GIFT OF *k°\ Ibeatb'a flDofcern language Series GERMAN LESSONS BY Charles Harris Professor of German in Adelbert College of Western Reserve University D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO ^$H Copyright, 1892, By Charles Harris 1 D3 PREFACE. This book is intended to give such knowledge of forms as will adequately prepare the student to read ordinary German. It is expected to lead up to the advanced grammar on the one hand and to the study of prose composition on the other. As the number of German grammars now before the public is great, the author feels constrained to explain why this one has been prepared. In teaching German, as well as other languages, it is desir- able to bring the beginner face to face with the language as soon as possible. Here brief lesson-books, which deal only with essentials, have certain evident advantages. One of the greatest of these is the freedom such books have in the arrangement of the facts to be learned, so that what is most important for the beginner may be placed first. Much time may be saved by the use of a lesson-book. Not only does the beginner come sooner to the language it- self, but the comparative brevity of the book gives him a sense of mastery of the facts needed in elementary work, which does not come so readily from larger grammars. This sense of mastery is not to be despised, as it is a real impetus and aid in future study. The student should begin to read German in one of the various excellent Readers or in some easy text long before he has gone through the lessons in even so brief a book as this. Reading helps to lay firm hold of the gram- mar and is a pleasure in itself. It is possible to read simple German readily without an extensive knowledge of formal 331945 IV PREFACE. grammar, for the analogy to English constructions makes much of German syntax intelligible without explanation. As soon as the beginner is able to write connected German sentences, however simple, it is time for him to stop writing detached sentences and to take up formal prose composition. This has been an additional reason for making this book brief. The book lays no claim to completeness. The author has tried to make it complete enough to be an introduction to German and to serve all the purposes of students who have only a year for the study of the language. It is the author's belief that advanced grammar can be studied more profitably after the completion of a lesson-book; so that to the student who does continue his German, as w»ll as to the one who does not, the lesson-book is a positive gain. Only the test of actual use can decide whether this book carries out the principles which have guided in its preparation. Whether it is to succeed or fail, the author can at least present it to the public as an honest attempt to solve the problem of the teaching of elementary German. Other grammars have been freely consulted and used. Conversational exercises have been omitted, as they can be better prepared by the teacher. The author offers no apology for the prosaic charac- ter of the sentences in the exercises, as it is due to the attempt to keep the vocabulary from swelling beyond its proper limits. Matter is given in the appendix which may be of service to those who do not subsequently take up a larger grammar. , CHARLES HARRIS. Oberlin College, June, 1892. This edition has been revised and conforms to the latest official orthography. CHARLES HARRIS. January, 1906. CONTENTS. PAGE. Alphabet . i Pronunciation 2 LESSON I. The Definite Article. Present Indicative of feitt . . 9 II. Words Declined like ber. Present Indicative of Ijabett . 12 III. The Indefinite Article and Words Declined Like It. Preterit of feitt and Ijabett 14 IV. Weak Conjugation, Simple Tenses . . . . . 17 V. Strong Conjugation, Simple Tenses. Present and Pre- terit of toerbett . . 20 VI. Compound Tenses of fyabett and of Verbs with fyabett. Declension of id) 24 VII. Compound Tenses of feitt. Declension of bit. Word- order .......... 27 VIII. Compound Tenses of toerbett and Other Verbs with feitt. Declension of er, fie, e§ 31 IX. Strong Declension, Class I. Inverted Order . • . 35 X. Strong Declension, Class II. Prepositions with Dative or Accusative 39 XI. Strong Declension, Class III. Interrogative Pronouns. Substitution of tDO and ba for Pronouns ... 42 XII. Weak Declension. Compound Nouns. Demonstratives, 46 XIII. Irregular Declension of Nouns. Foreign Nouns. Proper Names. Nouns of Weight and Measure ... 50 XIV. Strong Declension of Adjectives. Cardinal Numerals . 54 XV. Weak Declension of Adjectives. Transposed Order . 57 XVI. Mixed Declension of Adjectives. Relative Pronouns. Ordinal Numerals. (£§ tft, e§ gibt .... 61 XVII. Comparison of Adjectives. Fractionals. Counting Time, 65 XVIII. Subjunctive of Ijabett. Uses of the Subjunctive. The Conditional. Inverted Order after Subordinate Clauses, 69 VI CONTENTS. LESSON. PAGB. XIX. Subjunctive of Weak and Strong Verbs. Uses of the Subjunctive. Day of the Month . . . . . 74 XX. Subjunctive of feitt and of Verbs with Jem. Uses of the Subjunctive. Verbs in ierett, elit, em. Irregular Weak Verbs . 79 XXI. Inseparable Verbs. Some. 35iel, roetttg, all. Indefi- nite Relative itmS 84 XXII. Separable Verbs. Prefixes, Separable or Inseparable . 88 XXIII. Reflexive Verbs. 3emanb, niemanb, jebermamt . . 92 XXIV. Impersonal Verbs. Remarks about some Pronouns and Adjectives. Possessive Pronouns 95 XXV. Passive Voice. Some Uses of the Perfect and Present . 99 XXVI. Modal Auxiliaries. Infinitive without git. Saffen . . 103 XXVII. Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions .... 107 XXVIII. Order of Words. Accusative and Genitive of Time. Adverbial Genitive ill Vocabularies 117 Appendix 140 Script Alphabet and Exercises ....... 140 Nouns 144 Synopses of Verbal Forms ....... 147 Strong Verbs 166 Alphabetical List of Verbs 1 73 Inseparable Prefixes . . . . . . . .181 Order of Words 182 Derivation J 83 Composition . . . . . ' . . . . .184 Grimm's Law . . . . . . . . .185 Syntax . 187 Summary . 190 GERMAN LESSONS. ALPHABET. 1. German is usually printed in an alphabet consisting of twenty-six letters and having the same origin as our own, but the shape of the letters more nearly resembles what we call " old English." These letters with their Roman equivalents and their names are as follows : — German letters. Roman letters. Names. German letters. Roman letters. Names, % a A, a ah % n N, n enn 8, h B, b bay £>, o O, o oh C, c D, d E, e tsay day ay % X P. P Q. q R, r pay koo err % f F, f eff %,\ 3 S, s ess M H, h I, i gay hah ee % t tt, it f , t U, u V, v tay oo fow ft, t J- J K, k yot kah 2B, to W, w X, x vay ix m, m L 1 M, m ell emm Z, z ipsilon tset ■2 GERMAN LESSONS. 2. Of the two forms for small s given above, the short § is usea at the end of a word, whether alone or in compound, and in a few other places which may be left to the observation of the learner ; the long f is used in all other situations. Thus : ba%, begljatb; but lefen, fefyen. Certain of the letters are modified in form when com- bined with others. Thus : dj, ch ; d, ck ; g, sz ; § f tz. 3. Many German books, however, are now printed in Roman characters, such as are used in English. In writing, Germans gen- erally employ a special alphabet differing in many respects from ours. A copy of this script alphabet is given in the Appendix. When German is printed or written in English characters, all the letters are represented by their regular English equivalents, except that for g the special character J3 (or fs) is substituted. 4. Every noun or word used as a noun must begin with a capital letter; adjectives of nationality, such as fpantfcf), Spanish do not begin with a capital. Other minor deviations from English practice may be readily learned from observation. 5. The new orthography, as officially prescribed for use in the schools of Germany, is employed in this book. The changes in this orthography are so slight that they cause no difficulty in reading books printed in the old orthography. PRONUNCIATION. The following description is intended to De used only as a key . and is not an exhaustive treatment of the subject. Such a key can only be approximately correct, and no description can take the place. of the teacher's oral instruction. PRONUNCIATION. 3 VOWELS. 6. Quantity. {a) A vowel is short before a doubled consonant and generally before two consonants, unless the latter of the two is an inflectional ending. Thus: f)ftffen, @d)elm; but lobte (from loben). (b) Vowels are long when doubled, when followed by I) in the same syllable, and generally when followed by a single consonant. Thus : 83oot, 2of)tt, t)abe. Note. — While the foregoing rules are useful, the distinction between long and short vowels, particularly in monosyllabic words, is often to be learned only by practice. 7. a, as a in father. The distinction between long and short a is one of quantity, not of quality, short a being merely shorter in time. Thus : Igaax, @tal)l ; farm, fdtjarf. 8. Long e, as a in fate ; short e, as e in met. Thus: metjr, toet) ; benn, feitfam. In unaccented final syllables e is very short and is even often pronounced with an ob- scure sound, like u in but. Thus : l)atte, lobe. 9. Long i, or te f as i in machine ; short t f as i in hit. Thus : it)r, liebe ; binbe, tft. 10. Long o f as o in hold ; short o, not in English, but somewhat like o in off, never like o in hot. Thus : £3oot, loben; offen, ©ott. 11. Long u, as oo in moon; short U r as oo in foot. Thus: S3lume f gut; SBruft, Gutter. 12. t), usually as German t ; but many pronounce it as ii (see § 16). 4 GERMAN LESSONS. MODIFIED VOWELS. 13. The vowels a, 0, It, and the diphthong an are often modified and changed to a, o, it, cut (§ 19) re- spectively. This change (called Umlaut by the Ger- mans) was originally produced by the influence of an i (]) in the following syllable. In the old orthography these vowels, when capitals, were 2le, De, Ue, not %, £), tt, as in the new. 14. Long ti, as ei in their; short a, as e in met. Thus : f lager, SSater; fjatte, 23anbe. 15. The sounds for modified 8 have no equivalents in English, but are about the same as for French eu. If the lips are puckered as in whistling and the attempt is made to sound long English a as in mate, with the lips still in that position, long d will be given approximately. Similarly, short will be given by sounding e as in let, with lips as before. Thus: mogen, ©dfjtte; fonnen, offnen. 16. The sounds for u also have no equivalents in English, but are about the same as for French u. The lips must be placed as described in § 15, and e as in meet sounded for long ix, and i as in pin for short U. Thus: iiber, miibe; fiiHen, ©ihtbe. DIPHTHONGS. 17. at (at)) as i in mind. Thus : 9Kctt, Scttfer. 18. au as ou in house. Thus : §au3 f 9J?au3. 19. au as oi in oil. Thus : 33aume, ^aufer. PRONUNCIATION. . 5 20. et (et)) as German ai. Thus : (St3, 93em. 21. eu as cut. Thus : @ule, ®eute. 22. te is not a diphthong, but represents the sound of long t (see § 9) ; but te is pronounced as a diphthong (about as English ye) in some foreign words accented on the antepenult. Thus : gamt'tte, St'lte. CONSONANTS. Consonants which are pronounced alike in English and German are omitted here. 23. 6 usually as English b y but when final as/. Thus : £ctuk, ®te6. 24. c as ts before e, t, t), a, ; elsewhere as k. Thus : ©ocertt, Eafctr, Sari. 25. b usually as English d; when final, as t. Thus : bir, 93anb. 26. g as ^ in £tr, 6rbe. 6 • GERMAN LESSONS. 31 c f, when initial or between two vowels, about as s in has ; elsewhere as s in sit. Thus : fefjen, lefett, au as English /. Thus: bier, brat). In foreign words it is often like English v. Thus : Safe, Sfofcember. 33. in as English #. Thus : SBaffer, too. But after a consonant it is often given a sound intermediate between our v and w. This is true also of the combination qu. 34. j as ts. Thus : jteljen, ju. CONSONANTAL DIGRAPHS AND TRIGRAPHS. 35. d) has two sounds, neither of which is found in English. After e, i, t), a, 0, ii, cut, et, eu, in the termina- tion djett, and after a consonant, it is somewhat like Eng- lish s/i, but the tip of the tongue must be held against the lower teeth in making the sound. After a, 0, U, and au it is harsh and guttural. Thus : id), burd), 2Mumd)en ; ad), Sod), 93ud). In foreign words d) is sometimes like k y sometimes like sh. 36. d)3, when i belongs to the stem of the word, as x. Thus: 3Bad)3, gucfyS. But d) is pronounced as in § 35 when 3 is merely added in the course of inflection. 37. & as k. Thus : juriid, 23edfett- 38. bt as & Thus : ©tabt, gefanbt. 39. ng as ng in singer y never as m finger. Thus : fttt* gen, ginger, Stnget. PRONUNCIATION. 7 40. pf, both consonants must be heard. Thus : *JSferb, jpfwtb.. . 41. ^as/. Thus: ^Ijtfofo^te, ^rctfe. 42. \ti) as English sh. Thus : ©djjiff, beutfdj. 43. Initial ft, fp, about as if they were skt, shp. Thus : ftarf, ©tein ; fpdt, ©prud). 44. ff as ^ in sit. Thus : baJ3, 9Waf;. ff is not written at the end of a word, after a long vowel or diphthong, or before a consonant. For it in these positions is sub- stituted % Thus: gtujj (but gluffe), ©trctfte (a long), fliefcen, f)af$t (from fjaffen). 45. tfj as /, not as English th. This combination is used, in the latest orthography, only in words of foreign origin. Thus : Sweater, £f)ron. 46. % as German g. Thus : jei^t, §i£e. DOUBLED VOWELS AND CONSONANTS. 47. Doubled vowels are pronounced like single long vowels, and doubled consonants like single consonants. Thus: 33oot, (Baal; laffen, fjoffen. But this rule does not apply to vowels or consonants made double in the composition, derivation, or inflection of words. These must be separated in pronunciation. Thus : be-enben (not beenben); afcbmben. ACCENT. 48. As a rule, the stem syllable is accented, and in compounds the first component, much as in English. 8 GERMAN LESSONS. Thus : lo'ben, getobt', ©trof)'f)iU\ It must be noted that the accent and pronunciation of words of foreign origin often violate the rules given above. In the case of words which may cause difficulty, the accent is marked in the following Lessons. DIVISION INTO SYLLABLES. 49. Divide according to pronunciation; but notice that compounds will be divided into their components, and that d), fd), pi), ft, f$, and tl) must remain undivided and go with the latter vowel, while & becomes Vt Thus : lie^ben, bren-nen ; but jjer*etn, toctsfdjen, bruf-lett (brucfett)< Notice the use of the double hyphen instead of the sin* gle as in English. DECLENSION. LESSON I. DECLENSION. 50. Declension is the variation of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns, to show number, case, and gender. 51. There are in German two numbers, singular and plural, which are used much as in English. 52. The cases are four — nominative, genitive *, dative, and accusative. Of these the nominative is the case of the subject, corresponding to the English subjective*; the genitive represents the English possessive and also most of the relations expressed by the preposition of; the dative is the case of the indirect object, representing many of the relations expressed by the prepositions to and for; the accusative corresponds in general to the English objective, being the case of the direct object. 53. The genders are three — masculine, feminine, and neuter, German gender is not based upon sex so much as English. Many nouns which are neuter in English are masculine or feminine in German ; and some which are masculine or feminine in English are neuter in German. THE DEFINITE ARTICLE. 54. The definite article ber, the, is declined as fol- lows : — IO GERMAN LESSONS. SINGULAR. PLURAL. m. / n. m, f. n. N. ber bie ba$, the bie, the G. be$ ber beg, of the ber, of the D. bem ber bem, to the ben, to the A. ben bie ba$, the bie, the* 55. The declension of ber shows how the case, gender, and number of a word may be expressed by an actual change of form. But observe that the same form of the article, bie for example, may stand for different cases, etc., and that the plural has no difference of form to express gender. 56. Present Indicative of fein, to be. id) bin, / am fair finb, we are bn bift, thou art if)r feib, (ye) you ar* (fie, eg) er i[t, (she, it) he is (Sie)fte finb, (you) they are 57. $u, t!jr, ©ic SDtt, if)r and ©ie may all be trans- lated hy you; but bu shows familiarity or intimacy, and is used particularly in the family ; ifjr is its plural ; @ie is more formal, and is more common outside the family. While always with a plural verb, @ie may be used in ad- dressing one or more persons. With this use of @ie, compare the English use of you with a. plural verb, al- though it may refer to only one person. Note. — As German gender does not depend upon sex, it n best always to learn the definite article with the noun. Learn ber (Garten, not simply Garten. Observe that every German noun must begin with a capital. VOCABULARY. ber ©arten, the garden bie §anb, the hand ber 9ttann, the man, husband ba$ §au3, the house DECLENSION OF fcer. (I ber Dfen, the stove ber @of)n, the son ber |mnb, /A* dog be3 9ttanne3, 0///^ ;^tf?z be3 @of)ne3, 0///^ .raz* bie Sftanner, /A* ^^ bie gran, the woman, wife bie 931ume, the flower bie Gutter, /A* mother bie S£od)ter, ^ daughter ba3 $inb, the child be£ $inbe3, 0/ the child in (dat.), in cttt, old jung, young rot, red uttb, tf/zaf aber, #z^ nett, new EXERCISE I. i. £)er ©of)tt be3 3ftanne3. 2. ©er'SWuttcr unb ber Softer. 3. S)er §nnb ift in bem ©arten. 4. S£)a3 §au^ ift nen. 5. 23ir finb jnng. 6. 2)a3 $inb unb bm §nnb* 7. Sn ber §anb. 8. S)ie S£od)ter ift jung, aber bie W\xt* ter ift alt. 9. 3ft ta§> §an3 rot? 10. 2)e3 Ct. 1 3 roetdjer, which, what. The stems are jen, jeb r mandj, etc. 61. Present Indicative of Ijaien, to have. id) fjabe, / have ttrir fjaben, we have bu f)aft, thou hast tf)r f)abt, you have (fie, e£) er f)at, A* Aaj (@ie) fie fjaben, (^«) //^ Aiz/* VOCABULARY. ber 23ater, the father ba3 *)3ferb, //&£ &ro* ber 83anm, the tree ba3 ^intnier, *<** room ber ©djtitffel, //^ foy be3 ^3ferbe^ f not any. SINGULAR. PLURAL. m. / n. m. f. n. N. fein feine lein, no feme, no G. feineS leiner feute^ of no fetner, of no D. fetnem fetner letnem, to no fetnen, to no A. feuten feme letn, 110 feme, no WORDS DECLINED LIKE eitt. IS POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES. 64. Like fetn are declined the possessive adjectives mem, my, beitt, thy, your, fern, his, its, if)r, her, their, vox- fer, our, euer, your. These words, as well as em and fetn, although otherwise like bfefet, have no ending for the masculine and neuter nominative and the neuter accusative singular. Uttfer and etter commonly omit e of the stem or of the ending. Thus : unfre for unfere ; unfre£ or unfer3 for unfere3, etc. 65. Of the words for your, associate beitt with bu and eiter with the personal pronoun tt)r. The possessive ad- jective ifjr is to be associated with fie, and when written with a capital (Sf)t) means your, as ©te means you. 66. The definite article is often used instead of ntein, beitt, etc., when no ambiguity can arise by so doing. Thus : 2£a8 Ijaft bit in bcr §anb? what have you in your hand f (See also § 265, */.) 67. Preterit (Past) Indicative of fetn and Jjafien. id) toar, / was id) f)atte, / had bu toarft, thou wast bu fjatteft, thou hadst er roar, he was er fjatte, he had ftrir tuarett, we were ttrir fatten, we had i£)r toaret, you were Sfqt ^atttt, you had (@ie) fie toaten, {yoii) they (©ie) fie fjatten, {you) were they had VOCABULARY. ber SSogel, the bird ba3 Srot, the bread ber SBetter, the cousin grofc, great, large, tall ber greimb, the friend gut, good 1 6 GERMAN LESSONS. (ber) SBtlfjetm, William fetjr, very bie ©abet, the fork £)iibfd£) f pretty bie greunbin, the {lady) friend too, w/^r* ba3 28affer, the water tva$, what ba§ 3Keffer, the knife EXERCISE III. i. 3ft 2Bttt)erm 3f)r SSetter? 2. ©r f)at feinen ' greunb. 3. 9J?eine Sltime ift fet)r p&fd). 4. SBtr toarert in nnferem ©arten. 5. Sfteine ©djtoefter unb if)re greunbin toaren in ber ©tabt. 6. 3d} f)atte- einen §unb. 7. 3Bo ift bein Srubcr? 8. ®r l>at ein SKcffcr unb eine ©abet 9. 3ft ber Dfen in feinem gimmer 9 ro fe ? ia £>ctben ©ie fein Srot? 11. 3^re Sfume ift in bent SBaffer. 12. 3Kein ©of)n, too ift bein greunb SBilfjetm? 13. SCReirt 33ruber fjat einen SSogel in ber §anb. 14. ©eine3 23ater3 ^Sferb ift fefjr aft. 15. Suer SSetter ift ber greunb tnehteS S8ruber3. 16. 2Ba3 fatten bie banner in itjrem gimmer? I. William had a knife, but no fork. 2. Their bread is very good. 3. Is your dog large? 4. Where is her book? 5. Your sister is beautiful. -6. My brother's house is very pretty. 7. They had the key of our room. 8. My mother is your friend. 9. His sister had a bird. 10. Has your cousin no friend in the city? 1 1 . He has a son and a daughter. 1 2. Was their house old or new? 13. Your father had a horse and a dog. 1 4. They were not young. 15. Has the child a flower ? 16. Were you in their garden ? CONJUGATIONS. 1 7 LESSON IV. CONJUGATIONS. 68. There are two conjugations of verbs, the strong and the weak (also called the old and the new). The principal difference between the two is in the formation of the preterit and the past participle. 69. In the strong conjugation the preterit is formed by a change (called Slbfctut) in the vowel of the root ; the past participle adds en, sometimes with and some- times without a change in the vowel of the root. Thus : ftnben, to find ; id) fcmb, I found; gefunben, found. In both conjugations the past participle usually takes the prefix ge. 70. In the weak conjugation the preterit is formed by an addition to the root, without a change of the vowel ; the past participle adds t, also without chang- ing the vowel. Thus : bctuen, to build; tcf) bank, I built; gcbctut, built. The weak conjugation, being the simpler, will be taken up first. WEAK CONJUGATION. 71. The following endings are to be added to the stem : — 1 8 GERMAN LESSONS. PRESENT INDICATIVE. PRETERIT INDICATIVE. IMPERATIVE. Sing. Plu. Sing. Phi. Sing. Plu. -e -en -(e) te -(e) ten -e -(e) t -(Of* -(0* -(OM* -(c) tet (Polite form, -en ©ic) -(e)t -en -(0 te -(z)tw INFINITIVE. PRESENT PARTICIPLE. PAST PARTICIPLE. -en -enb 9 e -( e )t 72. The e in parenthesis is usually omitted, unless the stem ends in a consonant which can not readily be sounded with the ending. Observe that the endings of the first and third person are alike except in the present indicative singular. As verbs are usually given in the infinitive form, the most convenient way of finding the stem is to strike off the infinitive ending en. 73. Conjugation of the simple tenses, except those of the subjunctive, of loben, to praise : — PRINCIPAL PARTS. loben lobte gelobt INDICATIVE MODE. Present. Preterit. id) lobe, I praise , etc. id) lobte, I praised, etc. bu lobft bu lobteft er lobt er lobte totr loben ttnr lobten itjr lobt iljr lobtet fie loben fie lobten IMPERATIVE MOOD. Singular. Plural. lobe (bu),/77z^ {thou) lobet (tt)r), praise {you) loben ©ie r praise {you). See § 74. WEAK CONJUGATION. 19 INFINITIVE. loben, jit loben, to praise PARTICIPLES. lobenb, praising getobt, praised 74. Observe that id) lobe may be translated by / praise, I do praise, I am praising. That is, the German has only the one form for the various English conjuga- tions. The imperative loben ©te, while plural in form, may be either singular or plural in meaning. What has been said in § 57 about the use of bit, it)r, and ©te, applies also to the imperative. VOCABULARY. ber ©djnetber, the tailor fctgen, say, tell ber Styfet, the apple t)6ren, hear ber 9?ocf, the coat lieben, love bie ©traf^e, the street batten, build ba$ 83fatt, the leaf leben, live, be alive ba§ ®i(b, the picture tooljnen, dwell, live bie 93tatter, the leaves faufen, buy bie Jtyfet, the apples madden, make auf (dat.), upon e3 ift (tvav), there is {was) t)iefe, many e3 finb (toaren), there are (were) EXERCISE IV. 1. 9Kein SSater baute ba§ JgaviS. 2. 3f)re £ante toofytt in btefer ©trafee. 3. @3 finb btefe 25(atter auf bem 83attme. 4. 3d) tjore ba§ Sttnb. 5. 2Bir loben S^ren greunb. 6. S)er @cf)neiber tnad)te meine3 93ruber3 9to& 7. 2Ba3 fagt bein 20 GERMAN LESSONS. Setter? 8. ©te faufen letn JBtlb. 9. Sebt ba$ gtnb? 10. §abt ii)r feme $fyfel? n. 3)ie 93tume tear fdjfln. 12. 2)a£ Stttb Itebt feme ©djtoefter. 13. Saufe em 9Jieffer unb etne ©abet. 14. 3d) bin alt. 15. (S3 ftttb feme 3ftan= iter in bem ©arten. 16. 28 raufteft bu behten £>unb ? I. We have no stove in our room. 2. In which street do you live? 3. He bought a picture. 4. I love my brother. 5. Did you build the house? 6. Where does your sister live? 7. We are buying apples. 8. What did he hear? 9. They bought a flower. 10. The tailor is making my coat. 1 1 . There was a picture in this room. 12. What were you saying? 13. The flower is red. 14, I heard the bird in the tree. 15. My cousin did have the key. 16. He praises their brother. LESSON V. STRONG CONJUGATION. 75. In the strong conjugation the preterit is made by changing the vowel of the root ; the first and third sin- gular of the preterit have no endings, the other persons having the same endings as the present. The endings given in § 71 apply also to strong verbs, except in the preterit and past participle, the latter ending in en in- stead of (e)t. STRONG CONJUGATION. 2 1 76. Conjugation of the simple tenses, except those of the subjunctive, of fin gen, to sing : — PRINCIPAL PARTS. fingen fang gefungen INDICATIVE MODE. Present. Preterit, id) finge, / sing, etc. id) fang, / sang, etc. . bn fingft bn fangft er fingt er fang toir fingen toir fangen ifjr fingt iftr fangt fie fingen fie fangen IMPERATIVE MODE. Singular. " Plural. finge (bn), sing {thou) fittget (if)r), sing (you) fingen @ie, sing (you) INFINITIVE. fingen, jn fingen, to sing PARTICIPLES. fingenb, singing gefungen, sung 77. In addition to the regular difference in the forma- tion of the preterit and past participles, some verbs of the strong conjugation further differ from those of the weak in changing the vowel of the second and third person singular of the present indicative. For exam- ple, strong verbs having a in the present stem change it in the second and third person singular to d; similarly, long e is changed to ie, and short e to i (with a few H GERMAN LESSONS. exceptions). Other vowel changes may be learned with the particular verb. The change from e to ie or i also takes place in the singular of the imperative, but not the change from a to a. Thus : id) felje, bu fieljft, er fiefjt ; imper., fief) id) fpredje, bit ftmdjft, er foridjt; imper., fpric^ idj bade, bu badft, er Mdt; imper., ba&t N. B. — The ending of the imperative singular of verbs which change e to te or i is regularly omitted. The weak forms bacfft, bacft, and especially the preterit bacfte, etc., are very common (cf. § 240). 78. The strong verbs being for the most part very common, it is especially necessary that each verb should be thoroughly learned at its first occurrence. Every strong verb will be followed in the vocabularies by the number of the paragraph where it can be found in the list given in the appendix. From this list the student can learn all the necessary forms. The list also includes irregular verbs which are marked in the same way in the vocabularies. Present and Preterit of lucrbcn, to become, grow. 79. SBerben has some of the characteristics of both the strong and the weak conjugation, its present and preterit being as follows : — id) toerbe, / become, etc. id) ttmrbe (or toctrb), I became, etc, bu toirft bu tourbeft (or toarbft) er toirb er ttmrbe (or toarb) toir tDerben ttrir ttmrben it)r tuerbet ifjr tourbet fie toerben [ie ttmrben STRONG CONJUGATION. 23 VOCABULARY. &er ®5ntg, the king bie @Iafer r the glasses ber Kaufmann, the merchant geben (§ 239), give ber Stldjen, the cake fyrecljen (§238), speak bet %\\<&), the table bacfen (§ 240), bake bie SJhtfif, the music fittbett (§ 237), find bte SCinte, the- ink effert (§ 239), *a/ ba3 Sicb, the song freffert (§239),^/ {of animals) ba$ ©ta3, the glass fe^en (§ 239), j** (bdS) -©nglifd}, English nein, /z# (ba3) 2>eutfd), German nur, 0/z/^ bte Sieber, />^ #?/2g3 exercise v. 1. ©r faf) ben Sfintg. 2. ©a3 Stnb a£ ben ffiudjen. 3. Seine SUhttter bacfte 23rot. 4. ©prtdjft bu ©nglifdj? 5. Sftein, id) fprec£)e nur ©eutfdf), aber metn SBruber fpridjt (Sngtifd). 6. 28a3 frifet ber £unb? 7. SBetdjeS Steb fangen fie? 8. SBir fafjen triete ©tafer auf bent Sifdje. 9. 2Sir fjoren bie SJJufif. 10. 2ft ein @of)n fanb eine Slume auf ber Strafe. 11. ©teljft bu bm Saufmamt? 12. (£r gibt nteinem SBruber Stpfet. 1 3 . 28 f anben ©ie bie Sinte ? 14. 3fj nur S3rot. 15. @ie toirb alt. 16. ganbet ifjr ben Saufntann in ber ©tabt ? 1. Did you hear the songs of my sister? 2. He finds no glass on the table. 3. Give the child a cake. 4. Are you eating the apple? 5. I see no stove in the room. 6. Sing a song. 7. Does your friend speak German? 8. The merchant saw the king. 9. I bought 24 GERMAN LESSONS. a horse and a dog. 10. Where did she find the book? II. He loves his sister. 12. He is giving his mother a flower. 13. What was the horse eating? 14. The man was eating bread. 15. See the tree in the garden. 16. The flower was growing red. LESSON VI. COMPOUND TENSES OF f)(lbctl. 80. Compound tenses, indicative mood, and impera- tive of tjctben (cf. § 235, d.) : — id) f)abe getjabt, I have had, etc. bu Ijaft gefjabt er fjat geljabt fair fyaben gefjabt tt)r t)abt gefjabt fie Ijaben getjabt FUTURE. tdj toerbc (jaben, I shall have, etc. bu ttrirft fyaben er toirb Ijaben totr tuerben t)aben tt)r luerbet fjaben fie toerben tjaben PLUPERFECT. id) f)atte gefyabt, / had had, etc. bu fjatteft gefyabt er ^atte gefjabt nnr fatten gefjabt i^r fjattet gefyabt fie fatten gefyabt FUTURE PERFECT. id) toerbe gefyabt fjaben, /shall have had, etc. bu tutrft getjabt Ijaben er toirb gefyabt fjaben toir luerben getjabt Ijaben ifjr tuerbet getjabt fmben fie toerben gefjabt fjaben COMPOUND TENSES. 25 IMPERATIVE. Ijabe (bu), have (thou) fjabet (H>r) # have {you) fjaben ©te, //#^ {you) INFINITIVE. geljabt fyaben, get)abt ju f)aben, to &*w &w/ COMPOUND TENSES WITH Ijafcett. 81. In the same way are conjugated the compound tenses of most strong and weak verbs, f)Ctben being the auxiliary for the perfect and pluperfect and toerben for the future. Observe the order of the past participle and the infinitive of the auxiliary in the future perfect, and note also that the object and other modifiers of the verb precede the participle or infinitive. 82. Synopsis of the compound tenses, indicative mode, of a weak and a strong verb (cf. § 235, a) : — PERFECT. PERFECT. id) fjabe gelobt id) Ijctbe gefungen bu t)aft gelobt, etc. bu tjaft gefungen, etc- PLUPERFECT. PLUPERFECT. tdj tjatte gelobt id) fyatte gefungen FUTURE. FUTURE. id) toerbe toben idj tocrbc ftngen FUTURE PERFECT. FUTURE PERFECT. id) tuerbe gelobt tjctben tdj luerbe gefungen tjaben INFINITIVE. INFINITIVE. gelobt tjaben, gelobt ju f)aben gefungen tjaben, gefungen ju haben 26 GERMAN LESSONS. 83. Declension of id), /. SINGULAR. PLURAL N. H$,/ toir, we G. meiner (mein), of me unfer, of us D. mir, to me un3, to &.r A. mict), me un3, »j 84. Observe that the possessive adjectives tnettt, etc., are used to indicate possession, and not the genitive of the pronoun meiner, etc. VOCABULARY. ber Setjrer, the teacher ba§ Slier, the animal ber ©cf)itf), the shoe ba$ $teifd), the meat ber ©cpler, the pupil, scholar bte ©d)ul)e, the shoes ber Seller, the plate bte Stiere, /^ animals bte 2lufga6e, /^ /^mwi ternen, to learn bte Utjr, the watch, clock lefeit (§ 239), to read bte 9?ofe f the rose lefjren, to teach ba$ @d)iof3, the castle netjmen (§ 238), to take ba3 ©orf, £&* village EXERCISE VI. 1. Unfer Seljrer toirb mid) toben. 2. §a6t tljr eure 5Ii!f= gctuegelernt? 3. @r fjat mir feme Ul)r gegebcn. 4. SBetdje Xiere freffen gteifcf) ? 5 . S)er $onig tjatte in jenem @d)l0f$ getoofjnt. 6. S)tc SKutter l)at un3 biefe ©djufje gefanft. 7. £)a3 Sinb toirb biefeS S3nd) lefcn. 8. 3d) lja6e ben 95ogei getjort. 9. §atte fie bie SRofe genommen? 10. ©ieljaben un3 geletjrt. 1 1. ©r toirb ba$ Sieb gelernt fjafcn. 12. 2Bir toerben iljren 93ater fefjen. 13. 2Ba£ fjaft bu gefunben? COMPOUND TENSES. 27 14. 3f)r tjabt fetnett 2ef)rer getjabt. 15. ®r axemen SfyfeE 16. SBerbert ©te fern §au£ laufert? 1. I had learned the song. 2. He has bought me the horse. 3. A friend had given us the picture. 4. Will you speak English or German? 5. Where will he buy his shoes? 6. Has your sister sung the song? 7. You had seen the rose. 8. We shall have read the book. 9. Where have you had the plate? 10. Had he seen my watch? 11. Take this fork. 12. They will live in this village. 13. The dog had eaten the meat. 1 4. My father will teach me. 1 5 . Have you baked bread? 16. The men have found the castle. LESSON VII. COMPOUND TENSES OF fettt. 85. The compound tenses, indicative mode, and im- perative of fettt are as follows (cf. § 235, e.) : — PERFECT. PLUPERFECT. id) bin gemefett, I have been, itf) wax getoefett, I hadbeen> etc. etc. bu btft getoefett bit toarft getoefett er ift geroefen er iuar getoefett itrir fittb gettefett toir toarett getaefen i()r feib getoefen ifjr ttmret geroefen fie fittb getoefen fie ttmren getoefen 28 GERMAN LESSONS. FUTURE. FUTURE PERFECT. id) tuerbe fern, I shall be, id) toerbe getoefen {cut, I shall etc. have been, etc. bit iuirft fein bn totrft gciuefen fein er ttrirb fein er tutrb getoefen fein toir toerben fein lutr toerben getuefen fein ifjit tuerbet fein if)r toerbet getoefen fein fie tocrben fein fie toerben getuefen fein IMPERATIVE. fet (bu), be (fhoii) feib (i()r), be {you) feien ©ie, be {yon) INFINITIVE. getoefen fetn r geroefen ju fein, to have been 86. Declension of bu, thou {you). SINGULAR. PLURAL. N. bit, thou \i)v f ye,you G. beiner, of thee eiter, of you D. bir, to thee t\\6),you A. bid), thee eucf), you WORD-ORDER. 87. The following remarks with regard to word-order should be carefully noted : — 1. A pronoun object precedes a noun object. 2. A simple adverb of time usually follows a pronoun object and precedes a noun object. 3. An indirect object usually precedes a direct object 4. Adverbs other than those of time, and preposi- COMPOUND TENSES. 29 tional phrases modifying the verb, follow noun ob- jects. 5. The negative rtidjt, unless it modifies some word or phrase, follows the adverbs. 6. A predicate noun or adjective usually follows the negative. 7. The modifiers of a participle or infinitive precede. 88. With the exception of the subject and its verb the order of elements will therefore generally be: 1. Pronoun object \ 2. Adverb of time, 3. Noun objects, 4. Other adverbs, 5. Negation, 6. Predicate adjective or noun. VOCABULARY. ber ®tuf)t f the chair jartgen (§242), to catch ber Sag, the day judjen, to seek, search ber SBalb, the woods, forest pftanjen, to plant bte Sonigin, the queen tjeute, to-day (btc) ©ertrub, Gertrude morgen, to-morrow i>a$ ©tM, the piece u&ermorgett, day after to-mon ba3 $)3aar, the pair row (ba§) Sonbon, London geftem, yesterday franf, ill fcorgeftern, day before yester- ftciit, little, small day btenen (dat. ), to serve EXERCISE VII. 1. 35er £ag ftrirb fcfyfin fein. 2. %<$) gab bem £unbe em ©tfld $leifcf). 3. 2Jtein 23ater biente bem £onig unb ber Konigin. 4. @ei mein greunb. 5. @r nrirb un3 morgen 30 GERMAN LESSONS. $rot in bem ©orfe faufen. 6. 2Ba3 pflcmjtefi bu fcorgeftern m bem SBalbe ? 7. Sie l;aben ben ©tiu)l nicfyt genommen. 8. 3Bo fing er ba£ £ier ? 9. ©ertrub ift geftern in Sonbon getoefen. 10. (Seine U(;r ift Hcin, aber nicfyt fefyr ^>iibfdE>. 11. 2Bir toerben iibermorgen ein ^aax ©tfmfje madden. 12. £)er ^aufmann ift fyeute fetyr franf. • 13. 3d£> toerbe eud) tnorgen bie ©Iftfer geben. 14. Sfyre greunbin fucfyt eine Slume in bem ©arten. 15. ©eib fo gnt unb finget mir bag Sieb. 16. @3 toaren borgeftern biele flatter anf bem SBaffer. 1. What did your son seek in the woods yesterday? 2. Our house will be small. 3. Has Gertrude baked the cake? 4. The day has been beautiful. 5. Where did you find the table and the chair? 6. I shall be in the city day after to-morrow. 7. He is planting the tree in the garden to-day. 8. The queen had been ill. 9. My child, do not eat this piece [of*] bread. 10. I saw you day before yesterday in the castle. 1 1 . They will not live in the city [of] London. 12. Has your brother been serving the king? 13. We caught the bird in the room. 14. Your mother will buy you a pair [of] shoes to-morrow. 15. She had seen an apple on the plate. 16. William did not sing this song yesterday. * The sign [ ] indicates that a word is to be omitted ; ( ) that It is to be inserted in the translation. COMPOUND TENSES. 31 LESSON VIII. COMPOUND TENSES OF tuetfcetU 89. The compound tenses, indicative mode, and imperative of tuerben are as follows (cf. § 235,/.) : — PERFECT. PLUPERFECT. tcf) 6tn getuorben, I have be- id) tuar getuorben, I had be- come, etc. bu uift getuorben er tft getuorben tuir ftnb getuorben ifyr feib getuorben fie ftnb getuorben come, etc. bu. luctrft getuorben er tuctr getuorben tuir tuctren getuorben if)r tuaret getuorben fie tuaren getuorben FUTURE PERFECT. id) toerbe tuerben, I shall be- id) tuerbe getuorben fein, / come, etc. bu ttrirft tuerben er tuirb tuerben tuir tuerben tuerben il)r tuerbet tuerben fie tuerben tuerben shall have become, etc. bu tuirft getuorben fein er tuirb getuorben fein tuir tuerben getuorben fein tfyr tuerbet getuorben fein fie tuerben getuorben fein IMPERATIVE. tuerbe (bu), become (thou) tuerbet (if)r), become {you) tuerben ©ie, become {you) 32 GERMAN LESSONS. INFINITIVE. getoorben fetn, gefoorben ju fetn, to have become OTHER VERBS WITH fcitt. ! 90. With [ettt are also conjugated certain intransitive verbs which express a change of condition, or motion to or from a place, and a few others. Examples of such verbs are fterben, to die, toad)[en, to grow, fommen, to come, Iaufen r to run, etc. Such verbs will be followed in the vocabularies by f. (for feitt) and need special attention. Notice the English, / am come, he is gone, etc. 91. Synopsis of the compound tenses of fommen (§238), illustrating the conjugation of a verb with feitt (cf. §235, c): — PERFECT. PLUPERFECT. id) bin gefommen, / have id) ttmr gefommen, / had come come FUTURE. FUTURE PERFECT. id) tuerbe fommen, / shall id) tuerbe gefommen fetn, / come shall have come 92. About twenty verbs of motion take fetn when the direction or extent of the motion, -or the place of arrival or departure is ex- pressed, and Ijaben when nothing but the action is to be shown. Thus : 3d) bin nadj bonbon geritten {ridden}, but id) Ijabe lange geritten. As such verbs will therefore generally take fetn, the subject is not further treated in this book. 93. Declension o£ er, ftc, e8, he, she, it : — COMPOUND TENSES. 33 SINGULAR. N. er fie e3 he, she, it G. feiner (fein) ifyrer feiner (fcin) of him, her, it D. ifym if)t ifym to him, her, it A. ifm fie e3 him, her, it PLURAL. N. fie, they ©te, you G. iljirer, of them S^ter, of you D. tfynen, , to them 3fynen, to you A. fie, them (Bit, you 94. German gender not being based on sex, care must be taken in the use of the third personal pronoun. The pronoun must agree with the gender of its noun, and it will therefore often happen that er or fie will represent an English it, or e8 an English he or she. It will be observed that ©ie ( you) is in reality the plu- ral of the third personal pronoun, although now used as a second personal. VOCABULARY. ber ©nglchtber, the English- ftcrbcn, f. (§ 238), to die man laufen, f. (§ 243), to run ber ©tener, the servant hmdjfen, f. (§ 240), to grow bte SBoctje, the week fofgcn, f. (dat.), to follow ba$ ©djiuert, the sword btetben, f. (§ 245), to remain bct3 9Setlcl)cn, the violet in (ace), into fteifttg, industrious au§ (dat.), out of, from tlav, clear Add} (dat.), to, towards ftarf, strong narf) £mnfe, home EXERCISE VIII. 1. ©er ©tetter tft in fionbon geblteben. 2. ©er £ag ttrirb flar toerben. 3. ©a3 33eiltf;en Vt>adE>ft in bem SBalbe. 4. ©u 34 GERMAN LESSONS. bift frcmf, mein Jltnb, aber bu mirft ftarf toerben. 5. $ommt in ba£ &au3. 6. ©ein $ater ift geftern geftotben. 7. Set Gngldnber f)at nur ©ngltfd^ gef^rod;en. 8. ©eib fleifng, unb ifyr toerbet bie Sieber lerncn. 9. 3^r So^n tyatte ba3 ©cfytoert gefunben. 10. ©er $aufmamt ttrirb biefe 3Bod;e fommen. 11. aWein better tear nad) £aufe gelaufen, 12. ©ertrub ift tf)ter ^reunbin gefotgt. 13. ©iefer ©tfmeiber l;at i§m feinen 3?0(f gemacfyt. 14. 2)er 33aum tear fdjjon geftwben. 15. S)er ©cfmler ift au3 bem £aufe gelaufen. 16. ®a£ ^Sferb toar Sfynen gefolgt. 1. They have come home. 2. We had remained in our room. 3. My dog will not run into the woods ; it (§ 94) is ill. 4. His servant bought him the sword. 5. I shall live in the house this week. 6. We had fol- lowed them into that castle. 7. The Englishman had not been serving her. 8. Have you seen many violets in the woods? 9. The king had died in London. 10. This table is not strong ; do not buy it. 11. Take this flower; it grew in our garden. 12. He has been in- dustrious and (has) learned his lesson. 13. The day had grown* clear. 14. Had you run out of the room? 15. They will come to London. 16.' Say it [to] your brother to-morrow. * ttmdjfen or tuerbert? DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 35 LESSON IX. DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 95. There are two declensions of nouns in German, me strong and the weak (or the first and the second). Nouns whose genitive singular ends in (e)3 are of the strong declension ; those whose genitive singular ends in (e)tt are of the weak declension. Strong nouns are divided into three classes, the nominative plural being the basis of classification; the weak declension is not subdivided. 96. The following observations will aid in the mastery of the declension of nouns : — 1. Feminine nouns are not inflected in the singular; their division into declension and classes is therefore based on the nominative plural. 2. The dative plural always ends in (c)tl. 3. To decline a noun it is usually necessary to know the genitive singular and the nominative plural. STRONG DECLENSION, CLASS I. 97. Nouns of the first class of the strong declension add no ending for the nominative plural, but about twenty masculines (cf. § 229), the neuter Stofter, cloister, con- vent, and the feminines Sftutter and S£odE)ter modify the root-vowel throughout the plural. Words ending in it 36 GERMAN LESSONS. do not take an additional it in the dative plural. The endings of this class are as follows : SINGULAR. PLURAL. n. — _n_ g. — s _n_ D. (") n A. _TL 98. To this class belong masculine and neuter nouns ending in et, er, en (including infinitives used as noun c , which are neuter) ; the masculine Safe, cheese ; only two feminines, SJtutter and £odE)ter; diminutives in djen and lettt (which are always neuter) ; and neuters having the prefix ©e and ending in e. 99. Declension of nouns with and without umlaut in the plural : — ber SBagett, the wagon ba§ ©emtiibe, the painting bte 9JJ utter, the mother N. ber SBagen ba3 ©emalbe bte Gutter G. be3 2Bagen§ be£ ©emalbeg ber 3Jlutter D. bent SBagen bem ©emalbe ■ ber 9Jtutter A. ben 3Bagen ba£ ©emalbe bte Sautter PLURAL. N. bte SBagen bte ©emalbe bte 9Kittter G. ber SBagen ber ©emalbe ber -JJJiitter D. ben SBagen ben ©emalben ben SDiitttern A. bte SBagen bte ©emalbe bte 3Kiltter DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 37 100. Decline with modification of the vowel in the plural Styfcl, ©artcit, Dfert, SSogcl, SSatcr, 93ruber, Softer, Slofter ; also bcr Sctbett, /A* ^/^/, ber jammer, the ham- mer, ber dSdjtoager, the brother-in-law. 101. Decline without changing the vowel in the plural ©tetter, ©djlfiffel, ^ui^en, Sefjrer, ©emitter, SMfe, Seller, ©ngtanber, ©tfjnetber, dimmer, SBctffer, Sfteffcr, 93ett(f)ert ; also ber Soffet, the spoon, ber ©tiefet, the boot, bct3 grdu- kin, the young lady, Miss, ba$ Wlabfytn, the maiden, girl. INVERTED ORDER. 102. German sentences have already occurred in which the verb has preceded the subject. This will be the case in every principal clause in which for any reason it is desired to put the verb or any modifier of the verb at the beginning of the clause. This arrange- ment of the inflected part of the verb (personal verb) before the subject is known as the inverted order, while the order with the subject preceding the verb is called the normal order. VOCABULARY. blent, blue getjen, f. (§ 242), to go grcut, gray ■ ftefyen (§ 240), to stand toofyl, well ladjett, to laugh f)ter, here ju 4>au)e, at home gu (dat.), to EXERCISE IX. 1. Stte Styfel finb in bem ©arten meineS 33ater§. 2. 2Ba- ren bte aSogel blau ober fd&toarj? 3. 2Bo finb bie gfiffel imb 38 GERMAN LESSONS. bte aWeffer? 4. 6o$fl bu fciele Saben in Sonbon ? 5. $dj fyabt feine ©ematbe in meinem £aufe. 6. £)te ©nglanber blieben mdjt ju £aufe. 7. 2Bo ftanben bte ftldfier ? 8. SDer ©iener meine£ ©d)toager£ ift franf. 9. 2)te ©emitter ladjten. 10. SDie Gutter biefer 3flabcfyen finb geftern ^ier getoefen. 1 ic &ahm ©ie ifym bie ©tiefel? 12. £)a3 5linb ging ju ifyr. 13. 2Bo fanb er fotdje jammer ? 14. ©ein 3io(f tt)ar nicf)t grau. 15. S)ie $rautein finb nidjt ju £aufe. 16. S)er £unb fotgte ntir unb meinen 23riibem. 1. What did he give you? 2. The stoves in our house are new. 3. My daughters are well to-day. 4. We shall go to them. 5. The girls will not be at home to-morrow. 6. I saw the violets in your garden yesterday; they are very blue. 7. She will bake the cakes to-day. 8. Has your teacher many pupils? 9. Our servants and I are going home. 10. They have taken the plates. II. In which rooms shall I find the pupils and the teachers? 12. We remained in the shop. 13. Had you had the keys? 14. My father and (my) brothers have gone into the house. 15. I have found your watch ; it was in your room. 16. The horse is eating apples. DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 39 LESSON X. STRONG DECLENSION, CLASS II. 103. This class adds e, sometimes with and some- times without umlaut, to make the nominative plural. The genitive singular ends in (e)£ and the dative singu- lar frequently in e. The endings of the class are there- fore as follows : SINGULAR. PLURAL. N. (") e G. (e)3 n e D. (e) (") en A. (") e 104. This class is much larger than any other, and consequently more difficult to define. It includes mono- syllabic masculines as a class, and polysyllabic mascu- lines not expressly provided for elsewhere ; feminines in futtft, ttt§, and fat, and about thirty monosyllabic feminines (cf. § 230) ; some monosyllabic neuters (cf. § 230), and all polysyllabic neuters not provided for elsewhere. Note. — There are only a few feminines in ni$ and fal, these terminations being regularly neuter, and as such belonging to this class. Observe the doubling of the f of ni$ before c of a termina- tion. Thus : (SefcmgtiiS, (SefcmgtuffeS, etc. 105. Declension of nouns with and without umlaut in the plural : — 4o GERMAN LESSONS. $er <5of)ti, the son ber Sttonat, the month toe Stabt, the citf N. ber ©ofyn G. be3 ©ofyneg D. bem ©ofyne A. ben ©ofyn SINGULAR. ber 9Jtonat be3 3Jtonat£ bem 3JJonat ben 9ftonat bie ©tabt ber ©tabt ber ©tabt bie ©tabt N. bie ©ofjme G. ber ©ofyne D. ben ©ofynen A. bie ©dfyne bie aJlonate ber SDfonate ben 9JJonaten bie donate bie ©tabte ber ©tabte ben ©tabten bie ©tabic 106. The omission or retention of e in the genitive singular de- pends largely on considerations of taste and euphony. It is quite commonly omitted in polysyllables, and retained in monosyllables. Its use is imperative with nouns ending with a sibilant. Thus: (SefangniffeS, ©a£e8. The adding of e for the dative singular depends upon similar considerations. 107. Of the masculines in this class the great majority modify the vowel in the plural ; of the feminines all except those in ni§ and fat ; of the neuters only two, gtog, raft and GHjor, choir, 108. Decline with modification of the vowel in the plural 23aum, 9Jocf, ©tuf)I, §cmb ; also ber guft, the foot, ber ©aft, the guest, ber JQV&, the hat, bie Sftatfjt, the night, bie Suft, the air, 109. Decline without change of vowel in the plural •gmnb, $ferb, ©rot, $dmg, £ifd), £ier, gteifcl), Xag, ©titcf, $J3aar, ©cljitt). DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 41 PREPOSITIONS WITH DATIVE OR ACCUSATIVE. 110. The following nine prepositions take the dative when they express rest or motion in a place, and the accusative when they express or imply motion from one place to another : — an, at, on fiber, over, above auf, upon, on unter, under, below, among f)tnter, behind t)0r, before, in front of, ago in, in, into jtnifcfjen, between neben, beside, by 111. The definite article is often contracted with prep- ositions and, very rarely, with other words. Thus : im, for in bem; auf£, for auf ba§; gur, for gu ber. The contractions may be readily learned in practice. VOCABULARY. ein, one fallen, f. (§ 241), to fall gtuet, two fegen, to lay bret, three man, one, they t>kx,four lang, long \\x\\\,five exercise x. 1. £abt it)v feme ©cfyutye an ben ^iA&nl 2. Unfere ©ftfte ftnb Ijeute gefommen. 3. 2)a£ Hinb I?at ein ©tfidf Srot unb jtoei 2tyfet gegeffen. 4. £ege ba3 23ud; auf ben Sifcfy. 5. SDein £ut toar in3 2Baffer gefallen. 6. 2)er Hdnig fyat bier ^Bferbe, fagt man. 7. 2)ie £iere ftanben Winter ben 33aumen. 8. 2)ie 9iatf)te finb lang. 9. liber un§ fatten ftrir einen SSoget in ber Sufi 10. SDie 3JMbdjen toerben fcor bem ©djloffe fingen. 42 GERMAN LESSONS. ii« Sefai SSoter lauftc xfym einen ©tit 12. 2Beldjer ©tfmeiber macfyt 3^rc Stode? 13. Unfere ©djtoefter ift Dor brei £agen nacfy £aufe gefommen. 14. ©ie ©abel fiet unter ben SHfd). 15. %<$) legte biett^r auf ben ©tufyl. 16. 3Bo lauft man gleifdj ? 17. £)a3 £ter tyat feine £anbe. 1. He stood between me and his brother. 2. His father has bought him a pair [of] shoes. 3. His hat was not in the room. 4. Three chairs are standing beside the table. 5. My dog and I ran behind the house. 6. He was well yesterday, but I have not seen him to-day. 7. The merchant was in London five days ago. 8. I saw only water under me. 9. The guests of my father will come to-morrow. 10. We shall buy two horses and a wagon. 1 1. Her watch fell on the table. 12. She stood beside me, but did not see me. 13. These hats are not new. 14. Give the ani- mals water and meat. 15. The child had his shoes in his hands. 16. The trees in the village are beautiful. LESSON XL STRONG DECLENSION, CLASS III. 112. This class adds er to make the nominative plural, with modification of the vowel in all nouns capable of taking it. The remarks with regard to the retention or omission of e in the genitive and dative singular of the DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 43 second class apply also to the third class. The endings are as follows : 5J N. lMljUi-,AK.. G. (e)» D. (e) A. -er -er em er 113. To this class belong about fifty monosyllabic neuters, about half a dozen polysyllabic neuters ; about a dozen masculines (cf. § 231); and all nouns ending in turn, a few of which are masculine, the rest being neuter. There are no feminines in the class. 114. Declension of nouns in the third class : — . ba$ fBiatt, the leaf fcer 2Jiamt, the man ber 3>rrium, the error N. badSlatt G. bed Slotted D. bem Statte A. bag Sfatt N. bie flatter G. ber flatter D. ben Slattern A. bie Blatter SINGULAR. ber SRotm bed WanntZ bem 3Kcmne ben ffllann PLURAL. bie manner ber 3Jtanner ben 3ftftmtern bie 3ftanner ber S^rtum bed 3rrtttm$ bem 3^rtum ben 3rrtum bie 3n*flmer ber Srrtfimer ben Strtfintern bie 3rrtflmer 115. Decline in this class 33udj, ffiutb, §aug, 33tlb, Steb, ©lag. ©djlofc, ©djtoert, Storf, 2Balb ; also bag @t, the egg, 44 GERMAN LESSONS. ba§ getb, the field, bctS ©eftdjt, the face, ba$ filletb, the dress, ba$ Sal, the valley, (ber) ©ott, GW. 116. Declension of the Interrogatives toer, who, and N. toer tt>a3 G. loeffen (toe£) tt>effen (tt>e^) D. toem (no dative) A. toen toctS 117. SBer is used of persons, for both genders and numbers, and toct3 of things. The declension of toetdjer, which is used both as an adjective and a pronoun, is given in § 6o. SUBSTITUTION OF ft>0 AND bft FOR PRONOUNS. 118. Instead of a dative or accusative of tt)a3 with a preposition, too, where (before a vowel toor), is used in composition with the preposition. Thus : toobitrd), for burcE) toa3 ; toorauf for cmf toa3. Notice English wherewith, whereby, etc. In a similar manner ba, there (before a vowel bar) , is used instead of the dative or accusative of a third personal pronoun or of a demonstrative pronoun, when the pronoun refers to a thing, not to a person. Thus : bctmit, for mit if)m ; barau3, for au£ ifym. The phrases with it, with them, in it, in them, etc., when referring to things, will therefore be translated by bctmtt, barm, etc. Notice English therewith, therein, etc. Carefully avoid the use after a preposition of toa3, and of the third per- sonal pronoun or demonstrative pronoun when referring to things. DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 45 VOCABULARY. ber SRomer, the Roman gtoolf, twelve ledjS, six fomten (§ 250), can, to be able fieben, seven fiitjren, lead ad)t, eight aud), too, also neun, nine \& f y es jefjn, te/z md)t§ (indec), nothing elf, eleven EXERCISE XL 1. ©a£ $inb fanb fieben ©ier im SBalbe. 2. 2Bem gaben ©ie bie ©djtoerter? 3. ©ie toerben im ^rrtum bteiben. 4. SDie ©orfer in biefem Sale finb fe£>r flcin. 5. 6r fann tttdjt* [efyen. 6. 9JJein 9Sater fiityrte mid) in ben 2Balb. 7. £)er ig imb fafy bem 9Jf anne inS ©eficfyt. 8. ©ie Corner fatten biele ©otter. 9. £aben ©ie bie Meiber meiner Gutter ge= fefyen? 10. ^a, unb fie finb fefyr fcfyon. 11. ©inb beine 93iicf)er autf) neu? 12. SBorauf i)at ergeftanben? 13. ©ie 3Jfdnner fonnten foldje ©d;(offer nid^t bauen. 14. $n toetcfyem 9Jlonat finb toir gefommen ? 15. i§aft bn nnr jtoftlf ©lafer auf bem £ifd)e? 16. S)er 2Mb ift grofj, unb biele Sdume toadjfen barin. 1. He had ten pictures in his room. 2. We shall teach you to-morrow. 3. The children are eating meat and eggs. 4. Can you lead my brother home? 5. We have the glasses, but there is no water in them. 6. I can bake the cakes to-morrow. 7. Which houses will you buy? 8. He has given his sons the hats and the shoes. 9. They had also fallen into these errors. 10. Yesterday the horses had nothing to eat. II. She 46 GERMAN LESSONS. saw many birds in (auf) the fields. 12. No trees grov* in these valleys. 13. The pupils could not learn their lesson. 14. The girl has only two dresses. 15. In these shops they (man) speak German and English. 16. Do you hear the songs of the children? LESSON XII. WEAK DECLENSION. 119. To this declension belong masculines in e of more than one syllable, about twenty monosyllabic mas- culines (which formerly ended in e), many foreign mas- culines accented on the last syllable; all feminines of more than one syllable not expressly provided for else- where, about sixty monosyllabic feminines. There are no neuters in the declension. The vowel is never mod- ified for the plural. The endings of the declension are as follows : — N. (c)n G. (e)n (e)n D. (e)n (e)n A. (e)n (e)n 120. Declension of nouns of the weak declension:— DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 47 frer Stnabt, the boy bie 23fame, the flower bic efter ber ©cfytoefter bie ©cfytoefter N. bie ^naben G. ber $naben D. ben ^naben A. bie ilnabert bie 33lumen ber Slutnen ben 33tumen bie Slumen bie ©cfytoeftem ber ©djtoeftem btn ©cfytoeftern bie ©djtoeftern 121. Like ©djtoefter are declined feminines in el and er. Feminines in in double the n in the plural. Thus : bie Sonigin, pi. bie ®oniginnen. |)err, Lord, master, gentleman, is declined with n through the singular and en through the plural. Thus : ber §err f be3 §erm, etc. ; pi. bie §erren f etc. 122. Decline according to the weak declension $rctu, ©abet, 93tnme, greunbin, S£ante, (Strafe, 9)}nfil, £inte, Stufgabe, Uf)r, Sonigin, 9Jo[e r 3Bod)e ; also ber 9£effe, the nephew, ber ©tubenf , the student, ber SKenfd), {the) man, human being, ber ©rctf, the count, bie ©pradje, the Ian- guage, bie Sriicfe, the bridge, bie (£rbe, the earth, ground, bie 3eit, the time. COMPOUND NOUNS. 123. Compound nouns have the gender and declen- sion of their last component only, the remainder of the compound being unchanged in the course of declen- 48 GERMAN LESSONS. sion. Thus : ber StpfelDcmm, the apple-tree, is declined like SBaum, not like ^tpfel, its plural being StyfelMume. There are only a few exceptions to this statement. 124. It being presumed that the rules for the division of nouna into classes have been mastered, the student will be expected in most cases to know the proper class of any new noun. The plural of nouns will be noted in the vocabularies only when the rules al- ready given do not apply. Unless expressly noted in the vocabu- laries all masculine monosyllables are to be declined in the second class with umlaut in the plural, if the stem-vowel is capable of mod- ification ; all monosyllabic neuters in the third class with umlaut in the plural ; all feminines, whether monosyllabic or polysyllabic, un- less expressly provided for in the rules, in the weak declension. %ZX AS DEMONSTRATIVE. 125. When emphatic, ber standing' before a noun is often used as a demonstrative adjective in the sense of this, that, its declension being as in § 54. It is also used, when standing alone, as a demonstrative pronoun in the sense of this, that (also this or that one, he, ete.) t and is then declined as follows : — SINGULAR. PLURAL. N. ber bie ba3 bie G. beffen (bee) beren (ber) beffen (be3) beren (berer) D. bem ber bem benen A. ben bie ba3 bie 126. Observe that the German regularly uses the neuter btefe3 (generally simply bie3) and bct£ with the singular or plural of feitt when followed by a predi- cate noun. Thus: bie3 ift nteute greunbm, this is my DECLENSION" OF NOUNS. 49 friend; ba§ ftttb Styfet, those are apples. (For the use of bet instead of the demonstrative with prepositions, see § n8.) VOCABULARY. breijefjn, thirteen em unb gtpanjtg, twenty-one Merjeljn, fourteen mogen (§ 250), may, to like fftttfjetjlt, fifteen bluljcn, to bloom fed^jefju, sixteen inn (§ 248), /# do ftebjetjn, seventeen fiegen, (§ 239), / adjtje^n, eighteen S^tgen, & ^w neunjefyn, nineteen mtt (dat.), wzY/z jtoemgig, twenty ntdjt iualjr ? w #*/ #0/ #w (^) EXERCISE XII. 1. 2)ie Ufyren lagen auf bem STifd^e* 2. 2)er $onig fann Diele ©pradjen fyredjen. 3. $n jenen Qtitm lebte fein SJJenfd) auf bcr ©rbe. 4. 3)ie 9kffen be§ ©rafen finb aud; ©tuben- ten, nid)t tncdjr? 5. S)er £>err roirb ba§ nid^t tun. 6. 28e(d)e 95Iunten Milken in Sfyrem (Sarten? 7. S)ie @(^tt)e= ftern ber Sontgtn fjaben auci) ©djtoffer. 8. ®er Secret f)at ben Jtnaben bie Siicfyer gejetgt. 9. 6t mag ba8 SBrottrtc^fc 10. Sftein $reunb ift mit mir uber bie 33rude gegangen. 11. ©a3 finb bie greunbinnen feiner ©cr)rt>efter. 12. 23or fcrierjefm £agen iauften ftrir biefe ©abetn. 13. ©ie grauen toaren nidjt ju £aufe. 14. SDie .gerren finb bie ©ctfte tneine3 23etter£, nicfyt tvafyx ? 15. 2)ie tauten be£ ^naben finb jung unb fd^fim 16. SDie ©tabt tyat biele ©trafcen, unb fie finb fefyr lang. I. Many flowers were blooming in the forest. 2. We shall go with you to-morrow. 3. Did you see the birds 50 GERMAN LESSONS. in the apple-trees ? 4. Those gentlemen are your friends, are they not (nidjt toarjr) ? 5. The students will learn our language. 6. Yesterday we had twenty-four plates. 7. We were standing upon the bridge. 8. Her aunt showed he/ the watch and the hat. 9. Who is that ? That is my mother. 10. These are not their forks. 11. The merchant showed the pictures [to] the count. 12. There are many cities and villages upon the earth. 13. William did this, but we did not hear him. 14. My nephews will sing the piece to-day. 15. We could see the paintings every day. 16. The boys can read Eng- lish, but they cannot speak it. LESSON XIII IRREGULAR DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 127. S)er Sftcrme, the name, and several other mascu- line nouns, often drop n, or en, of the nominative singu- lar, but retain it elsewhere. Thus : £)er Sftctme, bc3 9fa- nten3, bent Mermen, etc. ; pi., bte SRamen, etc. %o& £)erj, the heart, is treated in the same way, but has the accusa- tive like the nominative. Thus : ba3 ^erj, be£ ^erjen^, bent ^erjen, ba§ §erj; pi., bte «£)erjen, etc. A list of these words with defective stems is in the Appendix, § 233. 128. 3)er 9?acf)6ar, the neighbor, and ber SSetter repre- sent a small number of masculine and neuter nouns which make their singular according to the first declen- DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 5 I sion and their plural according to the second. Thus : ber 9lad)hax, be3 Sftadjbar^, etc., but bie 9?ad}bant r etc. These words make up what is known as the mixed de- clension. See Appendix, § 234. 129. Words compounded with Sftcrmt form their plural with Seute, people y when taken collectively. Thus: ^aufmcmn, pi, ^aufleute. But the plural is formed with Scanner when reference is made to individuals only, not to a class. FOREIGN NOUNS. 130. Foreign nouns are variously declined. Some keep the declension of the language from which they come ; others are declined in part as German words ; but most foreign nouns, even when they retain their foreign accent, are fully declined like German nouns. Of those partly Germanized, observe that nouns in am or ium change urn to en in the plural, and those in at or tf add iert in the plural, the genitive singular ending in $. Thus: ba£ ©tubtum, study, be3 @tubtum3, pi., bie @tu- bten; ba3 SDHnerat', mineral, be3 9Kinerat3, pi., bie Wv nera'Iten. DECLENSION OF PROPER NAMES. 131. Proper names are inflected like common nouns, unless they are the names of persons, places (towns, etc.), or neuter names of countries. 132. Names of persons, if declined, usually take £ for the genitive, the other cases being like the nominative ; 52 GERMAN LESSONS. but feminine names in e and masculines ending in a sibi- lant take en3 for the genitive. Thus : SBityetntS, ©ft* fa&etljS, ©djtHerS ; but Wla£m$, 9ftarten3. The dative and accusative of both genders formerly ended in (e)tt, but this ending is now generally omitted. 133. Names of persons are not usually inflected, if preceded by the article. Thus : be3 SBtttjetm, ber Sftctrte. 134. Names of countries and places form their geni- tive in 8 J if they end in a sibilant, they make no geni- tive, but indicate the relation by the preposition fcott, or some other device. The construction with t)ort may take the place of the genitive of the names which can add %, and is the regular construction after the names of sovereigns, rulers, etc. Note. — Further details will not be given here. The use of the apostrophe ,with sibilants instead of the termination of the genitive and the occasional formation of other cases and the plural are left to the advanced grammar. NOUNS OF WEIGHT AND MEASURE. 135. Masculine and neuter nouns of weight, meas- ure, quantity, or extent usually stand in the singular after numerals. Thus: brei $)3funb SaffcC But brei Saffen ftajfcc 136. As has already been illustrated in various sentences, after nouns of weight, measure, quantity, or extent the noun designating the substance meas- ured is ordinarily not put in the genitive, but remains DECLENSION OF NOUNS. S3 uninflected. Thus : bret Xaffert Saffee, em @ta3 SBaffer. But if the noun is preceded by an adjective, it is put in the genitive (or sometimes t)Ott with the dative is used) . Thus : eme ^tctfdje roten 3Beme3. VOCABULARY. ber |>aufe (§ 127), the heap bte ©djtoetj, Switzerland ber Untertcm (§ 128), the (bag) ©ngfortb, England subject (ba£) ©eutfdjfanb, Germany ber Saffee, the coffee (ba3) SpartS, Paris ber SBctn, the wine ba$ $Pfunb (pi., Spfunbc), the ber SRfyein, the Rhine pound bte Saffe, fir ^«/ flte^en, f. (§ 246), to flow bte ^tafclje, ^ &?#/* tabeln, censure, blame (bte) SRarte, J/#;j Don (dzt), from, of exercise xm. 1. SBtete ©table £)eutfcfylanb3 finb grofc getoorben. 2. 2)ie ©trafeen bon tyaxiz finb fel;r fcfjon. 3. feabtn ©ie tyeute Sfyre -Jtacfybam gefefyen? 4. 9Jtarien§ 33ater lebt in ber ©cfytoeij. 5. £)iefe3 SBaffer toirb in ben 5tt)ein fliefcen. 6. ©ie^onigin fcon @ngtanb tyat fefyr t)iete Untertanen. 7. 2BiI= fyelm3 Sruber fyat biefen £aufen $fyfet gefauft. 8. @§ tnar ein $nabe 5Ratnen3 9Jla^. 9. £)er Sefyrer tabelte bte ©cfytoefter ber ©ertrub. 10. @r ift bon ber ©tabt Sonbon gefommen. n. 2Bie biele STaffen ^affee $at ber SBityelm getyabt? 12. Sene £erren finb Kaufleute unb nicr)t ©tubenten. 13. @r ^eigte un3 ba§ §erj be£ £tere§. 14. SDicfc SJtineralien lagen in ber @rbe. 15. 2)ie SBetlcfyen ■ blutyen tmter bem 2fyfelbaum. 16. ©ie fyradj nur fcon folcfyen ©tubien. 54 GERMAN LESSONS. I. The Rhine flows through Germany. 2. William's father bought a shop in the village. 3. Where did you find this heap of minerals? 4. His brothers are merchants in London. 5. The dog ran from the street into Max's house. 6. Elizabeth's cousins will live in the city [of] Paris. 7. Give them five bottles of wine. 8. I heard the name of your neighbor. 9. He had eight pounds of coffee and three pairs of shoes. 10. They led the horse of the count through the streets of London. 1 1. He was in the room, but he did not remain in it. 12. This flower grows only in (the) Switzerland. 13. The subjects of the king love and praise him. 14. Our hearts laughed and sang. 15. They will censure Mary's friend. 16. The servant laid two bottles of this wine upon the table. LESSON XIV, DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 137. Adjectives when used in predicate or apposi- tively (that is, after the noun) are not declined; but adjectives used attributively (that is, before a noun ex- pressed or understood) are declined. There are two declensions of adjectives, the strong and the weak (or the first and the second) ; and under certain circum- stances there is a combination of the two, which we may call the mixed declension. DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 55 STRONG DECLENSION. 138. Adjectives belong to the strong declension when they are not preceded by one of the articles or by some other (declinable) limiting word (such as jeber, betn, etc.). The terminations of the strong declension are the same as those of btefer (cf. § 58) ; but the genitive singular, masculine and neuter, of the adjective gener- ally ends in en, rather than e3, when the genitive of the noun ends in (e)3. This avoids repetition of the same form. 139. Declension of Item with a noun of each gender : SINGULAR. PLURAL. N. Heiner Saum Heine 33aume G. Hemes (Heinen) 33aume£ Heiner 33aume D. Heinem Saume Heinen Sciumen A. Heinen Saum Heine Saume N. Heine ©tabt Heine ©table G. fleiner ©tabt Reiner ©tabte D. Seiner ©tabt Heinen ©tauten A. Heine ©tabt Heine ©tabte N. HeineS $au8 Heine £>aufer G. fleiner (Heinen) £aufe£ Slein-er £aufer D. Heinem fiaufe Heinen £aufern A. fleineS £au£ Heine £aufer DECLENSION OF CARDINAL NUMERALS. 140. The cardinal numerals are usually not declined. When an adjective, ettt is inflected like the indefinite article ; standing alone, it is inflected like btefer, the 56 GERMAN LESSONS. nominative being enter, erne, eine£ (or commonly em3). Say em3 (not etn) , Jtoei, etc., when merely counting. With ber the declension of etn is like that of any other adjec- tive (ber erne, etc.; see Lesson XV.). 9ftillton is also regularly inflected as a feminine of the weak declension, VOCABULARY. ber @tntooI)tter r (pi.,- toot)* ner), the inhabitant bte ffibev, the feather, pen bie SEafdje, the pocket ba3 Satyr (pi., Satyre), the year bte ^leiber, the clothes, clothing breifetg, thirty oierjig, forty ffafeig, fifty fedjjtfl, sixty fiebjtg, seventy actytjig, eighty neunjig, ninety fyunbert, hundred fyunbert unb eut^, one hundred and one taujenb, thousand (bte) HRtttton, million fc^retben (§ 245), to write mitffeu (§ 250), must, to have to oft, often arm, poor retd), rich EXERCISE XIV. 1. S)a3 $inb mufc neue ©ctyu^e fyaben. 2. 2Bilfyelm3 SSatet ift fe§r arm. 3. @r fyatte jtoei Heine Ufyren in ber £afcf)e. 4. ^ener 3ftanrt fauft nur alte £teiber. 5. Sonbon fyat trier 3Mtonen ©intooljmer. 6. 2Bir fcfyreiben mit flemen gebern unb fdjtoarser £inte. 7- ®* toar funfjtg Safyre alt. 8. SDie ©dime reiser 23ater toerben oft arm. 9. Saute ber Sdjneiber jtoei £aufer obernurein3? 10. ©te lief fcon tljrem SSater ju ifyrer Gutter. 11. 2)ie3 finb toetfee unb gratte £itte. 12. DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 57 9Bir fyabm geftem rote Slumen im SBalbe gefefyen. 13. Dft i&t man fdjtoarjteS) ©rot in ©eutjcfjlanb. 14. ©ie fatten eine glafcfye alten 2Beine8. 15. £a&en ©ie junge ^Pferbe? 9tan, id) fyabt nur alte. 16. alter greunb, id? toerbe bid) morgen fe^en. 1. There are thirty days in a month. 2. We eat only white bread. 3. The houses of rich men are often very beautiful. 4. Among the guests were pretty boys and girls. 5. He had to learn his lesson. 6. Give me two bottles of new wine. 7. Have you red and blue flowers? I have only white [ones]. 8. These pockets are very large. 9. Were they rich or poor? 10. The castles of Germany are often large. 1 1 . The inhabi- tants of Paris can see beautiful pictures. 12. Did you write with blue ink? 13. Those birds have black feathers. 14. I shall buy new books and clothes to- morrow. 15. This city will have two million inhabi- tants. 16. In the year 1 887 we saw the queen in London. LESSON XV. WEAK DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 141. An adjective preceded by ber, or by one of the words declined like ber (cf. § 60) belongs to the weak declension. The student will meet with other limiting words (such as triete, etrttge) which may cause the ad- SINGULAR. Masc. Fern. Neut. N. t t t G. en en en D. en en en A. en e e 58 GERMAN LESSONS. jective to be of the weak declension. If such words are inflected, it is always safe to decline the adjectives weak, as the purpose of adjective inflection is to show the gender, number, and case of the noun only when a pre- ceding limiting word has not already done so. 142. The endings of the weak declension are as fol- lows : — PLURAL. Masc. Fern. Neut en en en en 143. Observe that the ending is c in five places, but is elsewhere en. Adjectives ending in el, en, er may reject the e either of these terminations or of the declensional ending en (cf. § 64). 144. Declension of a weak adjective with a noun of each gender : — SINGULAR. PLURAL. N. ber junge 9Kann bie jungen 3Jtanner G. be£ jungcn 5JJanne£ ber jungen Scanner D. bem jungen SWanne ben jungen Tlanmxn A. ben jungen SKann bie jungen Scanner N. bie junge grau bie jungen $rauen G. ber jungen grau ber jungen grauen D. ber jungen grew ben jungen grauen A. bie junge grew bie jungen $rauen . DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 59 N. ba£ junge ^Pferb bie jungen ^Pferbe G. be£ jungen ^3ferbe£ ber jungen ^Pferbe D. bem jungen ^Sferbe ben jungen ^Sferben A. bag junge ^Bferb bie jungen ^Sferbe 145. Two or more adjectives under the same circum- stances will be treated alike. Thus: tcmge, graue Slet- ber ; bie tangen, grauen ®(eiber. The declension of the adjective is the same whether the noun is expressed or understood. When an adjective is used as a noun, it is still declined as an adjective, but must begin with a capi- tal. Thus : ber Sltte, the old man ; bie SIrmen, the poor. Participles when used as adjectives are declined like other adjectives. Thus: bie fingenben SSogel, ba3 gefal* lene SMatt TRANSPOSED ORDER. 146. Subordinate clauses regularly have the personal verb the last word in the clause. See sentences 6, n, I j, in Exercise XV. This arrangement of words is known as the transposed order, and differs from the other orders in the position of the personal verb. Ob- serve that a subordinate clause must always be cut off from the rest of the sentence by a comma, or commas. (See also §219). VOCABULARY. ber ©ommer, the summer furj, short ber SBinter, the winter fait, cold ber gritljling, the spring ttKirm, warm 60 GERMAN LESSONS. ber |)erbft, the autumn freimblicf), friendly ber 2)eutfd)e (§ 145 ), the gut, good German etmge, some \)a$ papier' the paper je£t, now tooHen (§ 250), will) to wish, balb, soon purpose tote, hoiv beutfcl), German baJ3, that (conj.) angenefjm, pleasant, agreeable toeil r because EXERCISE xv. 1. 3n feinen £afd)en fanben fair einige rotert Sfyfel. 2. feabm ©ie bag toevfee papier gefauft ? 3. ©r toill nur beutfcfye 33ucfyer lefen. 4. 3Me grofcen ©tabte finb tnir nic^t ange- nefjm. 5- 3$ lobe biefe jungen £inber, toeit fie gut finb. 6. @g tft gut, baft fie bag furje Sieb fang. 7. $n ben langen £agen beg Sommerg toerben toir oft in ben fcfybnen 28alb gefyen. 8. £)er freunblidje junge Sftann gab i^r bag neue 33ucf). 9. ©ie S)eutfcf)en lieben fefyr bie SWufif. 10. 28ie biele toarmen ^ucfyen l)aft bu gegeffen? 11. ©r toirb balb fommen, toeil er ung feine neue Ufyr jeigen nrill. 12. 3m SBintcr fyabm ftrir furje £age unb lange -ftadjte. 13. 28ir muftten geftern ju £aufe bleibcn, tueil eg fait toar. 14. ©er ©ofm unfereg geticbten greunbeg ift ^eute geftorben. 15. @te tootten brei neue £aufer bauen. 16. SHc ©caitiff el ber Ileinen dimmer finb in meiner £afcfye. 1. We had some small tables in the room. 2. Which tailor made your new coat? 3. German is the language of the Germans. 4. The warm days of (the) autumn are very pleasant [to] us. 5. I shall soon see the friendly faces of your brothers. 6. We could not DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 6 1 find him, because he is now in London. 7. Is the paper that (tt>etd)e3) you bought yesterday red or blue? 8. In (the) spring the violets will bloom. 9. We shall not learn the long lesson to-day. 10. Those white flowers are not pretty. 11. We bought these German pictures in Paris. 12. They were not willing to live in the large city. 13. How many large rooms have you in your new house? 14. This small village has only short streets. 15. The meat of such young animals is not good. 16. We saw that your cousin was standing be- hind the chair. LESSON XVI. MIXED DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 147. After ein and the words declined like eirt (cf. § 64) the adjective is partly of the strong and partly of the weak declension. In the three places of the singular where these words have no ending (masculine and neu- ter nominative and neuter accusative), the adjective is strong; elsewhere in the singular and through the plural it is weak ; this so-called mixed declension is therefore not a separate declension, but merely a com- bination of the other two. 148. Declension of an adjective with lettt and a noun of each gender; the endings in black-faced letters are strong, the others weak : — 62 GERMAN LESSONS. N. fein neuer &ut G. feine3 neuen JputeS D. f einem neuen £ute A. feinen neuen £ut N. feine neue ©abel G. feiner neuen ©abet D. feiner neuen ©abel A. feine neue ©abel N. fein neueg ittofter G. feinen neuen $lofter§ D. feinem neuen Softer A. fein neueg Softer feine neuen £jiite feiner neuen £)iite feinen neuen bitten feine neuen £ute feine neuen ©abeln feiner neuen ©abeln feinen neuen ©abeln feine neuen ©abeln feine neuen Softer feiner neuen Softer feinen neuen ^loftern feine neuen Softer RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 149. S)er and toelcf)er are the common relatives, rep- resenting who, which, or that. In the genitive only the forms of ber are used ; elsewhere the words are generally interchangeable. S)er is declined as in § 125, but has only beren in the genitive plural. 2Beld)er is thus declined : SINGULAR. PLURAL. N. toeldjer roeldje toeldjeS toefdje G. (beffen) (beren) (beffen) (beren) D. toeldjem toelcfyer toefdjem toefdjen A. tnetdjen toeldje n>eldje£ tnelcfye 150. 2Ber and tva$ (declined as in § 1 16) are used as compound relatives : toer means (he) who, whoever, etc., and ft)a3, that which, what, whatsoever, etc. (See also § 184.) 3Bo (tt)or) is substituted for toa3 (cf. §118) and often for the dative or accusative of other relatives, referring to things, when used with a preposition. DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 63 Note. — The relative pronoun should never be omitted nor should the preposition governing it be separated from it, as is often the case in English. The clause introduced by a relative is always subor- dinate and must therefore take the transposed order (§ 146). A verb dependent on a relative is put in the third person, even if the antecedent of the relative is a pronoun of the first or second person. But the verb may be put in the first or second person, if the pro- noun is repeated after the relative. Thus : 3d), ber id) bein greunb bin. ORDINAL NUMERALS. 151. The ordinals are formed by adding t to the cardinal up to twenty (except erft, first, and britt, third) and ft from twenty on. Thus : jtoett, ctdjt, $ef)ttt, jtocm- jtgft, eutmtbjtocmjtgft, fiinfjigft, f)unbettft. They follow the rules for adjective inflection. (£3 atfct, e3 i|k 152. (S3 gtbt, e3 gab, etc., with the accusative, may often signify there is, there are, there was, there were, etc. (£g gibt differs from e§ ift (e3 finb) in expressing what is more indefinite or in a more indefinite (larger) place, while e£ ift expresses what is definite or in a definite (small) place. Thus : @3 ift em SSogel in bein 3tmmer ; e£ gibt triele guten $8ud)er, VOCABULARY. ber ©onntctg, Sunday gem fjaben, (have gladly), to ber Sftontag, Monday like ber SMettftag, Tuesday fdjfafen (§241), to sleep ber 93rief, the letter foHcn (250), shall, ought 64 GERMAN LESSONS. bie fitting, the newspaper tragen (§ 240), to carry, wear ba3 Sanb, the land, country tneHettf)t', perhaps auf bent (ba§) 2a\\b,in(tnto) ctnft, once, formerly , the country fo, so grim, green gut, ze^// (adv.) mube, //ra/ EXERCISE XVI. 1. ©oil id) am ©onntag mem neue3 ilteib tragen ? 2. 2)aS £ieb, toelcf)e3 fie geftem fang, toar fefyr furj. 3. £)a§ ift bein alter greunb, beffen 33iid^er id) fo oft gelefen fjabe. 4- ©ure fyiibfdfye $reunbin geE>t fyeute auf£ Sanb. 5. 3)er 9Kontag ift ber jtoeite Sag ber SSod^e tmb ber 2)ienftag ber britte. 6. ©ie fyaben unfere griinen Saume fefyr gem. 7. 2)ie3 ift ber jtoei= unbjtoanjtgfte 33rief r ben id) ifym gefcfyrieben fyabt. 8. ©r ift fo mube, bafc er nidjt gut fcfylafen !ann. 9. S)ie Corner fatten einft fefyr reicfye Sanber. 10. 2)a£ ift fcielleidjt fein junger ©ruber, ber mit ifym gefommen ift. 11. ©§ gibt biete SKen^ fc^en, toetdje nic^t lefen uub fcfyreiben fonnen. 12. ©r fuc^t ben (Sngtanber, bem er einft biente. 13. ®er.£e^rer tabelte iljre fleinen ©cfytoeftem. 14. ^n ben geitungen lefen loir oon ben ^loftern, bie man jefet bauen toiH. 15. S)er ©raf jeigte ifynen fein grofteS ©djtoert. 16. 2Ber ba3 fagt, ift fein guter SKann. 1. William the First was king of England. 2. They ought to buy his German books. 3. Perhaps it was your little guest who was eating the cake. 4. The children will wear their new clothes Tuesday. 5. To- morrow will be the thirtieth day of this month. 6. The poor woman of whom you were speaking died yesterday COMPARISON. 6$ 7. Our cousin once (cf. §87) wore a white coat. 8. He wrote only a short letter because he was tired. 9. The teacher praised the pupil whose letter he had read. io. The Germans love their great country, n. They read their new piece well, but they could not sing the new songs. 12. Are these the violets which you planted in the garden? 13. These two boys are so young that they must remain at home 14. He laughs because his little brother likes the picture. 15. He who lives in the country can see the green fields. 16. Have you found the German newspapers which your nephew gave you ? LESSON XVII. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 153. Adjectives are compared by adding to the posi- tive er for the comparative and (e)ft for the superlative. Monosyllabic adjectives whose vowel is a, 0, or u (not an) generally modify the vowel in the comparative and superlative, but there are some such monosyllables which do not modify. 154. Adjectives ending in e add only r for the com- parative; those in et, er, en drop the e of these termina- tions before er. The superlative regularly adds only ft, but after b, t, or a sibilant eft is generally added. The present participle, however, adds only ft. 66 GERMAN "LESSONS. 155. The following illustrate the rules just given :— fletn ftetrter ffetnft cmgenef)m angenetjmer angeneljmft jung jiingef jimgft alt alter alteft ebel, noble ebler ebelft furj fiirjer fiirjeft liar flarer ftarft 156. The following adjectives are compared irregu- larly : — gut 6effer Beft t>tel metjr metft §oti) (i)ot) when f)ot)er t)5d6)ft inflected), high ttal), nigh, near natjer nacfjfi grofc grower grflfct 157. Comparatives and superlatives follow the rules for adjective declension. Thus: altere 9Jianrier, ba$ lletnfte Stnb, mem jitngfter 95ruber. 158. Unlike the positive and comparative, the super- lative can not be used in predicate in its uninflected form, but an adverbial phrase made up of am (an bem) and the dative of the superlative is used. Thus : 5m grilling finb bte SMume am fd)dnftert ; im SStnter finb bte Sage am litrjeftett. This form with am is, however, not used, if the adjective is not the real predicate ; that is. if the noun is understood, or if the superlative is modi- COMPARISON. 6'7 fied by a phrase or clause. Thus : 2)tefe3 §au3 tft ba£ fd)on[te in ber ©tabt. 159. ^ — as with the positive is translated by fo — tote, or eben fo (>#«* so) — tote. Sometimes ate is used instead of tote. Thus : (£r tft (ebett) fo grofc tote id) ; ber Saufmamt tft em ebett fo guter 2ftcmn tote betn SSater. In comparisons the English than is rendered by ate. Thus : SJtefer Sfrtabe tft jihtger ate fern ©ruber. FRACTIONALS. 160. Fractional (except bte §atfte f the half) are formed by adding to the ordinal the termination tel (con- tracted from Sett, part) . Thus : ^8kxtd t fourth, quarter; gimftet, fifth ; 5Id)tet, eighth ; Qtyntd, tenth, etc. These words are all neuter nouns. Besides the noun §alfte German has also the adjective fjalb which may be in- flected as any other adjective. COUNTING TIME. 161. In counting time the cardinal numbers are used with Ul)r (which is then treated as indeclinable) to ex- press the hours. Thus: em Uf)r, one o'clock; fteben Uljr, seven o'clock. The half hours and the quarters are counted forward. Thus : t)a(6 fed)3, ' half 'past five ; (etn) Stertet (auf) f ed)3 f a quarter past five ; bret SStertel (auf) [ed)<3, a quarter to six. The minutes may be expressed by ttadj and bor. Thus jtoattjtg Sftmuten ttad) ffittf, twenty- minutes past five ; ad)tjef)tt 9Kututett oor fed)3, eighteen minutes to six. Other prepositions used to express the minutes will be readily intelligible. 68 GERMAN LESSONS. VOCABULARY. ber 9ftitttt)odj, Wednesday tote trie! Ut)r ift e£ ? what ber 3)onner3tag, Thursday o'clock is it? ber grettag, Friday um (ace), at (time of day) ber ©omtabenb, Saturday um bret Ut)r, at three o'clock ber Sopf, /A* A^rf fanft (comp., fanfter), soft, ber 3ucfer, the sugar gentle bie 9tofe, the journey fiif$, jk/^/ bie ®irfdje, ^ cherry amerifamfdj, American trinfeit (§ 237), fe <&**£ EXERCISE XVII. i. (Sinji toar er ber reicfyfte ^aufmann in ber ©taw ; jefet ift er firmer. 2. Sftfidjften ©onnabenb ftrirb ber ©tubent um fedj3 Ufyr fommen. 3. 2)ie beutfefyen ittrfctyen finb beffer unb filler ate bie amerifaniftfjen. 4. 6r ift ebenfo groft tote idj, aber id) bin filter ate er. 5. gtoei ©rittel unb ein ©ecfyftel finb je|itt 3tt>filftel. 6. S)ie ebelften 9ftenfd!)en finb oft nicfyt bie retcfyften.. 7. 3m ©mnmer finb bie £age am Ifingften unb bie Sftddjte am furjeften. 8. S)ie arme grau taufte nur ein tyalbeg ^5funb Qudtx. 9. S)er SWann fjat einen grofeeren Rop\ ate ber Slnabe. 10. SSie t>iel Utyr ift e3? @* ift breiunb: jtoanjig SJJinuten fcor jefyn. 11. 2lm greitag marten toir eine fleinere aber angenefymere Sleife. 12. S)ie jungere £ocf)= ter ift fanfter unb freunblicfyer ate bie filtere. 13. 3$ tranf nur bie £filfte be£ fu^eften 2Beine3. 14. 3#an fiefyt ben naljen SBalb mit f einen fyofym SBfiumen fefjr gem. 15. 2lm SDftttoocfy toar unfere £ante frfinfer ate am 9Kontag. 16. gtarte ift bie fcfyonere, aber Sonbon ift bie groftere unb reidjere ©tabt. I. Her youngest sister is very ill. 2. Will it soon be SUBJUNCTIVE. 69 half past one o'clock? 3. His new coat is not as gray as his old [one]. 4. She is prettier than her friend. 5. We have beautiful roses, but the roses in their gar- den are the most beautiful. 6. Next Thursday their youngest son will be twenty-one years old. 7. Our flowers are most beautiful in the spring. 8. Perhaps he is older than you, but he is not so large as you. 9. The gentle, friendly old man died on (the) Friday. 10. Can you come at three or a quarter past three? II. There was no sugar in the coffee which he was drinking. 12. That dog is smaller than (the) most dogs. 13. On (auf) the journey we saw no better apples than our American [ones]. 14. This horse's head is the largest that I have seen. 15. The birds were eating the sweet- est and best cherries. 16. The nights are clearer in winter than in summer. LESSON XVIII. SUBJUNCTIVE OF fcrt&ett. 162. The subjunctive mode differs from the indicative chiefly in regularly inserting e before consonantal end- ings (cf. § 72). The first and third person of the sin- gular are alike. The conjugation of the auxiliary fjabett. although offering some irregularities, is given first be- cause of the part this verb plays in the inflection of other verbs. 70 GERMAN LESSONS. 163. Subjunctive of f)abeu : — id) f)abe f / may have, etc. bu tjabeft er ^abe tuir l)ctbeu fie J)abett id) E)Cttte f I might have, etc. bu pteft er f)titte tuir fatten if)r fyattet fie fatten PERFECT. PLUPERFECT. id) f)abe gefjabt, / may have id) fjatte gefjabt, / might have had, etc. had, etc. FUTURE PERFECT. idj toerbe fjaben, / shall have, etc. bu toerbeft f)abeu er toerbe §ahm tuir toerbeu f)abeu tf)r toerbet fjaben fie toerbeu Ijabeu CONDITIONAL. id) toiirbe fjabeu, / should have, etc. bu ttmrbeft f)abeu er tuiirbe fjaben tuir ttmrben tjaben ifyr tuurbet fyabm fie toiirben tjaben id) tuerbe gefjabt fjabeu, / *£#// have had, etc. bu toerbeft ge^abt tjabeu er tuerbe gefjabt Ijabeu tuir tuerbeu gefjabt fyabeu if)r tuerbet getjabt.fjaben fie toerben gefjabt fjabeu CONDITIONAL PERFECT. id) tuiirbe geljabt fjabeu, / should have had, etc. bu ttmrbeft gefjabt Ijabeu er tuiirbe gefjabt l)ahm tuir ttmrben gefjabt fjaben ifjr tuiirbet geljabt fjaben fie ttmrben getjabt fyahen SUBJUNCTIVE. 71 USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE. 164. The translation given above for the subjunctive is merely intended to be suggestive. The German sub- junctive is so much more widely used than the English that subjunctive forms will have various translations. It often happens that the German subjunctive must be rendered by the English indicative or potential. And yet the essential nature of the subjunctive is the same in the two languages. It expresses possibility, doubt, uncertainty, etc. 165. The fact that the subjunctive denotes possibility, doubt, etc., leads to its use in suppositions contrary to fact. In the clause of condition (that is, the if clause, the protasis) the preterit or pluperfect subjunctive is used ; in the result or conclusion (the apodosis) the preterit or pluperfect subjunctive is used, or for them may be substituted the forms of the conditional. See sentences 3 and 8 in Exercise XVIII. 166. German also uses the subjunctive in indirect discourse, where the sentiments and not the exact words of another are given.. As a rule, use the tense that would be used in the direct discourse. If this rule should call for a form which cannot be distinguished from the corresponding form of the indicative, then change from the present to the preterit subjunctive, etc. See sen- tences 1, 4, 6, 10, and 13 in Exercise XVIII. 72 GERMAN LESSONS. THE CONDITIONAL. 167. The conditional tenses are formed by the pre- terit subjunctive of tuerben with the infinitive, simple and compound. They therefore bear the same relation to the two futures as the preterit to the present, and cor- respond in meaning to the preterit and pluperfect sub- junctive respectively. They may be substituted for these tenses, as noted in §165, in the conclusion of a suppo- sition contrary to the fact; also elsewhere when these tenses would be the same in form in the indicative and the subjunctive. In the same way the conditional may take the place of the future, when the future indicative and subjunctive are alike. See sentences 3 and 8 in Exercise XVIII. INVERTED ORDER AFTER SUBORDINATE CLAUSES. 168. In agreement with the statement in § 102, the principal clause must have the inverted order, if the sub- ordinate clause precedes. See sentences 7 and 8 in Exercises XVIII. VOCABULARY. ber 2lmertfaner, (pi., -faner) idj modjte gent, / should like the American to ber Dnfet, the uncle bitrfen (§250), may, to be per- bte ©cfjule, the school mitted, dare bie Strcf)e, the church burtf) (ace), through ba3 SBetter, the weather 511, too bie Seute, the people roenn (cf. § 219), if $ when SUBJUNCTIVE. 73 frangofifcf), French' bod), though, nevertheless, cer* englifd), English tainly, surely, I think, you fdjtedjt, bad know, etc. arttg, well-behaved, good EXERCISE XVIII. i. ©ttfafctf) facjt r ba$ fie tmr franjofifdje SBii^er f)a6e. 2. 2)a3 Slinb motf)te gem jur ©djute gefyen, aber ba£ ^Better ift ju fct)IedE)t. 3. 28ir fatten einen beffern 2)iener (or ttmt> ben — Ijaben), menu ttrir 3Bil()e(m fatten. 4. Sftein better, fagte, ba§ bie Seute fdjtedjte $)3ferbe fatten. 5. 2)ie Studjen toaren bod) fefjr gut. 6. Unfer Dnfel fdjrieb, bafe er Sftaj fet)r gern f)abe. 7. SBemt tt)ir burcf) ben 3Batb jur ®ird)e gefjen, fo fefyen toir bie fd)onften 33oget. 8. 2Benn ttrir fd)fc nere Sage gefyabt fatten, fo fatten ttrir eine angenefjmere 3Jeife gefyabt (or toitrben ttrir — gefjabt fjaben). 9. Sn ber ©c£)ule biirfen bie ®inber ntc£)t tacfyen. 10. @r fagt, baft er in bem neuen §aufe toofjnen toerbe. 11. 2)a3 gimmer toar nid)t toarm, tuetl ber Dfen ju !tein tear. 12. 3d) mod)te gent biefe t)ii6fd)e llt)r nadj £>auS netjmen. 13. HRein SSater fagte mir, baft bu artige Stinber Ijabeft. .14. SDie engtifd)en Qti* tungen finb beffer alS bie beutfdjen. 15. ©er ?Xmertfaner fdjrieb feinem greunbe, bafc er jtoei alte ©ematbe fyabz. 16. 2lm ©onnabenb tear er !ranl unb !onnte nid)t3 effen. 1. May she show me your new spoons and forks? 2. Gertrude says that she has a blue dress. 3. Would you have a better dog, if you had the black [one] ? 4. Such people surely ought not to come. 5. We should like to lie under the tall trees in this green 74 GERMAN LESSONS. valley. 6. Our friend wrote that she had more than twenty rooms in her house. 7. When the children are in the country, (so) they are well-behaved. 8. They would have liked me, if I had had better clothes. 9. If the weather is not too bad, (so) we [shall] go to (the) school next Monday. 10. He said that he would have two French paintings next week. 11. (The) most Americans have often read about (t)Ott) the great Eng- lish castles. 12. The teacher said that the old cities had once had many inhabitants. 13. The dog came out of the garden and ran through the house, did it not (nidjt toafjr) ? 14. Your brother said that you had had larger hammers than these. 15. The children were permitted to wear their new clothes to (the) church. 16. On Thursday I wrote a short letter [to] your uncle. LESSON XIX. SUBJUNCTIVE OF WEAK AND STRONG VERBS.^ 169. The present and preterit tenses of the subjunc- tive of weak verbs differ from the same tenses of the in- dicative only in making the third singular of the present end in e, and in uniformly retaining e before consonantal endings. The present subjunctive of strong verbs is like that of weak verbs, the vowel of the second and third per- sons singular never being changed; but the preterit SUBJUNCTIVE. 75 subjunctive of these verbs adds e for the first and third persons singular, and modifies the vowel, if possible, for all the forms of the tense. The compound tenses of the subjunctive are formed with the subjunctive of the auxiliaries. 170. Subjunctive of a weak and a strong verb : — - id) lobe, I may praise, etc. bu tobeft er lobe toir tobeu ifyr tobet fie loben PRETERIT. id) lobte, / might praise, etc. bu lobteft er lobte toir lobten tf)r lobtet fie lobten id) gebe, / may give^ etc. bu gebeft er gebe ttur geben it)r gebet fie geben PRETERIT. id) gabe, I might give, etc. bu gabeft er gabe ttrir gaben tf)r gabet fie gaben id) f)abe gelobt, / may have praised, etc. PLUPERFECT. id) fjatte gelobt, / might have praised, etc. id) tjabe gegeben, / may have given^ etc. PLUPERFECT. id) fjatte gegeben, / might have given, etc. idj tuerbe loben, / shall praise, etc. id) tuerbe geben, / shall give, etc. 76 GERMAN LESSONS. FUTURE PERFECT. FUTURE PERFECT. id) toerbe gelobt. fjabert, / idj tuerbe gegeben fja&ert, I shall shall have praised, etc. have given , etc. CONDITIONAL. 4 CONDITIONAL. id) tDltrbe loben, / should id) ttmrbe ge6en, I should give, praise, etc. etc. CONDITIONAL PERFECT. CONDITIONAL PERFECT. id) ttmrbe gelobt ijabm, I jti) ttmrbe gege6en tyaben, / should have praised, etc. should have given, etc. USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE. 171. The nature and force of the subjunctive (cf. § 164) lead to its use commonly in clauses to express purpose after bafy, bamtt (in order that, so thai). See sentences 2 and 1 1 in Exercise XIX. 172. The subjunctive is also naturally employed in expressing wishes, requests, etc. See sentences 3 and 8 in Exercise XIX. THE DAY OF THE MONTH. 173. The day of the month is expressed by the or- dinal, and, by abbreviation, the name of the month is left unchanged after the numeral. Thus: S3 ifi ber jefjttte Sanuctr. Corresponding to the English use of on or of the simple objective in naming dates, the German employs an bent (generally contracted to am) or the simple accusative with the definite article. Thus : am fitnften 9ftarj, bm fitnften 9#arj. The latter form is es- pecially employed in dating letters. When figures are SUBJUNCTIVE. 77 used, the dates may be written thus : ant {or ben) 5ten aftarj, am {or ben) 5. atfarj. VOCABULARY. ber Sanuar' , January ber Se^ember, December bcr gebraar', February ber toieotelfte, z#>W d#jj/ (0/ ber SRftrj, March the month) bcr Stprif, ^4/rzY Oorig,/a$ ftetne SWabdjen. 6. ©cine SRad)barn fagtcn, ban ber SJfann fcin §crj fjabe. 7. §aft bit ifym je gefdjrieben, bafe er fommen barf? 8. Sftoge er nie in btefen Srrtnm fallen. 9. S)er Sannar ift ber erfte unb ber Suni ber fedjfte 3Ronat be3 SaljreS. 10. S)er Sonig toiH, ba$ ber @raf tjente fommc. 11. 2)er @d)filer fyat bie Stufgabe gnt geternt, bamit tf)n ber Setjrer lobe. 12. ©octfic ftarb am 22. 3Jifirj 1832 in 2Seimar. 13. ©er Snabe 78 GERMAN LESSONS. fagtp bafe bu ben SSogel fd^on gefangen fjatteft. 14. w 9Kufif ! 9Jhiftf!" fagte ber Sontg, „bamtt tdj mcf)t fyore, ma3 fie fagen!" 15. fatten @te etnen tangent SBricf gefdjrieben, tuenn ©tc bte gett gel)a6t ptten ? 16. 91m erften Suit mx* ben rotr ju |mufe fetn. 1. May you never praise a worse man! 2. On March 1, 1871, Paris fell into the hands ot the Germans. 3. If his father had praised him, he would have worked well. 4. Her aunt wrote, "You must come to-day-" 5. Say to him that he must go to-morrow. 6. When we were in England last July, we had to wear our warm clothing. 7. Would you have given the watch to me, if you had not already given it to your nephew? 8. What day of the month is it* to-day? It is Tues- day, December 8, 1891. 9. She said that the man had been standing for a long time. 10. Schiller died on May 9, 1805. 11. Who said that I ever censured him? 12. He came in order that he might show us" the wagon. 13. We read in the newspaper that you had built a new house. 14. [Let] the subject serve the king. 15. The boy goes to school that he may learn. 16. As he lay under the tree, he heard the bird sing * See sentence 4 in the German exercise. SUBJUNCTIVE. 79 LESSON XX. SUBJUNCTIVE OF fettt. 174. Subjunctive of fetn : — id) fet, / may be, etc. bu feteft er fei ttur feien ifjr feiet fie feien PRETERIT. id) tocire, / might be, etc bu ttmreft er mare fair tociren itjr ludret fie toaren PERFECT. PLUPERFECT. id) fei.geluefen, I may have id) toare getoefen, / might been, etc. have been, etc. FUTURE PERFECT. idj tuerbe fetn, / shall be y tdj toerbe getoefen fetn, / etc. shall have been, etc. CONDITIONAL. CONDITIONAL PERFECT. id) toitrbe fetn, / should be, id) ttmrbe gemefen fetn, I should etc. have been, etc. 80 GERMAN LESSONS. 175. Subjunctive of toerben : — PRESENT. PRETERIT. id) toerbc, / may become, etc. id) toiirbe, / might become, etc bu tocrbeft bu umrbeft er toerbe er roiirbe tutr toerben totr ttmrbert Hjr toerDet if)t toiirbet fie toerben fie trmrben PERFECT. PLUPERFECT. id) fet getoorben, / may id) tocire getoorben, / might have become, etc. have become, etc. FUTURE. FUTURE PERFECT. id) toerbe toerben, I shall id) tterbe getuorbenfein,/^// become, etc. have become, etc. CONDITIONAL. CONDITIONAL PERFECT. id) ttriitbe toerben, / should id) tuiirbe gettorben fein, / become, etc. should have become, etc. SUBJUNCTIVE OF OTHER VERBS WITH fettt* 176. The present and preterit of verbs conjugated with feilt are made as described in § 169. The follow- ing synopsis of the subjunctive of fommcn will show how the other tenses of such verbs are formed : — PRESENT. PRETERIT. id) fomme id) lame PERFECT. PLUPERFECT. id) fet gefommen id) toare gcfommen SUBJUNCTIVE. 8 1 FUTURE. FUTURE PERFECT. id) toerbe fommen tcfj toerbe gefommen fetn CONDITIONAL. CONDITIONAL PERFECT. id) toiirbe fommen idj toiirbe gefommen fetn USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE. 177. The subjunctive is often used to give a tone of reserve or doubt in sentences where the English em- ploys the indicative. See sentence 5 below. But this and other idiomatic uses of the subjunctive must be left to the advanced grammar. It should be observed, how- ever, that the relations of time so definitely expressed by the tenses of the indicative are less sharply defined in the subjunctive and are not infrequently entirely lost. verbs IN iercit, eln, ertt. 178. Verbs in ieren do not prefix ge in the past parti- ciple. Thus : ftubterett, to study ; ftubiert, studied. Verbs whose stem ends in el and er may drop the e of this termination before the verbal ending e \ elsewhere they may drop the e of the verbal ending. Thus : tuCOt- bern, ]., to wander ; id) tuanbre, I wander; tt)ir tuanbern, we wander. IRREGULAR WEAK VERBS. 179. The verb brtngett, to bring, of which the princi- pal parts are brtttgen r bradjte, gebrad)t, is a representative of a small class of verbs which change their vowel in the preterit and past participle, but also add the endings 82 GERMAN LESSONS. of the weak conjugation. Three of these verbs (brtngett being one) also modify the vowel in the preterit sub- junctive. These words are given in the Appendix, §251, VOCABULARY. ber ^rattjofe, the Frenchman tnenige,/*^, a few bie $ut) (pi., £Ttl)e), the cow 6itten (§ 239), to request, ask i>a$ Sfyea'ter, the theatre {for, urn, ace.) bct£ ©djciufpiel (pi., *fpiclc) r fpajiercn gefyen, to take a walk spectacle, play gem, gladly, willingly (with |)err ©djmtbt, Mr. Schmidt verbs often, like to) grew Slemm, Mrs. Klemm um (ace), around, about grtiuieut SKarie, Miss Mary fiir (acc.),/of)ne id) betoofjnte INSEPARABLE VERBS. 85 PERFECT. PLUPERFECT. id) fjctbe betootjnt id) fyatte bettofynt FUTURE. FUTURE PERFECT. idj luerbe beuwfynen tdj tuerbe beft>of)nt Ijaben IMPERATIVE. bett>of)ne INFINITIVES. bctoofynen, ju betoofynen betoofynt tjabett, bett>of)nt ju fjabert PARTICIPLES. betuo^nenb betoofjnt Note. — The subjunctive is omitted here and will be omitted hereafter, as the student can readily make its forms after the analogy of the indicative. TRANSLATIONS OF SOME. ^ 182. The word some preceding a noun is commonly omitted in translating into German, but may be rendered by ettua3 for the singular and etmgefor the plural. When standing alone, it becomes etiuctg in the singular and etnige (sometimes toetcfje) in the plural. $Hcl, uicnig, all. 183. 9Stel and tuerttg are usually not declined in the singular, but are regularly declined in the plural. 2111, when standing before a noun, is fully declined like btefer, but before the article, the demonstratives, and the possessive adjectives it is often not declined. In the plural it is usually not followed by the article. GERMAN LESSONS. THE INDEFINITE RELATIVE tt><*$. 184. In this connection may be mentioned the regu- lar use of tt)Ct3 instead of ba£ or toetd)e£ after a neuter pronoun, personal, demonstrative, or indefinite (e3, bct3, aHe3, nid)t3, trie!, etc.) or a neuter adjective used as a noun, without a definite antecedent. Thus : aHe3, toa£ id) ijabe ; ba§ Scfte, toaS fie lauften. VOCABULARY. ber ?lbenb, the evening fcerlieren (§ 246), to lose (ba§~) ^Imerifa, America befycmpten, to assert t>tel r much, pi., many gefalten (dat., § 241), to please roenig,/^, little erfyalten (§ 241), to receive all, all, each gerftoren, to destroy gang, whole, entire, all empfcmgen (§ 242), to receive, friit), early welcome fyeute friit), rtw morning entbeden, to discover morgen (geftcrn) friit), to- fcerfaufen, to sell morrow {yesterday) morn- begegrten, f. (dat.), to meet ing nun, now bitte, please ofjne (ace), without beginnen (§ 238), to begin EXERCISE XXI. 1. Sftorgen friit) empfangen trjtr unfere ©afte au£ 93erlin. 2. ©eftern abenb l)at er bie^eitimg unb jtoei SJriefe erfjattcn. 3. 2)a£ fteine S)orf gefaHt meinem Sftadjbar. 4. ®ie ©m tootjner fatten bie @tabt jerftbrt. 5. 3Bir betooljnen mm ein gcmjeS |>au$. 6. ®er ©tubent befjauptete, bafe cr alt feine Siictjer fcertoren fjabe. 7. Sitte, faufen ©ie mir aurf) ein INSEPARABLE VERBS. 87 menig Suite. 8. Urn tt>ie Did \li)x toerben @te un3 duf (A?) ba§ ©tfjlofc ffiljren ? 9. ©ie £icre lagen auf * ber ©rbe unb fdjliefen. 10. SBem [tub ©ie geftcnt 6egegnet ? 11. ®3 wax tuel SBaffer im Sate. 12. 3>ie 2ttabtf)en beginnen fdjon neue ©tiicfe §u lernen. 13. Sonnen @te un3 fagen, toer SImerifa entbetft fyat? 14. SBoCt iljr ofjne midj gcfjen? 15. 3Bie tnete Sifdje unb @tuf)te ljat man fdjon berfauft? 16. ©t ftmdjt gent nnr ©eutftf), unb bodj fann er bret ©pracfjcn fpredjen. 1. Will you have some meat or some eggs? 2. Had you already begun the letter to (an, ace.) your sister? 3. Please take this wine and give it to your father. 4. The young men would not say to whom they had sold it. 5. Some early flowers are now blooming in the garden. 6. The gentleman heard only the first that she said. 7. The teacher asserted that the Romans had built the old bridge. 8. At what o'clock did you re- ceive the paper? 9. Where did' you receive all your friends? 10. Columbus discovered America on Octo- ber 12, 1492. 11. He must not take a walk without his hat. 12. We met the children of our neighbors in the woods. 13. What small heads and feet they have ! 14. The music pleased the count very [much]. 15. One evening {gen,) they found the lost letter in his pocket. 16. The pupils will begin to work to-morrow morning at ten o'clock. 88 GERMAN LESSONS. LESSON XXII. SEPARABLE VERBS. 185. Prepositions and adverbs, when compounded with verbs, are separable. The list of such prefixes is too long to be given here, but verbs thus separably- compounded can readily be recognized by their not having one of the inseparable prefixes. The separable prefix and the verb are both accented, but the prefix has the principal accent. 186. These prefixes, now written in many situations as if they were a part of the verb, were once written as separate words. This former usage explains present usage. If the prefix is considered a separate word, and given the position of an adverb, it must evidently some- times precede and sometimes follow the verb. For the same reason the prefix ge and the sign of the infinitive jju must come between the prefix and the verb. If the prefix takes the position of an adverb, it is also plain why it follows the present and the preterit tenses of the verb in a principal clause and precedes the same tenses in a subordinate clause. The prefix is now writ- ten as a part of the verb form when it precedes the verb. It must be placed after the other adverbial modi- fiers and the negative, when it follows the verb. SEPARABLE VERBS. 8 9 187. Conjugation of the separable verb anfangen, to begin (cf. § 235,^) : — PRINCIPAL PARTS. cmfcmgen fing an angefangen PRESENT. id) fangc an INDICATIVE. PRETERIT. id) fing an PERFECT. PLUPERFECT. id) fjabe angefangen idj Ijatte angefangen FUTURE. FUTURE PERFECT. idj tnerbe anfangen id) tuerbe angefangen fyaben IMPERATIVE. fange an INFINITIVES. anfangen, anjufangen angefangen (ju) (jaben PARTICIPLES. anfangenb angefangen PREFIXES, SEPARABLE OR INSEPARABLE. 188. 2)urd), fjintcr, fiber, unter, and urn are separable or inseparable ; but in verbs separately compounded with these words, each element of the compound has its full meaning, while the inseparable compounds have an altered or figurative sense. Thus: fi'berfe^en (sep.), to set across, ferry over ; fiberfe'|en (insep.), to translate. It should be observed that one of these prefixes is not generally used both separably and inseparably with the same verb. 90 GERMAN LESSONS. 189. In the present orthography nnber (against) and hrieber (again) are sharply distinguished ; the former is inseparable, and the latter separable. In the older orthography this distinction in spelling was not observed. Sfttg (mis) is regularly inseparable, but some of its compounds take ge in the past participle ; t)oH (full) forms a few inseparables and a number of separables. VOCABULARY. ber SKorgen (pi., Stforgen), aufgetjcn, to rise (sun, etc.) the morning nntergefjen, to set ber ^elb (§ 1 19), the hero itberfe^en (insep.), to translate ber griebe (§ 127), the peace anjtetjen (§ 246), to put on bte 9J?mute, the minute au^beffern, to mend bie ©omte, the sun abfdjretben, to copy bte ©djlacl)!, the battle fragen, to ask ba3 5Red)t (pi., SRetfjte), the bet (dat.), by, near, at the right house of, with redjt Ijaben, to be right bet bent ©djnetber, at the unrest Ijaben, to be wrong tailor's ember, other ob, whether berfelbe the same EXERCISE XXII. 1. S)er @d)ttetber beffert ntetnen $Rocf au$. 2. Sim erften Scmuar btefe^ 3af)re3 ging bte Sonne urn gtoanjig 9Ktnuten nad) fteben anf. 3. §eute tft fie urn neunjetjn 9Kmuten Dor fetf)§ untergegangen. 4. @ott gebe un^ ben grteben! 5. feat er fd)on feme ©ttefel cmgejogen? 6. 3Ste tuet Uijr tft e3? 3d) t)abe feme Ufjr bet nttr. 7. SMtte, Molten ©ic ba3 @tiierm ©d)mtbt. 9. ©djretbe ben SSrief ab unb bringe SEPARABLE VERBS. 9 1 tf)tt tnir. io. S)er eble $db fid in kr -©djtadjt Bet 0/) Siitjen. 1 1. ©r fagte, baf$ er meine ©djutjc auS&effere. 12. „©a toarb au3 3l6enb unb SKorgen ber britte Stag." 13. 28 ir lefen biefelben 93iid)er unb iiberfe^en fie in3 (Snglifdje. 14. @r fragte, ob bie Stnbern an^ unrest fatten. 15. S)er ©djitler befjcurptete, bafc er bie Slufgabe anfinge. 16. @r begann feine Stleiber anjujiefjen. 1. You are right; it is half past eight. 2. You must mend your dress. 3. The sun was setting when the great battle began. 4. She has not translated the piece which you read yesterday. 5. He asked whether he should mend the book. 6. My son began to copy the letter at a quarter past three. 7. There were many heroes among the Romans. 8. Did you see my new coat at the tailor's? 9. They said that the sun had not risen. 10. The same flowers grow in our garden. 11. Have you lost the letter which your sister copied? 12. My cousin was putting on his boots, when I went into the room. 13. Peace be with you ! 14. Has the count destroyed the other castle? 15. The aunt loved the child, because it was friendly and good. 16. Good morning (ace), William. Have you brought me the newspaper? 92 GERMAN LESSONS. LESSON XXIII. REFLEXIVE VERBS. 190. Any German transitive verb may have a reflexive pronoun as its object; that is, it may have an object pronoun corresponding to the subject. Thus: 3d) table mid), / censure myself. Verbs are, however, re- garded as properly reflexive only when they are always used reflexively, or when they have a special meaning in this use. 191. The reflexive pronouns for the first and second persons are the same as the personal pronouns, mid), mtr, bid), bir, Utt3, eud). For the third person and for @ie there is a special reflexive fid), which is used for both numbers and all three genders. The reflexive pronoun is generally in the accusative, but is sometimes in the dative and rarely in the genitive. @id) may be either accusative or dative. The conjugation of reflex- ive verbs offers no new features. The auxiliary is f)Ctben, and the reflexive pronoun takes the position of a pro- noun object. 192. Conjugation of fid) freuen, to rejoice .•— • PRINCIPAL PARTS. fid) freuen freute fid) gefreut REFLEXIVE VERBS. 93 id) frette mid) bu freuft bicf) er fratt fid), etc. PERFECT. id) fjabe mid) gefreut FUTURE. id) luerbe mid) freuen INDICATIVE. PRETERIT. idj freute mid) bu freuteft bid) er freute ftd), etc. PLUPERFECT. id) fjarte mid) gefreut FUTURE PERFECT. id) toerbe mid) gefreut f)a6en IMPERATIVE. freue bid) INFINITIVES. fid) (ju) freueu fid) gefreut (ju) tjaben PARTICIPLES. ftdj freueub fid) gefreut (only in compound tenses) 193. Reflexive verbs are very common in German, being often used where they would be inadmissible in English. This is particularly the case with transitive verbs when it is desired to give them the force of an English intransitive. Thus : @r toeubet fid), he turns. The reflexive is also sometimes used where we should expect a passive. Thus : £)er @d)(uffel tjctt fid) gefmtben, the key has been fnund. Settumfe, memanfe, icbcrmamt. 194. Semcmb, somebody, some one, and niemcmb, no- body, no one, add (e)3 for the genitive; they may form the dative in em or en f and the accusative in eu, but are 94 GERMAN LESSONS. usually not inflected in these cases. 3ebertnamt, every- body ', has (e)g in the genitive, the other cases being like the nominative. VOCABULARY. ber ^rofeffor (§ 234), the fid) fefcen, to sit down, to take professor a seat ber ^luft, the river fid) ertnnern (gen., or an with bte ©tmtbe, the hour, the ace), to remember, recall lesson fid) befinben, to be, do bte SBcmb (pi., SBfinbe), toiffen (§251), to know the wall fi^en (§ 239), to sit bag Qati), the roof notf), yet, still bag ©rag, the grass nod) ntd)t, not yet fid) legett, to lie down EXERCISE XXIII. 1. 3d) toeifc nidjt, tote er fid) l)eute befinbet. 2. Seber- mann freute fid) ba$ @efid)t beg alten ©rafen toieber ju feljert. 3. (Srttmerft bu bid) an ben Stamen beg $Profefforg ? 4. 9Bag filr Stpfelbaume fjaben @te in Sfjrem ©arten? 5. SBtr fetjen jemanb auf bent 2)ad)e. 6. Sinige Saufteute fejjten ficE) an ben £ifd). 7. 9Sor einer ©tunbe toar S()r iperr Drtfel auf bent $luffe. 8. Sf)r legtet end) ing ©rag. 9. Sg gibt biele fteinen Siere in ben SBdlbern Slmerifag. 10. S)er grofte §etb ift nod) mdt>t gefommen. 11. fiber* morgen fangen fair unfere beutfdjen ©tunben an. 12. 2Btr blieben nod) eine ©tunbe unb lafen bie geitmtgen. I 3- SJfetn greunb faft bor mir in. ber ®trd)e. 14. SDte ^Srofeffo^ ren freuten fid) liber bie fd)onen ©entatbe an ber 9Banb. 15. IMPERSONAL VERBS. 95 SWemcmb ttmfcte, too er toofjnte. 16. 3d) fantt mid) tridjt barart ermnern. i. You rejoiced to see the green apple-trees, did you not? 2. They were sitting by (an) the table, but he was still standing near the wall. 3. How are you to- day? 4. Do you know whose house this is? 5. For a long time no one could build a bridge over {ace.} this river. 6. The gentleman would not take a seat. 7. In an hour some one will show us where he lives. 8. We can see the high roofs of the houses. 9. The professor could not remember my name. 10 My father was very ill day before yesterday. 1 1 . The dog wished to lie down in the water. 12. I did not sit down on the chair. 13. Everybody laughs when he begins to sing. 14. The horses can not eat the short grass. 15. It would be pleasant, if we could take our French lessons of (bet) the same teacher. 16. Did you ask whether they had mended the clothes ? LESSON XXIV. IMPERSONAL VERBS. 195. Impersonal verbs are always in the third per- son singular, sometimes without a subject, but generally with the indefinite subject e3. Impersonal verbs may refer to the phenomena of nature, or may be other 96 GERMAN LESSONS. verbs used and inflected in a similar manner. Thus : c3 regnet, it rains ; e3 biirftet mid) or mid) bitrftet, / am thirsty ; e3 ftopft, some one is knocking ; e3 ttmnbert mid), I wonder ; e^ tut mir letb, I am sorry. The conjuga- tion of such verbs offers no new features and is omitted here. Impersonal verbs are more often used in German than in English. REMARKS ABOUT SOME PRONOUNS AND ADJEC- TIVES. 196. (Siner and leiner are the pronoun forms of em and letn and are declined like biefer. 2ftcm is used only in the nominative, but its missing cases may be supplied by those of etner. ©old) may be placed before or after em, but is uninflected when placed before. Thus : fold) em or em fotd)er. SKdttS) is usually declined as stated in § 58, but before em it is uninflected and sometimes also before an adjective. Thus : mcmdj em Warm, mcmd) jd)one SBtumen instead of mcmdjer ffllann and mcmdje fd)dnen 33tumett. The same statement applies to toetd), especially when it is exclamatory. Thus: toeld) em Sfftomt, toeld) fd)5ne ©lumen. 197. The demonstratives are often .used where we should have the personal pronouns in English. This substitution may be made for euphony, for emphasis, or for the sake of greater clearness, the latter usage be- ing especially important. Thus : 2)cr (for er) f)at ba§ ©ute getfjcm, fo tcmge er fomtte ; er fa!) ben 2Wamt imb bef- fen @of)tt (that is, the man's son) ; er [jat erne ©djlucftcr : !ennen @te biefetbe (for fie)? POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 97 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 198. From the possessive adjective mem is formed the possessive pronoun metner, which is declined like btefer. For metner may be substituted ber metne, or ber metntge, metne and metntge being declined like any other adjec- tive. A similar series may be made from betn, fein, ii)X, etc. Thus : metner, ber metne, or ber metntge beiner, ber betne, " ber bemtge f enter, ber feme, " ber fetntge unfercr, ber un[(e)re, " ber tmf(e)rtge, etc. The forms (ber) metne, (ber) metntge can not be used without the article. The words are used like English mine, ours, yours to take the place of a noun. VOCABULARY. ber SHjfdjieb, departure, rcgnen, to rain leave bonnent, to thunder ber 83ote, the messenger bitten, to lighten bte grcube, the joy fdjneten, to snow ba$ ©elb, the money ^agetn, to hail 5a3 Seib, hurt, pain, sorrow uerfte^eit, to understand Co tut nttr ictt), I am sorry e3 t)erfte()t fid), of course fennen (§ 251), to know, be e£ bitrftet mid), I am thirsty acquainted with ttttmer, always c*3 ftnmbert titid) r / wonder, toafyrenb (gen.), during am astonished \)txm,for Clopfen. to knock, rap tt)of)l, probably, indeed. 98 GERMAN LESSONS. EXERCISE XXIV. i. @3 burftet mid). 2)arf id) urn em ®(a3 SBaffer bitten? 2. @3 bonnert unb btittf fefjr oft tm ©ommer. 3. @3 reg= nete fdjon, aU iutr 9Ibfd)ieb nafjmen. 4. 2Be(d) fdjone SRofen f)aft bu in ber £>anb ! 5. @3 berftefjt fid), ba^ @ie ba£ ©etb bet ftcf) fjaben. 6. @3 ttmnbert mid), baft e§ fjente fdjneit. 7. @3 tut mir teib, aber id) lenne ben SBoten md)t. 8. Giner muftte burdj ben gluft gefjen, benn e3 tvax feine SBriicfe bariiber. 9. 2)e£ Sonig3 greube tvax toof){ groft, at£ er bm §elben fat). 10. SBafjrenb be3 Staged fdjtfift biefet 93ogeI, aber er ftrtgt in ber %la3)L 11. @3 flopft. 3Ber fomtnt? 12. ©eftern ift er feinem SSetter nnb einem greunbe beSfetben begegnet. 13. (£3 toctre nidjt angenefym, toenn es fjeute tjagette. 14. 2)er Sefjrer Ia3, tooi ber ©djiiler abge= fd^rteben Jjatte. 15. SBir toollen ba3 erfte unb ba^ jiuettc ©tiid iiberfe|en. 16. 2)ie£ ift mein 23ud) ; SBitfjelm §at ba$ Sljrtge. 1. They could not take a walk, for it was raining. 2. Gertrude said that she was sorry. .3. Are you thirsty? 4. My mother knew her and her daughter. 5. They rejoiced to find (the) half of the money which they had lost. 6. It hails often in warm countries. 7. At what o'clock did the sun set yesterday? 8. Prob- ably you did not understand what the messenger said when he took his departure. 9. After (the) joy comes (the) sorrow. 10. Do you know who was knocking an hour ago? 11. Of course he was very [much] as- tonished. 12. It will snow to-morrow, will it not? 13. Does it always lighten when it thunders? 14. Dur- PASSIVE voice. 99 ing the evening he wore one of my coats, because his was at the tailor's. 15. Can you remember (it, bctrcttt) where those professors live? 16. What pretty hands the girl has ! LESSON XXV. PASSIVE VOICE. 199. The passive voice is formed in German by com- bining the past participle of a transitive verb with the auxiliary toerbett, and not with feirt as we should expect from the analogy of the English. The only change in the • conjugation of toerben when forming the passive is the dropping of ge of the participle getoorben in the compound tenses. 200. Conjugation of the passive of lobett : — INDICATIVE. PRESENT. PRETERIT. id) toerbe gelobt, lam id) tourbe c\doht, f was praised, etc. praised, etc. bit ttnrft gelobt, etc. bu tDurbeft gelobt, etc. PERFECT. PLUPERFECT. id) bin gelobt toorben, I have id) wax gelobt toorben, / had been praised, etc. been praised, etc. IOO GERMAN LESSONS. FUTURE. FUTURE PERFECT. let) tuerbe getobt toerben, / id) toerbe gelobt toorben fetn, shall be praised, etc, I shall have been praised, etc. IMPERATIVE. toerbe getobt, be praised. INFINITIVES. gelobt (ju) toerben, to be gelobt toorben (ju) fetn, to praised. have been praised PARTICIPLES. gelobt toerbenb, being praised gelobt toorben, been praised 201. The German has only the one form, er toirb ge- lobt, for the various English forms he is praised, he is being praised, etc. The agent is expressed by t)0tt with the dative. Thus : er toirb t>ott feinem SSctter gelobt, he is praised by his father. 202. The passive is much less used in German than in English. For it is substituted most frequently the ac- tive with man, or not infrequently the reflexive. Thus : man bant erne SBriide itber ben gtuft, a bridge is being built over the river ; ber ©djliiffet l)at ftdj gefunben, the key has been found. An English passive may often best be translated into German by using the active with the agent as subject. 203. A difficulty arises in understanding and trans- lating the passive owing to the fact that the verb to be with a past participle may make a real passive or may PASSIVE VOICE.'.' IOI merely express a condition, or state. Thus the sen- tence, The door was closed at eight o'clock is ambiguous when standing alone. It may mean, somebody closed the door at eight o'clock, or the door was already closed when somebody noticed it at eight o'clock. The former idea, being the real passive, must be expressed by toerbett: bte Stpr tourbc um adjt Uf)r (jefdjtoffen, the latter by fettt : bte %ff&t tvax. . . gefdjtoffen. The difficulty is with the Eng- lish, the German being perfectly clear. Often it will be at once evident that the agent has been merely omitted ; then toerbett will, of course, be used. In other cases the difficulty can generally be removed by turning the Eng- lish sentence into the active form ; if the tense remains the same as before, use toerben ; if not, use fetn. SOME USES OF THE PERFECT AND PRESENT. 204. Sentences have already occurred in which the German has used the perfect tense where we should expect the preterit. Thus: 3d) fyabt gefterrt betnett greuttb gefetjen ; @ott t)at bte SBelt erf djaffen ( God created the world). The subject can not be further investigated here. It may be noted also that the German uses the present, where we have the perfect, to express an action or state still continuing. Thus : 2Bir fittb fdjott Ictltge in 2(metila, we have been in America a long time {already)* VOCABULARY. ber 28eg, the way, road, path auffetjen, to put on bcr $eHner, the waiter ftrielen, to play bie (£ijenbaf)tt, the railroad iDiinjdjen, to wish, desire I02 GERMAN LESSONS. ba§ 9luge (§ 128), the eye ' feit (dat.), since (ba§) 9iom, Rome toeg, away ba3 Suftfptet, (pi, — faiele), nimmer, 'never the comedy gegen (ace), against, towards fjeiften, intrans. (§ 245), to be felten, seldom, rarely called, be named mat, times anttoorten (dat. pers.), to jefynmal, ten times answer, reply to EXERCISE XXV. 1. 3)er ®nabe tonrbe Don feinem SSater gelobt. 2. (Sin Snftfpiet t)on SBtdjert ift geftern gefptett loorben. 3. 2)a3 ©djloft ift jerftort. 2)a3 @d)toft ttrirb gerftort. 2)a£ @(J)Iob ift jerftort toorben. 4. 2)er Miner bracljte mir nodf) eine Saffe Saffee. 5. ©etje ben §nt auf unb taufe in ben ©arten. 6. ®ie jihtgfte £od)ter, bie ©ertrub tjeiftt, Ijat btaue Slugen. 7. S)er SBrtcf mirfc morgen jtoeimal abgefefyrieben toerben. 8. 2Bir tooljnen fett jeljn Sa^ren in bemfeI6en |>aufe. 9. SSorigen gristing baute man bie nene ©fenbatjn. 10. $)er 9Kamt fonnte mir ntd)t anttnorten. 1 1. SlHe 2Bege futjren xiatf) 9tom. 12. dimmer toirb fie Don ifjrer Sautter gelobt 13. ©ein SRocf ttrirb fcom ©djneiber au^gebeffert toerben. 14. ©egen §Ibenb ttmnfdjte er toegjugetjen. 15. SDiefe Sieber toerben nnr felten gefungen. 16. 2)iefe£ 83ilb toar nodj nidjt t)erfauft toorben. S\. Where were these eggs found? 2. Can you tell me whether this road leads to the next village? ,3. This piece will never be played. 4. He put on his hat and went away with me. • 5. Lessing's comedy, " Minna von Barnhelm," is often read. 6. His neighbors were all MODAL AUXILIARIES. IO3 very friendly to (gegen) him. t 7. Before the battle all [the] railroads had been destroyed. 8. Would you like to have a cup of coffee or a glass of wine? ' 9. They asked him what (tine) he was called, but he did not an- swer them. 10. How long have you been wearing this coat (already)? 11. They asked the waiter three times for a piece of bread. 112. All his money had al- ready been given to the poor. 13. The young count has been studying in Berlin for (f eit) two years. 1 4. More beautiful eyes than hers are seldom seen. , 15. (The) well-behaved children are loved and praised. 16. Would you have wished it, if you had known him ? LESSON XXVI. MODAL AUXILIARIES. 205. Sittttten, mogen, mitffert, biirfen, toolten, and fallen (cf. § 250) are unlike the English modal auxiliaries in that they have a complete conjugation (except that the imperative is wanting in all but tooHett). But when one of these auxiliaries is used in a compound tense with an infinitive, it changes the participle to the form of the infinitive. Thus: id) fjabe ge£)ert tDoIIett (not getooUt). The synopsis of the indicative of formert, for example, when it is to be used with an infinitive, is as follows : id) fctmt, id) fomtte, id) tjctbe — f fitrnen, td) tjcttte — ffimten, etc. (Cf § 235, i.) 104 GERMAN LESSONS. 206. As the English modal auxiliaries are defective , the force of the German is often best given by substi- tuting a phrase. Thus : id) t)abe — miiffen, / have beeti obliged, id) toerbe — fonnen, / shall be able, etc. But a greater difficulty is apt to arise in translating such phrases as could have, should have, might have, etc., into German. Occasionally the infinitive in such phrases really has the perfect tense, but ordinarily it is made perfect simply because the auxiliary is defective. For example, / could have sold it, is probably not id) fomtte e3 fcerfcmft f)ctben, but idj fjatte e£ fcerfcmfen fonnen. That is, / could have sold it generally means, / should have been able to sell it. The difficulty can be removed by substituting another English phrase of the same meaning, as just illustrated. 207. The many idiomatic uses of the auxiliaries can not be noted here, but the following common significa- tions should be observed : — fonnen, ability, possibility (can, is able, may) mogcn, possibility, concession, liking (may, like) biirfen, permission, venturing (may, dare) miiffen, absolute obligation, compulsion (must, obliged to) . foUen, moral obligation, report, necessity (shall, is to, is said to) tooUen, wish, intention, assertion (will, is about to, claims) MODAL AUXILIARIES. IO5 VERBS GOVERNING THE INFINITIVE WITHOUT £lt. 208. Besides the modal auxiliaries the following verbs also take an infinitive without gu: f)etJ3en, t)etfen, l)dren, laffen, tefjrert, lernen, madjen, and fef)en. Thus: id) Ijorte it)tt Iad)en. These verbs, with varying degree of regularity, use the infinitive instead of the past participle with an- other infinitive (cf. § 205). The infinitive without ju is used in a few other phrases, which need not be further mentioned here. Thus : er gtng fpajteren. §orert, taffen, and fef)en are followed by the active infinitive, which may, however, be passive in meaning. Thus : id) f)5re if)tt pretfen, / hear him praised. Saffctt. 209. Sctffen (241) is used with the active infinitive without JU not only in the sense of let but also in the sense of have done, cause to be done, make do, etc. Thus : er ltef$ bie ©tiefet madjen, he had the boots made. VOCABULARY. ber Stegen, the rain eben, even, just ber (Sbetftetn, the precious efcett ftoHen, be on the point stone of, be just about to ber SDtamanf (§ 119), the fdjetnen (§245), shi?te,seem diamond toegen (gen.), on account of (ber) Sftittag, noon fenben (§ 251), to send (bic) 9)£ttternad)t, midnight benlen (§ 251), think ba$ Ufa, the shore, bank lje(fen (dat., § 238), help ba3 @olb, the gold ftmrum, why ba§ @i(6er, the silver h\%, until, till Ijetfcen, trans. (§ 245), bid 106 GERMAN LESSONS. EXERCISE XXVI. i. @3 fdjeint, ba$ man neue @tfen&at)nen bauen 'will. 2. ©r fragt, 06 er um SKttternadjt geljcn bitrfe. 3. 2)er $auf* mann foil tnefe 2)tamanten unb anbere Sbclftetne fyaben. 4. 2)u mufct ju 9Ktttag am Uf er fte^en. 5 . 2Btr fatten ba$ (Mb fenben fomtett, aber ttrir t)aben e3 ntdjt getoollt. 6. 3Ba* rum f)aben @ie it)m nidjt fjetfen tooKen ? 7. ©r liefc bie Utjr au3 ©tlber ma^en. 8. 2)er 9ftenfd) benft ; fonncn bie Siere aucfjbenfen? 9. ©er Sonig Ijicjj Ujn toeggefjcn. 10. §aft bu bie SSogel in ber Suft fingen Ijoren? 11. S)ie fitnbci miiffen im §aufe bletben, bi3 e3 warmer totrb. 12. SBcgcn be3 9iegen£ f)abe id) I)eute ntcljt au3gcf)en fonnen. 13. @r moUte eben SIbfdjieb nefjmen. 14. SKagft bu biefeS SSrot? 15. SBeifet bu, ttmrum er an bie SBanb Ropfte ? 16. 9^ac£) ber groften @d)tac£)t fyatte er grieben madjen fallen. 1. Can you see the banks of the river? 2. If we had had silver or gold, we could have helped them. 3. They did not wish to send the diamonds [to] him. 4. The messenger seems to be ill. 5. Would you like to buy five or ten pounds of this coffee? 6. Did the king bid you come at noon or at midnight? 7. Had the precious stones already been sold? 8. "Why did I have to do that?" thought he. 9. My daughter could not take a walk until the sun had set. 10. Our new neighbors are said to be very rich. II. The count had the whole city destroyed. 12. I was on the point of asking the professor why he did not answer you. 13. Shall we lose our money, because you have lost yours? 14. He knows that he did not read the letter. 15. Have you ADVERBS. IO7 never seen the children playing {inf.) in the grass? 16. No one could have worked better than he [did]. LESSON XXVII. ADVERBS. 210. Almost all German adjectives, in their unin- flected form, may be used as adverbs. The adverb is, therefore, often to be distinguished from the adjective only by the absence of the endings of inflection, or in many cases only by the context. There are also other words used only as adverbs. 211. Adverbs, when compared, are compared like adjectives, but the simple superlative in ft is seldom ad- missible. Ordinarily an adverbial phrase with ait or cmf (occasionally in or gu) is used. Thus : am beften, attf3 fdfjfinfte. The phrase with am is used when direct comparison is intended, the one with auf3 when no com- parison is intended. Thus : @r lam am fritfyftert fcon alien, he came earliest of all ; aHeS in be3 Saifer3 ©arten toar auf3 feinfte au3gebac£)t, everything in the emperor's garden was most elegantly planned, 212. §in expresses motion front, and I)er motion towards the speaker or the scene of the narrative. They are widely used with verbs and adverbs and must fre- quently be left untranslated. See sentences 5, 8, and 15 in Exercise XXVII, 108 GERMAN LESSONS. 213. Analogous to the English use of ever with who, when, etc, whoever, whenever, etc., the German uses cmd), rmr, immer {ever) after similar words. But, unlike ever, these adverbs are commonly separated by one or more words from the words they modify. Thus : 2Ber er ctudj fei, whoever he may be ; toetm er and) fomme, even if he come. PREPOSITIONS. 214. A number of the common prepositions are here given : GENITIVE. tocifjrenb, during iuegen, on account of DATIVE. ait3, out of, from fctt, since bet, by, near, at the house of, with t) OH, from, by, of nut, with ju, to, at, for natf), towards, to, after ACCUSATIVE. burtf), through, by of)ite, without \x\x,for um, around, about gegen, towards, against ftriber, against DATIVE OR ACCUSATIVE (CF. § 1 10). an, at, on itber, over, above auf, upon, on, at unter, under, below, among t)tnter, behind uor, before, in front of, ago in, in, into jtnifdjcn, between neben, beside, by 215. The wide variety of signification and the many idiomatic usages of the prepositions cannot be noted CONJUNCTIONS. IO9 here. In addition to the prepositions just mentioned, there are a number of other words used prepositionally. There are also some compound prepositions, of whicji gegeniiber, opposite to, is an example. Generally the preposition precedes its noun, but a few may follow the noun. Thus: mtr gegenitber, opposite to me, CONJUNCTIONS. 216. Conjunctions may be divided into three classes according to their effect upon the arrangement of the clause which they introduce. The first two of the fol- lowing classes may be called co-ordinating, and the third class subordinating conjunctions. 217. General Connectives. These are unb, ctoer, aHein, fonbent, ober, benn. They have no effect on the order of words. Note. — $ber, aHei'n, and fonbent may all be translated by but. 3lUeitt is less common than aber ; fonbent differs from both in being strongly adversative (introducing an opposite statement), and can be used only after a negative. 9Iber like the English however, by which it is often best rendered, may stand within the clause. 218. Adverbial Conjunctions. These are originally and strictly adverbs, and when placed first in a clause they invert the personal verb. Standing within the sentence they do not invert the verb. Some of them are ctt)0, accordingly, therefore, better, therefore^ bod), benrtod), nevertheless, yet, inbeffen, meanwhile, etc. 219. Subordinating Conjunctions. These are such conjunctions as introduce only dependent or subordi- IIO GERMAN LESSONS. nate clauses, and therefore transpose the personal verb to the end of the clause. Some of them are, afe, toemt, tyamt, when, ba, as, since, toeit, because, etc. Note. — Of the three words for when, af$ is used for a single action or event in past time ; tt)amt in questions, direct or indirect ; and tt)emt in all other cases. VOCABULARY. ber SRauber, the robber anfetjen, to look at ber Saifer, the emperor gtauben, to believe, think bie Sftadjtigalt, the nightin- ftefjlen (§ 238), to steal gale nennen (§ 25 1), to name ba$ Sett (§ 128), the bed gerabe, exactly, just fdjnell, quick, fast toofytn, whither, where fyerrtid}, splendid EXERCISE XXVII. 1. 2)er @raf fat) ben Shtaben freunbtid) an. 2. 2)ie 9?a^» tigaH fang jo ijerrlttf), ba% ttrir un£ fetjr frcuten. 3. @ein §au3 ift ntdjt groft, fonbern fefyr ttein. 4. SBiffcn @ie, toann bie SRuftt anfangt ? 5. 2)a3 Sinb fam ju mir, ber £unb aber lief fdjnell t)intoeg. 6. 3)a 9tduber fein @e(b geftofyten 'flatten, fo fonnte er bie UI)r nicfjt faufen. 7. ©taubft bit, bag e£ Ijeute frf)ueien tt)irb ? 8. 33itte, fommen @ie fyiertjer. 9. (£S regnete, bafjer mufeten totr ju §anfe bteiben. 10. (£r ift rttdjt mfibe, imb bod) get)t er fetjr friit) ju Sktte. 11. ©tneS £age§ ertjielt ber Saifer ein ncueS 93ud^ iiber bie 9?aci)tigatt. T2. §eute abenb fang ber SSoget am beften. 13. 2ltfo mufcte ber 95ote ben Srief bringen. 14. S)ie neue Sirdje ftef)t ber atten gerabe gegeniiber. 15. SBotjut foHen ttrir gefyen? 16. ©er §elb mar inbeffen geftorben. ORDER OF WORDS. Ill I. Our daughter was named after her aunt. 2. We rejoiced when we heard the nightingale singing (inf.) in the wood. 3. They lived exactly opposite to us. 4. The emperor did not believe what the robber said. 5 . Mean- while the woman had quickly made the beds. 6. He looked at me from head to (h\§ t ace.) foot. 7. This splendid castle was entirely destroyed ten years ago. 8. Come in (fyerein). 9. Waiter, when was this bread baked? 10. The children ran out (cf. § 212) into the garden. 11. Let us take a walk, for the sun is shining. 12. They were not her spoons, but ours. 13. I am ill; therefore you must go. 14. My guest did not wish to go without me, because he did not know the professor. 15. Their nephew has been living in Germany for (fett) two years, and yet he does not understand German. 16. Can you not run faster? LESSON XXVIII. ORDER OF WORDS. 220. That the varying position of the personal verb is the essential difference in the three word-orders (nor- mal, inverted, and transposed) has already been noted in §§ 102 and 146. It should be further observed that principal clauses may have either the normal or inverted order, while subordinate clauses regularly have the transposed. 112 GERMAN LESSONS. 221. A principal clause must have the normal order, if its subject begins the sentence. By the subject is meant the subject-word with all its modifiers. If the sentence begins with anything else than the subject of the principal clause (except the conjunctions in § 217), the principal clause must be inverted. See sentences I, 6, 8 in Exercise XXVIII. 222. The subordinate clause regularly has the trans- ' posed order, but if the conjunction bafc is omitted, the clause takes the normal, or if the conjunction (com- monly toentt) is omitted in conditions, the inverted order. See sentences 3 and 8 in Exercise XXVIII. 223. The regular position of the personal verb is last in the subordinate clause; but an auxiliary with two infinitives will precede them both instead of following them. Thus : er tvti% baft er e3 f)atte tt)im fallen. 224. The position of the other common elements of the sentence has already been given in §§87 and i86> and applies to both principal and subordinate clauses. The following additional observations should be noted : — > 1. Of two pronoun objects the accusative usually precedes. See sentence 9 in Exercise XXVIII. 2. For noun objects the order of cases is usually dative, accusative, genitive ; but a noun object denoting a person usually precedes one denoting a thing. See sentence 15. 3. The order of occurrence of adverbs is usually ORDER OF WORDS. H3 time, place, manner, degree ; but a simple adverb pre- cedes an adverbial phrase. See sentence 14. 4. In the inverted or transposed orders a pronoun object regularly precedes a noun subject. See sentence 1 1. 225. Many exceptions to the foregoing rules are found in German usage, but the rules are important as showing the usual construction of the German sentence. It should also be noted that the inverted order is much commoner in German than in English, and is often used to give emphasis to a word or phrase by putting it first in the sentence. ACCUSATIVE AND GENITIVE OF TIME. 226. As has already been illustrated in various sen- tences, the accusative is used to express definite and the genitive indefinite time, or repeated, habitual ac- tions. Thus : (£r fam ben nadjften Sag ; but er fam eine3 SlbenbS. ADVERBIAL GENITIVE. 227. In this connection may be noticed the adverbial use of the genitive. Thus: abenb3, in the evening, mm- gen£, in the morning, tette, partly, tecf)t3, to the right, tinfe, to the left. VOCABULARY. ' ber @traf){ (§ 128), the beam, berjentge, that one, he {who) ray retf)t, right ber Sfyfef jtoetg, the apple-twig tint, left ber SRttter, the knight £racf)ttg, splendid 114 GERMAN LESSONS. ber Sfteifenbe, the traveler fdjenfen, present, give bie Serdje, the lark beftellen, order (purchases) bie £)ornenf)ecfe, the hedge of retfen, f., travel, go thorns reidjen, reach, hand, pass ba£ ©ebaubc, the building, ring£ um r around about edifice gerabe au3, straight ahead ba£ Sfteft, /fe nest EXERCISE XXVIII. i. Stingy urn ba§ ©djlok a6er begann eine Sornenfjede ju toad)fen. 2. 2)a£ ©tubium ber neueren ©pradjen max feine £)5d)[te greube. 3. ©er 9teifenbe beljaiuptete, er t)abe eben fo pracfytige ©ebaube in $ari£ gefefyen. 4. ©ollen tmr recl)t3 ober linf3 gefyen ? 5. ^ein, geljen ©ie gerabe au§. 6. 85eim Slbfdjieb reidjte er mir bie linfe §anb. 7. (S3 toarert tctte neue unb tcife olte Sucker. 8. fatten ©tc bie Ufyv fritter befteQt, fo fatten ©ie biefeI6e mitbringen ffiimcn. 9. Sitte, fdjcnfc e£ mir. 10. S)er ©tubent ruollte eben nadj @ng(anb reifcn. 11. S)er SRitter fragte, tote fidj ber $onig befinbe. 12. ©tcjcnigcn, bie retd) finb, finb nidjt immer eble 9ftenfd)en. 13. SDie Straiten ber ©onne finb im ©ommer am ttmrmften. 14. S)ie Sercfye baute ifyr Ifteft ()ter im grueling. 15. ©r gab feiner Stouter ben btitfyenben ^IpfefstDetg. 16. SSarum fagten ©ie unS nitf)t, bafj ©tc e£ fatten t)erfanfenfonnen? 1. The knight said he would like to see the new building. 2. The children work in the morning and play in the evening. 3. Please hand me the bread. 4. Is that your right or your left hand? 5. Can you see that beautiful apple-twig through the hedge of ORDER OF WORDS. 115 thorns? 6. Why are the sun's rays not so warm in winter as in summer? 7. The lark sings in the air but builds its nest on the ground. 8. The book I have in my hand is red. 9. The emperor presented a black horse to the traveller. 10. You must go into the country again to-morrow. II. The merchant has not yet sent what you ordered. 12. We praise those who are always friendly to (gcgett) others. 13. The people said that we should have gone straight ahead. 14. Did you know the men who were standing round about the table? 15. I am astonished that he likes such studies. 16. Could the robber remember [from] whom he had stolen the splendid diamonds? VOCABULARIES. EXPLANATIONS. The abbreviations employed in these Vocabularies are the usua 1 ones, such as v for verb, m. for masculine, prep, for prepositio?i, etc. In addition to these a dash [ — ] indicates the repetition oi the title word. .In the German-English Vocabulary the genitive singular of nouns is indicated when it differs from the nominative, and the plural is indicated whenever the word has one. Thus : 2(pfel, m. — §, * f masculine noun, genitive singular 2fyfel§, nominative plural Spfel. Irregular verbs and verbs of the strong conjugation are followed by the number of the paragraph where they may be found in the Appendix. In case the auxiliary is not indicated by f. (fetrt) , the verb is to be inflected with Ijaben. Separable compounds are in- dicated by hyphens ; inseparables are given as one word. Accents are occasionally marked. All numbers refer to para- graphs in the Lessons or in the Appendix. Parts of speech and all other grammatical details are noted only when necessary to avoid confusion. The Vocabularies are restricted to the words given in the Lessons, and are intended to necessitate the use of the facts given elsewhere in the book. In the German-English Vocabulary words printed in full-faced letter are cognates and illustrate more fully § 261. 118 GERMAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 5lbenb, m. -«, -e, evening ; abettbS (227), in the evening, after (217), but, however. 9lbfd)ieb, m. -«, -e, departure, leave. ab=ftf}retben (245), copy. atf)t f eight. adjtsefpt, eighteen. atytm, eighty. att (183), all, each. attent (217), but. ai$ (219), when, as; than (159). alffl, therefore, accordingly. alt, Old, ancient. 9lmertfa, n. -8, America. 3(mcrifattcr r m. -3, -, American, amerifanifd), adj., American. an (no), at, on. aitber, other. ait=fait(]Ctt (242), begin. attgeneljm, pleasant, agreeable. an fetyen (239), look at. attttUOrtClt {dat.pers.), answer, re- ply. an=5tc^cn (246), put on {clothing). Styfel, m. -8, « apple. 9fyfelbaum, m. -8, *e, apple-tree. Sfyfelsttieig, m. -8, -e, apple-twig. 5tyrU', w. -8, April. arbettett, labor, work. arm, poor. artig, well-behaved, good. aud) f also, too. {Cf. also 213.) auf (no), on, upon. {In counting time, cf. 161.) 9Iuf gab e, / -n, lesson. auf=gef)eit, f. (242), rise {sun, etc.). auf =f C^Cit, put on {hat) . 9(uge, n. -8, -n (234), eye. ftuguft', m. -8, August. an$ {dal.), out of, from. au3=fceffettt, mend. batfett (240), bake. balb, soon. baueit, build. SBaum, ». -e8, % tree. beftttbett (237), reft., be, do {of health). begegttcn, f. (<&/.), meet. beguuten (238), begin. bC^aU^tCtt, assert. bet {dat.), by, near, with, at the house of; bet bcm ©dmetber, at the tailor's. beftetteit, order {purchases). *Bett, n. -e8, -en (234), bed. betooljttett, occupy. 119 120 VOCABULARY. 23Ub, n. -e«, -er, picture. V\§, till, until. bitttn (239), request, ask (um, ace, for) ; bttte, please. matt, n. -eg, *er, leaf. fclau f blue. BleibCIt, f» (245) , remain. BU^eit, lighten. olitl)en, bloom. SBlnme, / -n, flower. bM, bad. ?8ott, m. -n, -n, messenger. 23ticf f m. -eg, -e, letter. bringen (251), bring. 23rnt f «. -eg, -e, bread. S3ritrfe f / -n, bridge. 23mber, m. -g, * brother. 83ud), «. -eg, *er, book. Sljor, n. -eg, *e, choir. 2> ba, «<*'., there ; aw/., as, since. (C/.a/so 118.) $ad), n. -eg, *er, roof. baljer, therefore. battttt, conj., in order that, so that. *a%, that. bcitt (64), thy, thine, your. (Cf. 57> 65.) beiner, ber betne, ber beuttge, /™«. (198), thine, yours. benfen (251), think. bemt (217), for. be It nod), nevertheless, yet. Der, art., the (54); <&»*., this, that, this one, that one, he (125, 197); rel., who, which, that (H9). berjettige, that one, he who, he (197). berfelbe, the same (197). bentfd), adj., German; ber 2)eutjd)e (145), the German; 2)eutfd), German (language). $entfd)ionb, n. -g, Germany. Seemlier, m. -g, -, December. Stamanf, m. -en, -en, diamond. btCttCn (dat.), serve. Wiener, m, -g, -, servant. $ien£tag, m. -4, -e, Tuesday. bicfer, (59), this, that; this one, the latter, he (197). bod) f though, nevertheless, yet, certainly, surely, I think, you know, etc. bonnertt, thunder. $omter3tag, m. -g, -e, Thursday. $orf, n. -eg, *er, village. Sornenljetfe, / ~n, hedge of thorns.' brei, three, bretgtg, thirty, brei^eljtt, thirteen, britt, third. $nttel, n. -4, -, third, third part. btt (86), thou, you (57). bunfef, dark. bnrrff {ace), through. (As prefix, cf. 188.) bitrfen (250), may, be permitted, dare. biirften, thirst, be thirsty; eg bitrftet mid), I am thirsty. VOCABULARY. 121 cBctt, even, just; eben fo — ttrie, as — as; — trottett (250), be on the point of, just about to. Cbcl f noble. ©belfieitt, m* -8, -e, precious stone. (gt, n. -eS, -er, egg. cut (62), a, an, one; ber etne (140), the one. eutanber (indecl.), each other, one another. einer, /™». (196), one. eittige, some. eittft f once, formerly. (StttttlO^ltCr, m. -8, -, inhabitant. @tfCttbal)tt, / -en, railroad. elf, eleven. (Hifabcti),./: -8, Elizabeth. Cttt^fattgCtt (242), receive, wel- come. (Snglanb, n. -%, England. (£ttglfittber, m. -8, -, Englishman. englifd), adj., English; (Sngtifd), English (language). CntbC(fCtt f discover. Cr (93), he. (But cf. also 94.) (£rbe, / -n, earth, ground. ertyaften (241), receive. erimtertt, refl. (gen., or an, ace), remember, recollect, recall. erft, first. t& (93)i it. (But cf. also 94.) Si ift, there is. effett (239), eat. tttoa§ (indecl.), something, any- thing, some. eucr (64), your. eu(e)rer, ber eu(e)re, bcr eu(e)rtge, pron. (198), yours. fatten,f. (241), fall. fangen (242), catch. gebruar', m. -8, -e, February, geber, / -it, feather, pen. gelb, n. -e8, -er, field, fmben (237), find, ftlafrfjc, / -n, bottle. Sfletfd), n. -t§, flesh, meat. ftet^tg, industrious. Piemen, f. (246) , flow. %U\, n. -e8, t, raft. gflttft, w. -e8, *-t, river. folgen, f. (^/.)» follow, fragen, ask. %xa\\%$\t t m. -n, -n, Frenchman, fran^ijfifd), adj., French. $xan t f -en, woman, wife, Mrs. $raufeUt, n. -4, -, young lady, miss, Miss. $reitag, m. -8, -e, Friday. frcffCtt (239), eat (of animals). greube, / -n, joy. freuen, refl., rejoice (iiber, ace, at). greunb, m. -e8, -e, friend. §reunbut, / -nen, (lady) friend. fremtblid), friendly. $nebe, m. -n8, -n (233), .peace. fritt), early; geftent — , yester- day morning. gnUjlhtg, m. -8, -e, spring. fiiljren, lead. fiinf, five, futtfeefjtt, fifteen. 122 VOCABULARY. fimfetg, fifty, fiir (ace), for; mag — , (kind) of, what. gufc, m. -ge«, *|e, foot. what sort ©abel, / -n, fork. gatt$, whole, entire, all. ©arten, m. -g, *, garden. ©aft, w. -eg, *t, guest. ©ebdttbe, ». -8, -, building, edi- fice. gcBcn (239), give; eg gi&t, there is (152). gef alien (241, dat.), please. gcgen (ace), towards, against. gcgcititbcr (dat., 215), opposite to. ge^en, f. (242), go. $elb, n. -eg, -er, money. ©Ctttalbe, «. -8, -, painting. gcrabC f exactly, just; — aug, sfraight ahead. gent, willingly, gladly; — fjabeit, like; (with verbs often) like to. ®ertrub, / -«, Gertrude. ©efidjt, «. -8, -er (231), face. geftent, yesterday; — friif), yes- terday morning. Gbla$, n. -eg, *er, glass. fllauuen (dat. pers.), believe, think. gluten, glow. ©olb, n. -eg, gold. ®0tr, m. -eg, *er (231), god, God. Qkaf, m. -en, -en (119), count. (#ra3, «. -eg, *er, grass. grau, gray. grog (156), great, large, tall. grim, green. gut (156), adj., good ; adv., well. Ijaben (251), have; gent — , like ijageht, hail. Ijalo, adj., half. $aiftc,/-n, half. jammer, m. -g, f, hammer. £anb, / *e, hand. $aufe, m. -ng, -n (233), heap. §an§ f n. -eg, *er, house; nadj — e, home; git — e, at home. Ijetgeit (24.$), trans., bid; intrans., be called, be named. fyeftig, vehement. §efb, w. -en, -en (119), hero. Ijelfen (dat., 238), help, fyer, cf. 212. ^Ctbft, m. -eg, -e, autumn. §err, m, -n, -en (121), master, lord, gentleman, sir, Mr. Ijerrluf), splendid. $er-$, n. -eng, -en (233), heart Ijeute, to-day; — frill), this morn- ing. l)ter, here. Inn, cf. 212. Ijtnter (no), behind. (As prefix, cf. 188.) fjorf) (156), high. Ijorett, hear. fyubfd), pretty. £unb, m. -eg, -e, dog. fyunbert, hundred. §ut, m. -eg,*e, hat. VOCABULARY. 123 3 itf) (83), I. i(jf, pron., ye, you (57, 86); poss. adj., her, their (64) ; 3fyr, your (65). iljrer, ber ifyre, ber tfyrige, />w*. (198), hers, their; 3t)rer, *&v, your (65). itttmcr, always, ever. (Cf. also 213.) in (no), in, into. ittbcffeit, meanwhile. 3rrtltttt f m. -g, *er, error. ia, yes. Safjr, n. -eg, -e, year. 3amtar', m. -g, -e, January. jc f ever. jcbct (60), each, every. jebermatttt (I94)» everybody. female, ever. jemattb (194), somebody, some one. jener (60), that, that one, the for- mer. je^t f now. Suit, m. -g, July. jung, young. Sunt, w. -8, June. e, 0*. -3, coffee. $atfer f tri. -g, -, emperor. faft, cold. $afe, 0*. -8, - (98), cheese. faufeit, buy. ®aufmamt, m. -4, Hx or 4eute (129), merchant. feitt (63), no, not a, not any. f Ciltcr, pron. (196), no, none, not any. $euner f m. -g, -, waiter. fCtttteit (251), know, be acquainted with. $ittb, ». -eg, -er, child. $irtf)e, / -n, church. $irfd)e, / -n, cherry. flax (comp., ffarer), clear. $letb, n. -eg, -CX, dress; pi. also, clothes, clothing. Heitt, little, small. f forfeit, knock; eg flopft, some one is knocking. Softer, «. -8, *, cloister, con- vent. $fttabe, m. -n, -n, boy. fommen, J. (238), come. &imtg, m. -g, -e, king. ^imigtit, / -nen, queen. fiittttCtt (250), can, be able. ®0pf, m. -eg, H, head. franf, sick, ill. ®ud)ett, m. -g, - cake. £ul), / *e, cow. fur5 r short. tatfjett, laugh. Saben, m. -g, *, shop. fiattb, n. -eg, -*er, land, country; Ctuf bem (bag) — , in (into) the country. fang, long. latttje, adv., long, for a long time. laffett (241), let, have, cause (209). £anb, n. -eg, -e, foliage. 124 VOCABULARY. fottfeit, I (243), run. fcbcit, live, be alive. (CgCtt, trans , lay; reft., lie down. (Cljrett, teach. Scoter, m. -g, -, teacher. Setb, n. -eg, hurt, pain, sorrow; eg tut mir leib, I am sorry. gerdje, / -n, lark, lewett, learn. IcfCtt (239), read. 2cutt, pi, people. liebcn, love, fiteb, n. -eg, -er, song. licgcit (239), lie. ItttJ, left; — g (227), to the left. fob en, praise. Stiff el, m. -g, -, spoon. SottbOtt, n. -g, London. Sorbeer, m. -g, -en (234), laurel. 8*ft,/*e, air. Sltfttytel, n. -g, -e, comedy. tna^ctt, make. 9Jlabrf|Ctt, n. -g, -, girl, maiden. 2ttat, m. -g, May. tltat, times; getnt — , ten times. matt (196), one, they, you. tttOttdjer (60, 196), many, many a. aflatttt, m. -eg, *er (231), man, husband. Uftarie, / -cn«, Mary, aftar^, w. -e«, -e, March. 2Jta£, w. -eng, Max. mcljr (156), more. tncitt (64), my, mine, ttteuter, ber metne, ber meinige, pron. (198), mine. mcift (156), most. 2ftettfdj, m. -en, -en (119), man, human being. 9tteffer, n. -4, -, knife. afltflum (14c),/ -en, million, fitter al f , n. -g, -ien (130), min- eral. Wxmxttf f. -n, minute. ttttt (dat.), with. ntit-bringen (251), bring with, bring along. Stttttag, m. -g, -e ; noon. 3Jlitterttad)t f / *e, midnight. Wlitttood), m. -g, -e, Wednesday. tttflgen (250), may, like {cf. Lesson XXVI); id) modjtt gem, I should like to. Wonatf m. -g, -e, month. 9ttimtag, m. -g, -e, Monday. Sftorgen, m. -g, -, morning; mor* geng (227), in the morning. morgen, adv., to-morrow; — friil}, to-morrow morning. SJtttoe, / -n, sea-gull. Ittiibc, tired. SKufiF, /, music. miiffen (250), must, have to. (Cf< Lesson XXVI.) Gutter, /* mother. Wl\)Xtt, f. -n, myrtle. ft ttarfj (ak/.)> to, towards, after; past {time). ftadjbar, w. -g, -n (234), neigh- bor. ftad)t,/*e, night. ftadjtigaH, / -en, nightingale. VOCABULARY. 125 Ml) C^ 6 ), nigh, near. ■ftame, m. -n8, -n (233), name. ItcbCtt (no), beside, by. •Weffe, m. -n, -n, nephew. uefymcn (238), take neiit, adv., no. nemtctt (251), name. Weft, n. -e8, -er, nest. tteit, new, modern. newt, nine. tteutt5eljtt f nineteen. iteming, ninety. ntd)t, not ; nod) — , not yet. IUd)t3 (indecl.), nothing. me, never. nitmaU, never. nietnanb (194), nobody, no one. ttimmer r never. UOtf), adv., still, yet; — tttd)t, not yet. %lov ember, m. -8, - ; November, nun, now. WW, only. (Cf. also 213.) D Db, whether. Dftober, m. -8, - October. uber, or. Dfctt, «. -8, *, stove. oft, Often. Ol)tte (ace), without. Dttfel, m. -8, -, uncle. *J$aar, n. -e8, -e, pair, papier' y «. -8, -e, paper. *gari3, »., Paris. $fcrb, w. -e^, -e, horse. p$an$trt, plant. $funb, w. -e8, -e, pound. £rad)tttj, splendid. SProfeffor, m. -8, -en (234), pro- fessor. 91 dauber, w. -8, -, robber. Ofcbe, / -11, vine. retf)r, adj., right; —8 (227), to the right, ^edjt, n. -e8, -e, right; redjt fyaben, be right. Dlegeit, *. -8, rain, regnen, rain, retd), rich. retdjen, reach, hand, pass. JHeife, / -Xi, journey. reifett, f., travel, go; ber Sftetfenbe (145), traveler. fRfytin, m. -8, Rhine. rtltg3 ttttt (ace), round about. ORttter, m. -8, - knight. Ofarf, m. -e8, *e, coat. 9fom, w. -8, Rome. JRiimer, m. -8, -, Roman, dofe, / -tt, rose. tot, red. edj£tel, ». -8, - sixth. fetfiaefjtt, sixteen. fed)aig, sixty. feJjett (239), see. f ttytf very, very much. fetlt, be (248) ; eg ift, there is, eg fhtb, there are (152). fettt (64), his, its (94). fetncr, ber fetne, ber feinige, pron, (198), his, its. fcit (dat), since. feltett, seldom, rarely. fcnbcn (251), send. September, m. -g, -, September. fei?Ctt, trans., set; refl. y sit down, take a seat. fldj (191), refl. y himself, herself, it- self, themselves, yourself. ftc (93)1 she, they; ©ie, you (57). ftebcu, seven. ftebsctjit, seventeen. fteb^tg, seventy. <5Uber, n. ~% t silver. fingen (237), sing. ft^en (239), sit. fo, so, thus; fo — rate, as (so) — - as. (Boljtt, m. -eg, % son. fuller (60), such. fottett (250), shall, ought, be said. (Cf. Lesson XXVI.) ©ommer, m. -g, -, summer, fonbern (217), but. ©onnabcttb, m. -g, -e, Saturday. (Sonne, / -n, sun. Somttag, m. -«, -e, Sunday. f^05icren geljen, f. (242), take a walk. ftuelen, play. (&pra{$)t f f. -n, language; neuere — XI, modern languages. fpredjen (238), speak. &tabt, f. *e, city. ftarf, strong. fteljett (240), stand, ftetylen (238), steal. fterben, f. (238), die. Stiefel, m* -g, -, boot. ©traljl, m. -eg, -en (234), beam, ray. 6trage, / -n, street, (gtittf, n. -eg, -e, piece. ©tubent', w. -en, -en, student, ftubteren (178), study. Stubium, «.-g,-ien (130), study <5tttl)f, m. -eg, *e, chair. (Stultbe, / -n, hour, lesson, fnrfjen, seek, search. ffijf, sweet. VOCABULARY. 127 frtbcftt, blame, censure. £ag, m. -e8, -e, day. £lrf, n. -e$ f ^er, valley. %antt,fi -n, aunt. %ajtf)t,f. -II, pocket. 2affe,/ -n, cup. taufent), thousand. Setter, m. -§, -, plate. Xfyta'ttx, n. -g f -,- theatre. Xtil,m. -*$,-$ part; tetfS (227), partly. tetleit, share. %\tX, n. -eg, -e, animal. %\Xiit,f. -n, ink. %i\§, m. -eg, -e, table. £od)ter,/ 2, daughter, tragett (240), carry, wear. ttinfen (237), drink, tun (248), do. U itfcer (no), over, above. (As pre- fix, cf 188.) itbermorgeit, day after to-morrow. U&erfe^Ctt, sep., set across, ferry Over; insep., translate. Ufer f n. -$, -, bank, shore. Uljr, / -en, clock, watch; nrietriet — ift e$, what o'clock is it; um neun — , at nine o'clock. Um (ace), around, about; at (o'clock). (As prefix, cf. 188.) Mtb, and. Unredjt, n. -g, wrong; unredjt f)dben, be wrong. uttfer (64), our. mtf(e)rer, ber tmf(e)re, ber un= \(t)x\§t,pron. (198), ours. Uttter (no), under, below, among. (As prefix, cf. 188.) ttitter=gel)en, f. (242), set (sun, etc.). ttntertan, m. -$, -en (234), sub- ject. $ater, m. -g, * father. S3ei(c^cit f n. -g, -, violet, toerfaufen, sell. crUerett (246), lose, tierjtcljett (240), understand; eg oerfieljt fldr), of course. better, m. -g, -n (234), cousin. Diet (183), much; //., many. trietfetdjt', perhaps. trier, four. $tcrtel, n. -g, -, fourth, quarter. triers el) tt f fourteen. trier^tg, forty. $ogef, m. -g, * bird. DOtt (dal.), from, of, by. tior (no), before, in front of, ago; to, till (lime of day). toorgeftent, day before yesterday. Inmg, former, last. ttmrfjfctt, f. (240), grow. SSagett, m. -g, -, wagon, carriage. nmljr, true; ni(f)t — , is it not true. ttwfyrettb (gen.), during. 28atb, m- -eg, -"er (231 ) r woods, forest. 233attb, / *e, wall. 128 VOCABULARY. toattbern, f., wander, tomtit (219), when, niarm, waim. nwrum, why. toa§ (116), inter, or rel., what, whatever, that which (118, 184); — filr, what sort (kind) of, what. Staffer, n. -8, -, water. 233eg, m * ~ e ^ _e / wa Y> P atn - tticg, away. ttJCjJCU («£*»•)> on account of. tt)Cl)Cn, blow. ti}Ct(, because. SBein, #*. -e§, -e, wine. toeinen, weep. fcieift, white. nicld)Cr (60), inter., which, what; rel. (149), who, which, that. tUCtttg (183), little, few, a few; eitt — , a little. ttJCtttt, if, when (219). tticr (116), inter., who; rel. (150), (he) who, whoever. tterbett, f. (248), become, grow. SSetter, n. -g, -, weather. ttltbcr {ace), against. tt>te, how. ttlteber, again. [month. UHetuelftC, ber — , what day of the 2SUljelttt, m. -«, William. Winter, m. -8, - winter. ttiir (83), we. miff en (251), know. too, where. (QC a/w 118.) SBodje, / -n, week. uiuljtit, whither, where. Wo\)i, well; probably, indeed, 1 presume, etc. ftoIjttClt, dwell, live. ttiottcn (250), will, wish, purpose (cf. Lesson XXVI) ; eben — , be on the point of, just about to. ttmnbent, wonder; e« raunberl mid), I wonder, I am astonished. tttiittfdjett, wish, desire. $C%tt, ten. gefynmal, ten times. $eigen, show. $tit f f. -en, time. gdtUttrj, / -en, newspaper. Serfttiren, destroy. 5tcf|Ctt (246), trans., draw; m» trans. f., go, move. 3tmmer, n. -$, - room. 5U r /r^. (1. — )♦ 130 VOCABULARY. battle, ©djfodjt,/ be, fein (248); {of health) ftd) be= finben (237); there is, are, e$ tft, fbtb; e$ gtbt (152). beam, ©trctljf, w. (234). beautiful, fdjon. because, roett. become, toerben, f. (248). bed, Sett, «. (234). before, Dor (110). begin, begmnen (238), cm=fangen (242). behind, Winter (110). believe, glauben {dat.pers.). below, unter (110). beside, neben (110). between, jtt)ifd)en (110). bid, Jjeigen (245, 208). bird, $oget, m. black, fdjttmrg. Maine, tabetn. bloom, bliifyen. blue, blau. book, SBudj, n. boot, ©tiefel, m. bottle, gfofdje,/ boy, $nabe, #z. bread, 23rot, «. (//. — c). bridge, SBriide,/ bring, bringen (251). brother, SBruber, m. brother-in-law, ©cfyttmger, m. build, fatten. building, ©ebaube, n. (97). but, (217), aber, fonbern, afletn. buy, faufen. by, {place) bei {dot.), neben (110); {agent) Don («&/.). cake, $udjen, ». (//. — ). called, be — , fyetgen (245). can, fomten (250). carriage, SBagen, m. {pi. — ). carry, trctgen (240). castle, ©d)foJ3, n. (gen. — ffe8)« catch, fangen (242). censure, tabetn. certainly, bodj. chair, ©tul)t, m. cheese, $cife, m. (98). cherry, $trfd)e,/ child, $inb, n. choir, (Efyor, n. {pi. H), church, $ird)e,/ city, ©tabt,/ (//. *e). clear, liar (comp., flarer). clock, Unr, / ; what o'clock is h\ nrie »iel U^r ift e§; at seven o'clock, um fteben Ul)r. cloister, Softer, n. (97). clothes, clothing, $feiber, n. pL coat, Sftocf, m. coffee, $affee, #*. cold, fait. come, fommen, f. (238). comedy, guftftriet, n. {pi. — e). convent, $lo.fter, n. (97). copy, absfefyreiben (245). count, ©raf, m. (119). country, 2anb, n.; in (into) the — auf bem (ba$) 2anb. course, of — , e8 tterfte^t jtdj. cousin, better, m. (234). cow, &$,/ (//.*e). cup, Saffe,/ VOCABULARY. 131 dare, biirfen (253). daughter, Softer,/ (97). day, £ag, m. (pi. — e); what — of the month, ber ttriet>ielfte. December, 2)egember, m. departure, 5lbfd)ieb, m. (pi. — c). desire, ttmnfdjen. destroy, gerftoren. diamond, SHamant', m. (119). die, fterben, f. (238) . discover, entbecfett. do, tun (248); {of health) fid) be= ftnben (237). (As auxiliary, cf 74.) dog, §unb, w. (//. — e). dress, $leib, «. drink, trinfen f 237). during, maljrenb {gen.). dwell, toofynen. E each, jeber (60), att (183). early, frill). earth, (grbe, £ eat, effen (239); (of animals) frcffen (239). edifice, ©ebciube, «. (97). egg, (St, «. eight, ad)t. eighteen, adjtgeljn. eighty, adjtjtg. eleven, elf. Elizabeth, (Sttfabetl),/. emperor, $aifer, «r. England, Gntglanb, ». English, engttfdj; (language) (Sng* lifd); the — , bie (Snglanber. Englishman, (Snglauber, m. entire, gang. error, 3rrtum, m. (231). even, eben. evening, 2lbenb, m. (ft. — e); in the — , abenbs (227); this — Ijeute abenb. ever, je, jemalS; (always) immer. {Cf also 213.) every, jeber (60), all (113). everybody, jebermann (194). exactly, gerabe. eye, Singe, n. (234). face, @eftd)t, n. (231). fall, fallen, f. (241). fast, fdjnell. father, 35a ter, m. feather, ^eber,/ February, gebruar', m. (pi. — e) ferry over, nber=fe^en. few, tnentg (183); a — , tuenig. field, gelb, n. fifteen, fiinfgeljn. fifty, fiinfgig. find, pnben (237). first, erft. five, fiinf. flow, fliefjen, f. (246). flower, SBtume,/ follow, folgen, f. (dot.)* foot, gng, m. for, prep., filr (ace.) ; con/., benn (217). forest, ©alb, m. (231). fork, ©abet,/ former, oorig. 132 VOCABULARY formerly, etnft. forty, toieqig. four, trier, fourteen, totergeljtt. fourth, {quarter) $tertet, n. French, frangoftfd^; the — , bie gran^ofen. Frenchman, grange, m. Friday, greitag, m. {pi. — e). friend, greunb, m.; greunbht,/ friendly, freunbiidj. from, toon {dat.), cms {dat.). front, in — of, toor (110). garden, (Garten, m. gentle, fanft {comp., fanfter). gentleman, £>err, m. (121). German, adj., beutfct); n., ber £)eutfdje (145) ; {language) ©eutfd). ■ Germany, 2)eutfd)fanb, ». Gertrude, ©ertrub,/ girl, 9flabtf)en, n. give, geben (239), fdjenfen. gladly, gent. glass, ©la«, «. go, gefjen, f. (242), reifen, f. god, God, ©ott, m. (231). gold, ©olb, «. good, gut (156); artig. grass, ©rct8, n. gray, grau. great, grog (156). green, griin. ground, (Srbe,/ grow, tDCtd)fen, f. (240); {become) toerben, f. (248). guest, ©aft, m. hail, Ijctgem. half, *<#., Ijctlb ; «., §alfte,/ hammer, §antmer, m. hand, w., §cmb,// v., reifen. hat, £mt, #z. have, Ijctben (251); — to, miiffen (250); {with inf. or part.) , faff en (241, 209). he, er (93); ber, biefer, berfetbe (197); — who, ttoer (149); berje* nige (ber). head, $opf, m. heap, §aufe, m. (233). hear, Ijorett. heart, §erg, n. (233). hedge of thorns, 2)ornenI)ecfe, /. help, Ijelfen, f. (238, dat.). her, i^r (64). here, tjier. hero, §elb, m. (119). hers, iljrer, ber tljre, ber ir)rtge (198). herself, refl., ftd) (191). high, Ijod) (156). himself, refl., fid) (191). his, adj. fein (64) ; pron., feiner, ber feine, b.er feintge (198). home, adv., nad) §aufe; at — , ju §ctufe. horse, *Pferb, n. {pi. — e). hour, ©tunbe,/ house, §au$, n. ; at the — of, bet {dat.). how, ttrie. however, aber (217). VOCABULARY. 133 \undred, Ijunbert. hurt, £eib, n. iiusband, Wlann, m. (231). t, id) (83). if, tuemt. ill, Iranf. in, in (110). indeed, toofyL industrious, fleigig. inhabitant, Gsmtoofyner, m. {pi. —). ink, £inte,/ into, in (110). it, e« (93); bagfelbe (197). its, adj., feitt (64); /r^«., feiner, ber feme, ber feinige (198). itself, rejl., fid) (191). January, 3amtar', #z. (//. — e). journey, $eife,/ joy, greube,/ July, 3iHl, m. ' June, 3uni, ». just, ebfK, gerabe; — about to, eben toollen (250). key, ©d)tiiffef, m. king, $onig, w. kind, what — of, tt>ci8 fiir (ein). knife, Sfteffer, «. knight, fitter, m. knock, flopfen ; some one is — ing, e§ flopft. know, rDiffen (251); (be acquainted with) fennen (251); you — , bod). labor, arbeiten. lady, 2)ctme, / / young — , gran* letn, n. land, £anb, n. language, @prad)e, /. large, grog (156). lark, £erd)e,/ last, oorig. laugh, tad) en. lay, (egen. lead, yiiljrert. leaf, SBfott, n. learn, lernen. leave, 5Ibfd)ieb, m. {pi. — e). left, tint ; to the — , linfs (227). lesson, Slufgabe,// ©tunbe,/ let, taffen (241, 209). letter, 23rief, m. lie, liegen, f. (239); — down, fid) tegen. lighten, bitten. like, tieben, gern Ijaben; ntbgen (250); I should — to, id) mod)te gern; — to (with verbs), gem. little, llein; tnenig; a — , ein toenig. live, leben; (dwell) tt)oI)nen. London, bonbon, n. long, adj., lang ; adv., lange. look at, cm*fet)en (239). lord, Lord, §err, m. (121) lose, oerlieren (246). love, Ueben. 134 VOCABULARY. M maiden, 2ftcibd)en, ». make, tnadjen. man, Wlann, m. (231); {human being) 3Renfl. — e). peace, griebe, m. (233). pen, geber,/ people, 2eute,//. perhaps, oielleid)!'. permitted, be — , biirfen (250). picture, 23ilb, n. piece, ©titcf, n. (pi. — e). plant, pfkmgen. plate, Seller, m. play, v., f^ielen ; n., ©djaufoiet, n. (pL-t). pleasant, angeneljm. please, gef alien (241, dat.); (re- quest) bitte. pocket, %a\$t,f. point, be on the — of, eben mollen (250). poor, arm. pound, ^Pfunb, n. (pL — e). praise, loben. present, fdjenfen. presume, I — , ttofyl. pretty, r)iibfct). probably, tooljl. professor, ^rofeffor, m. (234). pupil, ©djiiler, m. purpose, motten (250). put on, (clothing) an^teljen (246); (hat) auf-fe^en. Q quarter, SBiertel, n. queen, $bnigin,/ quick, fdmett. R raft, glofj, n. (pi. *e). railroad, Sifenba^n,/ rain, »., 9tegen, m,; v., regnen. 136 VOCABULARY. rap, flop fen. rarely, felten. ray, ©tratjl, m. (234). reach, retdjen. read, lefen (239). recall, ftdj cvumexn(gen.,or an,acc). receive, erfyatten (241), empfangen (242); (we/come) empfangen. red, rot. rejoice, ftdj freuen. remain, bletben, \. (245). remember, fid) erinnem (gen., or an, ace). reply, cmttoorten (dat.pers.). request, bitten (nm, ace. thing). Rhine, $KI)etn, m. rich, reid). right, adj., redjt ; *., $ed)t, n. (J>1. — e); be -r- (adj.), red)t (noun) Ijaben; to the — , reacts (227). rise (sun, etc.), auf-gefyen, f. (242). river, glufc, m. (gen. — ffe«). road, 2Beg, **. (P l > — *)• robber, dauber, w. Rome, Sftom, n. Roman, Corner, m. roof, Qad), n. room, 3inimer, n. rose, $Koje,/ run, laufen, \. (243). S same, the — , berfetbe. Saturday, ©onnabenb, m. (j>l. — e). say, fagen ; be said, fatten (250). scholar, ©d)iiler, m. school, ©djule, / search, fud)etu seat, take a — , fid) fe£en. see, fe^en (239). seek, fudjen. seem, foremen (245). seldom, felten. sell, oerfaufen. send, fenben (251). September, (September, m. servant, £>tener, m. serve, btenen (dat.). set, (sun, etc), unter^geljen, f. (242) ; — across, iiber^e^en. seven, fteben. seventeen, fteb$el)n. seventy, fieb^ig. shall, fottett (250); (future) mes ben, f. (248). she, fte (93). shine, fdjeuten (245). shoe, ©d)itf), m. (pi. — e). shop, 2ctben, m. shore, lifer, n. (j>l. — ). short, fur$. show, geigen. silver, ©ttber, n. ■ since, prep., \ ett (dat.) ; conj., b(J. sing, jtngen (237). sister, ©djtnefter,/. sit, fifeen (239); —down, ftdj fefeen. six, fedjS. sixteen, fec^elm. sixty, jed)3ig. sleep, (d)Iafen (241). small, llein. snow, fdjneten. so, \o; is it not — , nidjt tnaljr; — that, taunt, bafc. VOCABULARY. 137 soft, fctnft (comp., fanfter). some, (182), ettt>a8 (indecl.), eirtige; — one, Jemanb (194). somebody, jemanb (194). something, ettva% (indecl.), son, ©olm, m. song, £ieb, n. soon, batb. sorrow, Setb, n. sorry, I am — , e§ tut nttr letb. • sort what — of, roa$ fiir (ein). speak, fpredjen (238). spectacle, ©d)auftrie(, w. (j>l. — e). splendid, ijerrttdj, pradjttg. spoon, £offe!, m. spring, grii^ling, m. stand, fleljett (240). steal, fterjten (238). still, ^^., nod). stone, ©teht, **L —). summer, ©ommer, m. (pi. —1). sun, (Sonne, /. Sunday, ©omttag, m. (j>l. — e). surely, bod), sweet, fug. Switzerland, bic @cjjn)et$. sword, ©djmert, n. table, £ifdj, m. tailor, @d)netber, m. take, nefjmen (238). tall, grog (156). teach, leljren. teacher, Eefyrer, m, tell, fagen. ten, geijit. than, al8. that, dem., jener (60), ber (125), biefer (59), berjemge ; rel. (149 , twelver, ber, ttm8 (184); conj., ba$; in order — , so — , bdtttit bag. the, ber (54). theatre, Sljea'ter, n. (j>I. — ). their, tf)r (64). theirs, iljrer, ber tr)re / ber ir)rige (198). themselves, refl. t fid) (191). there, ba, bort. therefore, bafyer, alfo. they, fte (93); (indef.) man (196). thine, beiner, ber beine, ber beinige (198). think, benfen (251); (believe) gtauben (dat.pers); I — , bod). third, adj., britt ; «., 2)rittet, n. thirsty, be — , bitrften ; I am — , e8 bitrftet mid), thirteen, bret$efm. thirtieth, breigigft. thirty, bretgig. this, biefer (59), ber (125). thou, \>vl (86). though, bod). thousand, taujeub. 138 VOCABULARY. three, brei. through, bltrdj (ace). thunder, bonnern. Thursday, 2)onner8tag, m. (/>/. -e). thy, beitt. thyself, refl., bid}, bir (191). till, bt$. time, 3ett,/; {repetition) maf ; for a long — , tangc ; ten — s, getynmaL tired, miibc. to, gu (<&/.), « a( ^ (<&'.); (161) Dor (dat.) t auf (off.). to-day, Ijeute. to-morrow, ntorgen ; day after — , ubermorgen. too, au; {also), audj. toward(s), natf) (dat.), gegen (<*<-<:.). translate, itberfe^en. travel, retfen, j. traveler, bcr Sftetfenbe (145). tree, SBaunt, m.; apple—, %p\th baum. true, toaljr ; is it not — , nidjt tuafyr. Tuesday, 2)ienflag, m. (pi. — e). twelfth, 3tt)oiftel, n. twelve, jrtjolf. twenty, stoanjig. twig, 3^**9/ m.; apple — , 2tyfef* jtoetg. two, groei. uncle, Dnfel, m. (j>l. — ). under, unter (110). understand, toerftetyen (240). until, Bi8. upon, auf (110)* valley, XaX, n, very, fefyr. village, 2)orf, n. violet, SSetldjen, n* W wagon, SSagen, m. (pi. — ). waiter, $ettner, m. walk, take a — , tya$ieren ger)en f. (242). wall, 2Banb,/ (pl^t). wander, tnanbern, f. warm, ttmrm. watch, Uljr, / water, SBctffer, n. (pi.—). way, 2Beg, m. we, ttnr (83). wear, tragen (240). weather, ^Better, n. Wednesday, Mtttood), m. (pi -e). week, SSodje,/ welcome, empfangen (242). well, adj., rt»or)l ; «^., gut. well-behaved, artig. what, adj., toeldjer (60) ; pron., toa8 (116, 149) ; — (a), nm8 fur (ein), toetd) (etn) (196). what(so)ever, toa8. (Cy« «&* 213.) when (219), ttemt, at«, ttmtra. where, too ; (whither) toolun. whether, ob. VOCABULARY. 139 which, inter., roetdjer (60) ; rel., feeder, ber (149) ; that—. ba«, tta*. white, toeig. whither, tropin. who, inter., roer (116) ; >v/., tveU djer, ber, njer (149). whoever, roer. (^ GERMAN SCRIPT. 143 t*^ 7 7 / / 144 APPENDIX. NOUNS. 229. Masculines of the first class (cf. § 97), which modify in the plural : — SIcfer, field, Sfyfet, apple, SBoben, jftw, $ogen, bow, Sruber, brother, gaben, thread, ©arten, garden, ©raben, <£&£, §afen, harbor, §ammet, raw, jammer, hammer, §anbet, business, Saben, jA*/, Sftangel, w^^/, Sftantet, <:/##/£, Siabel, navel, Sftagel, *#*/, Dfen, £frztt, ©attet, saddle, ©djaben, //«m, ©djnabel, fc»£, ©djtoager, brother-in-law, 33ater, father, 83oget, #z><^. Some of the above words are occasionally not modified, and some other words not noted here are occasionally modified in the plural. " 230. Nouns of the Second Class (cf. § 104) : — a. Monosyllabic masculines of the second class, which do not modify in the plural : — Slat, eel, 9Tar, eagle, Strm, arm, Skfud), visit, $8orn, fountain, SDadjg, badger, Sold), dagger, 2)od)t, wick, 2)otn, cathedral, ©ortt, thorn, 2)ntcf, print, gorft, forest, ©rab, degree, (Ban, province, ©aunt, palate, «£)aH, sound, §atm, stalk, Isanti), breath, £uf, hoof, |nmb, ^f, $ratt, crane, 2ad)3, salmon, Saut, sound, 2ud)3, /y«^r, 2um£, ragamuf- fin, Wloxb, murder, Drt, //#<^, $)3arf, /#r£, 5j5fab, /atf/*, 5)3fau, peacock, tyuU, pulse, ^Mtft, /»*, Sag, ^7, Sfjrott, throne, Sob, death, %xnpp t troop, %u\§, flourish, 33erfud), *w/. There are variations in usage as noted in the preceding para- graph. nouns. 145 b. Feminines belonging to the second class : — SIngft, anxiety, %&, ax, SBcmf, bench, 23raut, bride, Srunft, fervor, 23ruft, breast, gauft, fist, gtud)t, flight, %xu6)t, fruit, ®an§, goose, ©ruft, vault, ®nn% favor, §anb, hand, §aut, skin, Sluft, *&//, ®raft, strength, SM), ^w, Sunft, #rA £au£, louse, Suft, #*>, Suft, pleasure, 9Kad)t, might, 3#agb, wtf^, 9J£aa3, mouse, Sftadjt, #^*, Sfaf)!, ^^w f 9fot, #m/, Sftuf;, /zz//, ©cut, sow, ©djtmr, string, @d)ttmlft, swelling, ©tabt, «Yp, 2Bcmb, ze/#//, 9Burft, &*«- $dg?j 8 U( ^t training, ^unft, guild ; with variations in usage as before. £. Monosyllabic neuters belonging to the second class : — 23eet, {flower) bed, Skit, hatchet, Skin, leg, Soot, boat, SBrot, draw/, £)tng, thing, (£rj, , Spferb, A^r^, SPfwtb, pound, sputt, flferi, 9M)t, n^-A/, 8te§, ra?, SReidf), empire, Stiff, ra?/, 9toi)r r reed, 9foJ3, ^to^/, @alj, W/, ©dfjaf, jA^/, ©djiff, 5-^^)), ©cfjtoem, swine, Sett, n^, ©ieb r sz>z^, ©ptet, //ay, ©tiicf, /zV^, 2ier, animal, £or, £»#, SSerf, «/0r£, gelt, tent, geug, stuff, Qid, goal ; with varia- tions in usage as before. 231. Masculines and polysyllabic neuters belonging to the third class (cf. § 113): — Masculines : $8ofetmd)t, scamp, ©etft, spirit, ©ott, God, Cetb, body, 2Karm, man, Drt, place, 9fanb, edge, S3ormunb, 146 APPENDIX. guardian, 3Bcttb, forest, SBitrm, worm; neuters: ©ernad), apartment, ©emiit, mind, ©efcfjledjt, sex, ©eftd)t, face, ©e* fpenft, spectre, ©etoanb, garment, Regiment, regiment, !qo& pttat, hospital. (Also nouns in -turn). There are some variations in usage as before. 232. Weak monosyllabic masculines (cf. § 119) : — 2If)tt, forefather, 23ftr, bear, SBurjd), young fellow, ©fyrift, Christian, ^tn!, finch, $iirft, prince, ©raf, count, §etb, hero, §err, gentleman, §trt, shepherd, 9#enfd), ratf/z, Sftofjr, J/^r, 9?arr, jfa?/, -Kerb, nerve, Qtffi, ox, ^rtng, prince, ©djenf, cupbearer, (Scfjo^, wether, ©pa£, sparrow, Straufc, ostrich, %or, J&0/. 233. Masculines with defective stem (cf. § 127).: — gefe, cliff, ^xkbe, peace, ^urite, spark, ©ebcmfe, thought, ©Ictube, belief, §aafe, A***/, 9iame, name, Same, j^rf, SBille, ze/z//, @d)abe, A#r/^ ; also bct3 ^erj, //%£ Aiarf. 234. Words belonging to the mixed declension (§ 128): — Masculines: 23auer, peasant, ©ebatter, godfather, Sor= beer, laurel, Stfcrft, mast, 9ftu£fet, muscle, 9latf)bax, neigh- bor, Spantoffel, slipper, ©comers, pain, See, lake, ©taat, .ytajv, ©tacfjel, ^00*/, ©trafjl, ny, Untertan, subject, SSetter, cousin, ^terrat, ornament; neuters: 9Iuge, *j£, Sett, /, Df)r, ear, 2Bef), />#z>z / also some nouns of foreign origin, especially those ending in un- accented or (which shift the accent in the plural. Thus : Sprofcffor, //., Sprofejio'ren). There are variations in usage as before. VERBAL FORMS. 147 VERBAL FORMS. 235. As the verbal forms have been scattered through the Lessons, a series of paradigms is here given for more convenient reference. The translations into English are merely suggestive (cf. §§ 74, 164). a. Conjugation of a Weak Verb, Active and Passive : — PRINCIPAL PARTS. loben, lobte, gelobt Indicative (§ 73). tdj lobe, I praise, etc. bit lobft, thou praisest er lobt, he praises totr loben, iv e praise ir)r lobt, jk#// praise ACTIVE. PRESENT. Subjunctive (§ 170). id) lobe, I may praise, I praise, etc, bit tobeft, />fo# may est praise er lobe, //£ w#y praise totr toben, w* ?//#/ praise i^r lobet, j^w w^y praise (©te) fie loben, Cv^«) they praise (6te) fte loben, (you) they may praise PRETERIT. id) lobte, I praised, etc. bu lobteft, thou praisedst er lobte, he praised ttrir lobten, 2^ praised it)r lobtet, jK£w praised id) lobte, I might praise, 1 praised \ etc. bu lobteft, thou mightest praise er lobte, he might praise nrir lobten, we might praise \$)X lobtet, you might praise (@te) fte lobten, (you) they praised (©te) fie lobten, (you) they might praise. 148 APPENDIX. id) r)abe gelobt, I have praised, etc. id) rjabe geto6t r I may have praised, I have praised, etc. bu Ijaft gelobt, thou hast praised bu Ijabeft gelobt, thou may est have praised er r)at gelobt, he has praised er rjabe gelobt, he may have praised fair Ijaben gelobt, we have praised fair Ijaben gelobt, we may have praised ifjr rjabt gelobt, you have praised ifjr r)a6et gelobt, /^w may have praised (©ie) fie r)aben gelobt, {you) they (6ie) fie rjaben gelobt, (jto art praised bit merbeft gelobt, thou may est be praised er ttrirb gelobt, ^* is praised er werbe gelobt, ^^ «w^ fo praised ttrir tuerbett gelobt, w£ are praised ttrir ioerben gelobt, we may be praised tl)r toerbet gelobt, you are praised t^r toerbet gelobt, you may be praised ((Erie) fie toerben gelobt, (you) they (er ben 6te gelobt, be (you) praised INFINITIVES. gelobt toerben, to be praised gelobt toorben fein, to have been praised PARTICIPLES. gelobt toerbenb, being praised gelobt toorben, been praised Note. — The passive of any transitive verb, whether weak or strong, separable or inseparable, may be formed by putting its past participle in the place of gelobt in the above paradigm. b. Conjugation of a Strong Verb : — PRINCIPAL PARTS. ftngen, fang, gefungen Indicative (§ 76). Subjunctive (§ 170). PRESENT. tdj fhtge, I sing, etc. id) fhtge, I may sing, etc. bu ftngft bu ftngeft er ftngt er finge rotr ftngen ttnr fingen tfyr ftngt tljr ftnget (Ste) fie ftngen (©ie) fie ftngen PRETERIT. tdj fang, / sang, etc. tdj fange, I might sing, etc. bu fangft bu fangeft er fang er fange toir fangen totr fangen tr)r fangt ifjr fanget (<5tc) fie fangen (3te) fie fangen VERBAL FORMS. 1 53 PERFECT. id) Ijctbe gefungen, / have sung, idj fjabe gefungen, / may have etc. sung, etc. 5u §aft gefungen, etc. bu Ijabeft gefungett, etc. PLUPERFECT. idj fjatte gefungett, I had sung, etc. idj Ijdtte gefungen, / might have sung, etc. bu Ijatteft gefungen, etc. bu Ijatteft gefungen, etc. tdj toerbe ftngen, I shall sing, etc. idj merbe ftngen, I shall sing, etc. in tturft fingen, etc. bu toerbeft ftngen,- etc. FUTURE PERFECT. idj toetbe gefungen fjaben, / shall id) toerbe gefungen fjaben, / shall have sung j etc. have sung, etc. bu mirft gefungen Ijaben, etc. bu merbeft gefungen f)aben, etc. CONDITIONAL. CONDITIONAL PERFECT. idj ttmrbe ftngen, I should sing, etc. idj ttmrbe gefungen fjaben, I should have sung, etc. bu ttmrbeft ftngen, etc. bu ttmrbeft gefungen fyxben, etc, IMPERATIVE. ftnge (bu), sing (thou) ftnget (iljr), sing (you) fingen Se, sing (you) INFINITIVES. ftngen, to sing gefungen Ijaben, to have sung PARTICIPLES. ftngenb, singing gefungen, sung (54 APPENDIX. c. Compound tenses of a Verb with fein : — Indicative (§ 91). Subjunctive (§ 176). PERFECT. id) bin gefommen, I have come, id) fei gefommen, /may haze come, etc. etc. bu bift gefommen, etc. bu feteft gefommen, etc. PLUPERFECT. id) toar gefommen, / had come, id) rota gefommen, / might have etc. come, etc. bu toarft gefomtnen, etc. bu tocireft gefommen, etc. FUTURE. id) toerbe fomtnen, I shall come, id) toerbe fommen, / shall come, etc. etc. bu nrirft fomtnen, etc. bu merbeft fommen, ^erbet geljabt Ijaben (<5ie) fie merben geljabt Ijaben CONDITIONAL. id) ttmrbe §aben, / should have, etc. bu ttmrbeft fjahtn er ttmrbe Ijaben ttrir ttmrben f)aben tt)r ttmrbet Ijaben (©ie) fie ttmrben Ijaben have had, etc. bu merbeft geljabt Ijaben er toerbe geljabt f)aben ttrir tt>erben gef)abt Ijaben iljr merbet geljabt Ijaben (@ie) fie tterben geljabt Ijaben CONDITIONAL PERFECT. idj ttmrbe geljabt f)aben, / should have had, etc. bu ttmrbeft geljabt Ijaben er ttmrbe gefjabt Ijaben ttrir ttmrben gefyibt. Ijaben ir)r ttmrbet get)a6t Ijaben (Ste) fie ttmrben geljabt Ijaben IMPERATIVE. fyibe (bu), have (thou) Ijabet (\f)x),.have (you) Ijaben Sic, have (you) Ijaben, to have fjabenb, having INFINITIVES. geljabt Ijaben, to have had PARTICIPLES. geljabt, had VERBAL FORMS. *57 e. Conjugation of fetn : — PRINCIPAL PARTS. fein, tr-ar, getr-efen Indicative (§ 56). Subjunctive (§ 174). PRESENT. id) bin, l am, etc. idj fei, / may be, etc. bu bift bu feieft er ift er fei ttrir finb ttrir feien tljr feib tl)r feiet (efen tt)r feib getr-efen iljr feiet getr-efen (<5ie) fie finb getr-efen (@ie) fie feien getr-efen PLUPERFECT. \ti) ttmr getr-efen, I had been. etc. idj tr-are getr-efen, I might hav bu tr-arft getr-efen bu tr-Sreft getr-efen er tr-ar getr-efen er ware getr-efen ttrir tr-aren getr-efen ttrir tt)aren getr-efen tr)r tr-aret getr-efen itjr tr-aret getr-efen (@ie) fie tt>aren getr-efen (@ie) fie tr-aren getr-efen {etc, {etc, 158 APPENDIX. id) roerbe fein, / shall be, etc. bu ttnrft fein er tturb fein wit toerben fein i^r merbet fein (<5ie) fie merben fein id) merbe fein, / ^#// be % etc. bn merbeft fein er tnerbe fein ttur merben fein i^r tnerbet fein (©ie) fie ttierben fein FUTURE PERFECT. id) roerbe getoefen fein, T shall have id) foerbe gemefen fein, T shall have been, etc. bu ttnrft gemefen fein er ttrirb getr-efen fein ttrir merben gemefen fein i^r tt)erbet geroefen fein (Sie) fie tt-erben getuefen fein CONDITIONAL. id) ttntrbe fein, I should be, etc. bu ttmrbeft fein er ttmrbe fein ttrir ttmrben fein i^r ttmrbet fein (6ie) fie ttmrben fein v, etc. bu toerbeft getuefen fein er toerbe gemefen fein tt)ir toerben gemefen fein t^r tr>erbet gemefen fein (©ie) fie merben gett>efen fein CONDITIONAL PERFECT. id) ttntrbe getr-efen fein, / should have been, etc. bu ttmrbeft getuefen fein er ttmrbe gettjefen fein tt)ir ttJiirben gettjefeh fein tfjr ttmrbet gemefen fein (Sie) fie ttJiirben getoefen fein fein, to be IMPERATIVE. fet (bu), be (thou) feib (if)r), be (you) feien <5ie, be (you) INFTNITIVES. gemefen fein, to have been feienb, being PARTICIPLES. geraefen, been VERBAL FORMS. 159 /. Conjugation of toerben : — PRINCIPAL PARTS. merben, ttmrbe, gemorben Indicative (§ 79). idj toerbe, I become, etc. bu ttrirft er ttrirb ttrir toerbeu i!jr toerbet (Ste) fie merben Subjunctive (§ 175). PRESENT. id) toerbe, / ^ztf/ become, etc. bu toerbeft er toerbe toir toerben itjr toerbet (@ie) fie toerben idj ttmrbe (or toarb), 1 became, etc. idj ttmrbe, I might become, etc. bu tourbeft (or toarbft) bu toiirbeft er ttmrbe (or toarb) er toiirbe tt)ir tourben rntr toiirben if)r ttmrbet iljr miirbet (<5ie) fie tourben ((5ie) fie toiirben id) bin getoorben, / have become, id) fei getoorben, / may have be> etc. come, etc. bu 6ift getoorben er ift getoorben toir fiub getoorben iljr feib getoorben (6te) fie fiub gemorben bu feieft getoorben er fei getoorben mir feten gemorben tljr feiet getoorben (6ie) fie feieu gemorben i6o APPENDIX. PLUPERFECT. idj roar geroorben, I had been, etc, bu toarft getoorben ix roar gem or ben ioir toaren getoorben iljr toaret getoorben (<5te) fie toaren getoorben idj roare gem or ben, / might have been, etc. bu toareft getoorben er ware getoorben roir toaren getoorben iljr toaret getoorben (<5te) fie toaren geroorben id) toerbe toerben, / shall become, eh, bu roirft toerben ix toirb toerben totr roerben roerben ifyx roerbet toerben (@ie) fie roerben toerben id) toerbe roerben, / shall become, etc. bu toerbeft toerben er toerbe toerben totr roerben roerben tr)r roerbet roerben (@ie) fie roerben roerben FUTURE PERFECT. Idj toerbe geroorben jem, / shall have become, etc, bu roirft geroorben fein er roirb getoorben fein roir toerben getoorben fein itjr roerbet geroorben fein (©te) fie toerben getoorben fein CONDITIONAL. idj roitrbe roerben, I should become, etc. bu roitrbeft toerben er roitrbe roerben roir roitrben roerben iljr toitrbet roerben (©ie) fie roitrben toerben idj toerbe geroorben fein, / shall have become, etc. bu toerbeft getoorben fein er toerbe getoorben. fein roir toerben getoorben fein it)r roerbet geroorben fein (@ie) fie toerben getoorben fein CONDITIONAL PERFECT. idj roitrbe getoorben fein, / should have become, etc. bu roitrbeft getoorben fein , er roitrbe getoorben fein roir roitrben getoorben fein iljr toitrbet geroorben fein (@ie) fie roitrben getoorben fein VERBAL FORMS. l6l IMPERATIVE. toerbe (bit), become {thou) toerbet (tfjr), become (you) toerben ©ie, beco?ne (you) INFINITIVES. toerben, to become getnorben fein, A? ^#w become PARTICIPLES. roerbenb, becoming gemorben, become g. Conjugation of a Separable Verb (§§ 185-189): — PRINCIPAL PARTS. anfangen, fing an, angefangen Indicative. Subjunctive. PRESENT. id) fange an, I begin, etc. id) fcmge an, / may begin, etc. bu fangft an, etc. bu fangeft an, etc. PRETERIT. id) fing an, / began, etc. id) finge an, / might begin, etc^ bn fingft an, etc. bu fingeft an, etc. PERFECT. id) fjabe angefangen, I have begun, id) fjafie angefangen, / may have etc. begun, etc. bu Jjaft angefangen, etc. bu Ijabeft angefangen, etc. PLUPERFECT. \d) fjatte angefangen, / had begun, id) tjatte angefangen, / might have etc. begun, etc. bu r^atteft angefangen, etc. bu Ijatteft angefangen, eU FUTURE. id) merbe anfangen, I shall begin, id) toerbe anfangen, / shall begin % etc. etc. bu nrirft anfangen, etc. bu tnerbeft anfangen, etc. 1 62 APPENDIX. FUTURE PERFECT. idj merbe angefangen tjaben, I shall idj merbe angefangen fjaben, I shall have begun, etc. have begun, etc. bu ttrirft angefangen Ijaben, etc. bu toerbefi angefangen Ijaben, etc. CONDITIONAL. CONDITIONAL PERFECT. id) amrbe anfangen, I should begin, id) tnurbe angefangen fjaben, I should etc. have begun, etc. bu nmrbeft anfangen, etc. bn nmrbeft angefangen Ijaben, etc. IMPERATIVE. fange (bu) an, begin (thou) fanget (iljjr) an, begin (you) fangen 6ie an, begin (you) INFINITIVES. anfangen, to begin angefangen fjaben, to have begun PARTICIPLES. anfangenb, beginning angefangen, begun Present and Preterit Tenses of a Separable Verb con- jugated for a Subordinate Clause : — Indicative. Subjunctive. PRESENT. (bafj) id) anfange, (that) I begin, (baft) id) anfange, (that) I may etc. begin, etc. (baft) bu anfangft, etc. (baft) bu anfangeft, etc. (baft) idj anfing, (that) I began, (baft) id) anfinge, (that) / might etc. begin, etc. (baft) bn anfingft, etc. (baft) bu anfingeft, etc. VERBAL FORMS. 1^3 h. Conjugation of a Reflexive Verb (§§ 190-193): — PRINCIPAL PARTS. fid) freuen, freute fid), gefreut Indicative. Subjunctive, id) freue midj, / rejoice, etc. bu freuft bid) er freut fid) nrir freuen m% i^r freut eudj (<3te) fie freuen fid) tdj freute mid), / rejoiced, etc. bu freuteft bid}', etc. id} freue mid); I may rejoice, etc. bu freueft bid) er freue fidj rotr freuen un§ ifu* freuet eudj (@te) fie freuen fidj PRETERIT. id) freute mtdj, / might rejoice, etc. bu freuteft bid), etc. PERFECT. id) Ijabe mid) gefreut, / have joked, etc. bu Ijctft btdj gefreut, etc. re- id) fja6e mtdj gefreut, / may have rejoiced, etc. bu Ijabeft btdj gefreut, etc. PLUPERFECT. id) tjcttte mtdj gefreut, / had re- id) fjatte midj gefreut, / might have joked, etc. rejoiced, etc. bu Ijatteft btdj gefreut, etc. bu Ijatteft bid) gefreut, etc. FUTURE. tdj merbe mtdj freuen, / shall re- id) roerbe midj freuen, / shall re- joke, etc. joke, etc. bu mtrft btdj freuen, etc. bu merbeft bid) freuen, etc. 1 64 APPENDIX. FUTURE PERFECT. i&l merbe mid) gefreut fyxben, I shall tdj tt>erbe mtdj gefreut fjaben, I shall have rejoiced, etc. have rejoiced, etc. bu urirft bid) gefreut I)abeu, etc. bu tnerbeft bid) gefreut fjaben, ^. CONDITIONAL. CONDITIONAL PERFECT. td) toiirbe mid) freueu, / should re- idj ttmrbe midj gefreut fjaben, I should joice, etc. , have rejoiced, etc. bu roitrbeft bid) freueu, etc. bu ttmrbeft bid) gefreut Ijabeu, etc. IMPERATIVE. freue (bu) bid), rejoice (thou) freuet (iljr) eud), rejoice {you) freueu 8ie fidj, r#0*r* (j^) INFINITIVES. fid) freueu, to rejoice fidj gefreut Ijabeu, to hw* rejoiced PARTICIPLES. fid) freueub, rejoicing fid) gefreut, rejoiced (only in com- pound tenses) £ Conjugation of a Modal Auxiliary (§ § 205, 206 ) : — - PRINCIPAL PARTS. fouueu, fomtte, gefonut Indicative. Subjunctive. PRESENT. id) fcmu, / can, etc. idj fonne, / can, etc. bu fannft bu fonneft er fanu er f oune tt)ir fonnen ttrir fouueu itjr f onut iljr f onnet (®ie) fie fouueu (©ie) fie fouueu VERBAL FORMS. 1 65 Id) fortnte, / could, etc. id) f onnte, / could, etc. bit fonnteft, etc. bu fonnteft, etc. id) fjctfce gefonnt or fonnen, / have id) Ijabe gefonnt or tinmen, / may been able, I could, etc. have been able, I could, etc. bu r)aft gefonnt or fonnen, etc. bu fjabeft gefonnt or fonnen, etc. PLUPERFECT. id) fjatte gefonnt or fonnen, / had id) tjatte gefonnt or fonnen, I might been able, I could have, etc. have been able, I could have., etc. bu fjatteft gefonnt or fonnen, etc. bu r)atteft gefonnt or fonnen, etc. FUTURE. idj toerbe fonnen, I shall be able, etc. id) merbe fonnen, I shall be able, etc. bu hrirft fonnen, etc. bu toerbeft fonnen, etc. FUTURE PERFECT. id) toerbe gefonnt ^aben or Ijjaben id) toerbe gefonnt fyiben or ^ctben fonnen, I shall have been able, fonnen, / shall have been able, etc. etc. bu ttrirft gefonnt ^aben, etc. bu toerbeft gefonnt Ijaben, etc. CONDITIONAL. CONDITIONAL PERFECT. id) miirbe fonnen, I should be able, id) tourbe gefonnt fjaben or fjaben etc. fonnen, I should have been able, etc. bu nmrbeft fonnen, etc. bu tmirbeft gefonnt fyxben, etc. IMPERATIVE. Wanting. 1 66 APPENDIX. INFINITIVES. fonnen, to be able gefonnt Jjaben or fjabert fonnett, to have been able PARTICIPLES. fomtenb, being able gefomtt, able Note. — The Inseparable Verb (cf. § 180) is omitted, as it differs from other verbs only in the absence of ge in its past parti- ciple. The Impersonal Verb (cf. § 195) is also omitted, as its conjugation differs in no way from that of the third personal singular of a weak or a strong verb. STRONG VERBS. 236. The strong verbs are here given, arranged In classes according to the vowel of the preterit and past participle. Sufficient information is given in § JJ to guide in the formation of the imperative. Whenever the preterit or past participle has some irregularity in spelling or otherwise, the form is given. Regular forms are not given. The second and third persons singular of the present indicative are also given whenever they change their vowel. Observe that the infinitive, preterit, and past participle have each a different vowel in §§237 and 238, that the infinitive and past participle have the same vowel in § § 239-243 (with a few exceptions), and that the preterit and past participle have the same vowel in the remaining verbs. The auxiliary is under- stood to be Jjaben unless f. (fetn) is noted. 237. Preterit a, Past Participle u : — binben, bind geltngert, f., succeed (only in brtngen, f. r press third singular) ftnbett, find fltngen, sound STRONG VERBS. 167 miftfittgen, fail (see ge* ftnfen, f., sink lingen) fprtngen, f., spring rtngen,* wring fttnfen,* stink fd)ttngert, sling trtnfen,* drink fcl)lptnben f * f. f vanish ttrirtben, wind fdjtturtgert,* swing jttrirtgen, force ftrtgen, sing Note. — Verbs marked * have u occasionally in the preterit. 238. Preterit a, Past Participle : — befetjlert,* command, -ftefjtft, ftetjlen,* steal, fttefjtft, ftiefjlt -fiefjtt bergen,f conceal, btrgft, btrgt berften,* f., burst, birfteft,btrft bred^en, break, bridjft, btidjt empfefylert,* recommend (set befet)Ien) gebarert, bear, -bterft, -biert gelten,* be worth, giltft, gilt ^elfent(dat), help, ^Ufft, fjitft nefjmen, take, nimmft, rtimmt; p. p., genommen fcljeften,* scold, fdjiltft, frf)t(t [predjert, speak, ftmdjft, fd^redEen, be afraid, fdjrtcfft, fd^rtdEt (transitive weak) ftedjen, stick, fiict)ft, ftid)t fterben,t I, die, fttrbft, ftirbt treffen, hit, triffft, trifft; pret., traf t)erberben,t spoil, -btrbft, -birbt (trans, usually weak) roerben,t sue, totrbft, ttrirbt toerfen,f throw, ttrirfft, toirft beginnert,* begin gettnnnen,* win rtnnen,* ). t Jlow fdjttummen,* f., swim finnen,* think fpirmen,* spin fommert, f., come ; pret., lam Note. — Verbs marked * have and those marked f have u very commonly instead of a in the preterit subjunctive. The preterit in- dicative of these verbs occasionally has or u instead of a. 1 68 APPENDIX. 239. Preterit a, Past Participle e : — bitten, beg, ask ; pret., bat, gettejen, f., recover p. p., gebeten gefdE)et)en r f., happen, e3 ge- liegen, lie fd)te()t (only in 3d sing.) fifcen, sit ; pret., fafj; p. p., lefen, m*^, lief eft, lieft gefeffen meffen, measure, mijst, mifet fefjen, air, ftet)ft r fie£)t (im- effen, eat, ifct, ifct ; p. p., ge* per. also ftetje) geffen treten, f. f tread, trittft, trttt freffen, ^/, fri&t, frtfet fcergeffen, forget, — gtfet r geben, #k/*, gibft, gtbt -fli&t Note. — In the second singular iffeft, friffeft, etc., may be used instead of the form given, if$t, frigt, etc. % of the preterit is here long; so the subjunctive is age, frage, etc. (cf. §44). 240. Preterit u, Past Participle a : — baden, bake, badft, bacft ; tragen, carry, tragft, tragt pret., but (often weak toacf)fett, grow, rucic^(fe)ft f except in past parti- tDadjft ciple) toafcljen, wash, tufifdj(e)ft, fafjren, f., drive, fatjrft, fafyrt mafdjt. graben, dig, grabft, grabt laben, Aawf fteljen, stand; pret., ftanb ; fd^affen, create p. p., geftanben (pret. fcf)lagen, strike, fdjlagft, fdjlfigt formerly ftuttb) 241. Preterit ie, Past Participle a: — btafen, &foze>, Maf(ef)t, blaft fatten, hold, Mftft, pit braten, r^^, bratft, brat laffen, let, laftt or laffeft, taftt fallen, \., fall, fallft, fallt; ratcn, advise, ratft, rat pret., fiel fd)(afen f */**/, fdfjlafft, fd^laft STRONG VERBS. 169 242. Preterit t, Past Participle a: — fangen, catch, ffingSt, ffingt geljen, I, go; pret., gtng: Ijangett, hang, fyting^t, Ijangt p. p., gegangen 243. Preterit te, Past Participle as Infinitive : — Ijcwen, hew ; pret., i)ieb rufen, shout, call laufen, f*/w», faufft, Ifiuft ftofeen, /»jA, ftfl&(ef)t, ftfl&t 244. Preterit i, Past Participle t : — (fief)) fieftetften, **///? one's teiben, suffer; pret., fitt; p. 6et^en, fo'te Metdjett, bleach (intransitive often, transitive always weak) gtetdjett, (intrans. dat.) r*- semble (transitive usu- ally weak, make simi- lar) gtetten, f., glide; pret., glttt ; p. p., gegttttert gretfen, seize; pret., griff; p. p., gegrtffen Jetfert, chide ; pret., Itff; p. p., geltffen fnetfen, pinch; pret., Iniff ; p. p., gefmffen frteipen, pinch ; pret., htip)p ; p. p., gefttippett (often weak) p., getittett pfetfett, whistle ; pret, pfiff; P. P-i flcpfiffett rei&en, tear rettett, f., ride; pret., rttt; p. p., gerttten fd)teitf)en, f. r sneak fdjtetfen, whet; pret., fdf)ltff ; p. p., gefdjttffett fdjtetfcen, slit (cf. § 44) fci)met^en f smite fd^tetben, cut ; pret., fd)mtt; p. p., gefdjmtten fdjreitett, f., stride; pret, fdjrttt; p. p., gefd)rit= fpletfcett, split ftretdjen, stroke ftrettett, contend; pret., ftrttt; p. p., geftrttten tt)etcE)ert f f., yield ; (weak when meaning soften) 170 APPENDIX. 245. Preterit te, Past Participle te : — bletben, f., remain fdjroetgen, be silent (weak gebetfjen, f., thrive tetijen, lend metben, avoid preifen, praise retben, rub fdjetben, f., part (weak when meaning sever) fd^etnen, shine, seem fd)reiben, write fdjreten, scream when meaning silence) fyeten, spit ftetgen, f. f mount, rise treiben, drive toetfen, show jeitjen, accuse. f)etf$en, bid, call; Ijetften p. p., ge- 246. Preterit 0, Past Participle : — a. Infinitive te (it). rtedjett, smell btegen, bend bteten, offer ftiegen, \. } fly fttefjen, \.,flee fltefcen, \. } flow frteren, freeze gemeJ3en, enjoy gtefeen, pour fief en (old inf. of litren) ftteben, cleave (generally weak) frtedjen, f., creep Wren, choose liigen, lie fdjteben, shove jdjte^en, shoot fd)ttefen, f., slip; pret., f^Ioff;p.p.,ge[^toffen fdjtteften, shut fdjmeben, snort fteben, &?/// pret, fott; p p., gefotten fprtefeen, f., sprout ftteben, f., disperse triefen, drip; pret., troff; p. p., getroffen trfigen, deceive STRONG VERBS. 171 berbrtefsen, vex Jtetjen, draw ; pret., jog; p. bertteren, lose p., gejogen toiegen, weigh b. Infinitive e. betoegen, (weak except when queHen, gush, qutUft, qutUt it means induce) breftfjert, thresh, brtf^eft, brifdE)t fec^ten f ^Mftc^(t)ft f ftc^t fIedE)ten f twine, fltrf)(t)ft, flid)t fItdE)t fjeben, raise (pret. also f)ub) tUmmm,press (usually weak except in beflemmen) melfen, milk, milfft, tntlft pftegen, practise, foster (usu- ally weak) c. Infinitive in other vowels. (transitive usually weak) fdjeren, shear, fcfyterft, fd^tert fdjmetjen, melt, fd)milj(ef)t, fdjmttst (transitive usu- ally weak) fdjtoeHen, f., swell, fcl)nrillft ( fdE)tDtKt (transitive weak) toeben, weave gar en , ferment gtimmett, gleam ftimmen, f., climb lofdjen, f., extinguish, Kf(fy> eft, ltfd)t (transitive weak) faufert, ^rz/z£, faufft, fauft flatten, sound (also weak) fd)ncmbett, snort fdjrauben, screw (also weak) fcf)toaren, suppurate fd)tooren, swear (pret. also fdjttmr) toagen, weigh (sometimes weak) jaugen, suck 247. Preterit u (or rarely a), Past Participle u, bhtgen, engage fdjmbett, ^j 172 APPENDIX. 248. Tbe following are irregular: tun f do; pret., tat; p. p., getan toerben, f., become ; cf. § 235 c fetn, be; cf. § 235, b 249. The following may have the forms here indi- :ated, but are usually weak : — fatten, fold ; past participle sometimes gefalten fragen, ask ; sometimes like fasten, but past partici- ple always gefragt . marten, grind; past participle gemat)ten radjen, avenge ; rarely strong like btegen except in past participle fatjen, salt; strong only in past participle gefaljen f patten, Split; strong only in past participle gefpat ten ftecEen, stick; rarely strong like ftedjen toirren, confuse ; strong only in past participle bet-* toorren Note. — Some of the strong verbs other than those so noted are occasionally weak or have variant forms. 250. Modal Auxiliaries : — fonnen, can ; pres., fann, fannft, fann ; pret., fonntc ; p. p., gelonnt mogen, may ; pres., mag, magft, mag; pret, modjte; p. p., gemodjt bitrfen, be permitted ; pres., barf, barfft, barf; pret., burfte; p. p., geburft miiffen, must; pres., mnfc, muftt, mufc; pret, mnfcte, p. p., gemufet STRONG AND IRREGULAR VERBS. 1 73 foffett, ought; pres., foil, foffft, foil; pret., foUte; p. p., gefoHt tooKen, will; pres., ttriK, toiHft, toiU; pret, toollte; p. p., getoollt Note. — The present indicative plural and the whole of the pres- ent subjunctive are made on the infinitive stem. The preterit sub- junctive of fonnen, ntogen, biirfett, tniiffen has the modified vowel. See Lesson XXVI. 251. Irregular Weak Verbs, Principal Parts: — bretmen, burn, brcmrtte, gebrctmtt femten, know, fomtte, gefctnnt nenrten, name, ncmnte, genamtt remtett, f., run, rannte, geramtt fenbert, send, fanbte, gefanbt (also regular) toenben, turn, tocmbte, getocmbt (also regular) brtngen, bring, bradjte, gebradjt (pret subj., brittle) benfett, think, bad)te, gebad)t (pret subj., badjte) tt)tffert r know, touj^te, getDU^t (pres. indie, sing., toetfj, toetfet, toet§; pret. subj., toiifcte) Ijaben, have, fjatte, gefjabt (cf. 235, a) Note The preterit subjunctive is bremtte, femtte, etc., unless otherwise indicated. LIST OF STRONG AND IRREGULAR VERBS. In the following list are given the infinitive, the preterit indicative and preterit subjunctive, and the past participle of the German strong and irregular verbs. The second and tnird person singular of the present indicative and the second person singular of the imperative are also given whenever irregular. A dash indicates that forms so marked are regular (that is, according to the rules of the weak conjuga- tion). Forms in parenthesis are unusual. As in the Vocabulary cognates are printed in full-faced type. Verbs are to be conjugated with b,aben unless f. (fetn) or f. or b. follows the infinitive. Numbers refer to paragraphs in the Appendix where the verbs are treated in classes. 174 APPENDIX. Infinitive. batten, 1 bake =baren, only befehlcn, com- mand beffeiften, see begtnnen, begin betften, bite bergen, conceal betften, f./ burst bctticgcn, 2 induce biegen, bend btctctt, offer btnben, bind bitten, beg Mafeit, blow Wetbett,f., remain bleuhett, 4 bleach bratcit, roast urerf)cn f break bremten, burn brtltrtcn, bring =beiben, only benfett, think sbcrbCtt, only in bUtgeit, 5 engage brefchett, thresh sfcrteftett, only in bringen, f., press biirfeit, be per- mitted cmjjfcblen, rec- ommend effett, eat fabreit, f. or b,, drive Present 2d and 3d Sing. * Mffft bacft ** gebarett, befteblft, befter?It fleiftett btrgft birgt birjiefl, birlr biaf(ef)t, bldfi bratft, brat bridjfi, brtdjt in gebeibett, tocrbcrbcu, brtfdjeft, brifd?t berbrieftett, barf, barffi, barf empfterflfl, empftcb,It tff(ef)t i%t fdtjrfr, fabrt Preterit Indie. uuf •which see. befabt begamt bift batg batft borfr betoog bog **t banb bat bficd blieb bltrb brtet bvaa) btatmtc bvaa)te which see. bad)te which see. bung (bang) bVrtfcf) (brofdj) which see. brang burfte cmbfabl aft fubt Preterit Subjunc. bfife befafyle before beqanne begonne biffc barge, barge bdr|ie borfic bemoge boge bote bdnbe bdte bliefe bltebe bltdje brtere bracbe brennte bradjte badjte bflnge (brafdje) brofebe brange burfte empfabjle empfotjle afje futjre Imper. beftety birg birft brid? brifeb. wanting Past Part. gcbmfcn befobfen begonnett gcbiffcit geborgett geborftett benj0rt.cn gebogen geboten gebunben gebeten gebtofen QcbXicbcn gebltrben gebraten gcbrorhen gebrannt gebvacht gcbarbt gebungen gcbroffben gebtungen gebmrft cmbfohlcn gegeffen gefabren 1 Also weak except in past participle. 2 In other senses weak. * Has very rarely Pres. 2d and 3d Sing, beurfr, beut and Imper. Sing. beut. * Intransitive often, transitive always, weak. 6 Sometimes weak. STRONG AND IRREGULAR VERBS. 175 Infinitive. fatten, U fall fatten, 1 fold fattgett, catch fedjtett, tight -f ehictt, only in fittfcett, And fledjten, twine fleiftett, apply fltegett, (.<"-*?/ fly flteften, f., flee flieften, f. or b„ flow fragett, 1 ask freffett, eat frieren, freeze fliircit, ferment flctmren, bear neb en, give gcfcciljen, \., thrive H elicit, f., go geUngen, 3 f.> succeed geltett, be worth gettefett, \., recover flemefeen, enjoy geftfjeften, 3 f./ happen =geffen, ^« Heft lief litt tiel) r*i lag which see. miftlhtgen, Preterit Subjunc. griibe grtffe bdtte fytelie fytnge b,tebe bobe fyiibe b,te§e bdlfe baife fiffe fennte fofe flomme flobe flomme flange flunge fniffe fntppe fame fonnte frocbe fore lube Iiefje Iiefe Iitte lteb.e [aft Idge Imper. hilf wanting lies Past Part. gegraben gegriffen acbabt gcbaltcn gehangen gebauett gcboben gebetften gebolfen geftffen gefannt gefofen geflommen gefloben gcflommcn gcflungcn gefntffen gefnibben gefommen gefount gerrodjen geforen gclabcn gelaffen gelaufen gclittcu gclicben gclefcn gelegen 1 Same word as fiircn, but less common. 2 Usually weak except in bet lemmctt. 3 Generally weak. * Often weak. • Very rarely forms in eu. See bieten. STRONG AND IRREGULAR VERBS. 177 Infinitive. lufcfjcit, 1 extin- guish litant, lie ttttl)len, 3 grind meiben, avoid melfen, 4 milk ttteffen, measure mtftlingen, 5 f/ fail mogen, may mitffen, must ttchmeu, take ttcnncn, name sttefett, only in stltC^Ctt, only in fcfeifett, whistle pflegett, 6 foster fcretfen, praise anellen, 1 \.or b., gush tatyen, 7 avenge taieit, advise mfcen, rub reiften, tear retten, f. *r b,., ride remteit, f. or \, run rietfjen, smell rtngen, wring rinnen, f. or b„ run mfett, call Present 2d and 3d Sing. lifcbeft Iifdjt (mdblft, mablt) (mllffr, milft) miff(ef)t, mifjt mag, magft, mag mufj, mufjt, mufj nimmfr, ntmmt genefen, gemeften, quillfi, qiullt rdtft, rdt Preterit Indie. log micb molf miftlang morf)tc ttttt^tC nalnn nannte which see. which see. fcflog (Uflafl) fcrteS quod (rod)) rict riefc rif? ritt tannic rod) rang rung rann ricf Preterit Subjunc. Idfcbe loge (muble) mtebe molfe mafje melange mddjte miifjte ndbme nennte Pftffe pfloge prtefe quolle (rocbe) riete riebe riffe ritte rennte rocbe range riinge ranne ronnc rtefe Imper. lifd? (milf) mt§ wanting wanting] gemOfht gemnftt genommen genannt quill Past Part. gelofdjen gelogen gcmablcn gemteben gcmolfcn gemeffen miftlungen gefcfiffen gefcflogen gejiriefen geqnoHen gerodjen geraten geriefcen geriffen geritten gcrannt gcrorficn gerungen geronnen gernfen 246 246 249 245 246 239 237 250 250 238 251 244 246 245 246 249 241 245 244 244 246 237 238 243 1 Transitive weak. 2 Very rarely forms in cu. See bieten. 3 Very seldom strong except in past participle. 4 Also weak. 6 Only in third person. • Usually weak. 7 Rarely strong except in past participle. i 7 8 APPENDIX. Infinitive. f alsett, salt ffUtfett, drink fruiflcn, suck fdjaffett, 1 create f rf)rtlteu, sound sfctyeftett, only in fdjeiben, f., part frfKtitcit, shine jrrjcttcn, scold fdjeren, shear fdjteben, shove fdjiefeett, shoot fdjmbeti, flay fdilafen, sleep fd)lageit, strike frhlcirheit, f./ sneak fd|)letfeit, whet fctyletften, slit frhltcfcn, f., slip frfjltefteit, shut fdjltttgett, sling fdjmetfeeti, smite fctymeljeit, 3 \.. melt fchimuucn, snort frhueibcn, cut ffhmcbcn, snort jrhrauben, screw fetyrecfen, 4 f./ be afraid irhrcibcit, write irhreicn, scream frhreitett, f., stride frhwarcit, sup- purate Present 2d and 3d Sing. fauffl/ ffiuft gefcljefceit, fcbtltft, fcbilt fcbterft, fcbiert fcbiafft fcblaft fcbldgfr, fcblagt fdjmtl3ejr / fcbmity fcbrtcffi, fcbricft (fdjmierf}, fcbmierr) Preterit Indie. foff fog frfmf frfjoU which see. feftieb fdjten frf)Olt fdjor frf)Oi) f$** fdjtmb Wief fdjlufl fd)U$> fWft Woff f#l0fe f^Iang fdjmif? fthtioB ftfmtti frfmob fdjrofc fchtaf frfjriefc fchrie ftfrttt fcf)ltior Preterit Subjunc. foffe foge febfife fdjotle fdjiebe febiene fcbalte fcbolte febore febobe feboffe fdjunbe fcbliefe fcbluge fcblidje f» WRffe fcbloffe fcbloffe fcblange febmiffe fdjmofoe fdjnobe febmrte febnobe febrobe febrdfe febriebe fdjrtec febritte febmore Imper. Wit febier fd?mil3 febrief Past Part. gefalsett gefalftt gejoffett gefogen gcfrhaffcit gcfrfjoUcn gefcfiicbcn gcfchtcncn gcfrhoUctt gefdjorett gefrftoben gefthoffen gefdjunbett gefrhlafcn gestagen gcirhlidjcn gefdjltffen gefdjUffen gefdjloffett gefd)Ioffett gcffftlmtgcii gefdjmtffen gcfrhntol^cn gefrfmohen gefdjnittett gefthnoben flc|d)robcit gefthrotfeu gefdjriefceit gefrbrteen gefrhritren gcirtjtuorcit 1 With other meanings usually weak. a Very rarely forms in eu. See bieten. * Transit. 7e usually weak. * Transitive weak. STRONG AND IRREGULAR VERBS. 179 Infinitive. fd^meidett, 1 be silent fdjtoeHett, 2 f., swell [rhmimmett, f. or \\., swim fdjwtubcn, f., vanish fdjUnngen, swing frfjttiprcttr swear feften, see fetn, I, be fenbett, 3 send fteben, 3 boil lingett, sing ftttlett, f./ sink ftnnett, think U fdiftmnb jrhhmna. frhiunr jdjumv faf> lunr fattbte fott fang fan! famt fottte We fpamt &m farad) ffctang ftatfj fial ftcmb fttmb ftafit Preterit Sub junc. febanege fcbrrolle fptee fpdnrte fportne fpliffe fprdd]C fproffe fprdnge flacfye fiafe frdnbe ftunbe ftatjle flotjle Imper. fcbmtil fteb. fet wanting fpricb 1ticb tfid 5 ftieb.1 Past Part. gefrfitutcgcii gefdjtooHen a,cfrf)h)om= men gefdjfemtts ben gefd)ftmn= flCtt aefdjtutfvett flCfcl)Ctt getoefen gefanbt gefortett gefmtgen gefmtfett gefonnett gefeffett gefollt geffcaltett gefjmitet gefbieen getyomten geffcUffeit acflu'orfjcn getyroffen gefprungett geftorheu geftocfett geftanbett geftoljlen 246 238 237 237 246 239 248 251 246 237 237 238 239 250 249 245 238 244 238 246 237 238 249 240 1 Transitive occasionally weak. ■ Transitive weak, rarely forms in eu. See bieren. 6 Usually weak. 3 Also weak. I Very i8o APPENDIX. Infinitive. ftetgett, f. or %, ' mount ftetbett, f./ die ftiebcit, disperse ftittfcn, stink ftofeeu, push ftrcirhctt, stroke fttetten, contend tragen, carry treffett, hit treiben, drive tretett, tread triefen, drip rrtnf ctt, drink truo.cu, deceive tun, do berberben, 2 f., spoil betbrteftett, vex bergeffen, forget berlieren, lose hmchfcit, f./ grow tomgett, weigh ttmfdjen, wash iucben, weave stoegen, w^ m» toeichett, f., yield toeifett, show toenben, 3 turn toerbett, sue tucrben, f., become toctfen, throw Present 2d and 3d Sing. fttrbji, fitrbt ftofceft, ftofjt trdgft, tragt trifffr, trifft trittft, tritt tuft, tut perbtrbfr, oerbtrbt Dergiff(ef)r, pergifjt madjfeji, madjfr tr>afd}efi, mafdjt behjenen, urirbft, mtrbt rotrft, nrirb ujtrfft, mlrft Preterit Indie. ftiefl ftarb ftob ftanf ftunf ftrtd) fttitt trug traf trteb trat troff ttant tvunl trog m berbarb berbroft bergaf? berlo* hntrf)* inog nmfrfa hiob which see. lutrh toteS nmitbtc hmrb toatb umrbc hmrf Preterii Subjunc. fitege fidrbe fttirbe ftobe ftdnfe fiunfc ftte^e ftrtdjc ftritte triige trafe tricbe trdtc troffe tranfe triinfe troge tdte Derbarbe uerburbe uerbroffe uergafje perldre muebfe moge mtifdje mobc mtdje miefe voenbete mflrbe trmrbe mfirbe mdrfe marfe Imper. fttrb triff tritt perbtrb n?irb mtrf Past Part. geftiegen gcftorbcn geftobett gcftmtfcit geftobett gcftridicn gefrritten gerragen getroffett getrteben getretett getroffen getrtmfen getrogen getan bevborben berbroffen bergeffen berlorctt gettmcbfeti getoogett getomfrhett getoobett gcmiriicit gettuefen aenmnbi gefrorbett gciuorbcit geiuorfejt 1 Very rarely forms in eu. See bitten. * Transitive weak. 3 Also weak. STRONG AND IRREGULAR VERBS. 181 Infinitive. tvicflcit, weigh nnufccn, wind wimtcn, only in Wivvctt, confuse, ttliffett, know wo licit, will .^ci lien, accuse bitten, draw ^iUiltflCH, force Present 2d and 3d Sing. nctutiutcn, cf. § 249. t»ei§, tuetfjt, tnetfj toill, unlift, mill Preterit Indie. want* which see. hmftte tuolltc jttmna Preterit Subjunc. tt»oge n?dnbe trmfjte tr>olItc 3tel)c 30ge 3tx>ange Imper. Past Part. ncluoncu gettmnfeen flehmftt nctuoiit flcjonen nc^ttmnflctt 246 237 251 250 2 45 246 237 Very rarely forms in eu. See bieten. INSEPARABLE PREFIXES. 252. The effect of the inseparable prefixes upon the meaning of words can not always be traced, but the fol- lowing statement may be of assistance : — 93e (English be) is related to bet. It makes intransi- tive verbs transitive and usually changes the meaning or application of transitives. Thus : betoofjttett, to oc- cupy, 6efc£)ret6en r to describe. It also makes transitive verbs from nouns and adjectives and then means to pro- vide with, make. Thus : befreunben, to befriend, befreten, to free. (Sttt usually signifies separation or deprivation. Thus : entgcfyen, to escape, entfagen, to renounce. It becomes emp in empfattgen, emipfefjfot, empfmben. (£r often signifies getting or passing into a condition, or obtaining by the action of the verb. Thus : erbfoffen, to grow pale, er jagen, to get by hunting. @e seems often to have no effect on the meaning of 1 82 APPENDIX. the verb, and at other times has such various significa- tions that it is not further noticed here. 95er signifies forth, for. It may mean a complete carrying out of the idea of the verb, or it may convey the idea of loss, perversion, privation. Thus: berfpredjen, to promise, fcerfetmen, to mistake. 3er signifies to pieces, dissolution, apart, asunder. Thus: jerretf^en, to tear to pieces, gergltebern, to dis- member. SUMMARIES OF RULES FOR THE ORDER OF WORDS. 253. The following summaries give the usual posi- tion of the different elements of the sentence in each of the three word-orders. Details have been given in §§87, 220-225, and illustrative sentences may be found in any of the German Exercises. It should be observed that these three word-orders differ essentially only in the position of the personal verb. a. Normal Order (cf. § 102). Subject, Personal Verb, 1. Pronoun object, 2. Adverb of time, 3. Noun objects, 4. Other adverbs, 5. Negation, 6. Predicate adjective or noun, 7. Separable prefix, 8. Remainder of verb. b. Inverted Order (cf. § 102). Inverting element (ii any), Personal Verb, Subject, the other elements as in the Normal Order. c. Transposed Order (cf. § 146). .Connective, Sub- ject, the other elements as in the Normal Order, Personal Verb. DERIVATION. 1 83 Note. — While principal clauses may have either the normal or the inverted order, subordinate clauses can have only the trans- posed, except as provided for in § 222. DERIVATION OF VERBS, NOUNS, AND ADJECTIVES. 254. Derivation is the process of forming words from other words by the aid of prefixes, suffixes, or internal change of vowels and consonants. Two or more of these agencies may act together, although they are treated separately in the following paragraphs. The derivation of verbs, nouns, and adjectives is treated briefly here. There are, of course, words which do not come from other words by derivation or composition. These are called primitive words and are regularly mon- osyllables. VERBS. 255. Verbs are derived : — a. From other verbs by a change of the vowel of the root, or by a change of the final consonant, with or without vowel-change. Thus : fallen, to fell, tegen, to lay from fallen and liegen (these are called causative verbs) ; bitcfen, to bend, from Megert, to bow. b. From nouns, usually without, and from adjectives, usually with vowel-change. Thus: fatteltt, to saddle, totert, to kill. Occasionally verbs are derived from other parts of speech in the same way. c. By the inseparable prefixes. See § 253. 1 84 APPENDIX. d. By suffixes such as eln, ent, ierett r etc. Thus: (adjeln, to smiley flcuppertt, to rattle, ftubierett, to study. NOUNS. 256. Nouns are derived : — a. From verbs by vowel-change, sometimes with a change of the final consonant, and also by the suffixes te, be, t, b, e. Thus : gtufe, river, from flieffen ; ©prctdje, language, from fpredjen. b. Rarely from adjectives without a suffix. Thus : Gk&Xt, green from the adjective grim. But see also § 145. c. By the suffixes d)en, e, et, el f er, en f l)ett, in, fett, tetn, ling, ttUf, fat, fet, fdjaft, turn, ung, etc. Thus : ©ute, good- ness, @ottt)ett, godhead. Some of these can be added only to one part of speech, others to two or more parts. d. By the prefixes ge, mtft, un, er, erj, ant. Thus: ©emalbe, painting, Unredjt, wrong. ADJECTIVES. 257. Adjectives are derived : — a. Rarely from verbs by vowel-change merely. Thus : bracJ), fallow, from bredjen. b. By the suffixes bar, en, er, em, f)aft, td)t, ig, tfd), lei, ltd), jam, t, etc. Thus ; epar, eatable, golben, golden. c. By the prefixes be, erj, ge, mt^, un, ur. Thus : be* rett, ready, getreu, faithful. COMPOSITION OF VERBS, NOUNS, AND ADJECTIVES. 258. Composition is the putting together of two or more independent words, each with its own meaning, to GRIMM'S LAW. Io$ make a new word. Derivation by prefixes and suffixes is really not essentially different from composition, as prefixes and suffixes were originally independent words which have now lost their independent meaning and use and are employed solely as parts of other words. In some cases a question may arise whether a particular word is really derived or compounded. For example, verb? formed from other verbs by the inseparable pre- fixes are usually called compounds, but may be as well considered derivatives. 259. In compound verbs, nouns, and adjectives, the last component is regularly a verb, noun, or adjective respectively. The preceding component or components may be any part of speech. Thus : ctufftefjert, to stand up, (Sbetftettt, precious stone, et^fctlt, ice-cold. Note. — German makes its words to such an unusual extent from other words of the language, that one of the easiest means of acquiring a large vocabulary is to watch closely the stems of words. The usefulness of this habit cannot be insisted upon too much. Frequently the knowledge of the meaning of a single stem will make clear the meaning of a large number of other words based on that stem. The habit of fixing the stem of a word at its first occurrence will save much examination of the dictionary and greatly facilitate progress in acquiring the language. GRIMM'S LAW. 260. This law, named after its expounder, has to do with the progression or rotation of mutes. It has been discovered that the mutes have moved forward one step from the original in most of the Germanic languages (English, Low-German, Scandinavian, etc.) and two steps in modern High-German. Thus, in the table 1 86 APPENDIX. SURD. ASPIRATE. SONANT. lingual / dh, or th d labial p bh, or ph b palatal k gh, or kh g Original / should become theoretically English th (dfr) and German b ; original th (dh) , English d, German t ; and so on through the series. This would require : — English /, th, d — p, ph, b — k, kh, g to be German % b, t— p\ b, p — flj, g, I 261. This is the theory. Actually there are many exceptions, especially in the labial and palatal series. German often has f and i) instead of pt) and ft), and f or j instead of tt), as required by the table. Arbitrary changes in spelling also add to the confusion, Reading the table backwards, so as to place German first, and allowing for many regular variations, we get as a table of the actual correspondences, though still with many exceptions, the following : — German b, f (3), t— b, f, p — g, dj, f. English th, t, d — / {y),p y b — g (y, w) , k (gh,y) , ch. Thus : bct3, that, ttcf , deep ; fjdlh, half, reif, ripe, ©top- pel, stubble ; %a§, day, ®afe, cheese t $8uti) t book. Note. — The subject will not be further treated here. The stu- dent will be able to find illustrative words in abundance. Care must be taken not to let the etymology of words mislead with regard to their meaning, as words etymologically the same may not have the same shades of meaning. SYNTAX. 187 SYNTAX. 262. In addition to the rules and numerous practical illustrations given in the exercises, a brief statement of the more important of the remaining rules of syntax is here given. DEFINITE ARTICLE. 263. The definite article is occasionally omitted where it would be expressed in English, but is much oftener inserted where it would be omitted in English. For example, it is used with abstract nouns, names of seasons, months, and days, before nouns when taken in their most comprehensive sense, etc. Thus : bte %\X* genb, virtue, ber SJJorjember, November, bct£ ©olb, gold. GENITIVE. 264. The genitive dependent upon a noun may ex- press possession, material, origin, characteristic, or be a partitive, subjective or objective genitive. These have been abundantly illustrated in the exercises. It may also be used with other parts of speech : — a. With adjectives, chiefly corresponding to those which are followed by of in English. Thus : be3 ©in- gen£ miibe, tired of singing. b. With about twenty prepositions. See § 214. c. With verbs, 1. As a remoter object along with the direct object. Thus : Sttcm t)at mid) mcmdje£ SafterS cm- geffagt, I have been accused of many a crime. 2. With some reflexives and impersonals. Thus : %$) ertmtete 1 88 APPENDIX. mid) jebe£ Umftctttb3, / remember every circumstance. 3. As the only object of certain verbs, corresponding to the direct object in English. Thus : £ctf$ mid) ber neuen 2?retf)ett geniefcett, let me enjoy the new freedom. d. In a few other constructions which need not to be further noted here. DATIVE. 265. The dative is commonly the indirect object of a verb, as has been frequently illustrated in the exercises. It stands, however, in other constructions : — a. As the so-called dative privative. This is really only an indirect object. The corresponding verb is usually followed by from in English. Thus: Die ©pttj* fmben fjabett mir aHe3 genommen, the rascals have taken everything from me. b. As the sole object of certain verbs, some of which are transitive in English. Thus: (Sr folgte mir, he fol- lowed me. Sometimes the dative in such constructions is due to the prepositional force of the prefixes ent, ab, art, cmf, au3, etc. Thus : @r entging bem geittb burdj bte $ludjt r he escaped the enemy by flight. c. Dependent upon verbs in a looser and more re- mote relation, known as the dative of interest, ethical dative, etc. Thus : ©djretben @te mir btefen Skief ab, copy this letter for me. d. To denote the possessor. This is really the same ais the preceding. Thus : Wxt blutet ba$ §erj, my heart bleeds. Commonly the definite article is used with the SYNTAX. 189 noun in this construction, but occasionally the posses- sive is employed. e. With certain adjectives, commonly such as are fol- lowed by to in English. Thus : 2)er $ctifer toar mir gnfc big, the emperor was gracious to me. f. With about twenty prepositions. See § 214. g. Occasionally in other constructions not noted here. ACCUSATIVE. 266. Besides its common use as the direct object of a verb, the accusative is employed in other constructions : a. The verbs leljren, Ijeifeen, fdjtmpfen, fd)elten, tcmfett, and occasionally a few others, govern two accusatives. Thus : (£r lefjrte mid) bie ©rammatif , he taught me gram- mar. b. With a few adjectives. Thus : id) fritt e3 jttfrieben, / am satisfied (with it). c. With certain prepositions. See § 214. d. As an adverbial accusative to express measure, extent, time y answering to the questions how much ? how far? how long? This has been illustrated in the accusa- tive of time (cf.. § 226) ; other illustrations are, ba3 loftet firnf £ater, that costs five Talers, toir gingen bie ^reppe fjinunter, we went down stairs. 1 90 APPENDIX. SUMMARY. The following summary of subjects treated in the preceding pages will perhaps meet satisfactorily all the purposes of an index and also be of assistance in reviewing systematically the facts of the grammar. References are- to paragraphs. The vocabulary takes the place of a word index. ALPHABET. Print, 1-3; script, 228; capitals, 4; new ortho- graphy, 5. PRONUNCIATION. Vowels, 6-12; modified vowels (umlauts), 13—16; diphthongs, 17— 22 ; consonants, 23-34; consonantal di- graphs and trigraphs, 35—46; doubled vowels and con- sonants, 47 ; accent, 48 ; division into syllables, 49. ARTICLES AND WORDS DECLINED LIKE THEM. 2)er, 54, 66 y in, 125 ; em, 62, 140; biefer, jener, etc., 58—60, 126, 196; fein, 63; possessive adjectives, 64- 66 f 84. NOUNS. General remarks, 50-53, 95, 96; strong nouns, class I., 97-101, 229, 233; class II., 103-109, 230; class III., 112-115, 231; weak nouns, 1 19-122, 232; with defective stem, 233 ; mixed declension, 234; compound nouns, 123; compounds in TtartXi, 129; foreign nouns, 130; proper names, 1 31-134; nouns of weight and measure, 135, 136; genitive and accusative of time, 226; adverbial genitive, 227. SUMMARY. 191 ADJECTIVES. When declined, 137; strong, 138-139; weak, 141- 145; mixed, 147-148; comparison, 153-159; indefi- nites, 182-183, 196. NUMERALS. Cardinals, 140; ordinals, 151; fractionals, 160; counting time, 161 ; day of the month, 173. PRONOUNS. Personals, idj, 83, bit, 86, 57, er, fie, e8 # 93-94; pos- sessives, 198; demonstratives, 60, 125, 126, 197; in- terrogatives, 116-118; relatives, 149—150, 184; indef- inites, 182, 183, 196; too and bet for pronouns, 118. VERBS. §ctbett, 61, 67, 80, 162-163, 235, d; feitt, 56, 6y y 85, 174,235, e\ toerben, 79, 89, 175, 235,/; weak verbs, 71-74; tenses with fjctbett, 81-82; tenses with feitt, 90- 92; subjunctive, 169-170, 176; uses of subjunctive, 164—166, 171— 172, 177; conditional, 167; synopses of verbal forms, 235; strong verbs, 75-78, 236-252; verbs in ietett, ettt, em, 178; irregular weak verbs, 179, 251; passive voice, 199—203; inseparables, 180— 181 ; inseparable prefixes, 252; separables, 185-189; pre- fixes, separable or inseparable, 188-189; reflexives, 190-193; impersonals, 195; modal auxiliaries, 205- 207, 250; laffett, 209; infinitive without JU, 208; per* feet and present, 204; e£ ift, e3 gibt, 152. I9 2 APPENDIX. INDECLINABLES. Adverbs, 210-213; prepositions, 214—215, no; conjunctions, 216-219. ORDER OF WORDS. 87-88, 102, I46, 168, 220-225, 253. FORMATION OF WORDS. Derivation, 254; verbs, 255; nouns, 256; adjectives, 257; composition, 258; verbs, nouns, adjectives, 259; Grimm's law, 260—261. SYNTAX. Definite article, 263; cases, gender, number, 51-53; genitive, 264, adverbial, 227, weight and measure, 136; dative, 265: accusative, 266; nouns of weight and measure, 136; counting time, 161 ; day of the month, 173. Perfect and present, 204; uses of subjunctive, 164- 166,171-172,177; conditional, 167 ; modal auxiliaries 205-207 ; laffert, 209 ; infinitive without ju, 208, Ifoeatb's /iDo&ern language Series GERMAN GRAMMARS AND READERS. Alternative Exercises. For the Joynes-Meissner. 54 pages. 15 cts. Ball's German Drill Book. Companion to any grammar. 80 cts. Ball's German Grammar. 90 cts. Boisen's German Prose Reader. 90 cts. Deutsches Liederbuch. "With music. 166 pages. 75 cts. Deutsch's Colloquial German Reader. 90 cts. Foster's Geschichten und Marchen. For young children. 25 cts. Fraser and Van der Smissen's German Grammar. $1.10. 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