llUl 70^ REV. ERNEST GELDART, Rector of Little Braxted. CONTAINING DIRECTIONS AND ADVICE TO THOSE WHO DESIRE WORTHILY TO DECK THE CHURCH AT THE VARIOUS SEASONS OF THE YEAR: THE EXPLANATION AND THE HISTORY OF THE SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS OF RELIGION. With LII. PLATES AND MANY ILLUSTRATIONS By the AUTHOR. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ A. R. MOWBRAY & CO. OXFORD : 106, S. Aldate's Street ; LONDON: 64 and 65, Farringdon Street, E.G. 1899. ERR A TA. Page 92, line 13, for H/^rt/) COSOJIV/P read 96, line 2 1, / .B (4 .* ,B .A different tints, the effect of the interlaced wreaths is ^te^mJp^L^^^r^' very happy. Say that you take one of pale holly ^ s **&& f ^3g&^ s &$&' or golden euonymus and another of dark yew or box, or in any other way counterchange the colours, you will certainly get a good return for your trouble. When such decorations are only needed for a day, and where there is no fear of neglect, your garlands may be brightened with flowers peonies or chrysan- themums, daffodils and daisies. But, alas, experience has shown too often that zeal cools and flowers fade, when the feast has come and gone. Moreover, it is difficult and not always seemly, to have to drag in ladders and all the impedi- menta of garnishing, so as to mount to beam and cornice for the removal of flowers. Our neighbours across the channel have solved the difficulty by using paper roses and dyed moss for their May-garlands, suspended throughout the month of May, but we cannot say " they manage these things better in France." There is a use of evergreens of a far less artificial sort than that mentioned hitherto, i.e., the use of whole branches of evergreens and the hanging from the walls or roof long runners of ivy. This sometimes looks well, and so does another plan, when one can steadfastly shut the eyes of one's memory and refuse to see the Noah's-ark trees of childhood I mean the placing of bushes and fir trees in tubs and ranking them down the aisles ; the latter plan, however, leaves little room for worshippers, if the trees are large, and none for the decorator. (off}er Here it is to be feared the readers will experience a want of sympathy, and be inclined to complain, with a reader of a former publication of mine, " The writer seems to object to all decorations ! " 28 $ (ttlanuaf of 0urc0 Decoration ano So soon as the spirit of enterprise stirred the hearts of those who used to deck our Churches for Christmastide, they began casting about for something more "emblematical" than a wreath on a beam or a branch of holly stuck on a pew end. The tracery of the windows, or the carving of the benches, suggested trefoils, circles, and quatrefoils. The symbolism of Christianity easily provided them with crosses, and monograms, and stars ; while the winter landscape unhappily lay open to the base imitation of cotton wool-snow and Epsom-frost. Putting aside the latter monstrosities, let us ask what should be said about the first-named decorations ? A trefoil (or a circle, or what not) is an excellent form and a beautiful symbol ; but where are you to put it ? Our forerunners of the 6o's or 70' s drove a nail in wherever it would stick ; and hung up a hoop or wooden frame, covered with holly, by a string on the wall, or in the stall front or elsewhere, and therewith were well content. They probably hung up a round dozen of one form in different parts of the building, and if they alternated the circles with crosses, they felt that the force of imagination would carry them no further. But the study of symbolism and the impulse of emulation did carry people further before long ; and devices grew and multiplied, until latterly many of our Churches have been perfect museums of ingenuity, affording a rich supply of copy to the correspondents of the county press. "The walls of the sacred edifice were garnished with symbolic devices: the circle of eternity alternating with the impressive sign of the Trinity ; while at intervals were numerous crosses and monograms, the work of the devoted ladies at the Rectory." " The font was undertaken by the Misses Taylor, of Plucky Hall, whose deft fingers have unmistakably left their mark upon the sacred basin, and enriched its chaste outlines with appropriate and holy signs. . . ." This is the sort of terrible nonsense we are all too familiar with, in the columns of the local news ; but is the description much worse than the things described ? By the mere hanging up of circles and triangles here and there, the dabbing on to stalls and reading-desks of paper shields with gilt monograms, a Church is in no true sense of the word decorated. But do not let my readers suppose that there is no room for effort nor hope of success. There is plenty of room for the placing of the trefoil, or the shield, or other device if you can find it ; such places being specially those which offer containing lines : a " blind " arch, a sunk panel (containing nothing), the space between a double lancet and the crown of the arch, the tympanum of a door, the spandrels of an arcade, and so on. In all these places your devices may fairly be hung or fitted. On plate V. there are drawn a large number of " foundations" for such devices, which may be bordered with evergreens or everlasting flowers ; and the centres <>f 'emcee (of0er f0an T2?reaf0e). 31 may be illuminated with colours, painted preferably in oil on canvas never in cut-out coloured paper gummed together. It may be that oil painting is beyond the power of some whose fingers are yet well able to colour in water medium. In this case good cartridge paper or slightly tinted cardboard can be used, and the emblems chosen can be painted on. The second part of the manual enters far more fully into the history and rationale of symbolism than may be thought necessary for the mere purposes of ordinary " decoration." Undoubtedly this is the case ; but my readers will probably agree with me that it is better to give too much rather than too little in the way of information, and the aim of the book is to encourage further study, and not merely to save trouble, by finding an emblem " ready to hand." Nor is it intended to be used as a mere index. Though it does little more than touch the fringes of the vast domain of sacred archaeology, it is, so far as it goes, a treatise and not a " catalogue." As to the use of symbolic shapes I think I will let the diagrams on Plate V. speak for themselves. It is impossible to lay down universally applicable rules, or even suggestions worthy of reliance. A few mistakes, rectified by experience, a few endeavours, and conscientious efforts will, in all likelihood, bring the reward of success. Chapter II. has cleared the way, and marked out the path, so far, at least, as I can show it, and I must leave my readers (even if they consent to be disciples), somewhat of a free hand. I must now give some description of the IRONMONGERY employed in such decoration as we are concerned with, and illustrated on Plate V. The foundations for wreathage and emblems here shown may be of wood, or cane, or metal. Figs. I, 2, 3, 4 show the most convenient way of having well- formed and rigid shape on which to work, made of strong galvanized wire. Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 show forms cut out in zinc, either solid or perforated. Figs. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 represent the various contrivances for supplying water to fresh flowers. All of these can easily be made of tin or zinc, and should be strongly painted with three or four coats before use. Each trough (like 12) should be numbered to its position in window-sill or base of screen, or what not ; and all such vessels should be well rinsed out, and carefully dried when put away. Figs. 19, 20, 26, 27 show how hanging crosses, monograms, or geometrical forms can have the enrichment of living flowers without the other- wise inevitable decay. Figs. 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 are different forms of the "fans" used for displaying altar bouquets. Exception maybe taken to the employment of any such mechanical making up of a nosegay on the score of unreality ; yet in large Churches it may be argued in defence, that without some such means cut flowers will be practically invisible. Granting this, we may probably feel free to use the most convenient method of display. The form assumed by the frame has become so stereotyped, that in ($. (Wtanuaf of Decoration anb Spain, at least, the altar bouquets are cut out of a flat sheet of metal, chased and embossed sometimes in silver ; sometimes out of the commonest tin plate, splashed with a few daubs of red and white and green. As no one could ever dream of going further and faring worse, this will form an appropriate tailpiece to the chapter, since it is surely the decorators' dernier ressort ! CHAPTER IV. Decoration. WHERE living flowers are used, arrangements must of course be made for the stalks to be kept moist ; and this can very easily be done by water contained in little zinc tubes, which can be soldered in any position on to iron frames, or these zinc tubes (formed as cones, and made with a hook) can be hung on any part of the decorations required. A drop of thin gum in each of the flowers will prevent them falling to pieces as soon as they otherwise would. The stalks can be dipped in hot sealing-wax. For altar-vases, useful frames are made in zinc, which enable the decorator to make an effective bouquet with a small supply of flowers ; that is to say, provided it is thought well to have the large upstanding bouquets of sym- metrical form that seem so generally demanded. I am not sure that smaller and less formal " posies " do not look better, but that is a matter of taste. Large flower-pots or jardinieres, filled with growing plants, azaleas, camellias, heath, and so on, may advantageously be put in front of the screen, in large window-sills, or flanking the altar. But let us avoid the terrible excesses of the typical West End wedding, whereby the sanctuary is perverted to a horticultural show ; where indiarubber plants and cabbage palms wave their branches for awhile, till they are carted off to do duty at a political banquet or a Lord Mayor's Show. Flowers on the altar, and around it, are beautiful and edifying ; but hired exotics are a mere disfigurement, and a cumbering of the ground. When arranging flowers upon the altar, take care that they are safe, i.e., that there be no fear of their falling upon the mensa. Also see that they do not so stand in front of the altar-lights as by their shadows to make it difficult for the celebrant to read. The use of flowers, although ancient and laudable, is not subject to any definite rules or laws. Fads and superstitions there are enough and to spare. I have before now been told my altar was bare, because there were no white flowers, and " only white must be used." Or some more generous decorator would allow white and red, but nothing else ; or blue, if it is S. Mary's ! All this is sheer nonsense. " GOD made every tree to grow," and painted every flower. Whatsoever is beautiful and sweet may be used freely. There is only one rule which, perhaps, may be laid down, and that is : a purple frontal should mean no floivers. This rule, however, is commonly relaxed on three days : the Third Sunday in Advent, with its introit, Gaudete ; the Fourth Sunday in Lent, Lcetare ; and the Holy Innocents' Day. 34 Qttanuaf of 0urc0 ^Decoration ano On Palm Sunday the "decorations" may, by ancient custom, include box, and yew, and willow, as well as the " real palms " with which the altar will probably be decked. Of flowers at funerals, we may heartily sympathize with the frequent notices in the Times : " No flowers by request ! " In seeking to banish the skull and crossbones, and the grim ghastliness of the last century, we have run to the opposite extreme, and made the coffin a garish and ostentatious flower show, a vehicle too, alas ! of unreal " sympathy " and " kindest regards," that cannot sufficiently be condemned. By all means let a few simple flowers be strewn by the grave side, and let, perhaps, one cross or wreath be placed upon the pall ; is not that enough ? Flowers should never be used in decoration unless they are in water, or are capable of constant renewal; otherwise an "octave" affbrds a dismal sight, and an unsavoury odour. At the base of the screen, round the font, and in the window-sills, troughs of zinc, painted a quiet colour, can always be put, if one will spend a few shillings for the sake of decency and cleanliness. These troughs can either have a floating board pierced with holes, or a wire lid, or they can be filled with watered moss ; or damp clay or sand will keep many flowers excellently the primroses of our Easter octave, for instance. Flowers, again, might well be more used than they are for the decoration of GOD'S acre. On anniversary or "year's mind," it were well if we remembered the sleeping-places of our own loved ones ; and at Easter (and on All Souls' Day) it is surely fitting to deck the whole ground at once. EVERLASTING FLOWERS, BERRIES, AND Moss may all be used for making wreaths, or " devices " to hang upon the walls or other suitable parts of the Church. For working with the everlasting flowers most people prefer a groundwork of perforated zinc, cut out to the can be put through the holes with cotton, or by pasting or over the back. Another plan shaped out of cardboard or of should be either covered with the flowers, cut from the 4 iff required shape, as the stalks and fastened behind either glueing stout brown paper is to have the groundwork a thin piece of wood, which paper or painted, and on this stalks, are fastened down either with glue, very thick gum, or shoemakers' paste. Melted gelatine will be arabic for fixing the flowers be spread over the device, and berries it is best to dip them gelatine. Supposing either of the above plans to be adopted, the worker should procure the device selected, cut out to the required size, and then lay it down on a piece of found more useful than gum and berries. The gelatine can the flowers laid on ; but for containing the n a saucer Sforaf ^Decoration. 35 plain paper, and with a pencil trace the shape. Then remove the zinc, and with water-colours try the effect of the various shades it is proposed to use ; for it should always be borne in mind that it is not requisite to adhere to one colour only with these decorations. Thus, a star, instead of being all yellow, may have the principal part yellow, with a green centre, and a line of red around the outside edge. A double triangle may have one yellow, edged with red, and the other white, edged with blue. By trying the effect on paper in the way suggested, one is much more likely to get a satisfactory result, and it will also save time in arranging the flowers. There are many varieties of everlastings : the small gnapJuiliuin, the larger licliclirysmn, and the white Cape everlasting. With these be content, and if you want colour brighter than the natural flowers provide, use holly berries or the brilliant hips and haws, or the berries of the nightshade, that are to be found in every hedgerow. White Cape everlastings are very useful for decorations ; but the seed in the centre should be removed, and they should be warmed by steam or in front of a fire, opened out flat, and turned face downwards, leaving the back uppermost. When so used, a comparatively small number are required. They are also used the other way, much closer together. The Cape silver leaves are very effective, and there are also many very beautiful grasses, too often disfigured by being dyed bright blue or red, but easily to be obtained au naturel ; these are useful and legitimate substitutes for flowers in the winter season, and may even be placed in vases on the altar without incongruity. DEVICES IN EVERGREENS. For forming devices, either entirely of evergreens, or of evergreens with the addition of a few everlasting flowers, perfo rated zinc is, perhaps, the best groundwork. The plan to be adopted for fixing them is as follows : First procure the materials required, viz., the forms it is proposed to decorate, a supply of evergreen leaves, and very (2) small sprays of evergreens, some stout needles, and strong thread of a dark colour that used for sewing carpets, or ordinary black thread will do. Qtlanuaf of 0urc0 Decoration ano Commence sewing on the leaves and sprays at the bottom of the device, taking care that the thread fastens of the veins, and that the covered by other leaves. For be fixed at a slight elevation, and the work should be done for those that are to be fixed the leaves down across one stalks are as far as possible devices that are intended to small leaves should be used, as neatly as possible ; but at a considerable height,larger leaves will be more effective. Devices consisting entirely of evergreens have a somewhat heavy appearance. This is ( 4 ) relieved by small bunches of holly berries, (s) or flowers introduced in different parts of the design, in the way indicated by figs, i, 2, 3,4, 5. As popular belief has always associated particular flowers with certain saints, it is quite possible that the list here appended is more or less dependable.- As the daisy is S. Margaret's flower, and the white lily has ever been called the "lady lily," so S. John gives the name to the beautiful yellow wort, and so in many other cases. At the same time, one cannot read the names of many of these " appropriated " flowers without a sceptical feeling of something more than doubt with regard to their antiquity. The chrysanthemum, for instance, for S. Simon has a somewhat modern flavour ! and the ricinus for Palm Sunday provokes a sense of nausea. " Palmchrist " is simply the castor oil plant. However, failing the requisite knowledge of sacred botany, 1 append this list " for what it is worth," taken bodily from a book by W. A. Barrett, entitled, Flowers and Festivals : JANUARY. 1 The Circumcision. Laurestinus, Viburnum linus. 6 The Epiphany. Common Star of Bethlehem, Ornithogahun umbellatum. 8 S. Lucian, P.M. Common laurel, Latints. 13 S. Hilary, B.C.D. Barren strawberry, Fragaria sterilis. 18 S. Prisca, V. M. Four-toothed moss, Bryum pelhtcidum. 20 S. Fabian, B.M. Large dead nettle, Lamhiin garganicutn. 21 S. Agnes, V. M. Black hellebore or Christmas rose, Helleborus niger, Flore albo. 22 S. Vincent, D.M. Early willow grass, Draba verna, 25 Conversion of S. Paul. Winter hellebore, Helle- borus hyemalis. FEBRUARY. 2 Purification of B.V.M. Snowdrops, Galanthus nivalis. 3 S. Blasius, B.M. Great water moss, Fontinalis antipyretica. 5 S. Agatha, V. M. Common primrose, Primula vulgaris. 14 S. Valentine, B.M. Yellow crocus, Crocus aureus. 24 S. Matthias. Mezereon, Daphne Mezcreum. MARCH. 1 S. David, Abp. C. Leek, A Ilium porrum. 2 S. Chad, B.C. Dwarf chickweed, Cerastium penniliini. 7 S. Perpetua, M. Early daffodil, Narcissus pseudo Narcissus simplex. 12 S. Gregory, B.C.D. Channelled ixia, Ixia biilbo- codium. 17 S. Patrick, B.C. Shamrock, trefoil, Trifolium repens. 18 S. Edward, K.M. Great leopard bane, Doroni- ciim pardalianches. 21 S. Benedict, Ab. Herb bennet, Genon urbanum ; and way bennet or wild rye, Hordeitm muri- ntini ; also, bulbous fumitory, Fumaria bulbosa. 25 The Annunciation. Marigold, Calendula offici- nalis. Sforaf Decoration, 37 APRIL. 3 S. Richard, B.C. Evergreen alkanet, Anchusa sempervirens. 4 S. Ambrose, B.C.D. Meadow orchis, Orchis mascula. 19 S. Alphege, Ahp. M. Ursine garlic, Allium tirsinum. 23 S. George, M. Harebell, Hyacinthnsnonscriptus. 25 S. Mark, E. Clarimond tulip, Tulipa prochondriacus. 10 S. Laurence, D. M. Common balsam, Impaliens balsamina. 15 Assumption of B.V. M. Virgin's bower, Clematis vitalba. 24 S. Bartholomew, A.M. Sunflower, Helianthus annuus. 28 S. Augustine, B.C.D. Golden rod, Solidago virgurea. 29 Beheading of S. John Baptist. S. John's wort, Hypericum Elodes. SEPTEMBER. I S. Giles, Ab. S. Giles' orpine, Set/am tele- 7 S. Enurchus, B.C. Starwort, Callilriche autum- nalis. 8 Nativity of B.V.M. Bryony, our Lady's Seal. Red berried bryony, Bryonia dioica. 14 Holy Cross Day. Blue passion flower, Passiflora ccerulea. 17 S. Lambert, B.M. Narrow-leaved mallow, A/alva aneptstifolia. 21 S. Matthew, A.M. Cilcated passion flower, Passiflora cilcata. 26 S. Cyprian, Abp. M. Starwort, Aster tripolium. 29 S. Michael and All Angels. Michaelmas daisy, Aster Tradcscanli. 30 S. Jerome, P.C.D. Golden amaryllis, Amaryllis aurea. OCTOBER. I S. Remigius, Abp. C. Lowly amaryllis or S. Remy's lily, Amaryllis humilis. 6 S. Faith, V. M. Late feverfew, Pyrelhrum sero- tinutn. 9 S. Denys, B.M. Milky Agaric, Agaricus lacti- florus. 17 S. Etheldreda, Q.V.C. Ten-leaved sunflower, Helianthus decapetalus. 18 S. Luke, E. Floccose agaric, Agaricus floccosus. 25 S. Crispin, M. Flea-bane starwort, Aster coni- zoides. 28 SS. Simon and Jude, AA.MM. S. Simon, late chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum serotinum. S. Jude, scattered starwort, Aster passijlorus. NOVEMBER. I All Saints. Sweet bay, Laurus nobilis. Dark red sunflower, Helianthus atro-rubens. 6 S. Leonard, D.C. Yew, Taxus bacca'a. II S. Martin, B.C. Weymouth pine, Pinus strobus. 13 S. Britius or Brice, B.C. Bay, Laurus poetic us. 15 S. Machutus, B.C. Sweet coltsfoot, Tussilago fragrans. 17 S. Hugh, B.C. Tree stramony, Datura arbor ea. 20 S. Edmund, K.M. Red stapelia, Stapelia rufa. 22 S. Cecilia, V.M. Trumpet-flowered wood sorrel, Orchis tubiflora. 23 S. Clement, B.M. Convex wood sorrel, Oxalis convexula. 25 S. Catharine, V.M. Sweet butter bur, Petasites vulgaris. 30 S. Andrew. S. Andrew's cross, Ascyrus vulgaris. DECEMBER. 6 S. Nicholas, B.C. Nest-flowered heath, Erica nidifiora. 8 Conception of B.V.M. Abor vitre, Thuja occi- dentalis. 13 S. Lucy, V.M. Cypress abor vitoe, Thuja cupres- soides. 21 S. Thomas, A.M. Sparrow wort, Erica pas- serina. 2$ Christmas Day. Holly, Ilex bacciflora. 26 S. Stephen, D.M. Purple Heath, Erica pur- purea. 27 S. John, A.E. Flame heath, Erica Jlamma. 28 Holy Innocents or Childermas. Bloody heath, Erica cruenta. 31 S. Sylvester, B.C. Genista heath, Erica geni- stopha, Qttcmuaf of 0ure0 ecorafton anb MOVEABLE FEASTS. Passion Sunday. Christ's thorn, Palisns aculeatiis. Palm Sunday. Common palma Christi, Ricimis communis. Maundy Thursday. Laurel-leaved passion flower, Passiflora ntbra, Good Friday. Long-sheathed anemone, Anenoinc piilsadlla ; also called passion flower. Easter Eve. Spear-leaved violet, Viola laclca. Easier Day. White lily, Liliuin cainiiihiin. Rogation Sunday. Rogation flower, Poly gala vul- garis. Common milk-wort. Ascension Day. Lilies of the valley, Convallana niajalis. Whitsun Day. Columbine, Aer. Suppose, however, a mission room in London, with nothing ecclesiastical in its form or furniture save the altar, there, without question, good bold Roman type will tell the tale most readily. TEXTS FOR TEMPORARY DECORATION. The plan usually adopted by the well-intentioned amateur is to cut out the letters for a text in coloured paper or cloth, and paste them on a strip of another colour, which is then nailed to the wall. This, however, save for the " flimsiest " and most passing occasion, such as a Sunday School feast, is neither beautiful nor worthy of the house of GOD. If a text is worth reading it is worth writing, and the extra trouble involved is well expended. If the illuminator feels unequal to the task of drawing a suitable alphabet, probably those given on Plates X., XL, and XII. will be of service ; or letters of proper shape can be obtained and traced round before being coloured. The groundwork of these texts may be of stout cartridge paper or painted canvas (or American cloth) ; or they may be of a more permanent character boards of smoothly painted wood. If, however, the decorators allow themselves the licence of coloured cloth (red or otherwise) for their texts, then the letters must be cut out in cardboard and tacked on to the ground ; but in this case the foundation must be a thin wooden board, or the whole text will droop and sag. It may be said here that the worst possible foundation for a text is zinc or tin. This is a most useful material for cutting out small frames and emblems, to be covered with evergreen or moss, but it is, or should be, inadmissible for any other purpose. The surface " cockles," the 5 8 ($ Qttanuaf of 0urc0 ^Decoration ano Jfom6ofi0m. paint cracks, and, worst of all, some one is sure to say when such a text is up : " It has cost too much to sacrifice it ; let it stay." In order that texts may look well, it is absolutely essential that all the letters should be upright and properly spaced out ; and to insure this, the material on which the letters are to be fixed should be arranged on a long bench or table a school desk for instance will serve. If the text is one of applied letters, fastened to cloth, they should all be laid out in their proper places before any of them are fastened down. It is a good plan to rule a few pencil lines at the top and bottom of the letters ; and in fixing them, to insure their being upright, either to use a T or set square, or what will answer as well, a square piece of cardboard laid on the pencil line, so that its edge will give a right angle. The necessity of keeping the letters both upright and equidistant must be strongly urged. It frequently occurs that work, which has evidently cost much time and attention, is completely spoiled by want of regularity. After the letters have been fixed on the groundwork they should be surrounded by a border. This may be made either of ever- greens, with ever- lasting or other flowers introduced at intervals ; or it may be painted on canvas or paper. A few simple designs of such borders are given on Plate XIII. A plan frequently adopted is to cover cardboard letters with evergreens, and fasten them to the wall separately ; but the objection to this plan is, that there is a great risk of defacing the plaster by the number of tacks or nails that have to be used in fixing. The better plan is to use a board that has been covered with white or coloured paper, and then, when the letters have been put on, to surround the whole with a narrow border, consisting of small sprigs of box or other ever- greens, of which the leaves are quite small. The advantage obtained by this plan is, that the board can then be suspended in the required position upon two nails, which, besides avoiding the risk of injury to the walls above alluded to, also saves a great deal of time and trouble in fixing. The various methods above described chiefly apply to the cutting out one material and laying it on another ; but where the aid of painting is attainable, a much larger field is open, and greater variety of treatment, both as regards design and colour. For those who have not had much experience in illuminated decorations, it is best to procure pots of colours already prepared for use, which can be thinned with a little turpentine if found to be too thick. The best groundwork for these decorations is "prepared cloth," a material which is painted and prepared for decoration in the same way as canvas for oil painting. Decorations done on such cloth, if carefully rolled round wooden rollers when put away, will last for years. ItMtnio * a uee of e.rf0. 6l When a cheaper material is required, white glazed buckram calico can be used, the process of painting being the same ; or one may use strong continuous cartridge, which can be bought of any width and any length up to a score or so of yards. If paper is employed, the colours, of course, will have to be water-colours, otherwise the process of application is the same. When the material on which the text is to be written has been extended on a board or table, and the text spaced out, so as to obtain the proper distances between each word, the cardboard letter previously described should be laid upon it, and marked out with a black-lead pencil, care being taken to get a clear and distinct outline, and to keep the letters regular. This being done, the next process is to fill in all the letters with their proper colours, using a camel hair, or sable brush, and putting only enough paint to cover the groundwork. Should any gold letters or ornament be required, the leaf gold is the best to use, and the most durable. It is sold in books, and in order to apply it properly, a gilder's cushion, knife, and brush are required, as well as gold size. The size should be laid on the parts to be gilt, and when it is almost dry, it should be breathed upon to ensure its being sufficiently " sticky," then lay out a leaf of gold on the cushion and cut it with the knife to the required shape. This should be taken up with the gilder's brush and applied, care being taken that the parts are well covered with the leaf ; then rub them gently over with a piece of cotton wool to remove all superfluous gold. An outline of black or red round the gold greatly improves the appearance of the gilded letters or ornament. "Transfer gold leaf" has been lately introduced, specially for amateurs' use ; it is mounted on paper and can be cut with scissors. The work to be gilt is sized in the usual way, and the sheet laid upon it ; the paper will peel off and leave the gold. If the texts are not intended to be kept from year to year, and gold leaf is considered either too expensive or too troublesome to be used, bronze powder can be substituted. The work should be prepared with gold size in the way before described, and the powder, which will only adhere to the parts sized, may then be dusted on. Where gold leaf is used, a good effect is produced by having a shaped patch at the commencement of the text, on which to place its initial letter, with some fine lines of ornament, in the style of the old illuminated missals. I fear that it is too much to expect my readers to sign a pledge of total abstinence from gilt paper, Epsom salts, and cotton wool. Would, however, that I could do so! Imitation holly berries, straw paper, and glass powder I would include in the same condemnation, as being all utterly unfit for the sanctuary of the GOD of Truth. It may be said that the Epsom salts " sparkle like frost," and the cotton wool is "just like snow." Very true, but one wants neither frost nor snow inside a weather-tight building, be it Church or home. 62 of Decoration ano Everlasting flowers are perfectly legitimate for sacred use, provided they are not dyed violet and scarlet and magenta, and so rendered false. I know of no good reason against the natural everlastings being placed in the altar vases, or anywhere in Church. They are true flowers, grown in the garden of the LORD. If, therefore, the patience of the worker will allow of a whole text being formed of everlastings, or holly berries, sewn on to a firm foundation, and put in a safe and suitable position, I see no cause to condemn the work. At the same time there is no doubt that the most effective, the most beautiful and restful inscriptions are those, whether lasting or temporary, that are simply painted in one colour (preferably black) with, perhaps, red initials or border lines. Nothing is more senseless than a text of half-a-dozen words painted in as many colours, nor anything more aggravating and disturbing to a would-be worshipper. The capitals should be as few as possible. Every letter rising above the line destroys the continuity, and no one can have failed to notice in old work how scarce any but small letters are employed. In Latin, deus is not written with a large D, nor does ego stand out as with us, the self-assertive first person singular. We should certainly, for the sake of appearance, never put a large letter where a small one will serve. Supposing the alphabets on Plates X., XI., and XII. are used, and it is wished to enlarge them, this can be done by the usual method of ruling a sheet of paper into squares, and taking as many of them as are requisite to form letters of the same proportion as those of the chosen alphabet. The accompanying diagram explains the method of enlarging or reducing, by taking i, 2, 3 or 4 diameters for the altered dimension. There is no fixed proportion between height and width, and therefore a letter may be lengthened or shortened " according to taste ; " but so far as thickness of the lettering is concerned, bear in mind that the normal proportion of old text is about equal spaces of black and white the space between each upright \ f being about the same as the width of the upright. The nearer our text approaches this proportion the better and more decorative it looks. Contractions in old inscriptions, whether English or Latin, often puzzle the lay mind ; and although I should not recommend the employment of this short and easy method of saving labour, still it may be useful to give the main and best- known contractions, such as many of my readers have, no doubt, seen on brasses or paintings in their own parish Church. In the first place, the " catechetical letters," * N or M, are the common * N. or M. , by the way, is probably a misprint for N. or NN. , nomen vel nomina. 1451 **#* -3 14-60 t- tfye use of but whole syllables disappear, ^ ^^ **** / tT It T' Yt to be replaced by a mere symbol. 1C UV iO At- -14 i M When these are i 1 . i *rurn "quod urn U.TTI 'pro far ^oer once learned it be- ^ ^ r ~~ ' comes compara- 4^^ ,A >^- ^%%%% 5^ A A-%. 4_A>_ 117 man in the street - "' * quae quTa ?J< This is more or less what " John Smith's window" would have had by way of inscription, had he lived 400 years ago ; but now, after his name and titles, his age and birth-place, it would stand perhaps thus : In eber-lobing <4ftcmorrj, and as a token of undying affection and lasting grief, his sorrowing toibotu Has dedicated this window (representing the taking up into Heaven of Elijah) TO THE CHURCH in which he worshipped 40 years. Who can fail to be touched by the simple appeal for mercy to JESUS, and the request for our prayers that meets our eyes when we look down upon a mediaeval tomb, or to contrast it with the bombast and display of modern records ? A few suggestions are here given of brief inscriptions which may suffice to record gifts. Sei'bus bci b.b. (elate). In Itonorcm bet ct usum ccclesiu; (date). In mem. Jolt, gmitlt (date). a.m.b.g. b.b. J.. (elate). gco gratias (date). (ljuib rctribuam bomino. uee of 6 7 Or it may be that the shield of arms (with the donor's initials) would serve as well or better ; doubtless found on ancient fonts were Or if the inscription foot of a pulpit, this may Volumes might be there are other memorial The record of the con- enlargement of the Church, made in many ways : (#) (A) the many shields of arms intended as marks of gift. be cut in stone, as at the serve as a hint, written on this head, but texts to be noticed, secration, restoration, or or a part of it, may be by a carved inscription upon a stone, inside or out, flush with the wall, and not a " tablet ; " or (b] the record may be fixed built in. Such an way, exists in Another form chronogram, a on glazed tiles and example, by the Malvern Abbey, of memorial is the verse, text, or rhyme, of which, every letter having a numerical value being added to the rest, gives the date. Two huge volumes of Chronograms, Ancient and Modern, published by Elliott Stock, will give the reader a thousand examples ; but, as I know to my cost, every man must invent his own, and the difficulty is obvious. Your inscription must not have more than one M, or you run to 2000 A.D. at a leap ; nor is it safe to use too many D's, as each = 500. Perhaps I may be pardoned for giving one example of my own, as showing the method and point of a chronogram. Long ago, a Church tower had fallen and broken all its bells. I was called in to rebuild it, and having done so, cut into a band of stone beneath the bell-chamber these words : ECCE : TURRlS : OLIM : STRATA : DEO : RURSUS : EXORNATA : RESONANTl : VoCE : GRATA. Here CC + V + I + L+I + M, etc., etc., = 1883. I recommend this interesting exercise of ingenuity to my more patient readers, and only those. CHAPTER IX. )n f0e Choice of for ff}e various ADVENT. 1 He cometh to judge the earth." 1 Prepare ye the way of the LORD." 1 Behold, thy King cometh unto thee." 1 Be ye also ready. The Son of man cometh." 1 The Son of man shall come in His glory." : O come, O come, Emmanuel." 1 Leva Jerusalem, oculos tuos." ' Veni Domine visitare nos in pace." : Tu es qui venturus es." The night is far spent, the day is at hand." ; The LORD is at hand." ; Who may abide the day of His coming." ; The day of the LORD so cometh as a thief in the night." The day of CHRIST is at hand." Behold, He cometh with clouds ; and every eye shall see Him." Surely I come quickly ; even so, come, LORD JESUS." ; He shall come again in His glorious majesly to judge both the quick and the dead." ' Behold a virgin shall bear a son." CHRISTMAS. There shall come a Star out of Jacob, and a Sceptre shall rise out of Israel." The right hand of the LORD bringeth mighty things to pass. " 1 The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light." ; Unto us a Child is born, unto us a Son is given." : His name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, the Mighty GOD, the Everlasting FATHER, the Prince of Peace." ; There shall come forth a Rod out of the stem of Jesse, and a Branch shall grow out of his roots." ; The LORD, our Righteousness." ; The Desire of all nations shall come." 1 Behold, thy King cometh." ' The Sun of Righteousness shall arise with healing in His wings." ; Thou shall call His name JESUS." : Emmanuel ! GOD with us." ' Hosanna to the Son of David." Hosanna in the highest ! " The day-spring from on high hath visited us." Behold, I bring you glad tidings of great joy." " Unto you is born this day a SAVIOUR, which is CHRIST the LORD." " Glory to GOD in the highest, on earth peace, good will toward men." " Let us now go even unto Bethlehem." " Let all the angels of GOD worship Him." " He bringeth His First begotten into the world." " Corde natus ex parentis." "Gloria in excelsis Deo et in terra pax hominibus bonce voluntatis." " Videbitis regem regum procedentem a Patre tan- quam sponsum de thalamo suo." " Venite adoremus : eccetabernaculum Dei cum hom- inibus." " Hodie nobis de ccelo pax vera descendit." " Verbum caro factum est." " The Consolation of Israel." " A Light to lighten the Gentiles." " The Word was made flesh and dwelt among us." " GOD sent forth His SON." " GOD manifest in the Flesh." " The Author of Salvation." " The Finisher of Faith." " We love Him because He first loved us." " Now is come Salvation and Strength." " King of kings and LORD of lords." "The root and offspring of David, and the bright and Morning Star." " GOD of GOD, Light of Light, Very GOD of Very GOD." " GOD and Man : one CHRIST." " Thou art the everlasting SON of the FATHER." " Thou art the King of Glory, O CHRIST." ( The Circumcision. ) " His name was called JESUS." " Circumcision is that of the heart." " Oleum effusum nomen tuum." " At the name of JESUS every knee shall bow." EPIPHANY. " The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light." " He shall bring forth judgment to the Gentiles." "The LORD shall be thine everlasting light." " The Gentiles shall see Thy righteousness." " The Gentiles shall come unto Thee from the ends of the earth," )n f0e Choice of e;rf6 for f0e uartoue EPIPHANY (continued). " Venit lumen Uumi Jerusalem." " Arise, shine, for Thy light is come." " Omnes venient aurum et thus deferentes. Alleluia." " We have seen His star in the East, and are come to worship Him." " When they saw the star they rejoiced." " They presented unto Him gifts; gold, frankincense, and myrrh." " A light to lighten the Gentiles." " Rejoice, ye Gentiles, with His people." LENT. ' It is of the LORD'S mercies that we are not con- sumed." ' The sacrifices of GOD are a broken spirit." ' GOD be merciful unto us." ' Have mercy upon us, O LORD." ( Fili dei miserere mei." 1 Parce nobis Domine." ' De profundis clamavi." 1 Turn us again, O LORD GOD of Hosts." '' Thou GOD of Hosts look down from Heaven." ; Spare thy people, good LORD." Turn ye then and ye shall live." ; Let the wicked forsake his way." ; His mercy is on them that fear Him." ; Have mynde, have mercy." By Thy fasting and temptation, Good LORD, deliver us." * Kyrie Eleison ; Christe Eleison, Kyrie Eleison." PASSIONTIDE. ' He was despised and rejected of men." ' With His stripes we are healed." ' He was wounded for our transgressions." 'It is finished." ' He humbled Himself to the death of the Cross." ' Thou hast brought me into the dust of death." 1 Deus meus respice in me." 1 His own self bare our sins in His own body on the tree." ; Behold my affliction." ' By Thy Cross and Passion, good LORD, deliver us." ; By Thy precious death and burial, good LORD, deliver us." 1 Behold, and see if there is any sorrow like unto my sorrow." ' Is it nothing to you all ye that pass by ? " O my people, what have I done unto you ? " ; They crucified Him." : They shall look on Him whom they have pierced." ; By His stripes we are healed." EASTER. " Death hath no more dominion over Him." " I know that my Redeemer liveth." " The LORD is King for ever and ever." " He is risen." " The LORD is risen indeed." " I am the Resurrection and the Life." " This JESUS hath GOD raised up." " He whom GOD raised again saw no corruption." " CHRIST was raised again for our justification." " If we be dead with CHRIST, we believe that we shall also live with Him." "CHRIST our Passover is sacrificed for us, therefore let us keep the feast." " Now is CHRIST risen from the dead, the first-fruits of them that slept." "As in Adam all die, even so in CHRIST shall all be made alive." "This is the LORD'S doing, and it is marvellous in our eyes." " By man came Death, by man came also the Resur- rection." "Thou shall not suffer Thine Holy one to see corrup- tion." "Goo is the LORD who hath showed us light." "O death, where is thy sting? O grave, where is thy victor)'." " Death is swallowed up in victory." "Our life is hid with CHRIST in GOD." " I am He that liveth, and was dead ; and, behold, I am alive for evermore." " LORD of lords, King of kings." " Alleluia ! Alleluia ! Alleluia ! " " Alleluia ! for the LORD GOD omnipotent reigneth." " He is the very Paschal Lamb which was offered for us." " Haec dies quam fecit Dominus : Exultemus et laetemur in ea. Alleluia." " Resurrexit." " Pascha nostrum." " Lo, the winter is past." " GOD hath fulfilled the promise, in that He hath raised up JESUS again." ' ' Peace be unto you. " ASCENSIONTIDE. " Thou art gone up on High." " Thou hast crowned him with glory and honour." " The LORD sitteth a King for ever." " Thou, LORD, art Most High for evermore." " He was received up into heaven, and sat on the right hand of GOD." " Videntibus illis elevatus est." " Lift up your heads, O ye Gates, and be ye lift up, ye everlasting Doors, and the King of glory shall * So for Lent and Passiontide any of the penitential verses of the Litany may be fitly used, either in Latin or English. 7 o Qttcmuaf of C0urc0 ecorafton cwb ASCENSIONTIDE (continued). " The Son of man, which is in heaven." " He was taken up, and a cloud received Him out of their sight." " He ever liveth to make intercession for them." " Thou sittest at the right hand of GOD." " He ascended into heaven." " Be Thou exalted, LORD, in Thine own strength." " Set up Thyself, O GOD, above the Heavens, and Thy glory above all the earth." ROGATIONTIDE. " We wait for Thy loving-kindness, O LORD, in the midst of Thy Temple." " Ask, and ye shall receive." " LORD, teach us to pray." " Thy blessing is upon Thy people." " Thou that hearest the prayer, to Thee shall all flesh come." "We beseech Thee to hear us, good LORD." " LORD, hear our prayer, and let our cry come unto Thee." " O CHRIST, hear us." "O LORD, arise, help us, and deliver us for Thy Name's sake." " Both now and ever vouchsafe to hear us." " O LORD, let Thy mercy be showed upon us." " Like as we do put our trust in Thee." WHITSUNTIDE. The Comforter, which is the HOLY GHOST." They were all rilled with the HOLY GHOST." The HOLY GHOST fell on all them that heard the word." : The SPIRIT beareth witness, because the SPIRIT is Truth." ; Spiritus Domini replevit orbem terrarum." : Spiritus qui a Patre procedit ille me clarificat." ; Thou- only, O CHRIST, with the HOLY GHOST, art most high in the glory of GOD the FATHER." 1 The HOLY GHOST came down at this time from heaven." ' The HOLY GHOST, the LORD, and giver of life." ' Veni Creator Spiritus." TRINITY SUNDAY. " Holy, Holy, Holy, LORD GOD Almighty, which was, and is, and is to come." " Not three GODS, but one GOD." " Qualis Pater, talis Filius, talis Spiritus Sanctus : Haec est Fides Catholica." " Unitas in Trinitate, et Trinitas in Unitate vene- randa." " The FATHER is GOD, the SON is GOD, and the HOLY GHOST is GOD." TRINITY SUNDAY (continued). "We worship one GOD in Trinity, and Trinity ia unity." " Glory be to the FATHER, and to the SON, and to the HOLY GHOST." "O holy, blessed, and glorious Tiinity, three persons and one GOD." " Gloria Patri et Filio et Spiritui Sancto : Sicut erat in principio et mine et semper : et in saecula saeculorum." "Sanctus: Sanctus: Sanctus." HARVEST THANKSGIVING. : While the earth remaineth, seed-time and harvest shall not cease." ; Man cloth not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of the LORD." ; The earth is the LORD'S, and the fulness thereof." ; Thou visitest the earth, and blessest it, Thou makest it very plenteous." Thou crownest the year with Thy goodness." ; Bless the LORD, O my soul, and forget not all His benefits." Wine maketh glad the heart of man, and bread strengtheneth man's heart." He maketh peace in thy borders, and filleth thee with the finest of wheat." Honour the LORD with thy firstfruits ; so shall thy barns be filled with -plenty." The harvest is the end of the world, and the reapers are the angels." The bread of life." ; In due season we shall reap, if we faint not." O all ye green things upon the earth, bless ye the LORD." SCHOOL FEASTS. 'The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom." 'Train up a child in the way he should go; and when he is old, he will not depart from it." ' Remember now thy Creator in the days of thy youth, while the evil days come not, nor the years draw nigh when thou shall say, I have no pleasure in them." ' Suffer the little children to come unto me, and forbid them not : for of such is the kingdom of GOD." ' Feed My lambs. " ' Children, obey your parents in the LORD : for this is right." 1 Keep innocency, and hold fast the thing which is right, for that shall bring a man peace at the last." ' Come ye children and hearken unto me : I will teach you the fear of the LORD." f0e Choice of e;rf0 for f$e various Beside the texts here given there are also many texts appropriate to the various parts of the building. As for example THE PORCH. This is none other than the House of GOD, and this is the gate of Heaven." I will offer in His tabernacle sacrifices of joy." The LORD loveth the gates of Zion." Hear ye that enter into the gate." : I will come into Thy House." This is the gate of the LORD." ; Enter into His gates with thanksgiving, and into His courts with praise." Peace be within Thy walls." ; I was glad when they said unto me, Let us go into the House of the LORD." Rejoice within your gates." ; Come into His courts." THE FONT. " I acknowledge one Baptism for the remission of sins." " Suffer the little children to come unto Me, and forbid them not : for of such is the kingdom of GOD." " In nomine Patris et Filii et spiritus sancti." " Petite et accipietis." "Spiritus ubi vult spiral." " With Thee is the well of life." " He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved." " Repent and be baptized." "One LORD, one Faith, one Baptism.'' " Ye must be born again." " Haurietis aquas in gaudio de fontibus salvatoris." Nl^ONANOMHMAMHMONANO^IN. This, it will be observed, reads indifferently from right to left, or vice versa, and should, perhaps, be placed so as to surround the font. THE ROOD SCREEN may well have a text running along its beam "Sic Dens dilexit mundum." " O SAVIOUR of the world, Who by Thy cross and precious blood hast redeemed us ; save us and help us, we humbly beseech Thee, O LORD." " We adore Thee, O CHRIST, and we bless Thee, for by Thy holy cross Thou hast redeemed the world." "O Lamb of GOD, that takest away the sins of the world, have mercy upon us." I, if I be lifted up, will draw all men unto Me." Come unto Me and I will give you rest." For the joy set before Him He endured the cross." We preach CHRIST crucified." lie made peace by the Blood of His cross." Regnavit a ligno Deus." Per proprium sanguinem introiivit semel in sancta." ; By Me, if any man enter in : He shall be saved." ON THE RETABLE, we may often place words appropriate to the subject depicted, as under a crucifixion any of the texts given above for the rood, or some of the following : Behold the tabernacle of GOD is with men." " Ever since the world began hath Thy seat been prepared." " I will give to eat of the Tree of Life." " Deliciae meae cum filiis hominum." " We give thanks to Thee for Thy great glory." " The memorial of Thine abundant kindness shall be showed." II Sa glRUS J h R ULCE- DINE J L AVIT." " Pange Lingua Gloriosi corporis mysterium." ON THE ORGAN. " Let everything that hath breath praise the LORD.' ' \ unite exultemus Domino." " Te Deum laudamus." " Bcnedicite omnia opera Domini Domino." " Laudate euni in chordis et organo." " O praise GOD in His Holiness." " Sing unto the LORD and praise His Name." " My mouth shall speak the praise of the LORD." " Make a joyful noise unto the LORD." " Rejoice and sing praise." (Wtanuaf of 0urc0 ^ecorafton anb These texts are but a tithe, or rather a hundredth part of the words of sacred writ that may suitably be employed, either for temporary or permanent decoration, to stir up the minds of GOD'S people by way of remembrance. They are rather given by way of suggestion than dictation ; and the storehouse itself, the Bible, is in the hands of all. ON THE POSITION OF TEXTS. With the natural perversity that characterizes our race, we too frequently put our texts in just the wrong places : either where they are inappropriate, or impossible, or The best posi- bility, I need the horizontal, pleases the ordi- Round an arch, pointed, the able) is where casts one's eyes selected by our our instruction, manage tostrike archmould ; they manage to 4 hard to read, tion for legi- hardly say, is yet that seldom nary decorator, (and the more more accept- one naturally to see the point pious sisters for Rarely do they the line of the hardly ever do divide the words so that they in any way balance each other ; and this sketch is by no means a caricature of the " pointed style " of textual instruction in common use. The best places of all for texts are those level lines of the building usually devoid of ornament. The cornice or wall plate, the window sills, and the " beam out of the wall cry " for words in which they may take their share of teaching, in vain. There is no absolute objection to placing a text, whether temporary or lasting, over an arch, provided that it can be read without ricking one and blessing." Sometimes the seven Doves carry or stand Vj^llffe Of UtHS&Otur^ on scro ^ s inscribed with the names of the gifts, sometimes rTtf they are shown alone. Occa- * True, the artists often tried to exalt the Almighty a little above the Pope by crowning the Tiara five times instead of thrice, but nothing could redeem their efforts from the bonds of Papal idolatry too sad for words. t Rev. v. 6. % S. Luke i. 35. 88 Qttcwuaf of 0urc0 Decoration an$ JJpmBoftem. sionally the doves are six in number, as in a window of the twelfth century in Chartres Cathedral, given by Didron, Vol. i. p. 486. Perhaps the most remarkable example of a dove * is that shown in Twining's Emblems, as appropriated to is obviously to the double of the Saints, Doctors, and shown with the Holy Dove and whispering the " hidden Elisha. Here the reference portion of the spirit. Many Fathers of the Church are perched upon the shoulder wisdom " into their ear Tu septiformis munere Dextrae Dei tu digitus Tu rite promissum patris Sermone ditans guttura. This inspiration, given almost unsought, as by the passing of a bird, is in harmony with our LORD'S promise : " Take no thought, it shall be given what ye shall speak." Another emblem of the HOLY GHOST is the Flame of Pentecost. Fig. 3, Plate XXVIII., is copied from the Robe of the Order of the HOLY GHOST, preserved in the Cluny Museum. Of the Eagles given in Twining's Emblems, I am not at all sure whether the bird of Elisha is an eagle (I prefer to call it a dove), nor of the undoubted eagle, whether it has any relation to the HOLY SPIRIT. Concerning the portrayal of our Blessed LORD, something is said in Chapter XIII., but it belongs to this Chapter to speak of the subject generally, and as apart from the more emblematical representations. In so far as purely human pictures are in question, there is naturally no prohibition or limitation whatever of liberty to depict the Son of Man. Nor is there any occasion to describe the methods and modes of representation. From the cradle to the Ascension at least, all such pictures are naturalistic, traditionally historic, records of His life on earth. When He is shown in glory, or figured with the seven candles, the rainbow, the sword, and so forth, the for such pictures, and it is When the picture is still there is no breach of if the other sacred persons Possibly my readers I say of the accompanying crude and childish realism comes nearer than any in teaching Truth. Con- from all preconception of Apocalypse is the authority sufficient. theological, as in a Trinity, Reverence and Godly Fear, are not anthropomorphic, will disagree with me when illustration,*)* in spite of its (or rather falseness), that it other such effort, to success sider it for a moment, apart right or wrong in picturing the Godhead, and does not the infinite pathos of it come home to one's heart? Or Eagle? t From a French miniature of the fourteenth century (Didron). <)f f0e (persons eeparafefp. 89 " He being in the Form of GOD . . . made Himself of no reputation," or (as the Greek has it) tKwoxrev eaurov, " he emptied or stripped Himself" and so divested of all majesty, receiving from His FATHER merely the pilgrim's outfit for His travel, He took His journey to seek and to save His brethren. What shall we say of our LORD as Orpheus, because " never man spake like this man?" Yet this was by no means an unfavoured notion by the earliest followers of CHRIST. Of the Good Shepherd one need say nothing here, since this and other emblems are dealt with in a later chapter. CHAPTER XII. JE)ofg Qtame. SINCE the Name of our Salvation is not only that which is above every name, but also declared in Holy Writ to be the one at which (or in which) every knee should bow, it is only natural that our LORD'S most Blessed Name should figure frequently in sacred art. Moreover, in the earliest ages, when such art was in its infancy, the simplest signs would naturally be the ones most commonly employed. The Catacombs of Rome provide us with an almost infinite supply of examples, if we wish to see how the Name was written upon the resting-places of those who slept in Him. And as the first altars were generally above the graves of those who had laid down their lives for Him who had given life to them, so the earliest existing examples of sacred art are to be found in funereal inscriptions, and memorials of the faithful departed. There are, as we all know, two names belonging to our Divine Redeemer ; the one official, the other personal ; CHRIST JESUS. Of these the former is far more frequently found in the first ages. Nor can we wonder at this, since it was some time before the name of JESUS* was the sole prerogative of the King of the Jews. There were many called JESUS, but One CHRIST. To the early Christians JESUS was Christ ', and the Christian mourners loved to write the beloved Name of Hope above the bed of the sleeping Christian. But we must remember that both names are Greek, and to understand the symbols as we see them, we must see how they came to be written as they are. In old uncial letters the names would read thus : IHCOYC XPICTOC ; that is to say that the sigma, which we nowadays generally print 2, was not then so written, but almost exactly like a modern C. These names, like many other words, were contracted, and would usually be written with only two or three of their letters: therefore the names would read IH XP if the two first letters were employed, or IHC and final were used, final and last, would As time went on, ment of Christianity the Greek, the name written in very Many ancient coins show the course of transition. XPC, if the two first or often 1C XC,the serve. and the Latin ele- gradually outweighed of our LORD was strange fashion. The above illustration from a * JESUS called Justus was doubtless only one of many Jewish converts owning the same name as our Redeemer (Col. iv. n). (Jtame. coin of John I. is remarkable, as many of the letters seem of interchangeable value, while A = L in one place, L is L in another ; the U in one place is the Greek Y, and in another the Latin. The spelling is neither Greek nor Latin, but a mixture of the two. The ordinary symbol of our LORD'S name was for centuries however the XP, the sign vouchsafed to Constantine in the heavenly vision with the promise, sub hoc signo vinces* Of this a few variant examples are shown, but they might be multiplied a hundred-fold. There is only one to be specially noticed which shows the letter N for " Nazarene " in conjunction with the X and P. Didron, I regret to notice, says that the N is most probably for Nosier, and that the monogram reads Christus Noster not quite a common phrase. One almost wonders that he did not say it was P.N., Pater Noster ! Another ancient example figured by the same author is interesting, as showing the Greek letters adopted in clearly Roman. Yet the A attempt to Latinise. The ser- mystic signification to the solution. The H which is E, the C R, would not unnaturally be a their true form by an artist and ft are used without any pent and the Doves add a symbol, not perhaps simple of which is S, and the P which is source of error to transcribers who were not always competent translators; and so it came to pass, partly, no doubt, from carelessness, partly from ignorance, and partly, perchance, from scrupulosity, the H and the C were kept by the Latins and the mediaevalists in the Name of JESUS, as the P in CHRIST ; so IHC. and XPC. were kept until, in course of time, when first the Lombardic, and then the black letter displaced the Roman type, the names were written, the and jrpr. Though, for one example of the latter, there are a thousand of the former. But it was not always the that was written, for clearly there were not wanting those who knew that the C was really S, so they wrote t'ftg and JTjlg. But what of the \\ ? This was, I think, never understood in the middle ages to equal C, and therefore it was regarded as part of the name tflC0U0. This is the more readily understood when we remember how many names in which the letter J is concerned were spelt in Latin, with the addition or substitution of H, as Jucnt.SAiCW, or * Eusebius gives the following account of the Labarum of Constantine : " In the year 311, when about to inarch against Maxentius, he prayed earnestly to GOD for guidance ; whereupon, in the noonday sky, above the sun there appeared a cross of light, with the words, Toi/ry Nt*ca. The following day, after pondering in his mind what manner of vision this might be, he caused skilful embroiderers and craftsmen to make a banner bearing this sign, under which his army marched to victory." 9 2 $ (Utanuaf of <0urc0 Decoration anb J?>m6oft0m. Accordingly, the Name JESUS was oftener written with the H than without it. And not merely in Latin, for I have often seen it so spelt in English and French in fifteenth and sixteenth century writings. In ancient decoration we have sometimes the vocative tilC.OU contracted to tlltl. Sometimes the nominative tiltt.S, tiljBl, or lilt. Plate XVII., fig. 6, shows an unusual mediaeval contraction "f'S, sketched from the wall of Saint John Baptist's Church in Winchester. *^V/%^ ^ ^ not tn i n k there is much doubt of the history of the H. ^- -t ^. Nor has its place in the familiar Jesuit monogram anything to do ^r*^^ with the fanciful translation accepted by some as an article of ^Wjl$3* belief. The ingenious Dr. Brewer calls this the Church Anagram, and gravely says : Greek I?ycrous H/xere^ CoyaTfjp, Latin lesus Hominum Salvator. English Jesus Heavenly Saviour. German Jesus Heiland Seligmacher. I think nothing need be added to this save, perchance, the little child's translation I. Have. Suffered ! -f- On Plates XVI. and XVII. are collected many ancient examples of the Sacred Name. Plate XVI., fig. I, a simple t'Uc from the roof of Blythborough Church. Fig. 2, from a painted panel in the ceiling of S. Alban's Abbey. Fig. 3 is from stained glass in Thaxted Church. Fig. 4 is taken from Twining's Emblems, as from the cloisters at Wells Cathedral. Figs. 11 and 12 are said to be from Ancient Embroidery (Parker, Kalendar Illustrated], Fig. i, Plate XVII., is from old ironwork at Gisors, in France. Fig. 2, a very remarkable example of minute detail, is from stained glass in Holy Trinity, Oxford. Fig. 4 is the monogram on the mitre of William of Wykeham. Fig. 7 is from stained glass in Much Hadham Church. Here notice a strange backsliding in the word Super, which is spelt without the slightest uncertainty, Cuper. Fig. 15, the Font at Saltwood, in Kent, gives a still more remarkable spelling to the Name Jehiu, or possibly Jehsu. Here it is coupled (rather early, I think) with our Lady's name, Marya. Fig. 13 is a very beautiful monogram from stained glass in Stanford Church. Fig. 3 is a very late example, late but very healthy, from an old book in my possession. Fig. 5, from Embroidery. Fig. 8, from a carved wooden shield of the sixteenth century. This shows a lapse into " Romanism," rather before the general movement of the Renaissance in England. Figs. 9 and 10 are copied from the wonderful wall tiles surrounding the High Altar of Malvern Abbey. Figs, n and 12 from the wall of a Church in * Note also, on the other hand, the strange anglicizing of the precious stone, the hyacinth, which in Rev. xxi. 20 is given as a "Jacinth." t S. Bernadine of Siena is said to be the originator of "Jesus Hominum Salvator." And he was summoned to Rome on a charge of heresy, founded on his custom of carrying about a paper inscribed with the Monogram. (ttame. 95 Hampshire. Fig. 14, from the Font in S. Keverne, Cornwall. Here I fancy the upper letters are alpha and omega, though the latter is a distinct M. Compare with the M of fig. 15. The tint IttCl) of fig. 8 on Plate XVI. is from a fourteenth century Brass in Higham Ferrers Church ; the IHESVS MARIA of fig. 10 from the painting of the Mass of S. Gregory. The last example figured on this plate, fig. 13, is perhaps the most remarkable monogram extant. It is taken from a carved tablet behind the High Altar of Lou vain Cathedral. The whole composition shows the figure of S. John Baptist, and the donor (or deceased commemorated by the monument). The wonderfully ingenious weaving together of the Death and the Rising to Life again of our LORD is worthy of all admiration. The size of the original is about four feet by two. In the employment of the name, or monogram, nowadays, I may just suggest that in Gothic work we should prefer t'Uc to iftg, or if we use the name in full we may or may not use the il ; but in any case we should never hark back to the days of the Catacombs, and do violence to a mediaeval design by putting the Roman I.H.S., still less the quasi-Greek XP. If, on the other hand, our work is in a Classic, Renaissance, or Romanesque style, we shall only fall into the opposite extreme of error, by using the Gothic character. The all Holy Name should, moreover, be ever used with thought and care, and never simply to pad an empty corner, or fill a void in a design. I shall probably only echo the feelings of my readers if I add, while Jhesus-Maria is out of harmony with the universal language of Christendom, the words, " IESVS MARY JOSEPH," so often found in modern Roman work, may be written and left without comment. Since, in the words of the legend surrounding No. 7, Plate XVII., fjoc cu't nonicit quoti super emmc nonicn. CHAPTER XIII. (EmBfems of our &orb. i. THE AGNUS DEI. IN all ways the most scriptural Emblem of the Divine Redeemer, since under this figure both in the Old and New Testaments CHRIST is preached. Yet for our present purposes one of the most difficult to employ. Adopted in the very earliest ages, constantly figured in the Catacombs, carved and painted, pictured in stone and wood and glass and needlework, for all that, with a thousand examples before us, it is hard to find a dozen that are devotional. Perhaps the best that was ever depicted is fig. 4, Plate XVIII., given in Parker's Calendar of tlie English Church, and many other books, as from an Italian sculpture of the eleventh century. It combines extreme refinement with conventionality, and yet it is unmistakably a Lamb. Fig. 9 is from stained glass of the fourteenth century. Fig. 8 is a modified version of the Agnus Dei on the Zion cope. The original is too hideous to reproduce, and this is given as a modern version, simply representing the pose and the arrangement of the sun and moon and stars surrounding it. Fig. 7 is an early example from the Catacombs. Fig. 13 is from stained glass in Newick Church. Here the Lamb is a Ram. Fig. 10 shews an Italian example of the twelfth century. It is noticeable for the Patriachal Cross to which the banner is attached, as well as for the Chalice which receives the Blood of the Covenant. The Agnus Dei is generally shown standing, though sometimes lying " as it were slain," either on an altar, or on the book with the seven seals, as in fig. 14. In all but the earliest examples, the head is surrounded with the Nimbus of Divinity. In mediaeval times the cross and banner of the Resurrection was carried. Sometimes the Lamb is shown standing on the Mount of GOD, from whence flow the four streams, typifying the water of life dispensed by the four Evangelists. Other representations may be noticed without reproduction. They are such as show the Lamb of GOD with seven horns, which is inelegant, and with seven eyes, which is painful. It was almost inevitable that such things should be attempted, but one cannot but regret the striving after literalism, since, in spite of faithful endeavour, the impossible remains where it was beyond man's understanding. (Bmfifems of our feoro. 99 If. TIIK ALPHA AND OMEGA. The first and last letter of the Greek alphabet are constantly to be found in conjunction with the Cross of CHRIST, as with the monogram of His most Holy Name, as may be - seen from the two examples here which are from monuments. The aeval type are few Ji given, both of early Christian examples of medi- an d far between. and I think it is better now to write the words alpha and omega on scrolls, rather than to try and gothicise Greek characters, which however carefully done, leaves them almost unrecognisable. III. THE ANCHOR. The emblem of Hope : as says the writer to the Hebrews " Which we have as an anchor of the soul, both sure and stedfast." This emblem fell more or less into disuse after the earliest ages, when, as may be seen, the anchor combined itself with the cross, which indeed is itself our Hope, and consequently our anchor. (See Plate XX., figs. 3 and 4.) That it re-appeared, and was frequently used in the middle ages, does not quite establish its claim to identity. It may be when we find it carved on stone or wood in an old Church, the anchor of S. Nicholas, S. Clement, or S. Felix, of whom the two first Saints are among the most popular of our Patrons. Nor do I think that the anchor, the heart, and the cross were ever generally intended to figure the theological virtues, or as they are called in slipshod terminology, the "three graces." If this were the case, we should find the three together, since all three "remain ; " but I never so saw them off a book-marker. It would appear safer to conclude that as CHRIST is our Hope, and as Hope is called the anchor, it is a perfectly legitimate emblem to employ as His sign, rather than our sign, which it really comes to when we think it out. On Plate XXIX., fig. 31, there is an ancient example from a bench end, and there is another just like it (but reversed) in Abbotsham Church ; but as the companion shields bear cobbler's tools, compasses, and squares, oak leaves, pewter pots, and all manner of trade implements, no certain evidence is afforded as to its meaning. IV. THE CROSS. " Among the first Christians, the Instrument of GOD'S Suffering and man's redemption, the Cross, was made the chief emblem of their faith, the chief mark of their community, their standard and their watchword." roo $. Qttammf of <0urc0 ecorafton an*> |Jgm6ofi0m. So says Hope in his Historical Essay on Architecture ; but Didron goes some- what further when he writes : " The Cross is more than a mere figure of CHRIST ; it is CHRIST Himself, or His Symbol." * Hence it is that a pious feeling, however misguided, led men to invent a history and a pedigree of the Very Rood on which depended our salvation. The seeds from the Tree of Life, planted by Seth in his father's grave, grew into three shoots united in a single trunk. Hence came Moses' Rod. Hence Solomon cut a beam for his palace, which was incapable of use for secular purposes, since, like the bed of Procrustes, it was always either too short or too long for its intended position. Thrown into the pool of Bethesda, it gave the wondrous virtues to its waters. The wood being providentially discovered, when required for the greater Healing of the Nations, was fashioned for use on Calvary. Buried by the Jews, it was exhumed by S. Helen, and exalted for the adoration of the faithful. This history may be conveniently read in the Legendary History of the Cross, by John Ashton (T. F. Unwin). It is not worth detailed repetition here, nor would it be apposite to our present purpose to mention the subsidiary characters intro- duced, Heraclius and Chrosoes, Maximilla and the rest. Suffice it to say that the impress of this legend is left imprinted even in our English Prayer Book, the calendar of which contains two days the Invention, May 3rd, and the Exaltation, September I4th. Its impress on the world and on the Church is deep and ineradicable. Santa Croce, Santa Cruz, S. Cross, Vera Cruz, and Holyrood will stand as long as the world endures. The Sign of the Cross, the sacred mark, will last until the same sign of the Son of Man appears in the heavens. And while we can only wonder at the credulity that could accept as historical the " History" of the Cross, we may fairly accord to that history its value, in fixing the sign and perpetuating its pious veneration by the faithful, and not merely a credulous and superstitious adoration to be abhorred of all faithful men. The original form of the Cross is uncertain. Some vigorously assert that the Rood was a T", the Tau Cross of S. Anthony. Others go further, and declare that it was not a "cross" at all, and that neither the Crux of the Romans, nor the os of the Greeks implied a crossbar. To both these assertions it is perhaps sufficient to reply that a dictionary is not an effective enough weapon to destroy the tradition of 1,800 years. Nor is the pre-Christian use of the Tau Cross of any great weight, especially as heathen examples of many sorts of crosses, dating back to the remotest antiquity, are equally at our disposal. Tiglath Pileser is shown with the cross, fylfot p|J ; and the ancient worship of Central America and Mexico included the veneration of this sign. The Tau Cross is found on Monuments at Palenque and elsewhere ; the Greek Cross -j- in Central America (as well as in Egypt !). * Iconography, Vol. i., p. 367 (Bohn). 4- 6- 8 9 to II 12. 13 14- 16 of our &oro. 103 Volumes might be written, and have been, to attempt the solution of this fact that the Cross has a venerable past, as it has a noble present, and a still more majestic future. Tradition says that the wood of Isaac's burden was in the form of a Cross. It is so represented in many early pictures, and some commentators on the sacred text go so far as to say that it was the sight of this shape that moved the merciful heart of the everlasting FATHER to stay the hand of Abraham. So, too, the blood upon the doorposts of the Israelites is supposed to have been marked cross wise, and (with far greater probability) it is said that the serpent in the wilderness was lifted up upon a cross. This not only appeals to our reason because it would be the aptest shape to hold it, but it also fits our LORD'S own words, As that was, so should the Son of Man be lifted up. This " Cross" is sometimes represented as a T", and sometimes as a Latin cross. The words of Ezekiel ix. 4, " Set a mark upon the foreheads of the men that sigh for the abominations " are rendered in the Vulgate.* Signa Tau super frontes virorum, A much more obscure reference to the Cross is discovered by some in Genesis xlvii. 31, when Jacob worshipped conversus ad lectuli caput, which stands in the LXX., Jacob worshipped eVt TO O.K/)OV T>)S f>d/38ov ai'i-or. Hence it is supposed that the Patriarch's benediction was given with his crutched staff upraised, while Joseph " sware unto him " by the Holy Sign. Be these things as they may, there is something to be said for Didron's name which he applies to the T> as the anticipatory cross, the foreshadowing of the complete sign of the Son of Man as we know it. Yet, when we have to draw a cross, in a heraldic or emblematic sense of the word, we must first ask what sort of a cross, since there are some forty varieties, without attempting to count the innumerable floriated and ornamented designs wherewith men have delighted to honour the mark of their high calling. On Plate XX. will be found forty-one crosses, in which all the leading forms are represented. Fig. i. The LATIN CROSS, called also the Cross of the Passion, with three short members and one long. These three shorter arms are usually equal, but sometimes the upright is longer, and sometimes much shorter than the horizontal limbs. Fig. 2. The CALVARY CROSS is the same cross placed upon steps, which steps are sometimes named and inscribed Fides Spes Caritas. Figs. 3 and 4 are two early examples of the ANCHOR CROSS. * Deane in the Worship of the Serpent not only dwells upon this and other Old Testament allusions, but he shows with some reason, that our LOKU'S most puzzling words, " Let a man take up his cross," may here find explanation. "Let a man mark himself as My disciple, with the old sign of Salvation." (ft (Jttanuaf of 0urc0 Decoration anc J^mfioftem. Fig. 16. The GREEK CROSS, has all its arms of equal length. Figs. 11, 12, 13. The TAU, or Crutched Cross, of which mention has been made above. Fig. 5 is the PATRIARCHAL CROSS, borne by Patriarchs and Popes. This has two cross-bars. Fig, 6 is however the form which the PAPAL CROSS assumed in later times, with three cross-bars. Figs. 7 and 8. The CROSS PATEE. Figs. 9 and 10. The MALTESE CROSS, as worn by the Knights Templars and the Knights of S. John. Figs. 14 and 29 are two varieties of the FYLFOT. These are in Heraldic language said to be the rebated form of Fig. 28. The CROSS POTENT. Fig. 1 8. The CROSS FLEURIE. Fig. 21. The CROSS FLEURETTEE. Fig. 19. The CROSS PATONCE. Fig. 20. The CROSS MOLINE. Fig. 26. The CROSS BOTONNEE, or trefoiled. Fig. 27. The CROSS POMMEE. Fig. 32. The CROSS CROSSLET. Fig. 31. The CROSS URDEE. Fig. 33. The CROSS FITCHEE. Fig. 30. The CROSS FOURCHEE. Fig. 34. The CROSS RECERCELEE. Fig. 35. The CROSS POINTED. Fig. 24. The CROSS QUADRATE. Fig. 25. The Cross SALT! RE, familiar to us all as the Cross of S. Andrew, S. Alban, and S. Patrick. Fig. 15. The Cross QUARTER PIERCED. Fig. 17. The Cross QUARTERLY PIERCED. Fig. 37 is the CROSS OF I ON A, the terribly vulgarised cross of the public cemetery. Figs. 38, 39, 40, and 41 are various early examples from the Catacombs and elsewhere. A few others will be found in Chapter XII., p. 90, "On our LORD'S Name." Any Cross may be made with the various Heraldic border lines (see Chapter XXL). So, for example, fig. 22 is a CROSS ENGRAILED ; fig. 23 is a CROSS RAGULEE ; fig. 36 is a CROSS WAVY. So, too, a Cross may be bordered with a line, in which case it is said to be fimbriated. Any " charge " or figure may be shown crosswise four ; crosses, stars, roses, or fleur de lys, etc., etc. Any cross may be fitchee or spiked at the bottom limb, so that fig. 34 or 26, if treated like fig. 33, would be described respectively as a Cross recercelee fitchee, or botonnce fitchee. f0er (SmBfeme of our &oro. 107 The Fish Bladder, the Vesica Pisa's Q is undoubtedly a mere architectural version of the Fish, and is so distinctly a religious figure that its use is forbidden, by common consent, to any person or corporation other than ecclesiastic, either for seal or ring or shield of arms. Many old Fonts of Norman date bear fishes, some- times singly, sometimes in groups, sometimes Mermen half man, half fish as on the ancient font in S. Peter's, Cambridge. In Braybrook Church there is a human headed fish devouring a natural one. I suppose this indicates our life f -v. T 55 ^! dKV" 1 '"* 1 1 by feeding on our IXBYC. Both these fonts are very early, and I know of no other or later examples. Figs. 15 and 17 on Plate XVIII. are purely armorial fish from a Belgian Brass. Fig. 6 from the border of a window in Kingsdown Church. The three interlaced fishes on Plate XV. I regard, rightly or wrongly, as more likely to symbolize the Holy Trinity, or Baptism in His Name, than CHRIST Himself. See also Plate XXIII., fig. 8, from the Font of S. Gulval, Cornwall, where the three fish are placed next the Cross on the same shield. VII. THE HAND. Here, again, we are far from certain whether this Hand is the Dextera Domini, or the Hand of the LORD CHRIST, whose own Right Hand and Holy Arm got Him the victory. On Plate XXIV. will be found three specimens. Fig. 8, from a Brass dated 1400, at Nordhausen, is the more noteworthy, because it has a distinct Triune nimbus. Fig. 7 shows, I fancy, rather the victory of CHRIST risen above the clouds and crowned with glory. Fig. 9 I drew many years ago at Worcester, from a paten taken from the Tomb of Bishop Walter de Cantelupe, A.D. 1236. Here the nimbus is cruciform, and may, or may not, refer to our LORD. Fig. 1 1 is from the seal of Hugh Capet, according to Twining's Christian Symbols, p. 6. Undoubtedly the author is right in attributing most, if not nearly all, the " Hands " to the first Person of the adorable Trinity. One, for instance, shows the table of the law given to Moses. Another, from a Saxon MS., grasps flames, and another spears and arrows.* Yet, while the Hand is shown in benediction on a paten with the Cross, I would still incline to attribute this to Him Who with His Hand blessed the _/?;-.$/ paten, and later lifted up His Hands upon His disciples ere He was parted from them and ascended into heaven. VIII. THE LION. The Lion of the Tribe of Judah was certainly an early emblem of our great Deliverer ; but it can hardly be supposed that either the Lion Fonts, so common in * Ps. xviii. 14. of 0urc0 Decoration anb Suffolk, or the Label Endings of the Porch entrances, almost universal in the same county, are anything but figures of the " British Lion." On the other hand, a very early Font in S. Mary's, Stafford, has a procession of lions fiercely marching round the base, beneath which are prostrate figures of impish character, while above the lions are strange dragon-like creatures. Here one would think that Baptism was rather figured as the refuge from the lion and the dragon, and not as being the way to \b& protection of the Lion of Judah. Of nearly all the later mediaeval lions, Heraldry, and not Hagiology, is probably the parent. IX THE PEACOCK. The Peacock is certainly a religious emblem, and with almost equal assurance we may declare it to belong to our LORD. Martigny says it is an emblem of the Resurrection. S. Augustine says it figures Immortality, because its flesh is incor- ruptible. Fig. 1 1, Plate XVI 1 1., is a slightly adapted version of a peacock from the Catacombs. It will be seen that it dominates the Globe, and so shows the victory that overcometh the world. X. THE PELICAN. Surely the most touching of Christian symbols is that of which S. Thomas Aquinas sang Pie pelicane, Jesu Donnne, Me inunundum munda tuo sanguine. The legend is fabulous, no doubt the whole idea of the symbol visionary, but it is gospel truth in its teaching. Our LORD, in the Sacrament of His love, feeds us with His own Blood, that our souls may be therein washed. It is Life-Blood and Living Blood, and it is given in " His exceeding great love." Moreover, according to the other version of the legend, the Blood of CHRIST is the antidote and cure to the bite of the serpent, and so restores to health, as well as giving food and strength. Plate XVIII., fig. 5, shows a pelican in its nest, with the blood flowing from the breast towards the young ones below : copied from a Brass in Warbleton Church, dated 1436. Plate XVI., fig. 5, is from the Tapestry curtain of a fifteenth century Dutch picture, and fig. 6 from the Malvern tiles. In all, the attitude is practically identical, and the three young ones constantly appear, always with open and expectant mouths, waiting for the healing. XI. THE PHCENIX. This heathen emblem was gladly adopted by the Christians, as the most available symbol ; one, too, likely to appeal to the heathen convert, to whom the * 10 13 17 >f0er f6er J / yor yo' /WTV cjf / >^ CHAPTER XVII. THE forerunners of the Apostles have been commonly accepted as identical with the " prophets and apostles " mentioned in Ephesians ii. 20 ; but as S. Paul places the apostles first in mentioning the foundation of the apostles and prophets, he probably meant the prophets of the new dispensation, of whom he mentions several in the Acts (xiii. i) "Certain prophets and teachers, as Barnabas and Simeon Niger, and Lucius, and Manaen." Nevertheless, in post-apostolic days " the prophets " were the old twelve, who spake of CHRIST and His sufferings, and of the Law of GOD.* Of these, the four greater Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel are the more commonly portrayed, but the other eight are often found. Emblems of certain of them are shown, but the commoner plan is to give each prophet a scroll of his own witness to the truth : Amos a shepherd's crook. Daniel a lion ; a ram with four horns. Ezekiel a turreted gateway in his hand ; a plan of the new Jerusalem. Isaiah a saw ; clothed in a sack ; holding S. Matthew on his shoulder. Jeremiah a wand in the hand. Joel lions around him. Obadiah a pitcher of water and loaves. Malachi an angel. Zechariah a temple building ; a stone covered with eyes. Other of the patriarchs are often known by various emblems ; e.g. Adam a spade. Abraham a knife and brazier of fire. David a harp ; a sling and stones ; the head of Goliath. Elias scroll and red robes ; fiery chariot ; a sword. Elisha a two-headed eagle on his shoulder. Gideon a fleece of wool. Jonah a whale ; a ship ; a gourd growing. Joseph a purse. Melchizedek as priest and king. Moses the tables of the Law ; a rod ; horns of light ; the burning bush ; a rock. Noah the ark ; a dove with olive branch ; an oar. Sampson the gates of the city ; the jaw-bone of an ass. Seth three seeds of the tree of life ; thread bound thrice round his thumb. Zacharias a lighted taper. * The goodly fellowship of the prophets in the Te Deiun are clearly those of the old dispensation. CHAPTER XVIII. Cdfenbar. IN the list of emblems, pp. 154-160, the calendar of the present Book of Common Prayer is taken as the basis, but copious additions are made from other sources. This was necessary, if the names of many common English dedications were to be included. The calendar of the First Prayer Book of Edward VI. contained only twenty- five days, which are virtually our present red letter days, with the addition of S. Mary Magdalene (for which a Service was provided). The Second Book had twenty-seven. S. Laurence, S. George, and S. Clement were added, but S. Mary Magdalene was taken out. No Services, however, were given for the three days above mentioned. The various books of Elizabeth's reign, consisting of Prayer Books and Primers, etc., had calendars of surprising variety. Some most startling insertions appeared " under Royal authority " (be that worth what it may). The re-introduc- tion of All Souls and the Assumption is noteworthy, but S. Thomas t a Becket is an astounding disrespect to Elizabeth's sainted father, and the Chair of S. Peter, February 22nd,* is simply incomprehensible. The fullest and most complete of these calendars is that in the Preces Privatae, 1564. Its origin is not very clear, since it neither corresponds with the Roman, the Sarum, nor the other old English lists. It has a few coincidences with both, and also here and there with the old French one, but speaking generally it is decidedly eclectic. Perhaps the most generally useful course will be to give the Roman and Old English Calendars side by side, and the reader will thereby see how many names were "written in the Book of Life" by the hands of our forefathers ; and also how widely different were the Commemorations of old England from those of Rome. It is possible that in one or other of these two calendars, there may be the patron saint of some parish otherwise unknown, and the traditional date of the parish feast will in all likelihood be found to correspond with the date here given. This, however, is not universally true, since nothing is commoner than to find a variation of a day or more between one " edition " of a calendar and another. The shifting of S. Alban's day from June 22nd to June i/th in our own Prayer Book, is by no means a solitary example of this seemingly capricious transference of feasts. * This date is given in the Roman Calendar as S, Peter's Chair at Anlioch, while January i8th is S. Peter's Chair at Koine, ROMAN CALENDAR. JANUARY. 1 Circumcision of our LORD 2 Octave of S. Stephen 3 Octave of S. John 4 Octave of Holy Innocents 5 Vigil of Epiphany, S. Telesphorus, P.M. 6 Epiphany of our LORD 7 Of the Octave . . . . 8 Of the Octave . 9 Of the Octave . . . 10 Of the Octave . 1 1 Of the Octave. S. Hyginus, P. AT. 12 Of the Octave . 13 Octave of the Epiphany 14 S. Hilary, B.C. S. Felix, M.' . 15 S. Paul, H. S. Maurus, Ah. 1 6 S. Marcellus, P.M. 17 S. Anthony, Ab. . 18 S. Peter's Chair at Rome. S. Prisca.V.M. 19 SS. Marius, &c., MM. 20 SS. Fabian and Sebastian, MM. 21 S. Agnes, V. M. . 22 SS. Vincent and Anastasius, MM. 23 Desponsation of B. V. Mary 24 S. Timothy, B.M. . '. 25 Conversion of S. Paul . . . 26 S. Polycarp, B.M. 27 S. John Chrysostom, B.C. ". 28 S. Raymund of Pennafort, C. 29 Francis of Sales, B.C. . 30 S. Martina, V.M. 31 S. Peter Nolasco, C. . . OLD ENGLISH CALENDAR. JANUARY. S. Elvan, B.C. Thousand Martyrs. S. Fintan, Ah. S. Melorus, M. S. Edward, K.C. S. Peter, A.B. S. Cedda, B.C. S. Wulfine, B.C. S. Brithwald, B.C. S. Adrian, Ab. S. Egwin, B.C. S. Bennet Biscop, Ab. S. Kentigern, B.C. SS. Maura and Bridget, VV.MM. S. Ita, V. S Henry, Hermit, C. S. Caradoc, Hermit, C. S. Deicola, Hermit, C. S. Wulstan, B.C. S. Richard, Hermit, C. S. Malcallan, Ab. S. Maimbodus, M. S. Theorithgith, V. S. Cadoc, Ab. S. Paul, Hermit. S. Bathildis, Qu. S. Algina, V. S. Sexulph, B.C. S. Giidas the Elder, C. S. Giidas the Younger, C. S. Wilgis, Ab. FEBRUARY. S. Ignatius, B.M. Purification of B. V. Mary S. Blaize, B.C. S. Andrew Corsini, B.C. S. Agatha, V.M. . S.Dorothy, V.M. S. Romuald, Abbot S. John of Matha, C. S. Apollonia, V.M. S. Scholastica, V. . S. Valentine, M. SS. Faustinus and Jovita, MM. S. Simeon, B.M. S. Peter's Chair at Antioch S. Peter Damian, B.C.D. S. Matthias, Ap. . FEBRUARY. S. Bridget, V. S. Laurence, B.C. S. Wereburge, V. S. Gilbert, C. S. Indractus, &c., MM. S. Inas, K.C. S. Augulus, B.M. S. Elfleda, V. S. Thelian, B.C. S. Trumwin, B.C. S. Cedinon, C. S. Edilwald, C. S. Ermenilda, Qu. S. Fechinus, Ab. S. Sigfrid, B.C. S. Oswy, K.C. S. Finan, B.C. S. Ethelstan, B.C. S. Acca, B.C. S. Ulric, C. S. Cenibert, B.C. SS. Ethnea and Fidelmia, VV. S. Milburge, V. S. Ethelbert, K.C. S. Furseus, Ab. 148 26 27 28 29 (ft (Wcwuaf of 0urc0 decoration anb ROMAN CALENDAR. FKBRUARY ( continued). OLD ENGLISEI CALENDAR. FKBRUARY (continued). S. Milwida, V. S. Elvius, B.C. S. Oswald, B.C. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ii 12 13 H 15 16 i7 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 S. Casimir, C. S. Thomas of Aquin, C.D. S. John of God, C. S. Frances, Wid. . Forty Martyrs S. Gregory the Great, P. C.D. S. Patrick, B.C. . S. Gabriel, Archangel S. Joseph, C. S. Benedict, Ab. . Annunciation of B.V. Mary APRIL. S. Isidore, B.C. . S. Vincent Ferrer, C. I 2 S. Francis of Paula, C. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ii S. Leo the Great, P. C.D. 12 13 S. Hermenegild, M. SS. Tiburtius, Valerianus, and Maximus, . [MM. S. Anicetus, P.M. S. David, B.C. S. Chad, B.C. S. Winwaloe, Ab. S. Owen, C. S. Piran, B.C. S. Fridolin, Ab. S. Esterwin, Ab. S. Felix, Ap. of the East Angles. S. Alured, Ab. S. Himelin, Hermit. S. Lietphard, B.M. S. Brian, K.M. S. Cungarus, Hermit. S. Ceoluph, K.C. S. Aristobulus, B.M. S. Adaman, C. S. Patrick, B.C. S. Edward, K.M. S. Alcmund, M. S. Cuthbert, B.C. S. Ilerebert, H.C. S. Hamund, B.M. SS. Finguar and Piala, and 777 Martyrs. S. Lanfranc, 15. C. S. William of Norwich, M. S. Alfwoukl, B.C. S. Rupert, B.C. S. Albert, B.C. S. Gelasius, B.C. S. Patton, B.C. SS. Adrian and Cadoc, CC. S. Agilbert, B.C. S. Ehba, etc., MM. S. Richard, B.C. S. Gundleius, K.I I. S. Asser, B.C. S. Elstan, B.C. S. Bernac, Ab. S. Letharcl, B.C. SS. Gisla and Richtrude, VV S. Paternus, C. S. Guthlac, Hermit. S. Mechtildes, Wid. S. Elfleda, Wid. S. Ethel wolf, K.C. S. Paternus, B.C. S. Maxentia, V. M. S. Stephen, Al>. S. Erard, B.C. S. Alphege, Ab. M. 149 ROMAN CALENDAR. APRIL- (continued). 20 .... 21 S. Anselm, B.C. . 22 SS. Soter and Caius, PP. MM. 23 S. George, M. 24 S. Fidelis, M. 25 S. Mark, Ev. 26 SS. Cletus and Marcellinus, PP. MM. 27 .... 28 S. Vitalis, M. 29 S. Peter, M. 30 S. Catharine of Sienna, V. MAY. SS. Philip and James, App. S. Athanasius, B.C.D. Finding of the Holy Cross S. Monica, Wid. . S. PiusV.,P.C. . S. John bef. the Latin Gate S. Stanislas, B.M. Apparition of S. Michael . S. Gregory Nazianzen, BC.D. S. Antoninus, B.C. SS. Nereus, Achilleus, Domitilla, and [Pancras S. Boniface, M. . S. John Nepomucen, M. . S. Ubaldus, B.C. . S. Venantius, M. . S. Peter Celestin, P.C. S. Bernardin, C. . Our B. Lady, Help of Christians S. Mary Magdalen of Pazzis, V. S. Philip Neri, C. S.John, P.M. S.Gregory VI I., P.C. S. Felix, P.M. S. Petronilla, V. . OLD ENGLISH CALENDAR. APRIL (continued). S. Cedwal, K.C. S. Anselm, B.C. S. Bristan, B.C. S. Etheldred, K.C. S. Mellitus, B.C. S. Egbert, Ab. C. S. Leofric, B.C. S. Walburge, Abbess. S. Ivo, B.C. S. Paul, B.C. S. Erconwald, B.C. S. Asaph, B.C. S. Ultan, Ab. S. Walter, Ab. S. Etheldred, K.C. S. Richard, K.C. S. Edbert, B.C. S. John of Beverley, B.C. S. Wire, C. S. Beatus, C. S. Henry, B.C. S. Fremund, M. S. Remigius, B.C. S. Merwina, Abbess. S. Editha, V. S. Dympna, V. M. S. Simon Stock, C. S. Carantoc, C. S. Sewal, B.C. S. Dunstan, B.C. S. Ethelbert, K.M. S. Godric, Hermit. S. Constantine the Great, Emp. S. William, M. S. Robert, B.C. S. Aldelm, B.C. S. Augustin, Ap. of England, C. S. Bede, C. S. Theocus, Hermit. S. Ergontha, V. S. Hienna, V. S. Guithelinus, B.C. JUNK. 1 ..... S. Wistan, M. 2 SS. Marcellinus, Peter, and Erasmus, MM. S. Malcolm, K.C. 3 . . S. Pega, V. 4 . . . S. Petroc, Ab. 5 ..... S. Boniface, B. M. 6 S. Norbert, B.C. S. Gudwall, B.C. 7 ..... S. Robert, Ab. 8 ..... S. William, B.C. 9 SS. Primus and Felicianus, MM. . S. Columba, Ab. 10 S. Margaret, Qu. S. Margaret, Qu. 11 S. Barnabas, Ap. .... S.Egbert, K.C. 12 S. John a Facundo, C. . . . S. Cunera, V. M. JUNE. (Ttlanuaf of 0urc0 ^Decoration anb Ji^mBofiem. ROMAN CALENDAR. JUNE - (continued). 8. Anthony of Padua, C. . S. Basil the Great, B.C.D. SS. Vitus, Modestus, and Crescentia, MM. SS. Marcus and Marcellianus, MM. S. Juliana Falconieri, V. . S. Silverius, P.M. S. Aloysius, C. S. Paulinus, B.C. . Nativity of S. John Baptist Of the Octave of Nat. of S. John . SS. John and Paul, MM. . Of the Octave S. Leo, P.C. SS. Peter and Paul, App. . Commemoration of S. Paul JULY. 1 Octave of S. John Baptist 2 Visitation of B. V. Mary 3 Of the Octave of SS. Peter and Paul 4 Of the Octave 5 Of the Octave . 6 Octave of SS. Peter and Paul 7 ..... 8 S. Elizabeth, Qu. 9 10 Seven BrothersandSS. RufinaandSecunda, 11 S. Pius, P.M. . . . [MM. 12 S. John Gualbert, Ab. 13 S. Anacletus, P.M. ... 14 S. Bonaventure, B.C.D. . 15 S. Henry, Emp. C. 16 Our Blessed Lady of Mt. Carmel 17 S. Alexius, C. . 1 8 S. Camillus de Lellis, C. 19 Vincent of Paul, C. 20 S. Jerom Emilian, C. 21 S. Praxedes, V. . 22 S. Mary Magdalen, Pent. . 23 Apollinaris, B. M. 24 S. Christina, V.M. 25 S. James the Great, Ap. . 26 Ann, Mother of B. V.M. . 27 S. Pantaleon, M. . 28 SS. Nazarius, Celsus, &c., MM. . 29 S. Martha, V. . 30 SS. Abdon and Sennen, MM. 31 S. Ignatius, C. . 1 S. Peter's Chains 2 S. Alphonsus Liguori, B.C. 3 Finding of S. Stephen, M. 4 S. Dominic, C. 5 Our Blessed Lady ad Nives OLD ENGLISH CALENDAR. J U N E (continued). S. Odulphus, C. S. Brandan, Ab. C. S. Eadburga, V. S. Mayne, Ab. S. Botolph, Ab. S. Adolph, B.C. S. Burjene, V. Translation of SS. Edward and Oswald, S. Egelmond, M. [KK.MM. S. Alban, Protomartyr of Britain. S. Ediltrude, Qu. V. S. Bartholomew, C. S. Amphibalus, C. S. Adelbert, C. S. Sezinus, B.C. S. Sethrida, V. S. Hugh, M. S. Theodatus, B.C. JULY. SS. Julius and Aaron, MM. S. Oudock, B.C. S. Guthagon, Hermit. S. Odo, B.C. S. Modwena, V. S. Sexburge, Qu. Ab. Translation of S. Thomas of Cant. S. Edgar, K.C. S. Ethel burga, Qu. Ab. S. Grimbald, Ab. S. Withburge, V. S. Kilian, &c., MM. S. Mildreda, V. S. Marcellinus, C. S. Swithun, B.C. S. Osmund, B.C. S. Kenelm, K.M. S. Edburge, V. S. Dimancus, C. S. Alfwitha, Qu. S. Ethelburga, V. S. Kenulph, K.C. S. Vodinus, B.C. SS. Runnus and Ulfadus, MM. S. Adlar, B.M. S. Christina, V. S. Joseph of Arimathea, C. S. Sampson, B.C. SS. Germanus and Lupus, BB.CC. S. Tatwinus, B.C. S. Neot, C. AUGUST. S. Ethel wold, B.C. S. Kined, Hermit. S. Domitius, C. S. Ivo, B.C. S Oswald K.M. Cofenfcar. ROMAN CALENDAR. A u c; u ST (continued) . 6 Transfiguration of our LORD 7 S. Cajetan, C. 8 SS. Cyriacus, &c. , MM. . 9 S. Romanus, M. 10 S. Laurence, M. . 11 SS. Tiburtios and Susanna, MM. 12 S. Clare, V. ... 13 SS. Hippolytus and Cassian, MM. 14 S. Eusebius, C. . 15 Assumption of B. V. Mary 16 S. Hyacinth, C. . 17 Octave of S. Laurence, M. 18 S. Agapitus, M. . 19 Of the Octave of Assumption 20 S. Bernard, Ab. D. 21 S. Jane Frances, \V. 22 Octave of the Assumption 23 S. Philip Benitius, C. 24 S. Bartholomew, Ap. 25 S. Louis, K.C. 26 S. Zephyrinus, P.M. 27 S. Joseph Calasanctius, C. 28 S. Augustin, B.C.D. 29 Beheading of S. John Baptist 30 S. Rose of Lima, V. 31 S. Raymund Nonnatus, C. SEPTEMBER. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ii 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 S. Giles, Ab. C. S. Stephen, K.C. S. Laurence Justinian, B.C. Nativity of B. V. Mary . S. Gorgonius, M. . . S. Nicholas of Tolenlinum, C. SS. Protus and Hyacinth, MM. . Of the Octave of the Nativity Of the Octave Exaltation of the Holy Cross Octave of the Nativity SS. Cornelius and Cyprian, MM. . Impression of Stigmas of S. Francis S. Joseph of Curpertino, C. SS. Januarius, &c., MM. SS. Eustachius, &c., MM. S. Matthew, Ap. Ev. S. Thomas of Villanova, B.C. S. Linus, P.M. . Our Blessed Lady of Mercy .... SS. Cyprian and Juslina, MM. SS. Cosmas and Damian, MM. . S. Wenceslas, M. Dedication of S. Michael . S. Jerome, C.D. OLD ENGLISH CALENDAR. AUGUST (continued). S. Henry, B.C. S. Claudia Rufina. S. Brioc, B.C. S. Hugh, B.C. S. Henry, VI., K.C. S. Gilbert, B.C. S. Alcuin, Ab. S. Wigbert, M. S. Werenfrid, C. S. Margaret, V. S. Alexander, C. S. Thomas, C. S. Helen, Empress. S. Clitancus, K. M. S. Oswin, K. M. SS. Arwald Brothers, MM. S. Arnulph, Hermit. S. Justinian, M. S. Alice, V. S. Ebba, Abbess. S. Biegwin, B.C. S. Decuman, Hermit. S. Harmacharus, B.C. S. Sebbe, K.C. S. Fiaker, C. S. Aidan, B.C. SEPTEMBER. S. Alphege, B.C. S. Adamen, Ab. S. Mansuetus, B.C. S. Swibert, B.C. S. Altho, Ab. S. Magnus, Ab. S. Leofgar, B.C. S. Ethelburga, Qu., Abbess. S. Osmanna, V. S. Orgerus, C. S. Wulfhildis, V. S. Eanswide, V. S. Turgotus, B.C. S. Gelduinus, C. S. Editha, V. S. Ninian, B.C. SS. Stephen and Socrates, MM. S. Wenoch, C. S. Theodore, B.C. S. Heriswide, Qu. S. Gurval, B.C. S. Ilia, V S. Alfwold, K.M. S. Winnibald, C. S. Theodoric, &c., MM. S. Hedda, and eighty-four Monks, MM. S. Sigebert, K.M. S. Lioba, V. S. Roger, B.C. S. Honorius, B.C. (Wlewuaf of Decoration cwb ROMAN CALENDAR. OLD ENGLISH CALENDAR. 1 S. Remigius, B.C. 2 The Holy Angels Guardians 3 4 S. Francis of Assissium, C. 5 SS. Placidus, etc. , MM. . 6 S. Bruno, C. . . . . 7 S. Mark, P.C. . 8 S. Bridget, W. . 9 SS. Dionysius, Rusticus, and Eleutherius, 10 S. Francis Borgia, C. . . [MM. 11 . 12 . 13 S. 14 S. 15 S. 16 17 S 18 S 19 S 20 S 21 S 22 ... 23 24 S. Raphael, Archangel 25 SS. Chrysanthus and Daria, MM. 26 S. Evaristus, P.M. 27 Vigil 28 SS. Simon and Jude, App. 29 ... 30 31 Vigil Edward, K.C. . Callistus, P.M. . Teresa, V. Iledwiges, W. . Luke, Ev. Peter of Alcantara, C. John Cantius, C. Hilarion, Ab. S. Wasnulph, C. S. Thomas of Hereford, B.C. SS. Ewald, Brothers, MM. S. Edwin, K.M. S. Wilfrid the Younger, B.C. S.Ivy, C. S. Osyth, Qu. M. S. Keyna, V. S. Robert Gros-lete, B.C. S. Paulinus, B.C. S. Ethelburga, V. S. Wilfrid the Elder, B.C. Translation of S. Edward, K.C. S. Burchard, B.C. S. Tecla, V. S. Lullus, B C. SS Ethelbright and Ethelred, Brothers, MM. S. Ethbin, C. S. Frideswyde, V. SS. Kenred and Offa, KK.CC. S. Ursula and Companions, VV. MM. S. Melanius, B.C. S. Edilburge, V. S. Maglorius, B.C. SS. Valeria and Pollena, VV. SS. Eata, B., and Hagulstad, C. S. Rumwald, B.C. S. Alfred, K.C. S. Elfleda.V. S. Egelnoth, B.C. S. Foillain, B.M. NOVEMBER. 1 All Saints ..... 2 All Souls ..... 3 Ol the Octave of All Saints 4 S. Charles, B.C. .... 5 Of the Octave .... 6 Of the Octave . . ' 7 Of the Octave .... 8 Octave of All Saints 9 Dedication of Church of our SAVIOUR 10 S. Andrew Avellini, C. . 11 S. Martin, B.C. .... 12 S. Martin, P.M. .... 13 S. Didacus, C. . 14 15 S. Gertrude, V. . 16 17 S. Gregory Thaumaturgus, B.C. . 18 Dedication of Church of SS. Peter and 19 S. Elizabeth, W. . 20 S. Felix of Valois, C. 21 Presentation of B. V. Mary 22 S. Cecily, V.M. . 23 S. Clement, P.M. . 24 S. John of the Cross, C. . 25 S. Catharine, V.M. [Paul NOVEMBER. S. Cissa, V. S. Vulganius, B.C. S. Winefred.V.M. S. Clarus, M. S. Malachy, B.C. S. Iltutus, C. S. Willebrord, B.C. S. Willehad, B.C. S. Kebius, B.C. S.Justus, B.C. S. Jeron, M. S. Lebvin, C. S. Dubritius, B.C. S. Laurence, B.C. S. Malo, B.C. S. Edmund, B.C. S. Hugh, B.C. S. Fulco, C. S. Ermenburga, Qu. Abbess. S. Edmund, K.M. S. Columban, Ab. S. Bega, V. S. Eadsinus, B.C. S. Christina, V. S. Alnoth, M. ROMAN CALENDAR. NO VE M B E R (continued). 26 S. Peter, B.M. 27 ... 28 ... 29 S. Saturninus, M. . 30 S. Andrew, Ap. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ii 12 '3 H 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2 4 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 DECEMBER. S. Bibiana, V.M. . S. Francis Xavier, C. S. Peter Chrysologus, B.C. S. Sabbas, Ab. S. Nicholas, B.C. . S.Ambrose, B.C. D. Conception of B. V. Mary . Of the Octave of the Conception . S. Melchiades, P.M. S. Damasus, P.C. . Of the Octave S.Lucy, V.M. Of the Octave Octave of Conception of B. V. M. S. Eusebius, B. M. Vigil S. Thomas, Ap. Vigil . ... Nativity of our LORD S. Stephen, M. . . S. John, Ap. Ev. . Holy Innocents .... S. Thomas of Canterbury, B.M. . Of the Sunday within Octave of Nativity S. Sylvester, P.C. . OLD ENGLISH CALENDAR. NOVEMBER (continued). S. Egbert, C. S. Oda, V. S. Ed wold, C. S. Baruc, C. S. Theanus, B.C. DECEMBER. S. Virgilius, B.C. S. Weede, Ab. S. Lucius, K.C. S. Birinus, B.C. S. Eanfled, Qu. S. Congellus, Ab. S. Oswald, B.C. S. Agatha, Qu. S. Elgiva, Qu. S. Daniel, B.C. S. Boysil, Ab. S. Elfreda, V. S. Judocus, Hermit. S. Edburge, V. S. Hilda, V. S. Colman, M. S. Titta, V. S. Daniel, B.C. S. Macarius, Ab. S. Mathilda, Qu. S. Eustachius, C. S. Hildelida, V. S. Ithwara, V.M. S. Ruthius, C. S. Gregory, C. S. Tatheus, C. S. Gerard, C. S. Walstan, C. S. Thomas of Canterbury, B.M. S. Ralph, Ab. S. Ethernan, C. For a fuller comparative view of calendars, the reader is referred to the various editions of the post Reformation Services and Primers published by the Parker Society ; the appendix to Husenbeth's Emblems, which gives German, French, Spanish, Greek, Scottish, and Sarum, in addition to those here printed ; also to R. T. Hampson's Medii Aevi Kalendarhtm, a storehouse of many odds and ends, including calendars dating from the tenth to the fifteenth century. For information in detail, the reader should consult Alban Butler's Lives of the Saints (in twelve volumes), Baring Gould's latest edition of the Lives, or any other standard work on the same subject. CHAPTER XIX. of ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY, WITH THEIR TRADITIONAL EMBLEMS. 5. Agapetus, M. 275 S. Agatha, V.M. 251 S. Agnes, V.M. 304 S. Aidan, B.C. 651 5. Alban, M. 303 5. Albinus, B.C. 549 5. Alphege, Archb. M. 1012 S. Amphibalus, P.M. 303 5. Ambrose, B.C.D. 397 5. Anastasia, V.M. 290 S. Andrew, Ap. M. 64 S. /I MM, tffo mother of Mary. ? 5. Anseltn, B.C.D. 1109 S. Anthony, Ab. C. 251 5. Anthony of Padua, C. 1231 SS. /4g>K*7fl 6- Priscilla, MM. ? S. Apollonia, V.M. 249 5. Athanasius, B.C.D. 372 S. Augustine of Hippo, B.C.D. 430 S. Augustine of England, B.C. 604 S. Barbara, V.M. 306 5. Barnabas, Ap. ? S. Bartholomew, Ap. S. Basil, B.C.D. ? 379 A lion at his feet. Breasts in a dish, on a book, or in pincers ; shears in her hand ; chafing dish by her side. Lamb on a book ; lamb and palm ; sword through her neck. A stag ; a lighted torch. Cross and square cap and sword ; sun radiant above ; book in hand. Preaching from a pulpit ; curing the blind. A chasuble full of stones ; battle axe in hand. Bound to a tree, and scourged. A scourge ; a beehive ; a tower ; a dove near him. Burning at a stake. A cross saltire ; a V cross ; two fishes in his hand. The child Mary by her side, learning to read ; the holy infant in her arms also. A vision of our Lady and Child ; holding a ship ; or a Papal bull. A crutched staff and bell ; a pig with bell round its neck ; a torch and bell ; the devil in goat's form. The Holy Child seated on a book in his hand ; preaching to fishes, etc. Shoemakers' tools and tent. Pincers and tooth. An open book ; two columns ; in a boat. An inflamed heart ; an arrow ; an eagle ; a child with spoon or shell by the sea shore ; a light from heaven and the word Veritas. Banner of the crucifixion ; baptizing King Ethel- bert. A tower and palm ; or chalice ; or a monstrance ; or peacock's feather, etc. S. Matthew's gospel in the hand ; three stones ; book and staff. A flaying knife and a book ; devil under his feet. Carrying a church; doveat his head; column of fire. QXamee of f0e J^cunfe. S. Bees, Abbs. 5. Beatrice, V.M 5. Bede, C. S. Benedict, Ab. 5. Bennet Biscop, Ab. S. Bernard, Ab. D. S. S/aw, .M. 5. Boniface, B.M* S. Botolph, Ab. S. Bridget (of Kildare). S. Britius or Brice, B C. S. Brttno, C. S. Catharine, V.M. S. Catharine of Siena, V. S. Cecilia, V.M. S. Cfoid, J3.C. 5. Charles Boyomeo, B.C. S. Chrysostom, B.C.D. S. Christina, V.M. S. Christopher, M , S. C/a, .4 Ms. 5. Clement, Pope, M. 100 5. Columba of lona, Ab. 597 S. Colmnban, Ab. 615 S. Cornelius, Pope, M. 250 SS. Crispin > Crispian, MM. 280 SS. Cosmas & Damian, MM. 290 5. Cuthbert, B.C. 687 S Cyprian, B.M, 650 Holding a convent. 303 Holding a rope. 735 Holding a pitcher of water ; light from heaven. 543 A cup on a book with serpent ; a raven ; a pitcher ; a ball of fire ; a broken bell ; asperges brush, etc. 690 Standing by river Tyne, two monasteries in sight. 1153 The instruments of the Passion ; a white dog; a beehive; B. V. M. appearing. 304 Crozier and book ; a wool comb ; a pig's head ; taking thorn from child's throat. 755 Book pierced with sword ; a scourge ; beaten to death with club. 655 Church in hand. 523 A flame over head ; casting out devil ; a cow by her side. 444 A child in his arms; burning coals in his hands, noi Crucifix flowering; star on breast; chalice and host in hand. 290 A wheel set with spikes ; hailstones descending on her torturers ; wheel broken ; carried by angels. 1380 Crowned with thorns ; espoused to Infant SAVIOUR. 220 An organ ; a violin ; a harp ; a wreath of red roses ; neck pierced with three wounds. 672 Holding a branch ; Lichfield Cathedral. 1584 Kneeling before altar ; rope round his neck. 407 A beehive ; chalice on Gospels. 300 Pierced with three arrows ; millstone round neck. 250 The Holy Child borne on the giant's shoulder ; a lantern ; in one example the Child has three heads. 1253 Blessed Sacrament in her hand ; offering her heart to B. V. M. Double or triple cross ; anchor ; fountain ; tiara. In a corracle ; a white horse. In a bear's den ; crucifix foliated. Horn and triple cross ; cows around him. Shoemakers' tools ; millstones. Surgical instruments ; vases and arrows. The head of S. Oswald ; swans and otters ; three loaves on table. 258 Gridiron and sword ; books of magic burning. "Winfred, born at Crediton, Archbishop of Maintz. '56 (Wtanuaf of C0urc0 Decoration ano J$m8oft0m. S. Cyril of Jerusalem, Abp. C. S. Cyril of Alexandria, B.C. S. Damasus, Pope, C. 5. David, B.C. S. Ztem's or Dionysius, B.M. S. Dominic, C. S. Dorothy, V.M. S. Dubritius, B.C. S. Dunstan, B.C. 5. <#*/*, F. S. Edmund, Abp. 5. Edmund, KM. S. Edward, K.M. S. Edward, K.C. S. Edwyn, K.M. 5. Elizabeth. S. Eligius (Eloi), B.C. S. Elizabeth of Hungary, IV. S. Erasmus, B.M. S. Ethelburga, Abbs. 5. Etheldreda, V. Abbs. 5. Enurchus, B.C. ? S. Fabian, Pope, M. 5. Fa^A, F.M. S. Felix of Nola, C. S. Francis of Assisi, C, S. Flavian, M. 5. Gabriel, Archangel. S. Genevieve, V. S. German, B.C. S. George, M. 5. Gertrude, V. 386 444 384 544 272 1221 250? 550? 988 984 1242 870 1066 979 633 665 1231 303 664 679 34? 250 350? 266 1226 380 512 448 250? 664 A purse in his hand. The B. V. M. appearing. Holding a ring; a scroll with Gloria Patri ; by a church door. A dove on the shoulder. Mitred head carried in the hands or on a book ; tied to a tree. A lily ; a star on his forehead ; rosary in the hand. Basket of fruit (and flowers) ; burning torch. Holding two crosiers and archbishop's cross. The devil caught by pincers ; a troop of angels ; a covered cup. A " Royal " Nun ; washing feet of poor. Child at his feet ; B.V. M. giving him a ring. Arrows piercing him ; arrow and sceptre. Dagger and cup ; dagger and sceptre. A sceptre ; a ring held in left hand ; a purse hanging from right arm ; S. John's Gospel. Three mitres and a chain. Shown saluting the B. V. M. ; holding S. J. B. Fetters on legs ; hammer in hand. A triple crown; a basket of bread, and flagon of wine ; roses in robe. A windlass (with entrails wound round it); ravens bringing bread. Instruments of the Passion. A crozier and crown of flowers ; book and lily. A dove on the head. A block at which he kneels ; a dove ; a sword ; a club. An iron bed ; book ; bundle of rods. Potsherds ; chained in prison. A crown of thorns ; the stigmata ; a fiery chariot ; preaching to birds. Branded on forehead. Sceptre and lily ; shield with MR; lantern in right hand, mirror in left. A shepherdess spinning ; a devil with bellows on her shoulder. Leading dragon with seven heads ; trampling on Maximius. A dragon slain by him with spear ; banner of S. George ; on horseback. Spinning; mice and rats round her ; a loaf. (ttamee of S. Gilbert, Abb. C. 1189 S. Giles, Abb. 680? S. Gregory, Thaumaturgus, B.C . 270 S. Gregory, Nazianzen, B.C.D. 389 S. Gregory of Tours, B.C. 596 S. Gregory the Great, P.C.D. 604 S. Gudule, V. 712 S. Helena, Emps. 328 S. Hilda, V. Abbs. 680 S. Hilary of Poictiers, B.C. 368 S. Hilary of Aries. 449 S. Hubert, B.C. 727 S. Hugh, B.C. 1 200 S. Irenaits, B.M. 202 S. Ignatius, B.M. 108 S. Innocent, Pope. 4 1 ? S. Ives, B.C. 650? S. James, Major, Ap. M. 44 S. James, Minor, Ap. M. 61? S. Jannarins, B.M. 35 S. Jerome, Card. D. S. Joachim. S. Joanna. S. John Baptist. S. John of B ever ley, B.C S. John Evangelist. S. Joseph, the spouse. S. Joseph of Arimathaea. S. Jnde, Ap. M. S. Julian, M. S. Kenelm, KM. S. Keniigern (Mungo). 420 ? ? 30? 721 100 ? 313? 819 601? A church in hand. Hind at his feet ; arrow in breast. Devils driven out of a temple. Shown reading, Wisdom and Chastity appearing to him. A fish ; or reliquary in his hand. Double or triple cross and tiara ; a vision of CHRIST in His Passion on the altar. Lantern ; twisted taper ; a loom. The "True Cross;" Church of Jerusalem in her hand ; double cross. Snakes. An island with serpents ; a child in a cradle ; three books. Dove over head. A stag (on a book), a crucifix between its horns ; hunting horn. Holy Child in the host ; a swan. Lighted torch. In chains exposed to lions; heart with I.H.C. Angel bringing a crown. Episcopal habit. Pilgrim's staff, shell, hat, and wallet ; keys in hand. Fuller's club ; a saw ; a toy windmill. A heated oven ; a vial of blood on book of Gospels. A cardinal's hat ; a lion ; an inkhorn ; a scroll in- scribed Ciceronianus es. Basket with doves. An ointment box ; pitcher in a basket. A lamb on book ; a garment of camel's hair ; a locust ; a head on a dish. By a shrine. A cup with serpent ; an eagle; sword with serpent ; a cauldron ; a grave. A rod blossoming with lilies or almonds ; a car- penter's square or tools. Box of ointment ; a budding thorn staff. A boat ; a club ; an inverted cross ; a halbert ; a square ; loaves and fish. A stag ; a ferry boat ; an oar. A thorn tree, and light from heaven. A salmon with ring in gills ; plough drawn by two deer. 158 QUanuaf of <0urc0 decoration and JJgmBofiem. S. Lambert, B.M. S. Laurence, M. S. Leodegar, B.M. (S. Leger). 678 S. Leo, Pope, C. 461 S. Leonard, C. 520 S. Louis, K.C. 1 2 70 S. Lucy, V.M. 304 S. Luke, Evangelist. ? 5. Machutus, B.C. (S. Malo). 630 5. Magnus, B. ? S. Margaret, V.M. S. Margaret, Qu. (Scot). 1093 5. Mark, Evangelist. S. Martha, V. S. Martin, B.C. The Blessed Virgin Mary. ? ? 402 321 5. Mary Magdalene, Pen. S. Mary of Cleopas. S. Mary of Egypt, Pen. S. Matthias, Ap. M. S. Matthew, Ap. Evangelist. S. Maurice, M. SS. Medayd,&Geldard,BB.MM. 545 5. Michael, Archangel. S. Mildred, V. Abbs. 709 Javelins ; hot coals in robe. 258 Gridiron; palm and crucifix; as Deacon with censer. Pickaxe or auger in hand. On horseback, Attila and soldiers kneeling. An ox ; chains ; broken fetters ; a vane. Crown of thorns ; lilies of France ; three nails. Eyes on a book, or dish ; a lamp ; sword through neck ; holding three crowns ; pincers ; dragged by oxen. An ox ; picture of B. V. M. Child at his feet ; healing blind nobleman. 660 A bear under an apple tree. 306 A dragon chained ; rising from dragon ; a girdle ; sheep. A black cross ; sceptre and book ; shown visiting the sick. A lion ; a fig tree ; a cardinal's hat. A ladle ; keys at girdle ; asperges ; dragon at feet. A beggar receiving half the saint's cloak, which he cuts with his sword. The lily; the marigold; the crowned M.; the star ; twelve stars ; the fleur-de-lys ; the ark of the covenant ; the gate of heaven ; the sun and moon ; the rod of Jesse ; the fountain ; the garden enclosed ; the tower of ivory ; the city of GOD ; the well of living waters ; serpents beneath her feet. A box of-ointment; a skull; a book; long hair covering her. Four children bearing emblems (i) a boat, (2) a toy mill, (3) a fish, (4) a cup. Covered with long white hair, holding three loaves; death's head. ? A halbert or lance ; a stone ; a sword held by the point ; a carpenter's square. ? An angel ; a dolphin ; a money bag; a battle axe ; a square ; a tiara. 280 In armour (often as a Moor) ; with banner of lion, or seven stars. Two white doves (or three). In armour ; scales, with souls ; or souls in one, millstone in other ; piercing the devil ; banner with dove ; lance and shield. 670 Holding Minster Abbey. of 5. Milbnrg, V. Abbs. S. Monica, Wid. S. Nicholas, B.C. S. Nicomede, P.M. S. Olave, K.M. S. Osyth, V.M. S. Oswald, K.M. S. Oswyn, K.M. S. Ouen, Archb. S. Paternus, B.C. S. Fancy as, M. S. Patrick, B.C. S. Paul, Ap. M. S. Paulinus, B.C. S. Perpetua, M. S. Petrock, C. S. Peter, Ap. M. S. Peter, M. S. Philip, A p.M. S. Polycarp, B.M. S. Prisca. S. Rade gund, Queen. S. Raphael, Archangel. S. Remigius, B.C. S. Richard, B.C. S. Rupert, B.C S. Sampson, B.C. S. Sebastian, M. S. Sidivell, V.M. 664 Flock of wild swans. 387 A handkerchief and open book ; a tablet with I.H.S. ; a monstrance. 342 Three children (in tub) ; three golden balls (or six) ; three golden apples ; or loaves ; or purses ; an anchor ; a ship. 90 Holding a spiked club. 1030 Sceptre and sword ; battle axe; halbert and loaf; a ladder. 870 Carrying her head cut off; a bunch of keys, and three loaves. 642 Sceptre and cross ; a horn ; a raven, with a ring in its beak, or a letter and a box of chrism. 651 A spear ; a spear and sceptre. 683 A coffin in a boat ; a cross in the air. 565 A serpent. 304 A sword and stone. 464 Serpents at his feet ; a fire before him ; the " trefoil " or shamrock ; a font. 68 A sword (and book) ; three springs of water ; two swords. 431 Holding a church ; a spade. 203 A wild cow; a ladder guarded by dragon. 564 A box of relics. 68 A key, or two keys, one gold and one silver ; a cock crowing ; an inverted cross. 1252 Knife in his shoulder ; in his head ; writing Credo with his blood. ? A basket ; two or three loaves and a cross ; a spear and double cross ; a knotted cross ; devils and idols dispersed. 166 A pile of wood in flames ; stabbed and burned. 275 A lion (or two lions) ; an eagle; a sword. 587 Chain; two wolves; field of oats ; crown, sceptre, and crozier. A staff; a wallet ; a fish. 545 Carrying holy oils ; birds feeding from hand ; re- garding the veil of Veronica ; dove bringing him the chrism. 1253 A plough ; a chalice at his feet. 718 A salt box ; a church in hands. 565 The Cathedral of Dol in his hands. 288 A bunch of arrows ; the same piercing him ; bound to a tree ; holding a bow. 7-1-0 A scythe ; carrying her own head ; a well by her. i6o (Jttcmuaf of 0urc0 Decoration an$ J^mfioftem. S. Simon, Ap. M. ? S. Stephen, Deacon M. 34 ? S. Swithun, B.C. 969 5. Sylvester, P.C. 335 5. Symphorian, M. 270 5. Theobald, B.C. 1066 5. 77^/a, F.A/. cent, i 5. Theodore, B.C. 613 5. Thomas, Ap. M. ? S. Thomas a Becket, Alp. M. 1170 5. Thomas Aquinas, C.D. 12 74 S. 5. 5. Timothy, B.M. Urban, P.M. Ursula, V.M. S. Uriel, Archangel. 8. Valentine, M. S. Vedast, B.C. S. Victor, M. S. Veronica, V. S. Vincent, Deacon M. S. Vitus, B.M. S. Wenceslas, KM. S. William of York, B.C. S. William of Norwich, M. S. Winifred, V.M. S. Wilfrid, Archb. C. S. Winwallow, Alb. S. Wulstan, B.C. 97 230 453 270 539 303 304 285 938 "54 "37 650 709 5 2 9 A fish (or two fishes) ; an oar ; a fuller's bat ; a saw. Stones in a napkin, in dalmatic or in hand, or one on the head. A cross in right arm. Constantine being baptized ; an ox ; a double cross ; a tiara ; holding a chained dragon. A statue of Cybele. Episcopal vestments ; in hermit's cell. Lion ; two serpents ; globe of fire in hand. Spearing a dragon ; on horseback ; crocodile. A spear or lance ; a square ; an arrow ; touching the sacred wounds. Pallium ; archi-episcopal cross ; sword through mitre, or across the back of his head ; a battle axe ; crosier. A star, or sun on the breast ; chalice and host ; shown with wings. A club and stones. Scourged at a stake ; beheaded. An arrow ; a dove ; a book ; virgins beneath her mantle ; ship. Holding a sword ; a scroll ; flames in left hand ; at feet. As Priest bearing sword ; holding sun. A wolf, with a goose in its mouth ; or in a thicket. In chain mail ; foot cut off; millstone and sword ; holding a banner, and windmill. The handkerchief with the SAVIOUR'S Face. An iron hook ; a gridiron ; a crow ; a palm ; a canoe in hand ; book and dalmatic. A cockatrice on book ; a wolf; a lion ; a fire. In armour ; reaping corn ; coffin borne by angels. An Archi-episcopal cross ; lozenged shield. Crucified child ; three nails in head ; three held in right hand, and hammer in left. Head carried in her hands. Cathedral (of Ripon) ; idols falling down. Bell ; fishes. Crozier fixed in S. Edward the Confessor's tomb. Besides the emblems here given there are many others attributed to the saints enumerated ; as also there are many saints whose emblems are unknown, and emblems, the reference of which has been lost ; so there are, unhappily, often found paintings and statues, so little distinctive or individual, that we can only accord them their position, and thankfully number them among All Saints. CHAPTER XX. 0e QXtm8u0. THAT so familiar a sign of honour, and one so inseparably connected by long association with the glory of GOD, and the honour of His Saints, should be in its origin heathen, jars our sense of congruity, and shocks our feelings. Yet un- doubtedly the Nimbus, or " Glory," is neither Christian, nor sacred, in so far as we use that term with relation to Divine religion. It was employed by the artists of ancient Greece and Rome, and it is used to-day in the Temples of India. Didron (Vol. i., p. 41) gives a drawing of Maya, the Hindoo goddess, whose head is surrounded not only with a nimbus, but one which is distinctly cruciform. Montfaucon (Antiquite expltqutfe, vol. i.) gives an example of an Apollo crowned with a circular rayed nimbus. Lucian says that the Syrian goddess had rays upon her head. " Juno," says Virgil, " came down to earth nimbo succincta" That a nebulous radiation, a shadowy light, surrounded Divine beings, was, beyond question, believed by the ancients ; as indeed by some persons it is still held to be the fact that a certain faint light radiates from every living man, invisible it may be to the unenlightened, but seen by the illuminati. Be this as it may, the universal idea of the ancients was that the heavenly beings were enshrined in light, and when manifested to human eyes, were surrounded with rays or a bright cloud. This surrounding cloud, is commonly called the aureole. So far from its being, as described by Mackenzie Walcott, "an extended nimbus," it is more exact to call the nimbus a contracted aureole. The aureole cannot, I think, with any reason be considered a develop- ment of the nimbus, nor can the nimbus with absolute certainty be said to be an outgrowth of the aureole, that is to say, it did not definitely succeed and displace it. Plate XXXV. shows the nimbus, both in its Pagan and Christian forms ; and no one can fail to be struck with their similarity. Mercury, Apollo (fig. 7), Ceres, Circe, and Medea, among others, are all shown with the orthodox circular nimbus in ancient art. I am inclined to think that the nimbus, aureole, glory, or whatever we prefer to call it, is pre-eminently the sign of power. Hence it was given, not only to the beneficent and mild, but to the feared and hated "powers of the air." Even in Christian times, Satan has been so l6 4 (ft Qttcmuaf of 0urc0 decoration ano |Jgm6ofi0m. distinguished,* and, as is well known, the Roman Emperors were depicted with the nimbus. Undoubtedly the genesis of the nimbus or aureole, was the belief that actual light surrounded persons of superhuman power ; its use in Christian art has, I believe, arisen simply from a desire to mark out with more abundant honour or distinction those so decorated. The head is crowned as the honourable member of the body, and therefore the nimbus surrounds it alone, as a sufficient mark of glory. The common use of this sign dates from the fifth century, but it was never universal, nor need it be so now. The form of the nimbus varies almost infinitely, and its decoration is of the most diverse character. It is generally said that our LORD is always shown with a cruciform glory. This, like many other such statements, is more or less true, but not absolutely so, by any means. Sometimes the nimbus is omitted altogether, and even when used it is not always crossed. It has been stated that the cross upon the nimbus is not a cross at all, but a triple ray showing the mystery of the Holy Trinity. This, I suppose, is owing to the fact that the common position of the head obviously prevents more than three of the four members being visible, so long, that is to say, as the nimbus is behind the head ; but when (as in fig. 10, or fig. 8) the view is taken from behind, the cross is shown entire. The former of these two examples is from a picture by Fra Angelico, the latter from a wood carving in Amiens. The Divine nimbus surrounding the head of the Almighty FATHER is some- times square or lozenge shaped, and sometimes triangular. Fig. 6 is from a Greek fresco of the seventeenth century. Fig. 5 from a sixteenth century miniature. Fig. 1 1 is also from a Greek fresco at Mount Athos. The more usual method of depicting the nimbus of the Godhead in western art, is to employ a plain circular nimbus signed with the cross. This cross is mostly (fig. 3) plain with slightly extended ends, but often it is more ornate, and sometimes most intricately foliated. Starting from a simple fleur de lys (fig. 2 b.\ the cross became floriated, as (a) or (c) ; and in the later German school, such painters as Michael Wohlgemuth, Van Eyck, and Albert Diirer frequently elaborated the terminations of the cross, until they interlaced like the branches of a thorn bush. Sometimes the simple circle of the nimbus had thin gold rays within it, and sometimes the rays passed the circle, as fig. 4. A large proportion (an overwhelming majority, indeed) are shown in " true elevation," but sometimes they are in " perspective " (figs. 9, 10, 8). * Possibly the satanic nimbus has a reference to 2 Corinthians xi. 14, where Satan is said to be sometimes " himself transformed into an angel of light " noticeably in the Temptation of the LORD, when he sought to dazzle Him with the " glory of the world," (Utm6u0. 165 Some early examples are square, figs. 16 and 13, for instance, of the ninth century. It is asserted by some that these forms were employed for living persons, but there is no sufficient foundation for this theory. Sometimes the nimbus was octagonal or polygonal, and sometimes hexagonal. Fig. 14 is from a painting by Giotto, and represents "Poverty;" fig. 15 is from a fifteenth century MS., and surrounds the head of S. Joseph. Often the circle of the nimbus is altogether absent, and light rays of gold surround the head ; fig. 12, from a sixteenth century MS., has the rays in the form of a cross, but many others show a circle of radiating lines of equal length. The nimbus, when shown to the Pelican, the Holy Dove, the Chalice, and the Agnus Dei is for the most part cruciform ; but beyond this there is neither rule nor law to govern the representation. Angels and saints are shown with every variety of nimbus. Sometimes the border is enriched, as fig. 17 ; sometimes jewelled, as fig. 18 ; and frequently within a double rim is the name of the saint portrayed, fig. 19. The aureole, or larger glory, is either trefoiled, circular, quatrefoiled, or elliptical. It is either formed by clear and sharp containing lines, or it is of rays, or clouds. Generally speaking, the aureole is confined to figures of the Blessed Trinity, our Redeemer, our Lady, or to the Chalice and Host. There is, indeed, an early example of a saint (Martin) in Chartres Cathedral, but here it is the soul shown naked, and not the living body of the saint. Fig. i will, perhaps, serve as a sufficient example of an aureole, formed by rays of light. It is given in Didron as from a sixteenth century window at Jouy, near Rheims. Or that given below, from a sixteenth century miniature, is, perhaps, even a more pleasing one. 1 66 $. Qttcmuaf of <0urc0 Decoration anb Ji>m6oft0m. It is impossible to say all that could be said, or has been said, on the history, symbolism, and use of the glory in sacred art ; and, for my own part, I incline to the opinion that far too much has been said. Didron devotes 170 pages to the subject in the first volume of his Iconography, but neither his facts nor his theories are very conclusive. The article by Canon Venables in Smith's Dictionary of Christian Antiquities tells all that need be considered from the archaeological or historical point of view ; and beyond that, we may be content to say that the nimbus may be of any sort or kind or shape. We should, of course, never put a cruciform or triple nimbus to a human being ; and if our picture is of mediaeval style we had better use the common circular form in all cases. 1 9 (a) *t* CHAPTER XXI. of f0e A FEW words are necessary on the subject of Heraldry per se, though it can here be possible to provide only the merest outlines of this grand science, without some knowledge of which neither architecture nor decoration can be intelligently studied or practised. History and art depend upon it, and no ancient building, secular or ecclesiastical, is entirely destitute of signs and marks, unerring records, unfailing keys to open out to us the past. So it is within our power, by the same means, to enlighten the future, and to give abiding interest to the works of the present. But to do this we must at least be preserved from the falsehoods and absurdities of mock heraldic insignia ; and whether we are striving to illustrate the days that are gone, or those in which we live, we must be sure that we are not perpetrating solecisms, and making sport for the well-taught or ill-natured. If we desire to paint or carve a shield, it must be a shield of the style in which we are working ; and if we employ the charges or figures or tints of blazonry, we must use them properly. It is a safe rule to be careful and cautious in the employment of such things, lest we be either absolutely unmeaning or too meaning ! There is one sign, for instance, that should be marked with a danger signal the bendlet or baton sinister, \f\. I once found to my horror that an enthusiastic decorator, in the innocence of his heart, had hung a shield so " abated " over the tomb of a nobleman, whose family had sprang from an illegitimate ancestor. Generally, I grant that the amateur herald is quite innocuous, so far as any disrespect to the dead is concerned, but the insult to the intelligence of the living is unpardonable, when they are called to sit opposite suspended shields with red crosses on blue grounds ; or when green and gold ermine, with unmeaning bars and pales and saltires are daubed across the escutcheons of some sleeping knight, whose slumbers might well be disturbed at such stupid interference. The bare rudiments of heraldic science are at least within the reach of all ; and they may be summarised as follows : 0) The shield has no special shape, but may vary indefinitely. (See the next Chapter.) (*) Whatever its shape it has the same constitution and parts. (See figs. 18 and 19, Plate XXXVII.). A is the dexter side, B is the sinister ; that is to say, right and left as they would be to the wearer of the shield. of C is the Chief, and D is the Base. E, the upper right quarter, is the Dexter Chief> and the opposite, F is the Sinister Chief. G is the Middle Chief. H the Dexter Base. I the Sinister Base, and K the Middle Base. L is the Honour Point, and M the Fesse Point, that is to say, the point at which a. fesse would pass on a shield. w A shield may be divided or " parted " in six ways only. Fig. i, per Pale. When two coats of arms share a shield between them they are said to be impaled. Fig. 2, per Fesse. Figs. 3, 9, 10, and u, per Cross, or Quarterly. If two coats are borne thus they are said to be quartered. Fig. 4, per Bend, that is to say, on the line taken by a " bend " if it were used as a charge. Fig. 5>P er Saltire. Fig. 6, per Chevron. Besides these main divisions, there are, of course, the subsidiary ones of dividing an impaled half, as though it were a complete shield, and so with the quartered shield. (d) The whole surface of the shield is called the Field, and so of its parts we may say that the Chief, or the Bend, or the Fesse is a field, when we are further describing something placed or charged on it. w The Tinctures of Heraldry, shown by lines of shading where colour is not employed, comprise Two Metals Or (gold) and Argent (silver or white). These are shown on fig. X. (F and G). Five Colours Azure (blue), A, fig. I. Gules (red), B, fig. I. Vert (green), C, fig. 2. Purpure (purple), D, fig. 2 ; and Sable (black), E, fig. 6. These terms are commonly abbreviated thus : or., arg., as., gu., vert.,purp., and sa. Eight Furs, which are the following: (i) Ermine, black on white ; (2) Ermines, white on black ; (3) Erminois, black on gold ; (4) Pean, gold on black; (5) Vair; (6) Counter vair; (7) Potent; (8) Counter potent. See shields, figs. 3, 4, 5, and 6, Plate XXXVI. The lines and dots used to express the colours are not ancient, but they are extremely convenient. The metals are said to take precedence of the colours. Any object shown in its natural colouring, as a flower, or ship, or sword, is described as proper (or//r.). The broad rule for the employment of these metals and colours is that a colour must never be placed on a colour, nor a metal on a metal. A shield may be divided per pale, per fesse, per cross, and so on, into red and blue, gold and silver, etc. ; but a cross, or a chevron, or a bar of red must not be charged on a field of green, nor gold on silver, etc., etc. There is one solitary exception to this rule, which is given on shield X., the tfye l>eraft>rg of ffle J^iefb. 171 arms of the Crusader Kings of Jerusalem ; who, perchance to show that their kingdom was not of this world, ran counter to the laws of earthly blazonry, and charged five golden crosses on a field of silver. The next point, perhaps, to describe is the nature of the lines or edges of the parts of a shield, or a charge upon it. The lines are either plain, or, if otherwise, are described as (a) Engrailed, or (b} Inverted, or (c) Wavy, or (d} Nebulee, or (e] Indented, or (/) Dancette, or (g) Embattled, or (Ji) Ragulee, or (t) Dovetailed. See figs. 6, 7, 8, Plate XXXVI. Cr) With these lines are formed the figures named the ordinaries. They are nine in number : The Chief, i.e., the uppermost third of the shield. See the dexter side of shield 8, where there is a chief az. The Fesse, also a third, but the middle third of the field. See shield 9, where there is on the dexter side a fesse azure on a field argent. The Bar, which occupies the same position as the fesse, but is a fifth of the field instead of a third. See the sinister side of shield 9, a Bar gules. The Pale occupies a third of the field vertically. See sinister side of shield 8, a Bar ragulee, purpure, on a field argent. The Cross, shield 10, unless otherwise described, has both its members running to the extreme limits of the field, and each bar is one-fifth, or thereabouts, of the width, unless any object is " charged " upon the cross, when the width is one- third. The Bend (shield 10) is formed by two diagonal lines, running through the centre upwards from the sinister to the dexter. On shield 17 the Bend is shown cotised, i.e., flanked by two of its lesser diminutives. A Riband is a cotise, couped or cut off at each end. Shield 16, a riband az. on a field arg. The Saltire (see sinister side of shield 9). The members are of the same width as the cross or the bend. The Pile, a wedge-shaped inverted triangle. See shield 18. (/O The next group of charges consists of the Roundles. These are the Bezant (or.), the Plate (arg.), the Hurte (az.), the Torteau (gu.), the Pellet (sa.), the Pomme (vert), and the Fountain (of wavy stripes, az. and arg.}. These are shown on shields 15 and I5a. (0 The diminutives of the ordinaries are : The Fillet, one- fourth of the Chief. Always shown at the lowest portion of the space which would be occupied by the chief itself (see shield 12, sinister side). The Closet is one-half, the Barrulet, one-quarter of the Bar. i; 2 ($ Qtlanuaf of 0urc0 Decoration ano The Pallet is one-half, and the Endorse one-quarter of the Pale. See shield 13, where a Pallet is " endorsed." The Bendlet is one-half, and the Cotise one-quarter of the Bend (see shields 13 and 17). The Chevronel is one-half of the Chevron (see shield 20). (*) The subordinates are fourteen in number : The Canton, a square at the dexter chief corner. This always surmounts a bordure, occupying one-ninth of the shield's area (see No. 20). The Gyron is half the first quarter of the shield (see shield 18) : if the field is divided by a continuation of its lines, it is said to be gyronny. The Inescutcheon, called also the shield of pretence, is a small shield on a shield (see 19 a). The Orle (see shield 12) is a narrow border within the shield, and not on its outer edges. In this example, the shield being parti per pale, only half the orle is shown. The Tressure (see shield 13) is a double orle with a fleur de lys enrichment. Here too, only half is shown. The Lozenge (see shield 10). The Fusil is the same, but elongated, The Mascle (see shield 10) is a lozenge voided, and the Rustre voided with a circular piercing. The Billet is a rectangular oblong. See shield ip(). The Label (see shield 11) is a riband having three, four, or five short " tags " depending from it. The Bordure (see shield 18) is ordinarily one fifth of the width of the shield, though it is sometimes in old examples more, and sometimes much less, than this proportion. The Flanch (a\ called also a Flasque (b\ if flat and narrow, is only used in pairs, and is formed by a curved line bowed towards the centre of the shield (see shield 14). The Frelte (see shield u) is an interlaced figure, which is sometimes extended and multiplied till it covers the whole field, which is then described as fretty or frettee. With these elementary instructions I fear my readers must rest content, or rather I trust they will not, but will pursue the study of Heraldry in some manual, of standard authority. Sufficient has been here set down, at least, to show the broad outlines of the method in which shields are to be treated, and probably a few pitfalls will be thereby avoided. Nothing has been said about the figures or charges of animate and inanimate objects lions, stags, roses, swords, and a multitude of other things. I would ask my readers by no means to rest satisfied with the information here provided, but of f0e ^flteffc. 173 to be assured that it is only the impossibility of the task that prevents my including in this book, a full and particular account of all that is, for want of space, omitted. A note, however, as to light and shade : the light is supposed to fall on a shield from the dexter side, and from above, consequently an ordinary, or a charge, or a figure will always be " shaded," as the cross here shown, by the employment of a thicker line to U J the right and below. A word, too, should be added on Heraldry, strictly ecclesiastical or sacred. As has been already noticed, the Blessed Trinity, the Passion of our LORD, the Blessed Sacrament, and many of the saints, are credited with armorial bearings these will be found described in their proper place ; but, besides these, the various dioceses have their shields of arms, which the bishops wear; and if they have arms they are entitled to impale them with those of the diocese : the shield may also be surmounted with a mitre. CHAPTER XXII. form of SHIELDS are the commonest and most convenient vehicles for emblems, and clearly came from the battlefield and the tilting yard into the Church, and were intended, no doubt, to show that the champions of the Church militant had their cognizances and achievements, as well as the warriors of the world. Hence we see that from the font to the altar, from floor to roof, the Churches of the middle ages were filled with shields. So closely indeed did the shield ecclesiastical imitate the secular, that it was often hung up by its strap, and even had its dexter side notched with the spear rest ! In nearly every case the emblems, or " trophies," of the Passion are borne on shields ; as also our LORD'S name, the Chalice and Host, and His Sacred Heart appear as His " Arms." The conflict of His last dread fight upon the Cross was even spoken of as a tilting with His enemies, for, said an old writer thereon, "JESUS jousted well " when He received the spear thrust. Not only our Blessed LORD, but His Apostles and Saints, too, bore shields of arms, or rather were credited with them, in the middle ages ; some evidently apposite, but others (see, for instance, the shield of S. Nicholas), the purest apings of secular blazonry. Yet one cannot but sympathize with the pious feelings that made men place the saintly conflict on a knightly level; and if S.Paul thought it not unseemly to describe and symbolize the whole armour of GOD, even down to the shoes, there is nothing in itself either profane or undignified in giving the triumphant leaders in the war, their full insignia, as captains and officers in the saintly band. The shape of the shield varied greatly, and on Plate XXIX.* thirty-one old shields are figured, from which it will be seen how gradually the simply curved triangle developed until it became fantastically crimped and scalloped in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The Early Norman shields were very long and tapering, as fig. 2, but if not concurrently with this form, at least in close succession, the short and equilateral shield, fig. i, appeared. Sometimes the top edge was bowed upward, and some- times downward, sometimes it was straight, as here drawn. In the thirteenth century little change took place in the general outline, though the proportion varied with the individual fancy of the wearer, or the mode of the day. In the fourteenth century the tendency towards flowing lines in architecture, * Repeated here for ease in reference to the Numbers. 0e form of f#e ||0ieft>. 177 and richness in ornamental detail, affected the shield both in use and representation. Fig. 5, f 1325, and fig. 4 (the shield of John of Gaunt), 1399, may stand as good examples of early departures from the severer forms. Not only did the outlines become more indented, but the surface was corrugated, rising often to three or more ridges on the face. So, too, the edges turned over, and were often floriated. See figs. 1 8, 21, and 25. This last is the shield of Henry V., when Prince of Wales, about 1410. Fig. 21 is from the Chantry Chapel of Abbot Ramrydge, of S. Albans. Fig. 23 is the latest example of all, being a shield of Henry VII., bearing his monogram. Figs. 10, 11, 12, 22, are Flemish or German, and are copied from brasses and wood-carving. They are all of them late fifteenth century in style. It will be noticed that the bottom has here entirely lost its pointed shape, and become blunt and round ; but fig. 28, also German, preserves the point. Nearly all the remaining shields on Plate XXIX. are of the fifteenth century. Figs. 30 and 31, of unusual shape, are from wood-carving in Abbotsham Church, near Westward Ho. Fig. 17 is from a bench end in Mullion Church, and fig. 14 from Camborne, in Cornwall. This collection of shields is by no means full or exhaustive, but perhaps it is ample enough to show the main varieties. The positions occupied by shields in old Churches are sufficiently well known, but it may be noticed that the font was almost the chief : a very large proportion of fonts from the thirteenth century onwards were panelled on all eight sides ; of these often the whole, and nearly always the alternate panels, were filled with shields. The common course of the modern decorator is naturally to take the readiest way ; and as a shield helps easily, he hangs his shields on the wall freely, though indeed, as often as not, he forgets to hang them, and simply sticks them on. It will generally be found that in old work, shields were either 1iung\sy their band on to a bough or scroll, or Jield by angels, as in the hammer beam roofs, or wedged into a panel, or quatrefoil, or spandrel : in any case safe from falling. So, tempting and legitimate as the use of shields may be, they must not be taken merely because they are always at hand, for only when suitably placed can they look comfortable and comely. CHAPTER XXIII. of AMONG the many emblems of the saints there are, as has been already said, some which have acquired by long usage the position of heraldic insignia ; and when shown on shields they are accounted as true escutcheons of " arms." Several of these are blazoned in ancient MSS., or are to be found carved and painted on fonts and screens and windows in various parts of England. The better known of these are figured on XXXVIII. and following Plates, but besides the actual "arms" I have added a few of the more "heraldic" emblems which can fairly be charged on shields, when these are used decoratively, in conjunction with figures of the saints ; or in any other position suitable and significant. No colours can, however, be given to these latter as proper to them, and therefore there is a free choice, only restricted by the laws of heraldry. ON PLATE XXXVIII. S. PETER. ARMS, gu. two keys in saltire arg. Emblems, a reversed cross, with two keys in saltire ; or a patriarchal cross with the same. S. PAUL. ARMS, gu. two swords in saltire arg.> hilted or. Emblems, a book, inscribed, Spiritus gladius, surmounting a sword ; or three " fountains." S. ANDREW. ARMS, gu. a cross saltire arg. Emblems, a V- sna ped frame of wood ; and two fishes. S. JAMES THE GREAT. ARMS, az. three scallops or. two and one. Emblems, a wallet and staff; or a pilgrim's hat and staff. ON PLATE XXX IX. S. JOHN EVANGELIST. ARMS, as. a Prester John, mitred, seated on an altar-tomb, right hand extended, an orb in left, a sword in his mouth, all ppr. ; or as shown here, with a book in left hand, and right hand raised in benediction. Emblems, a serpent issuing from a chalice ; or a serpent entwined round a sword ; or an eagle issuing from a cauldron. S. THOMAS, a carpenter's square and a spear. S. BARTHOLOMEW. ARMS, gu. three flaying knives, erect in fesse arg., handled or. Emblem, a knife on an open book. . 10 0. 9 anb (BmBfeme of f$e JJainfe. 183 S. PHILIP. A basket; or a tall cross and three loaves; or a patriarchal cross and a spear. S. JAMES THE LESS. A saw ; or a fuller's club. ON PLATE XL. S. JUDE. A ship ; or a square and a boat-hook ; or a reversed cross. S. MATTHEW. Three purses ; or a battle axe ; or a "J" cross. S. SIMON. A closed book and a fish ; or a saw and an oar crossed. S. MATTHIAS. A scimitar and a closed book. S. BARNABAS. The Gospel of S. Matthew and three stones. S. JOHN BAPTIST. The lamb and book. S. JOSEPH. The lily, surmounting a carpenter's square. ON PLATE XLI. S. AGATHA. Fig. i. Two breasts in a dish, and an eye in a pair of pincers. S. AGNES. Fig. 2. A lamb upon a book. S. A ID AN. Fig. 3. A stag. S. ALBAN. Fig. 4. ARMS, as. a saltire or. Emblems, a tall cross, palm and sword, and a priest's cap, fig. 4 Gooclricli ELY 75 hs ffii (shown in its various forms.) A D. I3J4 Bp Rapett from his Brass Fader born 12- the Coacli builders' Mitre , CHAPTER XXVI. 0e (Utifre, may, perhaps, be accounted the ecclesiastic's crown, since he who has reached this, has nought higher in dignity to attain on earth. On Plate LI I. are twelve examples of old mitres of varying shapes and degrees of richness, and one modern abortion, fig. 13. The shape of the mitre was originally low and flat, probably not greatly different from that worn by the heathen, or by the Jewish priests of the Tabernacle. To establish an exact continuity between any of the Mosaic and the Christian vestments is a task which has often been attempted, but with success of the doubtfullest measure. For decorative purposes I think we may be quite content to take the mitre as we find it in mediaeval art a pointed, cleft cap, enriched with jewels or embroidery. Its early Saxon shape is shown on fig. I. Its normal shape during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries may be taken as that drawn on fig. 2, though the lines were generally straight, and not curved. Fig. 4 is a drawing of the actual mitre of S. Thomas a Becket, still preserved at Sens. As the time went on, each century saw the elevation of the mitre growing little by little, until it attained its full height, in the fifteenth century ; see figs. 8, ii, and 12. The convex outline, generally stigmatized as "debased," cannot in fairness be so called, since many early examples show it, noticeably fig. 6 (of the fourteenth century). The exaggerated curve in figs. 3 and 10 is, however, a sign of the beginning of the end, reached in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when something approaching the coachbuilder's mitre (fig. 13) was actually to be seen on living heads. The mitre preserved at New College, Oxford, as that of William of Wykeham, has, unfortunately, lost a great part, not only of its ornament, but of its substance. If, however, we may suppose that the dotted lines on the figure below show its original size, we have here another good example of the MITRE OF WILLIAM ~" normal shape of the old English mitre. 206 (ft Qttcmuaf of 0urc0 <)ecorafton Technically, there are three sorts of mitres : (a) The mitra simplex, of plain linen, with very slight enrichment. (b) The mitra aurifrigiata, of cloth of gold ; or white silk, embroidered. Such a one is that of S. Thomas, shown on fig. 4. (c) The mitra preciosa, enriched with jewels, and goldsmith's work. The last-named is the one commonly shown in effigies or pictures of the saints, and the one most suitable for heraldic or decorative use. Rector aspice fin em, laic. Ojrforb : A. R. MOWBRAY & Co., CHURCH PRINTERS. A 000677014 3