial proce- 
 dure was at some prisons endeavoured to 
 be given to the work of massacre, by the* 
 provision of a board of judges, to decide* 
 upon the guilt of the prisoners. These 
 men were athletic villains of gloomy aspect, 
 wearing woollen caps, blouses, hobnailed 
 shoes and butchers' aprons, some with 
 their shirt-sleeves rolled up, their bare arms 
 tattooed with ink. Seated about a table, 
 whereon were glasses, bottles, pipes, pistols 
 and sabres, they mocked the idea of justice 
 by their very aspect. None of the prisoners 
 came before them. The assassins, bare- 
 armed, fierce and bloody, pursued their 
 work with the gusto of fiends. The corpses 
 were thrown into tumbrils and carted away. 
 The bodies accumulated so rapidly that 
 they were piled in heaps at the sides of the
 
 Charlotte Corday. 125 
 
 courts. An old man, pierced by five pikes, 
 stripped and left for dead, arose in his 
 nakedness and ran about bleeding till lie 
 fell writhing in agony. The people, drink- 
 ing gunpowder mixed in brandy, practised 
 the most horrible tortures. Thrusting a 
 pike through a man's Body, they compelled 
 him to walk on his knees amid their 
 laughter. ' A beautiful girl, La Belle 
 Bouquetiere, was stripped naked and tied 
 to a post with her legs thrust apart; 
 bundles of straw were burned between her 
 feet, her breasts were cut -off with swords, 
 red-hot pikes were thrust into her flesh, 
 and her shrieks were drowned by the 
 laughter of her executioners fifty women, 
 at whose head was Theroigne de Mericourt, 
 a prostitute, long one of the idols of the 
 revolution. The lovely and innocent widow 
 Madame de Lamballe, a friend and com- 
 panion of the queen, was hewn to death 
 with sabres and pikes, her head cut off, her 
 form stripped and insulted. At night, the 
 murderers, pausing from their labours, sat
 
 126 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 down carelessly upon the dead bodies to 
 eat the food brought them by wives or 
 sisters, while torches threw their glare 
 about. They smoked their pipes after- 
 ward, their feet sunk in pools of blood. 
 " See the heart of an aristocrat ! " one 
 cried, as he cut open a corpse, and tearing 
 out the heart, squeezed some of its blood 
 into a glass, and drank it. Troops of 
 children, become familiarized with death, 
 played with the decapitated heads, the 
 severed trunks, and danced in the red pools 
 of gore. The tumbrils, rolling onward with 
 their heaps of dead, leaving a track of blood 
 behind, displayed women and children 
 seated on the corpses, laughing, bandying 
 coarse jests, and holding up pieces of 
 human flesh, dripping blood. Three days 
 and three nights the horrible dream con- 
 tinued, and only ended when every prison 
 was empty. Not one was left. How many 
 were destroyed in all, God alone knows. 
 Men say from two or three thousand to ten 
 thousand.
 
 Charlotte Corday. 127 
 
 IV. 
 
 The Republic of France was now ushered 
 into being, with Marat as one of its princi- 
 pal leaders. He continued to publish his 
 paper, and to clamour for blood. The 
 September massacres seemed neither to 
 have satiated his thirst nor to have accom- 
 plished anything toward insuring the safety 
 of the new government from its foes. The 
 two factions of the Jacobins now struggled 
 for the supremacy, but the Girondists were 
 able to accomplish little. They endea- 
 voured to procure the expulsion of Marat 
 from the Assembly, but in vain ; and a long 
 and fierce contest for the mastery ended in 
 the overthrow of the Girondists, who were 
 forced to fly from Paris, to avoid the fate 
 which Marat contrived to provide for all 
 who arrayed themselves against him. He 
 had become the idol of the multitude. His 
 degraded aspect and coarse dress, by which
 
 128 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 he placed himself on a level with the 
 masses ; his feeble health, contracted, as 
 the people thought, by his confinement in 
 the cellar where he worked ; the poverty 
 of his mode of living, and his fierce daring, 
 that feared no foe ; all these conspired to 
 throw about him that nrysterious halo which 
 the lower classes reverenced. When he 
 arose to speak in the Assembly, none dared 
 to raise their voices till he retired not even 
 Danton, or Robespierre. A storm of hisses 
 assailed whoever ventured to assail Marat. 
 He was the autocrat of the hour. The 
 wave of his hand brought any head to the 
 guillotine. Louis XVI. was one of his 
 earliest victims ; and the indignation of the 
 Girondists was speedily followed by their 
 fall. This party took up its headquarters 
 in the old city of Caen, the capital of 
 Normandy, and organized an insurrection 
 against the government of which Marat was 
 now the virtual head. 
 
 In this old city of Caen, on one of its 
 most populous streets, there stood an
 
 Charlotte Corday. 129 
 
 ancient building, grey with years, in front 
 of which was a courtyard, where a moss- 
 covered stone fountain plashed its cool 
 waters in the sunlight. On a pleasant day, 
 in the summer of 1793, the passer by this 
 old mansion might have seen, seated by the 
 brink of the mossy fountain, a young and 
 remarkably beautiful woman, reading. She 
 was of somewhat large but exquisitely pro- 
 portioned figure, with wide breast, long, 
 muscular arms, and tapering fingers. Her 
 hair was of a brown so deep that it seemed 
 black, and it curled in luxuriant masses 
 about a face whose expression gave to the 
 careful observer the evidences of a man's 
 strong will. Her eyes were blue, but in 
 thoughtful or excited moments they seemed 
 almost black, like her hair. Her eyelashes 
 were long ; her nose slightly curving in 
 profile ; her mouth gentle, with red and 
 sensuous lips ; her chin projecting, divided 
 by a deep dimple, and indicating a strength 
 of passion beyond the common order. Her 
 dress was always simple, but in the fashion 
 
 K
 
 1 3 o Studies of A ssassination . 
 
 of women of rank at that period. This 
 was Charlotte Corday, of Armont of noble 
 blood, but born in a humble Normandy 
 cottage the granddaughter of Corneille, 
 the French poet the Nemesis of Marati 
 
 Charlotte reverenced the principles of 
 the Girondists, and burned to avenge them 
 and to aid their cause. We need look no 
 further than this for her motive in sacri- 
 ficing her life by ridding France of Marat. 
 Like all who seek to serve the cause they 
 love by wielding the assassin's knife, she 
 reasoned falsely, in supposing that the 
 deed of murder would accomplish good ; 
 but that this was her sole motive is plain 
 enough. The story about a lover who 
 owed his death to Marat, and whom she 
 sought to avenge, is not well founded. 
 She was a woman with no such attachment, 
 and it is worthy of mention that Charlotte 
 Corday bore a certain resemblance to Marat 
 himself, in this she had cultivated her 
 mind at the expense of her heart. She 
 was not the type of woman that true men
 
 Charlotte Corday. 131 
 
 most admire. I grant her personal beauty ; 
 but history points us to many women, of 
 the greatest loveliness of form and feature, 
 who dyed their hands in blood. Her vir- 
 tue also must be granted ; her nobility 
 of sentiment; her marvellous heroism; all 
 these awaken our admiration, while they 
 excite our grief that they should have been 
 thus worse than wasted. I cannot even 
 look upon her as typifying liberty or justice 
 in any true sense ; she was but a factionist 
 and a fanatic. Wilkes Booth was no less 
 personally beautiful as a man than Char- 
 lotte Corday was as a woman. Like her 
 he believed he served his faction, and rid 
 his country of a tyrant. Here the com- 
 parison must end. Charlotte was brave, in 
 the truest sense, and laid no plans for sav- 
 ing her own life ; Booth, on the contrary, 
 displayed all a common murderer's solici- 
 tude for his own escape. Charlotte had 
 no confidante alone she formed her terri- 
 ble resolution alone she executed it no 
 human being dreamed that she contem- 
 K 2
 
 1 3 2 Studies of A ssassination . 
 
 plated the deed ; Booth, it is most proba- 
 ble, was but the tool of others confidantes 
 and accomplices we know he had. Char- 
 lotte killed a moral monster, who had 
 earned his title to a thousand deaths ; 
 Booth killed a pure and good man, whose 
 whole life was one of the most remarkable 
 and signal benevolence and gentleness. 
 Charlotte was virtue's self her maiden- 
 hood as pure as a vestal's ; Booth a victim 
 of dissipation. Charlotte died a death so 
 sublime that we cannot, even at this dis- 
 tance, repress our admiration and our 
 wonder ; Booth died the death of a dog 
 the death of a rat, shot down in a barn 
 where he sought to hide. The justice of 
 these comparisons, the reader who is fami- 
 liar with Booth's case may perceive for 
 himself ; but, in spite of them all, Charlotte 
 Corday can only meet with the execration 
 of that posterity before which she set an 
 example so dangerous and so baleful. 
 
 The Girondists, gathered together in 
 Caen, held meetings and issued addresses
 
 Charlotte Corday. 133 
 
 in their efforts to recruit soldiers to march 
 into Paris and arrest the progress of the 
 Jacobins toward the reign of terror, now 
 fast approaching. Charlotte Corday fre- 
 quently attended these meetings, in com- 
 pany with her friends. Americans, who 
 have the remembrance of thousands of 
 such enthusiastic gatherings to quicken 
 appreciation, easily comprehend with what 
 effect the fire of the hour fell upon the 
 powder of this young woman's heart, long 
 preparing for this time to come. When 
 she witnessed the departure of the Giron- 
 dist volunteers from Caen, on their way to 
 victory or death in behalf of their imperilled 
 country, she felt that the time was come for 
 her to do her work to go to Paris, to seek 
 out the monster Marat, and striking her 
 dagger in his breast, strike the Jacobins 
 with terror at the same blow, and thus 
 save the lives of the Girondist soldiers by 
 anticipating their work. It is worthy of 
 mention here, that at this time the belief 
 was general that Marat had written lists
 
 134 -Studies of Assassination. 
 
 of proscription and decided on the death 
 of 2500 suspected men in Lyons, 3000 in 
 Marseilles, 28,000 in Paris, and 800,000 in 
 Brittany and Calvados. " With my one 
 life," she thought, " I can save all these 
 lives." 
 
 y. 
 
 On the 7th of July, Charlotte Corday set 
 out for Argentan, where her father and 
 sister lived, and whom she went to bid 
 farewell. She told them she was going to 
 England, to escape the horrors of the time, 
 and sought her father's blessing, which he 
 gave. On the 8th she returned to Caen, 
 and bade adieu to the aunt with whom she 
 had her home, telling her the same story 
 she had told her father. On the 9th she 
 set out for Paris in the diligence. On 
 leaving her home she met in the street a 
 little boy who had been a favourite with 
 her. She gave him a small present, and 
 said to him, " Be a good boy, Robert ; and 
 kiss me good-bye ; you will never see me
 
 Charlotte Corday. . .135 
 
 again." In the diligence on the road to 
 Paris, she charmed her fellow-travellers by 
 the cheerfulness and gaiety of her conver- 
 sation. They were Jacobins, fleeing to 
 Paris for safety, and were loud in their 
 praises of their idol, Marat. But Char- 
 lotte was unmoved. On the second day of 
 the ride, one of the travellers, a young 
 man, was so captivated by the graces of 
 her manner that he offered her his hand 
 in marriage. She promised the young 
 man that he should know what her answer 
 was, soon after their arrival in Paris. 
 
 On Thursday, July llth, at noon, she 
 reached Paris, and going to a hotel there, 
 retired to bed at five o'clock and slept till 
 the next morning. The day of the 12th 
 was spent by Charlotte in endeavouring to 
 ascertain the necessary particulars about 
 Marat. It was her intention to have 
 assaulted him in the Convention, in the pre- 
 sence of his fellow- Jacobins, believing that 
 she would be at that moment assailed and 
 torn in pieces, leaving no trace by which
 
 136 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 she could be identified, and her relatives 
 thrown into distress through her act ; but 
 she found that Marat no longer appeared 
 at the Convention, and she must seek him 
 elsewhere. 
 
 It is a curious illustration of the power 
 of fanaticism to know, as we do reliably, 
 that the necessity for practising, dissimula- 
 tion in order to accomplish her end, shocked 
 the virtue of this young woman more than 
 the deed itself. Here was a girl whose 
 whole purpose was murder, yet who 
 blushed with shame at the necessity of 
 abusing her victim's confidence with a lie ! 
 She had felt similar compunctions of con- 
 science when she deceived her father as to 
 her destination, yet in that case humanity 
 threw its veil over the falsehood, and it lost 
 its base quality in its kindness of intention. 
 
 In the Rue des Cordeliers, near the head 
 of the street, stood the miserable building 
 in which Marat resided. He occupied only 
 one floor of this building, reachable by one 
 flight of stairs, and embracing an ante-
 
 Charlotte Cor day. 137 
 
 chamber, a writing-room, a bath-room, a 
 bedroom, and a dining-room. The furni- 
 ture was of the most beggarly description, 
 and the limited apartments were used also 
 as a place for folding and addressing his 
 pamphlets and newspapers, which lay about 
 on chairs and tables, damp from the press. 
 Women and boys were constantly busy in 
 these apartments, folding and mailing the 
 printed matter, and the place was one of 
 no little confusion, from the constant run- 
 ning in and out of these persons. A woman 
 named Catharine Evrard, who lived with 
 Marat as his mistress, conducted the man- 
 agement of his household affairs. Marat, 
 at this time nearly consumed by a leprous 
 disease of the blood, spent all his time 
 alternately in his bed and in his bath, and 
 continued to write incessantly, notwith- 
 standing his inability to stand erect. From 
 this squalid abode he ruled the destinies of 
 a great people, and sent forth the man- 
 dates that brought many a manly and 
 many a lovely head to the guillotine.
 
 138 Studies of A ssassination . 
 
 On the morning of the 12th Marat re- 
 ceived and read a note from Charlotte 
 Corday. " I am just from Caen, and pre- 
 sume that your love of country will cause 
 you to take pleasure in hearing of the 
 events, transpiring in that section. I shall 
 present myself at about one o'clock at your 
 residence ; have the goodness to admit me, 
 that I may hold a moment's conversation 
 with you. I will put you in a position to 
 be of great service to France." It appears 
 that this note was unheeded, and the writer 
 was refused admission to the house when 
 she came at the appointed time. A second 
 note, more pressing, was brought to Marat. 
 " I wrote you this morning, Marat," it 
 said : " had you my letter ? I cannot be- 
 lieve it, since I am refused admittance to 
 you. I hope that to-morrow you will grant 
 me this interview which I ask. I repeat, 
 I am just from Caen, and have secrets for 
 your ear, which are important to the safety 
 of the republic. Besides, I am persecuted 
 for the cause of liberty. I am unhappy,
 
 Charlotte Cor day. 139 
 
 and that I am so should give me some 
 claim upon your patriotism." The same 
 day, soon after seven p.m. (for it seems 
 Charlotte was too impatient to wait till the 
 morrow), Marat was in his bath when 
 there came a knock at the outer door. The 
 bath-room was dimly lighted. Across the 
 bath, before Marat's naked breast, there 
 lay a board strewn with manuscripts. Marat 
 was writing. He dipped his pen into a 
 heavy leaden inkstand which stood upon a 
 block of wood by the side of the bath. The 
 letter he was engaged upon was a demand 
 for the proscription of the last Bourbons 
 tolerated in France. A dirty, ink- stained 
 cloth lay over the bath in such a manner 
 as to hide all of his person except his head, 
 the upper part of his breast, and his naked 
 right arm. The inevitable dirty cloth was 
 wrapped about his matted hair, and his 
 great mouth, delirious eyes, high cheek- 
 bones, and withered person rendered him 
 by no means an attractive spectacle. He 
 heard, from his place, the conversation be-
 
 140 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 tween the women at the door. His mistress 
 seemed disposed to prevent the entrance 
 of the stranger, when Marat, in a loud and 
 imperative voice shouted, " Admit the 
 woman ! " His order was obeyed, but 
 with much grumbling and ill-will, born 
 either of jealousy or distrust. 
 
 A moment after, Marat, looking up, be- 
 held a beautiful girl enter his bath-room. 
 She was dressed in a white robe, with a 
 silk scarf over her shoulders, crossed on 
 her breast, and fastened behind. A jaunty 
 Normandy cap, with its long lace, sat upon 
 her head, and her hair fell in unrestricted 
 luxuriance down her back. About her 
 brow was a wide green ribbon, fastening 
 her cap in its place. Her face wore the 
 ruddy hue of health her gaze was serene 
 and undisturbed her voice, when she 
 spoke, was calm and musical. With down- 
 cast eyes and pendent arms she stood close 
 to the side of the bath. Marat inquired 
 concerning the state of Normandy, and 
 asked the names of the deputies in refuge
 
 Charlotte Corday. 141 
 
 at Caen. One by one she named their 
 names ; one by one he wrote them down ; 
 and then folding the paper, said, in bitter 
 tones, "Very good ! Before a week is gone, 
 every man o fthem shall die by the guillotine ! ' ' 
 
 The sound of this dreadful word seemed 
 to be the signal for which Charlotte Cor- 
 day 's soul waited. She produced from her 
 bosom a poniard knife with an ebony haft, 
 and struck it into the monster's heart, 
 quite to the hilt. Then she drew forth 
 the weapon, dripping with blood, and 
 dropped it upon the floor. 
 
 Marat uttered a single cry for help, and 
 was dead. The door had been left ajar, 
 and Marat's mistress, a maid-servant, and 
 a man named Laurent Basse rushed in. 
 Charlotte stood behind a curtain where she 
 had retired, calm and motionless, with the 
 outline of her figure fully exposed. They 
 knocked her down with a chair, and tram- 
 pled her under their feet in their rage. A 
 crowd of people rushed in from the street 
 among them some soldiers and national
 
 1 4 2 Studies of A ssassination . 
 
 guards. Charlotte arose to her feet, and 
 was seized by the soldiers, who twisted her 
 arms behind her, and held her till cords 
 were brought to bind her with. Such was 
 the fury of the crowd that it was with 
 difficulty the soldiers with their bayonets 
 prevented her being torn to pieces on the 
 spot. " Poor people," said Charlotte, "you 
 wish my death ; you owe me an altar for 
 freeing you from a monster." She after- 
 ward asked to be thrown to the infuriate 
 mob, who would assuredly have rent her 
 to fragments in their rage. It was only 
 by the greatest care, and surrounding the 
 carriage with a strong guard of soldiery, 
 that they succeeded in conveying Charlotte 
 to the Abbaye prison, which was near by. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Charlotte's trial and condemnation to 
 death followed speedily. Efforts were 
 made to induce her to disclose her accom- 
 plices, but it was evident to the commonest
 
 Charlotte Cor day. 143 
 
 comprehension tliat her answers, in which 
 she denied that any being other than herself 
 knew of her purpose, were entirely sincere. 
 It was something to the credit of these 
 bloody times, that Charlotte was put to 
 no such torture as that which the 
 Netherlands inflicted on the fanatic who 
 assassinated the good William of Orange ; 
 but there were more reasons than one for 
 this forbearance the chief of them being, 
 in my opinion, that those who conducted 
 her examination felt no real grief for the 
 death of Marat, whom they had no doubt 
 more feared than loved. It was only the 
 cajoled and deluded masses who wept over 
 his death. 
 
 The day of the execution came. Char- 
 lotte's beautiful long hair was cut off in 
 prison, and she was arrayed in the red 
 chemise des condamnes, reaching from her 
 neck to her feet. With her hands firmly 
 bound behind her, she mounted the fatal 
 cart that was to bear her to the guillotine. 
 At that moment a violent thunderstorm
 
 144 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 broke over the city, and as she was driven 
 bareheaded through the streets the rain 
 wetted her to the skin, and her red chemise, 
 clinging to her form, displayed its virgin 
 symmetry to the rude gaze of the rabble 
 which blocked the streets as the fatal cart 
 passed on, and hooted fiercely at her. 
 Among the loudest and foulest of her im- 
 precators were hordes of furious women, 
 who seemed to seek in vain for words vile 
 enough and bitter enough to express their 
 hate. But Charlotte looked upon the crowd 
 with serene and pitying eyes. 
 
 Up to the moment when she stood in the 
 presence of the dreadful guillotine, Char- 
 lotte Corday had not once shown in her face 
 any emotion of fear or horror. But as she 
 looked upon the glittering blade beneath 
 which she was now to place her neck, the 
 beautiful young assassin turned pale. It 
 was but momentary, how ever. She ascended 
 the scaffold with a light and unhesitating 
 step, though her long chemise and pinioned 
 arms somewhat inconvenienced her. She
 
 Charlotte Cor day. 145 
 
 placed herself under the heavy blade ; it 
 glided down its noiseless grooves, and the 
 fair young head rolled upon the scaffold. 
 A brutal assistant, one Legros by name, 
 took the blood-dripping head in his hand, 
 and slapped its cheek with his coarse palm. 
 
 Thus ended the assassin. While we ad- 
 mire her heroism, while we grieve for her 
 sacrificed youth and beauty, we can have no 
 words but those of condemnation the most 
 unqualified, for her deed. It was not only 
 criminal, unwomanly, it was useless, and. 
 worse than useless. It sealed the fate of 
 all the Girondists; from that day they 
 were doomed to extirpation. Beyond ques- 
 tion the purest party known to the French 
 revolution, it lacked the intellect and force 
 that made the Jacobins so powerful. It had 
 no Marat, no Robespierre, even no Camille 
 Desmoulins. Its brightest lights were two 
 women Madame Roland and Charlotte 
 Corday. 
 
 The people made an idol of the memory 
 of Marat. Flowers strewed his way to the
 
 146 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 tomb, and virgins chanted requiems about 
 his funeral car. His portrait was set up 
 as an object of adoration in one of the 
 principal churches, over the altar. This 
 last feature, however, has less significance 
 in view of the fact, which the reader should 
 not be allowed to forget, that the churches 
 were no longer places for the worship of 
 the Most High. The corrupt basis of the 
 French Revolution, which abolished the 
 religion of Christianity, and scoffed at mo- 
 rality this, perhaps more than any other 
 one fact, made this struggle for independ- 
 ence futile, and marked its progress with 
 blood and horror. Liberty, when it puts 
 its foot upon the neck of prostrate religion, 
 invites pandemonium.
 
 y. 
 
 ABEAHAM LINCOLN,
 
 ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 
 
 I. 
 
 IT was high noon in Washington, the 
 capital of the United States of America, 
 on the 4th of March, 1865. The morning 
 of this day had been fierce with storm, but 
 just before the hour arrived in which Abra- 
 ham Lincoln was to be inaugurated Presi- 
 dent of the United States for a second 
 four-years' term, the sunlight broke forth in 
 all its glory. It shone over a picturesque 
 and striking scene. The tall and meagre 
 form of the Illinois backwoodsman stood 
 up against the imposing background of 
 the National Capitol, to utter once more 
 that eloquence which was his peculiar 
 gift. Beyond all Presidents who ever
 
 1 5 o Studies of A ssassination . 
 
 occupied the American Chair of State, 
 this self-educated man was endowed with 
 the tongue of silver. With his serene and 
 steadfast eye resting upon the vast crowd 
 of upturned faces in the sunshine, listening 
 to sentences which were to go down to 
 future ages as among the most impressive 
 utterances of human purpose the world 
 has known, the President said : <J With 
 malice toward none, with charity to all, 
 with firmness in the right as God gives us 
 to see the right, let us finish the work we 
 are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to 
 care for him who shall have borne the 
 battle, and for his widow and his orphans, 
 to do all which may achieve and cherish a 
 just and a lasting peace among ourselves 
 and with all nations." 
 
 Quick on the echo of these musical 
 words, peace between the Northern and 
 Southern warriors came. The internecine 
 struggle which for four bloody and ever- 
 memorable years had covered the Southern 
 States with ruin and the whole United
 
 Abraham Lincoln. 151 
 
 States with woe the mistaken effort of a 
 blindly misguided people to destroy the 
 most beneficent government of modern 
 times came to an end on the 9th day of 
 April, but little more than a month after 
 the utterance of the above-quoted words 
 by the newly installed President. The 
 Southern General, Robert E. Lee, on that 
 9th day of April, surrendered his sword to 
 the Northern General, Ulysses S. Grant, 
 the most formidable chieftain in battle 
 and the most magnanimous conqueror in 
 the hour of triumph known to modern 
 history.* The war was ended. The great 
 heart of the country heaved a vast sigh of 
 relief and gladness, believing its night of 
 sorrow was ended, and that its tears might 
 be dried with the new-born day. But the 
 most tear-compelling event of the whole 
 four years was about to be enacted, and to 
 cover the land with an agony of mourning. 
 On the evening of Friday, the 14th of 
 April, the fifth day of the peace, President 
 Lincoln went with his wife and a few
 
 1 5 2 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 
 friends to the theatre. It had been an- 
 nounced that he would go, and that 
 General Grant also would go, but General 
 Grant was called from town, and the 
 President, to save the people from full 
 disappointment, felt that he at least should 
 give his presence. ]Je occupied the prin- 
 cipal box of Ford's Theatre, and was 
 seated in a rocking-chair, which had been 
 placed there for him, with all the cares of 
 state thrown from his mind for the mo- 
 ment, laughing like a school-boy at the 
 comical banalities of " Our American 
 Cousin." Suddenly a pistol-shot was 
 heard; the wild excited figure of a dark- 
 haired, handsome young man, fashionably 
 dressed, flashed through the box and 
 leaped to the stage below; a tragic voice 
 exclaimed, " Sic semper tyrannis I The 
 South is avenged ! " and the figure dis- 
 appeared behind the scenes of the theatre. 
 The President had been shot by a pistol 
 held close to his head. His eyes closed, 
 his face paled, his head fell forward on his
 
 Abraham Lincoln. 153 
 
 breast, and his life was ended. They 
 raised him up and bore him to a house 
 across the way, but he was unconscious 
 for ever. He ceased to breathe at a little 
 after seven on the morning of the next 
 day. ' The house to which he was borne 
 was a common respectable "furnished- 
 lodgings " house, where actors playing at 
 the theatre sometimes had apartments, 
 and the room in which he expired was a 
 back-room on the ground floor. This 
 room was at the time tenanted by a 
 simple-hearted actor named Matthews, a 
 friend of Wilkes Booth, the assassin of the 
 President, who was in the habit of fre- 
 quenting the house to chat with his 
 broth er- actor ; and Booth had actually 
 lain on the very bed where the Martyr 
 President expired. Such a coincidence 
 could hardly have been possible in any 
 land but a democratic one like the United 
 States.
 
 1 5 4 Studies of A ssassination . 
 
 II. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln had often been warned 
 against the danger of assassination. To 
 heed these warnings was, however, a thing 
 impossible to him first, because he could 
 not believe in the verity of such a danger 
 to himself second, because it is out of the 
 question to throw the shield of protection 
 around an American President, accessible 
 to everybody as he is and must ever be. 
 But a great conspiracy had long been 
 hatching. A plot whose incipient steps 
 were taken long before, under circum- 
 stances and with purposes widely different 
 from those which now existed, came forth 
 in this hour and wrought its woe. The 
 original conspiracy was merely a plot for 
 the abduction of the president, but as time 
 went on and the scheme grew in likelihood 
 of execution it grew also in dimensions 
 and audacity. At last it aimed at no 
 smaller result than the assassination of all 
 the most prominent officials of the govern-
 
 Abraham Lincoln. 155 
 
 merit, and General Grant besides. Of the 
 nine persons who are known to have been 
 concerned with Wilkes Booth, directly or 
 indirectly, in the plot, four were hung (one 
 of these a woman) three sentenced to hard 
 labour for life on the Dry Tortugas, and 
 one for six years. 
 
 That the Confederate government had 
 anything to do with this truly hellish 
 scheme, no one for a moment supposes. 
 It was the hare-brain enterprise of fools 
 and madmen. 
 
 Wilkes Booth was pursued into Mary- 
 land and Virginia. He had broken his leg 
 in springing from the box to the stage in 
 the theatre, but a horse had been provided 
 for him, and he had got away. In Mary- 
 land a doctor had set his broken leg, and 
 then he had resumed his flight, accom- 
 panied by what dark phantoms of terror 
 none can ever know. When he was over- 
 taken by the pursuing party he had hidden 
 himself in a farmer's barn near Bowling 
 Green, Va. ; and there, refusing to
 
 156 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 give himself up, he was shot to death 
 among the littering straw. 
 
 Some comparisons have been made, in 
 the preceding pages, between Booth and 
 other noted assassins. He was not pro- 
 bably the greatest criminal of the con- 
 spiring nine ; but his vanity was colossal. 
 Through this vanity, in my opinion, he 
 was wrought upon to the horrible end he 
 reached. By the accident of a strolling 
 life which caused his parents to be so- 
 journing in the South when he was born, 
 Wilkes Booth was a Southerner. Of this 
 fact he was proud, as all Southerners are, 
 with reason or without. His sympathies 
 were with the South in the war, and his 
 associations were with those who, sharing 
 that sympathy, flattered his vanity and 
 made it seem to him that his bold and 
 bloody act would make him live in history 
 for evermore as a grandly heroic personage. 
 He was a weak man, in no sense a strong 
 character and his vices were those of a 
 weak nature, of which vanity is chief.
 
 Abraham Lincoln. 157 
 
 Stronger minds could sway him easily to 
 their will. In appearance he was ro- 
 mantic and striking, and his profession 
 was that of one who interprets noble and 
 romantic characters ; but a more empha- 
 tically commonplace person in himself 
 than Wilkes Booth I never chanced to 
 meet. As an actor, though his aspect 
 was picturesque, his talent was mediocre. 
 My memory has always persisted in re- 
 calling him in the shape in which I last 
 beheld him, a few months before the 
 assassination : standing up at the public 
 bar of a drinking-saloon, through whose 
 wide-open doors any passer-by in the 
 street could see him, drinking a glass of 
 toddy with the spoon against his cheek. 
 It is charitable to believe that his mind 
 was touched by insanity, if only by the 
 transient insanity of drink, when he com- 
 mitted the deed which has stained with 
 infamy a name made honourable by others 
 of his race. For the sake of these others, 
 living and dead, comment is content to 
 
 O 7
 
 1 5 8 Studies of Assassination . 
 
 pass briefly by the dramatic maniac who 
 slew Abraham Lincoln. 
 
 III. 
 
 No pen has power to paint the sorrow of 
 the American people under the dreadful 
 calamity which had thus befallen them. 
 No words could possibly exaggerate the 
 boundless grief of the whole loyal people 
 for Lincoln's loss. As in the case of 
 William of Orange, the little children cried 
 in the streets. But strong men also cried, 
 and bitterly, and in the streets as well. 
 Tears rolled down their cheeks as they met 
 and pressed each other's hands in silence. 
 No man needed to tell another of the news ; 
 nothing else was thought of, for days 
 together. The funeral cortege, as it passed 
 from town to town, bearing the dead 
 President to his last repose, over the same 
 route he had living traversed when he first 
 came from his western home to assume the 
 dignity of the Chief Magistracy as it
 
 Abraham Lincoln. 159 
 
 rested in state at Baltimore, Harrisburg, 
 Philadelphia, New York, Albany, Buffalo, 
 Cleveland, Chicago, and finally at Spring- 
 field converted whole States into scenes 
 of widespread mourning. The lines of 
 railway were hung literally in black ; the 
 rushing train passed through an ever- 
 recurring succession of vast and tearful 
 crowds. The tale of the hour in one of 
 the large towns above-named is the tale of 
 all. In New York, the scene was the 
 grandest, most solemn, most impressive 
 exhibition of popular sentiment that it was 
 ever my lot in life to witness ; and I never 
 expect to behold such a scene again. It 
 was a day to be remembered by all who 
 lived, and to be related to the children of a 
 future generation, by the grandsires of 
 coming years. The very poorest people 
 people with whom life is one long struggle 
 for daily bread almost without an excep- 
 tion displayed their humble sign of partici- 
 pation in the all-prevailing grief. If the 
 observer occasionally thought he beheld a
 
 1 60 Studies of A ssassinatton . 
 
 building from which the common symbol 
 was absent, a closer scrutiny would discover 
 something a little paper flag with a bit of 
 crape upon it a black cross in a window 
 a strip of fluttering black muslin. A 
 poor woman in Delancey Street, too poor 
 to buy the mourning goods she desired, 
 used her best black shawl, and a sheet 
 from one of her beds, which she fastened 
 into a mourning festoon for windows of the 
 single room she occupied. Another tore 
 the trimmings from her bonnet to make 
 rosettes. A rag-picker, in overhauling a 
 heap of rubbish, drew forth a linen rag 
 with his fork. He brushed it clean with 
 his fingers, put his hand in his pocket, and 
 produced a piece of black cambric that he 
 had found elsewhere, and pinning the two 
 in a rude rosette, fastened them to his 
 ragged coat front, with every evidence of 
 satisfaction. Incidents like these speak 
 volumes ; and these were incidents which 
 came under my own observation. The 
 poor realized that the dead President was
 
 Abraham Lincoln. 161 
 
 one of themselves had once been as poor 
 as they. The streets were thronged with, a 
 crowd such as was never before beheld in 
 an American city extraordinary both on 
 account of its numbers, and on account 
 of the all-prevailing badges of mourning, 
 of every conceivable variety and design. 
 Many were content with the plain band of 
 crape upon the arm or hat; others wore 
 black and white rosettes ; others medals 
 with bits of crape, portraits of Lincoln, 
 strings of white satin with inscriptions 
 printed on them. The trade that sprang 
 up in these articles, and others of a 
 like nature, was a thing unparalleled. Five 
 hours had not passed after the reception 
 of the news of the assassination when this 
 trade sprang up ; hundreds of men and boys 
 hawked the mournful emblems about the 
 streets, on the ferry-boats, in the hotels. 
 No less universal were the mourning sym- 
 bols which hung the streets themselves in 
 black. In some instances, whole fronts of 
 buildings were hidden, literally covered
 
 1 62 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 with vast palls of black from cornice to 
 basement, doors and windows obliterated. 
 Temporary white monuments were erected 
 in hundreds, in every part of the town, 
 bearing various legends, frequent among 
 which was this, peculiarly appropriate to 
 the character of the dead : 
 
 Besides, this Lincoln 
 
 Hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been 
 So clear in his reat office, that his virtues 
 Will plead like angels, trumpet-tongued, against 
 The deep damnation of his taking off. 
 
 Like other assassins, Booth imbrued his 
 hands in human blood in vain. The 
 course of contemporaneous history marched 
 on, contemptuously ignoring him. Peace 
 spread her white wings abroad over the 
 land; the rebellion was crushed; and 
 slavery was dead for ever on American 
 soil.
 
 VI. 
 
 ALEXANDEB II. OE BUSSIA. 
 
 M
 
 ALEXANDER II. OF RUSSIA. 
 
 I. 
 
 MOKE than one-sixth of the entire dry land 
 of this earth is ruled over by one man 
 the Czar of Russia. He is Chief General, 
 Chief Legislator, Chief Judge, and Chief 
 Priest. The Russians call him " Father." 
 To the Russian peasant there is but one 
 greater Power the Power which rules in 
 heaven. 
 
 Alexander II., son of Nicholas L, came 
 to this lofty estate in 1855. With him 
 came in an era of reform. He abolished 
 serfdom in Russia, as Abraham Lincoln 
 emancipated the slave population of 
 America ; and had he done no other good 
 act throughout his life, this one deed 
 should give his name to posterity as that of
 
 i66 Stiidies, of Assassination. 
 
 a lover of his kind. The supreme autocrat 
 over one-sixth of the inhabited earth, with 
 armies and prisons at his sole command, 
 with generals and judges of his sole and 
 undisputed creation, is not a man to be 
 measured by the rules we apply to our- 
 selves. It is idle to question the whole 
 fabric of mundane existence. Instead of 
 asking why, in the Providence of a benefi- 
 cent Ruler, there should be such things as 
 Czars, it is the act of sane and trustworthy 
 minds to 'give credit to the man in whose 
 hands rest such mighty capacities for good 
 and evil, and thank him for setting free 
 millions of people whom he had the power 
 to continue in slavery. This was the first 
 good work of Alexander II. 's reign, but it 
 was not all. He abolished the knout ; he 
 threw open the courts ; he instituted a new 
 and more worthy legal system ; he re- 
 organized the system of taxation on a 
 juster basis. Not by what he failed to do, 
 but by what he did, should Alexander II. 
 be judged. Endowed with all but irrespon-
 
 A lexander II. of Russia. 167 
 
 sible power, he so reigned that Russia 
 made rapid progress during his generation. 
 No such monarch could exist without 
 drawing upon himself individual hatreds, 
 which, combined, create a dreadful and 
 dangerous mass of animosity. Punishment 
 for crime in Russia leaves the criminal 
 alive ; only for high treason is capital 
 punishment inflicted. Law-breakers even 
 of the deadliest class are sent to hard 
 labour on the public works, in the galleys, 
 or the mines of Siberia. Escapes thence 
 are not infrequent. The refugee becomes 
 the deadly enemy of the Czar. All the 
 capitals of the world feel the presence of 
 these men ; they live for vengeance. It 
 does not follow that they are animated by a 
 love of free institutions. They need not 
 even be Nihilists, though willing to applaud 
 their schemes of destruction. Many of 
 them are Poles, consumed with a burning 
 thirst for some measure of redress for their 
 personal wrongs. The events which led 
 to the death of Polish independence, how-
 
 1 68 Studies of A ssassination. 
 
 ever sad for Poland itself, were sadder 
 still for Russia. They were no doubt the 
 indirect cause of the Czar's becoming 
 weary in well-doing. The march of reform 
 in Russia was interrupted thereby; the 
 Czar ceased to battle against active evils 
 in his empire, and rested on his arms. 
 
 IE. 
 
 Alexander II. was no doubt the gentlest- 
 hearted ruler Russia has ever known. His 
 temperament was gloomy ; those who met 
 him for the first time were struck with the 
 extreme sadness of his demeanour. He 
 felt profoundly the responsibilities of his 
 position ; and in his later years he felt its 
 danger to his life. He professed to believe 
 in Destiny, but it was the destiny of doom. 
 To relieve his gloom, he sought to surround 
 himself with cheerful companions. The 
 tie which knit him so closely to the 
 Princess Dolgorouki was woven of the 
 sunny cheerfulness of her nature, which
 
 A Icxander II. of RiLssia. 1 69 
 
 made him less unhappy in her society. He 
 strove to keep his mind diverted, by all the 
 means at command of limitless wealth. He 
 loved the noise and animation of the public 
 thoroughfares, the glitter and gaiety of 
 theatres, the pomp and display of military 
 pageants. His favourite windows in the 
 Winter Palace looked out on the busiest 
 street in St. Petersburg, the Nevski 
 Prospect, and it was one of his chief 
 pleasures to survey this scene. In fine 
 weather he was fond of sauntering about 
 the town, looking in at the shop-windows, 
 followed by his favourite dog. Meeting 
 acquaintances, he would nod in friendly 
 fashion, but unless he thus sought recogni- 
 tion no one addressed him, 
 
 The attempts upon the life of this Czar 
 since the suppression of the Polish insur- 
 rection have been numerous. One of the 
 most celebrated is that of April 16th, 
 3 866, when an ex-student in St. Petersburg 
 fired at him, with no effect, at the gate of 
 the Summer Garden where a light has
 
 i 70 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 ever since constantly burned before an 
 image of the Virgin, surmounted by the 
 inscription, " Touch not mine anointed." 
 In the following year, on June 6th, he was 
 again fired at without effect, by a Pole, 
 while out driving with Louis Napoleon in 
 Paris. Again in April, on the 15th, in 1879, 
 he was fired at, but escaped unhurt. On 
 December 4th of the same year a mine was 
 laid on the railway by which the Czar 
 passed to St. Petersburg, but again he 
 was unharmed. Last year there were two 
 notorious attacks : in February, when the 
 dining-room of the Winter Palace was 
 blown up and nine soldiers killed, and in 
 September when again the railway leading 
 to St. Petersburg was mined. 
 
 So many narrow escapes began to foster 
 among the superstitious peasantry a belief 
 in his charmed life. But these were pro- 
 bably but a small proportion of the attempts 
 which were really made to assassinate the 
 Czar. He suffered from asthma, and a box 
 of pills professing to be a remedy therefore
 
 Alexander II. of Russia. 1 7 r 
 
 was sent him ; on examination, the pill-box 
 was found to contain an explosive con- 
 trivance sufficient to have killed several 
 persons. A petition was sent him covered 
 with a noxious powder, which would have 
 poisoned him but for the precautions taken. 
 Danger lurked in the food he ate, the wine 
 he drank, the bed he slept on, the clothes 
 he wore. His life became one uninter- 
 rupted vigil. Did he venture to walk out, 
 hehind him walked a Cossack hetman and 
 two detectives w r ith loaded pistols, their 
 hands on their arms. Did he drive, a 
 number of carriages surrounded or followed 
 the Czar's, and in which one he sat no 
 observer could guess. Did he travel by 
 railway, there was a grand palace-car for 
 Alexander II., but he was not in it; he sat 
 in a disguised van having the appearance 
 of a baggage car. Did he venture to dine, 
 even in the privacy of his own apartments, 
 guards stood at the doors ; guards even 
 kept watch over the cook ; and when the 
 food was ready it was conveyed to the
 
 172 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 royal table by two officers, who tasted it 
 in the Czar's presence before he would 
 venture to eat. The wine was not only 
 uncorked in his presence, but the officers 
 drank of it before him. As for smoking, 
 that was abandoned, though the Czar was 
 fond of a good cigar ; what subtle poison 
 might reach him through this means could 
 only be imagined. When the hour for 
 repose drew nigh, none knew in what room 
 of his palace Alexander would elect to go 
 to bed, or whether he would sleep in the 
 palace at all; and when he did go, not 
 only was his favourite dog a huge mastiff 
 set to watch him, but the Cossack Yusuf , 
 his trusted hetman, also watched, and 
 soldiers were stationed in every possible 
 part of the palace by which the imperial 
 chamber might be approached. By day he 
 wore, for a time, a coat of mail beneath his 
 vest ; but it proved so irksome that he could 
 not endure it, and in lieu of it his tunic 
 was padded with a knife-proof preparation 
 of cotton wool.
 
 Alexander I L of R^lss^a. 173 
 
 All these precautions became at last un- 
 oearable. Life was not worth living at 
 such a price. The Czar grew haggard and 
 nervous ; he saw in every bush a murderer ; 
 and not long ago he gave orders that this 
 system of excessive surveillance should cease. 
 
 " I will go and come as I please," said 
 he. " I will eat and drink what I please ; 
 do as I please. I shall be murdered in the 
 end ; it is my destiny. I have already 
 lived longer than any of my race, and I 
 fear not death." 
 
 The precautions which surrounded him 
 were accordingly relaxed. To Count Loris 
 Melikoff the duty of standing between his 
 sovereign and death was delegated, and 
 the Czar was left as free as was consistent 
 with common prudence. 
 
 III. 
 
 On the morning of Sunday, March 13th, 
 1881, the Princess Dolgorouki received an 
 anonymous letter warning her that the
 
 174 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 Czar was to be assassinated that day. She 
 begged her imperial consort to stay at 
 home ; but Alexander II. was in unusually 
 high spirits, and he would not be coaxed. 
 Count Loris Melikoff had called at the 
 palace early this morning filled with the 
 purpose of keeping the Czar at home, but 
 he found all his efforts wasted. 
 
 " I will go," said the Czar, obstinately. 
 "Look at this glorious sun," exclaimed he. 
 " It is a magnificent day, and I am resolved 
 I will review my troops. The weather is 
 superb. Whatever happens, I will go." 
 
 Count Loris Melikoff was in despair. He 
 induced the Czar's favourite his son's wife, 
 Marie Feodorovna to add her entreaties ; 
 but nothing would shake Alexander's deter- 
 mination to go out. Not daring to adopt 
 the expedient once employed by Louis Napo- 
 leon's chief of police, and place the Emperor 
 under arrest, Count Loris Melikoff retired. 
 Alexander II. went out to his doom. 
 
 The review had passed off brilliantly 
 under the radiant sky, in whose lustrous
 
 Alexander II. of Russia. 175 
 
 sun the military pageantry shone with its 
 best bravery of gold and glowing colours. 
 Music had filled the clear air with inspira- 
 tion, and all that the Czar loved most in 
 this earthly pageantry had feasted his eyes 
 and ears. Fatigued, but in high spirits 
 still, he had left the parade ground of the 
 Michel Manege and entered his carriage, 
 an ordinary glass-fronted brougham with 
 one seat, drawn by two horses. He was 
 accustomed to drive from the Manege to 
 the Winter Palace along the Nevsky Pros- 
 pect, but to-day he took the road alongside 
 the Catherine canal, to throw the suspected 
 assassins off their guard, the coachman 
 being uninformed of this intention till the 
 last moment. The horses set out at a 
 rapid gallop ; while an escort of mounted 
 Cossacks 'galloped on either side of the 
 carriage, a sledge with the Prefect of Police 
 rapidly led the way, and the Grand Duke 
 Michael followed. It was a quarter past 
 two in the afternoon ; the swiftly moving 
 group, in whose centre rode the Czar, had
 
 1 76 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 reached a point near the stable bridge 
 which spans the canal, and under the 
 garden wall of the Michael Palace ; at this 
 instant a man in a peasant's dress, who 
 stood by the side of the canal, threw a 
 bomb at the Czar, which fell behind his 
 carriage, and exploding, killed and wounded 
 several soldiers and bystanders. The back 
 of the carriage was torn out, and hung in 
 broken pieces over the imperial head ; but 
 the Czar was unhurt. He stepped from 
 the carriage and was moving towards a 
 wounded soldier ; two minutes had elapsed, 
 when another man, who stood in an arch- 
 way of the palace garden wall, threw a 
 second bomb, which fell at the feet of 
 Alexander II. and tore him to pieces. A 
 column of snow and fragments of wood 
 and glass rose in the air ; the windows in 
 the imperial stables across the canal broke 
 with a loud ringing crash; the ground 
 about the imperial carriage was strewn 
 with the bodies of some twenty killed or 
 wounded men. The man who threw the
 
 Alexander II. of Russia. 177 
 
 first bomb was struggling in the arms of 
 the police, a pistol in his right hand and a 
 dagger in his left. The thrower of the 
 second bomb fell mortally wounded, de- 
 stroyed by his own too-deadly weapon. 
 
 The Czar lay on the snow, which was 
 now dyed red with blood. The lower part 
 of his body was shattered in the most 
 horrible manner; his left eye was forced 
 from its socket, and his clothing was in 
 rags. 
 
 He raised his bloody hand feebly to 
 his forehead as they lifted him up, and 
 murmured, " Holodno, holodno ! " (Cold, 
 cold). Then, as the Grand Duke Michael, 
 with an exclamation of sympathy, seized a 
 cap from a bystander and placed it on the 
 Czar's head, the dying man murmured, 
 brokenly, " To the palace ; die there." He 
 was placed upon a sledge, with his bloody 
 head resting on the breast of the chief of 
 police, and driven rapidly to the Winter 
 Palace. Here, at about four o'clock, 
 Alexander II. ceased to exist. 
 
 N
 
 1 7 8 Studies of Assassination , 
 
 IV. 
 
 " The King is dead ! Long live the King ! " 
 Alexander III., the new Czar, drove from 
 the Winter Palace to his own palace a few 
 minutes later, with his wife, Marie Feodo- 
 rovna, by his side, through a vast crowd of 
 people, who cheered loudly as the low 
 sledge sped swiftly over the snow, sur- 
 rounded by its galloping outriders and 
 followed by a plumed troop. Young, 
 strong, majestic in appearance, of great 
 physical stature, and in his thirty-seventh 
 year, he took promptly upon his broad 
 shoulders the burden of the life thus sud- 
 denly ended. Assassination had slain the 
 Czar ; but here was the Czar ! 
 
 Such work is as idle as it is terrible. 
 
 Twenty-four hours had not elapsed since 
 the death of Alexander II. when the 
 imperial manifesto of the new Czar gave 
 utterance to that undying and haughty
 
 Alexander II. of Russia. 179 
 
 spirit which will outlive a thousand assassi- 
 nations, and perish only with the death of 
 the faith on which it rests : " We ascend 
 the throne which we inherit from our fore- 
 fathers, the throne of the Russian Empire, 
 theCzardomof Poland, and the Grand Duke- 
 dom of Finland, inseparately connected with 
 it. We assume the heavy burden which 
 God has imposed upon us, with firm reliance 
 upon His Almighty help. May He bless 
 our work to the welfare of our beloved 
 fatherland, and may He guide our strength 
 for the happiness of all our faithful subjects ! 
 In repeating before Almighty God the 
 sacred vow made by our father, to devote, 
 according to the testament of our fore- 
 fathers, the whole of our life to care for 
 the welfare, power, and honour of Russia, 
 we call upon all our faithful subjects to 
 unite before the altar of the Almighty their 
 prayer with ours, and command them to 
 swear fidelity to us and to our successor, 
 his Imperial Highness the Hereditary 
 Grand Duke Nicolai Alexandrovitch." 
 N 2
 
 1 8 o Studies of Assassination . 
 
 In the Nicolai saloon of the Winter 
 Palace an impressive scene took place, 
 when Alexander III. met a large concourse 
 of generals and public officers, and ad- 
 dressed them with a strong emotion which 
 almost prevented speech. He called on 
 them to cherish the memory of his dead 
 father, to be faithful to himself, and to 
 believe that he would endeavour to merit 
 the love of the whole of Russia as his father 
 had done. 
 
 Meantime, the honours paid to the mortal 
 remains of that father were almost un- 
 paralleled in their magnificence, in the 
 extraordinary number of sovereign princes, 
 heirs apparent of European thrones, and 
 grand dukes, who participated in the cere- 
 monies at St. Petersburg, and in the wide- 
 spread sympathy and mourning of the 
 governments and people of the civilized 
 world. In no land was this sympathy 
 more general and sincere, more strongly 
 expressed, than in the United States of 
 America. Secretary Elaine, the American
 
 Alexander II. of Rtissia. 181 
 
 Prime Minister, was the first to telegraph, 
 that expression across the ocean ; and it 
 was quickly followed by the voice of the 
 entire American Press, and the solemnly 
 pronounced denunciation of the American 
 Senate upon the assassins. Various State 
 Legislatures also spoke, that of the Empire 
 State eulogizing the murdered Czar as the 
 friend of America during the Civil War, 
 the liberator of Bulgaria, and the emanci- 
 pator of the Russian serfs, and likening 
 his death to that of President Abraham 
 Lincoln. A requiem mass was celebrated 
 in the Greek chapel in New York, at which 
 all the foreign consuls were present. 
 Similar services were held in London, 
 Paris, Constantinople, and other capitals 
 throughout Europe. In the British House 
 of Commons, Sir Stafford Northcote men- 
 tioned that throughout the European family 
 no member had felt the thrill of horror more 
 deeply and more keenly than had England ; 
 and in moving the vote of sympathy, Mr. 
 Gladstone eulogized the greatness of the
 
 1 8 2 Studies of A ssassination . 
 
 Czar. Lord Beacons field, in the House of 
 Lords, declared him the most beneficent 
 prince that ever filled the throne of Russia. 
 In Russia, there can be no doubt that 
 the grief of the people was profound and 
 sincere; they mourned for Alexander II. 
 as few monarchs have ever been mourned. 
 The place where he fell was at once railed 
 round and decorated with flowers, and a 
 shrine set up and guarded, preparatory to 
 the erection of a memorial church. The body 
 was embalmed, dressed in the uniform of the 
 Preoprajensky regiment, and removed to 
 the fortress of Saints Peter and Paul, 
 where it lay in state. The ceremony of 
 removal from the Winter Palace was con- 
 ducted with the utmost splendour and 
 impressiveness. As the glittering caval- 
 cade moved for two hours over the 
 Nicholas Bridge, under a shining sun, it 
 formed a kaleidoscopic scene of gleaming 
 gold and jewels, brilliant hues and luxurious 
 pageantry. The funeral car was of ebony 
 and silver, and a golden pall lined with
 
 A Itxander II. of Russia. 183 
 
 white satin hung over the coffin. A 
 tremendous following of soldiers, nobles, 
 and priests, bearing banners of every 
 conceivable variety of splendour, the dead 
 man's nine crowns, and innumerable foreign 
 decorations, emphasized the presence of the 
 solitary figure wlio walked alone behind 
 the coffin Alexander III. 
 
 In striking contrast to the boundless 
 freedom of the vast crowds who lined the 
 streets of American towns through which 
 passed the catafalque of Abraham Lincoln, 
 were the severely repressive measures it 
 was deemed important to adopt in St. 
 Petersburg. That the world might not 
 be shocked by some new, stupendous, 
 unimaginable horror of the assassin, the 
 funeral procession of Alexander II. took 
 its way through unfrequented streets. In 
 those streets all dwellers were warned to 
 keep their double windows closed ; no 
 spectators must be seen on balconies ; 
 shopkeepers were not allowed to let their 
 houses to strangers desirous of witnessing
 
 184 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 the pageant. Through, thoroughfares with 
 closed shutters and no sign of life in the 
 houses, the dead Czar passed. Troops 
 thickly guarded the way, bodies of police 
 kept additional guard behind the troops, 
 and the countless thousands who haunted 
 the line of march endeavoured in vain to 
 see or to draw near. Had any evil demon- 
 stration of the enemies of order been made, 
 the offenders would have been arrested 
 by the police. In New York city, at 
 Lincoln's obsequies, had such a demon- 
 stration been attempted (the opportunity 
 for such attempt being absolutely free and 
 unguarded), the offenders would have been 
 torn to pieces by the people. 
 
 V. 
 
 The belief that the assassination of the 
 Czar was inspired by Nihilism was assisted 
 by the conduct and utterances of its 
 leading men and organs. In Vienna and 
 Paris, in New York and Chicago, the same
 
 Alexander II. of Russia. 185 
 
 voice spoke in the same essential terms. 
 Whether it was the voice of the special 
 agglomeration of human particles supposed 
 to be covered by the term Nihilism, or 
 merely that of the small fraction of humanity 
 which in every community gladly hears the 
 echo of anarchy, the result is the same ; 
 the enemy which wrought the death of the 
 Czar was the chronic disturber of the peace, 
 who, in the name of liberty, violates the 
 laws of liberty. Proclamations were strewn 
 about the streets of St. Petersburg be- 
 ginning, " The work is accomplished." 
 Meetings of Socialists were held in Chicago 
 and New York, at which the murder was 
 commended by German speakers ; the 
 loudest and wildest utterances of this sort 
 were made by the class called in the 
 United States " beer-jerkers." In Paris a 
 small green placard was posted in the night, 
 saying : " The revolutionary Socialists of 
 Paris congratulate and encourage the 
 Nihilists of Russia, who, by their energetic 
 action, have shown the disinherited of the
 
 i86 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 two hemispheres how to rid the earth of a 
 tyrant." In Vienna a Nihilist proclama- 
 tion saw the light, purporting to have been 
 printed in Russia, which declared : " The 
 sentence of the Executive Committee, dated 
 August26,1879,hasto-day,Marchl3,1881, 
 been carried out by two members of the 
 committee. The tyrant has been executed. 
 The names of the courageous executors of 
 the will of the committee we do not publish, 
 as we do not think it requisite. The deter- 
 mined and persistent work of two years 
 has now been crowned with success. . . . 
 In addressing ourselves to Alexander III. 
 we must remind him that historical justice 
 exists for him as well as for others." 
 
 The ordinary sane mind is amazed at 
 these utterances, which unite the ferocity 
 of the tiger to the simplicity of the child. 
 One does not wonder at a child's ignorance, 
 but when such ignorance links itself to 
 ideas of progress and reform, the conse- 
 quences are startling. The notion that 
 with the death of one man even an auto-
 
 Alexander II. of Russia. 187 
 
 crat a government dies, is worthy of the 
 believer in a perfect rule on earth which 
 scorns the government of law. 
 
 The Government of Russia, such as it is, 
 is an hereditary institution, a species of 
 property, belonging to the Romanoffs ; and 
 their right to it under existing conditions 
 is really no more disputable by blousards, 
 communards, and German- American "beer- 
 jerkers " than any other rich man's right 
 to his possessions and his advantages over 
 his fellow-men. Opinion may dispute that 
 right, as opinion disputes many other things 
 it cannot change, or can only change 
 through the lapse of seons. To back one's 
 opinion by crime is to array one's feeble- 
 ness against the others' might. The 
 death by murder of Czar after Czar would 
 leave the sovereignty still in the same 
 hands. Full twenty heads would need to 
 fall before the assassins could even consider 
 that they had made a breach in this iron 
 wall ; and then what ? The Nihilists 
 themselves do not know what they would
 
 1 88 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 give Eussia in lieu of its present Govern- 
 ment. Not a republic, certainly. A re- 
 public has never been talked of ; they are 
 not republicans, these men they are simply 
 wreckers. 
 
 The principles of Nihilism as printed and 
 extensively circulated throughout Russia, 
 based on the utterances of Michael Bakunin, 
 declare that the old world must be destroyed 
 and a new one take its place. " The lie," 
 this manifesto proceeds to say, " must be 
 stamped out and give way to truth. It is 
 our mission to destroy the lie, and to effect 
 this we must begin at the very commence- 
 ment. Now the beginning of all those lies 
 which have ground down this poor world 
 in slavery is God. Tear out of your hearts 
 the belief in the existence of God, for as 
 long as an atom of that silly superstition 
 remains in your minds you will never know 
 what freedom is. ... The first lie is God, 
 the second lie is right. Might invented the 
 fiction of right in order to insure and 
 strengthen 'her reign. Might, my friends,
 
 A lexander II. of Russia. 189 
 
 forms the sole groundwork of society. 
 Might makes and unmakes laws, and that 
 might should be in the hands of the 
 majority. . . . And when you have freed 
 your minds from the fear of a God and 
 from that childish respect for the fiction of 
 right, then all the remaining chains which 
 bind you, and which are called science, civi- 
 lization, property, marriage, morality, and 
 justice, will snap asunder like threads. 
 Let your own happiness be your only law. 
 But in order to get this law recognized, and 
 to bring about the proper relations which 
 should exist between the majority and 
 minority of mankind, you must destroy 
 everything which exists in the shape of 
 State or social organizations. Oar first 
 work must be destruction and annihilation 
 of everything as it now exists." 
 
 Such principles as these hardly deserve 
 confutation ; they are for fools and mad- 
 men, and they lead to every possible crime. 
 But they are uttered by many men, in the 
 capitals of both the old world and the new,
 
 190 Studies of Assassination. 
 
 who approve of assassination, and rejoice in 
 its latest tragedy. In the New World they 
 are not Americans, but men of European 
 birth, chiefly Germans, vaguely assimilating 
 with the true spirit of republicanism. From 
 the true democratic spirit, law and order 
 have nothing to fear. That spirit is indeed 
 to-day the guiding one of English-speaking 
 peoples, on both sides of the sea. It means, 
 not wreck nor overturning, but the hesitat- 
 ing and tentative movements of prudence 
 and safety, on which all reforms have slowly 
 but surely progressed, and by which move- 
 ments alone they can progress, without 
 evils so grave as to nullify the good. 
 
 VI. 
 
 The trial of those who were arrested after 
 the assassination followed speedily. They 
 were six: Risakoff, the young man who 
 threw the first bomb, and who was arrested 
 on the spot ; Sophie Perofsky, the daughter 
 of a Senator much respected in St. Peters-
 
 Alexander II, of Russia. 191 
 
 burg; Hessy Helfman, a woman said to be 
 of the courtesan class ; Michaeloff, a dis- 
 contented workman ; Kibaltchick, a chemist 
 with a personal grievance ; and Jeliaboff, 
 a pale and argumentative anarchist, who 
 confessed himself arch-conspirator, and 
 seemed to wish to save his companions from 
 death. Bisakoff 's counsel sought to palliate 
 the bomb-thrower's crime on the score of 
 his extreme youth, pointing out that he was 
 a mere lad of nineteen, hitherto of good 
 character. Sophie Perof sky gloried in her 
 crime, proclaimed her Socialistic views, and 
 asked no mercy. Michaeloff declared that 
 his conduct was caused by a desire to im- 
 prove the condition of the working classes. 
 Kibaltchick assumed the manner of a 
 learned professor, and gave voice to certain 
 views of a philosophical character regard- 
 ing the exaggerated estimate commonly 
 placed on human life. Jeliaboff had much 
 to say, and said it with force and eloquence, 
 but it related chiefly to the political views 
 of the revolutionary party, of which he
 
 192 Stiidies of Assassination. 
 
 claimed to be an instrument, and involved 
 no plea for his own life. All six conspira- 
 tors were promptly condemned to death, 
 and all were as promptly hanged, with the 
 exception of the woman Helfman, who was 
 found to be with child, and whose execution 
 was therefore deferred. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 GILBERT AM) RIVINGTON, PRINTERS, ST. JOHN'S SOUARE, LONDON.
 
 2nd Edition, illustrated, 428 pp. demy 8vo, 18s. 
 
 BRITISH GOBLINS: 
 
 Welsh Folk-Lore, Fairy Mythology, Legends, and 
 Traditions. 
 
 BY WIRT SIKES, 
 
 UNITED STATES CONSUL FOE, WALES. 
 
 EXTRACTS FROM PRESS NOTICES. 
 
 From the London " Times." 
 
 We are loth to lose even the smallest opportunity of recommend- 
 ing it. ... Mr. Wirt Sikes is Consul of the United States 
 for Wales, and in the periods of his leisure at Cardiff he has 
 agreeably husied himself with unearthing and setting out in a co- 
 herent and more refined shape the old mythology and folk-lore of 
 his adopted country, the cradle, as he has well styled it, in one 
 sense of fairy legend. . . . But he is something more than a 
 mere retailer of old traditions and teller of fairy-tales, though he 
 has good store of both to tell, and very well they are told. There 
 is plenty of learning and critical knowledge displayed in his 
 work as well as mere industry, and displayed in a simple and un- 
 pretentious manner. . . . The work in every respect deserves 
 a prominent place among the books of the season. 
 
 From the London " Morning Post." 
 
 One is absolutely bewildered with the embarras de rlchesses 
 which this book contains. . . . The tone of the entire work 
 displays the learned writer's culture as a student of ancient 
 legends and customs, as a comparative mythologist, critical his- 
 torian, and linguist. The book is appropriately dedicated to his 
 Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, and is illustrated with some 
 beautiful etchings. 
 

 
 C'i) 
 
 From the London " Daily News." 
 
 " British Goblins " is a perfect repertory of fairy talcs and 
 Wends. . . . Mr. Sikes 1ms studied his subject thoroughly ; 
 he writes with the ease which comes of abundant knowledge, and 
 holds his reader captive. 
 
 From the London "Dally Telegraph?' 
 
 The shrewd analytical criticism of Mr. Sikes gives weight to a 
 book which in itself is delightfully entertaining and suggestive. 
 
 From the "Revue Celtique" 
 
 II comble une lacune dans la litterature du Folk-Lore. Xous 
 nous felicitous que les hasards de la carriere diplomatique aient 
 ninene en Gnlles un e"crivain doue de tant de sympathie pour les 
 traditions celtiques. 
 
 From " Notes and Queries." 
 The volume deserves every praise. 
 
 From the "Saturday Review." 
 
 We commend it to the loving study of Welsh scholars and 
 antiquaries. 
 
 From the " British Quarterly Review." 
 
 The author of this work has executed it with a graceful and 
 picturesque style which renders his book the most attractive of 
 its kind. 
 
 From the " Literary World." 
 
 The more we read the more we wonder. ... A capital 
 book, full of stories such as all of us, old or young, rich or poor, 
 revel in. ... Time fails to tell of the wonders Mr. Wirt 
 Sikes has gathered together in this interesting volume. 
 
 From " Vanity Fair." 
 
 Besides an admirable notion of the essential, and an instinct 
 for the things which have really genuine human interest, Mr. 
 Wirt Sikes has a wide and accurate knowledge of comparative 
 
 mythology He takes some comically futile bit of 
 
 drivel, and by dexterously drawing on his excellently ordered in- 
 formation, shows the historical and ethnological value of a tradi- 
 tion that uninstrncted folk would pass by as too idle even for 
 laughter.
 
 (iii) 
 
 From " The World.'' 
 
 The accomplished United States Consul for Wales has taken 
 advartage of his residence in the Principality, and his opportuni- 
 ties of literary leisure, to bring together, in one handsome and 
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 . . . His book has a freshness and an interest that are com- 
 paratively rare in the records of popular antiquities. 
 
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 Full of shrewd thought. ... In the highest degree in- 
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 respects worthy of taking a foremost place amongst the stock of 
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 firm of Sampson Low famous wherever the English language is 
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 . . . We have never seen a collection so varied, so large 
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 List of Publications,. 
 
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 List of Publications. 13 
 
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 List of Publications. 15 
 
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 List of Publications. 1 7 
 
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 History of a Crime : The Story of the Coup d'Etat. By VICTOR 
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 1 8 Sampson Lou>, Mars ton, & Co.'s 
 
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 List of Publications. 19 
 
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 20 Sampson Low, Marston, 6 Co.'s 
 
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 Sarah de Beranger. By JEAN INGELOW. 3 vols. 
 
 Don John. By JEAN INGELOW. 3 vols. 
 
 Sunrise : A Story of these Times. By WILLIAM BLACK. 3 vols. 
 
 A Sailor's Sweetheart. By W. CLARK RUSSELL, Author of "The 
 
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 Lisa Lena. By EDWARD JENKINS, Author of "Ginx's Baby." 
 
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 Author of " My Cousin Maurice," &c. 3 vols.
 
 List of Publications. 21 
 
 New Novels (continued} : 
 
 An English Squire. By C. B. COLERIDGE, Author of "Lady 
 
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 List of Publications. 23 
 
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 List of Publications. 25 
 
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 List of Publications. 2 7 
 
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 List of Publications. 29 
 
 Studies in the Theory of Descent. By Dr. AUG. WEISMANN, 
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 30 Sampson Low, Marston, &> Co.'s List of Publications. 
 
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