THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY RAINBOW PACKING Facsimile of a roll of Rainbow Packing. None genuine without the Trade-Mark, the word " Rainbow " in a Diamond in Black UTICE To our Patrotis and the Trade: The great demand and superior quality of our " Rainbow" Sheet Packing has induced unprincipled parties to put upon the market a poor imitation, which so closely resembles the genuine, in color only, as to deceive anyone not acquainted with the goods of our make, and we issue this notice as a caution to the trade. OUR TRADE-MARK CONSISTS OF THE WORD "RAINBOW" IN A DIAMOND IN BLACK in three rows of diamonds extending through the entire length of each and every roll of Packing, and is secured and owned exclusively by us. All parties infringing the same will be dealt with according to law. We would also caution the trade against red packings offered by travel- ing agents and others as "Rainbow," or equal to it, as the same are only base imitations, and will not do the work of our " Rainbow " Packing. Only the genuine bears our trade-mark. You are further cautioned against unprincipled parties manufacturing and selling imitations of "Rainbow," who have copied our "Rainbow" circular, word for word, thereby grossly misrepresenting their abortive efforts to produce the equal of " Rainbow" Packing. We have manufactured and sold 6,000 tons of "Rainbow" Packing in the last five years. It is the only packing in the world that will make an instantaneous, guaranteed steam joint. Made in rolls about 200 Ibs. each, ^, f 6 , h, i, Price, per lp., $1.00 inch MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING CO. THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY RAINBOW PACKING Facsimile of a roll of Rainbow Packing. None genuine without the Trade-Mark, the word "Rainbow" in a Diamond in Black IADDITIONAL DIAMONDS Our trade-mark is the word " Rainbow " in a diamond, in black, extending throughout the entire length of each and every roll. As some of our customers and consumers have been imposed upon, owing to the diamonds not covering the entire width of the rolls, we have decided, from this date forth, to manufacture all Rainbow- Packing with Three Rows of diamonds in black, containing the word Rainbow, extending throughout the entire length of each and every roll, instead of one row only. Please see that Packing you buy for Rainbow bears these trade-marks. MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY 16 WARREN STREET, NEW YORK THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY IMITATIONS Manufacturers of all classes of rubber goods have attempted to imitate Rainbow Packing. They have misrepresented, and are still misrepresenting the merits of their worthless imitations. They have stated that they have hired, our superintendents and other employees, thereby obtaining the secret of making Rainbow Packing, which is absolutely false. The secret of this Packing is known to two men only, Mr. Charles A. Hunter, our general super- intendent, and Mr. Charles H. Dale, the president of this company. Rainbow Packing passes through at least one hundred different processes before reaching the market. Unprincipled manufacturers and dealers are constantly impos- ing on engineers by substituting cheap red sheet packings for Rain- bow. When you send for or order Rainbow Packing, see that the three rows of diamonds in black, connecting like this extend through each yard or roll. If it does not, you have not got the genuine Rainbow Packing. If it is billed "Red" packing, send it back. If any manufacturer or dealer bills you any pack- ing as "Rainbow" or "Rbw.," that does not bear our trade-mark, as explained herein, it is a fraud, and if you will send us the packing and their invoice we will give you a REWARD OF $25.00 pay you for the packing, as well as all express charges on same. MECHANICAL APPLIANCES RECENTLY PUBLISHED Tenth Edition Volume One Mechanical Movements POWERS AND DEVICES By GARDNER D. HISCOX, M.E. 400 Pages 1,800 Illustrations Price, $3.00 THIS is a Dictionary of Mechanical Movements, Powers, and Devices, embracing an illustrated descrip- tion of the greatest variety of Mechanical Movements and Devices in any language. It covers with its Supple- mentary Volume, entitled " Mechanical Appliances, Me- chanical Movements, and Novelties of Construction " (Price, $3.00), the whole range of the practical and invent- ive field, for the use of Machinists, Patent Attorneys, Inventors, Engineers, Draughtsmen, Students, and all others interested in any way in the devising and oper- ation of mechanical works. A special detailed circular of this work as well as Volume Two sent on request. Address : THE NORMAN W. HENLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY 132 Nassau Street, New York, U. S. A. >Iechanical Appliances Mechanical Movements and Novelties of Construction An Encyclopedia of Mechanical Movements and Mechanical Appliances, including many Novelties of Construction used in the practical operation of the Arts, Manufactures, and in Engineering. For Engineers, Draughts- men, Inventors, Patent Attorneys, and all others interested in Mechanical Operations. Including an explanatory chapter on the leading conceptions of Perpetual Motion existing during the past three centuries. By GARDNER D. HISCOX, M.E. Author of " Gas, Gasoline, and Oil Engines," "Compressed Air," etc., etc. Being a Supplementary Volume to the Author's Work entitled Mechanical Movements, Powers, and Devices New York THE NORMAN W, HENLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY 132 Nassau Street 1904 si w COPYRIGHT, 1904, BY THE NORMAN W. HENLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY ALSO ENTERED AT STATIONER'S HALL COURT, LONDON, ENGLAND All Rights Reserved COMPOSITION, ELECTROTYPING, PRESSWORK AND BINDING BY TROW DIRECTORY, PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING COMPANY, NEW YORK, U. S. A. Preface. THE ten editions through which the first volume of "Mechanical Movements" has passed is more than a suffi- cient encouragement to warrant the publication of a second volume, more special in scope than the first, inasmuch as it deals with the peculiar requirements of various arts and manu- factures, and more detailed in its explanations, because of the greater complexity of the machinery selected for illustration. Despite the greater simplicity of the devices which have been pictured and briefly explained in the first volume, the appli- ances described in this second volume can be just as easily understood, the text having been so worded that no insuper- able difficulties are presented to the reader of average mechani- cal knowledge. - More extensive though it may be than "Mechanical Movements," the present work by no means ex- hausts the subject. Many an apparatus has been omitted, either because limitations of space have intervened, or because of the impossibility of securing adequate details of construc- tion. The machines incorporated, however, cover so vast a mechanical field and have been so carefully selected to supply the needs of the student seeking general information, that they will be found fairly representative of the power devices used in old and modern industries. Mechanical intelligence may well be deemed to have found its highest expression in the con- trivances that are illustrated and described in these pages. Although the author has not the slightest desire to encour- age the hopeless pursuit of perpetual motion, he has, neverthe- less, thought it advisable to dwell at some length on the exceed- ingly ingenious means devised by misguided inventors in their endeavors to solve an unsolvable problem. The pages in which perpetual motion machines are described may induce PREFACE. those who still believe in reaching this ignis fatuus to bend their energies in causes more worthy of their zeal. Moreover, it may be that some of the mechanical movements which have been evolved by the perpetual motion inventor, although they may not attain the end sought by him, may still be applied with profit to his instruction in true mechanical principles and to avoid the errors committed in the search on the lines of this folly of past centuries. This in itself is a sufficient justification of the insertion in this volume of the section on perpetual motion. The deeper we delve in the research for novelty and variety in the present field of mechanical design, the more we see the possibilities of human ingenuity. The facility and power of construction shown in the complicated mechanism of the past augur well for the future of inventive genius. GARDNER D. Hiscox. September, 1904. CONTENTS. SECTION I. MECHANICAL POWER LEVER. Lever in a Draught Equalizer Timber or Log Grapple Lever Equalizer for Sulky Plows Lever Equalizer for Three Horses Lever Nippers. SECTION II. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. Universal Screw Driver Quick Coupling Transmission of Power by Wire Rope and Anchored Levers Bag Elevator Horizontal ConveyorI Beam Trolley Two Way Conveyor Rope Tramway Carriage Friction Pulley Geared I Beam Trolley Variable Power and Speed Worm Gear Elevator Cash Carrier Variable Speed Device Friction Pulley Panel Clutches Viscosi- meter Positive Combination Clutch Pneumatic Belt Shipper Acoustic Tel- ephone. SECTION III. MEASUREMENT OF POWER, SPRINGS. Registering Wind Vane Anemometer Electric Signal Anemometer- Metallic Thermometer Wind Force Register- Recording Wind Meter Recording Barometer Registering Air Thermometer Metallic Thermometer Thermo- stat Metallic Thermometer Maximum and Minimum Recording Thermom- eter Sunshine Recording Thermometer Centrifugal Speed Indicator Hy- groscope Prony Brake Transmission Dynamometer Thermohydroscope Power of Springs Rectangular Spring Compound Triangual Spring Volute or Spiral Spring Helical Spring Straight Torsion Spring Helical Torsion Spring Conical Spiral Torsion Spring Bolster Springs Compound Bolster Spring. SECTION IV. GENERATION OF POWER, STEAM. Internally Fired Boiler Heat Circulation in a Hein Boiler Down Draught Boiler Furnace Triplex Boiler Water Tube Boiler Vertical Water Tube Boiler Flash Coil Boiler Finger Tube Boiler Duplex Water Tube Boiler Flash Type Steam Generator Novel Motor- Solar Caloric Engine Mouchot's Solar 7 CONTENTS. Boiler Marine Water Tube Boiler Down Draught Wood-burning Furnace- Gravity Feed Furnace Traveling Link Grate Under Feed Furnace Down Draught Furnace Annular S'team Blower Steam Blower Argand Steam Blower _Coal Dust Feeding Apparatus Coal Dust Burner Burner for Auto- Boiler-Autombbile Boiler Oil Fuel Furnace Oil Fuel Burner Fuel ( Burner Liquid Fuel Burner Petroleum Fire Grate Chimney Draught Indi- catorPlug for Leaky Boiler Tubes Safety Plugs for Boilers Simple Float Steam Trap Automatic Steam Trap Float Steam Trap Differential Expan- sion Steam Trap Balanced Steam Trap Return Trap Automatic Boiler Feeder _Centrifugal Steam Separator Low Water Alarm Simple Boiler Feed p ev i C e_Feed Water Heater and Purifier Surface Condenser Novel Surface Condenser Evaporator. SECTION V. STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. Types of Compound Engines Triple Expansion Engine High Speed Vertical Engine Compound Steam or Air Engine Triple Expansion Marine Engine Compound Corliss Engine Convertible Compound Engine Novel Three- Cylinder Engine Revolving Engine Friction Relief in D Valves Novel Triple Compound Marine Engine Types of Slide Valves Balanced Piston Valve Tandem Compound Locomotive Cylinders Balanced Valve for Steam Engine Novel Piston Valve Automatic Valve Motion Types of Slide Valves Concentric Valves, Corliss Type Oscillating Steam and Exhaust Valve Riding Cut-off Valve Types of Slide Valves Parson's Steam Turbine Steam Turbine The Stevens Valve Gear Valve Gear Corliss Valve Gear Dashpot for Corliss Engine Reversing Gear Flexible Crank for Marine Shafting Flexible Couplings Novel Valve Gear Reversing Gear Floating Valve Gear Triple Expansion Valve Gear Walschaert's Valve Gear Engine Stopping Mechanism Shifting Eccentric Sector Gear Governor Dashpot Governor Centrifugal Governors Friction Power Controller Inertia Gov- ernor Fan Governor Adjustable Governor Marine Governor Differen- tial Pressure Regulator Balanced Pressure Regulator Self-Closing Stop Valve Reversing Gear Novel Reducing Valve Differential Exhaust Valve Au- tomatic Quick-Closing Valve Reversible Throttle Valve Compensating Ex- pansion Joint Flexible Ball Joint Balanced Expansion Joint Universal Flexible Pipe Joint Cargo Elevator Factory Heating from Waste Gases Rotary Engine Reversible Rotary Engine Rotary Steam Engine Pendulum Compound Engine Rotary Piston Engine Oscillating Rotary Engine Steam Ram. , SECTION VI. EXPLOSIVE MOTOR POWER AND APPLIANCES. The Lightest Gasoline Motor Combined Gasoline and Steam Motor Two-Cycle Marine Motor Alco-Vapor Boiler Kerosene Oil Engine Gas or Gasoline CONTENTS. Engine Balanced Engine Gasoline Atomizer and Vaporizer Soot-Proof Sparking Plug Ignition Connections Multiple Cylinder Ignition Gasoline Motor Starter Muffler for Explosive Motors Exhaust Muffler. SECTION VII. HYDRAULIC POWER AND APPLIANCES. Wave Motors Fog-Horn Buoy Oriental Irrigation Works Valveless Rotary Pump Rotary PumpCentrifugal Pump River Motor Floating Motor for Rivers Water Motor 1,000 Horse-Power Turbine Multinozzle Turbine Valve Movement Impact Water-Wheel Governor Double-Ported Nozzle Flexible Ball Joint Iron Sluice Gate Basket Strainer Double-Beat Flap Valve Water Still Water Pressure Regulator Venturi Tube and Measuring Meter Hydraulic Lifting Jack Uniform Flow of Water Novel Spraying Nozzle Hydraulic Press Hydraulic Punch Fire Extinguisher Domestic Refrigerator Counter-Balancing Hydraulic Elevators Re-enforcing Wells Siphon Water Ram. SECTION VIII. AIR-POWER MOTORS AND APPLIANCES. Pneumatic Ball Puzzle Pneumatic Disk Puzzle Pneumatic Fan The Sirocco Fan Blower Aerial Top Pneumatic Grain Elevator Sand-Blast Apparatus Sand-Blast Jets Air-Moistening Apparatus Magic Ball Gyrating Balls Megascope Pneumatic Moistening Apparatus The Pantanemone A Kansas Windmill Sailing Wagon Sail-Rigged Merry-go-round Flying Propeller A Kite without a tail The Eddy Tailless Kite Tissandier's Electric Air Ship Santos-Dumont Air Ship Giffard's Steam-Propelled Air Ship Dupuy De Lome's Air Ship The Campbell Air Ship Power Flying Machine Renard & Krebs Electric Air Ship Grain-Drying Apparatus Pneumatic Lift Air-Op- erated Hydraulic Crane Valve-Light Ventilator Fruit-Drying Apparatus. SECTION IX. GAS AND AIR-GAS DEVICES, ETC. Kerosene Portable Forge Producer Gas Generator Mond Gas Plant Air and Vapor Gas Generator Water-Gas Plant The "Wells Light" Lucigen Light Gasoline Torch Kerosene Soldering Furnace Kerosene Oil Burner Kero- sene Cook Stove Kerosene Heater Gas Gravity Balance Gas-Fired Lime- kilns. I0 CONTENTS. SECTION X. ELECTRIC POWER AND DEVICES. Electric Cable-Making Machine Chloride Accumulator Electric Wire Insulating D ev i ce Electric Wire Doubling Device Cable Cover, Braiding Machine Wire-Covering Machine Shunt- Wound Dynamo Shunt Dynamos connected in series Short and Long Shunt Separately Excited Dynamo Compound Wound Dynamos Multi-Speed Electric Motor Drum Controller Commu- tator Construction Spring Binding Post Electric Transformer Recording Ampere Meter Novel Arc Lamp Searchlight Mirror Electric Engine Stop Series Arc Lighting Circuit Rotating Electric Furnace Electric Blowpipe Electric Furnace Tandem Worm-Gear Electric Elevator Electrically Driven Sewing Machine Electric Motor Worm-Driven Pump Electric Incu- bator Electrical Soldering Copper Electric Welding Apparatus Electric Welding Electric Revolving Crane Electro-Magnetic Track Brake Electro- Magnetic Clutch Wireless Telegraphy Automatic Trolley-Wheel Guard Electric Lighting System Electrically Heated Chafing Dish Vibrating Electric Bell Printing Telegraph Electric Fire-Alarm System Electric Tree-Felling Machine Electric Trumpet Electric Blue Print Machine Demagnetizing a Watch Electric Curling-Iron Heater. SECTION XI. NAVIGATION, VESSELS, MARINE APPLIANCES, ETC. Curious Boats Greenland Kayak Racing Yachts Ancient Feathering Paddle Wheel Types of Propellers Screw Propeller Sheet Metal Propeller Feath- ering Blade Propeller Twenty-five-Foot Launch Bicycle Catamaran Bicycle Gear for a Boat The Manipede Catamaran Types of Shallow-Draught- Screw-Propelled Boats Dirigible Torpedo Automobile Torpedo The Hol- land Submarine Boat Reversing Clutch Ice Boat Submarine Cable Grap- nelSteam Sounding Machine The Drag Steering Gear Rope Hitches- Knots and Splices Bell Buoy The Whistling Buoy Lighting Buoy Fog Whistle Fish Way Floating Breakwater Nets and Seines. SECTION XII. ROAD AND VEHICLE DEVICES, ETC. Road Grading Wagon-Traction Wheel-Dumping Wagon-Differential Speed -Automobile Steering Gear-Ratchet Brake Lever-Automobile Change d Gear-Automobile Steam Engine-Types of Motor Bicycles-Steam rrey-Steam Freight Wagon-Steam Dray-Interchangeable Automobile CONTENTS. SECTION XIII. RAILWAY DEVICES AND APPLIANCES, ETC. Block and Interlocking Signals Railway Signals Trolley-Car Sander Loco- motive Sander Multiple Plate Friction Clutch Types of Trolley-Car Trucks Types of Rack-railway Locomotives Fare-Recording Register Cable Grip Railway Track Brake Rolling and Compressing Steel Car Wheels Re- versing Car Seat Four-Spindle Rail Drill Crank-Pin Turning Machine Extension Car Step Trolley Replacer Car Coupler Bulldozer Press. SECTION XIV. GEARING AND GEAR MOTION, ETC. Novel Worm Gear Swash-Plate Gears Stop-Gear Motion Volute Tappet Gear Geared Reversing Motion Elliptic Linkage Interrupting Cam-Gear Mo- tion Circular from Reciprocating Motion Crank Substitute Sun and Planet Motion Intermittent Rotary Motion Friction Gear Parallelism from Circular Motion Circularly Vibrating Motion Differential Speed Gear Epicyclic Train Transmission Gear Variable Speed Friction Gear Variable Speed Gear Driving Gear for a Lathe Variable Drive Motion. SECTION XV. MOTION AND CONTROLLING DEVICES, ETC. Parallel Motion Three-Point Straight-Line Linkage The Dead Center Problem Crank Substitute Short-Range Walking Beam -Turning a Square by Cir- cular Motion Double-Link Universal Joint Change Speed Pulleys Multiple- Shaft Driving Device Reciprocating with Stop Motion Reciprocating Mo- tion Reciprocating Into Rotary Motion without Dead Centers Right-Angle Coupling Reversible Friction Ratchet Friction-Plate Clutch Friction Clutch Expanding Wrench or Chuck Multiple Ball Bearings Shaft-Thrust Ball Bearings Bicycle Ball Bearing Bail-Bearing Castor Spring Motor Weight Driven Motor Swing Motor Ammonia Compressor Coin-in-the-Slot Gas Meter Spiral Fluting Lathe- Pantographic Engraving Machine- Geometrical Boring and Routing Chuck Rose Lathe Plantariums The Phenakisto- scope. SECTION XVI. HOROLOGICAL TIME DEVICES, ETC. Electric Pendulum Electric Clock Controller Repeating Clock Escapement with Electric Pendulum Electric Ratchet Solar and Sidereal Clock Novel Clock Electrical Correction of Clocks Long-Distance Telegraph-Clock Correction Flying-Pendulum Clock Self-Winding Synchronizing Clock. I2 CONTENTS. SECTION XVII. MINING DEVICES AND APPLIANCES. Mjning Lamp Well-Boring Tools Prospecting Diamond Drill Assay Ore Crusher Ore Roasting Furnace Magnetic Metal Separator Magnetic Sep- aratorQuartz Pulverizer Ore Washing Tower Automatic Ore Sampler- Pneumatic Concentrator Ore Car on a Transfer Truck Dry Placer Gold Separator Dry Gold Mining Machine Gold Amalgamator Sheave Wheels for Gravity Planes Briqueting Machine A Briqueting Plant Coal-Washing jig Propeller Pump Agitator Coal-Handling Plant Method of Change Di- rection. SECTION XVIII. MILL AND FACTORY APPLIANCES AND TOOLS, ETC. Machine-Made Chains Suspending Grip Universal Dog Drill Chuck Brick Clamp Combination Tools Easily Made Steam Whistle Gasoline Heated Soldering Copper Pulley Balancing Machine Lubricating Drill Expand- ing Drill Taper Attachment to a Lathe Taper Turning Attachment Cen- tering Device for a Drill Press Boring Elliptic Cylinders Crane Truck Centrifugal Separator Blacksmith Helper Belt-Driven Forging Hammer Eye-Bending Machine Angle Iron Bending Machine Pipe-Bending Machine Rolled-Thread-Screw Machine Power Hack-Saw Seamless Tube Machine Metal Band-Saw Hand-Screw Tire-Setting Machine Hydraulic Tire- Setting Machine Automatic Furnace Gas-Heated Hardening and Temper- ing Furnace Tempering Bath Down-Draught Gas-Melting Furnace Oil or Gas Fired Forge Melting Furnace Duplex Melting Furnace Open Hearth Steel Furnace Hot-Metal Mixer Kerosene-Oil Melting Furnace Pe- troleum Forge Petroleum Melting Furnace Petroleum Fired Reverberatory Furnace (Plate Hardening Machine Dovetailing Machine Diamond Mill- stone-Dressing Machine File-Cutting Machine Dovetails Mortising Dove- tail Machine Bagging and Weighing Scales Automatic Bagging and Weigh- ing Machine Turpentine Still Flour Packer. SECTION XIX. TEXTILE AND MANUFACTURING DEVICES, ETC. Pattern Burring Machine Cotton-Seed Hulling Machine Cotton Bat Compressor and Condenser Cocoanut-Paring Machine Flock Grinding Machine Flax- Scutching Machine Multiple-Strand Cordage Machine Paper Enameling Machine Cordage-Making Machine Three-strand Cordage Machine Thirty-two-Strand Cordage Machine Flocking Machine Electric Cloth Cut- terQuarter Sawing of Lumber Evolution of the Lag Screw Porcelain Molding Machine Diamond Cutting Diamond Crusher and Mortar Dia- mond Hand Tools and Drills Combination Press Artificial Flower-Branch- ing Machine. CONTENTS. 13 SECTION XX. ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION, ETC. Four-Spool Hoisting Engine Disintegrator Foundry Construction Excavator and Rotary Screen Universal Pocket Level Adjustable Beam Clamp Grav- ity Elevator Portable Concrete Mixer Concrete Mixer Trench Brace Types of Machine-Shop Construction Wood Preservation Apparatus Wire- Guy Gripper Timer Creosoting Apparatus Electrically Driven Hammer Duplex Rolling Lift Bridge Balanced Swing Bridge Fall Rope Cable Carrier Crib Dam Counterbalanced Drawbridge Earth Embankment High Structures Transfer Bridge Gigantic Wheel Moving Platform Traveling Stairway or Ramp. SECTION XXI. MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. Portable Saw Stump-Pulling Machine Motor Roller-Disk Plow Automobile Plow Reversible Plow Tethering Hook Fountain Wash Boiler Potato- Washing Machine Potato-Rasping Machine Paris Green Duster Automo- bile Mowing Machine Modern Two-Horse Mower Cream Separator Re- frigeration Model Cold-Storage House 'Modern Grain Harvester Com- pound Thresher Refuse Cremator)- Conical Charcoal Kiln Coking Oven Destructor Furnace Life-Saving Net Remington Typewriter United States Army and Navy Guns United States Magazine Rifle Breech-Block Mechanism Magazine Pistol Artificial Ankle Artificial Leg. SECTION XXII. DRAUGHTING DEVICES. Geometrical Pen Ellipsograph The Campylograph. SECTION XXIII. PERPETUAL MOTION. Perpetual Motion The Inventor's Paradox The Prevailing Type Marquis of Worcester Folding- Arm Type-^-Chain Wheel Magnetism and Gravity The Pick-up-Ball Type The Ball-Carrying Belt Ferguson's Type to prove its impossibility Revolving Tubes and Balls Geared Motive Power The Differential Hydrostatic Wheel The Lever Type The Rocking Beam Tilt- ing Tray and Ball The Rolling Ring which did not Roll Differential Water Wheel The Gear Problem Mercurial Wheel The Air-bag Problem Air Transfer in Submerged Wheel Extending weights and water transfer The 14 CONTENTS. Sponge Problem of Sir W. Congreve, of docket Fame Transfer of Air Differ- ential Weight of Balls Inclined Disk and Balls Self-Moving Water Power Chain Pump as Known in 1618 The Archimedean screw for raising balls Differential Weight by Flotation The Flotation Problem Liquid Transfer Chain-Pump Type Mercurial Displacement in a cistern of water Air-Buoyed Wheel The Overbalanced Cylinder The Hydrostatic Weight or differential volume problem Capillary attraction type Magnetic Pendulum Magnetic Wheel Magnetic Mill of the Middle of the Eighteenth Century Regenerating Pendulum Magnetic Wheel Alternate Magnet Type Electro-Magnetic Type Electrical Generation. SECTION I. MECHANICAL POWER, LEVER. THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY !*% BffENTED HUHE NOV.J.1391 BUHE Dealers \vho have not carried gaskets in stock, owing to the numerous and unsalable sizes, will appreciate the Eclipse, as they will, with a box of each size, be able to make /cats "ock All pieces, no matter how small, can be formed on the metal tubes into a sectional gasket, as shown in cut. The Eclipse Gasket can be readily fitted to any size man or hand-hole plate in use, and a perfectly tight joint guaranteed in all cases where the plain and simple directions, which accompany each box, and are here given, are followed. Lay the Eclipse Gasket rope around the man or hand-hole plate, about X inch from the inside shoulder, and cut the ends off square, so that they will go around the plate and meet nicely; after which insert the metal tube half- way in each end, butting. the ends together; then wind the seam spirally with the gummed tape, lapping the same as shown in cut. Make your joint ;is usual. It is not necessary to screw up the plate as hard as with the old-style gasket, as the Eclipse Gasket will flatten and conform to any seat, no matter how rough it may be. Price, per lb., $1.00 PATENTED AND MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING CO. THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Beware of Cheap Tubings and other Imitations The Eclipse Gasket is red in color and composed of the cele- brated Rainbow Packing Compound. It will not harden under any degree of heat, or blow out under the highest pressure, and can be taken out and repeatedly replaced. Joints can be made in from three to five minutes. It is put up in green boxes with a sectional cut of the gasket and the trade-mark in red on the top of every box, each box averaging from 5 to 6 Ibs. Explicit directions, extra metal tubes, and a roll of gummed tape, for wrapping seam spirally, accom- pany each. CA LJTIQN Do not buy imitations of the Eclipse Gasket, either in the way it is constructed or under any other name or pretense. We will prosecute any manufacturer, dealer or others infringing and imitating this gasket. If imitations and infringements are offered, you are respectfully requested to notify this company, that we may protect both the trade and ourselves from imposition. For mutual protection, we have secured very broad patents covering ^this gasket, and the following trade- mark, the word 'Eclipse" printed in black across a red sphere, representing an eclipse of the sun, which will appear on the box labels containing the genuine goods of our make. Price, per lb., $1.00 PATENTED AND MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING CO. MECHANICAL APPLIANCES AND NOVELTIES OF CONSTRUCTION. Section I. MECHANICAL POWER, LEVER. i. LEVER IN A DRAUGHT EQUALIZER for four horses. This equalizer consists of a doubletree having singletrees, a bar pivoted at one end to a lateral frame on the pole and connected at its. outer end to the doubletree, a crossbar pivoted to the rear end of the pole being con- nected at one end by a rod connected at its other end to the bar pivoted to the lateral frame on the pole. The singletrees on the opposite side of the pole are pivoted to the end of a bar extending across the pole and pivoted to the crossbar. By this construction the draught of the horses secured to all the singletrees will be equalized, the doubletree on the pole being permitted to have a move- ment backward and forward on the end of a bar which is free to swing beneath the raised portion of a strap secured to the pole. 1 8 MECHANICAL POWER, LEVER. 2. TIMBER OR LOG GRAPPLE. A handy device for carrying heavy timbers, joists, railroad ties, telegraph poles, etc. 3. LEVER EQUALIZER FOR SULKY PLOWS. Two jaws, forming a double clevis, attached to the front end of the beam of the plow, and so arranged that by means of a series of holes in the jaws the plow may be regulated to run at a greater or less depth, and also to cut a furrow of any desired width. Two levers of different lengths, to which the draught eveners of the team are secured, are pivoted one on either side of the jaws, and are connected by a chain that passes around a sheave secured on 'the under side of the drawbar. By this means the draught is equalized between the two beams. Swinging arms, pivoted to the sides of the beam, sustain the chains and hold them so as to draw straight from the equalizing levers. 4. LEVER EQUALIZER FOR THREE HORSES on single pole. The arms, A C, are fastened to opposite sides of the tongue, and the pivots in their ends are at equal distances from the tongue. To the end of the arm, A, is pivoted a doubletree, B, to one end of which a singletree, G, is held, and to the opposite end a singletree, F, is held adjustably by a pin passed through one of a series of holes in the end of the doubletree. The doubletree is pivoted about two-fifths of its length from the outer end. To the end of the arm, C, is pivoted a doubletree, D, on the outer end of which a singletree, H, is held by a pin through one of a row of holes. The in- ner end of this doubletree is connected by loops, E, with the middle of the doubletree, B. The doubletree, D, is pivoted about one-third of its length from its inner end. By means of the holes in the ends of the two doubletrees the leverage can be varied to suit conditions. The direct draught of the tongue is in the center of the two draught points. MECHANICAL POWER, LEVER. IQ 5. LEVER NIPPERS. A labor- saving device in the hands of the wire worker. Its lever advantage is readily seen by inspection of the detailed parts as a compound lever, which doubles the cutting power of the nippers. SECTION II. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. Section II. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 6. UNIVERSAL SCREW DRIVER. The handle has a ratchet socket in which the three-point blade may be inserted for greater power or to accommodate special conditions. 7. A section showing the ratchet and pawl socket for holding the square shank of the blade for corner work. 8. QUICK COUPLING for sewer rods. Makes a smooth contin- uous rod that can not uncouple while in use. 9. TRANSMISSION of power by wire rope and anchored levers. The braced tee pieces A B, with their arms connected with a distant rocker by the wire W W, pivoted to the windmill frame and to the crank rod at A, make a very effec- tive method of operating a pump at a distance. A strong fence wire is sufficient for a house pump and may be supported on rollers for long distances. 2 3 TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 10. BAG ELEVATOR. The bags are delivered from a car door on to a grating through which the forked hands of the elevator picks them ,up and dis- charges upon an inclined chute grating to slide to a horizontal carrier from which they are deposited at any desired place. The forked hands are braced loosely to the sprocket chains, which are guided in grooved posts, so that there is no sag to the forks when the load is on. it. HORIZONTAL CONVEYOR. Receives the bags from the elevator (Fig. 10) and deposits them along a warehouse floor by dumping them off the side at places where the inclined guide board is set. 12. I BEAM TROLLEY. A sim- ple and effective apparatus with a chain tackle for setting heavy work in lathes and moving light articles in shops. The I beam makes a most convenient outrigger from the front of a warehouse or factory for the transfer of goods to and from trucks. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 13. TWO WAY CON- VEYOR. Method by which a rope and disk conveyor can be made to change its direction. For grain, gravel, sand, clay, and other loose material. 14. ROPE TRAMWAY CAR- RIAGE. Bleichert System. The upper rope is the bearing cable and trolley, the lower one is the hauling rope with the grip device attached to the car frame. The pull of a lanyard starts or stops the car. 15. Shows a side view of the open car frame and grip cam. 16. FRICTION PULLEY. The central hub A, which is keyed to the shaft, is turned up to form a bearing for the pulley and for the cover B fastened over the circular chamber in the pul- ley. The gripping dogs or levers C hung at the ends of the arms on hub A are finished at one end to fit the friction surface in the pulley chamber. The countershaft is drilled out to receive the hardened rod D, which is connected to the shipper. As the rod is moved in the shaft by the shipper, a double wedge formed on the rod forces out the two pins E, and these pins press the gripping levers tight against the friction surface. When the rod is moved in the opposite direction the springs force the pins toward the center and re- lease the levers. A screw plug at the back of the chamber can be re- moved and the pins E adjusted to give the gripping levers the desired pressure.' 17. A section showing the pins and wedge rod. 26 TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 18. GEARED I BEAM TROLLEY. Designed for mov- ing heavy articles on overhead I beam railways in factories. The trolley wheels are geared to a driv- ing shaft with sprocket wheel and chain, the lift being an ordinary tackle, not shown. 19. VARIABLE POWER AND SPEED with friction cone pulleys and traversing pulley as applied to a drilling machine. The transmitting roller is pivoted in a frame that slides on a side bar and is clamped by a screw at the position required for the desired speed. See No. 106, ist vol., for a frictionless form of transmitting roller. 20. WORM GEAR ELEVATOR. Sprague type. The double worm and gear serves the pur- pose of balancing the thrust of the driving shaft and is also a means of safety from breakage of teeth. The wear on the worms and gear is also much lessened by their duplication. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 21. CASH CARRIER. To the upper surface of the car are se- cured uprights, in which are journaled the axles of grooved wheels running upon the over- head wire or track. In other uprights is held a rod on which are placed two coiled springs, so arranged that the rod acts as a dou- ble buffer to the carrier, each of its ends being adapted to strike a stop block, two of which are attached to the wire, one at each end. Near each end of the bar is a pawl, acted upon by a spring which lifts its free end so it will auto- matically engage with a lip formed on the stop block for holding the car stationary when it reaches either end of its trip. The pawls are disconnected and the car started by means of levers pivoted to the frame and connected with the pawls. 22. VARIABLE SPEED DEVICE. The wheels A and A' are each made up of two disks mounted on a shaft and carrying between them small toothed pinions, B B B, and B' B' B', which are mounted on roller clutches. The bearings for the pinions are arranged to move radially in the slots shown in the plates, so that the diameter around which the chain must wrap, may be lengthened or shortened at will. If the pinions of one wheel or drum are moved radially outward, those of the mating drum must be moved inward, and vice versa. The pinions are moved radially by means of two scroll plates for each sprocket, the spiral slots of which engage the bearings of the pinions and move them in the same manner as the jaws of a scroll chuck are operated. The manner in which the scroll plates are turned, to effect changes in diameter of driving and driven gears, is accom- plished by the simultaneous moving in or out of two flat racks lying in slots cut in the sprocket shafts. 28 TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 23. FRICTION PULLEY. The flange at the left is fast on the shaft, while the flange at the right is loose. On the end of the hub of the latter flange teeth are cut, the surfaces between the teeth being helical, as shown. The fixed collar at the right is milled to correspond. The spring secured to the loose flange and the collar is always under tension and tends to rotate the flange in the direction in which the belt travels. As the flange turns on the shaft it is forced against the running pulley and is then turned by the friction until the pulley is clamped fast between the two friction surfaces, when the' pulley, flanges, and shaft all rotate to- gether. To release the pulley, the brake shown just below the right-hand fric- tion disk is brought against the angular face of the flange. This holds the flange back, but the collar still turns ahead with the shaft, thus removing the end pressure on the friction and releasing the pulley. 24. A section showing the details of construction. 25. PANEL CLUTCHES. Simpson type. A silent clutch that prevents back movement and takes up a forward motion without the jerk of a ratchet and pawl. Useful on agricultural im- plements, sewing-machines, etc. 26. The under figure repre- sents a triangular quick-action panel applied on the same prin- ciple as the other against three friction segments. Plan and sec- tion. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 2 9 27. FRICTION PULLEY. Upon the hub of the pulley is keyed a collar with lugs on one side which engage with lugs on the friction disk ; this causes the disk that fits loosely on the hub of the pulley to revolve with the pulley, and at the same time leaves the disk free to vi- brate sideways if necessary. The advan- tage of the disk being loosely connected with the pulley in this manner, will be appreciated in case the pulley should be- come worn loose on the shaft. 28. VISCOSIMETER. An instrument for measuring the viscosity of liquids, or the resistance which a liquid offers to flowing or a quick change of state. The liquid to be tested is placed in the reservoir in which is a paddle-shaped agitator or wheel. The shaft of this wheel is run by a train of gears actuated by a drum, which is caused to re- volve by means of a weight and cord as shown. At the upper end of the shaft is a worm and worm wheel and on the shaft of the worm wheel is a pointer, which passes over the face of a dial, by which the speed of the paddle or agitator can be ascertained. The weight is first drawn up by means of the crank on top of the drum. The liquid is poured into the reservoir and the latter raised to the proper point to give the paddle wheel the proper submersion. The trip on the paddle shaft just below the dial is then thrown out, when the drum and weight start the paddle wheel revolving. The viscosity of the liquid, with reference to some other liquid taken as a standard, is then determined by noting the indications of the pointer on the dial. The number of revolutions of the pointer or the number of divisions passed over in a given time, compared to the reading when testing another liquid, indicates the relative viscosity. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 29. POSITIVE COMBINATION CLUTCH. The first motion of the clutch handle brings the friction cones into contact ; a further push of the handle moves the teeth of the clutch into contact and prevents slipping of the fric- tion cones. The bell-crank arm on the handle holds the clutch fast in its locked position. 30. PNEUMATIC BELT SHIPPER. The device consists sim- ply of a small air cylinder with a piston travel, such as will give the belt the proper throw ; the cyl- inder is piped from each end to a two-way cock, the plug of which has a bar with a looped cord within reach of the opera- tor. Attached to the piston is an arm V rises in b, and fr; by comparing the level of * the liquid in a with the scale, the speed can be read off. MEASUREMENT OF POWER, SPRINGS. 54. HYGROSCOPE. In the instrument a strand, H, of hair, de- prived of all fat, is secured at its upper end at /, and at its lower end to a crank, k, carried by the shorter and heavier arm, g, of an angle-lever pivoted at O. The longer and lighter arm of the lever serves as a pointer and termi- nates in a trident, Z. Hair has the property of ex- panding or lengthening with an increase of relative moisture and of contracting with a decrease in rela- tive moisture. Since the strand of hair is constantly under the tension imposed by the weight of the arm, g, an increase or decrease of relative moisture and a corresponding expansion or contraction of the hair will be accompanied by a movement of the pointer, Z, which plays over a double scale. The central point of the arm, Z, indicates on the lower scale (graduated from o to 100) the relative moisture. Hygrometers which are employed at no great eleva- tions are influenced by the moisture of the soil after a heavy fall of dew or rain. For this reason five, eight, ten, or fifteen per cent, must be deducted from the percentage indicated by the pointer, for light rain (snow, fog), moderate rains, and heavy, continuous rains. 55. PRONY BRAKE. The lever arm is pivoted at A. The band carrying the brake blocks is connected to the lever at D and B. The brake blocks are hollow and pro- vided with internal water circulation for cooling. The faces of the brake shoes are smeared with tallow, and no water is allowed on the friction surfaces. The block B, to which the band is attached, moves in a curved slot, being controlled by the screw and handwheel S. A turn- buckle is provided in the band for tightening the grip of the blocks. A very close regulation may be obtained by means of the various ad- justments, since the coefficient of friction fluctuates very slightly owing to excellent lubrication and absence of water from the friction surfaces. It is necessary that the center M of the shaft, the pivot at A and the point of attachment of the weight to the lever all be in the same straight line parallel to the ground line. MEASUREMENT OF POWER, SPRINGS. 43 56. TRANSMISSION DYNAMOMETER. The motor acts directly upon the axle of the wheel, A, in the direction shown by the arrow, and this wheel carries along the intermediate one, B, which transmits motion to the inner-toothed wheel, C. The latter is connected with the machine to be experimented upon by the axle, c, and the Cardan joint, c'. The axles, a and c, revolve in bearings fixed to the frame, M, but the axle of the wheel, B, revolves in a bush which is carried by a beam whose fixed axis passes exactly through the contact of the cir- cumferences of the wheels, A and B. The result of this is, that the momen- tum of the force exerted by the wheel, p _, ... n ., A, upon B, is null with respect to the (g) [=^y|^^----v : |'-- -.^L^ edge of the knife-blade upon which the beam oscillates, and that, consequently, such force has no tendency to move the beam in one direction more than in another. The beam, then, is only influenced by the resistance that the wheel, C, offers to the motion of the wheel, B ; and it is such resistance that, by a system of levers in a ratio of i to 10, is measured by means of the weight, P. 57. THERMOHYDROSCOPE. The instrument comprises es- sentially a double spiral, S, of zinc and iron and a prepared strand, H, of hair, extending from the end, a, of the spiral, through an eye, r, over the roller, O, to the end of the index, Z. The eye, r, is carried by the spring,/, and is raised or lowered by means of the set-screw, s. If the eye be lowered, the strand of hair is subjected to tension, and the index, Z, thereby raised. If the eye be raised, the strand of hair is slackened, and the in- dex falls by its own weight. In this manner the index of the instrument is adjusted. The spiral, S, operates in the same manner as the spiral of a ther- 44 MEASUREMENT OF POWER, SPRINGS. mometer. When the temperature rises the spiral curves inwardly, so that its free end, a, moves downwardly to a'. The tension of the strand, H, is thereby diminished, and the index falls. Since the rel- ative moisture has remained the same, the length of the strand is not changed. While the polymeter points constantly to fifty per cent., the thermohygroscope, through the falling of its index, shows that the temperature has raised, and with a uniform temperature, a change of the index indicates change of the relative moisture. POWER OF SPRINGS. Reference to letters of formula : P. Maximum in pounds. B. Breadth of spring in inches. H. Thickness of spring in inches. L. Length of spring in inches. F. Deflection of spring in inches. R. Radius of helical springs or points at which load is applied. S = max. stress. = 100,000 Ibs. per sq. in. for elliptical springs, ) = 80,000 helical f = 14,500 " " " Brass. E = modulus of elasticity. = 31,500,000 Ibs. per sq. in. (steel). = 15,000,000 '' (brass). G = modulus of elasticity for torsion. G = % E = 12,600,000 Ibs. per sq. in. (steel). = 6,000,000 " " (brass). Best work of spring is at one-half its maximum load as per formula- 58. RECTANGULAR SPRING. Fast at one end load at the other end. Max. load. Deflection. Flexibility. SBH* 6 L 6PL3 E B R3 F_SL L : E H If spring is triangular in breadth and of equal thickness, use above formula, in which B = breadth at base or widest part. MEASUREMENT OF POWER, SPRINGS. 45 59. COMPOUND TRIANGULAR SPRING, or more than one leaf of either form in the cuts. Max. load. Deflection. Flexibility. For a single and double elliptical spring the max. load = 2 P. SNBH SB'H 2 Deflection of a double elliptical spring = 2 F. 6 P L3 F S L L ~~ EH 6 L " 6 L N = number of leaves. E N B H3 TT Ends of leaves tapered to 60. Single elliptic spring. 61. Double elliptic spring. 62. VOLUTE OR SPIRAL SPRING, flat. P = power applied at end of arm, R. Distance a = flexure of arm. Max. load. Deflection. Flexibility. SBH F r I2PLR2 F 2 S L - 6R R = radius of P. - EBH3 R EH L, total length of spring in action. MEASUREMENT OF POWER, SPRINGS. 63. HELICAL SPRING, flat. P = power applied at end of arm, R. Dis- tance a = flexure of arm. Max. load. Deflection. Flexibility. For square B = H. SBH 2 F Ra I2PLR2 F 2 SL 6R R = radius. EBH3 R EH L = total length of spring in action. 64. HELICAL SPRING, round. P = R , power applied at end of arm, R. Dis- p tance a= flexure of arm. Max. load. Deflection. Flexibility. S.D3 F Pa 6 4 PLR * F 2 SL 3* R R<1 ,rED< R ED L = total length of spring in action. TT = 3.1416. D = diameter of steel. 65. STRAIGHT TORSION SPRING, flat. Max. load. Deflection. Flexibility. p _ SB 2 H 2 3&VB'-fH F R a H > B, nearly. 3PR 2 L[B 2 +H 2 ] F_bLvB 2 +H 2 p _ S B 2 H 2 GB3H3 R GBH 3R[o.4B+o. 9 6H~ H, breadth of spring. B, thickness. G, modulus = % E. MEASUREMENT OF POWER, SPRINGS. 47 66. STRAIGHT TORSION SPRING, round. P = power applied at end of arm, R. Distance a = flexure of arm. Max. load. Deflection. Flexibility. STT D 3 F R 3 2PR 2 L F 2 SL ROD i6R R radius.' 3.1416. D := diameter of steel. G, modulus of elasticity for torsion. , 67. HELICAL TORSION SPRING, round. To pull lengthwise of the helix. Max. load. Deflection. Flexibility. S,rD3 2 RSL F 2 SL DG F 32P* 2 L 16 R R~ GD " TrGD^ = 3.1416. D = diameter of steel. G, modulus. 68. HELICAL TORSION SPRING, flat. To pull lengthwise of the helix. Max. load. Deflection. Flexibility. r S B 2 H 2 3 p R2l Ha] . p swlFTTr , ~3RVB 2 +H 2 H > B, nearly. SB-H' GB3H3 R GBH 3 R[o. 4 B + 0.96 H] G, modulus. 4 8 MEASUREMENT OF POWER, SPRINGS. 69. CONICAL SPIRAL TORSION SPRING. Round, to pull or push. Max. load. Deflection. Flexibility. p_ S - D3 ~ i6R Nearly i6PR L F SL R~GD " TrGD* TT= 3,1416. G, modulus. 70. CONICAL SPIRAL TORSION SPRING, flat. To pull or push. Max. load. Deflection. Flexibility. p SB'H* Nearly 3 PR'L[B 2 +H*] 3 R A/B 2 +H 2 H > B, nearly. p _ SB 2 H 2 F_SLVB 2 +H 2 2 G B 3 HS R 2GBH 3R(o.4B+o. 9 6H) G, modulus. 71. BOLSTER SPRINGS, round. For each spring, if double. Max. load. Deflection. Flexibility. p S - D3 2RSL F 2 SL DG 32PR 2 L i6R R GD TrGD^ D = diameter of steel. TT = 3 .i 4l6 . G, modulus. THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Beware of Cheap Tubings and other Imitations THE ECLIPSE SECTIONAL RAINBOW GASKET For Steam Boilers Will Fit any Hand or Man-Hole in the World MANUFACTURED FROM THE BRATED RAINBOW PACKING COMPOUND LENGTH AND WEIGHT PER BOX f inch diameter 36 feet a| pounds i 36 5i i 24 5i 4 18 6 i 12 61 1 12 7 i and f inch for Pipe Unions. \ inch for Hand-Hole Plates. f and f inch for Man-Hole Plates. i and i inch for Extra Large Man-Hole Plates. Price, per lb., $1.00 A Special Size of 1-4 inch Eclipse. 48 feet in box, weight about 1 1-2 Ibs. Price, per lb., $2.00 rE" 1 THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY 1 .hCLH SECTIONAL HAir tt * GASK BVTENTED HUTS. NOV. ,3. 1391 BEFORE USE In order to protect our customers more fully against worthless tubings, we are now manufacturing all Eclipse Gaskets like the section shown below: Trade ECLIPSE Mark Patented 1891, imbedded in the tubing every six inches. All gasket tubings not showing this mark are infringements on our patents, and are worthless imitations. FACSIMILE OF A 6-INCH SECTION OF ECLIPSE GASKET showing Name and Trade-Mark imbedded FACSIMILE of the first Eclipse Sectional Rainbow Gasket ever put in a man-hole of a boiler Steam pressure, 160 Ibs. en THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY SPIRAL R .'F ROD PACKING ^wWW^^^^ ^ *****' For ^iMMPv Packed Westinghouse tfP3 * n Pumps C #o*es , .. i I .- 3-8 inch diameter. Weight, about 4 1-2 Ibs. ,* The Peerless Spiral Piston and Valve Rod Packing has been adopted by many of the leading railroads in the country for West- inghouse Pumps. fi MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY 16 WARREN STREET, NEW YORK THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY PEERLESS SQUARE BRAIDED FLAX PACKING Owing to repeated demands by both consumers and the trade, we have now facilities for making a braided Flax Packing. Our trade-mark, " Peerless," is, to those who are familiar with our goods, a guarantee that this is the best in the market. Prices in these goods, like all others, are regulated by the quality. Practically all of the so-called Italian Flax Packing consists of principally Jute Fibre, in addition to which it is loaded with an unnecessary amount of tallow. We put it up in boxes with label (see cut) to protect the consumer. DIAMETER CONTENTS WEIGHT i inch I 60 feet 5* Ibs. 92 6i '' 494 7i * 45 9 24 7 ' 21^ 8f i 18 9t ii 15 12 ii 33 25 if 30 25 ii 27 24 if 25 24 if 22 22 ii 22 2 ! 19 22 Price, per lb., 60 cents MEASUREMENT OF POWER, SPRINGS. 49 72. COMPOUND BOLSTER SPRING. The value of each spring must be first obtained and all added for the compound spring. U.3^, Max; load. Deflection. Flexibility. S.D3 2 RSL F 2SL DG 32 P R* L i6R R GD TrGD 4 G, modulus. SECTION IV. GENERATION OF POWER, STEAM. Section IV. GENERATION OF POWER, STEAM. 73. INTERNALLY FIRED BOILER. Double corrugated tubular furnace with cylindrical shell and return tubes. A large vol- ume of water and large water surface which insures steady steaming. A liberal steam space and dry pipe prevents siphoning. 74. Cross section of boiler. Continental type. 75. HEAT CIRCU- LATION in a Hein boiler. The two longitudinal fire- brick partitions along the upper and lower tubes di- rect the heated gases in contact with the entire tube surface. 53 54 GENERATION OF POWER, STEAM. 76. DOWN DRAUGHT BOILER FURNACE. Hawley type under a Hein boiler, c, tubular grate, d, tube connection between grate header and front drum. b. tube connection between grate header and rear drum with blow off. a, uptake connection from each end of grate header to shell of boiler. This arrangement gives a rapid circulation in the grate-bars and prevents overheating. 77. TRIPLEX BOILER. Fanning type with down draught grate. Shells are filled with tubes and with no stays. Top shell used for steam space. Gases of combustion pass under lower shells through the tubes and back between the three shells. Water line in upper shell. Large efficiency claimed. 78. Section through boiler. 79. WATER TUBE BOILER. Arranged for utilizing the heat from a puddling furnace. A most efficient econ- omizer of heat from any kind of furnace from which there is sufficient waste heat for generating steam. A diaphragm guides the heat to best advantage through the two sets of upright tubes. GENERATION OF POWER, STEAM. 55 80. VERTICAL WATER TUBE BOILER. Wood type. A furnace chamber at one side ; an upper and lower tube drum with the tubes banked in two sections, and a fire-tile partition extended nearly to the top of the tubes. The only provision for circulation is by the upward current in the fire side induc- ing a downward flow in the rear bank of tubes. Tubes are cleaned by steam jets, through doors in the walls of the setting. 81. FLASH COIL BOILER. Made with two open coils of iron pipe interlocked so that the central space is occupied by a useful steam- generating surface. This form gives a large generating surface in a small space. 82. FINGER TUBE BOILER. The shell is made of thick tubing for small boilers or T / 2 inch plate for larger size. The fingers are of short pieces of pipe welded at one end with a square head for a wrench and screwed into the shell, using ordinary pipe threads. The connecting tubes are not essential and may be omitted. An excellent boiler for amateur practice. GENERATION OF POWER, STEAM. 83. DUPLEX WATER TUBE BOILER. One of the many forms of water tube boilers now coming into general use in which great economy in evaporative power and space has been obtained. Diaphragms spread the heat equally among the stacks of upright tubes. The half section at the right shows the tube con- nections with the shell. 84. FLASH TYPE STEAM GENERA- TOR. The water is fed at the bottom of the coil at A. Gasoline is vaporized in the small cast iron retorts B, placed beneath the steam coil. A cheap and safe type for amateur and automobile use. The generation of steam is controlled by the pump action in this class of boilers. 85. Plan of retorts and connections from the feed pump and to the burners beneath the retorts. 86. NOVEL MOTOR. In this motor bulbs are arranged diamet- rically opposite each other, in pairs, each pair being connected by a tube. The motor thus formed of the series of bulbs, the tubular arms and the shaft sup- porting them, is operated by the heat of a small lamp. Each pair of bulbs contains enough water to fill one of them. The wheel thus formed revolves over a deflector which is heated by means of the lamp. % The bulbs are exhausted of air, so that pressure suffi- cient to force the water from the hot bulb to the cooler one above quickly generates from water under a vacuum by its low boiling point. GENERATION OF POWER, STEAM. 57 87. SOLAR CALORIC ENGINE. Ericsson system. This en- gine ran at 420 revolutions per minute in clear sunlight. It was con- structed on the same design as the ordinary hot-air en- gine and ran under the same conditions. It is calculated that the heat radiated by the sun during nine hours per day, for all the latitudes com- prised between the equator and the 45th parallel, cor- responds per minute and per square foot of normal surface to the direction of the rays to 3-5 thermo units of 772 foot pounds. Hence, a surface of 100 square feet would give a power of 270,000 foot pounds, or from 8 to 9 horse-power. 88. MOUCHOT'S SOLAR BOILER. A is a glass bell, B is a boiler with a double envelope, D is a steam pipe, E is a feed pipe, F is a conical silvered mirror ; G G is a spindle around which a motion is given to the machine from east to west by the gearing regulat- ing the inclination of the apparatus on the spindle G G, according to the sea- sons ; I is a safety valve ; K is a pressure gauge, and L is a water gauge. Diameter of top 9 feet; 45 square feet of silvered glass surface. Boiler of blackened copper 3 1 inches high, 1 1 inches diameter. Thin glass cover 2 inches larger than boiler. Pressure generated 7 5 Ibs. per square inch ; 1 1 Ibs. of water evap- orated per hour. Used for driving a pump. A sun motor of this type is now in operation in Southern California, pumping water for irrigation. Reflector 33 1 /, feet diameter, 10 horse-power. GENERATION OF POWER, STEAM. w^y^^jKwM 89. MARINE WATER TUBE BOILER. A light and powerful boiler invented by Du Temple in France and used on an English torpedo gunboat. Patented 1876. This boiler has all the essen- tial qualities of the later water tube boilers. Ample water circulation is provided for by the back con- nections, one of which is shown in the cut. 90. DOWN DRAUGHT WOOD- BURNING FURNACE. The curved chute facilitates the self feeding of the wood to the grate. Width of chute suitable for cord wood. Fire trimmed from a side door. St. Clair type, which is also adapted to the burn- ing of bituminous coal. 91. GRAVITY FEED FUR- NACE. For an internal fire-box boiler. For bituminous coal the in- clination of the grate made to suit the sliding properties of the coal. The feed hopper extends clear across the grate width. The coal feeds down by rate of combustion, which in turn is regulated by the amount of draft ad- mitted. The new coal is heated by the burning fuel before it properly " catches," and thus a preliminary evo- lution of gas is effected, which lessens very perceptibly the amount of visible smoke given off by the furnace. GENERATION OF POWER, STEAM. 59 92. TRAVELING LINK GRATE. The link-bar grate is fed forward by a geared drum carrying the coal fed from a hopper and coked under the fore arch of the furnace. Mo- tion of grate and amount of coal regulated by speed of gear and opening of the hopper, sliding door, and grate guard. 93. UNDER FEED FURNACE. A circular grate with a central recess to which the coal is lifted from the magazine by a spiral car- rier. The coal is pushed up through the central funnel and falls over on to the grate, which is circular. A, magazine or hopper. B, feed screw. 94. DOWN DRAUGHT FURNACE in an internal fired boiler. Eastwood type. A water tube grate with tubes between the furnace head and a cross- head between the doors of the upper and lower furnace for obtaining a perfect circulation in the grate. 95. Longitudinal section of furnace. 6o GENERATION OF POWER, STEAM. 96. ANNULAR STEAM BLOW- ER. For boiler and other furnaces. An annular cast-iron chamber perforated for steam jets at an angle that projects the jets in a converging cone and draws in the air with a force corresponding with the pressure of the steam. 97. STEAM BLOWER. Eynon-Korting type. A double nozzle air injector and double cone tube for boiler and other furnaces. The needle valve regulates the flow of steam from the central jet which is re-enforced by the incoming air around the two nozzles. 9 8. ARGAND STEAM BLOWER for furnaces. A perforated annular nozzle in- closed in a shell with curved sides and steam connections. It furnishes a large volume of air with a small amount of steam. The air and steam are thoroughly mixed in the shell of the blow- er before the blast is delivered into the ash pit. It makes very little noise in operation. 99. Section, showing ring and jets. 100. COAL DUST FEEDING APPARA- TUS. A revolving steel brush carries the coal dust into the furnace with high velocity, mixed with the air drawn in at the mouth of the hopper. A shaking device operated from the brush shaft regulates the dust feed. The shaking parts of the hopper are shown by the dotted lines. GENERATION OF POWER, STEAM. 6l 101. COAL DUST BURNER. The vertical tube, a, for intro- ducing the air serves as a pivot to the system, which comprises : i, the movable jacket, b, to which are bolted the primary air conduit, c, and the secondary air conduit, d; 2, the hopper, , b '. Through the basins pass discharge pipes, T, T', T". open at each ex- tremity. All the parts of the grate are of iron cast in a piece, and comprising no movable joint. The oil enters the top trough and over- flows through the tube, T, to the next, and so on through the last overflow to a receiving tank. In this manner all the troughs are kept at constant level. THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY PEERLESS SQUARE PISTON AND VALVE ROD PACKING The Peerless Square Piston and Valve Rod Packing is the same in all particulars as the round Peerless Piston and Valve Rod Packing illustrated on pages 16 and 17, excepting that each box contains about one pound more in weight than given in the table as shown on page 17. We make three different shapes round, square and spiral to meet different conditions, and to satisfy as nearly as possible the ideas of our friends and customers. DIRECT] ( 'SE When first put in, screw glands up with wrench to shape packing, take two or three turns, release glands, then screw them up with thumb and fore- finger only until packing is fully expanded. Price, per lb., $1.00 PATENTED AND MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING CO. THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY PEER SPIRAL PISTO ND r , ' - -\ i v . T T i * Once Tried Always Used Will Hold 400 Lbs. Steam Owing to repeated demands of consumers, we are now making the Peer- less Packing in spiral shape. It is in all other respects same as the regular Peerless Packing. Put up in paper boxes, weights and lengths as follows : DIAMETER CONTENTS WEIGHT DIAMETER CONTENTS WEIGHT } inch 84 feet 3i Ibs. i inch 24 feet 10 Ibs. ? 72 3s i A 12 5 I 72 4^ i i 12 5 A 60 4r j 3 12 6 A 36 4 5* 1 Ift 12 12 1 36 7} If 12 9 T 24 5 T 1 If^TT 12 Or 1 24 6 I T 12 II f ii 24 24 24 1 2 12 12 12 1 When first put in, screw glands up with wrench to shape packing, take two or three turns, release glands, then screw them up with thumb and fore- finger only until packing is fully expanded. SMALL SIZES i inch 118 feet ij Ibs. T 3 f inch 105 feet ii Ibs. Price, per lb., $2.00 rFT 1 - THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY PEERLESS PISTON AND VALVE ROD PACKING This packing is manufactured under patents and trade-marks owned and controlled exclusively by this company. It is made with Round Rainbow Rubber Core, surrounded by layers of soft, loosely-woven duck, thoroughly impregnated with finest grade of plumbago, absolutely free from grit or acid. IT WILL HOLD 400 IBS. OF STEAM It will tightly pack any rod, however badly scored or cor- roded. Large rods in high-speed engines run from twelve to six- teen months without repacking. We guarantee it will not get hard under any degree of heat. DIRECTIONS FOR USE When first put in, screw glands up with wrench to shape packing, take two or three turns, release glands, then screw them up with thumb and fore- finger only until packing is fully expanded. Price, per lb., $1.00 THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY PEERLESS PISTON AND VALVE ROD PACKING DIAMETER CONTENTS WEIGHT DIAMETER CONTENTS WEIGHT 1 inch 96 feet 3! Ib^. i inch 12 feet 5 Ibs. A 72 3i J rV 12 sl 1 54 3 I* 12 5t T 7 iT 54 4 i A 12 6[ i 36 3 3 ( I i- 12 7 -i T 9 5 36 1 A 12 i} | 36 7 if 12 9 18 4 12 9! * 18 I i 12 ii 12 3i I f 12 ui {' 12 4 If 12 it 12 4l 2 12 !sl Small sizes 1-8 inch, 118 feet, 1 1-4 Ibs.; 3-16 inch, 105 feet, 1 1-2 Ibs. Price, per lb., $2.00 MANUFACTURED AND PATENTED EXCLUSIVELY BY THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING CO. GENERATION OF POWER, STEAM. 118. CHIMNEY DRAUGHT IN- DICATOR. The inverted float in a cup of water is connected to the dial hand by a rack and pinion. The flue or chimney is connected to the bottom of the central tube by pipe or hose. The draught of the chimney relieves the float of pressure equal to the static height of the water due to the partial vacuum, which becomes a constant record on the dial. 119. PLUG FOR LEAKY BOILER TUBES. The bolt is screwed into one of the plugs tight ; the other plug has a gland land stuffing box for perfect closure around the rod by rubber or asbestos packing. i2o. SAFETY PLUGS FOR ' BOILERS. Lunkenheimer type to 1 2 1 ' meet the requirement of the United States Inspection Service, which pro- hibits alloys as not being reliable, and requires that all plugs shall be I22 - filled with pure Banca tin, which I2 3" melts at a temperature of 446 Fah. INSIDE TYPE OUTSIDE TYPE 124. SIMPLE FLOAT STEAM TRAP. Eureka type. A tight copper ball with valve and guide stem at the bottom and guide stem in the inlet pipe. 66 GENERATION OF POWER, STEAM. 125. AUTOMATIC STEAM TRAP. Lawler type. The open float by its overflow and filling, sinks, and opens the discharge valve by its lever connection. When the float is emptied by the steam pres- sure, the float rises and closes the valve. 126. FLOAT STEAM TRAP. One of the several types of steam traps with sealed floats, this having a direct attachment of the float and valve which is designed to give a small amount of motion to the float for operating the valve. The valve has a cage guide and its stem is loosely socketed to the float, so that any side motion of the float does not unseat the valve. 127. DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION STEAM TRAP. The opening and closing of the valve for discharging the water of condensa- tion is effected by the differential expansion and contraction of the orass and iron tube, being 3 to 2. The setting of the valve is con- trolled by the adjusting lever, so that the water is discharged, and when steam enters the brass tube it expands by the additional heat and closes the valve by lifting the seat. GENERATION OF POWER, STEAM. 128. BALANCED STEAM TRAP. The float B is always full of water and not liable to collapse. It is balanced by the counterweight W, at the other end of the valve lever, so that the float B opens the valve by the differential flotation of the weight and float, when the chamber, S, fills with water. 129. RETURN TRAP. Blessing type. For raising the water of condensation to a higher level than the water line of a boiler, to be returned to the boiler by gravity under equalized pressure. The movable bucket operates a lever and the equalizing valves for discharging the water to a receiver by the boiler pres- sure and from the receiver to the boiler by gravity. 130. AUTOMATIC BOILER FEEDER. Feeds water to a boiler on the same principle as the pulsometer. The feeder is placed about 4 feet above the water line of the boiler with .water flowing to it by gravity or pressure. The weight of the water alternately filling the chambers, carries them down and opens a steam port in the axial valve to the boiler pressure, when the water flows into the boiler by gravity. At the same time the upper chamber is being filled by the condensation of its steam. It is made self-acting by having the steam pipe connect to the boiler at the high water line, at which point steam can not enter the chamber and the action stops. The dashpots regulate the motion of the feeder. 68 GENERATION OF POWER, STEAM. 131. CENTRIFUGAL STEAM SEPARATOR. The centrifugal force produced by the steam whirling around the spiral partitions causes the entrained water to be thrown against the outer shell to drip to the bot- tom of the case. 132. LOW WATER ALARM. Bundy type. For steam boilers. An overbalanced submerged bucket with lever attachment to the whistle valve. Low water uncovers the bucket, when its unbalanced weight opens the whistle valve. The parts are detailed in the cut. WATER NNECTIOK 133- SIMPLE BOILER FEED DEVICE. A is a vent cock to discharge air or steam from the feed tank ; C is a cock to let steam from the boiler to the tank ; D is a cock to let water from the tank to the boiler. The bot- tom of the tank should be above the highest water level to be carried in the boiler. The lowest level of the water supply nmust be higher than the bottom of the tank. To feed the boiler, first close C and D and open A and B. Water will then run into the tank. Then close A and B and open C and D, and the water in the tank will run into the boiler. GENERATION OF POWER, STEAM. 69 134. FEED WATER HEATER AND PURIFIER. Ander- son type. This apparatus consists of a vertical cylinder containing a number of compartments filled with filter- ing material. The exhaust steam enters at the bottom and flows into the first compartment through a short pipe, thence through the annular opening surrounding the second compartment, into the latter, thence through another annular opening into the next compartment and so on to the top of the cylinder or casing. After passing through the annular open- ings, the steam comes in contact with baffle plates, which direct the steam through the falling water, thus condens- ing a large part of the steam. The water enters at the top through perforations in a ring-pipe, the water falling upon a baffle plate, which delivers it into the upper filtering compartment. From the latter compartment the water falls in drops through the current of steam into the second filtering cham- ber or bed and so on to the storage reservoir at the bottom. A ball float is connected with the water-regulating valve at the top and main- tains a constant water level in the storage reservoir. A sealed over- flow pipe prevents the water in the reservoir from overflowing into the exhaust pipe. The feed pump takes the hot water from the reservoir at a point near the bottom, thus avoiding any oil that might be present at the surface. 135. SURFACE CONDENSER. Double tube type in which the shell has both tube heads at one end ; the cooling water flowing through the smaller concentric tubes and returning through the annular space between the tubes. There be- ing but one joint for each tube, the troubles arising from expansion and contraction of the tubes are avoided. GENERATION OF POWER, STEAM. 136. NOVEL SURFACE CONDENSER. A cylinder filled with small tubes as shown in the section, 137. A spray jet of water thrown against the tubes at one end, and with a large volume of air, is drawn through the tubes by a suction blower at the end of the conical chamber. The water is vaporized and with the air takes up the heat of the exhaust steam and is discharged in a vapor by the blower. The pump keeps up the vacuum in the exhaust chamber and returns the water of condensation to the boiler. Claimed to use but one pound of water for each pound of steam condensed. 137. Section of condenser and tubes. 138. EVAPORATOR for obtaining fresh water from salt water. The chamber is kept supplied half full of salt water and kept below saturation by blowing off. The vapor is drawn off through the perforated pipe at the top through a condenser by the vacuum pump. The boiling tem- perature of the salt water of the ocean is about 153 Fah. at a 26-inch vacuum. The condensed steam from the coils is saved and filtered or again fed to the boilers on ship board. Enough vapor for ship use is conveyed to an aerator and cooler. SECTION V. STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. Section V. STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. 139. TYPES OF COMPOUND ENGINES. Single cylinder or trunk engine in which the high and low pressure areas are adjusted by the size of the piston rod or trunk, which is inclosed by a stuffing box. The connecting rod is jointed within the trunk.. 140. TYPES OF COMPOUND ENGINES. Cross compound with cranks at 1 20 on ends of shaft. Fly wheel in center. In this type there is no dead center. 141. Low-pressure cylinder, showing relative positions of piston. 142. TYPES OF COMPOUND ENGINES. Twin compound, close connected tandem with high-pressure cylinders forward, cranks at 120 on ends of shaft, fly wheel in center. 143. The relative positions of the pistons are shown in the two figures at alternate strokes. 73 74 STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. 144. TYPES OF COMPOUND ENGINES. Tandem compound types in which the forward cylinder is high pressure with close connection to the low-pressure cylinder with only a metallic sleeve as a stuffing box. 145. In the reverse type the cylin- ders are independent and separated a short distance with regular stuffing boxes. 146. TRIPLE EXPANSION ENGINE, with double tandem high-pressure cylinder. Edwards patent. The object of the design is to produce an ar- rangement of cylin- ders, steam valves, and ports whereby the back pressure of the intermediate cylinder will not act as an op- posing force on the high-pressure piston, and will also furnish full pressure of steam in the intermediate without increasing back pressure in the high. Steam enters the cham- ber a 3 , passes through an opening between the two piston valves, which opened to the upper piston, a, when it passed the bottom center. The cut shows it in the act of closing. When working as a triple expansion the valve closes when the piston reaches the point $ 2 , which allows the steam to enter cylinder B above piston b at full pressure, but the crank to cylinder A is on the quarter where it moves at its highest speed, while the piston B moves down. It will also be seen that lower piston A reaches the top of its cylinder. At the same time, but instead of being in a position to exhaust as in the upper one, it will be in the position to receive through lower port a 9 , valve a 5 having moved down far enough to open. The piston A starts on the return stroke, which requires no explanation. STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. 75 147. HIGH SPEED VERTICAL EN- GINE. Rhodes type. Valve of the gridiron balanced type, with valve gear of a novel de- sign giving a quick and full movement of the valve through a rawhide disk, H, rolling on an irregular cam on the shaft and made adjustable for time of cut off between the limit of 3 / 8 and s /g. The roller is kept in contact with the cam by the spring K. The cam is shown on the engine frame. 148. COMPOUND STEAM OR AIR ENGINE. Watson type. The steam or air is admitted from the bottom and between the pistons, driving the pistons outward to the position as shown at the left end of cylinder. When the pistons are in this position, the cam valve opens the top port and closes the feed port, thus allowing the steam or air to collect between pistons and pass to the opposite side of the same, driving them in- ward to the position as shown in the right end of cut. As soon as the inward stroke is com- pleted, the extension stem on pistons opens the end or exhaust valves, which remain open until the pistons complete their outward stroke and cycle of revolution. To reverse the motor, steam or air is taken from the top instead of the bottom. The motors are so arranged that steam or air can be used once and exhaust, or it may be used twice. 7 6 STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. 149. TRIPLE EXPANSION MARINE ENGINE. Type of steamer Minnesota. Proportion of cylinders, i, 5, 15 in area; stroke, 48 inches; crank positions, 120; high-pressure cylinder, 23 inches diameter; intermediate cylinder, 51 inches diameter; low-pressure cylinder, 89 inches diameter. 150. COMPOUND CORLISS ENGINE. Atlas type, with direct connected exhaust valves for both high- and low-pressure cylinder. The releasing gear of this type of engine is unique in that inertia, centrifugal force, and the force of gravity are used to operate the grab hook. STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. 77 '5 1 - COMPOUND CORLISS ENGINE. Showing Corliss valves on low-pressure cylin- der, direct connected wrist plates, one for each cylinder to operate the steam valves while the exhaust valves are all connected by link rods, \rhich are in turn directly connected to the eccentric rod. Valve gear of both cyl- inders have trip hooks and dashpots. 152. CORLISS EN- GINE. C. & G. Cooper type with double wrist plate. The governor controls the action of the steam valves by adjustable trip hooks and dashpots. 153. CORLISS ENGINE. Hamilton type, with single wrist plate and trip-valve gear con- trolled by the governor. The type of most economical Steam power. STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. 154. CONVERTIBLE COMPOUND ENGINE. Flinn type for automobiles. Steam enters at the center of the high-pressure steam valve, and when the intercepting valve is in the position shown ESSURE |V L in the left cross sec- tion it can pass from the high-pressure chest directly to the low - pressure chest, allowing both cylin- ders to run with high- pressure steam as simple engines, the high pressure ex- hausting at A into the main exhaust chest. This gives the machine great starting or climbing power. When less power and more economy is wanted, the intercepting valve is turned to the position shown in the right section, closing the free exhaust from the high-pressure cylinder and the live pressure connection to the low-pressure steam chest and compelling the exhaust of the high-pressure cylinder to enter the receiver and flow to the low-pressure valve. 155. A vertical section of the intercepting valves and ports. 156. NOVEL THREE-CYLINDER ENGINE. The novel features are in the manner in which the piston valves are operated and in supplementary exhaust ports. The piston valves are connected' to and operated by the following piston. The exhaust is discharged into STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. 79 the main trunk of the engine through the hollow spool valves and from the ports opened by the trunk pistons into the jacketed recesses, making its final exit at the bottom of the casing. A compact high speed engine of English design. 157. Vertical section on line of shaft. 158. REVOLVING ENGINE. Kipp type. In Kipp's re- volving engines the exterior cylin- der, to which a belt may be directly applied, it being surrounded by a lagging for that purpose, is caused to rotate by the reciprocation of two pistons with duplicate heads in cylinders whose axes are at right angles to each other. The piston heads a a' are connected, as are also bb'i by the pieces ccc'c'. Yokes dd' connect these with a crank e on the main shaft of the trunk. Steam is admitted through the valve / to the central space g, which serves as a steam chest. The arrangement of the ports is shown at /. The drum is mounted on trunnions, through one of which the steam enters, the other serving to exhaust through one of the hollow pillars k into the feed-water heater // an eccentric on the main shaft also operates the feed-water pump. 159. Section through axis of rotation. 1 60. FRICTION RELIEF IN D VALVES. This novel method of relieving the friction of slide valves consists in cutting diagonal grooves in the outer bearings of the port face of the steam chest, as shown at a, a. This relieves the pressure of the valve and facilitates lubrication. 8o STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. 161. NOVEL TRIPLE COMPOUND MARINE ENGINE. The novel features are the three-part eccentric oscillating upon the crank pin and upon each of which a strap fixed to the piston rod of each cylinder slides in ways parallel with each piston rod. The throw of eccentrics and crank are each equal to one-half the piston stroke. The eccentrics are at 90 and 180, as shown at a. The three piston valves are directly connected by rods to thin straps on an angularly mounted cylinder that slides on the shaft by the hand lever for for- ward, stop, or reverse motion. Piston valves are used, taking the steam in the middle and exhaust- ing at the ends. The steam passes from the first valve, through the triangular space between the cylinders, to the next valve chest. 162. Vertical section through intermediate cylinder. 163. TYPES OF SLIDE VALVES. Slide valve of the Ames engine. The valve is fin- ished on both sides and rides under a partly balanced pressure plate. THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY HONEST JOHN HYDRAULIC RAINBOW CORE r> A f^J^TlMf^ Having repeatedly been asked for a hydraulic packing equal in quality to our general line of goods, after experimenting very extensively we have produced what we believe to be the most successful hydraulic and cold-water packing in the world. It is made strictly on honor, hence its name " Honest John." The core is made of the celebrated Rainbow Packing and acts as a cushion; the flax employed is the finest Italian; the lubricant being especially compounded to withstand the highest practical hydraulic pressure. This pack- ing will outwear the ordinary braided square flax packing several times over. Its original cost is more than that of the square flax packing, but its great durability makes it by far the cheaper packing. Being square, it fits the stuffing-box exactly. It will not scatter or dissolve by action of water. When worn by rods does not lose its strength. It has just the elasticity required. The lubricants, being composed of our special compounds and air-floated graphite, preserve, but do not clog, corrode or gum machinery. It is free from grit or hard substances that cut and permanently destroy machinery. A trial will convince you. Price, per lb., $1.00 tVj make this Packing both Straight and in Spiral Form PATENTED AND MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY 16 WARREN STREET, NEW YORK THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY HONEST JOHN HYDRAULIC RAINBOW CORE PACKING MARK Put up in boxes, weights and lengths as follows : Price, per lb., $1.00 t make .this Packing both Straight and in Spiral Form PATENTED AND MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY HE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING CO. 16 WARREN STREET, NEW YORK DIAMETER CONTENTS WEIGHT i inch 48 feet 3* Ibs. f 48 " 4i' 1 56 6f 1 29 6 I 30 7f i 16 7* I 16 li 24 17! ii 24 21 if 24 25 li 24 30 if 24 if 24 38 i| 24 45 2 24 50 STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. Si 164. BALANCED PISTON VALVE. The segmental packing, E, is held close to the cylinder wall by the pressure of the steam which enters through holes in the flange, E, shown by the circles below the cylinder. e, live steam connec- tion to receiver of low-pressure cylin- ders, a supplemen- tary valve operated by the stem of the piston valve. Used on compound locomotive, Italian railway. 165. TANDEM COMPOUND LOCOMOTIVE CYLIN- DERS. Balanced valves. Type of Pittsburgh Locomotive Works. The cylinders are separated somewhat and have a sleeve between the heads, which is bolted to the front head of low-pressure cylinder. At the front it is held by a flange which makes a joint around it. This allows easy inspection and repair of low-pressure piston, as the sleeve in question slides into the high-pressure cylinder and both pistons can be moved forward together and out of the cylinders. The valves are connected by a rod passing through a pipe between the steam chests of the high-pressure and low-pressure cylinders. The high-pressure valves receive steam through the balance plate, which is fitted into the chest cover. The steam goes through the ports in the valve to the passages in the cylinders. 82 STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. 166. BALANCED VALVE for steam engine. Wilson type. Pressures are equalized by steam pressure under the riding plate. Valve has double ad- mission and double exhaust ports. The three sections show the positions of the valve when opening, wide open, and exhaust opening position. 167. Wide open position, taking steam under the balance plate. 1 68. Position of valve at exhaust opening of both cylinder and balance plate. VALVE IN EXHAUST OPENING POSITION 169. NOVEL PISTON VALVE for a steam engine. A side elevation, partly in section, of the valve and its casing, and a longitu- dinal sectional elevation. The valve consists principally of a re- lief valve held seated by a spring, but exposed at the opposite side to the pressure of the steam, so that in case of excessive pressure, suction, or vacuum, the engine being in motion and steam shut off, the valve will lift, and steam or hot vapor and gases will enter and destroy compression and vac- uum, by way of the apertures under the valve leading to the exhaust, as well as by the open- ing directly into the steam pipe through the piston valve, thereby giving free openings from the steam pipe direct to the atmosphere through the exhaust pipes. The valve casing is formed with steam ports, and the valve is composed of two similar heads or pistons, each STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. formed of a circular plate with a rim parallel with the piston rod and a vertical flange, there being openings through the plate and through the rim. The relief valve is fitted within the rim and held to its two seats by a coiled spring held in contact with the valve by a circular plate on the piston rod, which also holds the packing rings and an outer ring firmly against the flange of the body of the valve. One seat of the relief valve covers holes leading to the exhaust, and the other seat, upon its outer rim, covers the passage leading into the steam pipe and chest, the unseating of the valve opening all connecting passages through the piston head, including passages from the throttle to the escape pipe or atmosphere, simultaneously. 170. AUTOMATIC VALVE MOTION. For a steam pump. The striking of the supplementary valves in the cylinder head by the piston releases the pressure on that end of the valve bobbin, when it is thrown over, carrying the valve with it; - Tne sma11 cylinders in each end of the main cylinder have each a live steam port and an exhaust, and within them pistons work freely as independent valves, each having a stem normally projecting within the main cylinder. These valves are operated in one direction by the main piston coming in contact with their stems, and are moved by the pressure of steam on their backs in an opposite direction. It is applicable to direct-acting pumps, and also to direct-acting engines for other than pumping purposes. 171. TYPES OF SLIDE VALVES. Slide valve of the Chandler & Taylor tandem compound engine. The valve is of the gridiron type, and is double-ported for both steam and exhaust, making it possible to admit large amounts of steam into each end of the cylinder quickly and with a very short valve travel. The valve, being light and perfectly balanced by means of the pressure plate on its top side, is therefore very easily acted upon by the governor. STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. 172. TYPES OF SLIDE VALVES. Slide valve of the Brownell engine. The valve is of the box type, double-ported for both steam and exhaust, and practically perfectly balanced. The steam pressure is re- moved from the back of the valve by means of a balance ring which bears against the steam-chest cover. A coil spring serves to keep the ring against the chest cover, thus taking up the wear automatically and preventing the ring from leaving the seat and causing annoyance by rattling. 173. CONCENTRIC VALVES, CORLISS TYPE. This valve, although essentially of the " Corliss " class, differs from the ordinary in that the steam valve is inclosed in the exhaust valve, making practically only two valves, which, however, perform the functions of four perfectly. A cross section through the cylinder and valves is presented, where E is the exhaust valve and S the steam valve. The steam valve, of the double-ported bal- anced type, is held within the exhaust valve E, but is not set exactly in the center of the latter valve, so that it is held in position by steam pressure. The usual vacuum dash- pots are replaced by spring dashpots that is, the tension of springs is relied upon to close the valves, while the air cushioned in the dashpot cylinder prevents the shock which would be inevitable were it not used. 174. OSCILLATING STEAM AND EXHAUST VALVE, for hoisting engines. The valve is operated by a direct rod from crank- pin arm to the valve arm. S, steam pipe with, passage around the cylin- der to the steam chest, P, P. A good design to keep the cylinder clear of water. 175. Shows connection from crank-pin arm to valve arm. STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. 85 176. RIDING CUT-OFF VALVE. From single eccen- tric. The main valve is moved by the direct connected valve rod. The riding valve is moved by a short lever and links piv- oted to the two valves. 177. TYPES OF SLIDE VALVES. Slide valve of the Bayley engine. A flat valve riding under a balanced pressure plate. Pressure plate is held in place by stays against the steam chest. ' 178. PARSON'S STEAM TURBINE. Steam is admitted at the governor valve and arrives at the chamber, A, at the small end of the revolving part of the turbine. The steam passes along to the right through the turbine blades, passing through a series of fixed blades which deflect it in one direction, thence striking the moving blades of 86 STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. the turbine which deflect it in the opposite direction, and so on. In this way the current of steam impinging upon the moving blades drives them around. The areas of the passages increase, progressing in volume corresponding with the expansion of the steam. On the left of the steam inlet are revolving balance pistons, CCC, one cor- responding to each of the cylinders in the turbine. The entering steam at A presses equally against the revolving part of the turbine and against the first balancing piston. When it arrives at the passage, E, it presses against the next larger section of the revolving part of the turbine and also against the next largest balancing piston, connection between the two being secured by the passage, F. Similarly, the pas- sage, G, permits the balancing of the largest section of the turbine. By a proper arrangement of these balancing pistons there is no end- thrust upon the turbine shaft at any load or steam pressure. The thrust bearing at H, on the extreme left, is to take care of accidental thrusts that may arise and also to retain the alignment of the shaft accurately so as to secure the correct adjustment of the balance pistons. Since these balance pistons never come in mechanical contact with the cylinder in which they turn, there is no friction. The thrust bear- ing is made of ample size and is subject to forced lubrication. The pipe, K, connects the chamber back of the balance pistons with the exhaust outlet, so as to insure the pressure being equal at the two ends of the turbine. The bearings, JJ, are peculiar in construction. Each consists of a gun-metal sleeve prevented from turning by a loose-fitting dowel pin. )utside of this are three cylindrical tubes having a small clearance between them. These small clearances fill up with oil and permit a slight vibration .of the inner shell, while at the same time restraining it from too great a movement. The shaft therefore actually revolves about its axis of gravity instead of its geometrical axis, as would be the ' case with the bearings of the usual rigid construction. In case the shaft is a little out of balance the journal thus permits it to run slightly eccentric. The form of the rotating and stationary blades are much like those of the Curtis type, which are detailed in the following cuts. The economy of the steam turbine has been greatly advanced by improvements since its advent, so that it is now nearly in line with the best quadruple expansion engines, and with it the highest speeds in navigation have been obtained. STEAM TOWER APPLIANCES. II 179- STEAM TURBINE. Curtis type, showing the arrangement of the steam passages in the moving and sta- tionary blades in a three-disk engine. Claims are made that this type of turbine with vacuum exhaust uses but 1 2 pounds of steam per horse-power. The diverging nozzle is made of vari- able area by a slide valve and governor. 1 80. A segment of one of the disks shown on a larger scale. The blades of the segments are cut in a milling machine of special design, and are bolted to the rim of the disk. A band incloses the outer end of the blades to prevent undue leakage between the disk and shell. 181. STEAM TURBINE. Multinozzle type. Showing position of blades in reverse curves on the moving and stationary disks. The multinozzle may extend all round the disk, as in the first stationary disk of each section of the Parson's turbine. NOZZLE DIAPHRAGM 182. STEAM TURBINE. De Laval type. Vertical section showing form of buckets and nozzles. Steam impinges against the outer edge of the buckets and exhausts at the sides. 183. Plan showing spring shaft, bearings, lubricating channels and 88 STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. steam ducts. Runs by the impact of steam from five nozzles against the outer edge of the buckets of the wheel. The long shaft is to take up the unbalanced vibration of the disk. 184. THE STEVENS VALVE GEAR. Showing the double toe and wipers with the eccentric rod unhooked. Type used on the Hudson River steamers. First used in 1840.. A standard type for marine walk- ing-beam engines. 185. VALVE GEAR. A wrist plate journaled on a pin carried by a standard or post on the engine frame. The wrist plate is rotated by the eccentric, the motion being communicated to the sev- eral valves by suitable rods which are connected to two horizontal links pivoted to the wrist plate ; these links being held outward in their proper position by two vertical links the inner ends of which are piv- oted to the slotted bar near the wrist-plate hub. The' rod from the governor passes through a guide carried by the post and is connected to the slotted bar by means of a sliding block working in a concentric slot as shown, which permits the bar to oscillate with the wrist plate without interfering with the governor rod. It will be seen that when the slotted bar operated by the governor occupies the position shown, the valves have full travel, but when this bar is drawn toward the governor the ends of the hori- zontal links to which the valve rods are attached will be drawn toward the hub of the wrist plate by the short vertical links, thus reducing the radius of the valve -rod connections which shortens the stroke of the valves and consequently changes the point of cut-off in the cylinder. STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. 8 9 1 86. CORLISS VALVE GEAR and release mechanism, stand- ard type. A, valve stem. A bell crank operated by a connecting rod from the wrist plate, lifts the grab hook, E, and the valve arm. An adjustable roller at R, releases the valve arm, which is pivoted to the dashpot for regulating its fall. The release roller is oper- ated by the bell crank H, and rod Z, from the governor. 187. CORLISS VALVE GEAR and release mechanism. The grab hook consists of a block, C, sliding in a grooved slot in the bell- crank lever B B, and normally forced out- ward by a spring. The block C carries a pin, E, on the rear side, which is held in contact with a cam ring, F, having two knock-off dies, M and N, on its inside sur- face. As the bell crank moves in the direction of the arrow from the position shown, the roller on the pin E strikes the cam die N, and is forced rapidly inward, releasing the drop lever a. If from any cause the dashpot should fail to act, the projection on the bell-crank lever would engage with the drop lever and close the valve. 188. CORLISS VALVE GEAR. In this design, B is the bell crank, which carries the hook H mounted on a short shaft, on the other end of which is the trip lever (not shown), which engages with the knock-off cam C, oper- ated by the governor rod. K is the drop lever with dashpot connection. The cam lever C, controlled by the governor, limits the time of release of the hook H. 189. Shows the position of the parts at the moment of release. STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. 190. CORLISS VALVE GEAR. This design consists principally of a curved bell crank, B, carrying the grab hook D mounted on a short shaft having an arm at the other end. The trip lever d rides on the knock-off cam A, the position of which is controlled by the governor, as usual. When the bell crank reaches the position shown in the upper sketch, the trip lever is thrown outward, releasing the drop lever, the point of release being governed by the position of the knock-off cam. 191. Shows the position of the parts at the moment of release. 192. CORLISS VALVE GEAR. A is a bell-crank lever mounted loosejy on the valve stem or on a projection of the bonnet, and carries the grab hook H at one end and is connected to the wrist plate by an adjustable connecting rod, from which it receives its motion. The hook H is normally pressed inward by the spring S so that the longer arm of the hook is always held firmly against the knock-off cam C, which is placed next to the bell crank and is connected to the governor by a reach rod. The drop lever B is keyed to the valve stem and connected to the dashpot by a rod ; it carries a steel block or die which en- gages with the block or die on the grab hook H. As the bell crank A moves in the direc- tion of the arrow, the hook is engaged with the die on the drop lever B, and as their rel- ative positions remain constant, they having a common center of rotation, the end of B is raised, opening the valve, which remains open until the bell crank has advanced so far that the longer arm of the hook H is pressed outward by the pro- jection on the knock-off cam C, when the drop lever B is quickly brought to its original position and the valve is thereby closed. 193. Shows the position of the parts at the moment of release. STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. 1 94- CORLISS VALVE GEAR. Allis- Chalmers type. Starting from the lowest position (not shown), the hook H, which is forced inward by the spring, engages with the drop lever B, and as the bell-crank lever, A, A, moves in the direction indicated by the arrow, the lever B is carried around to the position shown, opening the valve. When this position is reached, the trip lever T comes in contact with the projec- tion N of the cam C, forcing it, and consequently the grab hook H, outward, and releasing the drop ^ TI lever B, which is rapidly brought to its original position by the action of the dashpot. 195. DASHPOT FOR CORLISS ENGINE. As the plunger, P, is drawn upward by the valve gear, air is drawn into the plunger cylinder from the annular chamber, A, through the check valve C. The air is not sufficient, however, to prevent the formation of a partial vacuum which draws the plunger quickly down- ward when the valve spindle is released. As the plunger nears the bottom of the cylinder it is cushioned by the air which has been drawn in from the surrounding chamber, and that air is forced back into the chamber through the poppet valve V. The degree of cushioning can be accurately adjusted by means of the screw S. 196. REVERSING GEAR. Wolf type. E, is the eccentric; B, eccentric strap and arm ; /, a pin sliding in the link, S, which is moved to the i -"- " position S' for reversing; a R, valve rod connected to the eccentric arm at a. The elliptic line, /, shows the range of the valve motion and swings to the vertical with the link and moves the valve within the range of its lap. 197. Valve just opening, forward. 198. Valve just closing, reverse. 9 2 STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. - ^ 199. FLEXIBLE CRANK for marine shafting. The crank pin is fixed in one side and swiveled in the other side of a double crank, as shown, giving flexibility to a line of shafting in marine engines. 200. FLEXIBLE COUPLINGS for marine shafting. A ball bear- ing between the sectional ends of a line of shafting. In order to reduce friction to a minimum, a parallel piece made of suitable material is placed between the driving ahead faces of the jaws, a, on the driving shaft, and the driven ahead faces of the jaws, b, on the driven shaft. These pieces are lipped under the jaws at the bottom or inner end, to prevent them flying out while in motion. For the purpose of taking up the backlash and compensating for any wear that might occur on the driving ahead faces of the jaws, adjustable pieces made in wedge form are fitted between the driving astern faces of the jaws, a, on the driving shaft, and the driven astern faces of the jaws, b, on the driven shaft. 201. Longitudinal section, showing ball bear- ing, overlap of the jaws, wedges, and volute cap. 202. Shows the alternate jaws, wedges, and the volute cap for tightening the wedges. 203. NOVEL VALVE GEAR. The crank- pin arm is pivoted to the lever R at E, and to the link block B, and also to the valve rod as shown. The motion of the valve is controlled and reversed by rocking the link L. STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. 93 204. REVERSING GEAR without eccen- trics. The valve stem is connected to the middle of a short link, one end of which is pivoted to the crosshead bar, and the opposite end to the radial bar, which in turn is pivoted to the link block. The latter member consists of a block of iron grooved to fit the inclined link or reversing bar and having' suitable shoes for taking up wear. This block receives motion from a somewhat similar block, which slides on the connecting rod ; the block being held in the proper horizontal position by means of a radial rod pivoted to it and to the cylinder. The crosshead bar passes through a sleeve block carried by the crosshead, which is fitted with shoes to take up wear. It will be seen that the crosshead bar imparts a hori- zontal movement to the valve stem, which move- ment is equal to the lap and lead of the valve. 205. FLOATING VALVE GEAR or reversing ram for marine engines. The floating lever g is here connected to the crosshead at k. The rod / is hinged at h to the floating lever, and con- nects it with the valve stem. The rod e is hinged at i to the floating lever, and con- nects it with the reverse lever d. Then, the piston being stationary, the floating , lever swings around k as a fulcrum, and the valve is forced to the left. This valve is an indirect valve, that is, it takes steam at the center and exhausts past its outside edges just the reverse of the ordinary D slide valve. The lower end of the floating lever moving with the crosshead, it tends to swing around i and thus return the valve to its mid-position. Should the piston creep in either direction, the valve gear will automatically return it to its proper position. To prevent shocks due to a sudden 94 STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. movement of the reverse lever, buffer springs /, / are provided, which gradually bring the moving parts to rest. In both gears shown, suitable stops in the valve chest prevent the valve from being moved beyond the positions required for a full open- ing of the ports. 206. Shows valve on center for stop motion. 207. TRIPLE EXPAN- SION VALVE GEAR with single eccentric. A, eccentric strap stay arm, which also oper- ates the high-pressure valve rod. B, bell-crank rock shaft that operates the medium - pressure valve rod, linked to eccentric arm. C, rocker arm, shaft, and bell-crank connection by link to the eccentric and to low-pressure valve rod. (At Edison Electric Station, New York City.) 208. WALSCHAERT'S VALVE GEAR as applied to a com- pound locomotive. The crank-pin arm operates the motion of the slotted link. The valve-rod block and rod is balanced by a weight on the rock-shaft arm, and operated by a lever connected to the third arm. Valve lead is made by the crosshead arm link and lever con- nected to the valve rod and link-block rod. Italian railway. STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. 209. REVERSING GEAR. The eccentric is provided with a curved rack near its periphery which meshes with a small pinion. The pinion is secured to the end of a shaft provided with a groove dis- posed spirally for a portion of its length. The shaft is journaled in two collars or flanges keyed to the main shaft so that the small I shaft lies parallel to the engine shaft. A third collar slidably mounted on the engine shaft is prevented from turning by a suitable key, this collar carrying the strap to which the reversing lever is connected. A pin in the latter collar engages the groove in the smaller shaft and when this collar is shifted sidewise the pin causes the smaller shaft to revolve, which turns the eccentric around on the engine shaft and thus shifts the position of the valve. 2 1 o. Longitudinal section, showing the spiral grooved shaft and pinion. 211. ENGINE STOPPING MECHANISM. If the governor belt breaks, the weight N will drop, and through the system of levers and links throw the beli- crank lever B so as to shift the safety blocks on the knock-off cams of the valve gear and prevent the valves from being opened by the grab hooks. An auxiliary device is also provided to act in the case of racing. This consists of a small centrifugal governor of the shaft type mounted in the belt wheel of the main governor. The weight w of this auxiliary governor is provided with a lip, which, in the event of abnormal speed, will be thrown outward so as to en- gage with a small lip, O, on the end of the rocker arm shown. The other end of this rocker arm is connected to a latch which normally holds the throttle open. When the lip on the governor weight w en- gages the projection O, this latch is thrown, allowing the weight M to close the throttle. 9 6 STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. 212. SHIFTING ECCENTRIC for stopping or reversing en- gines. A slotted sleeye sliding on the shaft with wedge-shaped wings that pass through cor- responding slots in the eccen- tric, move the eccentric to the center and reverse by the longi- tudinal movement of the sleeve and wings. The yoke lever and slotted collar control the move- ment of the sleeve and wings between the stop collars. 213. Section of eccentric, sleeve and wings. 214. SECTOR GEAR GOV- ERNOR. Two balls on bell-crank sectors with their teeth meshing in a central double sector, to which is at- tached the compression springs, which are adjusted to the proper set of the eccentric, b and c are the pivot con- nections with the eccentric. 215. DASHPOT GOVERNOR. The eccentric is mounted on a plate G, pivoted at P, and is connected to E B, No. i, and E B, No. 2, by connecting rods in such a manner that the action of centrifugal force in throwing the weights B B outward cause the center of the eccentric to swing toward the center of the shaft. The springs pivoted at K rock against the centrifugal force and hold the weights in a determinate position for each speed. The dashpot simply restrains the motion when too rapid and tends to prevent racing. THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY ATION Lbs. ^ Hi Size TRADE-MARK Above Label on Every Box of Genuine Goods This packing is, as yet, the only packing produced that will pack Stop and Throttle Valves so that they are perfectly reliable and can be opened and closed with ease by hand, without using a heavy wrench. The metal employed in the manufacture of this packing is the result of years of experiments in producing metal especially adapted for this purpose. It is a combination of metals which sulphur and steam will not affect, neither will it score or cut a rod or stem. We also use the celebrated Rainbow Packing for a core or cushion. Price, per lb., $2.50 Spiral F> MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY - 16 WARREN STREET, NEW YORK THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY HERCULES COMBINATION METALLIC STOP- VALVE PACKING Put up in boxes, weights and lengths as follows : DIAMETER CONTENTS WEIGHT i inch 24 feet if Ibs. 1 24 3i i 12 2f 1 12 4i i 6 3 i 6 ji i 6 4f ll 6 6 ii 6 7* ^^ mate ffcfc Packing both Straight and in Spiral Form Price, per lb., $2.50 PATENTED AND MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING C 16 WARREN STREET, NEW YORK STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. 97 a 216. CENTRIF- UGAL GOVERNORS. There are patents for sev- eral hundred of this type of governors, of which this and the preceding volume of mechanical movements represent the leading models, most of which are practically obsolete. 217. ) Slot cam joint 218. ) governor. 219. ) Crank-pin gov- 220. ) ernor. 221. ) Adjustable gov- 223. Straight-arm governor. 224. FRICTION POWER CON- TROLLER. Wick's patent. Transmits only the amount of horse-power it is set for. The power is given to the pulley, B, by the arm a, helical springs, and friction sectors. The sec- tors are thrust in contact with the pulley by the adjustable links C, cams, and thrust bars. 9 8. STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. 225. INERTIA GOVERNOR. The weights B and B' are balanced on the cen- ter line of the shaft arm, which is pinioned at A to the fly wheel or pulley and to the eccentric at /. The spring K holds the weights in normal position, their range of motion by differential momentum from variable speed of the engine being limited by the stop on the rim of the pulley. 226. FAN GOVERNOR. In which air resistance modifies the centrifugal action of the fans for regulating a gear train and brake. It is an early form for regulating steam engines as shown in the cut. Wing governors are used for regulating gear trains in clocks, music boxes, and revolving window show frames. 227. ADJUSTABLE GOVERNOR. King type. The balls are attached to the shaft by springs and linked to the head and valve spindle, which are drawn down by the centrifugal action of the balls. The regulation is made by the small helical spring and lever. The action is direct through the spindle to the throttle valve. 228. MARINE GOVERNOR. Porter type. A cone pulley with screw-belt shipper for close adjustment of speed. Balls are jointed to the shaft arms with link con- nections to the sliding collar with resisting spring. The collar carries a central rod to a bell crank and to the throttle valve. STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. 99 229. DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE REGULATOR. A supplementary piston and counterweighted lever pivoted at F, gives a close adjustment of differential pres- sures. The steam piston at A is connected with the high pressure side and is balanced by the spring at B, while the supplementary lever is attached to the valve spindle by the block and pin at C. 230. BALANCED PRESSURE REGULATOR. Gold type. D, balanced valve. O, Low pressure regulating disk and diaphragm. L, counter-balance spring. Q, adjusting plunger. F, contact spring to keep the plate P in contact with the rubber diaphragm. N, locknut handle. Other parts are self-explanatory. 231. SELF-CLOSING STOP VALVE. The piston on the valve stem has a larger area than the valve disk. The valve is held open by the relief from pressure through the by-pass and three- way cock. The dropping of its lever by a lanyard, closes the re- lief and gives the rear side of the piston the full steam pres- sure, quickly closing the valve. The by-pass valve at the top is for equalizing the pressure and allowing the valve to open by means of the relief at the three- way cock. 100 STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. 232. REVERSING GEAR for a steam engine. The figures show a side elevation of the reversible eccentric, with handwheel for oper- ating it, a front elevation show- ing the engine shaft in cross section, and a perspective view illustrating the application of the invention to an upright en- gine. The eccentric is formed with a hub having shoulders to engage a stop pin on the shaft, in combination with an operating wheel placed on the hub of the eccentric, and having a limited rotary motion thereon. The eccentric has a limited inde- pendent motion upon the shaft, and the handwheel has a ro- tary motion independent of the eccentric, combined with spring catches arranged to lock the hand- wheel to the shaft. 233. Perspective view. 234. Front view. 235. NOVEL REDUCING VALVE. Holly type, having a large area and lap of a flat valve disk. The relative difference of pressure is regulated by the free hanging weights under the disk, while excessive back pressure tends to close the valve by pressure on the large area of the back of the disk. The wheel and screw spindle is to close the valve when required. 236. DIFFERENTIAL EXHAUST VALVE. For regulating the back pressure on the engine in exhaust steam-heating systems. The two-winged valves are nearly bal- anced, requiring only a small weight to bal- ance them and prevent chatter of the valves. STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. 101 237. AUTOMATIC QUICK-CLOSING VALVE. The bonnet piston C has a larger area than the valve disk and communicates with the steam pressure in the main pipe through its hollow spindle. The leakage of steam around the loose-fitting sleeve of the piston at G equalizes the pressure on both sides when the relief pipe is closed. 238. The automatic electric controller, shown at the right, has a mag- netic dog that disengages a weight which falls against a lever and opens the relief valve and quickly closes the valve by the greater pressure on the rear of the piston. The screw spindle S closes the valve as an ordinary stop valve. The electric push buttons are placed where needed for emergencies. 239. REVERSIBLE THROTTLE VALVE. In this design an angle or straight way valve may be made convertible by rotating the flange connection of the two parts of the body. A most convenient design for facilitating repairs. The valve spindle carries a bevel pinion meshing in a sector gear on the valve disk, which opens or closes by a 90 revolution on its face. 240. Plan of valve disk. 241. Sector gear on disk. STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. 242. COMPENSATING EXPANSION JOINT. Designed to prevent the forcing apart of the ordinary expansion joints in steam pipes. 1'ke joint is surrounded by an annular chamber of cross section equal to the steam pipe, in which a tightly packed ring acts as a piston. Steam is admitted to this chamber by means of a by- pass. The tendency would be to force out the piston, and so draw the ends of the pipe closer together, but as the steam in the pipe and in the chamber is of the same total pressure, each force neutralizes the other, and the joint is rendered secure under all ordinary circumstances. The joints are made of steel pipe and forgings, excepting the glands, which are cast, and the first cost is very little greater than that of an ordinary joint. 243. FLEXIBLE BALL JOINT. The space between the ball and shell is filled with an elastic lubricated packing held in place by an annular follower and springs. 244. BALANCED EXPANSION JOINT for steam pipes Smith pat. Referring to the cut, it will be noticed that the inner tube has an increased diameter or ring about halfway along its length. This forms a shoulder or piston at the end next to the bot- tom of the large stuffing box casting. The other end of this annular piston or ring is open and is steadied by the gland. In the inner tube below this ring there are holes which admit steam from the main, back of the STEAM POWER APPLIANCES. 103 shoulder. As the exposed area of the shoulder or piston is equal to the area of the steam main, the pressure in the main is equalized. As the stuffing box is tied to the other end of the joint by long bolts the entire line of pipe is in a state of equilibrium so far as the end pressure is concerned. The expansion due to heat is provided for by a liberal space for end play at the cast end of the joint. 245. UNIVERSAL FLEXIBLE PIPE JOINT. The internal construction shown by the section shows how contact of the gas or fluid which might corrode the wearing sur- faces is prevented and at the same time in- sures that the movement of the parts shall be smooth and free. The material is cast iron except the piece B, which is bronze. The body A is threaded for B with a slightly tapered thread, so that when B is screwed home there shall be no leakage between the parts. The under side of the head of B is formed into a conical seat which makes a steam or gas-tight joint with C and the flat faces between C and A are round together also, making an additional safeguard against leakage. 246. CARGO ELEVATOR for loading and unloading ships. Otis type. Steam driven by a double engine geared to a shaft on which two double drums are fixed. Four cables from the drums are at- tached to the cor- ners of the platform with turn-buckle adjustment. Automatic ad- justment for stop- ping at any deck for loading or un- loading. Capacity two tons at a speed of TOO feet per min- ute. 104 STEA^I POWER APPLIANCES. FACTORY HEATING FROM WASTE GASES. Cold air is blown through the annular chamber, between the boiler and the chimney, by a fan, heated and dis- tributed for heating rooms. Additional draught may" be given to a chimney by a high-pressure blower and jet nozzle in the uptake. 248. ROTARY ENGINE. Takes steam through the shaft L. The abutment pistons, 68 It < I i i 76 -PLY 7-PLY 8-PLY *> 31 39 46 55 63 $073 70 82 78 91 93 08 $ 24 09 27 46 26 47 68 42 66 90 60 87 14 77 06 36 95 27 60 13 48 84 69 08 49 67 90 56 03 53 04 39 95 4i 52 04 20 9 60 62 ii 16 72 i li 84 3 35 40 72 84 . 96 14 56 11 11 9 8 31 64 40 80 20 82 I 29 76 24 78 32 66 27 88 76 44 5 25 oo 9 2 74 56 34 23 12 76 3 72 68 THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY SEAMLESS FORTUNE RUBBER BELT TRADE-MARK This Label on every 25 feet of Fortune Belting The Fortune Seamless Rubber Belting is the very highest grade, made from specially woven heavy cotton duck and the finest grade of robber, and is, we confidently believe, the best belt on the market. It is recommended for the most severe usage, and where belts of other makes have failed. All our belting is made from Extra Heavy Duck, made especially for us from Texas Pickings. It is coated with the very best Fine Para, and stretched on our own patent stretcher. By reason of our patent method of preparing same, our belting is invul- nerable to dampness, heat or cold. It is far superior to leather in Paper and Flour Mills, Elevators, Dye and Print Works, etc. Special Belts made to order for any and all uses. Absolutely the Finest and Most Durable Rubber Belt yet produced NAVIGATION, VESSELS, MARINE APPLIANCES, ETC. 193 VOLUNTEER 1837 469. Volunteer. 470. Thistle. VIGILANT ^-/ 1893 VALKYR I Ell 471. Vigilant. 472. Valkyrie II. V VALKYRIE III Y 473. Defender. 474. Valkyrie III. Y COLUMBIA SHAMROCK I Y 475. Columbia. 476. Shamrock I. Y COLUMBIA SHAMROCK II 1901 477, Columbia. 478. Shamrock II. Y 194 NAVIGATION, VESSELS, MARINE APPLIANCES, ETC. RELIANCE V I 479. Reliance. 480. Shamrock III. 481. ANCIENT FEATHERING PADDLE WHEEL. Wipers on the inner ends of the paddle arms, rubbing against a fixed cam plate, turn the pad- dles as they enter the water. 482. TYPES OF PROPELLERS. Thornicroft pro- peller, used on fast boats with fine lines. Blades broad on the hub, narrowing toward the outer end of the blade, face a parabolic recess. Two or three blades. Pitch of blades at point two and one-half times diameter of propeller. 483. TYPES OF PROPELLERS. The Jarrow pro- peller, with two or three blades curving backward and narrowing from hub to point. A high speed propeller. Face of blades with recess curves and pitch at tips about two and one-half diameters. For fine line btmts. 484. TYPES OF PROPELLERS. The Hirsh propeller. The generating line is the segment of an Archimedes spiral, with the leading edge of the blades curved forward, face of the blades curved with increas- ing pitch. NAVIGATION, VESSELS, MARINE APPLIANCES, ETC. 485. SCREW PROPELLER. Three blade. Reeves type. Curved to conform to an even thrust in all parts of the blades. Good form for launches. Pitch about twice the diameter. 486. SCREW PROPELLER. Four blades. Case type. With outward thrust. Narrow blades for high speed. Pitch two and a half times the diameter. Face of blades curved. 487. Plan of propeller in the plane of rotation. 488. SHEET METAL PROPELLER. Davis type. The blades are made of boiler plate, or of plate steel, of equal thickness through- out. They are cut from a flat plate, the holes for the reception of the pro- peller shaft made, and then either by hammer, rolls, or formers curved to the proper shape. Each blade is m precisely alike, so that if one should be broken a duplicate could be readily fitted. A collar is secured upon the shaft, and the inner legs of the blades bear firmly against it. The sleeve, B, keeps the legs of the blades at the proper distance apart, and the collar, C, and nut secures all in place. To hold the blades in position against the leverage of the water, bolts may be passed through the collars and blades longitudinally with the shaft, or the blades may be held by a feather on the shaft. 196 NAVIGATION, VESSELS, MARINE APPLIANCES, ETC. FOOTTREADLE 489. FEATHERING BLADE PROPELLER. A foot-power propeller with paddle blades to hang over the sides at the stern, or may be placed in an extension at the stern, as shown in the cuts. The longest movement of the paddle is when it is immersed, and the pad- dle being vertical, there is no splash, slip, or loss of propulsive effect arising from the oblique action. 490. The curve traversed by the edge of the paddle. 491. The extension of the paddle box." 492. Crank shaft and foot treadle connections. 493. Blade and crank connection. 494. TWENTY-FIVE-FOOT LAUNCH. Fast type with positive submerged wheel, 5 feet beam, light draught hull with wheel depth of 26 inches. Wheel 20 inches diameter, 30 inch pitch, with or without steel wheel guard. Motor, 12 horse power. Displacement with pas- sengers, 2,000 Ibs. Elevation and midship sections. 495. Sectional elevation of frame, motor and propeller. 496. Plan with lines of upper works. NAVIGATION, VESSELS, MARINE APPLIANCES, ETC. 497. BICYCLE CATAMARAN. The pedal shaft carries a large worm gear meshed to a small worm gear on the propeller shaft steering is by the bicycle handle and cross arm below, with wire lanyards to the rudder. 498. BICYCLE GEAR FOR A BOAT. The sprocket wheel shaft with a large bevel gear drives a vertical shaft with two bevel gears and a fly wheel. The propeller shaft has two bevel gears to mesh into the bevel gear on the vertical shaft alternately, for forward or backward motion of the pro- peller. Lever C and handle D control the fore and aft motion of the shaft. 499. THE MANIPEDE CATAMARAN. Operated by feet or hands on levers with sprocket wheel and chain to a paddle wheel. Steered by a rocking seat, or by hand. 198 NAVIGATION, VESSELS, MARINE APPLIANCES, ETC. Usual Plan 5 00. TYPES OF SHALLOW-DRAUGHT SCREW-PROPELLED BOATS. Yarrow type. Vessels of this class have been constructed with the propeller working in a tunnel, so that though the propeller used be greater in diameter than the draught, yet it always works in solid water, since the water, owing to the air being driven out of the tunnel by the action of the screw, improved Plan rises, and completely covers the latter. Until quite recently the stern portion of this tunnel has been fixed so that when the boat is heavily loaded there is a considerable portion of the back of the tunnel against which the water delivered from the propeller must impinge, and down which it must slide before it can escape. This has caused a " drag," and a consequent loss of speed and efficiency. In the new type, instead of being fixed, the rear portion of the tunnel is formed of a hinged flap provided with strips of rubber at the side, which, by rubbing against the parallel sides of the tunnel, prevent the ingress of air. With a boat so provided, the rear end of the tunnel can be always so arranged that it only just dips beneath the surface of the water. This is quite sufficient to insure the screw always working in water, but under all circumstances opposes a minimum obstruction to the escape of the water. 501. Section with hinge flap raised for deep draught. 502. Section with hinge flap down for shallow draught. 503. DIRIGIBLE TORPEDO. Sims-Edison type. The front compartment contains a charge of from 250 to 500 Ibs. of high ex- CABLE TUBE plosive, which can be exploded electrically by reversing the current. In another compartment is a reel upon which is stowed from one to two miles NAVIGATION, VESSELS, MARINE APPLIANCES, ETC. 199 of controlling cable. The cable is made extremely light and flexible, but of sufficient area to convey the 30 horse-power necessary to drive the torpedo at a speed of 22 miles an hour. The cable, which is connected with a dynamo at the firing station, is led out through a tube running parallel with the axis of the torpedo to a point aft of, and below, the propeller wheel. 504. AUTOMOBILE TORPEDO. Whitehead type. With self- contained motive power for short range action. A 3 -cylinder motor driven by compressed air contained in the cylindrical tank i ; m, two screw propellers driven in opposite directions by reversing bevel gears to keep the torpedo from turning over ; h, shaft ; g, /, steering-apparatus connections from electric steering gear, a, b, c; k, fuse; /, explosive charge ; n, rudder. 505. THE HOLLAND SUBMARINE BOAT. A, torpedo tube for rear discharge ; B, dynamo ; C, gasoline engine ; D, air compressor ; E, storage battery ; F, oil and water tanks ; G, compressed air cham- bers ; H, gun-cotton shell in the aerial torpedo gun ; J, magazine ; K, Whitehead torpedo and tube ; L, trimming tank, oil and gasoline tank at H under the bow. In the Holland submarine boat the gasoline engine and the dynamo are directly connected to the propeller shaft, so that when the boat is running on the surface the gasoline engine is used for power, and when submerged the dynamo alone is in use with current from the storage bat- teries. The air compressor charges the long air tubes, G, G, to a high pressure before going into action, which is discharged in jets when needed for ventilation and cooling the interior of the boat, and also for discharging the aerial and submerged torpedoes. 2OO NAVIGATION, VESSELS, MARINE APPLIANCES, ETC. 506. REVERSING CLUTCH for a launch. C is the propeller shaft ; D, the engine shaft ; A, H, shell keyed to the propeller shaft, I with an inside spur \ x^^feX ring of pinions J; " X L, anchor knee to hold the reverse mo- tion shell B ; K, the inner gear which drives the back mo- tion when the pinion ring is held fast by the positionof theleverM. The arrangement of the gear is shown in the cross section. 507. ICE BOAT. Plan and elevation drawn to a scale, as shown in the engraving. Figured measures are given for the most important parts. PLAN 508. Plan with fig- ured measures and 9" \ scale. 509. SUBMARINE CABLE GRAPNEL. With removable prongs for easy repair. By an overstrain, by the prong catching in a rock or other obstruction, the small rivet, B, will shear off and release the prong. Four prongs to each grap- nel. Much used in the repair of defective or broken submarine cables. NAVIGATION, VESSELS, MARINE APPLIANCES, ETC. 2OI 510. SUBMARINE CABLE GRAPNEL. Cutting and holding grapnel. The cable on being hooked and lifted forces its way through the rubber shield, K, which is provided to keep the mechanism clear from stones, sand, etc., while towing over the bottom, and becomes inclosed in the jaws of the hinged clip. As the strain increases the hinged clip shears through a leaden bolt, H, which supports it, and, moving upon its pivot, is forced down the tapering sides which press the sides of the clip together so as to grasp the cable very tightly. n The greater the strain on the grapnel rope, the more the clips are forced down and the tighter the cable is held ; until at last the clips sink so far as to cause the cable to make an acute angle over the knife edge, L, and the cable is cut, one end falling to the bottom while the other is brought to the surface. 511. STEAM SOUNDING MACHINE. Sigsbee type. Its prin- cipal parts are the drum, A, on which is wound the wire, the auxiliary pulley, B, used while heaving in to relieve drum, of the strain, the jockey wheel, C, the swivel pulley, D, the accumulator contained in the tube, H, and the brake E. The drum is made light, in order to have as little inertia and momentum to overcome as pos- sible. Its circumference is one fathom. An indicator is attached to the axle, which registers the number of revolutions. The auxil- iary pulley, B, is composed of three pulleys : one for the wire, one for the belt going to the drum, and the other for the belt from the driving engine. The jockey wheel, C, is an ordinary gun metal one with a V-shaped score, and the wire passes over this both in paying out and reeling in. Its circumference is 3 feet, and an odometer 2O2 NAVIGATION, VESSELS, MARINE APPLIANCES, ETC. being attached to its axle, the amount of wire paid out can thus be obtained. A very important feature in this machine is the accumu- lator, which is composed of spiral springs contained in two vertical tubes, one of which is shown at H. These springs are connected with the crosshead of the jockey wheel by means of chains passing over the pulley K. The crosshead moves in steel slides, and rises and falls as the weight on the wire varies, indicating on a scale the strain in pounds. 512. THE DRAG STEERING GEAR. Different rigs for con- structing and operating a temporary steering gear when the rudder is 'disabled. The float is a strong plank, so fast- ened by the rope harness as to keep it in a verti- cal position in the sea. 513. Tackle rig from a projecting spar and cross tree. 514. Rope hitch to the steering plank. 515. Drag gear straight astern. 516. ROPE HITCHES. Showing ap- proved methods of hitch for hoisting goods. 517. Hammock hitch. 518. Cask sling and hitch. 519. Bale sling and butt sling on end. NAVIGATION, VESSELS, MARINE APPLIANCES, ETC. 203 520. KNOTS AND SPLICES : 1. Turn used in making up ropes. 2. End tapered for the purpose of passing it read- ily through a loop. To make this, unlay the rope for the necessary length, reducing a rope diminish- ing in diameter toward the end, which is finished by interlacing the ends with- out cutting them, as it would weaken the work ; it is lastly "whipped" with small twine. 3. Tapered end covered with interlaced cordage for the purpose of making it stronger. This is done with very small twine, at- tached at one end to the small eye, and at the other to the strands of the rope, thus making a strong " webbing" around the end. 4. Double turn used for making rope. 5. Eye splice. The strands of the cable, are brought back over them- selves, and interlaced with their original turns as in a splice. 6. Tie for the end of a four-strand rope. 7. The same completed ; the strands are tied to- gether, forming loops lay- ing one over the other. 204 NAVIGATION, VESSELS, MARINE APPLIANCES, ETC. 8. Commencement for making the end by interlacing the strands. 9. Interlacing complete, but not fastened. 10 and ii. Shell in two views, showing the disposition at the throat. 12. Interlacing in two directions. 13. Mode of finishing the end by several turns of the twine continued over the cable. 14. Interlacing commenced in one direction. 15. Interlacing finished, the ends being worked under the strands, as in a splice. 16. Pigtail commenced. 17. Interlacing fastened. 18. Pigtail with the strands taut. 19. Dead-eye, shown in two views. 20. Pigtail finished. We pass the ends of the strands, one under the other, in the same way as if we were making a pudding splice, thus bringing it in a line with the rope, to which it is seized fast, and the ends cut off. 21. Scull pigtail; instead of holding the ends by a tie, we interlace them again, as in No. 16, the one under the other. 22. Pigtail or "lark's nest." 23. Two-strand knot. 521. BELL BUOY. A large bell is mounted in a frame on a floating buoy. A radial grooved iron plate is made fast to the frame under the bell and close to it, on which is laid a free cannon ball. As the buoy rolls on the sea, this ball rolls on the plate, striking some side of the bell. In this design a very small roll of the sea makes a constant ringing of the bell. 522. THE WHISTLING BUOY. The hanging tube below the float is open at the bottom. In the vertical motion of the float and tube by the waves, the water in the tube reacts as a piston, drawing in air at the top of the buoy and compressing it to blow the whistle. NAVIGATION, VESSELS, MARINE APPLIANCES, ETC. 205 5*3. LIGHTING BUOY. Compressed gas is charged into the body of the buoy at from 100 to 200 pounds per square inch. A regulator de- livers the gas to the burner at a uniform pressure. A single charge will burn for several days. The inverted cone under the lamp protects it from the splash of the waves. Good for har- bors and channels. 524. FOG WHISTLE. A signal of warning operated by wave motion. A sounder on the principle of the steam whistle is exposed to a blast of air, according to the facilities of operation. Usually, motion derived from the waves, the tide, the wind, or clockwork, makes it automatic. In the example, the semicircular tubular vessel is mounted upon a rock shaft, and has at each extremity an ordinary whistle and a valve opening inward. When the vessel is partially filled with water and rocked to and fro, the air is forced through the whistle and sounds an alarm. 525. FISH WAY. A device to enable fish to ascend falls or dams. It may consist of a series of stepped basins over which the water de- scends, turning a fall into a cas- ^====z=-^ cade, and sometimes known as a E fish ladder; or it may consist of a ^i\ chute with a sinuous track for 5f diminishing the velocity and assist- ing the passage of the fish to the level above the dam. In the exam- ple it is an inclined chute having a series of chambers containing com- paratively still water, the current being confined to a relatively smaller space. 206 NAVIGATION, VESSELS, MARINE APPLIANCES, ETC. 526. FLOATING BREAKWATER. Morris type. A A are air- tight cylinders ; B B the strutting ; C C the cables, and D D the weights at the sea bed. From the mo- tionless foundation thus formed, the framing rises through the section of tidal and superficial action. The sloping screen formed by the timbers presents meshes to the waves, by which their force is arrested and their effect destroyed. The first idea of floating breakwaters was probably taken from an obser- vation of the effect produced upon waves by the presence of some natural obstacle in the sea, such as reeds and sea weed. The gulf weed is a well-known instance. It has been found that, although its depth does not exceed a couple of feet, yet, even in strong gales, there is perfectly calm water to leeward of it. The illustration represents a form of construction for ocean shields, breakwaters, piers, harbors, gun- banks, lighthouses, and other marine objects. 527. NETS AND SEINES. How they are made. A and b, two styles of netting needles, e, mesh peg, /, flat mesh peg. A, section of net, showing last loops at a, b, c, e, and the formation of the knot at d, with the mesh peg left out. NAVIGATION, VESSELS, MARINE APPLIANCES, ETC. 2O/ G and Z, unlettered, show the formation of the knot with peg and needle. 528. Closed point needle, American type. 529. Making a loop with open end needle and peg. 530. Oval mesh peg. 531. Flat mesh peg. 532. Section of net. with knot at d. 533. Making a loop, second stage. THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY ENDLESS BELTS Endless and Threshing Machine Belts are not guaranteed These are made to order. Three extra feet will be charged for the splice in all belts up to and including 12 inches wide. Belts more than 12 inches and including 20 inches, four feet. From 20 inches and including 30 inches, five feet. Our price for Stitched Belting is 20 per cent in addition to the regular list. COUNTERMANDING ORDERS In future we will not accept or guarantee to fill orders for endless or short belts (less than full rolls) not in stock, inside of three days. When such orders are placed with us, it is with the distinct understanding that we are to have at least three working days to manufacture same, and will not accept a countermand of the order. Dealers handling our belting would do well to accept orders from their customers under the above conditions, in order to pre- vent loss to themselves and their customers. THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING CO. 16 WARREN STREET, NEW YORK U THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY ^ DURHAM RUBBER BELTING TRADE-MARK This Label appears on every 25 feet of Durham Belting "Durham," so called after the town where our modern and extensive mills and factories are located. This is a good grade of belting, carefully and honestly made, and will give excellent satisfaction for ordinary use. We recommend this belt for Har- vesting Machines and similar work. We guarantee all belts straight, uniform in thickness and width, with perfectly smooth surfaces. We have the most modern and extensive belt machin- ery, presses, etc., in the world, and guarantee satisfaction in every instance. MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY 16 WARREN STREET, NEW YORK THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY TUBING Pure Cloth Insertion Int. Di: i in | \ i Fi Int. Di i ir i m. Per Foot ch $0 08 12 16 Int. Dia f'" 1 i Ex Int. Dia i in 1 i 4 m. Per Foot ch $0 10 ::::::.:::: It 20 18 20 25 23 2 I -30 35 33 38 45 e Extinguisher Tubing m. Per Foot ch $0 18 2O 23 50 ra Heavy Beer Tubing m. Per Foot ch $o 18 . . 20 , 23 28 28 33 ig 33 38 SO ?o Soda-Water Tubing, made extra strong, and of best quality Fine Para Rubber I inch, 6-ply, per foot $o 30 Acid Tubing, per Ib $2 50 i THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY TUBING Brake Tubing, Pure Gum Tubing, Elevator Tubing, Gas Tubing, Shaft Tubing, Bottling Tubing Diam. inch PURE CORD Perlb. Diam. . . . $i go | inch ... i 80 f ' . ! i 75 i ' ... i 70 i and larger Perlb $1 65 I 60 i 55 i 50 RUBBER SPRING Car and Cylinder Springs Pure Cylinder Springs for all kinds of mechanical purposes. Perlb $i oo WAGON SPRINGS No. i ' 2 ' 3 4 . . . 6i inch inch Price, per lb., $1.00 SECTION XII. ROAD AND VEHICLE DEVICES, ETC. 209 Section XII. ROAD AND VEHICLE DEVICES, ETC. 534. ROAD GRADING WAGON. With shifting tongue device on the frame to allow of close scraping on each side of the road. An elevat- ing gear for the rake and scraper. 535. TRACTION WHEEL. In this wheel the projections of the rim are yieldingly held, or they may be withdrawn entirely from the surface or held locked in outermost position. A sleeve fitted loosely on the hub between the flanges carries a loosely rotating wheel on which are pivoted the inner ends of slidable arms, whose outer ends are beveled and pass through openings in the rim. To fasten the sliding arms in either an inner or outer position a pin is passed transversely through apertures in the hub flanges and through one of several apertures in the wheel on which the sliding arms are pivoted, the wheel being turned to the proper position before inserting the pin, while the passing of a pin through the hub flanges and an elongated aperture in the wheel restricts the latter to a limited turning in either direction. 536. Section of wheel, hub flange and slidable arm. 537. Rotating hub with pin slot. 212 ROAD AND VEHICLE DEVICES, ETC. 538. DUMPING WAGON. The loaded box is just overbal- anced to tip backward. A dog catch on the driver's footboard is let go for self-tipping of the load. ' 539. DIFFERENTIAL SPEED GEAR for bicycles. Eite & Todd type. A is the crank-axle gear wheel, C the chain wheel, working through supplementary bracket. On this bracket is a sleeve, B, which carries free running cogs, Bi and Ba, both running on ball bearings. The chain-wheel axle carries the fixed pinions Ci and C2, of different diame- ter, on one shaft, which are always in gear with both of the pinions, Bi and B2. By the action of the lever D, Bi and Ci, or 62 and C2 are thrown into gear with A, thus giving a gear which can be varied in a great range of ratio. 540. AUTOMOBILE STEER- ING GEAR. The steering shaft has a double thread screw and nut with rack attached, which turns a pinion to operate a shaft and arm con- nected to the wheel gear. French. 541. AUTOMOBILE STEERING GEAR. A steering shaft with a double thread screw acting on a sector gear, the shaft and arm of which operates the wheel gear. French. ROAD AND VEHICLE DEVICES, ETC. 213 542. AUTOMOBILE STEERING GEAR. A curved and eccentrically mounted cam plate on the handle shaft revolves against roller arms of the hollow shaft K, moving it forward or back- ward in the socket and sheath D, E. The socket-head spindle, F, accommo- dates difference in length by sliding in the sheath K. 543. Cross section. French. 544. RATCHET BRAKE LEVER for auto- mobiles. Miller type. By a simple motion of the foot the pawl locks or unlocks the brake lever, so that the brake is on and locked when leaving the automobile alone. Saves much trouble in tying up horseless vehicles. 545- A, the AUTOMOBILE CHANGE SPEED GEAR. Petteler type. driving shaft with fixed gears ; B, collar on spear-shaped blade rod for operating the plungers for clutching the for- ward motion gears ; C, collar to a sliding con- ical sleeve that operates the plungers for the back motion through an idler gear. 2I 4 ROAD AND VEHICLE DEVICES, ETC. 546. AUTOMOBILE CHANGE SPEED GEAR. Dorris type. To the upper shaft are fastened three gears corresponding to the three pinions, and in addi- tion an internal gear outside the casing and of comparatively large diameter. A pinion is mounted upon the lower shaft, at the end thereof, adapted to mesh with the internal gear, but is normally held out of mesh by means of a coiled spring at the end of the shaft The pinion is mounted upon a long sleeve sur- rounding the shaft and extending through the bearing into the casing. The set of three shifting pinions is shown in the position of slow for- ward speed. By moving them to the left the second and third speeds are engaged in succession, and after the gears of the third speed are out of mesh, if the motion is still continued, the sliding pinions will abut against the sleeve of the reverse pinion, and shift the pinion into mesh with the internal gear against the pressure of the spring. 547. AUTOMOBILE STEAM EN- GINE. A two-cylinder engine of the locomotive type with link motion and D valves ; cylinders 2\ x 4 inches. Boiler pump operated by a lever and link from a crosshead of one of the cylinders. Extreme cut-off o to f . The sprocket wheel on the shaft be- tween the eccentrics connects by chain directly with the compensating gear on the rear axle. The prevailing type of engine for all steam automobiles. ROAD AND VEHICLE DEVICES, ETC. 215 548. TYPES OF MOTOR BI- CYCLES. The Derby. A chain from the motor drives a friction wheel which is pressed on the tire by a bell-crank lever. This arrange- ment allows of instantaneous motor disconnection. 549. TYPES OF MOTOR BICY- CLES. The Brown. Much after the style of the Derby, but driven by a belt from the motor pulley to a pulley attached to the rear wheel. 550. TYPES OF MOTOR BI- CYCLES. The Minerva. The motor hangs beneath the lower reach and drives by belt over a pulley on rear wheel. Has a surface carbureter and tank inclosed in the front frame. 551. TYPES OF MOTOR BICYCLES. The Singer. The motor and all its appurtenances, including fuel tank, are within the rear wheel, which, with the exception of the controlling rods and levers, is inde- pendent of the rest of the bicycle. ^ The motor is hung on a fixed shaft with its crank shaft below the axial center of the SINGER ^-=^ wheel, and with a pinion meshing in an internal gear on the wheel. Ignition is by a small magneto. 552. TYPES OF MOTOR BICYCLES. The Humber. The motor is built into the lower reach of the frame in a novel way, com- prising four tubes as an inclosure. The motor drives a sprocket on the pedal crank shaft by chain, and by another chain to the rear wheel sprocket. A friction disk on the crank shaft pre- vents jerking of the chains under undue strain. HUMBER 216 ROAD AND VEHICLE DEVICES, ETC. 553. TYPES OF MOTOR BI- CYCLES. F. N. The motor is clamped in a vertical position in the front frame, with a belt drive to a pulley fastened to the spokes. Motor appurtenances inclosed in a case fit- ting the upper part of the frame. 554. TYPES OF MOTOR BICYCLES. The Werner. The motor in a vertical position is built into the lower part of the frame and forms part of the frame. The drive is direct by belt from motor pulley to a large pulley fastened to the rim. WERNER 555. TYPES OF MOTOR BICYCLES. Royal Enfield. The motor is secured to the steering head by bracket clamps. The motor drives direct by a long crossed belt to the rear wheel pulley. The front wheel is provided with a band hub brake, and also one on the rear wheel hub. 556. TYPES OF MOTOR BICY- CLES. Ladies' Ivel. The motor is placed beneath the lower front frame and drives by belt to a pulley. Carbu- reter, igniter, and fuel at the back of the seat post. A skirt shield covers the motor and belt. 557. STEAM SURREY. The boiler is placed under the rear seat and the engine under the front seat, from which the driving by chain is extended to a sprocket on the rear-axle compensating gear. The boiler and engine are illustrated on other pages. ROAD AND VEHICLE DEVICES, ETC. 558. STEAM FREIGHT WAGON. Adams Express type. An oil fuel burner under a vertical tube boiler. Two-cylinder engine directly connected to a two-speed change-gear shaft and to a compensating shaft gear, which in turn is geared inside of the rear wheels. 559. Plan of steam freight wagon running gear, with change gear connections. 218 ROAD AND VEHICLE DEVICES, ETC. 5 6o. STEAM DRAY. Type of the Leyland dray, much in use in England.. Uses a kerosene burner under a vertical tube boiler, with double-reducing chain- gear system. Compensating gear on the reducing shaft. 561. INTERCHANGEABLE AUTOMOBILE. A new feature in the combination of a pleasure car- riage and a delivery wagon. The pas- senger entrance is in front. The seat and trim can be readily removed and a hood substituted and the space used for freight. SECTION XIII. RAILWAY DEVICES AND APPLIANCES, ETC. 219 Section XIII. RAILWAY DEVICES AND ANCES, ETC. APPLI- 562. BLOCK AND INTERLOCKING SIGNALS. Electro- pneumatic system. The right-hand figure shows the detail of the air piston and electric air valve. The signal being at the entrance of a block section, which is, say, three-quarters of a mile long, the battery for the cur- rent is at the outgoing end ; and when the rails of the track, throughout the section (and also the rails of side tracks and crossovers, so far as they foul the main track) are clear not occupied by wheels at any point the circuit of the battery is through the right-hand rail of the track to the electro-magnet at the signal, thence to the left-hand rail and by that back to the battery. This circuit being closed, the electro-magnet at the signal is energized and holds the signal, through the medium of a stronger electro-magnet, worked by a local battery, in the all-dear or go-ahead position. The entrance of a train short-circuits the current through the wheels and axles, de-ener- gizing the electro-magnet (relay); and the signal, by force of gravity, assumes the stop position, thus warning the next following train not to enter the section. The signal remains at " Stop " until every pair of wheels has passed out of the section. 563. Section showing electro-magnetic valve and pneumatic piston for operating the signal arm. 564. Lever arm connection between air piston and signal arm rod. 221 222 RAILWAY DEVICES AND APPLIANCES, ETC. 565. RAILWAY SIGNALS. The upper cut represents the "home" and "advance" semaphore, and when the blade is placed horizontal indicates " Danger, "or" Stop," and when dropped to the vertical indicates "Clear! Go ahead ! " At night the " red light " in- dicates Danger! the white light Go ahead! The distance signal is placed about 1,800 feet from the home signal. The blade is yellow with a black band, as shown in the lower cut. Its horizontal position by day or a green light by night, indicates "caution." 566. TROLLEY-CAR SANDER. A sand box with gate and stirring pin on the gate is operated through the con- necting rod by a push button and bell crank. 567. LOCOMOTIVE SANDER. A sand box and chute with a nozzle by which compressed air from the air- brake reservoir blows the sand into the discharge pipe. 568. MULTIPLE PLATE FRICTION CLUTCH. Pattern of the main driving shaft clutch, Brooklyn Bridge. Every other ring plate is keyed to the inner sleeve and flange; the alternate rings are keyed to driven shaft-flanged hub. A toggle, oper- ated by the collar and a yoke lever, presses the ring plates together for the friction drive. RAILWAY DEVICES AND APPLIANCES, ETC. 223 569. TYPES OF TROLLEY-CAR TRUCKS. Showing differ- ent designs of frames and fend- 570. Steel cross- bar frame. Leaf springs under car. 571. Cast - steel box case riveted to wrought iron frame. 572. Frame sup- ported on spring boxes. Vertical fenders. 573. Shovel fend- ers, on spring box frame. 574. Helical spring boxes with leaf springs under car body. 575. Cast - steel box frame bolted to straight iron frame. 22 4 RAILWAY DEVICES AND APPLIANCES, ETC. i. Witznau-Riga. 576. TYPES OF RACK- RAILWAY L O C O M O - TIVES for mountain railways. The drive is from the crank, rod, and shaft, with a pinion meshing with a gear wheel on the rack-wheel shaft. Highest grade i to 10. Witznau-Riga Railway. 2. Kahlenberg. 3. Schwabenberg. 577. Locomotive of the Kahlenberg Railway. 578. Locomotive of the Schwabenberg Railway. 4. Arth-Rigi. 579. Arth-Rigi Locomotive. THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY RUBBER 1*!CK) '' S BUCKET The rapidly-increasing demand for our buckets and pails has been especially gratifying to us, showing that the materials we use are the best, and the workmanship unexcelled. Fire Buckets, black, 3-gallon, per dozen $28 50 Water pails, " " , ... 28 50 No. i, weighs about ii Ibs. each, per doz $15 oo "2, " " i| " " " 20 oo "3, " " 2f " " " 25 00 For use in furniture and wood-working factories, machine shops, etc. Made in three sizes only, each mallet being fitted with a nice hickory handle. THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY PEERLESS PATENT IMPROVED GAS BAG These Gas Bags are used to stop the flow of gas while repairing or making alterations in gas mains. There have been numerous cases of work- men being badly injured, and sometimes fatally, by the escape of gas resulting from the bursting of a bag, and our patent improvement is designed to obviate such calamities. The indicator A shows unerringly when the bag has been sufficiently inflated to pack the main, and when pumping should be stopped. Our bags are made of rubber stock especially prepared to admit of great distension and to resist the action of Oils, Gases, Naptha and other residuum in the mains, and they are made with lapped joints, which adds greatly to their strength. 3-inch Gas Bag, each . . . 4 $o 60 80 i 05 1 75 2 65 3 75 12 OO 17 oo 27 5O Experience has taught us that it is impossible to inflate a gas bag by the mouth to such an extent as to effectually stop the flow of gas, and this little pump is designed for that purpose. Price, each, $2.00 - THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY UCT1< HOSE For Wrecking, Mining Purposes, Etc. Int. Dinm. 2i inch Made on flat or round galvan Per Foot. Int. Di . . . $3 10 64 in . . . 4 oo 7 . . . 4 90 7i ' . . . 5 80 8 ' . . . 6 70 9 . . . 7 60 10 . . . 8 50 12 . . 9 50 to order in any leng ized iron wire m. Per Foot :h $10 50 12 OO 13 50 V> 15 oo 17 50 . 20 oo 25 oo th required Made SMALL SUCTION HOSE " INTERNAL DIAMETER SPIRAL BRASS WIRE TINNED IRON WIRE 1 inch $o 77 $o 70 i " I OO 90 ii " I 25 I 15 I-i ' I 65 I 50 If " 2 IO I 90 2 2 50 2 30 HARD RUBBER SUCTION HOSE FOUR-PLY. Internal Diameter This Suction Hose is less expensive than that made on wire, and will answer for many purposes. I inch, per foot $o 65 ii inch, per foot $o 93 T " " 75 il " i 13 THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY SMOOTH-BORE SUCTION HC '^Um The galvanized iron coil in this hose is securely enclosed in smooth rub- ber walls, and is thereby protected from the action of water passing through it, and the friction occasioned by the rough inside surface of ordinary plain suction is entirely avoided. Int. Diam 2 inch 24 Per Foot . $2 60 3 50 4 50 5 50 . 6 50 7 50 . 8 50 9 50 Int. Di 6 ir im. Per Foot 64 74 8 12 00 13 50 . 15 oo 16 50 9 19 50 10 12 22 50 . 27 "?O RAILWAY DEVICES AND APPLIANCES, ETC. 225 5. Ostermundigen. 6. Wasseralfingen. 7. Wasseralfingen. 580. Ostermundigen Loco- motive. 581, 582. Wasseralfingen Railway. 583. FARE-RECORDING REGISTER. Complete with "total" index, trip sign, and bell. Face removed to show the mechanism. The key at the right returns the trip index to its normal zero, and also sets the "up" and "down" index to its slot in the face. The total index is a continuous register and can- not be tampered with- 226 RAILWAY DEVICES AND APPLIANCES, ETC. 584. CABLE GRIP of the Brooklyn Bridge. A plan view from beneath, a section through the sheaves, and a section through the center showing the solid or fixed grip. In the grip there are four sheaves placed in pairs, so that the cable is gripped between each pair. Each sheave has a heavy grooved rim with a cylindrical inner surface against which the brake presses. The rim is in two parts bolted together, and holds in a dovetail groove a packing of leather and India-rubber belting in alternating pieces placed radially. The packing projects well out of the rim, and is grooved to receive the cable. There are four brakes, one for each sheave. They are made of hard wood, with a curved outer face fitted to the inside of the rim of the sheave. 585. Cross section of brake frame and cable sheaves holding the cable. 586. Lever links and grip blocks. 587. RAILWAY TRACK BRAKE. By the double toggle joints and lever connection, the whole weight of the truck and end of car is brought to bear on the brake slippers, the J lever fulcrum being fixed to the truck frame. RAILWAY DEVICES AND APPLIANCES, ETC. 227 /> 588. ROLLING AND COM- PRESSING STEEL CAR WHEELS. Fow- ler type. Five small wheel tread rolls spaced around the hot car wheel are revolved and pressed to the wheel rim, re- ducing its diam- eter a half inch. The inner form of the wheel is kept true during the rolling by molds clamped to each side. The small section shows the clamped wheel. By the rolling process the tread of the wheel is condensed and given the same quality as in steel tires. 589. Vertical section of frame with wheel between the rollers. 590. REVERSING CAR SEAT. A shifting back seat actuating a foot rest when shifted, to move into proper position to carry it out of the way of the occupant of the seat and leave a baggage space under the seat, while at the same time, by the same movement, the foot rest is properly placed for the occupant of the rear seat. Also to tilt the cushion to the proper level for each way the seat is turned. 228 RAILWAY DEVICES AND APPLIANCES. ETC. 591. FOUR-SPINDLE RAIL DRILL, arranged to drill four f-inch holes at once, either in line or staggered. The distances of the drills are compensated by double universal joint rods. The drill spindles run in sleeves adjustable on a cross bar, which slides by a hand wheel gear' for feeding the drills. 592. CRANK-PIN TURNING MACHINE. The rig comprises es- sentially two tool carriages turning around the crank shaft, which is fixed, and it is in- dependent of any special device that may be used for centering the shaft. The two tool car- riages are shaped as circular seg- ments and are dia- metrically opposite each other, pivoted at one end on a toothed crown which is made in two parts. This crown turns in a circular frame, also made of two pieces, and is driven by a pinion connected with a pulley belted to the shafting of the shop. The circular frame is mounted on a RAILWAY DEVICES AND APPLIANCES, ETC. 22 9 sliding carriage which may be moved with a screw, automatically or by hand, on the saddle S, adapted in size and shape to the lathe bed. The position of each of the tool carriages may be regulated by turning them on their pivots, bringing them nearer or farther from the axis of the frame which coincides with that of the journal to be trued. 593. Cross section of crank pin and tools set in the tool carriage sectors. 594. EXTENSION CAR STEP. The extension step is car- ried on a forked arm which slides in guides under the lowest fixed step. The upper end of the arm is connected to a crank arm fixed on a shaft carried in brackets under the top step. On the inside end of .this shaft is a toothed wheel which engages with a similarly toothed sector fas- tened to the face of the step hanger. This sector has an arm on the upper end of the arc to which a link is attached, and the link is in turn fastened to the un- der side of the vestibule trap door. When the vesti- bule trap door is closed the crank arm on the shaft is brought to its highest position and the forked arm with the extension step is drawn up close under the fixed step. On raising the trap door preparatory to opening the vestibule doors, the shaft is revolved and the forked arm pushed out, carrying the extension step with it. 595. Side view, with step extended. 596. Side view with step closed. 597. TROLLEY REPLACER. The double spiral grooved cone carries a central groove A for the wire, and on each side a helical groove, B, B, which quickly carries the wire to the central groove when displaced. Thus the conductor does not require any special skill in replacing a displaced wheel, for if the wheel catches the wire in any part it is auto- matically carried to the center groove A. 230 RAILWAY DEVICES AND APPLIANCES, ETC. 598. CAR COUPLER. Washburn type. Has the side movement of the draw bar, and also a movement of the head of the coupler controlled by the side thrust of the helical springs for centering the coupler head. 599. BULLDOZER PRESS. For quickly bending straps and braces of iron or steel for car and other construct- ive work. In this way a large number of forming blocks are used of different designs to fit the slides of the machine. SECTION XIV. GEARING AND GEAR MOTION, ETC. 231 SECTION XIV. GEARING AND GEAR MOTION, ETC. 600. NOVEL WORM GEAR. The threads of a spiral worm, instead of gearing into teeth like those of an ordinary worm wheel, actu- ate a series of rollers turning upon studs, which studs are attached to a wheel whose axis is not parallel to that of the worm, but placed at right angles thereto. When motion is given to the worm then rotation is produced in the roller wheel at a rate proportionable to the pitch of worm and diameter of wheel respectively. The pitch line of the screw thread forms an arc of a circle whose center coincides with that of the wheel, therefore the thread will always bear fairly against the rollers and maintain rolling contact therewith during thie whole of the time each roller is in gear, and by turning the screw in either direction the wheel will rotate. 601. SWASH-PLATE GEARS. The two gears A and B in appearance are two elliptical gears working under the impossible condition of fixed center distances with their major and minor axes coinciding. These gears rotate at the same velocity ratio, and B drives a third spur gear, C, having flanged sides. The gear C is not only rotated but is reciprocated back and forth along its bearing, engaging the sides of its driving gear. It is, D of course, obvious that the "elliptical" gears are in reality swash plates or spur gears, formed as a diagonal slice from a spur gear having a length equal to the elliptical section projected on its axis. It will be observed that the teeth are cut parallel with the shafts and all are the same distance from their respective cen- ters, so that the paradox is one of appearance only. 233 234 GEARING AND GEAR MOTION, ETC. 602. STOP-GEAR MOTION. B is the driving gear, with a loose sector, A, held to its forward position by a light spring to catch the teeth of the driven pinion and hold them in position to mesh with the teeth of the driving gear when its stop at D reaches the sector. The stop is dur- ing the traverse of open space through which the sector moves. 603. Right hand figure shows commencement of the stop motion, which ends when the stop, D, reaches the sector. 604. VOLUTE TAPPET GEAR. A pinion of the smallest num- ber of teeth, consisting of two spiral teeth so curved that the point of one tooth engages with the friction roller of [O) ~7^"' the next tooth while the preceding roller is en- gaged with the opposite tooth of the pinion. The alternate roller teeth are on opposite sides of the roller gear, and the pinion teeth are offset to match them. 605. GEARED REVERSING MOTION. Broken sections of teeth on a pair of bevel gears alternately reverse the motion of a bevel pinion. Guide fingers are necessary in this class of gearing for insuring the meshing of the teeth. 606. ELLIPTIC LINKAGE from circular gears. Three equal gears D, G, C, with the linkages A, E, B. There are many variations of this form of gear and link- age in regard to the forms of curves which may be produced. Arm B, D, is twice the length of arm A, C. Link is equal to A, C. A, E, GEARING AND GEAR MOTION, ETC. 235 607. INTERRUPTING CAM-GEAR MO- TION. B, the driver. The motion of A is from fast to slow or slow to fast, with a momen- tary stop as the long teeth match at C and C. The stop motion is governed by the form of the curves of the long teeth at C and C. 608. ELLIPTIC LINK- AGE from elliptic gear. C and D are centers of revo- lution of the elliptic gears, and A, B, their opposite focii, to which the link A, P, B, is attached. P, the pencil, which on moving from the center of the link, will pro- duce a great variety of curves. 609. CIRCULAR FROM RECIPROCATING MO- TION. A lever L, moved by any reciprocating power, op- erates the pawls on the meshed gear A, B, for a continuous motion of the pinion Q. The bell-crank levers and connect- ing rod O are for lifting the pawls. Suitable for a wind- mill attachment. 610. Pawl with spring, bell crank and lanyard for lifting the pawl. 2 3 6 GEARING AND GEAR MOTION, ETC. 611. CRANK SUBSTITUTE. The gear wheels pinioned to the link, to the center of which the pump rod is pinioned, give a parallel motion to the pump, thus avoiding the lateral thrust of a crank. 612. SUN AND PLANET MOTION by sprocket wheels and chain. The central sprocket on the pul- ley shaft is fixed. The belt wheel and its arm carries the second sprocket around with its arm constantly in one direction, which makes its outer end describe a circle eccentric to the driving shaft center. The eccentric circle is not shown in the diagram. 613. INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION by a triangular cam on a rotating shaft. The cam works in a yoke forming part of a sliding and vibratory lever dog, the opposite ends of which are adapted to alternately engage with the teeth of the crown-gear wheel, one end of the vibratory lever dog being held by a ful- crum piece or guide so that the cam vibrates the other end. 614. Front view of cam, lever dog and toothed wheel. 615. FRICTION GEAR with cog check to pre- vent slipping. A smooth running gear. GEARING AND GEAR MOTION, ETC. 237 616. PARALLELISM FROM CIR- CULAR MOTION. A central pulley which is stationary and belted to a pulley of the same size, but loose on an arm re- volving around the stationary pulley, will have an indicator arm on the moving pulley always in the same direction. An idler pinion on the arm between two equal gears will also produce the same effect on revolving the arm and index wheel around the central gear wheel. CIRCULARLY VIBRATING MOTION. A ring plate pin- ioned to three gears driven by a central gear, or a right and left screw worm, left hand figure, will swing the ring plate in a circle equal to twice the distance of the wrist pins from the center of the gear wheels. 618. DIFFERENTIAL SPEED GEAR. A speed gearing in which a center pinion driven at a constant rate of speed drives directly and at different rates of speed a series of pinions mounted in a sur- rounding revoluble case or shell, so that by turning the shell one or another of the secondary pinions may be brought into operative relation to the parts to be driven there- from. C, a stop for locating each speed pinion. Each shaft of the pinions, F, F, F, carries below the plate a gear of uniform size, E, which alternately meshes with the driven wheel by the different positions of the shell. GEARING AND GEAR MOTION, ETC. 619. EPICYCLIC TRAIN. In which 262,500 revolutions of the left side shaft must be made to produce one revolution in the right side shaft. The order of teeth, as marked on the diagram, beginning with the fixed gear A, which has 303 teeth ; B, on the cross-arm shaft, 40 teeth ; D, at the other end of the cross-arm shaft, 33 teeth ; E, also fixed to the cross- arm shaft, 40 teeth; F, on the high-speed shaft, 12 teeth; C, on the slowest wheel shaft, 250 teeth. 620. TRANSMISSION GEAR for automobiles. The three inter- mediate gears are pinioned to a separate plate from the outside gear, and controlled by a brake strap. There being two compart- ments and two sets of gear, the brake strap on each compart- ment controls the speed and the reverse motion. 621. Left hand set of gears. 622. Right hand set of gears. GEARING AND GEAR MOTION, ETC. 239 623. VARIABLE SPEED FRICTION GEAR. The disks on the shaft B are permanently fastened in position by blind screws, and the flanges C, C grip two other disks D, D, the latter having springs between them to force them D_^.| llft^sjlilimssg^ apart and insure a good frk . tional contact with the disks C, C. The curves are circular arcs with different radii for the two sets of disks, and the de- sign is so worked out that it is but necessary to move the two shafts together or asunder the distance E, about inch, to obtain the entire range of the speed variation. 624. VARIABLE SPEED GEAR. In the engraving the shaft, driven direct or through back gears from the pulleys, is shown at a. This shaft carries at b a long pinion. At c is a nest of spur gears secured on the shaft d, through which the machine mechanism is actuated. Six gears will be noticed in this bank in the revolving gear box. Carried by a rotating frame e and meshing with pinion b are idler gears, which, as e is turned through pinion and gear actuated by means of crank-handle F, mesh one after another with their mat- ing gears in cone c, thus giving for each gear so engaged a different rate of speed to shaft d. One turn of crank F suffices to swing one idler out of mesh with its mate and throw the next into action. Hence it is an easy matter for the operator to change the speed even with the machine in motion, as he has only to spring the crank out of a notch which serves to lock it fast in the position indicated and revolve it until the required intermediate is engaged with the gear cone, when the handle is again locked fast by dropping into the notch. 625. Plan of the revolving gear box and handle, F. Sift 240 GEARING AND GEAR MOTION, ETC. 626. VARIABLE SPEED GEAR, for automobiles. German type. The gear is of the permanent mesh type, and is adapted to give four changes of speed and reverse mo- tion. The changes are effected noiselessly and entirely without shock by means of a system of levers actuating friction cones, motion to the levers being trans- mitted by a series of grooved i cams cut from the solid on an auxiliary shaft. The various changes of speed, as well as the reverse motion, are controlled by one lever or wheel which actuates the cam shaft. All the gears are cut from solid steel forgings, and are in- closed in an oil-containing aluminum case. It will be noticed from the drawing that the shaft on which the driven pinions are mounted also carries the differential gear, the shaft being designed to transmit the power by chains to the rear road wheels of the car to which the gear is fitted. 627. DRIVING GEAR FOR A LATHE, change speed gear on two vertical shafts beneath the lathe head. The method of connecting motor and spindle is clearly shown. The armature shaft is fitted with a bevel pin- ion which drives through bevel reversing gears and a vertical shaft a cone of five gears which mesh with five loose gears on another vertical shaft, the latter being connected by bevel gears with the lathe spindle. By means of a sliding key, oper- ated by a lever at the front of the head, any one of the loose gears may be in- stantly connected to and made to drive the shaft; thus the speed of the spindle is very readily changed. The spindle is back-geared in the usual manner. The lever for starting, stopping, or reversing the spindle is operated by a rod running the full length of the bed and within convenient reach of the operator. THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY RUBBER GARDEN HOSE -A Facsimile of a section of Rainbow Ribbon Hose OUR BRANDS ARE: PERFECTED PEERLESS KNICKER BLUE RIBBON RAINBOW RIBBON STERLING RELIANCE LAKESIDE CROWN NET PRICi TED ON REQUEST THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Conducting Garden Engine Hydrant Perfected Peerless Knicker Blue Ribbon Rainbow Ribbon Sterling Reliance Lakeside Crown Made only in inch and inch. INT. DIAM. CONDUCT'G 2-PLY HYDRANT 3-PLY ENGINE 4-PLY ENGINE 5-PLY ENGINE 6-PLY fin. $0 20 $025 $o 30 $o 37 $045 4 " 25 30 37 46 55 i ' 33 40 50 62 75 il 42 50 62 77 93 li 50 60 75 93 12 if 70 87 08 30 2 66 80 I OO 25 5 2i 75 oo I 12 40 68 24 83 I OO I 25 56 87 2f 92 I IO i 37 2 05 3 99 i 20 i 50 87 2 25 34 i 16 i 40 i 75 2 18 2 62 4 5 i 32 i 65 i 60 2 OO 2 OO 2 50 2 50 3 3 3 oo 3 75 6 i 98 . 2 40 3 oo 3 75 4 50 7 2 31 2 80 3 50 4 38 5 25 8 2 6 4 3 20 4 oo 5 oo 6 oo 9 2 97 3 60 4 50 563 675 10 3 33 4 oo 5 oo 625 7 50 THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY This is the lightest hose we manufacture, and is specially adapted for conducting water under moderate pressure. The larger sizes are mostly used for Tank Hose at railway stations. This hose is of medium strength, and is intended for Hydrant, Garden and Force-Pump uses, where the pressure does not ex- ceed 75 pounds per square inch. This hose is made to stand a pressure of from 100 to 200 pounds per square inch, and is recommended for all general uses where a good, strong, reliable hose is required. THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY RUBBER FIRE-ENGINE HOSE In the manufacture of Mechanical Rubber Goods there is noth- ing made which calls for greater care than Fire Hose. This is true in both the quality of the material and labor. In our hose especial care is made in the selection of the duck, which is made to order for us from Texas Cotton. The fine Para used therein, being the best, undergoes a thorough method of preparation before it is used. We would call the attention of those desiring to pur- chase Fire Hose to the fact that we have in the New York Fire Department, hose which has been in constant use for over eight years and shows no sign of giving out. We manufacture it in four grades: Perfected, Peerless and Lakeside All brands guaranteed to fulfill pressure specifications of any fire department. PRICE-LIST i-J inch, 4-ply, per foot ........................ $o 75 2 " ........................ I 00 2i ' " ........................ I 12 GEARING AND GEAR MOTION, ETC. 241 628. VARIABLE SPEED GEAR. On driving shaft A are secured four spur gears. Shaft B above also has four gears fast upon it. A frame or box C, which |F| ! is mounted in such a way that it may be turned by handle D, carries four interme- diate gears which mesh with the driv- ing gear on shaft A. As frame C is turned, anyone of the driving gears may be con- nected by means of its intermediate with its mate on shaft B. The index plate on handle D shows how far it should be turned to obtain a certain speed, and when the gears are properly in mesh a spring pin E drops into a hole in the frame and locks it in position. The vertical shaft F can be driven in either direction by means of the bevel gears and clutch on shaft B, the clutch being moved by a lever. 629. Plan of intermediate gears and spring pin. 630. VARIABLE DRIVE MOTION. Two cone pulleys mounted with differential spur gear on the driving shaft with a cross arm and bevel gears, give a variety of speeds between the two cone pulleys. The arm, J, runs loose on the shaft and carries the bevel pinions and a spur gear, K, which operates the differential set of gears H, I. SECTION XV. MOTION AND CONTROLLING DEVICES, ETC. 243 Section XV. MOTION AND CONTROLLING DEVICES, ETC. 631. PARALLEL MOTION. Peau- cellier's seven links. The pivots on the square plates are fixed points. The joint at A makes a straight line. All the short links are equal to the length of the fixed 1 pivots. The other links are three times the length of the short links. 632. PARALLEL MOTION. The three pivots on the square plates are fixed points in a seven-link movement. The links are in pairs or multiples of pairs. The horizontal bar has a motion on a straight line in the direction of the three fixed points. 633. PARALLEL MOTION. The three pivots on the square plates are fixed points on an eight-link straight-line movement at right angles to the line of the fixed points. The links are in pairs of equal length. 634. THREE -POINT STRAIGHT-LINE LINKAGE. Two links are on fixed pivots and pivoted to the triangular piece at half the length of the fixed pivots distance. The end of the tri- angular piece carries a tracer on the line of the fixed pivots. At three points in the double curve the tracer crosses a straight line. 245 2 4 6 MOTION AND CONTROLLING DEVICES, ETC. 635. THREE -POINT STRAIGHT- LINE LINKAGE. The radial bars are of equal length. The cross link is half the length between the fixed pivots with the tracer in its center. The center and extreme points are in a straight line. 636. THE DEAD CENTER PROBLEM. Two cranks and treadles with the driven crank at an angle hold the treadle crank in position for starting. J, spring, I, connect- ing rod, to hold the crank in position for starting. 637. Side view of cranks and treadle connections. 638. THE DEAD CENTER PROB- LEM. The crank pin is held off the cen- ter by the spring J, the tension of which always pushes the crank pin off the center. Shows the action of a single treadle in the two extreme positions. 639. THE DEAD CENTER PROBLEM. A supplementary crank set at an angle with the pedal crank and a spring J, to bring the pedal crank to the proper position for starting. The dotted lines show the opposite position of a center hung treadle. MOTION AND CONTROLLING DEVICES, ETC. 247 ff 640. CRANK SUBSTITUTE. The shaft to be driven has recesses in which are pawls or friction devices, two rings being placed on the sleeve hav- ing internal ratchets when pawls are used, while bands are connected to the rings and to a frame so that when the frame is moved downward one of the rings on the sleeve will move the balance wheel, while as the frame moves upward the other ring drives the balance wheel, the opposite pawls or friction device slipping over their respective rings alternately with the contrary movements. 641. SHORT-RANGE WALKING BEAM. By the interlocking linkage the cylinder and crank can be brought close together. None of the motions in this linkage are parallel. The piston rod is the guide to the last link. 642. TURNING A SQUARE BY CIRCULAR MOTION. A device one hundred and fifty years old. Not an eco- nomical device for square work, but ap- plicable for irregular and fluted work. Pos- sibly the original idea of the rose lathe. 643. DOUBLE-LINK UNIVERSAL JOINT. This arrangement allows of a large deviating angle in the line of shafting. The pins have each a clear way through the swivel blocks. 248 MOTION AND CONTROLLING DEVICES, ETC. 644. CHANGE SPEED PULLEYS. Lazy-tongs type. The de- vice comprises two pulleys, A and B, the rims of which are made in sec- tions so that their diameters can be varied. By turning the crank C the diameter of A is altered, while that of B changes under pressure of the helical springs surround- ing its axle, thus keeping the tension of the belt prac- tically constant. The rim sections or shoes of these pulleys are supported upon a felly, or framework formed of two lazy tongs joined at their summits and pivoted together at the middle of their branches so as to form a series of equal diamonds which must all elongate or flatten simultaneously. 645. MULTIPLE-SHAFT DRIVING DEVICE. The four crank pins are pivoted on an oscillating and sliding sleeve on a central post, as shown .in the plan and vertical section. Either shaft may be the driver. All the shafts must be at right angles with each other, and in the same plane for perfect action. 646. Vertical sec- tion showing central sliding post. 647. RECIPROCATING WITH STOP MOTION. A swing lever operated by a crank may have two stops in each revolution by the opposite curves in the slot of the lever, which are circular, having their radii to cor- respond with the distance from the crank cen- ter to the outside of the crank pin. MOTION AND CONTROLLING DEVICES, ETC. 249 648. RECIPROCATING MOTION with a stop at each stroke from uniform crank motion. The crank pin follows the opposite curves in slot at each half revo- lution. Rebounding at the wide part of the slots is opposed by buffer springs. 649. RECIPROCATING INTO ROTARY MOTION WITHOUT DEAD CENTERS. The cross-head B, with the peculiar slot C, and offset at D carries the roller crank pin over the 650. RIGHT -ANGLE COUPLING for revolving shafting. A, driving shaft and crank. B, driven shaft crank. C, point of intersection of shaft centers. D, driving crank pin, pointing to the center C. E, connecting arm. F, oscil- lating piece with pins point- ing to the center C. G, con- necting arm to crank pin of driven shaft at H. J, a right- angle motion piece to prevent the driven shaft sticking on the dead center. It has two motions in each arm. 651. Vertical section of the oscillating piece with swivel joints in the shell. 250 MOTION AND CONTROLLING DEVICES, ETC. 652. REVERSIBLE FRICTION RATCHET. Motion is trans- mitted to the shaft by a set of friction rolls and the hardened steel block C, to which the shaft is keyed. As the casing is oscillated in one direction or the other, one set of the steel rollers, E, E, or F, F, becomes bound be- tween the block and the cas- ing and causes them to re- volve together. As soon as the direction of rotation of the casing is reversed the rolls are freed from their contact and the casing is moved backward independent of the block. In order to hold the other set inoperative, a cover plate is placed over the face of the ratchet block and fastened to it by two bolts, G, G. At the points where these bolts pass through the plate are two grooves which allow the plate to turn. This plate is fitted with six retaining pins, H, H, H. When the plate is moved so that the bolts are at one side of the slot, these pins hold one set of rollers out of action as shown. 653. Half section showing one set of rollers held back by the pins 'and plate. 654. FRICTION-PLATE CLUTCH. In this model the plates are pressed into V-shaped rings \vith perforations for lubrica- tion. The V shape allows of a great friction with light pressure on the clutch lever. Alternate V plates are fixed to outer shell by their mortised edges, and the intervening plates to the inner hub in the same manner. The perforations for lubricating are shown in the lower section of the cut, No. 655. MOTION AND CONTROLLING DEVICES, ETC. 251 656. FRICTION CLUTCH. Brown type. The usual sliding sleeve on the shaft and connection to an arm on a right and left double-thread screw, which expands the friction blocks and so clutches the inner face of the pulley rim. 657. EXPANDING WRENCH OR CHUCK. One of the triangular jaws is recessed to form an abutment for the adjusting screws c, d, and two -other jaws are slotted to pass over the screws. The square can be varied in size to fit various sizes of tap shanks or drill shanks when the de- vice is used as a chuck. 658. MULTIPLE BALL BEAR- INGS, for vehicles. The four rings of balls A, A, A, A, are held in place by the ring cones, B, B, B, B, and the whole held in place by the nut and check nut D. C, C, channel sleeves that give the balls a three point bearing. 659. SHAFT -THRUST BALL BEARINGS on a vertical shaft. A, A, grooved rings with out- side conical bearings. D, a spherical bearing collar resting on the foot flange C. F, retaining collar, The balls have four point bearings. 252 MOTION AND CONTROLLING DEVICES, ETC. 660. BICYCLE BALL BEARING, with hourglass separating rollers. The balls have three points of pressure contact, two on the cone and one on the cup. The separating rollers are carried by a guide ring frame. 66 1. BALL-BEARING CAS- TOR. The rolling sphere A is held in position by the sheet met- al case E. About 40 small balls are arranged to circulate under the bearing plate B, guided and held in place by the case C. The balls traverse around the annular space D. 662. SPRING MOTOR. A series of coiled springs and drums arranged side by side on a shaft, and combined together and with the winding-up mechanism and trans- mitting mechanism in such manner as to constitute in effect one spring of great length but in separate coils, which gives much better results in practice than a single spring of the same length in a single coil will. The first spring A is attached at the inner end of the coil to the wind- i ing-up shaft B, which also serves for mounting the spring drums and the transmitting wheel C. At the outer end of said coil this spring, A, is attached to the hollow drum D mounted loosely on the shaft. This drum has a central hub, E, extending along the shaft B within the second drum F, and the spring G in said drum is attached to said hub at its inner end, the outer end being attached to the drum F. This drum F also has a hub H, extending into drum I, and the spring K therein is at- tached to it and to the drum as the others are. MOTION AND CONTROLLING DEVICES, ETC. 253 663. SPRING MOTOR. A pair of shafts arranged parallel to each other, and geared together so that one turns faster than the other, and a long India-rubber or other " B B a elastic band or cord wound or coiled on the shaft which moves slowest, then attached to the other and wound on to it from the first in a way to stretch the band through its whole length, and so that, when the shafts are released, motion will be imparted to them by the spring, which will wind back on to the first shaft. A is one of the shafts and B the other. They are arranged on a frame, and geared together at one end by the large wheel D and the small one E. F is the India-rubber belt. It is fastened at G to the shaft, and wound spirally thereon, as shown, the coil extending from end to end of the shaft; then the other end is attached to the shaft B at H, and, the shafts being turned by hand, the belt will be wound off from A and on to B, and at the same time stretched as much as is due to the difference in speed of the shafts. As the shafts revolve in opposite directions, the band winds from the top of one to the bottom of the other. 664. Section of shafts, gear and spring brake. 665. WEIGHT-DRIVEN MOTOR. A gear train and winding drum for a rope ; a ratchet wheel and pawl for winding up the weight. A fly wheel, shaft, and crank gives a reciprocating motion to a lever or for any purpose of motion. 254 MOTION AND CONTROLLING DEVICES, ETC. 666. SPRING MOTOR. With continuous motion while winding. A, spring. B, drum attached to driving gear C. E, ratchet, fast on shaft. F, gear loose on shaft and carrying pawl b. G, idler gear between E and D. Used for running sewing machines. 667. Section showing spring and driving gear. 668. Plan with driving and winding gear, which does not stop the motion while winding. 669. WEIGHT-DRIVEN MOTOR. The power is furnished by the two weights shown, one on each side, ropes from which are carried to and are wound around two drums, which form part of clockwork mechan- ism, with pallet wheel and escapement. Im- mediately below the wheels attached to the power drums are pin- ions with square- headed shafts, o n which handles can be placed, and which are used to wind up the weights. The frame which carries the two pawls engaging the 'scape wheel is pivoted directly in a vertical line above the axle of the 'scape wheel, and as tooth after tooth of the wheel passes a pawl the frame rocks like the walking beam of a steam engine. MOTION AND CONTROLLING DEVICES, ETC. 255 670. SWING MOTOR. A wheel has a hub with two sets of ratchet teeth standing in opposite directions, as shown, collars fitting loosely on the hub over the ratchet teeth, and pawls ful- crumed on the collars to engage the teeth, while a lever mounted to swing on a stud is connected by belts to arms extending outward from the pawls. The wheel with its hub is held in place on the shaft by a washer, which also serves to hold the collars in place. 671. Section showing ratchet and pawl for forward motion. 672. Section of ratchet and pawl set for backward motion. 673. AMMONIA COMPRESS- OR. Two strokes of a single-acting piston to each revolution of the crank by the double-acting toggle. In this design, the action of the toggle com- pensates the difference of pressure in the steam and ammonia cylinder. National Refrigerator Co. type. 674. AMMONIA COM- PRESSOR. Illustrates the T, crank movement for op- erating a duplex compressor with single-acting pistons. Cylinders are overhead with water jackets. MOTION AND CONTROLLING DEVICES, ETC. 675. COIN-IN-THE-SLOT GAS METER. A coin dropped in the slot falls on the lever L, and by depressing it locks the outside handle to the plug of the gas cock. The opening of the cock by the handle sets a springand winds up a small clock move- ment, setting it in mo- tion. A small cam, C, is set in motion against the lever D, and re- leases the weight H, which has been lifted by the sector S and clock train at the mo- ment when the meas- ure of gas allowance is made. 676. Part of the clock train, releasing lever and driving weight. 677. Slot passage to coin lever, handle and winding gear. 678. SPIRAL FLUTING LATHE. The baluster is fed endways against a lateral tool, being rotated on its axis at such a rate as shall im- part the number of turns or part of a turn to the foot in length. Of this kind is A, in which the piece a to be cut is moved longitudinally through the holder b, and at the same time is rotated so that the tool c in its revolu- tions may cut the spiral groove shown at a'. 679. B is a fluting lathe in which a pair of cutters revolve in a plane oblique with the line of motion of the baluster. The latter is moved longi- tudinally by the rack and pinion e g, and rotated by the wheel and pinion h i; the cutters m m rotating in par- - allel planes cut two grooves at once. THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Extra List for List Prices for Winding Steam, Water and Brewers' Hose with Round Tinned-Steel Wire SIZE 3-PLY 4-PLY 5-PLY 6-PLY i inch, per foot .... $<> 04 $005 $o 06 $o 07 i 05 o6i 08 10 o firG.CO.ff. Y./06 THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY ND S! MUST STAI^ E FOI FRI, BST The friction will be determined by the force re- quired to unwind a section of hose i inch in length, the force being applied at the point of separation, as per sketch. With a force of 25 pounds, the separa- tion must be uniform and regular, and when unwound from outside to tube, the average speed must not be greater than 12 inches in 20 minutes. STRETCHING TEST The i-inch section of the tube or inner lining should then be taken from the piece of i-inch section used in the friction test, and cut at the thickest part of lap ; then marks 2 inches apart will be placed on it and stretched 10 inches from the aforesaid 2-inch marks, and released immediately. It will then be re-marked, and will be stretched 10 inches, or 400 per cent without breaking, to remain stretched 10 minutes, and to be measured 10 minutes after the strain is removed. In no case must the piece show more than ^-inch permanent set or elonga- tion in 2 inches. Hose should be at least from three to seven days old before testing. All rejected material may be returned, the shipper paying freight both ways. THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING CO. 16 WARREN STREET, NEW YORK SECTION XXI. MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 337 Section XXI. MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 869. PORTABLE SAW for felling trees. The saw is formed of hardened steel plates, which are riveted together in double series for the entire length. The rivets are sufficiently loose to form joints. Each plate or link is shaped on one side to form a pair of saw teeth, one tooth cutting in one direction and one in the other. The plates are a little thicker on the cutting edge than at the back, so that the saw, as it is sharpened, is always set so as to clear its cut. A cross handle at each end of the saw fits into a ring for use. The handles are withdrawn from their rings to render the saw portable. 870. STUMP-PULLING MACHINE. The pulling mechanism is supported by a tripod, to the upper end of which is secured a chain carrying a bar or plate pro- vided with a bearing in which slides a notched bar. Mesh- ing with the notches of this bar are the teeth of a pawl, which is so connected by levers with the operating handle that the downward movement of the latter will raise the pawl and notched bar and the chain attached to its lower end. A sliding bolt then holds the notched bar in its raised position, when the handle can be raised to enable the pawl to engage with the next lower teeth of the bar. Thus, by a 339 ' 340 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. succession of up-and-down movements of the handle, the notched bar may be elevated its entire length, or until the stump is pulled com- pletely out. MOTOR ROLLER-DISK PLOW. The gang of roller disks are separately at- tached to arms pivoted to a frame, which is attached to an extension of the rear end of the traction motor. A windlass driven by the motor lifts the disk plows out of the ground when not in use. 872. AUTOMOBILE PLOW. French type. In this system the part designed for working the ground comprises a series of three disks, which are not arranged in the same plane, although alongside of each other, and each of which carries strong steel colters mounted upon its circumference. These disks are placed upon a frame in the rear of a road locomotive, the mechanism of which is so combined as to set them in rotation. The frame that supports them may be raised more or less, and may also be thrown out of engagement with the earth. As the locomotive advances, the disks revolve and their peripheral knives penetrate the earth and cut it into slices the thickness of which is capable of varying according to the velocity given the instrument and to the nature of the ground plowed. As may be seen, the colter disks are mounted on the back of the locomotive, and the inclination of the colters as well as the rotation of the disks is in a contrary direction in order to assure the pulverization, which is the real object of plowing. The plow was exhibited at the Paris Exposition, where experiments with it proved that it was capable of plowing six acres per day of twelve hours. MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 341 873. REVERSIBLE PLOW. The wheel runs in the last furrow. y, yoke handle, which turns over to the other side at the end of a fur- row ; V, latch to fasten the handle to the beam ; /, k, clevis and chain. 874. TETHERING HOOK. The hook or fastening for tethering or coupling animals by their bridles, etc., and for ofher uses, comprises a link, c, and a hook, a, the point of which can not pass through the link. The hook has holes for the link and the fixing- staple b. The strap, s, is attached to the fasten- ing as shown. 875. FOUNTAIN WASH BOILER. The broad base of the siphon collects the steam generated on the bottom of the boiler, which rising in the vertical pipe induces a = rapid flow of boiling water, creat- ing a circulation through the clothes. 876. POTATO-WASHING MACHINE, a, spiral of arms for removing dirt ; b, perforated screw for moving potatoes toward end of washer next to the com- minutor ; c, perforated pad- dles for lifting the clean potatoes into the hopper leading to comminutor ; d, hopper for introducing potatoes into washer ; a, hopper leading to comminutor, not shown. The machine is slightly tilted so that the water flows to the left, while the potatoes are forced to the right by the screw and spiral 342 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 877. POTATO-RASPING MA- CHINE. Used in the manufacture of starch, a, hopper ; b, barrel rasp ; c, receptacle for pulp ; d, wooden buffer ; e, setting screw ; /, water jet. The buffer is for adjusting the open- ing between the rasping barrel and itself to insure a uniformly fine potato pulp. 878. PARIS-GREEN DUSTER. A small rotary fan with pinion and gear, driven by hand. A vibrating dust box, with a regulating valve and spout. It will dis- tribute a pound of Paris green evenly over an acre of potato vines. 879. AUTOMOBILE MOWING MACHINE. McCormick type. The motor is a double cylinder, lo-horse-power gasoline engine. The oil tank is divided into three compart- ments : one for oil, one for batteries, and one for water. Power is transmitted from the motor by sprocket wheels and chain to a friction clutch placed on the cross shaft of the mower. This clutch is so ar- ranged as to engage either one bevel-gear wheel or another placed on each side, and in this way the machine can be run backward and forward at will. The bevel-gear wheels engage a pinion which serves to operate the fly-wheel shaft and cutter bar. MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 343 They also transmit power to the mower wheels through two gear wheels. The friction clutch is controlled by a lever placed at the foot of the operator. Steering is effected by a crank connected with the guide wheel in front of the cutter bar. The cutter bar can be lifted by the driver from his seat by means of a lever. 880. MODERN TWO-HORSE MOWER. Wood type. All metal construction, except the tongue, whiffietrees, track clearer, and A lever. The main feature of these mowers is the floating cutter frame, which permits setting the cutter bar at the desired height ; and up hill and down dale, through hol- lows and over ridges, it will cut all the grass at the same height, until r e - adjusted. On all the m owers the gearing is protected from dust, and roller bearings are used throughout, eliminating all unnecessary friction. 881 . CREAM SEPARATOR. Danish type. The milk is fed through the pipe A, and passed down the conical center through tubes and into the separating pan at the bottom. The cream being of less gravity than the milk separates under the high speed of the pan, and is carried up along the cone and discharged over the top of the revolving pan to the spout at the left hand. The denser milk gathers at the outside of the pan and rises through the openings in the annular groove and is scooped up by the dis- charge pipe B. About 2, coo revolutions per minute are required in these machines. 344 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 882. REFRIGERATION. Ammonia process. The simple routine of the process of refrigeration by the circulation of ammonia. It con- WATCR.UPKV SiStS f threC P rmCi P al parts: A, an "evapora- tor," or, as sometimes called, a "congealer," in which the volatile liquid is vaporized. B, a com- bined suction and com- pressor pump, which sucks or, properly .speak- t c ing, "aspirates" the gas or vapor from the evaporator as fast as formed. C, a liquefier or, as commonly called, " condenser," into which the gas is discharged by the compressor pump, and under the combined action of the pump pressure and cold condenser the vapor is here reconverted into a liquid, to be re- turned to and again used in the congealer. 883. MODEL COLD-STORAGE HOUSE. The lettering on the cut shows the principal features of construction. The ice should rest on wooden slats laid in a galvanized iron pan a little larger than the pile of ice, with drip pipes and siphons to carry off the water. At the entrance to the store- room there must be a vestibule, either in- side or outside, as space or circumstances may direct. The walls should be thick and the door very heavy. The doors, both inside and outside, should be fitted with rubber, so as to close perfectly tight, and both doors must never be opened at the same time. This vestibule should be large enough to contain a fair wagon load of goods, so that if you are receiving a load of stuff, you are not required to stop until all is in the vestibule and ready to store. This house only needs filling once a year. The temperature will range from 34 in winter to 36 in summer, and will preserve fruit perfectly from season to season. The opening for putting in the ice, shown just under the pulley in the cut, has two doors, with a space between ; each door is a foot thick. The MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 345 window in the cold room has three sets of sashes, well packed or cemented. The walls are 13 inches thick, lined with 17 inches of sawdust. Thirty- six inches of sawdust are put on the floor over the ice. The building shown is 25 feet square, inside measure, and 22 feet from floor of cold room to ceiling over the ice. The ice room is 12 feet high, and the cold room 9 feet. Pillars are required under the center of the ice. 884. MODERN GRAIN HARVESTER. The grain, when cut and thrown on to the traveling apron, is carried over to the binder, where it is bundled, tied, and dropped on the ground. 885. COMPOUND THRESHER. A threshing-machine study ; Reeves type. A, beater drum ; B, separator ; C, carrier ; D, forwarder ; E, push forks ; F, push rakes ; G, shaking cranks ; K, V, winnow sieves ; O, winnow fan ; M, N, grain chutes. 346 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 886. REFUSE CREMATORY. The figure shows a sectional ele- vation of this destructor furnace in which i is the main combustion chamber, 2 the fire grate, the lower end of which is carried on a e hollow bearer, 20, through which water is circulated to keep it cool. The lower grate, 6, is of sufficient length to prevent clinker, which falls on to it from the upper grate, from falling over its front end. The clinker remains on this lower grate until more completely burned and partially cooled, when it is raked off over the front end. 7, fa and jb are tuyeres through which air, in addition to that entering through the fire bars, is forced ; 7 and 76, on either side of 70, are not visible in cut ; the refuse to be burned is fed through the aperture 9. The stoking hole, 10, permits the introduction of an iron bar for keeping the grate and back wall, 5, from getting clinkered. The products of combustion are drawn through the openings, n, n, which are at the hottest part of the fire, into the main flue, 12, through an intermediate chamber, 13, fitted with a damper, 14. 887. CONICAL CHARCOAL KILN. Built round on a clay floor with brick walls 12 inches thick for 7^ feet. Eight-inch wall to top. About 90 vent pipes built into the wall in 3 rows with stoppers. Size of a 35-cord kiln, 28 feet inside at bottom ; 28 feet high. A, sheet-iron doors and cast-iron frames, 6x6 feet, or bricked up with mud. Time of burning 9 to 10 days ; at 5 days vents are plugged tight. Product of 35 cords, 1,700 bushels. Thirty-five thousand brick are required to construct it. 888. Ground plan of the charcoal kiln. MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 347 889. COKING OVEN. Connellsville type. The type now in gen- eral use has a diameter of from 10 to 12 feet, and a height of from 6 to 8 feet, and is built of fire brick or stone. It is arched in the interior, and has an opening in the top for charging and for the escape of the gases during the coking process, and a door in the lower front side through which the finished product is " drawn," this door being closed during the coking process. The average charge of coal per oven is from three and one-half to four tons, the heavier charge re- quiring more time for the coking process. When the charge is leveled it has a depth of from two and one-half to three feet in the oven, thus leaving sufficient room for the accumulating gas and for the expan- sion and rising of the coke during the process of its manufacture. It is the practice to charge every other oven each day, and the charge is ignited by the heat retained in the walls of the ovens. The ignition is indicated by a puff something like a powder explosion. For twenty-four hours the gas is allowed to escape, and then the oven is closed up. Furnace coke in general use requires forty-eight hours for the coking process. 890. Plan of one coking oven in a range of a coking plant. 891. DESTRUCTOR FURNACE. English. Vertical and trans- verse sections of a double line of furnaces. The grates where the fire is made are shown at A. At B the refuse to be destroyed is shown in an inclined flue where it is being dried, and as it is consumed on the grate, descends on the slope of the flue, fresh matter being supplied from the pits at C. The down flue, by which the products of combustion are car- ried to the main flue, E, is shown by the dotted lines in the upper figure. 892. Cross section of a double fur- nace. 348 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 893. LIFE-SAVING NET. For bottom of elevator shafts. A strong rope net, F, held on two sides by the rods, G, which are in turn supported on each end by the strut arms C. The lower ends of these arms fit the bearings in the pillow blocks, B, which are bolted to a stout plank, A, which is securely fastened to the bottom of the shaft. The net is held taut by a large com- pression spring, E, acting at the upper ends of the strut arms C. The spring, E, is supported and held in place by pieces of large pipe, D, it being also free to move along the same. When the falling body strikes the net, the fall is broken by the com- bined action of it and the springs which take the position shown by the dotted .lines in the vertical section. 894- REMINGTON TYPEWRITER. Vertical transverse sec- tion of the No. 3 machine, showing the arrangement of the keys, key levers, and connections. In the upper part of machine is arranged a ring to which are clamped loops in which are pivoted the type arms. There are in these machines as or- dinarily constructed from 38 to 42 type arms, each one bearing at its free extremity a die having on its face two characters, an upper and a lower-case type, figures, and punctuation marks. The type arms are pivoted relative to the ring so that the characters which they bear all strike exactly in the same place. The type arms have hardened steel pivots which are ground to a bearing, thereby insuring accuracy in the movement of the levers. MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 349 As shown, each type arm is connected by an adjustable steel wire connector with the key lever pivoted at the back of the machine and projecting beyond the front, where it is curved upwardly and provided with a finger piece or key bearing the character or characters represented by the type arm with which the key lever is connected. 895. REMINGTON TYPEWRITER. The end of the type arm and the double type carried thereby is shown in detail at A, and the paper- supporting roller, B, is shown in full lines above the lower-case type, and in dotted lines in its position for writing capitals. The capitalizing key, C, which is the fore- most one shown in this view, is connected with a right-angled lever, D, through which lat- eral motion is imparted to the carriage. A spring connected with the lever, D, returns the roller to its normal position as soon as the finger is removed from the capitalizing key. The space bar, E, extends entirely across the front of the keyboard, and a bar, F, which is supported by rods, G, from levers, H, extends under all of the key levers, including the levers attached to the space bar. The levers, H, support the ratchet bar, I, which acts upon the pallets, a, b, in alternation, allowing the spring attached to the paper carriage to move forward one space at a time, as the pallets, a, b, escape from the teeth of the ratchet bar I. When a key is depressed to print a character upon the paper carried by the roller, B, the bar, F, will be moved down and the rack bar> I, shifted from the pallet, b, to the pallet a. This is done without any movement of the carriage ; but when the key is released and the rack bar, I, returns to its position on the pallet, b, it allows the paper carriage to move forward one notch. If a greater space is desired than the normal action of the machine provides, the space bar, E, is touched immediately after printing the character, and if a space is required without writing, the space bar, E, alone is operated. 350 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 896. UNITED STATES ARMY AND NAVY GUNS. Parts of re-enforcement shown in section. Lengths and sizes shown on cut. 5 IN. R.F.GUN The greatest assumed range of steel rifles of medium sizes is about 12 miles,- which requires an elevation of from 40 to 45, but accuracy of fire is uncertain beyond a range of 4 miles. 897. UNITED STATES MAGAZINE RIFLE. Krag-Jorgensen type. The United States magazine rifle is the simplest arm of its kind to take apart, as all of jtnC; 2SF W'Z'"^%%;? mounted and again assembled without the use of a single tool. The magazine holds five cartridges, which can be held in reserve by turning the cut-off down ; the gun can then be used as a single loader, just as if it had no magazine and, at any moment, the cartridges in the magazine can be fired with wonderful rapidity. To load this arm, the bolt handle is raised and pulled to the rear in MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 351 one continuous motion, which operation withdraws the empty cartridge case from the chamber and ejects it from the gun. The top cartridge in the magazine then rises in front of the bolt, if using magazine fire, or a cartridge is dropped in front of the bolt by hand, if using single loader fire, and the bolt handle pushed forward and turned down. This mo- tion seats the cartridge in the chamber and cocks the piece, which is then ready to fire. 898. BREECH-BLOCK MECH- ANISM for firing large guns. A rack moved by the lever meshing in a sec- tor gear on the breech block revolves the block one sixth of a revolution, when it is swung out of the breech and clear of the bore. The handle near the pivot strikes the extractor lever, which operates the shell extractor and draws the case. Seabury system. 899. Shows the breech block swung clear from the chamber and a section of. the screw within the chamber. 900. The breech block in front of the chamber ready to be pushed in and revolved to a lock position by a further movement of the lever handle. 352 MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 901. MAGAZINE PISTOL. Luger type. Pressure on a pin at the butt of the barrel pushes to the rear the barrel and the breech block, which slides along grooves in the framework. During this movement, the movable breech and the barrel slide as one piece. The breech, however, continues to move by its mo- mentum the rollers of the knee or toggle-joint bearing against the curved butt piece of the frame and causing a circular movement of the link, a, about its axis b. The knee rises until the moment when the mainspring, c, contained in the stock is entirely compressed, as is also the percussion spring. The cartridge case carried along by the extractor strikes against the ejector, which throws it out. The seat of the breech block being clear, the upper cartridge of the magazine is pressed by a spring in the magazine in front of the head cylinder. The mainspring, compressed by the recoil, pushes forward the breech block through the medium of a stirrup which connects the two pieces. The knee lowers itself half-way, at the same time communi- cating its movement to the receiver and to the barrel, while the firing pin strikes against a lug and the percussion spring remains compressed. As the knee straightens out, the barrel and the breech block again act as one piece. The arm is thus again loaded, cocked, and ready to fire. 902. ARTIFICIAL ANKLE. The spring, B, lifts the heel for the forward movement of the foot ; the pressure of the body holds the foot in contact with the ground at the forward movement of the body. The motion is limited by the angular space between the solid bearings. THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY WESTINGHOUSE AIR-BRAKE HOSE Rl234567Q9IOim Facsimile of label which the Westinghouse Air-Brake Com- pany order us to put on all hose we manufacture for them. The name Westinghouse and trade-mark on this label is owned and controlled exclusively by the Westinghouse Air-Brake Company, Pittsburg, Pa. THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Pfc ) HOSE We use / Construction in our Pt st Grade onlv The perfected construction increases the life of hose, as it reduces to a minimum mechanical motion, kinking, expansion and elongation. Both service and shop tests show conclusively that the Per- fected construction distributes the mechanical motion the entire length of Standard Air-Brake, Signal and Steam Heating 'Hose, instead of concentrating the motion at the end of the shank of nipple and coupling as in the old construction, where ninety per cent of all hose fails. Perfected Hose combines all of the best qualities of both cot- ton rubber-lined hose and rubber hose. Impossible to injure it by mildew or dampness. The additional cost of this Perfected construction will more than repay our customers in the increased life of hose. Prices and particulars on application. THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING CO. 16 WARREN STREET, NEW YORK THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY HOSE PERFECTED CONSTRUCTION Patented July 16, 1901 Copyrighted and Registered We are the exclusive manufacturers of the Perfected Hose, under sole license granted to the Peerless Rubber Manufacturing Company by the owner of the patent and trade-mark. We manufacture under this patent and trade-mark : 'Air-Brake Hose, Steam Hose, Brewers' Hose ind Hose for Made in all standard sizes and diameters, and special sizes if required. MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY 16 WARREN STREET, NEW YORK rF THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY DIAPHRAGMS For Damper Regulators 8 inch diameter, A inch thick, each *, 5, - ! " ::; No. i 6f inch outside diameter, per piece o -. - - - " 4-5 For Vacuum Brakes No. 2, each, List. . 5 7 10 5 6c MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES. 353 903. ARTIFICIAL LEG. The socket, A, has a pad, B, and strap, D, for adjusting the size to the stump. K, in i and 2, is a bridge piece in the upper section resting on the knee bolt, F, and affording the superior point of attachment for the extensor spring, I, and tendons, i, i, which throw the foot upward and forward as soon as it is lifted from the ground in walking. The ham strings, N, N, are attached to the posterior portions of the thigh and leg, to act as checks to the for- ward motion of the leg. The ankle joint consists of a socket in the foot and a ball, P, attached by its neck and the iron frame, Q, to the leg, and has a horizontal stud upon it, fitting its appropriate recess in the socket in the foot, so as to prevent vibration in a horizontal plane, while leaving the joint free for motion in vertical planes, as described. The elastic straps, a, b (3), are proportioned as to length and strength, and afford a means of attach- ing the suspensory yoke (4), whose straps pass over the shoulders, so as not alone to bring the weight upon the framework of the body, but also to enable the shoulders, by their motion, to influence the action of the artificial limb. SECTION XXII. DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 35S Section XXII. DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 904. GEOMETRICAL PEN. Suardi's type. In the gear pro- portion, as shown, the diameter of a is half of that of A ; these wheels are connected by the idler, E, which merely reverses the direction with- out affecting the velocity of a's rota- tion. The working train arm is jointed so as to pivot about the axis of E, and may be clamped at any angle within its range, thus changing the length of the virtual train arm C, D. The bar being fixed to a, then, moves aS though carried by the wheel, a 1 , rolling within A 1 ; the radius of a 1 being C, D, and that of A 1 twice as great. The ellipse, then, is described by these arrangements because it is a special form of the epitrochoid ; and various other epitrochoids may be traced with Suardi's pen by substituting other wheels, with different numbers of teeth, for a. A number of simple devices for describing elliptic, parabolic, hyper- bolic, conchoidal, heliographic and circular curves of great radius, are illustrated and described under the head of "draughting devices" in volume one of Mechanical Movements. To the professional draughtsman these instruments are valuable adjuncts for delineating, in an easy and satisfactory manner, the delicate and precise curves needed in accurate draughting. To the amateur, a simple method of projecting geometric curves with precision is a pleasure that stimulates to greater effort in the draughtsman's art. 357 358 DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 905. ELLIPSOGRAPH. Mundo type. Will draw ellipses of the smallest size required and of any form from a straight line to a circle. A, main frame with 3 feet at a, b, c. B, crank carrier revolving in the grooved circle C. /, the crank. The cir- cular rim, B, car- ries two slides, above and below, which are clamped at / by the thumb-screw. The slides have pivot studs, one of which carries the frame E, and the other the lower frame D ; so that by ad- justing the two slides and their pivotal con- nections to the travel- ing frames E and D, at any distance from the center, n, equivalent to the semi-diameters of a required ellipse, the pen, i, on the arm, /, of the frame, E, will describe the ellipse. 906. Section of the slide carrier and slides, o, p, and nut, /, for clamping them. 907. Plan of slide carrier with top and bottom slide at n and m. 908. Side view of slide carrier and pin of the lower slide that car- ries the frame, D. DRAUGHTING DEVICES. 359 909. THE CAM- PYLO GRAPH. A machine for tracing complex geometrical curves. The small crank on the bottom platform rotates the plate containing a mul- tiple series of gea.rs, which mesh with pin- ions on four radial arms and transfer their motion through four small but similar gear plates to vertical spindles and to reversing gears on the upper platform. , The face of the gears on the upper platform have trammel pivots to carry the slotted bars that hold the tracing pencil. The tracing table also turns in unison with the gear plate below. The number of loops in the figures are gov- erned by the particular ring gear used. 910. A combination of curves much used in bank-note engraving. 911. Another form of rosette work. 912. Figures formed by a single line tracing. 913. Figure formed by four separate line tracings. SECTION XXIII. PERPETUAL MOTION. 361 Section XXIII. PERPETUAL MOTION. INTRODUCTION. THE history of the search for perpetual motion does not afford a single instance of ascertained success ; all that wears any appearance of proba- bility remains secret, and like other secrets, can not be defended in any satisfactory way against the opinions of the skeptical, who have in their favor, in this instance, an appeal to learned authorities against the principle of all such machines, and the total want of operativeness in all known practical results. Published statements afford sorry ex- amples of talents and ingenuity strangely misapplied. Some, but very few, are slightly redeemed from contempt by a glimpse of novelty. Of genius all are deficient, and the reproductions of known fallacies show a remarkable ignorance of first principles on one side and of the most ordinary sources of information on the other. One of the grossest falla- cies of the mind is that of taking for granted that ideas of mechanical constructions, apparently the result of accident, must of necessity be quite original. The history of all invention fairly leads to the conclusion that, were all that is known to be swept from the face of the earth, the whole would be reinvented in coming ages. The most doubtful " origi- nality " is that which any inventor attributes to his ignorance of all previous plans, coupled with an isolated position in life. It may be granted that the desire of secrecy often renders investigation difficult, and, from some remarkable feeling of this nature, most inventors of supposed perpetual- motion machines, believing themselves possessors of this notable power, make it a matter of profound secrecy. The attempts to solve this problem would seem, so far, only to have proved it to be thoroughly paradoxical. The inventions resulting from it during the last three centuries baffle any attempt at classification de- veloping progressive improvement. It would almost seem as if each inventor had acted independently of his predecessors ; and, therefore, 363 PERPETUAL MOTION. frequently reinventing, as new, some exploded fallacy. These retro- grade operations and strange resuscitations have led to unmitigated censure, and a sweeping charge of ignorance, imbecility, and folly. No doubt many instances exist especially deserving the severest treatment ; but unsparing censure loses half its causticity, and it shows a weak cause, or weaker advocacy, to condemn all parties alike as deficient both in learning and common sense. It has long been, and so remains to this day, an unsettled question, whether perpetual motion is, or is not, pos- sible. To name no other, it is evident, from their writings, that Bishop Wilkins, Gravesande, Bernoulli, Leupold, Nicholson, and many eminent mathematicians, have favored the belief in the possibility of perpetual motion, although admitting difficulties in the way of its discovery. Against it, we find De la Hire, Parent, Papin, Desaguliers, and the great majority of scientific men of all classes and countries. It is evident, therefore, that even mathematicians are not agreed. 914. PERPETUAL MOTION. The inventors' paradox. A dem- onstration by Dr. Desaguliers in 1719, in regard to the balance of weights at unequal dis- tances from the center of oscillation, showing that the weight P balances the weight W at any position on the cross arm H, I, on the vertical arm B, E, when pivoted to the double-scale beam A, B, and D, E, in which the resolution of forces is made apparent in a prac- tical form so often over- looked by the inventors of perpetual-motion ma- chines. The cut representing Desaguliers' balance, with his explanation, goes to show how persistently inventors have ignored the geometrical bearing of this problem for nearly two centuries. PERPETUAL MOTION. 365 Desaguliers' Demonstration. A, C, B, E, K, D is a balance in the form of a parallelogram passing through a slit in the upright piece, N, O, stand- ing on the pedestal, M, so as to be movable upon the center pins C and K. To the upright pieces, A, D and B, E, of this balance, are fixed at right angles the horizontal pieces F, G and H, I. That the equal weights, P, W, must keep each other in equilibrium is evident ; but it does not at first appear so plainly, that if W be removed to V, being suspended at 6, yet it shall still keep P in equilibrium, though the experiment shows it. Nay, if W be successively moved to any of the points, i, 2, 3, E, 4, 5, or 6, the equilibrium will be continued ; or if, W hanging at any of those points, P be successively moved to D, or any of the points of suspension on the crosspiece, F, G, P will at any of those places make an equilibrium with W. Now, when the weights are at P and V, if the least weight that is capable to overcome the friction at the points of suspension C and K 'be added to V, as w, the weight V will overpower, and that as much at V as if it was at W. As the lines A, C and K, D, C, B and K, E, always continue of the same length in any position of the machine, the pieces A, D and B, E will always continue parallel to one another and perpendicular to the horizon. However, the whole machine turns upon the points C and K, as appears by bringing the balance to any other position, as a, b, e, d ; and, therefore, as the weights applied to any part of the pieces F, G and H, I can only bring down the pieces A, D and B, E perpendicularly, in the same manner as if they were applied to the hooks D and E, or to X and Y, the centers of gravity of A, D and B, E, the force of the weights (if their quantity of matter is equal) will be equal, because their velocities will be their per- pendicular ascent or descent, which will always be as the equal lines 4 / and 4 L, whatever part of the pieces F, G and H, I the weights are applied to. But if to the weight at V be added the little weight, w, those two weights will overpower, because in this case the momentum is made up of the sum of V and w multiplied by the common velocity 4 L. Hence it follows, that it is not the distance, C 6, multiplied into the weight, V, which makes its momentum, but its perpendicular velocity, L 4, multiplied into its mass. This is still further evident by taking out the pin at K ; for then the weight, P, will overbalance the other weight at V, because then their per- pendicular ascent and descent will not be equal. , This " paradox " is illustrated in No. 10, first volume of Mechanical Movements, inviting inquiry by students, a model of which has been exhibited to many doubling amateurs by the author. 366 PERPETUAL MOTION. 915. PERPETUAL MOTION. The prevailing type. A wheel that is furnished at equal distances around its circumference with levers, each of which carries a weight at its ex- tremity, and is movable upon a pin, so that in one direction it can lie upon the circumference, while at the opposite side, being carried along by its weight, it may be forced to take the direction of a pro- longed radius. This granted, it will be seen that when the wheel revolves in the direc- tion a, b, c, the weights, A, B, C, will deviate from the center, and, acting with more force, will carry along the wheel on this side. And since, in measure as it revolves, a new lever will turn up, it follows, it was said, that the wheel will continue to revolve in the same direction. 916. PERPETUAL MOTION. Marquis of Worcester. The weights on the ends of the pinioned arms are thrown out as the wheel revolves, giving a greater preponderance by their greater distance from the center of rotation. The pre- cursor of hundreds of motors on the same principle that do not mote. 917. PERPETUAL MOTION. An oft- repeated type, since the times of the Marquis of Worcester. This type has been made with many sections, each section advancing a step in order to overcome its propensity to find a balance and an excuse for stopping. PERPETUAL MOTION. 367 9 i8. PERPETUAL MOTION. Folding-arm type. The lever, A, is represented in the act of falling from the periphery of the wheel into a right line. The lever is composed of a series of flat rods, connected by ruler joints, which said ruler joints are provided with a stop or joggle, to prevent their collapsing at any time more than will bring any one of the rods which compose the levers at a right angle with the rod next to it. This lever is attached to the periphery of the wheel by the hinge joint, B, provided with the shoulder, to pre- vent its falling into any other than a right line from the center of the cir- cumference of the wheel. The levers are furnished at their outer ex- tremities with a bucket or receiver, the bottom of which is sufficiently broad to retain the ball C. The balls remain in the buckets till the buckets come into the position of the lever, D, when they are expected to roll out of the buckets on to the inclined plane, and by their own gravity roll to the other end of the inclined plane, ready to be again taken into the buckets. Patented in 1821. 919. PERPETUAL MOTION. Chain wheel. A chain running over the wheels, B, B, is deflected by the idle wheel, D, causing a longer length and weight of chain on that side in pro- portion to the chain on the straight side A, and like the thousand and one others was expected to go. 3 68 PERPETUAL MOTION. 920. PERPETUAL MOTION. The most common recurrence of the perpetual- motion idea since the thirteenth century. Inviting to look at, but the resolution of forces in the individual arms and balls demonstrates the equilibrium of forces and its inability to move. 921. PERPETUAL MOTION. Magnetism and gravity. B, a strong magnet set in the open slot between the sides of the wheel A, as shown in the section. C, an iron ball. The magnet is supposed to draw the ball to one side of the center, and gravity gives the ball the force to turn the wheel. Patented in 1823. 922. Section showing the ball and slot. 923. PERPETUAL MOTION. The pick-up-ball type. Between the upright frame, A, A, run the wheel, C, geared to the pinion, D, and on the same shaft the two double pin- ions, D, D, over which double pinions run a double chain, to -which chain are fixed the buckets, F, F. The chain is made with joints on each si.de and bars running across, equal in number to the cogs of the IG wheel C. Upon the same axle with the wheel, C, on the farther side of the inner stile, A, runs the wheel, G, whose diameter is double that of the wheel C. The wheel, G, is divided near the periphery into recep- tacles in number equal to the buckets on the chain, which receptacles are supplied with metal balls, I, I, from the buckets, F, F, by means of the gutter, K, which balls by their weight forcing round the wheel, G, and thereby lifting up the buckets, F, F, on one side as they go down on the other side, discharge THE PP^PLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY PEERLESS D For Russell, Frink, Walworth, Jenkins and Kelly & Jones Valves They are not affected by Steam, Heat, Oil or Acid, and will pack an Oil, Acid, Air, Steam or Water Valve equally well and will not leak. They are not brittle, but are sufficiently elastic to make a perfect seat without the use of a wrench. Size J. 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So 70 45 2\ " ." ....... 75 54 aA Fire Dept. size 80 RUBBER LINED fo 70 2 inch, per foot ....... $i 18 80 2i " " ....... i 30 94 2-i " Fire Dept. size i 38 This hose has been extensively used for more than twenty years in fire departments, mills and public buildings in the United States and Canada, and has given entire satisfaction. Unlined Linen Hose is woven as tight as possible, to prevent leakage when water is first let into the hose. As soon as the fabric becomes wet the yarns swell and the hose becomes water-tight. PERPETUAL MOTION. themselves again at the bucket, L, where they are taken up by the buck- ets, F, F, and discharged again at the gutter, K, and are so repeated in a constant succession as often as any receptacle is vacant in the wheel, G, at the gutter, K, for their reception, and by that means the perpetual revolution is obtained, the upper ball being at the same time discharged from one bucket when the lower ball is taken up by another. 924. PERPETUAL MOTION. The ball-carrying belt. A rep- resents a wheel with twelve hollow spokes, in each of which there is a rolling weight or ball. B is a belt pass- ing over two pulleys C. There is an opening round the wheel from the nave to the circumference, so as to allow the belt to pass freely and to meet the weights. The weights are met by the belt as the wheel revolves, and are raised from the circumference until they are at last brought close to the nave, where they remain till, by the revolu- tion of the wheel, they are allowed to roll out through the spokes to the circumference 925. PERPETUAL MOTION. Ferguson's type to prove its impossibility. 1770. The axle is placed horizontally, and the spokes turn in a vertical position. The spokes are jointed, as shown, and to each of them is fixed a frame in which a weight, D, moves. When any spoke is in a horizontal position, the weight, D, in it falls down, and pulls the weighted arm, A, of the then vertical spoke straight out, by means of a cord, C, going over the pulley, B, to the weight D. But when the spokes come about to the left hand, their weights fall back and cease pull- ing, so that the spokes then bend at their joints and the balls at their ends come nearer the center on the left side. 370 PERPETUAL MOTION. 926. PERPETUAL MOTION. French, 1858. The invention consists in communicating a rotary motion to a fly wheel or drum by means of a set of falling weights tied to- gether by chains, ropes, or straps. This set of weights, forming an endless chain, runs over two pulleys, suitably disposed up and down near the fly wheel, which is provided with a set of cups fixed around its periphery, so as to receive the weights as they are delivered by the upper pulley, and to carry them down to the lower pulley, whence the same weights reascend in a straight direction to the upper pulley. The weights of the endless chain running or falling down in the curvilinear direction of the periphery of the drum are more numerous than those that are raised up in a straight line, because the curvilinear line is longer than the straight one, and the difference of heaviness due to the number of weights is the force which, by its action at the end of the levers or radii of the, drum, causes that drum to rotate. 927. PERPETUAL MOTION. Revolving tubes and balls. The balls, A arid B, are in equilibrium because they are at an equal distance from the vertical line that passes through the center E. By the construction of the machine, the ball, D, being, on the con- trary, more distant from the point of sup- port than the ball, C, must prevail over the latter and break the equilibrium. It must then descend to the point, B, and cause the apparatus to make a quarter revolu- tion. Now the latter can not take place without the rod, A, B, which was situated vertically, assuming a horizontal position, and then the balls, A and B, are to each other as were the balls D, C. One must overcome the other and cause the apparatus to make another quarter revolution. This second quarter revolution can not take place without being fol- lowed by a third, through the new position assumed by the balls A, B. Specious argument of the inventor. PERPETUAL MOTION. 371 928. PERPETUAL MOTION. Geared motive power, a is the axis or shaft on which the wheels are all mounted ; each wheel consists of two parallel rims, b, b, each of which is connected by radial arms, c, to a boss, d, keyed on the axis, a; the working parts of each wheel are mounted be- t w e e n the rims and arms thereof, but the outer rim, boss, and radial arms are re- moved in the figure in order that the working may be fully shown. It must be understood that the pivots or axis, /, ;, n, t, hereinafter referred to, on which certain parts are mounted, are supported by and extend between the two parallel rims, radial arms, and bosses of the wheel, b, c, d. e, e are curved arms working on axes or pivots, /, fixed in the rims; each arm carries weights, g, g, held in place by adjusting screws g'. Each arm, e, terminates at its innermost end in a wheel, h, toothed on a portion of its periphery, through which the weight, v, forces the weights, g, outward at the right-hand side of the wheel, causing a preponderance of weight on that side. 929. PERPETUAL MOTION. The differential hydrostatic wheel. A, B, C, D are four vessels connected to the wheels, E, by round pins which project from the vessels on each side, and enter into corresponding holes in the wheels E. The wheels, E, are in- tended to revolve by the space under the vessel, B, being a vacuum, and therefore lighter than the same portion of air ; a lit- tle before the vessel, B, reaches the high- est point of the wheels, it begins to close, and opens the opposite vessel, D, in the same manner as the vessel, C, opens A, be- cause the pressure of the atmosphere on the vessel, C, is equal to the pressure on A. Instead of common packing to make the vessels air-tight, mercury is substituted, which has less friction, and is 372 PERPETUAL MOTION. never out of order. The particles of mercury not being entirely free from friction, a little power is requisite to open and shut the vessels ; this is expected to be effected by the rods, F, connected to the lever, G, by chains. The rods, F, give motion to other rods, H, by the rollers acting against collars on the rods, H, not shown. The levers, G, are successively worked by sliding over the roller P. The connecting rods, H, are so adjusted as not to draw the vessels out of their upright position, which would let the mercury escape ; also, the lower vessels, A and D, are made rather larger in diameter than B, C, so that the pressure of the atmosphere may counterpoise the weight of the vessels, A, C and B, D, with their connecting rods. 930. PERPETUAL MOTION. The lever type. The central weights, A, each weigh one-fourth more than the weights, B, at the ex- tremities of the arms. The two sets of weights are connected pairs, each pair being joined by a lever, link, and bell crank C. The action of gravity in the central weights compels the sliding weights at the ends of the arms to assume the positions shown in the engraving. Had this inventor applied a lit- tle mathematical calculation to the verification of the truth or falsity of the principle of his device, he might easily have proved that it was a perfect balance, and saved himself both trouble and expense. The leverage of the outside is exactly counteracted by the leverage of the inside weights. 931. PERPETUAL MOTION. The fact that a double cone weight will roll uphill on a diverging pair of ways has been taken by a perpetual motionist as the basis for a self- moving car, as shown in the cut, the rails being divergent up grade and parallel down grade in sections. Patented in 1829. PERPETUAL MOTION. 373 932. PERPETUAL MOTION. The rocking beam. A beam, C, pivoted on a center at D, and connected by a pitman, J, to a crank and fly wheel, contains a long straight tube at the top and two double inclined tubes below. A ball rolls along the upper tube by gravity in syn- chronism with the revolving wheel and axle, so that its mo- mentum just carries it to the drop valve and incline at F as the crank reaches the upper point of its revolution. The steeper incline of the lower double bend tube returns the ball to the farther end of the tube in time to start in the straight tube for its next run. Patented in 1870. 933. PERPETUAL MOTION. Tilting tray and ball. This invention consists in the arrangement of an annular tilting tray, which forms the orbit for a revolving ball, in combination with a supporting platform, and with a lever which ex- tends into the tray and connects with a shaft, to which motion is to be im- parted in such a manner that, by continually changing the position of the tray, the ball is caused to rotate therein without interruption, and by the action of the rotating ball on the lever the desired motion is imparted to the shaft, which connects with the working mechanism to be driven. A represents a tray, which forms an annular path for the ball B. This tray is made of sheet metal, or any other suitable material, and its diam- eter is about four times that of the ball B. It is supported in its center by a rod, which connects, by a ball-and-socket joint, C, with a platform, D, so that said tray can be readily tilted in any desired direction. From the edge of the platform, D, rises a circular rim, E, which prevents the tray from being tilted any lower than desirable. U. S. patent, 1868. 374 PERPETUAL MOTION. 934. PERPETUAL MOTION. The rolling ring which did not roll. It consists of a stand, A, two idler pulleys, C, between which a hollow cylindrical ring, suspended in the manner shown, is expected to re- volve in the direction indicated by the c arrow. The only difficulty about it is that it will not work, though it looked plausible enough to- the inventor. 935. PERPETUAL MOTION. Differential water wheel. From this arrangement it follows that the portion of sponge No. 4 which is about to quit the water is pressed upon by No. 5 float and spring, which, from acting vertically, is most efficient in squeezing the sponge dry ; while that portion of the sponge on the point of entering the water is not compressed at all from its corresponding float No. 8, not having yet reached the edge of the water. By these means, there- fore, it will be seen that the sponge always rises in a dry state from the water on the ascending side, while it approaches the water on the descending side in an uncompressed state, and open to the full action of absorption by the capillary attraction. 936. PERPETUAL MOTION. Another solution of the water-wheel problem, to be ob- tained by multiplying the number of wheels, which makes the thing sure to work. The siphon, P, discharges water upon the upper wheel, and by the aprons, V and W, succes- sively to the second and third wheel ; all of the wheels are connected to a walking beam c by crank and pitman, thus operating a pump for the water supply. Patented in 1831. PERPETUAL MOTION. 375 937. PERPETUAL MOTION. The gear problem. The frames, B, and the wheels, G, are secured upon the hollow shafts, so that they can not move independent of each other. Shafts are placed within the hollow shafts, H, upon which the communicat- ing wheels, D, and the center wheels are secured, so that they can move independent of the frames, B, and wheels, G. While the frames, B, make one revolution, the wheels, D, and the center wheels make two revolutions. This is caused by the action of the weighted levers E. Their weight, or inertia, prevents them from passing around the center of the axis of the wheels with which they are suspended in the revolving frames. The full force of this resistance, or inertia, is applied to the other wheels of each set, and by these wheels communicated to the center wheel. 938. PERPETUAL MOTION. Mercurial wheel. A is the screw turning on its two pivots; B is a cistern to be filled above the level of the lower aperture of the screw with mercury; D is a reservoir, which, when the screw is turned round, receives the mercury which falls from the top. A pipe conveys the mer- cury from the reservoir on to the float-board, E, fixed at right angles to the center of the screw, and furnished at its circumference with ridges to intercept the mercury, the mo- mentum and weight of which will cause the float-board and screw to revolve, until, by the proper inclination of the floats, the mercury falls into the receiver, E, from whence it again falls by its spout into the cistern, B, where the constant revolution of the screw takes it up again as before. 376 PERPETUAL MOTION. 939. PERPETUAL MOTION. Often repeated type. A prin- ciple so often employed for the production of self-moving machines that it ranks next to that of perpetual eccentric weights in its delusive power upon the minds of inventors. The attempt to compel a water wheel to raise the water which drives it is in one form or other perpetually recurring in devices upon which our counsel and opin- ion are sought. The worst of the matter is that in most cases our advice to drop such absurd projects is received as evidence of want of sagacity and knowledge, and our would-be client becomes the dupe of some not over-conscientious patent agent, who pockets his fees and laughs in his sleeve at the greenness of the applicant. The device illustrated is one submitted by one of those enthusiastic individuals, who, without understanding the first principles of mechanics, believes he is about to revolutionize the industry of the world by his grand discovery; and as honor, and not pecuniary reward, is his object, he seeks to make public his invention through the wide circulation of. some journal. He is quite willing we should adversely criticise the de- vice, because its merits are so great that no amount of skepticism result- ing from our blind prejudice can, he thinks, influence candid minds against a principle so obviously sound and sublimely simple. 940. PERPETUAL MOTION. The air-bag problem. A wheel with a number of air bags like bellows, fulcrumed on an inner ring and with a weight on the movable cover. Each air bag is connected by a tube to the opposite bag. The wheel is immersed in water, when the weights compress the air bags at the left in the cut and extend the bags at the right side assisted by the hanging weights, the air passing through the connecting tubes. Thus, by the inflation of the bags on the right side, the wheel is made to revolve in the water. PERPETUAL MOTION. 377 941. PERPETUAL MOTION. A type of one of the many forms of perpetual-motion devices that have been exploited during the past three centuries, and perhaps earlier, in which a water wheel is made to pump the water to drive it. 942. PERPETUAL MOTION. Air transfer in submerged wheel. A, in the cut, is a tank containing water, as shown. The hollow arms, B, communicate with a hollow shaft, C, and the bellows, E, screw valves, D, being employed to increase or diminish the area of the passages in the hollow arms B. Each of the bellows, E, carries a weight, which, during a portion of the revolution, compresses the bellows and forces the air out of it through the hollow arms, B, and shaft, C, into bellows upon the opposite side of the wheel, which, being inverted, are expanded by the action of the weights, and, their buoyancy being thus increased on one side of the wheel, the latter is expected to turn constantly by virtue of the effort of the expanded bellows to rise to the surface. 943. PERPETUAL MOTION. Extending weights and water transfer. The stationary sector gear, A, rolls the small pinions which, by a rod connection with the following edge of the hinged weights on the periphery of the wheel, tilt the weights upward and outward, making a prepon- derance on that side of the wheel. The same operation also opens and closes a series of water bags on the inner rim of the wheel, each bag being connected to the opposite bag by a tube, thus add- ing additional weight to the right- hand side of the wheel. 378 PERPETUAL MOTION. 944. PERPETUAL MOTION. Eng- lish patent (1832) in which a verbose de- scription is given of chain buckets driven by water from a tank, which revolves a geared wheel and pinion and by a cam sustains the vibration of a heavy pendu- lum, to which is attached a sector beam, pump chains, and counterweights that operate pumps for returning the water to the upper tank. 945. PERPETUAL MOTION. The sponge problem of Sir W- Congreve, of rocket fame. Three horizontal rollers are fixed in a frame ; ^=>^ an endless band of sponge runs round these rollers, and carries on the outside an endless chain of weights surrounding the band of sponge and attached to it, so that they must move together, every part of this band and chain being so accurately uniform in weight that the perpendicular side will, in all positions of the ; band and chain be in equilibrium with the hypotenuse, on the principle of the inclined plane. The frame in which these rollers are fixed is placed in a cistern of water having its lower part immersed. On the perpendicular side of the triangle, the weights hanging per- pendicularly alongside the band of sponge, the band is not compressed by them ; and, its pores being left open, the water, at the point where the band meets its surface, will rise to a certain height above its level, and PERPETUAL MOTION. 379 thereby create a load, which load will not exist on the ascending side, because on this side the chain of weights compresses the band at the water's edge, and squeezes out any water that may have previously ac- cumulated in it, so that the band rises in a dry state, the weight of the chain having been so proportioned to the breadth and thickness of the band as to be sufficient to produce this effect. 946. PERPETUAL MOTION. Transfer of air. It is an end- less rubber tube, with projections, on which are fastened thin rubber bags, and a small weight attached to each bag. The bags are filled with air when the weight hangs down, and when it comes on top it presses the air out and through the hollow projection and tube into the next bag that comes in position. When placed over two wheels in water, the bags filled with air should be lighter and rise, while the other side, with the air forced out, should sink. Each bag, as it comes into position at the bottom of the left tube, will be filled with air expelled from a bag at the top. The weights will descend a certain amount, one in ex- panding and the other in contracting the bag. 947. PERPETUAL MOTION. . Differential weight of balls. The tube is filled one side with water and the other side with enough mercury to force the water up to the top of column. In the figure, A is mercury and B the water. The balls to be used are made of iron, with an air-tight chamber filled with gas to make them float in water. The machine is supposed to operate in this way: The balls are started on the mercury side. Several will be needed to force the first ball through the mer- cury, but the moment it has passed the center it will rise to the top of column of water. The next coming balls will force it out until it rolls off on to the proper place on the power wheel. Here the balls exert their weight, turn the wheel, and then drop back into the starting channel to force the ones ahead of it through the mercury back into the water again. 380 PERPETUAL MOTION. 948. PERPETUAL MOTION. Inclined disk and balls. The partitions set at an angle between the outer and inner rim of the wheel roll the balls toward the center on one side and toward the periphery on the other side of the disk. Attached to a screw pump. 1660. A type of scores of water-raising devices by perpetual motion in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The Archimedean screw seems to have had a strong hold on the minds of perpetual- motion inventors. 949. PERPETUAL MOTION. Self-moving water power. An Archi- medean screw mounted with three water wheels, by its revolution pumps water which falls consecutively upon the wheels, and gives the power required to turn the screw. Seventeenth century. 950. PERPETUAL MOTION. Chain pump as known in 1618. A water wheel which is expected through a system of gearing to operate a chain pump, which pump should raise the water necessary to propel the wheel, and so on forever. It is probably unnecessary to inform our readers that this fallacious principle has been tried in various ways, and that there are occasionally yet to be found those so unskilled in mechanical science, and incapable of seeing the radical error of the device, as to waste their substance in a repetition of this time-honored blunder. PERPETUAL MOTION. 381 951. PERPETUAL MOTION. The Archi- medean screw for raising balls. The balls carried up by the screw were sup- posed to require less power than they gave by falling on the periphery of the wheel. Enough to drive the screw. 952. PERPETUAL MOTION, Differential weight by flotation. Weights descending through air force themselves by their weight into a liquid and rise by flotation on the other side of the U-shaped chamber. A represents the blocks; B is the hexagon -shaped wheel; C is the endless chain, which remains at- tached to the wheel by means of its pointed hooks; E is the receptacle; F is the square wheel from which the chain, C, at the bottom of its course is detached to reascend round the wheel B ; G, rollers, of which there are four, made of India rub- ber or other elastic material, placed at the entrance of the receptacle E ; and H is the India-rubber angle pieces, also placed at the entrance, between which rollers, G, and angle pieces, H, pass with slight friction the blocks, after being disengaged from the chain C. These blocks, A, angle pieces, H, and rollers, G, being in close contact, form a stoppage, so that the water can not issue, and are pushed and moved forward by the blocks which descend after them. I is the endless band, resting on sup- ports, J, fixed to the inside of the receptacle, supporting the blocks and moving with them. The blocks, when in the vertical part of the re- ceptacle, are conducted by four wires, one on each of their four sides. K is a roller upon which tilt the blocks, guided by the endless band when on the top of the receptacle to leave the same; L, friction rollers, on which fall and roll the blocks after having tilted, in order to reach the hexagon wheel B. 382 PERPETUAL MOTION. 953. PERPETUAL MOTION. The flotation problem. An up- right tank, through which passes a number of floats connected by a band of elastic rubber attached to their ends, leav- ing just enough space between them to secure action on each side by the water. They are each of the same weight as an equal bulk of water at the sur- face, therefore the upper one in the tank has no comparative weight. The next lower one has a 5 unit of upward force equal to the condensation of ^ in I UK! * ts k u ^ ^ water J ar >d so on, each adding a unit to the upward tendency, until we come to the last, the pressure on which is altogether downward to the amount of the entire column of water; but we already have a number of opposing upward forces, and when we look on the other side and see the thirteen active weights, it seems clear that there will be a large surplus weight, over and above the opposing weight and the friction of the rollers and upper wheel. The weights were to pass through an elastic cylinder at the bottom. 954. PERPETUAL MOTION. Liquid transfer. A wheel, each of whose radii, A, B, contains a small channel through which there is a communication between the two bel- lows, C, D, one of which, C, is at the extremity of the radius, and the other, D, is nearer the center. The external side of these bellows is loaded with a weight. It will be seen that on one side (C, for example) the bellows far- thest from the center must open, and those nearest must close. A liquid having been poured into each radius in sufficient quantity to fill its channel and one of the bellows, it is evident that on the side, C, such liquor will be at the extremity, that is to say, in the bellows that are open, while on the other side it will be in the bellows that are near the center. Consequently one-half the wheel will be heav- ier than the other, and so the wheel itself ought to have a perpetual motion. PERPETUAL MOTION. 383 955. PERPETUAL MOTION. Chain-pump type. A series of balls placed parallel to each other are hinged or linked together in a similar manner as the buckets of a chain pump; this chain of floats is passed over two sets of pulleys or disks fixed to two horizontal shafts, the one placed vertically above the other, the said pulleys being formed to suit the diameter of the floats. One-half of this chain of floats passes through the center of the tank holding the water or other fluid, and the other half passes outside the tank through the air. The floats, when in motion, enter through the bottom of the tank, and rise up by their buoyancy through the water; they then pass round the top pulley, descend outside the tank, and, passing over the bottom pulley, again enter the tank, and so on. If cylindrical floats are used, as described, they are fixed on the connecting links half a diameter or more apart from each other. An absurd device is described in this invention of 1865, for opening and closing the entering and exit valves of the chamber and the use of compressed air for operating them. 956. PERPETUAL MOTION. Mercurial displacement in a cistern of water. A cistern full of water 4 feet deep. Let B be a wheel; freely suspended within it, let there be four glass tubes 40 inches long, c, c, c, c, having large bulbs, holding, say, a pint, blown at the closed end. Fill these tubes with mercury, fix on an In- dia-rubber bladder, that will hold a pint, to each of them at the open end, and let them be attached round the wheel, as in the figure. As the pres- sure of 40 inches of mercury will exceed the atmospheric pressure, and also that of the four-feet column of water, when the India-rubber bottle is lowest, and the tube erect, as at D, the mercury will fill it, leaving a vacuum in the glass bulb above. On the opposite side the mercury will fill the glass bulb, and the India-rubber bottle will be pressed flat, as will also be the case in the two horizontal tubes. Now, it is evident that the two horizontal tubes exactly balance PERPETUAL MOTION. each other; but the tube, D, with its bulb swelled out, displaces a pint of water more than its opposite tube, and hence will attempt to rise with the force of about one pound, and each tube, when it arrives at the same position, must produce the same result; the wheel must have a continual power, equal to about one pound, with a radius of two feet. 957. PERPETUAL MOTION. Air-buoyed wheel. A is a cistern of water filled as high as line R; C are six bladders, communicating by the tubes, D, with the hollow axle E, which axle is connected with the bellows, F, by the pipe G. H is a crank, connected with the crank, I, by the rod K. L is a bevel wheel, M a pinion, N its shaft. O is a crank attached to the bellows, F, by the rod P. Q are valves with projecting levers. R and S are two projecting knobs. T is a hole in the axle, E, form- ing a communication with it and the lowermost bladder. The axle, E, being put in motion, is expected to carry round the bladders and tables, and by the cranks, H and I, and the connecting rod, K, cause the wheel, L, to revolve, which, communicating a similar motion to the pinion, M, shaft, N, and crank, O, works the bellows, F, from which the air enters the axle, E, by the tube, G, and passing through the hole in it at T, enters the lower bladder, C, by the tube D; this blad- der being thus rendered lighter than the space it occupies, ascends, bringing the bladder behind it over the hole in the axle, T, in like man- ner, and which is thereby expected to gain an ascending power, pro- ducing a similar effect on the one behind it. When one of the bladders arrives at the knob, S, the lever of the valve, Q, strikes against it and opens the valve; when the bladder arrives at C and begins to descend, its pressure on the water drives out the air; the knob, R, then closes the valve, Q, and prevents the entrance of any water into the bladder; by this contrivance, three of the bladders were expected to be alternately full and empty, according as they passed over the hole T or the knob S. The reason assigned for the failure of this machine was the friction, the old invincible enemy of perpetual-motion seekers. THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY ON RUBBER-LINED HOSE SHSBBBB8BIB5BB Guaranteed 250 pounds Pressure i inch diameter, per foot 7 Guaranteed 400 pounds pressure 2 inch diameter, per foot 24 " " All in 50-foot lengths FHE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY ER-LINED HOSE Guaranteed 350 pounds Pressure inch diameter, per foot . 2i 24 3 j* -*o 35 4 5 50 70 I 00 Guaranteed 450 pounds Pressure 2 inch diameter, per foot 2| All in 50-foot lengths THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY LARGE ROLLS Covered with Rubber We make a specialty of covering with rubber large rolls used by manufacturers of cotton, woolen and paper goods. All our rubber coverings are graduated in consistency from the body of the roll outward, and are especially prepared for the work they are to perform. When ordering, please state the diameter the rolls are re- quired to be when finished, also the purpose for which they are intended to be used, and whether they will be run in hot or cold water. We make no charge for attaching the rubber to the roll, but charge only for the amount of rubber actually put on the roll. Price, per lb., $1.00 THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY RUBBER HAT BAGS Our Hat Bags are made of the very best quality of Fine Para Rubber, and will outlast any other bag on the market, and we can repair bags of our own make as good as new at about one-half price of new bag. We have a very large assortment of moulds, and can make almost any shape desired. 87 No. i Stock Hat Bag, per Ib. 87 No. 2 " M. R. .$2 75 . 2 25 . i 50 UNVULCANIZED RUBBER STO* Our long experience in manufacturing Unvulcanized Rubber Stock for use by straw goods workers and rubber stamp manufacturers has secured for us an unrivalled reputation. We can make a stock for any purpose desired, and guarantee it to do the work. 87 No. i Composition 8 7 " 2 87 " 3 86 " i 86 " .2 86 " 3 Per Ib. ,$2 75 2 25 i 45 i 55 i 15 i 05 86 No. 4 Composition 89 " 2 88 " i 1-29 ' ' 2 R. L. G. G. & R. Per Ib. $074 60 95 92 80 74 PERPETUAL MOTION. 385 958. PERPETUAL MOTION. By mag- netic resistance from alternate interposition of a non-magnetic conductor between the magnets and armature. F, pendulum, E, armature, C, D, magnets. A, B, neutralizing substance moved by the pendulum to a closure between the mag- net and armature at the end of the pendulum stroke, alternately, so that the opposite magnet will be in force as the armature swings toward it. Claimed, but not yet found. 959. PERPETUAL MOTION. The overbalanced cylinder. A cylinder containing a fluid with two or more weighted rods passing through stuffing boxes in the shell. To the middle of each of these rods is fixed a ball of cork which is expected to rise to the upper side of the cylinder whenever the revolution thereof brings it a little below the axis of the cylinder. In thus rising, it will carry the upper weight away from the center and bring the lower end toward the center so that it is thought the center of grav- ity of cylinder arms, corks, and metallic balls will be kept constantly on one side of a geo- ~~ metrical center, and constant revolution will result. The fact is, however, that the center of gravity will remain always in a perpendicular drawn through the axis, and, consequently, the expectations of the inventor were never realized. 960. PERPETUAL MOTION. The hydrostatic weight or differ- ential volume problem. A too prevalent belief at the present time that a large area or body of water has a greater hydro- static pressure than a connected tube rising from its base. A projector thought that the vessel of his con- trivance, represented here, was to solve the renowned problem of the perpetual motion. It was goblet- shaped, lessening gradually toward the bottom until it became a tube, bent upward at c, and pointing with 386 PERPETUAL MOTION. an open extremity into the goblet again. He reasoned thus: A pint of water in the goblet, a, must more than counterbalance an ounce which the tube, b, will contain, and must therefore be constantly pushing the ounce forward into the vessel again at a, and keeping up a stream or circulation which will cease only when the water dries up. He was confounded when a trial showed him the same level in a and in b. 961 PERPETUAL MOTION. Capillary attraction type. Plan and leveation. A tank nearly filled with water and two wheels marked a, a and b, b are placed in the water in the tank. By capillary attraction the water rises between the two wheels marked x, x, to a height above the level of the water in proportion to the distance of the wheels from each other at x, x. As the water rises between the wheels marked x, x, above its level, the weight of water between the wheels will cause the wheels to continually revolve. 962. Elevation, showing the position of the water raised by capil- lary attraction. 963. PERPETUAL MOTION. Magnetic pendulum. Let A, A, represent two magnets revolving on axes. Let B represent a larger magnet hanging on an axis, pendulum fash- ion, between the two former. As the poles of the two smaller magnets lie in the same direction, the effect will be to draw the larger magnet toward that on the left hand, while it is at the same time repelled by that on the right; but, while this is going on, the upper end of the large magnet raises, by means of a guide wire, the tumbler D. which, just before the magnets come in contact, passes the perpendicular, and falls over, carrying with it the lever connected with the two wheels, C, C, and causing them to perform a quarter revolution; these wheels are con- nected by lines with two small wheels fixed on the axles of the two mag- nets A, A. While the former make a quarter revolution, the latter turn half round. Patented in 1829. PERPETUAL MOTION. 387 964. PERPETUAL MOTION. Magnetic wheel. A light wheel on friction rollers, set with slips of iron at an angle around its periphery. N, N are two magnets, which, attracting the rim of the wheel, will render one side lighter and the other heavier, causing it to revolve ad infinitum : or, to render it more powerful, let the steel rims be magnetized, and fixed on the wheel with their north poles toward its center. Let two more magnets be added, as shown by the unshaded lines; let these two, S, S, be placed with their south poles nearest the rim of the wheel, and the other two, N, N, with their north poles in that position. Now, as similar poles repel and opposite poles attract, the wheel will be driven round by attraction and repulsion acting conjointly on four points of its circumference. B, B are blocks of wood to keep off the attraction of the magnets from that part of the wheel which has passed them. No substance yet found that interrupts the magnetic field. 965. PERPETUAL the eighteenth century. 1 MOTION. Magnetic mill of the middle of A, B, C, D represents a frame of brass or wood for the machine, E, F, to run in. E and F are two brass wheels, similar and equal, fixed upon a movable axis. i, 2, 3, etc., are a number of artificial mag- nets placed within the teeth of the wheel all round, and as near each other as is pos- sible, provided they do not touch ; their north poles at E and their south poles at F. H and I are two similar and equal mag- nets fixed in the brass plate, A, C, very near each other, but not touching. K and L, two more, fixed in the brass plate, B, D. Now, as the north pole of one magnet repels the north pole of another magnet and attracts the south, and, inversely, the south pole of one magnet repels the south pole of another and attracts the north, so the south pole, I, attracts all the north ones at E, and the north pole, H, repels all the north ones at M. In like manner, K attracts at N and L repels at O, and by this means the whole machine, E, F, is expected to move perpetually around. Now this would be all lovely if magnets did not attract in more than 388 PERPETUAL MOTION. one direction. Many American inventors have tried the same principle over and over, only to find their wheel standing still, and have then sighed for some medium which, interposed between a magnet and its armature, would prevent attraction while thus interposed. 966. PERPETUAL MOTION. Regenerating pendulum. A,B,E,F is a frame connected by C, D, a crossbar, through which runs g, a pen- dulum hung on a pivot, C. This pendu- lum has two arms, one, a, measuring five feet, and the other, b, one foot in length, connected so together to form a lever with a long and short arm, whose fulcrum is c. This pendulum has a weight of two pounds at its end. K, K are two short levers having a joint in them to allow the pendulum to pass them one way, but not the other, without moving them, whose fulcra are d, d, by which they are connected with A, B. From these run cords, /, /, over pulleys, m, m, which cords are connected (for the purpose of drawing them up into catches) with h, h, springs throwing with a power of three pounds. I, I are catches for the springs when brought back after working their power. N is the point where the pendulum, g, will escape from the lever K. 967. PERPETUAL MOTION. Magnetic wheel. A wheel, A, with a series of armatures on its periphery, revolves before a horseshoe magnet. Upon the shaft are also mounted a star wheel and a pro- peller wheel. The star wheel is arranged to tilt a lever, which carries at its extremity a plate, B, of brass coated with the "chemical and mineral sub- stances" which make it an in- sulator of magnetism. The per- manent magnet is a U-shaped bar, with its poles near the wheel, A, and opposite the path of the insulating plate B. The propeller wheel, turning in a cup of water, serves to equalize the motion, and thus prevent the machine from running away with itself and committing self-destruction, so the inventor said. PERPETUAL MOTION. 389 968. PERPETUAL MOTION. Alternate magnet type. The swing- ing of the outside magnets of opposite polarity. Alternate the attraction and repulsion of the magnets on the wheel to generate power to swing the outside magnets in and out of their sphere of action. Patented 1799. 969. PERPETUAL MOTION. Electro-magnetic type. In the engraving, A represents a frictional electrical machine ; B, a crank ; C, an electro-magnet ; D, wire con- F, a trunnion ; G, an E, a circuit closer ; H, a M ductors ; armature pitman ; I, an insulating substance ; and J, a spiral spring. The device is expected to operate as follows: The frictional electrical machine is started, which magnetizes the temporary magnet and draws the armature toward it. This breaks the circuit at the point, I, E, which demagnetizes the temporary magnet and allows the spring, J, to again close the circuit. By this means a continued motion is expected to be kept up. To those not familiar with the science of molecular physics this device may appear very plausible; a little reading, however, upon the subject of the correlation of forces will serve to show its utter fallacy. 970. PERPETUAL MOTION. Elec- trical generation. One of the types prev- . alent among amateur electricians, in which the electric current from a dynamo is to generate steam by resistance coils to drive the engine that runs the dynamo, the "steam being first started by a furnace. F, engine ; D, dynamo ; B, resistance coil in boiler H ; A, lamp or furnace. INDEX. Accumulator, 165. Acoustic telephone, 31, 32. Aerial top, 140, 146. Agitator, fluid, 284. Air and vapor gas, 157. Air-moistening apparatus, 142, 144. Air-operated crane, 151. Airships, 147, 148, 149, 150. Ammonia compressor, 255. Ampere meter, 170. Anemometer, 35, 36. Ankle, artificial, 352. Arc lamp, 171. Arc light circuit, 173. Artificial flower machine, 322. Artificial leg, 353. Assay ore crusher, 275. Automatic trolley-wheel guard, 180. Automobile brake, 213. Automobile, interchangeable, 218. Automobile mowing machine, 342. Automobile plow, 340. Automobile speed and steering gear, 214. Automobile steam engine, 214. Automobile transmission gear, 238. Bag elevator and conveyor, 24. Bagging machines, 305, 306. Ball-bearing castor, 252. Ball bearings, 251, 252. Ball joint, flexible, 129. Balls, magic and gyrating, 143. Barometer, recording, 38. Beam clamp, 327. Bell buoy, 204. Belt forg'e hammer, 293. Belt shipper, pneumatic, 30. Bending machines, 293, 294. Bicycles, motor types, 213, 214. Binding post, 170. Blacksmith's helper, 292. Blower, sirocco fan, 140. Blowers, steam, 60. Blue-print machine, 185. Boat, bicycle gear, 197. Boat, catamaran, 197. Boat, Holland submarine, 199. Boat, ice, 200. Boat, shallow draught, 198. Boat, torpedo, 198. Boats, curious, 189 to 192. Boiler and engine, solar, 57. Boiler, automobile, 62. Boiler, duplex water tube, 56. Boiler feeder, 67, 68. I Boiler, finger tube, 55. Boiler, flash, 55, 56. Boiler, internally fired, 53. Boiler, marine water tube, 58. Boiler, solar, 57. Boiler, triplex, 54. Boiler, vertical water tube, 55. Boiler, water tube, 54. Boilers, 53 to 58. Boilers, down draught, 54. Boilers, heat circulation, 53. Boring chuck, geometrical, 257. Boring elliptic cylinders, 291. Braiding machine, 167. Brake, electric, 177. Brake, track, 226. Breakwater, floating, 206. Breech block, 351. Brick clamp, 288. Bridge, balanced swing, 331. Bridge, counterbalanced, 332. Bridge, rolling lift, 330. Bridge, transfer, 333. Briqueting machines, 282, 283. Bulldozer press, 230. Buoy, fog horn, 123. Buoy, lighting, 205. Buoy, whistling, 204. Burners, oil fuel, 61, 62, 63, 64. Cable carrier, 33 1 . Cable grip, Brooklyn bridge, 226. Campylograph, 359. Car coupler, 230. Car seat, reversing, 227. Car step extension, 229. Car trucks, trolley, 223. Car wheel rolling mill, 227. Cash carrier, 27. Centrifugal separator, 292. Chains, machine-made, 287. Charcoal kiln, 346, 347. Chimney draught indicator, 65 Chuck, drill, 288. Clamp, adjustable, 327. Clamp, brick, 288. Clock correction, 268, 269. Clock, flying pendulum, 269. Clock movements, 263 to 270. Clock, novel, 268. Clock, self-winding, 270. Clock, solar and sidereal, 266, 267. Clock, synchronizing, 270. Cloth burring machine, 311. Cloth cutting machine, 317. Clutch, friction, 251, 28, 29, 30. 39 1 392 INDEX. Clutch, magnetic, 178, 179. Clutch, multi-plate friction, 222, 250. Clutch, reversing, 200. Coal-handling plant, 284. Coal-washing machine, 283. Cocoanut-paring machine, 313. Coking oven, 34 7. Cold storage house, 344. Combined vice, anvil and drill, 288. Commutator construction, 169. Compressor, ammonia, 255. Concrete mixer, 327, 328. Condensers, surface, 69, 70. Cone drum drive gear, 241. Controller, electric, 169. Conveyor, 25, 284. Cordage machines, 314, 315, 316. Cotton-seed huller, 312. Coupling, flexible, 92. Coupling for right angle ihafts, 249. Coupling, quick, 23. Crane, electric, 177. Crane, hydraulic. 151. Crank, flexible, 92. Crank-pin turning machine, 228. Crank problems, 246, 249. Crank substitute, 236-247. Crane truck, 292. Crematory, refuse, 346. Cream separator, 343. Creosoting apparatus, 329. Crib dam, 332. Curious boats, 189 to 192. Cutting diamonds, 320, 321. Cylinder boring, elliptic. 291. Dam, crib, 332. Dash pot, 91. Dead center problems, 246, 249. Demagnetizing a watch, 185. Diamond crusher, 321. Diamond cutting, 320, 321. Diamond-drilling machine, 275. Diamond millstone machine, 302. Diamond tools, 321. Differential speed gear, 237. Disintegrator, 325. Dog, universal, 287. Dovetailing machine, 302, 304. Dovetails, 304 Drawbridge, 330 332. Dray, steam, 217, 218. Drill chuck, 288. Drill, expanding, 290. Drill, lubricating, 289. Drilling machine for rails, 228. Drying grain 150. Dumping wagon, 212. Dynamometer, 43. Dynamos, compound, 168. Dynamos, shunt wound, 168. Earth embankment, 333. Eddy tailless kite, 147. Eifel Tower, 333. Electrical clock correction, 268. Electric bell, 182. Electric blowpipe, 173. Electric blueprint machine, 185. Electric cable machine, 165. Electric chafing dish, 181. Electric clock controller, 264. Electric commutator, 169. Electric controller, 169. Electric crane, 177. Electric curling-iron heater, 185. Electric-driven sewing machine, 174. Electric elevator, 174. Electric engine stop, 172. Electric escapement, 265. Electric fire-alarm system, 183. Electric furnace, 173, 174. Electric hammer, 330. Electric incubator, 175. Electric lighting circuit, 173. Electric lighting system, 181. Electric motor, 169. Electric motor pump, 175. Electric pendulums, 263, 265. Electric ratchet escapement" 265. Electric repeating clock, 264, 265. Electric soldering copper, 176. Electric track brake, 177. Electric transformer, 170. Electric tree felling, 184. Electric trumpet, 184. Electric welding apparatus, 1 76. Electric wire insulation, 166. Electro-magnetic clutch, 178, 179. Elevator, bag, 24. Elevator, cargo, 103. Elevator, gravity, 327. Ellipsograph, 358. Engine, automobile steam, 214. Engine, convertible, 78. Engine, Corliss type, 76, 77. Engine, floating valve gear, 93. Engine governors, 96, 97, 98. Engine high speed vertical, 75. Engine, oil, 115. Engine, oscillating, 108. Engine, pendulum, 107. Engine, reversible, rotary, 104, 109. Engine, reversing gear, 93, 95, 96, 100. Engine, revolving, 79. Engine, rotary piston, 108. Engine, steam or air, 75. Engine stop, automatic, 95. Engine, three-cylinder, 78. Engine, triple expansion, 74, 76. Engine, two-cycle marine, 114. Engines, gas and oil, 113 to 117. Engines, rotary, 104 to 109. Engines, types of compound, 73 to 80. Engine valves, piston, 81, 82, 83. Engine valves, slide, 79 to 85. Engraving machine, 257, 258, 259. Epi cyclic train, 238. Evaporator, fresh water, 70. Excavator, 326. Expansion joints, 102. Fan blower, sirocco, 140. Feathering paddle wheel, 194. File-cutting machine, 303, 305. Fire-alarm mechanism, 183. Fire extinguisher, 133. Flax scutching machine, 314. INDEX. 393 Flock grinding machine, 313,. Flocking machine. 317. jrip, shaft, 287. Suns, army and navy, 350, 351. Flour bagging machines, 305, 306. Flower-branching machine, 322. Hammer, electric, 330. Flying machine, 149. Flying propeller. 146. Heater and purifier, 69. Heating by waste gases, 104. Fog whistle, 2051 Hoist, pneumatic, 151. Forge, gas fired, 297. Hoist, worm gear, 26. Forge, petroleum, 300. Formula for spring power, 44 to 49. Foundry construction, 326. Hoisting engine, 325. Horological motions, 263-271. Hulling cotton-seed, 312. Fountain washboiler, 341. Four-spool hoist, 325. Friction gear, variable speed, 239. Friction pulleys, 25, 26. 28, 29. Hydraulic elevator, 134. Hydraulic jack, 131. Hydraulic press, 132. Hydraulic punch, 133. Friction ratchet, 250. Hygroscope, 42,43. Fruit dryer, 152. Fruit press 321. Fuel, coal dust feed, 60. 61. I beam trolley, 24. Fuel, oil burners, 61, 62, 63, 64. Furnace, down draught, 58, 59. Furnace, gravity feed, 58. Furnace, refuse, 346, 347. Ice boat details. 200. Ignition, gas engine, 118. Incubator, electric, 175. Irrigation, 124. Furnace, under feed, 59. Furnaces, hardening, 296, 301. Tack, hydraulic, 131. Furnaces, melting, 297, 298, 299. Jets, sand blast, 142. Furnaces, ore, 276, 277. Joint, flexible, 103. Joints, expansion, 102. Joints, flexible ball, 102. Gas-fired lime kiln, 162. Gas forge, 155. Kansas windmill, 144. Gas gravity balance 161. Kerosene cook stove, 161. Gas meter, coin in slot, 256. Kercsene heater, 161. Gasoline and steam motor, 114. Kiln, charcoal, 346. Gasoline light 160. Kites, tailless, 146. 147. Gasoline motor, 6-cylinder, 113. Knots and splices, 203, 204. Gasoline vaporizer, 117. Gas producer, 156, 157, 158. Gear automobile steering, 212. Gear, differential speed 212. Geared crank substitute, 236. Gear, elliptic linkage, 234-235. Gear, friction, cog check, 236. Lag screw machine, 318. Lathe attachment, taper, 290. Lathe, crank pin, 228. Lathe driving gear,- 240. Lathe, geometrical, 258. Lathe, spiral fluting, 256. Gear, interrupting cam, 235. Lathe, square turning, 247. Gear, reverse motion, 234, 100. Launch, fast type, 196. Gear, swash plate, 233. Level, pocket, 327. Gear, transmission, 238. Gear, variable speed, 239, 240, 241. Gear, volute tappet, 234. Gear, worm, 233. Geometrical boring chuck, 257. Lever draught equalizers, 17, 18. Lever nippers, 19. Life-saving net, 348. Light, gasoline, 160. Light, Lucigen, 159. Geometrical pen, 357. Gigantic wheel, 334- Light, Wells, 158. Limekiln, gas-fired, 162. Gold amalgamator, 281. Gold separators, 280. Governor fan, 98. Linkage motion, 24.5:, 246, 247. Link joint, double, 247. Link motion, shaft driving, 248. Governor, marine. 98. Locomotives, rack railway, 224, 225. Governors, engine, 96, 97, 98. Low water alarm, 68. Governor, water-wheel, 129. Lumber, quarter sawed, 317. Grading wagon, 211. Grain drying apparatus, 150. Grain elevators, 141. Grain elevator, pneumatic, 141. Grain harvester, 345. Grain thresher, 345- Grapnel, submarine, 200, 201. Grapple, timber, 18. Gravity elevator, 327. Gravity plane sheaves, 281. Machine-shop construction, 328. Magic ball, 143- Magnetic ore separator, 278. Megascope, 143- Melting furnaces, 297, 298, 299, 300. Merry-go-round, sailing, 145. Meter, ampere recording, 170. Mining lamps, 273. 394 INDEX. Models of international racing yachts, 192 Perpetual motion. to 194. Electro-magnetic, 389. Moistening apparatus, 144, 142. Falling weights, 370. Mond gas plant, 156. Ferguson's type, 369. Motion, circular from reciprocating, 235. Flotation problem, 382. Mot on, circular to parallel, 237. Floating weights, 381. Mot on, crank, no dead center, 249. Mot on, intermittent rotary, 236. Folding arm type, 367. Geared motive power, 371. Mot on, reciprocating stop, 248, 249. Gear problem, 375. Mot on, vibrating, 237. Hydrostatic weight, 385. Motor, electric, i6g. Inclined disk, 380. Motor, light gasoline, 113. Lever type, 372. Motor, novel, 56. Link bucket and pump, 378. Motor, oil, 115. Liquid transfer, 382. Motor, spring, 252, 253, 254. Magnetic mill, 387 Motor, starter, 119. Magnetic pendulum, 386. Motor, swing, 255. Magnetic resistance, 385. Motor, water, 127. Magnetic wheel, 387, 388. Motor, weight driven, 253, 254. Magnetism and gravity, 368. Motors and turbines, 126, 12*7, 128. Motors, floating, 126. Marquis of Worcester, 366. Mercurial displacement, 383. Motors, gasoline. 11310 117. Mercurial wheel, 375. Motors, wave, 123. Molding machine, 319. Oft repeated type, 366. Often repeated type, 376. Moving platform, 334. Overbalanced cylinder, 385. Mowing machine, 342, 343. Paradox, 364. Mufflers, 120. Pick-up ball, 368. Multiple shaft driving gear, 248. Prevailing type, 366. Regenerating pendulum, 388. Net, life-saving, 348. Nets and seines, 206, 207. Rocking beam, 373. Rocking weights, 377. Nozzle, fire extinguisher, 133. Rolling ring, 374. Nozzle, water-wheel. 129. Sponge problem, 378. Submerged wheel, 377. Oil burners, 160, 161. Oil cook stove, 161. Tilting tray, 373. Transfer of air, 379. Oil heater, 161. Tubes and balls, 370. Ore car, 280. Water power, 380. Ore crusher, 275, 278. Water wheel and pump, 377. Ore pulverizer, 278. Water-wheel problem, 374. Ore roasting furnaces, 276, 277. Ore sampler, 279. Phenakistoscope, 260. Ore washing tower, 279. Pipe-bending machine, 294. Pistol, magazine, 352. Packing machine, flour, 307. Planetariums, 259. Pantanemone windmill, 144. Plate-hardening'furnace, 301. Pantographic engraving, 257. Platform, moving, 334. Paper enameling machine, 315. Plow, automobile, 340. Parallel from circular motion, 237. Plow, reversible, 341. Parallel motion linkage, 245, 246. Plow, roller disk, 340. Paris-green duster, 342. Plug for leaky tubes, 65. Pendulum, flying, 269. Plug, safety, 65 Pendulums, electric, 263. Pneumatic ball puzzle, 139. Perpetual motion, 363 to 389. Pneumatic concentrator, 279. Air-bag problem. 376. Air-buoyed wheel, 384. Alternate magnet, 389. Archimedean screw, 381. Pneumatic disk puzzle, 139. Pneumatic fan, 140. Pneumatic grain elevator, 141. Pneumatic lift, 151. Arm and ball, 368. Pneumatic moistening apparatus. 144. Ball-carrying belt, 369. Porcelain molding, 319. Capillary attraction, 386. Chain problem, 383. Potato rasping machine, 342. Potato washing machine, 341. Chain pump, 380. Power hack saw, 294. Chain wheel, 367. Press, combination, 321. Differential water wheel, 374. Pressure regulators, 99. Differential weights. 379. Producer gas apparatus, 156. Differential wheel, 371. Prony brake, 42. Double cone, 372. Propeller, feathering blade, 196. Electrical generation, 389. Propeller, reversing clutch, 200. THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY SMETA1 -INSERTED MATS PATENTED 1886 Are made with Metal Insertions in each or every other rub- ber diamond, as desired. Manufactured up to 8 inches wide and 6 feet long. x NX NX NX NX \x NX \x X \ NX NX _ NX re inch thick, per square foot . . |o go i 30 MANUFACTURED AND PATENTED EXCLUSIVELY BY 16 WARREN STREET, NEW YORK THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY METAL-INSERTED STEP MATS For Car Steps We illustrate two designs in different sizes which we carry in stock. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 5 1-2x22 INCHES 7x24 INCHES 5i x 22 inches, per dozen $12 oo 7 x 24 inches, per dozen . .1600 These mats are guaranteed to outwear any others. New designs with Metal Insertions furnished upon application. PATENTED AND MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY THE P 16 WARREN STREET, NEW YORK THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY PERFORATE Pattern No. 504 A Pattern No. 505 A rF 1 -- THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY EERLESS PERFORATED MAtTl In Perforated Matting we illustrate a few of our latest designs. These will be found very durable, the quality being the best. i inch thick, per square foot ..................... j^ 75 ............ . ........ i oo * " " ..................... I 25 Extra for letters, each ................... 25 Made in any width up to 6 feet Made in any length desired INDEX. 395 Propeller wheels, types, 194, 195. Pulley balancing machine, 289. Pulley, friction, 25, 26, 28, 29. Pulleys, change speed, 248. Springs and their power, 44 to 49. Square, turned by circular motion 247. Stairway, traveling, 335. Steam separator, 68. Pulverizer, 325. Steam traps, 65, 66, 67. Pump, electric driven, 175. Steam turbine, De Laval 87. Pump valves, 128. Pumps, centrifugal, 124, 125. Steam turbines, 85 to 87. Steam whistle, 288. Pumps, rotary, 124, 125. Steel furnace, 298. Steel mixer, 299. Quarter sawing lumber, 317. Quartz pulverizer, 278. Quick coupling, band, 23. Steering gear, automobile, 212, 213. Steering gear, drag, 202. Still, water, 130. Rail track brake, 226 Storage battery, 165. Strainer, basket, 130. Ram, steam, no. Structures, high, 333. Ramp, stairway, 335. Ratchet, reversible friction, 250. Stump puller, 339. Submarine boat, 199. Reciprocating stop motion, 248. Refrigeration, 344. Refrigerator, domestic, 134. Sun and planet motion 236. Surface condensers, 69, 70. Surrey, steam, 216. Register, fare-recording, 225. Swing bridge, 331. Regulators, pressure, 99, 131. Reverberatory furnace, 301. Swing motor, 255. Reversing gear, 91. Tandem worm gear, 174. Rifle, U. S. magazine, 350. Road grading wagon, 211. Telegraph printing, 182. Telegraphy, wireless. 179, 180, 181. Roasting furnaces, ore, 276, 277. Rock railway locomotives, 224, 225. Telephone, acoustic, 31. 32. Tempering baths, 296, 297. Roller disk plow, 340. Tethering hook, 341. Rolling mill for car wheels, 227. Thermohydroscope, 43. Rope hitches, 202. Thermometer, max., min., 40. Rope knots and splices, 203, 204. Thermometer, metallic, 36, 39, 40. Rope machines, 315, 316. Thermometer, registering, 39. Rope tramway, 25. Thermometer, sunshine, 41. Rose lathe, 258, 259. Thermostat, 39. Thread rolling, 294. Sailing wagon, 145. Timber, creosoting, 329. Sail-rigged merry-go-round, 145. Tire-setting machines, 295, 296. Sand blast apparatus, 142. Top aerial, 140. Sanders, track, 222. Torpedo, dirigible, 198. Saw, portable, 339. Torpedo, Whitehead 199. v Saws, metal, 294, 295. Traction wheel, 211. Screw cutting machine, 318. Screw driver, universal, 23. Tram rope carriage, 25. Transformer, electric, 170, 181. Seamless tube machine, 295. Transmission, wire, 23. Search-light, 171. Trench brace, 328. Seines and nets; 206, 207. Trolley, I beam, 24, 26. Separator, cream, 343. Trolley replacer, 229. Separator, dry placers, 280. Trolley-wheel guard, 180. Separators, magnetic, 277, 278. Turbine, Parson's steam, 85. Sewing machine, electric, 174. Turbines, water, 127, 128. Shaft, right angle coupling. 249. Ships, air, 147, 148, 149, 170. Turpentine still, 306. Two-way conveyor, 25. Signals, railway, 221, 222. Typewriter, 348, 349. Siphon, water ram, 135. Types of propeller wheels, 194, 195 Sluice gate, 130. Soldering copper, gasoline, 289. Valve, automatic closing, 101. Soldering furnace, kerosene, 160. Valve, differential, exhaust, 100. Sounding machine, 201. Valve, double beat, 130. Sparking plug, 117. Speed gear, differential, 212, 213-237. Valve gear, Corliss, 89 to 91. Valve gear, novel, 88, 92. Speed gear, variable, 239, 240, 241. Valve gear, reversing, 93, 95, 96. Speed indicator, 41. Valve gear, Stevens, 88. Speed pulleys, expanding, 248. Valve gear, triple expansion, 94. Speed train, 238. Valve gear, Walschaerts, 94. Spiral fluting lathe, 256. Valve gear, Wolf type, 91. Spraying nozzle, 132. Spring motors, 252, 253, 254. Valve movement, pump, 128. Valve, reducing, 100. 396 INDEX. Valve, reversible, 101. Valve, self-closing stop, 99. Valves, engine, 79 to 101. Vaporizer, gasoline, 117. Variable speed device, 27. Ventilator, valve light, 152. Venturi tube, 131. Viscosimeter, 29. Wagon, dumping, 212. Wagon, grading 211. Wagon, sailing, 145. Wagon, steam freight, 217, 218. Walking beam, short range. 247. Wash boiler, fountain, 341. Washing machine, potato, 341. Washington Monument, 333. Watch to demagnetize, 185. Water elevator, steam, no. Water-flow regulator, 132. Water-gas apparatus, 158. Water meter, 131. Water-pressure regulator, 131. Water ram, 135. Water still, 130. Water-wheel nozzle, 129. Wave motors, 123. Welding, electric, 176. Well-boring tools, 274, 275. Wells light, 158. Wells, re-enforcing, 135. Wheel, feathering paddle, 194. Wheel, gigantic, 334. Wheel, traction, 211. Whistle, fog, 205. Wind force, register, 37. Wind meter, recording, 37. Windmill, Kansas, 144. Windmills Pantamemone, 144. Wind vane, registering, 35. Wire covering machines, 165, 166, 167. Wire guy gripper, 329. Wireless telegraphy, 179, 180, 181. Wiring ignition, 118. Wiring, multiple cylinder, 118. Wood preserving app., 329. Worm gear, 174. Worm gear hoist, 26. Wrench, expanding, 251. Yacht models, of the international races, 192 to 194. THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY - r a- PEfckLtSS COMBINATION MATTING Pattern No. 10 Sections 5 inches square Price, per Ib., 40 cents THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY ll PEERLESS PATENT METAL-INSERTED STEP MATS For Car Steps CLOVER-LEAF PATERNS 7x24 INCHES BOTTOM STEP PRICE-LIST STANDARD . $16 oo 7 x 24 inches, per dozen BOTTOM STEP 7 inches wide, 23-inch top, 284-inch bottom, per dozen .$1800 8 inches wide, 23-inch top, 2gHnch bottom, per dozen 20 oo TOP STEP 12 x 24 inches, per dozen $24 oc These mats are guaranteed to outwear any others. New designs with Metal Insertions furnished upon application. MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING CO. THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY PEERLESS RUBBER II IN In the line of matting our Peerless Patent Combination Mat- ting excels all other makes, both in the unique designs and the quality of material used. We append a table showing estimated weights of same. _3_ inch, 30 inches wide, yard long . weighs 6 Ibs A " 35 " " 7 A " 36 " A "40 " " " 8 " 30 l( 4 " 35 " " 36 ' " 84 " " 9 " 4 -rr " 40 inch thick " " 10 weighs 14^ Ibs. per square yard . . . . . . . " 19 " ^ . . . . " 24 " u u . . " 284 " " TT f, " 33 " * " 38 " Price, per lb., 40 cents THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPANY COMBINATION MATTING Pattern No. 8 Sections 5 inches square Price, per lb., 40 cents TT /s/ HI* THE PEERLESS RUBBER MANUFACTURING COMPAQ EERLESS KNOB STEP THE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST STAMPED BELOW. DATE j ^>-c^ ~ t MAY 1 9 1993 RECEIVED MAY 4 1993 EMS LIBRARY 'idth up to . $12 00 THE PEERLESS RUBBER iH> CLIPSE 'NROW GASKET 16 WARF04 ST,N.Y. n