UC-NRLF 
 
 ^35 i 
 
 B M ISb 7fla 
 
Zbc 'Ciniversttg ot Cbicaoo 
 
 FOUNDBD BV JOHN D. ROCKKFBLI.KK 
 
 THE GENERAL CIVIL AND MILITARY 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF NORICUM 
 
 AND RAETIA 
 
 A DISSERTATION 
 
 SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS 
 
 AND LITERATURE IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE 
 
 OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
 
 (department of latin) 
 
 BY 
 
 MARY BRADFORD PEAKS 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 
 
 1907 
 
Copyright 1907 By 
 The Untveesity of Chioaqo 
 
 Published July 1907 
 
 Composed and Printed By 
 
 Tbe University of Chicago Pto«» 
 
 Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. 
 
THE GENERAL CIVIL AND MILITARY 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF NORICUM 
 
 AND RAETIA. 
 
 By Mary Bradford Peaks. 
 
 The paper here presented was at first intended to form Chap- 
 ters II and III of a "History of the Provinces of Noricum and 
 Raetia,'' the material for which has been grouped as follows: 
 
 Chapter I. A General Survey. 
 
 1. The Tribal Period. 
 
 2. The Period of Government by Procurators. 
 
 3. The Period of Military Importance. 
 
 4. The Decline of Roman Authority. 
 Chapter II. The Governors. 
 Chapter III. The Army. 
 
 Chapter IV. The Finances. 
 
 Chapter V. The Roads. 
 
 Chapter VI. Local Affair.s. 
 
 Chapter VII. Reli^on. 
 
 Chapter VIII. Industries and Products. 
 
 Chapter IX. Emigration and Immigration. 
 
 As it is hoped that the other chapters may appear later, the 
 original form of this portion has been altered as little as possible 
 in revising it for separate publication. Some peculiarities in the 
 order of topics and in the cross-references are due to this fact. 
 The time of Constantine is adopted as the lower- limit in the 
 present article. 
 
 The author's choice of subject does not indicate a belief that 
 Noricum and Raetia formed a political or military unit;' on the 
 contrary, the study of the two countries was pursued separately 
 until it was discovered that together they afforded an unusually 
 illuminating example of the way in which the Roman system was 
 adapted to varying conditions. In what is local, social, commcr- 
 
 iCf. pp. 173, D. 7; 192, n. 4. 
 
 161 
 
 16142.5 
 
162 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 cial, the two adjacent provinces offer interesting contrasts; in all 
 that has to do with the Empire and especially with their mission 
 as guardians of the Upper Danube frontier, Noricum and Raetia 
 were alike, and from their likeness one may gather much informa- 
 tion when the evidence for either alone is fragmentary. The facts 
 with regard to each province, however, have been kept separate 
 within the different chapters and subdivisions. It is believed 
 that this method is likely to yield a truer picture of the Roman 
 world than is obtained when the investigation is arbitrarily limited 
 by the boundaries of a modern state. 
 
 The extent of the author's indebtedness to the writings of 
 Cagnat, Cichorius, Hirschfeld, Jung, Liebenam, Momm8en,0hlen- 
 schlager, Schiller, and others will be evident from the footnotes; 
 among her instructors grateful acknowledgment is made especially 
 to Professor Frank Frost Abbott, at whose suggestion this work 
 was begun, and by whose scholarly instruction and unfailing 
 helpfulness its execution was made possible. 
 
 REFERENCES AND ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 All dates are a. d. 41/54="at some date between 41 and 54, inclu- 
 sive;" 41-54=" from 41 to 54, inclusive." 
 
 When no ambiguity would arise, CIL. is omitted in references to the 
 Latin Corpus. D.=diploma militare {CIL. III). 
 
 In printing inscriptions, means "omitted as irrelevant," . . . . 
 
 means " not extant." 
 
 References in the form Noricum 1, Raetia 1 are to the lists of gov- 
 ernors beginning p. 170 and p. 185 respectively, or in more condensed 
 form, pp. 182, 194. 
 
 The following works are regularly cited by means of abbreviations: 
 Allen=G. H. Allen, Centurions as Substitute Commanders of Auxiliary 
 
 Corps, Roman Historical Sources and Institutions ("Univ. of Mich. 
 
 Studies," Vol. I). New York, 1904. 
 Ann. Ep. — Vann^,e ^,pigraphique. Paris, 1888-. 
 Arnold =H. Arnold, "Das rSmische Heer im bayerischen Ratien," 
 
 Beitrage zur Anthropologic und Urgeschichte Bayems, XIV, pp. 
 
 43-100. Munich, 1902. 
 Bonn. Jahrh.=Jahrhiicher des Vereins von Alterthumsfreunden im 
 
 Rheinlande. Bonn, 1842-. 
 Cagnat =R. Cagnat, Uarm6e romaine d'Afrique. Paris, 1892. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF NOBIOUM AND RAETIA 163 
 
 CIL. = Corpus inscriptiontim Latinarum. Berlin, 1863-. 
 
 CIRh. = \V. Brambach, Corpus iiutcriptionuin Rhennnarum. EUjer- 
 
 feld, 1867. 
 CJohen=H. Cohen, MMaillea imp^-iales. Paris, 1880-92. 
 Dessau=H. Dessau, hiacriptiont^a Ixitinae selectae. Berlin, 1892-. 
 Diz. Ep. = ^. De Ru^giero, Dizionario epigrafico di antichitd romane. 
 
 Rome, 1895-. 
 DS. = Daremberg' et Saglio, Dictionnaire des anficjuiMs grecques et 
 
 Toinaines. Paris, 1873-. (Especially the article by R. Cagnat, s. v. 
 
 Legio.) 
 Eckhel=J. Eckhel, Doctrina niunormn x^eterum. Vienna, 1792- . 
 EE.=EphemeruH epigraphica. Berlin, 1872-. 
 Franziss^F. Franziss, Baijem zur Romerzeit. Regensburg, 1905. 
 Hirsehfeld, Sitz.=0. Hirschfeld, "Die ritterlichen Provincialstatthalter," 
 
 Sitzungsberichte der kOnigl. preuss. Akad. d. Wissenschaften zu 
 
 Berlin, 1889, pp. 417 flF. 
 Hirschfeld, Verw.=0. Hirschfeld, Untersuchiingen auf dem Gebiete 
 
 der rOm. Verivaltungsgeschichte : I, Die kaiser lichen Venvaltungs- 
 
 beamten. Berlin, 1877. 
 IG.=Inscriptiones Graecae. Berlin, 1873-. 
 
 IGR.= Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes. Paris, 1904-. 
 Itin. Ant.=G. Parthey et M. Pinder, Itinerarinm Antonini Augusti. 
 
 Berlin, 1848. 
 Jung, Dac.=J. Jung, Fasten der Provinz Dacien. Innsbruck, 1894. 
 Jung, R6m.=S. Jung, ROmer und Romanen in den Donaul&ndem. 
 
 Innsbruck, 1887. 
 Kammel=0. Kammel, Die Anfdnge deutschen Lebens in Oesterreich. 
 
 Leipzig, 1879. 
 Lieb. Beitr.='W . Liebenam, Beitrdge zur Verwaltungsge.schichte de^ 
 
 r6m. Kaiserreichs : I, Die Laufbahn der Procnratoren. Jena, 
 
 1886. 
 Lieb. ^aestt.^'W . Liebenam, Quaestionum epigraphicarum de imperii 
 
 Romani adminMratione cajnta selecta. Bonn, 1882. 
 Lieb. Fe?^i;. = W. Liebenam, Forschungen zur Verwaltungsgeschichte 
 
 des rOm. Kaiserreichs: I, Die Legaten in den rOm. Provinzen. 
 
 Leipzig, 1888. 
 Marq.= J. Marquardt, ROmische Staatsvenvaltung. Leipzig, 1881-84. 
 MB.^Musife beige. Paris, 1897-. 
 Not. Dign.=0. Seeck, Notitia dignitatum accedunt laterculi pro- 
 
 vinciamm. Berlin, 1876. 
 Nowotny=E. Nowotny, "Ein uorisches Militfirdiplom des Traian," 
 
 Festschrift far Otto Benndorf, pp. 267 ff. Vienna, 1898. 
 
164 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 y^ Ohl. Progr.=F. Ohlensch lager, Die rdm. Truppen im rechtsrheinischen 
 Bayern, Programm des konigl. Maximilians-Gymnasiums. Munich, 
 1883/84. 
 Ohl. Sitz.-F. Ohlenschlager, "Das Regensburger rom. Militardiplom," 
 " Sitzungsberichte d. phil.-hist. Classe d. konigl. bayer. Akad. d. 
 
 Wiss. zii Munchen, IV, pp. 225 ff. 
 ORL.=Der ohergermanisch-raetische Limes des Romerreiches. Heidel- 
 berg, 1894-. 
 ^ Planta=P. C. Planta, Das alte Rdtien. Berlin, 1872. 
 Pros.=Frosopographia imperii Romani. Berlin, 1897-. 
 PW.=Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopadie der classischen Altertums- 
 wissenschaft. Stuttgart, 1894-. (Especially the articles by Cicho- 
 rius, s. vv. Ala, Cohors.) 
 Sch.=H. Schiller, Geschichte der romischen Kaiser zeit. Gotha, 1883-87. 
 Script. =11. Peter, Scriptores historiae Augustae. Leipzig, 1884. 
 Tab. PeMf.=Scheyb-Mannertus, Tabula itineraria Peiitingeriana. 
 Leipzig, 1824. 
 -- Urban =K. Urban, Das alte Rdtien und die romischen Inschriften. 
 
 Magdeburg, 1889. 
 ^ Vaschide=V. Vaschide, Histoire de la conquSte romaine de la Dacie. 
 Paris, 1903. 
 Zippel=G. Zippel, Die rdmische Herrschaft in Illyrien bis auf Augustus 
 Leipzig, 1877. 
 
PART I. THE GOVERNORS. 
 I. Introductory Statement. 
 
 PROCURATORES AND PRAEFECTI.' 
 
 Tith's. — For a brief period after the RoiiiuTi conquest, Raetia 
 was in charge oi a pracfectns," whose province also included Vin- 
 delicia and the Vallis Poenina, with the command of the auxiliaries 
 of the region. From some date prior to T)!) a. d.,' perhaps under 
 Claudius,* until 1()7/1()9 A. u.^ it was under a procurator Augusti 
 provinciae Raetiae, who, following the outbreak of the Marcoman- 
 nic war, was given increased power and the title procurator et pro 
 legato;* this, however, was but a temporary exjiedient, pending 
 the arrival of the legion designed for this province. 
 
 That Noricum was ever governed by a praefectus is le.ss likely, 
 because its condition when conquered was such that there was no 
 need to fear a revolt against Roman control;' still the title of the 
 first known procurator (procurator in Norico; under Claudius) 
 may perhaps go back to an earlier form like praefectus civitatium 
 in Norico." 
 
 Term of ojjice. — The list of procuratores provinciae' Noricae 
 
 < Jung. ROm. pp. .3;J ff. J Ra«tiH 1. 
 
 3Raetia2; Tac. Hist. i. 11 : duao Mauritaiiiae, Ruotia, Noricum, Tliraocia ot <iuh«i aline 
 procuratoribus cohibentur. 
 
 ♦ Full referoiices on this poiut will be Kiven in the completed worlf. 
 5 Raotia 9, 10; p. 205. « Raetia 10. 
 
 7 It was exhausted by recent wars with the Boii and the Getao ; see n. 1. 
 
 8 Noricum 1 ; Hirschfeld, Sitz. p. 42.'). 
 
 ^ Xachh&c\\, Sitzungsber. d. Wiener Akail. (jihil.-hint. Classe), XXXV, p. ."i, followed by 
 Mommson. CIL. Ill, p. 5S8; KAmmol, pp. 4X, .V); Mar.j. 1.290; Sch. I. 222. and others (cf.aleo 
 Zippel, pp. 275 ff.), promulRatod the doctrine that Noricum during; the time that it wa;* kot- 
 erned by procurators was a rosnum rather than a provincia. The facts are brieHy as follows: 
 
 1. The country is called repnum Noricum five times durioK the peri<Mi in <iuestion (Voll. 
 ii. 109. 5; Suet. Tib. 16; CIL. VI. 1599; VIII. 9.363; III. 11.54.3 (Noricum 6. 20, 24 » ) and four 
 times even after the arrival of an imperial IcKato [CIL. VI. 1.546 (Noricum 2.5); III.4H00; 
 4797; 482«), the latest case being in 239 A. D. (III. 4800). Now, these last four instanroa 
 obviously illustrate the retention in popular speech of a familiar, thouKh no longer exact, 
 term ; one of them, VI. 1546, is shown to be colloquial in character by the use of ijuiniiuo- 
 fascalis for legatus, and the other throe are inscriptions of freodmen revenue ofliciaU. Why 
 may not the same explanation apply to the five earlier cases as wullT It is certainly unsaf* 
 
 165 
 
166 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 is unusually complete,' especially for the time of Antoninus Pius.' 
 Since seven governors can be dated with certainty as coming 
 within the twenty-three years of- his reign, while ten or eleven 
 more probably also belong there, the average term of office at 
 that period was less than a year and a half. 
 
 Duties.^ — The procurator commanded the auxiliary troops 
 stationed in his province,^ and had civil, ^ and, in at least one case,' 
 criminal jurisdiction (ius gladi). 
 
 Bcnejiciarii procuratoris Norici. — The procurator of Noricum 
 was assisted by one or more' beneficiarii, from twenty-three of 
 whom* we have inscriptions, mostly dedications to I. O. M.,' 
 ranging in date from Trajan to M. Aurelius.'" The function of 
 these officials is uncertain;" the older explanation, that they com- 
 
 to interpret strictly a mere parenthetical explanation of locality like Suet. Tib. 16. while 
 Veil. ii. 109. .5 is offset by Veil. ii. 39. 3. Such a laxity in desipruation as has been suggested 
 occurred also in the case of roguum Cottium (see CIL. V, pp. 808 f.), and can easily be paral- 
 leled today, e.g., in the use of the Colonial "shilling," wliich in the eastern part of the 
 United States still lingers after more than a century. 
 
 2. Noricum is called provincia (iirapxia) four times before M. Aurelius (Veil. ii. 39. 3; 
 Tac. ^7m. ii. 63; Ptol. ii. 13.2; CIL. IX. 4753 (Noricum 4) ). On Aschbach's theory these 
 must be explained as inaccuracies. 
 
 3. There is no evidence that the retention of "den altcn stolzeu Namen KOnigreich" 
 (Kammel, p. 48; cf. Sch. I. 222) was accompanied by any greater freedom from Roman con- 
 trol than in the case of any other procuratorial province. Noricum was treated no better 
 than Raotia. which had previously been neither a unified kingdom nor an ally of Rome. The 
 comparison with the regna of Egypt and the Cottian Alps is misleading because these were 
 under praefecti ; the history of Raetia shows that government by praefecti was not the same 
 as government by procurators, but was a preliminary stage used for communities not fully 
 organized or trusted. 
 
 4. A partial collection of the material does not bear out the supposition that hesitation 
 was felt in applying the term provincia to a district ruled by procurators; see, for example, 
 Raetia 3, .5, 6, 9, 10; accident or custom seems to be the controlling factor in the name. 
 
 In view of all these considerations it seems more probable that provincia was the ofii- 
 cial designation. 
 
 I Noricum 1-24. 2 Noricum 6-22 or 23. a Lieb. Quaestt. pp. 43 ff. 
 *Noricnm2, 7; Raotia 9; hence the assumption that Sextilius Felix (Noricum 3) and 
 
 Ti. lulius Aquilinus (Raotia 4) were procurators. 
 
 6 Noricum 10. 'Raetia 3. 
 
 'Three cases of two (Noricum 7, 12, 16; see pp. 182 f.) and two of three (Noricum 9, 17) 
 beneficiarii of the same procurator are recorded, but it is not known whether they served 
 simultaneously. 
 
 "For list, see pp. 182 f. 
 
 9III. rAlG is to Epona; 11826 is an epitaph ; 14362, p. 23-281"' is doubtful (Noricum 17, 9, 
 22; cf. p. 183, n.l). 
 
 10 While the province was ruled by legates, similar dedications were made by bf. cos. 
 leg. Illtal., seepp. 2C0f. 
 
 II JnnK,I>.7C. pp,177f. ; AJS. IV, pp. 400 f. ; Cagiiat, p. 127 ; Diz. £/>. I. 992 tT.; WcstdeuUchc 
 Zeitschrift,XXl. 158 fl. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF NORIOUM AND RAETIA lf)7 
 
 manded detachments of auxiliaries, seems inapplicable hero, for 
 the completeness of the series is entirely out of pro{)ortion to the 
 military importance of Noricum at this time;' some secretarial or 
 other contidential duty is more probable. 
 
 Rank. — The procurator of Noricum was a centenarius.' He 
 outranked the procurators of Sicily," Lusitania,'** Thrace,' Asturia 
 and Gallaecia;'* probably also those of Pontus,* Judaea,' Sar- 
 dinia,' Africa;' he was of less importance than the procurator 
 of Mauretania* or Raetia.* His relation to the procurator Panno- 
 niae superioris and the procurator XX hereditatium is uncertain.'" 
 
 The procurator of Raetia was probably a ducenarius;" his 
 oflBce was of the same grade as the procuracy of Mauretania 
 Caesariensis;''' lower than that of Belgica et utraque Germania," 
 or of Lugdunensis,'* higher than that of Cilicia,'* Lusitania,'" Dacia 
 superior,'^ Cappadocia,'* Pontus'* mediterraneus et Armenia minor 
 et Lycaonia Antiochiana,'* Noricum." As the greater part of the 
 inscriptions is of the time of Pius, the evidence is not sufficient to 
 
 ' Liebenam, iiuaestt. p. 46, in arguing for a military fuoctidn, hays: "ii heneflciarii 
 qaorum tempus definire possunaus Antoiiinorum aotati asscribendi videntur cum in pro- 
 vinciis circa Danubium sitis novae neque exiguae barbarorum incursiones aut ex.specta- 
 bantur aut factae sunt." In point of fact, however, the series b"gins under Trajan (Noricum 
 4, p. 182), i. e., before the need for increased armament was felt (p. 211). 
 
 ^Hirschfeld, Verw. p. 261, n. 1. The time of Pius is meant, unloss otherwise indicated. 
 
 s Noricum 4 (under Trajan). 
 
 <Cf. Raotia G; Lieb. Beitr. p. 22. In Liobonam's table, Beitr. p. 35, Noricum should b« 
 above Lusitania, and tlierefore above Sicily and ('ilicia. Hirscbfeld, Sitt. p. 424, n. 52, rightly 
 objects to placing Noricum below the Alpine states. 
 
 6Noricum6. <> Noricum 8. ' Noricum 22. " Noricum 2.3; 20(1) ; cf. n. 10. 
 
 •Noricum 2.3; cf. the restoration of Noricum 8. 
 
 10 Lieb. Beitr. p. 62: "Auffftllig wenigstens ist, dass die Procuratnren von Lusitanien 
 nnd Noricum sowohl vor als nach der proc. XX hereditatium vorwaltct werden." His 
 authority for Noricum is evidently Noricum 20 (Beitr. p. 93); ho does not use Noricum 4 in 
 this connection. It is, however, not absolutely clear whether the cursus of Noricum 20 is to 
 be taken in ascending or descending order, a difliculty which Liebonam apparently felt, for 
 on pp. 93 and ;t") (by placing Pannoiiia superior above Noricum) he adopts the desccndiug 
 order, but prefers the reverse in his table for Pannonia, p. 37 (cf. p. 23). If Mauritaniae be 
 supplied with the last item of CIL. VIII. 9363 (cited p. 176), the cursus of Noricum 20 is 
 ascending, which would fit in well with the seeming unimportance of Pannonia superior. 
 On the other hand, in the case of Noricum 4 (ander Trajan ), proc. XX horeditatiam precedes 
 proc. prov. Noricae. 
 
 11 Hirschfuld, Verw. p. 260, n. 5. 
 
 la Raetia 6; Raetia 8 = Noricum 23; cf. Noricum 20; Lieb. Beitr. pp. 27, 35. 
 
 13 Raetia 6; cf. Noricum 6. >* Kautia 5 = Noricum 8. <& Raetia 6; cf. Noricum 4 
 
 >« Raetia 9. 
 
168 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 show any chronological variations in the grade of Raetia during 
 its rule by procurators, nor indeed is there any reason to suppose 
 that such existed in the case of either Raetia or Noricum, since, 
 after they had once been thoroughly subdued, their commercial 
 and strategic importance must have been fairly constant until 
 M. Aurelius/ As both stood near the head of the list of procura- 
 cies, they were in general held only by men who had previously 
 been provincial procurators elsewhere ; but, in the first century at 
 least, this requirement was not absolute in the case of primipili II.* 
 
 LEGATI PRO PRAETORE. 
 
 Titles. — From about 170 A. d.' until the reforms of Diocletian, 
 Noricum and Raetia were ruled by legati Augusti pro praetore,* 
 called informally quinquefascales* (Trevra/aaySSot^) and praesides,' 
 who were also the legati legionis II Italicae and legionis III 
 Italicae respectively.^ 
 
 Rank. — Until the middle of the third century they were prae- 
 torii,' sometimes consules designati;"* later a previous legionary 
 command, which before had been usual,'' became the only requi- 
 site. '■ The legates of Noricum were lower in rank than those of 
 Germany,'^ Hispania citerior,'* Asia,'* and Numidia.'^ The legates 
 of Raetia were lower than those of Upper Germany and Britain,'® 
 or Pannonia inferior;" higher than those of Thrace and Moesia 
 "superior.'* 
 
 Duties.^* — The inscriptions show that the legati in Noricum 
 and Raetia commanded legionary^ and auxiliary'" forces, took part 
 
 • Lieb. Beitr. p. 27, and n. 2; government by apraofectus is an argumont for rather than 
 against the early importance of Raetia ; cf. pp. 185, n. 3, 214, 211. 
 
 2 Noricum 1 ; cf. Raetia 3. » Pp. 196, 205. ♦ Noricum 25-33 ; Raetia 11-22. 
 
 s Noricum 25. ""'Raetia 13. " Noricum 30, p. 179, n. 5. 
 
 •* Raetia 11, 15 ; Noricum 26 ; hence the inclusion of Noricum 31 in a list of the provincial 
 legati. 
 
 9 Noricum 2.5-27, .31; Raetia 11, 18, 20; Lieb. Verw. p. 461; Jung. Dae. p. iv. 
 
 19 Noricum 26 ; Raetia 11. n Noricum 25, 26 ; Raetia 20. 12 Raetia 21, 22. 
 
 13 Noricum 25. i« Noricum 27. I5 Noricum 33. 16 Raetia 12. n Raetia 20. 
 
 18 Lieb. Verw. pp. 449 ff. 
 
 i« Noricum 31; Raetia 16; cf. p. 166 and n. 4. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OP NOBICIM AND RAIVriA !♦',<) 
 
 in active military operations,' aupt'rintendod the construction (jf 
 fortifications^ and roads,^ and shared in the worship of the 
 imperial family* and the j^^enius of the legions.* 
 
 PRAESIDES AND DUCES LIMITANEI. 
 
 Title.s. — Under Diocletian, at least as early as 290 a, d.,* the 
 military was separated from the civil administration, the latter 
 being intrusted to praesides provinciae Norici mediterranei,' 
 Norici ripensis,* and Raetiae," the former to duces limitis Raetitu,'" 
 and duces limitis Pannoniae primae et Norici ripensis." In the 
 fourth century Raetia too was divided,'^ and praesitles Raetiae 
 primae and Raetiae secundae are mentioned.'* 
 
 Rank. — All the above were viri perfectissimi;'* in the Xutitin 
 digiiitahim the duces are also called viri spectabiles.'"' " 
 
 Duces limitis Rnetici. — The mention in the historians of duces 
 limitis Raetici as early as the middle of the third century raises a 
 perplexing question as to the date when duces were instituted.'* 
 Was the separation of the two branches of the government a 
 gradual one, beginning under Alexander Severus?'* That is, were 
 there occasionally, in times of extreme peril, duces as well as 
 legati? (One may compare the Republican practice of appoint- 
 ing a dictator to take charge of the military duties of the two 
 consuls.) Or did the Scriptores historiae Augustae employ the 
 terminology of their own time for events of the previous century?" 
 
 1 Noricum 27 ; Raetia 18, 20. -' Noricum 32 : Raotin 14-16. 
 
 3 Noricum 2X ; Raetia 19. ♦ Raetia IT. » Noricum 2rt. « Raotia 27. 
 
 'Noricum 37-39. »No inscriptions; Xol. Dign.Occ. i. 89. » Raotia 27-31. 
 
 10 No inscriptions; at a later time called also dux Raetiao primao et socundao. Sot. 
 Dign. Occ. i. 43; v. 139; xxxv. 13. 
 
 n Noricum 34-36; Not. Dign. Occ. i. 40; v. 138; xxxiv. 13. 
 
 12 Between 297 a. d. (Latere. Veron. 2.10. x.) and 38.") A. d. ( Latere. Pol. Silt: 2rA. l.'i f.). cf. 
 Sch. II. 47, n. .5 ; Planta. pp. 183 ff. 
 
 13 Not. Dign. Occ. i. 92 f. 
 
 1* Though no evidence is availabl'j for the dux Raetiae, his rank was und<>ubto<lly 
 the same. 
 
 i5 0hl.S«z. p. 228. 
 
 16 Sch I. 773; Marq. I..J.J7 and a. 9; accordinn to Arnold, Roman Sj/item of Provinctal 
 Administration, pp. l.")6 f., the chauRO b«Kan uudor Aurolian. 
 
 n So Aureiius Victor, de Caes.Zit. (cited p. 192) says " apud Raotias," etc., allhoaub 
 Raetia was not divided till long after the date referred to. 
 
170 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 The confusion would have been natural, since dux' (like praeses') 
 had been a loose, general term for military commander long before 
 it acquired a technical meaning.- Of these two hypotheses, the 
 second is perhaps the more reasonable. 
 
 II. The Governors of Noricum. 
 
 PROCUKATORES AUGUSTI PROVINCIAE NORICAE.^ * 
 
 1. 
 
 Claudius 41/54 
 
 C. BAEBIUS P. F. CLA. ATTICUS^ 
 
 _ CIL. V. 1838, 1839 (lulium Camicum): C. Baebio P. f. Cla. Attico, 
 II vir. i. [d]., primopil. leg. V Macedonic, praef. c[i]vitatium Moesiae et 
 Treballia[e, prajef. [cijvitat. in Alpib. maritumis, t[r]. mil. cob. VIII pr., 
 primopil. iter., procurator. Ti. Claudi Caesaris Aug. Germanic! in 
 Norico,** civitas Saevatum et Laiancorum. 
 
 1 Noricum 27 ; other citations in Lieb. Quacstt. pp. 55 f . 
 
 2 P. 179, n. 5. A new and puzzling bit of evidence is afiorded by a series of milestones 
 erected by praes(ides) p(rovinciae) P(onti), dating in 279 and 282/283 a. d. (Am. Jour, of 
 Arch. IX. 328 f., nn. 76, 78, 79; X. 431 if.; Am. Jour, of Phil. XXVII. 449). Does this mean 
 that the change to praesi.ies (in the technical sense) becan bef<ire Diocletian? The whole 
 question of duces and praesides needs to be thoroughly investigated. 
 
 3 In this list and those which follow no attempt is made to attain completeness except 
 in matters which directly concern the term of office in Noricum or Raetia. 
 
 *■ See Seidl, Sitzungsber. d. Wiener Akad. (phil.-hist. Classe), XIII, pp. 62 ff . ; Marq. I. 290, 
 n. 6; Lieb. Quaestt. pp. 72 f. 
 
 (". Antonius Rufus (III. .5117 ; .5122; cf. Pros. I. 104, n. 693; CIL. III. 1435129, 3ii, 32-34) ^as 
 not proc. (prov. Noricae), but an official of the revenue and postal service; see p. 165, n. 4 
 and ROm. Mitt. VIII, pp. 195 ff., especially p. 200. 
 
 !>Pros. I. 223, n. 7; Dessau, 1349. Liebeuam, Beitr. p. 28, n. 3. says: "C. Baebins Atticus 
 war wohl nur Verwalter der Domftnen des Kaiser Claudius, denn in Noricum gab es zahl- 
 reiche kaiserliche Giiter (III. 5695: dominica rura). Baebius war vorher nur primipilus II, 
 wahrend die andern Procuratoren von Noricum sclion ziemlicli wichtige Provinzen verwaltet 
 hatten." It is, however, a well-established fact that the priniipilate gave its possessor a 
 decided advantage in his later career (Lieb. Qu(xestt. pp. 21 f., 33 f. ; cf. also pp. 34-36, and 
 Hirschfeld, Verw. p. 232, n. 2). Now of the undisputed procurators of Noricum there is only 
 one who is known to have been primipilus II, namely, M. Bassaeus Rufus (Noricum 6); 
 before his term in Noricum, he had been procurator of Asturia and Gallaecia only, the 
 lowest in grade of all procuratorial provinces {Beitr. p. 30); moreover, in commenting on 
 the later cursus of this same Bassaeus Rufus, Licbonam (Beitr. p. 28) says that the impor- 
 tance and rank of the governor of Noricum had greatly increased since the early empire (but 
 see p. 168). There soems, then, to bo no more reason, in this case than in many oth^Ts, to 
 doubt that procurator moans procurator provinciae. It is not surprising that the title at 
 this early date is expressed informally. As for the "domnica rLura]" (sic. cf. III. 11827), it 
 should be borne in mind that the words occur in a fragmentary poetical epitaph of uncertain 
 date, origin, text, and meaning. 
 
 6 P. 165. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF NORICUM AND BAETIA 171 
 
 Otho 69. Hprin^' 
 
 PETBONIUS URBICI'S' 
 
 Tac. Hist. i. 70: ipse (^Caecina) paulum cunctatus »'.st, riutn KarticiH 
 iu^s in Noricum flecteret adversus Pftronium Urbicum (MSS. iirhi) pro- 
 curatorem, qui coucitis aiixiliis et interriiptis fluiniiiuni p()iitil)us fidiw 
 Othoni putahatur. 
 
 CIL. III. 11551 (Viruuum): .... us Urbictis prcx-. Au^'wst 
 
 3. 
 
 Vespasian 00, late-70 
 
 SEXTILIUR FELlx' 
 
 Tac. Hist: iii. 5: opposita in latus auxilia, infesta Ra«-tia. cni Porcius 
 Septimius^ procurator erat, incorruptae erf,M Vitellium fidoi. if,'itur Sex- 
 tilius Felix cum ala Auriana et octo cobortil)ns ac Noricorum iuventute* 
 ad occupandam ripani Aeni fluminis, quod Raetos Noricosque int+rfluit, 
 missu.s, nee his aut illis proelium temptantibus. fortuna partiuin aUbi 
 transacta. 
 
 Tac. Hist. iv. 70: Sextilius Felix cum auxiliariis cohortibus per 
 
 Raetiam inrupere; accessit ala singularium, excita olim a Vitellio, deinde 
 in partes Vespasiani transgressa. praeerat lulius Brigjinticus .* 
 
 As the commission of Petronius Urbicus (Noricum 2) would 
 cease with the defeat and death of Otho,* Sextilius was quite pos- 
 sibly the procurator of Noricum under Vespasian. See p. lt)6 
 and n. 4, 
 
 4. 
 
 Trajan 106/117 
 
 [t.?] PBIFEBNIUS p. F. QUI. PAETUS MEMMIUS APOLLINARIs' 
 
 CIL. IX. 4753 (Keate): [T.] Prifemio P. f. Qui. Paeto Memmio Apol- 
 linari, IIII vir. iur. die. quinq., mag. iu., praef. coh. Ill Breuc, trib. leg. 
 X gem., praef. alae I Asturum, donis douato exptnl. Dae. ab Imp. Tra- 
 iano hasta pura, vexillo, corona murali (proj^ably in 102 a. d.), proc. pro- 
 vinc. Sicil., proc. provinc. Lusitan., proc. XX her., pnK-. prov. Thrac..* 
 proc. prov. Noricae, P. Memmius P. f. Qui. Apollinaris patri piiHsimo. 
 
 III. 5179(Celeia): I. O. M. Surus. S- Memmi Apoll. proc. Aug., v. b. 1. m 
 
 1 Froi. III. 31, n. 240. "P. Zl^, n. 19; Sch. I. 504. 
 
 a Proa. III. 235, n. 459. • Liob, QuaeMtt. p. 43. 
 
 3Raetia2. 7 Pro.. III. 94. n. 6S»0. 
 
 i P. 211. *P- IC", DU. 4. 10. 
 
172 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 Since at least five years must have elapsed between Memmius's 
 Dacian campaign and his term of oflBce in Noricum, 106 a. d. is 
 the earliest possible date for the latter; while, as Trajan was living 
 when the inscription was cut, 117 A. d. marks the lower limit. 
 
 5. 
 Trajan or Hadrian After 106 
 
 Q. OAECILIUS REDDITUS' 
 
 III. 5163 (Celeia): I. O. M. Ant6nius Maximus, ©. Q. Caecili Redditi 
 proc. Aug-., V. s. 1. m. 
 
 D. XCVIII (105 A. D.): cohort. I Britanuicae oo c. R., cui praest 
 
 Q. Caecilius Redditus, . 
 
 The procuratorship, therefore, was after 105, but probably not 
 later than Hadrian. 
 
 6. 
 Antoninus Pius 145 circ./161 
 
 M. BASSAEUS M. F. St[eL.] RUFUS^ 
 
 CIL. VI. 1599: M. Bassaeo M. f. St[el.] Rufo, pr. pr. limjperatorura 
 M. Aureli Antonini at [L.] Aureh Veri et L. Aureli Commodi Augg., 
 [cjonsularibus oruamentis honorato [e]t ob victoriam Germanicam et 
 
 Sarmatic. [A]ntoniui et Commodi Augg. donato, praef. Aegypti, 
 
 praef. [ann. aut vig.], proc. a rationibus, proc. Belg[icae et du]arum 
 Germaniarum, proc. regni [Norijci, proc. Asturiae et Galleciae, trib. 
 [coh. . , ] pr., trib. coh. X urb., trib. coh. V vigul., p. p. bis, . 
 
 III. 5171 (Celeia): I. O. M. . . Liciniu[sl Hilarus, [bf. M. B]assaei 
 Rufi [proc. Au]g., v. s. 1. m.- 
 
 Bassaeus Rufus was made praefectus praetorio between 161 
 and 169 a. d.^ His procuratorship in Noricum under a single 
 Augustus,* being prior to that date, was not later than 161. 
 Before governing Noricum, he had filled one administrative and 
 five military positions; still, as late as 177,^ he was not too old 
 for active military service, nor for the office of praefectus prae- 
 torio. He could scarcely therefore have served in Noricum before 
 about 145. 
 
 I Pros. I. 252, n. 52; PW. III. 12.31, n. 104; CIL. III. 1421423. 
 
 '^Pros. I. 230, n. 57 ("ipso posuit procurator III. .5171" is an error) ; PW. III. 103, 
 
 n. 2. P. 170, n. 5. 
 
 3 CIL. VI. 1599; cf. IX. 2438 (about 168 A. d.) nil. 5171. 
 
 5 Commodus is called Aug. in VI. 1599 ; Hirschfold, Verw. pp. 226 f. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF NOBICUM AND KAETIA 173 
 
 7. 
 Antoninus Pius 168 
 
 ULPIUS VK^TOr' 
 
 D. LXIV (153 A. D.): in iil(is) IV et coh(ortibu8) XIV [et sunt in 
 
 Norico s]ub Ulpio Victore . 
 
 CIL. III. 5161 (Celeia): I. O. M. Adnamius Flavinus, ©. Ulpi Victoria 
 proc. Aug., V. s. 1. m. 
 
 III. 5169 (Celeia). 
 
 Adnamius Flaviuus was beneticiarius also forllsienus Secundus,* 
 who was procurator in 158 a. d. Ulpius then belongs to this 
 same period; hence it is probable tliat D. LXIV is riglitly under- 
 stood to refer to this command.* 
 
 8. (=Raetia 5) 
 Antoninus Pius Probably before 165 
 
 latin(us) {or LATrN(lUS)) PI . . (or pl . . )* 
 
 XII. 1857 (Vienna): Latin. PI ... . [leg]ato .... [leg.] Aug. pro 
 pr. [prov. Lugujdunens., adlecto in[ter praetor.' ab] Imp. Caes. T, Aelilo 
 Hadriano Antonino Aug.] Pio |p. p., • • • • praef. class.] Mifsenat., proc. 
 provinc. Lug]udu[nens., proc. provi]nc. [Rlaet[iae, proc. prov.*] Nor., 
 pro[c. provinc] Pou[ti, subpraef. vehjiculor. 
 
 If the restoration given is correct,' this man held oflBce in 
 Noricum long enough before 161 for him to fill four other posi- 
 tions during the life of Pius, i. e., probably not later than 155. 
 
 1 Pros. III. 465, n. 578. 2 Noricum 9. 
 
 3 Nowotuy, p. 272, argues from the large number of alae and coliortes that this frag- 
 mentary diploma refers to the auxiliaries in Raetia, not those in Noricum; the place of 
 fludinR (('astra Retina) affords eome slight confirmation for this view: cf. Urban, p. 19. 
 There is, however, ground for believing tiiat tlie armament of Noricum was incroasfd 
 between 107 and l.'ia (p. 211); so, for example, ala I Aug. Tliracum (p. 21ti) was transferred 
 from Raetia to Noricum between 107 and 140 144; there is tlien no ditliculty in ansuming a 
 similar history for ala II Fl. p. f. «, especially as it is omitted in the Raetian diplomata 
 dating later tlian 153 (p. 21.")). Ulpius Victor, moreover, is known from two other inscrip- 
 tions to have been procurator of Noricum not far from l.V< a. i>. It in of cours" not imp<>8- 
 sible that aftertcards (cf. p. 167) in 15:1 he was procurator in Raetia (cf. Noricum .'' = 
 Raetia 5; Noricum 23=Raetia 8). 
 
 * Prog. II. 267, n. 82. SHirBchfeld. Verw. p. 245, n. a. •Cf. p. IGS. n. 9. 
 
 'The restoration propoBcd by Hirschfeld in the Corpus: fproc. provi Inc. | R]nnt[ine 
 
 et regni] Nor. , is faulty because it implies tliat Noricum aiid Raetia were united under 
 
 one procurator, an assumption for which there is not a particle of iK)sitivo evidenc*', and 
 which, when one bfiars in mind the early history of tlie two provinces, their opposition iu r.9, 
 (Noricum 2, :i; Raetia 2; .Jung, Rfiiii. p. 35), and their complete separation during ai.d after 
 the period of military occupation, appears extremely improbable. The rank of the two 
 provinces, moreover, was not the'same (p. 167). 
 
174 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 9. 
 
 Antoninus Pius 158 
 
 USIENUS {or USENUS) SECUNDUS' 
 
 III. 5166 (Celeia): I. O. M. Q. K^ninius Lucdnus, ©. Usieni Secundi 
 pr6c. Aug., V. s, 1, m. Tertul. et Sacerd. cos. (158 a. d.) 
 
 III. 5162 (Celeia): I. O. M. Adnamius Flavinus,'-' ©. Useni Secundi 
 proc. Aug., V. s. 1. m. 
 
 III. 11826 (Lauriacum): Verino Verionis f., ©■ Useni Secun. . 
 
 10-12. 
 The next three governors can be dated only approximately as 
 having held office during the reign of Antoninus Pius, 138-161 A. D. 
 
 10. 
 CAECILIUS lUVENTIANUS' 
 III. 5182 (Celeia): [ . . . . bf. C]aecili . . v, entiani proc. Aug. 
 Digest, xlviii. 18. 10, pr.: de minore quattuordecim annis quaestio 
 habenda non est, ut et divus Pius Caecilio luventiano rescripsit. 
 
 11. 
 
 L. CAMMIU[S] SEOUNDi[nUS]* 
 CIL. III. 5328 (Solva): M. Gavi[o] Maxim[ol praefec[to] praetor[io] 
 L. Cammiu[8] Secundi[nus] p. p.,'' praef. leg, X . . . , proc. Aug., amico. 
 Gavins Maximus was praefectus praetorio from 138 to 158.' 
 
 12. 
 
 0. OENSORIUS NIGER' 
 
 III. 5181 (Celeia): I. O. M. M. Ulpius Crescens, » C. Censori Nigri 
 proc. Aug., V. s. 1. m. Cf. III. 5174 (Celeia). 
 
 Niger, after receiving promotion from Pius, lost favor with 
 him. He died while Pius and Gavins Maximus were still alive.* 
 
 1 Pros. III. 491, n. 689. 2(:f. Noricum 7. 3p,os. I. 249. n. 37; PW. III. 1201, n. 59. 
 
 *Pro8. I. 296, n, ;i04; PW. III. 14,3:3. As there is no clear example of a proc. Aug. prov, 
 Noricae (or Raetia'^) who had not previously ruled another province or held the primipilato 
 for the second time (p. 168), it is uncf rtaiu whether or not Secuudiiius was a provincial 
 procurator. A similar doubt which is somotimis expressed, e.g., Licb. Beitr. p. 28, n. 3, 
 with regard to other instances of proc. Aug., seems less well grounded in the case of those 
 who are mentioned in the long series of dedications by beneficiarii ; all of these about whom 
 we have other information (Noricum 4-7, 10) prove to have been governors; in the absence, 
 tlierefore, of imJications to the contrary, the others of similar form (Noricum 12-19) would 
 naturally refer to the same officials, especially as inscriptions of other kinds of procurators 
 are not found at Coleia. 
 
 1 Perhaps of legio XIII gemina, cf. CIL. Ill, p. 1045 ad n. 46G0, 5. 
 
 6 Hcript. Fius, 8. 7; Proa. II. 112, n. 60. 1 Pros. I. 337, n. 547 ; PW. III. 1910, n. . 
 
 *Fronto, ad Pium, pp. 164 ff. (ed. Naber), '^specially p. 165. 
 
ADMINISTBATION OF NOBICUM AND BAETIA 175 
 
 13 21. 
 No evidence is known for dating Noricum 13-21. The 
 inscriptions for Noricum 13-19, which are similar in form to 
 the inscriptions of beneficiarii of Noricum 4-7, 9, 10, 12, and 
 which (with the exception of 15) were found like them at Celeia, 
 probably belong to about the same period, namely, the reign of 
 Pius or a little earlier. The title in each case is indicated by 
 proc. Aug., hence they surely precede 161 a. d. 
 
 13. 
 
 0. ANTISTIUS AUSPEX' 
 
 III. 5173 (Celeia). 
 
 III. 5170 (Celeia). 
 
 14. 
 
 DBUSIUS PBO0[ULUS]* 
 
 15. 
 
 EGNATIUvS PBISCUS* 
 
 III. 11759 (luvavum). 
 
 16. 
 
 FLAVIUS TITIANUS* 
 
 III. 5164; 5172 (Celeia). 
 
 17. 
 Q, LISINIUS SABINUS' 
 III. 5167; 5168; 5175; 5176 (Celeia). 
 
 III. 5177 (Celeia). 
 
 18. 
 PLAUTIUS CAESIANUS' 
 
 19. 
 
 III. 5165 (Celeia). 
 
 1 Pro». I. 8.5, n. 590. 
 
 »Cf., perhaps, CIL. IX. 506; Pros. II. 29, n. 171. «Oinitt»d in Pro*, an.l PW. 
 
 *Pr<>a. II. 76, n. 25,3. Sovoral men of the namo are known, but thoro ia not siifliciont oti- 
 dence to connect any of them with this procurator. The moat likely is thu T. Flarius Titia- 
 nus {Prox. II. 77. n. 257), who in 164-166 A. D. was praefeotua Aouypti. Cf. the oursua of 
 M. Bassaeus Rufus (Noricum 6). 
 
 » fro*. 11.289, n. 196. « Pro*. III. 45. n. .'^9. ' /'r.>«. III. 125, n. 21. 
 
176 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 20. 
 
 Ti. claud(ius) ti. fil, fal, prisoianus' 
 VIII. 9363, p. 974 (Caesarea): Ti.-Cl. Prisciano, proc. Aug. proc, pro- 
 
 vinciae Pannoniae superioris, proc. regni Norici, proc, XX hereditatium, 
 
 prov. provinciae . 
 
 VIII. 9364 (Caesarea). 
 
 X. 3849 (Capua): Claud. Ti. fil. Fal. Priscianus proc. XX hereditatium. 
 
 21. 
 
 M. PORCIUS VERUS'' 
 
 III. 5317 (near Marburg): M. Porcius Verus proc. Aug. me posuit. 
 
 22. 
 
 M.(?) CLAUDIUS PATERNUS OLEMENTIANUS' 
 
 III. 14362, p. 2328>»' (Virunum): G(enio) s[a]crum [bf. ? Cl]audi 
 Paterni Clemen tiani proc. Aug. [celjlam col[u]mnas p[avi]menta porti- 
 cum .... 
 
 III. 5776 (Abudiacum, Raetia): CI. Pater[nu]s Clement[i]a[n]us, proc. 
 [Au]g. provincia[rum] lud. v. a. 1., Sar[din.], Africae, et . . . . , praef. eq. 
 [alae] Silianae [torq. c. R.], trib. milit[um] leg. XI C[l.], pra[ef. coh. clas- 
 sic] .... 
 
 III. 5775; 5777 (Abudiacum). 
 
 It is uncertain whether Noricum or Raetia was the province 
 ruled by this man. The inscription from Noricum (III, 14362), 
 however, is concerned with building operations — probably under 
 the charge of a beneficiarius — in one of the chief cities of the 
 province. The tituli from Raetia all come from a compara- 
 tively unimportant town and are of a private nature: III. 5777 is 
 the epitaph of the mother* of Clementianus ; 5775 and 5776 give 
 his cursus in a form such as would be suitable to place upon a 
 building erected through his generosity. Hence it would seem 
 slightly more probable that the country governed by Clementia- 
 nus was Noricum, while his home was in Raetia.^ It is of course 
 not sure that he was procurator of either province. 
 
 1 p. 167, n. 10; Pros. I. 393, n. 770; PW. III. 2845, n. 285.' 2 Pros. III. 89, n. 646, 
 
 3 0hl. Prog. p. 24; Pros. I. 391, n. 756; PW. III. 2840, n. 262. Mommsen's attempted iden- 
 tificatiou of this Cletneutianus with the Clem .... of III. 11947 (Abusina) is impossible, 
 that inscription is correctly said to be of the third century. 
 
 *Pros. 1,406, n. 860. 
 
 SThe opposite was true of T. Varius Clemens, Raetia G. Cf. Jung, ROm. p. 39 and n. 2. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF NORICUM AND RAETIA 177 
 
 If the M. Claud. Pateruus,' who was a friend t»f T. Dt-stieiuB 
 Severus, procurator of Raotia in 166/ was the same man, the date 
 cannot be many years earlier than 101,' the last year when proc. 
 Aug. of III. 14362 would be possible. 
 
 23. (=Raetia8) 
 
 Antoninus Pius or M. Aurelius Effore 167 
 
 SEX. BAIUS PUDENS* 
 
 IX. 4964=Dessau, 1363 (Cures): D. [M.] Sex. Bai[o Pudenti . . . . j 
 
 proc. Aug it^m .... Norici, R<ietia»' Vind('lic|i;u','' Maurl«'tiiiiiae 
 
 Caesar. . 
 
 Baius was governor of Mauretania in 167/169, probably in 167.* 
 
 24. 
 M. Aurelius and L. Verus 161/169 
 
 [a]el(ius) maxim [us] 
 
 III. 11543 (Virunum): [p]roc. Augg. n[n]. r. N. 
 
 The dates given are the only ones possible for two August! 
 before legati replaced procurators. 
 
 LEGATI AUGUSTI PRO PRAETORE PROVINCIAE NORICAE.' 
 
 25. 
 
 M. Aurelius or later After 168 
 
 VI. 1546, p. 3142: .... [leg. Aug. pr. pr. prov iltem Ger- 
 
 m[aniae] , [quin]que[f]asc.* reg[ni Norici,"* leg. le^. VIII CI. [p.Jf., 
 
 praetor[i]. 
 
 iNotiz.d.Scavi, 1H8.5, p. 175 (cited p. 187); CIL. III. mm. uRaPtiaS. 
 
 a Jnng, Dae. pp. 79 f.; Marq. I. 421. n. 2. 
 * Pros. I. 225, n. 29; PW. 11. 2781 f. 
 
 6 It must not be assumed that Haius rulod Noricum and Raetia at tlie same time; ■«• 
 p. 173, n. 7; Lieb. Beilr. p. 27. 
 
 « VIII. 208.34; 208:«; 2(1961; 21007. 
 
 7 Marq. I. 291, n. .3; Lieb. Ferir. pp. .'IOC ff. For Snbi(uiis|, locate in 19« 2i«. wf refer- 
 ences given under Raetia 19. 
 
 8 Pro*. III.r>00. n. 38. 
 
 9 Marq. I. 550 and n. 5; Lieb. Verw. p. 44C and n. 3. 
 •oQr reg[ionis Transpad.]. 
 
178 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 Commodus 191 
 
 C. MEMMIUS C. P. QUIR. FIDUS lULIUS ALBIUS' 
 
 III. 15208 (Lauriacum) : Genio leg. II Ital. p(iae) M. Gavius Firmus 
 
 p. p. Vellin. Firmo Picen., dedicante C. Memmio Fido lul. Albio cos. des., 
 
 leg. Aug. pr. pr., XIIII K. Oct. Aproniano et Bradua cos. (Sept. 18, 191) 
 
 VIII. 12442 (Viua): C. Memmio C. f. Quir. Fido lulio Albio cons., 
 
 sodali Titio, leg. Aug. pro pr. prov. Noricae, leg. Aug. leg. VII 
 
 Claudiae, . 
 
 27. 
 Septimius Severus 194 
 
 TIB. OL(aUDIUS) CANDIDUS 
 II. 4114 (Tarraco): 
 
 Tib. CI. Candido cos. 
 
 XV vir. s. f., leg. Augg. 
 
 pr. pr. provinc. H(ispauiae) c(iterioris), 
 
 et inea duci terra marique 
 5 adversus rebelles h. h. p. p. (=hostes publicos^), 
 
 item Asiae, item Noricae, 
 
 duci exercitus Illyrici 
 
 expeditione Asiana (194 a. d.), item Parthica (195 a. d.), 
 
 item Gallica (196/197), logistae civitatis 
 10 splendidissimae Nicomedensium, 
 
 item Ephesiorum, leg. pr. pr. provinc. 
 
 Asiae, cur. civitatis Teanensium, 
 
 allecto inter praetorios, . 
 
 Candidus was probably legate of Noricum at the time when he 
 took part in Sevenis's eastern expedition.* 
 
 1 Pros. II. 363, n. 340; cf., perhaps, IGR. III. 368. 
 
 ^On the reading in line 5, see PW. cited below in n. 3. 
 
 3 Wilmanns, Exempla inscr. Lat. 1201 (followed by Sch. I. 714; Dessau, 1140, and in th» 
 main by Jung, R6m. p. .36, n. 1 ; PW. III. 2691, n. 96) reads in lines 5 and 6: adversus rebelles 
 H(i8paniae), h(ostes) p(opuli) R(omani), | item Asiae, item Noricae, making the last two 
 genitives depend upon rebelles, and inferring that Noricum supported Clodius Albinus against 
 Septimius Severus. That seems unlikely, however, in view of the fact that the legion in Nori- 
 cum was honored by Severus in 193 and again before 200 (p. 197). The political sympa- 
 thies of Noricum were always with Panuonia and the other Danubian provinces rather than 
 with the West. Then, too, this construction as a parallel'to Hispaniae and Asiae would 
 require Norici, not Noricae, which is not used alone as the name of the province. The 
 explanation given in the text is that of Liebenam, Verw. p. 61, who considers lines 4 and 5 
 parenthetical and construes item Asiae, item Noricae with logatus in line 2. Noricae is then 
 taken closely with provinc(iao), thus avoiding one dilliculty in the older interpn-tation. 
 The cursus is descending as far as the legateship of Noricum with its accompanying extra- 
 ordinary command. As the latter naturally suggests the similar purely military commands 
 
ADMINISTRATION OP NORICUM AND RAKTIA \1\) 
 
 28. 
 
 Septimius Severus 2q1 
 
 M. lUVENTIUS M. F. FAB. SUBUS PBOCULUS' 
 
 III. 5712; 5715; 5717; 5746; 11837 (milestones of Noricuin, r.-Htornd 
 in 201 A. d): curante M. luventio Suro Proculo \o<^. pr. pr. . 
 
 V. 4360 (Brixia): . . . . M. f. Fab. Suro Pnxiulo [IIIJ III viroeq. Rom. 
 
 29. 
 Septimius Sevenis .\fter20r)T 
 
 POLLENIUS SEBENNUS^ 
 
 Dio, Ixxvi. 9. 2, 3 (205 a. D. ?): UoWrjvitf 'S.e^cyvt^ 8Ur] n/xiupo? 
 
 airrjvTr)cr€v. c/cSo^eis yap viro SajStVov Tois Nwpucoi?, o)v d/>^a« ovBiv xfiW'^^ 
 (TreTTOiijKei, alaxto'Ta iriirovde- xai el /xr] 8ia t6v "AoTroxa rov ddov airrov 
 
 <^Cl8oVS €TV)(€, Kav aTTOiXwKei OLKTpw^.* 
 
 CIL. III. 5537 (luvavum): b. Pollieno Aemiliano . . . 
 
 Possibly this fragmentary iuscriptiou refers to the legate 
 mentioned by Dio. 
 
 30. 
 Caracalla Before 215 
 
 M. MUNATIUS SULLA OEBIALIS* 
 
 III. 11743 (Kugelstein): Ercuili at Victoriae Aug. sacr. pro sal. et [a"|dv. 
 M. Munati Sullae Ce[r]iali.s c. v., op. [pr]es.^ et integ., | Vlibena Vilx'ni 
 et Finitus Corbi maritus 1. v. s. 
 
 Sulla Cerialis was undoubtedly legatus of Noricum ; he wna 
 consul in 215 a. d. 
 
 which folluwod it in quick snccession, these are loosely added in chronological order QDtil 
 the writer arrives at his startinR-point, the struggle with Albious in Oaul and Spain ; finally 
 the descending order is resumed. 
 
 Pros. I. 362, n. 668 stranKoly ignores the worda item Asiae, item Noricaa. 
 
 1 P. 165, n. 4; Proa. II. 2.56, n. 598. 
 
 ^Pros. III. 60, n. 411. Liebenam, Venn. p. 2>«, wrongly assumes the iilontity of tha 
 Pollenius Sobennus in Dio and the Pollonius Auspex of the coins and acta, althouRh th« 
 latter (Prai. III. 60, n. 410) is undoubtedly Dio's 'Aatro^ (of. BoissoTain'a not© on Dio, toe. 
 cit.) and the uncle of the legato of Noricum. 
 
 3 Juuif. ROm. p. 40; Arnold, Rom. Frov. Aiimin. pp. 118 f. 
 
 *Pro«. II. 392, n.. 5.38. 
 
 ^Praesfis at this early date is not technical (cf. CIL. V. *'>tiO) and should not boniTnn 
 as the official title, as is done in tho ProKoimgraphia (soo u. I) ; CIL. III. .5216, n., commit* 
 a similar error. See Moramsen, .S(aaf«^e<■/l^ II. 240 and n.3; Liob. Quactll. pp. .54 56; Verto. 
 pp. 4ft4f.; Hirachfeld, Sitz. pp. 427 f.; CIL. III. p. 246.1. 
 
180 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 31. 
 
 Caracalla or Elagabalus 211/222 
 
 Q. HEBENNIUS SILVIUS MAXIMUS' 
 
 IX. 2213 (Telesia): Q. Herennio Silvio Maximo c. v., legat. leg. II 
 Italicae et alae Antoninianae, iurid. per Calabr. Lucaniam Brittios, 
 
 pr. . 
 
 32. 
 
 Probably early in the 3d century 
 
 P. COSINIUS FELIX^ 
 
 III. 15208i (Lauriacum; "litteris non malis"): [Imp. Caes Aug.] 
 
 restitui[t cur.] P. Cosinio [Felice ? leg.] Aug. p[r. pr.]. 
 
 Severus, Caracalla, and Macrinus were the most active in 
 building and restoring roads, etc., in this region. 
 
 33. 
 
 Valerian and Gallienus 260 or before 
 
 C. MACRINIUS DECIANUS^ 
 
 VIII. 2615 (Lambaesis): C. Macrinius Decianus v. c, leg. Augg. 
 
 pr. pr. prov. Numidiae (260 a. d.*) et Norici, . 
 
 The legateship of Noricum would naturally precede.^ 
 
 DUCES LIMITIS PANNONIAE PRIMAE ET NORICI RIPENSIS.« 
 
 34. 
 
 Maximinus, Constantine, and Licinius 310 
 
 aur(elius) senecio 
 
 III. 5565, 11771 (Bedaium): Victoriae Augustae [sac]rum pro salutem 
 [dd.] nn. Maximini et [Con]stantini et Licini [sejmper Augg., Aur. Senecio 
 [v. p.] dux templum numini [ei]us ex voto a novo fieri iussit per instantiam 
 Val. Sambarrae p. p. eqq. Dalm. Aquesianis comit.' 1. 1. m. ob victoria 
 facta IV K. lulias Andronico et Probo cos. (June 28, 310) 
 
 1 Pp. 212, 168 and n. 8. Pros. II. 139, d. 94; Jung, Dae. p. xxiii, n. 47. 
 
 2?. C'osinius Felix was also legate of Pannonia inferior, III. 3421; Pros. I. 474, n. 1251; 
 Lieb. VervK p. 3.34. The date given by Liebenam is too early, becaube of the occurrence of 
 Augg. in III. 3421. 
 
 3Sch. I. 818; Pros. II. 313, n. 17. *CIL. VIII. • 047. 6 Lieb. Kerwt. p. 461. 
 
 OiVot. Difin. Occ. i. 40; v. 138; xxxiv. 13. ' P. 214. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF NOBICUM AND BAETIA 1 S' 1 
 
 Dioclotiau or later 
 
 aure[l(ius)] iustinianus 
 
 III. 4039 (Poetovio): templum deii sol. iuv. Mit. Aure[ll. Iii.stiuiaiius 
 V. p. dux labefactatum restituit. 
 
 36. 
 Diocletian or later 
 
 URSICINUS 
 III. 4656-4658, 11350, pp. 2328"'" (Pann. sup., Carnuntum and 
 vicinity): p. 1059; 11853-11855, 13536, p. 2328" (Noricum, in and ne^r 
 Lauriacum): bricks marked temp(erante)' Ursicino v. p. duc(e) leg. II 
 Ital. alar(um) (or pet^), or some similar form.^ 
 
 PRAESIDES PROVINCIAE NORICI MEDITERRANEI.* 
 
 37. 
 
 Galerius and Maximinus Daza 311 
 
 aur(elius) hermodorus 
 
 III. 4796 (Virunum): D. I. M. templum vetusta(te) conlahsuni (juot 
 fuit per annos amplius L desertum Aur. Hermodorus v. p., p. p. N. m. t., 
 a novo restitui fecit, quot edificatum est divo Maximiano VIII et Maxi- 
 mino itr. A(u)gg. con., Quar(tinio) Ursiniauo cur. 
 
 38. 
 
 Constantine 323/337 
 
 FAB(iUS) CLAUDIUS 
 
 III. 5326 (Solva): d, n. Fl. Val. Constantino Maximo beatissimo ac 
 
 supra omnes retro principes piissimo et victoriosissimo semper Augusto 
 
 b. r. p. n. Fab. Claudius v. p., p. p. N. m. t., d. u. m.que eius semper. 
 
 39 
 
 Constans 337/:i50 
 
 martinianus 
 
 III. 5209 (Celeia): d. n. Fl. Constanti clemeutissimo adque victore 
 Augusto Martinianus v. p., praeses provinciae Norici medit., d. n. m. eius. 
 
 1 in, p. 2328197. till. 4656, li:«0, p. 2328". 
 
 3 P. 199. Bricks of another type: of(flcina) arn. Ursicini m(a)B(istri) (III. 486M, 11375, 
 p. 2328'9') are frequent in Pannonia superior; ouo example, 11856 (to be restored [of. arjn. 
 Ursicini in(a)K') was perhaps fo<in(l in Nuricum. A third variety, also from Paunonia 
 soperior, mentions legio X g(emina) : 11350 e, m, p. 2328 '*'. 
 
 ♦Marq. I. 291, n. 4. 
 
182 
 
 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 ry of the Governors of Noricum, including a List of Beneficiarii 
 Procuratoris. 
 
 4. 
 
 Emperor and Date 
 
 Claudius 
 
 41/54 
 Otho 
 
 69, spring 
 Vespasian 
 
 69, late -70 
 Trajan 
 
 106/117 
 
 Trajan or Ha- 
 drian 
 
 5. After 105 
 
 Antoninus Pius 
 
 6. 145 circ./161 
 
 7. 153 
 
 PROCDRATORES 
 
 C. Baebius Atticus 
 
 Petronius Urbicus 
 
 Sextilius Felix 
 
 [T.] Prifernius Paetus 
 Memmius Apollinaris 
 
 Q. Caecilius Redditus 
 
 M. Bassaeus Rufus 
 Ulpius Victor 
 
 Beneficiarii i 
 
 Sums 
 
 (5179)^ 
 
 8. Probably Latin. Pi . . 
 
 before 155 (= Raetia 5) 
 
 9. 158 Usienus Secundus 
 
 Caecilius luventianus 
 L. Cammiu[s] Secun- 
 di[nus] 
 
 Ant6nius Maximus 
 
 (5163) 
 
 Liciniu[s] Hilarus 
 
 (5171) 
 
 Adnamius Flavinus 
 
 (5161) 
 
 C. Fuscinius Catullus 
 (5169) 
 
 Adnamius Flavinus 
 
 (Cf. 7) (5162) 
 
 Q. Kdninius Lucfinus 
 (5166) 
 Verinus Verionis f. 
 
 (11826, Laiu-iacum) 
 (5182) 
 
 1 p. 166. Cauer, EE. IV, pp. 388 f ., gives six of the nineteen beneficiarii published in the 
 part of the Corpus to which he had access; Liebenam, Quaestt. pp. 44 ff., adds one name; De 
 Raggiero, Diz. Ep. I. 9!)5, independently of him, adds two others to Gauor's collection. The 
 recent indices to CIL. Ill for the first time give a list which is practically complete. 
 
 III. .5689 ; 11811, p. iJ200 are fragments of inscriptions concerning beneficiarii of unknown 
 procurators. 
 
 2 The numbers of the inscriptions in CIL. Ill are given in parentheses after the names 
 of the beneficiarii. Unless otherwise indicated, the stones were found at Celeia. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OP NOBICUM AND KAETIA 
 
 183 
 
 E 
 
 mperor and Date 
 
 PROCURATORES 
 
 HcDoflcinrii 
 
 12. 
 
 Antoninus Pius 
 
 C. Censorius Niger 
 
 L. Mt's.sius Frontinus 
 
 (5174) 
 M. Ulpius Crescens 
 
 
 Probably under 
 
 
 (6181) 
 
 
 Pius 
 
 
 
 13. 
 
 
 C. Antistius Au.spex 
 
 Ma.sclinius Succ«»ssuk 
 (6173) 
 
 14. 
 
 
 Drusius Proc[ulus] 
 
 Gemelliu[s] Adiutor 
 
 (6170) 
 
 IB. 
 
 
 Egnatius Priscus 
 
 M. Ulp. Philipp(h]u« 
 (11769, luvavum) 
 
 16. 
 
 
 Flavius Titianua 
 
 C Anonius Valens 
 
 (6164) 
 Lucilius Fiuitus (6172) 
 
 17. 
 
 
 Q. Lisinius Sabinus 
 
 Q. Crescentius Marcel- 
 lus (6167) 
 T. Flavius DuhitatuH 
 
 (5168) 
 C. Mustius T«'ttianus 
 
 (6175, 6176) 
 
 18. 
 
 
 Plautius Caesianus 
 
 . .conius [Plrimus 
 
 (6177) 
 
 19. 
 
 
 G. Rasinius Silo 
 
 Augustanus (6166) 
 
 20. 
 
 
 Ti. Claud. Priscianus 
 
 
 21. 
 
 
 M. Porcius Verus 
 
 
 22. 
 
 
 \i djiiifJiim PatprniLS 
 
 (14362, 
 
 
 Clementianus 
 
 p. 2328"", Virunum)' 
 
 
 Pius or Marcus 
 
 
 
 23. 
 
 Before 167 
 M. Aurelius 
 
 Sex. Baius Pudens 
 (= Raetia 8) 
 
 
 24. 
 
 161/169 
 Marcus or later 
 
 [A]el. Maxim[u8] 
 
 LE(MTI 
 
 
 26. 
 
 After 168 
 
 
 . . 
 
 
 Commodus 
 
 
 
 26. 
 
 191 
 
 C. Memuiius Fidus lulius Albiua 
 
 Bf. may be restored with some decree of probability in thisi froKineuLary inscription. 
 
184 
 
 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 
 Emperor and Date 
 
 LEGATI 
 
 
 Septimius Severus 
 
 
 27. 
 
 194 
 
 Tib. CI. Candidus 
 
 28. 
 
 201 
 
 M. luventius Surus Proculus 
 
 29. 
 
 After 205 
 Caracalla 
 
 Pollenius Sebeainus 
 
 30. 
 
 Before 215 
 Caracalla or 
 Elagabalus 
 
 M. Munatius Sulla Cerialis 
 
 31. 
 
 211/222 
 
 Uncertain 
 
 Q. Herennius Silvius Maximus 
 
 32. 
 
 Probably early in the 
 3d century 
 Valerian and 
 Gallienus 
 
 P. Cosinius Felix 
 
 33. 
 
 260 or before 
 
 Maximinus, Constan- 
 tine, and Licinius 
 
 C. Macrinius Decianus 
 
 DUCES LIMITIS PANNONIAE 
 I ET NORICI RIPENSIS 
 
 34. 
 
 310 
 Diocletian or later 
 
 Aur. Senecio 
 
 35. 
 
 
 Aure[l]. lustiniauus 
 
 36. 
 
 Galerius and Maxi- 
 minus Daza 
 
 Ursicinus 
 
 PRAESIDES PROVINCIAE 
 NORICI MEDITERRANEI 
 
 37. 
 
 311 
 
 Constantino 
 
 Aur. Hermodorus 
 
 38. 
 
 323/337 
 Constans 
 
 Fab. Claudius 
 
 39. 
 
 337/360 
 
 Martinianus 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF NOBICl'M AND RAKTIA 185 
 
 III. The Governors of Raetia. 
 PRAEFECTUS RAETIS VINDOLICIS VALLIS POENINAE.' 
 
 1. 
 
 Augustus or Tiberius Before 19 
 
 [s]ex. pedius sex. f. an. lusianus hibbutus' 
 IX. 3044 ( Inter promium): (S]ex. Peclio Sex. f. An. Lusiano Hirruto, 
 prim. pil. leg. XXI, pra[ef].^ Riietis Viiulolicis valli[s Pjo^Miimie et levi.s 
 armatur., iHi vir. i, d., praef.Germanic[iJ Cuesaris, quiuqueuualici [i]uris 
 ex s. c, . 
 
 Germanicus died in 19 A. d. 
 
 PROCURATORES AUGUSTI PROVINCIAE RAETIAE.' 
 
 2. 
 Vitellius 09 
 
 PORCIUS SEPTIMIUS* 
 Tac. Hist. iii. 5: see Noricum 3. 
 
 3. 
 
 Domitian or Nerva 92 or soon after 
 
 0. VELIUS Sa[l]vI F. RUFUS 
 
 Jahresh. d. 6st.-arch. Inst. VII, Beibl. 23 S. (Baalbek): C Velio 
 
 Sa[l]vi f . Rufo donis donato bello Marcomannorum Quadonim 
 
 Sarmatarum, adversus quos expeditionem fecit per regnum Decebali 
 regis Dacorum, corona murali hastis duabus vexillis duobus, proc. Imp. 
 Caesaris Aug. Germanici provinciae Pannoniae et Delmatiae, item proc. 
 provinciae Raetiae ius gla[d]i,^ . 
 
 The command in Pannonia and the military exploits are placed 
 by Ritterling* in 90/92; the office in Raetia then falls at least 
 two years later. 
 
 iCf. Planta. pp. 159 f.; Ohl. Sitz. pp. 225 ff.; Prog. pp. 22 ff. ; Murcj. I. 2X9. n. I; Lieb. 
 Quaestt. p. 75; .\rnold, pp. 45 f. ; Franziss, pp. 54 f. 
 
 CIL. XIV. 386,* i<:iTiDe: the name of Sex. Opphis Priscus, is turgfyi. L. Domitias 
 Ahenobarbus, M. Aufldius Victorinus, and P. liolviiis Portinax (cf. p. 191, n. D.onco a.H.Hiini«d 
 to Raetia on insufficient literary ovidonco. are now boliovnd to have hold conimand« in 
 Germania superior; sen Pros., «. it. For Ulpiua Victor, boo Noricum 7, and for Claudius 
 Paternus Clemontianus, see Noricum 22. 
 
 2 Pros. III. 21, n. 156 ; Liob. Beitr. p. 27, n. 2. P. 219 and n. 8. 
 
 3 Zippel, p. 286; Lieb. Quacxtl. p. 41 ; Hcitr. p. 17, n. 4; Hirschfeld, Sitx. p. 425. 
 *Pro». III. 89, n. 645. 
 
 SMarq. I. 557, n. .3; Mispoulet, Ituit. Pnlit. <l. Rom. 11.98; Hirachfold, .•Titr pp. 438 ff.; 
 Lieb, Quaestt. p. 52; Beitr. p. 18 and n. 4; .Juntf, Dnc. p. vi. This is perhaps the oarliaat 
 known case of a procurator cum iure Kladi ; in the third century they become cummun. 
 
 »Op. c J t. 3.5. 
 
186 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 4. 
 
 Trajan 107 
 
 TI. lULIUS AQUILINUS' 
 
 D. XXXV, pp. 1972, 867 (Weissenburg, 107 a. d.): in Raetia sub 
 
 Ti. Julio Aquilino . 
 
 5. {= Noricum 8) 
 Antoninus Pius Probably before 155 
 
 latin(us) {or latin(ius)) pi . . {or pl . .) 
 
 6. 
 Antoninus Pius 153/161 
 
 T. VARIUS T. FIL. OLA. CLEMENS^ 
 
 CIL. III. 5211 (Celeia): T. Vario T. fil. Clemen ti CI. Cel., proc. Aug. 
 
 provinciar. Raetiae, Mauretan. Caesarensis, Lusitaniae, Ciliciae, . 
 
 Cf. III. 5212-5216 (Celeia). 
 
 The approximate date is determined as follows: VIII. 2728 
 (Lambaesis), a letter to Valerius Etruscus,'' who was legate in 
 152 A. D.,* tells of the completion under the procurator Clemens 
 of an aqueduct begun in 147/149. Clemens therefore was in 
 office in Mauretania Caesariensis in 152, or not long before that 
 year. His term in Raetia followed, but, from the occurrence 
 of proc. Aug. in III. 5211, was not later than 161 A. D. 
 
 7. 
 Not later than Pius 
 
 L. TIt[uLENUS ?]'' 
 
 XI. 6221 (Fanum Fortunae): [proc.] Aug. Raetiae et [Vinde- 
 
 liciae 1] . 
 
 8. (= Noricum 23) 
 Pius or M. Aurelius Before 168 
 
 SEX. BAIUS PUDENS 
 
 IP. 166, n. 4; Pros. II. 16«, n. 110. 
 
 2 Pros, III. 385, n. 185; Hirschfeld, Verw. p. 2.57, n. 5; Jang, Doc. p. x, pp. 78 f. 
 
 3 Proa. III. 356, n. 48. * CIL. VIII. 2543 ; 17854. » Pros. III. 326, n. 188. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF NORICIM AND KAETIA 187 
 
 9. 
 
 M. Aiirelius 166 
 
 T. DESTICIUS T. F. OLA. SEVERrs' 
 
 Notiz. d. Scavu 1H85, p. 175 (C-onconlia): T. D«!stitio T. f. Cla. Severo, 
 p. p. leg. X gem., subpnief. vigil., prot-. Aug. prov. Dac-iae super., proc. 
 prov. Cappad. item Pouti metliterr. et Armeu. minor, et Lycjiouiae, proc. 
 
 Augustor. prov. Raetiae, procur. prov. Belgicae, M. Claud. PaternuH* 
 
 amico optimo 1. d. d. d. Cf. CIL. V. 866() (C\)ncordia). 
 
 D. LXXIII, p. 1991 (166 a. d., Castra Reginaj: iu (liiieltia sub 
 
 [Dejsticio Severo pifoc.] . 
 
 10. 
 M. Aurelius 167/169 
 
 Q. CAICILIUS CIRIAGUS SEPTICU'S PICA CAICILIANUS' 
 CIL. V. 3936(Arusnates): Q. Caicilio Cisiaco Septicio Picai Caiciliano 
 procur. Augustor. et pro leg. provinciai Riiitiai et Vindelic. et vallis 
 Poeuin., auguri, Hamini divi Aug. et Roinai. C. Ligurius I^. f. Vol. Asper 
 O coh. I c. K. ingeuuor. 
 
 The only time in the reign of two Augusti when Rnetia was 
 a procuratorial province was under M. Aurelius and L. Verus, 
 161-169.* The increase of military force shown by the title 
 procur. et pro leg. probably indicates a date subsequent to that 
 of Raetia 9 (166 A. d.), i. e., during the transition from procu- 
 rators to legati.^ 
 LEGATI AUGUSTI PRO PRAETORE PROVINCIAE RAETIAE.* 
 
 11. 
 M. Aurelius or later 
 
 APPius cl(audius) lateranus' 
 III. 5793 (Augusta): Mercurio cuius sedes a ter(go) sunt Appius CI. 
 Lateranus, XV vir. sacr. fac., cos. design., leg. Aug. pr. pr. leg. Ill 
 Ital.,* V. s. 1. m. 
 
 I Pros. II. 8, n. 50; Hirschfeld, Verw. p. 2.57. n. r,; Jung. Dae. pp. 40 f. » P. 177. 
 
 3 Pros. I. 247, n. 25; cf. Pros. III. 39, n. .%4 (where read "a. 219" for "a. 119"). 
 
 * P. 168. Cichorius's date under Claudius (PW. IV.3KJ) is therefore impossible; Zippel, 
 pp. 2K9f., wrongly places the inscription undcsr Marcus and Commodus. 
 
 5 P. 197; Lieb. Quaestl. p. .53; Beitr. p. 18, u. 3; Jung, Rfim. p. S4, n. 5; Hirschfeld, 
 Sitz. pp. 430 f. 
 
 6 P. 168; Planta, p. 161; Ohl. Sitz. pp. 227 ff.; Pro<j. pp. 2.5 ff. ; Manj. I. 289. n. .5; Lieb. 
 Verw. p. 3.52 ff. ; Jung, Dae. p. xviii, n. 10; Arnold, p. 46; Frantiss, pi). 50 f. 
 
 The recognition of lasdius as legato of Raetia rests solely up<in an old restoration of 
 CIL. VI. 1428; a better text is given in VI. 316.51 (cf. Pros. II.151,n.K). Ohl. Prog. pp. 17.28. 
 gives M. Aurelius Probus as legato of Raetia in 253 259, his authority b«>ing Serif it Prot). .5. 
 But legio tertia filix there assigned to Probus was more probably Icgio III (iallica; cf. 
 CIL. II. 21OT. Felix is nowhere used of leg. Ill Ital. 
 
 1 Pros. I. 383, n. 731. Ohlenschlager, Sitz. pp. 227 ff. ; Prog. p. 14 (followed by Lieb. 
 Verw. p. 354; Arnold, p. 46) assigns this man U> 196 A. D., but the consnl of 191 waa T. S«x- 
 tius Lateranus (Klein, Fasti consulares. p. 87). See also Raetia 18. 
 
 * Lieb. Vertc. p. 468. 
 
188 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 169/177, 182/196, 212, 214/246, etc., are the only dates pos- 
 sible for a single Augustus during the period of legati, except 
 the years when other governors are definitely known. 
 
 12. 
 
 M. Aurelius or later 
 
 [CAERELLIUS]' 
 
 XIII. 6806 (Mainz) : [Caerellius .... leg. Aug.] pr. pr. pro[vi]n[c.] 
 Thrac, Moes. sup., Rae[t.], Germ. sup. et Britt., et Modestiana eius at 
 Caerellii Marcianus et Germanilla filii. 
 
 The dates are the same as for Raetia 11. 
 
 13. 
 Marcus, Commodus, or Septimius 167/200 circ. 
 
 Ann. Ep. 1890, n. 136 = IGR. I. 971 (Gortyna): .... [cVi tov] 
 (T€i[T^OfJi€TpLOv TOV 'PoifJMLWv Ta)^9ev^Ta], Tcifi-qdevTa lepuio-vvrj twv u' 
 dv8pu)[v, .... J/oiavciiv Toiv iv 'IraAta, [irpecr/JevT^v] 'Ac^pociys avdvTraTo[y 
 (TTpaTrjybv TreJvTcipaySSov ^ Pamas, [BoAou/ivJia KaXT^Sa* tov yXvKvraT^ov koI 
 ewJo-e/Sco-TttTOv vlov. 
 
 Ibid. n. 135 = IGR. I. 969: M. 'Pwctkiov Kvptiva Aovttov Mov\_pyjvav,^ 
 M. Movpijva aTpaTrjytxov'' vlov, M. Movprjva' avOvTrdrov Btt^wias iKyovov, 
 (reirTL/ji^epa eirovXwv, xeuXiap^ov Xcyeuivos €/?8d/i,i;s KXavStas, irpocrTaT-qv 
 AeyeuJvos TtrapTr^s <I>Xa/3tas, rap-iav kcu avTitTTpar-qyov CTrap^^cta? K^t^tt^s koX 
 ^vprjvri<;, BoXow/xvi'a KoAT^Sa* tov avSpa ttjs (Kyovov. 
 
 Now the grandfather, M. (Roscius) Murena,' must have been 
 proconsul of Bithynia before 165 a. d., by which year at the latest 
 Bithynia had become an imperial province, governed by a leg. Aug. 
 pr. pr.* He would naturally be from thirty to fifty years older 
 than his grandson's father- (or uncle-) in-law, who therefore was 
 not likely to have been quinquefascalis Raetiae later than the 
 reign of Septimius Severus.^ 
 
 iPros. I. 262, n. 120; PW. III. 1283, n. 1. Not the C. Caerellius Sabinus of III, 1074-1076; 
 1092; 1111; ct. Ohl. Prog. p. 27, n. 72. 
 
 2 Pro8. III. 500, n. 37. 3 p. 168. * Pros. III. 480, n. 644. 5 [bid. 135, n. 69. 
 
 6 Ibid. n. 71. ' Ibid. n. 70. 8 PW. III. 529 f. 
 
 SAs the upper limit is fixed at 167 (p. 165), the date asBif^ued to both inscriptions by 
 Halbherr, Museo ital. di ant. class. III. 703, is tooearly by about lialf a century. Theevidence 
 there adduced, the absence of the title felix from the name of legio IV Flavia, is not con- 
 clusive, see, for example, CIL. VIII. 2744,2745 (176 A. d.); V. 1870 (under Commodus) ; III. 
 1201 (after Caracalla). 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF NOBICUM AND LAETIA 189 
 
 14. 
 
 M. Aurelius-Commodus 179-180 
 
 M. HELVIUS [CLEJMENS DEXTKIANUS' 
 
 CIL. III. 11965 (Castra Regina): vallu[ml cum portis et turribus 
 
 efc. (=fec.?) [. . . . ciirante?] M. Helvio [Cle]nicnt<' Dcxtriano leg. 
 Au[gg. pr. pr.] 
 
 The titles of M. Aurelius and Commodus which precede the 
 part quoted, although apparently referring to the year 179, are 
 given in a form used only after the death of Marcus.' The stone 
 therefore was probably cut after March 17, 180, and the term of 
 Helvius belonged, in part at least, to the year of transition, 180, 
 though it may have begun in 179. 
 
 15. 
 
 Commodus 181 
 
 SPICIUS CEBIALIS 
 
 III. I437O2 (Bohming): - - - Spicio Ceriale leg. Aug. pr. pr., ve- 
 x(illarii)' leg. Ill Ital. vallum Jf]ece(runt) c. a. lul. Iu(l?llino 7 leg. Ill 
 Ital., item portas cum turrib. IIII perfec(tas) ab Ael. Forte c. leg. Ill 
 Ital., praep. c[o]h. I Br.,* Imp. Ill Biir[ro cos.] (181 a. d.) 
 
 16. 
 
 Commodus 183/185 
 
 [cebiJalis or [fetiJalis* 
 
 III. 11933, pp. 2328^-'. •^' (Pfunz, in castris)*: [Com]modo 
 
 cos. HIP [coh. I] Breuc* [dedicjiute?] Fetiale* [leg. Aug.] pr. pr. 
 
 If the name was really Cerialis, the identity of this legatus 
 with Raetia 15 is not improbable, and would be an indication, per- 
 haps, that at this period legati held their commands for a term of 
 years.' But the assumption that such was the case and that the 
 rulers of III, 11933 and III. 14870j were the same, seems to have 
 influenced the later observers who report the reading as Ceriale, 
 
 1 Pros. II. 131, n. 47. 2 ciL. not. ad loc. a Marq. II. 464. * P. 217. 
 
 ^Pros. II. S9, D. 116. «On p. 2Sa^i read 143702 instead of 14371 1. 
 
 'The date is 18.V18.5, not 183/184: cos. V was in 186, Klein, F<uti cons. p. 8i. 
 
 8 Pp. 2328W, 2»t : [C]erialo. 
 
 »(;f. Raotia 14; Lieb. Vcnr. pp. 4'.4 f. 
 
190 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 17. 
 
 Commodus, Elagabalus, or Alexander Probably 182/192, 218/234 
 
 [aelius ? dioJnysius' 
 
 III. 5874:(Lauiagen): [d]ei Apollinis Granni [pro salute Imp. Caes. M. 
 
 Au]rel p. p. [ . . . Aelius ? Dio]nysius leg. Aug. pr. pr 
 
 Kal. Iiinias. 
 
 170/177, 180/192, 212/216, 218/234 are the years when a 
 single [Au]rel[ms] was Augustus in May within the period dur- 
 ing which Raetia was ruled by legati. Other names have been 
 assigned to 180, 181, 213, and perhaps to 182-183/5.' If the 
 letters missing in the imperial titles were intentionally erased, 
 170/177, 212/216 are not possible. 
 
 18. 
 Septimius Severus 197 
 
 P. POBOIUS OPTATUS FLAMMa' 
 
 VIII. 7062 (Cirta): [P.J Porci Optati Flamma[e] c. v., praetoris 
 
 sacerdot[io] Flaviali Titiali iudicio dom[ini] n. sanctissimi et 
 
 fortissi[mi] Imp, Caes. L. Septimi Sever[i Perjtinacis Aug. Pii exor- 
 [nati], legati ab amplissimo s[enatu] ad eundem dominum [ijmp. in 
 Germaniam et [ad] Antoninum Caes. [im]p. destiuatum (197 a. d.)* 
 in Pannoni[am] missi . 
 
 VIII. 7064 (Cirta): [ . . . . leg. pr.] pr. provinciae RLII .... 
 (=R(a)etiae 1 ) [ei]usdem Porci Optati g 
 
 Possibly Porcius was legatus of Raetia at the time when he 
 was sent to the North in 197. 
 
 19. 
 
 Septimius Severus 198/209 
 
 sabi[nus]* 
 
 III. 5727, p. 1050 ad p. 705, III (milestone): Sabi[no v. c. le]g. 
 
 Augg. pr. pr. 
 
 1 Pros. I. 1'), n. 130; PW. I. 492, n. 47 (tho date umlor M. Aureliua is a mere assumption). 
 
 2 Raetia 14, 15, 20, 16. 
 
 3Pro8. III. 88, n. 640; IGR. III. 1480. 
 *Sch. 1.715, n. 1. 
 6 Pros. III. 15:J, u. 19. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF NORIGUM AND BAETIA llU 
 
 20. 
 
 Caracalhi 213 
 
 C. OCTAVIUS APP(IUS) SUETRIUS SABINUS' 
 
 X. B398 (Aquiuum): C. Octavio App. S[iu']trio Sabino c. v., ix)[n]tif. 
 et augiiri, cos. ordin[ar.] (214 a. d.), \vg\\to Aii^'. pr. pr. Paiinon. i[nf.l 
 (217 .\. D.), elect, ad corri^. statum Ita[I.l, piacf. aliment., indiei ex deh-j^.] 
 cognition. Caesarian., legato |Aug.] pr. pr. prov. llixr.t., pnw'|>osit. 
 vexi[ll.] Germ, expedit., comit. Aug. n. (213 a. d.),* legat. l[eg. II] et viceu- 
 sim. pr[im]ig., pract. de liberalib. causis . 
 
 Cf. X. 5178 (Casinum). 
 
 The command in Germany and the le^nteship in Raetia wero 
 undoubtedly contemporaneous. 
 
 21. 
 Gordian 238/244 
 
 PETRONIUS POLIANUS' 
 
 III. 1017 (Apulum): Genio Imp. Gortliaui p. ( f.] invict.* Aug. Petrouiua 
 Polianus v. c, leg. leg. XIII [g.] Gord., leg. Aug. [pr. p]r. Raet.. i[te]m 
 Belgicae.^ 
 
 22. 
 Philip, Trebonian, or Valerian Probably 246/249. 251/255 
 
 OLUS TERENTIUS PUDENS UTTEDIANUS* 
 
 TIT. 993 (Apulum): Caelesti' Augustae et Aesculapio* Augusto et 
 genio Carthagiuis et genio Dacianun, Olus Terentius Pudens Utteilianus, 
 leg. Augg. leg. XIII gem.,® leg. Augg. pro praet. [pr]ovinciae Retiae. 
 
 The date, from the similarity to III. 1017 (Raetia 21), also 
 from Apulum, is likely to be of about the same period; Augg. 
 
 I EE. I, pp. 130 ff. ; Sch. I. 750, n. 3; Pros. II. iZ\ a. 19; to the r-tferoucoa thoro »{i»mi 
 add CIL. VI. 31338»; 31633; XV. 4097 ; 7546. 
 
 » Sch. I. 743, n. 5 ; 744. 
 
 3 Pros. III. 29, n. 217 ; Juug. Dae. p. 60. ♦ PW. I. 26-i}. 
 
 SLiebcnam'8 dato "um 2.'35" {VentJ. p..T54) contradicts tiia romurk (p. 80) ••dann L^Kai 
 in RaPtien und Belgica unter Gordian." Loijio XIII Remina was not stationnd in Britain 
 (no inscriptions of this logion found in Britain am indoxod in tho Corpus or tha KpKenwrit 
 epigraphica) but in Dacia, soo. for oxamplo, CIL. III. 990. 1125 from Apulum durin« tho 
 TuigD of Gordian. 
 
 6 Pros. III. 303, n. 65. ' EcLhel. VII. p. 183. 
 
 sPosBibly invoked in reference to the plaRue of 251 A. D.T See Sch. I. HOD. n. 2. 
 
 •Legio XIII gemina is honored on tho coine of Dacia. 247-255 A. D. ; Cuban, V, pp. Ufl. 
 152, 172, 199, 221, 2:«, 280, 294, 472. 
 
192 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 points therefore either to 246/249 or 251/260;' a dedication genio 
 Dacianim is hardly likely, however, after the loss of the province 
 in 256. 
 
 DUCES LIMITIS RAETICI.^ 
 
 23. 
 
 Trebonian 253 
 
 p. LICINIUS VALERIANUS' 
 
 Eutrop. ix. 7: hinc Licinius Valerianiis in Raetia et Norico* agens 
 ab exercitu imperator et mox Augustus est factus. 
 
 Aural. Vict, de Caes. 32: at milites, qui contracti undique apud 
 Raetias ob instans bellum morabantiu-,^ Licinio Valeriano imperium 
 deferunt. 
 
 24. 
 
 Valerian 258 
 
 FULVIUS BOIUS* 
 
 Script. Aurelian. 13.1: cum consedisset Valerianus Augustus in 
 
 thermis apud Byzantium, praesente et Fulvio Boio duce Retici 
 
 limitis . 
 
 25. 
 
 Gallienus 267 
 
 AUREOLUS' 
 
 Aurel. Vict, de Caes. 33: namque Aureolus, cum per Raetias legioni- 
 bus* praeesset, excitus, uti mos est, socordia tarn ignavi ducis, sumpto 
 imperio Romam contendebat. 
 
 CIL. III. 11999 (tegula; Erling, Raetia): Aureolus. 
 
 1 It is hard to see why Liebenam ( Verw. p. 353) says : " In den beiden Angusti Bind wohl 
 Marc Aurcl undVeruszu erkennen " (16S/169 would be the only possible years, for Raetia 
 in 166 and afterwards was still a procuratorial province, cf. Raetia 9, 10). With equal posi- 
 tiveness, Jung, Dae. pp. 58 f. (cf. Vaschide, p. 89), coacludeB: " Wohl aus der Zeit des 
 Septimius Severus und des Caracalla," and Planta, p. 161, n. 3: "am waLrscheiiilicbsten 
 unter Diocletian." 
 
 2 0hl. Sitz. p. 228; Prog. p. 28; Lieb. Verw. p. 354, n. 1; Arnold, p. 46; Franziss, p. 56. 
 
 3 Pros. II. 286, n. 178. The exact title borne is a matter of inference merely ; Valerian 
 and Aureolus seem, however, to have exercised a military command of somewhat more 
 general character than that of the leg. leg. Ill Ital. and accordingly are placed here rather 
 than in the preceding list. But see p. 169. 
 
 *If Valerian really operated in Noricum, that fact in itself is an evidence of the 
 unsettled state of affairs, for under ordinary circumstances the administration of the 
 provinces was quite distinct; cf. p. 173, n. 7. 
 
 6 Soldiers of leg. Ill Aug. were among them ; see p. 211. 
 
 «Sch. I. 819; Pros. II. 92, n. 362. 
 
 7Sch. I. 840; 845, n. 6; Proa. I. 219, n. 1338; PW. II. 2545 f. 
 
 SLegio III Italica is the only one known to have been in Raetia at this time; cf. p. 211. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF NOKICl'M AND KAKTIA l[)'S 
 
 According to another tradition, AureohiB revolted aft.T rt-acliing 
 Italy. 
 
 Zos. i. 40: - - - ayyeWerai FaAAtT/vw tw 7rp6? 2«vft»? iyKupTifxivvri 
 7ro\(fi.u) Tov T^s nrrrov irdcr-qs Tjyovfjuvov Avpiokov, iv Mthiokdvi^ rij iroXii rr]f 
 iirl T7]v IraXiav wdpoSov Yloa-Tovftov rtruyfievov 7rupa</>uAaTT<u-, ct? to vtojTtpt'^tiv 
 TCTpd<f>$ai Kut fivacrdiu tijv tu)v oAu)^ dpx^v iavrdi. 
 
 2r). 
 
 Aurelian ^lO 27 f) 
 
 BONOSUS' 
 i:<cript. Bonos. 14. 2: dux limitis Retici fuit. 
 
 PRAESIDES PROVINCIAE RAETIAE.' 
 
 27. 
 
 Diocletian 290 
 
 sept(imius) [valeJntio^ 
 
 CIL. III. 5810 (Augusta, 290 a. d.): Sept. [Valejntio v. p. p. p. 
 
 R. . 
 
 The next four praesides (28-31) belong in the jx^riod between 
 the reforms of Diocletian and the division of Raetia in the fourth 
 century.* 
 
 28. 
 
 AURELIUS MUCIANUS' 
 III. 5785 (Augusta): [Herjculi statuain cum hiu^v Aurclius Mucianun 
 V. p. p. p. R. pro salute sua suorumqui* omnium [pojsuit curante .... 
 Gerontio .... 
 
 29. 
 
 VALERIUS VENUSTUS' 
 III. 5862 (Zwiefalten): deo iuvicto soli tt-mplum a .solo icstituit 
 Valerius Veuustus v. p. p. p. R. 
 
 30. 
 
 III. 6788 (Augusta): (I.] O. M. [ac-t|frno [coii|stTvatori jcrtrri.squi' 
 
 dis] deabusque [hui]us loci p. p. Rctic [votjocum suis [omjnibuh 
 
 [susc] III Nouas .... 
 
 iScb. I. 8*0; Prog. 1.239, n. 120; PW. 111. 713 f. 
 
 ^Oh\. Sitz.pv. 229 f.; Prog. p. 29; Martj. I. 'MK u. 6; Arnold, p. il. 
 
 acVL. VI. 1125. «P. 169, n. 12. & /'mi. 1. 210, u. 1277. • fro*. III. 37V. n. 151. 
 
 I 
 
 UNIVERSITY ) 
 
194 
 
 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 31. 
 
 III. 14370'- (Castra Regina): 
 praef . leg. eiusdem. 
 
 V. [p.] p. p. R. [et] Secuudinus 
 
 Summary of the Governors of Raetia. 
 Emperor and Date PRAEFEGTI 
 
 Augustus or Tiberius 
 
 1. 
 
 Before 19 
 
 Sex. Pedius Lusianus Hirrutus 
 
 
 Vitellius 
 
 PROCURATORES 
 
 2. 
 
 69 
 Domitian or Nerva 
 
 Porcius Septimius 
 
 3. 
 
 92 or soou after 
 Trajan 
 
 C. Velius Rufus 
 
 4. 
 
 107 
 Antoninus Pius 
 
 Ti. lulius Aquilinus 
 
 5. 
 
 Probably before 155 
 
 Latin. Pi . . (=Noricum 8) 
 
 6. 
 
 153/161 
 
 T. Varius Clemens 
 
 7. 
 
 Not later than Pius 
 Pius or M. Aurelius 
 
 L. Tit[ulenus ?] 
 
 8. 
 
 Before 168 
 M. Aurelius 
 
 Sex. Baius Pudens (=Noricum 23) 
 
 9. 
 
 166 
 
 T. Desticius Severus 
 
 10. 
 
 167/169 
 M. Aurelius or later 
 
 Q. Caicilius Cisiacus Septicius 
 Pica Caicilianus 
 
 LEGATI 
 
 11. 
 
 
 Appius CI. Lateranus 
 
 12. 
 
 Marcus, Commodus, or 
 Septimius Severus 
 
 [Caerellius] 
 
 13. 
 
 167/200 circ. 
 
 
 
 M. Aurelius- 
 
 
 
 Commodus 
 
 
 14. 
 
 179-180 
 Commodus 
 
 M. Helvius [Clejmens Dextrianus 
 
 15. 
 
 181 
 
 Spicius Cerialis 
 
 16. 
 
 183/185 
 Commodus, Elagaba- 
 lus, or Alexander 
 
 [Cerijalis or [Fetijalis 
 
 17. 
 
 Probably 182/192, 
 218/234 
 
 [Aelius ? Dio]nysius 
 
ADMINISTBATION OF NORICUM AND BAETIA 
 
 I'.jr 
 
 
 Emporor and Date 
 
 LK(iATI 
 
 
 Septimius Severus 
 
 
 18. 
 
 197 
 
 
 P. Porcius Optatus Flamnm 
 
 19. 
 
 198/209 
 Caracalla 
 
 
 Sabifnas) 
 
 20. 
 
 213 
 Gordian 
 
 
 C. Octavius App. .Suetrius Sabiniis 
 
 21. 
 
 238/244 
 
 
 Pt'troniu.s Polianus 
 
 
 Philip, Trebouiaii, or 
 
 
 
 Valerian 
 
 
 
 22. 
 
 Probably 
 251/255 
 
 246/249, 
 
 OliLS TtTentius Piulens Uttudiauus 
 
 
 Trelx)nian 
 
 
 DUCKS LIMITIS RAKTICl 
 
 23. 
 
 253 
 Valerian 
 
 
 P. Licinius Valerianus 
 
 24. 
 
 258 
 Gallienus 
 
 
 Fulvius Boius 
 
 25. 
 
 267 
 Aurelian 
 
 
 Aureolu.s 
 
 26. 
 
 270/275 
 
 
 Bonosns 
 
 
 Diocletian 
 
 
 PRAESIDE3 
 
 27. 
 
 290 
 
 
 Sept. 1 Valelntio 
 
 
 Diocletian or 
 
 later 
 
 
 28. 
 
 
 
 Aiirelius Mucianus 
 
 29. 
 
 
 
 Valerius Venustus 
 
 30. 
 
 
 
 
 .31. 
 
 
 
 
PART II. THE ARMY. 
 I. The Legions of Noricum, 
 
 LEGIO II ITALICA: HISTORY.' 
 
 Formation and early history. — The second legion, which 
 eventually garrisoned Noricum, was levied by M. Aurelius^ in 
 northern Italy ,^ immediately after the outbreak of the Marcomannic 
 war became imminent. The draft, which was put in charge of 
 M. Claudius Fronto, was ordered in 165 or 166 and was presum- 
 ably completed in about two years.* In 170 a. d. a detachment 
 commanded by a centurion of legioIITraiana helped strengthen the 
 walls of Salonae in Dalmatia.^ The legion arrived in Noricum 
 probably not later than 171/174 a. d.,* and remained there per- 
 manently. Mommsen's view' that it was sent for a time to Pan- 
 
 1 The best account is by Cagnat, DS. III. 1078. 
 
 2Dio, Iv. 24. 4; of. Script. M. Aur. 14. 6; Ver. 9. 10. 
 
 3 This is shown by the name Italica, and by the fact that several officers and soldiers of 
 the early period are known whose homes were in that region: in Ameria, CIL. XI. 4371 ; Der- 
 tona, VI.1636; Firmum, III. 15208; Ocriculum, XI. 4085; Terventum, IX. 2.593; see pp. 199, 
 178. 202, 201 ; Arnold, p. 89. 
 
 ♦ On CIL. VI. 1377, 31640 ; III. 1457, which give the complete cursus of M. Claudius Fronto, 
 see Dessau, 1097 f. ; Pros. I. 373, n. 699; PW. III. 2722, n. 1.57. After holding two important 
 commands in the Armenian and Parthian war of 162-165/6 but before receiving the dona 
 militaria at the triumph of 166, Fronto was made consul and curator operum publicorum, 
 and was detailed for recruiting service in Italy {.OIL. VI. 1377, 1. 14 : missrt ad iuveutiitem per 
 Italiam legendam; cf. DS. II. 219). {.ertainly this can refer to nothing but the levy of the 
 second and third Italic legions. Fronto was relieved (rom his duties as dilectator in Italy 
 in time to hold two other offices before the death of Verus in 169. The alarm caused by the 
 siege of Aquileia would naturally hasten all preparations for defense. 
 
 5C/-L. III. 1980. 
 
 6 Van der Weerd, MB. VII. 101-103, using CIL. IX. 2593 (p. 201, n. 5), shows that the soldier 
 there named enlisted in legio II Italica in the original levy and served in Noricum at Aelia 
 Ovilava, dying at the age of twenty-three; hence, if he enlisted aged eighteen to twenty, the 
 legion had reached Noricum by 171/174. But enlistment of legionaries earlier or later than 
 the age given is fairly common (e. g., at fourteen. III. 35.38; at fifteen, XIII. 6886; at sixteen, 
 III. 12440; XIII. 68.53; at seventeen, XI. 4085; Dessau, 2261'; 2.341; 2348; at twenty-two. III. 
 5950; Dessau, 2252; 22.58; 2265; 2.314; 2.329; 2;j,52; 2422; at twenty-three, Dessau, 2245; 2284; 2319; 
 olderthantwenty-threo. III. 4857; XIII. 6943; Dessau, 22.57; 2270; 2273; cf. DS. 11.221), and 
 would be unusually frequent at such a time of peril as 166/169. The arrival of the legion may 
 possibly, thfirefore, have been as early as 168/170 or as late as 175/177. It was presumably 
 later than 167/169, the date of the last procurator of Raetia. 
 
 ' CIL. III. 1980, note. 
 
 196 
 
ADMINISTRATION DP NORU'UM AND RAKTIA 1W7 
 
 nonia does not seem very likely; there is nothin«; to .support it' 
 except the fact that Pannonia was Marcus's headquarters,* while on 
 the other hand the attack of 1152' and the invasion of U\1/UV.) ha*! 
 recently shown that the upper Danube frontier and the roads lead- 
 ing south through Noricum and Raetia needed guarding, and that 
 a procuratorial form of government was no longer ade(juate.' 
 
 Name and titles. — In 170 A. d. the legion bore the name 
 II pia,* which was still in use as late as 191 A. D. ;* iegio II Italica 
 was, however, the common designation throughout its history.' 
 In 193 the legion was honored on the silver coinage of Septimius 
 Severus,^ whose assumption of the imperial {X)wer in the spring of 
 that year it had undoubtedly supported;'^ before April 11, 200, it 
 had received from him the title tidelis.'" Antoniniana was added 
 under Caracalla," dropped after his death (April 8, 217)," and 
 resumed under Elagabalus.'^ During the reign of Alexander 
 Severus, the cognomen Severiana was used." June 23, 238, alle- 
 giance to Gordian III was declared by a votive offering in the 
 name of a bf. cos. leg. II Ital. p. f. Aug. n.'* It is therefore 
 perhaps a mere accident that no instance of the name Gordiana 
 
 • Pertinax's defense of Noricum aad Raetia by moans of log. I (adi.) {Script. Pert. 
 2. 6, cf. Dio, Ixxi. 3. 2: perhaps in 172, see Sch. I. 647) does not necessarily imply that the 
 provinces had not yet received their own legions. CIL. Ill, p. 707. 
 
 ^Dio, Ixxi. 3. 1; Eutrop. viii. 13. 1; Hieron. Chrcm. Riueh. a. Abr. 2194; Ores. rii. ir>. 6. 
 Pannonia continued to be tho headquarters in the (Jermnn wars even after the date whno 
 le^io II Italica is known positively to have been in Noricum. 
 
 3 Sch. I. 638 and n. 4. « Raetia 10; Sch. I. 612-645. 
 
 5 CIL. III. 1980 = Dessau, 2287, where see note. « III. I">a08. 
 
 7 Dio, Iv. 24. 4; CIL. VI. 3192; III, passim; III. .5567 (182 a. d. or soon after) is perhaps 
 the earliest instance. 
 
 3 Cohen, IV, p. .31, n. 261 ; Jung, ROm. p. 36, n. I. 
 
 9 P. 178, n. 3; Herodian, ii. 9. 10. 
 
 lOC/I,. XI. 1322; probably before his departure for the East in tho autumn of 197 (Sch. 
 I. 719, n. 1). 
 
 II CIL. III. 5185 and 11482 (215 A. D.) ; perhaps not assumed at tho boginninB of Carncalla'a 
 solo reign, for it does not appear in III. 5187 (Dec. 13, 211), nlthoURh tho inscriptiona of 
 bcneficiarii are usually accurate and complete. 
 
 12111.5189(217 A. D.). 
 
 "III. 5580(May 15,219). .\ntoniniana occurs also in tho following undated inncriptiooii: 
 III. 4862; 5757 (teg.). 
 
 1*111. .5.575 (May 1.5, 226); 3270 (226 A. D.); .5690 (May 15, 230); undated, .5449; p. 1046 ad 
 n. 4791, p. 1813; 5663, 11806. 
 
 15 III. 4820 (Virunum). This inscription is used to fix tho date of GordtBD'a aoc«MioD ; 
 cf. PW. I. 2621 ff. In CIL. Ill, p. 24.38 tho date is wrongly given a« Juno 24. 
 
198 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 occurs.' The titles pia fidelis were renewed by Valerian and 
 Gallienus in 253' and at intervals thereafter; LEG. II. ITAL. 
 VI. P. VI. F.'' and LEG. IL ITAL. VII. P. VII. R* appear on 
 the bronze legionary coinage of Gallienus. 
 
 Stations. — One of the most important duties of the legion was 
 to guard and keep in repair the road leading east through Celeia 
 to Poetovio in Pannonia superior, which formed the main line of 
 communication between Italy and the Lower Danubian provinces.^ 
 Accordingly, bricks made by the legion have been found in large 
 numbers near Celeia, and all the way from that city to Atrans.* 
 
 The main camp of the legion at Lauriacum was occupied from 
 191 A. D. at the latest until Noricum ripense was abandoned in 
 the fifth century;' in the fourth century, at least, it had a shield 
 factory (fabrica scutaria),^ and served as headquarters for a fleet,® 
 and for auxiliaries.'" 
 
 Ovilava, twenty-six miles west and south of Lauriacum, at the 
 junction-point of roads leading to Raetia and to the southeast, was 
 garrisoned for a short time in the early history of the legion ;" later 
 it was deserted in favor of loviacum'^ and Lentia'^ on the Danube. 
 
 iCf. p. 206 and n. 2. 
 
 2 Valerian had good reason to honor the legions of the Upper Danube ; see Raetia 23. 
 
 3 Cohen, V, p. 388, nn. 471-474; Eckhel, VII, p. 402 (symbols: the wolf suckling Romulus 
 and Remus; a Capricorn; cf. DS. III. 1074 f.). The earlier renewals are inferred from 
 inscriptions of other legions. OIL. VIII. 2482, 17976 (Gemellae, Oct. 22, 253) : - - - Kegionis) 
 
 [III Aug. II p. V. re]stitutae ; VIII. 2852, p. 954 (Lambaesis) : leg. Ill Aug. II 
 
 pi[ae II vindicis] (DS. III. 1079); CIL. III. 875 (Potaissa, 253/260 A.D.): leg. V. 
 
 Mac. Ill piae fidelis ; III. 3.521 (Aquincum, 270 A. d.) : leg. II adi. VI p. VI f. . 
 
 (But cf. Eckhel, VII, p. 404; Cohen, V, p. 388, n. 469.) 
 
 4 Cohen, V, p. 388, n. 477; Eckhel, VII, p. 402 (symbol: a stork). 
 
 sp. 165, n. 4; work was done on this road as late as 367 A. D. (CIL. III. 5740). 
 
 6 III. 5757/, flr,i>; 11849 a-d,- 11850; 11851; 14369:^. 
 
 Utin. Ant. p. 115; Tab. Pent. IV a: Elegio (?) ; Not. Dign. Occ. xxxiv. 39; tegulae from 
 this neighborhood: C/L. III. 5757 ; pp. 963 f., nn. 11, 13, 17, 18; p. 1059; 11849; lSJ35f.; p. 2287; 
 p. 2328M (cf. 5757 t, x) ; inscriptions from members of leg. II Ital.: III. 11822-24; 15208 (191 
 A. D.); 15208' (cf. p. 180). The site may have been occupied even before the arrival of the 
 legion: III. 11826 (about 158 A. D. ; cf. Noricum 9, p. 174). Work was done on the roads 
 passing through Lauriacum from 195 till after the middle of Jibe third century (p. 165, n. 4), 
 
 The later parts of Der rOmische Limes in Oesterreich, Vienna, 1900- will give valuable 
 information about the fortifications along the Danube. 
 
 »Not. Dign. Occ. ix. 21. sp. 221. WP. 214; cf. CIL. III. 11872 (teg.) (7). 
 
 11 IX. 2593 (p. 196, n. 6) ; III, p. 232850 (teg.) ; Ovilava is not mentioned in the Notitia 
 dignitatum. 
 
 12 P. 221 ; III. 5757 6, m (teg.). ^■^ Not. Dign. Occ. xxxiv. 38; CIL. III. 5688. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF NOHICl'M AND KAKTIA IW 
 
 Bricks of leg. II Ital. (lating from tlu- |»«'rio<l wlu-ri \<nrU of 
 Noricum and Pannonia were united under one dux, are coninjon 
 in Pannonia superior near Carnuntum and Vindobona.' 
 
 In the fourth century a part of the legion was in Africa,* 
 another detachment at Divitia on \hv Low«r Tihine.' No other 
 stations are known.* 
 
 Active scrricc. — An ex[)editioii against the Daci^ and a war 
 with the Goths* are known from epitaphs but cannot be dated.' 
 For the rest, the inscriptions of Noricum give no information.* 
 
 LEGIO II ITALICA: OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS.* 
 
 HIGHER OFFICERS 
 
 Leuati Legionis See Noricum 25-33 
 
 Duces Limitanei See Noricum 3^36 
 
 Pbaefecti '" 
 
 P.Vibius P. f. Marianus" VI. 16;^6 
 
 Tribuni 
 
 Maccius Severiuus XII. l.'iT)*; (Vasio) 
 
 Sex. Ticiasenus Sex. f. XI. 4371 (Ameria) 
 
 Sex. n. Sex. prou. Clu. 
 Allianus 
 
 [III. 5657] 
 
 • Noricum 36. 'i Not. Dign- Occ. vii. H4 = t. 88 = 836. 
 3C/L. XI. 4787; VI. 3637; see PW. V. liSHf.; CIL. .\I1I. 68U ; 70r)4, 7750f.; 7761. 
 
 < Isolated bricks found elsewhere are uiidoubti'dly chauco im|>ortatiunK: III. 10682 
 (Pann. inf.) ; 11849 e (Mautern); cf. p. '2IX,. (Jlandfs of tlii.s h'trion are spuriou.s: 1 >. 6M; IX. 
 667* f. ; EE. VI, pp. M8ff. On CIL. III. 4«.^0 (Viruiium), see III. p. M". 
 
 sin. 4X57; 5218. «1II. 11700. 
 
 'III. 4835; 48.50 (cf. 5234) also are the epitaphs of soldiers slain in war. 111. .•C70(Tr.uU>- 
 bnrgium, Pann. inf., 226 a. d.) and lOR. I. 678 (Thrace, north of S.'rdic«) probably ohow 
 that the legion took part in some Eastern expedition. 
 
 * P. 165, n. 4. 
 
 'The offices arearrauKod approximately in the <irdi'r of rank, the officers alphabetically 
 except in the list of beneficiarii consularis (pp. 200 f.), which i> in chrouoloKicul order. The 
 Qumbors within brackets which are apimuded to several of the lists refer t4i iu>criptions 
 containitiK no indication of the troop to which the soldier boloUKe<i. They arc included 
 here because of the slight presumption that the legion stationed in the province is moaut 
 when no other is named. 
 
 i"iVo<. Dign. Ore. xxxiv. .37-.39. 
 
 '1 D. m. s. P. Vibi P. f. Mariani o. m. v., proc. ot praesidi iirov. Sardiniue, p. p. bin. trib. 
 cohh. X pr., XI urb., IIII vIk., praef. \vn. II Ital., p. p. Ie<r. Ill Oull.. 7 frumcuU, oriuodo ex 
 
 Ital. lul. Dertona, ; it is not clear why a date under Soptimiun Severon in aiuiiinted 
 
 (l^ieb. (Juaestt. p. 7G). EE. I, p. 99. u. 2.S; I'n^. III. 422. u. 387. 
 
200 
 
 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 CENTURIONS 
 
 Pbimipilares ' 
 Val. CI. Quintus^ 
 M. Gavius Firmus' 
 
 [III. 5341] 
 Ordinarii* 
 
 Florius Baudio* 
 Centuriones 
 
 [M. Fetronius Fortuua- 
 tus]« 
 
 Saturninus ' 
 
 L. Sep[t. T]ertinu[s]* 
 
 nius [Projculus* 
 
 [III. 5582, p. 1839] 
 
 PRINCIPALES: SERVING UNDER 
 
 Benefioiabii Consularis"' '^ 
 Rufi. Senilis 
 
 Sept. 18, 191 
 
 Under Severus 
 or Caracalla 
 
 Septimius Se- 
 verus or later 
 
 M. Ulpius Acilianus 
 
 M. Aurelius or 
 Commodus" 
 
 M. Aurelius or 
 Commodus'* 
 
 III. 4855 (Virunum) 
 III. 15208 (Lauriacum) 
 III. 11824 [Lauriacum] 
 
 XI. 4787 (Spoletium) 
 
 VIII. 217 (Mausoleum 
 
 Petroniorum) 
 VIII. 17626 (Vazaivi) 
 III. 5300 (Kerschbach) 
 
 III. 4861 (Virunum) 
 
 A PRAEPOSITUS 
 
 III. 5188 (Celeia)"* 
 III. 5180 (Celeia) 
 
 1 Madvig, Verf. u. Verw. d. rom. Staates, II. 565. 
 
 2 "pp. leg. II Ital., duci leg. Ill Ital., duci et praep. leg. Ill Aug." Cf. p. 207. 
 
 3 See Noricum 26. ♦ EJS. IV, pp. 239 f . 
 
 ^"viroducenario, protector! ex ordinario leg. II Ital. Divit." Cf. p. 199, n. 3; Marq. II. 
 609 ff. ; EE. V, p. 122, n. 14. 
 
 BLieb. Quaestt. p. 17. 
 
 7 " [bf.] leg. Ill Au[g. ex]pleta [sJtatioQO pr[o]motas ad [7] leg. II Italicae." 
 
 8 The rank (7) is restored. 
 
 9CIL. III. 4861: .... nius [Pro]culus 7 l[eg.] II Italic, fr. Fr. at the end of this 
 inscription is explained fr(atri) in the note, fr(umentariu3) in the index, p. 2475. Cf. p. 202 
 and n. 12. 
 
 iUjB-B. IV, pp. 531-537. 
 
 I > It is generally stated, as by Cauer, EE. IV, pp. 379, 385; Marq. II. 549, n. 7, that co(n)- 
 s(ularis) in this title (and by implication, therefore, in str. cos., libr. cos., etc.) designates 
 the holder as the assistant of a man of consular rank. The lists here given are enough to 
 show that in the less important provinces the original meaning of the terms had been 
 extended to include the helpers of the legatus pro praetore, regardless of his rank, which in 
 Noricum and Raetia was praetorian or less (p. 168). 
 
 12 The following names (with the exception of the fourth and the last) are learned from 
 a series of dedications to I. O. M., often with the addition of d(is) d(eabus), the imperial 
 house, or a local deity (Celeia, Noreia, or Bedaius). See pp. 166, 182 f. on similar inscriptions 
 by beneficiarii of procurators. 
 
 13 This inscription and that of P. Aelius Verinus below, to judge from the place of find- 
 ing, the dedications to local deities (Celeia and Noreia), and the similarity in form toothera 
 of the series, surely belong to the legion stationed in Noricum. 
 
 1* From the circumstances of finding and the simple form, the date is quite certainly 
 early, i. e., before the cognomen pia fidelis was given by Septimius Severus (p. 197). 
 
ADMINISTBATION OP NOUICUM AND RAKTIA 
 
 201 
 
 Benefioiarii Consdlaris 
 Q. Sextius Pullaenius 
 
 1 
 
 C. Aemil. Respcnitus 
 
 C. Liciniiis Bellicianus 
 P. Aelius Vt'iimis 
 Vib. Cassias Victorinus 
 Restitutiu[s TJutor 
 M. Aurel. Instiis 
 Tul. luvenis 
 Vind. Venis 
 C. Oppius Bebius 
 M. Rusticus P. [f. r]uni- 
 anus 
 
 .... ins Qui[nti]l[i]a- 
 
 n[ujs 
 [III. 4776; 4860; 5072; 5631; 14366,] 
 
 Benefioiarii Praefecti Leqionis' 
 
 Jul. Apricius Septimius Se- 
 
 verus or later 
 Benefioiarii Tbibuni* 
 
 P. Florius P. fil. Vol. M.Aureliua 
 Praenestimis ^ 
 
 Benefioiarii * 
 
 [III. 4771, 11496; 4833; 4852; 5160; 5221; 
 
 Stratores Consularis'-* 
 M. Aurel. Sa[lvi]anus' 
 
 
 192 
 
 Aft.- 
 
 r2()5i?) 
 
 May 
 
 15, 209 
 
 Dec. 
 
 13,211 
 
 
 213 
 
 
 215 
 
 
 215 
 
 
 217 
 
 May 
 
 15, 219 
 
 May 
 
 15, 226 
 
 
 226 
 
 May 
 
 15,230 
 
 June 23, 238 
 
 Date 
 
 uiiknowu 
 
 Under Alexan- 
 der Severus 
 
 M. Aurelius Secundinus 
 
 LiBRARII CONSULARIS"' '" 
 
 C.Tocernius Maximianus 
 [III. 5435; 5631] 
 
 in. r)i7H(0.i.,i;i) 
 
 in. 55.37 (luvavum) 
 
 III. 14361 (S. Leonhaitl 
 
 ne^ir Villach) 
 III. 5187 (Celeia) 
 III. 5154 {d'h-my 
 III. 5185 (G'leia) 
 III. 11482 (UnU^rthOrl) 
 III. 5189 (O'leia) 
 III. 5580 (Be<laiuin) 
 III. 5575(Btxlaiuin) 
 III. 3270 (T.MitoburKium) 
 III. 5690 (Boiodurum) 
 
 III. 4820 (Virunum) 
 III. 11676(Atniu.s) 
 
 III. 5671 (Fafiana) 
 IX. 2593 (Terventum) 
 
 5517; 11524] 
 
 III. 5449 (Semriach) 
 III. 4836 (Virunum) 
 
 V. 375 (Neapolis) 
 
 1 Cf. Noricum 29. »Cf. p. 200, n. 13. 
 
 3 EE. IV, p. 39.3 ; I, pp. 81 ff . ♦ EE. IV, p. 39r>. 
 
 i D. m. 3. P. Fiorio P. fll. Vol. Praenestinn, mil. It^oQ. in Ni>ric<> Ael. Obilab., b. trib. 
 vizit aunis KXIII. Florius Praestiaua nt Maicia Spoudi . . . Alio piisaimfo et HJbi] w. [I.]. 
 P. 196. n.6. 
 
 « EE. IV, pp. 399 f. ^ EE. IV. pp. 408 ff. ; Marq. II. M^. » P. 300, n. 11. 
 
 '"vet. log. II It. p. f. Severiane efx stlratoru cos." 
 
 tOEE. IV, pp. 42.5 ff.; Marq. II. .-1.50. 
 
202 
 
 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 PRINCIPALES: NOT UNDER A PRAEPOSITUS 
 
 Option Es'' 
 
 M. Firmidius Spectatus ^ April 11, 200 
 
 lul. P 
 
 Val. Vario 4th century 
 
 Tessekarii* 
 
 Aur. Saturninus'* 
 
 SlGNIFERl'* 
 
 Aurel. I 
 
 Terent. Lucianus 
 
 Val. Genialis 4th century 
 
 Cob(nicines) '' 
 
 Val. Saturnanus 
 Frumentarii '^ 
 
 Accius Maximus 
 
 M. Avp. 'A\e$av8poi 
 
 Aurelius Lucianus' 
 
 M. Firmidius Spectatus '« Apr. 11, 200 
 
 nius [Projculus " 
 
 [111.5592]'^ 
 
 CUSTODES ArMORUm'^ 
 
 Sacron. Veriuus '* 
 MEDici'^ 
 
 L. Caelius Arrianus 
 Ddplarii '^ 
 
 Aur. Secuudian.'' 
 Immunes'*' 
 
 Aurelius Ursinianus 
 
 XL 1322 (Luna) 
 
 III. 11823 (Lauriacum) 
 
 XL 4787 (Spoletium) 
 
 VL 2672 
 
 TIL 11822 (Lauriacum) 
 
 V. 46 (Pola) 
 
 VI. 3637 
 
 XL 4085 (Ocriculum) 
 
 III. 4830 (Virunum) 
 IGR.\.2'd = IG. XIV. 958 
 
 (Rome) 
 VL 3340 
 XL 1322 (Luna) 
 III. 4861 (Virunum) 
 
 IIL 5106 (S.Veit near Wal- 
 V. 4367 (Brixia) 
 IIL 4835 (Virunum) 
 IIL 11816 (Fafiana) 
 
 1 P. 200, n. 10; Marq. II. 545. 2 EE. IV, pp. 441 ff. 
 
 'i See list of frumentarii below, 
 
 < EE. IV, pp. 452 ff. ; Mispoulet, Inst, polit. II. 352. '" P. 165, n. 4. 
 
 6 EE. IV, pp. 364 fiF. ; DS. III. 1057. ' EE. IV, pp. 376 f . 
 
 « EE. IV, pp. 455 ff. ; Marq. II. 491 ff. ; DS. II. 1348; Rdm. Mitt. XX. .310 ff. 
 9"frumentarus {sic) [inj legionem II Itali[cam ad] frum[ejntarias [res curandas]." 
 10 See list of optiones above. " See list of centurions, p. 200. 
 
 i^The abbreviation fr. in this inscription might be explained fr(atri) as well as fr(umen- 
 tarius) ; cf. p. 200, u. 9. 
 
 i» EE. IV, pp. 437 ff . ; Marq. II. 551. >♦ " vet. leg. II Ita., cnstos armor." 
 
 iSMarq. 11. .551; DS. III. 1062; 1688 f. WMarq. II. 544; DS, II, 415. 
 
 1' " militi an. XXX imbello desiderate." 
 
 i« A^JS. IV, pp. 409 ff. ; Marq. II. 514; DS. III. 415 f. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OV NOBICIM AND KAETIA 
 
 2():i 
 
 I'Kivatl: soldi i:ks 
 
 MlLITES' 
 
 Aimamatus 
 Aur. Boniatiis 
 
 Aur. lustinus 
 Aur. lustinus 
 Avp. M«o"T/3u4 vd? ] 
 Aurel. Tertianus 
 Aur. Victor 
 [Ajurelius . .guto^ 
 Auspicatus 
 
 Bt'bius Acceptus 
 
 Exuperous 
 Fabiauus 
 
 Uuder Alt'xaii- 
 der Severus 
 
 Septimius Se- 
 verus or later 
 
 111. llS-22 (Laiiriannn) 
 III, p. KMfi ad II. iVJl, 
 
 p. IS1.'{ (Niruiiunij 
 III. r)2lS(01.ia) 
 III. r)r.(;7 (B<tlaiwm) 
 J(JR. I. fi7H (Thnice) 
 III. iXM'ui (Viruiuira) 
 III. 117(X) (Q'leia) 
 V. 46 (Pola) 
 III. 14:^69-7, »/( LotKehitz) 
 
 III. 4S:n (Virunnni) 
 
 III. r>412(Voitsb'rK) 
 III. 14369^71 (Lotst-hitz) 
 (t^'g.) 
 
 Firmiuus 
 
 Septimius 
 
 Se- 
 
 III. 11BB3 (Virunum) 
 
 
 venis or 
 
 later 
 
 
 Fortunatus 
 
 
 
 
 III. 5757, 2; 14369^ 6 d 
 (Lot.schitz) (teg.) 
 
 T. Gallius Euphros [y] n. 
 
 
 
 
 V. 8277 (Aquil.ia) 
 
 luvenis 
 
 
 
 
 III. 14369^0, /MLotsc-hitz) 
 
 (teg.) 
 
 Lici. Maximinus 
 
 
 
 
 III. 15184 «, p. 265;^ (Nori- 
 cum near Poetovio) 
 
 Melissus 
 
 
 
 
 III. 143692 (J (Lotschitz) 
 
 Nigelio 
 
 
 
 
 III. M48 (Feistritz) 
 
 Optatus 
 
 
 
 
 III. lim2(Scliratz»>jich) 
 
 Patr. 
 
 
 
 
 III. 5757, 3 (TrojanalK-rg) 
 (t^-p.) 
 
 Pompeianus 
 
 
 
 
 III. 11851 a-c (Heilen- 
 Htein); 14:^69^<'-/. (Lot- 
 schitz) (t4-g.) 
 
 QuintianuR 
 
 
 
 
 111.5757,4; 14;^i9-:i,A(Lot- 
 st'hitz); UHW (H.ileii- 
 
 sU-ili) (teg.) 
 
 Sex. Sarminus 
 
 Under Alexan- 
 
 III. 5()<*);^, 118(M;(S. I.«x)n- 
 
 
 der 
 
 Severus 
 
 hartl am Forbt) 
 
 ' Tbis list includes eight names occurrinK on IcKiouary t^nnilao from the Ticioity of C«leia. 
 aV, p. 1105 wronKly givcB the name as* [A lurelius . .gnto inxtoad of (Alurcliuii . .jruto. 
 
204 
 
 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 MiLITES 
 
 Severinius Silvinus 
 
 Valerius Priscianus 
 
 Vep(onius) Quart[inus] 
 
 Vettius Vita[lis] 
 . . pitus 
 
 Under Alexan- 
 der Severus 
 
 Septimius Se- 
 verus or later 
 
 Septimius Se- 
 verus or later 
 
 III, p. 1046 ad n. 4791, 
 
 p. 1813 (Virunum) 
 III. 4856 (Virunum) 
 
 HI. 4857 (Virunum) 
 
 III. 5614 (Weihmorting) 
 III. 5688 (Lentia) 
 Caracalla or III, 4862 (Virunum) 
 Elagabalus 
 
 Septimius Se- 
 verus or later 
 
 Septimius Se- 
 verus or later 
 
 III. 11816 (Fafiana) 
 III. 8730 (Salonae) 
 III. 5409 (Stallhofen) 
 
 III. 5624 (Liitzlberg) 
 III. 5671 (Fafiana) 
 
 III. 4853 (Virunum) 
 
 [HI. 4733; 4841; 13529] 
 
 Vetebani 
 Aelius Valen[s] 
 Aur. Maternus 
 M. Aur. Secundinus 
 
 Messo[r]i[u]s Matuco 
 Seccius Secundinus 
 
 Tadius Victor 
 
 [III. 4831; 5064; 5142; 5218; 5219; 5335; 5339; 5520; 5631; 5670; 5692] 
 
 LEGIO I NOKICORUM.' 
 
 Stations. — The following sites were garrisoned by legio I 
 Noricorum during the fourth century. 
 
 1. Fafiana 
 
 Not. Dign. Occ xxxiv. 41: praefectus legionis liburnariorum ^ pri- 
 morum Noricorum, Fafianae. 
 
 2. Idenna 
 
 Tegulae (found at Mauer-Oehling in Noricum^ and also in Pannonia 
 superior* and inferior^): figulinas luensianas leg. I Nor. 
 
 Not. Dign. Occ. xxxiv. 40: praefectus legionis primae Noricorum 
 militum liburnariorum'"^ cohortis quintae partis superioris, Adiuvense. 
 
 The single extant inscription of the legion was probably erected 
 by a soldier from this division. 
 
 CIL. III. 4803 (Virunum): Ulpius Valerius specul.** leg. primae 
 
 Nor. . 
 
 I DS. III. 1091. 2 p. 221. 3 OIL. III. 11848. p. 2328200. 
 
 *III. 6189; 11349a (Ragendorf) ; p. 232842, 197 (Purbach; Vienna). 
 ^III. 11:J49c (Mitrovicz). ^ EE. IV, pp. 459 fif. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF NOBKIM AND RAKTIA 205 
 
 It is not possible to determine from the presence of bricks alone 
 whether or not a given point was occupied by the legion. The 
 fact, however, that tegulae made at luenna were exported to such 
 a distance as the eastern borders of Pnnnonia inferior' makes it 
 slightly more probable that those also which were stamped simply 
 LEG I NOR^ were articles of commerce rather than of local 
 manufacture. 
 
 OTHER LEGIONS. 
 
 There is no reason to believe that any other legions were ever 
 stationed in Noricum.^ 
 
 II. The Legions of Raetia. 
 LEGIO III ITALICA : HISTORY.* 
 
 Formation. — Legio III Italica was formed by M. Au re 11 us* 
 in 165/169 at the same time as legio II Italica; in 170 it fur- 
 nished a detail for the repairs at Salonae;' by 179/1 HO it had 
 arrived in Raetia and was engaged in fortifying the nortluTn 
 frontier.^ 
 
 Name and titles. — The legion was at first known as III 
 Concordia;' for a short time after its arrival in Raetia as III 
 Italica Concordia,' then as III Italica alone or. less frequently, 
 
 >P. 204, n. 5; cf. p. 199, n. 4. 
 
 ''OIL. III. 11847 (Mauer-OohlinR) ; 4655a (Schwechat, Paun. sup.). 
 
 3 The followinj? inscriptions montioninK other leKionsarp not of such a nature as to indi- 
 cate their presence in the province: 
 
 leg. I adi. 
 
 III 
 
 4787 
 
 leg 
 
 X gpm. 
 
 1 1 1. .M.56 a;. 5293; 5460; 
 
 IMin. 
 
 
 .53:« 
 
 
 
 .%4«6;.V.10;570e: 
 
 II adi. 
 
 
 5044 i.-rai;, 5417; 
 
 
 
 14.'W9i 
 
 
 
 5430 
 
 
 XIII gem. 
 
 5223;.'i;C«:ft525 
 
 II Auk. 
 
 
 5476 
 
 
 Xllllgem. 
 
 .5338:5497 
 
 Ill Aug. 
 
 
 4855;. 56.30; 11714 
 
 
 XV Ap. 
 
 5334; 56,16:5680 
 
 VMac. 
 
 
 4«!>9;5130 
 
 
 XX V. V. 
 
 5184 :V.77: 11746 
 
 VI ferr. 
 
 
 13524 
 
 
 XXI rap. 
 
 4840 
 
 VI Vict. 
 
 
 118.V.J (teg.) 
 
 
 XXII pr. 
 
 4848 
 
 VII CI. 
 
 
 5202 
 
 
 XXX UIp. V. 
 
 5211; 5212:5214; 
 
 VII gem. 
 
 
 5579 
 
 
 
 5215; 1530f.i 
 
 VII Vict. 
 
 Ann. Kp. 1904, 187 
 
 
 incertae 
 
 5S28; 11667 
 
 VIII Aug. 
 
 III 
 
 48.58 ; 5220 
 
 
 
 
 See VI. 31871 (cited on 
 
 p. 211. n. 6). 
 
 
 
 
 «DS. III. 1080. 
 
 
 &Cf. CIL. V 
 
 7865 f. (p. 208, n. 3) 
 
 • F. 19S. 
 
 'Raetia 14. 15; cf 
 
 .Ill 
 
 1437010 (Castra Re 
 
 giua; 
 
 178 A. D. 7). 
 
 • P. 197. n. 5. 
 
206 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 with the addition of a cognomen derived from the name of the 
 reigning emperor, Antoniniana' or Gordiana.^ 
 
 Legionary coins. — Like legio II Italica/ the Raetic legion 
 was named on the coinage of Septimius Severus (193 a. d. )* and 
 of Gallieniis.'^ 
 
 Stations. — The permanent camp was at Castra Regina.^ 
 Detachments sent from there helped fortify and perhaps, in 
 some cases, garrison various other points along the Danube and 
 the limes Raeticus, as Bohming,' Abusina,"* Straubing,® etc.'" 
 
 A station at Augusta Vindelicum, a place of strategic impor- 
 tance because of its location at the junction of two rivers and 
 several roads, seems not improbable. Moreover, bricks have been 
 found at Westheim, five or six miles west of the city." The 
 inscriptions from Augusta and vicinity'^ would not be conclusive 
 in themselves. 
 
 By the time of the Notitia dignitatum the northern portion of 
 Raetia had been abandoned and the camp at Reginum moved to 
 Vallatum;'^ other divisions of the legion, each under a praefectus, 
 were located at Submuntorium, at Cambodunum and in the neigh- 
 boring country from Vimania to Cassiliacum, and at Foetus and 
 Terioli.'* Still another part was in Illyricum."^ 
 
 1 Under Caracalla (211-217) or Elagabalus (218-222): III. 1178; 142076. 
 
 ■iUnder Gordian III (2.38-24'l) : III. 5768; Gordiana is omitted in III. 5942 (240 a. d.). 
 
 3 Pp. 197 f. 
 
 * Cohen, IV, p. .31, nn. 262 f. ; Eckhel, VII, p. 16«. 
 
 5 Cohen, V, p. 389, nn. 4S7-498 ; Eckhel, VII, p. 402 (symbols : a stork ; a bull ; cf. DS. III. 
 1074 f.). VI.P.VI.F. and VII.!'. VII. F. are still more puzzling than on the coins of leg. II 
 Ital., because wo have no knowledge that leg. Ill Ital. was ever called pia fidelis before the 
 time of Gallienus. 
 
 BTegulae: OIL. III. 6000, pp. 1051, 2328*3; 386*; Ann. Ep. 1906, 1H3; milestones giving the 
 distance a l(e)g(ione) : III. 5996 (201 a. d.) ; 5997 (195 and 215 A. D.) ; a large number of inscrip- 
 tions from members of the legion, dating from 179-180 (cf. p. 205, n. 7) to the time of Diocletian 
 or after (Raetia 31) ; Tab. Pcut. IIIc; Not. Dign. Occ. xxxv. 17. Cf. OIL. Ill, p. 7.30. 
 
 'Raetia 15. s*Tegulae: III. 6000; 11986; 11989. nil. 11988 (teg.). 
 
 10 Bricks have also been found at Abbach and Alkofen near Castra Regina (III. 6000; 
 12005 (p(ia) fi(delis) ?)); Lietzheim (?) (6000); Ummendorf (p. 232853). A find of bricks as 
 at Abbach and Alkofen, or of inscriptions like tliose from Latiingeu-Faimingen (5874; .5876) 
 does not prove even a temporary occupation by legionaries ; cf. Franziss, pp. 42, 284, 293, 296, 
 340, 343, etpasRtm. Frauziss's statement (p. 343) that bricks of the third legion have been 
 discovere(i at Ktlnzing (Quintianae) has not been verified. With regard to BOhming and 
 Pfanz, see Allen, pp. 359 f. 
 
 I'lII. 6000, 11987. Villi. 5793 (cf. Raetia 11); 5812; .5814; 5816-5818; 5823. 
 
 13 Not. Dign. Occ. xxxv. 17. i* Ibid. xxxv. 18, 19, 21, 22. 15 Ibid. v. 88 = 237 = vii. 53. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF NORUTM AND RAKTIA 
 
 207 
 
 Active scrvirr. — The insi-riptioii.s prove that the third h-^ion 
 made a successful expedition against the Buri, jxisHibly under 
 Marcus or Commodus,' and took part in the German wars of 197* 
 and 213 a. d. ;' after the close of the latter campaign, tumm Haetic 
 
 soldiers perhaps accompanied Caracalla to the Kast.' 
 
 LEGIO III ITALICA: OFFICERS AND SOLDI i:US.» 
 
 HIGHER OFFICERS 
 
 Leoati Leoionis 
 Duces Limitanei 
 Praefeoti 
 Secundinus* 
 
 Trlbuni Laticlavii 
 
 M. Aunaeiis Saturuimis 
 
 Clodianus Aelianus' 
 C. Julius Ing'euuus'* 
 
 S.v liiietia 11 22 
 Set^ Raetia 23 26 
 
 Diocletian or III. 14370,i (Castra Re 
 
 later 
 
 ^•iua) 
 VI. i;in 
 V. 5032 (Tridentum) 
 
 L. Marius L. f. Quir. Under Com- VI. 1450 
 Maximus Perpetuus modu.s, Imv 
 
 Aiu-elianus* 
 Tribdni (Angusticlavii)'" 
 C. Aunius Flavianus" 
 
 Gn. Pompeius Ponipe- 
 ianus 
 
 Ddces ''^ 
 
 Val. CI. Quintus" 
 
 fore 190 
 
 Marcus and VIII. ITiMX) (Thainu^';wli) 
 Commodua 
 
 VI. a'->'29 
 
 III. 4855 (Viniiium) 
 
 IC/L. III. .59.31 (near Kelheim). Cf. p. aOK. n. 4; Sch. I. 64S, 662. « Baetia 18 
 
 3 Raetia 20. ♦ CIL. III. U3iyj« ( Perinthus. Tlin»c«) . 
 
 5 P. 199, n. 9; ArnoM, p. e,Z. 'Soe Raetia .11. 
 
 '"v(ir)c(lari9simua)." ProH. I. .58. n. ♦.'M. 
 
 «"c(laris.simus) i(uvenist)." Prot. II. 196, n. 240. 
 
 »"duci exerciti Mysiaci aimt Byzantium (19.5 196) ot iipnl Linni'iiiniiin (197), |.'k- !"«• • 
 Italic, cur. viae Latinao, item reip. Favontinorum, allocto inter pranUtrioit, trib. plob. oan- 
 didato, quae.stori urbano, trib. laticl. log. XXII primiK.. «t<'m III Italicno." Proj. II. 5W, 
 n. 2.^3; Lieb. Verw. pp. 201 f. 
 
 '"That those tribunes were anjfusticlavii is soon from the wi>rds ".mjik. publiro " in ihn 
 ioscriptioDS relating to them. 
 
 li"praefec. cohortis IIII Raeturum. donis miliUrib. donatus ballo (t.)r(ma)nioo II." 
 P. 223; Pros. I. 64, n. 486; PW. I. 2265, d. 44. 
 
 lip. 170 and n. 1; IHuertat. Hulineni.lV. mfT.; DS. III. 10r)2. USe«p.aOO. 
 
208 
 
 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 Centdriones ' 
 Ael. Fortis^ 
 Q. Eniboudius 
 
 tan us ^ 
 Fl. Vetulenus* 
 
 Mon- 
 
 lul. Iu[l?]linus« 
 C. Managnius Justus 
 C. Nonius Manlianus* 
 L, Numerius L. f. Felix 
 M. Ulp. Caius* 
 
 M. Ulpius Secundus' 
 
 Ulp. Vitalis 
 
 [III. 5820; 15210,] 
 
 CENTURIONS 
 181 A. D. . 
 
 Under M. 
 Aurelius 
 
 Perhaps under 
 Marcus or 
 Commodus 
 
 181 A. D. 
 
 CJaracalla or 
 Elagabalus 
 
 III. I437O2 (Bohming) 
 
 V. 7865, 7866 (Cemenelum) 
 
 III. 5937 (near Kelheim) 
 
 III. I437O2 (Bohming) 
 III. 5817 (Augusta) 
 VIII. 2953 (Lambaesis) 
 
 II. 4162 (Tarraco) 
 
 III. 1178 (Apulum) 
 
 III. 5876 (Lauingen) 
 III. 7785 (Apulum) 
 
 PRINCIPALES : SERVING UNDER A PRAEPOSITUS 
 
 Beneficiarii Consularis** 
 
 Severius Severianus'" Under Gor- III. 5768 (Brigantium) 
 
 dian 
 [III. 5815] 
 
 Beneficiarii Praefecti Castrorum" 
 
 Iul[iu8 Ca]ndidius III. 5953 
 
 I Cf. also OIL. II. 18*. 
 
 2 See RaetialS. 
 
 3"C)leg. Ill Italicae, ordinatns ex eq. Rom. ab domino Imp. M. Aurel. Antonino Ang." 
 «S. IV, p. 240 on n. 61. 
 
 ♦"I. O. M. Statori Fl. Vetulenus 7 leg. Ill Ital. reversus ab expedit. Burica ex voto 
 posait." P. 207. Allen, pp. 363 f., gives this stone as from Abusina, saying : "It is significant 
 that although there is no evidence leading us to suppose that legionaries were ever sta- 
 tioned at this point [but cf. p. 206, n. 8] the legionary centurion returned here and 
 rendered a vow for the successful issue of the expedition just as though this were his regular 
 place of sojourn." The inscription, however, was found near Kelheim, which is on the 
 Danube. What would be more natural than for the soldier to pay his vow on returning to 
 the frontier of the province in which he was serving 7 
 
 B Cagnat, p. 109. 
 
 6 OIL. III. 1201 ; Jung, Dae. p. 95. 
 
 7 There is no evidence for the assumption (Allen, p. 364) that an auxiliary corps was 
 encamped at Lauingen in charge of Ulpius; cf. p. 206, n. 10. 
 
 8 P. 200, n. 10. Unless otherwise indicated, the remaining inscriptions listed for this 
 legion were found at Castra Regina. 
 
 9P. 200, n. 11. iO"[bf.]cos." lip. 201, n. 3. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF NOBICUM AND BAETIA 
 
 209 
 
 CORNICULARII TrIBUNI ' 
 
 M. Aur. Amandus 
 [III. 14370,] 
 
 LiBRARII CoNSfLARIs' 
 
 Ti. lulius Aelianus* 
 lul. Amandus 
 
 EXACTI COXSCLARIS* 
 
 T. Fl. Clemens 
 
 III. 5974 (MflnRter) 
 
 III. 5953 
 
 III. 6814 (Augusta) 
 
 III. 5812 (Augusta) 
 
 PKINCIPALES: NOT UNDER A PRAEPOSITUS* 
 
 Optioxes* 
 [DJonatus ' 
 lulius Ouvenis'* 
 
 lul. Saturninus' 
 Option-es Praetori'" 
 
 [III. 5803] 
 Aquiliferi" 
 
 lul. Clemen[s] 
 Siqniferi'^ 
 
 M. Iuveni[us . . . . ]io'* 
 
 [M]arcellinius Marce[lli]nus 
 
 C. Senilius Pervinc[us] ''' 
 Imaginiferi '* 
 
 [III. 13544] 
 Frcmentarii '■"' 
 
 T. CI. Severus 
 Adlectus Annonae 
 
 C. Valerius C. f. Pap. Marianus'* 
 
 III. 5958 
 
 III. 5976 (Eastern Europe 
 
 or Asia Minor) 
 III. 11969 
 
 III. 5816 (Augusta) 
 
 III. 5956 
 III. 5952 
 III. 5818 (Augusta) 
 
 V. 6869 (Alpis Poenina) 
 V. 5036 (Tridentum) 
 
 f. ; DS. 1. 1509. 
 
 libr. [cos. J." 
 
 » P. 200. n. »0. 
 
 I EE. IV, pp. 412 ff.; Marq. II. 546; PW. IV 
 3 P. 200, n. 11 ; p. 201, n. 10. 
 
 * P. 200, n. 11 ; EE. IV, pp. 431 f. ; Marq. II. .5.51 ; DS. II. 87^ 
 •Cauer, EE. IV, pp. 441 ff.; Marq. II. 545. 
 
 'Omitted by Cauer (loc. cit.), altbongh indexed in CIL. Ill, p. 1140. 
 
 * Omitted in the index of names in the Corpiu. 
 
 9 Wc know of no legion encamped at Castra Re«fin« oxcept III Itnlirn, which ii 
 tioned previously in this inscription. 
 10££. IV, p. 44.5. 
 
 II EE. IV, pp. 371 f. ; Diz. Ep. I. .588. " P. 202. n. fl. 
 13 This man was a veteranus ex oiRnifero. 
 
 i« EE. IV, pp. 372 ff . 1^ P. 202, n. 8. 
 
 1* CIL. Ill, p. 1171 : " non miles, sed civis Tridentinn* eqnestri* dimiitatit." 
 
210 
 
 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 CUSTODES ArMORUM ' 
 
 
 
 Aur. Sabinus 
 
 
 III. 6571 
 
 Aur. Statianus 
 
 
 III. 5951 
 
 POLLIONES ^ 
 
 
 
 Fl. Amabil. 
 
 
 III. 5949 
 
 Tdbicines^ 
 
 
 
 Sep. Impetratus* 
 
 
 III. 5957 
 
 Medici Ordinarii * 
 
 
 III. 6532 
 
 [III. 5959] 
 
 
 
 Ddplarii 
 
 
 
 [III. 5909] 
 
 
 
 Immunes^ 
 
 
 
 lul. Cattanus 
 
 
 III. 11969 
 
 
 PKIVATE soldiers' 
 
 MiLITES 
 
 
 
 M. Antoninus 
 
 
 III. 6000 c (teg.)* 
 
 Aur. Patruinus 
 
 
 III. 6571 
 
 Aurel. Victorinus 
 
 
 III. 11966 
 
 Equester Paulus 
 
 Caracalla or 
 Elagabalus 
 
 III. 142076 (Perinthus) 
 
 Fl. Decoratus' 
 
 
 III. 5823 (Augusta) 
 
 Fl. Marcellinus 
 
 
 III. 5950 
 
 M(arcius) Ursus 
 
 
 III. 3309 (Sopianae) 
 
 .... ant. Potens' 
 
 
 III. 6531 
 
 M. Speratus 
 
 
 III. 6000 d (teg.) » 
 
 .... is Val[en . . 
 
 9 
 
 III. 11970 
 
 [III. 5954;" 11957 ;« 
 
 11967; 11978] 
 
 
 Veterani'" 
 
 
 
 CI. Reticus 
 
 
 III. 11968 
 
 [III. 5813; 5883; 5889, p. 1050] 
 
 
 Eqdites 
 
 
 
 Aur. Pervincian. 
 
 July 25, 240 
 
 III. 5942 
 
 CI. Donatus 
 
 
 III. 5947 
 
 [III. 5946; 11956] 
 
 
 
 Veterani ex equite 
 
 
 
 M. Aur. Militio 
 
 
 III. 5955 
 
 [III. 5948] 
 
 
 
 1 p. 202, n. 13. 2 DS. III. 1057. 
 
 3 EE. IV, pp. 374 ff. ; Marq. II. 552. ♦ " vPt. ex leg. Ill Ital. m. h. m. ex t.bc." 
 
 » P. 202, n. 15. 6 P. 202, n. 18. ' Ct., perhaps, CIL. III. 5944. 8 Perhaps not genuine. 
 
 • The rank is unknown, owing to the mutilation of the stone, lo Cf . III. 143702 (Raetia 16) . 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF NOHICLM ANJJ KAETIA 211 
 
 LEGIO III AUGUSTA. 
 
 Former soldiers of legio III Augusta were among those assem- 
 bled in Raetia in the summer of 253 who proclaimed Valerian 
 emperor.' They had returned to Africa by Oct. 22 of the same 
 year.^ 
 
 OTHER LEGIONS.' 
 
 Veterans of leg. I (Germauica) and leg. XX (Valeria victrix) 
 in Lower Germany were sent into Raetia in 14 A. d.* Similar 
 vexillationes may well have been temporarily quartered in the 
 province during any active campaign, as for example, that of Cara- 
 calla in 213;"' there is one probable reference to such an occur- 
 rence under M. Aurelius." 
 
 The bricks of LEG IIII M' and LEG VIII AUG' which have 
 been found in Raetia were probably brought from Germany. 
 
 III. The Auxiliaries in Noricum. 
 The army of Noricum in 69 a. d. consisted of one ala (I Hispa- 
 uorum Auriana) , eight cohorts (including I Moutanorum and 
 perhaps I Asturum), and some native troops." Before lUO A. D. 
 ala I Hispanorum Auriana was withdrawn, but ala ICommagenorum 
 was added, so that the total force in the province remained practi- 
 cally unchanged (three alae, six cohorts).'" A great increase (to 
 four alae and fourteen cohorts) had taken place by 153," an increase 
 which, as it surely began under either Trajan or Hadrian, and, as 
 far as we know, affected the northeastern part of the province, 
 may best be connected with Hadrian's policy of strengthening the 
 
 1 Raetia 23. 
 
 2 VIII. 2182 ; 2852. p. 934 ; see Sch. I. 811 ; Cagnat, p. 171. 
 
 3 Inscriptions mentioniug legions camped in other provinces are rare: leg. XI CI.: HI. 
 5773 f.; leg gem.: 111.5778. 
 
 ♦Tac. Ann. i. 44. 6 (of. i. 39. 2). Ohienschlager's suggestion [Proif. p. 7 and n. 3) that th« 
 7 log. XX of CIL. III. 5577 (Rott) was one of tliis detachment is improbable; tbeomiMioo 
 of the legionary cognomen and the province Britain is not conclusive proof that the inscrip- 
 tion is early, while the use of ligaturos, the orthography (e. g. Nicc/oru(g)). and tho iofrv- 
 quency in this region of monuments of the early empire, all militate agaiust hi* bypuUic«i«. 
 
 » VI, p. 351, lines 20 S. 
 
 «VI. 31871: praeposit. v[exillationum per Ital.J ot Raot. et Noric. [boUu G«r- 
 
 manico . 
 
 ' III. 11990 [NeuburgJ. » HI. 11991 (Aalen ; Stuttgart) ; 3S0* (Saltbrxwn). 
 
 »Tac. Hitt. iii. 5; see pp. 171, 213 fl. i«P. 212; D. CIV. "P. 173. u. 3: D LIIV. 
 
212 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 Danubian fortresses of Pannonia superior/ That Hadrian visited 
 Noricum is proved by senatorial coins marked EXERCITVS 
 NOmCVS which represent him in the act of addressing troops.* 
 The arrival of a legion^ soon reduced the auxiliaries to a position 
 of secondary importance; still there is some slight indication of a 
 later (third century?) addition to their strength/ 
 
 ALAE IN NORICUM. 
 
 Ala Antoniniana in 211/222 was under the command of the 
 legatus leg. II Ital.^ 
 
 Ala Augusta was at Virunum in the third century;* it is per- 
 haps the same as ala I Augusta Thracum.' 
 
 Ala celerum may have been at Virunum at a late date.** 
 
 Ala I Commagenorum, which in 106 a. d. was in Noricum/ 
 must at some time have garrisoned Comagena. 
 
 Ala II Flavia pia fidelis miliaria: see p. 215. 
 
 Ala I Hispanorum Auriana^° is known to have served in Nori- 
 cum in 69 a. d." and from 107 to 166 in Raetia'^ in or near 
 Weissenburg.'^ 
 
 Ala I Augusta Thracum: see p. 216. 
 
 Alae stationed in the Danube provinces, Britain, Upper Ger 
 many, and Mauretania, are mentioned in the inscriptions of 
 Noricum.^* 
 
 iSch. L610f. 
 
 2 Eckhel, VI, pp. 499 f. ; Cohen, II, p. 155, nn. 565-567. 3 P. 196. 
 
 * P. 213. Kammel, pp. 57 fE., gives a useful summary of the fortified sites in Noricum in 
 the third century. 
 
 5 Noricum 31; PW. I. 1229, cf. 1225, 4; Diz. Ep. I. 498. 
 
 6C/L. III. 4812 (238 A. D.); 4834; PW. I. 1232 c. 7 p. 216. 
 
 i OIL. III. 4832, 11506: ARgaeo, exarcho alae celerum, viro sagittandi peritissimo, vi 
 militum interemto, Monna marito amantissimo. PW. I. 1236 f. ; Diz. Ep. II. 150. 
 
 9 D. CIV; OIL. III. 5224 (Celeia) ; 5091 (Wolfsberg) ; 1436824 (Seitz) ; PW. I. 1238 f. ; Diz. 
 Ep. II. 535; Nowotny, p. 271. 
 
 lOQhl. Prog. pp. 40-42; PW. I. 1248; CIL. V. 4095. 
 
 11 Noricum 3 ; CIL. III. 11749 (near Semriach, " litt. saec primi ") (omitted in PW.). 
 
 12 D. XXSV (107 A. D.) ; D. LII (under Hadrian?) ; CIL. III. 11911 (Emmezheim, 153 A. D.) ; 
 [D. CXI] (162 A. D.) ; D. LXXIII and CIL. V. 8660 (Concordia) (166 a. d.) ; VI. 3654. 
 
 13 III. 11994 (teg.) ; 5925 (?) ; D. XXXV (Weissenburg) ; CIL. III. 11911 (Emmezheim) ; 5899 
 (Nassenfols). 
 
 14 Ala II Asturum: III. 152053; I Batavor. co : 5331; I (Fl. Aug.) Britannica cc (c. R. bis 
 torq. ob. virt.) : 5211; 5212; 5214; 5215; I (Vesp.) Dardanor.: 5044; I (Hispanor.) Arvacorum: 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF NOBICUM AND BAETIA 213 
 
 COHORTS IN NUKR'L M. 
 Cohovs I Aelia [Seccrinnti] siKjilta riorum mitidrin rquiUita 
 during the reign of Alexander Severus,' und jR-'rhaiw considerably 
 later,"' garrisoned the frontier- fortress of Asturn.* 
 
 Cohors I Asturitm* was in Noricum from 10(5 a. u.' until the 
 third century at least," giving its name to Astura.' 
 
 The co[h [ors] . .] Breuc{orum) which was in Noricum during 
 the reign of Philip (2^4/249)* may be identical with the cohors 
 V Breucorum serving in Pannouia in 80 A. d.,* although neither 
 of the inscriptions of the latter found in Noricum'" in itself neces- 
 sarily implies the presence of the cohort in that province. 
 
 Cohors I Aelia Brittoniiin miliaria was located in Xuricum in 
 the third century." 
 
 Cohors I Flavia Brittonum came into Noricum from Dalmatia" 
 before or during the third century.'* 
 
 Cohors I Montanorum, at Virununi in the early empire,'* 
 towards the end of the first century was sent to Pannonia.'^ 
 
 5629;I(Pannonior.)Tamp(iaua): 5531; 5632; II Pannouior.: 5211; 5212; [5214;] 5215; 111 Thr«- 
 c(um) : 5332; I Tuug(rorum) Frontonian(a) : 5331 (III, p.24«9. road "fi-Iic«s Tuogri, 12080, S" 
 tor " 12030. 3") ; alae prov. Mauretan. Caes. : 5211. Cf. p. 165, n. 4. 
 
 Equites of unknown troops are referred to in III. 4753; 5057; 53U8; 5652; 117"J1. 
 
 ini. 5647 (230 .\. D.). 
 
 2 Not. Dign. Occ. xxxiv. 45. 
 
 3C/L. III. 5645-47; 11857 (teg.). It had formerly been stationed in Pauuunia •up«riur, 
 P\V. IV. 329 f. 
 
 ♦ PW. IV. 245 f. ; Nowotny, pp. 271 ff. » D. CIV. 
 
 ^CIL. VI. 3588: L. Cuspius L. f. Cla. luvai Lautus Norico, mil.coh. I Ai>turuni £. Hacri- 
 
 uiana (217 218?) . (Cichorius's conjecture as to the date (69 707) is incorrect, if Uacriai- 
 
 ana is here an honorary cotjiioineu.) Other inscriptions of tlie cohort arc : III. 5539 ( luvaTum) ; 
 4839; 11508 (Virunum) ; 5330 (Solva) ; 11708 (S. Martin) ; 10507 (Aiiuincum) ; XI. 6:07 (Pisaurum). 
 The restoration of the numeral in the last one (cf. PW. IV. 247) is fairly certain, both on 
 account of the spacing and because the oflicor moutionod served next in coh. I Fi. Britton. 
 which was in Noricum at this period. Jung, Dae. p. xv. 
 
 'Nowotny, p. 273. 8 c/L. III. 5613. 11781 (WolhmOrting). »D.XIII; PW. IV. 2W. 
 
 ittC/L. III. 5086 (Vail. Lavantina) ; 5472 (Knittalfeld). The cohort i* also montionod ia 
 X. 6102. 
 
 Ji III. 4812 (Virunum, 238 A. D.) ; IX. 5357 (Firmum). See n. 13. 
 
 12PW. IV. 263: Diz. Ep. I. 1042 f. ; Jung, Doc. p. 114. 
 
 13 C/L. III. 4811, 11504 (Virunum, 267 A. D.); .'.668 (Namara-Arlapa) ; XI. 6337 (PiMuruoi). 
 III. 5455 (Pfannberg) may belong here or with the preceding cohort. 
 
 1*111.4844; 4846; 4847; 4849; 11554; 4838(7). 
 
 i»PW. IV. 316 f. Ann. Ep. 1903, 239 (Barua) may refer to any one of iho cohort* of this 
 name. 
 
214 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 At the time of the Notitia dignitatum a cohort was stationed 
 at Boiodurum and another at Cannabiaca.' 
 
 Some cohorts belonging in other provinces are named in 
 Norican inscriptions.^ 
 
 LOCAL MILITIA OF NORICUM. 
 
 Besides the regular auxiliary forces just enumerated, a body 
 of local militia (Noricorum inventus) was in existence in 69 A. d.' 
 
 OTHER AUXILIARIES OF THE LATER EMPIRE. 
 
 The Notitia dignitatum gives the names of six bodies of equites 
 stationed at various points on the northern frontier.* Equites 
 Dalmatae Aquesiani comitatenses won a victory in Noricum in 
 310.^ The latest dated inscription of the province^ (370 a. d.) 
 records the completion of a fortress at Ips by milites auxiliares 
 Lauriacenses. 
 
 IV. The Auxiliaries in Raetia.' 
 
 Very little is known of the army of Raetia before the end of 
 the first century ; light-armed native troops were there from the 
 time of Augustus/ and other auxiliary forces by 69,^ the total 
 presumably being about equal to that of Noricum.'" Between 82 
 and 107, on at least two different occasions (82/90, 90/107), 
 troops were brought from Germany, Pannonia, and even Africa,'^ 
 so that the diploma of 107,'^ fortunately preserved entire, assigns 
 to Raetia four alae and eleven cohorts. The next half-century 
 or so (Trajan to Marcus) shows no appreciable change in the 
 strength of the army — three alae and thirteen cohorts are named 
 in the diploma of 166'^ — although there is considerable shifting 
 of soldiers from Germany to Raetia and from Raetia to Noricum 
 
 1 Occ. xxxiv. 44 f . 
 
 2 Coh. I B(a)etas(iorum) c. R. : C7I,. III. 5331; II GaUorum : 5211; 5212; 5214; 5215; 
 III HispanCorum): 152051; I Thrac(um eq.): 11541; I Ub(iorum) : 13539 (teg.). III. 4859 is 
 uncertain. 
 
 3 Tac. Hint. iii. 5 (p. 171) ; see p. 219, n. 7 and MB. VII. 302 f. 
 
 ^Occ. xxxiv. 31-36: equites promoti, Ad Mauros and Comagena ; eqq. sagittarii, 
 Lentia and Lacufelix; eqq. Dalmatae, Arlapa and Augustana (=Trigisamum) ; cf., perhaps, 
 CIL. III. 5821. 
 
 5 III. 5565, 11771 (Bedaium) ; cf. Noricum 34. 6 III. .5670 a. 7 Arnold, pp. 47 fi. 
 
 8 P. 219, n. 8 ; Jung, Dae. p. 127, n. 1. 9 Pp. 215, 217. 
 
 10 P. 211. "Pp. 215 f., 218 f. 12 D. XXXV. 
 
 13 D. LXXIII ; for the alae, cf . also CIL. V. 8660. D. CXI (162) seems to give the same list 
 as D. LXXIII; D. LXXIX (after 145) is too fragmentary to be of value. 
 
ADMINISTRATION- OF NORICI'M AND RAETIA 21 f) 
 
 and Pannonia.' EXERCITVS RAETICVS occurs on bronze 
 coins of Hadrian.' After the arrival of legio III Italica,' Boni« 
 auxiliaries were removed from the province.* 
 
 ALAE IN RAETIA.* 
 
 Ala I Flavin Commagenorum may have been in the north of 
 Raetia for a short time in the middle of the second century.* 
 
 Ala I Flavia fidclis GemdUana miliaria' was in Raetia 162- 
 166 A. D.* and was stationed in the north, perhaps at Ko.sching.* 
 
 Ala II Flavia pia fidelis miliaria^" served at Aalen" in Raetia 
 from the latter part of the first century until some date between 
 107" and 153," when it moved to Noricum. It is probably iden- 
 tical with ala II Flavia gemina, which was in Germany until 
 82/90 ;'' hence the title pia fidelis may have been won in 8*^ during 
 the revolt of Saturninus. 
 
 Ala I Hisjmywrum Auriana: see p. 212. 
 
 Ala I Flavia Raetorum was at Quint\^i^anae (KUnzing) in the 
 late empire.'* 
 
 Ala II Valeria Sequanorum in the early part of the fifth 
 century garrisoned Vimania.'" 
 
 Ala I Flavia singularium civium Romanorum pia fidelis^^ 
 formed a part of Vitellius's army,'" probably stationed in Raetia." 
 
 I Pp. 215 f. JEckhel, VI, p. 500; Cohen, II. p. 156, nn. 578-582. » P. SB. 'Pp. ««, 225. 
 B Ala I Siliana torq. c. R. : CIL. III. .5775 f. (Abudiacom), serred in Dacia (PW. I. 1261). 
 «CIL. III. 5906, 11907 (KOsching. 141 A. D.); 11901 (Faimingen) ; not mentioned in the 
 
 Raetian diplomata of 107, 162, or 166. 
 
 ' v. 538 names a decurion and Ann. Ep. 1901, 101 (Oldenburg) a Teteran. of ala I Fl. fJd. 
 who possibly belonged to this ala. 
 
 SD. CXI; D. LXXIII; CIL. V. 8660; it is generally stated, e. g.. in Urban, p. 1»; PW. 
 I. 1247, that this ala served in Raetia from 64 on ; it is, however, omitted in D. XXXV of tba 
 year 107, while the diploma of 64 (D. Ill) was found in Noricum (at Gei»elbrechting\ not in 
 Raetia. and does not state the location of the troop. 
 
 9 CIL. III. 11908; cf. 11936 (Pfttnz). 
 
 1" PW. I. 1241 f. ; Diz. Ep. III. 154 f. ; add Ann. Ep. 1905, 128. 
 
 II ORL. Abt. B, no. 66; CIL. III. 14371 i. J (teg.). 
 
 UC/L. VI.32.-)5; D. XXXV (107 A. D.) ; CIL. III. 5822; 5823 (Auguna, not before M. Anrelioa). 
 
 13D. LXIV; p. 173, n. 3. i« D. XIV ; D. XXI. i^iVof. Di(m. Occ. xxxt. 23. i« /^Id. lO. 
 
 I'PW. I. 1261 f.; Ann. Ep. 1890, 151 (Concordia, under M. Aurelius). 
 
 i^Tac. Hist. iv. 70; p. 171. 
 
 "The Raetic auxiliaries had supported Vitcllins (Tnc.Hijf.iii. 5; i. 70, where tho fact 
 comes out that Caecina anticipated no opposition in Raetia), but by 70 niu»t have tratu- 
 ferred their allegiance to Vespasian, for Sextilius Felix apparontlr met no resistance In hia 
 march through Raetia (see n. 18). Now this ala appears first in historj under the command 
 
216 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 It afterwards supported Vespasian,' from whom it secured the name 
 Flavia. After fighting in Germany in 70 against the Treveri and 
 the Batavi/ the ala stayed in Grermania superior until after 90 
 A. D.' winning the title pia fidelis; then before 107 it returned to 
 Raetia* where it remained until the third century/ Its camp in 
 that province was probably at Pforing/ 
 
 Ala II Valeria singularis occupied Yallatum under the later 
 empire.' 
 
 Ala I Augusta Thracum, which was in existence in 97/98 
 A. D.,* was in Raetia by 107/ and was sent to Trigisamum in Nori- 
 cum before 140/144.'" It gave the name Augustana to Trigi- 
 samum." 
 
 COHORTS IN RAETIA.'^ 
 
 Cohors II Aquitanorum equitaia^^ between 107" and 162'* 
 moved from Germania superior'^ to Raetia, where it was located at 
 Castra Regina," 
 
 Cohors III Batavorum miliaria [equitata?], in Raetia in 
 107 A, D,,'* was ordered to Pannonia inferior by Trajan or 
 Hadrian.'^ 
 
 of Julius Briganticus, whose surname seems to be connected with the name of the Eaetic 
 tribe Brigantes (p. 165, n. 4), and it apparently joined the German army at the same time as 
 Sextilius Felix, though it was not with him in Noricum. May it not therefore have been in 
 Raetia and come with him from there? 
 
 1 OIL. V. 875 ; cf . p. 215, n. 18. 2 Tac. Hist. v. 20, 21 ; of. p. 215, n. 18. 
 
 3 Not (as Cichorius says) sent to Raetia at the same time as ala II Fl. gemina; see 
 p. 215 and D. XXI. 
 
 <D. XXXV (107 A. D.) ; D. CXI (162 A. D.); D. LXXIII and OIL. V. 8660 (166 A. D.). 
 
 8 III. .5938, 11943 (Dntersaal, 231 a. D.). 
 
 « III. 11909 ; 5912 (141 A. D.). Cf. n. 5 and III. 11995 (teg., Castra Eegina). 
 
 ' Not. Dign. Occ. xxxv. 26. 
 
 « CIL. V. 7425, under Nerva, not Trajan, as Cichorius asserts in PW. I. 1263. 
 
 9D. XXXV; cf., perhaps, CIL. III. 5819 (Augusta). 
 
 10 III. 5654; 11796; also 4806; 4839 (Virunum) ; 5340 (Solva) ; IX. .5357 (the cursus of a pre- 
 fect who had formerly been trib. coh. I Aeliae Britton., see p. 213) ; Jung, Dae. p. xv. Cf. 
 ala Augusta, p. 212. 
 
 n Not. Dign. Occ. xxxiv. 35. 
 
 12 Cohors classica, CIL. III. 5775, 5776 (Abudiacum), did' not belong in the province. 
 
 13 PW. IV. 243; Diz. Ep. I. 593 f. (where read "nel 166 in Raetia"). 
 
 1* D. XXXV. 15 D. CXI. 
 
 15D. XXI; Ann. Ep. 1903, 93 (teg., Arnsburg). 
 
 17 D. LXXIII (166 A. D.) ; CIL. III. 6537, 11993 (teg.) ; 11972 (7). 
 
 18 PW. IV. 252 f. ; Diz. Ep. I. 982. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF NOKK IM AND KAKTIA 217 
 
 Cohvrs IX hdidvttruin rnilinriii cquitdtd rjcpl[onitonim)* 
 came into Raetia between 107" and 162;* it was encamfM-d at 
 Weissenbur^/ and later at PaBsau (Batava Cnstra).* 
 
 Cohort lir and cohors V' Bnic(irau<iHst(ituniiiii wtvjhI in 
 Raetia in the second century;" the hittiT {M-rhaps ^'iivr its name 
 to Quintianae (Kiinzing). 
 
 Cohors I BrcHcoruin (jtiitu/rfKiriti VdU-ria victrijr his Urr- 
 qiiaUi oh virfntem appelldta {equitata r) :" in Raetia from 107'" 
 to 211" or longer; from the reign of Pius in c^mp at Pfttnz;'* 
 under the charge of a 7 leg. Ill Ital. htl|K'd foitifv Buhining in 
 181 A. D.*' 
 
 Cohors III Britaunorinn^* was in Raetia througliout th*- empire, 
 being stationed at Abusina.'^ Traces have l>een discovfrcd also at 
 Theilenhofen " and near Castra Regina." At some tinu* during 
 the first century,'" perhaps in 69/70,'" it was encamped in North 
 Italy. 
 
 1 Of. p. 216, n. 18. /G. XIV. 24;«(Mas8ilia^. a D. XXXV. 
 
 3 [D.CXI]; cf. D. LXXIII. 
 
 *0RL. Abt. B, no. 72, p. it,; Taf. XIII. 4 = CIL. III. 11918. Lin.' 4 wa.-i forni.rly n^ad e« 
 p(rovincia) B(ritannia), for a discussion of which ffc Clnsii. Hfv. XVllI. 4.'>»; XIX. ■> (tlip 
 early datP proposed in the latter article is unlikely in view of the hIn)pdc<> of the cohort io 
 D. XXXV). 
 
 ^Not. Dign. Occ. ixxv. 24. e f'f. n. 16. 
 
 7 Pi'rhaps previonsly in Germany, CIL. VI. .V>.'ff. 
 
 »D. XXXV; D. LXXIII; CIL. VI. 1822; .KSii: ; other iu»cripliout of uuciTtaui refi r.-uc« 
 are enumerated in PW. IV. 2.'i6 f. ; Diz. Ep. 1. 1024. 
 
 9PW. IV. 257f.; Diz. Ep. I. 1026. 
 
 luD. XXXV; fD. CXIl; D. LXXIII. n c/L. III. 11«M ; I19.Y.. 
 
 1.1 III. 11930; 11931 (1.38/161 A. D.); 11933. p 2328" (ISS/IST)) (Raetia 16); 119.H4. HWS («1 
 A. D.); 11929; 11932; [119.361. 11937-11939, p. 2S28*'" ; llWOci; 15210. may be plac-d her* with 
 some decree of probability. 
 
 •3III.U3702; cf. pp. 208, 189. 
 
 ■* Much confusion in the notes and indices to CIL. HI and el.sewhore. in rnuM>d by th^ 
 absence of system in expandiuK abbroviations for Britannorum. Krittonnm, Kritannira, and 
 Breucornm; see PW. III. 861 f. ; IV. 261 f. ; lUz. Ep. I. 1042. 
 
 "5 D. XXXV; D. LXXIX; D. LXXni;C//.. III. .^9:^, (211 a. u.) ; Hl8«), p.2a*8l (212. not 213 
 A. D., as in the Corpus); [11944] (219 A. D. 7) ; 11996 (low.) ; 14111b; Not. Dign. Occ. xxx». 25; 
 Jung, Doc. p. 11.5. 
 
 16C/L. III. 13546 (tCK.) : C iTl BR. See PW. IV. 281 ; ORL. Abt. B. no. 71 <i, pp. II, 17 oa 
 the possibility of understandinjt a reference to coh. Ill Br(Mcarau(n)iUoornro) or Br(ltlo- 
 nam) instead of Br(itannorum). 
 
 " CIL. III. 14119 (KumpfmOhl). 
 
 •"V. 7717 (AuRUSta Bagionnorum) ; soe aUo PW. IV. 32r) on Pain. (7/.. V, Addit. 810,811. 
 
 '9Tac. Hist. i.70. 
 
218 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 Cohors I Flavia Canatheiiorum miliar-ia^ served in Raetia 
 162-166 A. D.'^ Tegulae have been found at Kosching, Pforing, 
 Abusina, Castra Regina, and Stranbing.^ 
 
 Co[h(ors) . . . c]ivium Romano[r[um) was located in Raetia, 
 perhaps in the latter part of the first century ; its identification is 
 quite uncertain/ 
 
 Cohoi's IIII Gallorum was in Raetia 107-166 a. d.^ 
 
 Cohors VI Lusitanorum, otherwise unknown, is placed in 
 Raetia by a newly discovered Greek inscription *■ of the second 
 century.' As it is not included in the Raetian diplomata, it was 
 probably brought to the province after 166 to take the place of 
 coh, VII Lusit. eq. 
 
 Cohors VII Lusitanorum equitata^ towards the end of the 
 first century was transferred to Raetia from Numidia;^ it returned 
 to Africa after 166 a. d.*" 
 
 Cohors III Herculea Pannoniorum was at Caelium in the 
 time of the Notitia dignitatum}^ 
 
 Cohors Herculea Panrioniorum occupied Arbor Felix''' in the 
 late empire. '^ 
 
 Cohors V Valeria Phrygum in the fifth century held Phiniana.^* 
 
 Cohors I Raetorum^^ was in Raetia 107-166 a. d., perhaps at 
 Schierenhof.'" It is not known whether this was the same as the 
 cohors I Herculea Raetorum which was at Parrodunum in the 
 later empire." 
 
 I GIL. VIII. 2394, 2395; 17904; PW. IV. 267; Diz. Ep. 11. 64. 
 
 2D. CXI; CIL. III. 5973, 11976 (Straubing) ; D. LXXIII; CIL. III. 5911 (?) (Otling). 
 
 3 III. 6001, 11992, p. 232853 ad n. 119992, p. 2328202. 4 ix. 5362; PW. IV. 303. 
 
 5D. XXXV; [D. LXXIX] ; D. LXXIII; CIL. VIII. 9374. Of the various praefecti coli. 
 IIII Grail, who are rnumerated in PW. IV. 290 f., OIL. IX. 5357 gives one vyho may be placed 
 here with some degree of probability, inasmuch as his entire remaining career was spent in 
 North Italy, Noricum, and Raetia, see pp. 213, 216. 
 
 ^IGR. III. 56=1414 (Prusias, Bithyaia). The note on III. 56 is in error with regard to 
 the number of the cohort. 
 
 ^ Bull. Corr. Hell. XXV. 83, n. 214. « PW. IV. 313 t. ; Cagnat, pp. 250 f. 
 
 9 D. XXXV (107 A. D.). 10 D. LXXIII. h Occ. xxxv.30; PW. IV. 323. 
 
 •2 A Roman camp at Arbor Felix is assured for the year 377 by Ammian. xxxi. 10. 20. 
 
 13 Not. Du/n. Occ. xxxv. 34. i* Ibid. 29. 
 
 If' PW. IV. .326. CIL. VI. 16:i5; VIII. 9990; XII. 4232 may refer either to this cohort or to 
 coh. I Rapt, (cq.), p. 223, D. LXXIX has either [I] or [II] Raet. CIL. III. 11924 is quite 
 uncertain. 
 
 16 OIL. III. 13547, p. 2328202 (teg.). Cf. p. 219, n. 2. i' Not. Dign. Occ. xxxv. 28. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OP NORK^l'M AND BAKTIA H',) 
 
 Collars I J lidcioruni :^ in tli*' |)r<)viii.-.' 107 It)*') a. d. ; iniu\} 
 apparently at Straubin*;.^ 
 
 Cohors VI Valcrid Ractorum ocfupi^nl Vennxnmoduruin Jit 
 the time of the Notitia <ii<jiiHjiliim.* 
 
 Cohors III Thnu'itm vctcrniui and cohors III Thnwum civium 
 Roinanorum were in Raetia, 107-16(5 a. d.^ One of these camo 
 from Pannonia between 84* and 107. 
 
 LOCAL MILITL\ OF KAETL\ ■ 
 
 Light-armed native troops during the Hrst <-«'nturv supplf- 
 mented the regularly organized auxiliaries.' 
 
 OTHER AUXILIARIES OF THE LATE PERIOD. 
 
 The following entries in the Notitio (U(]nit(ttinn give infonim- 
 tion about other troops in Raetia: 
 
 {Occ. XXXV. 14) equite.s stal)le.siani sriiiorcs, Aui^ustaiiis. 
 
 (15) equites stablesiani iuuiores, Pont«> A|»>|ni, nunc Ffl)i;in| i|.s. 
 
 •(16) equites stablesiani iimiores, Suhmuntorio. 
 
 (20) praefectus militum Ursaricnsinni, Guntiae. 
 
 (31) tribunus f^eutis piT Raetias (lt'|)utatar. Trrinlis. 
 
 Summary: The Defenses of Raetia, 150-200 A. D. 
 In the following table covering the latter half of the second 
 century an attempt is made to present a concise statement of the 
 location of troops in Raetia, such as is given for a later date 
 by the Notitia diqnitatnrn. The period chosen, from Antoninus 
 Pius to Septimius Severus, is the one of greatest im{K)rtanco in 
 the military history of the Upper Danube — the {H>riod of con- 
 struction, at least in stone, of the majority of the castles along 
 the limes Raeticus. The evidence is unfortunately too scanty to 
 permit of a similar schedule for the army in Noricum. 
 
 1 PW. IV. 327. CIL. V. 33.">8 jfives the namo of a praofoctus i-itlior of this ctihurt or of 
 coh. II Raot. c. R.. p. 223. 
 
 iD. XXXV; D.CXI: D. LXXIII. ^CIL. III. 11997 (te«.). ♦ Occ. x«xt. 27 ; rf. p. J24. 
 
 5 D. XXXV ; D. LXXIII ; CIL. III. 58H0 (Haun.shoim) ; perhaps V. 2W1. PW. IV. S38 f. 
 
 «D. XVI. 
 
 TSee Hermes, XIX. 219 fT.. oapociully p. 222. u. X; XXII. 547 IT.: illi. VII. 33Gff.; Allen, 
 pp. 369 S. 
 
 »CIL. XIII. 1041: eyocatlo] KeBatorum D(; Raoionim cantollo IrraTiu (Anirns- 
 
 tan age) ; IX. 3044, see Raetia 1 (before 19 A. d.) : V. M6; Tac. Hist. i. «: R«Honiai 
 
 iavBDtus, 9ueta armis at more militiae oxHrcita (69 a. d.). 
 
STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 ON THE LIMES RAETIAE AND THE UPPER DANUBE. 
 
 Castle 
 
 ORL. 
 Lief. 
 
 Ahea in 
 Sqdare 
 
 Garrison 
 
 Notes 
 
 
 
 No. 
 
 Name 
 
 Metbesi 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 Schierenhof 
 
 7 
 
 20,410 
 
 coh. I Raet. 
 
 
 65 
 
 Unterbobingen 
 
 1 
 
 20,043 
 
 coh. ? 
 
 
 66 
 
 Aalen 
 
 23 
 
 60,740 
 
 ala II Fl. p. f. 00 
 
 Till 107/153 
 
 66a 
 
 Urspring 
 Heidenheim 
 
 24 
 
 17,874 
 
 coh. ? 
 
 
 666 
 
 13 
 
 52,845 
 
 ? 
 
 
 66c 
 
 Faimingen 
 
 
 59,532 
 
 ? ala I Fl. Comm. 
 
 Till 141/162 ;cf. 
 KOsching 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 67 
 
 Buch 
 
 10 
 
 20,950 
 
 coh. ? 
 
 
 67a 
 
 Halheim 
 
 15 
 
 6,724 
 
 vexillatio ? 
 
 
 68 
 
 Ruffenhofen 
 
 4 
 
 37,528 
 
 y 
 
 
 69 
 
 Dambach 
 
 15 
 
 21,505 
 
 coh. ? 
 
 
 70 
 
 Gnotzheim 
 
 
 22,475 
 
 coh. ? 
 
 
 71 
 
 Gunzenhausen 
 
 
 6,800 
 
 vexillatio y 
 
 
 71a 
 
 Theilenhofen 
 
 24 
 
 27,440 
 
 coh. Ill Br{?). 
 
 Cf. Abusina 
 
 72 
 
 Weissenburg 
 
 26 
 
 30,964 
 
 ala I Hiep. Aur. 
 
 
 73 
 
 Pftinz 
 
 14 
 
 27,390 
 
 coh. I Breuc. 
 
 Cf. Bohming 
 
 73a 
 
 Bdhming 
 
 
 7,410 
 
 vexil. leg. Ill Ital. 
 vexil. coh. I Breuc. 
 
 After 181 
 
 74 
 
 Koeching 
 
 
 50,000 
 
 ? ala I Fl. Comm. 
 ala I Fl. fid. Gem. oo 
 
 Till 141/162; 
 cf. Faimingen 
 After 107/162 
 
 75 
 
 PfOring 
 
 16 
 
 38,774 
 
 ala I Fl. 6iDg. c. R. 
 
 
 76 
 
 Abusina 
 
 
 18,000 
 
 coh. Ill Britannor. 
 ? leg. Ill Ital. 
 
 
 ON THE DANUBE BELOW ABUSINA. 
 
 
 Area in 
 
 
 
 Castle 
 
 Square 
 Meters 
 
 Garrison 
 
 Notes 
 
 Castra Regina 
 
 237,000 
 
 leg. Ill Ital. 
 coh. II Aq. eq. 
 
 
 
 
 ?coh. IIIBr(?). 
 
 Cf. Abusina 
 
 
 
 ? ala I Fl. sing. c. R. 
 
 Cf. PfOring 
 
 Straubing 
 
 
 coh. II. Raet. 
 ? leg. Ill Ital. 
 
 
 Kunzing 
 
 23,265 
 
 coh. V Bracar. 
 
 
 Paseau 
 
 
 coh. IX Bat. 00 eq. expl. 
 
 Previously at 
 WeisBenburg 
 
 I The maximum size of a garrison ie of course determined by the size of the camp, one 
 designed for a cohort (approximately 500 men) being about 20,000 square meters. See ORL, 
 and Franziss, pp. 132 £F. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF NOBU^UM AND KAHTIA 
 IN CENTRAL RAETIA. 
 
 221 
 
 Castlb 
 
 Oaeumm 
 
 Augusta 
 
 ? leg. Ill Itel. 
 
 LOCATION UNKNOWN. 
 
 GARRiaOM % 
 
 MT- 
 
 Coh. Ill Bracar. 
 Coh. I Fl. Canath. 
 
 Cf. Theilenhofen 
 Tegulae at KoBchiriK, PfO- 
 
 Coh. nil (Jail. 
 Coh. VII (later VI) Lusit. 
 Coh. Ill Thr. vet. 
 Coh. Ill Thr. c. R. 
 Local militia 
 
 riog, Abusina. Carttra 
 Retina. Straubing 
 
 V. The Fleet. 
 THE FLEET ON THE DANUBE. 
 
 The Upper Danube frontier was patroled by the clna-^is Pari- 
 nonica,' which was created before 50 a. d.^ niul had its h«'ad(]uar- 
 ters at Camuntiim. Under the later empire, two subdivisioii.s of 
 this fleet, classis Lauriacensis and classis Arlapensis et Ma^inen- 
 sis, were stationed, each under a praefectus, at Lauriacum and at 
 Arlapa and Comagena resjx^ctively.' Marines (milites libuniarii) 
 belonging to legio II Italicn at loviacuui and legio I NoricDnini at 
 Fafiana and at luenna near the Drave, co-(>jH»rat«'d with tliciii.' 
 
 THE FLEET ON LAKE CONSTANCE.' 
 Tiberius won a naval victory on Lake Constance while en^a^^I 
 in conquering the Vindelici (August 1,15 b. c.).* There is no fur- 
 ther record of a fleet on the lake until the "praefectus numeri' 
 bar[bariJcariorum, Confluentibus sive Brecantia" of th»» Xotitia 
 diynitatiim,^ nor is there any reason to lx«lieve that such exist^ni 
 while the Roman authority in southern Raetia remaineil undisputed. 
 
 1 PW. III. 2646 ff.; Diz. Kp. II. 274. 'Tac. Ann. lii. ». 
 
 J iVor.Dtan. Occ. xxxiv. 42 f. « /bid. 57. 40 f. ; pp. IW. 3)4. iPWIILSMll. 
 
 ftStrabo. vii. 1. .'>: Dio. liv. 22. 4; Hor. Carm. it. 14. 34; .Scli. I. 215. 
 
 7 Hermen. XIX. 221, u. .1. *Oec.xxxf.M. 
 
222 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 VI. Auxiliaries Raised in Noricum and Raetia. 
 
 From the earliest times the tribes inhabiting Noricum and 
 Raetia had a reputation for fierceness and bravery in war.^ 
 Noric equites fought under the Roman standard, even during the 
 republic;' one cohors and one ala Noricorum are known in the 
 first century of the empire and later. Norici more commonly, 
 however, served in praetorian and urban cohorts, as equites singu- 
 lares, or as legionaries.' 
 
 Raetic alae, five or more in number, are mentioned in the Notitia 
 dignitatum, and at least seventeen cohorts of Raeti and Vindelici 
 are certain; some were organized by Augustus or Tiberius,* and 
 all about which we have information were in existence before the 
 time of the Antonines. Two or three of these cohorts served in 
 Raetia,* two or three others in Asia Minor,* five in Germania 
 superior,* and four in Pannonia or on the lower Danube.* 
 
 ALAE FROM NORICUM. 
 
 Ala Noricorum^ in the first century was in Mainz,* but before 
 74' was sent to Cologne,'" and later to Calcar." Traces elsewhere 
 are quite uncertain.'^ 
 
 COHORTS FROM NORICUM. 
 Cohors I Noricorum equitata^^ was located in Pannonia" (after 
 the division of the province, in Pannonia inferior'^) from 80 to 167 
 certainly, and probably as late as the reign of Caracalla.'^ 
 
 iSee, for example, Hor. Carm. iv. 14; Strabo, iv. 6.8; Veil. ii. 95. 2; App. Illyr. 15; Flor. 
 ii. 22 (iv. 12) ; Dio, 1. 28. 4; liv. 22; Priscian, Periheg. 314. 
 
 2Caes. B. C. i. 18. 5. 3 P. 165, n. 4; Hermes, XIX. 51 f. ♦ Pp. 223 f. 
 
 6 Pp. 223-225. 6 ('f. n. 5; p. 165, n. 4. 
 
 ' PW. I. 1252. 8 CIL. XIII. 7029; 7030. 
 
 9 It is omitted in the diplomata of Upper Germany beginning with D. XI of the year 
 named. 
 
 10 Bonn. Jahrb. LXXXI. 102 ; LXXXII. 21 ; CIRh. 285 (Durnomagus) ; Ann. Ep. 1901, 104 ; 
 1906,99. 
 
 11 CIRh. 168; 170; 175; 176; 179; 187; 191. 
 
 12 CIL. III. 237 (Zela, Pontus) ; 10791 (Seisenberg, Pann. sup.). 
 
 13 III. 10279 (Moh&c8, Pann. inf.) ; PW. IV. 319 f. 
 
 14 D. XIII (80 A. D.) ; D. XVI (84 .\. d.) ; D. XVII (85 A. D.) ; CIL. IX. 5363, 5364. 
 
 16 D. LVIII (under Pius); LXXIV (167 a. d.). None of the inscriptions from Pannonia 
 which has been referred to this cohort is certain (cf. CIL. III. 3300; on III. 3398 see PW. IV. 
 315) ; the fragment from Raetia, CIL. III. 14370 13 (Castra Rogina) is equally doubtful. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF NORICL'M AND BAETIA *223 
 
 LOCAL MILITIA FROM NORICUM. 
 
 See p. 214 for troops stationed in Norirunj. 
 
 It is possible that a vexil(latio) Kaotor(unn vt Noricor(um) 
 which served at Maucunium. in Britain was urganiztxl as local 
 militia.' 
 
 ALAE FROM RAETIA. 
 
 Ala I Flavia Raetorum saw service in Raetia, see p. 215. 
 
 \^Alae II. Ill, I III Rdctorum] are known onlv from tht* 
 existence of ala V Raetorum. 
 
 Ala V Raetorum was at Scenae Veteranorum in Egypt during 
 the late empire.' 
 
 COHORTS FROM RAETIA.' 
 
 Cohors I Raetorum was stationed in Raetia, see p. 2 IS. 
 
 Cohors I R(U'torum equitata served in Cappadocia undfr 
 Hadrian.* 
 
 Cohors II Raetorum: in Raetia; cf. p. 219. 
 
 Cohors II Raetorum civium Romanorurn was in Germania* 
 superior'' throughout the empire; it probably was one of the 
 cohorts which fought at Idistaviso in 10 A. D. ;' its station was at 
 Aquae Mattiacorum (Wiesbaden) "until about the time of Hadrian, 
 when it moved to Saalburg.* 
 
 [Cohortes III Raetorum] are known only from the »*xistence 
 of the cohorts with higher numbers. 
 
 Cohors I II I Raetorum^° formed part of the army of Moesia 
 superior in 93 a. d. ;" it also fought in the second German war of 
 M. Aurelius and Commodus." 
 
 1 VII. 212 ; cf. MB. VII. ao:\. » Not. IHffn Or. xiriii. SO. 
 
 3 Hermes, XIX. 215 f. ; PW. IV. 328 ff., 350 f. 
 
 «Arriau, Ect. i; cf. p. 224. » D. XIV. (82 a. d.). 
 
 • D. XXI (90 a. D.); D. XL (116 A. d.); D. L (134 a. d.); CIL. XIII. 724«; cf. p. 219. o. I. 
 
 'Tac. Ann. ii. 17. 6; cf. p. 224. 
 
 »C//.. XIII. 7583; 7.V<4 ; p. 469 (U'k.» ; D. XL (116 a. I).). CIL. XIII. 7047 (Maint); 8240 
 (Worms) also perhaps refer to Boldirr* of this cohort. 
 
 9XIII. 7462 (139 A. D.); 746.'. (212 A. D.); 17166] (222,-2Xi A. D.); 7444; (7445; 74i21; 7457; 
 7460; [7468]: 7469; 7470; CIRh. 1431 d (tcR.); L. Jacobi. Da* ROmerkoMUll Saatburg. p. SO. 
 TeRulae have hIbo been found at Butzbach: CIL. XIII, p. 447. 
 
 10 X. 6976. Ill), cm. laC/L. VIII. 17W0. cf. p. WI. 
 
224 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 Cohois III [ Raetorum cquitata^ was encamped in Oappa- 
 docia from the time of Hadrian on,^ in the later empire being at 
 Analiba in Armenia.' 
 
 Cohors V Raetorum was in existence under Hadrian.* 
 
 Coliors VI Raetorum served at Vindonissa in Germania 
 superior,^ and was in existence by 103/111.** It may or may not 
 be the same as cohors VI Valeria Raetorum; cf. p. 219. 
 
 Cohors VII Raetorum equitata^ was in Germania" superior" 
 from the first century; it was located at Vindonissa,'" and later, in 
 the early part of the third century, at Niederberg near Coblenz." 
 
 Cohors VIII Raetorum civium Romanorum served in Panno- 
 nia under Domitian.'^ It won the title civium Romanorum in 
 Trajan's Dacian war, afterwards remaining in Dacia.'^ 
 
 Cohors Raetorum et Vindelicorum in the first century formed 
 a part of the army in Germania superior;" it perhaps fought 
 under Germanicus in 16 A. D.'* 
 
 Cohors Raetorum. In some cases it is quite impossible to 
 decide which of the above is meant,'" or indeed whether there is a 
 reference to cohortes Raetorum at all.'' 
 
 Cohors I Vindelicorum {miliaria) '** probably took part in 
 Hadrian's Jewish war,'" and in 157 was in Dacia superior.^" 
 
 1 X. 6976. The uumbor is restored with a fair degree of probability ia XI. 3101, the 
 cursus of a prefect whose remaining military career was in the East. 
 
 i Arrian, Ect. 1 ; p. 22.3. 3 Not. Dign. Or. xxxviii. 2H. 
 
 4 OIL. VIII. 8934. 
 
 » Mommsen, Inscr. Helv. 344. 8, 9 (teg.) ; OIL. XIII. 5.382 (Veaontio). 
 
 6 III. 5202. ^ XI. 5669. 
 
 »D. XI (74 A. D.); D. XIV (82 A. D.); C/L. II. 3237. 
 
 9 D. XXI (90 A. D.) ; D. XL (116 A. d.) ; D. L (134 a. d.). 
 
 '"Mommsen, Inscr. Helv. 344. 10. 
 
 n C/L. XIII. 7735; 7736 (under Caracalla or Elagabalus) ; 7736 a; p. 497 (teg.); also 
 7684 (Andernach) ; p. 496 (HOhr) ; p. 499 on n. 7765 (Niederbieber). 
 
 12 D. XIII (80 A. D.) ; D. XVI (84 a. d.) ; D. XVII (85 A. d.). 
 
 li D. XXXVII (110 a. D.) ; Jung, Z)oc. p. 121; Vaschido. p. 172. 
 
 H CIL. XIII. 7048 (Mainz) ; 6242 (Worms). i^* P. 223. 
 
 !(• XI. .5.387. nCIRh.3. 
 
 IH CIL. X. 4873; Aim. Ep. 1904, 24; with less certainty, CIL. III. 3562; 11906. 
 
 1'' So Gichorius (PW. IV. .350) infers from the name of the soldier for whom D. LXVI was 
 
 w D. LXVI ; CIL. III. 1343; perhaps also III. 8074. 25 (teg.), cf. 8075. 1 /), c (teg.). .Jung, 
 Dae. p. 122 ; Vaschido, p. 173. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OP NOKKTM AND BAHTIA 225 
 
 Cohors II Vi^ndcUvorinii) wms pcrliaprt liMat«'<I at ( '(iriiuntuiii 
 in Pannoiiia sii|)eri()r.' 
 
 \^Cohors III Vi)i({<'licorum\: no iiiHrriptioiirt an* j)n'rt«'rv»«<l. 
 
 Cohors III! ViiuU'licornm j^arriHoiuni (iroHHkrot/JMilnir^' in 
 Germania' superior* and there manufactiin'd bricks for uh»' alon^ 
 the whole German limea.' 
 
 LOCAL MILITIA FROM KAETL\. 
 
 In the early empire the Raetie militia n'uiained in the prov- 
 ince;* after the arrival of the legion it could bt* spared for service 
 abroad/ So during the second and third centuries a vexillatio 
 Raetorum gaesatorura was stationed in the north of Britain' under 
 the command of a trib(unus) cohjortis) I Vang( ionum),* and a 
 [n(umeru8)] g(a)esatoru[m] garrisoned Atuatuca in I-i«'lgi»^ 
 Gaul.'" 
 
 In the period following Diocletian, Raeti formed a part of the 
 guard of the comes lUyrici," and Raetobarii (?) attended the 
 magister equitum praesentalis of the East.'* 
 
 I III. 15204fi. 
 
 ^XIII. 7410; 7411 (191 or 211 A. n.); 74ir); 741H; 7U9; p. t4.'» (t«»c.>. 
 
 3D. XI (74 a. d.). 
 
 ♦D. XXI (90 a. d.); [D. XL) (UH a. d.) ; D.L (154 A. D.): C//>. XIII. 7.'ni (He<l.l«rnh«iin). 
 
 ■'Te«?ulao have been found at tho foUowiuK pointe: .MtoburK boi W«lldOrn, MilUtn- 
 berg, ObernbuFK. Niedernborg, Stockstudt, Wiesbadon, Mains. Fri' dborjr. Ech»oll, ArniburK. 
 Langonhain. Saalburg {CIL. XIII. pp. 2t>4. Ti^, 281, 2f<6 f., •>'i, 469, ^fl. 440, 44.'i-447. 449). Knld- 
 berg (ORL. Abt. B, uo. 10, p. •>«) ; am Maisel, .^Itohurg-Hpftrieh (CIL. XIII, p. 4.Vi), Hol»- 
 hausoa (ORL. .\bt. B, no. 6, p. 42), .Vrzbach. Niederboru. Hfddn!«I.Tf. N u»<lHrbieb»T tCIL. 
 XIII, pp. 496-499); Neuenheim near Heidelberg (C//.. XIII. p. 224). Tho brick* in (Uoti* 
 (CIL. III. 381*, Salzbrnnn near Cambodanum) were brought from Frankfurt. 
 
 6 P. 219. 
 
 ' If VIII. 2728 has been correctly interpreted, (Raeti) gaMatas wore omplurod at Saldao 
 in Mauretania Caesariensis even under Pius (147 l."»2 A. d.). 
 
 '•VIl. 731 (Aesica, 162'1B9 A. d.) ; 987; 988; 1002 (211 217 A. D.) (HabiUDciom) ; KK. VII, 
 n. 1092 (Jedburgh near Edinburgh). See also p. 223. 
 
 »PW.IV. 346f. 10 C/L. XIII. 35m. 
 
 II Not. Dign. Occ. v. 4.3 = 191 ^ vii. 44. '» Not. Dign. Or. ». 17 ^ 5«. 
 
LIST OF REFERENCES 
 
 Th« tollowlDg list conUlna refcranco to Iha mora iniportuit laKrlpUum uid pamt— tr 
 have bMO cited or utcd In thiiarticla. I*k|(ci on whirlr • rwMllnii.dato, or lolarprvWUon hu b*«a ducataad or 
 noted ar« Indicated by bold-faced type. 
 
 Anrel. Vict, de Caes. 32 f 
 
 Diqest. ilviii. 18. 10, pr. 
 
 Dio. Ixxvi. 9. 2f. - - - 
 
 Eutrop. ix. 7 .... 
 
 Not. Diffii. Occ. xxxiv. 40 f 
 
 XXXV. 14 ff 
 
 Ptol. ii. 13. 2 - - - 
 
 Script. Aurelian. 13. I 
 
 Bonos. 14.2 - 
 
 Prot. 5- - - 
 
 .ITKUAEY HUL'UCEH. 
 
 169, n. 17; 192 
 
 174 
 
 179 
 
 192 
 
 204 
 
 219 
 
 16.1, u. 9 
 
 192 
 
 19;< 
 
 187. n. 6 
 
 Suet. Tib. 16- - - 
 
 Tac. Ann. ii. 63 
 
 Hut. i. 11 - - 
 
 i.68- ■ 
 
 i. 70 - - 
 
 iii. 5 - 
 
 iv. 70 - 
 
 VeU. ii. 38. 3; lOU. 5 
 
 Zoe. i. 40 - - - - 
 
 166, B 9 
 
 165, D.9 
 
 - 165. n. 3 
 . 219 
 
 - 171 
 
 - 171 
 
 - 171; 215. D 
 
 166, n. 9 
 
 - in 
 
 U. EPIORAPniCAL SOUKCEB. 
 
 II. 4114 
 
 III. 875 
 
 1017 
 
 3270 
 
 3521 
 
 4039; 4656; 4796- 
 4797 ; 4800 - - ■ 
 
 4803 
 
 4820 
 
 4828 
 
 4861 
 S117; t 
 5154 - 
 6161 ■ 
 5162 - 
 5163 
 5166 
 5171 
 5179 • 
 5181 f. 
 5187 
 5188 
 5209 
 S211 
 5216 
 5317 
 
 6687 
 5565 
 6577 
 6592 
 6095 
 6712 
 6727 
 
 178 
 
 198, n. 3 
 191 f. 
 191 
 
 199. n. 7 
 198, n. 3 
 181 
 
 165, n. 9 
 201 
 
 197, n. 15 
 165, n. 9 
 212, u. 8 
 
 200, n. 9 
 170, n. 4 
 201, n. 2 
 173 
 
 174 
 172 
 174 
 172 
 171 
 174 
 
 197, n. 11 
 200, a. 13 
 181 
 186 
 
 179, n. 6 
 176 
 181 
 174 
 179 
 • 180 
 211,11.4 
 202, n. 12 
 170, n. 6 
 
 III. 5775-5777 
 5785; 5788 
 5793 - - 
 5810; .5862 
 5874 - 
 6876 - 
 BaS7 ■ 
 5M2 - 
 5953 • 
 5976 • 
 11543 ■ 
 11551 - 
 11743 
 11826 
 118Z7 
 11806 
 11918 - 
 11933 • 
 11947 • 
 11900- 
 U9aB- 
 11999- 
 
 1436J 
 
 14370- 
 
 14370" 
 
 14370«» 
 
 16306 - 
 
 152081 
 
 P.24K9 
 
 D. XXXV 
 LXIV 
 LXXIIl 
 XCVIII 
 V. 4«. p. 1106 ■ 
 
 lM8f. - 
 
 lie 
 
 198 
 187 
 
 193 
 190 
 
 30K, n. ' 
 
 208, n. 4 
 
 •JOl-.. u. 2 
 
 209, nn. 7, 
 165, n. 9; i 
 171 
 
 179 
 174 
 
 170, n. 6 
 181 n. 3 
 217, D. 4 
 189 
 
 176, n. 3 
 217,0-16 
 18» 
 192 
 
 206, n. 10 
 176 f. 
 Ih9 
 194 
 
 E2. n. 15 
 17» 
 180 
 
 212. D. 14 
 • IM 
 
 - 178 
 . 187 
 
 - ITJ 
 
 - 903, n. 2 
 170 
 
 187 
 
 227 
 
228 
 
 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 V. 4360 179 
 
 7425 216, n. 8 
 
 VI. 1377 196 
 
 1428 187, n. 6 
 
 1450 207, n. 9 
 
 1546 165, n. 9; 177 
 
 1599 165,11.9; 172 
 
 1636 199, n. 11 
 
 3588 213, n. 7 
 
 31871 211, n. 6 
 
 VIII. 2482 198, n. 3 
 
 2615 180 
 
 2728 225, n. 7 
 
 2852 198, n. 3 
 
 7062; 7064 - - - - 190 
 
 9363 165, n. 9 ; 
 
 167,n.l0;176 
 12442 178 
 
 IX. 2213 180 
 
 2593 196, n. 6; 
 
 201, n. 5 
 
 GIL. IX. 3044 ------ 185 
 
 4753 165. n. 9; 171 
 
 4964 177 
 
 53.57 218, n. 5 
 
 X. 3849 176 
 
 5398 191 
 
 XI. 3101 224, n. 1 
 
 6221 186 
 
 6337 213, n. 6 
 
 XII. 1857 173 
 
 XIII. 1041 219, n. 8 
 
 6806 188 
 
 Ann. Ep. 1890, nn. 135f. - - - 188 
 
 IGR. I. 678 199, n. 7 
 
 969; 971 188 
 
 III. 56 218, n. 6 
 
 Jahresh. d. dst.-arch. Inst. VII, 
 
 Beibl. 23ff. 185 
 
 Notiz. d. Scavt, 1885, p. 175 - - 187 
 
INDEX 
 
 S«« alao the liito of Rovanion, pp. Ili3-tt4, IM, 'IW, ui 
 207-JIO 
 
 Adloctus annonae, 209 
 
 Alae. 212, 215f., 222f. 
 
 C. Antonius Rufus, 170, n. 4 
 
 Aquiliferi, 209 
 
 Arcbaistic inscription, 187 
 
 M. Aiijidius Victorinut. 185, n. 1 
 
 M. Aurelius Probus, 187, n. 6 
 
 Auxiliaries, 211-225 
 
 Btjueticiarii, 166f., 182f., 201 f., 20e 
 Buri, 207 
 
 Caecina, 215, n. 19 
 
 C. Caerellius Sabinus, 188. n. 1 
 
 Centuriones. 200, 208, 217 
 
 M. ClauditiS Fronto, 196 
 
 M. Claudiu* Paternus, 177 
 
 Cohortes, 213f., 216-219, 222-225 
 
 (^olloquial usage iu official titles, 165, n. 9; 
 
 168-170; 179, n. 5; 200, n. 11 
 Cornicinee, 202 
 (lornicularii, 209 
 Cnstodes armorum, 202, 210 
 
 Dacia, 191f. 
 
 Daci, 199 
 
 Dilectator, 196 
 
 L. Domitius Ahenoharbus, 185, n. 1 
 
 Duces, 169f., 178, 180f., 184, 192f., 195, 199, 207 
 
 Duplarii, 202, 210 
 
 Emperors (cf. pp. lK2ff., 194f.): 
 
 AuRusius, 222 
 
 Tiberius, 221 f. 
 
 Viteliius, 215 
 
 Hadrian, 211 f.. 215 
 
 M. Aureliu8.196f., 205, 211 
 
 Soptimius Severus, 178, 180, 197, 206 
 
 Alexander Severus, 169 
 
 Gor.lian, 197 
 
 Gallienus, 198,206 
 
 Valerian, 19J, 198, 211 
 
 Diocletian, 169; 170, n. 2 
 Enlistment, age of, 196, n. 6 
 Equitos (leK.), 210 
 Exacti. 209 
 Exportation of bricks, 199; 205; 206. n. 10; 225 
 
 Fleet, 221 
 
 Frumentarii. 200, n. 9; 202; 209 
 
 of nianbrn of !•« It Iwl ud l«« III 11*1 . pf !•»-»«, 
 
 Gaesati, 225 
 
 M. Gaviu» Miirimu*, 174 
 
 Goths, 199 
 
 /'. Helviut Prrltniur. IK'., n. I ; IK. u. 1 
 
 hudiuK, 187, D. 6 
 
 Imaciniferi, 309 
 
 Immunoti, 202, 210 
 
 luliua HriganticuM, 171 ; 215, n. 19 
 
 lasKladi, 166; 185. n. 5 
 
 LcKati, 188, 177 IWt, IWf., 187-192, IWf.; 300. 
 
 n. 11 
 
 IW; 300, D. 5 
 
 Lpffionary tit Irs. rfnowal of, 
 Legiones (cf. p. 205, n. 3) : 
 
 ladi.. 197. n. 1 
 
 I Germ., 211 
 
 I Nor., 204f., 221 
 
 II adi., 198, n. .', 
 II It«l.: 
 
 history. IW 199. 205 f.. 221 
 
 niHmb.rs, 168. 177-181. I83f.. 199-204. 212 
 
 II Traiana. 19f. 
 
 III Au«., 192. n.5: 198. n. .'»; 300; 211 
 III Gnll. (fclixK 187, n. 6 
 
 III Itai., 165. 21.'.. 225 
 
 history, 196, n. 4; 205-30;; 230f. 
 mombors, 168; 187-196; 300. n. 2; 207-210; 
 217 
 
 IV Flavia. 18H 
 
 IV Mnced..211 
 
 V Marr>d., 198. ii. .<? 
 VIII AuK. 211 
 
 X gem.. 181. n. .1 
 
 XI ri.,21I, u.-.i 
 
 XIII gem.. 174. n.5; 191 
 
 XX V v., 211 
 Librarii. ?00. n. 11; 301; 309 
 Local militia. 214, 219. 22S. 22S 
 
 Medici, 202. 210 
 
 llilit<»s legionarii. 196. n.fi; 3nS f . ; 210 
 
 Noricnni : 
 army, 196 2a'.. 211 214. 2Z1-2ZS 
 government. 165 184 
 name. 165. n. 9; 178. n. S 
 relation to Pannonia, W9; ITS. n. S: MM.; 
 
 184, ir8f..20lf..221 
 relation to Rartia. 161 f.; 173, n. 7; MB, n. 
 
 2251 
 
230 
 
 STUDIES IN CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY 
 
 Sex. Oppius Priscus, 185 n. 1 
 Optiones, 202, 209 
 Ordinarii, 200 
 
 Pollenius Auspex, 179, n. 2 
 Polliones. 210 
 Praefecti classis, 221 
 
 legionis, 199, 204, 206f. 
 
 proviuciae, 165f.; 168, n. 1; 185; 194 
 Praesides, 169f. ; 179, n. 5; 181, 184, 193-195 
 Primipilares, 200 
 Primipili II, 168; 170, n. 5 
 Principales, 200-202, 208-210 
 Procuratores, 165-168, 170-177, 182 f., 185-187, 
 
 194 
 Pro legato, 165, 187 
 Protectores, 200, n. 5 
 
 Quinquefa 
 
 165, n. i 
 
 }, 177, 188 
 
 Eaetia : 
 
 army, 205-211, 214-225 
 
 government (cf. Noricum), 165-170, ia5-195 
 M. Roscius Murena, 188 
 
 Signiferi, 202, 209 
 Speculatores, 204 
 Stratores, 200, n. 11 ; 201 
 
 Tesserarii, 202 
 Tribuni leg., 199, 207 
 Tubicines, 210 
 
 Ulpius Valerius, 204 
 
 Vallis Poenina, 165, 185, 187 
 
 Veteran! leg., 201, n. 9; 202, n. 14; 204; 209, 
 
 n. 13; 210f. 
 Vindelicia, 165, 177, 185-187, 221f., 224f. 
 
COSSfi'liaiM 
 
Jiny 
 
 ;yv^ 
 
 V<3 
 
 T5?=^r r^.