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How We Affect 
 Latin America's Daily Life 
 
 LATIN AMERICA, No. 2 
 
 William J. Dangaix 
 
 Formerly Foreign Agent of the 
 War Trade Board at Berne and Paris 
 
 Author of 
 
 How Latin America Affects Our Daily Life 
 
 INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC SERVICE 
 
 51 CHAMBERS STREET 
 NEW YORK CITY 
 
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Preface 
 
 If the United States is to hold its war-time lead 
 in Latin America's foreign trade, our business men 
 and our public must know more and think straighter 
 about our ability to serve Latin American countries 
 and our growing need for their foods and raw ma- 
 terials suitable for our manufactures. 
 
 To give the basic facts about our present and 
 possible future relations with Latin America is the 
 purpose of the two pamphlets which the Institute for 
 Public Service has persuaded Mr. William J. Dan- 
 gaix to write from his personal travels and studies. 
 
 In the present volume, How We Affect Latin 
 America's -Daily Life, many startling facts are given, 
 such as that the West Indies' per capita trade with 
 us was in 1918 four times that of Great Britain in 
 1913; Argentine's nearly five times that of France; 
 Brazil's nearly twice that of Sweden ; Cuba's twenty- 
 six times that of Germany; Chile's three times that 
 of Belgium. 
 
 Will the population of Latin America grow up 
 to her almost limitless natural resources? Are we 
 her logical trading center? How can we earn con- 
 tinued leadership in the world trade of our neighbors 
 to the south? What mistakes must we stop making? 
 What are the encouraging evidences that we have 
 profited from past mistakes? These and similar 
 questions are answered by Mr. Dangaix in the two 
 readable, definitely instructive pamphlets, How 
 Latin America Affects Our Daily Life and How We 
 Affect Latin America's Daily Life. 
 
 Institute for Public Service 
 
 JULIUS H. BARNES, Chairman 
 January 1, 1920 
 
What and Where is Latin America? 
 
 Latin America, the geographical term, belongs his- 
 torically and logically to all parts of the New World, 
 continental and insular, extending in a southerly di- 
 rection from continental United States to its apex at 
 Cape Horn, a distance of 7,000 miles ! 
 
 This mighty domain, larger than the United States 
 and British North America combined, occupies about 
 one-seventh of the land area of the entire world. This 
 is the Latin America of which this study treats. 
 
 Some authorities claim that the term, Latin Ameri- 
 ca, should be limited to the twenty Latin American 
 republics, in doing which the possessions of the 
 United States, Great Britain, France and the Neth- 
 erlands, lying within this territory, are omitted. In 
 1918, the combined value of our commerce with this 
 omitted territory, embracing 200,000 square miles and 
 containing nearly 4,200,000 inhabitants, was $187,- 
 880,000, an increase of $77,390,000 or 70 per cent, over 
 our commerce with it in 1913. 
 
 Other authorities extend the meaning of Latin 
 America to all American countries to the south of us, 
 in which a Latin race or the use of some Latin lan- 
 guage is predominant. This would exclude all of the 
 foregoing omitted territory except the French posses- 
 sions and Porto Rico. 
 
 It was the Latins Spanish and Portuguese who 
 first discovered, explored and settled these large re- 
 gions, in which one still finds abundant evidence of 
 
 2 
 
the profound impressions made by them. Among 
 the combined inhabitants of European blood, the 
 Latin races have always predominated. Even in re- 
 cent years, the bulk of immigration has been made up 
 of the Latin races Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and 
 French. Of the total population of Latin America in 
 1918, (89,709,000), less than 2y 4 per cent, is of coun- 
 tries in which other than a Latin language is in the 
 ascendancy. 
 
 It seems, therefore, more proper to designate that 
 entire portion of the New World by the collective 
 expression, Latin America, irrespective of the politi- 
 cal organization of its countries or the relatively small 
 parts of them in which some Latin tongue is no 
 longer predominant. 
 
 Latin America fulfills the need of a broader inclu- 
 sive term than Spanish America, too often misused to 
 include even Portuguese Brazil. Moreover, it is of 
 great utility in defining, as a unit, that larger vast 
 portion of America in contradistinction to its other 
 great divisions, British North America and the 
 United States. 
 
 What is true of Latin America as a whole, is 
 equally true of each of its three natural geographical 
 divisions, Mexico and Central America, the West In- 
 dies, and South America. If one is seeking facts con- 
 cerning our commercial relations with the West In- 
 dies, one naturally wants to learn the whole story, 
 irrespective of the conflicting claims to the limita- 
 tions embraced in the term, Latin America. As a 
 matter of fact, the French islands and Porto Rico at 
 least have as much right, from every reasonable point 
 of view, to be included in the designation, Latin 
 America, as have Cuba, Haiti and the Dominican Re- 
 
public. Indeed, based upon the discovery of the West 
 Indies by Latins, what sub-division of that wonder- 
 ful group of islands could have a better right to be 
 included in the designation than the British Bahamas 
 in which (on San Salvador or Watling) Columbus 
 himself first set foot in the New World? On his first 
 and succeeding voyages, he discovered practically all 
 of the islands of the West Indies. 
 
 One cannot even think of South America without 
 being reminded of the Guianas of which French 
 Guiana at least is still every whit as much Latin as 
 Brazil which adjoins it. It was the coast of Vene- 
 zuela, adjoining the Guianas, where during his third 
 voyage, in 1498, Columbus first discovered the main- 
 land of America. 
 
 It would be much like compiling statistical facts 
 about one of our states without including all of its 
 counties, to gather important data concerning that 
 compact group of countries lying between the Rio 
 Grande and the Panama Canal without including 
 British Honduras. 
 
 It was at Cape Gracias a Dios, on the coast of Hon- 
 duras, where Columbus, on his fourth and last voy- 
 age to the New World, in 1502, had his first glimpse 
 of the mainland of the North American continent. 
 
 In the enlightened dawn of a new era of Pan- 
 Americanism, our constructive program for strength- 
 ening the natural ties and cultivating mutual helpful- 
 ness among the peoples of the New World, will not 
 brook the exclusion, even from unity in name, of any 
 southern neighbor. 
 
How We Affect Latin America's Daily Life 
 
 We are much less independent of Latin Americans than 
 they are of us. We cannot conveniently obtain elsewhere 
 much of what they want to sell to us, whereas they might 
 easily get elsewhere or produce themselves practically every- 
 thing we want to sell to them. 
 
 If an impassable barrier were to be erected between Latin 
 America and the United States, Latin America twenty years 
 hence need suffer for no necessity, but the United States 
 would suff er more and more keenly each succeeding decade 
 for want of raw materials, some of which no other part of the 
 world can furnish us at all, and some of which can be had 
 at feasible prices only from Latin America. 
 
 For example the imported article that leads in value our 
 imports which pay duty is sugar, the bulk of which conies 
 from Latin America principally Cuba. The most valuable 
 of "free imports," and 71.92% of all our 1918 imports were 
 on the free list that pays no duty is india rubber, an- 
 other distinctive Latin American product which comes now 
 chiefly from the British and Dutch East Indies, but will more 
 and more .come from Latin America. Other distinctive prod- 
 ucts of Latin America like vegetable fibres for ropes, twines, 
 mattings, etc., hides and skins, wool, coffee, tin, copper and 
 nitrates are among our very largest items of import for which 
 we must look more and more to Latin America. See How 
 Latin America Affects Our Daily Life. 
 
 The one service which we and we only can render to 
 Latin America concerns its political independence rather than Monroe 
 its commerce. For protection against European political in- Doctrine 
 terference and possible domination, Latin America has come 
 to look to itself and the cooperation of its own members and 
 to our belief in and enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine. The 
 sanction of the civilized world has now been formally given 
 to this policy of America for Americans in the Covenant of 
 the League of Nations. 
 
 That her commercial relations with the United States may 
 be quite as important as her political relations, Latin America 
 has not yet realized. As her commerce increases her reason 
 for dealing with the United States will be that she can profit 
 from such dealings rather than that she is dependent upon 
 them. 
 
 The sooner we frankly recognize that Latin America is 
 essential to us and that we must win her favor and secure her 
 
Competi- 
 tion the 
 life of 
 trade 
 
 Important 
 
 facts 
 
 overlooked 
 
 U. S. leads 
 in Latin 
 American 
 trade 
 
 products for our own reasons and not for altruistic reasons, 
 the sooner are we and our merchants apt to adopt the attitude 
 arid to practice the courtesy, consideration and far-seeing help- 
 fulness which alone will secure our share of Latin America's 
 trade. 
 
 In dealing with a country that is not dependent upon us 
 we cannot use high-handed arbitrary methods. As in every 
 other activity of life where the buyer may buy of any one of 
 several sellers, each seller will try to outdo all others in cour- 
 tesy, promptness, quality and quantity of service at the low- 
 est possible price. For Latin American trade we have many 
 keen competitors. 
 
 It is good for us, having a population of over one hundred 
 million, that in our future dealings with Latin America we are 
 to have competition and thus be constantly reminded that we 
 must work for our own interest by way of doing the best that 
 possibly can be done for Latin American customers. 
 
 Have classes give local illustrations prices that are 
 cheaper because of competition. 
 
 While our southern neighbors are not dependent upon us 
 for many raw materials or manufactured products, their daily 
 life is nevertheless at many points affected by the United 
 States. 
 
 Since we, being actually dependent upon her, are still 
 quite unconscious of both the fact and the extent of our de- 
 pendence upon her for a great variety of raw products that 
 enter into our daily life, we should not be surprised to learn 
 that Latin Americans have failed to realize for how very many 
 articles of prime importance to life, commerce and industry 
 they are already looking to us. 
 
 Even in Mexico, Central America, the West Indies and 
 other countries of the Caribbean Sea, where for many years 
 our commerce has exceeded that of all other nations combined, 
 there is an astonishing lack of knowledge concerning the char- 
 acter and volume of this trade. 
 
 The general public of Latin America would be surprised 
 to know that for many years our purchases from Latin Amer- 
 ica have far exceeded those of any other country and that be- 
 ginning in 1913 our sales to her have also been in the lead. 
 
 But this leading position in the commerce of Latin 
 America was largely owing to our preponderant share of the 
 trade of the Caribbean, as we occupied second place in the 
 total trade of South America. 
 
 In 1915, however, our trade with South America also sur- 
 passed that of any other country. In 1917 we began to lead 
 all other countries combined in both buying from and selling 
 to Latin America. 
 
One should bear in mind, however, that a large part of 
 our rapidly growing trade is attributable to greatly increased 
 values since 1913 and is, therefore, not a fair indication of in- 
 creased quantities. 
 
 In 1918 our purchases totaled $1,044,000,000 and our sales 
 $760,000,000, a total trade of almost two billion dollars ($1,- 
 805,000,000). Our total trade with each of thirty-two Latin 
 American divisions is given on page 45, together with the 
 amount and percentage of increase over 1913 for the total and 
 for imports and exports separately. The principal items of 
 export are given on page 44 and the inside back cover. 
 
 In studying these totals, the reader should remember that 
 their significance is in the numbers of articles sold and the Significance 
 numbers of customers dealt with, and not in the amounts of of volume. 
 money. It takes but a line to say that Latin America bought 
 almost $200,000,000 worth of metals and metal manufactures 
 from us in 1918; to get those articles to Latin America, how- 
 ever, took the time of thousands of wage earners and manag- 
 ers, hundreds of railroad cars, many ships, hundreds of houses, 
 much letter writing, in fact participation by almost every one 
 of us. 
 
 Reasons should be sought to explain why our trade shows 
 larger relative growth in some countries and groups of 
 countries than in others, especially why the growth of our 
 trade with Cuba has outstripped that with any other 
 country, and even large groups of countries. 
 
 Latin America's pre-war financial and commercial rela- 
 tions, her personal, social and educational ties were generally 
 centered in Europe, upon which part of the world, it was popu- 
 larly believed, her industrial life also depended. 
 
 The masses of the people are not even aware that the 
 United States leads the world in the production of the prin- Productive 
 cipal metals and non-metalic minerals ; in lumber, cement and 
 other basic materials; in wheat, corn, oats, cotton, tobacco, 
 fruits and other leading agricultural products; in animal in- 
 dustries, meat products, fisheries, manufactures, commerce 
 and wealth. 
 
 Much less do they realize that this overpowering suprem- 
 acy and our geographical position make the United States 
 more important to Latin America, industrially and financially, 
 than all Europe combined can be to her. 
 
 Bring out the difference between "important to" and 
 
 Heretofore, they have not been generally confronted with 
 these truths, or made to realize even that any considerable 
 part of the imported articles with which they are constantly 
 in contact originates with the "Yanquis." 
 
U. S. mail 
 bags 
 
 Daily con- 
 tact with 
 U. S. 
 products 
 
 Hard to 
 avoid us 
 
 U. S. 
 cotton in 
 European 
 textiles 
 
 Even where, as in certain parts of Latin America, men 
 walk about the street clad in tightly woven trousers or wear- 
 ing aprons bearing the familiar stamp "U. S. Mail," envious 
 neighbors who are wearing less durable cottons, think much 
 less of the origin of these bags than of their utility. Had 
 these mail bags, which were so trifling in importance before 
 being gotten out of the hands of the International Postal Ser- 
 vice, been filled with parcels or checks representing inter- 
 change of commercial relations the initials "U. S." would mean 
 useful service instead of unclaimed sacks. 
 
 Latin Americans do not generally think of the United 
 States when they enjoy bread, biscuits, pancakes and their 
 delicious pasteles, made of wheat flour; when they eat hams, 
 bacon and other meat products, butter and cheese, Irish pota- 
 toes, dried and canned vegetables and fruits; when they use 
 lard, cottonseed and peanut oils, condensed and evaporated 
 milk, baking powder, condiments, vinegar, flavoring extracts 
 and many other articles of food from our farms, fields, pas- 
 tures and factories. They seldom think of us when, on Fri- 
 days and other days of abstinence, they have special occasion 
 to enjoy a dish of popular bacallao, smoked haddock or her- 
 ring, canned salmon or lobster or other fish and shellfish from 
 our extensive fisheries. 
 
 When they use refined sugar, eat candies, drink chocolate 
 or chew gum, they are apt to even forget that the raw ma- 
 terials probably originated in their own or a neighboring coun- 
 try, and were sent to us to be manufactured or prepared. 
 
 Latin Americans too often fail to associate us with the 
 clothes and shoes they wear; with building materials, house 
 furnishings and decoration; with office, store, factory, mill, 
 farm, ranch, mining and logging supplies and equipment; 
 with steam railways, electric lines, automobiles, motor trucks, 
 wagons, steamboats, motor boats and their other transporta- 
 tion facilities; with water works, sewerage, electric light and 
 power plants; with coal, coke, oils, soaps and greases; with 
 the telephone, telegraph and cable; with chemicals, dyes, 
 drugs and medicines. There is an endless variety of ways in 
 which the daily life of millions of our neighbors to the south 
 are affected by our products and commerce. Even the man 
 who may not be in direct contact with our products, cannot 
 possibly avoid the effect of them, extending even to his 
 amusements, such as sports, music and the "movies." 
 
 Latin Americans rarely see any connection between the 
 United States and their European purchases, yet many of our 
 materials and products form an important part in a great 
 variety of these manufactures. Their most important Euro- 
 pean purchases are textiles which they purchase with little 
 thought of the fact that much the larger part of the cotton 
 
employed in their manufacture comes from our southern cot- 
 ton fields where about 75% of the world's supply of the fleecy 
 staple is grown. 
 
 One finds many ways in which our products are camou- 
 flaged, some of which seem quite natural and innocent, but flu S 
 others as purposely and skilfully designed as for a battlefield. ** 
 
 The most important reasons responsible for this unfortunate 
 situation are: 
 
 1st, that a large part of our commerce with Latin America 
 is handled through European merchants, often our commer- 
 cial rivals, some of whom find it to their interest to disguise 
 our products; 
 
 2nd, that the larger part of our commerce has been fin- 
 anced through foreign banks, in which settlements were 
 usually made with drafts on European centers; and 
 
 3rd, that the bulk of our commerce has been carried in 
 ships flying European flags. Heretofore, beyond the borders 
 of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, the Stars and 
 Stripes was almost a curiosity in Latin American waters. 
 
 Fortunately for us, Latin Americans are generally familiar 
 with a number of our widely used labor-saving machines and Labor- 
 machinery which dramatically appeal to the eye, such as the 
 cash register, sewing machine, typewriter, adding and calcu- 
 lating machines, type-setting machine, farming machinery 
 and implements, windmills, printing presses, scales and bal- 
 ances, stoves and ranges, electrical devices, phonographs, 
 cameras, hand tools and implements, prbminent among which 
 is the machete, that everlasting friend in need that is a friend 
 indeed to the lowlands of rural Latin America. 
 
 Have these devices drawn and stories told of their Latin 
 American uses. 
 
 That Latin America has been looking principally to us 
 for her metals and metal manufactures is not generally un- Metal* and 
 derstood. Heretofore, foodstuffs have generally led in our metal man 
 sales to Latin America, but metals and metal manufactures 
 are now far in the lead of any other group of products, testify- 
 ing to the rapidly increasing demand upon us for such prod- 
 ucts, despite greatly enhanced values. During the fiscal year 
 1918, the value of our sales of metals and metal manufactures 
 attained the large sum of $195,649,274 or nearly 27% of the 
 value of our total exports of domestic merchandise to Latin 
 America. 
 
 While many of these products can normally be obtained 
 in Europe, we shall always be able to supply them to Latin 
 America more quickly and in much larger quantities than 
 Europe can hope to do. Every year our advantage will in- 
 crease. In fact there is nothing else in which our world 
 supremacy is so pronounced as in our production of iron, steel 
 
Importance 
 of steel 
 
 A lost art 
 
 The 
 
 machete 
 
 and copper, the essential basic elements in manufacture, and 
 in our production of coal and petroleum, the great compelling 
 forces in the extraction and conversion processes by which 
 all metals enter into an infinite variety of manufacture. 
 
 Steel for example is as vitally important in new and un- 
 developed countries like Latin America as in old and finished 
 countries. 
 
 No phase of modern life, no employment or occupation, 
 no industry or service, great or small, is possible without some 
 direct use of steel. We find it in countless varieties of form, 
 ranging from needles and pens, to ponderous locomotives and 
 giant ocean steamers. 
 
 Have children list familiar uses of steel. 
 
 Without steel Latin America can never be developed; 
 there can be no steamships, steamboats or railroads; no tools, 
 implements and machinery with which to exploit its forests, 
 develop its mines, cultivate its fields, manufacture its products, 
 build its cities and homes and carry on commerce; it must 
 relapse into the primitive days of the Inca and Aztec, or at 
 least be thrown back to the era before the modern use of iron 
 and steel became known. 
 
 The Incas and pre-Incas, to whom steel was unknown, possessed 
 the lost art of tempering their copper tools, many samples of which 
 have been found among the ruins and abandoned mines of Peru and 
 Bolivia, and some of which can be seen in our museums; but their 
 descendants find steel, in some form, as important in their daily life 
 as we do. 
 
 Even to the uncivilized man of the jungle a blade of steel 
 is indispensable. I have visited many isolated native huts at 
 remote river points in the interior of South America where, 
 after diligent search, the only article found on the premises 
 which was not the product of the wilderness, was a machete, 
 that indispensable and inseparable tool and weapon of the 
 lower class of the Latin American native, especially of the low- 
 lands. This heavy and long cutlass-like knife supplies every 
 domestic use for sharp-edged tools in the home, from peeling 
 fruits to cutting fire-wood. It is also employed as the sole 
 agricultural implement, both in cultivating and harvesting the 
 small patches of corn, sugarcane, bananas, plantains and other 
 products. 
 
 It is the sole implement used in cutting footpaths and roads 
 through the jungle; and answers many purposes in gathering forest 
 products, in construction work, local industries and in hunting and 
 fishing. 
 
 The machete is universally used in cutting the vast fields of 
 sugar-cane in Cuba and elsewhere in Latin America; also in cutting 
 off the outer husk of the cocoanut. 
 
 Every bunch of bananas gathered in Tropical America is cut 
 from the plant with a machete, after which the plant itself is cut 
 
 10 
 
down with this knife, to make room for its succeeding sprout, since 
 no banana plant bears more than one bunch of bananas. 
 
 The machete is a formidable weapon in the oft-recurring revolu- 
 tions, and is too often resorted to in the settlement of personal diffi- 
 culties. Many a man's head has been split wide open with a single 
 blow of this heavy knife. 
 
 It is a common sight, in rural districts, and especially in cane- 
 growing sections, to see boys, often clad in nothing more than a small 
 piece of cloth, with a machete slung at their sides; but they look to be 
 as proud of being pressed in a machete as we feel in good clothes, 
 shoes and hat. 
 
 Many of these poor boys don't aspire to own anything more valu- 
 able to them than a machete, and especially one that bears the im- 
 print, "made in U.S.A.," the superiority of which they have learned 
 to appreciate. 
 
 It is the tool by which these boys and their families earn a live- 
 lihood, and one that answers more domestic and general needs than 
 any other known to them. 
 
 They may never learn to read, but their long familiarity with 
 the imprint on their machete, "made in U.S.A." and its significance 
 will serve them a good purpose in the selection of not only better 
 tools and implements, but many other manufactures that they will 
 come to require. 
 
 Dressed in 
 
 a machete 
 
 Have imaginary story written giving machete boy's idea 
 of the United States. 
 
 The families in the huts and cabins where the machete 
 now reigns supreme, will first want household and kitchen 
 furniture and utensils of modern manufacture and greater f^*^ 
 utility, in iron, steel, tin, enamel, crockery, glass, etc., instead 
 of the now useful calabash from which their bowls, jars, dishes, 
 cups and even spoons are made, or pots and pans locally made 
 of clay. 
 
 They will want to discard the stone and stone rolling pin 
 with which the women laboriously grind corn; put aside the 
 turtle-shell in which the cornmeal batter is prepared; and 
 abandon the use of hot stones on which to cook "tortillas" 
 (pan-cakes), their staple bread. 
 
 They will want forks, spoons and knives; glasses, crock- 
 ery, tinware, coffee mills, sewing machines, hammers, 
 hatchets, axes, hoes, rakes, shovels, saws, nails and innumer- 
 able other articles of ordinary domestic use. 
 
 The man of the jungle will surely want a better bed than 
 is commonly found in his hut ; forked stakes supporting rough A breech- 
 limbs and branches, covered with a home-made grass mat, c i ot i, 
 usually about three feet above the ground, as a protection wardrobe 
 against snakes and other venomous crawling pests. Sheets 
 and other bedclothes are unknown to him. He is not even 
 troubled with wearing apparel, since his entire wardrobe is 
 often confined to a breech-cloth. The women do not wear 
 much more, and younger children not even a fig leaf, but all 
 this must of course change. 
 
 11 
 
What local industries will benefit from these changes in 
 standard of living? 
 
 Agricul- 
 tural 
 machinery 
 
 Amusing 
 prejudices 
 
 Vehicle* 
 
 The statement that in one year, ending June 30, 1918, we 
 sold Latin America agricultural machinery and implements 
 alone to the value of $5,700,000, would probably be accepted 
 by the average Latin American as an "embuste de los Yan- 
 quis"; yet such facts should be generally known. 
 
 Our planters, plows, cutivators, reapers, binders, thresh- 
 ers and other agricultural machinery and implements are seen 
 almost everywhere among the 17,500,000 acres sown in wheat 
 in Argentina, and ia the less extensive but important wheat 
 fields of Chile, Uruguay and Mexico. 
 
 But the extensive use of our unequalled farming ma- 
 chinery, implements and tools is not confined to the wheat 
 fields of Argentina, Uruguay and Chile. One finds them in the 
 large fields of corn, oats, sugarcane, rice, cotton, tobacco, 
 coffee, hay, sisal grass, linseed, potatoes and other vegetables ; 
 and generally on the small farms throughout Latin America, 
 wherever the native has advanced beyond the wooden plow. 
 
 One need not go further than among our Mexican neighbors 
 across the Rio Grande to find an astonishing abundance of wooden 
 plows and many other primitive methods of agriculture; but the Latin 
 American farmer who has been converted to the advantage of the 
 steel plow will soon learn, if he has not already done so, that he can 
 obtain the best results by hitching his burro to one from los Estados 
 Unidos. 
 
 One of the amusing objections and prejudices among primitive 
 people to the steel plow, is that it destroys the productive force of 
 the earth. 
 
 This absurd theory is not confined to the aborigines of Latin 
 America. I have frequently met with it, even in certain sections of 
 Continental Europe where the wooden plow is still in use. It was a 
 similar mistaken notion which often led the Spanish farmer to assist 
 in almost denuding Spain of trees, because trees harbored birds that 
 feasted on his grain crops. 
 
 Our wagons, carts, motor and hand trucks, pushcarts and 
 wheelbarrows, harness, saddlery and horseshoes, contribute 
 materially to gathering and marketing the products of Latin 
 America, whether of the field, forest or mine; and in facilitat- 
 ing local transportation of all kinds. 
 
 I found our wagons in great favor, even in far-off Pata- 
 gonia, where they were introduced in recent years. When at 
 Trelew, a bleak little town that reminds one of a Siberian 
 village, I dined at the home of a Welshman who was doing a 
 thriving business in hauling wool from the foothills of the 
 Andes, across the trackless pampas, often for over 400 miles, 
 exclusively in American-made wagons which he declared were 
 superior to any he had ever used. This frank admission 
 seemed the more significant because Trelew was settled by 
 
 12 
 
a Welsh colony and is inhabited almost exclusively by the 
 Welsh. 
 
 A story is told of a business man at Guayaquil, Ecuador, 
 having need to reach Iquitos, Peru, (an air-line of relatively 
 short distance), by the quickest and most convenient 
 route, found it necessary to first come to New York to 
 sail for Para, and thence ascend the Amazon for about 
 2,500 miles to Iquitos. Explain the great difficulties of 
 crossing the Andes and jungles on foot or horseback. 
 
 Bags are used not only to sack wheat, corn, oats, linseed, _ 
 nee, coffee, potatoes, beans, peas, and other farm products, tw f e 
 but employed almost exclusively throughout Latin America cordage 
 in handling and shipping flour, sugar, salt, cocoa, tagua and 
 edible nuts, tonqua and vanilla beans, nitrates and other 
 products, since they are found cheaper and more convenient 
 than barrels. In 1918, we sold Latin America bags to the 
 value of $2,500,000, and over $700,000 worth of twine, used 
 largely in sewing up these bags. We also sold her cordage, 
 valued at $1,800,000, used extensively on farms and ranches; 
 and binder twine, to the extent of $3,800,000, used almost ex- 
 clusively in the wheat fields of Argentina, Uruguay and Chile. 
 Besides, we sold her other manufactures of vegetable fibers, 
 ($1,275,000), on the matting and in the hammocks of which 
 the daily siesta is often enjoyed or the night is spent. And 
 this does not include straw and palm leaf manufactures, 
 valued at $551,000. 
 
 Try to estimate the combined length of the binder and 
 other twine which we sold to Latin America in 1918. 
 
 After crops of the field are harvested much of our machin- 
 ery is employed in making them marketable, even before they 
 leave the farm. Wheat, oats and rice must be threshed, corn machinery 
 shelled, coffee hulled and cleaned, the cotton ginned and baled, 
 the tobacco cured, sugarcane ground and rendered into raw 
 sugar and syrup or the sugarcane juice fermented and distilled 
 into strong alcoholic drinks. 
 
 The grain elevators and the flour, grist, rice, sugar and 
 cottonseed oil mills are not only largely equipped with our 
 machinery ; but most of the lumber, structural steel, galvanized 
 sheet iron, hardware, glass, nails, cement and other materials 
 together with the necessary tools employed in the construction 
 of these mills, come from us. 
 
 This is equally true of wood-working and metal-working 
 plants ; packing houses and cold storage plants ; water and gas 
 works ; electric light and power plants ; pumping and irrigating 
 plants ; extract and distilling works ; mines ; oil wells ; and 
 local factories, mills and shops of all kinds wherever machin- 
 ery, machines, implements and tools are employed. 
 
 13 
 
Calls for our sugar mill machinery to make cane juice 
 into "raw sugar" are significant and encouraging not merely 
 because of our sales of $11,000,000 in one year but because they 
 portend the day when Latin America will retain for itself the 
 advantage of refining its own sugar instead of being contented 
 with merely making the raw material and paying other nations 
 to do the refining. A short-sighted selfishness would make 
 us regret if Latin America should stop sending us its raw 
 sugar to be refined. A more intelligent selfishness will help 
 us to see that as Latin America increases the kinds and! 
 amount of home-made products she will also increase her de- 
 mands for our goods. 
 
 The fact that during a year of world-wide war, we sold 
 Latin America iron and steel machines and machinery alone 
 to the value of $55,500,000 testifies forcibly to her extensive 
 use of our mechanical devices. And these sales do not include 
 automobiles, cars and other vehicles ($32, 500,000) , electrical 
 machinery, ($16,700,000), agricultural machinery and imple- 
 ments ($5,700,000), or any machines or machinery made of 
 copper, brass, nickel, tin or other metals. 
 
 All these various devices will preferably be pictured 
 and their course from centers of manufacture and distri- 
 bution followed to centers of use in Latin America. Ad- 
 vertising pictures from magazines will help vitalize these 
 geography studies. 
 
 Toward the railroad transportation of Latin America, our 
 sales of locomotives, cars, car wheels and axles, steel rails and 
 track materials amounted, for the fiscal year, ending June 30th, 
 1918, to over $13,300,000 ; not to mention several million dollars 
 more in structural steel that entered into bridge construction, 
 machinery for railroad shops and pumping plants, materials in 
 the local construction of cars, and materials and supplies In 
 operation and maintenance, including telegraph wire, coal, 
 oils, and greases. 
 
 Electrical machinery, machines, fixtures, wiring, etc. are 
 fortunately among our greatest specialties for they are also 
 among Latin America's principal needs, not only in cities but 
 on the farm and in mining operations. In 1918, our total sales 
 of such articles exceeded $16,700,000, and this is only a be- 
 ginning. 
 
 An electric light plant is now operated in connection with almost 
 every factory, mill or other modern industry, where electric power is 
 also often generated for operating machines, running elevators, etc. 
 
 Electric power in light manufacturing is becoming general in 
 Buenos Ayres, Santiago and other large cities. 
 
 One finds electric lighting in many towns where the high cost of 
 coal dispels all thought of using gas. 
 
 14 
 
Many of the powerful cranes on the piers of Buenos Ayres, Monte- 
 video, Rio de Janeiro and several other principal ports, for loading and 
 unloading ships, are operated by electricity. I have frequently watched 
 the rapid and interesting means of delivering bananas aboard a ship 
 by an endless belt operated by electricity. 
 
 The same means is also employed at Santos, Brazil, in loading 
 coffee. I visited a plantation of 20,000 acres, in the state of Sao Paulo, 
 Brazil, where the coffee hulling, cleaning and sacking machinery was 
 operated by electricity. 
 
 There is plenty of time to have classes fully understand 
 the economic importance to commerce of electricity and 
 the power and light it furnishes. 
 
 The plant of the Chile Exploration Co. (an American concern) at 
 Chuquicamata, Chile, which when its other units are completed, will . , 
 
 be the largest copper mining plant in the world, is operated through- * e * 
 out by electric power; the current being transmitted from its big co . pp 
 power plant (60,000 H.P.) at the little port of Tocopilla, 84 miles ' 
 distant. 
 
 I enjoyed the generous hospitality of the General Manager of 
 this Company during my three days inspection of this mammoth 
 plant, located at an altitude of 8,846 feet. 
 
 When this plant is fully completed, it will have a daily capacity 
 for handling and treating 40,000 tons of copper ore. The ore bed is 
 over 1,000 feet deep and borings indicate that the property contains 
 over 300,000,000 tons of copper ore. The present capacity is 10,000 
 tons a day. 
 
 These mines were exploited as far back as the Inca period, as is T ra ij n 
 shown by many small entries in which are found the skeletons, pot- i, B1 | * 
 tery, wooden shovels, stone and copper tools, etc., of that period; 
 some of which may be seen in the Museum of Natural History in 
 New York City. 
 
 The Incas and the Spaniards who followed them mined by the 
 primitive methods of those days, in which they followed only the 
 small rich veins of ore, whereas the Chile Exploration Co. is blasting 
 away the entire mountain in which the old entries worked by the 
 Incas and Spaniards are mere threads in this gigantic mining oper- 
 ation. 
 
 It is found profitable to treat the ore en masse, irrespective of the 
 rich veins, since it yields an average of about 2% of pure copper. 
 
 It was particularly interesting to see a number of enormous steam 
 shovels that had seen service in digging the Panama Canal, plunging 
 into great heaps of blasted ore and loading it on cars for crushing and 
 treatment at the mills. 
 
 Instead of smelting the ore in a furnace, as is generally done, i u- 
 this plant is using the leaching process which is said to be the first * a 
 time it was ever applied in treating copper ore. 
 
 The leaching process, which involves the use of sulphuric acid 
 in separating the copper from its ore, was applied because of the 
 remoteness of the plant from coal, coke or other fuel necessary in 
 the smelting process. 
 
 The copper is gathered on copper sheets from the liquid by an 
 electrical process, and by means of crude petroleum, under air pres- 
 sure, it is melted into small ingots, in which form the copper is shipped 
 to the United States. The employees and their families at this plant, 
 
 15 
 
The mine's 
 school 
 
 Highest 
 railroad 
 in the 
 world 
 
 Wide use 
 of our 
 metals and 
 machinery 
 
 Railroads 
 higher than 
 Mont Blanc 
 
 numbering about 5,000, are housed and given medical and hospital 
 attention, including medicines, at the expense of the Chile Exploration 
 Co., all of which comes from this country. 
 
 A school is maintained for the children by monthly contributions 
 of 60 centavos (about 12 cents), paid by each male employee of the 
 Company. At the time of my visit, this school occupied a single room 
 in a small building, which was used in the mornings by boys with a 
 man teacher, and in the afternoons by girls with a woman teacher. 
 Both teachers were Spanish. In visiting the school one morning, a 
 bright little boy very willingly read a story for me (of course, in 
 Spanish), which he did very well. These children are merely taught 
 to read and write, and instructed in the rudiments of arithmetic. 
 
 The next largest copper plant in South America is also owned by 
 an American concern, the Cerro de Pasco Copper Corporation, which 
 also operates over 100 miles of railroad. 
 
 This large plant, producing about 50,000,000 pounds of copper an- 
 nually, is at the old and interesting mining town, Cerro de Pasco, 
 Peru, at an altitude of 14,100 feet, where the Jesuits mined silver and 
 copper for two centuries, following the discovery of these mines, m 
 1630. En route to Cerro de Pasco, one travels over the Central 
 Railway, from Callao and Lima to Oroya, 140 miles, remarkable for 
 its wonderful feats in engineering and in reaching the highest altitude 
 (15,865 feet) of any railroad in the world. 
 
 This celebrated railroad was designed and its construction begun 
 by the American engineer, Henry Meiggs, and finished after his death 
 by another American engineer, William Thorndike. 
 
 Our mining machinery is more extensively employed in 
 Mexico than in any other country of Latin America, because 
 of our larger invested capital and the greater interest we have 
 taken in the operation of Mexican mines. This is likewise 
 true in railroad construction. 
 
 Discuss the ways in which Mexican Revolutions have 
 caused great losses to our nation through 1, destruction 
 of life and property; 2, interruption of commerce; 3, main- 
 taining armed forces along the Mexican border. 
 
 Despite our neglected opportunities in these lines, espe- 
 cially in the countries of South America, one finds our metals 
 and metal manufactures in general use even at remote and 
 inaccessible points where a citizen of the United States is 
 rarely if ever seen. 
 
 Our mining machinery is found from the highest reaches 
 of the Andes, in Bolivia, where tin is mined, the highest mining 
 operations in the world, to the coal mines on the coast of Chile, 
 which curiously enough extend out under the Pacific ; from the 
 famous silver mines of Potosi, Bolivia, to reach which the 
 railroad climbs up to an altitude of 15,814 feet, the second 
 highest point attained by any railroad in the world, to hy- 
 draulic mining in river beds; from the highest copper mines 
 in the world, near Ollagiie, Chile, to reach which the railroad 
 ascends to an altitude of 15,809 feet, the third highest point 
 achieved in railroad construction and 28 feet higher than 
 Mount Blanc, the apex of Europe, to the oil wells at Comodoro 
 Rivadavia, in Southern Patagonia. 
 
 16 
 
One finds our machinery and tools almost everywhere in 
 Latin America wherever mining operations are undertaken ; on 
 the shores of the great Borax Lake in Chile (24 miles long and 
 at an altitude of 12,200 feet) ; in the "oficinas" of the nitrate 
 fields of the parched Atacama Desert in Chile ; at the asphalt 
 beds of Trinidad, Tobago, Venezuela and Cuba; at the oil 
 wells of Mexico, Peru and Patagonia; in mining iron and 
 manganese ores, principally in Cuba, Brazil and Chile; plati- 
 num in Colombia and vanadium in Peru ; bismuth and waif ram 
 in Peru and Bolivia; graphite, magnesite and mercury in Mex- 
 ico; precious stones in Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil and Mex- 
 ico and the Guianas ; monazite sand and mica in Brazil ; cop- 
 per, antimony, zinc, lead, sulphur, salt, marbles, onyx and 
 building stone in various countries; and gold and silver in 
 practically every country of Latin America. 
 
 When I descended 1,200 feet in a small cage, used for 
 hoisting ore, to the bottom of the deepest silver and tin mine 
 in Bolivia, which at certain points is over 2,000 feet from the tin mine 
 surface, my companion braced up my courage considerably 
 by assuring me that the cables, chains and machinery on which 
 my life depended, were American-made. 
 
 I groped through parts of the six miles of galleries in the 
 eight levels of this mine, in which I was specially interested in 
 seeing at work steam drills, pumps and other American-made 
 machinery and tools. Even the miner's torch I carried and the 
 calcium carbide in it were products of the United States, as 
 well as the coal which fed the boilers and the oil which kept 
 the machinery running smoothly. 
 
 I was told that this mine, the surface of which Spaniards 
 began to exploit over three centuries ago, had paid dividends in 
 the last 40 years, aggregating over 2K) times the substantial 
 capital stock of the company, yet no Norte Americano owns a 
 single share of this stock. 
 
 Have classes explain the changes in American life that 
 resulted from development of our own mines, using as 
 many local illustrations as possible. 
 
 I visited other silver and tin mines in Bolivia where some 
 of the equipment and methods employed have remained al- 
 most unchanged since they were first operated in the early mining 
 Spanish colonial days; mining methods so primitive for our 
 day as to be almost inconceivable to one who has not seen 
 them in operation. 
 
 But now that we have begun to take an active interest in 
 the tin mines of Bolivia, which are of special value to us, we 
 should soon be able to overcome these antiquated and waste- 
 ful methods by the more extended use and sale there of our 
 modern mining machinery. 
 
 17 
 
During the fiscal year 1918, we sold Latin America 13,149 
 Engines steam, gasoline, kerosene and gas engines of stationary, trac- 
 tion and marine type, valued at over $10,500,000. In addition, 
 we sold her 222 steam and 12 electric locomotives, valued at 
 $2,500,000. Thus, it is seen, we take no small part in keeping 
 in motion the machinery on which Latin America's industry 
 and commerce so largely depend. 
 
 The energy of our engines not only drives her industrial 
 and public service machinery of all kinds, giving profitable 
 employment to large numbers of her citizens, but it keeps the 
 wheels and propellers turning of steamers, tugs and launches, 
 engaged in inland navigation; while our locomotives keep 
 many of her trains in motion. 
 
 Our fire engines are of great service in putting out fires 
 and preventing destructive conflagrations. 
 
 Our windmills are in specially high favor on the vast 
 Windmills pampas of Argentina and in other large prairie sections, where 
 they are employed in supplying water to man and beast and in 
 irrigating lands. One year's sales totaled $770,000! 
 
 They are of the greatest value in Patagonia, where the 
 never-ceasing high winds can be relied on to keep the pumps 
 of deep-driven wells going in supplying brackish water, the 
 only quality of water generally obtainable there, except rain 
 water conserved for home use. 
 
 Labor, 
 saving 
 
 machines 
 
 The biography of an American windmill now pumping 
 water in Patagonia would be an interesting exercise. 
 
 Our labor-saving machines of domestic and business use, 
 in the sale of which the United States has an almost world- 
 wide monopoly, are growing more and more in favor in Latin 
 America as their utility and economy become known. 
 
 During the fiscal year, ending June 30, 1918, we sold 
 Latin America 1,712 cash registers and their parts, valued at 
 $340,000; 2,333 adding and calculating machines, valued at 
 $334,000; typewriters to the value of $1,950,000; and sewing 
 machines to the value of over $3,100,000. And in spite of war 
 obstructions ! 
 
 These sales during a single year of war embargoes and 
 priorities offer abundant proof of the extent to which our 
 supremacy in the production of ingenious and labor-saving 
 machines is helping Latin American merchants to keep closer 
 watch and unfailing knowledge of their cash sales; and our 
 value to merchants, manufacturers and banks in the labor 
 saved and accuracy assured through the use of our adding and 
 calculating machines and typewriters. 
 
 18 
 
Manufacturers of these devices will be glad to send ad- 
 vertising matter, including facts, about their Latin Ameri- 
 can customers. Have letters written requesting facts and 
 incidents. Magazines and local dealers will furnish ad- 
 dresses. 
 
 Our adding machines I found employed in keeping an 
 accurate account of the number of bunches of bananas loaded 
 on a ship and in checking other products in various parts of 
 Latin America. 
 
 Our typewriters have become indispensable to the office 
 wherever any considerable amount of writing is required. 
 
 Our sewing machines render the most widespread service, 
 from factory and workshop to the humblest home, in economiz- 
 ing labor and reducing the cost of garments. They are a spe- 
 cial blessing to the home of the poor who are made acquainted A b .J c *J* ag 
 with their utility and offered means of buying them through l 
 the splendid energy, magnificent organization and wise policy 
 of our sewing machine companies. 
 
 I have frequently met with their salesmen, even in remote 
 and unfrequented parts of Latin America; on mountain trails and 
 high plateaus, crossing the trackless pampas and prairies, and in the 
 forests and jungles of the wilderness, jogging along with pack ani- 
 mals heavily loaded with American sewing machines, destined to save 
 the eyes, lessen the burden and gladden the heart of poor women of 
 those remote parts who have too long labored with the needle. 
 
 The salesmen are usually natives who penetrate into remote sec- 
 tions, by land or in a canoe, where the face of a white man is rarely ln * UIIment 
 if ever seen. > 
 
 The organization is so complete, under the supervision of our men, 
 as to seek the sale of sewing machines on small weekly or monthly 
 payments, within the ability of the poorest woman to meet. 
 
 These liberal terms are not at prices too often met with at home, 
 among installment furniture and other dealers, which entitle the 
 method to be dubbed the "extortion plan," but at figures above the 
 cash price barely sufficient to cover a small interest on the unpaid 
 balances and the reasonable expense of collecting them. 
 
 I was rather surprised to learn from American district agents and 
 supervisors whom I met that their losses through sales and absconding 
 collectors were infinitesimal. 
 
 Although the sale of sewing machines represents a relatively small 
 part of our commerce with Latin America, it is not difficult to foresee . 
 the wide influence of these machines on our growing commerce, better . "*"* 
 understanding and closer relations with her. It frequently happens P|CI 
 that the sewing machine conveys to the native his first knowledge of 
 the value of our manufactures, and is the real pioneer in the develop- 
 ment of a large trade. 
 
 Its satisfying service in the family, and the joy it brings to wife 
 and daughters, naturally leads to anxious demands for a great variety 
 of our products and a better appreciation of our manifold services. 
 
 19 
 
It seems clear to me that if our manufacturers and mer- 
 
 Leaders in chants in general were to apply the same enterprise, energy 
 
 enterprise an d organization in promoting and extending their sales and 
 
 business in Latin America, as we find displayed by our sewing 
 
 machine companies, there would be little occasion to give much 
 
 thought to the commercial rivalry of Europe in those markets. 
 
 Although our sewing machine companies enjoy a virtual 
 monopoly in their line, they are not sitting down idly at home 
 waiting on some happy chance to reveal the value of the ma- 
 chine in the Latin American home, or on the mails to bring in 
 a cash order, but through wonderfully organized methods they 
 are looking up customers in the remotest corners of the world, 
 and making it inviting for them to buy sewing machines. 
 
 Stores 
 
 Scales 
 
 Safes 
 
 Metal 
 furniture 
 
 Cutlery and 
 band tools 
 
 Printing 
 presses 
 
 Mosquito* 
 and flies 
 
 This is an excellent topic for school assembly or for Cham- 
 ber of Commerce meeting. 
 
 The fact that Latin America bought of us during the fiscal 
 year of 1918, stoves and ranges worth $790,000 (about 30,000 
 customers) indicates their growing appreciation of our better 
 means of cooking and heating than by the old-style brick and 
 tile stoves of Spain and Portugal and the open charcoal braz- 
 iers over which I have often shivered in high altitudes and 
 cold climates. 
 
 They are also coming to know more of the value of our 
 modern scales and balances, (sales $729,000) over old 
 European models which the merchant holds suspended by one 
 hand while he goes through many gymnastics with the other. 
 
 We are safeguarding Latin American books, money and 
 other valuables against destruction by fire and loss by rob- 
 bery, as indicated by our sales to them in one year of 4,430 
 iron safes valued at $283,000. 
 
 They are also coming to be better acquainted with the 
 merits of our metal furniture, (sales $1,200,000) which articles 
 aie of special value in the tropics where insects are very de- 
 structive of wood. 
 
 They appreciate the value of our razors and cutlery, (sales 
 $2,000,000) and have long appreciated the superiority of our 
 axes, hatchets, hammers, saws, shovels, spades and other hand 
 tools. One year's sales were $4,700,000. 
 
 Nor have they overlooked our printing presses of which 
 they bought to the value of $475,000, and typesetting ma- 
 chines, valued at $414,000. 
 
 So far as Latin Americans have learned that the pestilen- 
 tial fly and deadly mosquito are neither blessings in disguise 
 nor necessary evils they look to us for the screens on verandas, 
 doors and windows which will keep out the female stegomyia 
 mosquito, who serves as the most active agency in the trans- 
 mission of yellow fever, while her consort chants the funeral 
 
 20 
 
dirge or sings some discordant ditty so little appreciated by a 
 foreign traveler during a sleepless night. Our "kill the fly" 
 devices, such as fly paper and fly traps, were bought to the 
 value of $47,400. Fancy the tons of flies destroyed and the 
 many cases of serious illness prevented by this large quantity 
 of fly-killing devices. 
 
 The Irreconcilable Conflict of Screens and Mosquitoes 
 would test the class's knowledge of modern sanitary ad- 
 vances. 
 
 In 1918, Latin America spent over $6,000,000 for our 
 wire, which is significant of its extensive use in her telephone Wire 
 and telegraph systems. She also spent $3,700,000 for our 
 barbed wire and $330,000 for our woven-wire fencing which 
 is in popular use to enclose farms, ranches and great pas- 
 tures. Besides, she bought wire rope and cables, valued at 
 over $1,100,000, and our other wire manufactures, valued at 
 $1,435,000. These large totals are but beginnings which prom- 
 ise prodigious development as Latin America learns their 
 value. 
 
 I found none but American automobiles along the govern- 
 ment-built macadamized road of 82 miles, from San Lorenzo Auto 
 to Tegucigalpa, the capital of Honduras, the only good road- 
 way in that country. 
 
 There are many more American automobiles in the West 
 Indies, Mexico and the countries of Central America than all 
 others combined; but we have allowed European makes to 
 outsell us in South America, a large field in which we shall 
 soon overcome our neglected opportunities, for we have made 
 notable progress in recent years in our sales of automobiles to 
 Latin America. During 1918 we sold her 19,560 passenger and 
 1,528 commercial cars, which with automobile parts, not in- 
 cluding engines and tires, were valued at $24,600,000, besides 
 990 motor-cycles valued at $213,000, and bicycles to the value 
 of over $440,000. 
 
 Have classes ride on bicycles and in automobiles through 
 parts of Latin America. Manufacturers will gladly furnish 
 descriptive material. 
 
 American automobiles are in general use not only in cities 
 and towns, but are found in remote sections of Latin America, A p ,_ 
 often to the exclusion of other cars. They even precede road- 
 
 building, as I discovered when in Southern Patagonia. ranch 
 
 In my dilemma at Gallegos, a bleak and dreary town of 
 2,000 inhabitants, near the Straits of Magellan, to find means 
 of visiting a sheep ranch of 62,000 acres on which 15,000 head 
 of sheep produced 125,000 pounds of wool the previous year, 
 I discovered a Frenchman, the proud possessor of a "Ford," 
 
 21 
 
whom I engaged, at a fancy price, to bump me over 24 miles 
 of wild pampas, almost unmarked with any semblance of a 
 
 Great tidal 
 
 range 
 
 The 
 
 Atacama 
 
 Desert 
 
 Where rain 
 i* a 
 curiouty 
 
 I had heard of the ability of a "Ford" to climb a tree and 
 swim a river, but I was wholly unprepared for such feats as 
 it accomplished on this memorable ride. 
 
 We drove to the ranch in the face of the fiercest and cold- 
 est wind I have ever felt blow out of a perfectly clear sky, a 
 not uncommon occurrence in Southern Patagonia, and which 
 seemed to be the only hindrance to our progress. But I was 
 too cold to care much what happened. 
 
 It was September 3rd, at the end of the bleak and severe 
 winter season in that remote and desolate part of the world, 
 and I shall always remember that ride as the roughest and 
 coldest I have ever taken. 
 
 One of the interesting discoveries I made at Gallegos, located on 
 the right bank of the Rio Gallegos, ten miles from its mouth, is that 
 the extreme range of the tide there is about 50 feet, which is only ex- 
 ceeded, to my knowledge, by that of the Bay of Fundy; yet at Punta 
 Arenas, in the Straits of Magellan, within 150 miles from Gallegos, 
 the mean tidal range is less than 4 feet. 
 
 The mean range of tide at Montevideo, where the River Plate is 
 nearly 100 miles wide, is only 1.4 feet. 
 
 Our pipes and fittings, to the value of $11,400,000 were 
 taken chiefly for the construction of water, sewerage and drain- 
 age systems, and in the plumbing of buildings, so necessary 
 to many industries, to health and often to life itself. Not only 
 many cities are wholly dependent upon their water supply 
 from distant sources, piped through iron water mains; but 
 sometimes large regions of country as, for instance, the great 
 Atacama Desert, stretching along 500 miles, in Chile, can only 
 be sustained with sufficient water piped from long distances. 
 
 Rain does not fall anywhere in this region more frequently than 
 once a year, and then only a light sprinkle. No region on earth is 
 more waterless and parched. Practically every drop of water con- 
 sumed in the section traversed by the railroad from Antofagasta to 
 San Pedro, Chile, a distance of 193 miles, and including the city of 
 Antofagasta, with 60,000 people, is piped from reservoirs at San 
 Pedro, at an altitude of 10,700 feet. 
 
 The railroad constructed these water-works at a cost of about 
 $5,000,000 as efficient means of developing that section, which in- 
 cludes some of the richest parts of the nitrate fields. Previously 
 water had to be hauled there from long distances, in tanks and barrels. 
 
 The water mains, which follow the line of the railroad, 
 make life and industry possible, and enable Chile to mine and 
 produce nitrates in sufficient quantity to supply the demands 
 of the world for this curious substance, the formation of which 
 has given rise to many theories and speculations by learned 
 geologists and meteorologists. 
 
 22 
 
No animal or plant life is possible in the nitrate fields with- 
 out water brought there from without ; also the necessary soil 
 for plants, as these fields are as barren of earth as of water. 
 
 As absolutely nothing grows there indigenously, every 
 article of food for man and beast must also be imported from 
 without. The occasional potted plant grows in imported soil. 
 
 Yet from all this parched desolation comes abundant 
 nourishment to impoverished soils all over the world, and 
 through the enriched soils increases the world's supply of 
 food for man and beast. 
 
 Imagine what would happen to the life of Buenos Ay res, 
 Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo, Santiago, Lima, Mexico City, 
 Havana or any other important city of Latin America, if its 
 water supply, made possible by iron water mains, were sud- 
 denly cut off ! 
 
 The same disastrous consequences would come to us if 
 the same thing happened to one of our cities. There would be 
 great distress and suffering, even within the first few hours. 
 No one is so well equipped as we are to furnish the means for 
 future water departments. 
 
 Chilian 
 nitrate 
 fields 
 
 Dependence 
 upon water 
 mains 
 
 Develop illustrations from local experience, including won- 
 derful changes in our deserts thanks to iron or tile piping. 
 
 houses 
 
 Tin 
 tinware 
 
 Practically all the houses in Southern Patagonia are 
 small iron-clad buildings made from galvanized sheet iron fur- ?t*ioi 
 nished largely by us, (one year $5,000,000). I had often 
 thought from outward appearances that these little iron build- 
 ings were probably occupied by laborers with small incomes, 
 only to find later that many of them were the homes of ranch- 
 men enjoying annual incomes of from $10,000 to $50,000 a year 
 from their large herds of sheep. 
 
 Even where the houses are made of wood, as in some 
 parts of Latin America, tin roofing is extensively employed. 
 Sales of sheet tin which is iron coated with tin totalled $16,- 
 250,000 while sales of tinware and other tin manufactures ran 
 to over $1,136,000 and will, of course, grow by leaps and 
 bounds. 
 
 It will be an interesting exercise for classes to list the 
 human activities and benefits involved in the following sales 
 by us to Latin America in 1918 of other metal commodities: 
 
 Bar iron, wire and other steel rods $6,247,000 
 
 Iron and steel plates and sheets (not galvanized) . . 5,970,000 
 
 Structural iron and steel 4,706,000 
 
 Copper and copper manufactures 3,874,000 
 
 Nails, tacks and wood screws 3,322,000 
 
 Brass and brass manufactures 2,908,000 
 
 Pumps and pumping machinery 2,884,000 
 
 Builders' and other hardware 2,839,000 
 
 Enamel ware (including 7,020 bathtubs) 2,656,000 
 
 23 
 
Lead and lead manufactures 2,083,000 
 
 Bolts, nuts, rivets and washers 1,968,000 
 
 Plated ware (except cutlery and jewelry) 1,691,000 
 
 Hoops, bands and scroll 1,545,000 
 
 Zinc and zinc manufactures 1,371,000 
 
 Lamps and other illuminating devices (not electric) 1,117,000 
 
 Metal compositions and their manufactures 948,000 
 
 Pig and scrap iron 917,000 
 
 Castings and f orgings 822,000 
 
 Clocks and watches 738,000 
 
 Firearms (even to Mexico) 737,000 
 
 Elevators and elevator machinery 679,000 
 
 Car wheels and axles 662,000 
 
 Chains 535,000 
 
 Gold and silver manufactures (including jewelry) . 477,000 
 
 Steel ingots, billets and blooms 328,000 
 
 Aluminum and aluminum manufactures 272,000 
 
 Gas and water meters 192,000 
 
 Needles 157,000 
 
 Cotton gins (624) 127,000 
 
 Nickel and nickel manufactures 111,000 
 
 Sharpening and grinding machines 109,000 
 
 Type, plates, cuts and electrotypes 106,000 
 
 Metallic pens (135,029 gross) 71,000 
 
 Horseshoes 61,000 
 
 In the light of this survey of our sales to Latin America 
 , , in metals and metal manufactures, can there be any question 
 iafsales " ^ our tremendous importance to her in supplying these essen- 
 tial needs which we produce in such abundance, and are better 
 qualified to furnish than all Europe combined? This service 
 is made more impressive when it is recalled that it was ren- 
 dered during a year when our national energies were centered 
 in the participation of the greatest war in the annals of his- 
 tory, when our large army in Europe and our associates there 
 in the war had the first call on our surplus products; and in 
 the midst of great financial difficulties, disrupted exchanges, 
 interrupted business, abnormal labor conditions and wide- 
 spread unrest. 
 
 Important as this is, it is only one of many ways in which 
 we are and can be of far greater service to Latin America, and 
 upon terms more advantageous to her than any other coun- 
 try can offer. 
 
 For the indispensable foodstuffs which Europe cannot 
 spare, and which Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and 
 Foodstuff* other countries to the south have not yet sought to produce 
 in sufficient quantities, Latin America naturally looks to the 
 United States as the only country in the world which pro- 
 duces a large surplus of breadstuffs, corn, oats, hog and other 
 meat products, fats, edible oils, canned fruits and vegetables 
 and many other necessary foodstuffs. 
 
 24 
 
In spite of her vast uncountable herds of sheep and cattle 
 and the uncountable acres of land under cultivation and mil- 
 lions upon millions of still untilled lands that rival the world's 
 best in richness, Latin America already buys over one hundred 
 and thirty-five million dollars worth of foodstuffs from us 
 annually. 
 
 No fewer than 1,300,000,000 loaves of bread, or rather the 
 flour for this many loaves of bread, (5,000,000 bbls.) was pur- Flour 
 chased in 1916, which total shrank in 1918, nearly two-thirds, Wh*i 
 because of the Government requisitions for our large army, 
 our associates in the war, and needy neutrals. Similarly, 
 shipments of wheat fell off from 4,224,345 bushels in 1916 
 to only 129,745 bushels in 1918. But our shipments of other 
 foodstuffs show large gains over 1916. 
 
 In 1918, the five largest Latin American customers for 
 our flour were, in the order named: Cuba, Mexico, Gaute- 
 mala, Brazil and Jamaica; while our smallest customers were 
 naturally Argentina and Uruguay, the only countries of Latin 
 America which produce a surplus of wheat. 
 
 Develop reciprocal service of Chile in furnishing nitrates 
 and our country in returning foodstuffs to all of Latin 
 America. 
 
 In 1918, our principal sales of foodstuffs and feedstuffs to 
 
 Latin America and the approximate value of each were: 
 
 Hams, bacon, lard and other hog products $34,000,000 
 
 Wheat flour (1,886,593 bbls.) 21,000,000 
 
 Refined sugar (137,846,213 Ibs.) 10,000,000 
 
 Corn (4,476,364 bushels) 9,100,000 
 
 Condensed and evaporated milk (54,251,283 Ibs.) . . 7,800,000 
 
 Meats and meat products (except hog products) . . . 6,000,000 
 
 Dried, cured and canned fish 5,800,000 
 
 Beans and peas (807,935 bushels) 4,700,000 
 
 Green, dried and canned fruits and nuts 4,300,000 
 
 Irish potatoes (2,568,960 bushels) 4,000,000 
 
 Cottonseed oil (20,590,579 Ibs.) 4,000,000 
 
 Green and roasted coffee (27,203,705 Ibs.) 3,800,000 
 
 Oats, hay, bran, mill feed and oil cake 3,700,000 
 
 Eggs and egg yolks (10,009,301 dozen) 3,600,000 
 
 Rice (47,621,265 Ibs.) 3,300,000 
 
 Other vegetables (including canned) 2,000,000 
 
 Cheese (4,795,013 Ibs.) 1,500,000 
 
 Butter (2,873,017 Ibs.) 1,200,000 
 
 Chocolate and confectionery 1,200,000 
 
 Cornmeal (117,817 bbls.) 1,200,000 
 
 Oatmeal and other cereal preparations 1,000,000 
 
 Bread and biscuits (7,606,233 Ibs.) 1,000,000 
 
 Emphasize the fact that this enormous trade is only in its 
 infancy. Try to forecast total amounts that will be needed 
 by Latin America in 1930, 1950, etc. 
 
Altogether, we sold foodstuffs and feedstuffs to Latin America, 
 including rye flour, wheat, barley, malt, cornstarch, glucose, sirups, 
 baking powders and yeast, pickles and sauces, spices and vinegar, 
 flavoring extracts and fruit juices, to the value of $135,440,000! This 
 large sum represents over 18% of the total value of our exports of 
 domestic merchandise to Latin America in 1918. 
 
 It is estimated that fully 95% of these food products originated 
 
 Origin with us, the remaining 5% being represented in the imported value 
 
 * OU * tf * the Latin American raw products which entered into their manu- 
 
 foodstuffs facture or preparation, such as raw sugar, cocoa, green coffee, and 
 
 tin used in the manufacture of containers. The coffee, however, the 
 
 bulk of which went to the West Indies, was probably the product 
 
 of Porto Rico which is, of course, domestic territory. 
 
 It will be seen that the United States contributes, very 
 largely, to the Latin American table: in the bread, cake and 
 biscuits they eat, and the baking powder, yeast, lard, butter 
 and manufactured sugar which enters into it; in cottonseed 
 oil, used largely in cooking and in salads ; to their extensive use 
 of condensed milk, frequently found even on cattle ranches. 
 
 I have found cattle ranches in Latin American countries 
 JesT^atSe 7 wnere a glass of fresh milk could not be had and where fresh 
 ranches butter was unknown. If any butter was used at all it was apt 
 
 to be the product of the United States or possibly imported in 
 
 tins from Denmark. 
 
 They look to us, almost exclusively for their hams, bacon, 
 lard and other hog products, although most of those countries 
 could raise hogs as successfully as we do; and some of them 
 even better, where climatic conditions favor larger and more 
 frequent litters. Most of these countries also look to us for 
 other meat products. 
 
 They are largely dependent upon us for their canned 
 fruits and vegetables; even in Argentina, Uruguay and Chile, 
 countries which with proper enterprise and industry could eas- 
 ily produce a large surplus of such products. 
 
 I saw more than enough wild blackberries going to waste 
 U* ia irbe * n Southern Chile to supply the needs of all Latin America for 
 1 blackberry jam and pies. It was explained to me that the high 
 cost of sugar, tins and jars in conserving this delicious wild 
 fruit did not yet warrant gathering it; that it was more eco- 
 nomical to import such preserves from the United States or 
 even from Europe ! 
 
 As the bulk of the inhabitants of Latin America are of 
 the Catholic faith, they consume quantities of fish on Fridays 
 and other days of abstinence, and they look to us principally 
 for their supply of dried, cured and canned fish. 
 
 We are shipping them large quantities of corn, oats and 
 hay with which to help feed the stock in some of these coun- 
 tries. 
 
 26 
 
In 1918 we sold them chocolate and confectionery to the 
 value of $1,235,000, the raw materials in the manufacture of 
 which originated principally in those countries. 
 
 Some of these countries already look to us chiefly for but- 
 ter and cheese, peas and beans, Irish potatoes, onions, corn- 
 meal, oatmeal, peanuts, pecans, pickles, sauces, biscuits, crack- 
 ers, condensed milk and other important foods. 
 
 Most of these products can and will in time doubtless be 
 produced in most of the countries of Latin America, in suffi- 
 cient quantities to at least meet domestic requirements; but 
 until this time arrives, possibly in the distant future, they will 
 look principally to us to supply their needs in these lines. 
 
 What applications can you make of thrift lessons learned 
 during the World War, to this opportunity to increase 
 our trade? 
 
 The combined forests of Latin America are four times 
 larger than our own wooded lands, and would more than Latin Amer- 
 cover the entire area of continental United States. Despite ica ' s 
 their enormous extent, they contain but small stands of soft- 
 woods, (except in southern Brazil and Chile), and even these 
 are of inferior quality, widely scattered and generally inacces- 
 sible, owing to the lack of transportation facilities. 
 
 Therefore, Latin America is largely dependent upon other 
 countries, principally the United States, to supply her need 
 for softwoods which are best adapted to the building trades, 
 to many lines of manufacture, for boxes, crates and slack 
 barrels in marketing her products. We even sell Latin 
 America large quantities of hardwoods, such as ash, gum, 
 hickory, oak and walnut, in which her own forests are deficient 
 and do not yield a suitable substitute. 
 
 Our lumber not only dominates the building trades on 
 both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Latin America, but 
 our box and crate shocks, staves and heading, cooperage, 
 doors, sash, blinds, mouldings and other house trim, house- 
 hold and other furniture, refrigerators, woodenware, wagons, 
 trucks, wheelbarrows, tool handles, boat oars and other wood 
 manufactures are widely used throughout Latin America. 
 Moreover, the by-products of our forests, such as rosin, tur- 
 pentine, pitch, wood alcohol and wood pulp are of large im- 
 portance to her. 
 
 Our southern yellow pine is in special favor because of s oul j, ern 
 its combination of qualities that make it more suitable for a ye ii ow p ; Be 
 greater variety of uses, ranging from rough construction to in great 
 the highest class of furniture and fixtures. Besides, it enjoys demand 
 the reputation of resisting more successfully than other woods 
 the destructive attacks by termites or white ants, so common 
 in the tropics. The Latin American usually feels as great 
 
 27 
 
Wood 
 
 manufac- 
 tures 
 
 Oil* and 
 
 greases 
 
 pride in possessing furniture and fixtures made of pitch pine, 
 especially curly pine, as we do when made of the finest grade 
 of mahogany. 
 
 One of the novel and interesting sights to me at Buenos 
 Ayres, Montevideo, Rio de Janeiro, Valparaiso, Callao and 
 some of the less important ports of South America, was 
 numerous American sailing vessels, including small schooners, 
 ordinarily engaged in our coastwise trade, discharging cargoes 
 of lumber from our Pacific, Gulf and South Atlantic ports; 
 attracted to such long sailing distances by the abnormally 
 high ocean freights, owing to the dearth of steamers in the 
 carrying trade. 
 
 Wood and wood manufactures represent our eighth larg- 
 est item of export to Latin America, as shown by our sales, 
 in 1918, of over $28,200,000. These sales include logs, sawed 
 timber and lumber, including railroad ties and shingles, to the 
 value of $17,000,000; empty hogsheads and barrels, staves, 
 heading, cooperage, box and other shooks valued at $5,000,- 
 000; and the balance being represented in various manufac- 
 tures. These manufactures, however, do not include agri- 
 cultural machinery and implements; cars, wagons and other 
 vehicles; or any wood by-products, such as naval stores and 
 wood alcohol. 
 
 It will be seen that in the different character of forests 
 and other natural products of Latin America and the United 
 States, nature itself provided the need of interchange and 
 mutual helpfulness between the peoples of the New World. 
 
 Learn from the Forest Service of the Department of 
 Agriculture, National Conservation Association and the 
 American Forestry Association, all in Washington, D. C., 
 what is being done, and what else needs be done to best 
 conserve our forests. 
 
 For mineral oils and their distillations ($34,500,000) and 
 for lubricating and other greases ($2,500,000), Latin America 
 looks to us almost exclusively. Even Mexico which is now 
 producing petroleum in large quantities, and the other coun- 
 tries, notably Peru and Argentina, whose production is con- 
 siderable, look to us principally to supply their needs for 
 refined oils, since they have no adequate means of refining 
 their local raw product. 
 
 Our illuminating oils light the way along streets and in 
 buildings everywhere in Latin America, where gas or elec- 
 tricity has not yet been installed, or where these more modern 
 lights are still exorbitantly high. 
 
 Our lubricating oils keep Latin America's machinery run- 
 ning smoothly and our greases help her trains and vehicles 
 to maintain their service. I took one long trip on a train in 
 South America which it was necessary to stop every few miles 
 to subdue the blazing fire and allow the axles on almost every 
 
 28 
 
car to cool, because the supply of grease had become ex- 
 hausted. 
 
 Our gasoline makes possible the service of automobiles, 
 and the power furnished by many stationary, traction and 
 marine engines in Latin America. It also answers many other 
 requirements there as in dry cleaning establishments and 
 scientific works. 
 
 Less imposing than our sales of mineral oils, but no less 
 significant of the importance of our services to Latin America, Candles 
 is the item of over $5,000,000 spent by her, in 1918, for our Acetylene 
 paraffin, wax, and 4,168,198 Ibs. of candles; $1,133,000 for ** 
 calcium carbide; and $2,035,000 for 9,906,000 incandescent 
 lamps. 
 
 This last item helps us appreciate the point often made 
 in this book, that we must judge our gains with new custom- Electric 
 ers by the number of purchases they make, that is the number lam P 
 of objects they purchase, rather than by dollar and cent totals. 
 Do not you see that 9,906,000 incandescent lamps mean 9,906,- 
 000 radiating centers and advertisers of co-operation between 
 Latin America and the United States? 
 
 Wherever artificial light is employed in Latin America, 
 whether it be the flame of the resinous pine, a match, candle, We light 
 the miner's torch, oil lantern or lamp, coal or acetylene gas, thc 
 the beacon in the lighthouse, incandescent or arc lamp or the 
 blinding glare of the searchlight, it is usually from products 
 of the United States. 
 
 In 1918, we sold Latin America $231,000 worth of matches 
 If every match had been marked "Made in U. S. A.", how 
 many mediums of advertising would they create? 
 
 Coal is the only fuel used for generating steam, not 
 only in locomotives but practically everywhere in Latin 
 America where steam is required, despite the fact that Chile 
 is the only country where coal is commercially mined. 
 
 Chilian coal mines are principally on the coast, in the 
 neighborhood of Concepcion, where they even extend out c oa j mine! 
 under the Pacific. But Chilian coal is of inferior quality, not under the 
 suitable for coking, and the output does not supply more than Pacific 
 half of the total consumption of coal in Chile alone. It is 
 generally mixed with American, Australian or English coal 
 of better grade, and is principally used by the Government- 
 owned railroads. 
 
 Other large coal deposits are known to exist in several 
 countries of Latin America, but until these are made acces- 
 sible, she must continue to depend upon the outside world, 
 especially the United States, for her coal supply. 
 
 29 
 
Omnipo- 
 tence of 
 coal 
 
 Fuel-les* 
 forests 
 
 Yareta 
 
 Taquia 
 
 Sales of 
 
 rubber 
 
 good* 
 
 Rubber 
 import* 
 
 Wild 
 rubber 
 
 Being far in the lead of any other nation in the produc- 
 tion of coal, we wield a mighty power in its discriminating 
 s^le to nations whose industrial life almost depends upon our 
 willingness to sell them. We have had recent examples in 
 Europe of how embargoes and other war necessities have 
 driven nations to accept harsh terms in obtaining even a 
 meagre supply of coal. 
 
 Without the 4,011,260 tons of coal and the 378,196 tons 
 of coke, valued at $24,335,000, which we furnished to Latin 
 America, in 1918, many of her cities would have been without 
 gas or electric lights and power; her trains and electric cars 
 would have ceased to run, and many of her important indus- 
 tries would have been brought to a standstill. 
 
 Wood fuel for steaming purposes in Latin America cannot be 
 considered, as practically all of her extensive forests are composed 
 of hardwoods, too expensive to cut, too heavy to handle or to float, 
 extremely inaccessible and otherwise disqualified as fuel. 
 
 On the treeless Andean plateau, and at mines in the higher reaches 
 of the Andes, where fuel is one of the greatest local problems, yareta 
 moss and taquia are commonly used for steaming and cooking 
 purposes. 
 
 Yareta moss is a tough fibrous plant that grows in a hard com- 
 pact mass of mushroom shape, usually about two feet in diameter. 
 It burns as fiercely as the peat of Ireland and is more quickly con- 
 sumed, and is about the only vegetation found in those high altitudes. 
 
 Taquia, the droppings of the alpaca and llama, has an important 
 local value as fuel, like the droppings of the yak in the highlands 
 of Tibet. 
 
 Gathering yareta moss and taquia, and transporting this material 
 on the backs of llamas and burros, often for long distances, is an 
 important industry among the Indians of the Andean plateau. It is 
 a common sight in such cities as La Paz and Oruro, Bolivia; and 
 Cuzco, Peru, to see Indians peddling taquia for cooking purposes 
 from baskets or sacks carried by llamas and burros from door to 
 door. 
 
 Show how and why Latin America is dependent prin- 
 cipally upon us for industrial power and lights. 
 
 In 1918, we exported to Latin America $10,428,000 worth 
 of rubber manufactures of which 63% was in automobile and 
 other tires; 19% in belting, hose and packing; 3% in drug- 
 gists' sundries; 2% in 227,456 pairs of boots and shoes; and 
 the remaining 13% in miscellaneous articles. 
 
 In the same year, the United States imported from Latin 
 America, crude rubber to the value of $20,588,486 of which 
 Brazil alone furnished 70%. This large quantity, however, 
 was less than 10% of our total imports of crude and 
 scrap rubber, amounting to 428,963,913 Ibs. and valued at 
 $207,562,458. 
 
 Wild rubber which is gathered in practically every coun- 
 try in Latin America, formerly constituted the world's chief 
 source of supply, but rapidly growing needs for rubber out- 
 
 30 
 
grew the natural supply of accessible forests. Unfortunately, 
 Latin America failed to keep pace with these demands through 
 more extensive cultivation of the rubber tree, and leadership 
 in the production of one of her great natural products was 
 transferred from the New World to a distant part of the 
 Old World. 
 
 The bulk of the world's rubber is produced by two species 
 of trees, the Hevea Braziliensis and the Castilloa, the original 
 source of which is the Amazon river region. It was the seed 
 of the Hevea, the rubber tree par excellence of commerce, 
 smuggled out of Brazil in 1876, which laid the foundation of 
 the vast plantation rubber industry in far-off Ceylon, the 
 Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and other countries of the East 
 Indies where about 2,000,000 acres are now under cultivation. 
 To-day, this plantation product dominates the world's rubber 
 trade; but it is not too late for Latin America to recover her 
 lost prestige, as Brazil alone possesses abundant ideal rubber 
 lands that could easily produce more rubber than the whole 
 world requires. 
 
 About 300 different tropical trees, vines and shrubs yield <; uayu | e 
 a liquid which contains rubber, but only a few of these are rubber 
 commercially important. One of the most interesting of them, 
 at least to us, is the guayule shrub which has turned large 
 tracts of formerly waste lands in Mexico into highly profitable 
 fields. This stunted bush, from one to three feet high, 
 grows wild on the elevated plateaus in the northern part of 
 Mexico. It is also found to some extent in our states bodering 
 on Mexico. This plant is distinct from the rubber tree in that 
 its bark contains no latex, rubber itself being in the cellular 
 tissues of the outer layers of its woody trunk and roots, and 
 found to some extent in its branches and leaves. The epider- 
 mis also contains resins and essential oils. The plant is 
 crushed by machinery, and the rubber extracted by flotation. 
 It yields an average of 12% of rubber. In 1918, our imports 
 of guayule gum amounted to $1,341,000 all of which came from 
 Mexico except $4,000 worth from Colombia. 
 
 The growing scarcity of the guayule shrub in Mexico has 
 led to extensive experiments in its cultivation in our states on 
 the Mexican border. The result of these recent experiments 
 promise to develop a new industry with us of large magnitude. 
 
 It is found that the wild plant takes at least 25 years to 
 mature, whereas it can be matured through scientific cultiva- 
 tion in 4 years, and its average yield in rubber increased to 20 
 per cent, or more. The cultivation can be done wholly by 
 machinery, from planting the seed and plowing up the plant at 
 maturity, to extracting and preparing the crude rubber for the 
 market. 
 
 Extensive rubber plantations in Texas, New Mexico, Rubber 
 Arizona and California are probabilities of the near future, plantation. 
 The economic importance of developing, on a large scale, the * n tne ** 
 
 31 
 
cultivation of rubber in the United States, is far-reaching, not 
 only in this new source of productive wealth, but in solving 
 our present problem of depending wholly on the outside world 
 for our enormous requirements of crude rubber. 
 
 Para rubber, which commands the highest price of all 
 ^ r rubbers, is so called because the city of Para, at the mouth 
 
 of the Amazon, was long the chief market for South American 
 rubber, but Manaos, on the Rio Negro, 1,000 miles up the 
 Amazon, has succeeded to this honor, although Para is still the 
 principal point of exportation. 
 
 Caucho or the aboriginal, cahuchu, from which evidently 
 Origin comes the corruption, caoutchouc, is the earliest word applied 
 
 of "rubber" to rubber. It was the English scientist, Priestley, who dis- 
 covered in 1772, that it would rub pencil marks from paper to 
 which is attributed its name known to us "rubber". 
 
 The manufacture of rubber goods originated in the United 
 States; the first great impetus being Charles Goodyear's in- 
 valuable discovery at Woburn, Mass., in 1839, of means to 
 vulcanize rubber a simple process of mixing sulphur with 
 rubber and subjecting it to heat. 
 
 Our leadership in rubber manufactures has been continu- 
 ous until we now manufacture more rubber goods than the 
 balance of the world combined. Of all articles imported into 
 the United States free of duty, crude rubber is the most valu- 
 able ($208,000,000), and is exceeded only by sugar ($222,000,- 
 000) among our dutiable articles of import. 
 
 While we are preeminently the largest consumers of rub- 
 ber, and have hundreds of millions invested in its manufacture, 
 our capital invested in the production of crude rubber is neg- 
 ligible. This vast industry, the annual output of which has 
 reached a valuation of approximately ONE BILLION DOL- 
 LARS, is at the mercy of foreign producers, controlled by 
 foreign countries. 
 
 Upon the outbreak of the European war, the British 
 Government placed an embargo on rubber, much to the em- 
 barrassment of our rubber manufacturers who were finally 
 permitted to obtain urgently needed supplies of crude rubber, 
 originating in the East Indies, under an agreement with the 
 British Government which embraced a warranty that none of 
 such rubber or its products would be disposed of to any coun- 
 try at war with Great Britain. The Allies and their associates 
 took every precaution to prevent rubber in any form from 
 reaching the Central Powers, because of the great importance 
 of rubber in warfare. 
 
 The need for rubber became so acute in Germany that 
 the bulk of the return cargo of the "Deutschland", the first 
 merchant submarine to visit our shores, was made up of rub- 
 ber. Germany was hard pressed for rubber, necessary for 
 battery boxes in submarines, for tires, hospital service and 
 
 32 
 
many urgent army and navy needs. She was forced to resort 
 to many substitutes, and finally made synthetic (or artificial) 
 rubber although at almost prohibitive cost. It is well known 
 that artificial rubber which conforms to most of the tests of 
 the natural product, can be produced chemically, but its cost 
 is many times that of natural rubber. 
 
 Have classes report upon the different methods of tap- 
 ping rubber trees, gathering and coagulating the latex, 
 and preparing crude rubber for the market. 
 
 Paper and paper manufactures form one of our large 
 items of trade with Latin America, our sales to her, in 1918, 
 being valued at $20,304,000. We also sold her wood pulp 
 ($834,000), and such paper stock employed in the manufac- 
 ture of her purchases of roofing felt ($706,000). 
 
 Our leading item of paper sales was newsprint ($5,404,- 
 000). When one reads a Latin American newspaper, his eyes P ur 
 are probably fixed on invisible bits of our northern forests 
 without even suspecting it. When one reads any other Latin 
 American publication, whether books, magazines, pamphlets, 
 catalogs or rnusic; uses blank books, writing paper and 
 envelopes, blotting and carbon paper, wrapping paper and 
 paper bags, cardboard and paper boxes, paper towels and 
 napkins; signs a check or note, deed or mortgage; handles 
 banknotes, stocks and bonds; decorates the walls with paper 
 hangings; plays a social game of cards or employs paper in 
 any form, anywhere in Latin America, one is apt to be in 
 contact with the product of our paper mills. 
 
 When visiting "La Prensa" in Buenos Ayres, it was gratifying 
 to note that this famous newspaper was using American-made news- 
 print, and that its mechanical departments were equipped prin- 
 cipally with our machines and machinery. 
 
 For magnificence in design and decoration of the building, and 
 perfection in its equipment and appointments, this newspaper plant ^ great 
 is probably the finest and best in the world. "La Prensa" (The new8pa per 
 Press) claims to have a daily circulation of over 300,000 which is 
 far in the lead of any other Latin American newspaper. 
 
 Chemicals, dyes, drugs and medicines form another large 
 item of our exports to Latin America which, in 1918, was Chemicals, 
 nearly $28,100,000. Of this important trade, medicinal and dyc * 
 pharmaceutical preparations alone represent $5,850,000. 
 
 In no line of our large industries has greater efficiency 
 been shown and quicker response given to the diversified and 
 greatly increased demands brought upon us by the war than 
 in chemicals, dyes, drugs and medicines. Our total exports 
 of such products leaped from a valuation of $26,500,000 in 680% 
 1913 to the formidable sum of $180,300,000 in 1918; an in- 
 crease, in five years, of 680 per cent! 
 
 Our sales in 1918 to Latin America alone, exceeded by 
 $1,600,000 the value of our entire exports of such goods in 
 1913. 
 
 33 
 
War 
 creations 
 
 Explosives 
 
 Fertilizers 
 
 Importance 
 of Cement 
 
 Panama 
 Canal 
 
 Cement 
 ships 
 
 Before the war, we were content to allow Germany to 
 maintain her grip on the chemical, dye and drug trade of the 
 world, especially the Latin American field, but the war has 
 created in us a new awakening and stimulated us to suddenly 
 develop, on a large scale, a number of important industries 
 that we had heretofore neglected, even to meet domestic 
 needs. 
 
 Our new vision and increased enterprise will enable us 
 to prove to Latin Americans that we can be of as great service 
 to them in lines relatively new to us as in old and tried ones. 
 
 Locate in your home the articles of American manufac- 
 ture which before the World War were usually made 
 abroad. 
 
 Dynamite, gunpowder, fuses and other explosives, exten- 
 sively used in Latin American mining and blasting operations 
 are chiefly the products of the United States, as may be judged 
 by our sales of these products, in 1918, valued at $5,842,000. 
 These sales do not include $1,000,000 worth of loaded cart- 
 ridges, shells and projectiles. 
 
 It is an interesting fatality that the deposits of Chilian 
 nitrates are blasted out of their repose of centuries by the 
 destructive force created by these same nitrate fields. 
 
 Chilian nitrates probably formed an important part in 
 the manufacture of our fertilizers which we sold to Latin 
 America, in 1918, to the value of $3,865,000. 
 
 In 1918, we shipped to Latin America 2,482,336 barrels 
 of hydraulic cement, valued at $5,675,000. 
 
 There is no material more widely used in modern con- 
 struction, whether in building construction or public works; 
 none for which Latin America will find more increasing needs, 
 and which can be best supplied by the United States, since 
 we lead the world in cement production. 
 
 While we do not yet equal the ancient Romans in the 
 quality and durability of our mortar, we have found that 
 cement, reinforced with steel, is not only cheaper than stone, 
 but stronger and more durable. 
 
 Without the extensive use of cement in building the 
 dams and locks of the Panama Canal, that surpassingly great 
 engineering accomplishment would have been almost im- 
 possible. 
 
 Years ago, Edison predicted that the time was near at 
 hand when we would be pouring cement into standardized 
 molds in the construction of buildings, rather than engage 
 the time of architects and builders in the many details of 
 old methods, a prophecy already realized in many forms of 
 construction, even in ship-building. 
 
 34 
 
A novel process of applying a cement, called "gunnite", 
 to steel or wood framing, covered with wire netting, is by "Shooting" 
 means of a "cement gun" which squirts this sticky substance cement 
 in a stream, forming walls and roofs of buildings with great 
 rapidity. 
 
 Discuss the special reasons calling for greater use of 
 cement construction in Latin America, especially in the 
 tropics. 
 
 One of our largest items of export to Latin America is 
 leather and leather manufactures which, in 1918, amounted American 
 to $28,313,000 of which $17,911,000 or over 63% of this trade shoes 
 was in manufactures. Of these manufactures, $16,516,000 is 
 represented in the sale of 8,387,861 pairs of boots, shoes and 
 slippers. Of this footwear, 3,199,458 pairs of boots and shoes 
 were for children, 2,685,457 pairs for men, and 2,429,615 pairs 
 for women, while the 73,331 pairs of slippers sold are not 
 specified. 
 
 These formidable sales not only indicate a growing ap- 
 preciation of our footwear which enjoys a world-wide repu- 
 tation, but they point to the more gratifying importance of 
 the growing use of shoes throughout Latin America. 
 
 In a recent visit to Cuba, I was surprised to find prac- 
 tically everybody, even to the little picaninny in rural dis- Pic jf m ? m f 8 
 tricts, well shod. This pleasing transformation from the wc 
 time of my previous visit to the island, twelve years ago, 
 when the bulk of the native population, of all ages, were still 
 in bare feet, is particularly encouraging. 
 
 Shoeless people, of whom there are still millions in ^ fect 
 tropical America, not only indicate a low standard of living, menace 
 but they are subject, in tropical and sub-tropical countries, 
 to hookworm and other diseases. 
 
 The admirable work of the International Health Bureau 
 (Rockefeller Foundation) in Latin America to eradicate these 
 diseases through organized effort in educating the people and 
 government officials in preventable causes, is of far greater 
 consequence in promoting American commerce than merely 
 creating an increased demand for shoes. 
 
 The more we can help Latin Americans to improve their ds f 
 
 welfare, increase their purchasing power and enable them to c * 
 adopt a higher standard of living, the less we shall need to a 
 concern ourselves about improving our relations and increas- 
 ing our commerce with them. 
 
 "American Shoes" is a familiar sign in every language 
 and in every civilized country in the world. How can 
 we best maintain the fine reputation of our footwear? 
 
 35 
 
Latin 
 
 American 
 culture 
 
 Attrac- 
 tive 
 cities 
 
 Throughout this study, we have sought more to picture 
 the great masses of the peoples of Latin America and the 
 effect of our industry and commerce upon them; but it must 
 not be imagined that Latin America is one vast wilderness, 
 inhabited wholly by the semi-civilized man of the jungle and 
 others still living in the most primitive fashion. Such at- 
 tractive capitals as Buenos Ayres, Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo, 
 Santiago, Lima, Mexico City and Havana testify abundantly 
 to a high degree of culture and refinement among a large 
 class of Latin Americans and to their enjoyment of almost 
 every comfort, convenience and luxury of modern life. Buenos 
 Ayres, the second largest Latin city in the world, even has 
 an up-to-date subway system. 
 
 The larger cities of Latin America are generally of a fine 
 type of European architecture and adornment, containing 
 splendid public and commercial buildings, libraries, art gal- 
 leries, museums, hospitals, schools, churches, theatres, clubs 
 and many magnificent homes. Aesthetic tastes and love of the 
 beautiful are also shown in spacious avenues, attractive plazas 
 and beautiful parks and gardens; all tastefully adorned and 
 splendidly maintained. 
 
 We have no opera house or theater comparable to the 
 Colon Theater in Buenos Ayres; none so pretentious in gor- 
 geous decorations and exquisite furnishings as the National 
 Theater in San Jose, built by the Costa Rican government at 
 a cost of $1,000,000. None of our luxurious city clubs can 
 compare in magnificence to the Jockey Club in Buenos Ayres. 
 
 Latin Americans have a passionate love for music and 
 song, an inheritance from their romantic Latin ancestry, in- 
 tensified by nature's charm in the warmth of climate and 
 luxuriant vegetation of Tropical America. An orchestra or 
 band plays regularly for the enjoyment of the public, after- 
 noons or evenings, usually in the principal plaza of almost 
 every town of any consequence. In capital cities or other 
 towns where there is a garrison, a military band usually fur- 
 nishes the music, but in other cities and towns it is supplied 
 by the municipality or some private organization. 
 
 The musical education of children is rarely neglected; 
 the instruction or boys being considered almost as important 
 as that of girls. 
 
 The guitar is more commonly seen there than are banjos 
 in our Southern States. It is universally used as an accom- 
 paniment to sentimental songs in the peculiar Spanish rhythm 
 typified in "La Paloma", and frequently heard in serenades to 
 some admired Sefiorita in the stillness of the night. 
 
 I have frequently found our phonographs and player 
 pianos furnishing the most enjoyable form of entertainment 
 phonographs during long voyages on coastal and inland steamers, on the 
 farm and ranch, and at mining and timber camps; grinding 
 
 36 
 
out at remote places in Latin America, all classes of music, 
 from ragtime to classical operas, and all kinds of songs and 
 quality of voices, from amusing coon songs to the thrilling 
 voice of Caruso; songs, too, of the concert hall and street, in 
 Spanish and English, from "La Golondrina" to "A Little Bit 
 of Heaven"; from "La Mattchiche" to "Hello Broadway". 
 
 In 1918, we participated in gratifying Latin America's 
 musical tastes through sales to her of musical instruments, 
 records and perforated music rolls, to the value of $2,630,000, instrument* 
 not including a quantity of printed music, the value of which 
 is not accessible. Our sales of musical instruments included 
 4,142 pianos, 1,770 player pianos, 369 organs and 17,637 phono- 
 graphs, graphophones, and gramophones. 
 
 Another evidence of the aesthetic tastes of Latin Ameri- 
 cans is. disclosed through our sales to them, in 1918, of black- 
 ing and polishes to the value of $652,000! While these sales 
 include metal and other polishes, much the larger part of them 
 was material employed in cleaning and polishing shoes. 
 
 True to Spanish custom,' Latin Americans are generally 
 more careful than ourselves in maintaining a high polish on 
 their shoes, although often to the neglect of other parts of 
 their wearing apparel. 
 
 In Spain, it is not uncommon to see a man shabbily 
 dressed, yet with a glistening polish on shoes badly in need 
 of repair. Shoeshining is a striking specialty of the Spaniard. 
 I do not know of any country whose people of all classes give 
 such scrupulous care to polishing their shoes as in Spain. 
 "Limpia-botas" (shoe-black) is one of the most common street 
 signs in the cities of Spain where, in well-appointed shoeshin- 
 ing places, one obtains the best of shoeshines at the standard 
 price of 10 centavos (2 cents) to which one is expected to add 
 a tip of one cent. 
 
 In Latin American cities, the price of a shoeshine usually 
 ranges from the equivalent of two to five cents, but I was Havana 
 fairly staggered at Havana when asked to pay 20 cents for Shoe hmet 
 cleaning a pair of ordinary low white canvas shoes, such as 
 are commonly worn there. With the desire to be convinced 
 that there was nothing about my manner or attire in a Palm 
 Beach suit, Panama hat and canvas shoes, and without flashing 
 a "headlight" or having other exterior trace of affluence, to 
 warrant being taken for a multimillionario or one of our reck- 
 less spendthrifts, I inquired the price at several shoeshining 
 stands in a stroll down the Prado, only to be assured at each 
 of the American-made oak brass-trimmed outfits that veinte 
 centavos (20 cents) was current, but they thought it insuffi- 
 cient compensation. 
 
 Have a class match on the articles in which cotton is 
 used, requiring each pupil to name at least five. 
 
 37 
 
King 
 Cotton 
 
 Future 
 cotton 
 
 fields 
 
 u. s. 
 
 produces 
 75% of 
 world's 
 cotton 
 
 Cotton 
 
 manufac- 
 tures 
 
 Thanks to mechanical inventions and our enormous pro- 
 duction of cotton, it is the most widely used staple in the 
 world; not only in cotton fabrics, but in such as is mixed 
 with wool, linen and silk. Cotton enters into an endless 
 number of manufactures, and is of great value in medicine, 
 surgery, dentistry, many arts and sciences, and in the pro- 
 duction of that high explosive, gun-cotton. Moreover, its 
 seeds furnish oil and meal of great industrial value, and uses 
 are even found for the stems and leaves of the plant. 
 
 It would be difficult to overestimate the beneficence of 
 the cotton plant as an agent of civilization. 
 
 Measured in dollars, cotton is usually the most valuable 
 agricultural product of the United States, with the single 
 exception of corn, despite the fact that its cultivation is con- 
 fined to our Southern States, while corn is produced in every 
 state of the Union. 
 
 Most of the countries of Latin America have large areas 
 well suited to growing cotton, but its cultivation there has 
 not yet assumed much importance, except in Brazil, Peru 
 and Mexico. 
 
 Latin America has made even slower progress in cotton 
 manufactures. The bulk of her cotton mills are in Brazil and 
 Mexico, but they make only the coarser grade of cloths, and 
 supply but a small part of domestic requirements. Latin 
 America is only beginning to pass through the same process 
 of evolution in cotton manufactures through which we passed 
 and are still passing, and it will likely be many years before 
 she even approaches what we have accomplished in this line. 
 
 In the meantime, as the United States produces about 
 three-fourths of the world's cotton, Latin America must nec- 
 essarily depend upon us for the greater part of the cotton 
 necessary for her large requirements of textiles, whether such 
 fabrics be made by herself, ourselves or other nations. 
 
 Divided into great groups, and measured in dollars, textiles 
 form Latin America's most important item of imported finished 
 manufactures. Until recent years, we have taken relatively 
 small part in this large trade, owing to the strain upon our 
 productive capacity to keep pace with our enormously in- 
 creasing domestic demands in these lines. But there is no 
 nation so fortunately situated and so abundantly capable to 
 dominate this tremendous trade as the United States, espe- 
 cially in cotton goods. Our rapidly growing progress is indi- 
 cated by our sales of cotton and cotton manufactures alone, 
 in 1918, to the value of $91,600,000! These sales include, 
 however, raw cotton, cotton linters, mill waste and rags, 
 valued at $2,426,000; the remaining sum being for yarns, 
 threads, cloths, knit goods, laces, embroideries and other 
 cotton manufactures. 
 
 38 
 
There is an ever increasing demand for fabrics, not only 
 in Latin America but all over the world, owing to constantly 
 increasing population and the rising standard of living. 
 
 Just imagine the increased demand for cotton cloth that 
 would be created by every woman and girl in Latin America Our effect 
 requiring one more petticoat a year or by every man wanting on the 
 a nightshirt! Fancy the strain on our productive capacity if wor W* 
 every Chinaman and Russian were to suddenly demand an- wardrobe 
 other cotton shirt! 
 
 The war of 1812 gave us the first real stimulation in home 
 manufactures, and the development of textile industries was 
 particularly rapid. In 1800, our cotton mills consumed but 
 500 bales of cotton; in 1810 the consumption had grown to 
 10,000 bales; but by 1815 our mills were consuming 90,000 
 bales. Since 1815, our textile industries have steadily grown, 
 and enormously during the World War, until our domestic 
 consumption of cotton is about 6,500,000 bales annually. 
 
 In 1913, we exported 9,521,881 bales or about 67% of 
 the year's crop ; while in 1917 our exports dropped to 4,528,844 
 bales or 40% of the year's production. While this large sud- 
 den decrease was due, in part, to embargoes placed on our 
 cotton, it was the first year since the Civil War in which we 
 exported less than half of our great production of raw cotton. 
 
 Make a spot map of the United States showing from which 
 points our industries affect the daily life of Latin America. 
 
 Following the war of 1812 and until recent years, our 
 thoughts and interests were turned from foreign trade to our 
 great domestic expansion. We allowed our ships which domi- 
 nated the seas of the world a century ago, to all but disappear, t h e flag 
 and otherwise displayed lack of interest in a larger and 
 broader development of foreign markets for our goods. But 
 another and greater war has again changed the trend of our 
 thoughts and revived our interest in foreign trade, stimulating 
 our tardy purpose to reinstate "Old Glory" to its rightful 
 importance on the high seas. 
 
 Among our plans and purposes for greatly enlarged ac- 
 tivities throughout the world, none should be pursued with 
 greater energy, and in a broader and more liberal spirit, than 
 the cultivation of mutual helpfulness in eur relations with 
 Latin America; leading to a spontaneous feeling of inter- 
 dependence and solidarity of interests among the peoples 
 of the New World. 
 
 39 
 
Notes on the Table* 
 
 The summary of our commerce with Latin America in 1913 
 and v 1918, by individual countries and groups of countries, is 
 presented on page 45, in a form not found in any other publi- 
 cation. Facts are given for three natural geographical groups 
 Mexico and Central America, the West Indies and South 
 America and for all of them combined, which it is felt will 
 prove the most rational and helpful form for business men and 
 students in their study of this rapidly growing trade. This 
 and other tables and statements with reference to our foreign 
 commerce are compiled from data contained in Foreign Com- 
 merce and Navigation of the United States, published by the 
 Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce of the Department 
 of Commerce. This annual statistical publication of our for- 
 eign commerce is for fiscal years ending June 30, which is the 
 period referred to throughout this pamphlet instead of calendar 
 years. 
 
 The Pan American Union distributes a large variety of 
 instructive and interesting information concerning the twenty 
 Latin American republics and our trade relations with them. 
 While this valuable service covers the bulk of the vast terri- 
 tory embraced in the geographical term, Latin America, sta- 
 tistics of the trade of the United States with Latin America 
 are necessarily incomplete without adding our commerce with 
 the British, French and Dutch possessions within that terri- 
 tory. The absence of this information from the published 
 statistics of the Pan American Union is no reflection, how- 
 ever, on that splendid organization, as the scope of its service 
 is confined to such countries as compose its membership 
 the American republics. 
 
 While Porto Rico is properly a part of Latin America, its 
 trade is not included because this island is domestic territory. 
 It is shown separately, however, at the foot of the table. The 
 trade of Porto Rico has greatly increased since that charming 
 island became United States territory. In 1918, its total im- 
 ports were $63,389,000 and its exports $74,294,000. This total 
 trade of $137,683,000, over 90% of which was with continental 
 United States, shows an increase of $51,679,000, or 60% over 
 that of 1913. 
 
 Our trade with the Virgin Islands of the United States is 
 included in the tables because these islands are of such recent 
 acquisition, and it seems desirable to compare our trade with 
 them in 1918 with that of 1913, when they still belonged to 
 Denmark. On January 17, 1917, the date of the treaty of 
 sale, these islands passed under full sovereignty of the United 
 States, but we did not take formal possession of them until 
 March 31, 1917. While this group is composed of about fifty 
 islands, only three of them St. Thomas, St. John and St. 
 Croix are of sufficient size to be known by name to any but 
 geographers and local inhabitants. These three islands have 
 a combined area of only 132 square miles or 84,480 acres. 
 
 40 
 
The fancy price of $25,000,000 paid for this group of islands 
 is a larger sum than was ever paid for any of our terri- 
 torial acquisitions, not excepting the Louisiana purchase 
 ($15,000,000), Mexican cession ($18,250,000), Gadsden pur- 
 chase ($10,000,000), Alaska ($7,200,000), and the Philippine 
 Islands, Porto Rico, etc. ($20,100,000). We would have 
 acquired the Danish West Indies in 1902 for the agreed price 
 of $5,000,000 but for a tie vote in the Landsthing or upper 
 house of the Danish Parliament, thus defeating by this narrow 
 margin the treaty already agreed to by the Folkething or 
 popular house, and ratified by the United States Senate. 
 
 The table on page 45 includes our exports of foreign mer- 
 chandise to the value of $16,308,000, but it does not include 
 any of the transit or transshipment trade with Latin America. 
 In 1918, the value of goods in this trade, passing through the 
 United States to and from Latin America, was $81,370,000. 
 Neither does it include the traffic in gold and silver, including 
 coins, of which our imports from Latin America, in 1918, 
 amounted to $76,646,000 and our exports to her $54,628,000. 
 
 The increased values in our commerce with Latin America 
 in 1918 over those of 1913 show the following percentages: 
 Imports 128.3%, exports 122.5% and total trade 125.8%. 
 These gratifying results must not be taken, however, at their 
 face value, as there are two important ways in which dollar 
 totals, statistically stated, are inaccurate indexes of trade 
 growth: (1) Prices in 1918 were so much higher than in 
 1913 that the same quantity of goods must be described in 
 far larger number of dollars. The Pan American Union states 
 that an average increase of 50% in the price of goods im- 
 ported from Latin America and 80% in the price of our goods 
 exported to her is a conservative estimate of current prices in 
 1918 as compared with pre-war prices. (2) Customhouse 
 valuations in the foreign trade statistics of all countries are 
 generally less than real commercial values. The Pan Ameri- 
 can Union estimates that the value of our imports from Latin 
 America is understated from 15 to 20% ($157,000,000 to 
 $209,000,000), and our exports to Latin America from 10 to 
 12% ($76,00,000 to $91,000,000). In applying these important 
 factors, using the lowest estimates above, we find that the 
 real comparative increases from an industrial point of view, 
 by which we mean quantities, based upon similar prices of 
 goods in 1913 and 1918, is but 52% in our imports, 24% in our 
 exports and 39% in our total trade with Latin America. 
 
 Going back two decades into the official statistics of our 
 commerce with Latin America, we find the following inter- 
 esting comparison with our trade in 1918 at each 5-year 
 period : 
 
 Imports Exports Total Trade Increase 
 
 Increase over 1913. . .$586,936,000 $418,526,000 $1,005,462,000 125.81% 
 
 Increase over 1908... 757,308,000 523,585,000 1,280,893,000 244.59% 
 
 Increase over 1903... 803,463,000 630,887,000 1,434,350,000 387,42% 
 
 Increase over 1898... 896,175,000 674,355,000 1,570,530,000 671.01% 
 
 41 
 
The table on page 47 shows that in 1913 we already en- 
 joyed a much larger per capita trade with Latin America 
 ($9.63) than with any other large division of the world, with 
 the single exception of British North America (Dominion of 
 Canada, Newfoundland, Labrador and Bermuda). 
 
 The table on page 46 shows that Latin America's per 
 capita trade with us jumped to $20.40 ($21.50, including 
 Porto Rico) in 1918. Had her per capita trade with us 
 equalled that of Cuba ($199,80), the value of our total trade 
 with her would have been over nine times as great, an in- 
 crease of $16,000,000,000 ! 
 
 Had the per capita trade of the world with us in 1918 
 equalled that of Latin America ($21.50), the value of our 
 total foreign commerce would have been $35,475,000,000 in- 
 stead of $8,865,000,000. Had it been possible for the per 
 capita trade of the world with us to equal that of Cuba, it 
 would have amounted to the colossal sum of $330,000,000,000 ! 
 These statements are predicated upon the world's estimated 
 population in 1918 (outside of the United States) of 1,650,- 
 000,000. But a foreign trade of such fantastic magnitude 
 defies all present calculations, as it is about six times greater 
 than the approximate value of the combined international 
 trade of the world. 
 
 Students will find the table on page 48, showing the dis- 
 tribution of our foreign commerce with the principal countries 
 of the world and by world divisions, and the value and per- 
 centage increase or decrease with each in 1918 over 1913, of 
 special interest at this time, as it discloses the effect of the 
 World War on the changed course and volume of our trade 
 with the different parts of the world. 
 
 During the titanic struggle in Europe, the productive 
 forces there, of both belligerent and neutral countries, were 
 centered in supplying war necessities and essential domestic 
 needs. Europe had relatively little to sell us, whereas she 
 clamored for almost everything that we could send her, espe- 
 cially munitions, war materials and necessities of all kinds. 
 After the United States entered the war, we poured goods 
 and materials into Europe in such tremendous volume as to 
 amaze even ourselves. The raw products of Latin America 
 contributed immensely towards making this possible. 
 
 The markets of the Central Powers (Germany, Austria- 
 Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria) were almost closed to us 
 through blockades and embargoes following the outbreak of 
 the war. After we entered the war these markets were 
 entirely cut off, except such small shipments (principally 
 with Turkey in Asia) which for various reasons were author- 
 ized. Thus it was that our imports from Europe fell off in 
 1918, as compared to 1913, nearly 54%, and our exports to 
 her increased over 152%. In normal times more than half 
 of the value of our entire imports come from Europe, whereas 
 in 1918 she contributed but 14% of them. Europe took, how- 
 ever, 63% of the value of our entire exports in 1918, and 70% 
 of them in 1917 and 1916. 
 
 42 
 
As the United States had become the greatest source and 
 principal entrepot of war and world needs, we were ransacking 
 the remotest corners of the globe for hides and skins, tanning 
 and dyeing materials, crude rubber, oils and fats, certain 
 metals, edible substances, wool, fibers and all other useful 
 raw products for manufacture or preparation, necessary to the 
 sudden enormous expansion of our manufacturing capacity. 
 Our production grew to such unprecedented extent as to be 
 in the unique position of virtually rationing the world with 
 many of its essential requirements, in such measure as war 
 necessities and our own domestic needs permitted, and de- 
 pendent always on the problem of ocean transportation, a 
 difficulty not yet overcome. 
 
 In view of our commanding position as the largest market, 
 the greatest manufacturing center and at the same time the 
 money center of the world, a combination of power and 
 opportunities unique in the history of any nation, it is not 
 surprising that our foreign commerce was given such tremen- 
 dous impetus during the war, and that our imports from such 
 parts of the world where we could buy raw materials Latin 
 America, British North America, Asia, Oceania, and Africa 
 exceeded our exports. The increase in our trade with China, 
 Hongkong, Japan, Russia in Asia, the East Indies, Philippine 
 Islands, Australasia, and parts of Africa, is particularly 
 striking. Seventy-three per cent, of our trade with "all other 
 countries" was due to various countries of Asia and Oceania, 
 principally Chinese territory leased to Japan. This trade 
 with "all other countries" is distributed among the divisions 
 of the world to which each country belongs, and accounted 
 for in the summary of "distribution by world divisions." 
 
 Let us conclude with further evidence that we can no 
 longer afford to underestimate the importance of Latin Am- 
 erica to us. Of the value of our entire imports in 1918 
 ($2,946,000,000), 35.45% came from Latin America, as com- 
 pared to 25.23% in 1913; of the value of our entire exports 
 ($5,920,000,000), 12.84% went to Latin America, as compared 
 to 13.86% in 1913 ; and of the value of our total foreign com- 
 merce ($8,865,000,000), 20.36% was with Latin America, as 
 compared to 18.68% in 1913. 
 
 Of the increase in value of our entire foreign commerce in 
 1918 over 1913 ($4,586,474,000), 51.82% of the imports, 12.12% 
 of the exports and 21.92% of the whole was due to Latin 
 America. 
 
 These facts accentuate the opening paragraphs of this 
 pamphlet and the evidence in How Latin America Affects Our 
 Daily Life that we have greater need of Latin America than 
 she has of us, a need that will grow apace with the coming 
 years. Our ever growing requirements of Latin American 
 products also emphasize the importance of the United States 
 to Latin America as the most convenient, largest and best 
 market in the world for her products. 
 Plandome, Long Island, N. Y. W. J. DANGAIX 
 
 September 16, 1919 
 
 43 
 
OUR SALES TO LATIN AMERICA 1918 
 
 These exports are confined to domestic products and manu- 
 factures, including commodities of foreign origin which 
 have been changed from the form in which they were 
 imported, or enhanced in value by further manufacture in 
 the United States, such as sugar refined from imported raw 
 sugar, and articles and utensils made from imported ma- 
 terials. The figures do not include strictly foreign merchan- 
 dise of which we exported to Latin America, in the same 
 period, to the value of $16,308,116, or gold and silver, includ- 
 ing coins, to the value of $54,628,518. The period is for the 
 fiscal year ending June 30, 1918. 
 
 1. Metals and metal manufactures $195,649,274 
 
 2. Foodstuffs and feedstuffs 135,439,665 
 
 3. Cotton, wool and silk and their manufactures 102,018,032 
 
 4. Non-metallic minerals and their manufactures 41,578,470 
 
 5. Mineral, vegetable and animal oils 40,439,090 
 
 6. Automobiles, cars, wagons and other vehicles 32,399,066 
 
 7. Leather and leather manufactures 28,313,544 
 
 8. Wood, lumber and wood manufactures 28,232,389 
 
 9. Chemicals, dyes, drugs and medicines 28,094,584 
 
 10. Paper and paper manufactures 20,304,262 
 
 11. Rubber manufactures 10,427,819 
 
 12. Binder twine, cordage and other fiber manufactures 10,223,568 
 
 13. Soaps and greases 8,733,611 
 
 14. Paints, varnishes, inks, glue, paste and polishes 8,344,826 
 
 15. Cartridges, gunpowder, dynamite and other explosives 6,841,615 
 
 16. Agricultural machinery and implements 5,651,713 
 
 17. Candles, paraffin and wax 5,039,839 
 
 18. Fertilizers 3,864,668 
 
 19. Naval Stores (rosin, turpentine and pitch) 3,781,760 
 
 20. Musical instruments ' 2,629,983 
 
 21. Live animals (cattle, horses, mules, hogs, etc.) 2,290,378 
 
 22. Wines, beers, liquors and other beverages 2,143,972 
 
 23. Tobacco and tobacco manufactures 2,140,995 
 
 24. Photographic goods (including motion-picture films) 1,944,793 
 
 25. Surgical and scientific instruments and appliances 1,793,648 
 
 26. Perfumeries, cosmetics and other toilet preparations 1,494,426 
 
 27. Hats and hat materials 1,119,399 
 
 28. Miscellaneous (50 items, each less than $1,000,000).. 12,973,011 
 
 Total. . ..- .$743,908,400 
 
 Students should try to translate these already great totals 
 into local terms such as the number of days of work in- 
 volved, number of animals, of automobiles, harvesters, 
 loaves of bread, etc. 
 
 44 
 
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 45 
 
Population and Per Capita Commerce of 
 
 Latin America with the U. S. A. for the 
 
 fiscal year ending June 30, 1918 
 
 Countries 
 
 Estimated 
 Population 
 in 1918 
 
 Per Capita Commerce 
 with the U. S. 
 
 Sales 
 to us 
 
 Pur- 
 chases 
 from us 
 
 Total 
 Trade 
 with us 
 
 Mexico 
 
 15,500,000 
 45,000 
 450,000 
 2,100,000 
 600,000 
 700,000 
 400,000 
 1,500,000 
 
 $9.07 
 5.25 
 16.92 
 3.72 
 9.06 
 6.56 
 19.61 
 4.58 
 
 $6.91 
 53.78 
 4.23 
 2.65 
 7.70 
 6.25 
 59.10 
 2.32 
 
 $15.98 
 59.03 
 21.15 
 6.37 
 16.76 
 12.81 
 78.71 
 6.90 
 
 British Honduras 
 
 Costa Rica 
 
 Guatemala 
 
 Honduras 
 
 Nicaragua 
 
 Panama 
 
 Salvador 
 
 
 Mexico and Central America.. . . 
 
 21,295,000 
 
 $8.60 
 
 $7.19 
 
 $15.79 
 
 Barbados (British) 
 
 200,000 
 900,000 
 400,000 
 400,000 
 2,500,000 
 30,000 
 800,000 
 60,000 
 400,000 
 2,000,000 
 
 3.42 
 3.65 
 17.86 
 7.52 
 105.61 
 51.40 
 10.00 
 17.61 
 .31 
 2.41 
 
 13.50 
 8.70 
 17.50 
 13.47 
 94.19 
 60.25 
 20.01 
 27.05 
 15.95 
 4.18 
 
 16.92 
 12.35 
 35.36 
 20.99 
 199.80 
 111.65 
 30.01 
 44.66 
 16.26 
 6.59 
 
 Jamaica (British) 
 
 Trinidad and Tobago (British) 
 
 Other British islands 
 
 Cuba 
 
 Virgin Islands (of the U. S.) 
 
 Dominican Republic 
 
 Dutch islands 
 
 French islands 
 
 Haiti 
 
 
 West Indies (except Porto Rico) 
 
 7,690,000 
 
 $38.20 
 
 $38.05 
 
 $76.25 
 
 Argentina 
 
 9,000,000 
 3,000,000 
 25,000,000 
 5,000,000 
 5,500,000 
 1,600,000 
 4,000 
 320,000 
 100,000 
 50,000 
 800,000 
 4,600,000 
 1,500,000 
 3,000,000 
 
 21.74 
 .04 
 4.54 
 28.21 
 4.72 
 6.80 
 100.00 
 1.14 
 9.72 
 .10 
 .09 
 9.04 
 15.69 
 4.43 
 
 12.15 
 1.19 
 2.65 
 12.71 
 2.00 
 3.08 
 76.25 
 16.46 
 9.82 
 14.24 
 .84 
 4.78 
 12.04 
 2.61 
 
 33.89 
 1.23 
 7.19 
 40.92 
 6.72 
 9.88 
 176.25 
 17.60 
 19.54 
 14.34 
 .93 
 13.82 
 27.73 
 7.04 
 
 Bolivia . 
 
 Brazil . . 
 
 Chile 
 
 Colombia 
 
 Ecuador 
 
 Falkland Islands (British) 
 
 Guiana British 
 
 Dutch 
 
 French. 
 
 Paraguay. . 
 
 Peru 
 
 Uruguay 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 
 South American Countries 
 
 59,474,000 
 
 $9.54 
 
 $5.28 
 
 $14.82 
 
 Total Latin America 
 
 88,459,000 
 
 1,250,000 
 
 $11.81 
 
 52.41 
 
 $8.59 
 46.20 
 
 $20.40 
 
 98.61 
 
 Porto Rico 
 
 
 Latin America (with Porto Rico) 
 
 89,709,000 
 
 $12.37 
 
 $9.13 
 
 $21.50 
 
 46 
 
Commerce, Per Capita, of the Principal Countries 
 
 of the World (except separate Latin American 
 
 Countries) with the United States in the Last 
 
 Pre-War Year 1913 
 
 The list includes all countries whose total 
 trade with us was over $2,000,000. Popula- 
 tion estimates are from the Statesman's 
 Year Book, except those for Lathi America 
 
 Countries 
 
 T7 * * . * 4 
 
 !St UT13 1 6Q 
 
 Population 
 in 1913 
 
 Per Capita Trade With the U. S. 
 
 Sales 
 to us 
 
 Purchases 
 from us 
 
 Total trade 
 with us 
 
 1. Bermuda (British) 
 
 20,000 
 
 50,000 
 7,800,000 
 750,000 
 500,000 
 6,200,000 
 250,000 
 46,000,000 
 7,700,000 
 4,800,000 
 1,200,000 
 2,800,000 
 67,500,000 
 40,000,000 
 2,500,000 
 3,800,000 
 2,000,000 
 8,800,000 
 5,600,000 
 35,000,000 
 53,000,000 
 20,000,000 
 7,000,000 
 6,000,000 
 12,000,000 
 3,000,000 
 4,300,000 
 52,000,000 
 19,000,000 
 38,000,000 
 141,000,000 
 7,500,000 
 8,000,000 
 315,000,000 
 40,000,000 
 26,000,000 
 325,000,000 
 27,000,000 
 
 $24.16 
 36.59 
 15.46 
 47.61 
 8.04 
 6.16 
 4.60 
 6.43 
 5.47 
 2.28 
 3.65 
 1.08 
 2.80 
 3.42 
 3.37 
 6.12 
 4.96 
 2.39 
 1.99 
 .55 
 .73 
 .16 
 .79 
 .15 
 1.66 
 .04 
 .72 
 .37 
 .64 
 .11 
 .19 
 .05 
 .05 
 .21 
 .15 
 .03 
 .12 
 .09 
 
 $73.32 
 32.76 
 53.26 
 4.81 
 20.86 
 20.32 
 19.55 
 12.98 
 8.68 
 9.03 
 7.57 
 6.67 
 4.91 
 3.65 
 3.35 
 .22 
 1.11 
 2.88 
 2.16 
 2.18 
 1.09 
 1.57 
 .07 
 .69 
 .14 
 1.20 
 .28 
 .45 
 .06 
 .50 
 .18 
 .32 
 .28 
 .04 
 .08 
 .16 
 .07 
 .04 
 
 $97.48 
 69.35 
 68.72 
 52.42 
 28.90 
 26.48 
 24.15 
 19.41 
 14.15 
 11.31 
 11.22 
 7.75 
 7.71 
 7.07 
 6.72 
 6.34 
 6.07 
 5.27 
 4.15 
 3.73 
 2.82 
 2.73 
 1.86 
 1.84 
 1.80 
 1.24 
 1.00 
 .82 
 .70 
 .61 
 .37 
 .37 
 .33 
 .25 
 .23 
 .19 
 .19 
 .13 
 
 ===== 
 
 $68.01 
 9.63 
 5.12 
 .60 
 .42 
 
 2. Aden (British) 
 
 3. Canada 
 
 4. Straits Settlements 
 5. Hongkong (British) 
 
 6. Netherlands 
 
 7. Newfoundland & Labrador 
 8. United Kingdom (Br. Is.) 
 9. Belgium 
 
 10. Australia 
 
 11. New Zealand 
 
 12. Denmark 
 
 13. Germany 
 
 14. France 
 
 15. Norway 
 
 16. Switzerland 
 
 17. Turkey in Europe 
 
 18. Philippine Islands 
 
 19. Sweden. 
 
 20. Italy 
 
 21. Japan 
 
 22. Spain 
 
 23 . All other Br . East Indies . . 
 24. Portugal 
 
 25. Egypt 
 
 26. Finland 
 
 27. Greece 
 
 28. Austria-Hungary. . . . 
 
 29. Turkey in Asia 
 
 30. British Africa 
 
 31. Russia in Europe 
 
 32. Roumania . . . 
 
 33. Portuguese Africa 
 
 34. British India 
 
 35. Dutch East Indies 
 
 36. French Africa 
 
 37. China (exc. leased parts) . . 
 38. Russia in Asia 
 
 
 British North America . 
 
 8,000,000 
 83,000,000 
 
 463,000,000 
 850,000,000 
 132,000,000 
 
 $15.28 
 5.51. 
 1.93 
 .37 
 .20 
 
 $52.73 
 4.12 
 
 3.19 
 .23 
 .22 
 
 Latin America 
 
 Europe 
 
 Asia and Oceania 
 
 Africa 
 
 
 The Outside World 
 
 1,536,000,000 
 
 $1.18 
 
 $1.60 
 
 $2.78 
 
 
 47 
 
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Items not commented upon in the text, 
 for want of space 
 
 Nos. 19 and 21 to 27, inclusive, of our classified sales on page 44; 
 and the following which are included in other items of that table: 
 
 Paints and varnishes $6,616,000 
 
 Toilet and other soaps 6,282,000 
 
 Glass and glassware 5,950,000 
 
 Cottonseed, corn and other vegetable oils 5,796,000 
 
 Wool manufactures 5,556,000 
 
 Earthenware, stoneware and chinaware 2,654,000 
 
 Silk manufactures 2,378,000 
 
 Asbestos manufactures 794,000 
 
 Printers' and other inks 669,000 
 
 Salt 593,000 
 
 Artificial silk manufactures 423,000 
 
 Glue, mucilage and paste 409,000 
 
 Stone, marble and grindstones 408,000 
 
 Emery wheels and other abrasives 389,000 
 
 Graphite and its manufactures 272,000 
 
 Asphaltum and its manufactures 228,000 
 
 Oakum 153,000 
 
 Typewriter ribbons 112,000 
 
 Fish, lard and other animal oils 104,000 
 
 Also the following list of miscellaneous items: 
 29 items of export above $100,000 in "Miscellaneous" 
 
 1. Shoe findings $943,000 
 
 2. Broomcorn, brooms and brushes 835,000 
 
 3. Toys 792,000 
 
 4. Pencils and pencil leads 782,000 
 
 5. Roofing felt 706,000 
 
 6. Oilcloth and linoleum 701,000 
 
 7. Notions 687,000 
 
 8. Buttons 626,000 
 
 9. Household and personal effects 616,000 
 
 10. Suspenders and garters 566,000 
 
 11. Straw and palm-leaf manufactures 551,000 
 
 12. Celluloid manufactures 493,000 
 
 13. Furs and skins 440,000 
 
 14. Athletic and sporting goods 434,000 
 
 15. Seeds and nursery stock 426,000 
 
 16. Dental goods 420,000 
 
 17. Cork manufactures 373,000 
 
 18. Imitation leather 343,000 
 
 19. Umbrellas and parasols 303,000 
 
 20. Trunks and traveling bags 258,000 
 
 21. Matches 231,000 
 
 22. Motor boats 208,000 
 
 23. Chewing gum 166,000 
 
 24. Refrigerators . . N 131,000 
 
 25. Animal hair manufactures 112,000 
 
 26. Plaster 104,000 
 
 27. Wall boards (substitute for plaster) 104,000 
 
 28. Art goods 104,000 
 
 29. Billiard tables and accessories 103,000 
 
 Each of these totals suggests great future possibilities of 
 serving Latin Americans, especially if classes will estimate 
 the number of different retail sales implied by these total 
 export values. 
 
 COPYRIGHT 1920 
 
 by 
 INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC SERVICE 
 
How We Affect Latin America's Daily Life (48 pp.) 
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 facts about our relations with Latin America; 
 shows dependency on our products; explains 
 growth of trade and future possibilities. Complete 
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 How Latin America Affects Our Daily Life (32 pp.) 
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