IkbUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 . . OF . . . 
 
 NKW MEXICO 
 
 Containing a History of this Important Section of the Great Southwest, from the Earliest Period of its 
 
 Discovery to the Present Time, together with Glimpses of its Auspicious Future ; Illustrations 
 
 and Full-page Portraits of some of its Eminent Men, and Biographical Mention 
 
 of Many of its Pioneers and Prominent Citizens of To-day. 
 
 1 A people that take no pride in the noble achievements of remote ancestors will never achieve anything worthy to be 
 remembered with pride by remote descendants." MACAULAY. 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 1895 
 

 NOTE;. 
 
 Spanish "accents," or diacritical marks, not being English, are not used in this volume, 
 although some names, printed with ny for n, seem odd, simply on account of their unfamiliar 
 appearance ; as, Canyada for Canada. With the form canyon the reading public has already 
 become familiar. 
 
 ritoia TBI PRIM or 
 
 WILiON, HDHPMRITt * CO., LO9AISPORT, IKD. 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ZTLAN, described as ' ' the 
 bright land far to the 
 north," is the name given 
 by the early Spanish his- 
 torians, and concurred in 
 by modern writers of re- 
 pute, as that of the land 
 whence came the tribes 
 found in the valley of Mexico by their Spanish 
 conquerors. Acosta, one of the historians re- 
 ferred to, who visited the city of Mexico in 
 1585, and whose writings on New Spain were 
 published at Seville in 1589, says: "They 
 came from distant countries toward the north, 
 where now they have founded a kingdom which 
 they call New Mexico." Other historians 
 make similar statements. 
 
 Humboldt, who approaches the subject 
 with doubts, after naming the banks of the 
 Navajo, the'Moqui villages and the Gila, writes 
 in his New Spain: " We are tempted to be- 
 lieve that at the period of the migration sev- 
 eral tribes separated from the great mass of 
 the people to establish themselves in these 
 northern regions." At that time, indeed, 
 there were other signs of equal import cover- 
 ing a much broader country. 
 
 Dr. Brinton says: " These traditions, the 
 Maya Chronicles, go to show that the belief 
 among the Aztecs was, that the tribes of the 
 Maya family came originally from the north or 
 northeast, and were at some remote period 
 closely connected with their ancestors." 
 
 This land " Aztlan " which was for an 
 indefinite period the home of the aborigines 
 
 who became the masters of Anahuac, the Aztec 
 empire, and who were found and subdued by 
 Cortez in 1519-21, is a land still occupied in 
 part by people of the same race and charac- 
 teristics except so far as changed by the vary- 
 ing conditions that have intervened during the 
 centuries since elapsing. 
 
 This pre-Columbian country of our South- 
 west, now known as the Territory of New 
 Mexico, is peculiar on account of the fact that 
 extremes of civilization have met here, and are 
 still conspicuously visible. The "free-for-all" 
 race of modern energy, enterprise and prosper- 
 ity, with the coming of steam transportation in 
 its mighty, irresistible course, has here peace- 
 ably met face to face the medieval conserva- 
 tism and the crooked-stick plows and industrial 
 methods of " ancient times." 
 
 (The foregoing paragraphs, as well as the 
 following up to the year 1 540, are substantially 
 from the authority of Hon. William G. Ritch.j 
 
 " In the sixteenth century a remnant of a 
 party of explorers found themselves stranded, 
 wrecked and destitute, upon the western shores 
 of the Gulf of Mexico. This party was Cabeza 
 de Vaca and three companions. Thousands 
 of miles of trackless wilderness, then wholly 
 unknown to Europeans, and beset with savages, 
 lay between this small party and their Spanish 
 brethren in sparsely-settled Mexico. Nothing 
 daunted, this intrepid little band, with nothing 
 more of this world's goods at their command 
 than the indifferent clothing which covered 
 their nakedness, but with indomitable energy, 
 the endurance of steel and their own good tact, 
 
HTSTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 entered upon the hazards of traversing this un- 
 explored and trackless continent, in the forlorn 
 hope of reaching their countrymen and friends 
 somewhere upon the other side. The under- 
 taking antedated any permanent European set- 
 tlement within the bounds of what has since 
 become our own beloved country, the United 
 States. It was less than a decade later than 
 the conquest of Mexico by Cortez, and nearly 
 a century previous to the landing of the Pil- 
 grims upon the shores of Massachusetts bay, 
 that these Spartan souls departed upon the 
 most wonderful and successful journey known 
 to the pages of history. The point of depart- 
 ure was upon the gulf coast of either Louisiana 
 or Texas, as known to modern geographers. 
 
 ' ' These wanderers traversed by turns the 
 tangled swamps and bayous of a semi-tropical 
 latitude; the deep turbid rivers and dense for- 
 ests of the coast slope; the vast arid plains, 
 coursed by canyons of dizzy depth, and tower- 
 ing, rugged mountains and rushing torrents of 
 the interior; and finally crossing the alkali 
 plains, sandy desert and coast range before 
 beholding the blue waters of the Pacific. They 
 lived upon roots and lizards when naught else 
 could be found, and slept with the canopy 
 of heaven only as their covering, except 
 as varied by the elements, and ever upon 
 the alert for wild beasts and hostile Indians. 
 Traversing the streams to their head-waters 
 northwest from the gulf, and as laid down up- 
 on the maps of the early voyagers, Vaca and 
 his companions, after many months of weary 
 travel, reached the waters (according to some 
 writers) of the Canadian river, thence pressing 
 forward, and after three months of uncertain 
 wanderings, reached the Pueblo Indian villages 
 of New Mexico, twenty degrees of latitude 
 north of the city of Mexico. 
 
 " Memorable event! Here first came to the 
 knowledge of the inhabitants of the Old 
 World the existence of a people living in 
 permanent houses and homes clustered in vil- 
 lages, following the pursuits of peace by till- 
 ing the soil, the administration of wholesome 
 laws, in making provident care for possible 
 
 famines, and in showing kindness and hospi- 
 tality to these pale-faced strangers in distress. 
 The people thus met and described by Cabeza 
 de Vaca and his companions correspond with 
 those who were found and described by subse- 
 quent explorers in New Mexico, upon the 
 slopes of the Rio Grande, at Santa Fe and at 
 Zunyi. These were the first towns, the first 
 permanent settlements of a people possessing 
 habits of civilization, within the borders of 
 this great nation of free people, who had thus 
 attained to their estate many generations an- 
 terior to the landing of Columbus. The same 
 distinctive people, with the same habits, al- 
 though greatly reduced in numbers by wars, 
 aggressive and defensive, still constitute an 
 important element in the population of New 
 Mexico in this last quarter of the nineteenth 
 century. 
 
 "Furnished with supplies and such means 
 of comfort as was possible for this small party 
 to carry with them, after still another period 
 of wandering, in all probably five years, they 
 arrived, in the spring of 1536, at the town of 
 San Miguel, upon the west coast of Mexico, 
 and in May following reported to the viceroy 
 at the city of Mexico. The stories of Cabeza 
 de Vaca about a great people living in towns 
 and cities far to the north were in confirmation 
 of traditions and statements previously made 
 by the native Mexican people. 
 
 " As a consequence expeditions were at 
 once fitted out the first under the lead of 
 Friar Marcos de Niza, who took with him as a 
 guide Estevan, a blackamoor, and one of Vaca's 
 party. Niza reached only the Cibola country 
 (Zunyi). Estevan had preceded him a few 
 days, and was the first to arrive at Zunyi; but 
 his indiscretion cost him his life and came well 
 nigh bringing the whole party into difficulty, 
 and making the return of Niza a necessity; the 
 report of Niza was confirmatory. 
 
 ' ' The expedition of General Francisco Vas- 
 quez de Coronado, governor of New Galicia, 
 under the patronage of the viceroy, followed 
 in July, i 540, from the southwest with assured 
 hopes of finding great stores of gold and silver 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 among the people, as had been found by Piz- 
 arro in Peru and by Cortez in Mexico. The 
 expedition was composed very largely of scions 
 of royalty and persons of refinement and wealth, 
 most of whom were illy prepared to withstand 
 the toil and endure the privations inseparable 
 from the journey. The expedition, however, 
 arrived in good spirits at Zunyi. Coronado's 
 journal speaks of here meeting hostile demon- 
 strations, and likewise relates of discovering 
 cities larger than Granada in Spain; of one 
 town containing 500 houses of stone, some of 
 them five lofts high and of excellent construc- 
 tion, and of another, still larger; of the people 
 complaining of Estevan, and of their killing 
 him because of insulting their women, whom 
 ' they loved dearly. ' The food of the people 
 was corn, peas and venison. They had good 
 salt, wore turquoise, emerald and garnets for 
 ornaments, made cloth, had mantles of cotton, 
 painted, and had other articles of dress, which 
 were embroidered in needlework. Water was 
 brought then, as now, in irrigating ditches, to 
 their fields of corn and vegetables. Coronado 
 also tells of finding gold and silver that was 
 good." 
 
 During the absence of one of his party, 
 Cardenas, who was visiting the Moqui towns 
 and Rio Colorado, a party of natives came 
 from their province, lying eastward, to the 
 Zunyi towns, with gifts of various leathern 
 articles and offers of tribal friendship and alli- 
 ance. Their chief and spokesman was called 
 Bigotes by the Spaniards, on account of his 
 long mustaches, and he had much to say con- 
 cerning the buffaloes of his country. 
 
 Accordingly Captain Alvarado was or- 
 dered, with twenty men, to accompany the 
 natives on their return, and to report within 
 eighty days respecting their country and its 
 wonderful animals. In a journey of five days 
 Alvarado came to Acuco (now Acoma), a town 
 built upon a rock, and accessible only by a 
 narrow stairway, terminating in mere holes for 
 the hands and feet. At first the inhabitants 
 there showed signs of resistance, but were 
 easily subdued by threats of battle. 
 
 The explorers, passing Zunyi for the east, 
 passed Acus (Acoma), a town upon an exceed- 
 ing strong hill, whose people grew cotton. 
 Thence they journeyed to the province of 
 Tiguex, located upon the banks of a great river, 
 running southward. Here they found large 
 mantles, feathers and precious things, and the 
 inhabitants were raising melons and white and 
 red cotton. The Tiguex valley seemed to be 
 well settled to a distance of fifty to sixty miles 
 out from the river, and contained within its 
 bounds twelve towns, which were along this 
 large river. The province afterward became 
 the center of operations upon the part of the 
 Spanish. Alvarado at once recommended it as 
 a place for the winter quarters of his general. 
 Then he went on with Bigotes for five days 
 further, to the province of Cicuye (probably the 
 pueblo of Pecos) on the border of the plains, 
 the inhabitants of which made to the Spaniards 
 presents of hides, cloth and turquoises. 
 
 But at this point the captain was particu- 
 larly attracted by the statements of an Indian, 
 who claimed to be a native of a province about 
 2,000 miles to the southeast. On account of 
 his appearance the Spaniards called him "The 
 Turk. " He spoke at length concerning the 
 cities of his country, and also of gold and 
 silver, the latter being particularly attractive 
 to the Spaniard. After receiving such news 
 the buffaloes of the Rio Grande seemed to be 
 of little importance. Alvarado, however, carry- 
 ing out his instructions, made a trip out into the 
 plains in search of the animals, with the Turk 
 as a guide, and he found the buffaloes, indeed, 
 in large numbers. In this tour he followed the 
 river for about 300 miles toward the southwest. 
 Then he returned to Tiguex (Rio Grande), 
 where he found that Cardenas had arrived 
 from Cibola (the Zunyi towns) to prepare 
 winter quarters for the army and where Alva- 
 rado now remained to await the general. 
 
 Coronado, after dispatching Alvarado to the 
 east, and Cardenas to prepare winter quarters 
 at Tiguex, remained at Cibola to await the 
 arrival of the main army under Arellano, who 
 carne late in the autumn from Sonora. The 
 
PUS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 general, ordering the army to rest for twenty 
 days before following him, started for Tiguex 
 with thirty men, going by a new route in order 
 to make new discoveries. His party suffered 
 severely for want of water on the way, which 
 they could find only in the mountains, where 
 they suffered from cold about as much as they 
 had previously suffered from thirst. Alvarado 
 reached the Rio Grande in the province of 
 Tutahaco (probably in the vicinity of the mod- 
 ern Isleta), with its eight villages, where he 
 heard of other villages further south. Thence 
 he followed up the river twelve miles to Tiguex. 
 At this place Coronado found Cardenas 
 and Alvarado awaiting him, together with the 
 "Turk," to whose tales of eastern wealth he 
 listened with the greatest pleasure and credul- 
 ity, and all his companions immediately be- 
 came enthusiastic in their hopes of a grand 
 conquest in the near future. The enthusiasm 
 led them into too great haste in their dealings 
 with the natives at' Tiguex; for on their arrival 
 there they at once turned out without cere- 
 mony the inhabitants, who had previously 
 treated them so kindly, from their best houses, 
 in order to occupy them for their own rapa- 
 cious purposes, and all this, too, contrary to 
 the viceroy's instructions! The friendly people 
 at Cicuye received no better treatment, except 
 that as yet they had not the army to support. 
 Alvarado, being sent to obtain certain gold- 
 en bracelets which the Turk falsely claimed to 
 have left at Cicuye, arrested Bigotes and an- 
 other chief because the ornaments were not 
 brought forth, and brought his prisoners in 
 chains back to Tiguex. He also called upon 
 the natives for a large quantity of clothing, for 
 the army soon expected to arrive, refused 
 them to call a council to apportion the tax 
 among the towns, as was their custom, and 
 sent soldiers to take the clothing by force, the 
 Indians being obliged in many cases to take 
 the garments off their backs! One pueblo 
 was burned for some offence of the inhabitants 
 not clearly specified, and many other outrages 
 were committed, including violations of chas- 
 tity. Such horrible "truths" as these we 
 
 learn from the practice of envious and revenge- 
 ful Spaniards "telling on" one another. Of 
 course it was impossible for the untutored 
 "heathen" there, far more virtuous than their 
 invaders, to distinguish Christianity from high- 
 way robbery. 
 
 When Arellano arrived with the main army 
 from Cibola, in December, the whole province 
 was naturally in open revolt, and the succeed- 
 ing winter was spent, so far as the severity of 
 a winter to which the unaccli mated invaders 
 and their animals were unused would permit, 
 in efforts either to reconcile the natives to the 
 new regime or to conquer them by force; and 
 force they finally resorted to, even massacring 
 a hundred prisoners at one time! From this 
 time on the Indians refused to listen to any 
 proposition of peace from a race they could 
 not trust. They defended themselves by bar- 
 ricading their towns or ran away to the moun- 
 tains, and to every offer of pardon and conso- 
 lation they simply pointed to past acts of bad 
 faith. Cardenas, going with thirty men to the 
 pueblo of Tiguex to propose terms, was re- 
 quired to advance alone and unarmed, and be- 
 ing knocked down was with difficulty rescued, 
 several others also being seriously wounded. 
 Nearly all the natives of the province had 
 taken refuge in this pueblo, and in another 
 three or four miles distant. Some authorities 
 state that Cardenas was afterward punished by 
 the Spanish government for his cruelties in this 
 country. 
 
 Then Coronado, as vicious as his lieutanant, 
 Cardenas, attacked Tiguex, but was repulsed 
 in the first assault by the stones and arrows of 
 the defenders, with twenty men wounded, 
 several of them fatally. Next followed a siege 
 of fifty days, with many assaults and sorties, 
 in which were killed some 200 Indians and a 
 number of Spaniards. The besieged, suffering 
 for want of water, dug a well inside the town, 
 which caved in and buried thirty of their num- 
 ber. A little later they were allowed to send 
 away women and children, about 2OO of whom 
 departed; and after about two weeks more of 
 resistance they all attempted to escape by 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO 
 
 night. The movement being discovered, the 
 fugitives bravely attacked their foe and were 
 either cut down or driven to perish in the ice- 
 cold waters of the Rio Grande. A similar fate 
 befell those who had taken refuge in the other 
 town, and all the villages were taken and plun- 
 dered, the inhabitants being killed, enslaved or 
 driven from the province. Not one submitted, 
 or would accept the conqueror's permission to 
 return to his home. Some of the provinces, 
 however, surrendered. 
 
 In May, 1541, Coronado marched with his 
 entire force in search of the reported wealth 
 of the regions beyond Tiguex. At Cicuye he 
 was received in a friendly manner, and a guide 
 was obtained there named Xabe, who claimed 
 to be a native of Quivira. The "Turk" had 
 been discharged on account of his unreliability 
 and general depravity. A march of three or 
 four days over a mountainous country brought 
 them to a large river, which they named Rio 
 de Cicuye, and may have been what is now 
 known as the Gallinas, the eastern and larger 
 branch of the Pecos. A little later they en- 
 tered the great buffalo plains, and in ten days 
 came to the first habitation of the wandering 
 tribes. They continued their march for about 
 two weeks more, in a northeasterly direction. 
 
 On this trip Coronado left the main army, 
 and went northward for forty days over the 
 plains until he reached Quivira, late in July, 
 remained there twenty-five days, and arrived 
 at Tiguex on his return, in August or Septem- 
 ber. Quivira proved to be one of several In- 
 dian villages of straw huts or wigwams, on or 
 near a large river. The inhabitants resembled 
 the roving Querechos and Teyas in most re- 
 spects, but were somewhat superior, raising a 
 small quantity of maize. The country was an 
 excellent one in respect of soil, climate and 
 natural productions, but the people had no 
 knowledge of the precious metals, and even in 
 their reports of large tribes beyond there was 
 but slight indication of either wealth or civili- 
 zation. Besides, even the "Turk" now con- 
 fessed that all his tales had been lies, told for 
 the purpose of decoying the Spaniards upon a 
 
 route to suit his own convenience, and also for 
 a sort of patriotic purpose. The general put 
 the "Turk" to death, and returned to Cicuye, 
 by a more direct route, where Arellano came 
 to meet him, and they proceeded together to 
 Tiguex. 
 
 Coronado and his associates believed 
 Quivira to be in latitude forty degrees, and 
 about 600 miles northeast of Tiguex. The 
 point they reached must have been in Kansas, 
 between the Arkansas and Missouri rivers. 
 Lecturers and writers upon the subject in vari- 
 ous States and localities have been ever ready 
 to catch upon the descriptions of the country 
 given in the journals of the expedition, and 
 who ingeniously credit their locality with being 
 a seat entitled to a chapter on early Spanish 
 explorations. Thus, Nebraska has a theorist 
 who claims that the southern and central por- 
 tion of that State was the remotest point 
 reached by Coronado. Another theory quotes 
 Quivira, the outlying terminus of the expedi- 
 tion, at or near Kansas City; while still another 
 locates the province further south, possibly in 
 Arkansas. However all this theorizing may be, 
 there is no doubt about Coronado having ex- 
 tended his march far to the northeast, over 
 treeless plains, where large herds of buffalo 
 roamed, extending, no doubt, to some point 
 well toward the Missouri river. Wherever 
 Quivira may have been located, we are 
 told that there he met Tatarrax, the king of 
 the province, and that his people gave no 
 greater sign of being possessed of the precious 
 metals of which they were in search than a 
 "jewel of copper about the neck of the king. " 
 The men of Quivira lived principally upon 
 buffalo meat, slept in tents made of buffalo 
 hides, wore shoes and clothing made of buffalo 
 leather, and "wandered about like the Arab." 
 
 Brackenridge says that the first explorer of 
 New Mexico was Marcos de Nicia, a friar, 
 about the year 1539, coming with a small 
 party from Pitatlan, on the gulf of California, 
 in latitude twenty-four degrees, and traveling 
 east and north until he heard of the Pueblo 
 Indians, coming within sight of Cibola. 
 
8 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Then he sent a negro and some Indians in ad- 
 vance. Some of the latter returned after a 
 time, and reported that they had reached 
 Cibola, where they had been badly treated, 
 and the negro killed. Upon this Marcos re- 
 turned, and published an account, which has 
 generally been regarded as highly exaggerated. 
 
 Cibola is the name of the province of the 
 pueblo region. The pueblo towns did not 
 seem to be mutually interdependent in their 
 government. The government of each was re- 
 publican, the supreme governing body in each 
 being elected by the people. They were not 
 Aztecs. The roofs of the houses consisted of 
 unhewn pines, covered with a thick coating of 
 clay, so as to form terraces. The walls were 
 perfectly smooth. The central portions of a 
 pueblo building were much higher than the 
 outer, extending sometimes to a height of fifty 
 feet or more. These buildings were sometimes 
 in groups, connected by lower structures. One 
 group measured 800 feet or more north and 
 south, and about 250 feet east and west. 
 There seems to have been courts within the 
 enclosure. These buildings, had their doors 
 only in the roof, or at least high up, and entry 
 was always made by ladder, a custom derived 
 probably from the effort to make the building 
 a kind of fort difficult to enter or destroy in 
 case of war. 
 
 Captain Arellano made preparations for 
 passing a second winter at Tiguex, meeting 
 with many difficulties on account of the con- 
 tinued hostility of the natives, who still re- 
 fused to occupy their towns. Meanwhile he 
 caused some further explorations to be made. 
 He sent Captain Barrio-nuevo northward, who 
 visited the province of Hemes (or Jemez), with 
 seven towns, one of which still retains the 
 name. The inhabitants of this province sub- 
 mitted and furnished supplies; but those of an 
 adjoining province Yuque-Yunque did not 
 do so, but fled to the mountains, leaving con- 
 siderable food in their towns. Their fine earth- 
 enware had such a glaze as indicated the exist- 
 ence of silver mines in the vicinity. Sixty 
 miles further up the river Barrio-nuevo came 
 
 to a large town built on both banks of the 
 stream, with wooden bridges connecting the 
 two divisions. This place the explorers named 
 Valladolid, but the native name was Braba or 
 Yuraba. It was probably Taos. Barrio-nuevo 
 returned to Tiguex, leaving the northern coun- 
 try in peace. 
 
 Another officer was dispatched down the 
 river to explore its lower branches. Travel- 
 ing about 240 miles he reached a point where 
 the river disappeared under ground, to reap- 
 pear, the natives said, further down larger than 
 ever. On this journey the party passed the 
 southernmost pueblos, which were abandoned 
 during the wars of the next century. They 
 were in the Socorro region. Tljis concludes 
 the list of the New-Mexican pueblos visited 
 by Coronado or his officers. The group of 
 pueblos between Zunyi and Tiguex, repre- 
 sented by Laguna, Cebolleta, Moquina and 
 Pujuaque, did not exist until a later period. 
 
 Captain Arellano set out with forty horse- 
 men to meet General Coronado on his return 
 from Quivira, the report concerning which 
 was that of bitter disappointment. Xabe, the 
 new guide, failed to verify his reports con- 
 cerning the existence of gold and silver in his 
 country. 
 
 During the succeeding winter the Spaniards 
 suffered a great deal for want of clothing, as 
 the natives still refused to occupy their towns 
 and furnish supplies. In the spring (i 542) the 
 contemplated expedition into the plains was 
 abandoned on account of the injury received 
 by Coronado, being thrown from a horse by 
 the breaking of a girth. The soldiery became 
 discouraged and induced the general to give 
 them permission to return to their homes ; 
 but Fray Juan de Padilla and Padre Luis, a 
 lay brother, resolved to remain in the country 
 and make an attempt to convert the natives of 
 Cicuye and Quivira. An escort was furnished 
 as far as Cicuye, where Padre Luis remained, 
 while Fray Juan, accompanied by a Portuguese 
 named Campo, also by a negro, a mestizo and 
 a few Mexican Indians, pressed on to Quivira. 
 A number of sheep were afterward sent to 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Brother Luis, and the messengers reported 
 him as saying that he had been well received 
 by the masses, though the old men hated him, 
 and would probably bring about his death. 
 After the departure of the army nothing was 
 ever known respecting the fate of this pioneer 
 missionary of Pecos ; but the Portuguese, with 
 some of his companions, is said to have found 
 his way later by the gulf coast to Mexico, 
 bringing the report that Padilla had received 
 the crown of martyrdom at the hands of the 
 Quivirans, who killed him because he insisted 
 on the conversion of a hostile tribe. Other 
 writers give different versions of the matter. 
 
 Coronado began his return march with his 
 army in April, i 542. All the natives of Tiguex 
 and other provinces of the north who had 
 been enslaved were now released, for fear that 
 if they were carried to Mexico their fate would 
 be avenged on the friars who remained at 
 Cibola. Between Tiguex and Cibola over 
 thirty horses died, though apparently in good 
 condition. 
 
 It may be observed here, by the way, that 
 the horses left in the country during this expe- 
 dition were probably the progenitors of the 
 large number of wild horses of more modern 
 times. Also sheep were introduced into this 
 section of America for the first time by 
 Coronado. 
 
 When the party reached Chichilticale, on 
 the Gila river, they met there Captain Galle- 
 gos, with re-enforcements and supplies. The 
 latter were greatly disappointed at meeting a 
 retreating army instead of joining the con- 
 querors in the enjoyment of Quiviran spoils. 
 The retreating soldiers would listen to no sug- 
 gestion of renewing the explorations inland, or 
 even to wait until the viceroy could be con- 
 sulted. Gallegos' men and others were insub- 
 ordinate, but Coronado had lost all control, 
 his authority both as general and governor be- 
 ing disregarded. Most of the force disbanded 
 at Culiacan, in June, and Coronado finally 
 reached Mexico with barely a hundred men. 
 Though at first coldly received by Mendoza, 
 he gave explanations which were satisfactory, 
 
 was honorably relieved of his command, and 
 as soon as his health was restored resumed his 
 duties as governor of Nueva Galicia. 
 
 Thus Coronado, disheartened, and his com- 
 panions sorely disappointed, returned after two 
 years to Mexico. Stores of gold and silver had 
 not yet been gathered from the.mines, although 
 known to exist, but not as found and appropri- 
 ated without labor by Cortez and Pizarro. Had 
 Coronado prospected and set his men at work 
 upon the mines after the manner of this gen- 
 eration, he could have made returns far exceed- 
 ing the wealth of his time. 
 
 As Bancroft says, "thus ended the grand- 
 est exploring expedition of the period, in which 
 the Spaniards learned in a sense all that was 
 known of Arizona and New Mexico, though 
 they did not find the wonders they had sought, 
 and though they neither remembered nor made 
 any use of their discoveries. The great Mixton 
 revolt prevented any immediate resumption of 
 northern enterprises, which, however, would very 
 likely not have been prosecuted in any event. 
 Castenada, writing twenty years later, expresses 
 the opinion that in order to find any of the 
 great things believed to be connected in some 
 way with the Indies, they should have directed 
 their course to the northwest instead of the 
 northeast; and he suggests that Quivira and the 
 adjoining regions might be reached by a better 
 route through the interior, or from the gulf 
 coast, with the aid of the guides who had es- 
 caped in that direction after the friar's death." 
 
 At the best, the reading of the constant 
 rapine so exclusively indulged in by the Span- 
 iards seems to modern humanitarianism to be 
 scarcely anything but organized highway rob- 
 bery of innocent and peaceable people. The 
 truth of this observation seems to be corrobor- 
 ated by the fact that the results of the expedi- 
 tion added almost nothing to the geographical 
 or other scientific knowledge of the world. 
 
 Less important expeditions were made into 
 the region of New Mexico in the years i 563-5. 
 Francisco de Ibarra with a party proceeded 
 from some point in old Mexico, and after 
 traveling for eight days saw a large town with 
 
IO 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 buildings, some of which were several stories 
 high; and later he says he " went 300 leagues 
 from Chametla, in which entrada he found large 
 settlements of natives clothed and well provided 
 with maize and other things for their support; 
 and they also had many houses of several stor- 
 ies. But, because it was so far from New 
 Spain and the Spanish settlements, and be- 
 cause the governor had not people enough for 
 settlement, and the natives were hostile, using 
 poisoned arrows, he was obliged to return." 
 According to one authority, Ibarra was accom- 
 panied by fifty soldiers, by Pedro de Tobar, of 
 Coronado's expedition, and by Padre Acebedo 
 and other friars. His course was to the right 
 of that followed by Coronado and nearer New 
 Mexico. He reached some great plains adjoin- 
 ing those of the buffaloes, where he discovered 
 an abandoned pueblo whose houses were of 
 several stories and which was called Paguemi. 
 Traces were found there of metals having been 
 smelted. 
 
 A few days later, the same story runs, 
 ' ' Ibarra reached the great city of Pagme, a 
 most beautiful city adorned with very sumptu- 
 ous edifices, extending over three leagues, with 
 houses of three stories, very grand, with vari- 
 ous and extensive plazas, and the houses sur- 
 rounded with walls that appear to be of ma- 
 sonry." This town also was abandoned, and 
 the people are said to have gone eastward. 
 But it is difficult to determine precisely what 
 region Ibarra visited, and even the details given 
 are to be taken with some suspicion of their 
 lack of faithfulness. In this connection Ban- 
 croft adds: " It is perhaps worthy of notice 
 that in connection with Ibarra's entrada of 
 i 563 the province of Copala is mentioned, a 
 name that, though here applied apparently to 
 Topia or an adjoining region in the sierra, 
 figured later in the mythic northern geography; 
 and especially that on his return Governor Ibarra 
 boasted that he had discovered a ' new Mexico ' 
 as well as a new Vizcaya. It is not unlikely 
 that from this circumstance the name New 
 Mexico came to be applied in later years to a 
 country that Don Francisco had probably never 
 
 seen. Another noteworthy circumstance in this 
 connection was the discovery, in 1 568, by a 
 party of mining prospectors from Mazapil, in 
 northern Zacatecas, of a lake which was form- 
 ally named Laguna del Nuevo Mexico. This 
 lake was apparently one of those in the modern 
 Coahuila; but the tendency to find a 'new 
 Mexico' in the north is noticeable." 
 
 We have now to notice the more pleasant 
 and fruitful expeditions of other parties in 
 1581-3. 
 
 In 1580 a missionary named Agustin Rod- 
 riguez (or Ruiz), hearing of a people living in 
 permanent houses far to the north, decided to 
 make them a visit. He had read Cabeza de 
 Vaca's narrative, and heard from the Conchos 
 new reports of that mysterious people, and 
 his desire to make an effort to plant Christian- 
 ity among them and perchance to become a 
 martyr led him to undertake a small expedi- 
 tion. The king had forbidden new expeditions 
 except with royal license; yet the viceroy took 
 the liberty of authorizing the organization of a 
 volunteer escort not exceeding twenty men, 
 who might also carry along some articles for 
 barter. The padre gave the required permis- 
 sion. 
 
 Rodriguez and his party set out from San 
 Bartolome on the 6th of June, 1581, and fol- 
 lowed the Rio Concha, or Conchos, down to 
 its junction with the Rio Grande, marched up 
 the latter for twenty days, to the first group 
 of pueblos, arriving in August. This group 
 was in the Socorro region, being the same vis- 
 ited by Coronado's officers. Continuing their 
 journey up the valley, they visited most of the 
 groups on the main river and its tributaries 
 near by. 
 
 The friars in this party made " Puaray " 
 (probably the "Tiguex" of Coronado) their 
 headquarters, while the soldiers made the ex- 
 ploring trips. The natives were everywhere 
 friendly, and the missionaries made no objec- 
 tion to the departure of their escort. Reports 
 at length reaching the Mexican authorities that 
 these missionaries had been killed, measures 
 were undertaken to fit out another expedition 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ii 
 
 to ascertain the fate of these men, and also to 
 reconnoitre for mines of the precious metals 
 and for data upon which to extend the domain 
 of the Spanish northward; but before the king 
 could be consulted and all the red tape re- 
 quired could be observed, a new expedition 
 was planned and carried out independently of 
 the national authorities. 
 
 Don Antonio Espejo, a wealthy citizen of 
 Mexico, who chanced to be at the Santa Bar- 
 bara mines and had a taste for adventure, an- 
 nounced that he would not only command the 
 expedition, but also pay for the expenses of 
 the same. Time to consult even the vice- 
 roy was not taken, and the alcalde mayor of 
 Cuatro Cienegas took it upon himself to issue 
 the needed license and commission; fourteen 
 soldiers volunteered for the service; a number 
 of servants were obtained; Espejo fitted out 
 the party with the necessary arms and sup- 
 plies, including 1 1 5 horses and mules, and the 
 start was made from San Bartolome on the 
 i Oth of November, 1582. 
 
 Their route was down the Concho to the 
 Rio Grande, and up the latter. After travel- 
 ing for twelve days up the Rio Grande they 
 found the Jumanas Indians, who were at first 
 hostile, but soon friendly, after an explanation. 
 In several respects these Indians were superior 
 to the more southern tribes, especially in their 
 buildings, many of which were flat-roofed and 
 probably built of stone or adobes. The na- 
 tives here were found to have a slight knowl- 
 edge of Christianity, which they said they ob- 
 tained from three Christians and a negro many 
 years before. These Indians probably were in 
 a region south of the present boundary line of 
 New Mexico. 
 
 The Spanish party proceeded northward, 
 passing two other populous provinces, eight 
 days apart, concerning which little could be 
 learned for want of an interpreter; not even 
 the names of the nations could be learned. In 
 the first the people had some cotton cloth and 
 feather-work, which they were understood to 
 have obtained by bartering buffalo and deer 
 skins with a western people, and they also, on 
 
 being shown samples of silver, indicated that 
 plenty of that metal could be found five days 
 westward. In the second province, where the 
 rancherias were near lagoons on both sides of 
 the Rio del Norte, was found a Concho who 
 told of a large lake fifteen days westward, on 
 the borders of which were many towns of 
 houses several stories high. He offered to 
 guide the Spaniards thither, but their duty 
 called them to the north. It is impossible to 
 determine to what body of water this Indian 
 referred to, for probably he was altogether 
 mistaken as to the matter. 
 
 For fifteen days Espejo continued up the 
 Rio Grande, through forests and prairies, 
 without meeting any inhabitants. First they 
 came upon a rancheria of straw huts, and 
 next the first group of pueblos, where the 
 houses were two to four stories high. In 
 two days' journey they visited ten towns, on 
 either side of the river, and they saw others in 
 the distance. The population, estimated at 
 12,000, was all friendly. This was one of the 
 groups formerly visited by Coronado and 
 Rodriguez, and lay about thirty-four degrees 
 north latitude, between Fra Cristobal and the 
 mouth of the Puerco. The region probably 
 included Isleta, or Coronado's Tutahaco. 
 
 A short distance beyond they entered an- 
 other pueblo province, that of Tiguex, and 
 next Puara (name spelled variously), near the 
 site of the modern Bernalillo. Here it was 
 definitely ascertained that Padres Rodriguez 
 and Lopez had indeed become "martyrs," or 
 at least had been killed in some way. The 
 natives, fearing that Espejo's object was 
 revenge, fled to the mountains, and nothing 
 could induce them to return. Fortunately for 
 the Spaniards, however, they left a good sup- 
 ply of food in their town. Espejo adds that 
 here he also learned definitely of Coronado's 
 visit to the place, and that the natives killed 
 nine of his soldiers and forty horses; and that 
 for that reason Coronado destroyed their prov- 
 ince. 
 
 Espejo, a Spanish writer of 1583, says: 
 ' ' From Conches, situated on the western 
 
12 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 border of Texas (probably around where the 
 river of the same name, on modern maps, 
 empties into the Rio Grande), the men of his 
 party followed their journey for fifteen days 
 without meeting any people, all that while 
 passing through woods and groves of pine 
 trees (pinyon) bearing such fruit as those of 
 Castile. At the end of this journey, having 
 traveled, in their judgment, four-score leagues, 
 they came to a small hamlet (pueblo, at or 
 near El Paso del Norte, or San Elizario) of a 
 few people, in whose poor cottages, covered with 
 straw, they found many deer-skins as well 
 dressed as those of Flanders, with a great store 
 of excellent white salt. They gave us good 
 entertainment for two days, while they re- 
 mained here, after which they accompanied 
 them about twelve leagues, to certain large 
 towns, in their journey keeping close to the 
 Rio del Norte, till they arrived at a country 
 called by them New Mexico. All along this 
 river were great forests of poplar, being in 
 some places four leagues broad, besides large 
 numbers of walnut trees, and vines like those 
 of Castile. 
 
 ' ' Having traveled two days through these 
 woods they came to ten towns, situated on 
 both sides of said river, besides others visible 
 at a little distance; and in those they visited 
 there were about 10,000 persons. In this 
 province the natives received our party very 
 courteously and brought them to their towns, 
 gave them a plenty of food, including hens, 
 etc. Here we found well-built houses, with 
 good lodgings, and in most of them were 
 stores for the winter season. Their garments 
 were of cotton and deer-skin, and the attire of 
 both men and women was of the fashion of the 
 Indians of the kingdom of Mexico. But the 
 strangest thing of all was to see both men and 
 women wear shoes and boots with good neat 
 leather soles, a thing they never saw in any 
 other part of Mexico. The women kept their hair 
 well combed and dressed, wearing nothing else 
 upon their heads. 
 
 " In all these towns they had chiefs, who 
 governed their people like the Indian chiefs in 
 
 Mexico, with sergeants to execute their com- 
 mands, who go through the town proclaiming 
 with a loud voice the mandates and announce- 
 ments of the chiefs, commanding the same to 
 be executed. 
 
 " In all their arable grounds, of which they 
 had plenty, they erect at one margin a little 
 cottage or shed, standing upon four posts, 
 under which the laborers eat and pass the time 
 during the heat of the day; for they are a peo- 
 ple given to labor and industry. Their weap- 
 ons are strong bows and arrows, pointed with 
 flints sufficiently strong to pierce through a 
 coat of mail, and also war clubs, half a yard 
 long, so set with sharp flints that with them 
 one can cleave a man asunder in the midst. 
 They also use shields of raw hide. " 
 
 As the main object of the expedition was 
 now accomplished, a return was taken into 
 consideration; but it seemed to the leader that 
 other friendly provinces existed further on, and 
 his counsels to proceed prevailed. Accordingly 
 in two days' travel they arrived at the province 
 of the Maguas, or Magrias, on the borders of 
 the buffalo plains, where they found eleven 
 pueblos of some 40,000 inhabitants, and where 
 Padre Santa Maria had been killed. It was a 
 country of pine woods, without running 
 streams, and with good indications of metals 
 in the mountains on the way. Thence the 
 party returned to Puara, on the Rio del Norte. 
 
 A day's journey was next made by the 
 whole company, about twenty miles up the 
 river, to the province of the Quires (Coronado's 
 Quirix), with its five pueblos and 15,000 peo- 
 ple, where the visitors were given a most 
 friendly reception. Proceeding some forty-five 
 miles farther, they arrived at the province of 
 the Punames (written also Pumames and Cu- 
 names), with five towns, the capital being Sia, 
 of eight plazas, and houses painted and plas- 
 tered. This is the Cia of modern times. The 
 next province, twenty miles to the northwest, 
 was the Jemes, with seven pueblos and about 
 30,000 souls. From this point Espejo directed 
 his course to the west for about fifty miles, or 
 sixty miles rather southwest, to Acoma, on a 
 

 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 rocky steep fully i 50 feet high, accessible only by 
 steps cut in the solid rock; its population was 
 estimated at over 6,000. In four days, going 
 westward, they reached Zunyi, with its six 
 pueblos and over 20,000 people. At this place 
 they found not only crosses standing near the 
 towns, but also three Christian Indians, na- 
 tives of Mexico, still living, who had come 
 with Coronado forty years before. They told 
 of the explorations made in the west by Coro- 
 nado's captains. They also asserted that sixty 
 days' journey to the west was a great lake, 
 with many settlements on its banks and hav- 
 ing much gold. 
 
 At this point some of Espejo's soldiers ob- 
 tained permission of him to return to Mexico, 
 while he resolved to visit still another province 
 not far distant. Accordingly, with nine sol- 
 diers, the three Mexican Indians and 1 50 
 friendly Cibolans (inhabitants of Zunyi), he 
 marched westward for four days, reaching the 
 province of the Moqui towns, where were five 
 large pueblos and over 5o,oooinhabitants. These 
 people were at first alarmed at the approach of 
 the Mexicans, cautioning them not to enter 
 upon pain of death, but were easily convinced 
 of their visitors' friendly intentions, and gave 
 them a most enthusiastic welcome, loading 
 them with cotton cloth and food, besides de- 
 lighting their ears with confirmation of the 
 tales respecting wealth in the far west. The 
 horses inspired more fear than the men, and 
 Espejo humored the terror of the natives by 
 admitting the ferocity of the animals, thus in- 
 ducing the chief to build a kind of stone fort 
 to hold the monsters! Remaining here six 
 days, visiting all the pueblos, the com- 
 mander became so firmly convinced of the 
 friendship of the natives that he left in the 
 province five of his men to return to Zunyi with 
 the baggage. 
 
 Espejo also records his arrival at the prov- 
 ince of " Tiguez, containing sixteen towns," 
 one of which was named " Paola. " This is 
 now an extinct pueblo, situated west of the 
 Rio Grande, near Bernalillo. He likewise vis- 
 ited the province of Quires [Santo Domingo 
 
 and vicinity], having 14,000 souls; of Cia or 
 Zia, having 20,000, and "containing eight 
 market places and better houses, the latter 
 plastered and painted in divers colors," and 
 the people there presented the travelers with 
 many "curious mantles, and victuals, excellently 
 well dressed. " Zia was ' deemed more curious, 
 of a rather greater degree of civilization and 
 better government than any other pueblo be- 
 fore seen. " 
 
 Amieies (Jemez) with 30,000 population, 
 was next visited, which, " like their neighbors 
 of the former province of Zia, was as well 
 provided with all necessaries as they were, and 
 of as good government. " The next was Acoma, 
 ' ' situate upon a high rock, and reached by 
 steps cut in the rocks," and having a popula- 
 tion of 6,000. Espejo also visited Zunyi, and 
 another great province west, containing 50,000 
 people.' He speaks frequently of their houses, 
 and of some that were four stories high, and 
 generally writes approvingly of their cultiva- 
 tion of the soil, and the great industry and 
 provident care of the people, and of their gen- 
 erous hospitality to the extent of feeding and 
 caring for his whole command for several days. 
 
 The account of Espejo proves very clearly 
 that the pueblo Indian of the sixteenth century 
 was, like the Indians of to-day, within the bor- 
 ders of civilization, and in part civilized. 
 These people, as a distinct race, now number 
 about 10,000, residing in New Mexico. Orig- 
 inally, according to Spanish writers, they num- 
 bered hundreds of thousands. After the revo- 
 lution of 1680, numbers of them emigrated to 
 the Pacific slope, a body of them emigrated to 
 Moqui and founded a new pueblo, still occu- 
 pied and known by its original name of Tegua. 
 Some joined the wild tribes, and large num- 
 bers became merged into the civilization of 
 their conquerors, and are now generally known 
 on this continent as Mexicans. 
 
 With four of his soldiers and some Moqui 
 guides, Espejo set out to discover rich mines 
 reported in the west, and after a journey of 
 about 135 miles through a mountainous 
 country, he found the mines (in the vicinity 
 
HISTORY Of NEW MEXICO. 
 
 of Bill Williams mountain, north of Prescott, 
 in Arizona), and with his own hands obtained 
 rich samples of silver ore. Several settle- 
 ments of mountain tribes were visited, where 
 the people raised corn and were uniformly 
 friendly. They also told of a great river be- 
 yond the mountains, the Colorado. 
 
 From the mines the explorers returned by a 
 more direct route, of 120 miles, toZunyi. Cor- 
 onado, forty years previously, had reached the 
 Colorado by a westerly or northwestwardly 
 course from Moqui; and it is probable that 
 Espejo's route was rather to the southwest, as 
 he only heard of the great river beyond the 
 mountains. 
 
 With his eight remaining companions the 
 commander journeyed up the Rio Grande 
 from Zunyi, and in ten days arrived at the 
 Quires province, and eastward two days at 
 that of the Ubates (or Hubates), with some 
 20,000 people, in five pueblos ; next, in one 
 day, to that of Tamos, where were three 
 large pueblos and 40,000 inhabitants. One 
 of these pueblos was Cicuique, or Pecos, sit- 
 uated half a league from Rio de las Vacas. 
 These Ubates were probably north of Santa Fe. 
 
 Inasmuch as the Tamos Indians were un- 
 friendly to the Spaniards, the latter, having 
 but a small force, concluded it best to re- 
 turn to Mexico. To do so by a shorter 
 route than that by which they came, they 
 employed a Pecos Indian. They soon reached 
 the Pecos river, down which they traveled, 
 and finally across the Rio Grande to their 
 home. 
 
 On this expedition Espejo visited altogether 
 seventy-four pueblos, the total population of 
 which, exclusive of the Tiguas, he estimated 
 at 253,000 ; but this is probably a great ex- 
 aggeration. It is remarkable how inaccurate 
 all the early Spanish explorers were in their 
 reports, especially with reference to direction 
 traveled, the distance, and the number of in- 
 habitants in any given community. 
 
 Early in 1583, believing that the Indians of 
 New Mexico were unreasonably hostile and had 
 murdered missionaries without provocation, the 
 
 Mexicans induced the king of Spain to permit 
 an armed force to invade the territory, avenge 
 the deaths of their countrymen and subdue the 
 whole country. They even put in their pro- 
 gram a scheme for preventing the approach of 
 the English westward from the northeastern 
 portion of America, having very vague ideas 
 concerning the geographical limits of the coun- 
 try to the north and northeast. Mexican am- 
 bition was raised to a white heat, especially 
 among rival aspirants for the glory of discovery 
 and conquest, among whom were Espejo him- 
 self and Don Antonio and Diaz de Vargas. 
 Early in 1589 Juan Bautista de Lomas y Col- 
 menares, reputed to be the wealthiest man in 
 Nueva Galicia, proposed the conquest of New 
 Mexico, requiring, however, far greater re- 
 wards and emoluments than any of the others. 
 He was recommended to the king by the vice- 
 roy, but the application failed to receive at- 
 tention at the Spanish court. In 1592 a new 
 viceroy was installed, Lomas revived his 
 scheme, but with less success than before; and 
 the same failure attended his third application 
 to a subsequent viceroy. 
 
 Governmental movements being too slow 
 for the excited people of the New World, one 
 Caspar Castanyo de Sosa, who had been alcalde 
 mayor at San Luis Potosi and was acting as 
 lieutenant governor of Nuevo Leon, proposed 
 an expedition without the royal license. How- 
 ever, he made some pretense to authority, 
 under a license to explore and colonize the 
 Nuevo Leon region, claiming only to transfer 
 his authority to a new field of operation. 
 
 Accordingly, on the 27th of July, 1590, he 
 started from the villa de Almaden, with 170 
 persons, including women and children. Pro- 
 ceeding slowly and with great difficulty and 
 many discouragements, it was not until the be- 
 ginning of winter that he reached the pueblo 
 region. Approaching a town called Urraca, 
 he found the inhabitants hostile, and took the 
 place by force, with no great casualties on 
 either side. During the second night the peo- 
 ple of the pueblo evacuated. The Spaniards 
 remained five or six days, admiring the several- 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO, 
 
 storied houses, the five plazas, the immense 
 stores of corn, the ingeniously manufactured 
 garments of both men and women, the beauti- 
 ful pottery and many other curious things. 
 
 In January, 1591, they started out for new 
 conquests. The next pueblo readily submitted 
 to the Spanish form of government introduced 
 by this party; then four others likewise, in the 
 vicinity, in each of which a cross was set up 
 with all possible ceremony and solemnity. 
 These pueblos were probably in the neighbor- 
 hood of Santa Fe. Farther on still more pue- 
 blos submitted, in the vicinity of the more 
 modern Santa Ana, San Felipe and Santo Do- 
 mingo; and so on until about thirty pueblos 
 were induced to submit to the Spanish yoke 
 and to Catholic Christianity. Other pueblos 
 were deserted. Of course, this was merely 
 nominal, as no sufficient force was left in the 
 country to carry out details, but the movement 
 served as an entering wedge for future con- 
 quests and missionary work, which on subse- 
 quent trials could be made more thorough. 
 
 During the month of March Captain Juan 
 Morlete, with fifty men, arrived with royal 
 authority to arrest Castanyo, which they did 
 without resistance, and thus put an end to the 
 schemes of the ambitious lieutenant governor 
 from Nuevo Leon. 
 
 It remained for Don Juan de Onyate, i 595- 
 98, to establish a permanent possession and gov- 
 ernment of the territory known as New Mexico. 
 
 In the autumn of 1 595 Viceroy Velasco ac- 
 cepted Onyate's propositions. The new ' ' em- 
 presario" agreed to raise 200 men or more, 
 at his own expense; but it seems that he was 
 furnished by the king with considerable quanti- 
 ties of arms and ammunition, and even a sum 
 of money, being also authorized to confiscate 
 the property of Bonilla and other adventurers 
 if he could catch them. He was made gov- 
 ernor, adelantado and captain-general of the 
 territories he should colonize; and his extrava- 
 gant claims for honors, titles, lands and other 
 emoluments were freely granted by the viceroy, 
 Velasco, so far as the royal instructions would 
 permit. On the whole, Onyate obtained a far 
 
 better outfit, and much greater political influ- 
 ence than had any of his predecessors in New- 
 Mexican explorations and adventures. Great 
 enthusiasm prevailed among his men and his 
 friends: success seemed assured. 
 
 But directly a new viceroy was appointed, 
 jealousies were aroused, and difficulties began 
 to multiply. The new viceroy, Monterey, was 
 considerably influenced by Onyate's enemies, 
 and delayed sanctioning the contract of his 
 predecessor, in hope that something might oc- 
 cur that would cause Onyate to abandon the 
 expedition; but at length he gave the required 
 sanction, with some modifications, among which 
 was that which required Onyate to be subject 
 to the audiencia in the administration of jus- 
 tice and finance, and in the matter of war. As 
 these new conditions became known, discon- 
 tent arose, and enemies renewed their assaults. 
 Onyate hastened to Zacatecas to make final 
 preparations and push on northward; but a new 
 series of delays must now be inaugurated by the 
 viceroy and the enemies of the would-be ex- 
 plorer; and fully a year passed before the 
 march could be undertaken. By this time many 
 of the soldiers had become disgusted and de- 
 serted, besides others of the party. 
 
 At length, with 1 30 of the men originally 
 volunteering, and about eighty recruits, Onyate 
 made his start to the North, in January, 1 598. 
 At Conchos the force was increased, possibly 
 to about 400 men, but probably many of these 
 were youths and other irresponsible persons. 
 In the train were eighty-three wagons and 
 7,000 head of cattle. 
 
 On the last day of April, 1 598, a few leagues 
 up the Rio Grande, on the western bank, 
 Onyate, with all the complicated and curious 
 ceremonials deemed essential in such cases, to 
 take formal possession for God, the king and 
 himself, of New Mexico "and all the adjoin- 
 ing provinces," as appears from the long and 
 verbose act of possession duly certified by Juan 
 Perez, the royal scribe, in the presence of the 
 friars and all the army. 
 
 On the 4th of May they reached El Paso 
 del Norte, crossing to the east side. On the 
 
i6 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 28th they reached the first group of pueblos, 
 amid a fearful thunder-storm that drew from 
 the padres all the prayers of the litany. The 
 natives gave a kind welcome to the strangers, 
 entertained the governor in their towns, and 
 furnished supplies of corn. At Santo Domingo, 
 July 7, seven chieftains, representing about 
 thirty-five pueblos, assembled to acknowledge 
 the supremacy of the new masters, temporal 
 and spiritual. Tomas and Cristobal, interpret- 
 ers, who had been left in that region in a pre- 
 vious expedition, were now found to be of great 
 use to Onyate in the promulgation of Christiani- 
 ty, as well as all other interests of the explor- 
 ers. On the 9th they reached a point at the 
 junction of Rio Chama with the Rio Grande, 
 named variously Caypa, San Juan, San Juan 
 de los Caballeros and San Gabriel. 
 
 A council of the native chiefs of all this 
 country was held in San Juan September 9, 
 representing the pueblos and provinces that 
 had before submitted to the Spanish invasion 
 and renewed their submission, after listening 
 to a new explanation of the system by which 
 the Almighty was represented in New Mexico 
 in his relation to temporal matters, through 
 Onyate, and to spiritual things through the 
 pope and the fathers, the latter now repre- 
 sented by the Padre Comisario Martinez. They 
 also expressed the joy with which they would 
 receive the friars at their pueblos as spiritual 
 teachers and masters, after listening to the 
 cheering assurances that if they refused or 
 disobeyed the padres they would all be burned 
 alive, besides burning later in hell! Villagra 
 informs us, however, that while they readily 
 submitted to the king, they very sensibly told 
 the padre comisario that so far as the new 
 faith was concerned they had no objection to 
 adopting it, if after proper instruction they 
 found it desirable, adding naively that of 
 course he would not wish them to embrace a 
 faith they did not fully understand! There- 
 upon Martinez proceeded to apportion the 
 pueblos among his co-laborers. 
 
 Thus Onyate, the first governor and a native 
 of the province of Zacatecas, was the pioneer 
 
 who brought the first organized colony for set- 
 tlement. These colonists were nearly all en- 
 listed from the same section of Mexico, and the 
 colony was planted upon the Rio Grande 
 above the mouth of the Chama. The admin- 
 istration of Onyate as governor was during the 
 formative period, and while beset with the 
 trials and difficulties of the situation, these 
 were no doubt met bravely and wisely. Many 
 priests (Franciscan friars) came to New Mexico 
 with Onyate and established various missions, 
 among them San Gabriel, a few miles up the 
 Rio Chama and west of the present Indian 
 pueblo of San Juan, and El Teguayo, the lat- 
 ter believed to be Santa Fe. Large numbers 
 of the natives were baptized into the church. 
 About this period Pedro Peralta succeeded 
 Onyate as governor. 
 
 ' ' One of the main objects of the colonists 
 was searching for and collecting the precious 
 metals. While the latter were not found in 
 New Mexico in ornaments and articles of util- 
 ity, pure and free, at hand for the appropriat- 
 ing, as had been found, and freely appropriat- 
 ed a half century or more before, in Peru and 
 Mexico, we are told that good deposits were 
 found in the mountains near Santa Fe, and 
 along the Rio Grande, not only of gold and 
 silver, but likewise of lead, copper, iron mag- 
 nets, turquoise, salt, alum and sulphur. Labor, 
 as known to the world to-day, was then re- 
 garded as degrading, and not to be thought of 
 among gentlemen cavaliers and soldiers. 
 Hence, when, after a decade of colonial life in 
 the new province, a proposition, favored by 
 Governor Peralta, was made by a party of 
 Flemish miners to introduce machinery, and 
 which was finally introduced, accompanied by 
 skilled labor, and the industrial methods of 
 Flanders, there were murmurings and opposi- 
 tion, which finally resulted in the incendiary 
 destruction of the machinery by fire. Slave 
 labor, drawn from the Indian villages by treach- 
 ery or violence, and so vividly discussed by Las 
 Casas, was the particular system which then 
 found favor in the Spanish colonies. This sys- 
 tem was peculiarly unfortunate for New Mexi- 
 
HISTORY OP NEW MEXICO. 
 
 co, a people who, before Europeans set foot 
 upon the soil, had perfected systems of irriga- 
 tion equal in use to those of the present day; 
 who cultivated the soil, and spun and wove; 
 and who were provident, had an organized gov- 
 ernment, and lived in permanently built towns. 
 Wherever this slave system was enforced it 
 brought with it revolt or rumors of revolt, in 
 addition to that general absence of prosperity, 
 which is inseparable from labor degraded and 
 prevailing idleness." Ritch. 
 
 In the autumn of 1 599 the general (On- 
 yate) started on a western tour, accompanied 
 by Martinez, and four days later received the 
 submission of Acoma. Here, according to 
 one historian, he had a narrow escape with 
 his life, without knowing it at the time. A 
 certain chief, who had not been invited to the 
 general conference at San Juan, had harangued 
 the people not to yield to the haughty Castillos 
 (the Spaniards being so called generally by 
 the New Mexicans ; the name is probably a 
 corruption of Castellanos). At first he had 
 some success, but directly the people were per- 
 suaded by other leaders that it would be dan- 
 gerous to resist the invaders. The chief, 
 however, with his coadjutors, conceived a 
 plan to entrap and kill Onyate. By some 
 pretence they were to induce him to enter a 
 subterranean council chamber (estufa), where 
 they could dispatch him ; but the wily explorer 
 suspected foul play on the sight of the "hole 
 in the ground," and refused to enter, for any 
 consideration. No ugly event happened. 
 Onyate was well pleased with the ready sub- 
 mission of the inhabitants and the prospects 
 of the place, and pushed on westward to Zunyi 
 and to Moqui, gaining full sway as he proceeded. 
 
 A pathetic anecdote is related in this con- 
 nection. Captain Villagra, who has left rec- 
 ords of Mexican expeditions, especially of this 
 one, relates that on one exciting occasion he 
 slept over night by the roadside, awaking 
 in the morning in a snow-storm. Soon he 
 fell into a pitfall that the treacherous natives 
 had prepared for him, and leaving his horse 
 
 dead therein he plodded on through the 
 2 
 
 snow on foot, taking the precaution to re- 
 verse his boots (?) with a view to mislead his 
 pursuers. After suffering intensely from hun- 
 ger for several days, at last he killed his dog 
 for food ; but as the faithful animal, with the 
 life torrent pouring from his side, turned to 
 lick the hand of his slayer, Villagra had no 
 heart to eat the food obtained at such a cost 
 of sentiment. Soon afterward, when just 
 ready to perish, he was rescued by three of 
 Onyate's men, who were searching for lost 
 horses in the Zunyi region. 
 
 .In the history of New Mexico the sixteenth 
 century winds up with a well-told tale of a de- 
 cisive battle at Acoma, giving to the Mexicans 
 permanent victory over all this territory. 
 
 Zutucapan, a chief at Acoma who had 
 planned the scheme to assassinate Onyate in an 
 under-ground chamber, related in a preceding 
 paragraph, had better fortune in arousing the 
 natives to a contest with the invading Chris- 
 tians from Mexico. He induced the people to 
 test, for the first time, the relative military 
 strength of the parties, although they had 
 scarcely anything but arrows, clubs and stones 
 with which to oppose the Mexicans, who had 
 guns. The plot now was first to scatter the 
 Spaniards on their first approach as much as 
 possible, and then rush forward in the attack. 
 Accordingly, when the newcomers were seen 
 at hand, they were received in a very friendly 
 manner and promised provisions at various 
 points in the vicinity, if their soldiers would 
 go after them. While therefore the Spanish 
 were scattered around the neighborhood gath- 
 ering these donations and purchases, a loud 
 shout from certain of the Indians was given as 
 the signal to sally forth. The Spanish party 
 lost some time in hesitation and difference of 
 opinion as to what was best to do, fight or 
 retreat; but fight they did, after retreat be- 
 came impossible, and were driven from the 
 field, at some loss of life. 
 
 When this disaster was announced in the 
 Spanish camp the scene among the helpless 
 women and children, and even among the men 
 that were with them, may be more easily im- 
 
i8 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 agined than described. Onyate was sent for, 
 who hastily gathered together his scattered 
 bands from various quarters, and retired to 
 San Juan, where it was determined that Cap- 
 tain Vicente de Zaldivar should take Acoma at 
 all hazards. To do this he ingeniously planned 
 to take one pinnacle by what should appear to 
 the enemy his whole army, reserving a portion 
 to take another strategic point when that 
 should be vacated in the affray. The plan 
 succeeded well, and the Indians, seeing that 
 their ingeniously laid scheme had failed and 
 that they had lost not only their beloved town 
 but also all the adjoining country, perhaps for 
 all time to come, became so desperate that 
 they fell to killing themselves and one another 
 rather than submit to any fate at the hands of 
 their conquerors! 
 
 Thus ended the sixteenth century, and thus 
 ended the long series of petty explorations that 
 have much interest to the historian, as nothing 
 of importance occurred for the next eighty 
 years, as it was in 1680 that the great revolu- 
 tion occurred, which we soon reach in our 
 account. 
 
 Onyate wrote a rosy report concerning the 
 necessity of further exploration and conquest 
 in the North, in order to induce the authorities 
 to invest still further in his schemes; but with 
 no signal effect. Scarcely anything more is 
 heard of him after his return from the West in 
 1605. Probably he ceased to be governor in 
 1608, when he was succeeded by Don Pedro 
 de Peralta. About the same time, when 8,000 
 natives were reported to have been converted 
 to the new faith, Padre Alonso Peinado came 
 to succeed Escobar as commissary, accom- 
 panied by eight or nine friars, being in turn 
 succeeded by Padre Estevan Perea in 1614. 
 The names of Governor Peralta's successors 
 for a dozen years or more are not known, and 
 the history of this whole period is almost a 
 blank. Yet within this period was founded 
 the town of Santa Fe, perhaps some time be- 
 tween 1605 and 1616, the name more fully 
 being San Francisco de la Santa Fe. This is 
 not, strictly speaking, the oldest town built by 
 
 Europeans in the United States. Whether or 
 not it is erected upon an old pueblo site is not 
 determinable. It is in 1617 that the first men- 
 tion is made of the place, when, on January 
 3, a petition was sent to the king for aid by the 
 council of the village. At this time the friars 
 reported that they had erected eleven churches, 
 and converted 14,000 natives, and prepared as 
 many more for conversion, and at the same 
 time there were but forty-eight soldiers and 
 settlers in the province. 
 
 In 1620, or earlier, controversies arose be- 
 tween the political and ecclesiastical anthori- 
 ties, the custodio assuming the right to issue 
 excommunication against the governor, who 
 claimed authority to appoint petty Indian offi- 
 cials at the missions; and both these were 
 charged with oppressive exactions of labor and 
 tribute from the natives. The authorities rep- 
 rimanded both parties. 
 
 About this time Padre Geronimo de Zarate 
 Salmeron entered this missionary field, where 
 for eight years he toiled chiefly among the 
 Jemes Indians, of whom he baptized 6,566, 
 and in whose language he published a small re- 
 ligious work. He also served at Cia and San- 
 dia, among the Queres, and once pacified 
 Acoma after a revolt. He was delighted with 
 the country, but disgusted with the Spaniards 
 there, whose highest ambition seemed to be to 
 smoke tobacco, apparently under a vow of 
 poverty, but in their thirst for gold by short- 
 cut routes would "enter hell to get it." 
 
 In 1621 the missions, with over 16,000 con- 
 verts, were formed into a "custodia de la con- 
 version de San Pablo." Padre Alonso Bena- 
 vides came as the first custodio, bringing with 
 him twenty-seven friars. By the year 1626, 
 however, when it was claimed that over 34,000 
 Indians had been baptized and forty-three 
 churches built, only sixteen friars and three 
 laymen were left in the field; the cause of this 
 wonderful decrease has not been explained. 
 The lack of imported missionary force being 
 reported to the comisario general, more men 
 were sent into the field. 
 
 Between 1620 and 1630 we have the names 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 of two governors, Felipe Zotylo and Manuel 
 de Silva. Mere names thus given have no his- 
 torical value, however, without the relation of 
 some events with which they might be con- 
 nected; but historical data for this period of 
 New Mexico's career are remarkably lacking. 
 
 In 1630 the Franciscan cornisario general 
 represented to the king the necessity of erect- 
 ing a bishopric in New Mexico, where "half 
 a million gentiles had been converted and 86,- 
 ooo baptized, where over 100 friars were at 
 work, in 1 50 pueblos, where there were 
 no clergymen and none authorized to ad- 
 minister the rite of confirmation." A bishop, 
 he claimed, would save much expense, and 
 would easily be supported by tithes, especially 
 as rich mines had been found, and the popula- 
 tion was rapidly increasing. But long delays 
 ensued, until apathy was fully established, and 
 nothing was done in the direction desired by the 
 comisario. 
 
 In these days of modern spiritualism and 
 theosophy, when so many believe in astral trips 
 being made by the adepts, it will be interesting 
 to notice here one of many legends apparently 
 believed in with sincerity by Roman Catholic 
 divines. Padre Benavides, the missionary of 
 New Mexico, on his return to Spain in 1630. 
 recounts the miraculous conversion of the Ju- 
 manas, living about 300 miles east of Santa 
 Fe, through the supernatural visits of Sister 
 Luisa de la Asencion, an old nun, of Carrion, 
 Spain, who had the power of becoming young 
 and beautiful, and of transporting herself in a 
 state of trance to any part of the world where 
 there were souls to be saved. Sometimes she 
 made the round trip several times in twenty- 
 four hours; and she could easily speak the na- 
 tive dialects when on the ground, but not in 
 Spain! etc., etc. During the dark ages of the 
 past there was more of this kind of literature 
 than of any other, besides the multitudinous 
 traditions and flying stories that were never 
 put in print. No wonder the world has be- 
 come sick of it! 
 
 From 1630 to 1680 there is scarcely any- 
 thing to record except a list of governors, 
 
 probably incomplete, a few references to ex- 
 plorations on the eastern or Texas frontier, a 
 few uncertain accounts of troubles with the 
 Indians, and an occasional item of mission 
 progress, or politico-ecclesiastical controversy. 
 The governors named for this period are given 
 in the list elsewhere in this volume. It ap- 
 pears evident, however, that there were many 
 cases of slaughter and punishment, both of 
 the missionaries and of the natives, by way of 
 alternate retaliation, besides many attempts of 
 the kind which did not prove successful. 
 
 We now quote from Hon. Wm. G. Ritch : 
 "There is but a trifle of definite or import- 
 ant knowledge of this ' kingdom of the prov- 
 ince of New Mexico,' as it is often called, ex- 
 cept in relation to the oppressions and revolts. 
 The holding of the village Indians to an entire 
 subordination, and to that enforced labor and 
 bondage of soul which enabled their conquer- 
 ors, like all conquerors before them, to live for 
 the time in indolent affluence at the expense of 
 the sweat, blood and manhood of the con- 
 quered, brought its bitter and legitimate re- 
 sentments and retaliations. In this connec- 
 tion one is peculiarly reminded of the inquiry 
 of Shylock in his reply to Salvino. Queries 
 this man of worldly wisdom, ' If a Jew wrongs 
 a Christian, what is his humility? ' ' Revenge.' 
 ' If a Christian wrongs a Jew, what should his 
 sufferance be by Christian example?' 'Why, 
 revenge.' ' The villainy you teach me I will 
 execute, and it shall go hard; but I will better 
 the instruction. ' The application is, of course, 
 apparent. Murmurings of dissatisfaction, amid 
 patient waiting and endurance, became loud 
 and deep, and finally culminated in that un- 
 successful attempt at revolution in 1640, which 
 proved to be the first of a series of revolts and 
 warfare which continued, nothing daunting, 
 through the remainder of the century. The 
 immediate cause of the first of this long series 
 of revolutions, as stated in Governor Davis' 
 ' Conquest of Mexico,' was the whipping, im- 
 prisoning and hanging of forty Indians, be- 
 cause, in brief, they would not change their re- 
 ligion. These sanguinary measures were, no 
 
20 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 doubt, the work of the Inquisition, the latter 
 being supreme in the ecclesiastical jurispru- 
 dence of New Mexico during its great revolu- 
 tionary period. 
 
 ' ' The penalties enforced against the revo- 
 lutionists, it is due to state, were of much the 
 same character as those given as the cause 
 of the revolt. At this distance of time, hu- 
 manity indeed yearns with sympathy at the sad 
 condition of these village Indians. 
 
 "The more important of the revolts that 
 soon followed was that of 1650, during the ad- 
 ministration of Concha, in which five pue- 
 blos were united, including Isleta and Jemez; 
 and the wild Apaches were their allies. The 
 time for the uprising had been fixed for Thurs- 
 day evening of Passion week, when the Span- 
 iards would be generally assembled in the 
 churches for religious worship. The plot was 
 discovered and defeated. According to Davis, 
 in the crushing out of this revolt, the ring- 
 leaders were secured, and nine of them hung, 
 many imprisoned, and a number sold into 
 slavery for ten years. Whatever may have 
 been the condition of the country during the 
 decade following 1650, the data are not at hand 
 to compile a satisfactory statement of the facts. 
 It is not to be supposed, however, that the gen- 
 tle pueblo inhabitant lay slumbering all those 
 years at the feet of peace. His one central, 
 ever present idea was to free the country of 
 his oppressor; to this end he bent all his ener- 
 gies; and when Shea, in his ' Roman Catholic 
 Missions in America,' expresses his opinion, as 
 he does, that ' the territory must have been 
 abandoned before 1660,' there is a strong 
 probability for the belief, if Shea be correct, 
 that the Pueblos had something to do with 
 forcing that abandonment, although the con- 
 trary is claimed as true. 
 
 "The civil authorities seem to have been 
 embarrassed by the interference of the Inquisi- 
 tion with at least two of the governors. One his- 
 torian says that ' great complaints were made 
 to the viceroy against Dom Bernardo Lopez 
 de Mendizaval, governor of New Mexico, whose 
 greater crime was his falling out with the in- 
 
 quisitors and their partisans. ' Nevertheless he 
 was recalled, and the count of Penyalosa was 
 selected in his stead, and to appease the trou- 
 bles ordinary in that country. 
 
 "Don Dionisio de Penyalosa (count of 
 Penyalosa) served as governor from 1661 to 
 1664, and was in an eminent degree a strong 
 man, and for this reason, no doubt, was ap- 
 pointed at the head of the government of a 
 province beset with most serious complications. 
 It was a situation which demanded wise states- 
 manship; and the new governor proved himself 
 the man for the occasion; for we are told that 
 he ' appeased the trouble in New Mexico, made 
 war on the hostile Apache, whom he defeated 
 and compelled to sue for peace, and that he 
 founded two new cities, and erected public 
 buildings.' 
 
 "It is not only possible, but probable, that 
 the erection, after Assyrian methods, of the old 
 government buildings at Santa Fe, known as 
 'the palace,' and still occupied by the various 
 branches of the Territorial Government, was 
 due to this governor. 
 
 "The distinguishing feature of the adminis- 
 tration of Penyalosa was his memorable expe- 
 dition to ' Mischipi' river. This expedition, we 
 are told, numbered 8,000, 1,000 Indians, all 
 well-armed, 1,100 horses and mules, thirty-six 
 carts and six three-pound guns. Penyalosa 
 speaks of the Mischipi as a beautiful river, run- 
 ning through delightful prairies, and in part, at 
 distances of a few leagues, through great for- 
 ests. He, like Coronado, visited Quivira, made 
 friends of some of the native tribes, and chas- 
 tised others, as the situation demanded, and 
 altogether made discoveries of a great country, 
 of which he made a formal report to his gov- 
 ernment. The river referred to, no doubt, was 
 the Missouri. This expedition antedates Mar- 
 quette and Joliet's explorations in tb 
 sissippi valley, was before La Salle sailed u; 
 Chicago river in an Indian canoe, and 170 
 years before the foundation of the great me- 
 tropolis of the great lakes. 
 
 "Like his predecessor, Governor Penyalo- 
 sa became involved with the inquisitors. The 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 21 
 
 historian, Shea, informs us that ' the commis- 
 sary general of the inquisition assumed a bound- 
 less authority, and wished to dispose sovereign- 
 ly of everything; so that, to check his tyranni- 
 cal and extravagant enterprises, he (Penyalosa) 
 was compelled to arrest him as a prisoner for a 
 week in a chamber of the palace, after which 
 he set him at liberty, in the hope that he would 
 be more moderate in the future.' 
 
 " Returning to Mexico in 1664, to propose 
 to the viceroy the conquest of the Mischipi 
 country, he was arrested at the instance of the 
 inquisition, and imprisoned for thirty-two 
 months. His property was confiscated, heavy 
 fines were imposed, he was deprived of the gov- 
 ernorship, and declared incapable of holding 
 any office in New Spain. 
 
 "On the 3d of February, 1668, the tri- 
 bunal of the inquisition celebrated an auto da 
 fe in Santo Domingo, in which Penyalosa, the 
 late governor of New Mexico, was condemned 
 to penance for his unrestrained language against 
 the priests and lords inquisitors. And thus we 
 learn, from Shea's Penyalosa, the fate of one 
 of the most enterprising, prominent and best 
 of the early governors appointed over New 
 Mexico. 
 
 ' ' This deposed governor sought redress in 
 Spain, but in vain. Shea says ' his misfor- 
 tune, or the terror and artifices of the inquisi- 
 tion, were so great that up to the present time 
 he was unable to obtain redress. Chagrinned 
 and mortified, Penyalosa joined with La Salle 
 in an unsuccessful attempt to incite a revolt in 
 northern Mexico against Spanish government, 
 for the purpose of obtaining possession of the 
 mines for the benefit of France. It is not im- 
 possible that the insurrection of 1680 was 
 quickened by Penyalosa and his French emis- 
 saries, as the latter was contemporaneous with 
 his engagement with La Salle.' 
 
 ' ' Revolts of some proportions are recorded 
 as occurring during the succeeding administra- 
 tions, respectively of Villanueva and Fre- 
 cinio, the latter in 1675, but which revolt 
 was suppressed in time; and death, the prison 
 and slavery received their usual harvest." 
 
 The famous revolution of .1680 was appar- 
 ently brought about by the persistent efforts of 
 the missionaries to eradicate the last vestige of 
 the primitive religious faith of the natives, a 
 portion of which seemed still too dear to them 
 to think of parting with. The natives, there- 
 fore, headed by a man named Pope, at length 
 determined to rise in united force and ' ' eradi- 
 cate " the last vestige of the Spanish religion 
 and customs from their midst. Making Taos 
 his headquarters, Pope appealed to popular 
 superstition as well as patriotism, claimed to 
 have formed an alliance with the Great Spirit 
 (called "Demon" by the Spaniards), and in- 
 troduced his movement in all the pueblos ex- 
 cepting those in the extreme south; the reason 
 why they, too, were not invited to participate 
 in the revolution, is not related. Only a few 
 Pueblans exhibited any reluctance. According 
 to the old political maxim, the period made 
 the man, the man drove with a tight rein, and 
 succeeded. The same effort at any other time 
 would not have succeeded; and many times, 
 too, success is dependent upon some little un- 
 observed circumstance rather than upon the 
 conspicuous management of the campaign. 
 
 A knotted cord carried to the towns was 
 the signal for the general uprising. But, al- 
 though Pope had taken extra precautions to 
 keep the movement a secret, the plot was re- 
 vealed to the Spaniards, who made precipitate 
 haste to flee. The precise day set for the up- 
 rising was the I3th of August, but, probably 
 by confession of a convert to his priest, the 
 plot became known about four days previously, 
 and Pope, in order to catch the Spaniards un- 
 prepared as possible, hurried up action, com- 
 mencing the bloody work on the loth. The 
 plan of the natives was a thorough one, namely, 
 utterly to exterminate the immigrants by taking 
 their lives, sparing no adult person, man or 
 woman, excepting some of the most beautiful 
 young women, to be held as captives. The num- 
 ber of victims is reported at a little over 400, 
 including twenty-one missionaries and seventy- 
 three men capable of bearing arms. Those 
 who escaped are numbered at 1,950, including 
 
22 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 eleven missionaries and 155 men capable of 
 bearing arms. 
 
 Santa Fe, commanded by one Otermin with 
 less than 1 50 men, and having within its bound- 
 ary about a thousand people, was besieged for 
 five days, by about 3,000 natives, who suc- 
 ceeded first in destroying the suburbs, burning 
 the church and convent, cutting off the water 
 supply, etc. ; but the Spaniards, becoming des- 
 perate, at length made a sortie and succeeded 
 in driving off the natives, killing 300 of them 
 and taking forty-seven captives, whom they 
 massacred. During this whole siege only five 
 Spaniards were killed, though the governor and 
 many others were wounded. 
 
 On the 2 ist the Spaniards determined to 
 go to Isleta, to defend that place, and the na- 
 tives in the vicinity saw them depart, without 
 resistance. On arriving at Isleta on the 2jth 
 they found that Captain Garcia had left with 
 the Spaniards there about two weeks previ- 
 ously. The Spaniards rendezvoused at El Paso 
 del Norte, where they remained unmolested. 
 A wagon train of supplies from old Mexico ar- 
 riving in time prevented starvation. 
 
 Father Ayeta, who had charge of the wagon 
 train mentioned, returned to Mexico with a 
 full report of the revolution, and the viceroy 
 not only took measures to relieve the immediate 
 necessities of the suffering Spaniards at El 
 Paso, but also at length to reconquer New 
 Mexico. 
 
 Now that the Spanish were out of the way, 
 the New-Mexicans were again masters of their 
 own country, so to speak, but more strictly, as 
 is generally the case, were slaves to a still 
 greater tyrant, in the person of one of their 
 own countrymen, Pope, who claiming super- 
 natural authority levied onerous taxes and 
 proceeded to obliterate every vestige of Spanish 
 religion and custom from the realm. He even 
 forbade the naming of children Maria or Jesus 
 or by any other Christian name, decreed that 
 all who had been married by the Christian 
 ceremony should put away the wives whom 
 they had wedded by that means and take other 
 wives, that all Christian names be dropped, 
 
 estufas be reopened, the Spanish language to- 
 tally abandoned, etc. He traveled from place 
 to place to see that his decrees were executed. 
 He proclaimed that the Christian God was 
 dead, having been made of rotten wood, while 
 the native gods were now at the front of affairs; 
 the Castillos were not to be feared, as he had 
 built up walls to the skies to keep them away. 
 On his tour he dressed in full Indian costume 
 and wore a bull's horn upon his head, and 
 everywhere he was received with the highest 
 honors. He was drunk with victory and car- 
 ried forward to insane lengths. The destruc- 
 tion of Christian relics was attended by noisy 
 demonstrations, processions, dances, offerings 
 to heathen deities, and every conceivable prof- 
 anation of all that the missionaries had held 
 most sacred. Of course we are indebted only 
 to Christian (Catholic) authority for these 
 details, and the writers may have exaggerated 
 somewhat, especially as to the dreadful con- 
 dition of New Mexico in material prosperity 
 during the period of native rule. 
 
 Pope's reign was doubtless oppressive and 
 inconsistent, and gradually weakened until he 
 was deposed and another king was elected in 
 his place. He was re-elected in 1688, but died 
 soon afterward. 
 
 In the autumn of i6gi began the march of 
 Otermin's army of 146 men and 112 Indians 
 up the Rio Grande for the reconquest of New 
 Mexico. Arriving at the southern pueblos and 
 ranches in early winter, they found that the 
 country had been abandoned by the native 
 Piros, and for public rites nothing left but a 
 few meager heathen ceremonies and articles 
 used in their worship in the subterranean 
 chambers (estufas). Neighboring predatory 
 tribes of Indians had aided much in the utter 
 ruin of the country. 
 
 The details of the movements in the recon- 
 quest are given at length in the Mexican ar- 
 chives, but are rather monotonous for popular 
 entertainment. Succinctly, however, we ven- 
 ture to give the following abstract: 
 
 To Diego de Vargas, in 1692-4, belongs the 
 glory of reconquering the country and bringing 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 about that almost continuous peace and in- 
 creased stability in the government which fol- 
 lowed the ever present or threatened revolts of 
 the Pueblo Indians during the preceding two 
 generations. He at first brought with him 
 from old Mexico an army of only 200 soldiers. 
 Possessed of that strategy and generalship 
 which belongs to every successful military 
 leader, and the worldly wisdom of the diplo- 
 mat, which enables him to take advantage of 
 the discouragements and temper of the enemy, 
 Vargas readily availed himself of the depres- 
 sions and jealousies incident to twelve years of 
 exhausting warfare with a great government 
 which was determined to regain supremacy 
 and revenge the death and destruction which 
 had preceded. 
 
 Don Diego de Vargas, in command of the 
 army for reconquest, found the old villages, 
 but little or nothing in the way of either peo- 
 ple or property to "reclaim," proceeding north- 
 ward until he reached Santa Fe, which for a 
 time he made a sort of headquarters, Gener- 
 ally the natives offered a little resistance at 
 first or fled at the approach of the Mexicans, 
 but were soon persuaded to submit or were 
 subdued by a little effort. Terms of submis- 
 sion were made with some of the pueblos al- 
 ready tired of war, and a few enlistments of 
 friendly Indians were added from time to time 
 to his small force. Other pueblos were brought 
 to terms with slight resistance, while others, 
 like Ildefonso and Jemez, held out bravely and 
 stubbornly fought to the end. Victory and 
 peace finally came in 1694, but not until Var- 
 gas had returned to Mexico and obtained a 
 larger army the peace being stipulated upon 
 terms which, according to tradition and pub- 
 lished statements thought by many to be true, 
 involved an abandonment of the working of the 
 mines, but with more or less of the usual pains 
 and penalties upon the revolutionists. But 
 the anxiety of the Spaniards to obtain the 
 precious metals was more than apparent, and 
 misgivings and discussions followed. Diplo- 
 macy among the natives was exhibited by as- 
 surances which encouraged them to look for 
 
 gold and silver in a country far beyond. By 
 this means the Indians got rid of an expedi- 
 tion which had quartered itself upon the coun- 
 try, intending to remain during the season. 
 
 October 1 5 Vargas wrote to the viceroy 
 that he had ' ' conquered for the human and 
 divine majesties " all the pueblos for thirty-six 
 leagues, baptizing nearly 1,000 children born 
 in rebellion, and that, to hold the province for 
 the king he must have 100 soldiers and fifty 
 families; and he recommended the sending of 
 convict mechanics from the Mexican jails to 
 serve as teachers and search for metals. 
 
 By the setting in of winter all the pueblos 
 along the Rio Grande where the people could 
 be found resident hadresubmitted to the Span- 
 ish crown. In November Acoma and Zunyi 
 were the last to succumb, after the usual show 
 of resistance and suspicion. Apache Indians 
 every now and then made a raid upon the 
 Spaniards for booty in their march through the 
 country, thus materially retarding their pro- 
 gress. But all this submission to Spanish au- 
 thority was merely formal, in order to get rid 
 of the invaders as smoothly as possible, for no 
 Spanish soldiers were left in the wake to hold 
 the realm or execute royal mandates. A real 
 battle occurred at the point where the Tanos 
 had assembled, but they were subjugated by 
 force of arms, after some loss of life. Their 
 women and children, 400 in number, were dis- 
 tributed as hostages until the viceroy should 
 decide their fate. 
 
 The Spaniards now had good accommoda- 
 tions in respect to shelter for the winter, as 
 they had the unoccupied buildings for barracks; 
 but their prospects as colonists were gloomy, 
 as they were confined t'o Santa Fe, all beyond 
 being wild and savage. Their fighting force 
 was now small, while the friendly villages in 
 the vicinity had all they could do to protect 
 themselves against raids from unfriendly Indian 
 tribes. 
 
 Following the second expedition of Vargas 
 came i , 500 immigrants, accompanied by sup- 
 plies and domestic animals, and settled at San- 
 ta Fe and other important points. Garrisons 
 
BISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 were established according to the necessities. 
 No attention apparently had been given to 
 agriculture and the raising of supplies by the 
 colonists; dependence was placed upon sub- 
 sistence being brought to them from the ad- 
 joining provinces, and supplies were according- 
 ly sent in large quantities. Famine followed, 
 however, in 1696, and with it came great dis- 
 tress, and considerable loss of life by starva- 
 tion. Taking advantage of the situation, an- 
 other revolt of the Indians followed, in which 
 fourteen of the pueblos joined. Vargas was 
 equal to the emergency, and again met the in- 
 surgents successfully, and with a vigorous en- 
 forcement of the penalties. About the same 
 time charges were preferred against Vargas for 
 speculating in the supplies furnished, and was 
 suspended from office. He seems, however, to 
 have been vindicated by the home government, 
 as he was knighted " Marquis de la Nava de 
 Brazinos, conqueror, pacificator and settler 
 of this kingdom of New Mexico," as a special 
 recognition of his services. In addition to this 
 distinguished consideration, Vargas was re- 
 turned as governor. Except during suspen- 
 sion, he was governor of New Mexico from 
 1692 to 1704, in the spring of which year he 
 died, at Bernalillo, having been taken sick at 
 that point while returning from a successful ex- 
 pedition against the Apaches east of the 
 mountains. 
 
 And thus closed the career of one of the 
 most successful and distinguished of all the 
 long line of Spanish and Mexican governors, 
 numbering over seventy, who have occupied 
 the chair of the chief executive of New Mexi- 
 co. The Marquis de la Nava evidently was 
 well-adapted to the rough vicissitudes of a hos- 
 tile extreme frontier. He was a man of ex- 
 pedients, a diplomat, and at the same time 
 bold and aggressive in war. Had he been a 
 man of less versatile powers, at his distance 
 from his base of supplies, with his small force, 
 and in face of the desperate hostility of the 
 vjllage^Indians, the're-conquest would proba- 
 bly have been deferred indefinitely. The pu- 
 eblos had become thoroughly desperate, had 
 
 from the first united in a bold, grand effort, 
 once for all to free the country of their com- 
 mon oppressor and enemy. 
 
 In the spring of 1696 there were indica- 
 tions of another native revolt, as the mission- 
 aries were rather poorly supported by soldiers, 
 and there was really danger of another upris- 
 ing like that of 1680. The padres complain- 
 ed, but no attention was paid to them, and in 
 June following a number of communities 
 arose against the Spaniards and put a number 
 of them to death, and immediately fled to the 
 mountains to avoid punishment. The gov- 
 ernor, with his small force at hand, immedi- 
 ately began to punish the guilty rebels in re- 
 turn, putting some of them to death. A num- 
 ber of other campaigns were made, with sim- 
 ilar results, all tending to reduce the country 
 to poverty and desertion. In May, 1697, a 
 report gave the number of Spanish families in 
 New Mexico as 313, not including the soldiers; 
 the total number of Spaniards in the territory 
 probably was not less than i , 500. 
 
 In July, 1698, it was decided at the cap- 
 ital of Mexico that the New-Mexican colonists 
 must thereafter depend upon their own exer- 
 tions, and very little was sent them after that. 
 By the close of this century all the pueblos 
 and communities had made a formal surrender 
 to the Spanish authorities, but in religion it 
 was very imperfect and unreliable. Pagan 
 rule, however, had gone down forever, al- 
 though it could not be known at any time that 
 the "country was safe." 
 
 All the petty movements and events of the 
 first half of the eighteenth century may be 
 summarized as a succession of governors, po- 
 litical controversies, renewals of efforts to 
 Christianize the Moqui Indians, reports of 
 mission progress or decadence, unimportant 
 and fruitless expeditions out into the plains or 
 mountains, feeble revivals of the old interest 
 in mysterious regions of the North, rare inter- 
 course with the Texan establishments, fears of 
 English or French encroachment, etc. The 
 general governmental records are meager and 
 fragmentary, but personal and other petty de- 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 tail, far too bulky for popular use. Like all 
 other Spanish-American provinces, New Mexi- 
 co now settled down to a long career of relig- 
 ious monotony and lack of wordly progress. 
 
 During the first quarter of the eighteenth 
 century there was almost constant fighting with 
 the Apache, Comanche and Navajo Indians, 
 who were bent on obtaining their sole subsist- 
 ence by robbery; and also there was almost 
 equally constant controversies with the 
 Moquis, partly political but mostly religious. 
 After about 1730 all was quiet in both these 
 respects, at least so far as the records in- 
 form us. In 1742 the Spanish population of 
 New Mexico was given at 9,747, living in 
 twenty four towns, besides the soldiers and 
 their families. At this time also there were 
 scarcely any domestic quarrels among the 
 local Spanish authorities; all was a dull rou- 
 tine, with no thought of wordly advancement. 
 
 The Marquis de la Nava was immediately 
 succeeded as governor by Juan Pais Huertado, 
 his inspector general and confidential friend. 
 Huertado served as governor frequently for 
 brief periods between 1704 and 1735. He 
 also held various other offices with credit, in- 
 cluding that of general in the army of the 
 viceroy. He especially distinguished himself 
 in the several campaigns against the Navajo 
 Indians. 
 
 In 1706 the Duke of Albuquerque, whose 
 name has come to be familiar as a representa- 
 tive of one of the new commercial centers of 
 the New West, became governor and captain 
 general, and thus remained continuously and 
 peaceably, except when temporarily absent, 
 until 1710. 
 
 Jose Chacon Medina Salazar y Villasenor 
 (El Marquis of Penuela) comes as a successor. 
 It was under his orders as governor and cap- 
 tain general that Huertado made his cam- 
 paigns against the Navajos. He is the gov- 
 ernor who left his monument in the rebuilt 
 San Miguel church, which is one of the land- 
 marks well remembered by every tourist visit- 
 ing Santa Fe. The inscription branded upon 
 the beam facing the front entrance to this old 
 
 church when translated reads: " Royal Ensign 
 Senor Augustine Flores Vergara, a servant, 
 constructed this edifice under the Marquis de 
 Penuela, in the year 1710." 
 
 As governor of New Mexico in 1712, and 
 at the same time as viceroy of New Spain 
 (Mexico), was "Duke Fernando de Alencas- 
 tre," who was viceroy from 1711 to 1716. 
 His full name and titles were Don Fernando 
 de Alencastre Noreno y Silva, Duke of Lan- 
 aras, Marquis of Valdefuentes of Govea, Count 
 of Portoalegre, Grand Commander of the Or- 
 der of Santiago of Portugal, Lord of His 
 Majesty's Bed-chamber, and of His Council, 
 his Viceroy, Lieutenant Governor and Captain 
 General of New Spain and President of the 
 Royal Audience, etc." He was a very respett- 
 able personage, and was for a few weeks hon- 
 ored in New Mexico by becoming its chief 
 executive, while he was at the same time 
 viceroy, the ruler with regular authority of 
 New Spain and its provinces. (Nearly all of 
 the governors of New Mexico down to the era 
 of the Mexican Republic possessed a name and 
 title as long as the one just quoted, or even 
 longer.) 
 
 Following the long line of distinguished 
 personages who have served New Mexico as its 
 chief executive, we read names representing 
 the ancestors of many families in the Territory 
 to-day, as familiar to every community in the 
 Territory as household words. Thus we have 
 Mogollon, Balverde, Martinez, Estrada, Bus- 
 tamente, Cruzate, Olavida, Mendoza, Roeval 
 and Huemes. 
 
 In 1737, as recorded upon Inscription Rock 
 near Zunyi, Don Martin de Lizo Cochea, bishop 
 of Durango, made an official visit to New 
 Mexico. All these names run through a period 
 of thirty-seven years, and, so far as appears to 
 the contrary, years of peace and good govern- 
 ment, and without important events to mark 
 the period save an expedition in considerable 
 force to the Missouri river in 1720, which, 
 upon arriving at the river was massacred by 
 the Pawnees, none surviving to tell the tale 
 except a single priest, who lived to return to 
 
26 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Santa Fe to disclose the horrors to the fami- 
 lies and loved ones of the unfortunates! 
 
 As nearly all the country was unknown 
 excepting directly along the thoroughfares 
 between the towns, in 1747 the governor 
 undertook to send out a few expeditions to 
 reconnoitre, which he did under great diffi- 
 culties and with but little success. 
 
 In 1746 Apache hostilities were renewed, 
 and contests with them, and occasionally with 
 other hostile tribes, were of irregular occur- 
 rence from that time onward. 
 
 In 1749 the Spanish population of this ter- 
 ritory was given by one authority as 3,779, 
 the number of Christian Indians as 12,142, be- 
 sides about i ,400 Spaniards and the same num- 
 bet of Indians at El Paso. 
 
 The conversion of the Moqui Indians to 
 Christianity proved to be more tedious than 
 that of any other tribe in America, and the 
 measures connected with that mission naturally 
 became permanent elements in public policy. 
 Priests frequently visited their towns, were re- 
 ceived in a friendly manner, and even per- 
 mitted to preach; but whenever the people 
 showed any signs of yielding altogether to the 
 Spanish regime, a "demon-inspired" chief 
 would quench them, urging specially the 
 tyranny of alcalde government. The priests 
 were good men, he would admit, but his peo- 
 ple were too strong and sensible to become 
 slaves of such a foreign power. 
 
 As a specimen of the friction generally ex- 
 isting between the political and ecclesiastical 
 authorities, we may relate here that Governor 
 Cachupin, in 1751, marched against the Com- 
 anches, and afterward reported to the viceroy 
 that he succeeded in driving 145 of them into 
 a tule. swamp, set fire to the tules, and killed 
 101 of the Indians, and captured the rest, and 
 the padres claimed that the governor's reports 
 of campaigns had no foundation in fact. Ca- 
 chupin's report, however, pleased the viceroy, 
 and the latter forwarded it to the king with 
 evident satisfaction. 
 
 The leading event during the rule of Don 
 Francisco Antonio del Valle, from 1754 to 
 
 1 760, was the visit of a Mexican bishop, who 
 confirmed over 11,000 persons. Don Manuel, 
 succeeding Valle, distinguished himself, if we 
 take his word for it, by killing 400 Comanches 
 in a fight at Taos in December, 1761. He had 
 hoped that this victory would permanently sub- 
 due the Comanches remaining at large and 
 strike terror upon all gentile raiders, but was 
 disappointed at finding his successor averse to 
 energetic and warlike methods, and the country 
 consequently not yet saved. 
 
 This successor, Cachupin (serving a second 
 term, despite the influence of the padres), 
 made a specialty of prosecuting certain Indians 
 accused of witchcraft at Abiquiu, and thus ex- 
 hibited on the part of the Spaniards a greater 
 superstition than that which he was endeavor- 
 ing to eradicate. One effect of the alleged 
 sorcery seems to have been a sad condition of 
 the padre's stomach. Over 100 pages were 
 filled with testimony, and the result was the 
 condemnation of seven or eight Indians to be- 
 come servants of Spanish families. 
 
 In 1767 a great flood at Santa Fe turned 
 the course of the river into the Rio Chiquito 
 and threatened the safety of the public build- 
 ings. 
 
 In 1771 the governor, Pedro Fermtn de 
 Mendinueta, announced the conclusion of a 
 treaty with the Comanches, on the 3d of Feb- 
 ruary, but he declared to the viceroy that the 
 force of eighty soldiers at Santa Fe was not 
 sufficient to protect so broad a territory, raid- 
 ed by savage foes from every side. There were 
 250 men among the settlers capable of bearing 
 arms, but they did not have the " arms," and 
 besides they dared not leave their homes un- 
 protected to engage in distant campaigns. The 
 governor's proposed remedy was a new presi- 
 dio at Taos, and an enforced law requiring the 
 Spaniards to live in compact pueblos like the 
 Indians. The establishment of properly dis- 
 tributed militia about the country engross- 
 ed the attention of the governor, but, being at 
 so great a distance from the capital, his en- 
 treaties had but little weight. 
 
 In 1776 an expedition for the discovery of 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 a more practicable route to the Moquis went 
 as far as Utah lake, to find that the northern 
 route, recommended by Padre Escalente, was 
 impracticable. 
 
 In 1776-7 the northern provinces of Mex- 
 ico were organized as the Provincias Internas, 
 under the Caballero de Croix as comandante 
 general, independent of the viceroy; but this 
 change and the following complications of the 
 military and civil status of the various districts 
 had but slight effect upon affairs in New Mex- 
 ico, the principal change being the taking of 
 the title of captain general from the governor 
 and at times subordinating him to the comand- 
 ante instead of the viceory. 
 
 In 1778-9 Governor Juan Bautista de Anza, 
 an experienced Indian fighter, made a great 
 campaign against the Comanches 200 to 250 
 miles to the east and northeast, and succeeded 
 in killing a Comanche chieftain and four of his 
 leading sub-chiefs, and some of the other high- 
 est officers of that Indian tribe. Next he turned 
 his attention to the Moquis, whc were now 
 suffering from a failure of crops, and were 
 probably in a condition to be persuaded, by an 
 appeal to their stomachs, to adopt Christiani- 
 ty. These Indians had already begun to abandon 
 their towns to live with other tribes, where 
 they could obtain something to eat, and it was 
 feared by the Spaniards that possibly all the 
 Moquinos would at length leave their old habi- 
 tation, and the governor consequently made 
 haste to obtain assistance from the comand- 
 ante of the Provincias Internas. The latter 
 did not favor the use of force, but advised that 
 Anza, on some pretext, as for instance an 
 Apache campaign, should visit the Moquis, 
 give them some food, and persuade them, if 
 possible, to settle in New Mexico, and thus pave 
 the way for future conversion. The governor 
 continued his efforts, and in August, 1780, a 
 message came that forty families were ready to 
 emigrate if he would come in person to bring 
 them. Accordingly, in September, with Fa- 
 thers Fernandez and Garcia, he repaired thith- 
 er, and visited all the towns, two of which 
 were completely abandoned. Two weeks pre- 
 
 viously the forty families had been forced by 
 hunger to go to the Navajo country, where the 
 men had been killed and the women and chil- 
 dren made slaves. 
 
 Moqui affairs were in a sad condition in- 
 deed. Of the 7,494 population reported in 
 1775, only 798 now remained, with no pros- 
 pect of immediate relief. At length thirty 
 families agreed to return with the governor. It 
 is not definitely known what ultimatelybecame 
 of these families, but it is supposed that they 
 became the founders of the town of Moquino. 
 
 In 1780-1 smallpox carried off 5,025 
 Indians of the mission pueblos, and the num- 
 ber of missions was reduced by consolidation 
 by the governor, contrary to the wishes of the 
 friars. 
 
 In 1786 Viceroy Galvez, in his instructions 
 to General Ugarte, introduced, as a new 
 policy, the method of extermination of the In- 
 dians in the north, but it was not carried out. 
 
 During the last decade of the eighteenth 
 century the Spaniards were at peace with all 
 the neighboring Indian tribes excepting that of 
 the Apaches, with whom almost constant war- 
 fare was waged, generally with unsatisfactory 
 results. 
 
 As to the religious status of the church in 
 New Mexico during the eighteenth century, 
 Bancroft aptly condenses a long account into 
 the following brief statement: 
 
 " Before 1750 the padres were charged by 
 secular and ecclesiastic authorities with culp- 
 able neglect of their duties as missionaries, 
 notably in their failure to acquire the native 
 languages, continuing to speak Spanish only, 
 through interpreters, the result being that their 
 preaching and religious instruction had no real 
 effect, that the neophytes were Christians 
 only in name, and that confession of sins 
 through interpreters was generally postponed 
 until the approach of death. While this mat- 
 ter did not in this half century assume a con- 
 troversial aspect, yet the charges are sustained 
 by such evidence as exists. Bishop Tamaron, 
 in his visit of 1760, had occasion at many 
 points to administer severe reproof; and the 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 friars, while making various excuses for their 
 retnissness, denying some of its worst results, 
 and even promising reforms, did not claim the 
 ability to communicate with their neophytes 
 except through interpreters. Charges of neg- 
 lect in other matters, of oppressing the natives, 
 of being frequently absent from their posts, 
 and of undue fondness for trade, are not sup- 
 ported by any evidence of this period. 
 
 "It should be noted that the New-Mexican 
 missions were radically different from the Cali- 
 fornia establishments of later years. Practi- 
 cally, except in being subject to their provin- 
 cial and paid by the king, instead of being 
 under a bishop and supported by parochial 
 fees, these friars were mere parish priests in 
 charge of Indian pueblos. There were no 
 mission estates, no temporalities managed by 
 the padres, and, except in petty matters of re- 
 ligious observance, the latter had no authority 
 over the neophytes. At each pueblo the padre 
 had a church, where he preached and taught 
 and said mass. With the performance of these 
 routine duties, and of those connected with 
 baptism, marriage and burials, he was gener- 
 ally content. The Indians, for the most part 
 willingly tilled a little piece of land for him, 
 furnished also a few servants from week to 
 week for his household service and that of the 
 church. He was in most instances a kind- 
 hearted man, a friend of his Indians, spend- 
 ing much of his salary on them or on the 
 church. If sometimes reproved by conscience 
 for having lost something of the true Francis- 
 can spirit, he redoubled his zeal in petty parish 
 duties for a time, bethought him of adverse 
 circumstances and of the custom of the coun- 
 try, and relapsed into the customary inertia. 
 If reproved by the governor or bishop or pro- 
 vincial, for even the latter occasionally com- 
 plained that the New-Mexican friars were be- 
 yond his control, he had stored up in his 
 memory no end of plausible excuses and coun- 
 ter-charges. The Indians were in no sense 
 Christians, but they liked the padres in com- 
 parison with other Spaniards, and were willing 
 to comply with certain harmless church formali- 
 
 ties, which they neither understood nor cared 
 to understand. They had lost all hope of suc- 
 cessful revolt, but were devotedly attached to 
 their homes and their ancestral ways of pueblo 
 life; dreaded apostasy because it involved a 
 precarious existence among hostile tribes of 
 savages; and thus, as a choice of evils, they 
 lived and died as nominal Christians and 
 Spanish subjects, or, perhaps more properly, 
 slaves." 
 
 Another authority adds, substantially: Re- 
 ports from the New-Mexican friars were diffi- 
 cult to obtain, but they were efficient as mis- 
 sionaries. At Santa Fe the padre was sup- 
 ported by fees; elsewhere by a salary of $330 
 a year. The reduction of the number of mis- 
 sions was a wrong to the friars and interfered 
 considerably with mission discipline. The pu- 
 eblo was ruled in local matters by a native 
 governor, or alcalde, war captain and various 
 subordinates elected each year under the super- 
 vision of the alcalde mayor, with the approval 
 of the governor. These officials also rendered 
 aid against the gentile foe. In internal affairs 
 they often acted arbitrarily. There was no 
 community property or formal distribution of 
 lands, each family regarding as its own the 
 land held by its ancestors, cultivating it ac- 
 cording to needs or fancies; yet, as the pueblo 
 lands were the best, the Indian obtained a 
 livelihood more easily than the Spaniard, the 
 latter having sometimes to rent land of the In- 
 dian, or even to work for them in bad years. 
 The Indians did not generally dress in Spanish 
 style or speak Spanish, though many of them 
 understood it. They hunted deer and buffalo, or 
 bartered for them with the gentiles. There were 
 no brotherhoods or other social organizations. 
 
 The churches generally, during the century, 
 were in a state of decadence, and the Indians 
 died ignorant of the faith. The child is bap- 
 tized, but does not keep his baptismal name. 
 He attends catechetical instruction from the 
 age of six or seven years, but after marriage 
 soon forgets the little he has learned, and for 
 the most part dies like the pagans. The Span- 
 iards were but little better. 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 29 
 
 Bancroft continues: 
 
 "Countercharges of the friars against the 
 governors and alcaldes mayores were repeated 
 in this period, especially in an exhaustive re- 
 port of the provincial. . . . The last gov- 
 ernors, Cachupin, Marin del Valle and Men- 
 doza, are represented as the worst, but all as 
 speculating tyrants, without skill or experience 
 in Indian warfare or civil government, habit- 
 ually sending to Mexico reports of campaigns 
 never performed, bent only on enriching them- 
 selves, treating the pueblo Indians most inhu- 
 manly as slaves, using their women and all fe- 
 male captives for the gratification of their 
 lusts, cheating the gentiles, and by outrageous 
 treatment keeping alive their hostility. The 
 alcaldes are mere tools or accomplices of the 
 governors, and even the justices are in the ring 
 of oppressors. The Indians are the chief vic- 
 tims of these rascals; but the Spanish settlers 
 are hardly less unfortunate, and even the sol- 
 diers are cheated out of half their pay. The 
 padres are the objects of hatred; and if they 
 open their mouths in protest are by perjured 
 and suborned testimony made the victims of 
 outrageous calumnies, their reports to Mexico 
 being intercepted on the way. 
 
 "The partisan bitterness and prejudice of 
 the writers, with their allusions to offenses ter- 
 rible only in the eyes of the friars, and the 
 sickening cant and priestly verbiage in which 
 they clothe their charges, indicate clearly 
 enough that the accusations are too sweeping 
 and grossly overcolored; yet enough of candor 
 and honest evidence remains to justify the con- 
 clusion that New-Mexican affairs were in a sad 
 plight, and that the pueblo Indians were little 
 better than slaves. With all their shortcom- 
 ings, the padres were better men than their 
 enemies." 
 
 During the last half of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury the population of the pueblo Indians de- 
 creased by about 2,400. 
 
 The missionary history, as before intimated, 
 was rather monotonous for entertaining study, 
 as about all the events in that direction were 
 of too small moment to deserve mention in a 
 
 work for general reading. In 1 767 the four 
 establishments of Santa Fe, La Canyada, Al- 
 buquerque and El Paso were ordered to be put 
 under secular curates, and this was probably 
 done, although friars still continued to be sta- 
 tioned at these places. 
 
 The founding of a missionary college was 
 ordered by the king and pope in 1777-9, but 
 nothing further in that direction was accom- 
 plished. In consequence of the smallpox epi- 
 demic of 1780-1 the number of missions was 
 reduced by consolidation in 1782, resulting in 
 an annual saving of about $4,000. The friars, 
 of course, were displeased by this act, and 
 were persistent to the end of the century in 
 their endeavors to obtain an increase of help or 
 of salary, but in vain. 
 
 During this period the industries of New 
 Mexico consisted of agriculture, stock-raising 
 and barter. There was no mining, though 
 indications of mineral wealth were occa- 
 sionally found. In the line of manufactures 
 there was nothing excepting the making of cot- 
 ton and woolen cloth in small quantities, and 
 the preparation of skins for home use or a 
 southern market, and the manufacture of what 
 pottery was needed for home use. On the 
 farms were raised corn, wheat and beans in the 
 northern portion of the territory, and fruit in 
 the southern portion. They raised what cot- 
 ton they desired to manufacture for home con- 
 sumption, and also an inferior species of to- 
 bacco. Sheep constituted the chief portion of 
 the live stock. 
 
 The principal bartering was done at inter- 
 tribal conventions at Taos, in July or August, 
 when a sort of fair was held. Trade elsewhere 
 was limited, and even sometimes forbidden by 
 edict. The value of each year's exports was 
 estimated in 1788 at $30,000. The departure 
 and return of the caravan were the great events 
 of the year. As yet there was no trade with 
 the Spaniards in Texas or the French in Louis- 
 iana. As the reader must know before reach- 
 ing these lines that there was little or no money 
 in the country, the traders for their accounts 
 invented a sort of imaginary currency, includ- 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ing four kinds of dollars (pesos), worth re- 
 spectively ten, twenty, thirty and forty cents. 
 The simplicity of this system enabled the peo- 
 ple to readily understand the relative cost and 
 proceeds of an article, the value being always ex- 
 pressed in multiples (twofold ratio) of the real, 
 which was equivalent to five cents in United 
 States money. The profits of these fairs were 
 generally enormous, for great advantage was 
 taken of the Indians on account of their weak- 
 ness for showy trifles. Through debt, there- 
 fore, the natives became practically slaves, 
 besides losing their land. While the settlers 
 and pueblo Indians were always in debt to the 
 traders, the latter in turn were debtors to or 
 agents for Chihuahua merchants, who monopo- 
 lized the profits, leaving scarcely anything for 
 the residents in New Mexico, except certain 
 traders, who as alcaldes mayores utilized their 
 political authority for private gain. 
 
 The present century opened with nothing 
 remarkable in the career of the people of New 
 Mexico. They always either had a governor 
 or acting governor, who was subject to the 
 comandante general of the Provincias Inter- 
 nas. Governor Chacon ruled until the spring 
 of 1805, when he was succeeded by Colonel 
 Joaquin del Real Alencaster (Mexican method 
 of writing Lancaster), whose name does not 
 appear after 1808; but his place may have 
 been represented by an acting governor for 
 four years longer. 
 
 During this period troubles with the Indi- 
 ans were much less serious and constant than 
 in former years. The combined efforts of the 
 frontier garrisons, with a consistent system of 
 treaties, etc., seemed to be producing excel- 
 lent results. The Comanches in particular 
 were friendly, and were zealous in bringing in 
 information and rumors concerning the move- 
 ments of Americans in the northeast, and were 
 eager to aid Spain in crushing the insurgents 
 under Hidalgo. Other tribes were often in 
 the same mood. The Navajos, however, were 
 hostile, intrenching themselves in the canyon 
 de Chelly, since famous for its ruined pueblos; 
 but after several expeditions were sent against 
 
 them they were reduced to submission, and 
 even to friendship. Narbona reported to his 
 governor that on one occasion he with his force 
 killed ninety bucks, with twenty-five women 
 and children, besides capturing thirty-six, with 
 thirty women and children; also thirty horses 
 and 350 sheep. 
 
 In 1806 100 dragoons and 500 militia were 
 sent out as an exploring expedition into the 
 northeastern plains, also to conciliate the na- 
 tives and to look out for American explorers 
 and filibusters. The intention of the United 
 States Government to explore the Western 
 country had been announced, and Lewis and 
 Clarke had actually made their famous trip to 
 the Pacific coast. Burr's conspiracy was 
 thought also to affect the Spanish frontier. 
 
 In 1811 Jose Rafael Sarracino made an 
 expedition to the Yuta (Ute?) country to in- 
 vestigate the truth of their reports respecting 
 a Spanish people dwelling in the far northwest. 
 In three months he reached a region where the 
 natives had knives and other implements of 
 European manufacture, obtained, as they 
 said, from a people living beyond a great 
 river, which Sarracino did not cross. 
 
 In 1818-9 the Navajos renewed their hos- 
 tilities, but after several military campaigns 
 against them a treaty was signed. The sys- 
 tem of treaties and gifts, as before intimated, 
 was still having a good effect generally upon 
 the surrounding tribes of Indians, and peace 
 and prosperity prevailed. 
 
 On one occasion the Navajos, when hard 
 pressed, settled near the Moqui towns, whose 
 inhabitants feared them and sent to the Span- 
 iards for aid in repelling them from their prox- 
 imity, and the Spaniards found this a most 
 favorable opportunity of effecting an entire 
 submission of the Moquis to their authority, 
 after a resistance of 139 years; but we find no 
 record of any great results of this peaceable 
 victory. 
 
 Under the decree of the Central Council of 
 the Spains, dated February 14, 1810, New 
 Mexico was entitled to a representative (diputa- 
 do) in the Spanish Cortes (royal court or parlia- 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 3< 
 
 ment at Madrid). Accordingly, August 11, that 
 year, the alcaldes and leading men of the prov- 
 ince (there being yet no ayuntamientos) as- 
 sembled at Santa Fe, Governor Manrique 
 presiding, to select the delegate. From the 
 three highest candidates receiving the highest 
 number of votes the delegate was chosen by 
 lot, and the honor fell to Pedro Bautista Pino, 
 an old and influential resident. Provided with 
 instructions, he made his journey to the 
 mother country, taking along with him his 
 grandson. He had to bear the expenses of the 
 trip, but the patriotic people contributed 
 $9,000 to the cause of Fernando VII. In his 
 report to the Cortes Pino made a thorough 
 and tolerably exact statement of the history 
 and condition of the people of New Mexico, 
 and in order to arouse his home government 
 to do something vigorous to establish its re- 
 gime in New Mexico in such a way as to hold, 
 he related in emphatic language, probably 
 with some exaggeration, the efforts of the 
 United States people in the West to obtain the 
 good wishes of the people of New Mexico with 
 a view of ultimately obtaining possession of 
 the country. Accordingly Pino demanded the 
 transfer of southern garrisons to the northern 
 frontier, a separate bishopric, a college and 
 system of schools to be supported by tithes, 
 and a civil and criminal court at Chihuahua, 
 that of Guadalajara being too distant; but it 
 appears that no special attention was paid to 
 the delegate's demands, excepting tha: a bish- 
 opric was established the next year. 
 
 Pino returned to his home in this country, 
 and was re-elected for 1820-1. The sum of 
 $6,000 was sent to Mexico to pay his expenses, 
 but on reaching Vera Cruz he could obtain 
 only enough of this to pay for his journey to 
 that point. 
 
 All of the old Louisiana Territory west of 
 the Mississippi, ceded by France to Spain in 
 1762-3, and returned to France in 1800, was 
 finally ceded to the United States in 1803. 
 From this date to 1819 the question of bound- 
 ary between United States territory and Span- 
 ish possessions was an unsettled one, princi- 
 
 pally in these Western plains and mountains, 
 an unexplored region, for which they had no 
 use for the time passing. A final settlement 
 was reached in 1819, when the proposition of 
 Spain was accepted, making the Arkansas river 
 the boundary line down to longitude 23 de- 
 grees. 
 
 The first Anglo-American to visit New Mex- 
 ico, so far as known, was a trapper named 
 James Pursley, a carpenter by trade and a na- 
 tive of Kentucky. Meeting Indians upon the 
 Platte river near its source, probably not far 
 from Denver, he learned of the Mexican settle- 
 ments to the south. He finally set out with a 
 party of Indians for Santa Fe, where he ar- 
 rived in 1805, and remained until his death. 
 But the first considerable importation of mer- 
 chandise from the United States occurred in 
 1804, when William Morrison, of Kaskaskia, 
 Illjnois, dispatched a Creole trader named Bap- 
 tiste Lalande, up the Platte river, with in- 
 structions to take the goods to Santa Fe, with 
 a view to test the commercial prospects in that 
 direction. Obeying his instructions, Lalande 
 succeeded in being arrested by the Spaniards, 
 and taken to the capital. The New Mexicans 
 liked the goods, and Baptiste liked the country 
 so well that he resolved to settle there. He 
 observed the formality of accounting to Morri- 
 son for the consignment, but his creditor and 
 employer never afterward heard from the 
 treacherous Creole. 
 
 Zebulon M. Pike, a lieutenant of the Sixth 
 United States Infantry, after having made an 
 exploration of the upper Mississippi, while Lew- 
 is and Clarke were making their journey to the 
 Pacific, was sent with twenty-two men, in 
 1806, to explore the country of the Red and 
 Arkansas rivers, and to establish a good under- 
 standing with the Indians, especially the Co- 
 manches. In October he was on the Arkansas, 
 where he found traces of a recent visit from 
 the Spaniards. At the end of the month 
 Lieutenant Wilkinson, with a portion of the 
 men, embarked in boats on the river to follow 
 it down to the Mississippi, while Pike, with the 
 rest of the party, started up the river for the 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 mountains, intending, according to his instruc- 
 tions, to return by the Red river to Natchi- 
 toches. Pike had no serious troubles with the 
 Indians, but neither did he accomplish any- 
 thing in the direction of obtaining their good 
 will. Late in November he was at the base of 
 the lofty peak which has since borne his name. 
 Then followed two months of winter wander- 
 ings in the snows and mountains and parks of 
 what is now Colorado, marked by the most 
 terrible sufferings from cold and hunger. Cross- 
 ing the range in the vicinity of the modern 
 Leadville he thought he was on Red river; but, 
 after a perilous descent through the canyon he 
 found himself back at his old camp on the Ar- 
 kansas. Again he struggled on, over another 
 series of ranges, and at the end of January, 
 1807, succeeded, with a number of his com- 
 panions (the rest being left behind with frozen 
 feet) in reaching another large river, which he 
 thought must surely be the Red river. His 
 plan was to reach Natchitoches by boats or 
 rafts on this river. 
 
 He fortified a camp for the purpose of con- 
 structing the required boats. Although he was 
 cautioned in his instructions not to encroach 
 upon Spanish soil, he made the mistake of pitch- 
 ing this camp five miles up a branch of the Rio 
 Grande, on the Mexican side, and here he 
 raised the stars and stripes. He really desired 
 to extend his explorations somewhat into 
 Spanish territory, or at least to learn his geo- 
 graphic relation to Santa Fe. He had a good 
 pretext, as he had Morrison's bill against La- 
 lande with him, and this he sent by Dr. Robin- 
 son to Santa Fe alone, February 7. Ten days 
 later a Spanish dragoon and an Indian made 
 their appearance regarded by Pike as spies 
 who said they had come from Santa Fe in four 
 days, and that Robinson had arrived in safety. 
 They learned the location of Pike's fort and his 
 intention to descend the river to Natchitoches, 
 and departed. After another ten days, there 
 came a force of fifty dragoons and as many 
 militia, under lieutenants, who informed Pike 
 that he was not on the Red river but on the 
 Rio del Norte, his camp being on the Conejos 
 
 just above the junction; whereupon he at once 
 lowered his flag. The Spaniards were court- 
 eous and kind, supplying the half-starved and 
 half naked explorers with food and blankets; 
 but the officers soon admitted that they had to 
 take the American party to Santa Fe. Accord- 
 ingly on the 27th, they started for the city of 
 Holy Faith, leaving a part of the Spanish force 
 behind to bring on the eight explorers who had 
 not yet reached the fort. 
 
 The renegade Lalande and another French- 
 man endeavored to gain Pike's confidence, but 
 were regarded by him as spies. Solomon 
 Colly, one of the famous Nolan party of trad- 
 ers between the United States and Mexico 
 through Texas, was living at Santa Fe, and 
 served as interpreter. 
 
 The party arrived at Santa Fe March 3, 
 and were questioned by Governor Alencaster, 
 whose conduct was courteous and dignified, but 
 who said that Pike and his men must appear 
 before General Salcedo at Chihuahua. Pike 
 denied that Robinson was a member of his 
 party, attempted by a ruse to prevent the ex- 
 amination of his papers, pretending that he 
 was sadly deceived when the governor shrewdly 
 prevented the success of his trick, and occasion- 
 ally deemed it his duty as a free-born Ameri- 
 can to be suspecting, independent and disagree- 
 able to the verge of insolence. As men Pike 
 and his party were courteously treated, but as 
 Americans they deemed that they had a griev- 
 ance, and, although assured that he was not a 
 prisoner, he insisted on having a certificate 
 that he was obliged to go to Chihuahua. To 
 that city they went, and after an examination 
 were escorted out of the country through 
 Coahuila and Texas, reaching Natchitoches in 
 
 July- 
 
 Pike published an account of this western 
 expedition in book form in 1810, was promoted 
 to the rank of brigadier general, and finally lost 
 his life at the taking of Toronto in 1813. 
 
 In 1812 one Robert McKnight. with a party 
 of nine or ten, crossed the plains to Santa Fe, 
 with a consignment of goods, which, however, 
 were confiscated, and they were arrested and 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 taken to Chihuahua, where and in Durango 
 they were held as prisoners until 1822, when 
 they were released by order of Iturbide. Efforts 
 had been made by influential Americans to 
 have the men released earlier, but in vain. 
 
 In 1815 Auguste P. Choteau and Julius de 
 Mun, in partnership, went with a large party 
 to the upper Arkansas to hunt and trade with 
 the Indians. They claimed to have confined 
 their operations to American territory, but 
 probably they did not. Visiting Taos and Santa 
 Fe in 1816. they were most favorably received 
 by Governor Mainez, a very polite old gentle- 
 man, who said there would be no objection to 
 their trapping and trading east of the moun- 
 tains and north of Red river; he even thought 
 he might obtain for them a license from the 
 general to hunt beaver on the branches of the 
 Rio Grande. Retiring to the north to await 
 the desired permission, they were often visited 
 by parties from the settlements who came to 
 trade. 
 
 But early in 1817, after Governor Allande's 
 accession, there was a decided change of Span- 
 ish policy. A force of 200 men, under the 
 command of Salazar, marched out to discover 
 an American fort said to exist on the Rio de 
 las Animas, with cannon and 20,000 men. 
 Such a fort of course was not found. In June, 
 however, another force was sent out under the 
 command of Bernal to arrest the above-men- 
 tioned Americans, and not only did they bring 
 in Choteau, De Mun and twenty-four men as 
 prisoners, but also opened their caches on the 
 upper Arkansas and took goods to the value of 
 $30,380.744. At Santa Fe the prisoners were 
 tried by court martial, kept for forty-eight 
 hours in jail and then dismissed without their 
 property. 
 
 In 1821-2 Mexico became an independent 
 government and Santa Fe's foreign trade be- 
 came more legitimate and free. Captains 
 Glenn, Becknell and Stephen Cooper at this 
 time visited Santa Fe with small parties, 
 making large profits on the limited amount of 
 goods they succeeded in bringing so far, and 
 they laid the foundation for future success. 
 
 3 
 
 During these twenty-two years (1800 to 
 1822) the foreign population, including the 
 Spaniards, increased from 19,000 to 30,000 in 
 New Mexico, while the number of pueblo In- 
 dians remained about the same, between 
 9,500 and 10,000. The city of Santa Fe 
 reached a population of about 6,000. 
 
 In 1805 the viceroy decreed that all goods 
 bartered by New-Mexicans at the annual fair 
 in San Bartolome valley from the i8th to the 
 23d of December should be free from taxes or 
 duties. Down to about 1798 no coin was in 
 circulation; but later the salaries of officers and 
 soldiers were paid in money. The revenue on 
 tobacco and powder was oppressive. The total 
 value of imports during the first years of this 
 century was reported at about $112,000 a 
 year; while the exports, chiefly wool, peltries 
 and wine, amounted only to about $60,000. 
 Pino, in his report to the Spanish Cortes al- 
 ready mentioned, thought that the opening of 
 ports on the Texas and Sonora coasts would 
 greatly enhance the production and value of 
 goods to be exported. He also stated that 
 many mines could be profitably opened, both 
 for copper and silver, and that old silver mines 
 were closed up, with the tools inside. Prob- 
 ably these were the prospect holes made by the 
 Spaniards before 1680, at which time the rev- 
 olutionary natives undertook to obliterate all 
 signs of Spanish occupation, as described on a 
 .former page. But there is nothing to show 
 that any practical mining was done under 
 Spanish rule. Even stone was not used for 
 building, but only adobes. A semi-transparent 
 gypsum was quarried near Santa Fe for win- 
 dow panes, which was necessarily a small in- 
 dustry. 
 
 There were no colleges or schools, and no 
 professional man, except in the military pro- 
 fession, or priest had ever been produced in 
 New Mexico. The only medical man in the 
 country was the presidial surgeon at Santa Fe. 
 Of social manners and customs during this pe- 
 riod there is but little left to be said. Pike 
 made a few superficial observations, to the ef- 
 fect that the Spaniards were brave, industrious, 
 
34 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 polite and hospitable, but were loose in their 
 ideas of morals. The old predatory instinct 
 of the invading Spaniards of the time of Cortez 
 still remained in a measure, to exhibit itself on 
 favorable occasions. 
 
 The government was still essentially mili- 
 tary, the governor himself being the military 
 chief. There were no village councils or courts 
 of any kind excepting those of the alcaldes, no 
 taxes and no municipal funds. The alcaldes 
 were responsible only to the governor, and the 
 only appeal was to the audiencia at Guadala- 
 jara. A court of this kind at Chihuahua was 
 considered an urgent necessity. The governor, 
 with a salary of $4,000, had no legal adviser, 
 being aided only by two lieutenants and two 
 alfereces. The alcaldes were vicinos, who re- 
 ceived no salary. A lieutenant of the governor 
 in his military capacity ruled at El Paso, for a 
 salary of $2,000. The regular military force 
 supported by the royal treasury was 121 men, 
 forming the presidial company (garrison) at 
 Santa Fe. Pino stated that an average force 
 of 1,500 men had been required to defend the 
 province, which the settlers had furnished with' 
 out pay, and even armed and equipped at their 
 own cost, thus saving the king $43,090,000 in 
 the preceding 118 years! -probably an exag- 
 geration. He thought that his province de- 
 served the same governmental footing that was 
 enjoyed by the other provinces. Some efforts 
 to improve the political condition of New Mex- 
 ico were ostensibly made after the urgent re- 
 quests of Pino were made, but, childlike, they 
 permitted other passing events to engross their 
 attention until the needs of a suffering people 
 in a distant province were entirely forgotten. 
 During the period comprised in the present 
 sketch there were from nineteen to twenty-two 
 Franciscan friars in charge of the missions of 
 New Mexico, and they lived chiefly at the 
 places having a large Spanish population. 
 Pino said that in 1811, in nineteen purely In- 
 dian pueblos, there were but five missionaries. 
 There was but one secular priest at Santa Fe, 
 and there the friars were supported by fees; 
 the rest were supported by a salary of $330 
 
 from the royal treasury. Lieutenant Pike found 
 the natives virtually slaves, and cruelly treated 
 by the Spanish officers. Friction continued 
 between the friars and the secular authorities, 
 each charging the other with the greater num- 
 ber of shortcomings, and even crimes. No 
 bishop visited the province after 1760, and 
 therefore no confirmations were made. Dele- 
 gate Pino, a New-Mexican fifty years of age, 
 had never seen a bishop until he went to Spain 
 in 1812. 
 
 During the revolutionary period from 1 8 1 1 
 to 1821, New Mexico was but little excited, as 
 its distance from the center of the controversy 
 extinguished nearly all interest in the passing 
 of the events; but the Spaniards there could 
 exhibit a degree of demonstrative enthusiasm 
 comparable with that of the Frenchman on 
 certain occasions, as for example the entry of 
 Iturbide into Mexico, and his fall a little later, 
 were each hailed with shouts of joy for the 
 long-looked-for day of liberty! As Bancroft 
 puts it, "there was nothing mean or one- 
 sided in New-Mexican patriotism!" 
 
 Under the regime of the Republic of 
 Mexico, from 1823 to 1837, the ruler at Santa 
 Fe had the title of Jefe Politico, and thereafter 
 that of Gobernador. [See elsewhere a list of 
 the rulers of this period.] There is scarcely 
 anything known concerning the peculiar fea- 
 tures of their respective administrations or of 
 the circumstances of their accession to power. 
 
 Until 1824 New Mexico was one of the 
 Provincias Internas; then it was joined to the 
 provinces of Chihuahua and Durango, to form 
 the Estado Interne del Norte; but, as Durango 
 protested against this arrangement because 
 the capital was fixed at Chihuahua, the two 
 southern provinces were made States, and from 
 July 6 New Mexico became a "Territory" of 
 the Republic. At the same time the El Paso 
 district was joined to Chihuahua, but no east- 
 ern or western bounds were assigned to New 
 Mexico, it being understood that the Territory 
 extended in those directions far out beyond the 
 settlements, and in the north to the Arkansas. 
 Under the new constitution of December, 1836, 
 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 the Territory became a "Department," and 
 was so termed to the end of the Mexican rule. 
 During the varying forms of republican 
 government there was practically no change 
 in the local government, all branches being 
 somewhat arbitrarily controlled by the gover- 
 There was a kind of legislature or execu- 
 
 nor. 
 
 tive council, of four or six members, known as 
 the Diputacion Provincial, or Territorial, 
 from 1824, Junta Departamental from 1837, 
 and sometimes Asainblea in 1844-5; but this 
 body is said to have been a nullity. 
 
 Instead of the alcaldes rnayores of Spanish 
 times there were ayuntamientos at a few of the 
 larger towns, with ordinary alcaldes at the 
 smaller ones. Justice was administered, rather 
 crudely, however, by the alcaldes, or the arbi- 
 tration of "good men," appeals to the gover- 
 nor, penalties of fine and imprisonment, with 
 the absence of all the legal forms of court 
 routine, exemptions under the military and 
 ecclesiastical fueros; and consequently petty 
 thefts, etc., were prevalent. In 1826, for ex- 
 ample, it is stated that there was not a pro- 
 fessional lawyer in the whole province, and 
 litigation in the higher courts had to be carried 
 on at enormous cost in Chihuahua and Dur- 
 ango. But in all these matters New Mexico 
 was not unlike the distant provinces. 
 
 Down to 1839 the Territory was under the 
 military rule of a comandante, called militar 
 principal or de armas, who was subordinate 
 to the comandante general of Chihuahua. 
 Sometimes the civil and military functions of 
 the government were exercised by one man, 
 and sometimes by two. Characteristic of Mexi- 
 can regime, however, both these governments 
 were more nominal than real, especially at the 
 remote points, while the military outfit scarcely 
 existed excepting on paper. 
 
 The following paragraphs are quoted from 
 Hon. W. G. Ritch: 
 
 " Among the last acts of the Spanish regime 
 was to arrest and imprison, for a time, David 
 Merriweather, of Kentucky, who subsequently 
 became United States Senator from his own 
 State, and was governor of New Mexico from 
 
 1853 to 1857. At that time Merriweather was 
 out with an exploring party, and came to 
 Santa Fe as a matter of curiosity, and inciden- 
 tally to learn something of the country. 
 Facunda Melgares was the last governor under 
 the Spanish regime, and was succeeded July 5, 
 1822, by Francisco Xavier Chaves, the first 
 governor under the Republic of Mexico. 
 Chaves was the father of a large family of 
 boys, two of whom Mariano and Jose sub- 
 sequently served as governors of the Territory; 
 another son was a member of Congress. 
 Among the first acts of the administration of 
 Governor Chaves was the enactment of a 
 public-school law, the schools to be estab- 
 lished ' as soon as possible, according to 
 the circumstances of the community;' and a 
 special feature of his administration was the 
 encouragement of trade with the East. 
 
 ''In 1821 Captain Beckwith and four men, 
 while on a trading excursion with the Coman- 
 ches, fell in with a party of Mexican rangers 
 and accompanied them to Sante Fe. Dispos- 
 ing of his small stock at large profits, this In- 
 dian trader confidently returned at once, and 
 alone, to St. Louis, and in May of the next 
 year, accompanied by Col. Cooper and thirty 
 men, and $5,000 in merchandise, returned by 
 way of Taos to Sante Fe. Thus, in the sum- 
 mer of 1822, following the liberal policy that 
 came with the Republic, also came the virtual 
 establishment of the overland trade between 
 the United States and Mexico, having Taos 
 first and Santa Fe afterward as the port of 
 entry and the great distributing point for 
 Chihuahua, Durango and all northern Mexico. 
 Thus, with Mexican liberality came toleration, 
 the establishment of direct commercial rela- 
 tions with the United States, and the substan- 
 tial progress over the ascetic and oppressive 
 methods of Spanish rule. 
 
 " The prisoners arrested as spies in 1812 
 having been released, McKnight engaged with 
 Andrew Curcier, a Chihuahua merchant, in 
 working the Santa Rita copper mines, of our 
 Grant county, while Beard and Chambers im- 
 mediately returned to St. Louis, and late in 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 1822 started for Santa Fe with a train of mer- 
 chandise. They were caught in a violent snow- 
 storm at the Arkansas crossing, near what is 
 now known as Dodge City, and lost their ani- 
 mals. Nothing daunting our courageous trad- 
 ers, the at once proceeded to cache (bury) their 
 goods and then went to Taos, where a new 
 stock of animals was obtained, and with them 
 the cached goods were brought to Santa Fe 
 the following spring and disposed of at liberal 
 profits, despite the great delay and expense at- 
 tending the transportation. 
 
 "Up to 1824 all goods had been trans- 
 ported upon pack animals: this year heavy 
 freight wagons were introduced from Pittsburg, 
 Pennsylvania, and thus came to the front the 
 ' prairie schooner. ' 
 
 "Franklin, now Booneville, upon the Mis- 
 souri river, 900 miles away, was in 1832 made 
 an outfitting point for caravans engaged in the 
 Santa Fe trade. This remained only a few 
 years, as Independence, a point 379 miles from 
 St. Louis, up the river, superseded the point 
 lower down the river about 1832, and main- 
 tained the trade for many years, and until 
 Westport Landing (Kansas City) came in suc- 
 cessful competition in 1848. 
 
 "The first caravan of wheeled vehicles to 
 cross the plains was brought to Taos in 1824 
 by Colonel Marmaduke, of Missouri, and con- 
 sisted of eighty men, twenty-five wagons and 
 teams, and $30,000 in merchandise, besides a 
 number of pack animals. The same year 
 James O. Pattie, of Kentucky, author of the 
 ' Narrative ' bearing his name, came with a 
 party of trappers to the Territory by the way 
 of the Platte river. The party were attacked 
 by the Indians as they came near the moun- 
 tains and lost their goods. Tarrying for a time 
 at Santa Fe, they obtained permits from Gov- 
 ernor Bartolome Baca, and proceeded to the 
 Gila river, and for several months were en- 
 gaged in trapping. The party finally reached 
 the Pacific coast, where, after numerous ad- 
 ventures and hairbreadth escapes from Indians 
 and Mexicans, the older Pattie, father of the 
 author, died. Mr. Pattie also visited northern 
 
 and central Mexico, and upon his return home 
 published his narrative, giving one of the 
 earlier and interesting accounts of the country 
 and of his adventures. 
 
 " Following the establishment of the over- 
 land trade, came in quick succession the Anglo- 
 American pioneers who have so prominently 
 figured in the history and development of the 
 Territory. Thus, in 1824, among others came 
 Charles Beaubien, one of the three first judges 
 under the succeeding regime; Antoine Robi- 
 deaux, trapper and merchant; Henry Connelly, 
 merchant, and governor, in 1861-5; Gervacio 
 Nolan and Ewing Young, a trader at Taos. In 
 1826-8 came Kit Carson, trapper, guide and 
 soldier; Charles Conklin, Hugh Stevenson, 
 David J. Waldo, merchant at Taos and prefect 
 of the county; John Sculley, a merchant at 
 Santa Fe; and Colonel James L. Collins, a 
 trader. 
 
 "In 1830-1 came Charles Bent, the first 
 governor under the United States, and ap- 
 pointed as such by General Kearny. He was 
 killed in the insurrection of 1847. Colonel St. 
 Vraine, and the old trappers Fitzpatrick and 
 Bridger also appear, and Josiah Gregg, the 
 author of ' Commerce of the Prairies, ' the same 
 year brought into Santa Fe his first caravan. 
 Gregg started out a consumptive in a desperate 
 stage, and upon his first trip so far regained 
 his health that he engaged in the trade con- 
 tinuously for several years. 
 
 "In 1842 Bent and St. Vraine engaged in 
 trade at Taos, the outfitting of trappers being 
 their chief business. The same year Albert 
 Pike, subsequently an eminent Mason, visited 
 Santa Fe, coining by a new trail from the 
 State of Arkansas direct; also there came Levi 
 J. Keithly, member of the legislature in 1851, 
 still (1885) living at Las Vegas; also Lawrence 
 L. Waldo, who was killed at Mora in the in- 
 surrection of 1847; he was the father of the 
 late Chief Justice Waldo. 
 
 " In 1835 came Richard Dallum, merchant; 
 Stephen Lee, a distiller, killed in the insurrec- 
 tion at Taos; and the venerable Samuel B. 
 Watrous, a ranchman, still (1885) residing at 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 37 
 
 the railway station in Mora county bearing his 
 name. Mr. Watrous first settled at the new 
 placers in Santa Fe county. 
 
 "The Rev. Antonio Jose Martinez, a 
 Mexican philanthropist, who established a 
 school at Taos, in 1826, was subsequently 
 made vicar of Taos. The same year he 
 brought to the Territory the first printing 
 office, and published his own school-books and 
 the first newspaper ever printed west of St. 
 Louis. Colonel Albino Perez, of the Mexican 
 army, and recognized for his culture and 
 ability, was appointed governor of New 
 Mexico at this time. 
 
 ' ' Taxes, as we know, are inseparable from 
 all well regulated governments. In the en- 
 forcement of a new revenue system, the op- 
 ponents, including a predecessor of Governor 
 Perez, jealous and hostile, found a fertile ex- 
 cuse for inspiring and organizing an opposition, 
 which, whether intended or not, early in Aug- 
 ust of 1837, culminated in a formidable revo- 
 lution and in the assassination of the governor 
 and principal officers, besides other persons. 
 A public meeting was held a few days later in 
 the interest of order, at which a number of 
 prominent citizens were present. Loyalty to 
 the home government was declared, and a 
 provisional governor elected in the person of 
 Jose Gonzales, a man of great popularity, as- 
 serted by some to have been a Pueblo Indian. 
 A committee was appointed to prepare an ad- 
 dress and to proceed in person to present the 
 same to the supreme government. In the 
 meantime, as resolved, all were to yield obedi- 
 ence to Governor Gonzales until such time as 
 the committee should report. 
 
 "Governor Manuel Armijo, one of the 
 committee, who ten years before had served 
 for a time as governor, proceeded to organize 
 against the provisional government, and in 
 January, 1838, appeared at Santa Fe in force 
 and drove Gonzales from the capitol. Follow- 
 ing the retreating governor, the latter was 
 overtaken and captured at Santa Cruz by 
 Armijo, and summarily shot, a half-hour being 
 allowed for confession. Armijo having ef- 
 
 fected his coup d'etat, then assumed the 
 office of governor, and finally succeeded 
 in having himself appointed. He gave sta- 
 bility to the government,- at least it was 
 free from revolt, and held the office most 
 of the time up to the occupation by the 
 United States, at which time he retreated 
 with a few soldiers to Mexico. In 1848 he 
 was captured near Chihuahua by General 
 Price, and paroled, after which he returned to 
 his home at Limitar, where he remained until 
 his death, in 1854. He was married, but had 
 no children except an adopted daughter. 
 There was a numerous family of brothers and 
 sisters, some of whom, with their descendants, 
 still reside in Bernalillo county. They are 
 generally intelligent and influential people, 
 frequently called to positions of trust. Several 
 of the brothers and descendants are wealthy. 
 
 ""The governors of the Territory during 
 the Mexican regime not otherwise named, were 
 Alejo Garcia Conde (Mexican boundary com- 
 missioner in 1850) ad interim; Antonio Vis- 
 cari, who effected a treaty with the Navajo 
 Indians about 1825; Antonio Narbona, a Can- 
 adian by birth; Santiago Abreu, who, with his 
 brother Ramon, was killed in the insurrection 
 of 1.837. The Abreus were members of the 
 Masonic fraternity, and are spoken of as good 
 men, liberal and progressive. A number of 
 their descendants, who reside in the northern 
 counties, are good citizens. Francisco Sarra- 
 cino was governor in 1833-5, and resided near 
 Albuquerque until his death, in 1850. Antonio 
 Sandoval, Pedro Munyoz and Mariano Martinez, 
 each acted as governor for a few months, be- 
 tween 1840 and 1845. 
 
 "During 1837-9 John A. Sutter, of Cali- 
 fornia gold fame, and William S. Meservy, ap- 
 pear, engaged in the Santa Fe trade. Meservy 
 was secretary of the Territory, in 1853-4, and 
 governor also in the latter year; and while in 
 that office he was specially active in organizing 
 and contributing Territorial militia in the war 
 upon the Jicarilla Apaches, and in the end 
 made the punishment of the Indians effective, 
 which ever afterward also proved effective. 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 " In the '405, previous to the Anglo-Ameri- 
 can occupation, there came to New Mexico 
 many who will be readily remembered by all 
 old residents, some of whom are still living in 
 the Territory, and nearly all of whom were en- 
 gaged in merchandising. Among these were 
 Lucien B. Maxwell, trapper, hunter and trader, 
 and of land-grant fame; Reuben Gentry, mer- 
 chant at Santa Fe; Joab Houghton, the first 
 chief justice of the supreme court; Eugene 
 Leitensdorfer, S. J. Spiegelberg, James and 
 Samuel McGoffin, James L. Johnson, Henry 
 O'Neil, Ennis J. Vaughn, merchant at New 
 Placers, and the first sheriff of Santa Fe coun- 
 ty; James J. Webb, Preston Beck, Samuel 
 Wethered, Peter Joseph, most of whom were 
 engaged in the Santa Fe trade; and F. X. Au- 
 brey, guide and trapper, came during these 
 years. He will be remembered as winning a 
 wager of $10,000 that he could ride on horse- 
 back from Santa Fe to the Missouri river within 
 six days. Colonel John C. Fremont also visit- 
 ed Santa Fe in the '403. In 1841-2 the Texas- 
 Santa Fe expedition, under General McLeod, 
 of the Texas army took place. Their capture 
 and march to the City of Mexico, by order of 
 Governor Armijo, formed an exciting episode 
 in the history of Texas. 
 
 "August 19, 1846, occurred the Anglo- 
 American occupation of New Mexico, the old 
 Adobe Palace, the capitol building of the old 
 Spanish and Mexican regime, being formally 
 surrendered by Acting Governor Juan Bautiste 
 Vigil y Alarid to General Stephen W. Kearny, 
 commanding the United States forces, without 
 shedding a drop of blood or the firing of a 
 musket. For this peaceable occupation, much 
 is due to the practicable spirit and influence 
 exercised by Don Donaciana Vigil, in accept- 
 ing the inevitable. Vigil was appointed the 
 first secretary, and the second governor of 
 the Territory. The only force showing any 
 opposition was that under General Manuel 
 Armijo, stationed at Apache canyon, which, 
 upon the approach of General Kearny, dis- 
 persed and returned to their homes, General 
 Armijo, with a small command, as before 
 
 stated, retreating down the Rio Grande to Old 
 Mexico." 
 
 During the period from 1823 to 1846 the 
 principal points in the career of New Mexico 
 may be summarized as follows: 
 
 1823: Vizcarra, Chavez and Baca, govern- 
 ors. Treaty of peace with the Navajos. 
 
 1824: Baca, governor. New Mexico, a 
 province of the Estado del Norte, and a Ter- 
 ritory from July. Beginning of the Santa Fe 
 trade and first use of wagons. United States 
 overtures to Mexico. 
 
 1825: Baca and Narbona, governors. Sur- 
 vey of a United States road for the Santa Fe 
 trade begun. Navajos again troublesome. 
 
 1826: Narbona, governor. Mexican de- 
 cree for increase of military force. 
 
 1827: Narbona and Armijo, governors. 
 
 1828: Armijo, Vizcarra and Chavez, gov- 
 ernors. Under the Mexican law expelling Span- 
 iards, according to one historian, all the friars 
 were forced to depart except two, Albino and 
 Castro, who, by reason of their extreme age 
 and by the payment of $500 each, were per- 
 mitted to remain. It is also stated that many 
 of the expelled Spaniards came to the United 
 States with the Santa Fe caravans of 1828-9. 
 Discovery of the old gold placers. 
 
 1829: Chavez, governor. Proposition of 
 John D. Bradburn to navigate the Rio Grande 
 and colonize New Mexico declined by the Mex- 
 ican government. Bent's fort, on the Arkansas, 
 built. 
 
 1830: Chavez, governor. New decree for 
 the establishment of a bishopric, but nothing 
 further done. Communication with California 
 opened by Baca and Ewing Young. 
 
 1831: Chavez and Abreu, governors. Wolf- 
 skill, Jackson and Young visit California. 
 
 1832: Abreu, governor. Publication of a 
 meritorious little work describing the resources 
 and possibilities of New Mexico. Fr. Juan 
 Felipe Ortiz, vicar-general of New Mexico. 
 
 1833: Sarracino, governor. Visit of the 
 bishop of Durango, whose reception is described 
 as very enthusiastic. 
 
 1834: Sarracino and Ortiz, governors. 
 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 39 
 
 Grand demonstration of civil and military au- 
 thorities on August i, in favor of Santa Anna 
 and pronunciamento of Cuernavaca. 
 
 1835: Sarracino, Chavez and Perez, gov- 
 ernors. First newspaper in New Mexico, El 
 Crepuculo, published at Taos by Padre Mar- 
 tinez, for four weeks. Founding of Las Vegas. 
 The Mora grant. War with the Navajos. 
 
 1836: Perez, governor. Under the new 
 central system New Mexico was to be a depart- 
 ment, and the ruler a governor instead of polit- 
 ical chief. 
 
 1837: Perez, Gonzalez and Munoz, gov- 
 ernors. Revolution, described more at length 
 elsewhere. Fatal typhoid epidemic, which, 
 with the smallpox following, carried off one- 
 tenth of the inhabitants in 1840. Custom- 
 house opened at Taos. 
 
 1838: Arrnijo, governor to 1844. Trouble 
 between the Americans and the governor in 
 1838-9 on account of the murder of a man 
 named Daley. 
 
 1839: New Mexico made a separate Co- 
 mandancia General. Discovery of the new 
 gold placers. 
 
 1840: Foreigners in trouble on account of 
 the "accidental " murder of a Mexican. 
 
 1841: Sandoval, acting governor. Texan- 
 Santa Fe invasion of 1841-2, resulting in 
 disaster. 
 
 1842: Settlement of La Junta. Treaty 
 with Mescalero Apaches. 
 
 1 843-5 : Continued troubles with the Tex- 
 ans. 
 
 1844: Martinez, acting governor. De- 
 structive fire at Santa Fe. 
 
 1845: Chavez and Armijo, governors. 
 Pronunciamento of the governor in favor of 
 Santa Anna. 
 
 1846: Armijo and Vigil, governors. Oc- 
 cupation of New Mexico by the United States. 
 
 During the period above comprised, the In- 
 dians, especially the Navajos and Apaches, 
 continued to be somewhat troublesome, but 
 there was no great outbreak. The govern- 
 ment of New Mexico continued to be, at least 
 nominally, at peace with all the tribes, and 
 
 found it to their interest to continue their sys- 
 tem of treaties and bribes. History concern- 
 ing these raids and repulses is very meager, but 
 doubtless there were many interesting episodes 
 and romantic experiences. 
 
 A sort of revolution took place in New- 
 Mexican affairs in 1837-8, consisting, in its 
 essential principle, of a rising against central- 
 ism and the new constitution of Mexico. Di- 
 rect taxation was the exciting cause, but. ac- 
 cording to a chief characteristic of human 
 nature, other points would be brought up in 
 issue during the progress of the contest. 
 
 In 1836 the revenue officials were arrested 
 for peculation and were brought to trial before 
 the district court. Two of the judges were ac- 
 cused of being accomplices and not allowed to 
 sit in judgment; but the other judge, Juan 
 Estevan Pino, found the accused guilty, where- 
 upon Governor Perez took the case out of 
 court and restored the administrador de rentas 
 to his place, which had been temporarily filled 
 by Manuel Armijo. The latter, moved chiefly 
 by ambition, but also by dissatisfaction at hav- 
 ing been removed from his situation as custom- 
 house officer, is held by historians as responsi- 
 ble for instigating the revolt, in which his lead- 
 ing associates were Pino and Juan Rafael Ortiz. 
 Also, the spirit of unrest in Texas, caused by 
 the introduction of people from the United 
 States, had doubtless its influence upon the ex- 
 citable and rebellious element in New Mexico. 
 " Americans," happening to be passing or so- 
 journing in this Territory, would naturally en- 
 courage criticism of the Mexican government 
 and thus fan the flame. 
 
 The first overt act of this insurrection was 
 the release by 'a mob of an imprisoned alcalde 
 in a northern town. A large crowd, composed 
 in great part of pueblo Indians, soon assembled 
 at La Canyada, where, on the 3d of August, 
 the scheme of the insurgents was published, 
 the practical points in which was resistance to 
 the "departmental plan" and to all taxation; 
 but three of the five articles of their platform 
 were mere platitudes concerning God, country 
 and liberty, accompanied with the usual resolu- 
 
4 o 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 tions to ' ' spill every drop of blood, if neces- 
 sary, " in the sacred cause. 
 
 Governor Perez, with all the force he could 
 raise, about 150 militia, the presidial com- 
 pany not appearing, marched northward and 
 met the foe at the mesa of San Ildefonso; but 
 most of his men passed over to the rebels, 
 and he was obliged to flee with about twenty- 
 five companions, first to Santa Fe, and almost 
 immediately from that place. Within a few 
 days, and at different points, the party break- 
 ing up for self-preservation, the governor and 
 a dozen or more of his associates were killed, 
 the head of Perez being carried as a trophy to 
 the insurgent headquarters, and the bodies of 
 Santiago Abreu and others being barbarously 
 mutilated. 
 
 The insurrectionists took possession of 
 Santa Fe on August the gth or loth, but com- 
 mitted no excesses beyond the confiscation 
 of the property of the victims. They elected 
 Jose Gonzalez, a pueblo Indian of Taos, as 
 governor pro tcinfore, until such time as the 
 committee appointed to prepare and present 
 an address to the supreme government, could 
 report. Manuel Armijo, characteristic of Mexi- 
 can nature, being a member of this committee 
 and not being preferred as governor, decided 
 to take vengeance as an insurgent against the 
 insurgents, Issued a proclamation at Tome on 
 the 8th of September, and, raising a force, with 
 the aid of Curate Madariaga, marched to the 
 capital to "suffocate the rebellion." Gonza- 
 lez retired up the river, and Armijo easily made 
 himself recognized as governor and coman- 
 dante general. What occurred as a sequel 
 here is scarcely known, as the data of history 
 are meager and obscure; but at all events the 
 rebels seemed to be held at bay by a truce 
 until additional forces arrived from the supreme 
 government and loyal peace was restored. At 
 remote points from Santa Fe, however, rebel- 
 lious sympathies and feeble efforts to organize 
 and operate continued. For example, at or 
 near La Canyada, they engaged in battle on 
 January 27, 1838, and were defeated. Gon- 
 zalez and his associates were captured and 
 
 shot, and Armijo, in recognition of his services, 
 was given the rank of colonel, and confirmed 
 for eight years in his assumed positions of gov- 
 erner and comandante general. 
 
 As to the magnitude of this battle it is re- 
 ported that the government troops numbered 
 582, under the direct command of Armijo; 
 that four dragoons were killed and others 
 wounded in an ambush; that the rebels num- 
 bered over 1,300, and lost twenty killed, many 
 wounded and eight prisoners; and that Antonio 
 Vigil, their commander, was killed in the first 
 attack. But other historians deviate at some 
 points from this account. 
 
 In 1841 Mirabeau Lamar, president of the 
 Republic of Texas, with a few others, advised 
 an expedition to New Mexico, with the view 
 of making this territory a part of that realm. 
 They had the weakness to be influenced by 
 malcontents of no influence from this Terri- 
 tory, so far as to believe that the people here 
 were generally anxious to rise up against the 
 Mexican government and be either independent 
 or join the Republic of Texas. The Texans, 
 too, had a theory that according to their treaty 
 with Mexico they had a right to this section of 
 the country, although remote from the settle- 
 ments near the gulf. Several hundred miles 
 of desert intervened between them and the set- 
 tlements here, and the scheme of an expedition 
 to this remote point was a fearful undertaking, 
 opposed from the start by nearly all the lead- 
 ing statesmen of Texas. 
 
 In the spring of this year (1841) Lamar 
 fitted out an expedition of about 300 men, in 
 six companies, under the command of Hugh 
 McLeod, as brevet brigadier general. Three 
 commissioners were sent along with them to 
 establish Texan authority in this northwestern 
 country, well provided with proclamations ex- 
 plaining the advantages of the proffered free- 
 dom; and a number of traders and travelers 
 also joined them in quest of gain or adventure. 
 The commissioners were men well known in 
 Texas history, namely, William G. Cooke, 
 Jose Antonio Navarro and Richard F. Bren- 
 ham. According to one historian, the purport 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 of the proclamation to be made to the New 
 Mexicans was that the expedition was sent for 
 the purpose of trading, and that, if the inhabit- 
 ants were not disposed to join peacefully the 
 Texan standard, the expedition was to retire 
 immediately. This and the other proclama- 
 tions were printed in both English and Spanish, 
 and not a doubt existed that the liberal terms 
 offered would be at once accepted by a " peo- 
 ple living within the limits of Texas, who had 
 long been groaning under a misrule the most 
 tyranical." 
 
 Although so peaceful in its ostensible in- 
 tention, the expedition, comprising warlike 
 men and many desperate characters, should 
 have been known by its leaders that it would 
 be regarded as an invading force and would be 
 resisted by force of arms. 
 
 This force left Austin in June, and after a 
 tedious and exhausting march along one of the 
 worst routes in the country, arrived at the New 
 Mexican frontier in September, thoroughly 
 worn out. Mexico was ready for it, and easily 
 suppressed the invasion. Of course there was 
 some disaffection in some quarters of New 
 Mexico, but the masses of the people knew 
 nothing of the character of the people or of 
 the government they were invited to join, and 
 the rulers themselves were naturally loyal and 
 under every obligation to do their utmost to 
 repel every armed force from abroad. All for- 
 eigners were watched, and a number of arrests 
 were made. McLeod's force, now about 2OO 
 in number, finally surrendered to Archuleta, at 
 Laguna Colorada, on the 5th of October, and 
 on the 1 6th Armijo was given a public and 
 most enthusiastic reception at the capital. 
 The next day the prisoners left San Miguel on 
 their tedious march to Mexico, where they ar- 
 rived in several divisions early next year. In 
 April a few were released, at the intercession 
 of foreign ministers, on the plea that they were 
 not Texans and had joined the expedition with- 
 out knowing its real objects. The rest, after 
 a confinement at different Mexican prisons, 
 some of them being compelled to work on the 
 roads in chains, were finally released by Santa 
 
 Anna, June 13. The only exception was Na- 
 varro, who was at one time condemned to death, 
 but finally escaped and returned to Texas. As 
 to the treatment accorded by the Mexicans to 
 the prisoners, from the original capture to their 
 release, the usual charges of barbarity have 
 been made against them, but how far they are 
 true it is impossible to ascertain. 
 
 The Texans were naturally disappointed at 
 the signal failure of their expedition, and made 
 vigorous threats of vengeance for what they re- 
 garded as treachery on the part of the New 
 Mexicans; and immediately on the return of 
 the captives, in 1841, began to make prepara- 
 tions to carry out a retaliatory measure, even 
 invading Mexico to effect a secession of Chihua- 
 hua and possibly other States. For this pur- 
 pose several hundred men were to be raised 
 and sent forward under the command of Colonel 
 Jacob Snively. Such was the feeling among 
 the Texans, especially among the more adven- 
 turous and desperate class, that it was difficult 
 to keep the number down to the required quota. 
 Traders at Santa Fe immediately made known 
 the project, and the Mexicans were again on 
 the alert in due time. 
 
 But this great " patriotic " army soon re- 
 duced itself to a predatory band to raid on 
 Santa Fe caravans. Some of the ruffians 
 committed unjustifiable outrages upon inno- 
 cent parties, and Snively's force was soon di- 
 vided and scattered. With only about 180 
 men he reached the Arkansas late in May, to 
 lie in wait for the traders. The caravan of the 
 year, composed of both Mexicans and Ameri- 
 cans, bound to Santa Fe from Independence, 
 was approaching, escorted by two companies of 
 United States dragoons under Captain Cooke; 
 and Governor Armijo, with 500 men or more, 
 marched from the capital to meet the caravan 
 at the Arkansas. On June igth the Texans 
 succeeded in cutting off an advance party of 
 Armijo's force, about 100 militiamen and In- 
 dians, killing about twenty and making prison- 
 ers of the rest, excepting one or two who 
 escaped to the governor's camp. Ten days 
 later, as the force was considered too small to 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 attack Armijc, and as it was thought that the 
 caravan might have turned back through fear, 
 about eighty of the Texans started homeward; 
 but Captain Cooke soon came up and forced 
 one detachment of the remaining 100 to give 
 up their arms, claiming that they were on 
 United States ground. About fifty now started 
 for the Missouri, while the remainder, failing 
 to agree upon any course of action until the 
 caravan had crossed the river and gone on 
 their way unmolested, started for their Texan 
 homes, losing some men on the way in fights 
 with the Indians. 
 
 During this summer the Mexican minister 
 complained that the United States Govern- 
 ment was responsible for the so-called Texan 
 invasion, but without specifying any admitted 
 reason. 
 
 As we should give more information as to 
 the extent and character of Santa Fe trade 
 and of the famous "Santa Fe trail," we quote 
 the following condensed account from H. H. 
 Bancroft's History of Arizona and New 
 Mexico: 
 
 "With the end of Spanish rule (in 1822) 
 ceased all opposition to the traffic on the part 
 of Mexican authorities, and a profitable market 
 was assured for goods from the United States. 
 The eastern rendezvous was Franklin, Mis- 
 souri, down to 1831, and later Independence 
 (now an eastern suburb of Kansas City). 
 From this point in May of each year set out 
 the trains, or caravans, of pack animals in 
 1823, but subsequently of wagons, drawn at 
 first by horses and mules, but later by mules 
 or oxen, four pairs usually to each wagon, but 
 sometimes five or six pairs, with a load of 
 about 5,000 pounds. Cotton goods were the 
 staple articles of traffic, but there was also 
 carried a miscellaneous assortment of dry 
 goods and hardware. 
 
 ' ' The route, of over 800 miles, lay in an 
 almost direct line west-south-west to San 
 Miguel del Bado, and thence northwest to 
 Santa Fe, nearly corresponding with the pres- 
 ent line of the great Santa Fe railroad. The 
 arrival of the caravan at Santa Fe was gener- 
 
 ally in July, and the return departure in Au- 
 gust. The selling price of goods was on an 
 average about double the cost, and at this rate 
 was for a time sufficiently low to control the 
 market as against foreign goods imported by 
 way of Vera Cruz or Chihuahua; and indeed a 
 large portion of the Missouri goods were sent 
 from Santa Fe to the south by the regular 
 autumn caravan. Duties, after an ' under- 
 standing ' with custom-house officers, were from 
 twenty-five to fifty per cent of cost, and the 
 traders' net profit was as a rule from twenty to 
 forty per cent, though some cargoes were sold 
 at a loss. The goods were paid for mainly in 
 gold or silver coin, though a considerable quan- 
 tity of furs and blankets was taken, and the 
 wagons were sometimes partly laden with wpol, 
 there being no duty on exported products." 
 
 The experiences, pleasures and perils con- 
 nected with these great journeys must have 
 burnt themselves into Ihe memory of each 
 trader and driver with so great intensity as to 
 become actually burdensome; but they have 
 furnished the material for many a romantic 
 tale, and could have furnished a hundred-fold 
 more than have actually been told. 
 
 Quotation continued: " Before many years 
 Santa Fe merchants of the Spanish race fitted 
 out regular caravans and controlled a large 
 portion of the trade. 
 
 "Freight was carried by pack animals till 
 1824, when wagons were introduced, as an ex- 
 periment, and, making the trip without serious 
 difficulty, were used exclusively after 1825. 
 These first wagons seem to have taken the 
 Taos route, which is described by Storrs as 
 follows: From Fort Osage west-south-west 
 to the Arkansas; up the Arkansas north of 
 west 240 miles; south to the Citnarron; up the 
 Cimarron west 100 miles; and southwest to 
 Taos; but Gregg implies that the wagons 
 reached Santa Fe, while his map shows no 
 route to Taos. 
 
 "By the success of this first experiment 
 with wagons was attracted the attention of 
 wealthier men than any that had previously 
 engaged in the trade; and these men lost no 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 43 
 
 time in bringing the matter before the Govern- 
 ment. Memorials were sent to Congress by 
 the people and authorities of Missouri, de- 
 manding protection for the new industry, by 
 treaties with Indian tribes, the marking out of 
 a new road, establishing of a fort on the Ar- 
 kansas, and the appointment of agents at San- 
 ta Fe and Chihuahua to prevent extortion in 
 the collection of duties. Senator Benton took 
 up the project with his customary zeal, and 
 laid before the Senate the statement of Au- 
 gustus Storrs on the history and prospects 
 of the prairie commerce. Finally, in Janu- 
 ary, 1825, a bill was passed authorizing the 
 marking out of a road, and appropriating 
 $30,000 for this purpose, and that of obtain- 
 ing the Indians' consent to the road, and its 
 unmolested use. The only objection urged in 
 Congress was to the survey of a road in Mexi- 
 can territory. 
 
 "The New-Mexicans were not less eager 
 than the Americans for the protection and de- 
 velopment of trade; and in June, 1825, Manu- 
 el Simon Escudero, of Chihuahua, was com- 
 missioned by Governor Baca to visit St. Louis 
 and Washington; but little is definitely stated 
 as to the nature and results of this mission. 
 The assurances from United States authorities 
 were encouraging. The same year a treaty 
 was made with the Osages by the payment of 
 a small sum, and the survey of the road was 
 begun, to be completed from Fort Osage to 
 Taos two years later. The route was partially 
 marked by a series of mounds. But it does 
 not appear that the traders ever made use of 
 the road as surveyed, preferring to follow the 
 earlier trail, with such modifications as the con- 
 dition of grass and water suggested." 
 
 Trade grew, and the caravans made their 
 yearly trips, without remarkable adventures 
 except that the Indians became increasingly 
 hostile, and the smaller parties, especially if 
 insufficiently armed or were off their guard, 
 were frequently captured, or at least robbed. 
 Sometimes a massacre would take place; and 
 after two or three cases of this kind occurred 
 the citizens arrested again called the attention 
 
 of Congress to the necessity of protection to 
 our prairie trade. As a result one caravan was 
 escorted to the Mexican frontier. 
 
 Oxen were first used in 1830, by the trad- 
 ers, the experiment having been successfully 
 tried the year before by a Government supply 
 train. Gregg made his first trip in 1831. 
 
 The revolt of 1837 did some injury to the 
 American traders, since the property of their 
 richest customers was confiscated. The cus- 
 tom-house at Taos was opened to trade in 1837. 
 From 1838 the Missouri traders secured a cus- 
 tom-house on the Missouri river, with the priv- 
 ilege of drawback and debenture for foreign 
 goods, claiming that the trade had constantly 
 diminished since 1828, and could in no other 
 way be restored. A bill in their favor was not 
 passed till 1845. 
 
 The caravans of the Santa Fe train came to 
 Santa Fe and were all unloaded in the plaza, 
 which was then open ground, no park improve- 
 ments having been made. 
 
 In 1839 an attempt was made by Mexicans, 
 with the aid of H. Connelly, an American 
 merchant, to divert the course of trade from 
 Santa Fe to Chihuahua direct. A caravan of 
 100 men made the trip through Texas, and re- 
 turned to Chihuahua, in 1840, without any se- 
 rious casualty; but the attempt was not re- 
 peated, on account of the heavy expenses and 
 fears of disastrous experiences. During this 
 period, also, Armijo tried for a short time the 
 experiment of collecting as duties $500 on 
 each wagon-load of goods; but the size of the 
 wagons that began to be used soon induced 
 him to return to the ad-valorem system. 
 
 August 7, 1843, f r military reasons, Santa 
 Anna closed the custom-house at Taos, thus 
 putting an end to the Santa Fe trade and cre- 
 ating considerable disappointment and disgust 
 both at Santa Fe and in Missouri. At that 
 time Gregg remarked that if the obnoxicrus de- 
 cree were repealed trade would be renewed 
 with greater vigor than ever; and, sure enough, 
 almost before it had gone into effect, on March 
 31, 1844, it was repealed, and in 1844-6 trade 
 was carried on as great as ever, though the net 
 
44 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 profits had been constantly diminishing for fif- 
 teen years. 
 
 The celebrated John A. Sutter. of Califor- 
 nia-gold-discovery fame, was a trader in Santa 
 Fe in 1835-7, while on his way to ghe Golden 
 State. In 1841 the Workman-Rowland party 
 took many foreign and native New Mexicans to 
 southern California. In 1842 a large trading 
 party under Vigil comprised about twenty 
 families in search of homes, most of whom re- 
 turned to settle in the San Bernardino region. 
 
 During this period, 1822-46, there was but 
 little change in the local industries of New 
 Mexico. There was an apparent decrease in a 
 few lines, especially in sheep husbandry, but it 
 is impossible to determine this, as the earlier 
 records are so unreliable, thereby preventing a 
 satisfactory comparison. In mining nothing 
 marked occurred: no silver mines were worked 
 at all. 
 
 In educational matters a slight increase of 
 interest is observed. A college was talked of, 
 some primary schools were kept at several of 
 the towns, etc., but in 1834 there was no 
 school at Santa Fe. In 1834 a printing-press 
 was brought into the country, and with it, as 
 already noted, in 1835, Padre Martinez issued 
 for four weeks, at Taos, the Crepusculo. The 
 missions continued along in the old ruts, 
 every feature of them being merely formal or 
 nominal. 
 
 By the year 1 846 there were probably in 
 New Mexico a population of about 80,000 
 whites, >and about 9,000 pueblo Indians. 
 
 We have now arrived at the period of the 
 Mexican war, 1846-8, which resulted in the 
 segregation of New Mexico and other portions 
 from the old country of Mexico. This war 
 was inaugurated, in fact, by the Texans, whose 
 rights had been often and seriously trampled 
 upon by the Mexican government, first when 
 Texas 'was a part of the mother country, and 
 afterward while it was an independent Repub- 
 lic, 1836-46. 
 
 The "Army of the West" was organized 
 at Fort Leavenworth, under Colonel Stephen 
 W. Kearny, on the part of the United States, 
 
 to occupy the broad territory stretching from 
 New Mexico to California inclusive, and also 
 to act in co-operation with other armies further 
 south. The advance division of Kearny's force 
 consisted of 300 regulars under Major Edwin 
 V. Sumner, which was a regiment of mounted 
 volunteers called out by Governor Edwards, of 
 Missouri, for this campaign, and commanded 
 by Colonel Alexander W. Doniphan, and five 
 additional companies of volunteers. A second 
 and a reserve division comprised another regi- 
 ment of Missouri volunteers under Colonel 
 Sterling Price, besides two battalions. In the 
 advance division were 1,700 men, and in the 
 reserve 1,800. 
 
 The advance army left Fort Leavenworth 
 in June, 1846, and their long supply train of 
 over 1,000 mules was soon augmented by the 
 400 wagons of the annual Santa Fe caravan. 
 After a tedious march across the plains they 
 arrived at Bent's Fort on the Arkansas. From 
 this fort Lieutenant Decourcy was sent with a 
 detachment of twenty men to Taos to learn 
 the disposition of the people, and they reported 
 that a resistance might be expected at any 
 point. Similiar reports had been previvously 
 received. 
 
 From Bent's Fort Captain Cooke also, 
 with twelve picked men, was sent in advance, 
 ostensibly to effect a treaty with Governor 
 Armijo for the peaceful submission of eastern 
 New Mexico, but really to escort James Ma- 
 goffin, the true ambassador, on a secret mis- 
 sion to Santa Fe. It was indeed a hazardous 
 undertaking to send an army of only i , 700 men 
 a thousand miles across the plains amid hostile 
 savages to invade a country as populous and 
 well fortified as was New Mexico. American 
 traders had so long and so uniformally insisted 
 at Washington that the inhabitants, by trade, 
 had become so familiar with the people of the 
 United States, and so friendly disposed toward 
 them, that little or no resistance would be 
 made to the approach of Kearny's army, and 
 that this expedition would occupy rather than- 
 conquer New Mexico. 
 
 Magoffin, named by the Spanish of New 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 45 
 
 Mexico Don Santiago, was a Kentuckian of 
 Irish ancestry, a man of wealth long known in 
 the Santa Fe trade, and had many acquaint- 
 ances and friends in that country as well as in 
 this. He was a lover of wine and could speak 
 the Spanish language well. At Washington he 
 was introduced by Senator Benton to the presi- 
 dent of the United States, James K. Polk, and 
 to the secretary of war; and at the request of 
 these three gentlemen he (Magoffin) agreed to 
 accompany the expedition to Santa Fe, pro- 
 fessing his ability to prevent any armed resist- 
 ance on the part of Governor Armijo and his 
 officers. 
 
 Cooke's party arrived at Santa Fe August 
 12, and were hospitably received by the gov- 
 ernor, who seemed to think that the approach 
 of the army was rather rapid. In return he 
 sent Dr. Connelly back with Cooke. In the 
 meantime Magoffin persuaded Arrnijo to make 
 no defense at Apache canyon, a strategic point 
 on the way to Santa Fe; but with Archuleta, 
 the second in command, he had more difficulty; 
 however, by appealing to his ambition, sug- 
 gesting that he could have the command of 
 western New Mexico, against which Kearny 
 had no designs, he at length overcame his ob- 
 jections also, and thus secured an open road 
 for the army. It is probable, however, as the 
 historian Bancroft suggests, that not so much 
 of this success is due Magoffin as the above 
 simple narration of facts would imply, for there 
 were evidently other agencies at work in the 
 same direction. 
 
 Armijo, in order to preserve his credit as a 
 Mexican officer, made a show of resistence by 
 calling for a number of volunteers to join their 
 little regular army, but no fighting was done, 
 as it was now indeed too late to go to battle at 
 the best advantage. He went out toward Apache 
 canyon with the avowed intention of meeting 
 the enemy; but, on the last day, in conse- 
 quence of differences of opinion between the 
 general and his officers, the former dismissed 
 the auxiliaries to their homes, and with his 
 presidial troops retreated to the south by way 
 of Galisteo, near which place he left his can- 
 
 non. Of course Armijo was blamed by some 
 of his countrymen, who saw that he was not 
 sufficiently energetic. 
 
 Kearny's army left Bent's Fort August 2, 
 proceeding by the old Santa Fe trail, not far 
 from the present Santa Fe railroad. The march 
 was a tedious one, the men suffering many 
 privations. The season being unusually dry, 
 the army had to advance in several divisions, 
 by different routes, in order to utilize the 
 scanty supply of grass and water. Small par- 
 ties of Mexican scouts were frequently cap- 
 tured, or came voluntarily into camp, and after 
 being set at liberty they returned to the Mexi- 
 cans with exaggerated accounts of the United 
 States forces, and taking along with them also 
 copies of Kearny's proclamation. 
 
 At the principal points along the route 
 Kearny, by this time brigadier general, made 
 speeches from house-tops absolving the people 
 from their allegiance to Armijo and promising 
 protection to the life, property and religion of 
 all who should peacefully submit; and the al- 
 calde, and in some cases the militia officers 
 also, were induced more or less willingly to 
 take the oath of allegiance to the United States 
 and continue in office. 
 
 On arriving at San Miguel Kearny learned 
 of the flight of Armijo, and on entering the 
 city of the Holy Faith itself, no opposition 
 whatever was encountered, the acting gover- 
 nor, Juan B. Vigil, receiving him in a friendly 
 manner. The United States flag was raised 
 at sunset August 18. General Kearny slept 
 the first night in the old " Palace," while the 
 army encamped on an eminence in the vicinity. 
 
 Thus was New Mexico "occupied," with- 
 out the shedding of blood, in fulfillment of the 
 hopes and promises of those zealous Americans 
 who had encouraged the invasion. These 
 events took place while General Taylor was on 
 his way with his army to capture Monterey. 
 
 The next day the general assembled the 
 people in the plaza and made a speech to 
 them, through an interpreter. Then the act- 
 ing governor, secretary, alcaldes and other 
 officials took the required oath of allegiance, 
 
4 6 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Governor Vigil also delivering a brief address 
 and reading the general's earlier proclama- 
 tion. The people of New Mexico, as subjects 
 of the United States Government, were as- 
 sured full protection for their lives, property 
 and religion not only against American depre- 
 dators but also against the Mexican govern- 
 ment and Indian foes. Three days afterward 
 he issued the following procalomation, setting 
 forth fully the status of affairs: 
 
 PROCLAMATION. 
 
 As by the act of the Republic of Mexico a 
 state of war e.xists between that government 
 and the United States; and as the undersigned, 
 at the head of his troops, on the i8th took 
 possession of Santa Fe, he now announces his 
 intention to hold the department, with its 
 original boundaries (both sides of the Del 
 Norte), as a part of the United States, and 
 under the name of the Territory of New Mexi- 
 co. The undersigned has come to New Mexico 
 with a strong military force, and an equally 
 strong one is following close in his rear. He 
 has more troops than is necessary to put down 
 any opposition that can possibly be brought 
 against him, and therefore it would be folly 
 and madness for any dissatisfied or discontented 
 person to think of resisting him. The under- 
 signed has instructions from his government to 
 respect the religious institutions of New Mexi- 
 co, to protect the property of the church, to 
 cause the worship of those belonging to it to 
 be undisturbed, and their religious rights in the 
 amplest manner preserved to them; also, to 
 protect the persons and property of all quiet 
 and peaceful inhabitants within its boundaries 
 against their enemies, the Utes, Navajos and 
 others. And, while he assures all that it will 
 be his pleasure as well as his duty to comply 
 with those instructions, he calls upon them to 
 exert themselves in preserving order, in promot- 
 ing concord, and in maintaining the authority 
 and efficiency of the laws; to require of those 
 who have left their homes and taken up arms 
 against troops of the United States, to return 
 forthwith to them, or else they will be con- 
 sidered as enemies and traitors, subjecting their 
 persons to punishment and their property to 
 seizure and confiscation for the benefit of the 
 public treasury. 
 
 It is the wish and intention of the United 
 States Government to provide for New Mexico 
 a free government with the least possible de- 
 
 lay, similar to that in the United States, and 
 the people of New Mexico will be called on 
 to exercise the rights of free men in electing 
 their own representatives to the Territorial 
 legistature; but until this can be done the laws 
 hitherto in existence will be continued until 
 changed or modified by competent authority; 
 and those persons holding office will continue 
 in the same for the present, provided they will 
 consider themselves good citizens and willing 
 to the take the oath of allegiance to the United 
 States. 
 
 The undersigned hereby absolves all persons 
 residing within the boundary of New Mexico 
 from further allegiance to the Republic of 
 Mexico, and hereby claims them as citizens of 
 the United States. Those who remain quiet 
 and peaceable will be considered as good 
 citizens and receive protection. Those who 
 found in arms, or instigating others, 
 
 are 
 
 against the United States, will be considered 
 traitors and treated accordingly. Don 
 
 as 
 
 Manuel Armijo, the late governor of this de- 
 partment, has fled from it. The undersigned 
 has taken possession of it without firing a gun 
 or shedding a drop of blood, in which he most 
 truly rejoices; and for the present will be con- 
 sidered as governor of this Territory. 
 
 Given under my hand and seal this 22d 
 day of August, A. D., 1846. 
 
 By the Governor, 
 
 S. W. KEARNY, 
 Brigader General, U. S. A. 
 
 It is to be noted that in the above procla- 
 mation the territory claimed is assumed to be on 
 " both sides of the Del Norte," and that by 
 some slip of the tongue or pen, the people still 
 found in arms against his troops are considered 
 "traitors." Either this was an inadvertency or 
 unnecessarily cruel; but we recall that in times 
 of war this word "traitor " is very commonly 
 used in an improper sense in the superfluous 
 zeal of ignorant people to appear loyal. 
 
 After the occupation representatives of 
 other towns and of the Indian pueblos, and 
 even of several of the principal Indian tribes 
 in the vicinity, came in to listen to the gener- 
 al's explanations of United States policy and to 
 offer peaceful submission to his authority. 
 Many who had fled from their homes on the 
 approach of the American army for fear of law- 
 less depredations soon witnessed the dignity 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 47 
 
 and sincerity of Kearny and his men and re- 
 turned contented. 
 
 A flagstaff was erected on the plaza, and 
 Fort Marcy, on an adjoining hill, was con- 
 structed and named in honor of the secretary 
 of war. Rumors of Mexican forces coming to 
 repulse Kearny caused the general to go south 
 for several days with a portion of his army to 
 reconnoiter, but he found no signs of enemies 
 marching towards Santa Fe. 
 
 On account of want of supplies and too 
 close military discipline, there was much suf- 
 fering and still more complaint among the 
 American soldiery during their sojourn at Santa 
 Fe. Later they went on to California, while 
 other United States forces passed along to 
 Mexico in the prosecution of the war in that 
 direction. Doniphan took possession of El 
 Paso December 27, and passed on into Chihua- 
 hua. During this campaign there were a few 
 skirmishes. 
 
 From the first day of occupation of New 
 Mexico at Santa Fe by General Kearny, Cap- 
 tain Waldo, of the volunteers, was set at work 
 translating all the Spanish and Mexican laws 
 into English that could be found at Santa Fe, 
 while Colonel Doniphan, a lawyer by profes- 
 sion, aided by Willard P. Hall, devoted his 
 time to the preparation of a code of laws, 
 which was published September 22, and is still 
 in force. It was printed in both English and 
 Spanish with the old press and type found at 
 the capital. This code was submitted to the 
 Government at Washington, together with "an 
 organic law of the Territory of New Mexico," 
 which provided for a permanent Territorial 
 organization under the laws of the United 
 States, naming the first Monday in August, 
 1847, as the day for electing a delegate to 
 Congress. 
 
 As Kearny in his proclamations and pro- 
 ceedings went a little farther than the letter of 
 his instructions would allow, and as by the 
 progress of events, various matters were taken 
 up by the North and South against each other, 
 with reference to the war with Mexico, issues 
 regarding the occupation of New Mexico, and 
 
 the establishment of a government therein 
 were introduced into Congress and between the 
 great political parties of the country, thus de- 
 laying many measures of public policy, which 
 might otherwise have been promptly and satis- 
 factorily adopted. 
 
 After the departure of Doniphan from San- 
 ta Fe rumors of plots against the Americans 
 became rife, and investigations instituted, with 
 the result of discovering one, planned on a 
 large scale, in which many of the leading citi- 
 zens were accomplices. Even a time was set 
 for a simultaneous uprising at night to prose- 
 j cute a general massacre of Americans; but the 
 revelations made by a mulatto woman led to 
 its extinguishment. Two of the chiefs in the 
 plot, Ortiz and Archuleta, fled to the South. 
 There were a number of favorable conditions 
 for a revolt, the sickness and want of sup- 
 plies suffered by the United States forces, ex- 
 cesses by some of the soldiers, the remoteness 
 of the United States army from the base of 
 supplies, exaggerated news from the war in 
 Mexico, etc. ; yet, with all these, the mass of 
 the people remained quiet, patiently waiting a 
 reasonable length of time for the fulfillment of 
 the promises made by Kearny. 
 
 Soon after the above occurrence a revolt 
 was actually inaugurated at Taos, and a num- 
 ber killed, but that little storm immediately 
 passed over. It had been the belief of the in- 
 stigators of this sally that it would become 
 general, but, like nearly all schemes designed 
 for popularity, the people in general did not 
 respond. The plotters fortified themselves in 
 the pueblo at Taos, and were taken by General 
 Price, with a loss of about 1 50 Indians killed, 
 and seven killed and forty-five wounded among 
 the Americans. Tomas and Pablo Montoya, 
 leaders in this conspiracy, were killed, while 
 Manuel Cortes, another leader, was permitted 
 to live. The latter afterward continued his 
 raids east of the mountains at times during the 
 following season. 
 
 The Taos insurrection extended to Mora, 
 where 300 or 400 established themselves for 
 fight; they were driven from that place and 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 overtaken in a deep canyon of the Red river, 
 where a fight took place, and during the inter- 
 vening night they fled, and were not again over- 
 taken. 
 
 In June, 1847, there was trouble at Las 
 Vegas. Lieutenant Robert T. Brown and three 
 men, pursuing horse-thieves, were killed; where- 
 upon Major Edmondson made an attack, killed 
 ten or twelve men, found indications of a new 
 revolt, captured the town and sent some fifty 
 prisoners to Santa Fe. In July a party of 
 thirty-one soldiers was attacked at La Cienega, 
 not far from Taos, Lieutenant Larkin and five 
 others being killed. On the approach of re- 
 enforcements, however, the enemy fled. In the 
 same month Edmonson found about 400 insur- 
 gents at La Cuesta, and took fifty captives, 
 the rest fleeing to the mountains. 
 
 Of the prisoners sent in to Santa Fe by 
 Price and later by his officers, fifteen or more 
 were tried by court martial, and being found 
 guilty were executed. These included six of 
 the murderers of Brown and his party. Others 
 were flogged and set at liberty, while still 
 others were turned over to the civil authorities. 
 
 During these first days of United States 
 rule in New Mexico, the humiliated and indig- 
 nant Mexicans, especially at remote points, 
 naturally stirred up prejudice among the In- 
 dians, who in turn would naturally render 
 themselves more reckless and predatory, and 
 thus a great deal of trouble was caused to the 
 overland traders. These little plots and revolts 
 and predatory raids were nothing more than 
 the old habit kept up from time immemorial. 
 Such a disposition has ever been characteristic 
 of the people; it is their nature, and always 
 will be. Excuse or no excuse, prospect or not 
 of final victory, fighting and robbing constitute 
 their "normal" employment. 
 
 For some time after the suppression of 
 the revolts just alluded to, the government of 
 New Mexico was a poor one, and the people 
 were actually suffering more than before 
 American occupation. The military was badly 
 demoralized, Indians continued to make their 
 characteristic raids upon the natives, believing 
 
 that the United States people were in sym- 
 pathy with them as against the natives, and 
 the civil government was weak, having no au- 
 thority back of it excepting the military. In 
 the records extant many small details of 
 troubles are given concerning this period, but 
 all of them can be classified under the above 
 heads. They were all small affairs, but numer- 
 ous and continuous. 
 
 The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, finally 
 ratified May 30, 1848, was the forced agree- 
 ment signed as the final result of the great war 
 with Mexico; and by this treaty New Mexico, 
 as well as Arizona and California, became a 
 portion of the United States. Not before this 
 could our general Government recognize New 
 Mexico as a Territory of the United States and 
 establish a civil government therein. The 
 south boundary of the Territory was described 
 in the treaty as the Rio Grande, the upper 
 Gila, and a line uniting these two rivers just 
 above the latitude of El Paso. 
 
 The establishment of a form of civil gov- 
 ernment with all its necessary machinery was 
 naturally a slow process, irritating the feelings 
 of those residents of the Territory who were 
 well-wishers of 'the public welfare. The peo- 
 ple were given a choice of citizenship between 
 the two republics, and pending a decision were 
 assured full protection. The immediate effect 
 of the treaty had scarcely any visible effect 
 upon New Mexican affairs. The military regime 
 was properly at an end, and the civil form of 
 government it had been keeping up was or- 
 dered to be continued by Congress until a 
 Territorial government could be established. 
 The governors of this realm, therefore, had a 
 perplexing task before them. 
 
 On the advice of Senator Benton the people 
 of the Territory held a convention to devise a 
 simple and cheap government to serve until 
 Congress could provide for them; but they did 
 little else than to send a memorial to Congress 
 asking for a speedy organization of civil gov- 
 ernment, also protesting against dismember- 
 ment in favor of Texas and against the intro- 
 duction of slavery. In September, 1849, an- 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 49 
 
 other convention assembled at Santa Fe, con- 
 sisting of nineteen delegates elected by the 
 people under a proclamation issued by Lieu- 
 tenant Colonel Beall, acting as governor in 
 Major Washington's absence. This body elec- 
 ted Hugh N. Smith as a delegate to Congress, 
 and also adopted a plan for a Territorial gov- 
 ernment, the establishment of which he was to 
 urge at Washington, and prepared a series of 
 instructions for his guidance. In these instruc- 
 tions no notice was taken of slavery or of 
 Texan encroachments, as was done in former 
 documents, the Territory simply was to be 
 bounded on the east by Texas; but Congress, 
 after a long debate, finally refused, by a vote 
 of ninety-two to eighty-six, to admit Smith as 
 a delegate. Even before this vote was taken, 
 however, according to advice from Washing- 
 ton, the local authorities of the people of New 
 Mexico attempted organization as a State. 
 By proclamation of Governor Monroe, in 
 April, 1850, a convention assembled at Santa 
 Fe on the i 5th of May, under the presidency 
 of James H. Quinn, and after a session of ten 
 days framed a constitution for the "State of 
 New Mexico. " This document prohibited 
 slavery and fixed as the eastern and western 
 boundaries the looth and iiith meridians, 
 respectively. This constitution was submitted 
 to the people by the military governor's order 
 of May 28, requiring an election to be held 
 June 20, at which time the people were to 
 elect State officers, representatives to Con- 
 gress, etc., and representatives to a State 
 legislature. 
 
 The election resulted in the adoption of 
 this constitution by a vote of 8,371 to 39, and 
 Henry Connelly was elected governor by a 
 large majority over an opposing candidate. 
 The legislature met and elected Francis A. 
 Cunningham and Richard H. Weightman Unit- 
 ed States senators, appointments were made, 
 and almost everything done necessary to set in 
 motion a fully manned State government. But 
 the military governor could not allow a recog- 
 nition of these proceedings, as New Mexico 
 had not yet been admitted into the Union as a 
 
 4 
 
 State, and this position he successfully main- 
 tained to the end. 
 
 In regard to the political condition of the 
 newly-acquired territory from Mexico there 
 were three theories, thus summarized by the 
 historian Bancroft: 
 
 "First, that the treaty put an end to the 
 Mexican system and to the temporary system 
 of the military regime, leaving no government 
 at all, but a right on the part of Congress to 
 impose a government, and on the part of the 
 people, pending Congressional action, to or- 
 ganize one for themselves. This was the set- 
 tlers' theory. 
 
 ' ' Secondly, that the laws of New Mexico, 
 that is, the Mexican laws, not inconsistent 
 with the constitution and treaties of the Unit- 
 ed States, were still in force, and must still 
 continue in force till changed by competent 
 authority, that is, by that of Congress; mean- 
 while the military commandant was civil gov- 
 ernor. This was the position assumed 1847 
 to 1850 by the military governor, Bennett B. 
 Riley, of California, where the status of simi- 
 lar territory was the same. 
 
 ' ' Thirdly, that the temporary system of 
 the military interregnum, virtually the Mexican 
 law as modified by necessity, remained in force 
 as a de facto government with the consent of 
 the people, a consent presumed as an alter- 
 nate of a state of anarchy, and could be changed 
 only by Congress. This theory, in a practical 
 sense not differing much from the second, was 
 that held by the administration at Washing- 
 ton, and inculcated in various instructions to 
 officers in New Mexico and California, and it 
 was virtually the one maintained to the end in 
 the former Territory." 
 
 The irrepressible slavery question was na- 
 turally introduced into national politics con- 
 cerning the Territories, which caused long 
 delays in reaching a conclusion; but at no 
 time was there a decision as to which one of 
 the above theories concerning the status of 
 the Mexican territories lately ceded to the 
 United States was correct. Nor did Con- 
 gress, or even the people of the North gen- 
 
HIS TON T OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 erally, seem fully to realize the pressing needs 
 of the people of New Mexico, so absorbed were 
 they in the general question of slavery. 
 
 The eastern boundary of this Territory was 
 an unsettled question, seriously affecting the 
 people. Texas has ever claimed the Rio 
 Grande from its mouth to its source as her 
 western boundary, and such a claim included 
 New Mexico; but this claim was never recog- 
 nized as legitimate by all the parties concerned; 
 nor had Texas ever exercised her authority in 
 this section, her jurisdiction here being always 
 nominal. Her only attempted invasion of this 
 realm proved a most disastrous failure. The 
 general government, however, seemed to side 
 with Texas, at least temporarily. The secre- 
 tary of war, for example, gave the following 
 instructions to the commandant of New Mexi- 
 co, March 26, 1849: 
 
 "In regard to that part of what the Mexi- 
 cans called New Mexico, lying east of the Rio 
 Grande, the civil authority which Texas has 
 established or may establish there is to be re- 
 spected, and in no manner interfered with by 
 the military force in that department, other- 
 wise than to lend aid on proper occasions in 
 sustaining it. It is not expected that Texas 
 will undertake to extend her civil government 
 over the remote region designated; but should 
 she do so you will confine your action to ar- 
 ranging your command in such a manner as 
 not to come in conflict with the authorities so 
 constituted. On the claim of Texas to any or 
 the whole of New Mexico east of the Rio 
 Grande, it is not necessary to give an opinion, 
 as Congress and that State alone have the 
 power of adjusting it." 
 
 Texas went so far as to organize, on paper, 
 the Territory of New Mexico into a county of 
 that State; and in 1850 sent Robert S. Neigh- 
 bors as a commissioner here to divide the 
 country east of the Rio del Norte into several 
 counties, for that State, and to hold elections 
 in them for county officers. His mission be- 
 coming known here, it was loudly denounced in 
 public meetings throughout the Territory. He 
 issued a proclamation appointing the time and 
 
 places for an election, but no one went to the 
 polls, and the movement fell to the ground. 
 
 Previous to the above occurrence, as early 
 as 1847, Texas had sent Judge Beard to New 
 Mexico to hold court here, but Colonel Munroe 
 paid no attention to him, proceeding to order 
 an election for a delegate to Congress. 
 
 In 1850, the prospect of a conflict of arms 
 becoming imminent, Congress was led to a 
 compromise with references to the slavery 
 question in the settlement of the Territorial 
 status of New Mexico. By this compromise a 
 more stringent fugitive-slave law was adopted 
 on the one hand, while on the other the slave 
 trade was prohibited in the District of Colum- 
 bia, and California was admitted' as a free 
 State. New Mexico and Utah, embracing all 
 the rest of the newly acquired domain, were 
 admitted as Territories without conditions pro- 
 hibiting slavery; and Texas was paid $10,000,- 
 ooo, about half of which amount may be con- 
 sidered as payment for her claim to New Mexi- 
 co. This last measure was probably brought 
 about by the creditors of that State, which 
 was deeply in debt. 
 
 This adjustment, due mostly to the wisdom 
 of the great statesman, Henry Clay, was satis- 
 factory to all the sections concerned. The 
 South won the main point at issue, by defeat- 
 ing all measures designed to prohibit slavery in 
 the Territories, but lost a possible chance of 
 making southern California a slave State; while 
 the North, though forced to recede from its 
 original uncompromising position, gained a free 
 State and made no permanent concessions to 
 slavery. 
 
 In August and September, this year (1850), 
 both the Texas boundary bill and the one or- 
 ganizing the Territory of New Mexico were 
 passed by Congress and approved by the pres- 
 ident; but they were not to go into effect until 
 Texas had formally accepted the boundary, 
 which she did November 24. The boundary 
 was as follows: 
 
 " Beginning at a point in the Colorado 
 river where the boundary line with the Repub- 
 lic of Texas crosses the same; thence east- 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 wardly with the said boundary line to the Rio 
 Grande; thence following the main channel of 
 the said river to the parallel of the thirty-second 
 degree of north latitude; thence east with said 
 degree to its intersection with the one hundred 
 and third degree of longitude west of Green- 
 wich; thence north said degree of longitude to 
 the parallel of thirty-eight degrees north lati- 
 tude; thence west with said parallel to the 
 summit of the Sierra Madre; thence south with 
 the crest of said mountains to the thirty-seventh 
 degree of north latitude; thence west with the 
 said parallel to its intersection with the bound- 
 ary line of the State of California; thence with 
 said boundary line to the place of beginning." 
 
 That part lying west of longitude one hun- 
 dred and nine degrees was detached in 1863 to 
 form Arizona; and that part above latitude 
 thirty-seven degrees in 1 867 to form Colorado. 
 In 1854 a large addition was made by the 
 Gadsden purchase, most of which was detached 
 from New Mexico with Arizona. Utah, as or- 
 ganized in 1850, included what is now Nevada 
 and those parts of Colorado and Wyoming 
 which lie south of latitude forty-two degrees 
 and west of the Rocky mountains. A small 
 strip of the territory acquired from Mexico 
 lying between latitude thirty-eight degrees, the 
 mountains and the Arkansas river, does not 
 seem to have been provided for in the final 
 settlement of 1850. Congress reserved the 
 right to divide the Territory, or attach any 
 portion of it to any other Territory or State. 
 
 The new government of New Mexico did 
 not get into actual operation until March, 
 1851. 
 
 The treaty with Mexico brought within the 
 limits of the United States government about 
 120,000 Indians, over one-fourth of which 
 number were in New Mexico. Our Govern- 
 ment assumed the responsibility of protecting 
 the province from the incursions of hostile 
 tribes, an obligation it was impossible to ful- 
 fill, especially for a number of years. The 
 Navajos and Apaches were particularly trouble- 
 some. The Navajos, rich and prosperous and 
 excellent warriors, made the stealing of live 
 
 stock a regular business, boasting that they 
 would have exterminated the Mexicans long 
 previously did they not find them profitable as 
 shepherds; and the Apaches came to regard 
 their raids as a legitimate occupation, keeping 
 on friendly terms with disreputable traders of 
 American or Mexican nativity. They would 
 sometimes steal women and children for the sake 
 of obtaining money or property as a ransom. 
 The pueblo Indians continued peaceable, but 
 their political status presented several perplex- 
 ing problems to the statesman. 
 
 The first Indian agent for this Territory, 
 James S. Calhoun, who arrived in July, 
 
 1849, was an intelligent and conscientious 
 man, and made a thorough report of the In- 
 dians here .to the Government. He was not fur- 
 nished means to do much more than this. 
 Many other reports were also made by other 
 parties, all of which constitute a voluminous 
 mass of monotonous material. Indians con- 
 tinued to be Indians, despite all treaties and 
 bribes. 
 
 The survey of the boundary line between 
 the United States and Mexico under the treaty 
 of Guadalupe Hidalgo took place in the west 
 from the Pacific to the Colorado previous to 
 
 1850. In November, this year, John Russell 
 Bartlett, the new commissioner, arrived at El 
 Paso, where he was met by the Mexican com- 
 missioner, General Pedro Garcia Conde, and 
 they proceeded to adopt the necessary prelim- 
 inaries. 
 
 Early the next year (1851) the survey be- 
 gan; and, after some vexatious delays, caused 
 by differences of opinion concerning some 
 minor matters and the tardy arrival of Gray 
 and Graham, by September the region from 
 El Paso to the San Pedro had been explored 
 and the boundary line partly surveyed by the 
 Americans, and to its full extent by the Mexi- 
 cans. Dissensions between Bartlett and other 
 Americans served to delay the completion of 
 the work until some time in 1853, when Rob- 
 ert H. Campbell as commissioner, and W. H. 
 Emory as astronomer and surveyor, finished the 
 survey. 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 According to the treaty of 1848 the na- 
 tional boundary line was to follow up the Rio 
 Grande "to the point where it strikes the 
 southern boundary of New Mexico; thence 
 westward along the whole southern boundary 
 of New Mexico (which runs north of the town 
 called Paso) to its western termination; thence 
 northward along the western line of New Mex- 
 ico until it intersects the first branch of the 
 river Gila (or if it should not intersect any 
 branch of that river, then to the point on the 
 said line nearest to said branch, and thence in 
 a direct line to the same); thence down the 
 middle of said branch and said river until it 
 empties into the Rio Colorado." 
 
 It appears from all before us that the west- 
 ern boundary of New Mexico was not defi- 
 nitely fixed, or even thought of; but had not 
 the map of Disturnell been finally referred to 
 in the above document its western boundary 
 would naturally have been the same meridian 
 as divides Chihuahua and Sonora, at about 
 1 08 degrees 30 minutes. The reference to this 
 map caused all the confusion that followed in 
 regard to the matter. Bartlett consented to 
 set the initial monument where latitude 32 de- 
 grees 22 minutes crosses the Rio Grande, by 
 way of compromise; but it seems that his sur- 
 vey was rejected by the Government, and a 
 line adopted on latitude 31 degrees 54 minutes 
 40 seconds from the Rio Grande west to longi- 
 tude 109 degrees 37 minutes, and on that 
 meridian north to the Santo Domingo river. 
 
 Before the agreement was made between 
 the United States and Mexican commissioners 
 upon the initial point of the survey, a few set- 
 tlers from Donna Ana, a little further north, 
 had entered the valley; and afterward a colony 
 from Chihuahua also settled there, and a dis- 
 pute was raised concerning the propriety of 
 the Bartlett line, not settled until the Gadsden 
 purchase naturally put an end to the contro- 
 versy. The Senate of the United States re- 
 ported against the Bartlett line, and in the 
 appropriation bill forbade the spending of any 
 more money on the survey until it should ap- 
 pear that the line was not farther north of El 
 
 Paso than was indicated on Disturnell's map. 
 
 In New Mexico there was an intense feel- 
 ing on this subject, and in the press there 
 seemed to be a considerable breeze to the effect 
 that there might be another war with Mexico. 
 The only trouble left in later years was the 
 dispute concerning the validity of the Mexican 
 colony grants made after 1848, and therefore 
 not protected by the treaty of Guadalupe 
 Hidalgo. 
 
 As to citizenship, according to the treaty, 
 the people of fiew Mexico had their choice, 
 either to remain as American citizens or return 
 to Mexico, or if they remained in the Terri- 
 tory over a year they were to be considered 
 American citizens any way. Of course, some 
 went to Mexico, probably about 1,200 alto- 
 gether, although the Mexicans made consider- 
 able effort to induce an exodus of about 80,000. 
 
 The Congressional act organizing the Ter- 
 ritory of New Mexico had no unusual features. 
 A few Territorial officers were provided for, at 
 low salaries. The first officials appointed by 
 the president in 1851 were: James S. Calhoun, 
 governor (for some years previously superin- 
 tendent of Indian, affairs); Hugh N. Smith, 
 not confirmed by the Senate and replaced by 
 William S. Allen, secretary; Grafton Baker, 
 chief justice, with John S. Watts and Horace 
 Mower as associates; Elias P. West, attorney; 
 and John G. Jones, marshal. 
 
 Governor Calhoun ordered an election of 
 members of a legislature, which body was 
 ready to work by the month of June, 1851. 
 He was a politician of considerable executive 
 ability, honorable in his intentions and popular, 
 but intemperate. He was, on account of ill- 
 ness, for some time unable to attend to official 
 duties, and he died in June, 1852, on his way 
 to the States. His place was then filled by the 
 military commander, Colonel E. V. Sumner, 
 in the absence of the secretary, the official 
 successor to the governor. William Carr Lane, 
 appointed by the president, arrived in Septem- 
 ber, assuming the office of governor. Sum- 
 ner's assumption of the executive office was 
 criticised by many as unwarranted. 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 53 
 
 In his report to the Government Sumner 
 was very "pessimistic." According to him no 
 civil government emanating from the United 
 States could be maintained without an army, 
 making it virtually a military government, 
 costly and burdensome to the nation, without 
 helping the New-Mexicans even then; and they 
 would in turn become all the more worthless 
 as public money was spent in the country. 
 Said he, "Withdraw all the troops and civil 
 officers and let the people elect their own civil 
 officers and conduct their government in their 
 own way, under the general supervision of our 
 Government. It would probably assume a 
 similar form to the one found here in 1846, 
 viz., a civil government, but under the entire 
 control of the governor. This change would 
 be highly gratifying to the people. There 
 would be a pronunciamento every month or 
 two, but these would be of no consequence, as 
 they are very harmless when confined to Mex- 
 icans alone! " 
 
 The controversies among the leading citi- 
 zens of New Mexico continued meanwhile along 
 the old lines, namely, between those who 
 favored and those who opposed military re- 
 gime, etc. 
 
 The secretary of war at Washington went 
 even so far as to advise the Government to 
 buy all New Mexican property, either for 
 money or in exchange for other lands, and 
 abandoning the Territory, as much cheaper 
 than employing a military force at an annual 
 cost of nearly half the total value of the real 
 estate. Certainly, it would have been cheaper, 
 but was not practical on account of treaty 
 rights, etc. Congress could not entertain such 
 radical and drastic measures, but continued to 
 pursue its old policies. 
 
 Governor Lane was a gentleman of supe- 
 rior ability, but his rule ended with his futile 
 attempt to be elected a delegate to Congress, 
 when Padre Gallegos was chosen instead. 
 
 The first legislative assembly convened at 
 Santa Fe June 2, 1851. A large majority of 
 the members were natives of the Territory, 
 and elected by the very extensive and influen- 
 
 tial families to which they belonged, while the 
 masses of the people took little or no interest 
 in public affairs. 
 
 The members were, as a rule, patriotic and 
 able men, rarely accused of corruption. In 
 session they puffed their cigarettes and indulged 
 in other peculiarities of conduct unknown to 
 American assemblies, but their work was of 
 as good quality as the average of similar bodies 
 in the United States. Their proceedings were 
 conducted in the Spanish language, and the 
 laws published in both Spanish and English. 
 As might be expected, some of the members of 
 this first legislature were very ignorant. Fol- 
 lowing are two amusing instances: 
 
 Upon one occasion, during an election 
 for officers of the house (lower branch of the 
 legislative council) the vote was being taken 
 for engrossing clerk, when one of the mem- 
 bers, when his name was called, came forward 
 to the speaker's chair and asked, "What do 
 you want with me, sir? " He was told that 
 his name was called that he might vote on the 
 question before the house, when he returned 
 to his seat. In a few minutes his name was 
 called again, when as before he demanded, 
 ' ' What do you want with me, sir? " He was 
 again instructed as to what was required of 
 him, and a second time he took his seat. His 
 name was now called a third time, and, as be- 
 fore, he asked the same question, desiring to 
 know why his name was called so many times. 
 At this stage of the proceedings a friend caught 
 the obtuse member by the coat-tail and direct- 
 ed him for whom to vote. 
 
 Upon another occasion, when a vote was 
 being taken viva voce, a member (an Ameri- 
 can) who felt no interest in the question, re- 
 plied to the call of the clerk, " Blank." The 
 next member called was a Mexican, who, sup- 
 posing that his predecessor had voted for a 
 bona fide person, and having confidence in his 
 choice, replied, " I also vote for Mr. Blank! " 
 
 Down to 1869-70 the sessions of the legis- 
 lature were held annually. In 1866-7 a bill 
 was passed by the house amending the organic 
 act and providing for biennial sessions, and 
 
54 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 this became a law for all Territories in 1869; 
 and from 1871 the New Mexico assembly met 
 biennially, though in 1873-4, and again in 
 1876, memorials in favor of yearly sessions 
 were sent to Congress. 
 
 By act of Congress in 1871 the legislature 
 was authorized to meet on the first Monday in 
 December; but in 1876 this date was changed 
 to the first Monday in January. The same 
 body again changed the time from the even to 
 the odd years, beginning with 1883, and mem- 
 bers were elected accordingly; but for want of 
 an appropriation from Congress no change was 
 made. Very nearly the same effect, however, 
 was accomplished by an act of 1884, changing 
 the date from January to December, 1886. 
 
 By an act of 1869 $5 a day was added to 
 the pay of the members of the legislative as- 
 sembly, to be received from the Federal Gov- 
 ernment, which in 1878 was fixed by Congress 
 at $4, with $6 for the president and the speaker. 
 At the same time the number of councilmen 
 was limited to twelve and of representatives to 
 twenty-four. 
 
 In 1 880 the sessions were limited to sixty 
 days. 
 
 In the composition of the legislative assem- 
 blies Spanish names occur rather more often 
 than previously. 
 
 In politics the legislature has been nomi- 
 nally Republican, though political considera- 
 tions have always been secondary to those of 
 a local and personal nature. 
 
 In 1 884 there was a wrangle over the or- 
 ganization of the legislature, when the council- 
 men from Bernalillo and Santa Fe were re- 
 fused their seats on allegations of fraudulent 
 election, and the contestants were sworn in by 
 the secretary, without certificates, on the vote 
 of the other members that they were entitled 
 prima facie to seats. This led to the organ- 
 ization of a rival council, under the manage- 
 ment of J. F. Chavez, and to much contro- 
 versy. 
 
 The laws of chief public interest adopted 
 by the first several legislatures are as follows: 
 
 1851-2: Declaring a bill of rights; mak- 
 
 ing Santa Fe the capital; providing that exist- 
 ing laws not repugnant to those of the United 
 States and the organic act be still in force, ex- 
 cept the registry of lands under the Kearny 
 code; for publication of laws in English and 
 Spanish, 500 copies; for a board of commis- 
 sioners to compile a code; the legislature to 
 meet the first Monday in December; organiz- 
 ing the militia; defining judicial districts; pro- 
 viding for the election of delegates to Congress, 
 and thirteen councilmen, on the first Monday 
 in September every two years from 1853; of 
 twenty-six representatives yearly from 1852, 
 and of county officers yearly from 1851; voters 
 must be white men and^connected with the 
 army; resolution asking Congress- for the pro- 
 tection of wood and timber, salt marshes, etc. , 
 and perpetuation of Mexican mining law; 
 memorial asking for a road from Taos to Santa 
 Fe, and for a geological and mining survey of 
 the Territory; dividing the Territory into nine 
 counties and apportioning the number of legis- 
 lators; establishing an annual fair of eight days 
 from August 8 at Las Vegas; repealing the ad- 
 valorem tax on merchandise, which according 
 to the Kearny code was one-fourth of one per 
 cent; for all who pay the present license tax; 
 making occupation and improvement on public 
 land a transferrable interest; providing for pub- 
 lic irrigating ditches and retention of old regu- 
 lations; making six per cent the legal interest; 
 establishing justices' courts; licensing gambling 
 houses at county seats at $600; resolution 
 asking for military aid against the Indians; ex- 
 tending session to ninety days, and protesting 
 against any treaty with the Navajos not in- 
 cluding a restoration of Mexican captives and 
 indemnity for past injuries. 
 
 1852-3: Forbidding sale of liquor to Indi- 
 ans excepting the Pueblos; enabling owners 
 to obtain property recovered from Indians by 
 traders, paying not less than ten per cent; 
 establishing an annual fair of eight days from 
 February 2 at Donna Ana; relating to robbery, 
 punishment of drunkards, etc. ; pimps to get 
 thirty lashes in public and ride on an ass on 
 feast day accompanied by the town crier; 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 55 
 
 authorizing the erection of public buildings, 
 and punishing vagrancy; resolution asking for 
 a regiment of rangers; claiming the right to 
 hunt buffalo and other game on the plains ad- 
 joining New Mexico, lately interfered with by 
 the military in behalf of the Indians; memor- 
 ials, asking that judges be familiar with the 
 Spanish language; asking for a penitentiary to 
 cost $50,000; for a yearly appropriation for 
 education, for roads to other States and Terri- 
 tories, especially to the Missouri State line, 
 for mail facilities and for wells on the Jornada. 
 
 1853-4: Establishing annual fairs at Las 
 Cruces, Albuquerque andSocorro; and memor- 
 ials on roads, geological survey, artesian wells 
 in the Jornada, archives, Indians, Mexican 
 land grants, public buildings and Fort Atkin- 
 son; resolutions on route from Independence 
 to California, and bridges across the Rio 
 Grande. 
 
 1854-5: Acts establishing annual fairs at 
 Mesilla, eight days from March i ; at Tome, 
 twelve days from September i ; and at Santa 
 Fe, eight days from July 4; authorizing the 
 governor to call out i ,000 volunteers for Indian 
 service when expedient; attaching the Gads- 
 den purchase to Donna Ana county; and per- 
 mitting probate judges to issue gambling 
 licenses in and out of county seats. 
 
 Trading at these fairs was free from all tax- 
 ation, and gambling was permitted by the pay- 
 ment of a small license. At Santa Fe all the 
 prohibited games might be played free of 
 license, and the occasion was also to be dis- 
 tinguished by the delivery of an oration and 
 other literary exercises; and the pueblo Indians 
 were invited to attend and give their character- 
 istic dances. But the acts establishing these 
 fairs were repealed in 1856-7. 
 
 In regard to agricultural, pastoral, mining 
 and other industrial interests of the Territory, 
 the general method was to continue the old 
 Mexican regime. Most of these old regulations 
 were superceded in later years by general 
 legislation. 
 
 At the first session of the legislature the 
 capital was fixed at Santa Fe, where it had al- 
 
 ways been, and has since remained, without 
 controversy. In 1850 Congress appropriated 
 $20,000 for the erection of public buildings, 
 with which the foundations of a grand capitol 
 were laid, on a lot adjoining the old palacio. 
 In 1854 another appropriation, of $50,000, 
 was obtained, and with it the walls of an awk- 
 ward and ill-planned structure were raised a 
 story and a half, to stand in that condition for 
 over thirty years! During this time the old 
 adobe palace served all public purposes. 
 
 At its subsequent session the first legisla- 
 ture divided New Mexico into nine counties, 
 Taos, Rio Arriba, Santa Fe, San Miguel, San- 
 ta Ana, Bernalillo, Valencia, Socorroand Don- 
 na Ana, with the names and bounds sub- 
 stantially as in earlier days. In 1854-5 tne 
 Gadsden purchase was added to Donna Ana 
 county, but in 1859-60 was organized into a 
 new county of Arizona. In 1861-2, however, 
 on the organization of Arizona Territory, the 
 county act was repealed, and all of Arizona re- 
 maining in New Mexico was restored to Donna 
 Ana county. In 1860 the county of Mora 
 was created in the northeast, with the seat of 
 government at San Gertrudes de Mora. In 
 1 86 1 San Juan county was created in the north- 
 west, with its capital at Baker City; but the 
 next year this act was repealed. 
 
 As the Territorial officers and the members 
 of the legislature were paid, during the period 
 above considered, by the United States Gov- 
 ernment, the burdens of taxation upon the citi- 
 zens of New Mexico were not heavy. The 
 total valuation of property in 1850 was $5,- 
 174,471, and in 1860 $20,838,780. During 
 the latter year the total taxation was $29,790; 
 and in this year the Territorial debt was only 
 $3.673, which was constantly diminished until 
 1863, by which time there was a surplus in the 
 treasury of $3,080. 
 
 As to popular education, this was at a lower 
 stage than anywhere else in the whole United 
 States. In 1850, according to the census, 
 there were 25,085 adults in the Territory who 
 could neither read nor write, and in 1860, 32,- 
 785. In 1860 there were 600 pupils (though 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 one table makes the attendance 1,466) being 
 educated, in four colleges, academies or private 
 schools, with 33 teachers and a revenue of only 
 $13,149. Practically there were no public 
 schools at all. The priests, while they dimly 
 saw some advantage in public education, such 
 were their prejudices and old habits that they 
 practically stood in the way of any new meas- 
 ure that might be proposed. At the session of 
 1854-5 the legislature passed an act establish- 
 ing a system of public schools, to be supported 
 by a tax of fifty cents for each child, the justice 
 of the peace to employ a teacher and require 
 attendance from November to April, and the 
 probate judge to act as county superintendent; 
 and this was the system for many years. 
 
 During the period above mentioned all in- 
 dustries were at a standstill. Indian depreda- 
 tions were worse than ever. Merchandise was 
 brought from Missouri over the Santa Fe trail. 
 Davis, in El Gringo, estimates that the annual 
 amount of this merchandise was three quarters 
 of a million dollar's worth, the freight costing 
 nine to ten cents a pound. The trains arrived 
 in August, after a trip of forty-five to sixty 
 days. The circulating medium was gold from 
 California and silver from Mexico, the mer- 
 chants making their drafts obtained of United 
 States officials. Merchants paid a license for 
 transacting business. 
 
 During the decade ending in 1 860 there was 
 a marked increase in the number, size and 
 value of the farms, though a diminution in cul- 
 tivated acreage, showing that the herding in- 
 terests were expanding. 
 
 The first artesian well was bored in 1858-9 
 near Galisteo, as an experiment, to the depth of 
 1,300 feet, resulting in obtaining good water, 
 which, however, did not rise to the surface, 
 an aid to travelers but worthless for irrigation. 
 
 All irrigable lands were owned by private 
 parties and but slowly improved, and as immi- 
 gration was very slow, the importance of im- 
 proving them or of opening up public lands 
 was not pressing. In 1853 Congress gave to 
 every citizen residing here previous to that 
 period, or settling here before 1858, a donation 
 
 of 1 60 acres of land, to be patented after four 
 years' occupation. The usual grant of two 
 sections in each township, Nos. 16 and 36 for 
 schools, and two townships for a university, 
 was also made. 
 
 At this time also, under provision made by 
 Congress, a survey of the public lands was 
 commenced. Surveyor General Pelham ar- 
 rived in December, 1853, and in the following 
 April established an initial point for base and 
 meridian lines at a hill on the west bank of the 
 Rio Grande, in latitude 30 degrees 19 minutes. 
 From this beginning the surveys were slowly 
 advanced from year to year, the appropriations 
 for the work being small. The authorities at 
 Washington deemed it not expedient to pro- 
 ceed with the work to a great extent until cer- 
 tain private and Indian claims could be settled. 
 Besides, the remoteness of the public lands 
 from the settlements rendered the work of sur- 
 veying particularly dangerous. Although a 
 land office was established at Santa Fe in 1858, 
 down to 1863 there were no sales. About 100 
 donation claims were filed, but only a few 
 patented. The total area surveyed during this 
 period was 2,293,142 acres, the area of the 
 whole territory being 77,568,640 acres, or 
 121,201 square miles. 
 
 The best lands, which were along the water- 
 courses, had been for centuries occupied by a 
 people who had a careless method of describ- 
 ing the boundaries of their possessions and 
 wording their title deeds; and hence there has 
 been an infinite amount of trouble in settling 
 many claims which have come within the juris- 
 diction of New Mexico from old Mexican times. 
 
 There was scarcely any mining done in the 
 period 1851-63. On account of slight immi- 
 gration, and especially constant Indian hostili- 
 ties, the conditions were unfavorable for mining 
 industries; yet the soldiers and others did some- 
 thing incidentally in the way of prospecting, 
 making some good discoveries. The census 
 reports of 1860 mention only one silver mine 
 and three of copper, all in Dona Ana county, 
 employing 390 workmen and producing $212,- 
 ooo; but the governor, in his message of 1861-2, 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 57 
 
 alludes to thirty gold lodes at Finos Altos, em- 
 ploying 300 miners and producing $40 to $350 
 per ton of ore; also to rich gold placers near 
 Fort Stanton, and to work at Placer mountain 
 near Santa Fe, besides the copper mines at 
 Santa Rita and Hanover. But all work was 
 suspended during the Confederate invasion of 
 1861-2; after that the industry in a small way 
 was revived. 
 
 In some cases of election of delegates to 
 Congress charges of fraud were freely made, the 
 strife being principally between two factions of 
 the Catholic church, one headed by Bishop 
 Lamy, of French ancestry, whose party were 
 regarded as newcomers and intruders by the 
 old Spanish element. Father Gallegos, of the 
 latter class, was elected in 1853, and his elec- 
 tion was unsuccessfully contested by ex-Gover- 
 nor Lane, who claimed, among other things, 
 that the votes of pueblo Indians for himself had 
 been illegally rejected. In 1855 Gallegos was 
 was again elected, according to the governor's 
 certificate, but this time his seat was success- 
 fully contested by Otero. The principal claim 
 made in this contest was the voting of men who, 
 after the treaty with Mexico, had chosen to re- 
 main citizens of that country, but had now 
 changed their minds, yet had made their choice, 
 as was claimed, not in due legal form. The 
 controversy lasted many years. 
 
 These delegates were men of fair ability, 
 and probably did as well by their constituency 
 as the circumstances would allow; for Congress 
 could not be induced to take great interest in 
 New-Mexican affairs. 
 
 United States explorations for the purpose 
 of discovering the best railroad routes and for 
 other (scientific) purposes, were made through 
 and near New Mexico as follows: In 1851, 
 by Sitgreaves, and by Captain John Pope from 
 Santa Fe to Fort Leavenworth by way of the 
 Cimarron river and Cedar creek; in 1852, by 
 Captains Marcy and McClellan; in 1853, by 
 Major J. H. Carleton, with a detachment of 
 100 men, from Albuquerque to Casa Colorada, 
 Abo, Quarra and Gran Quivira; in 1853-4, by 
 Whipple; in 1854, by Captain Pope, a railroad 
 
 survey of the thirty-second parallel from the 
 Red river to the Rio Grande; in 1854-5, by 
 Parke; in 1857, by Beale; in 1858, by Ives; and 
 in 1859, by Captain Macomb, in the north- 
 western portions of the Territory and in the 
 adjoining parts of Colorado and Utah. 
 
 From 1851 to 1863 New Mexico was the 
 Ninth Military Department of the United 
 States. In 1851 it was commanded by Col- 
 onel John Monroe; in 1851-2, by Colonel E. 
 V. Sumner; 1852-4 Colonel Thomas J. Faunt- 
 leroy; 1854-8, General John Garland; 1858-9, 
 Colonel B. L. E. Bonneville; 1859-60, Faunt- 
 leroy again; 1860-1, Colonel W. H. Loring; 
 1861-2, Lieutenant Colonel E. R. S. Canby; 
 and in 1862-3, by General James H. Carleton. 
 
 The force under these commanders up to 
 1858 was from 1,400 to 1,800 men, and after- 
 ward from 2,000 to 4,000, distributed gener- 
 erally at Forts Union, Marcy, Defiance, Craig, 
 Stanton, Fillmore, Bliss and Sumner. 
 
 The military headquarters was successively 
 at Santa Fe, Fort Union, Albuquerque, and 
 from 1852 again at Santa Fe. 
 
 The above described force was utterly in- 
 adequate to carry out the promise of pro- 
 tection made by General Kearny in 1846, when 
 he first took possession of New Mexico in behalf 
 of the United States. The Indians were as 
 bad as during the Mexican period, if not even 
 worse, as indeed was claimed by many resi- 
 dents. 
 
 Owing to the want of a definite policy at 
 Washington concerning the best method of 
 treating the Indian question, the people here 
 in the Territory, in their helplessness, enter- 
 tained a variety of theories, some for exter- 
 mination, some for enforced residence within 
 reservations, and some for a combination of 
 the last method with that of feeding the red 
 men at Government expense, etc. The Gov- 
 ernment dallied along, sending the soldiery out 
 after the Indians on occasions, to chastise or 
 j recover plunder, but establishing no effectual 
 method of " protecting" the people from pred- 
 atory incursions. 
 
 During this period the number of wild In- 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 dians in New Mexico was about 17,000, be- 
 sides the 7,000 peaceable Pueblos. This num- 
 ber comprises about 10,000 Navajos in the 
 northwest, 2,000 Utes in the north, and 5,000 
 Apaches in the rest of the Territory. Other 
 tribes, of course, often extended their raids 
 into New Mexico, and also some of the same 
 tribes as those mentioned who generally made 
 their sojourn without the limits of the Terri- 
 tory. In their raids they seldom took life 
 simply for the sake of killing people, but only 
 incidental to their plundering. Women and 
 children were sometimes captured and made 
 slaves, and as such were sometimes sold to 
 distant tribes. The number of whites who lost 
 their lives at the hands of the Indians was 
 probably between 200 and 300, while the 
 property lost may have amounted to a million 
 dollars. 
 
 Colonel Sumner assumed command in July, 
 1851, and was somewhat successful in carry- 
 ing out his instructions, selecting new sites for 
 military posts, reducing military expenses and 
 in chastising the most hostile Indians. During 
 the interval of peace, 1 8 5 2-3, some progress was 
 made with civil affairs, at great expense; but 
 the methods proposed were not approved by 
 Congress, and soon the " hostiles " were again 
 on the war-path. General Garland and his 
 officers made active campaigns in all directions 
 with detachments of the soldiery, often accom- 
 panied by volunteers, especially against the 
 Mescaleros, Jicarillas and Utes; treaties were 
 made by Governor Merriwether, but not ap- 
 proved, and thus were crippled the efforts of 
 the department to perfectly subdue the hostile 
 Indians. From 1858-61 there were many 
 fights with the Indians, with varying results. 
 
 Following is a summary of Indian affairs 
 from 1864 to 1884, according to Bancroft's 
 History: 
 
 1864: Depredations much less frequent 
 and serious than in former years, though the 
 Apaches are still hostile. The superintendent 
 declares that hostilities might have been pre- 
 vented by more liberal supplies of food. The 
 Commissioner of Indian Affairs notes no im- 
 
 provement under military management, but 
 thinks some experience is being gained for 
 future guidance. A member of the legislature 
 gives losses at the hands of Indians in the past 
 fifteen months at 99 killed, 47 wounded, 18 
 captured, and property stolen to the value of 
 $448,683. 
 
 1865: Superintendent complains of want 
 of funds; commissioner, that most agents can- 
 not speak English. The governor, in a pro- 
 clamation of May 4, forbids expeditions by 
 citizens, and all trade in captives. 
 
 1866: The settlement of claims of citizens 
 for Indian depredations, breaking up of peon- 
 age and captive slavery, and suspension of 
 raids by citizens, are urged. Agents should be 
 Americans, and their salaries not less than 
 $2,500 instead of $1,500. A special commis- 
 sion should select reservations, and whites 
 should be strictly excluded. A few bad In- 
 dians spoil the reputation of a whole tribe. 
 The Apaches may be made self-sustaining in 
 three years by liberal appropriations and good 
 management. The governor says the Indians 
 must be conquered and their right to roam 
 taken away by treaty, their reservation defined, 
 and to be at a distance from the white settle- 
 ments; that the United States should be lib- 
 eral in the donation of cloth, seeds, imple- 
 ments, etc., for ten years, and education be 
 enforced at an industrial school on each reser- 
 vation. 
 
 1867: Expenditures since United States 
 occupation, $4,000,000 a year; it would have 
 been much cheaper to buy the whole Territory 
 and turn it over to the Indians. 
 
 1868: The report to the Government is 
 devoted chiefly to an argument against turning 
 over Indian affairs to the War Department. 
 Arny was sent to Washington on a mission 
 connected with Indian affairs. The governor 
 is bitter against the United States for not send- 
 ing more troops, now that the war of the Re- 
 bellion is over; also against the Peace Com- 
 mission. He complains of constant depreda- 
 tions, and says the settlements must defend 
 themselves, as it is not best to call out the 
 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 59 
 
 militia. The Utes and Jicarillas are peaceful, 
 but constitutionally dishonest. Other Apaches 
 are hostile, and there is little hope for the 
 Navajos. The latter, 7,304 in number, were 
 removed this year to their old habitat as a reser- 
 vation in the northwestern corner of the Terri- 
 tory. Since then they have lived more quietly, 
 increasing in numbers and wealth, being more 
 inclined to raise live-stock than most other 
 Indians. 
 
 1869: The commission disapproves of 
 treaties with Indians as sovereign powers. No 
 decided improvement. The superintendent 
 says that nothing can be done till Congress 
 furnishes means to carry out the policy of feed- 
 ing as cheaper than fighting. 
 
 1871: Larger appropriations wanted. 
 Commissioner thinks that Grant's peace policy 
 has improved the character of the agents, etc. 
 Collyer says that for fifteen years the Apaches 
 have desired peace, but the agents have had 
 no means of feeding them. 
 
 1872: Some general progress, excepting 
 that it is impossible to control the Apaches. 
 While it is cheaper to feed than to fight them, 
 it is better to do both, by the hands of discreet 
 men. Superintendent should have authority 
 to investigate all claims. 
 
 1873: Superintendent reports matters gen- 
 erally in a satisfactory condition. Better 
 agents should be secured, at a higher salary. 
 Prompt appropriations would secure lower 
 prices for all goods. The commissioner thinks 
 the plan of appointing agents on the recom- 
 mendation of religious bodies is working well. 
 The governor says that Indian depredations no 
 longer amount to anything, a false impression 
 having gone abroad concerning that matter. 
 
 1874: Superintendent Dudley at Wash- 
 ington reports that not a single white person 
 had been killed during his term. 
 
 1875: Agents' reports show no troubles. 
 "Petition of citizens for the removal of the 
 Indians. 
 
 1876: Commissioner urges concentration, 
 allotment of lands in severalty, extension of 
 United States court, jurisdiction over the 
 
 Indians and the removal of New Mexican 
 Indians to Indian Territory. 
 
 1877-80: Nothing new, except that at the 
 end of 1 879 Apaches begin troubles again. 
 
 1881: The commissioner says: " To allow 
 the Indians to drag along year after year and 
 generation after generation in their old super- 
 stitions, laziness and filth, when we have the 
 power to elevate them, would be a lasting dis- 
 grace." No change to be expected as long as 
 the Indians are simply fed. All the Indians of 
 southern New Mexico should be removed 
 north, away from the frontier. On this latter 
 proposition the military authorities were 
 agreed. 
 
 1882-3: Nothing of general importance. 
 
 1884: The governor thinks no more raids 
 like those of 1880-2 in the south are likely to 
 occur. The legislature protests against dis- 
 crimination against New Mexico in the pur- 
 chase of supplies, and asks that New Mexico 
 be made a military department, with head- 
 quarters at Santa Fe. 
 
 The invasion of Confederate forces from 
 the South in 1861, during the great Civil war, 
 put an end to all efforts of the civil depart- 
 ment in behalf of the Apaches, and all of 
 them, including the Mescaleros, after the aban- 
 donment of Fort Stanton, threw off every re- 
 straint, and freely gave themselves up to hos- 
 tile raids. The Pueblos continued to live peace- 
 ably. 
 
 During the war "between the States" the 
 people of New Mexico were loyal to the Fed- 
 eral Government, only a few men of southern 
 origin and thoroughly imbued with the senti- 
 ments of the South, sympathizing with the 
 Confederacy. Being remote from the seat of 
 war, however, they were not enthusiastic. 
 There were no negro slaves in the Territory ex- 
 cepting a few body servants. Two other forms 
 of slavery were prevalent, however, namely: 
 Peonage and that of Indian captives. By the 
 former term is meant volunteer servitude 
 for debt, generally for debt which increased 
 as fast as liquidated or faster. It involved no 
 loss of civil rights, no sale or transfer of serv- 
 
6o 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ice, and no legal obligation of the children. 
 The Indian captives were bought and sold, one 
 or more serving in the family of each citizen of 
 the wealthier class. This slavery existed by 
 mere popular sufferance, and not by law. It 
 was abolished by the president's emancipation 
 proclamation of 1865, and orders issued in 
 consequence of that measure. But peonage 
 was not abolished until 1867. This system of 
 slavery was very oppressive, and by both usage 
 and law was becoming more and more so. For 
 example, to liquidate a debt of $60, a m.an 
 binds himself to his creditor to labor for him 
 continually for $2 a month until paid, mean- 
 while feeding and clothing himself! To pay 
 this small sum, therefore, would require a life- 
 time, not allowing anything for periods of sick- 
 ness. This form of servitude was sanctioned 
 by Territorial law. An act of 1851 regulated 
 contracts between masters and servants, pre- 
 venting the latter from quitting the former's 
 service while in debt. An amendment in 1853 
 made the regulations still more stringent, au- 
 thorizing the sheriff in certain cases to contract 
 the debtor's services to the highest bidder; and 
 in 1859 an act provided for the arrest of fugi- 
 tive servants, and prohibited the courts from 
 interfering in the correction of servants by 
 their masters unless administered "in a cruel 
 manner with clubs or stripes." 
 
 But African slavery the people of New 
 Mexico never desired. The Territory, by its 
 organic act, was left open to have such slavery 
 or not, as the people might desire when they 
 proposed a State constitution, and thus this 
 Territory was constantly in the minds of the 
 politicians of both North and South, serving as 
 a bone of contention. 
 
 In 1857 a law was enacted prohibiting, un- 
 der a severe penalty, the residence of free ne- 
 groes or mulattoes in the Territory for a period 
 of thirty days. Any owner of a slave who 
 might free him here was required to transport 
 him beyond the Territory within thirty days. 
 The law did not apply to permanent colored 
 residents, except in requiring them to give bond 
 for good behavior. In 1859 an act was passed 
 
 "to provide for the protection of property in 
 slaves in this Territory," comprising measures 
 about as stringent as those existing in the old 
 slave States east. It is stated that this ultra 
 pro-slavery act was adopted for a political pur- 
 pose, namely, to disgust the people, and espe- 
 cially Congress, with the slave laws of this 
 Territory, so that that body would annul all 
 of them. A resolution to that effect passed 
 the house, but not the senate. The act was 
 repealed in December, 1861, on account of its 
 severity. In 1865-6 the act of 1857 against 
 free negroes was repealed, and in 1866-7 an 
 act was passed abolishing all involuntary serv- 
 itude in the Territory. 
 
 The southern statesmen naturally expected 
 that New Mexico would ultimately join them, 
 but instead of that she favored the Union and 
 furnished 5,000, or 6,000 troops, volunteers 
 and militia, to resist the Confederate invasion, 
 more probably, however, with the idea that 
 the invasion was from Texas rather than from 
 the Southern Confederacy generally. 
 
 The .Confederacy naturally desired to take 
 under itsaegis all of Spanish America within the 
 domain of the United States, New Mexico, 
 Arizona and California, and indeed it came 
 within one breath of acquiring the latter State. 
 Many considerations were in favor of Southern 
 hopes, the predominancy of citizens from 
 the old South, the neglect of that portion of 
 the Union by the general Government, the 
 prejudice of the Indians against the United 
 States, distance from Washington, military 
 stores easily seized, etc. ; but probably the two 
 simple reasons, hatred of African slavery and 
 of the Texans, led the majority of the peo- 
 ple of New Mexico to side with the Union. 
 By shrewd management Colorado was saved 
 to the Union, and from that Territory a force 
 was sent down into New Mexico to clear out 
 the Rebel element. 
 
 Attempts were made in the autumn of 
 1861 by Colonel W. H. Loring of the mounted 
 rifles, of later fame in Egypt as Loring Pasha, 
 temporarily in command of the department, 
 with the aid of Colonel George B. Crittenden, 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 commanding an expedition against the Apaches, 
 to attach the New Mexican troops to the Con- 
 federate cause, but their plan was defeated by 
 Lieutenant Colonel B. S. Roberts. Many of 
 the subordinate officers made haste to join the 
 Southern leaders. 
 
 Loring was succeeded by Canby, he by 
 Crittenden and the latter by Major H. H. Sib- 
 ley, in command of the New Mexico military 
 department. About the same time (June, 
 1861) the Territorial secretary, Alexander M. 
 Jackson, resigned his office to go South, and 
 the project of invasion began to assume defi- 
 nite shape. Major Sibley was made brigadier 
 general, and ordered to Texas in July to or- 
 ganize and command the expedition; ex-Secre- 
 tary Jackson became his assistant adjutant 
 general of the " Army of New Mexico;" and 
 the order for the brigade to advance from San 
 Antonio was given on November 16. 
 
 But operations began here before Sibley 's 
 arrival. Lieutenant Colonel John R. Baylor, 
 C. S. A., occupied Fort Bliss, on the Texas 
 side, in July, and crossed into New Mexico 
 and occupied Mesilla on the 25th of that 
 month. On August i he issued a proclama- 
 tion as governor, taking possession in the name 
 of the Confederate States; he was then in what 
 is now Arizona, taking possession of all south 
 of latitude 34 degrees. He declared all offices 
 vacant, organized a military government, fixed 
 the capital at Mesilla, divided the Terri- 
 tory into two judicial districts, and in a proc- 
 lamation the second day appointed civil of- 
 ficials, including James A. Lucas as secretary, 
 M. H. McWille as attorney general, E. Anger- 
 stein as treasurer, and George M. Frazier as 
 marshal. 
 
 At this time Isaac R. Lynde, of the Sev- 
 enth Infantry, United States Army, in com- 
 mand of the Southern District of New Mexico, 
 had a force of about 700 men at Fort Fillmore. 
 Although from the North by birth and educa- 
 tion, his Southern sympathies were so strong 
 that in the latter part of July he surrendered 
 his whole force as prisoners of war to Bay- 
 lor. A short time previously, according to 
 
 order, Forts Buchanan and Breckenridge in 
 Arizona were surrendered to the Confederacy. 
 
 On the march of the garrisons from these 
 forts, about 450 strong, they heard of the un- 
 expected surrender of Major Lynde, and di- 
 rected their course to Fort Craig. In Decem- 
 ber Baylor's Confederate force was estimated 
 by Canby at 800 Texans, besides 200 or 300 
 volunteers from the floating Mexican popula- 
 tion of Mesilla valley. 
 
 About the middle of December General 
 Sibley arrived with his Texan rangers, and is- 
 sued his proclamations, declaring martial law 
 and taking possession of the Territory. Col- 
 onel Canby at the same time was endeavoring 
 to organize his forces and provide means of 
 defense, being greatly embarrassed, however, 
 by the want of supplies. He reported the peo- 
 ple loyal but apathetic, too indifferent indeed 
 to be relied upon for much aid. 
 
 The legislature authorized the governor to 
 call into service the whole force of the Terri- 
 tory to resist invasion; volunteers rapidly en- 
 rolled, and Governor Connelly in his message 
 afterward congratulated the people on their 
 patriotism, announcing that the 'Confederates 
 had not come north of the Jornada and that 
 the Federal force was sufficient to repel them. 
 
 At the beginning of 1862 Canby established 
 his headquarters at Fort Craig, where he had 
 a force of nearly 4,000 men, of whom, how- 
 ever, 1,000 were useless militia, and less than 
 1,000 regular troops. Sibley had about 2,500 
 men, Texan rangers, accustomed to Indian 
 warfare and good fighters. 
 
 Passing over, at this point, any notice of 
 the campaign in Arizona, we proceed with an 
 account of operations directly in the field of 
 New Mexico. 
 
 In February, 1862, Sibley proceeded up 
 the Rio Grande on the western side, by way 
 of Mesilla and Fort Thorn, reaching the vicin- 
 ity of Fort Craig on the i8th. Next day 
 Canby sent an artillery force, supported by 
 volunteers, to occupy the bluff on the eastern 
 bank, and here on the 2Oth there was some 
 firing. Major Roberts, with infantry and two 
 
62 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 batteries, was sent to Valverde, a ford seven 
 miles above, to hold that point, the Confeder- 
 ates on the other side making for the same 
 point, where, early on the 2ist, a fight oc- 
 curred, in which Roberts had the advantage 
 and repulsed the Confederates. The forces 
 engaged in this preliminary conflict were about 
 700 on each side. 
 
 Canby arriving about noon, the battle was 
 renewed, resulting in a victory for the Confed- 
 erates, although at fearful expense of life. The 
 latter then marched up the river to Albu- 
 querque, without opposition, leaving their sick 
 and wounded at Socorro. Santa Fe was at 
 length occupied, probably without resistance. 
 The main force of the Confederates marched 
 on to Fort Union, where there were stores to 
 the value of about $300,000, and where Major 
 Donaldson also arrived, March 10, with a train 
 of twenty wagons from Albuquerque. The 
 Texan advance (a portion of Sibley's com- 
 mand) under Major W. R. Scurry, reached 
 Apache canyon on the 25th. This point was 
 sufficiently garrisoned by the Federals barely 
 in time to save it. 
 
 A regiment of "Pike's Peakers," good 
 fighting men from Colorado, marched to Fort 
 Union, arriving March 11-13. At one time 
 they marched sixty-four miles in twenty-four 
 hours. At this fort the united forces were 
 placed under command of Colonel Slough. On 
 the 22d these forces, numbering 1,342 troops, 
 including 300 regulars, started for Santa Fe. 
 On the way they found scouts of the enemy, 
 and at Apache canyon the enemy posted in 
 force, who opened a battery upon Slough's 
 army; but after a desperate struggle theTexans 
 there were dislodged. In this encounter Cap- 
 tain and his immediate successor, Lieutenant 
 Nelson, were most conspicuous for bravery. 
 Major Chivington was also a brave commander 
 on this occasion. 
 
 Deciding to move around to the rear of the 
 enemy, over the mountain, Major Chivington, 
 with the aid of Manuel Chavez as guide, suc- 
 ceeded, after considerable difficulty, in reach- 
 ing the point; and after several desperate en- 
 
 counters with the Confederates, and meeting 
 with some reversals of fortune, succeeded in 
 routing the boastful Texans with his non- 
 boasting Pike's Peakers; and Sibley, seeing 
 that his main reliance was broken, was obliged 
 to retreat altogether from the seat of war. 
 Thus passed the high tide of the Confederate 
 war in New Mexico, and the credit of the vic- 
 tory is mainly due to Major Chivington, a pre- 
 siding elder of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
 in Colorado. 
 
 Slough was now to protect Fort Union at 
 all hazards, to which point the army fell back 
 on April 2; but on the 5th this army, under 
 Colonel Paul, Slough having resigned, was or- 
 dered south. The Confederates had mostly 
 fallen back to Albuquerque. Against this 
 place Canby then made a demonstration on 
 the 8th, with but slight effect. On the i3th 
 he was joined by Colonel Paul, and the next 
 day Major Chivington was appointed Colonel 
 of the Colorado regiment, and the united army 
 marched down the Rio Grande on one side, 
 while the retreating Confederates marched 
 down the other side and finally disappeared 
 from the Territory altogether. Thus ended 
 the Confederate invasion of 1861-2 in New 
 Mexico. 
 
 The New Mexico legislature, during its 
 session following the above described war, 
 passed resolutions thanking ' ' the brave Cali- 
 fornia and Colorado troops for their timely aid 
 in driving the traitors and rebels from our soil," 
 with an added paragraph especially compli- 
 mentary to General Carleton and the Cali- 
 fornians, whose march across the desert was 
 regarded as "one of the most remarkable 
 achievements of the age." This paragraph 
 brought out a letter from Governor Evans of 
 Colorado, complaining of injustice done to the 
 Colorado troops, as the Californians did not 
 arrive until the campaign was virtually over. 
 Accordingly at the next session the legislature 
 attempted to set the matter right, solemnly 
 affirming that it was "not the intention to 
 place these brave soldiers second to none! " 
 The Californians, however, deserve extraordi- 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 nary credit for making so long a march in so 
 short a time, against so many obstacles. 
 
 From this point onward it will be more 
 convenient to treat the history of New Mexico 
 by topics instead of the chronological method, 
 taking all topics at once. This is an illustra- 
 tion of the modern doctrine of "differentia- 
 tion," which inculcates the law of multiplica- 
 tion of organ and function from the " simple 
 and homogeneous to the complex and hetero- 
 geneous." As the stream of history divides in- 
 to several channels on entering the delta, we 
 must consider each stream separately. There- 
 fore we will consider the outline of political 
 government, Indian affairs, material industries, 
 education and public institutions, etc., in 
 separate sections, each to its conclusion, as 
 being by far the most satisfactory method. 
 
 THE PRINCIPAL ACTS OF CONGRESS 
 
 with reference to Mexico have been as follows: 
 
 1864-5: Joint resolution to facilitate com- 
 munication with New Mexico. Joint com- 
 munication of delegates of the Territories ap- 
 proving the constitutional amendment abolish- 
 ing slavery. Act to establish post roads. 
 
 1865-6: Bill to confirm land claim of J. 
 S. Ramirez passed by the senate. 
 
 1866-7: Bill to abolish peonage passed 
 Congress; also, after much discussion, a bill to 
 prohibit restriction of suffrage on account of 
 race or color. Bill to provide for bienniaf ses- 
 sions of the legislature passed the house. 
 
 1867: Act legalizing the acts of the legis- 
 lature at its session of 1866-7. Bill to settle 
 private land claims referred to committee, as 
 also were many other bills earlier and later on 
 this subject; and also bills on war and Indian 
 claims. 
 
 1867-8: Resolution for the relief of 
 Navajo captives held as peons, passed both 
 houses. Several bills on lands, railroads, 
 claims and other subjects introduced by Dele- 
 gate Clever, but not finally acted on. Bill for 
 relief and reservation of Navajos at Bosque 
 Redondo, passed by the house and amended 
 by the senate. 
 
 1868-9: Act on the Vigil and St. Vrain 
 land grants for the benefit of settlers. Act 
 providing for biennial sessions of the legislature; 
 also amending the organic acton the passing of 
 bills over the governor's veto by a two-thirds 
 vote ; also, making the governor the superintend- 
 ent of public buildings, at a salary of $1,000; 
 also, making the salary of the secretary 
 $2,000 from 1867. 
 
 1869: Act repealing the acts of the legis- 
 lature to impose a capitation tax on bovine 
 cattle introduced from other States and Terri- 
 tories. 
 
 1869-70: Bill to annul part of a New- 
 Mexico law on execution and mortgages; also, 
 bill to authorize a State constitution, referred 
 to a committee. Act increasing the salary of 
 justices to $3,000. 
 
 1870-1: Bill to authorize a State consti- 
 tution under the name of Lincoln, reported by 
 the senate committee, but again referred to 
 the senate committee in 1871. Bill to pay 
 volunteers' claims, tabled in the house. Bill 
 to confirm Rio Grande land claim, passed both 
 houses apparently, but referred to the house 
 committee in 1871. 
 
 1871: Act to authorize the legislature to 
 meet on the first Monday in December, and 
 authorizing an election. 
 
 1871-2: Bill to enable land claimants to 
 test the validity of their claims, referred to the 
 senate committee. State of Lincoln bill ta- 
 bled in the house. Act to pay the salary of 
 the secretary as superintendent of public build- 
 ings to June, 1872, but repealing the act of 
 1868, which gave that salary. Act granting 
 the right of way to the New Mexico & Gulf 
 railroad 
 
 1872-3: Act for completing the military 
 road from Santa Fe to Taos. Bill to survey 
 private land grants at Government expense, re- 
 ferred to the house committee. Bill to donate 
 ten sections of land for finding water in the 
 desert, tabled. Bills to extend the time of 
 voting on the State constitution and to create 
 a new land district, referred to a committee. 
 
 1873-4: Bill for a State constitution, 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 passed by the house and referred by the sen- 
 ate. Act creating a new land district. 
 
 1874-5: Bill for a State constitution, 
 passed by the senate, with amendments. 
 
 1876: Bill for a State, passed by the sen- 
 ate, and referred by the house. 
 
 1876-7: House bill to pay Indian depreda- 
 tion claims, tabled. 
 
 1877: Bill to attach Grant county to Ari- 
 zona, referred to a house committee. 
 
 1877-8: Bill to annul the act of the legis- 
 lature incorporating the Society of Jesuits, 
 passed by the senate, and referred by the 
 house. Bill for the relief of mounted volun- 
 teers, passed by the senate, and referred by 
 the house. 
 
 1878: Act providing that the legislature 
 shall not exceed twelve councilmen and twenty- 
 four representatives, at $4 a day, the president 
 and speaker each to receive $6. 
 
 1878-9: Act annulling the act of the leg- 
 islature incorporating the Society of Jesuits. 
 
 1 880- 1 : Act limiting sessions of the legis- 
 lature to sixty days. 
 
 1 88 1 -2: Act legalizing the election of the 
 legislature of November, 1880. 
 
 1883-4: Act legalizing the legislature 
 elected November, 1882, to meet in February, 
 1884. 
 
 Thus it is seen that Congress did little else 
 than to pass a few bills of a routine nature, 
 most others being referred to committees to 
 die, or were tabled. The annual appropria- 
 tions for government expenses amounted to 
 $33,000 to $40,000 for the years in which the 
 legislature met, and about half as much for 
 the other years, while much larger amounts 
 were devoted to Indian and military matters, 
 about $3,000,000 to the military alone. 
 
 Congress has been singularly negligent of 
 the claims of New Mexico citizens for dam- 
 ages in the revolt of 1847, Indian depredations 
 and the Confederate invasion of 1861-2, and 
 of those who rendered military service from 
 time to time in these various emergencies. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF NEW-MEXICAN 
 HISTORY. 
 
 1540-97: Discovery and exploration. 
 
 1 535~6: Cabeza de Baca, passing through 
 Texas and Chihuahua, hears of the New Mex- 
 ican pueblos. 
 
 1540-2: Coronado's army enters by way 
 of Sinaloa, Sonora and Arizona, spending two 
 winters in the Rio Grande valley. 
 
 1581: Fr. Agustin Rodriguez enters New 
 Mexico from Chihuahua. 
 
 1582-3: Espejo's expedition. 
 
 1583-95: Several projects of conquest 
 without results. 
 
 1594-6: Expeditions of Bonilla and Hu- 
 manya. 
 
 1 598-9: Spanish conquest and occupation, 
 by Juan de Onyate. 
 
 1601-5: Onyate's expedition to Quivira 
 and the mouth of the Colorado. 
 
 1615: Santa Fe founded about this time 
 or a little later. (This is entirely too late, 
 i 599 is more like it.) 
 
 1630: Fifty to a hundred missionaries 
 serving in ninety to one hundred pueblo mis- 
 sions. 
 
 1640: Beginning of dissensions between 
 the government and the missionaries. 
 
 1650: Beginning of serious troubles with 
 the Indians. 
 
 1664 and afterward: Penyalosa's filibust- 
 ering schemes. 
 
 1670 and afterward: Apaches begin their 
 raids. Navajos mentioned. Spanish popula- 
 tion about 2,400, converted Indians 20,000. 
 
 1680: Successful revolt of the Pueblos, 
 expelling the Spaniards, but killing 400. El 
 Paso founded. 
 
 1681-2: Otermin's vain efforts to recon- ( 
 quer the province. 
 
 1692-6: Reconquest by Diego de Vargas. 
 
 1706: Founding of Albuquerque. 
 
 1709: First important war and treaty with 
 the Navajos. 
 
 1712 and afterward: Efforts to conciliate 
 or conquer the Moquis, who refused to submit. 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 1716 and afterward: First troubles with 
 the Comanches. 
 
 1730-42: Controversies of Franciscans 
 with the church and with the Jesuits. 
 
 1730: First visit by the bishop. 
 
 1750: Spanish population 4,000; Indian 
 converts, 12,000. 
 
 1760: Tour of Bishop Tamaron. 
 
 1760-1800: " A period of dissension, ras- 
 cality and decadence." 
 
 1774-6: Active efforts for exploration in 
 the West and for the conversion of the Moquis. 
 Expedition of Dominguez and Escalante to 
 Utah. 
 
 1776-7: Organization of the Provincias 
 Imternas, including New Mexico. 
 
 1780-1: Ravages of small-pox, leading to 
 the consolidation of the missions. 
 
 1786: New Apache policy. 
 
 1800: Spanish population, 18,000; In- 
 dian, 9, 700. 
 
 1803: Louisiana ceded to the United 
 States. 
 
 1 804-5 : Beginnings of the Santa Fe trade. 
 Working of the Santa Rita copper mines. 
 
 1806-7: Pike's exploring expedition. 
 
 1810: Pino sent to the Spanish court by 
 New Mexico. 
 
 1819: Boundary treaty with the United 
 States. 
 
 1821: New Mexico supports Iturbide. 
 
 1822: Spanish population, 30,000; In- 
 dian, 10,000. 
 
 1822: New Mexico becomes a Mexican 
 province. 
 
 1824: New Mexico a territory of the Mex- 
 ican Republic. Beginning of the legal Santa 
 Fe trade. 
 
 1828: Expulsion of Spaniards and partial 
 secularization of the missions. Discovery of 
 the gold placers. 
 
 1833: Visit of the bishop. 
 
 1835: First printing-press and newspaper. 
 
 1836: New Mexico a department under a 
 governor. 
 
 1837-8: Rebellion of Gonzalez and acces- 
 sion of Governor Armijo. 
 
 5 
 
 1839: New Mexico a separate comandan- 
 cia. Discovery of the new placers. 
 
 1841: Texan Santa Fe invasion. 
 
 1844: Department divided into districts 
 and partidos. 
 
 1845: Population about 70,000; Indian, 
 10,000. Texas annexed to the United States. 
 
 1846-7: Mexican war. Occupation of New 
 Mexico by General Kearny. 
 
 1847: Revolt of the New Mexicans. First 
 legislature and first newspaper in English. 
 
 1848: Treaty between the United States 
 and Mexico, the latter ceding New Mexico and 
 California. Territorial convention. 
 
 1849-50: State convention. Debates in 
 Congress on slavery and Texan boundary. 
 
 1850: New Mexico admitted as a "Terri- 
 tory." Population, 61,000. 'Vicarate of San- 
 ta Fe established; Lamy, titular bishop. 
 
 1850-1: Mexican boundary survey. 
 
 1851: Organization of the Territorial gov 
 ernment, and meeting of the first legislature. 
 
 1851-9: Several railroad and other explora- 
 tions, for thoroughfare and scientific purposes. 
 
 1853-4: Dispute with Mexico for posses- 
 sion of the Mesilla valley. 
 
 1854-5: Gadsden purchase annexed to 
 New Mexico. Indian wars. 
 
 1855: Surveyor general's office estab- 
 lished. 
 
 1858-60: Pueblo, private and town land 
 claims confirmed by Congress. 
 
 1 86 1 : Cimarron Indian agency established. 
 
 1858-63: Navajo wars, ending with the 
 expedition of 1863-4 by Carleton and Carson. 
 
 1861-2: Confederate-Texan invasion. Ter- V 
 ritory of Colorado cut off. 
 
 1863: Arizona cut off. Fort Sumner and 
 Bosque Redondo reservation established. 
 
 1864: Governor Connelly. General Carle- 
 ton. Indian Superintedent Steck. Navajos 
 at Bosque Redondo. 
 
 1865: Publication of the revised statutes. 
 Indian Superintendent Delgado. 
 
 1866: Governor Mitchell. Indian Super- 
 intendent Norton. Repairs on the Palacio. 
 
66 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Mescaleros quit the Bosque Redondo reserva- 
 tion. 
 
 1867: Generals Sykes and Getty. Indian 
 Superintendent Webb. Discovery of Moreno 
 mines. Peonage abolished. Death of Padre 
 Antonio J. Martinez. Decision of supreme 
 court that the Pueblo Indians are citizens. Sol- 
 diers' monument dedicated at Santa Fe. 
 
 1868: First daily mail from the East. Na- 
 vajos removed from the Bosque Redondo to 
 their old home in the northwest. First mili- 
 tary telegraph in operation. Death of Kit Car- 
 son. Chavez, contestant, seated as a delegate 
 in Congress. Fort Sumner abandoned. 
 
 1869: Governor Pile. Indian Superin- 
 tendents Gallegos and Clinton. Archives sold 
 for waste paper. Earthquakes. 
 
 1870: Indian Superintendent Pope. Popu- 
 lation, 90,573. Forts Cummings and McRae 
 garrisoned. Apaches at Canyada Alamosa 
 moved by Colyer to Tularosa. First National 
 bank at Santa Fe. 
 
 1871: Governor Giddings. General Grang- 
 er (also 1875). Biennial sessions of the legis- 
 lature. Water found by Martin in the Jornada 
 del Muerto. Filing of land claims resumed. 
 
 1872: Indian Superintendent (the last) 
 Dudley. State constitution formed. New pub- 
 lic school law. 
 
 1873: General Gregg. Jesuit school at 
 Albuquerque. 
 
 1874: General Devin. Mescaleros on the 
 reservation at Fort Stanton. Apaches moved 
 to Hot Springs. New land district in the south 
 at Mesilla. Protestant Episcopal missionary 
 district. 
 
 1875: Governor Axtell. Military telegraph 
 from Santa Fe to Mesilla. Archdiocese of 
 Santa Fe created. Rev. F. J. Tolby mur- 
 dered in Colfax county. Jesuit schools at Las 
 Vegas and La Junta. 
 
 1876: Colonel Wade and General Hatch. 
 Telegraph to Tucson. Prefect system of coun- 
 ty government abandoned. Murder of Hon. 
 Louis Clark in Rio Arriba. Fort Selden aban- 
 doned. 
 
 1877: Apaches removed to San Carlos, 
 
 Arizona. Telegraph to San Diego. Survey 
 of land claims resumed. Grand lodge of Ma- 
 sons organized. 
 
 1878: Governor Wallace. Railroad crosses 
 New Mexican line at Raton mountain. War 
 of stockmen begins in Lincoln county. Santa 
 Fe Academy incorporated. Jicarillas removed 
 to reservation in the northwest. Utes re- 
 moved to Colorado. 
 
 1878-82: Apache raids at Victorio. 
 
 1879: Act incorporating Jesuits annulled 
 by Congress. Beginning of a boom in mines. 
 White Oak mines discovered. Los Cerillos 
 camps. Railroad reaches Las Vegas. Hot 
 Springs hotel opened. First Protestant Epis- 
 copal Church in New Mexico dedicated at Las 
 Vegas. Albuquerque Academy incorporated. 
 
 1880: Railroad reaches Santa Fe. Street 
 railroad at Albuquerque and Isleta: Narrow- 
 gauge railroad from the north enters the Ter- 
 ritory. General incorporation act. Bureau 
 of Immigration and Historical Society organ- 
 ized. Founding of New Albuquerque. Las 
 Vegas Academy. Fire at Las Vegas. Victorio 
 killed in Mexico. Visit of General Grant and 
 President Hayes. Gas at Santa Fe. Popula- 
 tion of the Territory, 109,793. 
 
 1881: Governor Sheldon. Generals Brad- 
 ley and Mackenzie. Railroad completed to 
 Deming, El Paso and California; also, the 
 Denver & Rio Grande Railroad in the north, 
 and the Atlantic & Pacific to the Arizona line. 
 First Territorial fair and Congregational church 
 at Albuquerque. First volume of the New 
 Mexico Supreme Court Reports published. 
 Telephone at Santa Fe. Educational associa- 
 tion organized. Indian school at Albuquerque. 
 
 1883: Tertio-millennial celebration at San- 
 ta Fe. Atlantic & Pacific Railroad reaches 
 Colorado river. Jicarilla Indians removed to 
 the Mescalero reservation. 
 
 1884: Navajo reservation extended and 
 consolidated with that of the Moquis. Appro- 
 priation of $200,000 for completing public 
 buildings. Wrangle about the organization of 
 the legislature. 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 1885: Governor Ross. Publication of the 
 Compiled Laws. 
 
 1886: Fire at Socorro. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 In 1856 a " Revised Code of New Mexico" 
 was prepared, but never printed. In 1862 the 
 governor, authorized by an act of 1859, ap- 
 pointed Kirby Benedict, C. P. Clever and 
 Facundo Pino to codify the laws; but their 
 work was delayed by Pino's death and other 
 causes, and other efforts were made in 1864, 
 1871-2, 1875-6 and 1880, but nothing accom- 
 plished. Judge Prince prepared a compilation 
 of several laws, published in 1882 and again in 
 1884, and referred to the Supreme Court opin- 
 ions. 
 
 Almost ever since the organization of the 
 Territory of New Mexico efforts have been 
 made to bring it into the Union as a State, 
 but without avail up to date, 1895. For a 
 long time there has been a sufficient popula- 
 tion, but several things have stood in the way, 
 as national politics, unassimilated natives, com- 
 plications with Indian affairs and frontier con- 
 troversies. 
 
 In 1874 the question was "State or no 
 State"; and the politicians of the Territory 
 were divided into Territory men and " States- 
 men." The delegate in Congress introduced a 
 bill for an enabling act to become a State. 
 The people were already " able " to support a 
 State government, but did not yet understand 
 American institutions sufficiently to be pre- 
 pared for State autonomy according to the 
 Federal constitution. 
 
 Financially, the Territory has never been 
 greatly in debt. The rate of taxation has 
 never been high. Of the total rate of \\\ 
 mills on the dollar in 1884, five mills were for 
 the Territory, three for schools, two and a half 
 for the counties and the rest for interest. 
 The poll tax of $i is for the benefit of schools. 
 
 CENSUS. 
 
 Some idea of the comparative growth of 
 the various people in New Mexico may be ob- 
 tained from the following brief table: 
 
 9,471 ["* 
 
 5,173 J 
 
 I860. 1870. 1880. 1890. 
 
 Total population ..... 80,567 90,573 109,793 153,593 
 
 Indians ........................................ 
 
 Colored .................... 180 1,015 1,956 
 
 Chinese ......................... 57 ....... 
 
 Natives of N. Mexico ....... 82,193 92,2711 
 
 Born in other parts of ' 
 
 the United States ........ 2,760 9, 
 
 Natives of (old)Mexico ...... 3,903 5, 
 
 Natives of foreign 
 
 countries ................. 1,717 2,878 11,259 
 
 While the United States census is generally 
 behind the times and at any one time seems to 
 be far behind the local calculations, yet a little 
 study of them presents some curiosities and 
 often serves pretty well for comparison of 
 one region or municipality with another at the 
 period referred to. 
 
 According to the census of 1 890, we have 
 the following table of population in New 
 Mexico: 
 
 COUNTIES. POPULATION. 
 
 Colfax ........................... 7.974 
 
 Bernalillo ..... ................... 20,913 
 
 Donna Anna ...................... 9. ! 9 J 
 
 Grant ............................ 9,657 
 
 Lincoln .......................... 7,081 
 
 Mora ............................ 10,618 
 
 RioArriba ........................ ",534 
 
 San Juan ......................... 1,980 
 
 San Miguel ....................... 24, 204 
 
 Santa Fe ........................ 1 3, 562 
 
 Sierra ........................... 3.630 
 
 Socorro ........................ 9, 595 
 
 Taos ............................ 9.868 
 
 Valencia ......................... 1 3, 876 
 
 Total 153.593 
 
 Of the above there were native citizens 
 142,334; foreign born, 11,259; white, 142,- 
 719; negroes, 1,956. 
 
 The religious denominations were repre- 
 sented as follows : 
 
 Catholics 100, 576 
 
 Congregationalists 175 
 
 Disciples 65 
 
 Adventists 172 
 
 Baptists 39.760 
 
 Jews 5 
 
 Mormons 456 
 
68 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Lutherans 64 
 
 Methodists of all kinds ,2,360 
 
 Presbyterians 1 .275 
 
 Protestant Episcopal 375 
 
 The total membership of all religious 
 bodies together was reported at 100,749. 
 
 GOVERNORS OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Juan de Onate, 1598-1608. 
 
 Pedro de Peralta, 1608. 
 
 Felipe Zotylo, 1621-8. 
 
 Manuel de Silva, 1629. 
 
 Fern, de Arguello, 1640. (?) 
 
 Luis de Rosas, 1641. 
 - Valdes, 1642. 
 
 Alonso Pacheco de Heredia, 1643. 
 
 Fern, de Arguello, 1645. 
 
 Luis de Guzman, 1647. 
 
 Hernando de Ugarte y la Concha, 1650. 
 
 Juan de Samaniego, 1653-4. 
 
 Enrique de Avila y Pacheco, 1656. 
 
 Bernardo Lopez de Mendizabal. to 1661. 
 
 Diego de Penyalosa Briceno, 16614. 
 
 Fern, de Villanueva. 
 
 Juan de Medrano. 
 
 Juan de Miranda. 
 
 Juan Francisco de Trevino, 1675. 
 
 Antonio Otermin, 1679-83. 
 
 Domingo Jironza Petriz Cruzat, 1683-6. 
 
 Pedro Reneros de Posada, 1686-9. 
 
 Diego de Vargas Zapata Lujan Ponce de 
 Leon, 1691-7. 
 
 Pedro Rodriguez Cubero, 1697-1703. 
 
 Diego de Vargas, etc. , Marques de la Nava 
 de Brazinas, 1703-4. 
 
 Juan Paez Hurtado, acting, 1704-5. 
 
 Francisco Cuervo y Valdes, ad interim, 
 1705-7. 
 
 Jose Chacon Medina Salazar y Villasenor, 
 Marques de la Penuela, 1707-12. 
 
 Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollon, 1712-15. 
 
 Felix Martinez, ad interim, 171517. 
 
 Juan Paez Hurtado, acting, 1717. 
 
 Antonio Valverde y Costo, ad interim, 
 1717-22. 
 
 Juan de Estrada y Austria (?), ad interim, 
 
 Juan Domingo de Bustamente, 1722-31. 
 Gervasio Cruzat y Gongora, 1731-6. 
 EnriquedeOlavide y Michelena, ad interim, 
 
 1736-9. 
 
 Caspar Domingo de Mendoza, 1739-43. 
 
 Joaquin Codallos y Rabal, 1743-9. 
 
 Francisco de la Rocha, 1747. 
 
 Tomas Velez Cachupin, 1749-54. 
 
 Francisco Antonio Marin del Valle, 1754-60. 
 
 Mateo Antonio de Mendoza, acting, 1 760. 
 
 Manuel Portillo Urrisola, acting, 1761-2. 
 
 Tomas Velez Cachupin, 1762-7. 
 
 Pedro Fermin de Mendinueta, 1767-78. 
 
 Francisco Trebol Navarro, acting, 1778. 
 
 Juan Bautista de Anza., 1778-89. 
 
 Manuel Flon, 1785. 
 
 Fernando de la Concha, 1789-94. 
 
 Fernando Chacon, 1794-1805. 
 
 Joaquin del Real Alencaster, 1805-8. 
 
 Alberto Mainez, 1807-8. 
 
 Jose Manrique, 1810-14. 
 
 Alberto Mainez, 1815-17. 
 
 Pedro Maria de Allande, 1816-18. 
 
 Facundo Melgares, 1818-22. 
 
 Francisco Javier Chavez, 1822-3. 
 
 Antonio Vizcarra, 1822-3. 
 
 Bartolome Baca, 1823-5. 
 
 Antonio Narbona, 1825-7. 
 
 Manuel Armijo, 1827-8. 
 
 Antonio Vizcarra, acting, 1828. 
 
 Jose Antonio Chavez, 1828-31. 
 
 Santiago Abreu, 1831-3. 
 
 Francisco Sarracino, 1833-5. 
 
 Juan Rafael Ortiz, acting, 1834. 
 
 Mariano Chavez, acting, 1835. 
 
 Albino Perez, 1835-7. 
 
 Pedro Munoz, acting, 1837-8. 
 
 Jose Gonzalez, revolutionary governor, 
 
 1837-8. 
 
 Manuel Armijo, 1838-40. 
 
 Antonio Sandoval, acting, 1841. 
 
 Mariano Martinez de Lejanza, acting, 
 1844-5. 
 
 Jose Chavez, acting, 1845. 
 
 Juan Bautista Vigil y Alarid, acting, 1846. 
 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 69 
 
 Of the governors of New Mexico since an- 
 nexation to the United States the following 
 observations may be made: 
 
 Governor Connelly was a weak man, of 
 good intentions, who, notwithstanding his loyal 
 sentiments, made no very brilliant record as a 
 " war " governor. He died in office. 
 
 W. F. M. Arny, the secretary, was prom- 
 inent in Indian affairs and other public mat- 
 ters, involved in many controversies, but of 
 good repute. 
 
 Governor Mitchell incurred the enmity of 
 the legislature to such an extent as to call out 
 from that body a resolution for his removal. 
 He was accused of having absented himself 
 during the session, removing on his return the 
 officials appointed by Secretary Heath, and re- 
 fusing to sanction a memorial passed in his 
 absence. He even had the audacity to ap- 
 point a delegate to Congress to fill a vacancy! 
 It was resolved to send laws not approved by 
 him to Congress for confirmation, at the same 
 time asking for an abrogation of the governor's 
 absolute veto power, which was granted by an 
 amendment of the organic act in 1868. There 
 was a controversy between the governor and 
 secretary, the latter being denounced in public 
 meetings at the capital, but sustained by two 
 resolutions of the assembly. 
 
 Governor Pile, 1869-71, committed the 
 stupid blunder by which half the old Spanish 
 archives were lost. By his order they were 
 sold for wrapping-paper. Governor Giddings 
 boxed up about five cords of such remnants as 
 could be rescued, to protect them from the 
 weather and from further loss. 
 
 Governor Giddings died in office in 1875. 
 
 Win. G. Ritch, who as secretary of the 
 Territory was acting governor in 1875, was 
 president of the Bureau of Immigration in 
 1882-3, author, and since 1873 one of the 
 most active and successful workers for the 
 benefit of the Territory. 
 
 Governor Lew Wallace was famous as a 
 general and as an author. He was appointed 
 in place of Governor Axtell, removed on ac- 
 count of dissatisfaction of the administration 
 
 with the latter. This brought him into im- 
 mediate opposition to Governor Axtell's friends 
 and entire harmony was never restored. He 
 was self-reliant and fearless. He went per- 
 sonally to the scene of the disturbances in Lin- 
 coln county, and succeeded in bringing them 
 to an end. He organized the militia and used 
 it actively. He had the satisfaction of leaving 
 the Territory perfectly quiet and free from 
 Indians or desperadoes. The railroad came 
 during his term and the influx of population 
 built up the new town. 
 
 Apart from other matters, his residence in 
 Santa Fe is connected with the writing of 
 "Ben Hur, " which was finished at the 
 "Palace." 
 
 Lionel A. Sheldon, appointed governor of 
 New Mexico in 1881, is of Norman descent, 
 his ancestors settling in Yorkshire, England, 
 about the time of the conquest, one of whom 
 was afterward appointed Lord Mayor of Lon- 
 don, another Bishop of Canterbury, and a 
 third Lieutenant General. 
 
 In 1646 three brothers of this' family emi- 
 grated to America, and from one of them Lio- 
 nel descended. He was born in Worcester, 
 New York, August 30, 1831. After receiving 
 a thorough legal training, at the age of twen- 
 ty-one, he was elected a Justice of the Peace, 
 and soon afterward Probate Judge for Lorain 
 county. At the expiration of his term he be- 
 gan the practice of law and to take an active 
 part in political and military affairs. In 1858 
 he was appointed Brigadier General of militia, 
 and at the outbreak of the war joined the 
 Union army as Captain of a cavalry company, 
 soon afterward being promoted to a Colonelcy 
 and Brevet Brigadier General, and taking part 
 in a number of engagements. In 1868, and again 
 in 1870 and 1872, he was chosen for Congress 
 from New Orleans, and later was attorney for 
 the Government in the Alabama claims. In 
 1880 he was a member of the Chicago conven- 
 tion, which nominated Garfield for the presi- 
 dency, and for several days was his guest at 
 the White House. 
 
 Gov. Sheldon had been in the war with Gar- 
 
7 
 
 BISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 field's regiment, and was afterward member of 
 Congress from New Orleans in reconstruction 
 times. He was appointed governor by Gar- 
 field, and, probably relying on his influence with 
 the president, he antagonized resident leaders 
 in the Republican party, and thereby injured 
 his influence in legislation, and caused divi- 
 sions, which gave the delegateship to the Demo- 
 crats for ten years. He devoted much atten- 
 tion to the militia, and called them out to aid 
 in putting down an Indian uprising in 1884. 
 His most cherished project was to erect a peni- 
 tentiary, instead of having prisoners kept in 
 outside institutions, and in this he succeeded, 
 and the penitentiary was built. 
 
 Governor Ross, previous to his appointment 
 as the chief executive of the Territory of New 
 Mexico, had been a major in the war, and sen- 
 ator from Kansas to fill an unexpired term. By 
 his negative vote he saved Andrew Johnson 
 from impeachment. He was a practical printer 
 and editor, and a politician whose most notice- 
 able characteristic was great firmness, called by 
 some obstinacy, which led him to prefer an- 
 tagonism to any compromise. This resulted 
 in quarrels with Democratic leaders and with 
 the legislature, and resulted in his failure to 
 have any of his important appointments con- 
 firmed at either session, as also in the singular 
 fact that of the last hundred laws enacted in 
 1 889 only twenty were with his approval, sev- 
 enty-two became laws by limitation without 
 signature, and eight were passed over his ve- 
 toes. He was sternly honest, and always 
 meant to do right, but was devoid of tact and 
 ability to carry his ideas and wishes into prac- 
 tical operation. 
 
 Governor L. Bradford Prince had the ad- 
 vantage of long residence and familiarity with 
 the country and people, hence his appointment 
 to the leading office was unusually satisfactory. 
 During his term the university, school of 
 mines, agricultural college, insane asylum, 
 etc., were erected and commenced operations, 
 normal schools were established and advanced 
 public school laws passed and successfully in- 
 augurated. He was the active friend of all 
 
 progressive movements, and succeeded in get- 
 ting the army post at Santa Fe restored when 
 it was abandoned, and in having U. S. Land 
 Court established. During his term of office 
 there were no Indian uprisings or other dis- 
 turbances; peace and prosperity prevailed. 
 
 Governor Thornton has served in the 
 Confederate army and in the Missouri legis- 
 lature. Having lived in New Mexico twenty 
 years he was familiar with the peoples' needs 
 and the country. He is especially interested in 
 mines, being superintendent of the Bennett- 
 Stevenson mine through first half of official 
 term. He is active and energetic, taking 
 active measures to put down crime and vio- 
 lence, and was specially successful in Mora 
 county. 
 
 DOMESTIC CUSTOMS. 
 
 It is interesting to observe, by the way, 
 some of the peculiar customs of the Span- 
 iards and their descendants (Mexicans) in New 
 Mexico during the age just past. 
 
 The internal arrangement of a Mexican 
 house is as different from that of an American 
 as the building itself. The style is essentially 
 Spanish, blended with which are observed 
 many traces of the Moors, their early an- 
 cestors. 
 
 All the rooms open into the patio, except 
 some which communicate directly with the sala 
 and with each other. It is a very rare thing 
 to see a board floor in a Mexican house, the 
 substitute being earth, cheaper in the first 
 place and more easily repaired. A coating of 
 soft mud is carefully spread over the earth, 
 which when dry makes a firm and comfortable 
 floor. The common covering for the floors, 
 when they are covered at all, is a coarse arti- 
 cle of domestic woolen manufacture, called 
 gerga, which answers the purpose of a carpet. 
 The inside walls are whitened with calcined 
 gypsum, which is used instead of lime, but it 
 does not adhere to the walls with the same 
 tenacity, and comes off on every article that 
 touches it. To prevent this the rooms are 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 lirfed with calico to the height of four feet, 
 generally with bright colors. 
 
 The ceiling is never plastered, but in the 
 buildings of the wealthier classes the beams 
 that support the roof are planed and painted 
 in various colors, and sometimes an artificial 
 ceiling is made by tacking bleached muslin to 
 them. In some sections a choice room is or- 
 namented by sticks painted blue, red and 
 green, and attached to the beams in herring- 
 bone style. 
 
 The fire-place occupies a small space in 
 the corner of the room. Its mouth is some- 
 what in the shape of a horse-shoe, not gener- 
 ally more than eighteen inches or two feet in 
 height, and the same in width at the bottom. 
 The use of andirons is unknown, the wood be- 
 ing placed on end against the back of the fire- 
 place. No shovels or tongs. 
 
 When a house becomes dingy outside a 
 new coat of mud is given it; and when dingy 
 inside a new coat of the calcined gypsum is 
 given it, followed by a new floor with the 
 same sort of soft mud as before. This reno- 
 vation suffices, instead of the semi-annual 
 house-cleaning which causes American house- 
 wives so much annoyance. 
 
 Few chairs or wooden seats of any kind 
 are used, but in their stead mattresses are 
 folded up and placed around the room, next to 
 the wall, which, being covered with blankets, 
 make a pleasant seat and serve also the place 
 of sofas. This is an old Moorish custom. At 
 night they are rolled out and used for beds, 
 and this in the sitting-room. Bedsteads are 
 almost unknown. The mattress, if raised at 
 all above the floor, is placed upon a low 
 wooden frame. 
 
 Trunks and antiquated chests take the 
 place of the American bureau and dresser. 
 The kitchen utensils are equally meager. The 
 people cook almost universally in earthen ves- 
 sels, and never use a stove. The sala is the 
 principal room of the house, being parlor, 
 sitting-room and bed-room. This, the family 
 room, is adorned with a number of rude en- 
 
 gravings of saints, among which the Virgin of 
 Guadalupe is always conspicuous. 
 
 The tortilla and the frijole constitute the 
 staff of life. The former is a thin cake made 
 of corn as follows: The corn is boiled in water 
 with a little lime, to soften the skin so that it 
 can be peeled off, when they grind it into a paste 
 upon an oblong hollowed stone. The oper- 
 ator kneels down behind it, and takes in both 
 hands another long, round stone like an ordi- 
 nary rolling-pin, between which and the hol- 
 lowed stone she mashes the corn. To bake 
 this, the paste is spread upon thin sheets of 
 tin or copper, and in a few minutes it is ready 
 for use. It is quite palatable when warm, but 
 as tasteless as sawdust when cold. The frijole 
 is a preparation of beans. 
 
 The people, of all classes, receive their 
 friends with demonstrative affection, and it is 
 customary to embrace each other when they 
 meet. They will embrace a friend with a hug, 
 irrespective of sex; and they are distinguished 
 for politeness and suavity. 
 
 The following account concerning courtship 
 and marriage is substantially from Bancroft's 
 history: 
 
 In New Mexico the method of wooing and 
 winning a helpmeet for life is widely different 
 from that practiced in the States. Here the 
 institution of marriage, at best, is little more 
 than a mere matter of convenience rather than 
 affection. It always serves as a cloak to hide 
 numerous irregularities that many of the mar- 
 ried females are prone to indulge in, which can 
 be practiced with more facility in the wedded 
 than in the single state. 
 
 One great obstacle in the way of marriage, 
 and more especially among the poorer classes, 
 is the high rate of fees which the priests charge 
 for performing the marriage ceremony. Thus 
 many are tempted more than naturally into 
 illicit intercourse. In some instances several 
 hundred dollars have been paid for performing 
 the ceremony, that being the regular fee of 
 the curate and not, of course, the voluntary 
 gift of the bridegroom. The lowest price paid, 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 where the parties are married in church and 
 the simplest rites performed, is about $20. 
 
 As to the pleasures of courtship, there are 
 none in New Mexico. The young people have 
 no moonlight walks and sentimental chats 
 along the bank of a pleasant stream in sum- 
 mer; no strolls in the fields, in spring time, to 
 gather early flowers to present to each other 
 as emblems of their own budding affection; no 
 pleasant drives through shady groves, when 
 the horse goes so slow, and the afternoon is so 
 warm that it is impossible to return home be- 
 fore night, when the moon will be up to light 
 the road. Here there are no pleasant eve- 
 nings passed in each other's society, to study 
 character and disposition and absorb the pleas- 
 ant emanations of each other's presence, when 
 the eyes speak volumes though the tongue be 
 silent; no sweet good-bys at the door-step, 
 away from ma's searching eyes, when a sly and 
 gentle pressure of the hand is given and re- 
 ceived in token of that affection which is as 
 deep as it is silent. These little maneuverings 
 and heart episodes are strangers in all the land 
 of New Mexico in connection with the business 
 of marrying and giving in marriage. The ac- 
 commodating parents relieve the young people 
 of all these burdens. A girl can scarcely put 
 her head outside the door without an old wo- 
 man tagging after her to stand guard over her 
 heart. 
 
 The old Spanish custom is still adhered to. 
 In the first place all proposals of marriage are 
 made to the father, or, if he be dead, to the 
 mother, who is supposed to be the rightful 
 keeper of the daughter's affection. If a lad 
 "falls in love " he unbosoms his troubled soul 
 to his father, who thereupon writes a plain, 
 cold business note to the father of the young 
 lady, and without more ado asks the hand of 
 his daughter in marriage for his son. The 
 matter is then duly considered by the parents 
 of the young lady; and if the match is viewed 
 as an advantageous one, in nine cases out of 
 ten the proposal is accepted without consulting 
 the wishes of the daughter, who, as a dutiful 
 child, is presumed, as a matter of course, to 
 
 do just as pa wishes. It is beneath the pride 
 of a Spaniard to regard the inclination or pre- 
 ference of the child in such matters, and, if 
 he is pleased with the proposed alliance, that 
 is deemed all-sufficient. The length of time 
 given the parents to sit in council over the 
 matter is generally a month, at the end of 
 which time the affair is concluded and an an- 
 swer is given in due form. It is very seldom 
 that a young lady thinks seriously of matri- 
 mony unless it is proposed by the father, and 
 it sometimes happens that the parties have 
 never met until the day of marriage. 
 
 Per contra, there are some advantages in 
 this system of wooing and marrying compared 
 with the usual Yankee style. The young lady 
 is saved a deal of trouble and anxiety, to say 
 nothing of the jealousy, which, under our sys- 
 tem, in spite of all she can do, will now and 
 then creep into the heart. She is relieved of 
 the necessity of always being "fixed up" in 
 proper trim in order to receive her lover should 
 he come at an unexpected hour. And then, 
 under the Spanish regime, there are none of 
 the heart-burnings and uncertainties as to 
 whether her love is returned, as is often ex- 
 perienced under our system. There is no time 
 lost in rides and walks, and expensive outfits 
 for occasions; no sleep lost in thinking and 
 planing, not to mention also a cause for law- 
 suits, for damages resulting from a broken heart, 
 etc. For the lad it saves even more trouble 
 than for the lass. It economizes even his 
 breath, which is thus not wasted in long-drawn 
 sighs, and last, though not least, it is a great 
 blessing to hired horses. Even the firey ordeal 
 of "popping the question," the greatest bug- 
 bear of all, is dispensed with! 
 
 BENCH AND BAR. 
 
 The history of the bench of New Mexico, 
 may be said to commence with the following 
 notice, issued by General Kearny on Septem- 
 ber 22, 1846, only four days after the oc- 
 cupation of Santa Fe. It was printed on a 
 little sheet only six and one-half by eight and 
 
HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 73 
 
 one-half inches in size, the first half occupied 
 by the Spanish "Aviso," and the remainder 
 by the following, in English: 
 
 NOTICE. 
 
 Being duly authorized by the President of 
 the United States of America, I hereby make 
 the following appointments for the Govern- 
 ment of New Mexico, a Territory of the United 
 States; the officers thus appointed will be 
 obeyed and respected accordingly: 
 
 Charles Bent to be Governor. 
 
 Donaciano Vigil, Sec', of Territory. 
 
 Richard Dallam, Marshall. 
 
 Francis P. Blair, U. S. D. At'y. 
 
 Charles Blummer, Treasurer. 
 
 Eugene Leitensdorfer, Aud. of Pub. Ace. 
 
 Joal Houghton, Antonio Jose Otero, Charles 
 Beaubien, to be Judges of "the Superior 
 Court." 
 
 Given at Santa Fe, the Capitol of the Ter- 
 ritory of New Mexico, this 22d day of Septem- 
 ber, 1846, and in the jist year of the Inde- 
 pendence of the United States. 
 
 S. W. KEARNY, 
 Brig. General U. S. Army. 
 
 The haste with which this historic docu- 
 ment was printed is evident from the fact that 
 no less than four mistakes occur in the spelling 
 of the names of the officials. 
 
 Simultaneously with the issuance of this 
 decree, the celebrated " Kearny code" was 
 promulgated. This is one of the most extra- 
 ordinary documents ever produced when the 
 circumstances of its construction are con- 
 sidered. 
 
 As soon as it was evident that the United 
 States would soon be in possession of New 
 Mexico it became apparent that one of the 
 most important and yet difficult and delicate 
 tasks which had to be performed was with re- 
 gard to the civil law to be observed and en- 
 forced under the new regime. This, of course, 
 required immediate action, and General Kearny 
 committed the work of preparing a code to 
 Colonel A. W. Doniphan and Willard P. Hall, 
 of the Missouri volunteers. Just as this work 
 was being completed, and while he was actually 
 engaged in a room in the Palace in transcrib- 
 
 ing part of the laws, Mr. Hall received the in- 
 telligence of his election as a member of Con- 
 gress from the district in Missouri in which he 
 resided. As preliminary to the work the gen- 
 eral directed a translation to be made of all 
 the laws and decrees found in the official ar- 
 chives at Santa Fe, a work which was rapidly 
 accomplished by Captain David Waldo (the 
 uncle of Hon. Henry L. Waldo, afterwards 
 chief justice of New Mexico). This code, much 
 of which has remained as the law of the Terri- 
 tory for nearly fifty years, contained a bill of 
 rights quite similar to those in many of the 
 States, proclaiming the broadest principles of 
 liberty, and was made up largely from Missouri 
 statutes and existing Mexican laws. It was to 
 be promulgated in both Spanish and English, 
 and the labor of translation was confided to 
 Captain Waldo, whose varied accomplishments 
 and scholarship were frequently of much value 
 in similar matters. Considerable difficulty was 
 experienced in printing the work, the only press 
 in the Territory being a small one which had 
 been used by the former government in printing 
 proclamations, public notices, manifestoes, 
 etc. The type was worn, and ink and other 
 materials difficult to obtain; but finally the 
 work was accomplished. The type being Span- 
 ish, and consequently containing no w, we are 
 told that whenever that letter occurred in the 
 book the compositor had to substitute two v's. 
 This "Kearny code" was promulgated on 
 September 22d, and took effect immediately. 
 
 Thus on one and the same day a complete 
 set of new laws, to take the place of all the 
 Spanish system which had existed for over 250 
 years, was proclaimed; and the officers to en- 
 force those laws were appointed. 
 
 Our interest is with the three men named 
 as judges of the Supreme Court. They were 
 all residents of the Territory and stood high in 
 the estimation of the people. It was a very 
 important matter, at that critical period, when 
 a new government was being established among 
 people whose prejudices had been excited by 
 every kind of misrepresentation against the in- 
 vaders, that the officers selected to enforce the 
 
74 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 new laws should possess the confidence of the 
 old population; and the tact and good judg- 
 ment of General Kearny are nowhere more 
 evident than in his selection of these, judges. 
 The population of New Mexico was mainly 
 Spanish, but there was a considerable admix- 
 ture of French, mainly from St. Louis. To 
 them was now added the new American ele- 
 ment. 
 
 In the formation of the Supreme Court all 
 these nationalities were represented : the Span- 
 ish by Judge Otero, the French by Judge Beau- 
 bien and the Anglo-American by Judge Hough- 
 ton. That the selections gave at least reason- 
 able satisfaction is evident from the fact that 
 no change was made until it became necessary 
 by the entire alteration of the system after the 
 regular organization of New Mexico as a Ter- 
 ritory. As these, judges will always head the 
 column of the judiciary of New Mexico, it may 
 be interesting to say something of their lives 
 and character. 
 
 Joab Houghton was born in the year 181 1, 
 in the State of New York, and grew to man- 
 hood in that State. He received a common- 
 school as well as a collegiate education. He 
 was by profession a civil engineer. When 
 thirty-three years of age he came to New Mex- 
 ico, and in the year 1845 was appointed Unit- 
 ed States consul at Santa Fe. About the same 
 time he engaged in merchandising with a man 
 by the name of Leitensdorfer, and from 1846 
 to 1848 theirs was one of the leading mercan- 
 tile houses west of the Missouri river. The 
 firm had its store on the corner of what was 
 known as the Galisteo road and the present 
 San Francisco street. After his appointment 
 by General Kearny, Judge Houghton held his 
 first term of court for Santa Fe county in De- 
 cember, A. D. 1846, and continued to hold 
 court at the regularly appointed terms up to 
 his retirement from the bench in 1852. He 
 was not educated to the bar, and the records 
 of his court from 1846 to 1850 clearly demon- 
 strate, from the crude manner in which the 
 entries are made, and from the decidedly pe- 
 culiar and irregular method of entering up or- 
 
 ders, judgments and decrees, that Judge 
 Houghton's experience in dispensing justice in 
 those turbulent and troublous times was any- 
 thing but satisfactory, either to himself or to 
 litigants. 
 
 During the war of the rebellion, he was a 
 stanch Union man, asserting his sentiments 
 when it required nerve to maintain his patriot- 
 ism. In 1862 Judge Houghton was an acting 
 United States district attorney, and as such 
 drew several indictments for treason against 
 prominent citizens. In the year 1865, when 
 Judge Houghton was again appointed to the 
 bench, he was assigned to the Third Judicial 
 District, and while officiating as Judge had be- 
 fore him various suits brought under the act of 
 Congress of March 3, 1863, authorizing the 
 confiscation of property in certa'in cases. By 
 his rulings in these cases Judge Houghton laid 
 himself open to the severest criticism, much of 
 which was brought about through his lack of 
 legal knowledge. The ' ' New Mexican, " of De- 
 cember 15, 1865, says: "It is now clear that 
 Judge Houghton is wanting in all the essentials 
 necessary to a speedy and satisfactory admin- 
 istration of justice, and his appointment to the 
 bench is but another evidence that those not 
 bred in the law should not be intrusted with' its 
 administration." 
 
 His court was called a "prize court;" and 
 so great was the indignation in certain quarters 
 against the judge, the United States attorney 
 and the marshal, that on December 5, 1865, 
 they were denounced to their faces as unmiti- 
 gated scoundrels. It is impossible now to real- 
 ize how overwhelming was the excitement and 
 prejudice of those days. The exercise of calm 
 judgment seems to have been almost an im- 
 possibility. In his two official terms Judge 
 Houghton appears to have filed but one written 
 opinion: that was in the case of Archibeque v. 
 Miera, in 1869. In that year he was succeed- 
 ed by Judge Bergen, appointed by President 
 Grant. 
 
 After his retirement from the bench Judge 
 Houghton practiced law and lived in Santa Fe 
 until February, 1876. He drew the original 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 75 
 
 plans of the capitol, which was commenced by 
 the United States Government before the war, 
 and which twenty-five years afterward was com- 
 pleted as the " Federal building" at Santa Fe. 
 
 In 1876 he married a daughter of Captain 
 Shoemaker, military storekeeper and ordinance 
 officer at Fort Union. 
 
 Antonio Jose Otero was a native of Valen- 
 cia county, New Mexico, having been born in 
 the plaza of Valencia on the I3th day of March, 
 1809. His father's name was Vicente Otero, 
 his mother's maiden name. Gertrudes Chaves. 
 His grandfather was Don Pedro Otero, who 
 came to Santa Fe about the year 1776, and 
 afterward moved to Valencia. Judge Otero 
 lived at Peralta, in the county of Valencia, when 
 the Americans took possession of New Mexico, 
 and was 35 years old when Kearny made him 
 judge. He presided over the third circuit 
 court, which at that time comprised everything 
 south of Santa Fe and all of what is now the 
 Territory of Arizona. He was a man of large 
 views and commanding influence, and was held 
 in high esteem by those who knew him per- 
 sonally. 
 
 He received a portion of his education at 
 Laguna, New Mexico, where he was taught by 
 Father Penol, a Franciscan friar. He also 
 studied with one of New Mexico's most cele- 
 brated citizens, the eminent Father Jose An- 
 tonio Martinez, of Taos. Judge Otero was en- 
 dowed by nature with fine intellectual powers, 
 all of which were developed and strengthened 
 by a discipline which enabled him to compre- 
 hend readily and accurately the important ques- 
 tions demanding his attention in after years. 
 
 On the whole, viewed from any standpoint, 
 Judge Otero seems to have given far greater 
 satisfaction than did Judge Houghton. He 
 was an excellent man, and a just and impar- 
 tial judge. He died in 1870, about sixty-one 
 years of age, honored and respected by all. 
 Though the population of New Mexico is so 
 largely Spanish, Judge Otero is the only man 
 of Spanish origin who ever held a place in the 
 Supreme Court of this Territory. 
 
 Charles Beaubien, the third member of 
 
 the court, had come to New Mexico as early 
 as 1822, and settled at Taos. In 1826 he 
 married Pabla Valdez, a sister of Don Pedro 
 Valdez, a well-known citizen of the Territory. 
 He was widely known and highly respected. 
 In the court he seems to have had no desire 
 to be conspicuous, and he did not write a 
 single opinion. He was one of the two per- 
 sons to whom the celebrated "Beaubien and 
 Miranda Grant, " afterward more widely known 
 as the " Maxwell Grant," was conceded, Jan- 
 uary ii, 1841. This immense tract embraces, 
 over 1,800,000 acres, lying principally in New 
 Mexico, but partly in Colorado, and is the largest 
 area of land ever owned by a single individual 
 or corporation in the United States. 
 
 Judge Beaubien was the father of Narciso 
 Beaubien, who was killed at the time of the Taos 
 revolt, January 14, 1847; of Pablo Beaubien, 
 who is" still living at Fort Sumner, and of five 
 daughters, all of whom married prominent citi- 
 zens. One of them, Maria de la Luz, became the 
 wife of Lucien B. Maxwell, and it was in this 
 way that the latter ultimately became the 
 owner of the grant which has given celebrity 
 to his name. 
 
 Judge Beaubien was a French-Canadian by 
 birth, having been born at St. Nicolet, Canada, 
 in 1796. He died at Taos, where he had 
 lived for forty years, in 1862. 
 
 Such were the judges who introduced the 
 administration of law according to the Ameri- 
 can system into the newly-acquired territory of 
 New Mexico. 
 
 It was a peculiar transitional condition of 
 society from the Mexican to the American in 
 nationality, from the Spanish to the English in 
 language. There was grave doubt as to the 
 boundary line between the powers of the civil 
 officials, including the courts, and those of the 
 army officers, of whom the military governor 
 was chief. This rendered the duties of the 
 judges peculiarly delicate and difficult. To 
 maintain their own official dignity and yet not 
 come into a conflict with the military authori- 
 ties, in which case the rule that "might 
 makes right " would very likely have prevailed, 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 was no easy task, and required a modera- 
 tion and tact not commonly found. Taken 
 altogether, the judicial officials performed their 
 peculiar duties wisely and well, and opened 
 with as little friction as possible the new regime 
 in the old province of the " Conquistadores. " 
 
 Those who were in the practice from the 
 beginning of the court established by Kearny 
 were few in number, and all of them, with 
 possibly one exception, were officers or soldiers 
 or volunteers in the American army, who had 
 studied law before being called away by the ex- 
 citement of the war. They were: James H. 
 Quinn (called Santiago Quinn in New Mexico), 
 William Z.Angney, Murray F. Tuley, Theodore 
 D. Wheaton, Hugh N. Smith, Frank P. Blair, 
 Jr., and Palmer J. Pillan. There was also a 
 Captain Chouteau, who was admitted to the 
 bar, but seldom, if ever, practiced. 
 
 The judicial history of New Mexico may be 
 divided into three epochs: 
 
 The first is that which has been already 
 referred to under the Kearny code, and before 
 the passage of the act in 1850 which gave to 
 New Mexico a regular ' ' Territorial " govern- 
 ment. 
 
 The second epoch extends from 1850 to 
 the opening of the Territory to new immigra- 
 tion and influence by the coming of the first 
 railroad in 1879. 
 
 The third epoch commences at the latter 
 date and includes all the period to the present. 
 
 During the second, which covers nearly 
 thirty years, communication with the outside 
 world was slow and difficult; there were no 
 telegraphs or means of rapid travel. It re- 
 quired at least thirty days for a letter to reach 
 the older portions of the country. Newspapers 
 were few and usually were strong party or 
 personal organs, scarcely calculated to build 
 up a high and impartial sentiment. The judges 
 laboriously journeyed from county to county, 
 followed by the court officers, attorneys, liti- 
 gants and witnesses. They were largely a 
 law unto themselves, some of them holding 
 court in a very injudicial fashion, and indulging 
 in practices which would scarcely be con- 
 
 sidered dignified or proper in localities where 
 public opinion holds stronger sway. There are 
 many odd anecdotes regarding events that 
 occurred in the courts of those days which are 
 still current. The war came in the middle of 
 this period and brought with .it sharp divisions 
 and animosities. It also brought many new 
 men, some from the East, and others who 
 crossed from the Pacific in the celebrated 
 "California column," and who a little later 
 became prominent at the bar and in other 
 walks of life. This period embraced the con- 
 tests of cattlemen and cowboys, culminating in 
 the so-called Lincoln county war, which found 
 a kind of counterpart in the north in the out- 
 rages and murders which made Cimarron and 
 Colfax county notorious for some years. All 
 these things gave rise to litigation, both civil 
 and criminal, in which large bodies of the 
 people arrayed themselves as bitter partisans. 
 
 During this period appeals to the Supreme 
 Court of the Territory were comparatively few, 
 except from the First Judicial District, as the ex- 
 pense of sending counsel from the other dis- 
 tricts to Santa Fe was too great to be afforded, 
 except in important cases. 
 
 The Territory continued during all these 
 thirty years, and for ten years after, to be di- 
 vided into three districts, corresponding to the 
 three judges of the Supreme Court, and the 
 chief justice always resided at Santa Fe, where 
 the Supreme Court sessions were held. From 
 1846 to 1860 the districts were divided as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 First District: The counties of Santa Fe, 
 San Miguel and Santa Ana. Court held at 
 Santa Fe. 
 
 Second District: The counties of Berna- 
 lillo and Valencia, and, as soon as organized, 
 the counties also of Socorro, Donna Ana and 
 Arizona. Court held at Albuquerque, some- 
 times, under special order of the court, at So- 
 corro. 
 
 Third District: The counties of Taos and 
 Rio Arriba. Court held at Fernandez de Taos. 
 
 In 1860 a new distribution of districts took 
 place, the southern part of the Territory hav- 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 77 
 
 ing meanwhile increased in population and busi- 
 ness importance. Under this, the great bulk 
 of business was thrown into the First District, 
 which covered all the northern half of the Ter- 
 ritory, and embraced seven counties until the 
 extinction of Santa Ana county, and afterward 
 six, thus necessitating a great amount of travel 
 on the part of the judge. 
 
 The courts in this district were arranged to 
 take place in succession, forming a regular 
 circuit, so that the court officers and lawyers 
 could start from Santa Fe and proceed in turn 
 to San Miguel, Mora and Colfax, crossing the 
 Rocky mountains to Taos and thence proceed- 
 ing down the west side to Rio Arriba and 
 back to Santa. Fe, the whole circuit occupying 
 a little less than three months. The courts 
 of the other districts were arranged so as not 
 to interfere with this circuit, but to follow it in 
 such order that the lawyers, nearly all of 
 whom lived at Santa Fe, could attend all the 
 courts of the Territory. 
 
 Under the new arrangement of districts in 
 1860, the counties were divided as follows: 
 
 First District: Counties of Santa Fe, 
 Santa Ana, San Miguel, Mora, Colfax, Taos 
 and Rio Arriba. 
 
 Second District: Bernalillo, Valencia, and 
 Socorro. 
 
 Third District: Donna Ana, Grant and 
 Lincoln. 
 
 During these first two epochs, down to the 
 entrance of the railroad into Las Vegas in 
 July, 1879, the number of opinions delivered 
 by the judge was very limited. In fact, dur- 
 ing the entire thirty-three years before that 
 date, all of the opinions rendered by the Su- 
 preme Court, when put together, make exactly 
 one volume! New Mexico Reports, Vol. I, 
 contains reports of eighty-one cases, in which 
 eighty-four opinions were rendered, commenc- 
 ing in 1852 and running to 1879. In 1852 two 
 cases are reported; in 1853, ten; in 1854, 
 three; in 1855, two; in 1856, none. Even in 
 the later years the opinions rendered are very 
 few. In 1875 there is one; in 1876, one; in 
 1877 and 1878, none at all; in 1879, three. 
 
 Several of the judges never wrote any opinion 
 at all; several others only one during their 
 terms of office. 
 
 The only judge who showed a special de- 
 sire to make his views matter of record was 
 Judge Benedict, whose reported opinions num- 
 ber twenty-two. Judge H. L. Johnson follows 
 with thirteen; Judge Bristol with eleven; and 
 Judges Watts and Deavenport with seven each. 
 We have five for Judge Waters, four each for 
 Judges Brocchus and Boone, two apiece from 
 Judges Baker, Hubbell and Palen, and just one 
 each from Judges Mower, Knapp, Slough, 
 Houghton and Parks. 
 
 Judge Watts and Judge Benedict both en- 
 joyed historical research, and some of their 
 opinions which involve matters of that char- 
 acter are of much interest outside of their 
 legal value. It is to be regretted that in those 
 days, when time was plentiful and business 
 comparatively light, more of these essays on 
 historical points relative to the Pueblo Indians 
 and the aboriginal and Spanish customs were 
 not prepared. 
 
 In no one respect, perhaps, does the con- 
 trast between the epochs referred to, between 
 the old and the new, show itself more plainly 
 than in this matter of judicial opinions. As 
 before stated the first volume of New Mexico 
 Reports contains all that were delivered in the 
 thirty-three years from 1847 to 1880. The 
 whole of Vol. II, with the exception of six 
 cases, is taken up by the opinions rendered in 
 the three years 1880, 1881 and 1882, when 
 the Supreme Court was composed of Chief 
 Justice Prince and Associate Justices Bristol 
 and Parks. 
 
 THE CHIEF JUSTICES, 
 
 From the beginning until 1879, were the 
 following, they being also Judges of the First 
 Judicial District: 
 
 1846: Joab Houghton (Kearney Court). 
 
 1851: Graf ton Baker (under Territorial 
 government). 
 
 '853: J- J- Deavenport. 
 
 1858: Kirby Benedict. 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 1866: John P. Slough (killed while in 
 office). 
 
 1868: John S. Watts. 
 
 1869: Joseph G. Palen (died in office). 
 
 1876: Henry L. Waldo. 
 
 1878: Charles McCandless. 
 
 1879: L. Bradford Prince. 
 The Judges of the Second District were: 
 
 1846: Antonio J. Otero (Kearny Court). 
 
 1851: John S. Watts (Territorial). 
 
 1854: Perry E. Brocchus. 
 
 1859: W. F. Boone. 
 
 1861: Sidney A. Hubbell. 
 
 1867: Perry E. Brocchus. 
 
 1869: Hezekiah S. Johnson. 
 
 1876: John I. Redick. 
 
 1877: Samuel B. McLin (not confirmed). 
 
 1878: Samuel C. Parks. 
 Those of the Third District were: 
 
 District in North, Court at Taos. 
 
 1846: Charles Beaubien (Kearny Court). 
 
 1851: Horace Mower. 
 
 1853: Kirby Benedict. 
 
 1858: W. G. Blackwood. 
 
 District in South Donna Ana, Lincoln and 
 Grant. 
 
 1861: Joseph G. Knapp. 
 1865: Joab Houghton. 
 1869: Abraham Bergen. 
 1870: Benjamin J. Waters. 
 1871: D. B. Johnson. 
 1872: Warren Bristol. 
 
 The court officers during the same period 
 were: 
 
 ATTORNEY GENERALS OF TERRITORY. 
 
 1846: Hugh N. Smith. 
 
 1848: Elias P. Smith (U. S. Atty. in 
 1851). 
 
 1852: Henry C. Johnson. 
 
 1852: Merrill Ashurst. 
 
 1854: Theodore D. Wheaton. 
 
 1858: Richard H. Tompkins (U. S. 
 Atty. 1858). 
 
 1859: 
 1860: 
 1860: 
 
 ed 1861). 
 1862: 
 1862: 
 1863: 
 1867: 
 1869: 
 
 1872). 
 
 1872: 
 1872: 
 1878: 
 
 Hugh N. Smith (died in office). 
 
 Spruce M. Baird. 
 
 Richard H. Tompkins (reappoint- 
 
 Charles P. Clever. 
 
 Stephen B. Elkins. 
 
 Charles P. Clever (resigned). 
 
 Merrill Ashurst. 
 
 Thomas B. Catron (U. S. Atty. 
 
 Thomas F. Conway. 
 
 William Breeden (resigned 1878). 
 
 Henry L. Waldo. 
 
 UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS. 
 
 1846: Frank P. Black, Jr.' 
 1847: Hugh N. Smith. 
 
 (No U. S. Atty. 1848 to 1851). 
 1851: Elias P. West. 
 1853: W. H. H. Davis. 
 1855: Wm. Claude Jones. 
 1858: R. H. Tompkins. 
 1860: Theodore D. Wheaton. 
 1861: Stephen B. Elkins. 
 1871: S. M. Ashenfelter. 
 1872; Thomas B. Catron. 
 1878: Sidney M. Barnes. 
 
 CLERKS OF THE SUPREME COURT. 
 
 1847: James M. Giddings. 
 
 1854: Louis D. Sheets. 
 
 1856: Augustine DeMarle. 
 
 1859: Samuel Ellison. 
 
 1866: William M. Gwynne. 
 
 1867: Peter Connelly. 
 
 1868: Samuel Ellison. 
 
 1869: William Breeden. 
 
 1873: Rufus J. Palen. 
 
 1877: John H. Thompson. 
 
 U. S. MARSHALS. 
 
 1846: Richard Dallam. 
 1831 : John G. Jones. 
 1853: Charles L. Rumley. 
 1854: Charles H. Merritt. 
 1856: Charles Blummer. 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 79 
 
 1858: Charles P. Clever. 
 1861: Abram Cutler. 
 1866: John Pratt. 
 1876: John Sherman, Jr. 
 
 The following brief sketches of some of 
 those who occupied the position of chief justice 
 during this period give some idea of the con- 
 dition of the Territory, and of the circum- 
 stances surrounding them, as well as of the 
 characters and careers of the judges themselves. 
 
 Judge Benedict was born in Connecticut, 
 in 1 8 1 1 , and was consequently forty-two years 
 old when he was appointed associate justice of 
 New Mexico by President Pierce in 1853. He 
 had passed all of his adult life to that time in 
 Illinois, where he was a distinguished member 
 of the bar and a friend of both Douglas and 
 Lincoln. He was a man of much more than 
 ordinary ability and his integrity was never 
 questioned. Literary pursuits had an especial 
 charm for him, and this characteristic has a 
 lasting memorial in some of his judicial opin- 
 ions, which assume the form of essays, in the 
 first volume of New Mexico Reports. 
 
 On arriving in New Mexico he was assigned 
 to the old Third District, then consisting only 
 of the counties of Taos and Rio Arriba, with 
 headquarters at Taos. Here he continued as 
 judge for five years, at the end of which he was 
 appointed chief justice, and removed to Santa 
 Fe, having the First District as his circuit. In 
 1860 his old counties of Taos and Rio Arriba 
 were added to that district, so again came under 
 his judicial control. It was in Taos that he 
 delivered the famous sentence of death, which 
 will probably survive all of his more elaborate 
 utterances or writings. It is so characteristic 
 that we insert it entire, as repeated by one 
 who was present in court at the time. 
 
 Jose Maria Martin had been convicted of 
 murder in the district court held at Taos, and 
 the crime was shown to be of a very aggravated 
 nature and without provocation. The judge 
 evidently concurred in the verdict as fully 
 as if he had been a member of the jury. 
 When the time for sentence arrived the 
 
 prisoner was brought before the judge, who 
 addressed him as follows: "Jose Maria Mar- 
 tin, stand up. Jose Maria Martin, you have 
 been indicted, tried and convicted, by a jury 
 of your countrymen, of the crime of murder, 
 and the court is now about to pass upon you 
 the dread sentence of the law. As a usual 
 thing, Jose Maria Martin, it is a painful duty 
 for the judge of a court of justice to pronounce 
 upon a human being the sentence of death. 
 There is something horrible about it, and the 
 mind of the court naturally revolts from the 
 performance of such a duty. Happily, how- 
 ever, your case is relieved of all such unpleas- 
 ant features and the court takes positive de- 
 light in sentencing you to death! 
 
 "You are a young man, Jose Maria Martin; 
 apparently of good physical condition and 
 robust health. Ordinarily you might have 
 looked forward to many years of life, and the 
 court has no doubt you have, and have ex- 
 pected to die at a green old age; but you are 
 about to be cut off in consequence of your own 
 act. Jose Maria Martin, it is now the spring- 
 time, in a little while the grass will be spring- 
 ing up green in these beautiful valleys and on 
 these broad mesas and mountain sides flowers 
 will be blooming; birds will be singing their 
 sweet carols, and nature will be. putting on her 
 most gorgeous and her most attractive robes, 
 and life will be pleasant and men will want to 
 stay, but none of this for you, Jose Maria 
 Martin; the flowers will not bloom for you, 
 Jose Maria Martin; the birds will not carol 
 for you, Jose Maria Martin; when these things 
 come to gladden the senses of men, you will 
 be occupying a space about six by two beneath 
 the sod, and the green grass and those beau- 
 tiful flowers will be growing above your lowly 
 head. 
 
 ' ' The sentence of the court is that you be 
 taken from this place to the county jail; that 
 you be there kept safely and securely confined, 
 in the custody of the sheriff, until the day ap- 
 pointed for your execution. (Be very careful, 
 Mr. Sheriff, that he have no opportunity to 
 escape and that you have him at the appointed 
 
So 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 place at the appointed time.) That you be 
 so kept, Jose Maria Martin, until (Mr. Clerk, 
 on what day of the month does Friday about 
 two weeks from this time come? ' March 22d, 
 Your Honor.') Very well, until Friday, the 
 22nd day of March, when you will be taken 
 by the sheriff from your place of confinement 
 to some safe and convenient spot within the 
 county (that is, in your discretion, Mr. Sheriff, 
 you are only confined to the limits of this 
 county), and that you there be hanged by the 
 neck until you are dead, and, the court was 
 about to add, Jose Maria Martin, ' may God 
 have mercy on your soul, ' but the court will 
 not assume the responsibility of asking an All- 
 wise Providence to do that which a jury of 
 your peers has refused to do. The Lord 
 couldn't have mercy on your soul! However, 
 if you affect any religious belief, or are con- 
 nected with any religious organization, it 
 might be well for you to send for your priest 
 or your minister and get from him, well, such 
 consolation as you can; but the court advises 
 you to place no reliance upon anything of 
 that kind ! Mr. Sheriff, remove the pris- 
 oner. " 
 
 The anecdotes related of Judge Benedict 
 would fill a volume, and they well illustrate 
 the character of the times as well as of the 
 man. 
 
 After the appointment of Judge Slough to 
 succeed him, in 1866, Judge Benedict became 
 irritable and morose, and seemed to consider 
 that the position which he had held for thirteen 
 years belonged to him, and that any one else 
 who assumed it was a kind of interloper, and 
 was doing him a personal wrong. This feel- 
 ing coupled with the effect of too great an 
 indulgence in stimulants, caused frequent diffi- 
 culties in his intercourse with the courts, and 
 led to his ultimately being suspended from 
 practice. This occurred at the annual session 
 of the Supreme Court in 1871. He made 
 several demands to be reinstated, unaccom- 
 panied by any apology, but finally, finding that 
 course of procedure unavailing, he tendered an 
 apology and explanation and requested resto- 
 
 ration. He no doubt expected that this would 
 be granted without further ceremony, but the 
 court referred the application to a committee 
 consisting of Judge Hubbell, Judge Houghton 
 and Colonel Breeden, "to report whether the 
 habits and character of Kirby Benedict are 
 such as to make him a fit person to practice in 
 this court." Chagrinned at this action, Judge 
 Benedict withdrew his application and soon 
 after died. 
 
 Judge Slough's career as Chief Justice was 
 comparatively brief, and he is the only high 
 official thus far in the history of New Mexico 
 who has met a violent death during his term of 
 office. 
 
 His first connection with New Mexico was 
 one which will ever be remembered, and spe- 
 cially endeared him to the loyal people of the 
 Territory. When the rebel army from Texas 
 had possession of Santa Fe and was about to 
 start on its way to Fort Union to take posses- 
 sion of the vast stores accumulated there, and 
 thence northerly to cut off the Pacific slope 
 from communication with the remainder of the 
 country, it was the First Regiment of Colorado 
 volunteers, commanded by Colonel John P. 
 Slough, that came to the relief of New Mexico. 
 
 They left Denver in February, 1862, and 
 on March 7 arrived at the foot of the Raton 
 Pass. By rapid marching the vanguard suc- 
 ceeded in getting to Fort Union on March 1 1, 
 and the entire regiment on March 13. This 
 was of great importance, as it was known that 
 the Texans were on the march, and none knew 
 how soon they might arrive. Here the Colo- 
 rado volunteers were joined by some regular 
 troops and New Mexico volunteers, so that the 
 total force under Colonel Slough amounted to 
 1,342 men. Pressing on again, they encamped 
 at Bernal Spring on the 24th, and soon after 
 met and turned back the forces of the invaders 
 at the battle of Glorieta or Pigeon's Ranch. 
 Therefore, when Colonel Slough was appoint- 
 ed Chief Justice, in 1866, he naturally met with 
 a very hearty welcome from the people. At 
 the Supreme Court session in 1867 he wrote 
 one of the three opinions that were rendered, 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 and during that year he announced an impor- 
 tant decision declaring the Pueblo Indians to 
 be citizens of the United States. 
 
 On Sunday, the I5th day of December, 
 1867, Chief Justice Slough was shot and killed 
 in the office of the Fonda (now the Exchange) 
 hotel, at the corner of the plaza in Santa 
 Fe, by Captain William L. Rynerson, then a 
 member of the legislature from Donna Ana 
 county. 
 
 Judge Watts occupied a conspicuous posi- 
 tion in New-Mexican affairs for a long series of 
 years. He was originally a citizen of Indiana, 
 where he won an excellent reputation at the 
 bar. In 1851 he was appointed one of the 
 associate justices of the Supreme Court by Presi- 
 dent Fillmore, when the regular Territorial 
 government was organized, and was assigned 
 to the Second District, with headquarters at 
 Albuquerque. Here he continued in office 
 until superseded by Judge Brocchus, appointed 
 by President Pierce, in 1854. Soon afterward 
 he removed to Santa Fe and engaged in the 
 active practice of the law. When Abraham 
 Lincoln became president, Judge Watts had 
 large influence with the administration and suc- 
 ceeded in securing the appointment of Henry 
 Connelly as governor and Miguel A. Otero as 
 secretary. The people became convinced that 
 he could be of more service to the Territory 
 than any one else, as delegate, and at the elec- 
 tion, in 1 86 1, he was elected to Congress by a 
 sort of unanimous consent, without any regular 
 opposing candidate. In every position he was 
 a man of great industry and perseverance, and 
 he carried those qualities with him to Wash- 
 ington, where he made a reputation for his ac- 
 tive presentation of the interests of New Mexi- 
 co. He was not a candidate for re-election, 
 but resumed the practice of his profession until 
 appointed Chief Justice early in 1868, after the 
 death of Judge Slough. In this position his 
 official term was not of great length, as Judge 
 Palen was appointed soon after the accession of 
 General Grant to the presidency. Thereupon 
 he again resumed his profession, and was an 
 important factor in all New-Mexican affairs 
 
 6 
 
 until about 1875, when he returned to Indiana 
 and soon after died. 
 
 Judge Palen was born in the year 1812, in 
 Palenville, Greene county, New York, of old 
 Knickerbocker stock. He was educated at local 
 schools and at Harvard and Amherst Colleges. 
 He afterward studied law with the celebrated 
 Ambrose L. Jordan, and for a number of years 
 practiced in the city of Hudson. When the 
 Republicans came into power in 1861 he was 
 made postmaster of that city, and continued 
 in that office until he was appointed Chief Jus- 
 tice of New Mexico, on April 15, 1869. He 
 was re-appointed March 20, 1873, and occu- 
 pied the position until his death on December 
 21, 1875. 
 
 Judge Palen was a man of strong charac- 
 teristics, and left his impress on everything 
 with which he came in contact. His instincts 
 were high and noble, and he was uncompro- 
 mising in carrying his ideas of right into effect. 
 He had no patience with looseness of charac- 
 ter or laxity in manners. He always fully sus- 
 tained the dignity of the court, and he exacted 
 proper respect to his high office from everyone. 
 No breath of slander ever assailed his private 
 character. He was an incorruptible and en- 
 lightened judge, a fearless man and an ex- 
 emplary citizen. His death was a loss to the 
 Territory which was felt by every New Mex- 
 ican. 
 
 Judge Waldo was born in Jackson county, 
 Missouri, in January, 1844; ne was educated 
 in that State, and at the age of eighteen 
 started across the plains for a new home in 
 California. There he studied law with Judge 
 Farley, afterward United States Senator, and 
 was admitted to the bar, and shortly thereafter 
 was elected district attorney for Amador 
 county. 
 
 On account of the health of his wife he re- 
 turned to Kansas City in 1872, and was prac- 
 ticing there when Stephen B. Elkins, on his 
 election to Congress, sent for him to take 
 charge of his legal business at Santa Fe. That 
 was in 1874. In the subsequent year Waldo 
 formed a partnership with Colonel William 
 
82 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Breeden. On the death of Judge Palen, 
 through the influence of Elkins, Breeden and 
 other Republicans, President Grant appointed 
 him Chief Justice. 
 
 When accepting the office Judge Waldo 
 told his friends that he only intended to hold it 
 for two years, and true to that idea he resigned 
 in 1878, although his judicial career was very 
 satisfactory to the people. At about the same 
 time Colonel Breeden resigned as attorney 
 general of the Territory, and Judge Waldo 
 was immediately appointed to that office by 
 Governor Axtell. These appointments were 
 the more complimentary, as in both cases they 
 came from Republican executives, while Judge 
 Waldo has always been a Democrat and stands 
 high in the councils of that party. The term 
 for which Judge Waldo was appointed expired 
 by limitation at the end of the next session of 
 the legislature, but he was continued in the 
 discharge of the duties of public prosecutor, 
 by temporary appointments, and as acting 
 attorney general by Judge Prince. From the 
 time of the entrance of the railroad into New 
 Mexico, Judge Waldo has been general solici- 
 tor for the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Com- 
 pany in the Territory, and has consequently 
 declined general legal business. No one stands 
 higher in the profession or among the people 
 than he. 
 
 The judicial career of Judge McCandless 
 was exceedingly short, being confined to a single 
 term of court. He was appointed from Penn- 
 sylvania, as chief justice, by President Hayes, 
 early in 1878. On arriving in the Territory he 
 presided at the summer term of court at Santa 
 Fe and then was called by urgent business to 
 return to the East. He was a man of large 
 ability and great decision of character, and con- 
 ducted the business of the court with much 
 vigor. But he never returned, and tendered 
 his resignation soon after reaching Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 A biography of Chief Justice Prince appears 
 in another part of this volume. As a judicial 
 officer he was characterized by executive ability 
 and untiring energy, which cleared the dockets 
 
 and kept them clear, although it might be nec- 
 essary to open court every morning at 9 and 
 hold evening sessions every night; by an impar- 
 tiality which had not always been manifested 
 before in the selection of jurors; and a jealous 
 regard for the rights, time and convenience of 
 the people when they seemed to be disregarded 
 or infringed upon. 
 
 No term of court was ever postponed or 
 allowed to lapse during his term of office; and 
 one of the notable events of his service was the 
 holding of a court in Rio Arriba county without 
 the aid of a lawyer except the clerk. In that 
 case the county seat had been changed from 
 Plaza del Alcalde to Tierra Amarilla, which was 
 far distant from the center of population and 
 from the main thoroughfares. The journey 
 required two or three days and was over bad 
 roads. So the lawyers urged that no court 
 should be held there; but the judge answered 
 that it was his duty to go, no matter at what 
 inconvenience. Then they agreed not to at- 
 tend, so that no business could be transacted. 
 The judge and clerk proceeded by themselves, 
 the court was opened and juries empaneled. 
 Mr. F. M. Clancy, the clerk, who was a mem- 
 ber of the bar, was appointed prosecuting offi- 
 cer, and the judge informed the people that 
 he would try all the cases that were ready, and 
 that parties could appear and try their cases 
 in person. The result was that more suits 
 were disposed of than had been tried in that 
 county in over five years before, and the term 
 was in every way satisfactory. At the next 
 term the lawyers were all in attendance! 
 
 Judge Prince's period of service embraced 
 the time of the coming of the railroad, when 
 the business, civil and criminal, was very large; 
 and during one single circuit he tried no less 
 than seven murder cases. He introduced many 
 modern improvements, such as stenographers 
 and printed dockets. 
 
 In 1882, for business reasons, he resigned, 
 in May, but remained in office until he swore 
 in his successor, George Axtell, at the Las 
 Vegas court in August. The following extracts 
 from his letter of resignation will give some 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 idea of the condition of legal business at that 
 time: 
 
 ' ' You are, perhaps, aware of the circum- 
 stances under which I came here; that I ac- 
 cepted the position only after twice declining it, 
 and at the repeated solicitation of the presi- 
 dent, secretary of state and attorney general, 
 who were anxious to have some one appointed 
 that would clear up the large amount of ac- 
 cumulated business, and had no affiliation with 
 any of the conflicting interests represented in 
 the litigation of the Territory, and who were 
 kind enough to think that I could accomplish 
 what was required. 
 
 " While the position has been in almost 
 all respects an interesting and pleasant one, 
 yet I have been obliged to recollect, in justice 
 to others as well as myself, that after a pro- 
 tracted legislative service in the East, I could 
 not well afford to give more of the best years 
 of my life to a public position whose salary 
 allowed of no provision for the future. 
 
 "I had therefore intended to tender my 
 resignation at the close of last year, but the 
 pendency just then of an effort to displace me 
 by certain persons who needed a partial and 
 subservient judge in order to carry out their 
 plans, made such resignation then practically 
 impossible. I have waited therefore until that 
 effort passed, and until I felt that no public 
 interest would be injured by the resignation, 
 
 "The Court calendars have been cleared 
 of the accumulated business; no less than i , 1 84 
 civil and 1,483 criminal cases having been 
 finally disposed of during the seven circuits 
 which I have held. The critical period sur- 
 rounding the coming of the first railroads is 
 ended, and good order and prosperity every- 
 where prevail." 
 
 THE BAR. 
 
 Turning our attention now to the practi- 
 tioners, we find that what may be called the 
 first generation of them comprised Hugh N. 
 Smith, Elias P. West, Henry C. Johnson, 
 Merrill Ashurst, Theodore D. Wheaton, Rich- 
 ard H. Tompkins, John E. Garey, William B. 
 
 Angney, James H. Quinn, Palmer J. Pillan, 
 Spruce M. Baird, W. H. Henrie, Mr. Hop- 
 kins, etc. 
 
 Others some time after became prominent, 
 as Charles P. Clever, Sidney A. Hubbell, 
 A. M. Jackson, S. B. Elkins, Thomas B. Cat- 
 ron, H. L. Johnson, Benjamin Stevens, Thom- 
 as T. Comday, William Breeden, Henry L. 
 Waldo, John O. Bail, Jose D. Sena, Frank 
 Springer, Melvin W. Mills, William C. Hazle- 
 dine, John M. Ginn, William T. Thornton, 
 Eugene A. Fiske, Charles H. Gildersleeve, 
 Louis Sulzbacher, L. B. Newcomb, W. O. 
 Lee, J. Francisco Chaves, Wm. L. Rynerson, 
 Albert J. Fountain, Theodore Greiner, etc. 
 
 These comprised the most of the bar until 
 the time when the railroad arrived and brought 
 with it a flood of new population and a large 
 number of new lawyers. 
 
 "At the breaking out of the Rebellion the 
 most active practitioners were Judges Hough- 
 ton and Watts, and Messrs. Ashurst, Tomp- 
 kins, Wheaton, Clever, Baird, Henrie, Hub- 
 bell, Johnson, Jackson and Greiner. Of these, 
 Messrs. Henrie, Hubbell, Johnson and Greiner 
 lived at Albuquerque, Mr. Wheaton at Ocate 
 and all the remainder at Santa Fe. 
 
 The United States courts (as distinguished 
 from the Territorial ones) were, in the earlier 
 days, mostly engaged in the disposition of cases 
 involving questions arising from the annexation 
 to the United States, the status of citizens of 
 Mexican descent, the rights and obligations of 
 the Pueblo Indians, etc. 
 
 During and after the Rebellion arose an- 
 other series of questions naturally occasioned 
 by the war, of confiscation of property, etc. 
 Still later they were chiefly occupied with vio- 
 lations of the internal revenue laws, especially 
 in the sale of liquors or tobacco without a 
 license. 
 
 In the "seventies" arose many prosecu- 
 tions for illegal cutting of timber on the public 
 domain, and during the first Cleveland admin- 
 istration there were a multitude of indictments 
 for offenses connected with the acquisition of 
 the public lands by fraudulent entries, etc. 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 These failed, with scarcely an exception, to re- 
 sult in convictions, and were finally nearly all 
 abandoned. Succeeding these came hundreds 
 of trials for infractions of the "Edmunds Act," 
 passed by Congress to suppress polygamy in 
 Utah, but which applied equally to all the Ter- 
 ritories; and these continue until this writing. 
 
 Thus it will be seen that the business of 
 those courts has always consisted of a special- 
 ty, which has changed from time to time, but 
 each of which in turn has occupied much time. 
 
 Proceeding now to the third epoch, we find 
 a great and sudden change in the character of 
 the courts, the methods of administration, and 
 the classes of business disposed of. 
 
 Beginning in 1879, with the coming of the 
 railroad, there was a sudden rush of new popu- 
 lation into New Mexico. That which came 
 first, the set of gamblers, saloon-keepers, rob- 
 bers and desperadoes, who followed the ad- 
 vance of the railroad, always operating in the 
 town nearest the terminus, and living from the 
 hard-earned money of the laboring men and 
 mechanics who built the road, was as bad as 
 could be. It would be difficult to imagine a 
 greater aggregation of the criminals of all 
 classes than passed through New Mexico at that 
 time. They first appeared at Otero, near the 
 present Raton, the first station on this side of 
 the Colorado line; then for a year or more they 
 infested Las Vegas; then Lamy was their head- 
 quarters; and next they appeared in force at 
 Albuquerque. Altogether they were within the 
 Territory for about two years; and the courts 
 at that time were largely occupied by trials of 
 these men for every conceivable kind of crime. 
 The volume of criminal business then was far 
 greater than it has ever been since. 
 
 Following this advance guard came thou- 
 sands of good citizens to establish themselves 
 in the new land just opened by the railroad to 
 general access. Every kind of business was 
 established: there were booms in real estate, 
 and great activity in building. The fact that 
 the new population was made up generally of 
 those who were before strangers to each other, 
 increased the number of frauds and bad debts, 
 
 and consequently litigation, and the enhanced 
 value of real estate caused much to be done in 
 the settlement of titles. 
 
 Among the newcomers none were more nu- 
 merous than the lawyers. They came by 
 scores. At one time there were nineteen in 
 Socorro! Every new village had three or four. 
 As new counties were formed each naturally 
 attracted members of the legal profession to 
 fill county offices and to attend to the local 
 litigation. 
 
 In 1887 the people living in the portion of 
 the First District east of the mountains, being 
 the counties of Colfax, Mora and San Miguel, 
 succeeded in having a new judicial district es- 
 tablished, consisting of _those counties, and a 
 fourth judge of the Supreme Court appointed 
 to have charge of the new district. At that 
 time Judge Long was Chief Justice, and he had 
 his choice, either to remain in the old First 
 District with headquarters at Santa Fe, or to 
 take the new Fourth District with headquar- 
 ters at Las Vegas. He chose the latter, and 
 the Chief Justiceship has since been attached 
 to the Fourth District. 
 
 In 1890 another judge was appointed and 
 another district constituted, making five in all. 
 This was carved out of the old Second and 
 Third Districts, taking Socorro county from the 
 former, and Lincoln, Chaves and Eddy coun- 
 ties from the latter. 
 
 It makes a very long district, extending 
 clear across the Territory from Arizona to 
 Texas, and necessitating a good deal of travel- 
 ing on the part of the judge. On the other 
 hand it left in the Second District only two 
 counties, Bernalillo and Valencia, the latter 
 with scarcely any business; and there is no 
 travel at all except the short railroad trip from 
 Albuquerque to Los Lunas a couple of times a 
 year. 
 
 In 1 880, by very active efforts in the legisla- 
 ture, the county seat of Donna Ana was moved 
 from Mesilla to Las Cruces, and this involved 
 the change of the headquarters of the Third 
 Judicial District to the latter place. In 1895 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 the district headquarters were moved to Silver 
 City. 
 
 Soon after the influx of new population, be- 
 gan the building of new and improved court 
 houses. In 1879 there was not a court house 
 worthy of the name in the whole Territory. 
 
 In Santa Fe, a corner of the old Palace 
 was used, a room with no ventilation and 
 only one door. In Las Vegas the room was 
 still worse, being very dark and damp. 
 
 In Mora there was a barn-like structure, 
 the second story of which was used as a court 
 room, it being approached by stairs on the 
 outside. 
 
 In Colfax there was no court house at all, 
 and some private room had to be rented for 
 each term, none being suitable for the pur- 
 pose. 
 
 In Taos there was a quaint old structure, 
 the vigas or rafters, in the entrance of which 
 had served for hanging various persons through 
 a series of years! 
 
 In Rio Arriba there was a room attached 
 to the house built by Louis Clark at Plaza de 
 Alcalde, that was usually rented for the pur- 
 pose; but the commissioners once provided a 
 kind of dance hall in an adobe building, with 
 no window, and in fact no opening whatever 
 but the door, instead of the usual place. 
 
 Beginning in 1880 this was all changed 
 with a rapidity which was surprising. In fact, 
 in the desire for modern improvements several 
 of the counties were far more extravagant than 
 was necessary, and built structures which in 
 size will scarcely be needed for a generation. 
 Grant count was the first to build, and was 
 quickly followed by Donna Ana. San Miguel 
 erected a court house and a jail costing about 
 $125,000. Bernalillo, Santa Fe, Colfax and 
 others soon followed, and Mora county, which 
 is far from being large and rich, built a magnif- 
 icent stone structure, at an expense of about 
 $75,000. At present, no part of the country 
 is better provided with commodious and 
 convenient court houses, containing every 
 modern convenience, than New Mexico. 
 
 In 1880 Judge Prince introduced stenog- 
 
 raphers in the First District of Santa Fe, and 
 in July, 1 88 1, for the first time the docket of 
 cases was printed for the use of the court and 
 bar. Before that time there had been but one 
 docket, which was a written one and in the 
 hands of the judge. So much of an innovation 
 were these progressive steps that the judge was 
 officially criticized by the governor for the ad- 
 ditional expense thus entailed upon the treas- 
 ury. About the same time the decision was 
 made at Mora that, English being the language 
 of the American people, addresses to the jury 
 must be made in that language unless by con- 
 sent of the opposing counsel. Prior to that 
 time it had been the custom for the older law- 
 yers, who had lived long in the Territory and 
 were proficient in Spanish, to make their ad- 
 dresses to the jury in that language which 
 gave them a great advantage over the newer 
 comers, who necessarily spoke in English, 
 and whose remarks had to pass through an in- 
 terpreter to get to the Mexican portion of the 
 jury who did not understand the language 
 used. 
 
 During the period now treated of, the bar 
 has been re-enforced by the addition of many 
 lawyers of large ability and extensive learning, 
 who would be considered ornaments to the 
 profession in any State. 
 
 Among those previously referred to, the fol- 
 lowing remain in the practice in the Territory: 
 
 Thomas B. Catron, Thomas F. Conway, 
 William Breeden, Henry L. Waldo, John D. 
 Bail, Frank Springer, Melvin W. Mills, Will- 
 iam T. Thornton, Eugene A. Fiske, S. B. 
 Newcomb, Albert J. Fountain, J. Francisco 
 Chaves, Charles H. Gildersleeve. 
 
 Within the third period that we are now 
 considering, of those above named Mr. Catron 
 has been elected delegate to Congress, Colonel 
 Breeden has been attorney general, Mr. 
 Thornton has been governor, W. D. Lee a 
 judge of the Supreme Court, Mr. Fiske United 
 States attorney; Mr. Mills and Judge New- 
 comb have been district attorneys, and Colonel 
 Chaves, Colonel Fountain, Judge Newcomb, 
 Mr. Springer, Colonel Breeden, Governor 
 
86 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Thornton and others have been prominent in 
 one or the other branch of the legislature. 
 Judge Prince, who was then Chief Justice, has 
 since been governor for four years. 
 
 Among those who have come to New Mex- 
 ico during this period are many who are now 
 leaders at the bar, and it would be invidious 
 to select any for special notice, except as they 
 appear in the lists of officials and in the pro- 
 ceedings of the Bar Association, to which we 
 will refer. 
 
 One thing, however, is too true to be left 
 unsaid, and that is that no bar of its size in 
 the country is superior to that of New Mexico. 
 No one who has attended the courts or has 
 heard them speak on public occasions will 
 have a doubt of that. Some of the libraries 
 are of rare size and value. Perhaps this be- 
 came so on account of the absence of large 
 public libraries, or indeed of any public law 
 library of importance, except the Territorial 
 one at Santa Fe. The library of Hon. T. B. 
 Catron, at Santa Fe, is one of the finest in the 
 whole country, in fact, it is equaled only by 
 two or three of a private character. With 
 scarcely an exception it contains every report 
 ever published in the United States. The 
 libraries of Mr. Fiske and Mr. Gildersleeve, 
 also of Santa Fe, are exceptionally fine, and 
 so are some of those at Las Vegas and 
 Albuquerque. 
 
 To continue our lists of court officials 
 through the period from 1879 to the present 
 time we find the following: 
 
 CHIEF JUSTICES. 
 
 1879 (in office), L. Bradford Prince (re- 
 signed 1882). 
 
 1882, August, Samuel B. Axtell. 
 
 1885, June 8, William A. Vincent. 
 
 1885, December 9, Elisha V. Long (changed 
 to Fourth District). 
 
 1890, March 29, James O'Brien (Fourth 
 District). 
 
 1893, November 4, Thomas Smith (Fourth 
 Dirtrict). 
 
 The first three were judges of the First 
 
 District and the last three judges of the Fourth 
 District. 
 
 JUDGES OF THE FIRST DISTRICT. 
 
 (After change of Chief Justice). 
 1887, March 21, Reuben E. Reeves. 
 1890, August 28, Edward P. Leeds. 
 1889, April 21, William H. Whiteman (not 
 confirmed). 
 
 1894, July 25, Napoleon B. Laughlin. 
 
 JUDGES OF THE SECOND DISTRICT. 
 
 1879 (in office), Samuel C. Parks. 
 
 1882, February 13, Joseph Bell (resigned). 
 
 1885, April 28, William H. Brincke. 
 
 1889, May 2, William D. Lee. 
 
 1893, November 1 1", Needham C. Collier. 
 
 JUDGES OF THE THIRD DISTRICT. 
 
 1879 (in office), Warren Bristol. 
 
 1884, November 10, Stephen P. Wilson 
 (suspended). 
 
 1885, July 22, William B. Fleming. 
 1885, November 3, William F. Henderson. 
 
 1889, April i, John R. McFie. 
 1893, May, Albert B. Fall. 
 
 1895, March I, Gideon D. Bantz. 
 
 JUDGES OF THE FIFTH DISTRICT. 
 
 1890, October 21, A. A. Freeman (new 
 District). 
 
 '895, January 31, Humphrey B. Hamilton. 
 The court officers have been as follows: 
 
 U. S. ATTORNEYS. 
 
 18^9, Sidney M. Barnes (in office). 
 
 1882, George W. Prichard. 
 
 1885, Thomas Smith. 
 
 1889, Eugene A. Fiske. 
 
 1893, J. B. H. Hemingway. 
 
 ATTORNEY GENERALS. 
 
 1879, Henry L. Waldo (in office). 
 1880-82, (Office vacant). 
 1882, William Breeden. 
 1889, (Office changed to solicitor general). 
 Ralph E. Twitchell (acting). 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 87 
 
 1889, October, Edward L. Bartlett. 
 1895, January, John P. Victory. 
 
 CLERKS OF SUPREME COURT. 
 
 1879 (in office), John H. Thompson. 
 1880, May 7, Frank W. Clancy. 
 1883, July 6, Charles W. Philips. 
 
 1886, February 26, Ruel M. Johnson. 
 
 1887, June 16, Robert M. Force. 
 1889, February i, Summers Burkhart. 
 1891, January, Harry S. Clancy. 
 1894, September, Paige B. Otero. 
 1894, November 8, George L. Wyllys. 
 
 U. S. MARSHALS. 
 
 1879, John Sherman, Jr. (in office). 
 1882, A. L. Morrison. 
 1885, Romulo Martinez. 
 1889, Trinidad Romero. 
 1893, Edward L. Hall. 
 
 We do not propose to insert sketches of the 
 judges, or even of the Chief Justices, who have 
 acted since the last epoch commenced, in 1879. 
 Most of them are alive, and active in public 
 life, so that words either of praise or blame 
 would be liable to be misconstrued. But of 
 two of them, whose connection with New Mex- 
 ico began many years ago, each of whom per- 
 formed distinguished services for the Territory, 
 both judicial and otherwise, and are now dead, 
 it seems proper to insert a brief memorial. 
 We refer to Judge Axtell and Judge Bristol. 
 
 Samuel Beach Axtell, governor of Utah, 
 governor of New Mexico, and chief justice of 
 the latter Territory, was born in Franklin 
 county, Ohio, October 14, 1819. Daniel Ax- 
 tell, the regicide, beheaded under Charles II., 
 was one of his ancestors. His great-grand- 
 father was a major in the Revolution, and his 
 grandfather colonel of a New Jersey regiment 
 in 1812. His father moved to Ohio, settled in 
 Franklin county, and was a farmer, having 
 twelve children. 
 
 Samuel studied at Oberlin, supporting him- 
 self by manual labor, graduated at the West- 
 ern Reserve College, and was admitted to the 
 bar in Ohio. He married Adeline S. Williams, 
 
 of Summit county, Ohio, September 20, 1840. 
 In the gold excitement he sought his fortune in 
 California, and engaged in practical mining. As 
 soon as counties were organized he was elected 
 district attorney of Amador county, and was 
 twice re-elected. 
 
 He removed to San Francisco in 1 860, and 
 was elected to Congress in 1866, as a Demo- 
 crat, and re-elected in 1868. He was a great 
 admirer of General Grant, and united with the 
 Republican party, of which he was ever after 
 a strong supporter. 
 
 In 1874 he was appointed governor of Utah, 
 and in the next year was transferred to New 
 Mexico, becoming governor July 30, 1875. In 
 1876 he was one of the judges at the Centen- 
 nial Exposition at Philadelphia. In the fall of 
 1878 he was superseded as governor by Gen. 
 Lew. Wallace. In 1882 he was appointed 
 chief justice of New Mexico, and assumed 
 office in August. He resigned in May, 1885. 
 In 1890 he was elected chairman of the Re- 
 publican Territorial committee, and actively 
 conducted the campaign. He died August 7, 
 1891, at Morristown, New Jersey, at the resi- 
 dence of his daughter. 
 
 Governor Axtell was a man of high princi- 
 ple, with strong opinions, which he held tena- 
 ciously. He was absolutely without fear. He 
 was governor of New Mexico in troublous 
 times, during the "Lincoln county war," and 
 much violence in Colfax county; and as he 
 earnestly espoused the side which he consid- 
 ered right in these controversies, he was vigor- 
 ously opposed by the other. He vetoed the 
 bill to incorporate the Jesuit Fathers of New 
 Mexico, on the ground of illegality as well as 
 impropriety, and while it passed over his veto 
 it was subsequently annuled by Congress. 
 
 On the bench he was always anxious to se- 
 cure substantial justice, and had little patience 
 with precedents which interfered with equity. 
 He insisted on dignity in his court, and fear- 
 lessly imprisoned the lawyers and others who 
 resisted its decree in a celebrated mining case. 
 He was always the earnest friend of public 
 schools and of all modern and American ideas. 
 
88 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Warren Bristol, for thirteen years associate 
 justice of the Supreme Court of New Mexico, 
 was born at Stafford, Genessee county, New 
 York, March 19, 1823, his parents being natives 
 of Connecticut. He was educated at various 
 institutions in Western New York, and was 
 admitted to the bar at Lockport. Having a 
 desire to move to the West, he decided to settle 
 at Quincy, Illinois, but when on his way there 
 by steamboat from St. Louis he was carried 
 past Quincy by accident, and, as it was the end 
 of the season, was compelled to pass the winter 
 at St. Paul. This changed the course of his 
 life. He determined to settle there, and soon 
 commenced legal practice in Hennepin county, 
 where Minneapolis now stands, and was one of 
 the committee that named that city. He was 
 elected county attorney at the first election, 
 and on removal to Red Wing, was chosen dis- 
 trict attorney of Goohhue county, and subse- 
 quently probate judge. In 1855 he presided 
 over the first Republican State convention in 
 Minnesota, when the party was organized in 
 that State. On April 20, 1854, he married 
 Louisa C. Armstrong, at Lockport. He served 
 one term in the lower House and twice in the 
 Senate of Minnesota, and in 1864 was a mem- 
 ber of the Baltimore convention, which nomi- 
 nated Lincoln and Johnson. 
 
 In 1872 he was appointed, by President 
 Grant, associate justice of New Mexico, and 
 reached Mesilla on June 6; and from then till 
 his resignation in 1885 he continued as judge 
 of the Third District, embracing all of the 
 southern part of the Territory, and being as 
 large as all New England. His duties were 
 very arduous, but faithfully performed, and in 
 the Supreme Court he left his impress distinctly 
 on the jurisprudence of New Mexico. 
 
 His health becoming impaired, he resigned, 
 but in 1889 consented to serve in the conven- 
 tion to form a constitution for the new State, 
 and was unanimously elected. Though feeble 
 he acted as chairman of the committee on ju- 
 diciary. He died January 12, 1890. He was 
 a man of strong conviction and high principle, 
 and his long term of judicial service made him 
 
 a prominent factor in shaping public sentiment 
 in New Mexico, as he had before done in Min- 
 nesota. 
 
 The number of lawyers practicing in New 
 Mexico at present (1895) is about one hun- 
 dred. 
 
 At the time of the printing of the first 
 docket of cases to be tried, in July, 1881, the 
 number of members of the bar in the First 
 District was forty-two. Four years afterward, 
 the docket for the August (1885) term con- 
 tained a list of seventy-two names. This was 
 the high-water mark, so far as numbers of 
 lawyers are concerned. They have since de- 
 creased very considerably. The present (1895) 
 number is probably about the same as in 1881. 
 
 The first volume of "New Mexico Reports, 
 printed in 1881, contains a list of all the at- 
 torneys practicing in the Supreme Court of the 
 Territory from the annexation to 1881. This 
 contains sixty-one names, twenty-three being 
 of gentlemen who had died or left the Terri- 
 tory, leaving thirty-eight as the number then 
 practicing before that court. It- must not be 
 forgotten, however, that a considerable pro- 
 portion of the members of the bar, especially 
 those living at a distance from the capital, 
 never apply for admission in the Supreme 
 Court. 
 
 The latest report of the Bar Association 
 shows that in 1 894 there were seventy lawyers 
 connected with that body and residing within 
 the Territory. As a considerable number of 
 members of the profession are not in the Bar 
 Association, we may estimate the entire bar of 
 New Mexico at present to include about one 
 hundred persons. The sketches of a number 
 are given in the biographical section of this 
 volume. 
 
 LAND COURT. 
 
 This sketch would be very imperfect if it 
 did not include some record of the establish- 
 ment and work of the Court of Private Land 
 Claims, commonly called the "Land Court." 
 
 As is well known, the greater part of the 
 valuable land in New Mexico, that situated in 
 
HIS TORT Of NEW MEXICO. 
 
 89 
 
 the valleys and capable of cultivation, as well 
 as vast tracts of grazing and timber land con- 
 nected therewith, is, or is claimed to be, in- 
 cluded within the limits of grants of land made 
 by the governments of Spain and Mexico prior 
 to the American occupation. 
 
 By the specific provisions of the treaty of 
 Guadalupe Hidalgo, as well as by the law of 
 nations as held in modern times and civilized 
 communities, a change in sovereignty caused 
 no change in the titles to private property. 
 
 Articles VIII and IX of the treaty bear di- 
 rectly on this point, and in the protocol which 
 accompanied the treaty it is stated that, 
 "Conformably to the law of the United 
 States, legitimate titles to every species of 
 property, personal and real, existing in the 
 ceded territories, are those which were legiti- 
 mate titles under the Mexican laws in Califor- 
 nia and New Mexico up to the I3th day of 
 May, 1846." The Supreme Court in the 
 Moreno case, decided in 1863, said: "These 
 two sovereignties (Spain and Mexico) are the 
 spring-heads of all the land titles in California 
 existing at the time of the cession of that 
 country to the United States. That cession 
 did not impair the rights of private property. 
 They were consecrated by the law of nations 
 and protected by the treaty. A right of any 
 validity before the cession was equally valid 
 afterward. " 
 
 In order to determine the validity and 'ex- 
 tent of the land grants in New Mexico, Con- 
 gress passed an act, on July 22, 1854, which 
 provided that all such claims should be pre- 
 sented to the surveyor general who should in- 
 vestigate the same, and report them to Con- 
 gress with his recommendation as to their 
 validity or invalidity, Congress reserving to 
 itself the province of finally deciding upon 
 them by direct legislative act. 
 
 This plan turned out to be not only unsat- 
 isfactory, but entirely impracticable. The vol- 
 ume of business was much too large to be dis- 
 posed of justly and intelligently by a body like 
 Congress, sitting thousands of miles away. 
 
 As long ago as May 29, 1858, the house 
 
 committee on private land claims, in reporting 
 in favor of the confirmation of fourteen grants, 
 frankly admitted the utter impracticability of 
 doing justice under the existing law, and based 
 its recommendation on the ground that imme- 
 diate confirmation, even without proper inves- 
 tigation, was the least of two evils. The re- 
 port says (Report No. 457, First Session, Thirty- 
 fifth Congress): 
 
 " It appears that a number of these claims 
 were before the Committee on Public Lands 
 of the last Congress, but, from some cause, no 
 action was taken thereon by the committee 
 nor by Congress. Those claims, with others 
 since forwarded by the surveyor-general of the 
 Territory, have received the most careful at- 
 tention your committee could give them; but, 
 in justice to the committee, I must say this ex- 
 amination has been confined entirely to what 
 seemed to be the principal papers in each case, 
 having no time to scrutinize the evidence and 
 the application as made by the surveyor-gen- 
 eral of the Spanish and Mexican laws and 
 usages to each of them in detail. Nor will it 
 ever be in the power, hereafter, of any com- 
 mittee of this House to make such an exam- 
 ination as will be entirely satisfactory, should 
 these claims be allowed to accumulate before 
 Congress. * 
 
 " But for the gross injustice to the people 
 of New Mexico of delaying for an indefinite 
 period action upon their claims, and the cer- 
 tainty that under existing arrangements Con- 
 gress can never consider them under more 
 favorable circumstances than at this time, your 
 committee would not have been willing to re- 
 port upon any of these individual claims, for the 
 reason first stated, want of time to examine 
 fully, and the unknown quantity of land 
 claimed by most of the parties." 
 
 Soon after the printing of this report, Con- 
 gress, on December 22, 1858, passed its first 
 confirmatory act by which it confirmed the 
 titles to five grants (Nos. 2, 5, 7, 1 1, and 13). 
 The next action was taken June 21, 1860, 
 when thirty-one grants were confirmed at once 
 (Nos. i, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 
 
9 o 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 
 
 32, 33. 34. 35. 36, 37, and 38). The subse- 
 quent confirmations were as follows: March i, 
 1861, one (No. 43); June 12, 1866, one (No. 
 40); March 3, 1869, five (Nos. 41, 42, 44, 46, 
 and 47); July i, 1870, one (No. 48); January 
 28, 1879, one (No. 64). 
 
 So for over thirty years only eight cases 
 had been acted upon, and but one within 
 twenty years! Down to July i, 1890, 213 
 grants had been presented to the surveyor 
 general for action; in 162 cases he had taken 
 testimony and made reports to the Interior 
 Department. Previous to 1870 Congress acted 
 on 44 of these cases, during the next decade it 
 acted on only i, and in 1879 it had not at- 
 tempted to consider any cases whatever. No 
 reasonable man could expect that Congress 
 would ever again find time to pass upon the 
 remaining 117 grants, reports upon which had 
 been laid before it during the last twenty-five 
 years, and far less on the unknown number 
 that had never yet been presented to the sur- 
 veyor-general ; and so the preposterous plan of 
 having the National Legislature of sixty mil- 
 lions of people, sitting over 2,000 miles away 
 and overwhelmed with other business, adjudi- 
 cate questions of title involving a knowledge 
 of foreign law, the examination of scores of 
 manuscript documents, and the careful weigh- 
 ing and comparing of evidence, had so signally 
 failed to accomplish its objects that all were 
 forced to admit that its day of usefulness was 
 over. 
 
 For nearly twenty years the people of New 
 Mexico used every effort to have some new 
 plan adopted for the adjudication of the 
 grants, which should be speedy, just and effec- 
 tive. Governors drew attention to it in their re- 
 ports, legislatures adopted memorials and reso- 
 lutions on the subject; and year after year the 
 Congressional delegate introduced bills for the 
 creation of some new tribunal which should 
 have jurisdiction of the question. 
 
 Since the utter inadequacy of this plan had 
 become apparent, it was generally conceded 
 that another must be devised; but differences 
 
 of opinions between the two Houses of Con- 
 gress as to methods of procedure prevented 
 the adoption of any practical system. The 
 House of Representatives several times passed 
 a bill for the creation of a commission some- 
 what similar to that which existed in Cali- 
 fornia, to settle these titles, only to be met by 
 the objection of the Senate, which insisted that 
 they should be adjudicated by the existing 
 courts. The people of the Territory, while 
 possessing strong opinions as to the best way of 
 meeting the difficulty, were so exceedingly 
 desirous of practical relief that they preferred 
 the adoption of any system, however imper- 
 fect, to the existence of none at all. 
 
 At length the chief executive of the nation 
 became interested, and the president in the an- 
 nual message to Congress of December i, 1889, 
 formally drew the attention of that body to 
 the subject in the following words: "The 
 unsettled state of the title to large bodies of 
 land in the Territories of New Mexico and 
 Arizona, has greatly retarded the development 
 of these Territories. Provision should be 
 made by law for the prompt trial and final ad- 
 justment, before a judicial tribunal or com- 
 mission, of all claims based upon Mexican 
 grants. It is not just to an intelligent and 
 enterprising people that their peace should 
 be disturbed and their prosperity retarded 
 by these old contentions. I express the hope 
 that the differences of opinion as to the 
 methods may yield to the urgency of the case." 
 
 While this recommendation was necessarily 
 brief, it was emphatic and comprehensive; and 
 particularly valuable, as it pointedly alluded to 
 the real cause of the long delay by asking that 
 mere "differences of opinion as to methods 
 may yield to the urgency of the case. " 
 
 The more extended discussion of this sub- 
 ject in the report of the secretary of the in- 
 terior, the clearness with which the injustice of 
 the failure of the Government to provide ade- 
 quate means for adjudication was set forth, 
 and the forcible argument in favor of early 
 action therein contained, could not fail to pro- 
 duce an effect. The whole matter could not 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 9 l 
 
 be more concisely summed up than in the sen- 
 tence: " The present system being ineffective 
 and inadequate in my opinion, the object of 
 this communication is to respectfully suggest, 
 if you approve, that you call the attention of 
 Congress specially to the subject, and urge 
 upon it the necessity of further legislation, so 
 that these grants may be disposed of within a 
 reasonable time." 
 
 The meeting of Congress was quickly fol- 
 lowed by the introduction of bills for the pur- 
 pose of establishing a land court, by Hon. 
 Antonio Joseph, the delegate from New Mexico, 
 Hon. James B. McCreary, of Kentucky (H. R. 
 376, December 18, 1889), and Hon. Charles 
 P. Wickham, of Ohio (H. R. 4613, January 
 13, 1890), in the House; and by Senator Ran- 
 som (December 10, 1889, S. 1042), and Sena- 
 tor Wolcott (December 16, 1889, S. 1321), in 
 the Senate. On April 28, 1890, Mr. Wick- 
 ham, from the committee on private land 
 claims of the House, as a result of the delibera- 
 tions of that committee, reported a bill en- 
 titled as follows: "H. R. 9798, a bill to 
 establish a United States land court, and to 
 provide for a judicial investigation and settle- 
 ment of private land claims in the Territories 
 of Arizona, Utah, Wyoming and New Mexico, 
 and in the States of Colorado and Nevada," 
 and on the same day Senator Ransom, chair- 
 man of the similar committee of the Senate, 
 reported the bill introduced by himself, and 
 amended by the committee, entitled "A bill to 
 establish a United States land court, and to 
 provide for the settlement of private land 
 claims in certain States and Territories " (Sen- 
 ate Bill 1042). While these bills differed in 
 details, and also in some important particulars, 
 still they agree in the general principles in- 
 volved. All recognized, however, the danger 
 which lay in the difficulty of obtaining con- 
 sideration of the bills in time to secure the 
 passage of some measure by both Houses be- 
 fore the close of the session. 
 
 So important was the matter of the settle- 
 ment of land titles considered that on March 
 6, 1890, the Territorial bureau of immigration 
 
 unanimously passed a resolution, looking to 
 the sending to Washington of a delegation of 
 prominent citizens, to urge action on this sub- 
 ject. The resolution was as follows: 
 
 Resolved, That Governor Prince is hereby 
 earnestly requested to appoint a committee, of 
 which the governor shall be one, to proceed to 
 Washington to urge upon Congress the abso- 
 lute necessity for the immediate settlement of 
 all questions pertaining to land grants and 
 titles in this Territory, etc. 
 
 In pursuance of this a commission of fifty 
 leading citizens was appointed, twenty-five of 
 whom actually proceeded to Wasington. The 
 delegation organized by the election of Gover- 
 nor Prince as chairman and Ira M. Bond and 
 George H. Cross as secretaries, secured regular 
 headquarters at 1112 H street, and proceeded 
 systematically to the discharge of its duties. 
 Th'e delegates called on the president, every 
 member of the cabinet, the assistant 'Secretary 
 of the treasury, the commissioner and deputy 
 commissioner of the land office, and the Mexi- 
 can minister, and had specially satisfactory in- 
 terviews in relation to land-grant titles with 
 the president, Secretary Noble, and Secretary 
 Blaine. They also were accorded hearings by 
 the Senate committees on Territories, private 
 land claims, and public lands, and by the 
 House committees on Territories, education, 
 private land claims, and irrigation. Every- 
 where the suggestions of the delegation were 
 well received ; and their request to the president 
 that he should still further aid in securing the 
 passage of a bill was so effective that on the 
 ist of July the president sent to Congress a 
 special message on the subject, accompanied 
 by a copy of correspondence between the De- 
 partment of State and the Mexican govern- 
 ment, and a report from the secretary of the 
 interior. The latter embodied a list of the 
 New-Mexican grants reported by the surveyor 
 general but not acted on by Congress, 1 1 1 in 
 number, and containing 6,643,938 acres, 
 which are withdrawn from entry until a final 
 decision is rendered as to their title; and the 
 report itself very clearly set forth the existing 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 situation and the need of speedy relief. ' ' What 
 is most needed, " said the report, ' ' is legisla- 
 tion that will put in motion machinery which, 
 within a reasonable time, would settle- finally 
 public and private rights growing out of said 
 claims." 
 
 The message of the president urged im- 
 mediate action by Congress, and concluded as 
 follows: " The entire community where these 
 large claims exist, and all of our people are in- 
 terested in an early and final settlement of 
 them. No greater incubus can rest upon the 
 energies of a people or the development of a 
 new country than that resulting from unsettled 
 land titles. The necessity for legislation is so 
 evident and so urgent that I venture to express 
 the hope that relief will be given at the present 
 session of Congress." 
 
 Fortunately this recommendation had its 
 effect. The differences between the two pro- 
 posed measures were reconciled, and the 
 amended bill passed just at the close of the 
 Congressional year, receiving the executive ap- 
 proval on the 3d of March, 1891. The Judges 
 were soon after appointed and have proved to 
 be a most fortunate selection. The court was 
 organized at Denver, July i, 1891, and its first 
 session for the transaction of business in this 
 Territory was opened at Santa Fe, December 
 I, 1891. Subsequent sessions have been held, 
 commencing March i, 1892, and August 15, 
 1892, and semi-annually since that time. 
 
 The members of the court are as follows: 
 Hon. Joseph R, Reed, chief justice, Iowa. As- 
 sociate justices: Hon. Thomas C. Fuller, North 
 Carolina ; Hon. Wilbur S. Stone, Colorado; Hon. 
 William W. Murray, Tennessee; Hon. Henry 
 C. Sluss, Kansas; and its officers as follows: 
 Matt. G. Reynolds, United States attorney; 
 James H. Reeder, clerk; Thomas B. Baldwin, 
 deputy clerk for Colorado; Ireneo L. Chavez, 
 deputy clerk for New Mexico; Eusebio Chacon, 
 interpreter; Luman F. Parker, stenographer, 
 and Edward L. Hall, marshal. 
 
 From the first, the court gained the entire 
 confidence of the people. It was evident that 
 the judges came to the performance of their 
 
 duties with no prejudices to overcome, but with 
 a single purpose to do what was just and right 
 as between the claimants and the government. 
 While no fraud can well escape the scrutiny of 
 the United States attorney and the careful at- 
 tention of the court, yet where good faith was 
 evident there has been no desire manifested un- 
 duly to magnify technicalities which might de- 
 prive citizens of the lands which have been the 
 homes of their ancestors for generations. 
 
 Already the court has acted on a large num- 
 ber of cases, and thus, under its administration, 
 the titles which have heretofore been uncertain 
 are becoming settled, and those difficulties 
 which have hitherto prevented the investment 
 of capital in New Mexico real estate are rapidly 
 disappearing. 
 
 We will conclude this sketch of the bench 
 and bar of New Mexico with some account of 
 the Territorial Bar Association and a condensed 
 epitome of their proceedings, because since its 
 formation it has become the recognized repre- 
 sentative of all the lawyers in New Mexico, and 
 also because its proceedings show the trend of 
 sentiment in the legal fraternity regarding the 
 various questions of the day which most con- 
 cern them. 
 
 BAR ASSOCIATION. 
 
 For several years the desirability of organ- 
 izing a bar association had been the frequent 
 subject of discussion among the lawyers who 
 congregated in Santa Fe at the sessions of the 
 Supreme Court, and at length, early in Janu- 
 ary, 1886, an informal meeting was held at 
 which it was determined to form such an as- 
 sociation, and a committee was appointed to 
 draft a constitution and by-laws to be sub- 
 mitted to a subsequent meeting. 
 
 On the 1 9th of January the first formal 
 meeting was held, and was attended by no 
 less than nineteen members of the bar, being 
 H. L. Waldo, Santa Fe; W. C. Hazledine and 
 W. B. Childers, Albuquerque; William Breeden 
 and E. L. Bartlett, Santa Fe; E. C. Wade, Las 
 Cruces; F. Downs, Santa Fe; W. H. Whiteman, 
 Albuquerque; L. B. Prince, Max. Frost, F. W. 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 93 
 
 Clancy, J. P. Victory, E. A. Fiske, W. M. 
 Berger, B. M. Read, W. H. Patterson and C. 
 H. Gildersleeve, all of Santa Fe; Joseph Bell 
 and Neill B. Field, both of Albuquerque. 
 
 After the election of Judge Waldo as chair- 
 man and Mr. Clancy as secretary, the pro- 
 posed constitution and by-laws were read, and 
 after being somewhat amended, were adopted. 
 Permanent officers were then elected as fol- 
 lows: President, Hon. W. A. Vincent, of 
 Las Vegas; vice president for the First Dis- 
 trict, L. B. Prince, of Santa Fe; vice presi- 
 dent for the Second District, W. H. White- 
 man, of Albuquerque; vice president for the 
 Third District, Hon. John D. Bail, of Silver 
 City; secretary, F. W. Clancy, of Santa Fe; 
 and treasurer, E. A. Fiske, of Santa Fe. 
 
 On January 30 another meeting was held, 
 at which a number of additional members were 
 elected, and the association fairly launched on 
 its career of usefulness. The constitution pro- 
 vided that annual meetings should be held at 
 the time of the session of the Supreme Court, 
 as a larger number of the members of the bar 
 are then naturally brought together than at any 
 other time, and that special meetings should 
 be called as might appear desirable. Its ob- 
 ject, as tersely stated in article 2, is as follows: 
 ' "The association is formed to cultivate the 
 science of jurisprudence, to promote reform in 
 the law, to facilitate the administration of jus- 
 tice, to elevate the standard of integrity, honor 
 and courtesy in the legal profession, to. en- 
 courage a thorough and liberal legal education, 
 and to cherish a spirit of brotherhood among 
 the members thereof. " This has been held to 
 include the recommendation of needed laws to 
 Congress and Territorial legislatures, the in- 
 vestigation of abuses in the clerk's office and 
 other offices connected with the administration 
 of the law, the preparation of court rules and 
 of a system of code practice to be presented to 
 the judges and to the legislature for their action, 
 as well as the preparation of memorials of de- 
 parted brethren of the legal profession, and 
 the cultivation of the amenities of professional 
 life. 
 
 The annual meeting of 1887 was held on 
 January 4, and was presided over by Hon. L. 
 B. Prince, Judge Vincent being absent. Vari- 
 ous amendments to the constitution were 
 adopted, and after one resolution of endorse- 
 ment to an office had been adopted, it was de- 
 termined that the interest of the association 
 would be best served by declining to take such 
 action in the future, and the following section 
 was added to article 2: "This association shall 
 not endorse or recommend any person for any 
 official position." By this action much future 
 embarrassment was avoided. The following 
 officers were elected: 
 
 President, Neill B. Field, of Albuquerque; 
 vice president for the First District, Frank 
 Springer, of Las Vegas; vice president for the 
 Second District, W. B. Childers, of Albu- 
 querque; vice president for the Third District, 
 John D. Bail, of Silver City; the secretary and 
 treasurer were re-elected. 
 
 Resolutions were passed favoring the estab- 
 lishment of a court to adjudicate the titles to 
 land grants, and a very comprehensive report 
 was made by the committee on law reform re- 
 garding the anomalous condition of the statute 
 law and suggesting methods of reform. 
 
 In 1888 the meeting was held on January 
 3. The retiring president, Mr. Field, made an 
 address which attracted much attention, show- 
 ing by tables the amount of civil and criminal 
 business done by the courts in each county, the 
 number of tax cases, the expenses of the courts 
 and the fees of clerks and other court officials, 
 and urging that a system of salaries be substi- 
 tuted for the present compensation by fees. 
 Papers were read by Mr. Rodey on legal edu- 
 cation; by E. L. Bartlett, on domestic rela- 
 tions; and a carefully written report on the 
 president's address was presented by Mr. Fiske 
 on behalf of a committee appointed to con- 
 sider that subject. 
 
 Subsequently resolutions were passed look- 
 ing to reform in many of the matters referred 
 to by President Field. The death of Judge 
 Joseph Bell was announced, and an appropri- 
 ate motion was adopted. Hon. S. B. Newcomb 
 
94 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 was elected president, and Messrs. Catron, 
 Warren, Elliott and Lee, vice presidents. 
 
 At the 1889 meeting, President Newcoinb 
 delivered the address, urging a more modern 
 system of pleading, but not approving of a 
 code. B. M. Read read a paper on personal 
 liberty and appeals for justices of the peace. 
 
 Steps were taken to have the association 
 admitted to membership in .the National Bar 
 Association, and Messrs. Catron, Field and 
 Waldo were elected delegates to the national 
 body. Judge Hazledine, General Williamson 
 and Judge Waldo were appointed delegates to 
 the American Bar Association. At this, as at 
 all other meetings, numerous members were 
 elected, and recommendations of legislation 
 made. 
 
 Hon. Frank Springer, of Las Vegas, was 
 elected president, and Messrs. Thornton, Ha- 
 zledine, McFie and O'Bryan, vice presidents. 
 
 The death of D. P. Shield was announced 
 and appropriately noted. 
 
 In 1890 the meeting was held January 7. 
 Judge Hazledine made an interesting report of 
 the proceedings of the American Bar Associa- 
 tion meeting at Chicago, which he had at- 
 tended as representative of that body. 
 
 The president's address, by Hon. Frank 
 Springer, was an exhaustive treatise on land 
 grants and the proper provisions for determin- 
 ing their titles, strongly recommending the es- 
 tablishment of an independent court for that 
 purpose. As to the " small holdings," under 
 1 60 acres, he recommended that the land offi- 
 cers should have jurisdiction. 
 
 F. W. Clancy was elected president, and 
 Messrs. Preston, Fergusson, Hewitt and W. 
 J. Mills, vice presidents. Hon. S. B. New- 
 comb was elected delegate to the National Bar 
 Association for three years; and Messrs. 
 Springer, Hazledine and Waldo delegates to 
 the American Bar Association. 
 
 Mr. Preston read a paper on the influence 
 of the Roman law, and Mr. Van der Veer on the 
 barbarisms of the law. 
 
 At this meeting the committee on the his- 
 tory of the bench and bar made its first report, 
 
 embodying two biographies, prepared by Mr. 
 Twitchell, thus commencing one of the most 
 important and interesting features of its work. 
 
 At the session of 1891, held on January 6 
 of that year, the following officers were elected: 
 President, Hon. W. C. Hazledine; vice presi- 
 dents, Messrs. Twitchell, Childers, Pickett, 
 Salazar and Hewitt. The secretary and treas- 
 urer, as usual, were re-elected. 
 
 The secretary reported the purchase of a 
 number of valuable books, including an almost 
 complete set of session laws and legislative 
 proceedings. The president's address drew 
 attention to various defects in court practice 
 which called for reform, but he did not favor a 
 modern code. Mr. Twitchell, from the com- 
 mittee on bench and bar, continued his inter- 
 esting historical sketches. Mr. Van der Veer 
 read a paper on the jury system. Judge Prince 
 presented a memorial biographical sketch of 
 Hon. Warren Bristol. 
 
 The Supreme Court having changed its 
 annual session from January to July, a meet- 
 ing was held on July 28, 1891, and the terms 
 of all officers and committees extended to July, 
 1892. In November a special meeting was 
 held to consider the congressional bill establish- 
 ing a court of private land claims, and a com- 
 mittee consisting of Messrs. Catron, Knaebel,- 
 Gildersleeve, Field and Clancy made a very 
 comprehensive report, recommending a num- 
 ber of amendments. The recommendations 
 of the new committee were adopted. Mr. 
 Clancy reported as to changes in the rules of 
 court. 
 
 The annual meeting for 1 892 was held on 
 July 26. The death of the president, Judge 
 Hazledine, was announced, and appropriate 
 action was taken. He had been one of the 
 most active members of the association and his 
 death is greatly deplored. A minute was also 
 adopted relative to the death of Isaac S. 
 Tiffany. A. B. Elliott was elected president. 
 Vice-Presidents, Messrs. Laughlin, Whiteman, 
 Fountain, Fort and Hawkins. 
 
 In 1893 the annual meeting was held on Au- 
 gust i . The death of Mr. Van der Veer, who had 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 95 
 
 been a very active member of the association, 
 was announced, and also that of Mr. W. E. 
 Coons. The following officers were elected: 
 President, Hon. A. A. Jones; Vice-Presidents, 
 Messrs. Read, Rodey, Bantz, Leahy and Fitch. 
 The address of the retiring president was an 
 arraignment of the obsolete common law prac- 
 tice still required to be used in New Mexico 
 and a plea for a modern code system. 
 
 The annual meeting in 1894 was held on 
 July 31. The address of the retiring president 
 was on uncertainties of the law. The com- 
 mittee on law reform reported in favor of a 
 "code of procedure," and the consideration of 
 their report was postponed to August 27, in 
 order that every member might be notified to 
 be present or to send his vote on this important 
 question to the secretary prior to that date. 
 Mr. Fitch was elected president, and Messrs. 
 Victory, Fergusson, Con way, Moise and E. V. 
 Chavez vice presidents. General Bartlett and 
 Mr. Fiske, by successive elections, have con- 
 tinued as secretary and treasurer from the 
 foundation of the association. Mr. Twitchell 
 favored the meeting with a further report on the 
 history of the bench and bar, including sketches 
 of Judge Beaubien and Charles P. Clever. 
 
 At the adjourned meeting in August, Mr. 
 Childers read an address on code practice. 
 The question being taken on the resolution that 
 a committee of five be appointed to draft a 
 code, it appeared that sixteen votes had been 
 received by mail, twelve in favor and four op- 
 posed. All the members present voted aye 
 except Mr. Fiske. The following committee 
 was then appointed: Messrs. Prince, Childers, 
 Bantz, Jones and Richardson. 
 
 During the session of the legislature in the 
 winter of 1894-5 this committee held pro- 
 tracted sessions and formulated a bill for a code 
 of procedure, which was introduced in the leg- 
 islature by Mr. Victory, a member of the 
 council. It was reported favorably and passed 
 the council, but by adverse influences, believed 
 to be those of debtors who objected to the 
 simplicity and rapidity of proceedings under a 
 code, it failed to pass the lower House. 
 
 The following is a list of members of the 
 Territorial Bar Association, on September i, 
 1894, and with a few exceptions it contains 
 the names of all members of the bar in the 
 Territory in active practice: 
 
 Alexander, S., Socorro. 
 
 Bantz, G. D., Silver City. 
 
 Bartlett, E. L., Santa Fe. 
 
 Berger, W. M., Santa Fe. 
 
 Breeden, Wm., Santa Fe. 
 
 Catron, T. B., Santa Fe. 
 
 Clancy, H. S., Santa Fe. 
 
 Clancy, F. W. , Albuquerque. 
 
 Childers, W. B., Albuquerque. 
 
 Conway, T. F. , Silver City. 
 
 Chavez, E. V., Socorro. 
 
 Crist, J. H., Santa Fe. 
 
 Dobson, E. W. , Albuquerque. 
 
 Elliott, A. B., Hillsboro. 
 . Field, N. B., Albuquerque. 
 
 Fiske, E. A., Santa Fe. 
 
 Fort, L. C. , Las Vegas. 
 
 Foree, R. M., Santa Fe. 
 
 Frost, Max., Santa Fe. 
 
 Fergusson, H. B., Albuquerque. 
 
 Franks, E. B. * 
 
 Freeman, A. A., Eddy. 
 
 Fitch, J. G. , Socorro. 
 
 Howard, F. H. * 
 
 Howard, G. H., Santa Fe. 
 
 Hawkins, W. A., Eddy. 
 
 Hemingway, J. B. H., Santa Fe. 
 
 Hamilton, H. B., Socorro. 
 
 Jones, A. A., Las Vegas. 
 
 Knaebel, G. W. , Santa Fe. 
 
 Knaebel, J. H. * 
 
 Lee, W. D. , Albuquerque. 
 
 Leahy, J., Raton. 
 
 Laughlin, N. B. , Santa Fe. 
 
 Marron, O. N., Albuquerque. 
 
 Moise, C., Las Vegas. 
 
 McFie, J. R. , Las Cruces. 
 
 Mills, W. J., Las Vegas. 
 
 Money, G. P., Santa Fe. 
 
 Newcomb, S. B., Las Cruces. 
 
 O'Bryan, J. D. * 
 
 O'Brien, Jas. * 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Pierce, W. L. * 
 Preston, G. C. * 
 Prince, L. B., Santa Fe. 
 Pickett, H. L., Silver City. 
 Read, B. M., Santa Fe. 
 Read, L. G., Santa Fe. 
 Riley, C. * 
 
 Rodey, B. S. , Albuquerque. 
 Ryan, W. S., Lincoln. 
 Richardson, G. A., Roswell. 
 Salazar, M. , Las Vegas. 
 Sulzbacher, Louis, Las Vegas. 
 Springer, Frank, Las Vegas. 
 Smith, Thomas, Las Vegas. 
 Snyder, K. A., Albuquerque. 
 Spiess, C. A., Santa Fe. 
 Sterry, C. N., Albuquerque. 
 Thornton, W. T. , Santa Fe. 
 Twitchell, R. E., Santa Fe. 
 Victory, J. P., Santa Fe. 
 Vincent, W. A. * 
 Williamson, J. A. * 
 Waldo, H. L., Santa Fe. 
 Warren, H. L. , Albuquerque. 
 Wade, E. C. * 
 Wrigley, W. C., Raton. 
 Williams, W. S., Socorro. 
 Young, J. Morris. * 
 Young, R. L. , Las Cruces. 
 
 (* Removed from the Territory.) 
 
 RELIGIOUS. 
 
 CATHOLIC. 
 
 Catholicism in New Mexico dates back to 
 the very first invasion of this country by the 
 Spaniards in 1543, when Father Juan de 
 Padilla was brought here by the explorer, Cor- 
 onado, and left at Tiguex, on the Rio Grande. 
 He was soon followed by other priests and 
 "religious," of the Franciscan order, some of 
 whom were killed or "martyred" by the red 
 savages. Among these were Fathers Augus- 
 tine Ruiz, Francisco Lopez and Juan de Santa 
 Maria, all of whom were soon killed by the 
 Teguas Indians. From Tiguex these severely 
 self-sacrificing missionaries sallied out in vari- 
 
 ous directions, establishing posts wherever they 
 could, sometimes with the aid of the military 
 from the government of Spain or of the viceroy 
 of Mexico. 
 
 Others followed, and by tedious and faith- 
 ful work they succeeded during the first seventy- 
 five years in baptizing 34,650 Indians and es- 
 tablishing forty-three churches within the 
 bounds of the present Territory of New Mex- 
 ico, all excepting two or three built by the 
 Indians. 
 
 Commencing with December, 1582, Anto- 
 nio de Espejo, of Mexico, greatly assisted the 
 Fathers, in the absence of the regular soldiery, 
 pacifying the Indians and persuading them into 
 a policy of tolerance. Returning to Mexico in 
 July, 1584, he prepared a report of his pro- 
 ceedings in the north, which was forwarded to 
 the viceroy and from him to the king of Spain. 
 
 Successive expeditions were subsequently 
 made by the cruel Humanya and the enterpris- 
 ing Juan de Onyate, the latter of whom brought 
 from Spain 300 families to settle in this region ; 
 most of these were established in the vicinity 
 of Santa Fe and Santa Cruz. An account of 
 these facts was compiled by Father Geronimo 
 de Yarate Salmeron, who remained eight years 
 in New Mexico, visited all the pueblos and 
 went to Mexico City to lay before his superiors 
 the result of his mission. 
 
 In this connection Father Defouri says: 
 "It seems that, all or nearly all the Indians 
 being Christians, as well as their rulers, the 
 Spaniards, things should have gone on smoothly. 
 The simple-minded natives were generally of 
 an amiable disposition, helping the Spaniards 
 in the cultivation of their fields and performing 
 other menial duties. But in a few years the 
 Spaniards began to assume the prerogatives of 
 masters, and a rule of tyranny and slavery was 
 established. Instead of letting the priests 
 alone to see to the conversion of the Indians, 
 fanatical Spaniards tried to convert them with 
 the sword. In a short time they looked upon 
 the Spaniards with intense hatred; low mur- 
 murs followed and then open revolt. They 
 were arrested and severely punished, but never 
 

 SAN MIGUEL CHURCH, SANTA FE: FOUNDED 1550. 
 
 ' 
 
 ft. 
 
 CATHEDRAL, SANTA F~E. 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 97 
 
 resigned. Thus it went on for centuries. The 
 church suffered much in those times and the 
 conversion of the Indians was greatly retarded. 
 Finally it culminated in the great rebellion 
 of 1680." 
 
 This rebellion was led by a native named 
 Pope (pronounced Po-pay), who with great 
 secrecy planned fora general massacre through- 
 out the realm in one night; but, being be- 
 trayed two days before the date fixed for the 
 sudden uprising, August 10, the Indians were 
 precipitated into a somewhat premature on- 
 slaught, succeeding, however, in slaying many 
 Spaniards and driving the rest from the terri- 
 tory, who fled to El Paso, under Governor 
 (and General) Otermin, where they were sup- 
 ported during the following winter by sympa- 
 thizing Franciscans. The natives proceeded 
 to destroy everything Spanish or Christian 
 throughout their domain, even obliterating 
 every vestage. Within about twenty years, after 
 several vain attempts, the Spaniards succeeded 
 in reconquering the country, principally under 
 the command of Don Diego de Vargas Zapate 
 Lujan, for short, Vargas. 
 
 From this period on through all the long, 
 tedious and monotonous eighteenth century 
 there were no events of great importance; and, 
 as ecclesiastical and civil history were un- 
 divorced, we must refer the reader to our gen- 
 eral history in the first portion of this volume 
 (pages 3 to 34) for a more detailed account of 
 the Catholic Church during this period. In 
 1821 occurred the revolution, almost blood- 
 less, which made Mexico independent of. the 
 mother country and to some extent modified 
 ecclesiastical relations. 
 
 In 1798 the Franciscans had eighteen 
 " Fathers, " with twenty-four missions; in 1805 
 they had increased to twenty-six "Fathers" 
 and thirty missions; and when they fled the 
 country in 1821 there were twenty Indian pue- 
 blos and 102 Spanish towns or ranches all 
 attended by Franciscan Fathers excepting San- 
 ta Fe, Albuquerque and Santa Cruz de la Can- 
 yada, where secular priests were stationed. 
 When Bishop Lamy reached Santa Fe in 1851 
 
 7 
 
 he found twenty-five churches and forty chap- 
 els, many in a ruinous condition. The priests, 
 all Mexicans, were very few. In those thirty 
 years the church experienced great losses in 
 New Mexico, and the province had no educa- 
 tional establishments of any kind, and up to 
 this time New Mexico had always been re- 
 garded as a far-outlying province and was cor- 
 respondingly neglected by the dignitaries of 
 the church at more populous centers. Not un- 
 til 1832 was there a vicar's residence within this 
 territory, when Juan Felipe Ortiz was appoint- 
 ed vicar for the bishop of Purango, with resi- 
 dence at Santa Fe, and not until 1851 was 
 there an episcopal residence here, when Bishop 
 Lamy arrived. 
 
 Frequent political turmoils retarded the 
 progress of the church as well as of the State, 
 and the material and intellectual advancement 
 of the people. By the time of the Mexican 
 war in 1846, it is said, the country was so far 
 in the rear of the world's procession that win- 
 dow glass, for example, was found only in the 
 "palaces," which, by the way, were built of 
 adobe! But the annexation of New Mexico to 
 the United States resulted in great good to the 
 people, religiously as well as politically. Under 
 the Mexican regime the members of the church 
 gradually grew more lax in pious duties, owing 
 in great part to political corruption, which in- 
 stinctively and almost unconsciously ate its 
 way into the vitals of all religious institutions. 
 The blood of even the enterprising European 
 people flows more and more lazily in the veins 
 under certain environments. 
 
 Most Rev. Jean Baptist Lamy, the first 
 archbishop of Santa Fe, was a native of 
 France, born October 11, 1814; was reared as 
 a farmer's son, and in the habits of the strict- 
 est piety and assiduous study; ordained priest 
 in 1838 at Clermont, France, and the follow- 
 ing year was sent as a missionary to America. 
 After serving as pastor of a number of con- 
 gregations in Ohio, and one at Covington, 
 Kentucky, he, in 1850, was created "vicar 
 apostolic " of Nesv Mexico, though only thirty- 
 six years of age. Consecrated November 24, 
 
9 8 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 1850, by Archbishop Purcell at Cincinnati, he 
 hastened "to the front" to "reconquer" 
 (religiously) the backslidden churches of New 
 Mexico. Coming by way of New Orleans and 
 the Gulf of Mexico, his vessel was shipwrecked 
 and he lost all his books, clothing, vestments, 
 church articles and sacred vessels which he 
 was bringing hither with tender care. A few of 
 the books, however, were recovered soon after 
 the wreck. By an accident near San Antonio, 
 Texas, he sprained his ankle so badly that he 
 was " laid up " there for eight months. 
 
 On arrival in his new field here he con- 
 fronted still further difficulties, in the line of 
 his legitimate work, by finding his people, both 
 lay and clerical unwilling to receive him 
 cordially. They now began to look for more 
 stringent discipline, and that, too, from a 
 Frenchman, for the first time in their lives. 
 But the young and zealous bishop put his ener- 
 getic hand to the grand work of building up 
 the church, and his adventures and long 
 journeys over the vast- plains from Kansas 
 City to Fort Union, plains with no inhabitants 
 save wild beasts and roving Indians, border on 
 romance. Though about 900 miles in extent, 
 Dr. Lamy, he was a D. D., crossed these 
 plains twelve times for the welfare of his vast 
 diocese. 
 
 During the year 1852 he attended the first 
 plenary council at Baltimore and was ap- 
 pointed titular bishop of Santa Fe, and with 
 great difficulty brought hither three Sisters of 
 Loretto from New Orleans. In January, 1853, 
 they opened their school at Santa Fe, with ten 
 boarders and three day scholars. (Historical 
 sketch of this institution completed under the 
 head of Educational, next following.) 
 
 During the year 1852 Rt. Rev. P. J. Mache- 
 beuf became vicar general of New Mexico. 
 After residing at Santa Fe a few months he 
 was transferred to Albuquerque. Later he was 
 appointed vicar apostolic of Colorado. In 
 1853-4 Dr. Lamy visited the eastern cities of 
 the United States and of southern Europe, in- 
 cluding Rome, and obtained the transportation 
 of more sisters, and also a number of priests. 
 
 Then he proceeded to give special attention to 
 the establishment of schools, succeeding, after 
 long and arduous labor. The first boys' school 
 was opened in December, 1859, at Santa Fe, 
 with about 150 pupils; in 1869 the number had 
 increased to 250, while the boarders increased 
 from thirty to over fifty. The school has grown 
 into a college and is prospering greatly. Both 
 Catholic and Protestant schools have been par- 
 tially supported, especially among the Indians, 
 up to the present time, in this Territory, with 
 the inevitable result of jealousies. 
 
 In 1865 Bishop Lamy succeeded in bringing 
 hither a number of Sisters of Charity, who im- 
 mediately opened St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum 
 and Hospital at Santa Fe, with a goodly num- 
 ber of patients, as well as of orphans. In a few 
 years they had as many as seventy-three pa- 
 tients and sixty children. Additional structures 
 have been erected and facilities of all kinds in- 
 creased. The superiors have been Mothers 
 Vincenta, Theodosia, Augustine, Cephas, Eu- 
 lalia, Sebastian and Gabriella. In 1881 a large 
 school was opened also in Albuquerque. Build- 
 ings have since been erected in the old town, 
 and a fine academy in the new town. Trini- 
 dad, San Miguel and Pueblo have also been 
 blessed by their labors. 
 
 In 1866 Bishop Lamy, with the theologian 
 he had chosen, Rev. J. M. Coudert, at- 
 tended the Second Plenary Council at Balti- 
 more, where his talents were conspicuously 
 recognized. He was entrusted with the rare 
 honor of conveying a report of the acts of that 
 council to the see of Rome for its appropa- 
 tion. Returning, he brought still more labor- 
 ers with him, this time Jesuit fathers, namely, 
 L. Vigilante (superior), Rafael Bianchi and 
 Donato M. Gasparri, with two brothers, Prisco 
 Caso and Rafael Vezza, who commenced 
 their labors in this section of the wild West, 
 August 15, 1867, at Bernalillo, where at first 
 they had charge of Bernalillo, Penya Blanca 
 and Jemez and their missions. The bishop also 
 confided to them the care of teaching "moral 
 theology," thus training up a native clergy. 
 Father de Blieck, who had been placed at the 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 99 
 
 service of the mission by the ' ' Father Gen- 
 eral," was given charge also of the "retreat" 
 now established by Bishop Lamy for the clergy 
 at Santa Fe in November. Afterward "re- 
 treats " were also given to the Sisters of Loret- 
 to and to the Christian Brothers. In the mean- 
 time a grand " mission " was held at Santa Fe, 
 with extraordinary visible results, naturally fol- 
 lowed by missions at Catholic centers elsewhere 
 in the Territory. 
 
 December 25, 1868, the Jesuit Father Rafael 
 Bianchi, who had been particularly zealous and 
 efficient, died at the age of only thirty-two 
 years, occasioning great gloom throughout the 
 community. 
 
 About this time was commenced a schism 
 at Taos, in this wise: Father Jose Antonio 
 Martinez, who had been the parish priest there 
 from the year 1826 to 1856, resigned in the 
 latter year, and subsequently, having some 
 difficulties with the priest who had been sent 
 there as his successor by Bishop Lamy, he 
 claimed to be the rightful pastor; and, not 
 having the use of the church he turned his own 
 residence into a chapel and had a large follow- 
 ing, assisted by Father Lucero. They were 
 suspended by the bishop, and the resulting 
 antipathes of the people are not even yet en- 
 tirely extinguished. 
 
 Father Gasparri, an efficient minister, com- 
 menced in 1872 to print books for the benefit 
 of the church and mission. Soon afterward 
 a "novitiate" school was established, which 
 later was removed to Las Vegas and finally 
 discontinued altogether, for want of means. 
 Novitiates are now sent to Florisant, near St. 
 Louis, Missouri. 
 
 In 1873 a new parish was formed from mis- 
 sions belonging to Mora, Sapello and Anton- 
 chico, located at La Junta, and dedicated to 
 the Sacred Heart. Rev. F. Tomassini was 
 appointed its first pastor. 
 
 The year 1874 was occupied in giving a 
 number of missions to the various parishes of 
 the diocese. One given in Las Vegas pro- 
 duced such fruits that the "whole popula- 
 tion," through a select committee, desired the 
 
 Fathers to establish a college there and re- 
 main among them. Don Manuel Romero of- 
 fered a house for that purpose until such time 
 as they would be able to erect a suitable build- 
 ing. The offer was accepted, and soon after- 
 ward several of the Fathers removed to Las 
 Vegas, while F. Baldasare, the new superior, 
 remained at Albuquerque with the others. 
 
 The first number of the Revista Catolica 
 (Catholic Review) was published January 2, 
 1875. Notwithstanding much adverse crit- 
 icism, especially by Protestants, it has contin- 
 ued to prosper. Under the careful manage- 
 ment of its publisher, Father Ferrari, it has 
 become one of the foremost weeklies of New 
 Mexico. It is published at Las Vegas. 
 
 During the year 1877, the generous people 
 of Las Vegas still asking for a college, land 
 was purchased, donations contributed and the 
 enterprise instituted. Rev. Salvador Personne 
 was installed as the first president, and the 
 dwelling of Don Romero was used as the col- 
 lege at first, commencing with twenty-five 
 boarding pupils and about a hundred day 
 scholars. During the next year the new build- 
 ing was completed. The institution is manned 
 by Jesuit Fathers and Brothers. Great and 
 many untold sacrifices had to be made to get 
 this institution "on its feet." Indeed, that a 
 very large proportion of the Catholic clergy 
 die comparatively young must be due to men- 
 tal overwork, anxiety and privation in the 
 cause of the church. 
 
 Rev. P. James Diamare and Donate Gas- 
 parri, both zealous and efficient workers in the 
 "Lord's vineyard" in New Mexico, have 
 died, the former at the age of forty-three 
 years, the latter at forty-eight. 
 
 December 21, 1874, Dr. Lamy was raised 
 to the dignity of archbishop, and Santa Fe was 
 erected into a "province," with Colorado 
 and Arizona, although yet "vicarates, " as 
 " suffragans." 
 
 November 24, 1875, only a few months 
 after the erection of Santa Fe into a province, 
 was celebrated the episcopal jubilee of Arch- 
 bishop Lamy as that day was the twenty- 
 
IOO 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 fifth anniversary "silver wedding" of his 
 consecration as Bishop of Agathon, when he 
 was appointed vicar apostolic of New Mexico. 
 This occasion was one of the great ones in the 
 history of Catholicism in this Territory. The 
 administration of Dr. Lamy during that quarter 
 of a century had been a bright page in the 
 history of the church here. 
 
 One of the greatest monuments of the zeal 
 of Archbishop Lamy is the cathedral of San 
 Francisco at Santa Fe, the corner stone of 
 which was laid July 14, 1869. Several seri- 
 ous delays were caused during the progress of 
 construction, and not until lately was this mag- 
 nificent edifice completed. The old cathedral, 
 built about 155 years ago, has been demolished 
 and the material used in other public struc- 
 tures. The new cathedral is 60 x 120 feet in 
 dimensions and the height of the middle nave 
 is fifty-five feet. The arches and ornamenta- 
 tion generally are in Roman style. The whole 
 structure is of cut stone and presents a fine 
 appearance. As a peculiarity the ceilings are 
 made of red volcanic lava, exceedingly light, 
 some pieces being lighter than hard wood. 
 This lava was obtained from the summit of a 
 small mound twelve miles distant, named 
 Cerro Mogino, where there are immense quar- 
 ries of it. The towers of the cathedral attain 
 a height of 160 feet. 
 
 Between Las Vegas and Mora, and the 
 rivers Sapello and Las Manuelitas, many 
 Catholic families settled during the '503, com- 
 ing from Santa Cruz and other places in Rio 
 Arriba and forming a sort of colony, called 
 Los Alamos. At length, in answer to several 
 petitions, the bishop sent them a resident 
 priest, named Francis Jouvenceau, who had 
 been the vicar general of Arizona. The 
 church edifice was located where it now stands, 
 under the mistaken impression that that point 
 would probably in the future be the most cen- 
 tral for the population; but Los Alamos in- 
 creased in comparison more rapidly. This 
 building was dedicated under the name of Our 
 Lady of Guadalupe, and is said to have cost 
 $6,000. 
 
 Father Jouvenceau was succeeded in 1866 
 by Rev. John Faure, and subsequently in turn 
 by Revs. Alexander Mathonet, Joseph Fiallon, 
 Anthony Fourchegu, etc. 
 
 At Los Alamos, in 1854, Don Jesus Maria 
 Montoya built a small chapel, which was used 
 until 1879, when a far larger and better chapel 
 was erected, long needed by the congregation. 
 A convent was also built and placed under the 
 care of the Sisters of Mercy, introduced in 
 this Territory by Bishop Lamy. 
 
 In the Territory of New Mexico there are 
 now about forty parishes and 300 church and 
 chapel edifices, while the clergy number about 
 seventy. 
 
 August 28, 1885 is the date of the begin- 
 ning of the services of Archbishop J. B. Sal- 
 poince, D. D., as successor to Dr. Lamy, who 
 resigned on account of advanced age, and now 
 has the title of " Archbishop of Cizicus. " Arch- 
 bishop Salpointe, who had long been well 
 known to the Catholics of this Territory as a 
 competent teacher and laborer, was born in 
 France, February 25, 1825, in a family of high 
 standing, and was ordained priest in 1851. 
 Serving as priest or college professor in his na- 
 tive land until 1859, he came to America, ar- 
 riving at Santa Fe in November. Was parish 
 priest at Mora until January, 1866, when he 
 was appointed vicar general for the missions of 
 Arizona, and he repaired thither, where his ju- 
 dicious labors were attended with signal suc- 
 cess. In 1868 he was appointed "Bishop of 
 Dorzla and Vicar Apostolic of Arizona, "and he 
 returned to France and was ordained and con- 
 secrated by Mgr. Ferron at Clermont, where, 
 and by whom he had been confirmed when a 
 boy, and ordained and consecrated bishop. In 
 1885, as before stated, he was appointed arch- 
 bishop of Santa Fe, and accordingly he trans- 
 ferred his residence to this city. 
 
 In 1893 the Very Rev. James H. Defouri 
 published in pamphlet form a brief account of 
 the lives and deaths of the earliest missionaries 
 in New Mexico, or "martyrs," as he terms 
 them; but by the term " martyr" we under- 
 stand the meaning to be "one who lays down 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 101 
 
 his life for a principle; one who is put to death 
 on account of some religious belief;" whereas 
 many of the early missionaries in savage lands 
 are killed not on account of their religion or 
 principle at all, but for various other reasons, 
 mostly growing out of national antipathies and 
 imperfect understanding of foreign customs. 
 All peoples naturally dread innovations, espe- 
 cially their introduction by foreigners. Their 
 suspicions are aroused and evil events are more 
 likely to be attributed to the presence of for- 
 eigners than to any other source. The "mar- 
 tyrs" noticed in this pamphlet are: Juan de 
 Padilla, killed by the Quivirans in 1542; Juan 
 de la Cruz, at some pueblo, shortly afterward; 
 Luis de Escalone, or de Ubeda, by Pecos In- 
 dians, about 1581; Francisco Lopez, by Indians, 
 in 1581; Agustin Rodriguez, or Ruiz, by 
 Pueblo Indians, also in 1581; }uan de Santa 
 Maria, by Indians east of the Sierra of Sandia, 
 in the same year; Francisco Letrado, by Zunyi 
 Indians, in 1630; Martin de Arvide, by Zipia 
 or Zunyi Indians, about 1627; Francisco de 
 Porras, by Moqui Indians, in 1633; Pedro de 
 Miranda, by the natives of the pueblo of Taos, 
 in 1631; Pedro de Avila y Ayala, by the Nava- 
 jos, in 1672; Alonso Gil de Avila, by the 
 Apaches, in 1675; in the Revolution of 1680, 
 August 10, by the Pueblo and other Indians 
 throughout the province Juan Bernal, at 
 Galisteo; Juan Domingo de Vera, also at 
 Galisteo; Fernando de Velasco, near Galisteo; 
 Juan Bautista Pro, at Tezuque; Tomas de 
 Torres, at Nambe; Luis de Morales, at San 
 Ildefonso; Matias Rendon, at Picuries; Antonio 
 de Mora, at Taos; Juan de la Pedrosa, also at 
 Taos; Manuel Tinoco, about midway between 
 San Marcos and Galisteo, on his flight from 
 the impending massacre, of which he had been 
 forewarned; Francisco Antonio Lorenzana, at 
 Santo Domingo; Juan Talaban; Jose de Montes 
 de Oca; Antonio Sanchez de Pro, at San Ilde- 
 fonso; Luis Maldonado, at Acoma; Juan del 
 Bal, at Alona, among the Zunyis; Jose de 
 Figueroa, who was a resident of Ahuatu; Au- 
 gustine of Santa Maria, at Oraibi; Jose de 
 Espeleta (probably), at Oraibi; Juan de Jesus 
 
 Maria, at Jemez; and Jose Trujillo, when he 
 was a resident of Xongopavi or Mieschongo- 
 pavi, a distant pueblo of the "custodia" of 
 New Mexico; Manuel Beltran, by Indians at 
 Yanos, in 1684; Francisco Casanyas de Jesus 
 Maria, at Jemez, date unknown; Francisco 
 Corvera and Antonio Moreno, at San Ilde- 
 fonso, in 1696; Jose de Arvisu and Antonio 
 Carboneli, both clubbed to death at the pueblo 
 of San Cristobal in the Canyada of Santa 
 Cruz, in 1696; Domingo de Saraoz, by Indians 
 at the pueblo of Santa Ana, in 1731; Peter 
 Martin, in 1861, by unknown parties; and 
 Father Donate, by Indians, in 1858; and prob- 
 ably others, whose manner of death cannot be 
 verified. 
 
 Among the religions of the world, only 
 Christian zeal, and that, too, of the Catholic 
 order, has ever led to a list of fatal self-sacri- 
 fices so long as the above. 
 
 
 EPISCOPAL. 
 
 The first service of the American Episcopal 
 Church of which we have any record, in New 
 Mexico, was held by Right Rev. Joseph C. 
 Talbot, then missionary bishop and afterward 
 bishop of Indiana, who visited Santa Fe in the 
 summer of 1863 and held services on two suc- 
 cessive Sundays, July 5 and 12. He was ac- 
 companied by Rev. M. A. Rich and by Rev. 
 A. H. Demora, a Spanish clergyman, who held 
 service and preached in that language. 
 
 Five years afterward Bishop Randall, of 
 Colorado, visited New Mexico, which had been 
 placed under his jurisdiction and held some 
 service, in 1868. 
 
 There was no organization at all until 
 1874, when the General Convention, in Octo- 
 ber, created a missionary jurisdiction of New 
 Mexico and Arizona, and elected William 
 Forbes Adams, D.D., of New Orleans, as the 
 first bishop. Soon after his consecration, 
 Bishop Adams started for his new field accom- 
 panied by Rev. Henry Forrester, and arrived 
 in Santa Fe early in February, 1875, holding 
 their first service on February 7. 
 
 After a comparatively brief experience in 
 
102 
 
 HIS TORT Of NEW MEXICO. 
 
 New Mexico, Bishop Adams returned to the 
 South, and resigned his position in 1877. He 
 was afterward elected bishop of Easton. Rev. 
 Mr. Forrester remained, and for a considerable 
 time was the only Episcopal clergyman in New 
 Mexico. He had charge of the church at 
 Santa Fe till 1879, when he moved to Las 
 Vegas, and after some years was placed in 
 charge of the church at Albuquerque. In 1892 
 he was appointed by the presiding bishop as 
 superintendent of mission work in the Republic 
 of Mexico, and has since resided there. 
 
 In 1 876 mission schools were established in 
 Santa Fe and Mesilla, and property for the 
 purpose was bought in the latter town. 
 
 In May, 1879, a plot of land was bought in 
 Santa Fe for the erection of a church, all pre- 
 vious services having been held in hired rooms 
 fitted up as chapels. The church was built 
 slowly, as means were obtained, and it was 
 thought best to build of stone. About the 
 same time lots were procured in Las Vegas 
 and an adobe church erected, which became 
 the first Episcopal church in New Mexico. 
 Bishop Spalding, of Colorado, consecrated it. 
 
 In 1880 the church was regularly organized 
 by the holding of the primary convocation of 
 the missionary jurisdiction of New Mexico and 
 Arizona in St. John's church, Albuquerque, on 
 May 4. There were present: Bishop Spald- 
 ing, provisional bishop of the jurisdiction; Rev. 
 Henry Forrester; Rev. J. A. M. La Tourrette, 
 chaplain at Fort Union, and Rev. D. A. San- 
 ford, of the clergy; and lay delegates from the 
 churches at Santa Fe, Mesilla, Las Vegas and 
 Albuquerque. 
 
 A formal organization was effected, a reso- 
 lution was passed asking the next gener- 
 al convocation to elect a bishop for the 
 jurisdiction. Arrrangements were made to 
 incorporate trustees of church property, who 
 should hold all the titles to churches, etc. 
 Hon. L. Bradford Prince was appointed 
 chancellor, and W. W. Griffin treasurer, 
 of the jurisdiction. The total number of 
 communicants reported was 112. Previous to 
 this convocation, St. John's church at Albu- 
 
 querque had been built, and the church in 
 Santa Fe had taken the name of the Church of 
 the Holy Faith, so as to agree with the name 
 of the city. 
 
 At the general convention held in New York 
 in October the jurisdiction was represented by 
 Rev H. Forrester and Judge Prince. The Rev. 
 George K. Dunlop was elected bishop and was 
 consecrated in St. Louis, November 21, 1880. 
 He came almost immediately to New Mexico 
 and visited all the missions. During Bishop 
 Dunlop's bishopric a .handsome stone church 
 was built at Santa Fe, and one partially finished 
 at Las Vegas; a rectory was built at Silver 
 City. He died quite suddenly, March 12, 1888. 
 
 In the fall of 1888 Rev. J. Mills Kendrick, 
 of Ohio, was elected bishop and was conse- 
 crated January 18, 1889. He reached New 
 Mexico, February i, 1889, and held his first 
 convocation on September 3. Bishop Ken- 
 drick is a very faithful chief pastor, and is still 
 in charge of the jurisdiction. In 1892 New 
 Mexico was separated from Arizona and con- 
 stituted a missionary district by itself. 
 
 The statistics of the district in 1893 show 
 449 communicants: 1,114 individuals. There 
 were church buildings at Santa Fe, Las Vegas, 
 Albuquerque, Socorro, Eddy, Silver City and 
 Deming; rectories at Las Vegas, Santa Fe and 
 Silver City; and a partially finished church 
 at San Marcial. In 1895 a pretty church was 
 erected at Gallup. The delegates to general 
 conventions have been as follows: 
 
 1883: Rev. J. A. M. La Tourrette, Hon. 
 L. B. Prince. 
 
 1886: Rev. E. W. Meany, Hon. L. B. 
 Prince. 
 
 1889: Rev. E. W. Meany, Hon. L. B. 
 Prince. 
 
 1892: Rev. Henry Forrester, Hon. L. B. 
 Prince. 
 
 1895: Rev. W. L. Githens, Hon. L. B. 
 Prince. 
 
 The primary convocation of the new mis- 
 sionary district of New Mexico was held at So- 
 corro, November 9, 1893, when the new dis- 
 trict was formally organized. The succeeding 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 103 
 
 convocations were at Las Vegas in 1894 and 
 Silver City in 1895. 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN. 
 
 The Presbyterians were early in the field 
 after the end of the Mexican war and the or- 
 ganization of the Territoral government. 
 
 In 1851 the Presbyterian Missionary Union 
 sent W. T. Kephardt as the advance guard of 
 the missionary army. Resettled at Santa Fe, 
 and subsequently became editor of the Santa 
 Fe Gazette, which was an organ of the anti- 
 slavery cause. 
 
 In 1867 a school was established at Santa 
 Fe under the Presbyterian Board of Home 
 Missions, and this was followed in 1872 by 
 another at Fernandez de Taos. This latter 
 was in charge of Rev. James M. Roberts, who 
 remained at Taos for many years. 
 
 In 1876, early in the year, the Rev. John 
 Menaul went to the Indian pueblo of Laguna 
 and established a school which continued in 
 operation for nearly twenty years, under the 
 same missionary. Mr. Menaul obtained a 
 printing press after a few years and printed 
 with his own hands thousands of tracts and 
 other documents in Spanish. 
 
 Later in the same year Rev. J. A. Annui 
 settled in Las Vegas, and commenced the pub- 
 lication of a newspaper called the Revista 
 Evangelica, which was continued until 1879. 
 
 On October 8th, Dr. H. K. Palmer opened 
 a Presbyterian mission school in the Indian 
 pueblo of Zunyi. 
 
 During the succeeding year, the scattered 
 missionaries were gladdened by a visit from 
 Rev. Henry Kendall, D. D., Secretary of the 
 Presbyterian Board of Home Missions, who 
 visited Taos and the upper Rio Grande country, 
 stayed a short time at Santa Fe and then made 
 the long journey westward to Zunyi. This 
 visit occupied the most of the month of Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 In 1876 Rev. John Menaul commenced 
 the publication at Laguna of a weekly news- 
 paper in Spanish, called La Solona. This was 
 printed on the press before referred to. 
 
 In 1866 the Presbyterians had purchased 
 from the Baptists the church edifice of the lat- 
 ter at Santa Fe, and services have ever since 
 been sustained with rare exception. Rev. 
 George G. Smith was pastor for a considerable 
 time prior to 1880, when he was transferred to 
 Montana, but afterward returned and remained 
 until 1895. 
 
 Schools were established at Las Cruces and 
 at Corrales in Bernalillo county, in 1878; and 
 the number of these educational institutes has 
 been increased almost annually ever since. 
 
 In 1883 a boarding school for Mexican 
 children was started at Santa Fe, and the origi- 
 nal building has since been replaced by a large 
 and handsome brick structure, which would be 
 an ornament to any city. A similar school was 
 established in Las Vegas at about the same 
 time. 
 
 Thus the work has progressed until every 
 town of any importance has its Presbyterian 
 church, and schools have multiplied through 
 the Territory. At the present time there are 
 thirty-five Presbyterian churches in New Mexi- 
 co, cared for by eighteen ordained ministers 
 and seventeen Mexican evangelists, and having 
 a total membership of 1,000. The number of 
 children receiving instruction in the Sunday 
 schools is 1,464. 
 
 The following tables show the number and 
 condition of the various schools in 1894, as 
 well as various items of interest connected with 
 them. 
 
 The academy of Santa Fe, which existed 
 from 1867 to 1891, and the Indian school at 
 Albuquerque, which was in operation from 1880 
 to 1891, were abandoned because their places 
 were filled by public institutions. 
 
 BOARDING SCHOOLS. 
 
 NAME OF SCHOOL. 
 
 TEACHERS. 
 
 PUPILS. 
 
 
 7 
 7 
 4 
 
 65 
 93 
 48 
 
 Las Vegas boarding and day school, boys and girls 
 
 Total 
 
 18 
 
 206 
 
 
 *At Zunyi only one meal Jat noon) is iven at the school. The 
 other meals are taken by the children at their homes. 
 
104 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 DAY SCHOOLS. 
 
 Canyon Bonito 
 
 Chaperito 
 
 Corrales 
 
 El Rito 
 
 Einbudo 
 
 Jemes Hot Springs. 
 
 La Costilla 
 
 Las Cruces 
 
 Los Lentes 
 
 Ocate 
 
 Mora 
 
 Pajarito 
 
 Penasco 
 
 Las Placitas 
 
 Raton 
 
 Rociada 
 
 Santa Fe (day) 
 
 Taos 
 
 El Prado de Taos. . 
 El Rancho de Taos. 
 
 Jemes Pueblo 
 
 Laguna Pueblo 
 
 Total (25 day schools) 
 
 TEACHERS. 
 
 PUPILS. 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 1 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 T 
 
 40 
 
 i 
 
 34 
 
 i 
 
 51 
 
 i 
 
 46 
 
 i 
 
 60 
 
 i 
 
 36 
 
 2 
 
 58 
 
 2 
 
 81 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 87 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 125 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 91 
 
 2 
 
 136 
 
 2 
 
 76 
 
 2 
 
 35 
 
 32 
 
 1,409 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 Total boarding and day schools. 
 
 Total teachers 
 
 Total pupils 
 
 Annual running eipenses 
 
 Total salaries 
 
 Total value of buildings 
 
 50 
 
 . 1 615 
 * 9.375 
 . 2S.OOO 
 . 52,750 
 
 METHODIST. 
 
 The first Methodist missionary to be sta- 
 tioned in New Mexico was Rev. E. George 
 Nicholson, who came to Santa Fe in the year 
 1850, and commenced holding services there. 
 He continued in this work for about two years, 
 when the work was abandoned for the time. 
 
 Various attempts to establish missions were 
 made from time to time, but none seemed per- 
 manent until the arrival of Rev. Thomas Har- 
 wood in 1871. He established himself at La 
 Junta (now Watrous) and opened a mission 
 school at that place, which, with some change 
 in location, has been kept open ever since. 
 Mr. Harwood himself is a man of much perse- 
 verance and tenacity of purpose; he had been 
 thoroughly schooled in the war times not to be 
 afraid of opposition, as he was then known as 
 "the fighting chaplain "of a Wisconsin regi- 
 ment. Although meeting many obstacles and 
 considerable opposition, he has continued his 
 work in New Mexico until the present time, 
 being now superintendent of the Mexican mis- 
 sions of the Methodist Church. 
 
 The example set at La Junta was soon fol- 
 lowed, and in 1874 mission schools were opened 
 at Cirueleta, at Peralta and at Socorro. In 
 1875 still another school was inaugurated, at 
 Las Cruces. 
 
 On the 1 4th of September, 1875, occurred 
 an event which created an excitement, the re- 
 sults of which lasted for many years. This 
 was the murder, on the road east of Elizabeth- 
 town, in Colfax county, of Rev. F. J. Tolby, a 
 clergyman of the Methodist Church. He was 
 making a missionary trip at the time and was 
 traveling alone. It was charged that the mur- 
 der was a political one, as Mr. Tolby had been 
 quite free in his criticisms of some of the polit- 
 ical actions of the day; and accusations were 
 made against men high in position of being 
 concerned in the plot to put him to death. 
 Great excitement prevailed at Cimarron, and 
 it was only by the prompt disappearance of 
 some of the parties accused that they escaped 
 with their lives. The Methodist Church as a 
 body took up the matter and insisted at Wash- 
 ington on a most thorough investigation of the 
 circumstances of the murder. Nothing positive 
 in its character, however, was ever discovered, 
 and his death still remains one of the unraveled 
 mysteries. 
 
 On June 7, 1877, the third annual mission 
 conference was held at Peralta. Bishop 
 Thomas Bowman came overland to preside at 
 this meeting and to bring to the flock in the 
 wilderness the greetings of their more numer- 
 ous brethren in the East. The roll showed 
 that there were twelve clergymen in the Terri- 
 tory, six of whom were missionaries sent from 
 the "States" and six were native New Mex- 
 icans. The entire twelve were in attendance. 
 In 1878, Bishop Simpson, then in charge 
 of this part of the Methodist missionary field, 
 came to Santa Fe and presided at the annual 
 conference, on October 3. This was the most 
 important meeting that had yet been held by 
 the Methodists in New Mexico. 
 
 Two years afterwards Rev. Thomas Har- 
 wood established in Santa Fe the " New Mex- 
 ico Christian Advocate " as an organ of the 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Methodists of the Territory and an assistance 
 in the missionary work. Its first number ap- 
 peared in May, and it was printed in both 
 English and Spanish. 
 
 At a late date Rev. Mr. Harwood removed 
 to Socorro and made that the center of his 
 operations. While there he was appointed 
 one of the regents of the School of Mines 
 and afterward became president of the board. 
 
 When population came in rapidly after the 
 arrival of the railroad, Methodist churches 
 were built in nearly all of the cities and vil- 
 lages, and the work of this religious body in- 
 creased in all directions. 
 
 On March 27, 1880, the mission which had 
 been long discontinued was re-established at 
 Santa Fe, and Rev. H. H. Hall, of Michigan, 
 was appointed to the charge. A neat church 
 building was erected on lower San Francisco 
 street, and was dedicated in the month of 
 April. This church is now (1895) in charge 
 of Rev. Mr. Madden. 
 
 A few years ago the Methodists were car- 
 rying on twelve mission schools at the following 
 places and with the following numbers of 
 scholars: 
 
 Tiptonville 45 
 
 La Joya 25 
 
 Escondido 25 
 
 Cerro 28 
 
 Albuquerque girls' schools 20 
 
 Las Vegas 35 
 
 Peralta 35 
 
 Socorro 20 
 
 El Ranchito 25 
 
 Albuquerque College 
 
 Old Albuquerque 30 
 
 Dulce 23 
 
 Their policy, however, has been the very 
 proper one of abandoning a mission school 
 whenever the public school in the place became 
 of a character suitable for the education of all 
 the people. For this reason the number of 
 mission schools decreases from time to time. 
 The following is the present condition of the 
 Methodist educational work: Number of 
 schools, 8; number of teachers, 12; number 
 
 of scholars, 300; value of school property, 
 $15,000; volumes in the library, 620. 
 The schools are situated as follows: 
 
 (1) The Biblical school, in the college 
 building in Albuquerque, has an attendance of 
 10 boys. Object, education and training for 
 Spanish missionary work. This is a kind of 
 an industrial school; typewriting, type-setting, 
 and printing of a Spanish paper, tracts and 
 Sunday-school literature being the principal 
 industries. The young men make favorable 
 progress in English and Spanish. There are 
 3 teachers in this school. 
 
 (2) The mission school, in the same build- 
 ing, with 50, boys and girls enrojled; 2 teach- 
 ers in this department. This school is under 
 the direction of the Woman's Home Mission 
 Board of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 
 (3) The Las Cruces mission school, with 
 5 5 -pupils, girls and boys. 
 
 (4) At Martinez. This school has about 
 25 scholars. 
 
 (5) At Frampton; there are 24 scholars. 
 
 (6) Mission school at Wagon Mound, 
 with 22 scholars. 
 
 (7) School at Dulce, on the Apache res- 
 ervation, with some 40 students at different 
 times; among them are both Indians and Mex- 
 icans. This is an industrial school, with prop- 
 erty worth $ 1 , 500. 
 
 (8) The Las Vegas industrial mission, 
 with 65 scholars. The policy of this church 
 is not to open mission schools where there are 
 good public schools taught by competent 
 teachers. 
 
 Two conferences are held annually; one of 
 those engaged in the Spanish work and one 
 of those in ordinary English-speaking parochial 
 work. In 1895 the first of these was held in 
 Albuquerque in the first week of September, 
 and the other in the succeeding week at Santa 
 Fe. Both were presided over by Bishop Niade 
 of Detroit. 
 
 CONGREGATIONAL. 
 
 The work of the Congregationalists in New 
 Mexico has been more educational than in the 
 
io6 
 
 HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 direction of church building or the organtion 
 of congregations. 
 
 The New West Educational Commission is 
 really a Congregational institution, though its 
 schools are not denominational. 
 
 The Santa Fe Academy, incorporated July 
 24, 1878., was also an outgrowth of Congrega- 
 tional institutions, though the local board of 
 trustees embraced persons of all religious views, 
 and its design was simply to afford good educa- 
 tion at a time when the public school system 
 was yet very imperfect. 
 
 So, also, the University of New Mexico, at 
 Santa Fe, has a provision in its articles of in- 
 corporation whereby a majority of, its trustees 
 shall always belong to the Congregational 
 Church; and the larger amount of the funds 
 used for the erection of Whitin Hall and the 
 Ramona Indian school, and which were raised 
 to carry on the educational work of the Uni- 
 versity during many years, came from Congre- 
 gational sources. 
 
 These institutions will be more fully de- 
 scribed under the head of Education, but it is 
 proper in this place to give this credit to the 
 Congregational ists. 
 
 There was no Congregational church or or- 
 ganization in New Mexico until 1880. On 
 November 20 of that year a delegation of Con- 
 gregational clergymen direct from the National 
 Council of that church, which had been in ses- 
 sion at St. Louis, visited New Mexico to look 
 over the ground with a view to the establish- 
 ment of missions. Among them were Rev. 
 James W. Strong, D. D., of Coulton College, 
 Minnesota; Rev. E. G. Porter, Lexington, 
 Massachusetts; Rev. R. B. Howard, of Chi- 
 cago; and Rev. Robert West, of St. Louis, 
 together with J. E. Kairne, of St. Louis, and 
 D. C. Bell, of Minneapolis, prominent laymen. 
 
 Partly as a result of this visit the First Con- 
 gretional Church at Albuquerque was incorpor- 
 ated March 14, 1881, and commenced its work 
 with Rev. J. M. Ashley as pastor. About the 
 same time a neat brick church was erected at 
 Santa Fe, and Rev. H. O. Ladd officiated 
 there for some time. 
 
 Subsequently a considerable number of 
 congregations were organized, and for a time 
 Rev. E. Lyman Hood was in charge of all 
 the Congregational missions and work in the 
 Territory. They are holding their own fairly 
 during the present depressed period. 
 
 BAPTIST. 
 
 Of churches other than the Roman Catho- 
 lic, the Baptists were first on the ground. As 
 early as 1849, in July, Rev. Henry W. Read, 
 a -Baptist missionary, located at Santa Fe and 
 opened a school which was taught in English. 
 
 In 1852 Rev. Samuel Gorman was sent out 
 as a missionary to the Pueblo Indians and 
 established himself at Laguna, where he con- 
 tinued to teach and preach until 1860. In the 
 latter year he delivered a lecture in Santa Fe 
 before the Historical Society. 
 
 In 1854 the Baptists erected the first Pro- 
 testant church in New Mexico at Santa Fe. 
 This was dedicated on January I 5 with becom- 
 ing ceremonies, the usual collection of docu- 
 ments having been deposited in the corner 
 stone for preservation. The box and its con- 
 tents, taken from this corner-stone, are now in 
 the possession of the Territorial Historical 
 Society. The Rev. Louis Smith was first 
 pastor of this church, and continued for some 
 time to officiate in Santa Fe. About the time 
 of the war the interest in the work declined, 
 and in 1866 the property was sold to the 
 Presbyterians. 
 
 For a number of years prior to the last 
 mentioned date, the Baptists carried on mis- 
 sions at Laguna, Fort Defiance, Albuquerque 
 and Socorro. The work was suspended by 
 the Board of Missions and not resumed until 
 1880, when a mission was established at Las 
 Vegas in March. This is now a flourishing 
 church, under the charge of Rev. A. A. 
 Layton. 
 
 At the present time there is one organized 
 association in New Mexico, that of Lincoln, 
 with nine churches in its jurisdiction. Outside 
 of this association, there are five organized 
 churches, making fourteen in all, with an 
 
HIS TORT Of NE W MEXICO. 
 
 107 
 
 aggregate membership of about 350 The 
 church buildings are estimated to be worth 
 $25,000. There are Sunday-schools in con- 
 nection with the churches, and also a Mexican 
 school at Rinconada, in Rio Arriba county, 
 recently founded by some zealous Christian 
 women. There are twelve ordained ministers 
 at work in the Territory, aided by such lay 
 assistants and teachers as can be procured. 
 
 SOUTHERN METHODISTS. 
 
 This religious body has for a number of 
 years carried on a successful girls' seminary at 
 Las Vegas. The building occupies a com- 
 manding situation and is conspicuous from all 
 directions. A large number of girls are annu- 
 ally educated here, embracing many from dis- 
 tant points in the Territory, and thus an excel- 
 lent effect is exerted on the rising generation. 
 
 The Southern Methodist are strong in San 
 Juan county and have numerous adherents in 
 the south and southeast of the Territory. 
 
 HEBREWS. 
 
 The merchants of New Mexico at the 
 time of the advent of the railroad were large- 
 ly composed of this nationality, and this 
 ancient people still hold their own in all mer- 
 cantile concerns. There is scarcely a village 
 having any trade at all in which they will not 
 be found. At the same time there is no resi- 
 dent rabbi in New Mexico. The only syna- 
 gogue is at Las Vegas, where a very tasteful 
 edifice for Jewish worship was erected about ten 
 years ago. Rabbis for occasional services are 
 brought from Colorado, and sometimes from as 
 far as Missouri. On the greater festivals the 
 ceremonies are conducted, as far as is prac- 
 ticable, by "lay readers." 
 
 MORMONS. 
 
 While a Mormon regiment took part in the 
 annexation of New Mexico, yet it was many 
 years after before any members of the church 
 of Latter Day Saints came to the Territory to 
 reside. About 1883 a settlement was estab- 
 lished at Olio on the San Juan river, a point 
 
 quite near to Utah itself. Not long afterward 
 another set of Mormon colonists came to 
 Ramah, in western, Valencia county, from . 
 their previous homes in Arizona. About 1890 
 a fertile and pleasant location on the Chama 
 river, below Abiquiu, was selected for settle- 
 ment, and a number of families soon founded a 
 village there. Subsequently another group 
 has purchased property and made their homes 
 on the Rio Grande, a short distance above 
 Santa Cruz. In all cases they have brought 
 habits of industry and frugality, together with 
 enterprise, which will build up prosperous 
 communities, and, as in Utah, "make the 
 desert to blossom as the rose. " They have the 
 regular local religious organizations universal 
 among their people and are occasionally visited 
 by the higher officials from Salt Lake City. 
 
 THE PUEBLO INDIANS. 
 
 While it is difficult to class the religion of 
 these people, yet they cannot be omitted when 
 treating of this general subject. Nominally 
 they were Christianized by the Franciscan 
 Fathers three centuries ago; really no change 
 probably took place in their actual belief. 
 Outward conformity was necessary to avoid 
 persecution in the days of the Inquisition, 
 and then the Pueblo was forced to have two 
 religions, one in public and one in private. 
 The former led him to allow his children to be 
 baptized and to attend mass; the latter was 
 carried on in the utmost secrecy in the inner 
 recesses of the " estufa del cacique." The 
 habit of secrecy thus learned has continued 
 after its necessity has ceased, and the religious 
 ceremonies and even the beliefs of the Pueblos 
 are as much hidden now as when any display 
 of them would have brought certain death. 
 
 They are probably the most religious peo- 
 ple in the world. Every act from January to 
 December is accompanied by its religious 
 ceremony. The prime objects of adoration 
 seem to be the sun, the moon and the evening 
 star; but they have sub-deities and fetiches al- 
 most innumerable. The cacique or chief 
 priest holds office for life, and has two assist- 
 
io8 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ants who are also intrusted with the traditions 
 and secret ceremonials of the people. These 
 are orally handed down from generation to 
 generation. They have images to represent 
 certain deities, and strange ceremonies in the 
 nature of dances, in which only men partici- 
 pate and which take place in an inner room, 
 which is always guarded. This much we 
 know, but of the real nature of the worship 
 nothing comes to those who are uninitiated. 
 The Pueblo Indian is the child of tradition and 
 the votary of the Past. His religious customs 
 and ceremonies are doubtless exactly the same 
 that they were before Columbus sailed across 
 the Western sea. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL. 
 
 Turning now to the subject of education, 
 we may say that its history in New Mexico is 
 comparatively brief. For centuries, indeed, 
 there was practically no education here. The 
 people were engaged in constant Indian wars, 
 life itself was a struggle, the officials were all 
 sent from Spain or Mexico, the priests came 
 entirely from abroad, no one in these days 
 being ordained in the Territory; and when the 
 difficulty and rarity of communication with the 
 outside world is considered, the wonder is that 
 the people kept up as well as they did. 
 
 With Mexican independence came the first 
 movement for general education. On April 
 27, 1822, the Provincial Deputation resolved 
 " That the Ayuntamicutos (town councils) be 
 officially notified to complete the formation of 
 primary public schools as soon as possible ac- 
 cording to the circumstances of each com- 
 munity." Unfortunately the condition of the 
 country did not permit much to be done under 
 this order. A few of the sons of the rich were 
 sent to Durango, and even to the city of Mexi- 
 co, to St. Louis and as far east as New York 
 for advanced education, but their numbers, of 
 course, were small. 
 
 The first American census, taken in 1850, 
 showed that 28,085 adults could not read or 
 
 write. In was in 1859-60 that the first move- 
 ment of consequence was made toward public 
 education. The legislature imposed a tax of 
 fifty cents for each child, the justice of the 
 peace to employ a teacher and require attend- 
 ance from November to April, and the probate 
 judge to act as superintendent; and this sys- 
 tem, with little modification, remained in vogue 
 for a number of years. 
 
 Meanwhile, in 1852, an English school had 
 been established in Santa Fe by Mrs. Howe, 
 the wife of an army officer, and among the 
 pupils were the daughters of some of the 
 most prominent families in the Territory. 
 
 On the first day of the next year (January 
 i, 1853), a school, principally for boarders, was 
 opened by the Roman Catholic Sisters of Lo- 
 retto, at Santa Fe. This school for a long 
 time was the leading educational institution for 
 girls in the Territory, so that a brief sketch of 
 its history seems appropriate. 
 
 On June 27, 1852, six Sisters left Loretto, 
 Marion county, Kentucky, to establish the first 
 school for girls in Santa Fe, New Mexico. 
 i Cholera was then raging. Mother Matilda, the 
 Superior, was attacked by the contagion, and 
 died July 16, on the steamboat " Kansas," on 
 which they were traveling to Independence, 
 Kansas. Two more Sisters caught the fatal 
 disease; one of them returned to Kentucky, 
 the other, successor to Mother Matilda in office, 
 Mother M. Magdalen, recovered. She was 
 destined to be the founder of the Loretto mis- 
 sion in the West, the spiritual mother of num- 
 berless souls, the teacher of the future moth- 
 ers of families: She joined the caravan, which 
 started for New Mexico on the 1st of August, 
 and arrived in Santa Fe, the 26th of Septem- 
 ber, and opened school on the 1st of January, 
 1853, under the title of Convent of Our Lady 
 of Light, taking both boarders and day pupils. 
 The bishop gave them for their use the house 
 now known as the Lamy building, opposite the 
 cathedral. The bishop, from the time he 
 brought the Sisters, as it were, to be his co-labor- 
 ers in the Lord's vineyard, till he was called to 
 his reward the I3th of February, 1888, proved 
 
SISTERS' HOSPITAL, SANTA FE. 
 
 INSTITI TION OK THE SISTEUS OK LOKETTO. SANTA FK. 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 109 
 
 himself ever a kind father, a constant friend, 
 and a faithful protector and adviser. 
 
 In 1857 they purchased the only two-story 
 building, with shingle roof, known as the Casa 
 Americana. New accessions were made to the 
 Sisterhood by fresh colonies from Kentucky, 
 and also by the admission of members from 
 Mew Mexico, Colorado and Texas, in 1856, 
 1858, etc., so that the Sisters were enabled to 
 establish new schools in the country. In 
 1863 three Sisters went to Taos. In 1864 the 
 schools in Mora and Denver were opened, and 
 at a later date the Sisters established them- 
 selves in Las Vegas, Las Cruces, Socorro, New 
 Mexico, and El Paso, Texas. 
 
 Traveling in the early days was tiresome 
 and dangerous. The journey in 1867 was es- 
 pecially adventurous. The caravan, consist- 
 ing of Bishop Lamy, his train and nearly two 
 hundred wagons belonging to other parties, was 
 twice attacked by the Indians, on the eve- 
 ning of the 1 7th of July, and again on the 
 morning of the 22d of July; the last firing was 
 of three hours' duration. On the 24th one of 
 the Loretto Sisters died, it was supposed, of 
 cholera and fright. 
 
 The Sisters of Loretto were incorporated 
 in 1874. In 1878 they erected their beautiful 
 stone chapel. In 1892 they built their new 
 convent on the site of the old Casa Americana. 
 
 Mother Magdalen, ever active and vigilant 
 in looking after her many foundations, was 
 often exposed to the inclemencies of weather 
 in her visitations to the different schools, her 
 robust constitution finally succumbed, and in 
 August, 1 88 1, she was crippled from rheuma- 
 tism, her life henceforward being a continual 
 martyrdom till her death, which occurred Oc- 
 tober 27, 1894. 
 
 Saint Michael's College, located at Santa 
 Fe, has for a long period taken high rank as 
 an educational institution of great merit, and 
 it has played an important part in the history 
 of the Territory, for many of the prominent 
 native sons of New Mexico, as well as others, 
 have been educated within its walls. A brief 
 history, therefore, of this worthy institution is 
 
 eminently fitting in a work of this character. 
 
 The college dates its establishment in 1859, 
 at which time Most Rev. Archbishop Lamy, 
 seeing how much needed in New Mexico were 
 good schools, conceived the idea of sending to 
 France and succeeded in inducing the Chris- 
 tian Brothers to send a small delegation of 
 their number to establish a school in Santa 
 Fe. He gave the use of the ground on which 
 the building is now located, and the school 
 entered upon its career of usefulness in flat- 
 roofed adobe buildings. It was opened a9 a 
 boarding school, and at the same time accom- 
 modated day pupils. It has since developed 
 into a commercial college, giving instruction in 
 all the courses that are usually taught in pro- 
 viding one with a thorough business education. 
 The college is now in a thriving condition and 
 on a good paying basis, and has the right to 
 confer diplomas. At first the Brothers were 
 Frenchmen, but the Order of Christian Broth- 
 ers having extended to the United States, the 
 teachers in the school are now Americans. 
 The college buildings are located in the south- 
 eastern part of the city, and command an ex- 
 tended and beautiful view of the town and 
 surrounding mountain scenery. The delight- 
 ful and invigorating climate of Santa Fe is 
 most conducive to the health and physical 
 well-being of the students, and during the 
 thirty-six years of the school's history there 
 have been but three deaths among the pupils 
 in attendance, and for an average of eight years 
 the fees of the attendant physician have only 
 been from $18 to $30 per annum from the 
 whole school, and boys coming here from the 
 East in delicate health become robust men. 
 Physicians of the East are unanimous in re- 
 commending the climate of Santa Fe to in- 
 valids. 
 
 The Brothers are Christian men who have, 
 without compensation of any kind, devoted 
 their lives to the education of the youth, and 
 their watchful care leaves nothing to be de- 
 sired for the intellectual and moral development 
 of the pupils. The college is self-sustaining, 
 every dollar of tuition received going for its 
 
no 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 support and upbuilding. In 1878 one of the 
 one-story buildings was replaced by a fine edi- 
 fice, having a frontage of 160 feet and three 
 stories in height. This was the first three- 
 story building erected in the Territory. It is 
 a spacious, well-ventilated building, with large 
 class-rooms, bath-rooms, dormitories and 
 everything that is for the comfort and health of 
 the pupils. It will compare favorably with 
 similar institutions in the East. In 1887 a 
 brick edifice was erected, 46 x 1 40 feet, and 
 ea?h of the buildings cost about $20,000. 
 Ample accommodation is therefore secured to 
 the patrons of the college. 
 
 Brother Botulph, who fs serving as presi- 
 dent of the college, entered upon his work in 
 this capacity in 1870, and for the past twenty- 
 five years has devoted his whole time and en- 
 ergy to the institution and its interests. He is 
 a fine scholar and an exemplary and devoted 
 Christian gentleman, to whom the growth and 
 prosperity of the college is due. While the 
 most Rev. Archbishop Lamy is entitled to the 
 credit of the founding of the college, and his 
 successors, Archbishop John B. Salpointe 
 and Archbishop P. L. Chapelle have given the 
 school their distinguished influence, yet the 
 real work has been done by the Brothers. 
 The institute of the Brothers of the Christian 
 Schools was founded in 1680, by the Blessed 
 Jean Baptiste de La Salle, for the special ob- 
 ject of the education of youth, and was ap- 
 proved by his Holiness, Pope Benedict XIII, 
 in 1724. It is now established in France, 
 Austria, Italy, Spain, England and its colonies. 
 On the 3 ist of December, 1894, it had 14,989 
 members, 1,400 establishments, and nearly 
 400,000 pupils. Such is the self-sacrificing 
 work of these good Brothers that they desire 
 neither remuneration nor fame, but labor for 
 the interest of humanity and the glory of God. 
 
 The Sisters of Charity and their work at 
 Santa Fe is deserving of mention in a volume 
 devoted to the history of New Mexico, for they 
 have successfully built and finished three large 
 brick edifices in the Capital City. The largest, 
 called St. Vincent's Sanitarium, is a building 
 
 of such architectural beauty that it would be a 
 credit to any city in the land; the second is a 
 large charity hospital; and the third an orphans' 
 home. All are worthy institutions devoted to 
 the relief of suffering humanity. 
 
 The Right Rev. Archbishop Lamy is en- 
 titled to the honor of having first noted the 
 need of such work in New Mexico, and it was 
 in the year 1866 that he sent to the Sisters of 
 the order at Cincinnati asking if some of their 
 number could not came to Santa Fe and com- 
 mence here the labors of love for humanity. 
 Those who responded to the appeal were Sis- 
 ters Vincent, Theodosia, Martha, Augustine 
 and Louise. The Archbishop gave a small 
 adobe building and the ground, and the good 
 work was begun ; but the benevolent people of 
 the community soon saw the usefulness of the 
 undertaking, to which generous contributions 
 and donations were made. In this way the 
 present fine buildings were secured and sup- 
 plied with every needed appliance for the com- 
 fort of the sick. The buildings are surrounded 
 by delightful grounds, and the beauties of na- 
 ture with the wonderful climate of this region 
 aid the Sisters in restoring those upon whom 
 disease has laid its hand. Two of the worthy 
 women who consecrated their lives to the 
 Master's service have been called to the rich 
 reward which is prepared for the righteous of 
 this earth. Sisters Vincent, Augustine and 
 Theodosia are still engaged in the hospital 
 work; and altogether nineteen sisters, includ- 
 ing Sister Superior Victoria, are now constantly 
 ministering to the wants of those who are in 
 the institution. 
 
 The sanitarium was erected at a cost of 
 $50,000, and the lumber was hauled by oxen 
 from Las Vegas. The Sisters held fairs in 
 order to raise money and solicited subscrip- 
 tions, and in this way the buildings were 
 erected, being completed in 1880, and having 
 room for I/O invalids. In 1885 the charity 
 hospital was erected, with a capacity of sixty 
 patients, and is open to the poor of all 
 classes and denominations. In 1 890 the orphan 
 asylum was built. It is designed for orphan 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 in 
 
 girls under fifteen years of age, and now has 
 sixty-three children within its hospitable walls. 
 
 Sister Victoria came to Santa Fe in 1887 
 from the home order in Cincinnati, and has 
 since had the complete management of all the 
 work in Santa Fe. She has done all in her 
 power to qualify herself for the work, and her 
 devotion to the cause of humanity has won her 
 the love of all who hav;e come under her care. 
 She possesses excellent executive ability, as 
 well as sympathy and kindness, and has visited 
 all of the large cities of the east, where she has 
 studied the best methods of caring for those 
 who are brought helpless to the institution of 
 which she has charge. She also makes a study 
 of each individual who finds a home in the or- 
 phan asylum, finds out for what they are best 
 adapted, and when this is ascertained they are 
 instructed in that which will develop their tal- 
 ents and fitness for chosen work. 
 
 The Territorial Government having become 
 convinced of the great utility and worthiness of 
 the orphan asylum, has appropriated $5,000 
 per annum for its support, or $10 per month 
 for each of its inmates up to fifty, which is its 
 capacty. For tjje charity hospital an appro- 
 priation of $6,OOO per annum was made. In 
 the sanitarium a charge of from $10 to $18 
 per week meets the expenses of the institu- 
 tion. The rooms have all needed appliances 
 for the care of the sick, and the sisters are 
 proficient trained nurses, doing the work from 
 a true interest in humanity, uncompensated by 
 the slightest renumeration save their clothing 
 and food. Every dollar which conies into the 
 sanitarium is expended toward perfecting the 
 institution. The work which is performed by 
 the Sisters cannot be too highly appreciated. 
 They are consecrated women who have given 
 up everything in life to benefit humanity, and 
 the institutions which they have founded in 
 Santa Fe are a credit to the city as well as to 
 their church. 
 
 In 1867 the Brothers opened another school 
 at Mora. This was continued until about 1885, 
 ;md its place is now taken by the La Salle In- 
 stitute at Las Vegas, that being considered a 
 
 more central point for educational effort. They 
 also established a school at Bernalillo. In 1870 
 the Presbyterian mission school was started at 
 Las Vegas, under the charge of Rev. J. A. 
 Annin, and in the same year the Sisters of 
 Loretto opened their girls' school for the 
 southern portion of the Territory at Las Cruces. 
 In 1873 the Jesuits established a school in Al- 
 buquerque. They also erected a commodious 
 college in Las Vegas and carried on a collegiate 
 institution there with great success for a num- 
 ber of years, drawing many pupils even from 
 the City of Mexico; but this institution was ul- 
 timately removed to Denver. 
 
 With the approach of the railroad the New 
 West Educational Commission began to take 
 an interest in New-Mexican education. On 
 July 24, 1878, Santa Fe Academy was incor- 
 porated, to be carried on in connection with 
 that commission. Almost exactly a year aft- 
 erward Las Vegas Academy was organized, 
 July 14, 1879. Another followed in due time 
 at Albuquerque. All of these were important 
 institutions, and they have only intermitted 
 their active usefulness when it appeared that 
 the public school system was so firmly estab- 
 lished that the academy was no longer needed. 
 
 The denominational schools increased in 
 number until no point of importance in the 
 Territory was neglected. The Presbyterian 
 schools grew to be over thirty in number and 
 the Methodists had about a dozen. The Sis- 
 ters of Loretto opened schools at Taos, Mora, 
 Las Vegas, Socorro and Bernalillo. The Sis- 
 ters of Mercy occupied Mesilla, Silver City, 
 Las Alamos and Sapello. The Sisters of Char- 
 ity established excellent schools at Santa Fe, 
 Albuquerque and San Miguel. 
 
 As to public education the legislature groped 
 its way gradually toward the best and most 
 efficient system. In 1863 a Territorial board 
 of education was organized and the office of 
 Territorial superintendent of schools was cre- 
 ated. Very little of practical result followed 
 the passage of the act, though it was a step in 
 the right direction. 
 
 In 1872 the care of the schools and of all 
 
1 12 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 funds raised for educational purposes was placed 
 in the hands of a board of supervisors of public 
 schools, in each county, to consist of four 
 members " the most fit and competent, and of 
 good repute," who were heads of families and 
 owners of real estate. 
 
 In 1874 the Territorial superintendent was 
 made also Territorial librarian in order to pro- 
 vide him with a sufficient salary; and he was 
 required to make an annual report. Various 
 amendments were made at nearly every session, 
 until in 1884 quite a radical change took place. 
 The law of that year provided that in each 
 county the county commissioners should appoint 
 one superintendent of schools who should have 
 general supervision of the public schools of the 
 county. Each voting precinct was constituted 
 a school district, and three school directors 
 were to be elected in each of such districts. 
 This was an improvement on former laws; but 
 still this system was far from perfect. 
 
 So things ran along till 1 89 1 ." At the opening 
 of the legislature of that year Governor Prince, 
 in his message, laid special stress on the neces- 
 sity for a modern comprehensive public school 
 system as the most important matter for their 
 consideration. On the i2th of February the 
 new law was passed, entitled " An act estab- 
 lishing common schools in the Territory of New 
 Mexico and creating the office of superintend- 
 ent of public instruction," which marks anew 
 era in the educational history of the Territory. 
 
 It provides for a Territorial board of educa- 
 tion, consisting of the governor, superinendent 
 of public instruction, and the presidents of the 
 university at Albuquerque, the agricultural col- 
 lege at Las Cruces and Saint Michaels college 
 at Santa Fe. The superintendent is to be ap- 
 pointed by the governor. The Territorial board 
 is to select books every four years. Examina- 
 tions of teachers are provided for, and it con- 
 tains excellent provisions for the erection of 
 school houses, bounding of districts and every- 
 thing required in a first-class modern public 
 school system. 
 
 Hon. Amado Chaves was appointed super- 
 intendent, and still holds that office. Under 
 
 the new law there has been very great progress 
 and improvement. The schools everywhere 
 have been placed on a higher standard. 
 
 The following statistics for the year 1894 
 give an accurate idea of the general condition 
 of the public schools: 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 No. of districts. 
 
 TEACHERS. 
 
 ENROLLMENT. 
 
 AVERAGE DAILY 
 ATTENDANCE. 
 
 JH 
 " 
 
 34 
 80 
 10 
 9 
 11 
 10 
 14 
 18 
 26 
 12 
 49 
 23 
 10 
 34 
 23 
 21 
 
 
 ~a 
 
 I 
 
 41 
 22 
 21 
 9 
 111 
 4 
 10 
 6 
 4 
 
 36 
 4 
 6 
 15 
 6 
 
 "(3 
 o 
 
 j> 
 0) 
 
 ~a 
 7, 
 
 Females. 
 
 13 
 I 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 "M 
 I 
 
 Bernalillo . 
 Colfax 
 Dona Ana.. 
 Eddy 
 Grant 
 Guadalupe. 
 Lincoln. . . . 
 Mora 
 Rio Arriba. 
 San Juan... 
 San Miguel 
 Santa Fe. . . 
 Sierra 
 Socorro. . . . 
 
 53 
 30 
 31 
 12 
 37 
 IK 
 42 
 47 
 30 
 22 
 93 
 25 
 15 
 
 I!) 
 
 32 
 37 
 
 75 
 42 
 21 
 18 
 42 
 14 
 24 
 23 
 30 
 19 
 85 
 87 
 16 
 49 
 39 
 38 
 
 1.758 
 798 
 899 
 5!i 1 
 824 
 298 
 
 1,359 
 
 ru 
 
 562 
 398 
 647 
 188 
 
 3.117 
 1,520 
 1,261 
 892 
 1.471 
 486 
 
 1,116 
 538 
 
 949 
 490 
 
 2.065 
 1,028 
 
 341 
 
 1,507 
 EM 
 950 
 388 
 497 
 315 
 1,643 
 431 
 189 
 756 
 510 
 555 
 
 :(: 
 1,378 
 150 
 8j 
 2W 
 149 
 139 
 1,137 
 212 
 142 
 563 
 330 
 165 
 
 673 
 2,785 
 408 
 1,835 
 620 
 646 
 454 
 3,780 
 643 
 Ittl 
 1.I1HI 
 730 
 720 
 
 U7 
 
 9S 
 317 
 2,234 
 Ml 
 
 357 
 1,388 
 789 
 754 
 
 398 
 464 
 192 
 
 1,516 
 885 
 2711 
 899 
 360 
 277 
 
 HE 
 
 1,430 
 509 
 3,750 
 827 
 636 
 2,187 
 1.149 
 1.03J 
 
 Valencia. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 589 
 
 384 
 
 838 
 
 546 
 
 12,945 
 
 H.r.-jii 
 
 21,471 
 
 9,994 
 
 i;.'.i:i 
 
 ic./.is; 
 
 Chaves county no report. 
 
 In the principal cities the schools are in ex- 
 cellent condition. 
 
 In Santa Fe there has been a total enroll- 
 ment of 500 pupils, and an average attendance 
 of about 450. There are five buildings used 
 for ward schools, and Whitin Hall is used for 
 the higher schools. For the first nine months 
 of the last school year fourteen teachers were 
 employed. 
 
 In Albuquerque, the four ward buildings, 
 erected two years ago at a cost of $45,000, are 
 proving only large enough for the present, 
 every room being occupied. A neat and com- 
 modious high-school building is planned, to be 
 erected as soon as the financial condition will 
 warrant. Eighteen teachers are employed. 
 
 Total enrollment 853 
 
 Enrollment, boys 389 
 
 girls 464 
 
 " colored children 37 
 
 " Mexican " i 16 
 
 Average daily attendance 482 
 
 In East Las Vegas there are nine teach- 
 ers. The statistics are as follows: 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 School census of East Las Vegas 685 
 
 Number enrolled in school to date 420 
 
 Number enrolled in primary department.. 258 
 Number enrolled in grammar department. 142 
 Number enrolled in high school depart- 
 ment 20 
 
 Number of Mexican children enrolled .... 56 
 
 Number of colored children enrolled 24 
 
 In Las Vegas ("old town") two beautiful 
 stone school-houses have been erected, which 
 will compare favorably with those of any town 
 of double the size in the East. 
 
 In Socorro there are now two large and 
 well-appoi-nted school-houses. There are six 
 teachers. The school census shows 624 chil- 
 dren of school age; enrollments, 371; average 
 attendance, 324. 
 
 In Silver City, the high school was discon- 
 tinued, as the Territorial Normal School took 
 its place. This reduced the attendance in the 
 city schools about fifty. 
 
 Number enrolled 293 
 
 Monthly enrollment 261 
 
 Average daily attendance 236.4 
 
 Gallup has shown marked improvement in 
 its educational matters in the past few years. 
 Previous to November, 1892, the schools of 
 this town were conducted much after the fash- 
 ion of an ordinary country school, but the 
 school board, in the fall term of 1892 adopted 
 a graded course of study. The benefits de- 
 rived from this change have been quite appar- 
 ent to all observers. The pupils have taken 
 more interest in their work. As a result, more 
 and better work has been accomplished, and 
 the people of the town have been more en- 
 thusiastic in educational matters. 
 
 In the school year 1893-4 there was an 
 average monthly enrollment of 163, an aver- 
 age daily attendance of 139.6, an average per 
 cent, of attendance of 85.6. Three teachers 
 besides the principal were employed. 
 
 For the school year beginning September 
 3, 1894, the report is as follows: 
 
 Enumeration of persons of school age 
 males 171, females 144 315 
 
 Enrollment males 104, females 102.. .. 206 
 Average daily attendance 186 
 
 Considering the public system generally, we 
 may say that the schools are quietly and 
 steadily moving on toward the accomplishment 
 of their purpose, endeavoring to be thorough 
 in the essentials, liberal in general culture, and 
 earnest in the effort to strengthen character and 
 train for good citizenship and practical life. 
 Teachers' meetings are regularly held for the 
 discussion of difficulties confronted, to become 
 better acquainted with the works of education- 
 al reformers, to study the principles of mind 
 development, and to keep ablaze the profes- 
 sional spirit. 
 
 No opposition has been encountered in any 
 part of the Territory in the matter of intro- 
 ducing English-speaking teachers in districts 
 where heretofore Spanish alone had been 
 taught. In this connection it is very pleasing 
 to be able to state that the greatest interest is 
 being shown, in the Spanish-speaking counties, 
 in behalf of the new law, which requires that 
 the English language shall be taught in all the 
 common schools of the Territory. 
 
 Under the provisions of the present law no 
 person can teach in this Territory without be- 
 ing in lawful possession of a proper certificate. 
 Such a certificate is issued only to persons who 
 have passed a satisfactory examination before 
 a board of examiners composed of the county 
 superintendent and of two leading citizens of 
 each county, selected and appointed by the dis- 
 trict judge. The result of this provision has 
 been that every one of the common schools of 
 this Territory is now taught by a competent 
 teacher well-versed in the English language, and 
 in many cases in both English and Spanish. 
 
 The progress that is being made by the na- 
 tive children is satisfactory in the highest de- 
 gree, and it is apparent that before many more 
 years there will be no longer a necessity for in- 
 terpreters in our courts or legislatures. 
 
 A number of new and substantial school- 
 houses have been erected, better teachers have 
 been employed, and the adoption of a uniform 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 series of books has improved the work, also re- 
 ducing the expenses considerably. In several 
 of the counties, bonds have been issued and 
 sold for the erection of new schoolhouses. 
 
 " The attempt is .at thorough, rather than 
 showy work. A few of the high-school gradu- 
 ates have entered Eastern schools, but a larger 
 number are continuing their study in the Ter- 
 ritorial University. 
 
 Turning now to the higher institutions sup- 
 ported by the Territory at large, we must 
 speak of the university, the agricultural col- 
 lege, the school of mines, the school for the 
 deaf and dumb and the normal schools. 
 
 
 
 The University of New Mexico, located at 
 Albuquerque, is the natural and logical head 
 of the system of public education of the Ter- 
 ritory, and it is equipped and supported wholly 
 by the Territorial appropriations; but it is ex- 
 pected that when New Mexico secures State- 
 hood the university will receive a liberal grant 
 of public lands, as similar institutions in other 
 new States have done. The university build- 
 ing is an excellent one, splendidly adapted to 
 its purpose, except for its unfortunate loca- 
 tion, so far from the town. It was finished in 
 the summer of 1891, and the institution was 
 opened in the fall of that year. It has been 
 progressing successfully since that time. 
 
 The board of regents have found it advisa- 
 ble, owing to the sparse population from which 
 to draw, to receive .students, many of whom 
 properly belong in the common schools. But 
 this is simply repeating the history and ex- 
 perience of other colleges of the same nature. 
 From these, a fine nucleus of real college students 
 has already been formed, and by gradually rais- 
 ing the standard of admission, it is hoped that 
 the time is not far distant when the university 
 will need not receive into its lowest classes 
 students of a grade lower than the eighth of 
 the public schools. The College Preparatory 
 School, with its courses of study covering four 
 years, is thoroughly organized, and regular 
 classes have been formed. The courses of 
 study of this school are identical with those 
 pursued in many of the best preparatory 
 
 schools. Students preparing for college, either 
 at home or abroad, can do no better than to 
 enter the University of New Mexico. The 
 three leading preparatory courses, of four years 
 each, are the following: The Latin-Scientific, 
 the English and the Normal. The comple- 
 tion of the Normal course entitles the student 
 to the degree of Bachelor of Pedagogy (B. Pd.) 
 and a diploma, which, according to law, is a 
 life certificate to teach in the Territory. Those 
 who satisfactorily complete either of the other 
 two courses can enter a corresponidng course 
 in the freshman class of the university proper, 
 or of any other first-class college. 
 
 An established department of the university 
 is the School of Pharmacy, requiring two 
 years for the eompletion of its course, and em- 
 bracing materia medica, anatomy, sanitary 
 science, chemistry, physics, therapeutics, 
 pharmacy, microscopic examination of drugs, 
 urinary analysis, drug assaying, botany, labo- 
 ratory work and prescription writing, supple- 
 mented by individual laboratory work. This 
 department, so far, has been sustained by the 
 liberality of resident physicians of Albuquerque. 
 
 The Commercial Department of the uni- 
 versity, requiring two years for the comple- 
 tion of its course, is in excellent condition, 
 presided over by a thoroughly competent and 
 practical professor. This department com- 
 prises bookkeeping, commercial arithmetic, 
 stenography, type-writing, spelling and business 
 correspondence. 
 
 The Normal course is a thorough one. The 
 department of Spanish is superior. 
 
 But, after all, the equipment of the institu- 
 tion, owing to lack of funds, is not up to what 
 is needed. 
 
 The enrollment of students for the school 
 year 1893-4, in all departments, was 142. 
 The measure of success in the university is not 
 numbers, but the advantages offered to those 
 of advanced grade who desire a college educa- 
 tion. It is greatly desired next to introduce 
 more technical and mechanical work, as soon 
 as funds can be raised for the purpose. 
 
 The agricultural college, located at Las 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Cruces, was first opened to students in a rent- 
 ed building, January 21, 1890. The erection 
 of a college building was begun about May i 
 of the same year, and the building was first 
 occupied by the college about February i, 
 1891. It is a substantial, two-story, brick 
 structure, with stone foundation and basement. 
 It contains fourteen rooms, and with heating 
 apparatus and furniture cost about $25,000. 
 
 At the present time the building is well fur- 
 nished with modern school furniture. Its 
 library occupies a large room which also serves 
 as the office of the college clerk and the study 
 room for the college students. The library 
 contains 2,500 volumes, including several sets 
 of cyclopedias, various dictionaries, and a large 
 number of books of reference, besides a well 
 selected library of general literature. The 
 reading room is also supplied with many lead- 
 ing magazines and periodicals. 
 
 The various departments of the college are 
 supplied with good apparatus appropriate to 
 their needs; in short, the equipment is such as 
 to furnish first-class facilities for obtaining a 
 practical education according to the purposes 
 of the institution. 
 
 The experiment station is being managed 
 in accordance with the provisions of the act 
 creating it. A fine experimental fruit orchard 
 and vineyard will soon come into bearing, and 
 the results are given to the people in bulletins, 
 of which a dozen or more have already been 
 published. The various small grains, includ- 
 ing 400 varieties of wheat just harvested, show 
 astonishing results with little irrigation under 
 intelligent treatment. 
 
 The faculty having charge of the college 
 and the experiment station consists of the 
 president of the college and director of the sta- 
 tion, eight professors, three instructors, four 
 assistants, one librarian and clerk. 
 
 The college offers to students four courses 
 of instruction, besides a preparatory school; 
 the courses are agriculture and science, me- 
 chanical engineering, civil engineering, and 
 classical and scientific. 
 
 During the year closing June i, 1892, the 
 
 enrollment of students was as follows: In the 
 preparatory school, 105; in the freshman class, 
 15; in the sophomore class, 13; and in the 
 junior class, i. Tuition is free, except an en- 
 trance fee of $3 per annum. Text books are 
 loaned to students. 
 
 The revenue is derived from the following 
 sources: 
 
 (1) From the Territory a one-fifth mill tax, 
 which yields annually about $7,000. 
 
 (2) From the United States, under act of 
 1890, for year 1892, $17,000. This sum is to 
 be increased annually by the sum of $1,000 
 until the annual appropriation reaches $25,000. 
 
 (3) From the United States, under act of 
 1887 for support of agricultural experiment 
 station, annually $i 5,000. 
 
 (4) From entrance fees and products sold 
 from the farm, an uncertain sum. 
 
 The second and third sums are appropriat- 
 ed for specific purposes, and cannot be used 
 "for the purchase, repair, erection or preser- 
 vation of any building," except 5 per cent an- 
 nually of the $i 5,000. 
 
 The theory of the government is that the 
 State or Territory must furnish the educational 
 plant, if the United States furnishes these en- 
 dowments. This seems reasonable and just. 
 
 The great need of this college is more build- 
 ings. Buildings are needed for carpenter and 
 blacksmith shops, and a foundry for the me- 
 chanical department. The legislature of 1895 
 authorized the sale of bonds to meet the ex- 
 penses of erecting such buildings, but the work 
 has not yet commenced. 
 
 Apart from this difficulty as to buildings, 
 this institution is by far the richest of any in 
 the Territory, the United States appropriation 
 being very ample for its work. 
 
 The courses undertaken for 1894-5 are as 
 follows: Agricultural, scientific, civil engineer- 
 ing, mechanical engineering and commercial. 
 
 At their meeting on May 12, 1894, the 
 regents determined to organize a commercial 
 department in the college. They were led to 
 this determination by the fact that there were 
 no schools in southern New Mexico that fur- 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 nish thorough and complete commercial courses, 
 that the demand for such instruction is great 
 and increasing, and that such training is of the 
 most useful and practical character. In order 
 that this department should not interfere with 
 the regular college work, it was thought best 
 to make it separate and distinct, to require a 
 certain standard of admission and to have defi- 
 nite courses of study. 
 
 The fact that an additional year of work 
 has been included in the preparatory depart- 
 ment should also be noted. To enter the 
 freshman class now requires a thorough 
 knowledge of all the common branches, to- 
 gether with elementary algebra, physiology 
 and hygiene, and the elements of composition 
 and rhetoric. The standard of admisson is 
 now as high as that of the best agricultural 
 and mechanical colleges. 
 
 The enrollment on November 30, 1894, 
 was as follows: Seniors, 3; juniors, 7; sopho- 
 mores and freshmen, 19; specials, 2; book- 
 keeping, 10; stenography, 7; telegraphy, 9; 
 preparatory department, third year, 22; second 
 year, 40; first year, 30. Total number of 
 students, 150. 
 
 The School of Mines at Socorro, the third 
 of the great educational institution provided 
 for in the act of 1889, is a magnificent struc- 
 ture, built with the utmost solidity, and in 
 every way adapted to its special use. 
 
 Through unfortunate management this in- 
 stitution after being open for two years, being 
 greatly in debt, was forced to remain closed 
 for the year 1894-5, but in September 1895, 
 opened -under efficient direction, which it is 
 believed will make it a great success. 
 
 The selection of Socorro as a seat for the 
 School of Mines is an excellent one, as the 
 town is in the center of well developed flour- 
 ishing mining districts which with others furn- 
 nish material for the running of the smelting 
 works, that are situated in and near the town 
 and as the geological structure of the mining 
 districts is quite diversified, the students will 
 have plenty of opportunity to acquire practical 
 knowledge, as well as theoretical. 
 
 The act establishing it provides that the 
 School of Mines shall be supported by an 
 annual tax of one-fifth of a mill on all taxable 
 property within the Territory, and it was 
 organized solely as a high grade school of 
 technology, in which will be taught all those 
 branches of learning that underlie the profes- 
 sions of chemistry, metallurgy, geology, min- 
 ing and engineering. 
 
 The asylum for the deaf, dumb and blind 
 is situated at Santa Fe. It was commenced as 
 a home and school for the deaf and dumb, con- 
 ducted by Mr. Lars M. Larson, himself a deaf- 
 mute, and gradually has increased in its scope, 
 and a moderate building has been erected for 
 its accommodation. 
 
 This institute was recently fully organized 
 by having two educational departments, one for 
 the deaf and the other for the blind. Its- first 
 term commenced in September, 1893, and con- 
 tinued in its session for forty weeks. There have 
 been twenty-four pupils in attendance at vari- 
 ous times since its establishment. During the 
 past year there were ten deaf pupils and six 
 blind ones in attendance. There are other mute 
 and blind children living in different parts of 
 this Territory desiring to come to the institute 
 to receive an education, but they are unable to 
 do so because they have no means to clothe 
 themselves to come to school and to pay for 
 their transportation from their distant homes. 
 There has been great progress in the school 
 work during the past year, the pupils have 
 been making excellent progress in their studies, 
 and great improvement in written language 
 and reading English. The course of common 
 school study has been pursued here with good 
 results. The methods of instruction employed 
 here are the same as in the States. The sign 
 language is used as a means of imparting 
 knowledge. The health of the pupils has been 
 uniformly good; no sickness has occurred in the 
 institute during the past scholastic year. 
 
 According to reports from the public schools 
 throughout the Territory, there are now fifty- 
 six deaf youths and twenty-six blind children 
 growing up in ignorance and needing education 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 117 
 
 sorely. They are clearly entitled to be edu- 
 cated on an equal footing with those who are 
 not afflicted. Their education is especially 
 difficult. They can not be taught well in pub- 
 lic schools, and there must be a special school 
 for their benefit. There can be no doubt that 
 this institution will soon be enlarged sufficiently 
 to accommodate all who are entitled to its use. 
 It is specially desired to have a department of 
 music added to the blind school, and a depart- 
 ment of trades to the deaf one, so as to give 
 the inmates instruction in such work as they 
 desire in order to enable them to earn good and 
 honest livings by working by themselves when 
 they leave the school. 
 
 The instruction of teachers for their educa- 
 tional work is a comparatively new thing in 
 New Mexico. The first normal school of any 
 kind was held in 1891 at Las Vegas. After 
 the passage of the school law by the legisla- 
 ture early in that year, in the county of San 
 Miguel, which then contained no less than 
 eighty-three precincts, in order to have the new 
 provisions understood, the county superintend- 
 ent, C. F. Rudolph, called a meeting of the 
 district school directors for April 20, and this 
 was attended by 171 directors out of a total of 
 249, all the precincts but five being represented. 
 This was followed by a normal school, which 
 continued from June 22 to July 17, and to 
 which all those expecting to teach were invited. 
 No less than fifty-seven attended, and the result 
 was very encouraging. Writing of this normal 
 school, or teachers' institute, Mayor Henry, of 
 East Las Vegas, says: "The first teachers' 
 institute ever held in New Mexico convened at 
 Las Vegas in June and continued in session for 
 four weeks. There were about fifty native 
 teachers in attendance, twenty-seven of whom 
 met at the academy, fifteen at the La Salle in- 
 stitute, and eight at the Sisters' convent. It 
 was remarked by several of the most prominent 
 educators of San Miguel county that the zeal 
 and earnestness manifested by these native 
 teachers in school and educational matters is 
 one of the most hopeful signs for the future of 
 New Mexico. It was a grand success in every 
 
 respect. Professor Ramsay, of the academy, 
 Brother David, of the La Salle institute, and 
 the lady teachers of the Sisters' convent, as- 
 sisted daily in conducting the exercises and reci- 
 tations during the entire term of four weeks, 
 none of them making any charge for their serv- 
 ices or for the use of the buildings." 
 
 Since then one of the means by which the 
 usefulness of the corps of teachers has been 
 widened has been the holding of four normal 
 schools during July and August, 1894, under 
 the auspices of the Territorial board of educa- 
 tion. These schools were held at Chama, Los 
 Lunas, Mora and Roswell. They were well 
 attended and ably conducted. 
 
 The last legislature provided for the estab- 
 lishment of normal schools at Las Vegas and 
 Silver City; at the former point the building is 
 now in course of construction, and will be 
 .opened during the coming year. At Silver 
 City the corner stone of the building was laid 
 September 14, 1894. This building is to cost 
 $10,800, the ground having been donated by 
 the municipal authorities of Silver City. Mean- 
 while the normal school is being held in rented 
 quarters, having opened its first session Sep- 
 tember 3, 1894, under very flattering auspices, 
 with fifty-seven applicants for admission and 
 two professors. 
 
 The Goss Military Institute at Roswell has 
 a semi-official character. Colonel Robert A. 
 Goss for several years carried on a boarding 
 school at that place which was extraordinarily 
 successful, considering that the location was 
 almost a hundred miles from a railroad. The 
 legislature in 1893 passed an act to give the 
 school an official character as a Territorial in- 
 stitution, on the ground that this would add to 
 its prestige and increase its success, and under 
 this act a board was appointed to manage the 
 institution; but it afterward appeared that this 
 was not desired by Colonel Goss himself, and 
 he removed to Albuquerque where he estab- 
 lished an excellent private school. The in- 
 stitute at Roswell is still kept in operation, 
 though the loss of Colonel Goss was a severe 
 blow. 
 
uS 
 
 HIS TOR r OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 This brings us to the private schools, al- 
 most all of which are under the control or 
 direction of some religious body. 
 
 ROMAN CATHOLIC. 
 
 Under Christian Brotlicrs. The Christian 
 Brothers have conducted St. Michael's College 
 at Santa Fe since 1859. The average yearly 
 attendance has been 1 50 boys. Some of the 
 pupils come from Colorado, Arizona, Texas, 
 and Old Mexico, but the majority are from 
 New Mexico. There are six departments in 
 the college under the tutorship of as many 
 teachers. Besides these there are three speci- 
 alists employed in giving lessons in extra 
 branches, such as music, telegraphy, type- 
 writing, stenography, etc. The president of 
 the college is a member of the Territorial board 
 of education. The college is empowered to 
 confer degrees, besides teacher's certificates to 
 recipients of degrees. 
 
 This institution is unendowed and does not 
 receive any share of the public funds. It has 
 a mineral cabinet containing many valuable 
 specimens of the minerals found in the Terri- 
 tory, a complete chemical laboratory and assay 
 department, besides a museum containing rare 
 relics of Indian and Mexican civilization and 
 other valuable curiosities. The cathedral pa- 
 rochial school is under the direction of St. 
 Michael's College and has an attendance of 
 175 pupils, who are taught by two lay teachers. 
 It is supported by the clergy with money col- 
 lected from the parishioners. A similar school 
 exists in the parish of Guadalupe, in this city 
 (Santa Fe), which has an average attendance 
 of sixty pupils, boys and girls, and like that of 
 the cathedral, has been supported by the con- 
 tributions of the people. 
 
 Besides these schools in Santa Fe, the 
 Christian Brothers conduct a parochial school 
 in Las Vegas, having an average attendance of 
 1 20 boys, under the direction of two brothers; 
 a county school in Bernalillo, with an attend- 
 ance of 125 pupils and taught by two brothers. 
 
 Under Sisters of Loretto. Santa Fe: 
 Academy of Our Lady of Light; established 
 
 in 1852; opened January i, 1853; can accom- 
 modate fifty boarders, 300 day scholars; school 
 buildings cost $30,000; English and Spanish 
 are spoken; 50 scholars. 
 
 Taos: St. Joseph's Convent; established 
 in October, 1863; opened November i, 1863; 
 English and Spanish are spoken; 38 scholars. 
 
 Mora: Annunciation Convent; established 
 in 1864; burned December 16, 1888. The 
 sisters teach at present in the late St. Mary's 
 College; English and Spanish are spoken; 40 
 scholars. 
 
 Las Vegas: Academy of the Immaculate 
 Conception; established in 1869; English and 
 Spanish are spoken; 95 scholars. 
 
 Las Cruces: Visitation Academy; estab- 
 lished in 1 870; English and Spanish are spoken ; 
 45 scholars. 
 
 Bernalillo: Convent of Our Lady of the 
 Sacred Heart; established in 1875; Indian 
 boarding school opened in 1886; can accom- 
 modate 100 Indian girls and 100 day scholars; 
 English only in the Indian school; English 
 and Spanish in the day school; 78 scholars. 
 
 Socorro: Convent of Our Lady of Mount 
 Carmel; established in 1879; English and 
 Spanish spoken; 37 scholars. 
 
 Under Sisters of Charity. Albuquerque, 
 in old town public school, 150 pupils; in new 
 town, St. Vincent's Academy, 120 girls; 
 parochial school, 150 pupils; San Miguel, 
 select school, 40 pupils; public school, 175 
 pupils; Santa Fe Orphan Asylum, 62 patients. 
 The Sisters of Charity also conduct a sanita- 
 rium as well as a hospital at Santa Fe, the 
 latter containing at the present time about 40 
 charity patients. There are about 40 Sitsers 
 of Charity teaching in the Territory. They 
 came from Cincinnati to Santa Fe in 1866; 
 to Albuquerque in 1880, and to San Miguel 
 1882. 
 
 The orphan asylum and the hospital at Santa 
 Fe are supported by Territorial appropriations. 
 
 Under Sisters of Mercy. Mesilla: Select 
 and parochial schools for boys and girls, under 
 charge of 7 sisters; no return made to me 
 of the number of pupils attending their schools 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 at that place. At Los Alamos, San Miguel 
 county: parochial school with 75 pupils and 
 a public school of 50 pupils, under the charge 
 of 3 sisters. At Silver City, Grant county: 
 An academy and parochial school for boys and 
 girls, under the charge of 6 sisters; no return 
 has been made to me of the number of pupils 
 attending their schools. These sisters also 
 conduct a hospital at Silver City, which is 
 supported by the Territory. 
 
 CONGREGATIONAL (NEW WEST.) 
 
 The New West Educational Commission 
 has done a great work in New Mexico, the re- 
 sults of which cannot be calculated. It step- 
 ped in at the critical time when population was 
 rapidly increasing and before the public school 
 system was established, and organized acad- 
 emies at Santa Fe, Las Vegas, Albuquerque 
 and Deming, which afforded excellent educa- 
 tional facilities for the rising generation for 
 fully ten years. Two of these, those at Santa 
 Fe and Deming, have been given up, as the 
 public schools have taken their places. At 
 Las Vegas there is the Las Vegas Academy, 
 centrally located; two strong buildings with 
 accommodations for 250 or 300 pupils; cost of 
 buildings, $9,000, with land, about $12,000; 
 running expenses, about $5,000; nine teachers 
 are employed. At Albuquerque there is the 
 Albuquerque Academy, organized and incorpo- 
 rated in 1883; a new three-story building, 
 costing $25,000, is well situated three squares 
 east of railroad depot in Highlands; has a good 
 library, large lecture room; teachers are all 
 experienced, having been connected with the 
 academy from two to six years; primary school 
 attached. 
 
 The New West Commission also conducts 
 smaller schools at San Rafael, Bareles, Atrisco 
 and Upper Vegas. 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN. 
 
 The following is a list of the Presbyterian 
 schools, giving number of teachers and scholars 
 in each: 
 
 Teach- 
 ers. 
 
 Agua de Lobo. . i 
 
 Arroyo Seco i 
 
 Buena Vista 2 
 
 Canyon Bonito 2 
 
 Chaperito 2 
 
 Corrales and Laguna 2 
 
 El Rito i 
 
 Embudo i 
 
 Jemez Hot Springs i 
 
 La Costilla i 
 
 Las Cruces 2 
 
 Las Vegas . . 7 
 
 Day scholars 
 
 Mora i 
 
 Pajarito 2 
 
 Penya Blanca i 
 
 Penyasco i 
 
 Raton 2 
 
 Santa Fe (boarding) 8 
 
 Santa Fe (day school) i 
 
 Taos i 
 
 El Prado i 
 
 Los Ranches 2 
 
 Tecolote i 
 
 Jemez 3 
 
 Laguna 2 
 
 Zunyi 3 
 
 Galisteo i 
 
 Isleta i 
 
 Sisseton i 
 
 Las Placitas i 
 
 Llano i 
 
 Santa Barbara i 
 
 METHODIST. 
 
 Schol- 
 ars. 
 
 25 
 
 IS 
 68 
 
 65 
 34 
 58 
 4i 
 25 
 35 
 60 
 
 9i 
 
 137 
 88 
 
 35 
 4i 
 
 22 
 
 56 
 
 170 
 
 65 
 30 
 
 45 
 82 
 
 US 
 57 
 60 
 60 
 39 
 25 
 40 
 
 35 
 46 
 27 
 
 The Albuquerque College was opened in 
 1887, for both sexes, with a regular college cur- 
 riculum. It has a president, assisted by an ex- 
 cellent corps of teachers, six in number; 160 
 pupils were enrolled last year. The school 
 property is worth about $8,600. 
 
 Besides this college the following schools 
 
 are in New Mexico, at 
 
 Scholars. 
 
 Tiptonville 45 
 
 La Joya 25 
 
I2O 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Escondida 25 
 
 Cerro 28 
 
 Albuquerque 2O 
 
 Las Vegas 35 
 
 Peralta 35 
 
 Socorro 20 
 
 El Ranchito 25 
 
 Old Albuquerque 30 
 
 Dulce 23 
 
 SOUTHERN METHODIST. 
 
 The Las Vegas Female Seminary has done 
 excellent work for a number of years, and 
 usually has about 1 30 scholars. 
 
 THE INDIAN SCHOOLS 
 
 Have presented quite a conspicuous feature 
 in New-Mexican educational affairs for a num- 
 ber of years. 
 
 For a considerable time the Government 
 attempted to carry on this work by what was 
 known as "contract schools," being schools 
 usually supported by some religious body, to 
 which the Government gave a contract for the 
 education of a certain number of Indian chil- 
 dren at a fixed rate per year. The usual pay- 
 ment was $125 annually for each pupil at a 
 boarding school, and $7. 50 per quarter at a 
 day school. 
 
 The principal one of these schools in New 
 Mexico for many years was the Ramona school 
 at Santa Fe. The money to build this was 
 mainly contributed at the East as a memorial 
 to Helen Hunt Jackson. The school was part 
 of the property of the University of New Mex- 
 ico (Santa Fe), an institution of which some- 
 thing more will soon be said. Rev. H. O. 
 Ladd was at the head of this work for a num- 
 ber of years, and afterward Rev. E. Lyman 
 Hood and Prof. Elmore Chase. The school 
 was very successful, but was closed in 1 894, 
 when the Government, in pursuance of its new 
 policy, refused to make a contract for the fu- 
 ture. It usually had from forty to sixty pupils, 
 mostly girls. The original contract for the 
 school was for fifty pupils, but was subse- 
 quently enlarged to sixty-five on the recom- 
 
 mendation of the Pueblo Indian agent, because 
 of the great number of applications for admis- 
 sion to this school on the part of the Indians 
 themselves. Twice under the supplementary 
 contract the school overflowed the contract 
 number, and was relieved once by permission 
 from the Indian office by turning the excess 
 over to the United States school at Santa Fe. 
 The fact that the Indians themselves seek to 
 place their children in school shows their rapid 
 progress in the matter of education. The 
 buildings are now used for a Government In- 
 dian school for girls. 
 
 Another school established more recently 
 at Santa Fe, was the St. Catharine school, 
 built largely through the liberality of Miss 
 Catharine Drexel, of Philadelphia. This was 
 a Roman Catholic institution and accommo- 
 dated 100 pupils. Its contract also failed to 
 be renewed in 1894, through the new policy of 
 establishing schools to be carried on directly 
 by the government. 
 
 There are two large government schools in 
 New Mexico called " Government Indian In- 
 dustrial Training Schools." The first of these 
 was started at Albuquerque, two and one-half 
 miles north of the town, in 1885. The build- 
 ings, grounds, etc., are valueu at about $^o,- 
 ooo, and it has been very successfully con- 
 ducted from the beginning. It is known as 
 the Fisk Institute. The total annual attend- 
 ance somewhat exceeds 300; with an average 
 of nearly 200. The pupils represent four 
 Indian tribes, Pueblos, Papagoes, Pimas and 
 Navajos, and the course of study includes 
 carpentry, harness making and many other in- 
 dustrial pursuits. 
 
 At Santa Fe is the Dawes Institute, which 
 school was opened November 15, 1890, for 
 boys and girls. The buildings, erected by the 
 Government at a cost of $28,000, are about 
 one and a half miles west of the Santa Fe rail- 
 road depot, and are very substantial (brick and 
 stone), commodious, having all necessary acco- 
 modations; in a good, healthy locality, on 
 grounds (100 acres) donated by citizens of 
 Santa Fe; the original accommodations were 
 
HISTORY OP" NEW MEXICO. 
 
 121 
 
 for 140 pupils, but they have been largely in- 
 creased. The grounds are utilized for instruc- 
 tion in improved agriculture. Altogether fully 
 $50,000 has already been expended on this 
 place. 
 
 The trades of shoemaking, tailoring, and 
 carpentering have been successfully carried on; 
 a sewing room was started when the school 
 opened; a sleam laundry is in successful oper- 
 ation. The industries of brick-making, har- 
 ness-making and blacksmithing have been 
 authorized and will be established in the 
 near future. With a hospital, store-rooms, 
 and sufficient school-room, the capacity of 
 the school may be increased to 300. The 
 school has been attended by children from the 
 Pueblos, Jicarilla Apaches, San Carlos Apaches 
 and Navajos. 
 
 In the fall of 1895 the Government opened 
 a girls' school for Indians in the Ramona 
 school building, which it leased from the 
 University trustee. 
 
 Schools have also been established in a 
 number of the Pueblo villages. They were 
 nearly all contract schools until within a year 
 or two. 
 
 The Roman Catholics had charge of the fol- 
 lowing besides St. Catharine's boarding school, 
 at Santa Fe, with about 100 pupils and a 
 boarding school at Bernalillo, for girls, with 
 
 80 pupils. 
 
 Pupils. 
 
 Taos 35 
 
 San Juan 40 
 
 Santo Domingo 30 
 
 Jemez 42 
 
 Acoma 30 
 
 Laguna 25 
 
 Isleta 20 
 
 They also carry on two schools without 
 government aid, one in the pueblo of San 
 Felipe, with forty pupils, and another at 
 Cochiti, with twenty-five. A number of these 
 have become Government schools, and there 
 are the latter at other pueblos, such as Santa 
 Clara, etc. Altogether the provisions made 
 for Indian education is very ample, and the 
 
 " wards of the nation " have no reason to com- 
 plain of neglect. 
 
 Reference was made about the University 
 of New Mexico at Santa Fe. This institution, 
 incorporated in 1 880, has carried on educa- 
 tional work ever since and been of great bene- 
 fit to the Territory. Originally its work was 
 to provide educational facilities for the students 
 resident in Santa Fe. The money to carry on 
 the work was obtained, to a large extent, from 
 benevolent persons in the East. In 1882 the 
 trustees erected a large school building in 
 Santa Fe called Whitin Hall in honor of the 
 chief donor of the fund used in its erection. 
 The corner stone was laid October 21, 1882, 
 by Chief Justice Prince, President of the Uni- 
 versity. Judge Prince still holds that position, 
 after fifteen years of service. Some time later, 
 Rev. H. O. Ladd, then in charge of the educa- 
 tional work, became deeply interested in In- 
 dian education, and commenced to raise funds 
 for an Indian school. It was determined to 
 name it the Ramona School and make it a 
 memorial to "H. H." Helen Hunt. Con- 
 siderable money was raised in the East and the 
 first of a group of buildings was erected. The 
 trustees thereof have had two entirely different 
 classes of work on their hands, the ordinary 
 American school work at Whitin Hall, and the 
 Indian work at the "Ramona." 
 
 At the present time, Whitin Hall is rented 
 to the Santa Fe school board for a high school, 
 and the Ramona buildings are rented to the 
 United States Government for an Indian girls' 
 school. 
 
 The University at Albuquerque will be no- 
 ticed further on, under the head of Education 
 in the county of Bernalillo. 
 
 TERRITORIAL EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATION. 
 
 This account of the educational develop- 
 ment and interests of New Mexico would be 
 incomplete without reference to the history and 
 work of the above association. 
 
 In 1886, when the school law was inade- 
 quate and unfavorable to the spirit of develop- 
 ment ; when there were no public schools worthy 
 
122 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 of the name, private institutions were strug- 
 gling for an existence, and the educational in- 
 terests of New Mexico were at a low ebb, it was 
 suggested that the few scattered educators be 
 called together and organized for united effort 
 in pushing forward the cause of education in 
 this great neglected portion of our country. 
 From the small seeds planted then, has grown 
 a thrifty tree, whose branches overshadow the 
 entire Territory. 
 
 That self-appointed committee correspond- 
 ed with others interested in education, and 
 called a meeting for Santa Fe in the holidays 
 of December, 1886, when the present associa- 
 tion was organized. Its conventions have been 
 held in the triangle of Santa Fe, Las Vegas and 
 Albuquerque, with marked development from 
 year to year in the character of its work, with 
 large gains in attendance, and increasing im- 
 portance and influence as a factor in shaping 
 the educational sentiment of the Territory. 
 
 The association has used its power for better 
 school legislation and the adoption of desirable 
 text books. Its work in general is the same as 
 that of the older State associations, and has 
 the same objects in view, the raising of the 
 teacher's profession to a higher standard, the 
 advancement of educational interests, and the 
 cultivation of the social element among its 
 workers. 
 
 The distances to travel to reach a point of 
 meeting in New Mexico are very great, com- 
 pared with many States, but our educators as 
 a rule are wide awake to the needs of their 
 work, and incur the expense of time and travel 
 to attend the association meetings; and when 
 together they form a body that is a credit to 
 the growing Territory. 
 
 EDUCATION IN THE COUNTY OF BERNALILLO. 
 
 The status of education in the county of 
 Bernalillo is comparatively good. It may be 
 considered under the following divisions, or 
 heads: Schools under church or denomina- 
 tional control; private schools; United States 
 Government Indian school; and public, or 
 
 common schools, including the University of 
 New Mexico. 
 
 Church Schools. In Bernalillo county, as 
 elsewhere, religious bodies were pioneers in 
 educational work. Most prominent amongst 
 these in Bernalillo county have been the Ro- 
 man Catholic, the Methodist Episcopal, the 
 Presbyterian, and the Congregational Churches. 
 Whilst it would be interesting to trace the his- 
 tory of their several and praiseworthy labors 
 in the cause of education, space will permit 
 but a brief mention. At present the following 
 schools are in successful operation: Academy, 
 Sisters of Loretto; Saint Mary's Parochial 
 School, Albuquerque; Saint Vincent's Acad- 
 emy, Albuquerque; Sisters of Loretto Indian 
 School, Albuquerque; and the Catholic school 
 at Isleta. 
 
 The Methodist Mission School, at Albu- 
 querque, under the care of Rev. T. M. Har- 
 wood and wife, is doing good work. 
 
 The Congregational Church has been very 
 enterprising, and through the New West Edu- 
 cation Commission, in addition to the Acad- 
 emy, it is sustaining several smaller schools in 
 the vicinity of Albuquerque. The academy oc- 
 cupies a large three-story brick building cen- 
 trally located, and the work done is of a very 
 satisfactory nature. The people of Bernalillo 
 county certainly owe a debt of gratitude to the 
 several religious bodies who have done so much 
 good pioneer educational work. 
 
 Private Schools. The Goss Military In- 
 stitute, Colonel Robert Goss proprietor, is a 
 private institution, chiefly a boarding school, 
 in which young men and boys receive, in ad- 
 dition to a thorough academic education, mili- 
 tary training. It is well patronized. The 
 Conservatory of Music at Albuquerque, Prof. 
 W. F. Skeele director, offers the very best of 
 musical advantages. The Kindergarten, in 
 charge of Miss Ada Philbrick, is well patron- 
 ized, and is greatly appreciated. 
 
 Government Indian School. Immediately 
 adjoining the corporation of the city of Albu- 
 querque, is located the United States Govern- 
 ment Indian School, under the superintend- 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ence of Prof. J. J. McKoin. It has an attend- 
 ance of about 300 students, who are being 
 trained in the arts and the practices of civili- 
 zation. The school ranks well with others of 
 the best of its kind. 
 
 TIic Public Schools. According to the last 
 report of Hon. H. R. Whiting, for a number 
 of years the efficient county superintendent of 
 schools, the public schools of Bernalillo coun- 
 ty employ seventy-five teachers, enroll 3,117 
 pupils, expend annually for school purposes 
 over $28,000. The total school population 
 between the ages of five and twenty-one years 
 is 6, 163. 
 
 The town of Gallup and the city of Albu- 
 querque both sustain a good system of graded 
 schools which deserve fuller notice. The 
 schools of Gallup are under the superintend- 
 ence of Prof. D. M. Richards. They employ 
 five teachers, enroll 276 pupils, have a regular 
 graded course of study, and will this year add 
 a high-school course. An elegant new build- 
 ing is in process of erection. 
 
 The public schools of Albuquerque are un- 
 der complete organization and efficient man- 
 agement. The buildings owned consist of four 
 large brick buildings, one in each ward, 
 heated and ventilated by modern methods, 
 and are furnished throughout with the best of 
 furniture. They were built and equipped in 
 1892, at a cost of about $50,000. The courses 
 of instruction embrace the usual primary, in- 
 termediate, grammar and high-school courses. 
 The schools are under the efficient superin- 
 tendence of Prof. Charles E. Hodgin. In ad- 
 dition to a special teacher of music, sixteen 
 teachers are employed. The annual enroll- 
 ment of pupils is 850, and the annual current 
 expenses of the schools is about $20,000. 
 Without making individual comparison, it is 
 safe to say that the public schools of Albu- 
 querque are not excelled in efficiency by any 
 similar schools in the Southwest. 
 
 TIic University of New Mexico at Albu- 
 querque is the head of public education in the 
 Territory. It was incorporated by an act of 
 the legislature in 1889, and was opened for 
 
 students in June, 1892. On a twenty-acre 
 tract of land is located an elegant brick build- 
 ing costing over $35,000, including heating 
 and ventilating apparatus. A library and 
 other educational equipment is being added as 
 rapidly as means will permit. Hon. Elias S. 
 Stover is president, and Hiram Hadley, A. M., 
 is vice president in charge of the institution. 
 In addition, the faculty consists of twelve pro- 
 fessors, instructors and regular lecturers. These 
 are all able, and each is well adapted to the 
 special work assigned him. The courses of 
 study correspond to the similar courses in the 
 most enterprising colleges in the country. 
 They embrace a Latin-scientific, an English, 
 a normal course, a commercial course, and a 
 department of pharmacy. The instruction in 
 all of these is thorough, and students who 
 have completed the preparatory courses here 
 will have no difficulty in finding admittance to 
 the respectable colleges of the country. 
 
 RESOURCES, PRODUCTS AND PROG- 
 RESS. 
 
 TOPOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 Under this head we propose to treat each 
 county separately, as the only satisfactory 
 method of giving a correct idea of a territory 
 so large in extent. If one should attempt to 
 describe the natural resources and the results 
 of human industry in the section extending 
 from the north of Maine to Cape May, it 
 would be obvious that such a variety of condi- 
 tions existed within the limits indicated that 
 it would be impossible to generalize, but that 
 each part must be treated by itself; yet the 
 area of New Mexico is equal to that suggested, 
 as it is as large as all the New England States, 
 New York and New Jersey, together. We 
 will therefore take up the subject generally in 
 the first place, and thereafter proceed to a sep- 
 arate brief consideration of each county. 
 
 New Mexico has an average breadth of 
 335 miles; length of eastern boundary, 345 
 miles; length of western boundary, 390 miles, 
 
I2 4 
 
 I11STORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 the whole covering an area of 122,444 square 
 miles. By geographical divisions, it is bound- 
 ed on the north by the State of Colorado, on 
 the east by Oklahoma and the State of Texas, 
 on the south by the State of Texas and the 
 Mexican States of Chihuahua and Sonora, and 
 on the west by the Territory of Arizona. 
 
 Of the 122,444 square miles, or 78,374,- 
 363 acres, there are : 
 
 ACRES. 
 
 Land grants (confirmed and un- 
 confirmed) 14, 180,884 
 
 Atlantic & Pacific Railroad grant. 2,349,880 
 
 Indian reservations 2,832,205 
 
 Military reserves 134,952 
 
 Government land entered 2, 500,000 
 
 Total 21,997,921 
 
 This leaves an available area of 56,376,442 
 acres open for settlement. 
 
 If we calculate the area which is covered 
 by mountains (where timber, however, is valu- 
 able, and the sides are, as a rule, covered with 
 the most nutritious grasses) at about 14,125,- 
 203, and arid or barren lands at 3,610,793, 
 there is left a total of 38,640,446 acres of ir- 
 rigable, agricultural and grazing lands. 
 
 The present principal agricultural districts 
 are: The Rio Grande valley from the thirty- 
 seventh parallel of north latitude to the south- 
 ern boundary of the Territory; the Pecos val- 
 ley; the Canadian river section, situated in the 
 northeastern corner of the Territory, and 
 drained by the Canadian and its tributaries; 
 the sections watered by the Colorado and Gila 
 rivers, embracing a strip on the western line of 
 the Territory varying from 50 to 100 miles in 
 length, and the San Juan country in the north- 
 west. 
 
 Although much of the central portion of 
 the Territory is occupied by broken mountain 
 ranges and elevated mesas, a very large part 
 can either be irrigated or used for grazing cat- 
 tle and sheep. 
 
 The Rio Grande valley has a length from 
 the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude to 
 the southern boundary line of New Mexico of 
 
 about 350 miles. The zone of cultivable land 
 extends from the Pecos Mesa on the east, to 
 Campbell's Pass on the west. The difference 
 in altitude and proximity to high mountains is 
 a key to the difference in production observable 
 in the various parts of this section. 
 
 LIST OF ELEVATIONS ABOVE SEA LEVEL. 
 
 FEET. 
 
 Santa Fe 7,019 
 
 Galisteo 6, 1 1 7 
 
 Cerrillos 5,684 
 
 Canyon Blanco 6, 320 
 
 San Antonio 6,408 
 
 Penya Blanca 5,238 
 
 San Felipe 5,007 
 
 Albuquerque 4, 949 
 
 Isleta 4,898 
 
 Socorro 4, 582 
 
 San Marcial 4,454 
 
 Rincon 4,03 1 
 
 Selden 3-954 
 
 Las Cruces 3,888 
 
 Deming 4, 320 
 
 El Paso 3,800 
 
 Pecos Village 6, 360 
 
 Anton Chico 5, 372 
 
 The total fall of the Rio Grande river from 
 the northern border of the Territory to where 
 it leaves the same, a distance of about 356 
 miles, is about 2,200 feet. The mesas and 
 table lands in the northwestern part of the 
 Territory are generally about 6,000 feet above 
 the sea level. In the central portion of the 
 Territory, such mesas attain an elevation of 
 about 5,000 feet, and in the south about 4,000 
 feet. The ranges generally rise from 2,000 to 
 5,000 feet above the mesas and plains. The 
 amount of water carried down by the Rio 
 Grande is, as a rule, sufficient to irrigate an 
 immense area. The rate of fall between Penya 
 Blanca and Isleta is nearly six feet to the 
 mile. 
 
 The Pecos valley in its upper part is one of 
 erosion. To its junction with the Gallinas 
 the Pecos runs through a comparatively nar- 
 row valley; near old Fort Sumner it widens. 
 
Vj;,, .. 
 
 ^ 
 
 c 
 
 K 
 
 n 
 n 
 
HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 '25 
 
 The upper narrow portion, has some rich agri- 
 cultural soil. The bottoms of the Gallinasandits 
 tributaries also afford narrow strips of the most 
 fertile land. Further south, say from the 
 north end of the Guadalupe mountains on the 
 west side of the Pecos to the mouth of Dela- 
 ware creek, the valley of the Pecos is one un- 
 broken continuous level and fertile bottom. 
 
 It is in the latter section of the valley that 
 the gigantic irrigation enterprises are located, 
 which have made the Pecos valley celebrated. 
 
 The Canadian river section lies between 
 the Raton mountains on the north and the 
 Pecos river on the south and southwest. The 
 Canadian flows through it for about I 50 miles 
 in a southeasterly direction to near old Fort 
 Bascom, and from there easterly (a little north 
 of the thirty-fifth parallel north latitude) for 
 about fifty miles. Most of its tributaries flow 
 in from the west. As the western part of 
 this entire section has a slope towards the 
 east with a general descent to the south- 
 ward, the highest localities are in the north- 
 west corner and the lowest in the southeast, 
 with a falling altitude from 5,000 to 3,000 
 feet. Some portions of this river have a fall 
 of nine feet per mile. Of its tributaries the 
 Little Cimarron and Vermejo creeks afford 
 considerable breadth of arable land, the for- 
 mer having a valley from one to six miles 
 wide, and the Vermejo one of the same 
 length and about two miles wide. Both of 
 these valleys are very fertile, with plenty of 
 water for irrigation. The Rayado creek has a 
 good valley, but it is subject to overflows. 
 Ocate creek valley, formed by erosion, is also 
 very good agricultural land. The Mora river 
 valley is doubtless the finest in this section. It 
 has a length of from sixty to seventy miles 
 and a breadth of about four and one-half miles. 
 Its upper portion, from eight to ten miles in 
 length, is about three miles wide. 
 
 The Colorado and Gila section embraces 
 a belt of land of from fifty to one hundred 
 miles all along the whole of the western line 
 of New Mexico. It is watered by the Rio 
 Puerco of the west and the Zunyi river in the 
 
 north, and by the Gila and its many tributar- 
 ies and the Rio San Francisco in the south. 
 There are rich and extensive valley lands along 
 the bottoms of these rivers and their tribu- 
 taries. 
 
 The San Juan river country in the north- 
 western portion of the Territory offers a 
 splendid opportunity, not only for the produc- 
 tion of cereals, but also for fruit and vegetables 
 of all kinds. 
 
 The valleys of the Las Animas, La Plata 
 and Los Pinos, all tributaries to the San Juan, 
 are capable of raising large amounts of produce 
 of various kinds. The general surface of the 
 country of New Mexico is marked with mesas 
 (flat table lands), valleys and mountains, hills, 
 bluffs, canyons and mountain parks. The 
 mountain ranges, from north to south gener- 
 ally, break into spurs, buttes and foothills, di- 
 minishing in altitude and graduating into mesas 
 or high table lands. 
 
 In the northern part of the Territory the 
 Culebra or Sangre de Cristo range looms up to 
 the east into the Raton spur, and to the south 
 is known, according to proximity to local 
 towns, asTaos, Mora and Santa Fe mountains. 
 To the west are the Conejos and Tierra Ama- 
 rilla ranges. Southeast of the old city of San- 
 ta Fe and east of the Rio Grande, a broken 
 range runs south, variously known as the 
 Placer mountains, the Sandia Manzana, Oscu- 
 ra, Jumanes, Fra Cristobal, Caballo, San An- 
 dres and Organs, the latter crossing the south- 
 ern border of the Territory near El Paso. To 
 the east of the above range is a series of high 
 table lands, reaching to the mesa known as the 
 Llano Estacado, or Staked Plains, and broken 
 by the low mountains and peaks named on the 
 maps as the Gallinas, Jicarillas, Carrizo, Capitan, 
 Sierra Blanca, Guadalupe, Jarilla, Hueco and 
 Sacramento. 
 
 On the west side of the Rio Grande, from 
 the isolated peak near the northern boundary, 
 known as the San Antonio mountain, another 
 broken range runs south, known locally as the 
 Petaca, Valles, Jemez, San Mateo, Pinos Al- 
 tos, Burro, Black and Mimbres ranges, and the 
 
126 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Florida mountains near the southern border. 
 Farther to the west, and near the Arizona line, 
 appears the continental divide, composed of 
 mountains and peaks, variously known as Tu- 
 nicha, Chusca, Zunyi, Datil, San Francisco, 
 Tulerosa, Mogollon, Pyramid, Stein's and Ani- 
 mas. These mountains being equally dis- 
 tributed, furnish a large water supply and a 
 great amount of timber, and are excellent shel- 
 ter for stock during stormy weather. 
 
 Extending across the Territory of New 
 Mexico, north and south, are two large valleys, 
 the Rio Grande and the Pecos. The former, 
 lying further west, reaches from the Colorado 
 line to Old Mexico, and thence on to the Gulf. 
 The broad and fertile valleys along this stream 
 abruptly end at canyons, where the channel is 
 confined to narrow limits by the high and rocky 
 banks. The material is composed principally 
 of silicious and other nutritious material for 
 plants, washed from the mountains by the 
 spring and summer freshets and thaws. 
 
 FRUITS. 
 
 The grape-growing belt extends from about 
 the northern line of Bernalillo county through 
 Valencia, Socorro and Donna Ana counties to 
 the Chihuahua and Texas line. In Bernalillo 
 county the valley proper is from one to four 
 miles in width, every foot of which is suscepti- 
 ble of cultivation; but the vineyards are located 
 in the lowest plane, so as to receive the waters 
 of irrigation. The grape most generally cul- 
 tivated is that known as the Mission variety, 
 supposed to have been introduced by the Fran- 
 ciscan friars, and cultivated in the valley for 
 the past two centuries. Some small vineyards 
 of the Muscatel are also found, but generally 
 as a table grape, coming into the market a 
 short time before the other. 
 
 The vineyards are almost always started 
 from cuttings, planted from six to ten feet 
 apart each way, though some growers prefer to 
 trench the cuttings and root them for planting 
 the first or second year after in the places 
 where they are to remain. The Mexican 
 method of culture does not require staking or 
 
 trellising, and the first three years are directed 
 more particularly to give strength to the main 
 trunk. The vine is closely trimmed each year, 
 all superfluous wood cut away and only the 
 trunk and a few short branches left, so that a 
 well-cared for plant of a few years' growth re- 
 sembles a dwarf tree. It is necessary in set- 
 ting out the cuttings to pack the soil closely 
 about them, to turn the water onto the plant 
 from the irrigating ditch as soon as possible 
 and, when sufficiently dry, repack the dirt. 
 There is nothing more to do the first season 
 than to irrigate the vineyards at certain inter- 
 vals and keep the ground free from weeds until 
 November, when the vines are covered with 
 earth to protect them from the cold until 
 spring. The time for uncovering varies among 
 the different growers from the middle of Feb- 
 ruary until the first of April. The)' are then 
 allowed to stand from ten days to a month and 
 then trimmed. But few grapes will be pro- 
 duced until the third season, but the labor of 
 the cultivator is needed every year in stirring 
 the soil, removing suckers, trimming, covering 
 and uncovering. A more congenial climate 
 than that of the Rio Grande valley for the 
 grape or a soil more adapted to produce bene- 
 ficial results in its growth, cannot be found in 
 the world. The frosts are usually only severe 
 enough to kill the insects without injury to the 
 vine, and there is no rainfall when the plant is 
 flowering or the fruit is approaching maturity. 
 A damaging late frost does sometimes, however, 
 occur, as also a limited hailstorm; but as this 
 region is one of much sunshine the fruit of the 
 vine is of superior quality. 
 
 Rosaceous fruits (apples, pears, peaches, 
 etc.,) are of comparatively late introduction; 
 but experience has already proven that they do 
 well here, some of them extraordinarily well. 
 Small July and October apples, red (wild) 
 plums, fair pears, good peaches, excellent apri- 
 cots and enormous quinces have been success- 
 fully raised by the decendants of the Spaniards 
 from time immemorial; also by the Indians of 
 the pueblos. The peach and apricot, blossom- 
 ing so early in the season, are uncertain crops; 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 127 
 
 but the other tree fruits of the temperate zone 
 are almost sure. In the lower valley the fig 
 and almond do well, even as far north as 
 Valencia. 
 
 In the fruit-tree belt may be included not 
 only the valleys of the Rio Grande and Pecos, 
 but also the higher lands on either side, and 
 an extensive range in the northern portion of 
 the Territory, in the Mimbres valley, etc. 
 
 The Rio Grande may be called the Nile of 
 America. It is 1,800 miles in length and of 
 almost equal volume from source to mouth. It 
 has few branches, and flows hundreds of 
 miles without receiving a tributary. It is fed 
 almost entirely from the Rocky mountains. 
 An annual rise occurs about the month of 
 June, from the melting of the mountain snows. 
 Like the Nile, too, it is almost the sole reli- 
 ance of the farmer. The natives have made 
 canals to each town and adjoining lands, for 
 irrigation, which are often twenty or thirty 
 miles in length, affording also considerable mill 
 power. The waters of the Rio Grande, like 
 those of the Nile, are exceedingly turbid, carry- 
 ing a large quantity of sediment which is de- 
 posited as they flow over the fields, thus sup- 
 plying new elements of strength to the soil 
 without the trouble or expense of applying fer- 
 tilizers. For this reason the latter are but 
 seldom used, as each irrigation leaves a slimy 
 deposit on the land, which renews the soil, and 
 is, in fact, the best fertilizer that could be used. 
 
 Thus New Mexico stretches in abundance 
 and beauty, waiting for those who are wise 
 enough to investigate its resources. It exceeds 
 in area the United Kingdom of Great Britain 
 and Ireland. 
 
 BEAUTIFUL AS WELL AS PRODUCTIVE. 
 
 Briefly stated, the fact is that New Mexico 
 is endowed by the Creator with a greater va- 
 riety and extent of natural resources and ad- 
 vantages than any State of the Union. This 
 is strong language, which may sound exagger- 
 ated, but it is used deliberately. Bold as it 
 seems, a very little thought will show its 
 truth. 
 
 Think for a moment of our varied re- 
 sources! Here are thousands of acres of tim- 
 ber superior to the best that Maine or Georgia 
 ever contained ; here are wheat fields in Taos 
 and Mora, used uninterruptedly for centuries 
 without rotation of crops, yet equaling the 
 finest wheat land of the northwest; here is corn 
 in many localities, the peer of any on the 
 plains of Illinois or Kansas; here are onions 
 and beets, cabbages and cauliflowers, potatoes 
 and melons, the products of the Rio Grande 
 valley, which both in size and quality chal- 
 lenge comparison with any in the country. In 
 this same valley, and in that of the Pecos, are 
 apples, pears, peaches, plums and apricots, 
 superior in size to anything seen in the East, 
 and far surpassing those of California in flavor. 
 All around us, and extending down the river to 
 El Paso, are vineyards which proclaim the val- 
 ley the favored home of the grape, whether 
 for eating or the manufacture of wine. 
 
 Among natural plants, our plains are cov- 
 ered with the amole or yucca, whose root is 
 producing the finest soap in the world, and the 
 fibre of which is certain before long to become 
 a staple article of commerce, while the virtues 
 of the canyaigre as a tanning agent are just 
 becoming widely known. 
 
 The vast prairies of the Territory are the 
 finest pasture lands for flocks and herds that 
 the world contains, and are covered with tens 
 of thousands of cattle and sheep. 
 
 In gold, whether "in place," as in Lincoln 
 and Colfax, or in the sand, as at the Old and 
 New Placers, and in score of other localities, 
 we acknowledge no superiors. 
 
 In silver, though yet but little developed, 
 Lake Valley and Silver City, Georgetown, 
 Cerrillos, the Black Range, the Mogollons and 
 the Magdalenas, and indeed nearly every 
 county in the Territory, contain such vast 
 stores of rich mineral that it is difficult to 
 realize the extent of the untold wealth await- 
 ing the hand of the miner. In copper, from 
 Santa Rita, in the southwest, to San Andres, 
 Golden and Picuris, are mines which challenge 
 the admiration of the world. We have as 
 
128 
 
 JUS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 much lead as the great lead regions, and as 
 much iron as the most celebrated iron dis- 
 tricts. We have mica, which is now filling the 
 eastern markets, and cement which is superior 
 to any made on earth. We have gypsum and 
 fire clay in inexhaustible amounts, and we have 
 marbles of rare excellence and turquoise of 
 purest blue. 
 
 Whole sections of the Territory are un- 
 derlaid with coal of excellent coking qualities, 
 and we have the only perfect anthracite to be 
 found west of Pennsylvania, with a market for 
 each extending in nearly every direction for 
 hundreds of miles. 
 
 Wherever one travels in the Territory he 
 will find this wealth of natural resources. If 
 he enters by the railroad through the Raton 
 tunnel, when he views the verdant plains of 
 eastern Colfax, covered with herds of cattle, 
 changing to the west into the agricultural lands 
 along the Vermejo, the Ponyil and the Cimar- 
 ron, dotted with the coal mines of Blossbtirg 
 and the pine forests of Catskill, and rising into 
 the golden mountains and gold-bearing streams 
 of Elizabethtown, he is apt to say: "This, 
 truly, is the Promised Land." He passes into 
 Union, sees the wealth of sheep and wool fill- 
 ing the valleys and covering the hill sides, the 
 emerald fields of alfalfa and the general hap- 
 piness of the people, and he stands amazed at 
 such a vision of prosperity. 
 
 He visits Mora. The valleys, matchless in 
 their beauty, of the Mora and the Sapello, the 
 copper mines at Coyote, and the inexhaustible 
 lumber region of the West, and he thinks that 
 he has found even a better spot. 
 
 He goes to the great county of San Miguel, 
 and its young daughter, Guadaloupe, with their 
 vast prairies, varied resources, famous health- 
 giving springs, and energetic people, and he 
 feels that Providence has bestowed enough 
 material blessings there to form an empire of 
 itself. 
 
 He crosses the mountains to Taos, and, 
 viewing the expanse of her beautiful valley and 
 her wonderful wealth of golden wheat, with 
 heads so close and even that one might almost 
 
 walk upon them as a floor, he says, "Surely, 
 this is a realization of the Happy Valley of the 
 Abyssinian Prince ! " 
 
 He goes on to Rio Arriba, and looks upon 
 the fertile fields of the upper Rio Grande and 
 the Ghama (the first spot chosen by Onyate as 
 his capital) and then presses on to the vast 
 forests of gigantic pines now being fitted for 
 the use of man, and exclaims that no land can 
 be a better one in which to dwell. 
 
 Still onward to San Juan; and there the 
 beautiful rivers, the abundance of water, the 
 waving grain, and the vast orchards laden with 
 the choicest fruit, challenge his admiration. 
 
 Back again he comes to Santa Fe, where 
 the ancient city, nestling among the hills, with 
 unequaled climate, the charm of ancient story, 
 and fruit fit for the gods, presents a peaceful 
 contrast to the adjacent industries which thrive 
 amid gold and silver, copper and lead, coal 
 and precious stones, at Cerrillos and San 
 Pedro; and he says, "Verily, this is the gar- 
 den spot of earth ! " 
 
 Down the beautiful valley, through the ver- 
 dant fields and vine-clad hills of Bernalillo, 
 the great central county; seeing all that it con- 
 tains, from the evidences of man's enterprise 
 and energy in Albuquerque to the far-famed 
 springs of Jemez, and the ruins of ancient 
 pueblos; and he feels that here is the place 
 where both the man of business and the man of 
 pleasure may find a congenial home. 
 
 Still down the valley to Valencia, past 
 miles of trees and vines; then, through the 
 country westward, where sheep and lambs, 
 counted by scores of thousands, whiten the plains 
 and the sides of mountains, to the giant for- 
 ests in the west; and he feels that this is truly 
 a land of wine and oil, of milk and honey. 
 
 Then southward to Socorro, where the 
 town, set like an emerald jewel in the valley, 
 almost under the shadow of the great moun- 
 tain, resounds with the smelters and the 
 mills; where the products of the vast mines 
 within the county limits are refined, while the 
 coal of Carthage and the coke of San Antonio, 
 with the distant riches of the Mogollons meet 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 129 
 
 his eye, and he says, "Verily, for natural re- 
 sources this exceeds all else that I have seen!" 
 
 Eastward, across broad plains, to Lincoln; 
 and, as he sees the great product of gold, the 
 clear, swift streams, the cattle on a thousand 
 hills, and learns of all the latent wealth of sil- 
 ver, lead, and coal, only awaiting swifter con- 
 nection with the outside world, he thinks that 
 here, indeed, is the true home to seek as soon 
 as railroads come to afford a market for her 
 sleeping riches. 
 
 Still eastward to the Pecos, where the twin 
 counties of Chaves and Eddy, the newest of 
 the list, are showing that, though young in 
 years, they are strong in all besides; and there 
 he sees the wondrous flow of water from the 
 springs that form a full-grown river at one 
 bound, and marvels at the rich luxuriance of 
 the Roswell farms, and the enormous yield of 
 its alfalfa fields; and going down to Eddy is 
 lost in admiration at the enterprise shown in 
 its irrigating system, and in the almost magical 
 building of a modern city within a single 
 year; and he feels that in this fertile valley, 
 among these men of energy and "push," are 
 really greater inducements than elsewhere. 
 
 Then, back to Donna Ana, on the lower 
 Rio Grande, where the famous Mesilla valley 
 is a vision of beauty, of unsurpassed fertility, 
 filled with all manner of grain and fruit, and 
 teeming with the product of the field and vine- 
 yard, while the neighboring Organ mountains 
 are both beautiful and rich in mineral wealth; 
 and he says, as many another has said before 
 him, " Here let me live and die ! " 
 
 Still onward to Sierra, crossed and re- 
 crossed by mountains filled with treasures of 
 the precious metals; and as he visits Lake Val- 
 ley and hears of the Bridal Chamber, and sees 
 Hillsboro, Kingston, and the Black Range dis- 
 trict, he feels assured that no spot on earth of 
 equal size contains such an exhaustless store of 
 mineral riches as does that county. 
 
 And, lastly, on to Grant; and as he hears 
 the story of old Santa Rita, and views the 
 ceaseless flow of wealth from her more modern 
 mines, sees ore so pure that it scarcely needs 
 
 9 
 
 refining, and learns of the varied treasures 
 daily unearthed throughout the wide area from 
 Georgetown and Finos Altos to Carlisle and 
 Gold Hill, he marvels at the prodigality with 
 which nature has bestowed her choicest gifts, 
 and envies those who live in this treasure-house 
 of wealth. 
 
 Then he stands bewildered by this succes- 
 sion of attractions and wishes in his inmost 
 heart that he had sixteen lives to live, that one 
 might be spent in each of these enchanting re- 
 gions. The more generally one will travel 
 through the Territory the more he will be im- 
 pressed with this variety and wealth of resources 
 and products; and yet we might remember that 
 even in the first days of its known history 
 New Mexico was found full of valuable products 
 unknown in the regions to the North and East. 
 
 HISTORICAL. 
 
 Clavigero tells us that long centuries ago, 
 the Toltecs, leaving their old home in the 
 Northwest, about the year 594, journeyed to- 
 ward Mexico, a portion probably settling in 
 the valley of the Rio Grande, "sowing the 
 land with corn, cotton and other plants, the 
 seeds of which they carried with them." 
 Cabeza de Baca, the first European who trav- 
 eled through this section of country, tells us not 
 only of the cities of permanent dwellings of great 
 height, but in his narrative minutely describes 
 the products of the country and the food of its 
 inhabitants. So enormous was the number of 
 buffaloes which he found grazing along the 
 Pecos for a distance of thirty leagues that the 
 traveler called the people of that section the 
 Cow Nation. All through Texas he had seen 
 no cultivated grain, but no sooner had he ar- 
 rived within the region of the Rio Grande than 
 he met with fields of corn, and they increased 
 in extent continually as he proceeded on his 
 journey. 
 
 Soon afterward he mentions .a place still 
 east of the Rio Grande, where he was " feast- 
 ed on beans and pumpkins." The natives 
 also made cakes of pinyons crushed or ground 
 for the purpose. After crossing the river, he 
 
130 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 speaks continually of the beans, corn andcala- 
 basas, so plentiful that the Spaniards gave 
 thanks to heaven for their abundance, and 
 also of the shawls or blankets of cotton which 
 the people wore. Here also he found amole root 
 being used for soap, and the inhabitants pro- 
 vided with shoes of leather. Of minerals he 
 speaks of galena and marquesite, of a bell of 
 copper which came, they said, "from the 
 north, where there was much of the metal," 
 of turquoise and of emeralds. The travelers 
 who came afterward emphasize this descrip- 
 tion of products, and add somewhat to it, as 
 might be expected from their greater advant- 
 ages. 
 
 Thus Marcos de Niza, in 1 540, tells of the 
 long gowns of . cotton worn by the people of 
 Cibola (the modern Zunyi), and of the cotton 
 clothing found all along the route which he 
 followed, and narrates the following anecdote 
 which is the first notice that we have of native 
 wool in the country. Marcos was dressed, it 
 appears, in a suit of gray woolen cloth, then 
 called saragosa, which Coronado had sent to 
 him. Some of the principal chiefs examined 
 this material with great interest and then said 
 to the friar that at Totonteac (Moqui) there 
 was an abundance of similar stuff, of which 
 the people there made their clothes. Marcos 
 wishing to ascertain if they really distinguished 
 the difference between cotton and wool, laugh- 
 ingly said that the material of their own cloth- 
 ing (which was of cotton) and his was the 
 same. At this they seemed indignant, and 
 said, " Thinkest thou that we are ignorant 
 that this fabric is different from what we wear? 
 Thou wilt see in Cibola all the houses full of 
 material such as ours; but at Totonteac are lit- 
 tle animals which furnish the wool from which 
 your kind of cloth is made." This greatly in- 
 terested Marcos, as it was the first intimation 
 received of the existence of sheep in the coun- 
 try; and it is of interest to us to-day, as trac- 
 ing to its earliest record, the great industry 
 which now gives support to more of the in- 
 habitants of New Mexico than almost any 
 other. 
 
 A year later, when Coronado entered the 
 city, he found at Cibola large numbers of do- 
 mestic hens; as well as great stores of beans, 
 corn and melons. The corn, Castanyeda tells 
 us, had very short stalks, and the ears started 
 near the ground, but they were of a size that 
 astonished the Spaniards, containing from 700 
 to 800 grains, which exceeded anything known 
 in other countries at that time. At Moqui, 
 Coronado found all the arable land used in the 
 cultivation of grain, fruit and vegetables, and 
 the pastures full of flocks of sheep and goats; 
 thus corroborating the statements of the chiefs 
 to Marcos de Niza. At Acoma, the people 
 presented his army with a quantity of poultry, 
 bread, corn, corn meal and pinyons. 
 
 At Tiguex and Cicuye, the two great towns 
 of that day, and both situated in central New 
 Mexico, all the people were found clothed in 
 cotton garments, in some cases supplemented 
 by mantles of leather. At Cicuye, presents of 
 cotton goods and turquoise were made to the 
 Spaniards, and at Tiguex Coronado demanded 
 from the people a contribution of no less than 
 300 pieces of cotton stuff for clothing for his 
 soldiers. From this we can judge of the 
 amount of cotton then raised and woven by 
 the Pueblos, and it also suggests the question 
 why this important product is not cultivated 
 to-day? Mention is also made of the grapes, 
 plums and mulberries found on the plains to 
 the east of the mountains; but these were un- 
 cultivated. So rich was the soil of the valley 
 of the Rio Grande, that Castanyeda tells us ' 'the 
 soil is so fertile that it does not need to be 
 worked; when they sow, the snow, falling, 
 covers the seed and the corn starts underneath. 
 The harvest of one year is sufficient for seven. 
 When they begin to sow, the fields are still 
 covered with the corn that has not yet been 
 gathered." 
 
 Forty years afteward, in i 582, Espejo, trav- 
 eling up the Rio Grande, found abundance of 
 corn and melons and the people dcessed in cot- 
 ton clothes and wearing boots and shoes of the 
 thickest of the leather. Just below Albuquer- 
 que, near Isleta, he met one chief who pre- 
 
HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 sented him with no less than 400 bolls of cot- 
 ton. Here the people wore mantles of cotton, 
 striped blue and white, like those of China. 
 On his first trip west of the river, he speaks of 
 the great herds of cattle and the amount of 
 cotton annually raised, and at Moqui, the his- 
 tory tells us, that when Espejo and his com- 
 panions spoke of leaving the town the people 
 brought him a "present of 40,000 mantles, 
 some colored and some white, and a great 
 quantity of handkerchiefs or towels with tas- 
 sels at the corners, and many other things." 
 Perhaps the number of " 40,000" is an exag- 
 geration, but at any rate the narrative shows 
 how largely these mantles were manufactured. 
 
 West of Moqui, on his celebrated excur- 
 sion to the great silver mine, Espejo found 
 good grapes, and flax like that of Castile, 
 and he tells us of the mine itself that it has a 
 very broad vein, and that "with his own 
 hands he took out very rich ore containing 
 much silver." Indeed mines seem to have been 
 opened to a great extent all over the Terri- 
 tory even at that very early day, before Span- 
 ish working was begun. 
 
 The brief record of Espejo's journey to 
 the northeast says: "Here they were in- 
 formed of rich mines of the precious metals, 
 some of which they visited, and took from them 
 good glittering ore." From the direction 
 taken, these were probably in the district now 
 called the Placers, and perhaps extended into 
 the Cerillos. Espejo also speaks of the won- 
 derful grazing country along the Pecos, and 
 the enormous herds of buffalo there congre- 
 gated, calling the river Rio de las Vacas, in 
 the same way that Cabeza de Baca had for- 
 merly described that section. 
 
 When Onyate came (in I 595) he found the 
 same cultivation of beans, corn and pumpkins, 
 and the same growth of cotton, often orna- 
 mented with feathers, spoken of by the pre- 
 ceding travelers. 
 
 Thus we see that 350 years ago the Pecos 
 valley was as to-day a favorite grazing coun- 
 try covered with herds of untold thousands; 
 that the people of New Mexico raised corn, 
 
 beans, calabashes, pumpkins, melons, etc., 
 and also large quantities of cotton, which they 
 manufactured into clothing; that in certain 
 sections they had sheep from whose wool were 
 made the warmer garments of the people; that 
 their clothes were ornamented by the use of 
 colors, and their towels with tassels; that their 
 pottery was of a high order of excellence both 
 as to utility and ornament, far surpassing that 
 of the present day; that mines of various met- 
 als were worked long before the Spanish occu- 
 pation, although of course their number was 
 greatly increased up to the revolution of 1680. 
 
 In short, we learn that the history of New 
 Mexico has always been one of agricultural, 
 pastoral, industrial and mining success; that 
 the time is not known when its valleys were 
 not the home of prosperous cultivation, its 
 verdant plains not covered with herds of cat- 
 tle, its hillsides not cropped by wool-producing 
 sheep, and its mines not worked for both met- 
 als and precious stones. 
 
 Thus looking far beyond the time when the 
 Spaniard came to St. Augustine, the Cavalier 
 to Jamestown, the Hollander to New Amster- 
 dam, or the Pilgrim to Plymouth, we find that 
 New Mexico possesses a heritage of successful 
 production; and that whether viewed as the 
 home of animal, vegetable or mineral wealth, 
 from time immemorial she has a history of 
 prosperity based on the natural resources with 
 which a good Providence has endowed her. 
 
 It is an inspiring and suggestive thought 
 that, while the whole Atlantic coast and Mis- 
 sissippi valley were the homes of roving tribes 
 and covered with an almost unbroken forest, 
 New Mexico was raising cotton and wool for 
 clothing; and corn, beans and melons for food; 
 was manufacturing good flour and fine pottery, 
 building great cities of terraced, four-storied 
 houses, and excavating her hills in search of 
 the more precious metals and the more precious 
 jewels. 
 
 We need not be surprised that with such a 
 history and with the natural advantages which 
 made that history possible, its products are 
 continually increasing both in variety and 
 
132 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 amount, and that it can look forward very con- 
 fidently to the results of a full development in 
 the near future. 
 
 BOTANICAL. 
 
 The principal trees found in the mountain 
 valleys of New Mexico are ash, walnut and 
 hackberry, and on the mountains pine, pinyon, 
 pino real, cedar and oak, while the principal 
 tree in the deep valleys and along the margins 
 of the streams is the cottonwood, best fitted 
 for shade, and somewhat for fencing and build- 
 ing. It will last here in this dry country much 
 longer than in the moister atmosphere of the 
 States farther east. 
 
 The willow is common. It is much used 
 by the Jicarilla Apache Indians for making 
 baskets, etc. 
 
 The mesquite or screw-bean tree becomes, 
 particularly in the Gila river valley, a consid- 
 erable tree. The wood has a fine grain, and 
 resembles the black walnut, is very dura- 
 ble, and as fuel it makes an intense heat, 
 probably as much as the jack-oak and hickory 
 of the East. This tree emits a vast quantity 
 of a gum resembling gum arabic. The Apache 
 Indians eat the mesquite bean, grinding it into 
 flour upon hand-mills; the bread is palatable. 
 Horses fatten upon the beans. 
 
 On the table lands is found a peculiar va- 
 riety of the mesquite. It can be hardly called 
 a tree, being rather a stunted, almost leafless 
 shrub, growing in the most barren places; but 
 in summer it is covered with beans. 
 
 The mesquite tree has the most stupen- 
 dous roots, though the tree above them often 
 appears but a shrub. A patch of these pre- 
 sented to an observer is always but the visible 
 part of a forest under ground. Twelve feet 
 square around one of these bushes will often 
 yield a cord of fire-wood. They are really the 
 fuel-beds of a district, and in this way has na- 
 ture furnished thousands of tons of fuel for the 
 smelting of minerals. These roots, both dead 
 and green, make most excellent fire-wood for 
 domestic use, as it burns entirely to ashes. In 
 the ground they never seem to rot, but be- 
 
 come, in length of time, after dying, a sort of 
 charcoal. 
 
 Bear-grass is common all over the mesas, 
 or table lands, and is very useful. In Mexico 
 gunny-bags, rope, saddlers' and shoemakers' 
 thread are made from the fiber; and during the 
 blockade of the coasts in the late war the manu- 
 facture of ropes from this plant was carried on 
 in Texas. 
 
 The Yucca angustifolia, or soap-weed, called 
 in New Mexico by its Spanish name, amole, is 
 another useful plant, and is to be found every- 
 where. The natives prefer it to soap in wash- 
 ing woolen goods, as it extracts all the grease 
 and restores the luster of the goods; and its 
 lather makes the best shampoo. 
 
 Gama grass, growing everywhere, in bunch- 
 es, is the most universal forage plant for live 
 stock. Thriving, as it does, best on rather dry 
 soil, it is especially useful. Flowerless and 
 seedless, it covers the broad plains and clothes 
 the mountain side with withered-looking bunch- 
 es that seem to combine the qualities of grain 
 and the best of hay in the greatest perfection. 
 
 Good gama can be cut any day in the year, 
 but the best season for cutting is the autumn, 
 or at any time after the summer rains are over, 
 and before the first frost. A peculiar property 
 of this grass is that it "cures" on the stalk and 
 all over the snowless plains of New Mexico 
 makes the most excellent fodder known. This 
 grass really becomes hay while on the root, 
 and does not fall down or lie on the ground. It 
 affords pasture all the year. 
 
 The maguey plant, known also as the 
 American aloe, and called by the Mexicans 
 mescal, is common in all portions of the Ter- 
 ritory. In lower Mexico, where the plant is 
 cultivated and is popular, the Mexicans make 
 from it the famous beverage called pulque, a 
 kind of intoxicating brandy. The Indians, who 
 cook and eat the heart of the plant, esteem it 
 a great delicacy. 
 
 Hops grow wild throughout the Territory. 
 
 The natural supply of fuel, for all the re- 
 gion in the neighborhood of the mountains is 
 pinyon and cedar, which grow in extensive for- 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ests on the rocky and barren ridges, while the 
 lumber supply is yielded by the higher moun- 
 tain ranges. 
 
 CANYAIGKK. 
 
 The native plant which is attracting most 
 attention at present, and bids fair to become 
 of great commercial value, is the canyaigre. 
 
 This is a plant bearing quite a resemblance 
 to some of the more common docks, notably 
 sour dock, it being called by botanists Rumex 
 hymenosepalus. The plant grows from one to 
 three feet high. The stem is rather simple, 
 nearly smooth, and often red. The leaves 
 vary from ovate to lanceolate, and are two to 
 eight inches long, tapering to a short petiole. 
 The flower stalk is branched with compound 
 erect branches; pedicels slender, about half 
 the length of the fruit; fruiting valves mem- 
 braneous, ovate, one-fourth to one-half inch 
 long, pinkish; seed one-eighth to one-fourth 
 inch long. It is found growing wild in the 
 valleys and depressions of northern Texas, 
 Arizona and New Mexico. It may be found in 
 other States and Territories, but so far as 
 known does not contain sufficient acid to make 
 it of commercial value except in the localities 
 above stated. 
 
 The roots or tubers of the canyaigre plant 
 have the general appearance of sweet pota- 
 toes, there being from three to one dozen to 
 each plant, varying from two to eighteen 
 ounces each in weight. The color is black ex- 
 ternally and yellow within, having somewhat 
 the appearance of a carrot. The taste is in- 
 sipid, but something of the same sensation is 
 produced when touched to the tongue that fol- 
 lows from alum, indicating the presence of 
 tannic acid. 
 
 It has been used by the Indians for medi- 
 cinal purposes and for tanning their leather. 
 When used as medicine, and taken in large 
 quantities, it acts as a purgative. To some 
 extent the leaves are used by them as food, 
 having something of the general taste and 
 properties of rhubarb or pie plant. 
 
 This plant has but recently attracted the 
 
 attention of the commercial world as a valu- 
 able source for tannic acid. Numerous 
 analyses have been made by the government 
 agricultural departments both in Europe and 
 America, as well as by private scientists, all of 
 which tend to show its great value to the 
 leather industry. The result of these investi- 
 gations has been to create a great demand for 
 it in the tanning business of European coun- 
 tries, and more recently in the leather-making 
 industries of the United States. 
 
 It is found that the tubers of the one-year- 
 old, when dried, contain from twenty-three to 
 thirty-eight per cent, tannic acid, and can- 
 yaigre is already recognized by tanners as being 
 superior to oak or hemlock bark in that it tans 
 quicker, is a better filler, and makes a more 
 pliable and better colored leather than any 
 tanning agent known. 
 
 A comparison of the tanning properties of 
 the canyaigre with other well-known barks 
 shows the following result: 
 
 COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. PER CT. 
 
 Canyaigre, Rumex hymenosepalus, 23.00 
 
 Sumac, ground, Rhus glabra and Cotinus, 25.00 
 
 mixed, 
 
 Sweet Fern, Comptonia asplenifolia, 9.42 
 
 Knotweed, Polygonum amphibium, 11.60 
 
 Horsetail, Epherdra antisiphylitica, 11.90 
 
 Sweet Gum, Liquidambar styraciflua, 8.36 
 
 Red Oak, Quercus rubra, 5.55 
 
 Scarlet Oak, " coccinea, 7.74 
 
 White Oak, " alba, 7.8S 
 
 Burr Oak, " macrocarpa, 7.8S 
 
 Quercitron, " tinctoria, 6.47 
 
 Hemlock, Abies Canadensis, 9.50 
 
 As to the tanning value of canyaigre, Pro- 
 fessor W. Eitner, of the Vienna Research Sta- 
 tion for Leather Industry, after thoroughly 
 testing it, said: "I consider this article es- 
 pecially adapted to tanning uppers, fine sad- 
 dlery and fancy goods." Canyaigre will also 
 doubtless enter largely into the arts and indus- 
 tries other than leather making. In the manu- 
 facture of dye stuffs and mordants it is said to 
 be very valuable, and we may confidently en- 
 tertain high hopes of it as an important article 
 in American agriculture in the immediate 
 future. Many tanners have been interviewed 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 with reference to its use, and most of them 
 have experimented with it with highly satis- 
 factory results, and say that they are pre- 
 vented from using it extensively only from the 
 fact that a steady supply is unobtainable. 
 
 The cultivation of canyaigre is similar to 
 that of the potato, the tuber being planted in 
 rows or hills, and the attention given it there- 
 after being about equal. 
 
 In describing the methods of its cultivation 
 we can do no better than quote from Professor 
 F. A. Gulley, of the Arizona Experimental 
 Station, who says: "The roots make the best 
 development in a rather loose, sandy soil, and 
 where they are near the surface.' Therefore, 
 I would suggest breaking the ground deep and 
 dropping the single roots in rows thirty to 
 thirty-six inches apart, and from six to nine 
 inches apart in the row. A shallow furrow 
 should be run in which to drop the roots, and 
 they should be covered five inches deep by 
 running a turning plow furrow on each side of 
 the drill. Planting should be done early in the 
 fall, not later than November 1st, if possible, 
 and occasional irrigations given it until the 
 middle or latter part of April, or up to the time 
 the plant is in bloom. Irrigation may then 
 cease and the roots be allowed to mature. 
 With comparatively clean soil very little labor 
 is required. It has furthermore been demon- 
 strated by practical experiments that cultiva- 
 tion adds very largely to the quality and 
 weight of the roots and the percentage of tan- 
 nic acid." 
 
 It will be noticed from the above that 
 planting is done in the fall, and the work upon 
 it therefore performed during the winter, when 
 other crops do not need attention. The root 
 matures about July ist, and is ready for dig- 
 ging. In some climates, notably New Mexico, 
 another crop can be raised on the same land 
 after the canyaigre has been removed, making 
 two crops in one year. 
 
 One ton of the root is required for seed to 
 plant an acre of ground. In New Mexico there 
 are large quantities of it growing wild on the 
 hill sides and in the depressions, that can be 
 
 had for the digging, and all the expense at- 
 tached to the securing of it is the cost of dig- 
 ging and hauling it to the land where it is to be 
 planted. The supply of wild product, how- 
 ever, is being rapidly exhausted on account of 
 the great quantities used for seed. When the 
 wild root is all taken, that which is cultivated 
 will have to be used, which will cost about $6 
 per ton. 
 
 The cultivation of canyaigre root differs 
 from that of potatoes in that the tuber which 
 is planted does not decay, but increases in 
 strength, and is found intact at the time of 
 digging. 
 
 Careful estimates show that an acre of can- 
 yaigre properly cultivated will yield from ten 
 to twenty tons of green roots, and as high as 
 thirty tons have been raised on a single acre. 
 
 The method for drying and getting ready 
 for shipment is very simple. The roots are cut 
 into slices of about one-eighth of an inch 
 thick, placed in the sun to dry, and then put 
 into sacks, three tons of green roots yielding 
 one ton of dry. 
 
 Prices in Europe have been from $60 to 
 $80 per ton of the dried root, and in the 
 United States about $30. Estimating the cost 
 of marketing, freight charges, etc., to be $10 
 per ton (of the dried root), and figuring the 
 lowest yield and price, it will be seen that an 
 acre of canyaigre would bring about $100. 
 
 Factories for the extraction of tannic acid 
 from canyaigre are in the course of construc- 
 tion or are about to be built in many places 
 throughout the southwest, and it is reasonable 
 to suppose that wherever this root is cultivated 
 to any considerable extent factories will be 
 erected for that purpose. This will reduce the 
 cost of marketing, especially in the matter of 
 freight rates, and will therefore yield a greater 
 profit to the producer. 
 
 Many tons of wild canyaigre have been 
 gathered in New Mexico and Arizona and 
 shipped to nearly all parts of the United States 
 and to many foreign countries for the purpose 
 of experimenting its cultivation. It has 
 been shipped to the Cape of Good Hope, the 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 '35 
 
 Hawaiian Islands, Australia, Canada, Argen- 
 tine Republic, Germany, and many States and 
 Territories from Oregon to California. 
 
 LIVE STOCK. 
 
 If one had asked what the chief industry of 
 New Mexico was during the Spanish and Mex- 
 ican periods, the answer would unhesitatingly 
 have been ' ' sheep-raising. " The face of the 
 country specially adapts it to the raising of 
 sheep; the losses from the cold of winter are 
 few and rare, and the average increase is very 
 large. While other branches of business allure 
 by the prospect of large and rapid profits, 
 sheep-raising results in a steady gain, which, 
 while comparatively slow, is yet without danger 
 of loss. The riches of the wealthy class of 
 Mexicans at the time of the American occupa- 
 tion were almost entirely in their immense 
 flocks of sheep. 
 
 During the year 1893, there were 650,000 
 sheep marketed from the Territory. This fact 
 alone will give the reader a definite idea of 
 the extent of this industry. The possibilities 
 are simply immense. In Texas, New Mexico 
 and Arizona the flocks amount to nearly 10,- 
 000,000 sheep. In New Mexico there is an 
 abundance of clear, soft water, just suitable 
 for wool washing. The freight on the wool in 
 grease amounts to about 3 cents per pound 
 from New Mexico to New York. If this wool 
 were handled in New Mexico, and only the 
 local clip were obtainable, without counting 
 the wool of Texas and Arizona, a saving of 
 $360,000 per annum could be made on freight 
 one way on raw material. 
 
 It is impossible to state the present number 
 in the Territory with any accuracy. The num- 
 ber returned for taxation in 1894 was 1,901,000; 
 but that is far behind the real number. The 
 wool product is easier to ascertain and may be 
 stated at about 16,000,000 pounds. The 
 money received for sheep and wool is often 
 characterized as the " best money " that comes 
 to the Territory because it is distributed and 
 disseminated among the whole body of the peo- 
 ple, while the money received for cattle or for 
 
 the products of the mines goes to comparatively 
 few. 
 
 The cattle business will, also, always be 
 one of the most important industries in New 
 Mexico. During the past twenty years it has 
 seen many changes and fluctuations. Down to 
 about 1 880 it was carried on entirely on the open 
 range, the cattle being owned by individuals 
 who used the Government land without cost 
 and whose herds grew larger year by year. 
 About that time began an era of speculation in 
 cattle and the business was recommended to 
 Eastern and European capitalists as the most 
 profitable in existence. Scores of cattle com- 
 panies were organized and the prospectus- 
 maker flourished in the land. The new corpor- 
 ations bought up the land along streams and 
 such as were supplied with springs and com- 
 menced operations on a grand scale. They 
 purchased the herds then in the country at 
 high prices, and as the per centage of profit 
 was shown to be immense the chief object 
 was to accumulate as many animals as possible 
 in order to increase the prospective gains. 
 Soon it became evident that the ranges were 
 overstocked. Several dry seasons succeeding 
 each other brought great losses; extravagance 
 and incompetency of management in some 
 cases added to the difficulties; prices decreased 
 year by year; the difference between the num- 
 ber of cattle appearing on account books and 
 those acutally existing for sale was found in. 
 many instances to be surprisingly large; and in 
 short the speculative era ended as such eras 
 generally do. 
 
 Experience has brought great changes. 
 Smaller herds, carefully attended to, kept with- 
 in reasonable limits, and protected and fed 
 when necessary in winter, are found to be 
 much more profitable than the vast numbers 
 that might be scattered over half a dozen 
 counties. The year 1894 brought abundance 
 of grain and an immense crop of grass, and 
 1895 even exceeded its predecessor in these re- 
 spects. Prices advanced and the business 
 which seemed almost prostrated has again be- 
 come highly successful. With the experience 
 
i 3 6 
 
 HISTORY OF NB W MEXICO. 
 
 of the past and the newer methods of carrying 
 on the business there is every prospect that no 
 great reverses will again occur. 
 
 The following tables show the number of 
 horses, mules, cattle, sheep, goats and swine 
 returned for taxation in the various counties, 
 in 1894; but it must be remembered that this 
 does not by any means represent the real 
 numbers in the Territory. However, it is 
 valuable for purposes of comparison. Thus 
 the number of cattle returned to the assessors 
 in 1890 was 1,129,088; in 1891 it was 1,041, - 
 237; in 1894 but 721,672! This was the low- 
 est mark, and the number has since increased. 
 The present number is just about a million. 
 
 Sheep have not varied so much. The num- 
 ber returned in 1890 was 1,172,249; in 1891, 
 1,378, 151 ; in 1894, 1,261,268. It is to be re- 
 membered that the grade of sheep is being 
 constantly improved and the average wool 
 product of each animal increases year by 
 year. 
 
 The table is as follows: 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Horses. 
 
 Mules. 
 
 No. 
 
 Value 
 
 No. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Bernalillo 
 
 3,000 
 3,476 
 4,350 
 2.148 
 6.086 
 7.IMO 
 2.450 
 7.176 
 2,720 
 2250 
 2,664 
 1.297 
 B.BM 
 3 156 
 
 67.249 
 75,209 
 89.860 
 44.921 
 107384 
 iraun:i 
 46.636 
 129.360 
 
 u,tie 
 
 47.900 
 62.263 
 29,159 
 llli.KIII 
 55,458 
 00.688 
 31.200 
 49.957 
 
 3511 
 229 
 250 
 106 
 4SI 
 316 
 127 
 
 m 
 
 156 
 116 
 74 
 168 
 365 
 159 
 331 
 100 
 260 
 
 :i7-;i 
 
 $ 11,200 
 12,146 
 7,5(10 
 1MB 
 31.581 
 10 HI 
 3,136 
 r,.Sll<> 
 4.470 
 4.449 
 2.304 
 6,646 
 10.683 
 6.426 
 8,362 
 5,000 
 6,841 
 
 
 Colfax 
 
 
 Eddy 
 
 Grant 
 
 Guadaloupe 
 
 
 Mora 
 
 Rio Arriba 
 
 San Juan 
 
 Santa Fe 
 
 'San Miguel 
 
 Sierra 
 
 Socorro 
 
 5,167 
 1 500 
 3,031 
 
 Taos 
 
 Valencia 
 
 Total 
 
 63623 
 
 I.2I13.8I3 
 
 140,738 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Cattle. 
 
 Sheep. 
 
 Goats. 
 
 Swine. 
 
 No. 
 
 Value. 
 
 No. 
 
 Value. 
 
 No. 
 
 Val. 
 
 No. 
 
 180 
 107 
 
 4'JO 
 185 
 414 
 820 
 71 
 1,218 
 575 
 219 
 372 
 214 
 413 
 153 
 
 '638 
 177 
 
 Val. 
 
 Bernalillo. . 
 Chaves 
 Colfai 
 Donna Ana. 
 Eddy 
 Grant 
 Guadaloupe 
 Lincoln 
 
 9.000 
 74311 
 46510 
 31.828 
 40 175 
 134.984 
 .".l.lir, 
 
 M,sn 
 
 10,978 
 3,795 
 5,499 
 3,056 
 
 IOI.IKI5 
 20,463 
 J3 III 
 2.502 
 
 :i,ii8 
 
 * 75,860 
 449.213 
 485,100 
 231 .040 
 272.835 
 822.686 
 203.937 
 542,233 
 87,251 
 35,691 
 51, 2 IB 
 28.784 
 815.128 
 112,880 
 IKI |-;r 
 20,200 
 1511,170 
 
 150.000 
 54.973 
 108 458 
 14.238 
 20,158 
 21,652 
 128260 
 59.576 
 118.897 
 116.458 
 17,927 
 48.334 
 217,471 
 
 tyao 
 
 76,193 
 55.345 
 187,900 
 
 162.000 
 110.871 
 157.780 
 16.404 
 60,170 
 31.102 
 183.420 
 80.692 
 142.729 
 108.262 
 1KH31 
 
 15 308 
 
 263412 
 7,184 
 69,024 
 55345 
 
 iKH.r.'d 
 
 570 
 187 
 
 1.8H3 
 1,440 
 2,891 
 (1.124 
 1.71(1 
 10.408 
 B.200 
 2.955 
 539 
 2,950 
 9,704 
 6,971 
 5,004 
 2.800 
 1,302 
 
 *570 
 151 
 
 I KM:! 
 i, >;.'< i 
 
 3.3(111 
 
 11,211:, 
 
 1 805 
 15.112 
 4754 
 2.506 
 574 
 2785 
 
 in.;. 13 
 
 9,087 
 1 Mil 
 2,800 
 1,120 
 
 * 812 
 
 712 
 1 685 
 31(1 
 1,519 
 1 9-16 
 194 
 2.428 
 MIC, 
 3 
 1,242 
 531 
 1,264 
 439 
 846 
 1.200 
 4IIH 
 
 17.005 
 
 Rio Arriba. 
 San Juan... 
 Santa Fe... 
 San Miguel 
 
 Sierra 
 Socorro 
 Tans . . 
 
 Valencia . . . 
 Total . . . 
 
 731.072 
 
 ix.r,.--'7ii 
 
 1,281 ,288 
 
 I.CT.I.MI 
 
 M.I 1C, 
 
 78.470 
 
 1,108 
 
 During 1893, 216,000 cattle and 150,000 
 sheep were shipped out of New Mexico for 
 sale by railroads, besides those driven over- 
 land, which, in sheep, are by far the greater 
 numbers. 
 
 The peculiar, open, sunny weather of New 
 Mexico makes the best conditions for stock- 
 raising. The food that the animal eats is not 
 consumed in producing bodily heat, but goes 
 to make flesh. It is estimated that under sim- 
 ilar conditions of food scarcity, a steer will 
 live twice as long in New Mexico as in Wyo- 
 ming or Montana, for the reason that, requir- 
 ing less heat, less food will nourish him. 
 
 Horses and mules do better in New Mex- 
 ico than any other place known. Even the 
 tireless horses of the Sahara do not surpass 
 them. The high altitude and the precipitous 
 upland pastures develop the lungs. The tough, 
 nutritious native grasses develop bone and 
 muscle. It is no unfrequent thing for a man 
 to ride or drive 100 miles per day! Good 
 drivers find no difficulty in doing this. The 
 air is so pure, the pasturage so good, that few 
 diseases develop. 
 
 AGRICULTURE, 
 
 The world over, is the most important of all 
 industries, because it sustains all others, and 
 in agriculture New Mexico excels. As a rule 
 it is carried on by irrigation. This gives a vast 
 advantage over the parts of the country that 
 have to depend on rain for moisture, and that 
 cannot stop the flow when they wish to. The 
 eastern idea is that irrigation is a good substi- 
 tute for rain: the western man thinks rain a 
 poor substitute for irrigation. The rain-belt 
 farmer relies on chance: the irrigator knows 
 what he is doing. Therein lies the difference. 
 At the present time the principal irrigation 
 works of the Territory are confined to four 
 main systems of irrigation. Under the Max- 
 well and Springer works in the northeast there 
 are about 100,000 acres now under excellent 
 canals. The reservoirs and canals of the Pecos 
 valley cover nearly 500,000 acres of land. So 
 great has been the development here that a 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 '37 
 
 railroad 250 miles long has been partly con- 
 structed and is now being completed to handle 
 its immense business. 
 
 In the Rio Grande valley under numerous 
 systems of small Mexican canals there are 
 about 300,000 acres under ditch and cultiva- 
 tion, and the completion of the works on the 
 Mimbres river will put 25,000 acres of land 
 under cultivation. In San Juan county there 
 are now under ditch about 30,000 acres, and 
 the close of this year will see that figure largely 
 increased. There are available in this county 
 about 150,000 acres of the best fruit land in 
 the world, and there is more water than can 
 possibly be used. 
 
 Altogether New Mexico has about 20,000,- 
 ooo acres of agricultural land to offer for set- 
 tlement; but so little has been known of her 
 resources that it is only of late years that at- 
 tention has been attracted to the great advan- 
 tages presented for agriculture. 
 
 It must not be understood from the fore- 
 going that crops may not be matured in New 
 Mexico without the aid of irrigation. Along 
 the western and eastern slopes of the conti- 
 nental divide a good harvest may be had with- 
 out the artificial application of water. The 
 farmer, however, will quickly learn that it pays 
 to insure his crop by expending the average 
 cost of' irrigation, which is usually about $1.50 
 per acre annually. The actual figures will be 
 given under the head of the various counties. 
 As a general proposition, the farmer of the 
 East who realizes from $18 to $20 per acre on 
 the ordinary crops raised in his section would 
 be willing to pay any insurance company $1.50 
 per acre that would insure him his crop. How 
 much more easily can the New-Mexican farmer 
 pay this small insurance. He raises an aver- 
 age of thirty-five bushels of wheat to the acre, 
 and his gross alfalfa crop will run from $50 to 
 $80. The Eastern farmer soon learns that 
 when he cultivates fields in New Mexico he 
 has all the advantages of a manufacturer. If 
 his land is under a good ditch it yields crop 
 after crop without danger of failure. 
 
 New Mexico possesses greater advantages 
 
 in sunshine, water and soil than any other 
 State or Territory. It is not subject to the 
 sudden changes of temperature so common in 
 Colorado, nor to the dampness of half the 
 year from which California suffers. 
 
 Another thing that should be borne in mind 
 is that the rainy season in New Mexico comes 
 in July and August, just when needed to wash 
 the leaves and the fruit free of all impurities. 
 All the sweet and luscious qualities of flavor 
 and every beauty of appearance are therefore 
 enhanced. 
 
 Nothing caused greater astonishment 
 throughout the country, in connection with the 
 great Columbian Exposition, than that New 
 Mexico, which many thought was a desert, 
 should have exhibited the finest wheat from the 
 whole world, and the best oats in the United 
 States. This opened the eyes of many to the 
 capabilities of the Southwest. 
 
 The agricultural productions will be re- 
 ferred to in detail under the heads of the sev- 
 eral counties. 
 
 In the production of many vegetables this 
 Territory excels, especially in onions, beets 
 and cabbage. Onions were grown here which 
 were seven inches in diameter and weighed four 
 pounds each, and the delicacy of their flavor 
 gives them peculiar excellence. Irish potatoes 
 grow remarkably well throughout the moun- 
 tains, 400 bushels to the acre having been fre- 
 quently raised, and 200 bushels is an average 
 crop. Cabbages have been grown, which weighed 
 from thirty to forty pounds. A pumpkin was 
 exhibited at the Territorial fair weighing about 
 too pounds. Sugar beets succeed wonderfully, 
 not only in size, but in the amount of sacchar- 
 ine matter contained in them. The official 
 tests made in 1893 by Dr. Wiley, director of 
 sugar experiment stations, show that the aver- 
 age amount of sugar in the New-Mexican beets 
 examined was 15.34 P er cent. In some speci- 
 mens from Colfax county, the percentage ran 
 as high as 19.30. It thrives best with scanty 
 irrigation, has a long tap root, one fourteen 
 feet long was shown at the last Paris Exposi- 
 tion! and is a great air-feeder. There is only 
 
'38 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 one rule by which to irrigate this plant. Do 
 not force the bulbs to great size by plentiful 
 watering. The ideal weight of the beet is be- 
 tween twenty and twenty-five ounces. Big, 
 pulpy beets do not make sugar. It is the 
 hard, compact, slow-growing bulb that stores 
 in its veins the greatest amount of saccharine 
 matter; and this for the reason that sunshine 
 is the principal agent in making the sugary par- 
 ticles. 
 
 The geographical position of New Mexico 
 is excellent for the raising of vegetables for 
 market, on account of its comparative nearness 
 to centers of population. The same is the case 
 with fruit. 
 
 The favorite crop at present is alfalfa, which 
 seems exactly suited to the climate and sur- 
 roundings. In the south of the Territory it is 
 cut four times; in the north three times. The 
 profit, at present prices, is very large. 
 
 When first planted, and for about a month 
 afterward, it is a tender crop and may be 
 drowned out or burned out very readily. Once, 
 however, that it makes a "stand" it is almost 
 impossible to kill it. The roots penetrate 
 dozens of feet, and open the soil to the healthy 
 influence of light and air. To break an alfalfa 
 field for a new crop the ploughshare must sink as 
 deeply as possible. The soil is then filled with 
 a multitude of hollow roots, from whose decom- 
 position as well as the large amount of air a 
 high percentage of nitrogen is furnished to the 
 succeeding crop. 
 
 Its culture is simple. After the seed has 
 been once drilled into a thoroughly irrigated 
 soil, the crop should be left alone until it is at 
 least six or eight inches high. During this 
 time the roots will sink as the moisture near 
 the surface recedes. The next irrigation should 
 be thorough, and as the upper soil has been rend- 
 ered very friable by the plant itself the water 
 will sink rapidly. In from two to four months 
 after planting, according to climate, the hay 
 will be ready for cutting, and the first season 
 the cultivator can rely on about one ton per 
 acre. Every succeeding season it should be 
 cut from three to six times. As soon as the 
 
 plant flowers out well it is ready for harvest 
 and the reapers should start in. 
 
 To get a good stand thirty to thirty-five 
 pounds of seed and about a bushel of oats 
 should be sown on well ploughed and watered 
 ground. The oats will spring up rapidly and 
 shade the young and tender shoots. In the 
 protection of this shade the plant will establish 
 itself, and after the first cutting will choke out 
 the oats. From that on the alfalfa will take 
 care of itself; and will kill all weeds within its 
 influence like poison. Alfalfa is a good crop 
 for the novice in irrigation. There is little 
 danger of his failure if he follows these hints 
 and the general practice of his neighbors; be- 
 sides, its product is as good as cash in hand. 
 
 The alfalfa fields of the Pecos valley and 
 those of San Juan county are celebrated for 
 their wonderful productiveness, and all through 
 the Territory are others of similar richness. 
 
 VEGETABLES. 
 
 Its central location commands the market 
 about ten days ahead of California in selling 
 all hardy fruits. Fruit plucked in New Mexico 
 one morning will be in Denver and on the 
 breakfast table the next morning. It will be 
 in Kansas City in thirty-six hours, in Chicago 
 in forty-eight, and New York in seventy-two 
 hours. For this reason it has another advan- 
 tage: fruit can be allowed to remain longer on 
 the trees in New Mexico before shipment than 
 elsewhere. Thus it preserves a better flavor 
 and appearance. For these reasons it com- 
 mands about 30 per cent better price. Fruit 
 that comes from California and sells for two 
 cents a pound, if raised in and shipped from 
 New Mexico will bring three cents a pound or 
 over. 
 
 The wonderful climate of New Mexico is 
 one of its natural resources of a very practical 
 nature. Florida for many years was supported 
 by nothing but its climate. Multitudes of in- 
 valids now come to the much more beneficial 
 climate of New Mexico, and many make it 
 their home. 
 
HISJ^ORT OF' NE W MEXICO. 
 
 '39 
 
 SUNSHINE. 
 
 New Mexico has been called "The Sun- 
 shine State." The meteorological records 
 show that no locality has so many sunny days 
 in the year, so few that are not fine. These 
 same tables, for which we have no space here, 
 give the temperature at various hours every 
 day. The climate of Santa Fe is pronounced 
 the most perfect in the world for pulmonary 
 diseases. The statistics show that the changes 
 of temperature are less there than elsewhere, 
 and that both heat and cold are less intense. 
 
 These figures, however, do not tell half the 
 story. The altitude of Las Cruces is about 
 3,600 feet, of Las Vegas somewhat over 6,000 
 feet and of Santa Fe about 7,050. This al- 
 lows the seeker after health a wide range of 
 choice in selecting his- climate. Silver City in 
 the south, Socorro in the center, and Eddy in 
 the southeast, offer almost equal advantages of 
 climate with variations of altitude. 
 
 It is to be remembered that these figures 
 give no idea of the warm, genial days and re- 
 freshing nights, the glorious morning sunbursts 
 and the brilliant close of day, when the 
 mountain's shade from cerulean blue base to 
 opal peaks, and the sky, splashed and streaked 
 with all the prismatic colors, looks like the 
 palette from which the Great Artist had paint- 
 ed the shimmering day. Add to this the high 
 light of an azure sky, bright and sweet as the 
 smile of heaven, and you only have half the 
 picture. Every rock, hill, mountain and plain 
 has its own peculiar tone. No description or 
 painting can tell the gorgeous wealth of color 
 everywhere displayed in lambent light, and 
 when the whole is viewed from some garden 
 mingling the gold and green of bloom and har- 
 vest it is not at all wonderful that the New- 
 Mexican is an enthusiast about his land, and 
 that visitors chant its praises far and wide. 
 
 THE MINERAL RESOURCES 
 
 Of New Mexico are by many considered the 
 greatest source of wealth. These will be re- 
 ferred to more in detail in the consideration of 
 
 the separate counties, but it' is proper to say a 
 word of them here, and particularly of their 
 great variety. There has been so little devel- 
 opment, comparatively, that it is more im- 
 portant to see what is contained in the rocks 
 and sand than what has been extracted from 
 them. 
 
 Briefly stated, the mineral distribution is 
 somewhat as follows: 
 
 Colfax: Coal, iron, aluminum, copper, 
 gold and silver. 
 
 Taos: Large deposits of mica on the west 
 side of the Rio Grande, tin, silver, copper, 
 gold quartz and placer gold. 
 
 Mora: Copper, gold quartz and placer 
 gold. 
 
 Rio Arriba: Copper, coal, mica and placer 
 gold. 
 
 San Juan: Coal, copper, iron and gold 
 placers on the San Juan and Pine rivers. 
 
 Bernalillo: Placer gold in limited areas 
 and extensive mines and veins of copper, coal 
 and silver. 
 
 Santa Fe: Coal, iron, auriferous copper, 
 also sulphates of copper carrying silver, gold 
 quartz, and extensive gold placers near the 
 Ortiz mountains, also superior turquoise. 
 
 Valencia: Coal, iron, silver and lead. 
 
 Socorro: Malachite, lead, silver, gold and 
 coal, with extensive deposits of fire clay and 
 kaolin. 
 
 Sierra: Copper, zinc, lead, silver and gold. 
 True fissure veins are found in some places and 
 rich chimneys and pockets are often struck. 
 Coal exists in large beds. 
 
 Grant: Silver, lead, gold, copper, tur- 
 quoise, coal and alum. 
 
 Donna Ana: Immense beds of gypsum, 
 silver, lead, copper and pure white marble. 
 
 Lincoln: Copper, galena, gold, silver and 
 coal. 
 
 San Miguel: Copper and coal. 
 
 Eddy and Chaves counties have not yet 
 been closely prospected, but it would seem 
 certain that the eastern sides of the Sierra 
 
140 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Blanca, Sacramento and Guadalupe moun- 
 tains bear large beds of various minerals. Im- 
 mense gypsum deposits have been discovered 
 in Eddy county. 
 
 While gold and silver are always the most 
 attractive and alluring, yet it is probable that 
 in her wonderful supply of coal New Mexico 
 really possesses her greatest riches. 
 
 The coal deposits of the Territory are of 
 such magnitude and extent as to be truly won- 
 derful. They begin in the immense beds of 
 San Juan county and stretch south and east in 
 almost unbroken continuity to the Mexican 
 line. The principal productive mines are lo- 
 cated at Blossburg, Colfax county; Cerrillos 
 and Waldo, Santa Fe county; Monero and 
 Amargo, Rio Arriba county; and Gallup, Ber- 
 nalillo county. All the mines except those at 
 Cerrillos are bituminous. 
 
 The statistics of production for the year 
 ended December 31, 1892, are as follows: 
 
 TONS. 
 
 Blossburg and Raton 244,995 
 
 Cerrillos 1 8, 747 
 
 Monero 20,000 
 
 Carthage 49, 529 
 
 Gallup -247,287 
 
 Total 580,558 
 
 In 1 893, down to June, the Carthage mines 
 produced 53,093 tons, and were then shut 
 down, and the machinery removed to the Cer- 
 rillos coal fields. In that year the latter mines 
 produced about 100,000 tons, and since that 
 the output has been greatly increased. 
 
 At Raton and Blossburg large forces are 
 being worked at this writing. The Cerrillos 
 and Waldo mines have been equipped with the 
 very latest machinery. The Atchison, Tope- 
 ka & Santa Fe railroad will henceforth take 
 from these mines for distribution through Kan- 
 sas and Colorado over 1,000 tons of bitumin- 
 ous coal per day, and about 5,000 tons of an- 
 thracite per month. Gallup has also increased 
 its facilities for the transportation of coal to 
 
 southern California and Arizona. Monero and 
 Armago are also increasing their coal outputs. 
 
 There has long been a dispute as to whether 
 the New-Mexican coal deposits were of the true 
 carboniferous type or merely lignite. The Ter- 
 ritorial geologist denounces this latter idea, and 
 says the coal is of the unquestioned carbonifer- 
 ous type. Some of it analyzed at Cerrillos 
 showed ninety-three per cent, of fixed carbon, 
 and only five per cent, of ash, moisture and 
 volatile matter. In Socorro county on the Ar- 
 mendaris grant are also large beds, from which 
 specimens were sent to the United States chem- 
 ist at Washington, whose analysis shows that 
 this body contains eighty-nine per cent, of fixed 
 carbon. Robert T. Hill, the noted geologist, 
 in a recent report on some property in New 
 Mexico, also pronounces the coal to be car- 
 boniferous and not lignite. 
 
 San Juan county coal-beds, in the extreme 
 northwest corner of the Territory, have not 
 been prospected to any extent. They are 
 known, however, to contain almost unlimited 
 quantities of coal. On the San Juan river, 
 opposite Fruitland, is a truly notable exposure 
 of this valuable fuel. It stands above the river 
 thirty-four feet, and is over 300 feet long, and 
 extends back into the bluff, on a very slight dip, 
 it is supposed, for miles, as there is an im- 
 mense mesa stretching in that direction. Im- 
 mediately across on the north side of the river 
 other huge beds appear, and these then stretch 
 up the La Plata, an affluent of the San Juan, 
 for nearly fifty miles. 
 
 The existence of true anthracite coal at 
 Cerrillos is an interesting and important mat- 
 ter. Its specific gravity is 1.43. The specific 
 gravity of true anthracite coal varies from 1.32 
 to 1.7. The amount of carbon varies in Penn- 
 sylvania anthracite from 85 to 93, and in the 
 anthracite of France from 80 to 83 per cent; 
 further, the amount of volatile combustible 
 matter (gas) varies in different anthracites 
 from two to eight per cent. 
 
 The analysis of the Cerrillos anthracite in 
 two cases, where it was made by eminent sci- 
 entists, gave the following results: 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 141 
 
 NO. I. NO. 2. 
 
 Water 2.10 2.12 
 
 Gas 6.63 7.2 
 
 Fixed carbon. 86. 22 84. 3 
 
 Ash. 5.05 6.3 
 
 The United States assay official table of 
 comparative values of anthracite coals gives the 
 following figures as being equivalents, ranking 
 the Cerrillos coal eighth in the list: 
 
 POUNDS. 
 
 Wales, Great Britain 1,466 
 
 Standard, Somerset Co. , Pa 1,521 
 
 Other Pennsylvania 1.573 
 
 Forest Improvement, Richardson Co., 
 
 Pennsylvania. i , 598 
 
 Wilkes Barre, Pa. i , 598 
 
 Scranton, Pa 1,614 
 
 Lykin's Valley, Dauphin Co., Pa. 1,651 
 
 Cerrillos coal, N. M. (from 1 5 feet of 
 
 surface) 1,657 
 
 Scranton, Pa., Del., Lack. & W. R. W. 1,687 
 
 Raven Run, Pa. 1,818 
 
 Scranton coals not named, Pa 1,841 
 
 The Cerrillos bituminous coal ranked fifth 
 in a list of twenty-four varieties, the equiva- 
 lent weights running from 1,624 to 2,965 
 pounds, and Cerrillos standing at 1,742. This 
 shows the great value of these mineral re- 
 sources. 
 
 In writing of minerals the precious stones 
 should not be neglected. Of these New Mex- 
 ico possesses many in isolated localities. One 
 stone, the turquoise, however, is produced in 
 large quantities. This gem is not valued in 
 this country as highly as in Europe, where the 
 principal supply is drawn from Persia. In 
 New Mexico these gems abound principally in 
 southern Santa Fe county and in Grant county. 
 Tiffany Brothers have pronounced them the 
 finest in the world, and superior to the Persian 
 turquoise in tint, luster and polish. The 
 American Turquoise Company, owning the tur- 
 quoise mine at Cerrillos, in Santa Fe county, 
 was awarded the first premium at the World's 
 Fair at Chicago. Information is not readily 
 obtainable as to these mines, as their owners 
 are reluctant to encourage prospecting. A 
 
 correspondent from Grant county writes: 
 "Work on the turquoise mines keeps right on. 
 They never diminish or increase their force, 
 and are very quiet as to what they produce. 
 They have undoubtedly mined in the past year 
 $100,000 in turquoise of the best quality, 
 which is claimed to be'superior to the best pro- 
 duced in Persia." There are single gems from 
 Santa Fe county, now in New York, held as 
 high as $4,000, and some in Santa Fe of 
 nearly equal size and quality. 
 
 In Santa Fe, in Bernalillo, Rio Arriba and 
 San Juan counties a very superior quality of 
 garnet is found. It is easily mistaken for the 
 true ruby, is very hard, and takes a magnifi- 
 cent polish. 
 
 Traditionally this Territory has been noted 
 as having produced some remarkable gems, and 
 recent developments are proving the older re- 
 cords to have been correct. It is only recently 
 that scientific research and skilled labor have 
 been directed to this purpose. The result is a 
 steady increase of expert prospecting and labor in 
 developments, which, though only fairly begun, 
 has resulted in finding many varieties of precious 
 and semi-precious stones. 
 
 The estimated production and value of 
 gems up to the year 1890 can be found in the 
 census reports of that year. It is worthy of 
 remark that the amount and the value thereof 
 are understated, the facilities for correct and 
 full information being limited. 
 
 Since that time the annual product has 
 more tha"n doubled, and is still increasing. 
 Diligent prospecting has revealed new deposits, 
 and the industry bids fair, at present, to be- 
 come a large item in the economic resources 
 of the Territory. 
 
 The gems found in New Mexico, in the 
 order of their value, are first emeralds, there 
 being one now cut in Santa Fe which weighs 
 one karat, and is of fine quality. Many other 
 smaller ones have been found, although no ex- 
 pert search has been made for them thus far. 
 A very recent discovery next in value, is a 
 gem resembling the ruby in respect of color, 
 brilliancy, and hardness. Of these, quantities 
 
142 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 are found frequently associated with peridots 
 and garnets, but differing from the latter in be- 
 ing harder and of a different specific gravity 
 and form of crystallization. The range of 
 color is from a light rose or pink to that of a 
 bright red garnet. Though no very large ones 
 have been found, yet gems cut from those 
 found have been sold at $20 to $50 each, 
 while their numbers and merits have made 
 them a decided acquisition to the list of precious 
 stones of New Mexico, and must, when more 
 widely known, create for them a large demand. 
 
 In addition to the above-named are found 
 native euclase; the so-called Montana sap- 
 phires, garnets, milk and fire opals, peridots, 
 a great variety of fine agates, besides petrified 
 woods, fit for inlaying, mosaic work, or jewelry. 
 Gold and silver quartz valuable for fine work 
 in jewelry are produced from various mines. 
 
 A very superior quality of onyx is found 
 south of the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad in 
 Valencia county. 
 
 Marble of all colors abound, especialy in 
 Socorro and Lincoln counties. In the vicinity 
 of White Oaks it is a black marble greatly 
 esteemed by architects, but which has to wait for 
 a railroad to be of commercial value. 
 
 In south Santa Fe county, in the county of 
 San Miguel, and in several other places in 
 New Mexico, are to be found large deposits of 
 gypsum. In Donna Ana county, on the San 
 Augustin Plain, there exists the largest deposit 
 of gypsum known in the world, of an exceed- 
 ingly pure character. The location of this de- 
 posit is unique. The San Augustin Plain is 
 about 1 50 miles in length from north to 
 south, and from 30 to 60 miles from east to 
 west. Near White Oaks, in Lincoln county, 
 in the midst of this plain, is the crater of an 
 ancient volcano, the lava from which has 
 flown in a southerly direction like a stream of 
 water for a distance of sixty or seventy miles, 
 varying in width from a half to three miles. 
 At the southern end of this stream of lava 
 there is a small stream of salt water flowing 
 into a salt lake, about one mile in width and 
 one and one-half miles in length. At the 
 
 southern end of this lake the bed of gypsum 
 begins, and extends in a southerly direction 
 down the center of the plain, adjoining what 
 appears to be an ancient river bed, almost 
 without a break for a distance of fifty miles. 
 The gypsum bed varies from five to twenty 
 miles in width. It is granulated in character, 
 white as the driven snow, and seems to be 
 piled upon the plain like snowdrifts, requiring 
 no labor for mining or handling. 
 
 Immediately adjoining this extensiye de- 
 posit of gypsum upon the west, and in what 
 is apparently the bed of an ancient river or 
 lake, exists a deposit of carbonate and sul- 
 phate of soda, carrying about fifteen per 
 cent of carbonate of soda, twenty per cent of 
 sulphate of soda, four per cent of borax, the 
 remainder being mostly moisture and sulphate 
 of lime. This deposit is about one mile wide 
 and five miles in length. Its depth is unknown. 
 At from two to four feet below the surface 
 water is encountered, which is largely impreg- 
 nated with these minerals and with chloride of 
 sodium. Explorations have been made in 
 several places throughout the deposits by driv- 
 ing down tubes to a depth of from twenty to 
 thirty feet without discovering any change in 
 the character of the deposit. 
 
 There is also a considerable deposit of 
 carbonate of soda near Manzano, in the county 
 of Valencia, and another near Wagon Mound, 
 in the county of Mora. 
 
 Kaolin and fire clay have been found in 
 considerable quantities in several places in the 
 Territory. The most notable deposit of fire 
 clay worked to any considerable extent is 
 situated near Socorro in Socorro county. 
 There has been a recent discovery of a large 
 deposit of kaolin and fire clays in the suburbs 
 of Santa Fe, of superior quality. Efforts are 
 now being made to utilize these clays at the 
 Territorial prison. In the immediate vicinity 
 there is also found a considerable bed of 
 graphite, and it is hoped that in the near future 
 it will be extensively worked. 
 
 Deposits of alum, said to be the largest 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 '43 
 
 in the world, are found in Grant county near 
 the Gila river. 
 
 In conclusion it is only necessary to say, 
 that New Mexico need not shrink from com- 
 parison with any other State or Territory in 
 the way of mineral wealth. There are at 
 present 102 mining districts scattered over 
 her area, and there is room and opportunity 
 for hundreds. New Mexico has natural re- 
 sources and riches such as make her a queen 
 among the States, and in some degree her own 
 people are to blame for the fact that she has 
 not attained her true place. With a climate 
 permitting outdoor work the year round, a 
 soil rich in all that goes to make life happy, 
 and mountains of mineral scarcely touched, 
 there is no reason why all who come may not 
 secure riches in many cases, but in all a 
 certainty of a happy and comfortable home. 
 
 MANUFACTORIES. 
 
 New Mexico has as yet but little manufac- 
 turing interest, but in this lies the advantage 
 of the skilled, thrifty or wealthy immigrant. A 
 plethora of coal and iron and other industrial 
 metals lies idly waiting the hand of the artisan. 
 For example, train after train load of hides are 
 shipped to the East, while leather may be 
 tanned cheaper in New Mexico than any other 
 place in the United States. 
 
 Millions of pounds of wool are sent to 
 Philadelphia and Boston, to be bought back in 
 the shape of blankets, etc. Tanneries and 
 woolen mills are especially wanted. Canning 
 works and fruit-drying appliances are needed 
 to use the surplus product. Little by little, 
 manufactories are being introduced, but it will 
 be long before they rival other branches of in- 
 dustry in extent or variety. The fire-clay works 
 at Socorro, and the factory for the preparation 
 of canyaigre at Deming are elsewhere de- 
 scribed. At Santa Fe the manufacture of fili- 
 gree jewelry is very interesting, and seems to 
 be profitable for those engaged in it, as it is 
 made very extensively. The Rio Grande 
 smelter at Socorro was for a number of years 
 in active operation, and was always kept busy 
 
 on orders from the Territory, from Arizona and 
 the Republic of Mexico. 
 
 RAILROADS. 
 
 The development of New Mexico was long 
 retarded by the difficulty of travel and trans- 
 portation, and it may truthfully be said that it 
 properly began only with the introduction of 
 railroads. On the i 5th of February, 1880, the 
 road was completed to Santa Fe, 360 miles 
 having been built in 260 days to save its char- 
 ter! In a short time thereafter it was com- 
 pleted to El Paso, and by branch lines to Dem- 
 ing, Silver City and Lake Valley. By connec- 
 tions with the Atlantic & Pacific it obtained con- 
 nection with Los Angeles and San Francisco, 
 Cal. The Denver & Rio Grande railroad after- 
 ward pushed into the Territory, and now con- 
 trols 200 miles in the northwestern part, and 
 has direct connection with Santa Fe. The 
 Southern Pacific road also crosses the southern 
 tier of counties from Arizona to El Paso; and 
 the Denver & Ft. Worth railroad crosses the 
 northeast corner. According to the census 
 there were in 1889 1,326 miles of railroad in 
 New Mexico, or one mile for every 92.42 
 square miles of country. 
 
 Since that date the Pecos Valley railroad 
 has completed ninety-seven miles of road, and 
 it is projected on to a junction with the Santa 
 Fe, a distance of 1 50 miles more. So that 
 there are now 1,542 miles of railroad in actual 
 operation in the Territory. It is since the ad- 
 vent of railroads that the real progress of New 
 Mexico has begun. In 1880 this was a frontier 
 country. Its resources were absolutely un- 
 known except to a few adventurous spirits. 
 
 In 1891 the total mileage had become 
 1,445.45, made up as follows: 
 
 Atchison, Topeka & Santa Pe: 
 
 Main line, north and south (1879-81). ..503.1 
 
 Lamy to Santa Fe (1880) 18. 
 
 Rincon to Deming (1881) S3. 
 
 Dillon to Blossburg (1881) 5.9 
 
 Nutt to Lake Valley (1884) 13.3 
 
 Socorro to Magdalena (1884) 27.1 
 
 Magdalena to Kelley (1885) 3.9 
 
 San Antonio to Carthag-e (1882) 9.6 
 
i 4 4 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Las Vegas to Hot Springs (1882) 6.4 
 
 Hot Springs westward (1887) 1.9 
 
 Silver City Branch 48. 
 
 690.20 
 
 Atlantic & Pacific: 
 
 Main line (1881) 166.60 
 
 Sidings (188-) 22.25 
 
 San Jose Quarry Spur (1888) 3.41 
 
 192.25 
 
 Southern Pacific: 
 
 Rio Grande to Deming (1881) 73.46 
 
 Denting- to Arizona line (1880) 93.76 
 
 167.22 
 
 Denver & Rio Grande: 
 
 Colorado line to Espanyola (1880) 85.86 
 
 Between Antonito and Durango (1880) 69.03 
 Tres Piedras lumber branch (1888)... 2.15 
 
 Chama lumber branch (1888) 3.16 
 
 160.47 
 
 Denver, Texas & Fort Worth, in New Mexico 83.30 
 Santa Fe Southern, Espanyola to Santa Fe.. 39.00 
 Arizona & New Mexico, Lordsburg to Ari- 
 zona line, about 32.00 
 
 Pecos Valley Railroad, in New Mexico 35.00 
 
 Trinidad to Catskill, in New Mexico 27.00 
 
 Silver City & Northern, in New Mexico 19.00 
 
 Total 1,445.45 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 In 1880 there were no towns of any im- 
 portance except Santa Fe. Since that date 
 Las Vegas, Albuquerque, Silver City, Raton, 
 Deming, Eddy, Roswell and Socorro have come 
 into notice as thriving and growing communi- 
 ties. The urban population of the Territory 
 has increased more than 25,000. In agricul- 
 ture, the principal industry of man, great 
 progress has been made. In the northeast the 
 Maxwell grant reservoirs and canals have 
 actually opened to use 55,000 acres, and its 
 projected works will cover 1 50,000 acres more. 
 In the Pecos valley, in the southeast, there is 
 an assurance of 500,000 acres, fit for high- 
 class culture. In the southwest 25,000 acres 
 are being prepared for occupancy. In San 
 Juan county 30,000 acres are reclaimed, with a 
 certain prospect that over 400,000 more may 
 be put under water as occasion requires. In 
 the great central valley of the Rio Grande 
 there are large projects under consideration, 
 whose ultimate area of reclamation cannot 
 now be estimated. In a word, New Mexico 
 has made more actual progress in industry and 
 
 reclamation than any State or Territory in the 
 Rocky mountain or plains region except Col- 
 orado, and is overshadowed by ' her neighbor 
 simply because she is cut off from the benefits 
 of self-government. 
 
 There is no point of view from which we 
 can regard New-Mexican affairs without seeing 
 a marked advance. 
 
 To begin with agriculture, the acreage in 
 crops has been largely increased all over the 
 Territory. If we turn to horticulture, the ad- 
 vance is still more noticeable. In every sec- 
 tion orchards are being commenced or en- 
 larged. Improved systems of irrigation are 
 advancing rapidly, 
 
 The animal industries are in a more satis- 
 factory condition than for some years. The 
 lumber product is increasing rapidly in all sec- 
 tions. In mining, renewed activity prevails. 
 
 In short, in all branches of practical indus- 
 try New Mexico is making rapid and substan- 
 tial progress. In every way her resources are 
 being developed, and general prosperity pre- 
 vails. 
 
 As much as a Territory can do has been 
 accomplished. 
 
 Other matter under the general head of 
 Resources can more appropriately be given in 
 detail under the heads of the respective 
 counties. 
 
 UNION COUNTY. 
 
 Union county is the youngest in the sister- 
 hood of New-Mexican counties. For many 
 years the citizens of the easterly portion of 
 Colfax, Mora and San Miguel counties had 
 complained of the great distances which they 
 were obliged to travel in order to attend court, 
 of their isolation from the great body of the 
 people with whom they were officially and po- 
 litically associated, and of the neglect of their 
 interests by those who controlled in the county 
 government. This condition of things was 
 natural, and from their geographical situation 
 could scarcely be avoided. 
 
 On the other hand, the interests of those 
 living in this section of the three counties were 
 
HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 '45 
 
 essentially identical; they were nearly all en- 
 gaged in cattle and sheep raising, and so there 
 naturally arose a desire that they should unite 
 in one government under which their special 
 business interests should be fostered and not 
 made subordinate to any other. The subject 
 was mooted for a number of years, as the 
 project met the usual opposition of the con- 
 trolling portions of the counties; but at last 
 success was achieved, and by an act of the 
 legislature, approved by Governor Prince, Feb- 
 ruary 23, 1893, Union county was formed. 
 Its organized existence commenced on the first 
 day of the succeeding year. 
 
 Union county occupies the northeastern 
 corner of New Mexico, being bounded on the 
 north by Colorado, for thirty-three miles on 
 the east by Oklahoma, .south of which the 
 eastern boundary is on the line of Texas. Its 
 total area is 4,126,000 acres. Although the 
 railroad from Denver to Fort Worth passes 
 diagonally through the county and thus affords 
 easy communication in both directions, yet 
 Union is and always will be a rural and chiefly a 
 pastoral and agricultural county, with a popu- 
 lation quite evenly distributed and without any 
 very large town. The topography is some- 
 what diversified. Mountains and hills covered 
 with timber occupy the northern and western 
 portions of the county; thence they slope 
 gradually into valley lands, which sink into 
 grass-covered mesas, and roll on into the plains 
 of the Panhandle of Texas. On the Cimarron, 
 Tramperos and Ute creeks are valuable tracts 
 of cedar and pine. These have not been 
 touched, except to supply a small amount of 
 fuel for domestic purposes. These creeks fur- 
 nish ample power for sawmills. The northern 
 part of the county is covered with a net-work 
 of small creeks; while in the southern and cen- 
 tral part Ute creek and the Canadian afford 
 considerable bodies of land for irrigation. 
 
 At present the efforts of the people are 
 mostly confined to the raising of cattle and 
 sheep. The range is ample and covered with 
 abundant grass. A careful estimate shows 
 
 that there are 100,000 head of cattle in the 
 10 
 
 county, many of which are highly bred, and 
 the general average of the range cattle has 
 been so much improved that the highest mar- 
 ket prices are always obtained. Besides these 
 cattle there are over 5,000 head of horses and 
 mules. These are largely raised for shipment 
 to Eastern markets, where, on account of their 
 excellence of blood and form, they find a ready 
 sale at high prices. 
 
 Sheep-raising is the most extensive industry. 
 From Clayton alone the shipments of wool are 
 in excess of 2,000,000 pounds annually; and in 
 addition large clips find a way to market from 
 other points. A careful estimate puts the num- 
 ber of sheep at 350,000 head. The number is 
 increasing, and the grade of the flocks is con- 
 stantly growing better. There are few, if any, 
 counties that afford such excellent opportuni- 
 ties for sheep-raising. Grass and water are 
 easily found, and the result is a heavy, fine 
 fleece, and a large carcass when the animal is 
 killed for mutton. 
 
 As the sheep and wool industry throughout 
 the Territory is of such great importance, the 
 following table is inserted here, containing the 
 names of thirty-seven owners of sheep in the 
 central portion of Union county, the part 
 formerly in Mora county, with the number of 
 sheep owned by each, the wool clip and the 
 actual increase of lambs, in a single year: 
 
 NAME. 
 
 SHEEP. 
 
 WOOL,. 
 
 LAMBS. 
 
 Lake Ranch Cattle Co 
 
 10 000 
 
 75 000 
 
 4 ooo 
 
 Romero & Garcia 
 
 4 500 
 
 22 500 
 
 2 000 
 
 Celso Lopez 
 
 1,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 600 
 
 Nicanor Romero 
 
 700 
 
 2 000 
 
 300 
 
 Romualdo Baca 
 
 1,900 
 
 4 500 
 
 1 200 
 
 Cruz Gotizales 
 
 500 
 
 2,500 
 
 500 
 
 Jesus Chaves 
 
 3 000 
 
 9 000 
 
 2 000 
 
 Romualdo Gonzales . . 
 
 3,000 
 
 16,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 Lujan & Pinard. . . 
 
 26,000 
 
 112,000 
 
 11,000 
 
 Juan Rodriguez 
 
 1,200 
 
 6,500 
 
 800 
 
 Pantaleon Anaya 
 
 1 500 
 
 6,500 
 
 800 
 
 Luciano Solano 
 
 1,500 
 
 6,500 
 
 800 
 
 John Tixin. . . 
 
 3 500 
 
 15 000 
 
 2 000 
 
 Leonardo Vigil 
 
 1 400 
 
 3,000 
 
 900 
 
 Sixto Apodaca 
 
 2,000 
 
 7,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 Guadalupe Montoy a 
 
 500 
 
 2,000 
 
 400 
 
 Fabian Chavez 
 
 800 
 
 2,500 
 
 400 
 
 Jose Manuel Gonzales & Bros. 
 Baca Brothers 
 
 4,000 
 17 000 
 
 20,000 
 68,000 
 
 1,600 
 7 000 
 
 Leonardo Vigil 
 
 1,500 
 
 4,500 
 
 1,000 
 
 Valentin Montoy a 
 
 800 
 
 2,500 
 
 600 
 
 Juan Montoya . . 
 
 600 
 
 1,800 
 
 400 
 
 
 
 
 
146 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 SHEEP. 
 
 WOOL. 
 
 LAMBS. 
 
 Juan Vigil. 
 
 2,000 
 
 7,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 Donaciano Vigil 
 
 2,500 
 
 9,000 
 
 1,300 
 
 Leon Shaw 
 
 6,000 
 
 35,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 Gaudalupe L/ovato .... 
 
 2 000 
 
 8 000 
 
 1,400 
 
 Abelino Garcia 
 
 4,000 
 
 16,000 
 
 1,500 
 
 Telesfor Gonzales . 
 
 4 500 
 
 16 000 
 
 1,800 
 
 Luis F. Garcia. 
 
 12 000 
 
 65 000 
 
 7,000 
 
 Jose Manuel Garcia 
 
 2,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 1,300 
 
 Francisco Garcia 
 
 2,200 
 
 9,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 Maxixno Garcia 
 
 2 500 
 
 10 000 
 
 1,400 
 
 Jose de la \ ,\\/, Garcia 
 
 2,000 
 
 9,000 
 
 1,300 
 
 Francisco Miera 
 
 1,800 
 
 7,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 Agapito Padia 
 
 1 600 
 
 3 200 
 
 800 
 
 Juan Rodriguez, Sr 
 
 4 000 
 
 12,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 Prisiliano Martinez .... 
 
 4,000 
 
 16,000 
 
 1,500 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total . . 
 
 140.000 
 
 (.25. (.1)0 
 
 67,600 
 
 This is interesting as showing the manner 
 in which the business is divided among the 
 large and small owners, ranging as these flocks 
 do from 500 sheep to over 25,000; the variation 
 in the amount of wool, from 3j to 7^ pounds 
 from each sheep, with an average of about 
 4.3 pounds; and the difference in the percent- 
 age of lambs, varying from 40 to 100 per cent. 
 While local causes and difference in season re- 
 sult in considerable variations in the diverse 
 sections of the Territory, yet these figures, pre- 
 pared with much care by a thoroughly informed 
 sheep-raiser of the vicinity, form as good a 
 criterion as we can well have, of the condition 
 of the business in New Mexico, on a general 
 average of years and localities. 
 
 Farming by irrigation is carried on to a 
 limited extent, but at present the spread of 
 cultivation is limited to individual homesteads 
 and ranches, and will not cover more than a 
 few thousand acres. Large works have been 
 planned to reclaim the lands on the Montoya 
 grant and Baca Location No. 2. 
 
 It should be added that good indications of 
 coal are found In the northern part, and valu- 
 able stone for building purposes is to be had 
 wherever required. But it is probable that the 
 chief wealth of Union county will always be 
 found in its pastoral industries, its flocks and 
 its herds. 
 
 The Denver & Fort Worth Railroad, now 
 the Denver & Gulf division of the Union Pacific 
 Railroad, runs diagonally through the north 
 
 of the county. Clayton, the county seat, is 
 on this railroad near the Texas line; and Fol- 
 som, another fair-sized town, is near the Col- 
 orado line. South of these in the central part 
 of the county, are several villages recently 
 named for the leading citizens, as Garcia, 
 Baca, Miera, Gallegos, etc., but they are little 
 more than hamlets, each with a postoffice. 
 Tequesquite is an older town and was for 
 many years the center of business in eastern 
 Mora county. 
 
 COLFAX COUNTY. 
 
 Bordering on Colorado, and extending east- 
 ward from the summit of the Rocky mountains 
 to the boundary line of Union county, lies the 
 county of Colfax. It may be noted that while 
 the original counties of New Mexico have Span- 
 ish or Indian names, those which were formed 
 soon after the war bear the names of Lincoln, 
 Grant and Colfax. 
 
 You enter Colfax county as you ride into 
 the Territory on a train from the East, as soon 
 as you pass through the Raton tunnel, for the 
 Raton range of mountains practically forms 
 the northern boundary of the county, although 
 the real boundary is a parallel of latitude. En- 
 thusiastic New-Mexicans insist that there is a 
 vast difference between the two ends of the 
 tunnel, and when you emerge at its southern 
 extremity into the " Land .of Perpetual Sun- 
 shine" you find the sun much brighter, the air 
 much purer, the moon much larger and the 
 stars far greater in number than on the north- 
 ern side! Be this as it may, Colfax county 
 is becoming quite a resort for invalids as well 
 as the chosen home of business men looking 
 for pleasant homes and material prosperity. 
 There is a charm in the climate of Colfax 
 county, which none better appreciate than those 
 who having once lived here seek to make their 
 abode in the States. The dryness and purity 
 of the atmosphere creates a perfect physical 
 life, and produces a wonderful feeling of ex- 
 hilaration. With all the advantages of dry- 
 ness of atmosphere and of altitude this coun- 
 ty, lying directly south of Colorado, four de- 
 
HIS TO flT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 '47 
 
 grees south of Denver, possesses a much 
 milder climate through the winter months than 
 that State; and the Raton mountains and the 
 high mesas adjoining, extending the whole 
 length of the county along the northern bound- 
 ary, afford excellent protection from the winds 
 of the North. 
 
 A very large part of the county is included 
 in the "Maxwell Grant," the largest tract of 
 land in the country held in a single ownership. 
 This was a grant of land made by the Mexican 
 governor to Beaubien and Miranda, for the 
 purposes of colonization, half a century ago, 
 when it had no inhabitant but the nomadic 
 Indian. It embraces the enormous area of 
 i , 800, ooo acres, and after occupying a consider- 
 able strip in Colorado, extends for forty miles 
 along the railroad in New Mexico, and west- 
 ward to the summit of the Rocky mountains. 
 Its owners control the destiny of -so large a por- 
 tion of Colfax county that it is impossible to 
 speak of the latter without referring to the 
 former. 
 
 For some time Maxwell, an old-time fron- 
 tiersman, lived in a semi-barbaric state at Cim- 
 arron, surrounded by Indians and white men, 
 to whom his word was law. Then the grant 
 was sold to the English, who viewed it as a 
 kind of principality, and sent a sort of viceroy 
 to rule it from his capital. There were " high 
 jinks " in Cimarron in those gala days, when 
 every servant of "the company" rode in a 
 carriage, and money was spent like water. 
 But all this did not tend to any real develop- 
 ment, certainly not according to American 
 ideas, which look to the occupation of small 
 tracts as homes as the ideal system of improve- 
 ment. 
 
 Now a new era has come. The present 
 owners understand that only by division into 
 small holdings, and by absolute individual 
 ownership can it be properly settled and its re- 
 sources developed, and they are proceeding act- 
 ively and intelligently to carry out that idea. 
 The county contains such a variety of re- 
 sources and conditions as to make this quite a 
 difficult task. About one-half of the lands of 
 
 the county are prairie, lying in the southern 
 and eastern portion, while the northern and 
 western portion consists of mesas, or table- 
 lands, and high hills and mountains. The 
 mountain range, which forms the western 
 boundary, is a continuation of the Sangre de 
 Cristo range, and in the northern part of the 
 county the mountains are called the Vermejo 
 Peaks, and in the southern portion the Taos 
 range. Some of these mountain peaks are 
 12,000 feet and more in height. 
 
 The soil throughout both prairie and moun- 
 tains is unusually deep, and capable of pro- 
 ducing immense crops. 
 
 In the western half of the county we count 
 the following streams, the valleys of which' 
 afford the most natural farming lands: The 
 Sweetwater, with a farming valley twenty 
 miles long; the Rayado, length of farming 
 valley twenty miles; the Cirnarroncito farming 
 valley is twelve miles; the farming valley of 
 the Cimarron is thirty-two miles long, and in 
 places is two miles wide; the Ponyil farming 
 valley is twenty-five miles long; the farming 
 valley of the Vermejo is a very beautiful one, 
 and is forty miles long; the entire length of the 
 Red river through the county exceeds seventy- 
 five miles; the length of its valley on the 
 prairie is some fifty miles, but its volume of 
 water is not proportionate. The valleys of 
 the Unya de Gato and Chicarica are very 
 beautiful, and each is about fifteen miles long. 
 All of these streams usually have plenty of 
 water, and the soil is as rich and mellow as can 
 be found. In the mountains there is in the 
 Moreno valley, Ute valley, Valle de Piedra, 
 and Ponyil and Vermejo parks much fine farm- 
 ing land, in which the best wheat, potatoes, 
 beets, cabbage, carrots, parsnips, turnips, arti- 
 chokes, etc., are grown. Indeed, for the vege- 
 tables mentioned, the climate and soil of the 
 mountains are preferable. In the production 
 of many vegetables this country excels, es- 
 pecially in onions, beets and cabbage. We 
 have seen onions grown here which were seven 
 inches in diameter and weighed four pounds 
 each, and the delicacy of their flavor gives 
 
148 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 them peculiar excellence. Irish potatoes grow 
 remarkably well throughout the mountains. 
 Four hundred bushels to the acre have been 
 frequently raised, and 200 bushels is an aver- 
 age crop. These potatoes are very fine, and 
 the amount of potato land is practically un- 
 limited. 
 
 Many wells are being dug, especially in the 
 prairies in the eastern part of the county, and 
 in most instances plenty of good water has 
 been found at twelve to fifty feet. 
 
 The prairie portion of the county is de- 
 voted largely to grazing purposes for herds of 
 cattle and sheep. The valleys along the water 
 courses are farmed to a considerable extent by 
 means of irrigation, more particularly on the 
 prairies adjoining the mountains, where large 
 irrigating systems have lately been constructed, 
 of which more will soon be said. 
 
 The mountain portion of the county is also 
 admirably adapted to the growing of cattle and 
 sheep, and throughout the parks which abound 
 in the mountains some of the choicest farming 
 land in the whole county is to be found, 
 
 There is an abundance of timber in the 
 county for the purposes of building and fuel, 
 there being probably at least 400,000 acres of 
 good yellow pine, whilst there is a larger area 
 covered with the pinyon and cedar. Colfax 
 county is fortunately situated with reference to 
 fuel, and must soon become the supply depot 
 in this respect for the vast region of prairie 
 country, stretching from our mesas to the 
 lignite coal fields of Kansas. There is a 
 practically inexhaustible supply of fine bitu- 
 minous coal in Colfax, which is good for al- 
 most all purposes; it is as fine a steam coal as 
 can be found, and at the same time it is highly 
 prized as a domestic fuel; and its commercial 
 value is greatly increased from the fact that it 
 is an excellent coking coal. There are many 
 acres of such coal in the county, that will 
 average a vein over five feet thick; the mines 
 now being worked run, on an average, six 
 feet. 
 
 In the west among the mountains, lies the 
 well known gold region around Elizabethtown 
 
 and the Aztec mine, which first attracted 
 population to this region. The streams abound 
 in placer gold, and the same is found in large 
 areas of gravel, from which it has not been 
 extracted on account of the lack of water or 
 the absence of sufficient fall to permit of work- 
 ing by ordinary processes. 
 
 The Aztec mine, in its time, was the most 
 famous of the southwest, and probably still 
 contains vast stores of gold. No doubt there 
 are scores of localities of equal riches and 
 value, but the existence of the " grant " has 
 served to deter miners and prospectors from 
 making careful examinations, as they are pre- 
 judiced against any properties not on the 
 public domain, no matter how liberal the offers 
 made by the owners may be. Recent new 
 discoveries have shown what is to be expected 
 from thorough and systematic prospecting. 
 Even as it is, about $3,500,000 in gold has 
 been extracted from Mother Earth in Colfax 
 county. Silver, copper, lead and plumbago 
 are also found, but thus far in limited quanti- 
 ties. 
 
 In the vast area of its coal beds, however, 
 Colfax county will in the future find its great- 
 est commercial importance. There are in this 
 county some 600,000 acres of coal land, 
 which, for all commercial purposes, compares 
 well with the best soft coal of Pennsylvania. 
 The following analysis of the coal was made 
 from specimens taken from near its surface by 
 Frank E. Nipher, professor of physics and 
 chemistry in the Washington University, of St. 
 Louis: 
 
 Fuel 100 
 
 Specific 
 Gravity. 
 
 Ls. av. 
 Cu eI Ft. 
 
 Mois- 
 ture. 
 
 Ash. 
 
 Cnlol 
 Of 
 
 Ash. 
 
 Coke. 
 
 Total 
 Vola- 
 tile. 
 
 Top 
 Middle 
 Bottom. 
 
 1,345 
 1,368 
 1,388 
 
 84.0 
 85.4 
 86.7 
 
 2.0 
 3.1 
 2.6 
 
 9.3 
 10.4 
 15.6 
 
 Brown 
 Pink 
 White 
 
 60.9 
 61.9 
 63.1 
 
 39.1 
 38.1 
 36.9 
 
 Av'ge. 
 
 1,367 
 
 85.36 
 
 2.57 
 
 11.70 
 
 
 (.1.96 
 
 38.03 
 
 The coking coal of Trinidad, Colorado, 
 has sixty-eight per cent, of coke, and as it is 
 in the same geological formation as ours, there 
 is no doubt but that this coal averages about 
 the same where it is free from atmospheric in- 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 149 
 
 fluence. A little coal of a semi-anthracite 
 nature has been found, but the formation is 
 nearly all bituminous. On the surface the 
 veins vary in width from one to seven feet. In 
 connection with the large deposits of iron ore 
 found here the coal may also prove of great 
 use. There is, on the eastern slope of the 
 Moreno valley, a mountain of iron ore pro- 
 nounced by experts to be of first-class quality for 
 smelting. In the mountains at the head of the 
 Cimarroncito it is found of superior quality and 
 practically unlimited in quantity. In the 
 neighborhood of Raton the first station of the 
 Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe south of the 
 Raton mountains a lower grade of iron ore is 
 found in connection with the coal beds. On the 
 Vermejo this low grade ore is also found. No- 
 dular ore is found here always in connection 
 with the coal strata. It might be well to note, 
 that as manganese is found in the county in 
 large quantities, the manufacture of Bessemer 
 steel could be carried on here to advantage. 
 
 Raton and Blossburg are the centers of 
 this business as at present conducted, and are 
 both flourishing in all material directions. 
 During 1892 from these two points there were 
 shipped 244,995 tons of coal, and 303 miners 
 were kept in constant employment. In the first 
 eight months of 1893, 245,907 tons were 
 shipped. This coal is sold in carload lots at 
 from $1.00 to $1.50 per ton, and retails in the 
 towns of Coif ax county at from $1.50 to 
 $3.00 per ton. 
 
 The cattle and sheep business formed the 
 principal industry of the county for many 
 years; but with the incoming of the granger 
 element and the depreciation of the values of 
 of cattle, these industries are not now so con- 
 spicuous as they were a few years ago, and the 
 tendency is to take better care of the herds, 
 though they be fewer in number; and those 
 stock-growers who are providing feed to assist 
 the weakly ones through the winter are the 
 ones who are having best success. In this re- 
 spect the cattle business has undergone a great 
 change in the past few years. The reckless 
 and extravagant ' ' open range " business, which 
 
 flourished in the flush times of '83 and '84 has 
 entirely subsided, and the prosperous cattle 
 man is now the one who is also a farmer. To 
 his class a most prosperous business is pre- 
 sented in Colfax county. It is not necessary 
 to have an immense herd, but a good herd, 
 well taken care of, promises to be, from this 
 time on, as profitable as it ever was. 
 
 Turning from the pastoral to the agricul- 
 tural, Colfax county presents many attractions 
 to the farmer; for whatever he raises he is 
 sure of a good cash market, while the amount 
 and quality of the crop produced will compare 
 favorably with that of any State in the Union. 
 
 All the products of the temperate zone 
 thrive in this county. - The deciduous fruits 
 prosper and their product has a fine flavor and 
 appearance. Vegetables of all sorts grow to a 
 remarkable size. It may sound like a rather 
 large story, but it is true, that a cabbage of 
 forty .pounds is quite a common thing here, 
 whilst heads weighing twenty-five pounds each 
 are ordinary market cabbages. In the growth 
 of all classes of roots great success is found. 
 
 The orchards are a great feature in this 
 county. That of Hon. M. W. Mills, near 
 Springer, is the oldest and largest orchard in 
 the Territory, which embraces all kinds of 
 fruits grown in this region. There are older 
 orchards exclusively of apples, but Mr. Mills 
 cultivates the entire range of fruits from early 
 apricots and peaches through the whole line of 
 plums and pears to the latest winter apples. 
 His orchard is east of the railroad. Other 
 large orchards are those of Dawson, Chase and 
 Dane in the valley of the Vermejo, west of the 
 railroad. The fruit raised here is of admirable 
 size and quality. 
 
 The lumber industry in this county is im- 
 portant. The slopes of the Raton, Sangre de 
 Cristo and Taos mountains contain nearly half 
 a million acres of merchantable timber, prin- 
 cipally of yellow pine and cedar. The Union 
 Pacific has lately pushed a branch line down 
 the Red river from Trinidad, Colorado, into the 
 breast of this rich timber belt. Eight large 
 sawmills are now at work at Catskill, and 
 
HIS TORT Of NEW MEXICO. 
 
 the output is reckoned at over 30,000,000 feet 
 of lumber per annum. 
 
 Just south of Springer, and close to the 
 railroad, are large deposits of cement of a very 
 superior quality. These are now being worked 
 systematically, and their product finds a mar- 
 ket east as well as west. 
 
 Artesian flows of water are found in various 
 parts of the country, and no doubt deeper bor- 
 ing will develop many more. There are im- 
 portant artesian wells now in operation in the 
 vicinity of Springer. This brings us again to 
 the irrigation enterprise before referred to. 
 
 The Maxwell Grant Company has con- 
 structed two systems of ditches, both of large 
 extent, known respectively as the Springer and 
 the Vermejo systems. The area irrigated by 
 the former is 22,000 acres. Its ditches take 
 their water from the Cimarron just beyond the 
 mouth of the Ponyil river. Six miles beyond 
 the head-gate the canal divides into two main 
 laterals. The grade of the main canal is five 
 and a half feet to the mile, twenty feet wide 
 on the bottom and four feet deep; at the water 
 surface it is about forty feet wide. Besides 
 the direct drainage of the Cimarron and Ponyil 
 rivers the water of the Springer ditch is rein- 
 forced by the flow of other streams, altogether 
 taking up the drainage of forty miles of the 
 Taos and Sangre de Cristo mountains. 
 
 The Springer canals do not, however, de- 
 pend alone upon the flow of the rivers. The 
 management of these ditches has constructed 
 a series of reservoirs along the line of the 
 canals. The Springer lake reservoir has a ca- 
 pacity of 5,000 acre feet, and besides this 
 there are four smaller reservoirs, aggregating 
 1,200 acre feet. An acre foot is twelve inches 
 deep of water over an acre of ground, and is 
 sufficient, if properly applied, to irrigate a 
 crop. 
 
 The Vermejo system is even larger and 
 will irrigate 30,000 acres. The head-gate of 
 the canals is situated above Dawson, on the 
 Vermejo river, a stream which rises in the an- 
 gle of the Sangre de Cristo mountains and is 
 fed by a perpetual flow of the melted snow 
 
 from their crests and deep canyons. The 
 main canal is the same size and depth as the 
 Springer works, and there are also twenty res- 
 ervoirs along the lines of the canals. The 
 largest holds 1 1,000 acre feet of water. 
 
 Two others, Oyster lake and Laguna 
 Madre, contain 3,000 and 2,000 acre feet, re- 
 spectively; the seventeen others are rather 
 small and impound a total of 4, 200 acre feet. 
 This storage capacity is many times increased 
 by reason of the fact that they may be drained 
 and refilled several times during the season. 
 
 The construction of this system of ditches 
 is similar to the Springer works. Both have 
 the same grade, and after a few miles from the 
 headgate divide into two main laterals which 
 distribute the waters to the fields. The ca- 
 pacity of this ditch may be greatly increased 
 by extending the ditches to the north and east. 
 It is also proposed to build a dam in the Ver- 
 mejo river, at the junction of the Caliente 
 river, about fifteen miles above the present 
 head-gate. This will hold 5,000 acre feet, and 
 may be refilled repeatedly during each year by 
 the successive floods. 
 
 Besides these two completed systems sev- 
 eral others are in contemplation, and the 
 amount of water coming down from the moun- 
 tains, and the conformation of the land, make 
 it practicable to extend the work of irrigation 
 very largely in this county. 
 
 The most important of these reservoirs, 
 however, is the big lake on the Springer sys- 
 tem. According to the surveys 3,500 acres 
 will be submerged from the collected waters of 
 the Cimarron and the Cieneguilla, to an aver- 
 age depth of forty-five feet. The dam is lo- 
 cated about thirty miles northwest of the pres- 
 ent head-gate of the Springer ditch, and the 
 Cimarron river bed will be used as a water 
 way for that distance. The dimensions of the 
 dam are 100 feet long on the bottom, 275 
 long on the crest and 140 feet high, and will 
 contain 312,000 cubic yards of material. It 
 will irrigate 160,000 acres of land. 
 
 Springer is the county seat, and has about 
 a thousand inhabitants. It is well situated, on 
 
HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 the Cimarron river at the crossing of the rail- 
 road, and was laid out by the receiver of the 
 Maxwell grant, when the railroad was first 
 built. The grant people named it Maxwell, 
 but the railroad officials called the station 
 Springer, the post office followed the name of 
 the station, and so the original name became 
 obsolete. 
 
 It has fine water works for domestic supply, 
 and is under the big irrigation system of the 
 same name. It is the market of about 25,000 
 acres of land under irrigation, and will un- 
 questionably become a town of importance 
 and wealth. The county court house is com- 
 modious and excellently adapted to business. 
 During the past summer a school house, cost- 
 ing $10,000, has been erected. 
 
 Raton, just south of the Raton range, and 
 the celebrated tunnel, is the most northerly 
 town on the railroad in New Mexico, and can- 
 not fail to give a good first impression to those 
 who are just entering the Territory. It is 
 largely a "railroad town," as the largest rail- 
 road machine shops south of Topeka are at 
 this point. The population is somewhat over 
 3,000 people, and the town is as flourishing as 
 any in the Territory. More actual money is 
 disbursed here and at Blossburg for pay of em- 
 ployes than in any other, and this makes busi- 
 ness of all kinds good. New houses are con- 
 stantly being erected, and the growth is 
 healthy as well as rapid. 
 
 The people are public-spirited and wide- 
 awake; and among other public improvements 
 may be mentioned splendid water-works and 
 service, and a public-school building costing 
 $15, ooo. 
 
 The elevation is 6,668 feet, and as Raton 
 lies in a sheltered nook of the mountains, the 
 climate is mild and equable during both winter 
 and summer. 
 
 A few miles from Raton is situated the min- 
 ing town of Blossburg, with over 1,800 in- 
 habitants. Large coal mines are now in opera- 
 tion, and during 1892 there were shipped from 
 this point and Raton 244,995 tons of coal; and 
 303 miners were kept in constant employment. 
 
 In the first eight months of 1893, 245, 907 tons 
 were shipped. This coal is sold in carload lots 
 at from $i to $1.50 per ton, and retails in the 
 towns of Colfax county at from $1.50 to $3 
 per ton. As stated above this coal deposit 
 covers 500,000 acres. 
 
 Maxwell City is on the railroad, midway 
 between Raton and Springer. It is a new 
 town, laid out and projected by the Maxwell 
 Grant Company as the headquarters of their 
 operations and the location of their central 
 offices, and contains at present about 200 
 people. Adjacent to it is the great stock and 
 grain farm of the grant company, comprising 
 over 4,000 acres. 
 
 Cimarron was the old county seat, and is 
 even better known as the headquarters of the 
 Maxwell grant in the days of Maxwell him- 
 self, of the "English Company," and of the 
 Dutch Company, when their representative 
 was Mr. Sherwin. Those were all "flush 
 times," and the town flourished accordingly. 
 At the same time it was the scene of many 
 murders and outrages, and the hotel dining- 
 room is still an object of much curiosity and 
 interest on account of the number of bullet 
 holes in the walls, each of which has its his- 
 tory. The town is beautifully situated in the 
 foot-hills. 
 
 Elizabethtown was the first county seat, 
 and at that time was the scene of a great 
 mining boom. Placer gold was readily panned 
 out, and prospectors and miners came by the 
 hundred to obtain their share of the new riches. 
 The camp is still a regular producer, varying 
 very little in its output year by year, and in 
 the aggregate has added a very large amount 
 to the gold treasure of the world. 
 
 MORA COUNTY. 
 
 Mora county originally included all the 
 northeast of New Mexico, but has gradually 
 been reduced to its present area. Colfax 
 county bounds it on the north, Union on the 
 east, San Miguel on the south and the Rocky 
 mountains on the west. 
 
 The total area is 1,618,000 acres, of which 
 
HIS TOR r OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 1,200,000 acres are fit for agriculture or pas- 
 turage. About three-fourths of its surface con- 
 sists of prairie, which from a height of 4,000 
 feet at the eastern border gradually ascends 
 westward to the base of the mountain ranges, 
 until an altitude of about 7,000 feet is reach- 
 ed, while the highest peaks in the mountains 
 attain altitudes of from 10,000 to 12,000 
 feet. The western half of the county is a 
 beautiful farming country. On the west it is 
 protected from high winds by the main range 
 of the Rocky mountains. Within the main 
 valley flows the Mora, the Coyote, Cebolla, 
 La Jara and Sapello, each one of which runs 
 through a fertile valley of its own. The prai- 
 ries are covered with gama and blue-joint 
 grass, the latter being liable to drive out the 
 former, but making a superior hay. 
 
 Agriculture is carried on by using the water 
 of streams for irrigating; as many natural de- 
 pressions and basins exist on the plains, advan- 
 tage has been taken of these circumstances 
 and water let into them, forming artificial lakes, 
 in which not only fish are raised, but which 
 also serve the perhaps more profitable purpose 
 of irrigation or for supplying water to stock 
 ranges distant from the streams. 
 
 The banks of the water courses bear cot- 
 tonwood, elder, wild plums, cherries, etc. In 
 the central portion of the plains are found 
 scattering pinyon and cedar, and on entering 
 the foothills these become of considerable size, 
 and the foothills are covered with pine timber 
 of large growth and much value. 
 
 Wheat is generally sown in the spring, and 
 yields on an average twenty-five bushels to the 
 acre, and frequently in the vicinity of the 
 mountains much more. Winter wheat has 
 been tried and did far better than spring wheat, 
 but can only be cultivated in inclosed fields, as 
 our laws permit stock of all kinds to run at 
 large from the latter part of October until 
 spring. Messrs. S. B. Watrous & Son sowed 
 some years ago thirteen and a half pounds of 
 winter wheat and harvested 1,975 pounds. 
 The oats raised here are of an excellent qual- 
 ity, the yield being forty bushels to the acre in 
 
 ordinary years. A bushel weighs from forty- 
 two to forty-five pounds. Barley yields equally 
 well; heretofore very little encouragement has 
 been given to farmers in growing it, but the 
 railroads now open a market to the south 
 where it is more appreciated. The corn orig- 
 inally grown is of a flinty nature and is con- 
 siderably mixed with King Philip corn, which 
 was brought from the East many years ago. 
 The nights are too cool in the western and 
 central portions of the county to grow the 
 dented varieties, and twenty-eight bushels to 
 the acre may be considered a very good crop. 
 In the eastern part of the county American 
 varieties can be grown successfully and yield 
 well. Beans and peas do remarkably well. 
 Hops of an excellent quality can be grown, 
 having no insect enemies or mildew, and are 
 pronounced by brewers equal to the best New 
 York hops. The yield is from 800 to 1,000 
 pounds to the acre. Vegetables of all kinds 
 are of susprising size and excellence; cabbage 
 weighing thirty pounds and upward, and on- 
 ions weighing from two or three pounds grown 
 from the seed the same year are not a rarity. 
 
 The greater part of the agricultural lands 
 of the county are especially well adapted to 
 the cultivation of sugar beets, of which Will- 
 iam Kroeing has grown sixteen tons to the 
 acre. The manufacture of sugar from the 
 beet has been, in many instances, a failure 
 elsewhere, on account ot drouth; but here, 
 with water at command during the whole sea- 
 son, beets can be raised of any size to suit the 
 business. Small fruits, especially currants and 
 gooseberries, flourish exceedingly well. 
 
 The late blooming trees have proved to be 
 the best and surest of success. The German 
 prune has produced fine crops of superior fruit. 
 Of cherries the early Richmond is the safest. 
 Peaches and apricots will only bear in very shel- 
 tered locations. It is generally necessary to 
 protect the orchards against the prevailing 
 southwest winds by strips of quick-growing 
 trees, and it is believed that the white willow 
 will give the best protection in the shortest 
 time. 
 
HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 '53 
 
 Natural meadows are limited; but any piece 
 of prairie land can, in the course of two or 
 three years, be converted into a good meadow 
 by irrigation. 
 
 Cattle and sheep-raising form the main in- 
 dustry of the county, and, as the plains are 
 cut up by ravines, plenty of shelter is afforded 
 for cattle in stormy seasons. It is estimated 
 that the county contains about 250,000 sheep, 
 50,000 cattle, 5,000 horses and mules and 15,- 
 ooo goats. 
 
 All the mountain streams abound with 
 trout. So far no effort has been made to 
 breed them artificially, although many fine 
 springs offer all the inducements wished for. 
 A number of reservoirs have been made, and 
 as they are fed by rivers which have their 
 sources in the mountains, some trout find their 
 way into the lakes, where they have been 
 caught, weighing as much as five and a half 
 pounds. Antelope, turkeys, white-tailed deer, 
 quails, sage hens, etc., are still found on our 
 prairies, and in the recesses of the mountains 
 are various wild animals. 
 
 The mineral resources of Mora, though 
 scarcely at all developed, are various and ex- 
 tensive. The gold region, which is well known 
 a little farther north, extends along the eastern 
 side of the mountain into this county. Mica 
 is found in many localities, one of which takes 
 its name, Talco, from this substance, and 
 when properly extracted it will be a source of 
 great wealth. There are also deposits of iron 
 and coal, but the most generally diffused min- 
 eral is copper. This colors the rocks over 
 many miles of area, and is found in various 
 localities, the most important mine being near 
 Coyote. 
 
 A coal oil spring has recently been discov- 
 ered twelve miles from Mora, the county seat 
 of the county. The prevailing rock in the 
 eastern and central part of the county is sand- 
 stone, which is very suitable for building pur- 
 poses, and, as in many places, limestone of 
 superior quality crops out, there is no lack 
 of building material. Indifferent parts around 
 the craters of extinct volcanoes is found lava 
 
 (mal pais), which makes excellent millstones. 
 
 The feature, however, which gives to Mora 
 most of its beauty, and at the same time is of 
 greatest practical value, is its series of magnifi- 
 cent valleys. As one enters the Territory by 
 the railroad from Kansas, the first garden spot 
 that attracts attention after more than 500 
 miles of pastoral or comparatively barren land, 
 is the beautiful emerald green of Cherry valley 
 and Watrous. 
 
 These beautiful valleys are watered by the 
 Sapello and Mora, from each of which the 
 farmers have taken out small ditches, and 
 brought over 4,000 acres under high cultiva- 
 tion. To see these lands in full bloom and 
 beauty is a wonderful sight. The streams are 
 banked with cottonwood, elder, wild plum and 
 cherry trees; the fields spread with orchards, 
 gardens and lovely homes. Fields of alfalfa, 
 topped with its pretty flowers, wave green and 
 purple, loading the air with delicious perfume. 
 
 This was the first section in New Mexico to 
 be settled by American farmers, who com- 
 menced its cultivation before the Mexican war; 
 and they have introduced here every variety of 
 grass that is grown in the Eastern States, and 
 at various public exhibitions have made extra- 
 ordinary displays of them which have attracted 
 great attention. 
 
 The Mora valley itself, surrounding the 
 town of Mora, is a vision of beauty. It ex- 
 tends for nearly fifteen miles along the river, 
 with a width varying from a half mile to a mile, 
 and contains in all about 6,000 acres. Sur- 
 rounding it on all sides are lofty mountains, 
 wonderfully picturesque in form and covered 
 with lofty pines. The valley is cut up into 
 small farms, all highly cultivated, and is speci- 
 ally celebrated for its wheat. So closely does 
 it grow and so full and even are the heads, that 
 it seems as if one could walk upon its surface. 
 
 Another charming valley, more important 
 in extent, is that of La Cueva, situated just 
 outside the Canyoncito of the Mora, and water- 
 ed by the Cebolla and Coyote. It lies in a per- 
 fect amphitheatre of hills, and these are over- 
 topped with mountains. The floor of the 
 
'54 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 valley is a smooth plain, over 50,000 acres in 
 extent. Considerable work is being done here 
 by the La Cueva Ranch and Cattle Company, 
 who own a large part of this valley. They 
 have now 4,000 acres under cultivation, and are 
 running out their ditches so as to cover 10,000 
 or 12,000 acres more. At the head of the 
 valley there are two large reservoirs, the larg- 
 est being one of the principal lakes in the 
 Territory outside of the Pecos valley. It covers 
 about 600 acres, and six feet of water can be 
 drawn off it. The feedway is still fifteen feet 
 above the surface of the water, and raising the 
 hight of the embankment so as to confine this 
 extra amount of water, it is estimated that 14,- 
 400 acre feet will be impounded. Besides this 
 there are two other small reservoirs. The 
 present works of this company assure the rec- 
 lamation of 16,000 acres of land; and besides 
 this there are known opportunities to reclaim 
 30,000 acres. All through the western portion 
 of the county are smaller valleys, of great 
 beauty and fertility. That of Rociada or Rin- 
 con Tecolote, which overlaps the border into 
 San Miguel, is specially celebrated. Here the 
 crops of potatoes and oats are really pheno- 
 menal, and some specimens of the latter are so 
 high that a man would be lost to sight in such 
 an oat-field. Specimens of oats from this 
 county attracted great attention at the Colum- 
 bian Exposition at Chicago. 
 
 Large amounts of lumber are cut in the 
 west of the county, but scarcely an impression 
 has yet been made on the primeval forests. 
 
 The town of Mora, whose full name is 
 Santa Gertrudes de Mora, is the county seat, 
 and is situated in the center of the Mora valley. 
 Its days of greatest prosperity were when Fort 
 Union was being built and money flowed here 
 like water, and it contains several large build- 
 ings erected at that time that seem almost out 
 of place now. But it is a most beautiful place 
 so far as situation goes; and the new court 
 house is one of the handsomest public build- 
 ings in New Mexico, in fact it stands next to 
 that of San Miguel in size, beauty and expense. 
 
 Watrous is a very flourishing town on the 
 
 railroad twenty miles north of Las Vegas, and 
 in the center of the beautiful valley of which 
 we have spoken. Mr. Watrous, for whom it 
 is named, settled there long before the Ameri- 
 can occupation, and his family still control the 
 most of the land. The evidences of protracted 
 intelligent cultivation are to be seen on all 
 sides. 
 
 Wagon Mound is a newer town to the north 
 of Watrous and close to the famous ' ' Wagon 
 Mound," which was the land mark of the par- 
 ties crossing the prairies long years ago. It is 
 an important mercantile point on account 
 of the number of sheep and amount of wool 
 shipped there. 
 
 Coltnor, a station on the boundary line be- 
 tween Mora county and Colfax, is chiefly no- 
 ticeable on account of its peculiar manufact- 
 ured name, which is made up of the first letters 
 of the name of each of the counties. 
 
 SAN MIGUEL COUNTY. 
 
 San Miguel county, before portions were 
 taken from it at the foundation of Guadaloupe 
 and Union counties, was larger than many of 
 the States, and embraced within its borders 
 8,400,000 acres. It is now about half that 
 size, containing 4, 122,000 acres. 
 
 It is bounded on the north by Mora county, 
 on the east by Union, south by Guadaloupe and 
 the queer strip of Bernalillo, which stretches 
 far east from the main body of that county, 
 and west by Santa Fe. While so greatly cur- 
 tailed in its dimensions, it still extends from the 
 mountains to the great plains, and contains the 
 headwaters of streams, some of which flow 
 into the Mississippi, and some into the Rio 
 Grande. 
 
 The eastern portion is part of the Great 
 Plains, which stretch from the British line to 
 the gulf of Mexico. Toward the west the 
 country rises rapidly from about 4, 500 feet on 
 the line to over 12,000 on the mountain sum- 
 mits, at or near the western boundary. The 
 northern boundary of this tract is about the line 
 of the thirty-sixth degree of latitude, and it 
 extends south to the thirty-fifth degree. It is 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 '55 
 
 well watered by the Canadian, Pecos, Gallinas, 
 Sapello and Tecolote rivers and their tributar- 
 ies. Between the Sapello and the Gallinas .is 
 the great divide, which separates the waters 
 flowing into the Mississippi from those flowing 
 into the Rio Grande. The western portion of the 
 county is mountainous, rising from the plains 
 to the highest range in the Territory, capped 
 with eternal snow, which constantly feeds the 
 mountain streams with pure water, that passes 
 off and through the valleys below. The Mora, 
 Sapello, Gallinas, Tecolote and Pecos streams 
 all have their source in the same mountains, 
 and nearly in the same locality. The precipi- 
 tation of moisture on the eastern slope of the 
 mountains by rain and snow is considerable. 
 This fact is highly advantageous to all kinds of 
 vegetation. The timber is particularly exten- 
 sive and of large growth. Forests of yellow 
 pine extend from the summit of the mountains 
 down to the foot hills, which afford an almost 
 inexhaustible quantity of timber for lumber 
 and building purposes. In addition to the 
 yellow pine, suitable for lumber, there are 
 great forests of pinyon and cedar, the former 
 affording the best of fire-wood and the latter 
 being used for telegraph poles and other 
 purposes for which cedar is adapted. The 
 timber interest of this county is an important 
 resource, and as the largest portion of the best 
 forests are on Government land it will be avail- 
 able to actual settlers, and eventually a source 
 of great revenue. 
 
 In the eastern portion of the county the 
 principal industries are cattle and sheep-rais- 
 ing, both of which are very successful. As a 
 rule the sheep-raisers are natives of the Ter- 
 ritory, and the cattle-owners are comparatively 
 newcomers from the East. In the latter branch 
 of business successful efforts are being made 
 to improve the herds by the introduction of 
 thoroughbred bulls from the East, principally 
 Durhams, with some Herefords. Wilson Wad- 
 dingham, the well-known capitalist and land- 
 owner, has a ranch on the Canadian thirty-six 
 miles in length by thirty in breadth, and cov- 
 ering nearly 800,000 acres. The ranch is 
 
 heavily stocked with improved herds, and is 
 one of the finest properties in the West. The 
 sheep are also being improved year by year, 
 and are much larger and of a finer grade of 
 wool than the old Mexican animal. 
 
 In the mountain portion of the county in 
 the west but little attention has yet been given 
 to the stock business. Here splendid summer 
 ranges can yet be located, particularly in the 
 valleys of the higher altitudes. But it would 
 be necessary for a ranchman there to provide 
 hay to carry his stock through occasional heavy 
 snows, to which the lower plains are not sub- 
 ject. This could be easily done by means of 
 alfalfa meadows made on bottom lands ad- 
 jacent to streams. Alfalfa grows luxuriantly 
 at any altitude below the timber line, and can 
 be cut from two to five times a year, making a 
 forage, when well cured, upon which cattle 
 thrive and fatten, and upon which even hogs 
 can be raised. 
 
 For agricultural purposes San Miguel pos- 
 sesses as great advantages as any other por- 
 tion of the Territory. The land subject to ir- 
 rigation along the streams of the valleys is 
 much greater than a casual observer would 
 suppose at first sight. The soil is almost in- 
 variably rich, and anything like intelligent 
 farming produces abundant crops of corn, 
 wheat, oats, barley, buckwheat, rye, etc., and 
 all the hardier class of vegetables. Cabbages, 
 onions, radishes, turnips, etc., grow to great 
 size and have a peculiar freshness and excel- 
 lence much superior to the vegetables of the 
 States. Peas and beans produce enormously, 
 particularly the latter, which are raised as a 
 leading crop by the native population. In the 
 mountain districts of the county wheat is an 
 important crop, producing forty bushels to the 
 acre of the finest wheat grown anywhere when 
 anything like attention is given it. When ir- 
 rigation is possible the crops are a sure thing; 
 but many years excellent crops are grown 
 without irrigation. The uncommonly heavy 
 rainfall on the eastern slope of the mountains 
 renders this possible. Lands farmed without 
 irrigation are called " temporal " by the native 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 population, and there are many districts so 
 farmed. The experiment of deep plowing and 
 careful farming without irrigation is being 
 tried, and the indications are that it will be a 
 success, with a failure of crops no oftener than 
 in the States. Mention should be made of the 
 wonderful growth of oats, both in height and 
 weight of the product, in the foothills east of 
 the mountains and the little valleys that extend 
 up into the mountains themselves. A growth 
 of six to eight feet is nothing unusual, and the 
 weight runs from 45 to 48 pounds, while the 
 legal weight in "the States" is 32 or 33. 
 
 Fruit-raising does well in certain sections, 
 the chief obstacle being the hail storms which 
 occasionally take place in the summer. How- 
 ever, as localities become more thoroughly 
 tested, many will be found which are free from 
 this annoyance. 
 
 The minerals found in this county are simi- 
 lar to those found in many other portions of 
 the Territory, and comprise mainly gold, sil- 
 ver, copper, coal and iron. The mineral 
 wealth of the county is already an assured 
 fact, and, by judicious investment and man- 
 agement, within a comparatively short time 
 the yield from precious metals will be large. 
 The mountains are almost wholly unexplored; 
 but so far as prospecting has gone the results 
 have been surprisingly flattering. 
 
 Gold and silver bearing veins have been 
 discovered in the Tecolote mountains, twelve 
 miles from Las Vegas. The ore carries silver 
 and gold principally, and although pronounced 
 low grade, with occasional exceptions, is 
 abundant and easily accessible. A large vein 
 of copper ore, having some silver and gold, 
 has been recently, discovered in these moun- 
 tains and traced for many miles. These dis- 
 coveries are just west of the Tecolote river. 
 Still further west, however, in the mountains 
 along the Pecos river, important developments 
 of copper have been made. The facts are 
 that the mountains are mineral-bearing 
 throughout, and all that is required is a 
 thorough investigation to demonstrate beyond 
 a doubt the great value of the deposits. 
 
 So far as the mineral in San Miguel county 
 is concerned, it may be called a virgin field, 
 known to exist, but little prospected. Coal has 
 been found in various places in this county, 
 and of good quality, especially on the Pecos 
 river. The mica industry promises to be of 
 considerable importance to this county. The 
 value of mica mines is too frequently under- 
 rated or not understood. Good mica is always 
 a merchantable commodity. 
 
 San Miguel has a suitable capital in the 
 active and flourishing town of Las Vegas. 
 This is composed of two towns, properly, 
 lying on each side of the Gallinas river. The 
 new town has been built since the advent of 
 the railroad, and is known as East Las Vegas. 
 It is an incorporated city. The streets are 
 wide and clean, the buildings commodious and 
 well designed. The principal streets are lined 
 with modern business houses, and around the 
 depot are some very large warehouses. The 
 residence portion is adorned with a profusion 
 of shade trees. The city hall, Masonic Tem- 
 ple, opera house, St. Paul's and other churches, 
 public school, Female Seminary and syna- 
 gogue are among the notable buildings. A 
 beautiful variety of red sandstone is found 
 near at hand, which adds to the appearance of 
 the structures. 
 
 In the old town is the historic Plaza, where 
 General Kearny made his first proclamation 
 to the New-Mexican people, a large stone 
 Roman Catholic church, two fine public school 
 houses, and numerous handsome business 
 buildings, erected for hotels, stores, banks, etc. 
 
 Las Vegas is the end of a division on the 
 Santa Fe route, and a very important com- 
 mercial point. An extensive and rich coun- 
 try is directly tributary to its markets, and the 
 energy of its merchants pushes its trade into 
 other territories. The climate has over and 
 over been described as very admirable for in- 
 valids. 
 
 The Territorial Insane Asylum is located 
 just outside of the town, on the avenue lead- 
 ing to the Hot Springs. While the present 
 building is intended to be only one of a group 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 '57 
 
 of structures in the future, yet it is very com- 
 plete in its appointments and the results have 
 been entirely satisfactory. The legislature has 
 recently located a normal school here also, 
 and it is now being erected in a commanding 
 position equally convenient to both towns. A 
 branch experiment station is also to be estab- 
 lished here, and will be located between the 
 town and the springs. 
 
 A great deal of the wool raised in the Ter- 
 ritory and a large proportion of the hides pass 
 through Las Vegas. Another thing worthy of 
 notice is that the soil and altitude of the north- 
 ern tier of counties seem excellently adapted 
 to the culture of the sugar beet. According 
 to the analysis of the Agricultural Department, 
 the highest averages and percentages of purity, 
 solids and sugar have been attained from the 
 beets grown in this neighborhood. The estab- 
 lishment of a branch of the Agricultural Ex- 
 periment Station at this place is a very im- 
 portant step in the development of this and 
 other agricultural industries, as it will care- 
 fully examine into the details of the culture, 
 and formulate the general rules of this new in- 
 dustry. 
 
 One interesting and important feature of 
 San Miguel county is the Pecos River Timber 
 Reservation. While it is not all in this coun- 
 ty, small portions being in Taos, Rio Arriba 
 and Mora, and a considerable fraction in Santa 
 Fe, yet the Pecos valley is in San Miguel, and 
 so the Reservation is usually counted as a San 
 Miguel institution. It was set apart by Presi- 
 dent Harrison, at the request of Secretary 
 Noble, in order to preserve the forests and pre- 
 vent a diminution in the water supply of the 
 Pecos river. It comprises no less than 702 
 square miles. 
 
 The region is rugged and mountainous, and 
 here innumerable small streams have their ori- 
 gin, and, flowing southward, form the source 
 of the Rio Pecos, which cuts the reservation 
 about midway between Las Vegas and Santa 
 Fe. Here for twenty miles north of Glorieta 
 mountains nestles one of the most beautiful 
 and attractive upland valleys in all the Rocky 
 
 mountains. The snow seldom lies longer than 
 forty-eight hours on the great mountain sides 
 sloping toward the sun, and horsemen assert 
 that in grazing upon these precipitous pastures 
 the colts are compelled to occupy a position 
 that expands and develops their lungs to an 
 abundant degree! A Texas horseman who has 
 had experience in this locality suggests that the 
 fast horse of the future will be produced in the 
 dry air of the Upper Pecos. 
 
 But it is as a pleasure and health resort that 
 this locality has become famous. The scenic 
 effects are grand. The country is wild and 
 broken and much game abounds, including 
 bear and deer, while the streams are literally 
 alive with mountain trout, running as high as 
 five pounds in weight. From a health-seek- 
 er's standpoint this is one of the most delight- 
 ful spots in the summer and fall that one could 
 wish for, and annually hundreds of people 
 from the southern part of the Territory and 
 from Texas and other points go into camp 
 along this beautiful valley, and enjoy and re- 
 gain vigor and strength thereby while hunting 
 or fishing along the Pecos river. 
 
 The noted Las Vegas Hot Springs are situ- 
 ated about six miles above the town, on the 
 Gallinas river. They are of great medical 
 virtue, and, apart from that, the situation is 
 one of the most beautiful and romantic imagin- 
 able. Here is located the well-known Monte- 
 zuma Hotel, one of the favorite watering- 
 places of the West, together with the "Moun- 
 tain House," nearer to the Springs, and espe- 
 cially for the accommodation of invalids. The 
 Springs are of surprising variety, as to the 
 minerals contained in them, and also as to 
 their temperature, and were celebrated among 
 the Indians long before the advent of the white 
 man. 
 
 GUADALOUPE COUNTY. 
 
 The imperial county of San Miguel was 
 too large for the convenience of its people, 
 and for a number of years those most remote 
 from the center sought to have a division made. 
 At length, in 1891, after long discussions as to 
 
1 5 8 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 boundaries, the county of Guadaloupe was 
 formed, or at least an attempt to form it was 
 made. As thus constituted it is sixty miles wide 
 from north to south, and about 1 10 miles long 
 from east to west, with a little square of nine 
 townships added at the northwest corner, in 
 order to include the town of Anton Chico. The 
 total area is 3, 125, 160 acres. The Pecos river 
 runs directly through the county from north- 
 west to southeast, and the population is almost 
 entirely in its valley. 
 
 In the eastern section near the Texas line 
 are streams which flow eastward to the Missis- 
 sippi by way of the Canadian and Arkansas; 
 and on the plains and mesas are the cattle and 
 sheep which form the principal wealth of the 
 county. 
 
 The act passed to form the county in 1891 
 was not signed by the governor, and so a 
 supplementary act was passed in 1893, in ac- 
 cordance with a recommendation in the execu- 
 tive message to the legislature, confirming the 
 prior act. The county was named for Our 
 Lady of Guadalupe, the patron Saint of Mexico, 
 a picture of whom is to be found in the house 
 of every Mexican and whose festival on the 
 1 2th of December is universally observed in 
 that country. 
 
 In the southeastern portion of the county 
 is part of the celebrated Llano Estacado or 
 Staked Plain, which occupies much of Chaves 
 county and of the contiguous portion of 
 Texas. The northern boundary of this great 
 level expanse is formed by a line of high bluffs 
 which extend across Guadaloupe county from 
 the Pecos to the Texas line and form a very 
 noticeable natural object, as well as an almost 
 impassable barrier to travel. 
 
 The Pecos valley is of great fertility and in 
 some places of considerable width. The up- 
 per half has been settled for half a century or 
 over by a Mexican population, while the lower 
 half is mostly occupied by cattle companies 
 who own the river front in order to have a sup- 
 ply of water and then use the land farther 
 back for pasturage. 
 
 The eastern portion of the county extend- 
 
 ing to the Texas Panhandle, is pre-eminently 
 a stock raising country. The pasturage is the 
 native gama grass, which stands dry weather 
 as no other grass does, and although of short 
 growth is extremely nutritious; and, remark- 
 able as it is, this grass possesses the same 
 quality the year through. The cattle come off 
 the pastures in the spring as fat as In the fall. 
 This fact is in marked contrast with other graz- 
 ing localities. Even Texas does not possess 
 such grazing advantages. There the grass 
 dies after frost and has but little nutriment 
 left. "Northers" are but little felt, perhaps 
 for the reason that the force of the winds is 
 broken by the spurs of the Rocky mountains 
 extending along the northeastern border of the 
 Territory and known as the Raton range. That 
 which adds to the success of stock raising in 
 this county is the fact that the grazing locali- 
 ties are well watered. The Canadian and 
 Pecos rivers with their tributaries, supple- 
 mented by numerous lakes and springs upon 
 the high prairies, supply water for immense 
 ranges. The climate is mild and the altitude 
 is such, being about 4,000 feet above the 
 level of the sea, that a more desirable locality 
 cannot be found for the farmer and stock- 
 raiser. 
 
 At Santa Rosa and Eden are large and ex- 
 cellent orchards, which supply the market at 
 Las Vegas to a considerable extent. The 
 orchards of Don Lorenzo Dabadie and Don 
 Cellso Baca are to be particularly mentioned. 
 Both are owned by progressive natives of the 
 Territory who showed great enterprise years 
 ago in planting these charming grounds. The 
 apples from here have frequently taken the 
 highest premiums at fairs. 
 
 All along the Pecos are great flocks of 
 sheep, most of them improved breeds. There 
 is no section of the Territory where this branch 
 of industry has been more successful than here. 
 
 There are but few towns in Guadaloupe 
 county. Puerto de Luna is the largest as well 
 as the county seat. It contains about 1,000 
 inhabitants. There is a $20,000 courthouse 
 in the town, some good schools and several 
 
7 
 
 Pecos Valley Farm. 
 
 SCENES IN THE FECOS VAELEY. 
 
 2. Peach Orchard at Hagerman Farm. 
 4. A Four- Year-Old Apple Tree in Southern New Mexico. 
 
 3. Cattle Fatted on Alfalfa, iu Southern New Mexico. 
 5. Cluster of Apples. 
 
HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 '59 
 
 large stores. It is the center of a good trade 
 with the surrounding cattle and sheep ranches, 
 and of a fine farming country. Fruits do very 
 well in the vicinity of this town. The town 
 is situated on the Pecos river, and there is a 
 good system of ditches around it. With rail- 
 road connection it bids fair to become an im- 
 portant trade center and a prosperous commu- 
 nity. Its climate is excellent, and many 
 thousands of acres of fine land in its vicinity, and 
 for many miles up and down the Pecos river, 
 could be brought under cultivation by a 
 scientifically constructed system of ditches, 
 dams and reservoirs. To the east and west of 
 the town stretch many miles of the finest of 
 grazing country. 
 
 Anton Chico in the extreme northwest 
 corner of the county, is situated in the center 
 of a beautiful valley which is as fertile as it is 
 beautiful. This town was the first settled in 
 the vicinity and for many years was the frontier 
 bulwark of civilization against the wild Indians 
 of the plains. It was here that the ill-fated 
 Texan " Santa-Fe Expedition " saw the first 
 Mexican settlement after their long journey; 
 and here they were compelled to surrender and 
 one of their company was shot. 
 
 La Cueva, La Junta and Las Cclonias are 
 farming and fruit-growing communities along 
 the valley of the Pecos, and each is the seat of 
 a happy and prosperous population. 
 
 TAGS COUNTY. 
 
 With the single exception of Santa Fe, 
 Taos is probably the best known name of all 
 places in New Mexico, on account of the Taos 
 pueblo and the number of descriptions and 
 pictures of its great terraced buildings which 
 constantly appear in magazines and news- 
 papers. 
 
 The county was one of the original divisions 
 of the Territory, and one of the largest. At 
 the date of the American occupation the bound- 
 aries of the county of Taos extended across 
 the Territory from east to west; and then in- 
 cluded all of southern Colorado south of the 
 Tepesta, or Arkansas river, besides the coun- 
 
 ties of Colfax and Mora and so much of Rio Ar- 
 riba county as lies immediately west of the pres- 
 ent county boundaries. The present bound- 
 aries are, on the north by the Colorado line; 
 east by the Sangre del Cristo range of the 
 Rocky mountains; south by Rio Arriba county, 
 the line being about twenty miles south of 
 Fernandez de Taos; and on the west by the 
 mountain divide west of the Rio Grande. It 
 is traversed from north to south by the Rio 
 Grande river, which within its boundaries re- 
 ceives the waters of the Red, Taos, Embudo 
 and Ojo Caliente rivers and several smaller 
 streams. 
 
 The Taos valley is one of the most pictur- 
 esque in existence. On the east it is surround- 
 ed by a half moon of mountains, with no foot- 
 hills extending out into the mesas to break the 
 view or diminish their grandeur. Eleven 
 streams issue from these mountains out into 
 and across this valley in a westerly direction. 
 It is estimated that there are about 180,000 
 acres susceptible to irrigation from these 
 streams. 
 
 This valley is virtually a continuation of 
 the famous San Luis valley of Colorado, but it 
 is much better situated as to elevation, char- 
 acter of the soil, water and shelter. The Rio 
 Grande river cuts through the valley in a can- 
 yon about 500 feet deep. At places its bed 
 sinks abruptly from the high tablelands or cuts 
 through the mountain spurs. The scene is 
 grand, sometimes awful. That part of its 
 course known as the Taos canyon is so deep 
 and abrupt that it is one of the remarkable 
 gorges of the world. 
 
 There are now 25,000 to 30,000 acres irri- 
 gated and cultivated in the valley, and its popu- 
 lation is only about 10,000 people. At the very 
 lowest estimate this same land would support 
 fully 20, ooo people, and with close and intensive 
 cultivation these figures could be increased to 
 50, ooo, which would allow a ten-acre fruit farm 
 to each family of five persons. This area to the 
 Eastern man seems very small, but when it is 
 considered that one small orchard of five acres 
 near Taos produced over $400 an acre, ten 
 
i6o 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 acres therefore intensely cultivated would give 
 a gross income of $4,000. How many farmers 
 of the East realize such a sum from 160 acres 
 of diversified crops? Of course it must be un- 
 derstood that this money return per acre is 
 from trees in full bearing; but it is by no means 
 excessive or a prize yield; it is simply what can 
 be done with average good culture. 
 
 The agricultural interests of this county are 
 still to a great extent carried on in the primi- 
 tive style of the middle ages, including the 
 wooden plow, grain cut with a sickle, and 
 thrashing is by the ancient process of treading 
 it out, yet the results obtained are wonderful, 
 almost beyond belief. The soil around and 
 adjacent to Fernandez de Taos, has been in 
 cultivation for centuries, and the use of fertil- 
 izers is unknown beyond the sediment in the 
 water used for irrigation. The soil in the val- 
 ley is a dark loam and very deep, and espe- 
 cially rich in wheat-bearing properties. 
 
 In view of this fact, ninety bushels of 
 wheat to an acre (another fact in a few in- 
 stances) is startling. The wheat raised is of a 
 superior quality, equaling, and often excelling, 
 the finest grades grown in Colorado. The grain 
 is exceedingly large and plump; a bushel will 
 average in weight from sixty-five to sixty-eight 
 pounds, the latter weight being by no means 
 uncommon. The average yield is about fifteen 
 for one. 
 
 It is one of the few sections of the Terri- 
 tory that is adapted to the growing of potatoes. 
 Vegetables of all kinds grow to astonishing 
 size and perfection, cabbage weighing from 
 fifty to seventy pounds; beets equally large in 
 proportion, lettuce, turnips, parnips, onions, 
 peas and beans; the latter of superior quality, 
 being much sweeter than the common white 
 bean, and commanding a higher price. Corn 
 is also a staple crop. Grasses grow with lux- 
 uriance, the Taos valley farmers raising suffi- 
 cient hay for their own use, and some for 
 market. 
 
 During the past half a dozen years consid- 
 erable attention has been given to fruit culture. 
 The cry was that good fruit could not be raised 
 
 at such an elevation. This, however, has 
 been disproved by the profits realized from 
 several orchards. At Ranchos de Taos there 
 is an orchard of thirty acres. It shows what 
 the Taos valley soils can do under irrigation in 
 the way of raising choice deciduous fruits. 
 Apples, peaches, pears, plums, apricots and 
 nectarines are raised to perfection, and are re- 
 markable for their juiciness, size, coloring and 
 flavor. 
 
 The amount of land under the plow does 
 not exceed one-seventh of the available area 
 adapted to cultivation. Numerous ancient 
 ruins, and old ranches, abandoned in the days 
 of hostile Indians, show that at one time this 
 county supported a much larger population 
 than at present. 
 
 On the western side of the river the valley 
 is practically devoid of streams suitable to sup- 
 ply water for irrigation. There is, however, 
 in contemplation a mammoth canal, to be con- 
 structed from a point near Conejos, Colorado, 
 to water these lands. Large reservoirs to store 
 the surplus waters of the Rio Grande in natural 
 depressions on the table lands are to be a 
 feature of this enterprise. 
 
 The climate of Taos county is very near 
 perfection. Its altitude insures a temperature 
 during the summer that is delightful, the heat 
 of the day being relieved by dry and bracing 
 breezes, and at night a thick blanket is always 
 a comfortable covering. In winter while the 
 snow falls plentifully upon the mountains, it 
 rarely appears in the valleys in quantity, and 
 in any event remains but a short time. The 
 temperature is almost invariably equable, being 
 protected by the mountains from the cold 
 storms. The winter thermometer averages 
 about 25 degrees at night, and rising during 
 the day to 35 or 40 degrees, sometimes higher. 
 To persons afflicted with lung complaints and 
 bronchial affections, it is especially adapted. 
 
 The mineral wealth of Taos county is 
 chiefly in gold, silver, copper and lead. 
 
 The Rio Grande gravel from the mouth of 
 Red river southward carries fine gold, and in 
 spots where the windings of the river or some 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 161 
 
 other feature has caused it to remain and accu- 
 mulate, it is found in surprising quantities. 
 Red river (Rio Colorado), the San Cristobal 
 and Arroyo Hondo also are bordered by plac- 
 ers of great value. Copper and silver abound 
 in the mountains east of the Rio Grande and 
 above Rinconada. 
 
 During the last year or two there has been 
 a rush of prospectors and miners to a new 
 camp in the northeast of the county, where a 
 town has suddenly arisen called Amizett. 
 
 The mines here are all rich. Picked speci- 
 mens of ore from the surface, pounded up in a 
 mortar and washed out have yielded at the 
 rate of $20,000 in gold to the ton, and the 
 general average of the ore will be about $250 
 per ton. The ore as now developed is mostly 
 free-milling, and the croppings have been 
 traced and located for miles. 
 
 The town of Taos, or Fernandez de Taos, 
 sometimes called Fernando de Taos or Don 
 Fernando de Taos, is one of the most inter- 
 esting places to visit in America. It is quaintly 
 built around a large plaza, with a fenced park 
 in the center, and possesses a very large adobe 
 church of considerable antiquity. Before the 
 advent of railroads it was a commercial center 
 of considerable importance. It was also the 
 first port of entry established for merchandise 
 brought across the plains to the Territory from 
 the East. 
 
 Among the early American residents were 
 Colonel " Kit " Carson and Governor William 
 Bent (both of whom are buried at Taos), Colonel 
 Ceran St. Vrain, Judge Beaubien, Lucien 
 Stewart and others, names as familiar 
 throughout the West as household words. 
 
 Only three miles to the northeast, under 
 the shadows of great mountains, and occupy- 
 ing both sides of a clear, bright river, is the 
 pueblo of Taos, undoubtedly the most interest- 
 ing structure in the United States. Tourists 
 come from all over the world to visit the 
 pueblo, and at the time of the annual festival, 
 on September 30, thousands of visitors are 
 present, including Jicarilla Apache Indians, 
 
 Pueblo Indians from every pueblo north of 
 11 
 
 Santa Fe, hundreds of Mexicans from Taos 
 and Rio Arriba counties, and strangers from 
 all over the world. It is a very interesting and 
 spectacular occasion. 
 
 Ranches de Taos is located about four 
 miles south of Fernandez de Taos. It has 
 several large flouring mills, is surrounded by 
 some beautiful orchards, is the center of 
 60,000 acres of fertile land, of which about 
 one-fifth is under cultivation, has several 
 schools, is the headquarters of the Presby- 
 terian missions, and conducts a large and 
 growing trade with all the surrounding country. 
 
 Arroyo 'Hondo, Arroyo Seco and Colorado 
 are thriving little towns, north of Taos, and 
 are engaged in mining, agriculture and stock- 
 raising. 
 
 Ojo Caliente (Hot Spring) is a well-known 
 health resort in the southwestern part of the 
 county, on Ojo Caliente creek, and at an alti- 
 tude of 6,292 feet. The temperature of the 
 waters is from 108 to 114 degrees Fahren- 
 heit. The water contains an extraordinarily, 
 large proportion of sodium carbonate; next to 
 that, in quantity, is common salt; then sodium 
 sulphate, and smaller quantities of magne- 
 sium and calcium carbonate and potassium 
 sulphate. 
 
 When Lieutenant Pike, of Pike's Peak 
 fame, was being brought to Santa Fe from his 
 little fort on a branch of the upper Rio 
 Grande, he was conducted down the valley of 
 Ojo Caliente creek, and visited the springs, of 
 which he gives a very favorable account. That 
 was in 1 806. He called it Aqua Caliente. 
 There are also other hot springs situated near 
 Fernandez de Taos, that for generations have 
 been visited by local residents for bathing and 
 other sanitary purposes. 
 
 Although distant from any railroad, and 
 thus quite isolated, Taos sends to the legisla- 
 ture and other representative meetings men of 
 far more than ordinary ability. This is largely 
 attributed to the teaching and influence of 
 Padre Martinez, Antonio J. Martinez, who 
 was altogether the strongest character of his 
 generation, and who taught all the most prom- 
 
162 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ising boys of the north in his school at Taos. 
 He brought the first printing-press to New 
 Mexico, and printed thereon, in 1837, the first 
 newspaper, "El Crepusculo," ever pub- 
 lished in the Territory. It was continued only 
 for four issues, but it was the father of the im- 
 mense journalistic family which has since in- 
 creased and multiplied. 
 
 RIO ARR1BA COUNTY. 
 
 This county may be divided into two 
 parts. The first is that for which it is named, 
 "The Upper River, " being the valley of the 
 Rio Grande from Espanyola to the narrow can- 
 yon above Embudo and Rinconada, extending 
 from the summit of the Rocky Mountains on 
 the east to the tops of the high mesas which 
 form the "divide" west of that river. The 
 second part, much larger in area, is situated 
 to the west of this, including the valleys of 
 the Chama and its tributaries from the Colo- 
 rado line southward. 
 
 Between the river valleys are high mesas 
 generally capped with a layer of lava, over 
 which the work of nature through centuries has 
 spread a rich covering of soil. 
 
 Thus the county has a very diversified sur- 
 face. In the middle and east it is marked by 
 great ranges of mountains. The " Conti- 
 nental Divide " comes down through its cen- 
 ter. On the west the water flows through the 
 San Juan system toward the gulf of California, 
 on the east into the Rio Grande and thence to 
 the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 The mesas are covered with good grass, 
 pinyon and cedar, the mountains bear excellent 
 timber, and, while large stretches of land are 
 covered with sage, the soil is excellent, and 
 needs only irrigating to be productive. There 
 is no finer country anywhere on the continent 
 than the valley of the Chama and the wider 
 valley of the Rio Grande. The portion of the 
 latter in Rio Arriba county is by many consid- 
 ered the most beautiful and valuable in New 
 Mexico. It is just about twenty miles in 
 length from the northern extremity at the open- 
 ing of the Embudo canyon to the wide ex- 
 
 panse near Santa Cruz and Espanyola, and it 
 includes the fertile lands of La Joya, Los Lu- 
 ceros, Plaza de Alcalde, San Juan, Chamita, 
 Santa Cruz, El Bosque and San Jose. One 
 great advantage is that the supply of water 
 never fails even in the driest seasons. When 
 the enormous drain on the river for irrigation 
 purposes has largely exhausted its store of 
 water, and it has become almost or quite dry 
 lower down and in the vicinity of El Paso, 
 here in Rio Arriba county it is always full and 
 awaits only the desires and necessities of man 
 to respond to them most liberally. Again, 
 this valley is wonderfully protected by moun- 
 tain heights from the cold blasts of winter. 
 The name of La Joya (the jewel) might well 
 be applied to the whole of it, but it is now 
 generally known from its principal railroad and 
 shipping station as the Espanyola valley. 
 
 The Rio Puerco of the East heads on the 
 west side of the Nacimiento range, near its 
 northern end, where it has many well-watered 
 affluents; it flows south and its wide valley 
 contains excellent soil which will soon be made 
 fertile by the efforts of a large irrigating com- 
 pany. 
 
 Next is the Rio Chama, a strong stream 
 originating in Colorado, flowing first south, 
 then with a great sweep eastward; it empties 
 into the Rio Grande five miles above Espan- 
 yola, the terminus of the Denver and Rio 
 Grande railroad. 
 
 The main affluents of the Chama are on the 
 west side; Rio Gallinas, running from south to 
 north, Canyones creek and Bear creek, and on 
 the north side Rio Brazos, Nutrias, Cangilon, 
 El Rito and Rio Caliente, all well watered and 
 bordered by fertile valleys. Fine forests cover 
 the mountains and hills surrounding these 
 streams; there is also an excellent growth of 
 nutritious grasses. The northeast corner of 
 the county is watered by the Rio de los Pinos 
 and the Rio San Antonio, flowing east into the 
 Rio Grande; both streams run through fine, 
 fertile valleys and abound with trout. 
 
 The Denver & Rio Grande Railroad runs 
 through the northern part of the county from 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ,63 
 
 Antonito to Silverton, while the New Mej.ico 
 branch of that road almost forms the north- 
 eastern boundary of the county and follows 
 the west bank of the Rio Grande to Espan- 
 yola. Bridges over the Rio Grande at Em- 
 budo, San Juan (Chamita station) and Espan- 
 yola overcome the natural obstacle to easy 
 communication presented by that river when 
 the water is high. These were built by the 
 railroad company, but are kept in good order 
 by the counties interested. 
 
 On the eastern side of this far-famed val- 
 ley there are thousands of acres of rich land 
 still awaiting enterprise, to place it under a 
 proper state of cultivation. This land is of a 
 more productive nature than any other within 
 the county limits, and the only thing necessary 
 to develop its hidden wealth, is the construc- 
 tion of an irrigating ditch, for the constant 
 and abundant supply of which, the waters of 
 the never-failing Rio Grande are ever at hand. 
 The purchase of this land and the construction 
 of an irrigation ditch would prove a most ex- 
 cellent investment for capitalists. 
 
 We refer here to a modern system of irri- 
 gation by high line ditches, which will greatly 
 widen the area of available land. At present, 
 and for very many years, there has been a 
 comparatively large population here, cultivat- 
 ing the narrow strip of land near the river 
 which could be irrigated by small accquias 
 without much difficulty. What is needed is a 
 much larger and more comprehensive improve- 
 ment which will widen the belt of agricultural 
 land under irrigation to at least four times its 
 present size. 
 
 Besides the river valleys there is also a val- 
 ley called Laguna de los Caballos, which sig- 
 nifies "horse lake; " it is situated about eight- 
 een miles, a little south of west, from Tierra 
 Amarilla, the lake itself having an area of 
 about 20,000 acres. It will store enough 
 water to irrigate at least 10,000 acres of land. 
 North and northwest, between the laguna and 
 the north boundary of the county, are some 
 twenty lakes, varying in area from 100 to 600 
 acres, with water sufficient to irrigate at least 
 
 20,000 to 30,000 acres. In the neighborhood 
 of the lakes are large quantities of excellent 
 land, which only require a systematic use of 
 the water accumulated during every season in 
 these lakes, to render them immensely pro- 
 ductive. 
 
 This country is also a paradise for sports- 
 men, as almost all kinds of fish and wild game 
 are plentiful. Here may be found the snipe, 
 quail, partridge, duck, goose, pigeon and tur- 
 key, as well as the hare, deer, bear and ante- 
 lope, and all in great abundance. The atmos- 
 phere is clear and pure, and the climate genial, 
 healthy and invigorating, the winters short 
 and mild, and the summers long and pleasant. 
 Health being the rule here, and disease a rare 
 exception, this locality is remarkable for the 
 longevity of its inhabitants. 
 
 The principal agriculture of Rio Arriba 
 county is found on the Chama and its tribu- 
 taries, on the Rio Grande and San Antonio 
 rivers. It is all conducted under irrigation, 
 and according to the estimates of the surveyor 
 general of New Mexico, there are at present 
 under ditch in this county and cultivated 29,- 
 623 acres of land. 
 
 It may safely be assumed that four times 
 as many acres as are now cultivated may be 
 brought under crop by a system of ditches 
 scientifically constructed. The characteristic 
 of the present system of canals is that it cov- 
 ers no more than the first river bottoms or low 
 land. The ditches are all communal affairs, 
 from three to twelve feet on bottom, and run 
 out so as to cover the most easily available 
 land. Wherever the valleys widen out for a 
 few miles the country is characterized by a 
 bottom along the river from about one-half to 
 a mile wide, flanked on either side by a level 
 mesa rising sheer for ten or twenty feet above 
 the water. The first cultivators rarely irri- 
 gated these lands, which are by far the more 
 valuable. On these slight elevations above 
 the river the frost leaves the ground from ten 
 days to two weeks earlier in the spring than in 
 the bottom, and does not settle till a corre- 
 spondingly later period in the fall. This is an 
 
164 
 
 H1STORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 inestimable advantage. In Rio Arriba county 
 there are available in the first bottoms of the 
 rivers and creeks 108,203 acres, of which, as 
 stated before, 29,623 acres are cultivated. 
 This soil is composed of the best silt, and of 
 actually inexhaustible fertility. In addition to 
 this there are 78,580 acres of mesa or bench 
 lands easy to cover with modern ditches. 
 Therefore there are available and ready for 
 occupation and irrigation at least 195,000 acres 
 in this county. 
 
 Portions of this county are especially 
 adapted to the raising of fruit, as may be seen 
 by a glance at the numerous and extensive or- 
 chards and gardens, where may be seen many 
 varieties of melons, apples, pears, peaches, 
 plums, cherries, grapes, strawberries and other 
 fruits of the largest size, finest flavor and in 
 great abundance. Indeed, the constant, 
 countless and complicated operations of na- 
 ture, which have been transpiring for thou- 
 sands of years, the decay of vast forests, 
 and gigantic vegetable growths, the decompo- 
 sition of rocks, the agency of heat, winds and 
 waters, have all united in rendering the soil of 
 such rare nature, that literally, "if you tickle 
 it with a hoe, it laughs with a harvest." 
 
 Some of the largest and finest orchards in 
 the Territory are in the Rio Grande valley in 
 this county. In fact, the first fine peaches 
 that were introduced from the East were 
 planted at Rinconada. There is now a large 
 orchard at that place, and others at the mouth 
 of Embudo creek, at La Nassa, La Joya, Los 
 Luceros, Plaza de Alcalde and San Juan on the 
 east side, and at Chamita and the vicinity of 
 Espanyola on the west side. All kinds of 
 fruit do well, except that peaches, apricots and 
 nectarines are an uncertain crop on account of 
 late frosts; but this section seems especially 
 adapted to plums and prunes, which grow 
 with amazing rapidity, and produce fruit in 
 great perfection. 
 
 Rio Arriba county now exports wheat in 
 considerable quantities, principally from the 
 valleys of the Rio de los Pinos, the Rio San 
 Antonio and the Chama. The Gallinas valley 
 
 is cultivated in the very best modern style by 
 improved agricultural instruments. The El 
 Rito, Ojo Caliente and Bear creek valleys are 
 all fine producers of the cereals. 
 
 It would be well here to call attention to 
 the remarkable growth of wild hops in this 
 section of the country; they produce enor- 
 mously. The hop is much larger than any cul- 
 tivated variety, and it is infinitely richer in 
 essential oils, and with a remarkably rich 
 aroma. The cultivation of this crop will un- 
 doubtedly be a source of immense revenue to 
 this county in the future. 
 
 The mineral resources of Rio Arriba are 
 principally gold and copper, together with 
 mica and some other industrial minerals. 
 Along the Chama river for a distance of 
 twenty miles, commencing about five miles 
 above Abiquiu, are extensive placer gravel 
 beds. The gold is fine, but very pure, and the 
 amount of gravel may be said to be inex- 
 haustible. There is also a large amount of 
 gold, both in leads and placers, at the Good 
 Hope camp, about twenty miles west of Tres 
 Piedras. In the vicinity of the latter, at a 
 place called Bromide, are rich silver deposits. 
 Copper is found in the east, in the main range 
 of mountains, and in the vicinity of Abiquiu. 
 The largest beds of mica in the Territory are 
 found near the town of Petaca. The product 
 is not only of extreme purity and clearness, 
 but is found in sheets of unusual size. There 
 is also a large deposit of mica of merchantable 
 quality near Nambe, in th eeast. Prospectors 
 have also discovered near Petaca, where most 
 of the mica mines are, veins of ferruginous 
 ore with the mica leads. Specimens of this 
 ore, taken almost from the surface (these veins 
 have not been opened more than four or five 
 feet down) have been assayed to carry from 
 one-fourth of one to one and one-half per 
 cent of tin. A thorough investigation of these 
 deposits will no doubt develop an industry that 
 will pay largely, and at the same time supply 
 a metal of which the United States is in great 
 need, and for which at present about $25,000,- 
 ooo are annually sent to England. 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ,65 
 
 The coal fields in the vicinity of Amargo 
 and Monero are among the most important in 
 all New Mexico, and supply much of southern 
 Colorado. 
 
 Here, then, in Rio Arriba county is pre- 
 sented a field as alluring to the laborer, farmer, 
 miner, artisan, merchant or capitalist as it is 
 full of attractions to the invalid, tourist, pleas- 
 ure-seeker, traveler, artist and savant, and, as 
 we before remarked, it may be truthfully said 
 that a rare combination of most favorable cir- 
 cumstances have all united in rendering it one 
 of the attractive localities of the world. 
 
 This county contains one of the largest and 
 most celebrated of the existing pueblo towns, 
 at San Juan, called by the early Spaniards 
 " San Juan de los Caballeros " (" San Juan of 
 the Gentlemen") on account of the excellent 
 character of the inhabitants. It also contains 
 a large number, of ruins of ancient pueblo 
 towns, generally built of stone. Many of 
 these old towns and cities were of vast extent. 
 Some of them are found in the valleys, others 
 on hills and table lands, some upon the moun- 
 tains, while others again are found far up the 
 face of the high and rocky cliffs, which are 
 nearly if not quite perpendicular. In the 
 southern portion of this county the quaint and 
 interesting habitations of the celebrated "Cliff- 
 dwellers " are found in various localities, and 
 are well worth a visit. 
 
 Rio Arriba is the great lumber-producing 
 region of New Mexico. Until the recent stag- 
 nation in building operations the number of 
 feet cut annually on the Tierra Amarilla grant 
 in the vicinity of Chama, was not less than 
 15,000,000, requiring the constant working of 
 three large rnjlls. On the Petaca grant about 
 3,000,000 feet were annually produced and 
 shipped from Tres Piedras. In each case 
 branch railroads were built to accommodate 
 the business. 
 
 This county is essentially a rural one, 
 and consequently contains no large towns. The 
 population along the Rio Grande valley, how- 
 ever, is as numerous as anywhere in New 
 
 Mexico, the line of farm houses along the 
 main roads being almost continuous. 
 
 Tierra Amarilla is the county seat and center 
 of a finely cultivated country. Los Ojos, Park 
 View, La Puente and a number of small towns 
 surround and depend upon it. Here the land 
 is covered with a number of irrigation ditches, 
 and large crops are produced. A good court 
 house and jail are located here; the trade of 
 this town, especially in live stock, wool and 
 grain, is quite large. It is one of the oldest 
 towns in that section of New Mexico, having 
 been settled under a grant from the Mexican 
 government in the thirties. 
 
 Abiquiu, on the Chama river, about twen- 
 ty miles from Chamita, and twenty-five miles 
 from Espanyola, is surrounded by a stock-rais- 
 ing and agricultural country. It is also rich in 
 minerals. Copper and placer gold abound. 
 On the Arroyo Cobre copper is now being ex- 
 tracted. The gold fields begin where the 
 Canyones creek empties into the Chama. They 
 extend thence north and occupy a space ap- 
 proximately fifteen miles long along the river, 
 and six miles wide. The old Indian pueblo of 
 Abiquiu has been deserted for some time, but 
 the modern Mexican town covers much of the 
 same ground. It is peculiarly situated on a 
 hill overlooking miles of the Chama valley. 
 
 Chama, near the northern boundary of the 
 county, is an American settlement on the Cha- 
 ma river, surrounded by fine pine forests, which 
 are extensively worked by a number of sawmills, 
 supplying the Denver and Pueblo markets. 
 Fine quarries of excellent sandstone, which 
 has been used for the erection of the Colorado 
 State capitol, are a short distance west, on the 
 Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, which also runs 
 through Chama. Besides this, Chama is the 
 shipping point for sheep and cattle raised in 
 the surrounding country. There are good 
 schools, hotels, stores, churches, etc., at 
 Chama. 
 
 El Rito is in the eastern part of the county 
 on El Rito creek, in a fertile valley surrounded 
 by low hills, three to five miles away, except 
 to the northwest, where the El Rito mountains 
 
1 66 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 lay; this section has access to the Denver & 
 Rio Grande Railroad at Barranca, Chamita 
 and Espanyola; most cultivation is done by 
 irrigation; the trade of the town chiefly con- 
 sists in wool, live stock, grain and country 
 produce. Of late, copper and silver mining 
 are assuming some importance. 
 
 Monero is the center of a very extensive 
 and productive coal field. It is situated near 
 the Colorado line on the route of the Denver 
 & Rio Grande Railroad. Last year 20,000 
 tons of coal were shipped from this town. 
 These fields are part of the coal beds else- 
 where described in this book. They are not 
 mere isolated deposits, but part of a wide- 
 stretching area that will one day bring New 
 Mexico to the front as a manufacturing State. 
 
 SAN JUAN COUNTY. 
 
 San Juan is one of the newer parts of New 
 Mexico, both as to its settlement and its estab- 
 lishment as a separate county. It was too near 
 the Indian country, or rather too much a part 
 of the Indian country, for any settlements to 
 be made there in Mexican days or for more 
 than a quarter of a century after the better 
 protection of the American government had 
 been extended. Abiquiu, El Rito and Ojo 
 Caliente were then the extreme frontiers of 
 civilization, and many a bloody combat and 
 many a mourning household told of the dangers 
 and sorrows of life where forays and sudden in- 
 roads were continually taking place. Even 
 now the Mexican population, gradually moving 
 from the older portions of New Mexico, has 
 only gone as far as Largo, and the settlers of 
 the other parts of San Juan have come from 
 Colorado by the way of Durango. They were 
 almost exclusively cattle men at first, but the 
 beauty and fertility of the valley soon attracted 
 the farmer, and then came the inevitable con- 
 flict which at some time has been waged nearly 
 all over the far West, between the cowboy 
 wishing an open range and no fences to cut off 
 the water, and the agriculturist who came to 
 establish his homestead and help form a per- 
 manent community. The result is always the 
 
 same; all the efforts of the cattle men can only 
 cause delay, and sooner or later they have to 
 retreat before the advancing line of houses and 
 barns and other regular improvements. So 
 it has been in San Juan, until the cattle inter- 
 est has become comparatively small, and the 
 county is known everywhere as the home of 
 the farm and the orchard. 
 
 For a considerable time it constituted a 
 part of Taos county, then it was attached to Rio 
 Arriba; but the hardships and inconveniences 
 arrising from being so distant from the seat of 
 justice, were so evident that at length, in 1887, 
 it was set apart as a separate county, and 
 named for its principal river, San Juan. 
 
 It occupies the northwestern corner of the 
 Territory, being bounded on the north by Col- 
 orado, on the west by Arizona, east by Rio 
 Arriba county and south by Bernalillo county. 
 Its western portion is included in the Navajo 
 reservation. The total area is 3, 542,000 acres. 
 This county has been called the garden spot of 
 New Mexico; certainly it is the best watered, 
 and between its rivers are high table land and 
 picturesque mountains. 
 
 The principal agricultural lands of the 
 county are embraced in the valleys of the San 
 Juan, Animas, La Plata, Rio de los Pinos and 
 a small portion of the Rio Mancos. 
 
 Considering these streams in the order of 
 their importance, the San Juan river rises in 
 Archuleta county, Colorado, and drains be- 
 tween 80 and 100 miles of the western slopes 
 of the continental divide. It enters New Mex- 
 ico at the northeast corner of the county, 
 makes a huge semi-circle, and departs on its 
 course through Utah, at the extreme north- 
 west corner of the Territory; within the county 
 the total length of this stream Js about 124 
 miles, about thirty miles of which is over lands of 
 the Navajo reservation. This river is 275 feet 
 wide, has an average fall of eleven feet to the 
 mile. In the spring and early summer it is 
 only fordable at a few places, and its lowest 
 depth is about two feet. Even as late as Oc- 
 tober and November its waters will reach to a 
 wagon bed. The lowest flow of this river will 
 
HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 167 
 
 be about 4,000 cubic feet per second, or suffi- 
 cient at the most conservative estimate to irri- 
 gate 640,000 acres. 
 
 At the town of Largo the river bottom 
 widens out into rolling mesas and bottom lands 
 which are available for cultivation. The most 
 important of these tracts are known as the 
 Bloomfield and Solomon mesas, which with 
 the bottom lands under them will aggregate 
 somewhat over 20,000 acres. They are on 
 the north side of the river. On the south 
 side, between the mouth of the Animas and 
 Farmington, is a splendid piece of bottom 
 land twenty-five miles long and from one to 
 two miles wide. The Animas and La Plata 
 empty into the San Juan near Farmington, 
 about midway in the county. On the two 
 points of land formed by the rivers are about 
 12,000 or 15,000 acres of fine land, all under 
 ditch. Beginning then at the mouth of the La 
 Plata, and for twenty miles down the San 
 Juan, to where it breaks through the Hogback, 
 a line of low hills, there is a continuous series 
 of mesas with about a mile wide of bottom 
 land. A little over 15,000 acres here are now 
 under ditch. To the north of this are a series 
 of high meadows, or vegas, estimated to con- 
 tain 44,000 acres. 
 
 The other streams mentioned have their 
 sources in the San Juan mountains in the State 
 of Colorado, and flow in a southerly direction 
 to where they unite with the San Juan. These 
 streams have their source in the perpetual snow- 
 capped mountains which cause them to carry 
 a large volume of water throughout the entire 
 year and, consequently, are permanent, afford- 
 ing a great sufficiency of water for irrigation 
 and manufacturing purposes. 
 
 Besides the valleys along the streams there 
 is a vast extent of grain and fruit land lying 
 back from the rivers in large plateaus or mesas, 
 a great portion of which can be irrigated from 
 the streams at a reasonable expense. The 
 altitudes of these valleys are 4, 500 feet in the 
 lower portion of the county, increasing as we 
 ascend the rivers, at the rate of from fifteen to 
 twenty-five feet to the mile 
 
 The Animas river, which is the most im- 
 portant of the branches of the San Juan, 
 flows south from Durango, Colorado, near 
 which place it is formed by the junction of two 
 mountain streams, and will irrigate, if proper- 
 ly handled, 30,000 or 40,000 acres of fruit 
 land. Of this amount 10,000 or 12,000 acres 
 are already under ditch, and it would not be 
 wise to advise large settlement on any new 
 lands unless some scheme were devised by 
 which the whole amount of the water could be 
 handled by some comprehensive authority. 
 This river flows thirty miles within San Juan 
 county. It is about 1 50 feet wide, about 
 eighteen inches deep at low water, and has a 
 minimum flow of 2,000 cubic feet per second. 
 
 Besides the valley of the Animas there is an 
 important area of land included in the Farm- 
 ington Glade, an intervale between the Animas 
 and La Plata rivers. It is a strip of country 
 two to three miles wide by eighteen miles 
 long. It will aggregate 25,000 acres of good 
 irrigable land well adapted to fruit-raising. 
 The traces of an ancient Aztec ditch may be 
 seen, which once irrigated a large area of this 
 glade from the Animas. At present 8,000 acres 
 of the northern portion are irrigated by a 
 ditch brought in from the La Plata. 
 
 The La Plata river flows in a deep, sandy 
 bed, and its waters generally disappear in the 
 last week of August or the first week of 
 September. On the upper part of this river 
 after it enters San Juan county there are about 
 8,000 acres cultivated; and at Jackson, near its 
 mid-course, there is a small Mormon colony, who 
 till about 1,000 acres. The river has an 
 average fall of forty feet to the mile, is about 
 thirty feet wide and has a mean average flow 
 of about 250 cubic feet per second. 
 
 It will be seen from the foregoing that 
 there are available from these three rivers 
 6,250 cubic feet of water per second. At the 
 low estimate of 160 acres to each cubic foot, 
 this is sufficient to irrigate 1,000,000 acres of 
 land. According to a careful computation 
 there are only 175,000 acres available for irri- 
 gation. At present the only use made of all 
 
1 68 
 
 HIS 7^0 RT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 this wealth of water is to irrigate about 25,- 
 ooo acres, the larger part of which is under 
 ditches owned by small associations of farmers. 
 
 So, whether we consider the present use or 
 the limit of ultimate demand, there is an enor- 
 mous supply of water in excess of the require- 
 ments. This will be used in the future to de- 
 velop water power, which can be advantage- 
 ously used for many purposes. 
 
 Apart from the neighborhood ditches, there 
 are now under process of construction several 
 large irrigating ditches, which, when com- 
 pleted, will furnish water for many thousand 
 acres of valuable lands. The more noted of 
 these are the "Grand Canal," taken from the 
 Animas river near Aztec, extending in a west- 
 erly direction to the La Plata, covering from 
 7,000 to 10,000 acres, the largest body of 
 which lies just north of the town of Farming- 
 ton. The Coolidge ditch, constructed by the 
 Coolidge Brothers, is taken from the Animas 
 near Farmington and covers many thousands 
 of acres of land near Olio. The Canyon 
 Largo ditch, taken from the San Juan, south 
 side, near Largo, covers a large tract of land 
 opposite Bloomrield, and the High Line ditch, 
 taken from the La Plata river near the Colo- 
 rado State line, covers a large tract of land 
 between the La Plata and the Hogback. 
 
 Irrigation and the 'cultivation of the soil 
 thereby is not a new art in the San Juan coun- 
 try. The traces of ancient pueblos and sur- 
 rounding irrigating canals may be followed 
 throughout the country. On the south side of 
 the Animas and skirting the bluffs is be noticed 
 a ditch of higher line than any now in use. It 
 covers all that side of the valley down to the 
 San Juan. On the north side of the river is 
 another entering the Farrnington Glade. At 
 the town of Aztec the foundations of more than 
 a dozen large houses are to be found, while di- 
 rectly across the river was a large pueblo, of 
 which one three-story house still remains. It 
 is estimated that this house was originally six 
 stories high and contained upwards of 1,000 
 apartments. Over 600 rooms are still stand- 
 ing and in good state of preservation. Fur- 
 
 ther down this valley many other ruins are no- 
 : ticeable, and in the neighborhood of Fruitland 
 and Olio the whole valley is covered with them. 
 These pueblos differ from the others in New 
 Mexico in that they are not built in inaccessi- 
 ble places but out on the open mesas. On the 
 Mancos, however, and at other points are clus- 
 ters of cliff dwellings so difficult of access that 
 modern ingenuity has been unable to penetrate 
 them. 
 
 The county at present is almost entirely 
 horticultural and agricultural, the mineral re- 
 sources being undeveloped. 
 
 The great agricultural crop of the county 
 is alfalfa, which grows with the utmost luxuri- 
 ance and is proof against any frosts experi- 
 enced here. The product is enormous, and 
 great stacks containing as much as 500 tons 
 are to be seen as one descends the Animas. In 
 order to utilize the vast crops and save trans- 
 portation, the farmers fatten great numbers of 
 cattle and sheep which are brought here for 
 the purpose. 
 
 Thus the surrounding country is now occu- 
 pied to a considerable extent by large herds of 
 cattle and horses and flocks of sheep, which 
 guarantees a good home market for the sur- 
 plus forage grown in the valleys. Aside from 
 the lands of this county susceptible of irriga- 
 tion and cultivation, the balance of the county 
 is one vast stock range, where, under the mild 
 winters, all kinds of stock subsist the year 
 around without any expense to the owner ex- 
 cept the marking and branding, until the time 
 for fattening arrives. 
 
 Cereals of all kinds are grown here, wheat 
 yielding 20 to 40 bushels per acre; oats, 30 to 
 80 bushels; barley, 30 to 60 bushels; rye, 15 to 
 30 bushels; corn, 25 to 50 bushels. A ready 
 sale is found at good prices. Current prices 
 for 1893 were as follows: Wheat, per hundred 
 weight, $1.40; oats, $1.50; barley, $1.40; 
 corn, $1.50; bran, per ton, $18. Vegetables 
 of every variety flourish, from the hardier va- 
 rieties, such as Irish potatoes, turnips and 
 beets, to the more tender melons, tomatoes, 
 egg-plants, etc. 
 
H1STORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 169 
 
 The county has the advantage of the ex- 
 cellent market afforded by the mining region in 
 southwestern Colorado, and the bulk of the 
 product, both of vegetables and fruit, is sold 
 there. The vegetables are of exceptional size, 
 there being potatoes weighing seven pounds, 
 cabbage weighing thirty pounds, beets three 
 feet in length and eight inches in diameter, 
 melons weighing fifty pounds, squashes weigh- 
 ing i 50 pounds, and tomatoes sweet potatoes 
 and peanuts as good as raised anywhere. 
 
 The bee business, a new industry in New 
 Mexico, is fast coming to the front in the west- 
 ern portion of the county, the Animas and 
 San Juan valleys, having such an abundance 
 of the Rocky mountain bee plant, that those 
 who have tried that industry have found it very 
 interesting and remunerative. The quality of 
 the honey is the very best, wh'le the mild win- 
 ters render it easy to carry the bees through 
 with comparatively small loss. 
 
 Fruit-raising, however, is the most notice- 
 able industry. The orchards extend along all 
 the rivers, and are large and admirably cared 
 for. Those at Farmington and Junction City 
 are the oldest and largest. All kinds of ordi- 
 nary fruit, apples, pears, plums, peaches, 
 apricots, cherries, and all small fruits, do well 
 here. Besides American grapes, vineyards 
 have been planted with foreign varieties, which 
 have succeeded beyond expectation, even the 
 seedless Sultana ripening to perfection. 
 
 Many varieties of apples bear the next year i 
 after setting, when set at two years from graft, 
 and seem to be quite regular bearers there- 
 after, so that it is not necessary to wait from 
 five to ten years for fruit, as is often the case in 
 the middle States. Peaches, plums and apri- 
 cots often bear the first year after being planted, 
 and produce large crops during the second year. 
 
 Southwestern Colorado is almost wholly 
 supplied from the San Juan orchards. So re- 
 munerative has fruit culture proved that in 
 1891, 23,000 trees were planted, and in 1892 
 about 50,000. In the succeeding years, even 
 that large number has been exceeded. The 
 product in 1893 was: 
 
 POUNDS. 
 
 Apples 900,000 
 
 Peaches 465,000 
 
 Pears 10,000 
 
 Plums 40,000 
 
 Grapes ; 412,600 
 
 GALS. 
 Wine 2, 800 
 
 Single acres of fruit land return from $400 
 to $500; and in one orchard, near Farming- 
 ton, are three trees, of whose yield an accurate 
 account has been kept for four years past, that 
 show an average return of $53 per tree. 
 
 So important has become this industry that 
 in 1893 the legislature passed an act estab- 
 lishing an experiment station in this county, 
 under the charge of the Regents of the Agri- 
 cultural College. Considerable delay took 
 place in the selection of a location, but it has 
 finally been fixed near Aztec, and the station 
 will soon be an important institution. 
 
 Thus far, little has been done with the 
 mineral resources of the county. It is well 
 known, however, that almost the entire county 
 is underlaid with coal. Near Aztec, La Plata, 
 Farmington, Olio, Fruitland and Jewett, large 
 veins are opened. The average price of coal 
 is principally the cost of hauling. The beds 
 are so generally distributed, and the coal so 
 easily extracted, that there is very little cost 
 for mining. None of the veins are opened 
 more than 200 feet as yet, but they run from 
 ten to twenty feet thick of pure coal; and one 
 good blast every day at the different mines will 
 supply the demand. 
 
 We cannot leave San Juan without refer- 
 ring to its remarkable scenery. It has a 
 grandeur peculiarly its own; and, when access 
 is more convenient, will attract many tourists. 
 There is one view from near the center of the 
 county that is specially celebrated. To the 
 west, and far down the San Juan valley, towers 
 Ship Rock, a beautiful peak, rising 1,200 feet, 
 like a giant ship with all sails set. In the far 
 southeast, on a high crag, stand the "Angels," 
 two stone figures of great resemblance to the 
 conventional messengers of heaven. Mys- 
 
170 
 
 HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 tically they tower over the surrounding country 
 as guardians of its peace and prosperity. All 
 along the southern horizon stretch either high- 
 rolling mesas, or the bluff, weather-worn faces 
 of the cliffs. In the north tower the cloud- 
 crowned summits of the blue La Plata moun- 
 tains, and over all is the sheen of an arid sky, 
 toning from the vivid grey background of the 
 horizon to lovely azure blue of the zenith. 
 Few scenes, even in the romantic West, pre- 
 sent such beauty. This is only one of the 
 many delightful prospects; but it takes in a 
 stretch of country nearly 100 miles long. 
 
 The county is so entirely rural that it con- 
 tains no large towns. The following, however, 
 may be mentioned: 
 
 Aztec is the county seat, situated on the 
 southeast bank of the Animas. It is on the 
 site of the pueblo before described and is a 
 flourishing town. It has a bank, several large 
 stores, hotel and livery and stage stables. The 
 county jail is a well-built, steel-lined adobe 
 structure. The surrounding country is well 
 cultivated, the farms extending up and down 
 the river for several miles. At this point the 
 valley is about two miles wide. 
 
 About half-way down the river, between 
 Aztec arid Farmington, is Flora Vista. This 
 little village and vicinity has a population of 
 about 250 souls. It is situated at about the 
 widest part of the Animas valley, seven miles 
 from Aztec, raises the same crops, and its or- 
 chards are spreading; its alfalfa fields have a 
 particularly good appearance. 
 
 Farmington and Junction City are situated 
 at the mouth of the Animas. The population 
 of each is about the same as at Aztec. The 
 location is very beautiful. Junction City is on 
 the east and Farmington on the west side of 
 the Animas. At this point the full scenic 
 beauty of the valley reveals itself. From a 
 little hill overlooking the towns a solid planta- 
 tion of three or four square miles, including 
 orchards, alfalfa fields, grain and meadow is 
 seen. Here is at present the densest popula- 
 tion of the county and the widest spread of 
 cultivation. The three valleys here converge 
 
 into the main valley of the San Juan. There 
 are several good stores, public stables, good 
 schools and general facilities. Near this town 
 are located several brick kilns, a sawmill and a 
 roller-process flourmill. 
 
 Largo may be considered the center of pop- 
 ulation on the upper San Juan. Taking in 
 with it the settlement on Pine river and at 
 Bloomfield, the population is between 1,000 
 and 1,200 persons, the majority of whom are 
 of Spanish descent. The high culture of the 
 fields, orchards and vineyards speaks well for 
 the progress of the community. 
 
 Olio, Fruitland and Jewett are situated on 
 the San Juan below its junction with the La 
 Plata. The population of the three is about 
 600 persons. The greater part of the land is 
 under a fine modern canal and in a high state 
 of cultivation. At Fruitland is one small or- 
 chard of seven acres, from which the annual 
 net return has been over $2, 500 per annum 
 for the past five years. This is the property 
 of the resident Mormon bishop, and is culti- 
 vated according to the theory of his people 
 that a small place well cared for is more valu- 
 able than broad acreage poorly farmed. La 
 Plata can hardly be called a town, but is a 
 compact farming community of about seventy 
 well-cultivated homesteads at the head of the 
 La Plata valley. On the western side the 
 land rises in three terraces, one over the other, 
 every one of which is highly cultivated, The 
 sight would remind one more of a French 
 landscape than of a Western community as 
 yet removed from railroads and ten years ago 
 given over to the Indians as a hunting-ground. 
 
 SANTA FE COUNTY. 
 
 This county, though one of the smallest in 
 the Territory, yet from its position and re- 
 sources is one of the most important. The 
 city itself is one of surpassing historic interest, 
 and as an invalid resort is unequaled any- 
 where; the mountains on the east are full of 
 picturesque scenery; the northern portion of 
 the county, as well as its central, is the chosen 
 home of horticulture, and the southern por- 
 
HISTORY OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 171 
 
 tion has a variety of mineral wealth seldom, if 
 ever, surpassed. The soil is excellent, and 
 produces large crops of the best quality if i 
 water be adduced. There. is no dew in the j 
 valleys, but some occurs up the mountain 
 sides. Wheat, corn, grapes, apples, peaches, 
 plums, rhubarb, cabbage, apricots, pears, 
 celery, melons, cauliflower, beets, onions, peas, 
 beans, carrots, turnips, parsnips, strawberries, 
 etc., are raised to perfection where irrigation 
 can be had. The soil is of such physical and 
 chemical composition, as shown by analysis, 
 as to make it prolific in the extreme, with- 
 out resort to any kind of manure whatever; 
 each irrigation adds new fertilizing material, 
 and keeps up the strength of the soil. 
 
 Most of the streams in the county emanate 
 from the west side of the Santa Fe range of 
 the Rocky mountains, and have a westerly 
 course, being affluents of the Rio Grande, 
 which itself flows from northeast to southwest 
 through the extreme western part of the 
 county. They are the Santa Cruz river, flow- 
 ing down from the canyons near Chimayo; 
 Nambe creek and its different heads, Tesuque 
 creek and Santa Fe creek, heading at Baldy 
 and Lake Peaks respectively, and Galisteo 
 creek, rising with its two heads, Apache and 
 Canyoncito creeks, near the summit of the 
 southern end of the Santa Fe range, etc. 
 Their waters are derived from snow, rain and 
 springs of the mountains, in Archaean rocks, 
 flowing thence through carboniferous beds, 
 finally reaching cretaceous beds, which fill the 
 valley between the mountain range and the 
 Rio Grande, overlaid nearer the latter river in 
 places by sheets of lava, which, on the east 
 side of the river, were thrown out from the 
 Tetilla, an extinct volcano, and on its west 
 side from craters farther west. 
 
 Cereals are raised to perfection in the Rio 
 Grande valley and all those valleys which 
 empty into the same in Santa Fe county. If 
 the mode of cultivation there is still somewhat 
 primitive, certainly, the "incoming man will 
 find a fine and remunerative field of labor." 
 
 The fruits apricots, peaches, pears, rasp- 
 
 berries, strawberries, plums, nectarines and 
 others surpass par excellence anything that 
 can be raised in California; the products of 
 the Santa Fe orchards are celebrated, and 
 eagerly bought in all surrounding markets, 
 near and far. Asparagus and celery, to men- 
 tion only these two, raised here, are so rich 
 and fine that no Eastern product can be com- 
 pared with them. The first fine orchard in 
 the southwest was in the " Bishop's Garden," 
 planted by Archbishop Lamy at Santa Fe. 
 This naturally was followed by others, no- 
 ticeable among which are those of W. H. 
 Manderfield and Arthur Boyle, and in time the 
 whole city became a succession of orchards and 
 gardens of the finest fruit. There is some- 
 thing in the situation which seems to add to 
 the flavor as well as the beauty of the fruit. 
 At Tesuque, six miles north, is the Miller apple 
 orchard, which is a wonderfully productive en- 
 terprise. At Pojuaque is another, and in the 
 Rio Grande valley, on both sides of Santa 
 Cruz river, and around Espanyola, are other 
 excellent orchards, and horticulture is quite 
 sure to occupy all the best portions of those 
 localities. 
 
 A large portion of the Santa Fe valley will 
 soon be irrigated from the immense reservoir 
 now being constructed just north of the city. 
 
 While mineral wealth of some kind is to 
 be found in nearly all parts of Santa Fe 
 county, yet it is the southern section that is 
 famous in this respect. Standing on Fort 
 Marcy heights in the capital city and looking 
 south, the view is of great beauty. But more 
 than that, it embraces a field of wealth rarely 
 equaled. The nearest hills, seen over a 
 broad expanse of plain, are those which con- 
 tain the turquoise mines now most actively 
 worked; just beyond are the Cerrillos moun- 
 tains, full of silver and lead; beyond to the 
 right are the hills across the railroad, where 
 the great coal measures are, and behind them 
 all are seen the Ortiz mountains, and the more 
 distant Tuertos, carrying untold riches in gold 
 and copper. 
 
 The knowledge of these mines is nothing 
 
I 7 2 
 
 H1STORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 new. Even Cabeza de Baca speaks of seeing 
 a turquoise from these mines, and in Coronado's 
 time this stone was regarded as the most preci- 
 ous possessions of the Indians as far west as Ari- 
 zona. The silver mines of Cerrillos were worked 
 to an enormous extent during the early Span- 
 ish occupation. Over forty ancient mines have 
 been discovered, and there are probably as 
 many more so thoroughly filled as to defy de- 
 tection. In the midst of this silver district 
 rises the dome of Mount Chalchuitl (whose 
 name the Mexicans gave to the turquoise, its 
 much valued mineral), the summit of which is 
 about 7,000 feet above tide, and is therefore 
 almost exactly on a level with the plaza of 
 Santa Fe. In the* other direction this moun- 
 tain has its drainage into the valley of the 
 Galisteo, which forms the southern boundary 
 of the Cerrillos district. The age of eruption 
 of these volcanic rocks is probably tertiary. 
 The rocks which form Mount Chalchuitl are at 
 once distinguished from those of the surround- 
 ing and associated ranges of the Cerrillos, by 
 their white color and decomposed appearance, 
 closely resembling tuff and kaolin, and giving 
 evidence, to the observer familiar with such 
 phenomena, of extensive and profound altera- 
 tion, due probably to the escape through them 
 at this point of heated vapor of water, and 
 perhaps of other vapors or gases, by the 
 action of which the original crystalline struc- 
 ture of the mass has been completely decom- 
 posed or metamorphosed, with the production 
 of new chemical compounds. Among these 
 the turquoise is the most conspicuous and im- 
 portant. In this yellowish-white and kaolin- 
 like tufaceous rock the turquoise is found in 
 thin veinlets or little balls of concentrations 
 called "nuggets," covered with a crust of 
 nearly white tuff. The greater part of the 
 veins and nuggets only contain the less valued 
 varieties of this gem; but occasionally afford 
 fine sky-blue stones of higher value for orna- 
 mental purposes. Blue-green stains are seen 
 in every direction among the decomposed 
 rocks; but the turquoise in masses of any com- 
 mercial value is extremely rare, and many 
 
 tons of the rock may be broken without find- 
 ing a single stone which a jeweler or virtuoso 
 would value as a gem. 
 
 The observer is deeply impressed on in- 
 specting this locality with the enormous 
 amount of labor which in ancient times has 
 been expended here. The waste of debris ex- 
 cavated in the former workings cover an area 
 of at least twenty acres. On the slopes and 
 sides of the great piles of rubbish are growing 
 large cedars and pines, the age of which, 
 judging from their size and slowness of growth 
 in this very dry region, must be reckoned by 
 centuries. It is well known that in 1680 a 
 large section of the mountain suddenly fell in 
 ! from the undermining of the mass by the 
 Indian miners, killing a considerable number, 
 and that this accident was the immediate 
 cause of the uprising of the Pueblos and the 
 expulsion of the Spaniards in that year, just 
 two centuries since. 
 
 The irregular openings in the mountains, 
 called " wonder caves," and the "mystery," 
 are the work of the old miners. It was this 
 sharp slope of the mountain which fell. In 
 these chambers, which have some extent of 
 ramification, were found abundantly the frag- 
 ments of their ancient pottery, with a few en- 
 tire vessels, some of them of curious workman- 
 ship, ornamented in the style of color so famil- 
 iar in the Mexican pottery. Associated with 
 these were numerous stone hammers, some to 
 be held in the hand and others swung as 
 sledges, fashioned with wedge-shaped edges 
 and a groove for a handle. A hammer weigh- 
 ing over twenty pounds was found to which 
 the wyth was still attached, with its oak 
 handle, the same scrub oak which is found 
 growing abundantly on the hillsides, now 
 quite well preserved after at least two centuries 
 of entombment in this perfectly dry rock. 
 
 The stone used for these hammers is the 
 hard and tough hornblende andesite, or prop- 
 ylite, which forms the Cerro d'Oro and other 
 Cerrillos hills. With these rude tools and 
 without iron or steel, using fire in place of ex- 
 plosives, these patient old workers managed to 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 '73 
 
 break down and remove the incredible masses 
 of the tufaceous rocks which form the mounds 
 already described. 
 
 That considerable quantities of the tur- 
 quoise were obtained can hardly be questioned. 
 We know that the ancient Mexicans attached 
 great value to this ornamental stone, as the 
 Indians do to this day. The familiar tale of 
 the gift of the large and costly turquoise by 
 Montezuma to Cortez for the Spanish crown, 
 as narrated by Clavigero in his history of 
 Mexico, is evidence of its high estimation. 
 
 The origin of the Los Cerrillos turquoise, in 
 view of late observations, is not doubtful. 
 Chemically it is a hydrous aluminum phosphate. 
 Its blue color is due to a variable quantity of 
 copper oxide derived from associated rocks. It 
 is found that the Cerrillos turquois contains 3.81 
 per cent of this metal. Neglecting this con- 
 stituent, the formula for turquoise requires; 
 phosphoric acid 32.26, alumina 47.0, water 
 20.5. 
 
 Evidently the decomposition of the feldspar 
 of the trachyte furnishes the alumina, while the 
 apatite, or phosphate of lime, which the 
 miscroscope detects in this section of the Cer- 
 rillos rock, furnished the phosphoric acid. A 
 little copper ore is diffused as a constituent of 
 the veins of this region and hence the color 
 which that metal imparts. 
 
 About three miles northeast of the Tur- 
 quoise mountain, was another old Spanish 
 turquoise mine, called the "Old Castilian. " 
 This was worked somewhere about the year 
 1880, and some good material extracted. But 
 the most important discovery came ten years 
 later, when two Mexicans who had been pros- 
 pecting in the vicinity for some months, sud- 
 denly were delighted to find specimens of tur- 
 quoise of perfect quality and the true blue 
 color. The mine thus discovered has since 
 passed into Eastern hands and has supplied 
 the American market, in great part, with all 
 the turquoise sold in the last five years. No 
 one knows the value it has produced. 
 
 The most noted of the ancient mines from 
 which metal was extracted is the Mina del 
 
 Tiro, or Mine of the Shaft, located less than a 
 mile south of the Turquoise mountain. The 
 Mina del Tiro was worked for silver. Its cir- 
 cuitous shaft can be explored to a depth of 
 1 20 feet, when you reach water. To what 
 depth this mine has been worked cannot be as- 
 certained until the water has been pumped 
 out. It is impossible to use sounding lines, as 
 the shaft continues in its windings below the 
 water level. At this level the mineral is a fine- 
 grained galena, showing some gray copper. 
 The pay vein is four feet wide and very com- 
 pact. 
 
 The Indians used stone tools almost en- 
 tirely. Their hammers, which are found in 
 the debris of the old mines and scattered about 
 the country, are of various forms, some being 
 quite large and pointed to take the place of 
 picks. The ore and debris was removed from 
 the mine in leather baskets on the backs of 
 the enslaved pueblo or peoned Mexicans. Their 
 ladder ways were round poles, about eight 
 inches in diameter, having notches cut in them 
 twelve inches apart for steps. These ladders 
 were from twelve to fourteen feet long, reach- 
 ing from one landing to another. The ore was 
 smelted in small furnaces constructed of stones 
 cemented together with mud. Vast quantities of 
 gold and silver were obtained in this manner 
 in other mines. 
 
 For over a century and a half, after the 
 Revolution of 1680, there was no mining done 
 in this vicinity, when suddenly the old placers 
 were discovered at the place now called Dolores, 
 and soon hundreds of men were at work wash- 
 ing out the precious yellow metal. A few years 
 later history repeated itself at the new placers, 
 now Golden. This was before the American 
 occupation, and Mexicans by the thousand 
 passed the winter here in order to utilize the 
 snow which fell at that season, for the diffi- 
 culty in these placers was the lack of water. 
 The gravel had to be carried in bags on the 
 back for miles to some spring, or else the water 
 had, equally laboriously, to be brought to 
 the placers. In the winter they took the 
 snows in the canyons and of the blizzards and 
 
'74 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 melted it by means of heated rocks, and with 
 the scanty supplies of water thus obtained 
 washed out the precious metal ! Modern science 
 has, however, improved upon this operation. 
 At San Pedro and at Kelley's deep bore wells 
 have been sunk and Knowles and Dean pumps 
 attached. These wells furnish an unlimited 
 supply of water for washing the dirt. At 
 Golden another scheme has been started, but 
 as the well was sunk in a deep intrusion of 
 shale, no sufficient amount of water was found 
 to warrant the company beginning operations. 
 The well-borers, however say if the drill was 
 put down 1,000 feet instead of 430, the pres- 
 ent depth, a sufficient volume of water could 
 be found to answer all purposes. But even 
 by the old crude processes, many hundreds of 
 thousands of dollars were obtained; and to-day 
 there are scores of men working over the same 
 old gravel and managing even now to "make 
 wages " from the result! 
 
 San Pedro, also in Santa Fe county, yields 
 a fine quality of iron, quartz and placer gold, 
 and the finest bodies of lead carbonates yet 
 discovered in the West, outside of Leadville, 
 are being worked here, while the deposit of 
 copper ores have given rise to the creation of 
 one of the largest copper smelting works in 
 the Southwest, the Concentrating and Reduc- 
 tion Works of the Santa Fe Copper Company. 
 
 The " Big Copper " mine at this place has 
 produced enormous amounts of metal, although 
 its title has been a fruitful source of litigation, 
 which has often interfered with operations. 
 
 The most important mineral product, how- 
 ever, though not so attractive as the precious 
 metals, is coal. Near Cerrillos, south of the 
 Galisteo river, in addition to an area covering 
 thousands of acres producing gold, silver, cop- 
 per, iron, lead carbonates and zinc, there is 
 found the best and truest anthracite west of 
 Pennsylvania, and the openings so far made 
 show that it exists, together with the bitumi- 
 nous coals, over an area of 40,000 or 50,000 
 acres. The soft coal makes even a better coke 
 than does that of El Moro and Trinidad, and 
 is the equal of Connellsville. The coal fields 
 
 are found in the immediate vicinity south of 
 Cerrillos, a station on the Atchison, Topeka 
 & Santa Fe railroad. The veins are four to 
 six feet thick, and almost horizontal, and with- 
 in a radius of four or five miles from Cerrillos, 
 coal can be had to supply almost any number 
 of reduction works. The so-far opened coal 
 area covers about 15,000 acres; the anthracite 
 coal is hard, dense and of brilliant lustre, con- 
 taining in the average 88.71 fixed carbon and 
 but five per cent. ash. About two miles west 
 of the anthracite deposits and a short distance 
 north of them, are the veins of bituminous 
 coal, of which seventeen have been exposed. 
 The worked veins of this coal are about four 
 and one-half feet thick, rendering a free-burn- 
 ing coal, which is also manufactured into coke 
 for the use of the copper smelters at San 
 Pedro, twelve miles south, in Santa Fe county. 
 
 As a proof of the excellent quality of the 
 coals of the Cerrillos coal-fields it may be 
 mentioned that the United States Government 
 had tests made a few years ago, comparing the 
 heating quality of coal with one cord of oak 
 wood, and it was found that 1,657 pounds an- 
 thracite, or 1,742 pounds bituminous coal are 
 equal to one cord of oak wood, upon which all 
 contracts for the delivery of coal to the Gov- 
 ernment are based. 
 
 The coal mines have caused the establish- 
 ment of a mining town called Madrid, and of 
 a special station on the railroad, for shipping, 
 named Waldo. 
 
 A high authority had said: " That the next 
 five generations of men will not see a percepti- 
 ble decrease in the quantity." In matter of 
 variety no coal-field shows a greater range. 
 Here are soft, free-coking veins and non-cok- 
 ing bituminous, also semi- anthracite and an- 
 thracite. Natural beds of coke are found in 
 some places, and besides this bituminous and 
 anthracite veins are found in alternate strata in 
 the same mines. This phenomenon puzzles all 
 geologists, but it is probably a corollary of the 
 natural coke beds, and caused by the heat of 
 the porphyric dykes that intrude into the gen- 
 eral formation. The certainty is that southern 
 
HISTORY OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 '75 
 
 Santa Fe county will not take second place with 
 the famous coal-fields of Pennsylvania, West 
 Virginia, Tennessee or Illinois. The territory 
 in which the fuel is found is compact, and the 
 different varieties are contiguous. Indeed, one 
 trunk line of railroad could serve all the mines. 
 To accommodate the demands a $30,000 coal- 
 crusher has been erected during the summer. 
 
 Thus it will be seen that mining proposi- 
 tions are not only various but profitable. Gold 
 and silver lodes from a foot to thirty-five feet 
 broad are open; placers run from twenty-five 
 cents to $2. 50 per cubic yard; and the coal 
 veins are from five to ten feet thick. Metallic 
 and magnetic iron are found in paying quan- 
 tities. 
 
 Throughout the county about two-thirds of 
 the land is arable or good for pasture. The ! 
 surface of the country is beautifully diversified. 
 On the eastern boundary the main range of the 
 Rockies protects the plains from violent winds, 
 while on the west the Jemez and Valle moun- 
 tains perform the same office. It comprises 
 most of that area selected by the Spaniards as 
 most adaptable to the purposes of coloniza- 
 tion. 
 
 A general sketch of the city of Santa Fe 
 will be given under the head of Cities and 
 Principal Towns, and may be found by the ta- 
 ble of contents. 
 
 The other towns in the county include the 
 following: Cerrillos, in the western central 
 part of Santa Fe county, on the Atchison, 
 Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad and Galisteo 
 river, is the center of the silver producing Cer- 
 rillos mining district. Silver, lead, copper, 
 iron, anthracite and bituminous coal fields 
 abound in the vicinity. No place in the Ter- 
 ritory has a better future. Nature designed 
 this as the location for great smelters, as every 
 requisite for the business is close at hand, 
 with a down-hill haul from all points. The 
 foundations of a smelter have just been laid 
 (1895), and this will certainly be followed by 
 others. 
 
 San Pedro and Golden are important mining 
 points south of Cerrillos. 
 
 Just as the southern part of the county is 
 famous for and favored in its vast mineral re- 
 sources, so is the northern half of the county 
 in its agricultural development. Beginning at 
 the towns of Espanyola and San Ildefonso, 
 about thirty miles north of Santa Fe, is a se- 
 ries of beautiful valleys. The Espanyola, 
 Santa Cruz, Chama and Pojoaque valleys sup- 
 port a population of about 4,000 people, who 
 are mostly engaged in the raising of fruit and 
 cereals. In Chimayo, Quemado and Las 
 Truchas valleys the land is principally devoted 
 to wheat, yielding at the rate of 35 bushels per 
 acre. These valleys are all subdivisions of the 
 Rio Grande valley and have an abundance of 
 water during the whole year. 
 
 Espanyola is a bright, active railroad town, 
 with a large trade. 
 
 Santa Cruz is one of the oldest and most 
 interesting towns in the country. The church 
 here is larger than any other and its records 
 extend back about 200 years. 
 
 In this part of the county are five pueblo 
 Indian towns, Tesuque, nine miles from San- 
 ta Fe, and a favorite tourist resort; Nambe, 
 Pojuaque, San Ildefonso and Santa Clara. 
 Each has abundant agricultural land, and the 
 people live in peace and contentment. 
 
 Glorieta, near the east line of the county, 
 7,587 feet high on the summit of Apache pass, 
 a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa 
 Fe Railroad, is pleasantly located in a moun- 
 tain part, the starting point for sportsmen go- 
 ing to the fishing grounds of the Upper Pecos, 
 and the center of a rich but yet undeveloped 
 copper region. 
 
 BERNALILLO COUNTY. 
 
 - 
 
 This county is the most northerly of the 
 three great central counties of the Territory. 
 It extends from north to south seventy-five 
 miles, and from its eastern boundary to the 
 Arizona line about 200 miles. It has an area 
 of 5,024,136 acres, with nearly 1,000,000 
 acres subject to irrigation, and about 3,000,000 
 acres fit for pasture. 
 
 Its principal agricultural valley is that of 
 
176 
 
 HISTOJRT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 the Rio Grande, for a distance of about sixty- 
 five miles. The Rio Jemez and the Puerco are 
 tributaries of the Rio Grande from the west, 
 and the Rio Galisteo and Tuerto, tributar- 
 taries from the east. In addition to these 
 streams, there are numerous springs and a few 
 lesser streams of more or less permanence. 
 The population is principally settled in the val- 
 ley of the Rio Grande, which in this county is 
 particularly valuable for agricultural purposes 
 and the products of horticulture and vinicul- 
 ture. The area outlying from the Rio Grande 
 valley is generally well-grassed, is rolling or 
 broken by hills and canyons, has some timber, 
 is well adapted to grazing, and is largely oc- 
 cupied by sheep and cattle ranges, the hills, 
 canyons and timber affording excellent winter 
 protection for stock. The Sandia mountains 
 on the east, and the Jemez mountains in the 
 central portion of the county, and their vicini- 
 ty, are rich in mineral products, including gold, 
 copper and silver, while near the Arizona line 
 are extensive coal-fields, located and mined at 
 Gallup. 
 
 The railroad system is the Atchison, Tope- 
 ka & Santa Fe, running north and south in the 
 Rio Grande valley, and the Atlantic & Pacific. 
 The line of the latter road is east and west 
 along or near the southern boundary of the 
 county, touching at Fort Wingate, and run- 
 ning through its western coal-fields. The val- 
 ley of the Rio Grande, running from north to 
 south, is from one to four miles in width, and 
 every foot of it is susceptible of cultivation. 
 In the lower plane, formed almost entirely of 
 alluvium, all of the vineyards are now located, 
 where they can be easily irrigated by means of 
 ditches. A fair yield in this county for a good 
 vineyard is from two to three gallons of wine 
 to a vine. With the vines eight feet apart 
 each way, there would be 680 vines to the 
 acre, which, at the lowest estimate above given, 
 would yield 1,360 gallons. This is not above 
 the average for a vineyard in fair bearing. 
 
 Much attention is now being given to larger 
 fruits, and, though it has only been about 
 twelve years since the improved varieties of 
 
 American fruits were introduced, fine orchards 
 are flourishing in every settlement. These are 
 yielding large returns, and doing much to es- 
 tablish and maintain the reputation, which New 
 Mexico is so rapidly acquiring, as one of the 
 finest and most successful fruit-growing districts 
 on the American continent. The fruits of the 
 temperate zone, without exception, find a 
 kindly home in the Rio Grande valley. Ap- 
 ples, however, will thrive better on the uplands 
 than in the low bottom-lands. In the high 
 mountain valleys this fruit can be raised with- 
 out irrigation on account of the always abund- 
 ant rain, and the heavy snows of winter seem 
 to improve the quality and flavor of the ap- 
 ple, especially the late varieties. Peaches, 
 plums, cherries and apricots thrive better in 
 the valleys. In agriculture this county is one 
 of the foremost in New Mexico. While all 
 crops common to a temperate climate grow 
 here, grains do especially well. Corn grows 
 abundantly, and eighty bushels to the acre is 
 no uncommon crop. The rich soil of the val- 
 leys is well adapted to corn, and makes it one 
 of the staple crops. Wheat is grown exten- 
 sively. The yield is often fifty bushels to the 
 acre. The present yield in the county is about 
 200,000 bushels, but this could be almost in- 
 definitely increased. Wheat would grow par- 
 ticularly well on the plains. Barley and oats 
 are raised to some extent, and do well in the 
 soil of the valley. Outside of the Rio Grande 
 valley, those of the Jemez, the Rio Puerco, the 
 El Rito, San Mateo and many other smaller 
 ones are well adapted to the raising of cereals 
 and vegetables. The latter are raised in great 
 abundance, and find a ready market in Albu- 
 querque and other towns along the river. Cab- 
 bages grow to a large size, often weighing from 
 thirty to forty pounds. Onions are also very 
 large, weighing from one to two pounds. Beets, 
 carrots and parsnips also grow readily here. 
 Beans are cultivated in great quantities, and 
 form one of the principal articles of food for 
 the native population. Melons develop finely, 
 and are very rich in flavor. 
 
 The raising of cattle and sheep has been 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 177 
 
 and probably always will be one of the princi- 
 pal pursuits in this county. For hundreds of 
 years immense fortunes have been made in' 
 this business. Thousands of acres of land, 
 rendered unfit for cultivation because of lack 
 water, are specially adapted for grazing. The 
 gama grass, which is sweet and nutritious, 
 covers most of the plains and provides an un- 
 failing supply of food, summer and winter. 
 Hundreds of thousands of sheep and cattle cover 
 the plains, and as a rule, both sheep and cat- 
 tle are free from disease. The warm winters 
 make it unnecessary to provide shelter or hay 
 for their support. The number of sheep in the 
 county is large, and many of these are partly 
 improved. 
 
 Near the larger towns, dairy farms pay a 
 large profit. Milk, butter and cheese are in 
 great demand. In fact all agricultural pro- 
 ducts find a ready market. Some of the finest 
 timber, and most extensive tracts of it, exist in 
 Bernalillo county; the pines of the San Mateo 
 range, of the Valles mountains and of the 
 Zunyi mountains, are of the best quality and in 
 places of immense size. 
 
 Turning now to mineral resources, it may 
 first be remarked that Bernalillo county is very- 
 rich in coal. From Campbell's Pass almost to 
 the line of Arizona, near Manuelito Station, for 
 a distance of at least fifteen miles, numerous 
 seams of coal make their appearance on both 
 sides of the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad. The 
 coal is of a very good quality, containing from 
 92 to 95 per cent of combustible matter. Coal 
 banks have been opened and are worked all 
 along the line, supplying the railroads, iron 
 works, machine shops, etc. , as far east as Al- 
 buquerque, and as far west as the San Francisco 
 mountains in Arizona, a distance of more than 
 300 miles. The seams of coal average from 
 four to six feet, gaining in thickness to the 
 northward, so that in some places they reach 
 ten and even fifteen feet in thickness. 
 
 Mining on a large scale is done at Gallup, 
 which is 157 miles west of Albuquerque. The 
 regular output of these mines is about 1,000 
 
 tons per day. During the year 1892 the actual 
 12 
 
 shipments amounted to 247,000 tons. The out-, 
 put for 1893 was somewhere in the neighbor- 
 hood of 380,000 tons. The product may be 
 increased almost indefinitely as the market de- 
 mands. Coal is also found in Tijeras canyon in 
 the Sandia mountains, in seams of considerable 
 thickness. Beds of excellent bituminous coal 
 are also found in the Puerco valley. It is so 
 easily mined and handled that it pays to team 
 it with oxen to Albuquerque and sell it as low 
 i as $4 per ton. They extend throughout the 
 entire area of the valley, and in the northern 
 part in the vicinity of Nacimiento and Copper 
 City the veins are of unusual thickness. At 
 one point in the vicinity named, a vein has 
 been opened which shows twenty- five feet of 
 clear coal without a particle of slate, and with 
 a solid roof. 
 
 The Sandia mountains, one of the largest 
 ranges in this part of the Territory, are fifteen 
 miles east of Albuquerque, and are known to 
 be rich in gold and silver. But little pros- 
 pecting was ever done in this range till 1882; 
 but since that time numerous valuable discov- 
 eries of both gold and silver leads have been 
 made, and there is every indication that some 
 of the most valuable and extensive mining in- 
 terests in New Mexico will be developed in this 
 range during the next few years. The copper 
 ores in the vicinity' of Copper City are of very 
 large extent, though of low grade. Very val- 
 uable deposits of onyx have recently been dis- 
 covered west of Albuquerque, and are now be- 
 ing developed. 
 
 The Rio Puerco is a large tributary of the 
 Rio Grande. It traverses the county from 
 north to south, on its course receives numer- 
 ous tributaries, and embraces a body of rich 
 irrigable land sufficient in area to support a 
 population much greater than the number now 
 resident in the entire county. A tract in this 
 valley embracing 50,000 acres of agricultural 
 land was recently purchased by an Eastern 
 syndicate, and the land is to be divided into 
 small tracts and parceled out as homes to sev- 
 eral colonies of settlers from the Eastern 
 States and from Europe. The plans of this 
 
178 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO, 
 
 company have been partially executed; and en- 
 gineers are now outlining a system of new 
 ditches which will carry water to every part of 
 the tract. The soil and climate of this valley 
 are essentially the same as the soil and climate 
 of the Rio Grande. 
 
 The principal town in the county, as well 
 as the county seat, is Albuquerque. 
 
 Bernalillo, situated on the Atchison, Topeka 
 & Santa Fe railroad, eighteen miles north of 
 Albuquerque, is one of the old established 
 towns, constituting the residence of many of 
 the most substantial and influential people of 
 the county and Territory. It contains about 
 1,000 people, and in the adjacent farming 
 country there are probably 2,000 more people. 
 This is one of the gardens of the world, one 
 of those spots where a man can pitch his 
 tent and say, "Here I rest." The blooming 
 fields and orchards, the climate, the Rio 
 Grande, the convenience of the town, combine 
 to make it an important point. Wine-making, 
 wheat-raising and fruit culture are the represent- 
 ative industries; but outside the cultivable valley 
 there is a wide stretch of country fit for pasture, 
 upon which the farmers keep considerable herds 
 and flocks. This is one of the richest places 
 in the Territory. It is located in the midst of 
 a broad valley of rich, alluvial bottom land, 
 largely devoted to producing grapes and the 
 fruits, as well as agricultural products gener- 
 ally. The wool clip marketed at this point is 
 one of the largest in the Territory. The Jemez 
 river empties into the Rio Grande near this 
 point. The Rio Grande bridge here crossing 
 the river leads to the road, following the course 
 of the Jemez to the Jemez Springs and sani- 
 tarium. The waters of these springs are not 
 only very various, but of great medical value 
 in many cases, and nothing but the difficulty 
 of access prevents Jemez being a largely visited 
 resort. 
 
 Wallace was at one time the end of a rail- 
 road division, but is now best known as the 
 station for the Cochiti mining district, and also 
 for Santo Domingo Pueblo. 
 
 The Cochiti district first attracted attention 
 
 late in 1893, and in the spring of 1894 hun- 
 dreds of mining locations were made there. 
 At present it is the most talked of mining dis- 
 trict in the entire Southwest. Several villages 
 have been established, among which the leader 
 at this time is Bland, which is furnished with 
 all kinds of shops and has a weekly newspaper. 
 The ore bodies here are of great size, and all 
 appearances point to the establishment of a 
 permanent mining industry at this point. The 
 district is named for the Indian pueblo of 
 Cochiti. 
 
 Penya Blanca is a flourishing Mexican com- 
 munity on the east bank of the Rio Grande, 
 at the head of the valley in this county. 
 Above this point the river flows through a nar- 
 row canyon for about twenty miles, called the 
 Caja del Rio, the "box of the river." At 
 Penya Blanca the valley land is exceedingly 
 wide and fertile. While the county of Santa 
 Ana existed, Peny a Blanca was the county 
 seat. 
 
 Gallup is the most important town in the 
 west of the county and the center of the coal 
 business. It has several churches, a good 
 schoolhouse, one or two newspapers, etc. The 
 people of this vicinity have been endeavoring 
 for some time to have a county formed from 
 the western portions of Benalillo and Valen- 
 cia counties, to be called Summit county, and 
 whenever this is done, Gallup will be the 
 county seat. 
 
 Pajarito, on the Rio Grande, below Albu- 
 querque, is a considerable town, noted for its 
 fine orchards. This county includes more 
 pueblo towns than any other. They are Santo 
 Domingo, Cochiti, San Felipe, Sandia, Santa 
 Ana, Zia, Jemez and Isleta, being eight of the 
 nineteen. The annual festival at Santo 
 Domingo, on the 4th of August, is visited by 
 many strangers and tourists, often including 
 some from Europe. 
 
 VALENCIA COUNTY. 
 
 This is the middle one of the great central 
 counties, and has been one of the principal 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 179 
 
 subdivisions of New Mexico ever since it was 
 organized as a Territory. 
 
 The Rio Grande valley in this county has 
 always been the home of many of the wealth- 
 iest and most influential families among the 
 Spanish population, and from here nearly all 
 of the governors who were residents of New 
 Mexico were appointed. 
 
 In fact, the Rio Grande valley in Valencia 
 is a perfect garden spot, producing enormous 
 crops with little labor; with a charming winter 
 climate and warmth enough in the summer to 
 ripen foreign grapes to perfection. 
 
 The county has a population of 13,876 
 persons, is 230 miles from east to west and 
 about 50 miles from north to south. The total 
 area is 5,621,760 acres, and of this 3,000,000 
 acres are fit for pasturage in their natural 
 state, and about 800,000 acres are possibly ir- 
 rigable from all sources. At present there are 
 about 19,000 acres cultivated, of which 1,000 
 acres are without irrigation. 
 
 The cultivated land is divided somewhat as 
 follows: In the valley of the Rio Grande, 
 10,000 acres, all irrigated; in the eight pre- 
 cincts to the west, 6,000 acres; and in the 
 north 3,000 acres. 
 
 The county is traversed by two railroads, 
 the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, running 
 from north to south through the Rio Grande 
 valley, dotted with farms, orchards, rich looking 
 fields of all descriptions, and the Atlantic & Pa- 
 cific railway, running from east to west. Both 
 roads are of material importance, as the coun- 
 ty presents unusual attractions to the farmer, 
 stock-raiser and miner. The latter road runs 
 for nearly 100 miles centrally through the 
 county, passing up from the Rio Grande val- 
 ley the rich and pleasant valley of the Rio 
 San Jose to the continental divide, crossing on 
 the way the valley of the Rio Puerco of the 
 east, thence descending the valley of the Rio 
 Puerco of the west, and passing through rich 
 coal regions. 
 
 The principal crops are wheat, barley, 
 corn, beans, chile or peppers, alfalfa and 
 fruits. Peaches and grapes are the best fruits 
 
 in the lower valleys and apples on the uplands. 
 The greatest spread of fruit is in the neighbor- 
 hoods of Belen and Los Lunas. 
 
 The cereals not only have an enormous 
 yield, but the quality is phenomenal. In the 
 San Mateo valley Indian corn 250 fold, and 
 wheat returns a product eighty times as great 
 as the seed sown. 
 
 It was from Belen, in this county, that the 
 wheat was sent which took the first prize over 
 all the world at the Columbian Exposition at 
 Chicago, and, strange to say, it was not grain 
 that was specially raised by extra cultivation, 
 or even particularly selected, but was some 
 wheat taken from the store of Mr. Becker, who 
 had received it in the ordinary course of trade, 
 and sent it to Chicago to help fill up the New 
 Mexico exhibit, with no idea that it was par- 
 ticularly good! The good people of Valencia 
 insist that they could have sent a much su- 
 perior article if they had thought of entering 
 the competition. But the ordinary product of 
 this choice piece of valley was good enough to 
 bear away the first prize in the great world's 
 exhibit. 
 
 The oats here are also exceptionally fine. 
 
 The whole of Valencia county seems to be 
 the natural home of the potato. White or 
 Irish potatoes grow wild in great abundance. 
 They vary from one and one-half to three 
 inches in size. As found, they are of a some- 
 what irregular appearance, with a pink skin 
 and a white, crispy heart. The children eat 
 them raw, and say that the flavor is extremely 
 good, having a peculiar sweet taste. There is 
 no doubt that if these wild potatoes were 
 properly cultivated and developed according 
 to modern methods a new and valuable va- 
 riety might be propagated. They have all the 
 good qualities of the cultivated tubers except 
 size, are indigenous to the soil and climate, 
 and would need very little water. 
 
 For all kinds of husbandry the Rio Grande 
 valley offers the best inducements. The soil 
 is rich and very productive. Fruits of all 
 kinds and varieties do well, and the wine that 
 is produced is considered of the best quality. 
 
i8o 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 The valleys of the San Jose and Rio Puerco 
 are very fertile, and in the different settlements 
 along them all small grains are raised in 
 abundance. All of the Rio Grande and Puerco 
 valleys is especially adapted to fruits. In 
 these two valleys there are fully 100,000 acres 
 of bottom lands, easily irrigable and splendidly 
 fitted to these crops. The general elevation 
 above sea level is about 5,000 feet. Peaches 
 and grapes are the staple crops, and there are 
 now single farms that yield tens of thousands 
 of pounds of the Mission grape. At present 
 the majority of this product is utilized to make 
 wine and brandy. Among connoisseurs, the 
 wine and brandy of Valencia county have 
 already a high reputation. Only the very 
 finest fruit is used to distill brandy, and the 
 wine is made of pure juice, and without arti- 
 ficial sweetening. To satisfy those who prefer 
 a very sweet wine, the vintners take the resi- 
 due of the grapes after the wine is made, press 
 it and boil the juice down to a thick sirup. 
 This is added to the wine as a sweetener. The 
 Mission grape is almost as sugary as a raisin, 
 and its wine really needs no added sugar. 
 
 For grazing purposes there is no better op- 
 portunity than in this county, as the high- 
 lands, valleys and hillsides are covered with 
 nutritious grasses, furnishing a pasturage of 
 large extent, where flocks and herds can fatten 
 the whole year round. Scattering springs and 
 creeks have for years past rendered possible 
 the production of wool, mutton and beef in 
 the county at a low cost. The wool industry 
 has always proven to be the most profitable. 
 Some of the wealthiest men in New Mexico 
 live in this county, and are deriving large rev- 
 enues from this industry. Not counting the 
 Indian stock, which is quite numerous, there 
 are 400,000 sheep, 100,000 cattle and over 
 5,000 horses and mares in the county. These 
 find nutritious and abundant pasture on the 
 wide mesas and plateaux. The Manzano val- 
 ley especially will always remain a favored cat- 
 tle country. Springs abound, and while there 
 are no rivers or streams of sufficient importance 
 to make a considerable area of this land valua- 
 
 ble for irrigation, still water can be developed 
 almost anywhere. The western part of the 
 county is no less valuable in this respect. The 
 canyon streams and the springs on the mesas 
 furnish an ample supply. In this region farm 
 irrigation and stock-raising can be pursued to- 
 gether. The stock may be allowed to range 
 at will during the spring, summer and fall sea- 
 sons on the best grass, then be brought in and 
 fed alfalfa for a short time before shipping, so 
 that the animals may be sent to market in 
 prime condition. 
 
 There are about 400,000 acres of excellent 
 timber in this county. Great stretches of pine 
 forest are found in the western part, especially 
 in the Zunyi mountains, on the Zunyi plateau 
 and east of the Zunyi reservation; and al- 
 though these forests have furnished all the ties 
 used on the Atlantic & Pacific railroad they 
 may still be described as virgin. This is all 
 timber of sufficient size for lumber. On the 
 uplands and mesas cedar and pinyon grow in 
 sufficient abundance to furnish fuel for a num- 
 ber of years. All the higher mountain regions 
 are covered with dense forests of pine, spruce 
 and fir, intermingled in some locations with 
 oak and aspen. At no point are the edges of 
 the forest belts more than six or eight miles 
 from the railroad. The San Mateo mountain 
 forests are virgin. In fact, the whole of the 
 western half of the county is covered with 
 heavy timber. The part of Valencia county 
 east of the Rio Grande is an extremely fine 
 agricultural, stock-raising and timber country. 
 There are several new settlements in that re- 
 gion, and as there are but few small grants the 
 chances for homesteaders and homeseekers are 
 excellent. There are a dozen lovely and fer- 
 tile valleys in that section, and as the lands 
 are public lands of the United States, they can 
 be located under the laws of the Government. 
 A large area of that part of the county is cov- 
 ered with fine pine timber that has not yet 
 been touched for any purpose except to supply 
 the very small local demand. 
 
 The mineral resources of Valencia county 
 are very varied. A few miles west of the Rio 
 
HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 181 
 
 Grande the coal measures begin, and extend 
 almost in a continuous body to the western 
 boundary, including an area 100 miles long by 
 50 miles wide. Coal crops out on all the 
 higher mesas. These measures are a continu- 
 ation of the San Juan and Bernalillo county 
 beds. They have been very little prospected, 
 but. when development begins there is little 
 doubt that more than 1,000,000 acres of choice 
 coal lands will be added to the New-Mexican 
 coal beds. 
 
 Salt is found in the Manzano valley and in 
 the Zunyi mountains. The lakes of brine in 
 this valley are well known. If properly worked 
 these salt deposits would add greatly to the 
 commerce of the Southwest. 
 
 Gold and copper mines are being worked 
 to some extent in the Zunyi mountains. In 
 the Manzano range gold is found and some 
 mines are open. At Abo Pass silver and cop- 
 per are found. " Hell Canyon," in the same 
 range, has some excellent gold properties. 
 These mines are all of recent discovery. 
 
 Gypsum is found near El Rito, adjoining 
 the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad. This deposit 
 is very pure, lies in regular strata, and is ex- 
 posed in a bluff between 80 and 100 feet high. 
 It is extremely valuable as a fertilizer. 
 
 In the western part of the county, along 
 the line of the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad, are 
 extensive deposits of building stone, with sand- 
 stone and granite. These have been tried and 
 used in the construction of several of the larg- 
 est buildings in the Territory, and are found to 
 be handsome and durable. 
 
 There is no large town in Valencia county. 
 Los Lunas is the county seat, and is beauti- 
 fully situated in the Rio Grande valley, which 
 is here covered by a succession of towns, or 
 rather by a long line of houses and farms, 
 with an occasional aggregation of dwellings 
 and stores, with a church and postoffice, for 
 the convenience of the people. 
 
 Belen, a short distance below Los Lunas, is a 
 flourishing business place. It was from here 
 that the celebrated wheat came which carried 
 off the honors at the Columbian Exposition. 
 
 Peralta and Tome are other towns in this same 
 valley, and the latter was at one time the 
 county seat. 
 
 In the northwest, in what is called the San 
 Mateo country, near Mount Taylor, are San 
 Mateo, San Rafael and Cubero, all Mexican 
 towns of importance, and in the far west, near 
 the Zunyi reservation, is the Mormon town of 
 Ramah. 
 
 East of the Rio Grande valley, in the val- 
 leys watered from the Manzano mountains, are 
 Manzano and Tojique; and in this vicinity are 
 the famous ruins of the ancient towns of Abo 
 and Quarra, which form a kind of group with 
 the Gran Quivera, as all show the same char- 
 acteristics. The latter, however, is over the 
 line in Socorro county. All of these were evi- 
 dently at one time populous towns, while now 
 it is impossible for human beings to remain 
 there on account of the scarcity of water. It 
 is thought that a great lava flow or some other 
 volcanic convulsion of nature destroyed the 
 waterways both above and below ground, and 
 so left this section of country without the 
 means of sustaining life. 
 
 SOCORRO COUNTY. 
 
 Socorro county, besides being the largest 
 in the Territory, possesses the most magnifi- 
 cent area of valley land and the greatest 
 variety of natural resources. When fully de- 
 veloped it will really be an empire in itself, 
 and its people might live almost independently 
 of the rest of the world. Its vast plains would 
 supply all that is needed of the animal king- 
 dom, this wide and beautiful valley would fur- 
 nish all the vegetable products that grow from 
 mother earth, and from the marbles, clays and 
 coal of the east, to the gold silver and lead of 
 the center and west, it contains all that is 
 most needed from the mineral world. 
 
 It extends from about the center of the 
 Territory to the Arizona line, having a width 
 of 164 miles east and west, and its greatest 
 length is 94 miles. It area is about 13,968 
 square miles, or 8,939,520 acres, of which 
 about 2, 700,000 acres are mountainous and the 
 
lS2 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 balance fit for agriculture or pasture. In order 
 that the reader may realize the truth of this 
 bald statement, it may be said that this great 
 county is about eleven times the size of 
 Rhode Island, seven times that of Delaware, 
 and more than one and one-half times as 
 large as Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 
 Vermont or New Jersey. 
 
 Socorro county is divided into two unequal 
 parts by the Rio Grande, the most extensive 
 being that which lies on its western shore. 
 
 The Rio Grande valley in this county is 
 unexcelled by any other part of its entire 
 length. It is bounded on the west by the 
 Socorro, Magdalena and San Mateo mountains, 
 whose average elevation is about 9,000 feet, 
 with some peaks reaching a height of over 10, - 
 ooo feet. On the east the Sierra Oscura, part 
 of the frontal range of the Rockies, walls in 
 the valley. The first named ranges are very 
 precipitous on their eastward faces, and their 
 rocks are granitic or eruptive in character. 
 The eastern mountains are of sedimentary 
 formation and consequently more absorptive 
 of moisture as is evidenced by the number of 
 springs that break out in the eastern part of 
 the valley. The bottom lands of this great 
 valley are from 4,000 to nearly 5,000 feet 
 above sea level, and the trough of the Rio 
 Grande in this county is very wide. Thence 
 west across the Magdalena range stretch the 
 San Agustin plains, into which the Black 
 Range, Datil, Mogollon and Pinyon mountains 
 intrude their rugged fronts, beyond which 
 again, and flanking the great Cooney district, 
 rise the snowy San Francisco mountains. Be- 
 tween the Black Range and the Mogollons is a 
 great timber belt whose forests continue to the 
 summits of the bounding mountains; and with- 
 in this area runs the continental divide. These, 
 roughly, are the great physical features of this 
 interesting region. 
 
 The population of this county according 
 to the last census is 9, 595 persons. Practi- 
 cally, however, this includes only the inhabi- 
 tants of the valley of the Rio Grande, as little 
 or no account was taken of the outlying 
 
 ranchers and stockmen. The population of 
 this county will in all probability figure up more 
 than 12,000, at this writing. The people 
 generally are progressive and thrifty and of 
 good moral habits. 
 
 The farms of this county are principally 
 found in.the Rio Grande valley, beginning at 
 Sabinal, about thirty miles north of Socorro, 
 and then stretching down to the beautiful 
 fields of San Marcial, near the southern 
 boundary. All this section is easily irrigated, 
 and much more land than is now cultivated 
 might easily be reclaimed. On the ninety miles 
 of the course of the Rio Grande in this county 
 there are over 150,000 acres of land easy to 
 reclaim in the first bottoms. On the mesas 
 and bench lands there are 100,000 acres more. 
 This is all of inexhaustible fertility, and 
 capable of supporting at the very lowest esti- 
 mate 1 5,000 families of farmers alone. The 
 entire distance from La Joya, ("the jewel") 
 to the Sierra county line will soon be filled 
 with magnificent farms, vineyards and or- 
 chards. There are now probably 60,000 acres 
 under ditch in this tract, and there are 
 actually cultivated somewhere between 20,000 
 and 30,000. 
 
 Wheat is the largest product of the valley, 
 and is of a very superior quality. Every year 
 sees a greater acreage of alfalfa, which is a 
 very profitable crop. 
 
 Corn with proper care will yield seventy 
 bushels to the acre. Oats, barley and rye 
 furnish unfailing crops far in excess of those 
 produced in the Atlantic States on the same 
 acreage, and of a quality that leaves nothing 
 to be desired. All the products of the Eastern, 
 and with few exceptions those of the Gulf States, 
 thrive in this valley and yield unfailing crops, 
 owing to our system of irrigation, our equable 
 climate and our fertile alluvial lands. This not 
 only includes all the garden vegetables, fruits 
 and berries, but also cotton, which yields 
 fully up to the Tennessee standard, and of fine 
 strong fibre; tobacco, of excellent flavor and 
 a leaf having an exceedingly fine fibre, adapted 
 alike for wrappers and fillers, as well as hemp, 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 '83 
 
 hops and flax. The silk culture is commenc- 
 ing to receive attention, and thousands of 
 Russian mulberries are being planted this 
 year, and as they grow and thrive well here, 
 and as our climatic conditions are exceptionally 
 favorable for the propagation of the silk worm, 
 every indication points to the fact that this in- 
 dustry will take important proportions in 
 Socorro county and the Rio Abajo generally. 
 
 Socorro county has three distinct classes of 
 lands: The agricultural, which is found as a 
 rule on the Rio Grande and other streams 
 which traverse the county: the uplands or 
 mesas, especially adapted to grazing and which 
 abound with nutritious grasses; and the moun- 
 tain ranges which tower above the plains, 
 several of which are covered from base to sum- 
 mit with a luxuriant growth of tirnbef, afford- 
 ing employment to a number of sawmills, 
 which supply our population with an excellent 
 quality of lumber. 
 
 In the western part of the county, near the 
 Arizona line, are found the ever-flowing wa- 
 ters of the Tularosa and San Francisco, with 
 their multitude of affluents. Another large 
 body of good land with ample water is to be 
 found here. The probability is that the Santa 
 Fe route will at no distant day fill the gap be- 
 tween its Magdalena branch in New Mexico 
 and its Prescott & Phoenix extension in Ari- 
 zona. Then will be opened to commerce one 
 of the richest mineral, grazing and irrigable 
 regions in the world. 
 
 Within a few years some of the finest or- 
 chards in New Mexico have been planted in this 
 county. The experience of many years among 
 the older population had demonstrated that 
 no place is better adapted to this purpose. 
 The most notable of these orchards is that of 
 Mr. A. D. Coon, which, with one exception, is 
 probably the largest in the Territory. The 
 specially interesting point about this is that 
 it has never been irrigated! It is planted 
 on the flat land near the Rio Grande, and the 
 soil appears to be sufficiently moistened by 
 natural sub-irrigation to cause a thrifty growth 
 of the trees even when first planted. In writ- 
 
 ing of this peculiarity a few years ago 1892 
 Mr. Coon said: "I planted 1,200 fruit trees 
 this spring. My orchard, which I am growing 
 on first-bottom land without irrigation, is look- 
 ing well and making a very nice growth this 
 year, as it has always done from the start. 
 Many of my four-year-old pear and apple 
 trees are fruiting this year, which is evidence 
 that my orchards will, with age, fruit without 
 water. All my trees require is age. Among 
 my 8,000 trees one cannot see an off-colored 
 leaf; all are bottle green and healthy." Since 
 that time, succeeding seasons have proved that 
 the experiment is an entire success. 
 
 The cattle interests of Socorro county are 
 very large. The animals do not seem to suffer 
 as much during the bad seasons as in other 
 places. The mild, open winters permit them 
 to use up all their food for the making of flesh 
 and not for the creation of heat. This is an 
 advantage of great importance. In the north 
 cattle are subject to long spells of great cold, 
 blizzards, etc. This is unknown in New Mex- 
 ico and especially in Socorro county. There 
 are now upward of 250,000 cattle, and im- 
 mense flocks of sheep, on the ranges, especially 
 in the west. 
 
 It is a fortunate peculiarity of this portion 
 of Socorro county, not only that there are nu- 
 merous small streams which come from the 
 mountains and run for some distance into the 
 plains, but that there are many springs scatter- 
 ed all over. This, of course, is of vast import- 
 ance, and the consequence is that a very large 
 number of cattle and sheep occupy this portion 
 of the county. Here, in the western part of 
 the county are the head-waters of the Rio 
 San Francisco and of the Rio Gila, each with 
 numerous affluents. 
 
 But while her other products are valuable, 
 it is as a mineral county that Socorro holds 
 special pre-eminence. This county possesses 
 within its limits no less than fifty-three mining 
 districts yielding gold in place and placer, sil- 
 ver, lead, copper, iron, arsenic, sulphur, man- 
 ganese, antimony, cobalt, soda, alum, borax, 
 nitrous-earth, potters' clay, fire-clay, kaolin, 
 
1 84 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 several of the rare metals and numerous ex- 
 tensive bodies of excellent bituminous coal. 
 Thus the number of minerals found is sur- 
 prising!}' diversified, ranging from salt to gold. 
 There are carbonates, sulphates, sulphides, 
 phosphates, etc., of ores; magnesia, calcium, 
 alum, clays, etc., of earths. 
 
 At the Tertio-Millennial Celebration in San- 
 ta Fe, in 1883, and at the great mineral exhi- 
 bitions at New Orleans and Denver, this coun- 
 ty was represented by specimens from over 
 forty mining districts, and made a greater va- 
 riety of display than any other county in the 
 whole country. 
 
 Of the districts which are being most ex- 
 tensively worked, the following may be men- 
 tioned, with their chief products, it being 
 added that the minerals in these camps occur 
 in well-defined leads: Socorro mountain dis- 
 trict: chloride of silver, blue carbonate of cop- 
 per, argentiferous galena, green carbonates of 
 copper, all occurring in ganguesof calcite heavy 
 spar; quartz and quartzite are the principal 
 ores here. Copper glance is also found. Mag- 
 dalena district produces argentiferous galena, 
 grey copper, copper pyrites, besides iron and 
 zinc. The celebrated mines of Kelly are in- 
 cluded in this district. Water Canyon district 
 has gold (placer), argentiferous galena, grey 
 copper, zinc and manganese. Mogollon dis- 
 trict is rich in gold, silver, varigated copper, 
 silver-bearing grey copper and galena; and the 
 Datil district produces copper and argentifer- 
 ous galena. 
 
 The total mineral product of this county in 
 1885 was $2,021,544. In 1886 it reached 
 about $3,000,000. By far the greatest output 
 has come from the silver-lead mines at Kelly, 
 which for years supplied the Rio Grande smel- 
 ter at Socorro with the great bulk of the ore 
 treated there. Owing to the demonetization 
 of silver, these mines cannot now be worked 
 profitably without concentration of the ores, 
 and they are therefore resting until more just 
 laws shall re-establish their activity. 
 
 At present the most productive camps are 
 
 those in the west of the county, in the Mogol- 
 lon county, at Cooney and in its vicinty. 
 
 The principal towns of the county are on 
 the Rio Grande or in mining sections. 
 
 The county seat, Socorro, enjoys some un- 
 rivaled advantages. It is a town of about 
 3,000 to 4,000 inhabitants, and is situated on 
 the principal meridian of New Mexico, which 
 is the initial point for all public surveys. The 
 town contains a public school costing $25,- 
 ooo, a fine court house, the Territorial School 
 of Mines, numerous business houses, a brew- 
 ery and ice plant, a good rlouring-mill and a 
 fire-clay works. The Rio Grande smelter, at 
 present working over 200 men, is within the 
 town limits. These works in good times em- 
 ploy about 400 operatives, and are amongst 
 the most important smelters in the country. 
 Immediately across the Rio Grande are im- 
 mense measures of coal, extending from fifteen 
 to twenty miles. The city is almost in the 
 center of the Territory, conveniently situated 
 for all trade purposes. Its climate is mild and 
 equable; its altitude is about 4,300 feet; it is 
 exceedingly well sheltered from winds. Its 
 water supply is excellent and plentiful, and is 
 partly obtained from large springs about two 
 and one-half miles from the city. These 
 springs are so important that Lieutenant Pike 
 makes special mention of them in his journal. 
 No town in New Mexico has such natural 
 advantages and magnificent surroundings as 
 Socorro. Surrounded by rich mineral, in the 
 midst of an unsurpassed piece of valley, with 
 coal and iron for its smelters and mills, its 
 future cannot but be one of great prosperity. 
 
 One branch of industry recently estab- 
 lished there, the Fire Clay Works, illustrates 
 the variety of the natural surroundings just 
 referred to. The manager writes as to this: 
 "In the San Felicita mountains, east of 
 Socorro, this company has its fire-clay prop- 
 erties, which consist of different grades of fire- 
 clay in thick strata, the entire bed as far as ex- 
 plored being twenty feet in thickness. In ad- 
 dition to the above it has in the Socorro moun- 
 tains very extensive deposits of kaolin and 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 '85 
 
 sanodin, both of which materials are used in 
 manufacturing pottery. The company has also 
 in the Socorro mountains extensive beds of 
 red clay and white clay for the manufacture of 
 pressed and common brick. The purpose of 
 the company, in time, in addition to fine and 
 common brick, which are now being manu- 
 factured, is to extend their works to include 
 the manufacture of pottery of common and 
 higher grades, sewer pipe, tiling, etc." 
 
 San Marcial, twenty-eight miles south of 
 Socorro, in the Rio Grande valley, has rail- 
 road division headquarters. Good trade with 
 sheep and cattle ranches and with silver and 
 gold-mining camps. Splendid opportunities are 
 offered farmers with small capital in this sec- 
 tion. The soil is well adapted for garden and 
 farm products, also grass and alfalfa. Poultry, 
 grapes and fruit do well. It has railroad 
 shops, employing many men, and is one of the 
 prettiest towns on the Santa Fe route. It is 
 situated on the Armendaris grant. Prepara- 
 tions are now being made to reclaim 82,000 
 acres of land in this immediate vicinity, and 
 also to develop the mineral and pastoral re- j 
 sources of this valuable grant. San Marcial 
 will be the center of all these operations. 
 
 San Antonio is twelve miles south of 
 Socorro, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe 
 Railroad, and there is a branch line to Car- 
 thage from here, and a stage line to Carthage, 
 White Oaks, Nogal and Fort Stanton. It has 
 over eighty coke furnaces, which give employ- 
 ment to a large number of hands. 
 
 Magdalena, northwest twenty-three miles, 
 and connected by rail with Socorro, is in the 
 center of a carbonate ore camp, producing ore 
 easy of reduction and without the cumbersome 
 addition of a stamp mill. Pine and pinyon for 
 fuel is plentiful, coal is from seven to twenty- 
 five miles north, and clay, hematite and lime- 
 stone abound in the vicinity. 
 
 The great camp of Kelly, situated four 
 miles southeast of Magdalena, the present ter- 
 minus of a branch of the Santa Fe route, is 
 embraced in the Magdalena mountains and 
 sheltered from the winds in almost every direc- 
 
 tion. It is 7, 500 feet above sea level and en- 
 joys a most genial climate. There is not a day 
 in the rolling year when work must shut down 
 on account of inclement weather. The principal 
 mines are the Kelly, Graphic, Imperial, Mary 
 Lode, Ambrosia, Grand Tower, etc. 
 
 Carthage, in the eastern part of the coun- 
 ty, nine miles east of Antonito, at the end of a 
 branch of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, 
 in a hilly country, is the center of extensive 
 coal mining. The mines are owned by the 
 railroad company. The coal is of superior 
 quality, especially for coking. At present the 
 mines are not in operation. 
 
 La Joya, thirty miles north of Socorro, is 
 "the jewel " on the river for business, relying 
 upon fruit, viniculture, wine, agriculture and 
 stock raising. 
 
 Limitar, fourteen miles north of Socorro, 
 on the railroad, derives subsistence from agri- 
 culture and stock raising. 
 
 Paraje is in the southern part of the coun- 
 ty. Very fine fruit is raised here. Stock rais- 
 ing is also followed here. 
 
 Polvadera, eighteen miles north of Socorro, 
 is on the railroad. The inhabitants raise fruit 
 and otherwise depend upon agricultural pur- 
 suits and stock raising. 
 
 Cooney, 180 miles from Socorro, in the 
 southwestern part of the county, is a prosper- 
 ous mining camp, located in a canyon in the 
 Mogollon mountains, on Cooney creek. The 
 nearest shipping point is Silver City, Grant 
 county, 85 miles south. Gold, silver and lead 
 mining are industries here, with stamp mills. 
 
 Alma, in the southwest corner of the coun- 
 ty, at the mouth of Cooney canyon of the Mo- 
 gollon mountains, on the San Francisco river, 
 is in the center of an extensive stock country, 
 from which it draws trade. It trades also with 
 adjacent mining districts. 
 
 Joseph, on Tularosa creek, in the west of 
 the county, near the Arizona line, is the center 
 of a district full of ancient ruins, and in which 
 the most beautiful Aztec pottery is found. The 
 excavation and shipping of this pottery forms 
 an extensive business. 
 
i86 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 SIERRA COUNTY. 
 
 Sierra county was formed by an act of the 
 legislature in 1883, from parts of Socorro, 
 Donna Ana and Grant counties, the impelling 
 cause being the desire of the miners in the 
 vicinity of Lake Valley, Hillsboro and King- 
 ston to govern themselves, and their belief 
 that their interests would be benefited by having 
 one county in which mining would be the lead- 
 ing industry, rather than live on the borders of 
 three large counties in none of which could 
 they have a controlling influence. Although, 
 as will be seen, it has very considerable graz- 
 ing and agricultural interests in the valley of 
 the Rio Grande and those of the streams that 
 flow into that river from the mountains, yet 
 its great interest is and always will be that of 
 mining. 
 
 The principal meridian of New Mexico forms 
 its eastern boundary for forty-eight miles; the 
 summit of the Black Range is the western 
 limit. If not very large in extent, averaging 
 fifty-four miles from north to south, and about 
 the same from east to west, or 2,376 square 
 miles, the county has a diversified topography. 
 In the extreme east are large plains; then a 
 system of mountain ranges, running from north 
 to south, along the east bank of the Rio Grande 
 (Sierra Fra Cristobal and Caballo) and at their 
 western base that river, leaving about one-third 
 of the area of the county on its eastern bank. 
 On the west side plains, interrupted here and 
 there by prominences, extend to the foot-hills 
 of the Black Range for from twenty to thirty 
 miles, while finally that range occupies the 
 westernmost portion. With the exception of a 
 few creeks, in the uttermost northwest corner, 
 which flow westward into the Rio Gila, all 
 streams flow southeast, into the Rio Grande. 
 The beds of these streams, approaching their 
 mouths, are worn deep into the plains. 
 
 Elevations, in the northern part of the 
 county, vary from 4,184 (Fest's Ferry) to 
 5,177 (Alamosa), 9,540 (Canyada Alamosa) 
 to 8,045 (Nell's Pass), from the Rio Grande, 
 to the west boundary; in the northern part from 
 
 4,000 (Rio Grande, above Rincon) to 4,689 
 (above Nutt station), 5,224 (Hillsboro), 7,- 
 494 (Berrenda Spring) to 7,574 (Hendrick's 
 Peak). On the east side of the Rio Grande, 
 the plains gradually descend from 4,720 (below 
 Lava station) to 4,342 feet (above Grama) in 
 a distance of forty-eight miles. There are 
 springs scattered over this eastern part of the 
 county, and that water can be obtained by 
 sinking tubular wells, there is very little doubt. 
 The weather all the year round is very mild. 
 In winter the thermometer rarely falls to twenty 
 degrees below freezing and never touches zero. 
 Consequently mining operations are prosecuted 
 continuously, and agriculture has no disadvan- 
 tages. Blizzards and snow slides are unknown. 
 The county is well divided into the valley, 
 mesa and mountain lands, embracing a con- 
 siderable section of the Rio Grande valley, 
 where agriculture is followed; wherever open- 
 ings in the valleys of the different affluents 
 afford room enough to do so, agricultural pur- 
 suits are followed. Being well watered, the 
 pasturage lands are fully available, and the 
 stock interests are, for this reason, in a good 
 condition. But the main interests of Sierra 
 county are centered in the mines. The prin- 
 cipal mining districts are: Apache, Black 
 Range, Cuchillo Negro, Kingston, Hermosa, 
 Animas, Hillsboro, Percha and Lake Valley. 
 
 To begin with the most famous of all the 
 romances of mining, Lake Valley furnishes the 
 best story. Here abounds the highest-grade 
 silver ore. In the early days, when Victoria, 
 Loco and Nana made this valley unhealthy, 
 two miners struck a gold prospect. They sold 
 it for $100,000 to a Philadelphia syndicate, 
 and two days after the lead ran into the ' Bri- 
 dal Chamber," the working of which yielded 
 over $3,000,000. The expense was so trifling 
 that one man offered the owners $200,000 for 
 the privilege of entering the mine and taking 
 the metal that he could knock down single- 
 handed with his pick in one day! This was an 
 era of wild speculation, from which Lake Val- 
 ley suffered a natural reaction; but the riches 
 of the camp seem only touched as yet. Eight 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 187 
 
 million dollars have been taken from its mines, 
 but there is still rich ore. It lies in blanket 
 form and quickly runs into pockets and cham- 
 bers. 
 
 The history of the discovery of these won- 
 derful mines is too interesting not to be nar- 
 rated. In the year 1878 a miner named Luf- 
 kin, then living at Hillsboro, New Mexico, fif- 
 teen miles northwest of Lake Valley, or Mc- 
 Evers' ranch, as it was then called, in com- 
 pany with a companion, started out on a pros- 
 pecting trip to the foot-hills of the southern 
 extremity of the Black Range. They had no 
 luck for some weeks; but finally, at a point 
 about two miles west of McEvers', they dis- 
 covered a large body of black ore croppings 
 extending over a hundred acres of territory, 
 and indicating plainly the presence of mineral 
 of some kind The big, black bodies of ore, 
 cropping out above the surface, showed that, 
 whatever the nature of the mineral to be found, 
 it was certainly in immense quantities. They 
 sank several prospect holes, and soon satisfied 
 themselves that they had "struck it rich" in 
 silver; but as their "grub stake" was by this 
 time exhausted, they returned to Hillsboro and 
 obtained employment, one as a cook and the 
 other as a miner, saved up their wages for sev- 
 eral months, in order to have a "grub stake" 
 when they should go again to work on their 
 claim. 
 
 In a few weeks the Indian war broke out 
 upon the country, and mining operations in 
 that section were suspended. Finally, how- 
 ever, through the assistance of Hon. J. A. Mil- 
 ler, of Grant county, who was then the post- 
 trader at Fort Bayard, Lufkin and his partner 
 were enabled to develop their mines sufficient- 
 ly to prove that they were first-class; and then 
 a rush began towards the new district. Claims 
 were located on all sides and quite a mining 
 camp sprung into existence. Ore running as 
 high as $1,000 per ton was exposed, and Mr. 
 Miller began to look around for means to bet- 
 ter develop the mines. The result was that 
 about a year ago Mr. Miller effected a sale of 
 the principal mines in the district to a syn- 
 
 dicate of New York capitalists for $225,000, 
 Lufkin and his partner receiving $25,000 of 
 the amount. 
 
 The center of Apache district is chloride; 
 in Chloride gulch, Dry creek, Mineral creek, 
 Bear creek, and others, silver-bearing copper 
 ores, bornites, occur, which are, as a rule, 
 rich ($ i oo per ton or more), and secure large re- 
 turns to those who work them. 
 
 While ores, along the main portion of the 
 Black Range, mostly occur on the contact line 
 between limestone and porphyry, argentiferous 
 copper ores also occur between porphyry and 
 trachyte, the ores being sulphides, oxides and 
 some iron. 
 
 This district was the scene of a great min- 
 ing excitement more than ten years ago, when 
 the Apaches were removed from the adjacent 
 reservation, but the difficulty and expense of 
 transportation keep it in the background. 
 Hillsboro and Kingston have both been fa- 
 mous in their days as enormous producers, one 
 of gold and the other of silver. 
 
 Hillsboro is the center of the gold mining 
 district. It has one of the handsomest court- 
 houses in the West, good schools and good ho- 
 tels. It was founded in 1878. The success 
 and prosperity of this town and its great repu- 
 tation as a gold camp were only obtained after 
 years of persistent effort. For the first ten 
 years of its existence the discouragement was 
 only cheered by flitting gleams of success. The 
 ore veins are found on either side of the in- 
 trusive porphyry dykes that cross the country, 
 radiating from Animas Peak. 
 
 The metal carrier in this district is quartz, 
 impregnated with copper and iron pyrites, and 
 containing precious metals in the proportion of 
 one ounce of gold to five ounces of silver. Sur- 
 face. ores, to the depth of 1 50 to 300 feet, are 
 much oxidized and are free-milling. The gold 
 values vary from $6 to $175 per ton. Ore is 
 also found in solid pyrites. 
 
 Perhaps the most notable feature in the 
 Hillsboro gold mines is the unbroken continu- 
 ity of the ore veins. In the Opportunity mine 
 a drift 1,600 feet in length was carried without 
 
iSS 
 
 H1STORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 a break in its average of about one foot thick- 
 ness of pay ore. Thirty-two hundred feet of 
 drifts in the Bonanza mine show the same con- 
 ditions, always some ore to go on. Several 
 thousand feet of workings in the Snake and in 
 the Richmond mines still further attest this 
 valuable feature. The ore varies in thickness, 
 of course, but there is always some for the 
 miner to follow, and once having ore you have 
 it always. 
 
 Along the bases of the porphyry hills in 
 which the gold mines are located is a quartzite 
 dyke in which crystallized lead, sulphate of lead 
 and lead carbonates are found. Much work is 
 being done and good results are expected. 
 Manganese, iron ores and some flint deposits 
 rich in gold are also found. 
 
 North of the lode district and near the An- 
 imas river are found extensive beds of white, 
 black and variegated marble. These quarries 
 contain some of the purest marble known. 
 
 To the west of the lode district lie some 
 phenomenally rich placers. Up to date some of 
 the richest dirt has been teamed and packed to 
 the Rio Percha and washed out, and men 
 have made wages fanning out the gold from the 
 dry dirt. 
 
 Kingston is the center of a phenomenally 
 rich silver district. This camp is situated in the 
 valley of the Rio Percha, and was discovered 
 in 1878. Within a few years thereafter 
 $6,000,000 were realized from the surface 
 riches alone. Since this period of rapid de- 
 velopment the work has become more sys- 
 tematic, and nearly every well-worked mine has 
 yielded from $20,000 to $i, 500,000. The ores 
 are native, brittle, sulphide, chloride and 
 chloro-bromide, and are found in connection 
 with quartz, iron, copper, zinc, galena and 
 talc. Binoxide of manganese prevails through- 
 out the district. The ore belt stretches from 
 the Trujillo to the North Percha, and no one 
 able to devote intelligent labor to mining need 
 fear for results in the beautiful camp of Kings- 
 ton. The town itself is well situated, has a 
 public water service, churches and schools, 
 two good hotels, and a pushing, go-ahead 
 
 population. The magnificent specimens of na- 
 tive silver shown in the miner's cabin at the 
 World's Fair will bear out this testimony to 
 the richness of that region. Native silver is 
 prevalent. While this district, like all others 
 in which silver is the chief product, is suffer- 
 ing greatly from the depression in the price of 
 that metal, yet much of the ore obtained here 
 is of such high grade that it can still be 
 shipped. 
 
 Hermosa is a thriving camp between Hills- 
 boro and Chloride, and nineteen miles south of 
 the latter. The principal group of mines is 
 the Pelican, carrying silver and lead. These 
 ores are always valuable. Before the fall of 
 silver there were about 109 miners at work in 
 this camp, and all doing well. The mines are 
 worked a good deal on the lease system, and, 
 as a rule, are of high grade. 
 
 The county also contains extensive beds of 
 coal on the Armendaris grant, near the Rio 
 Grande. 
 
 GRANT COUNTY. 
 
 This county was organized by act of the 
 legislature in 1870, during the first presidential 
 term of the great soldier, and hence received 
 its name in his honor. It forms the southwest 
 corner of New Mexico, and is bounded on the 
 north by Socorro county, on the east by Donna 
 Ana and Sierra counties, on the south by Chi- 
 huahua, Republic of Mexico, and on the west 
 by Arizona. It contains 9,234 square miles in 
 area, being 1 14 miles from north to south and 
 eighty-one miles from east to west. 
 
 The general appearance and contour of 
 Grant county is anomalous. The great divide 
 comes down near its western line, trending 
 southwest. It divides the county into two 
 very unequal portions, the larger of which, or 
 Mimbres basin, has no ocean drainage, but its 
 waters flow, sometimes in great, all-devouring 
 floods, at others in unnoticed seepage, toward 
 Palomas lake, the sink of this great region. 
 The Gila drains the northwest of the county 
 into the gulf of California. 
 
 The country abounds in mountain ranges, 
 
HISTORY Of NEW MEXICO. 
 
 189 
 
 in which mines of great value are being de- 
 veloped, or, more correctly speaking, in moun- 
 tain clusters, rising to altitudes not exceeding 
 1,000 feet above the level of the plains, and 
 elevated from the undulating plains, repre- 
 senting the former islands, when, during the 
 cretaceous period, the waters of the sea still 
 covered the country. A multitude of evi- 
 dences in the shape of ruins, old graves, an- 
 cient pottery, and remnants of implements, 
 conclusively prove that this country, in pre- 
 historic ages, has been inhabited by a human 
 race, or races, who, comparatively, occupied a 
 high scale of civilization. 
 
 The Gila rises in Socorro county, and car- 
 ries off the Pacific drainage of the San Fran- 
 cisco, the Mogollons, the Datil and Black 
 mountain ranges. Owing to the influence of 
 the moist winds that constantly pass over it 
 from the western ocean, it has generally been 
 supposed that farming might be conducted 
 without irrigation. On the Sapello, Copper, 
 Duck and Mogollon creeks, and the Gila 
 meadows and plateaus, there are numerous 
 small tracts where crops had been matured for 
 a period of fifteen years without any artificial 
 application of water. A succession of dry 
 years has, however, dissipated this idea to a 
 great extent. During this dry period a large 
 increase of irrigation on the Gila, by means 
 of small farm ditches, has taken place. This 
 region, however, offers tempting possibilities 
 of gain. It is in the midst of one of the 
 greatest mining centers of the world. Every j 
 hillside is pregnant with rich ore; the market j 
 for farm produce is immediate, and high prices 
 are realized. With a comprehensive system 
 of works, about 30,000 or 40,000 acres could 
 be reclaimed, and the farmers could realize 
 from deciduous fruits returns that would rival 
 those from the orange groves of California, j 
 Apples, pears, berries and such fruits here 
 reach perfection. The country is free from 
 insect pests, and the intelligent farmer with 
 well-watered land has nothing to fear from | 
 drouth or frost. 
 
 The Mimbres rises in the mountains of the 
 
 same name, taking its head waters within a 
 mile or so of some of the principal feeders of 
 the Gila, but on the gulf side of the mountains. 
 During its upper course it takes up the waters 
 of many large springs and small water courses, 
 and supplies water for over 100 farms ranging 
 from 200 to about 10 acres in extent. These 
 furnish the majority of the vegetable food of 
 Silver City and the surrounding mining camps. 
 The water is taken out of the river on the 
 community system by small ditches and dis- 
 tributed pro rata to each cluster of farms. 
 Owing to the peculiar situation of the valley it is 
 doubtful if this plan could be much improved 
 by a comprehensive ditch system. The apples 
 and hardy fruits, together with fine vegetables, 
 raised in the upper valley of the Mimbres, are 
 of a very superior quality. In the aggregate 
 there are about 5,000 acres cultivated. 
 
 Below the mountains the Mimbres takes 
 the form of what is usually termed a "lost 
 river." About thirty miles north of Deming 
 it debouches upon a plateau of the Sierra 
 Madre, a large plain of deep alluvial soil. 
 Little or no water is in sight except in the 
 flood seasons; but it may always be had at 
 moderate depths below the surface. For sixty 
 miles south of the Mexican line, and for a sim- 
 ilar distance east and west, the same condition 
 prevails. The rivers rise in the mountains, 
 drain a considerable water-shed and then dis- 
 appear into the earth. The importance of this 
 underflow may be judged by the numerous 
 lakes which appear in old Mexico just south 
 of the line. Palomas lake is the principal. 
 It is five or six miles 'long, three-quarters to 
 two miles wide and fed by hundreds of springs. 
 Some of these are so strong that their dis- 
 turbance of the water can be plainly seen on 
 the surface of the lake. 
 
 This important source of supply is being 
 exploited by two large companies. One project 
 is to sink a bed rock dam across the Mimbres 
 canyon, effectually stopping the underflow of 
 the river at that point, and then to take the 
 water raised to the surface out by gravity 
 ditches on about 20,000 acres of as good land 
 
190 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 as exists. The other is by underflow ditches 
 to obtain the water of the Mimbres and also 
 that of the Burro mountains, which will then 
 be carried by canals to the neighborhood of 
 Deming and placed on ten-acre tracts. 
 
 The soil of the valleys is a rich, sandy 
 loam, composed of the disintegrated matter of 
 the older rocks and volcanic ashes. It is light 
 and porous and of surprising fertility. Corn, 
 wheat, oats and barley grow well; corn is a 
 staple product. The cereals do best in the 
 northern districts and elevated plateaus. Corn, 
 vegetables and all kinds of fruit do best in 
 the valleys; corn, in the rich bottoms, along 
 the principal streams, if well cultivated, may 
 be made to yield over eighty bushels per acre; 
 wheat on the uplands often yields over fifty 
 bushels to the acre. 
 
 Cabbages grow splendidly, often weighing 
 from thirty to fifty pounds each. Onions also 
 grow wonderfully large, weighing from one to 
 two pounds each. Beets, radishes, turnips 
 and carrots grow well everywhere. Beans, 
 peas and tobacco are also grown successfully; 
 beans to the native population are what the 
 potato is to the Irish. Apples do well in all 
 parts of the county. Melons of all kinds grow 
 to grand proportions, and of the most delicious 
 flavor. 
 
 The valleys are marvelously romantic and 
 beautiful, ranging from one to five miles in 
 breadth, and all easy of irrigation. All the 
 cereals, vegetables and fruits grown in the mid- 
 dle States can be successfully raised in them. 
 The black and white gama grasses furnish 
 ample subsistence for sheep and stock. During 
 the winter months these grasses retain their 
 full nutriment, their tops, although of a pale 
 color, have become cured, and stock of all 
 kinds can graze on this grass without being 
 stall fed. The Animas valley, valley de las 
 Playas, the plains east and west of the Florida 
 mountains, the Gila plains, etc., are all covered 
 with this kind of natural product, and they are 
 the range of immense herds. There are also 
 thousands of acres in the mountainous part of 
 the county which cannot be cultivated, but 
 
 which are good for grazing, as the grass is sweet 
 and nutritious. 
 
 At a conservative estimate there are 200,- 
 ooo head of cattle in Grant county. The 
 most favorable conditions prevail for stock- 
 raising. The county presents the appearance 
 of a great inland sea that had been drained 
 after the cretaceous period. The plains lie 
 flat, with only the gentle undulations caused 
 by wave action. Dotted here and there over 
 the surface are clusters of mountains from 
 1,000 to 2,000 feet above the general level. 
 The broad plains are covered with black and 
 white gama grass, and the showers ordinarily 
 induced by the mountain clusters serve to keep 
 these herbs in nutritive condition. Of the 
 dozens of valleys where good range is found, 
 the Animas, valley de las Playas, the Florida 
 plains, the Gila plains, the Sapello, Upper 
 Mimbres, Mule, Mogollon and Duck creek are 
 the principal. 
 
 Nowhere in the world is the per cent, of 
 increase in cattle greater than in this county, 
 where nothing less than eighty-five per cent, is 
 ever calculated on, while in many herds often- 
 times numbering several thousands, ninety-five 
 per cent, is figured on with comparative cer- 
 tainty. While it is so far superior to most all 
 others as a breeding country, the mountain 
 portions of Grant county will produce as fine 
 beef as the best ranges of the northern Terri- 
 tories. There is no such thing as loss from 
 severe weather. 
 
 The first settlement of Grant county, how- 
 ever, was on account of its minerals. From 
 east to west and from north to south, it is a 
 treasure house of mineral wealth of different 
 kinds. Of all our territorial acquirements 
 from Mexico, no portion has created so much 
 attraction, so much worthy interest, or pos- 
 sessed such historic fame as the famous copper 
 mines known as Santa Rita del Cabres, which 
 are located five miles east from Fort Bayard. 
 These mines were discovered by Lieutenant 
 Colonel Carrasco, of the Spanish army in 
 1800, through the medium of a friendly In- 
 dian. Colonel Carrasco, not possessing the 
 
HJSTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 191 
 
 means to work these mines, was habilitated by 
 Don Francisco Manuel Elguea, a wealthy 
 Spanish merchant of Chihuahua. In the be- 
 ginning of 1804, however, Colonel Carrasco 
 sold the Santa Rita, entire, to Don F. M. 
 Elguea, who immediately commenced working 
 the property extensively, and on his first ship- 
 ment of copper to the City of Mexico, 
 was enabled on account of the extraordinary 
 quality of the metal to make a contract with 
 the Royal Mint for the purpose of coinage for 
 the full annual product of the mines. The 
 copper was transported from the mines to the 
 city of Mexico, a distance of 1,000 miles, go- 
 ing on pack mules to Chihuahua, from thence 
 thence by wagon, and 100 mules, carrying 300 
 pounds each, were continually employed. 
 
 While the Santa Ritas are undoubtedly the 
 richest deposits of red oxide of copper known, 
 they are strictly the most peculiar and really 
 singular copper mines of the world. They are 
 not veins or lodes. But in sinking a shaft the 
 miner continually meets with veins of sheet 
 copper (native) from one-eighth of an inch to 
 two inches thick all through the country or 
 white porphyry rock. Again he frequently 
 meets with boulder or nugget copper in lumps 
 weighing from 2O to I 50 pounds. These lumps 
 are kidney-shaped, and by the miners called 
 kidney ore. 
 
 Grant county possesses vast wealth in gold, 
 silver, lead, copper, opals, marbles and building 
 stone. The following statistics will show that 
 notwithstanding the dull times mining is still 
 vigorously practiced. 
 
 In the gold and silver camps of Lordsburg, 
 Pyramid and Shakespeare seventy-five miners 
 are at work; Victorio, a silver camp, has twen- 
 ty-five; Central City, a gold-producer, works 
 200; Pinos Altos, gold, 100; Cook's Peak, 
 the greatest lead camp in the Southwest, and 
 also a good silver-producer, employs 100 men; 
 Hadley, silver, fifty; The Floridas, silver, ten; 
 Tres Hermanyas, silver, ten; Oak Grove, 
 silver, ten; Georgetown, low grade silver, 
 130; Hachitas, high-grade silver, twenty-five 
 men. The county annually produces over 
 
 $1,000,000 of gold and about $800,000 worth 
 of silver. 
 
 The first camps opened in Grant county 
 during this generation were at Pinos Altos and 
 Central City. At the two there are over 600 
 lodes located, most of which have produced 
 some good ores. These are gold camps. When 
 silver, during the year 1893, was depressed and 
 the mines producing it shut down, it was at 
 once supposed that a serious blow had been 
 struck at the general prosperity. The miners, 
 however, immediately pushed work on their 
 gold leads, and the output of Grant county, 
 which is now almost entirely gold, with some 
 silver and lead, has increased to nearly double. 
 The gold ores from this district are very simi- 
 lar to those of Central City, Colorado. On the 
 surface they consist of the same iron-stained 
 quartz, containing free gold. At a lower depth 
 the ore is composed of sulphurets of iron and 
 copper, with auriferous galena, and zincblende 
 deeper still. Nor is gold the only paying ore. 
 Near Pinos Altos one mine shows a streak of 
 native silver that runs $25,000 per ton. Since 
 the introduction of large capital even the re- 
 bellious ores of the lower levels are yielding 
 their riches. 
 
 The famous "76"- mine, owned by Mr. 
 Breman, is situated on the Chloride flat, two 
 miles west of Silver City. Work was com- 
 menced on this mine in 1871, and the yield of 
 paying ore probably exceeds 20,000 tons. The 
 bullion taken from this mine probably exceeds 
 three-quarters of a million dollars. 
 
 There has been discovered in one of the 
 cross-cuts a large body of silver-bearing slate. 
 Where the tunnel was cut through this slate 
 it exposed ' ' face " from five to eight feet in 
 depth, for a distance of 240 feet; horn-silver is 
 found all through the slate, and in the seams 
 broad sheets of native silver, no thicker than 
 tissue paper, are found. But the most singu- 
 lar form in which the metal is found in this 
 slate is in round balls, or pellets, of almost 
 pure silver, ranging from the size of a pin-head 
 up to that of a quail's egg. These balls, which 
 very much resemble fossil, are in many places 
 
192 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 thickly interspersed through the slate, and on 
 actual test are found to contain 95 percent, of 
 silver. Hundreds of tons of this singular sil- 
 ver-bearing slate is exposed by the cut, andean 
 be mined at less than $2 per ton. 
 
 In 1866 the camp of Georgetown was first 
 struck by Messrs. Butine and Streeter, George 
 Duncan, Andy Johnson and others. No work 
 was done for two years later, when operations 
 were commenced by E. Weeks and J. Fresh, 
 on what is known as the McNulty. In 1872 
 the wealth of the camp became apparent, and 
 it took a start that it has maintained up to the 
 present time. There is also, without doubt, 
 in Georgetown, a vast amount of mineral 
 wealth as yet undiscovered. The town itself 
 presents to the eye of a traveler, on entering 
 on the Silver City road, more the appearance 
 of a mining camp than any. Work has been 
 done on both sides of the road for a mile or 
 more. 
 
 Central City is nine miles from Silver City, 
 and situated on a flat or table leading down 
 from the mountain in which are located the 
 celebrated Hanover and Santa Rita copper 
 mines. These mines cover a space some five 
 miles in length from north to south, by half 
 that distance in width. Granite is the pre- 
 dominating "country rock," interspersed with 
 limestone and slate. The country is covered 
 with a thick growth of pine, pinyon, cedar 
 and oak. The entire table is checked with 
 gold and silver-bearing leads, and the numer- 
 ous ravines cutting through the flat furnish an 
 unfailing supply of the purest mountain water. 
 
 Here are found inexhaustible bodies of low 
 grade ore, mostly gold-bearing. 
 
 In some sections of Grant county vast de- 
 posits of white magnesian rock have been 
 found. It is of a superior quality, and al- 
 though not yet extensively quarried, bids fair 
 to become one of the thriving industries of the 
 county, as it is now being shipped in large 
 quantities to outside markets, and has been 
 furnished the new opera house at El Paso. 
 The rock is easily worked by the saw, plane or 
 chisel, and is finely stratified in smooth layers 
 
 ranging from thin flagging to massive dimen- 
 sions. 
 
 The marble of Bear creek, ten miles from 
 Silver City, will without a doubt attract a great 
 deal of attention in the near future. It is jet 
 black, and the variegated marbles of the same 
 series are as fine as can be found anywhere, 
 very even in texture, and susceptible of a very 
 high polish. Within the next year these quar- 
 ries will be shipping large quanties east and 
 west, as there is great demand for this kind of 
 marble. As to the white sculpture marble of 
 the Hanover district, said to be equal to 
 Italian marble for sculptural use, the quarry 
 has not been opened sufficiently to show its 
 full merit, but from surface indications the de- 
 posit is extensive. 
 
 The Serpentine rock with the newly coined 
 name of Ricolite, is found on the Gila river 
 near Carlisle, and is a beautiful ornamental 
 stone for architectural purposes. It is banded 
 with alternate strata of grey and green colors 
 from one-half to one inch in thickness. It has 
 rapidly gained the front rank in the east, and 
 the demand is greater than the supply, for the 
 reason that transportation facilities are meager. 
 It is susceptible of a fine finish, and is quite 
 durable. This is probably the only deposit of 
 it in the world, as no mention is made of any 
 such rock in any work on geology or lithology. 
 
 The owners have christened it " Ricolite " 
 (or "rich stone") because it is claimed that it 
 is so different in its composition from any 
 thing previously discovered that it can not 
 possibly be classed under any existing name. 
 The quarries are southwest of Silver City, 
 and the stone resembles the green marble or 
 verd-antique of Vermont and other localities, 
 but it is claimed that the absence of lime as 
 an important constitutent renders it much 
 harder and more durable. The colors are 
 green, yellow, black and blue, in various 
 shades and combinations, and it is considered 
 specially adapted to interior decoration. The 
 specific gravity is 2.57 or 1 60 pounds to the 
 cubic foot; and its composition is given as fol- 
 lows: Silica, 43.52 per cent.; aluminum, 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 '93 
 
 16.88 per cent.; magnesia, 23.78 percent.; 
 water (combined), 1 1. 10 per cent.; lime, 2.22 
 per cent. ; soda and potash, 2. 50 per cent. ; 
 and a slight trace of iron oxide. 
 
 At the mouth of the Gilita, where it empties 
 into the Gila, are springs of good medicinal 
 properties, breaking out in six or eight differ- 
 ent places from the mountain side; the water 
 is extremely hot, and contains a large quantity 
 of iron. It is about forty-five miles by wagon 
 road to Silver City. 
 
 On the banks of the Gila near the springs 
 and just south of the Socorro county line, is a 
 very extraordinary deposit of alum, said to be 
 the largest in the world. Another similar de- 
 posit is found a few miles distant to the east. 
 The absence of facilities for transportation 
 makes it impossible to utilize this commerci- 
 ally at present, but of its ultimate value there 
 is no doubt. 
 
 \Vithin the past three years important 
 mines of turquoise have been discovered in the 
 Burro mountains and several of them are be- 
 ing worked successfully. The stone is lighter 
 in color than the turquoise of Santa Fe county, 
 but by some is considered preferable for that 
 reason. The bed in which it is found extends 
 westward into Arizona. 
 
 Silver City is the county seat of Grant 
 county, and is one of the principal outfitting 
 places for the mining camps. Its mining re- 
 sources are numerous, and valuable enough to 
 build up and support a large and thriving city. 
 Good stone, sand and lime, for building pur- 
 poses, are obtainable, at reasonable figures. 
 Situated as it is, surrounded by mills and con- 
 centrators, almost in the very center of the 
 mining region, its stability and prosperity are 
 assured. Large business blocks are built or 
 projected, and during the year 1893 about 
 twenty-five business houses and handsome 
 residences were built within the city limits. 
 It has a number of civic and social organiza- 
 tions. Its water-works, lying about two miles 
 from town, assure the city not only a good and 
 pure supply of water, but, as there is a normal 
 pressure in the fire hydrants of 144 pounds to 
 
 13 
 
 the inch, immunity from the ravages of 
 that dangerous element is certain. 
 
 The court house, the Sisters' hospital, the 
 fine blocks that line the business streets, the 
 churches, the commodious and comfortable 
 hotels, of which there are four, give the city 
 a metropolitan air. The salubrious climate 
 makes good the local claims as a sanitarium. 
 Situated at about 6,000 feet elevation, at 
 about 35 degrees 15 seconds north latitude, 
 protected by encircling mountains, all the con- 
 ditions are perfect for the preservation of 
 health or the restoration of the invalid to 
 sound physical existence. 
 
 Deming, at the junction of the Southern 
 Pacific and Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Rail- 
 roads, which from here run west, toward Cali- 
 fornia, southeast to El Paso, Texas, and 
 northeast to the upper portion of New Mexico, 
 is not only the center of an extensive stock 
 raising country, but the mines, south and 
 north, give trade to many people here. Dem- 
 ing has all the requirements of an American 
 town. The people have introduced a great 
 number of wind-mills, by which the vast 
 underflow of water is raised to the surface 
 and put on the land. Dozens of gardens sur- 
 round the town. These are rapidly develop- 
 ing into a comprehensive system of irrigation. 
 Two enterprises are now under way, and the 
 town itself has constructed a reservoir of 45,- 
 000,000 gallons capacity. Its supply is pump- 
 ed from an immense well. 
 
 The great Mormon railroad is projected 
 from this point. As proposed it will run south 
 via Columbus, on the boundary line, thence to 
 Guerrero and then to Chihuahua, a distance of 
 510 miles. A branch of this road has also 
 been surveyed across the Sierra Madre moun- 
 tains to Sonora, on the Gulf of California. 
 
 Deming is the headquarters of the canyai- 
 gre business in the Territory, though no doubt 
 there will be a number of establishments in 
 various localities within a short time, as the 
 knowledge of this new tanning agent extends. 
 We have referred in another place to the 
 general subject of canyaigre, its characteristics 
 
1 94 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 and value, but in connection with the factory 
 at Deming, which is the principal practical 
 business enterprise of this kind in New Mexico 
 in actual operation, its seems proper to intro- 
 duce the following statement, made by C. B. 
 Allaire, the president of "The Tanning Ex- 
 tract Company" of Peoria, who own the 
 works. He says: 
 
 "We have erected at this place (Deming) 
 a factory 74 by 250 feet, partly one story and 
 partly two stories, for the manufacture of 
 an extract from the tubers of the canyaigre 
 root (Rumex himenocephalum), to be used for 
 tanning purposes. We expect to export our 
 entire product to England, because freights 
 are cheaper from here to Liverpool than from 
 here to New York city or Boston, and because 
 Europe is not so well supplied with tanning 
 materials as America. This product is used 
 only for light leather, such as goat, sheep, kid, 
 dongola, calf, etc., and does not come into 
 competition with oak and hemlock extracts, 
 which are cheaper and are used for heavy 
 leather, such as sole, harness, etc. Our pres- 
 ent capacity is about thirty tons of green or 
 undried root per day, which should make 
 about five tons of extract of a consistence 
 about like putty, dry enough to ship in sacks. 
 We do not expect to be able to secure enough 
 root from the natural growth that is available 
 to run us continuously for the first three years. 
 At the ruling freight rates we cannot afford to 
 ship root to this factory outside of a radius of 
 about 100 miles by rail and a less distance, say 
 twenty miles, by wagon. To meet this de- 
 ficiency and to provide for a steady supply of 
 the raw material near at hand we are clearing 
 and planting about 1,000 acres this season of 
 selected sandy bottom land suitable for this 
 plant, and expect to have at the end of three 
 years a crop of from five to ten tons per acre 
 without irrigation, and we shall do the same in 
 1893 and 1894, eventually having 3,000 acres 
 in cultivation near at hand, which we estimate 
 will keep us continuously supplied with raw 
 material. 
 
 "If this experiment is a success we shall 
 
 be able to demonstrate to land owners in this 
 arid region that they can raise a valuable com- 
 mercial crop without irrigation where irriga- 
 tion is impracticable; that has an eight months' 
 planting and harvesting period; that is not 
 subject to drought, decay or market fluctua- 
 tions, and that will yield, over and above all 
 cost for labor, seed, etc., a good return on $50 
 per acre value of the land, and, in fact, make 
 a profitable industry where now they have ab- 
 solutely nothing. 
 
 "Our method of planting is as follows: 
 We first clear the land of soapweed, willow 
 and mesquite. Very little of the latter grows 
 on this class of land. The cost averages 
 about $i per acre over and above the value of 
 the fuel obtained. Sage brush and other light 
 growths are left on the land, as they are easily 
 plowed under. Then we put on a twelve-inch 
 plow, with four horses, two men and three 
 boys. The plow must have a side and well- 
 curved mold board so as to cover well the pre- 
 ceding furrow. One man drives the team, the 
 other guides the plow; one boy follows the 
 plow and picks up and carries to be deposited 
 at the end of the furrow any natural growth 
 of canyaigre that may be turned up; another 
 boy follows him and drops into the bottom of 
 the furrow small roots, say three-fourths inch 
 in diameter and less, about twelve to eighteen 
 inches apart. He cannot plant as fast as the 
 furrow is made, so that it takes two boys to do 
 the planting. The return furrow covers the 
 first, and this process is continued until all the 
 land is planted. We plant about six inches 
 deep. 
 
 " The cost of clearing, plowing and plant- 
 ing, etc., is as follows: 
 
 Clearing 2\ acres $ 2 50 
 
 Two men and two teams, per day 7 SO 
 
 Three boys per day, 50 cents each .... i 50 
 
 Seed 2\ acres, $6 per ton 2 50 
 
 $14 oo 
 Cost per acre 5 67 
 
 "If we add to this $5 per acre for harvest- 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 '95 
 
 ing we have a total of $9.67 per acre charge- 
 able to the crop, the $i for clearing being con- 
 sidered a permanent improvement to the land, 
 and no labor being required for cultivation 
 during the growth of the crop. At the lowest 
 estimate of five tons to the acre, which is at 
 present worth $6 per ton at the factory, we 
 have a net profit' of $20.33 per acre over and 
 above all cost for plowing, planting, seed and 
 harvesting the crop. This is equal to 10 per 
 cent return per annum on a valuation of $68 
 per acre for the land, three years' use of the 
 land being required to mature a crop. Natur- 
 ally a farmer would plant one-third of his land 
 each year, and so secure a regular annual 
 income." 
 
 Lordsburg is sixty miles west of Deming, 
 twenty miles east of the line between New 
 Mexico and Arizona. The town is of import- 
 ance not only as the starting point of the Ari- 
 zona & New Mexico Railroad, which runs 
 from here to the prosperous copper mining and 
 smelting camps at Clifton, seventy-six miles 
 north, but also because surrounded by good 
 mining camps, Gold Hill, Pyramid, Stein's 
 Pass, Steeple Rock and others. There are 
 good business houses here. Water is pro- 
 cured from wells in the vicinity. 
 
 Hudson's Springs have long been a resort 
 for invalids and others. A large hotel has just 
 been erected (1895). The building is of ce- 
 ment built around a placita. There are forty- 
 six rooms, and as business increases more 
 rooms will be built. There will be a bath- 
 house at the springs 40 by 60 and bath-rooms 
 all through the house, supplied with hot water 
 from the spring. 
 
 DONNA ANA COUNTY. 
 
 Donna Ana occupies the center in the south- 
 ern range of counties, and is by far the most 
 conspicious to the ordinary traveler, as it is 
 traversed from north to south by the Rio 
 Grande and by the railroad which follows the 
 banks of the river; and the famous Mesilla 
 valley never fails to attract attention. 
 
 The area of the county may be calculated 
 
 (its shape is not regular) at 1 1 5 miles from east 
 to west and seventy-two miles from north to 
 south, or equal to 8,280 square miles. 
 
 While the surface of the county is mainly 
 made up of plains and mesas, there are never- 
 theless the San Andres, Organ and Franklin 
 mountains running almost due north and south 
 at some distance from the Rio Grande, on its 
 eastern bank, and approaching the river at or 
 near the southern boundary line of the county 
 and Territory. The Sacramento mountains, 
 or the southern portion thereof, are in the 
 northeast corner, while the plains are inter- 
 rupted in the northwest by the Sierra Magda- 
 lena, the Roblado Peak at Fort Selden and 
 other elevations scattered over the southwest, 
 where also the Sierra del Potrillo is a promi- 
 nent landmark. The Organ mountains lie about 
 eighteen miles east of the Rio Grande. They 
 are unique in their appearance and instantly at- 
 tract attention. 
 
 They no doubt derive their name from the 
 tall spire-shaped peaks closely grouped, that, 
 in the distance, resemble the pipes of a large 
 church organ, especially when viewed from 
 the plains on the eastern side of the moun- 
 tains; hence the name is not inappropriate. 
 
 Other than the Rio Grande, there is no 
 large running stream in the county except the 
 lower parts of Tularosa creek and Lost river in 
 the northeastern corner. 
 
 The county slopes from north to south. 
 Rincon, at the northern end is 4,031 feet above 
 sea; Anthony at the southern end, 3,789 feet. 
 Organ Peak is 9, 108 feet high; Florida station, 
 just outside the western boundary, is 4,484; 
 and Tularosa on the eastern boundary 4,344 
 feet high. 
 
 What was acquired from Mexico by the 
 Gadsden Treaty of 1853 is embraced, in its 
 greatest portion, within the limits of Donna 
 Ana county, and the Mesilla valley lies within 
 its boundaries. 
 
 Donna Ana county is traversed from north 
 to southeast along the Rio Grande, by the 
 Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad; a 
 branch running also from Rincon to Deming 
 
196 
 
 HISTORY OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 in Grant county. The Southern Pacific Rail- 
 road crosses from west to southeast through 
 the western part of the county, running from 
 Deming to El Paso. 
 
 That which gives its special reputation to 
 Donna Ana county, however, is the far-famed 
 Mesilla valley. This was the first portion of 
 New Mexico to attract the attention of the 
 Anglo-Saxon and to secure settlement. 
 
 In the early days its richness attracted im- 
 migration from the four corners of the earth, 
 and its fame had reached to the oldest Cau- 
 casian cities, inviting the bold and brilliant to 
 come and found wealthy families. The era 
 that succeeded the war, during which the great 
 transcontinental roads were building, drew off 
 from it the tide of immigration. It is one of 
 the countries to be rediscovered. A man goes 
 there, views the lights and shades ever chang- 
 ing on the Organ mountains, sees the wide 
 alfalfa fields, glowing and luscious orchards, 
 grain fields and vineyards, and is impressed 
 with the beauty of the scene. It is indeed one of 
 the most fruitful areas in the world. At 
 Fort Selden the valley spreads out to a fertile 
 plain, some six miles in width and forty miles 
 in length. Through it the turbid Rio Grande 
 del Norte meanders to where it enters the can- 
 yon above El Paso, Texas. On the east, 
 some seventeen miles distant, rises the range 
 of mountains whose tall pinnacles, piercing the 
 blue dome of the heavens, resemble the pipes 
 of a monster organ, while on the west the bat- 
 tlement-like walls of the table land rise some 
 200 feet above the level of the valley. To-day 
 this section of paradise, with its fine climate, 
 its numerous irrigating canals, leading the wa- 
 ters of the river to the alfalfa fields, beautiful 
 vineyards of America's most lucious grapes, 
 orchards of the finest fruits, both for size, form 
 and flavor, gardens supplied with every known 
 vegetable that tempt the palate of mortals, and 
 with flower gardens giving forth the richest 
 perfumes of the tropics, well deserves the 
 name it bears, ' ' The Happy Valley. " 
 
 The agricultural crops of Donna Ana, and 
 especially of the Mesilla valley, are alfalfa, 
 
 fruits and the cereals. In the gardens and 
 vineyards the finest fruits of the temperate 
 zone reach perfection. Nowhere does alfalfa 
 flourish better or produce a greater tonnage. 
 Indian corn grows to an almost fabulous height. 
 But it is of its fruits that the valley is justly 
 proud. 
 
 All hardy fruits reach perfection in Donna 
 Ana county. Peaches, pears, plums, apricots, 
 quinces, prunes and, above all except peaches, 
 apples flourish. There are many large orchards, 
 and as the first systematic tree-planting in the 
 Territory was at Mesilla, a number of them are 
 in full age and full bearing. The earliest ones 
 were entirely of apples, the future trees having 
 been brought out on the stages of those days 
 in the form of root-grafts. The later orchards 
 are more general in their varieties, and peaches 
 are the favorite fruit. To illustrate the results 
 obtained just one case will be cited, and that, 
 although startling, is absolutely incontestible. 
 Judge G. W. Woods has a most beautiful, 
 well-attended orchard. It is set out in apples 
 and peaches alternately, seventy trees of each 
 to the acre. Last year his full-bearing peaches 
 yielded $10 per tree or $700 to the acre! This 
 does not include the apples, which yielded in 
 proportion! Each peach and apple is perfect, 
 and his product sells from one to two and one- 
 half cents per pound higher than the best Cali- 
 fornia fruit. 
 
 The vineyards of this valley have long been 
 famous. For a long time they were composed 
 entirely of the Mission grape, but within a few 
 years a large number of other foreign varieties 
 have been introduced, with great success. These 
 include the Muscat of Alexandria, Flaming To- 
 kay, Rose of Peru, Gros Coleman, Cornichon, 
 Black Burgundy, etc. In writing of this val- 
 ley Monsieur Pierre Viala, Professor of Vine- 
 growing at the National School of Vine-grow- 
 ing, France, who was in the United States 
 studying viniculture, says: "It really makes 
 me homesick to see these vineyards. It is a 
 splendid soil for the purpose. It could hardly 
 be better." * * * As an illustration of 
 quick growths the following from Judge Woods 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 197 
 
 is interesting. He says: "In May, 1889, I 
 placed cuttings of the Gros Coleman grape on 
 my place, which I had brought from the Isle 
 of Jersey, as an experiment. In the summer 
 of 1891 these cuttings produced sixty pounds 
 of grapes to the vine, some of them measur- 
 ing three and three-fourths inches in circum- 
 ference. The average weight to the bunch 
 was one and one-half pounds. 
 
 All through the valley alfalfa is a paying 
 crop. Four to five cuttings are made per year, 
 and each cutting averages from about one to 
 three tons per acre. 
 
 The plains furnish a large crop of gama 
 grass each year, and large herds of beef cattle 
 fatten upon it. If the range is not overstocked 
 the cattle-men can winter their beeves without 
 loss, and the bottoms, where the nutritious 
 grasses, that must have water, grow, will fat- 
 ten them for the market. Thousands of dol- 
 lars are annually made from this industry. The 
 more progressive stockmen raise or lease large 
 alfalfa fields, on which they give their cattle a 
 final feed before sending them to market. 
 This, however, is not necessary as a rule. The 
 showers, which are not infrequent during the 
 summer months, keep the ranges in good con- 
 dition, and it is only during a series of dry 
 years that tame grass is at all necessary to 
 bring stock into condition. 
 
 Donna Ana is rapidly acquiring a reputa- 
 tion for its vintage. The vineyards yield from 
 1,300 to 1,500 gallons of wine per acre. The 
 basis in the best wineries is to estimate that 
 fifteen pounds of grapes will yield one gallon 
 of wine and one pint of the finest brandy. No 
 addition of any kind is made to the natural 
 juices of the grape, and the purchaser can be 
 assured of an absolutely pure article. It is 
 very fine in flavor. All that is necessary to 
 make these vineyards rival the famous wines 
 of France and Germany is age. A five-year- 
 old wine from this section is unrivaled for 
 body and flavor. 
 
 Bee culture is a source of profit in connec- 
 tion with all the above. The wide-stretching 
 alfalfa fields yield a peculiar variety of honey 
 
 that is exceptional as a remedy in consumption 
 and all throat and lung diseases. A hive will 
 yield fifty pounds of honey per year, worth 
 twelve to fifteen cents per pound. An acre of 
 ground with 1 50 trees will accommodate twice 
 that number of hives. The reader can make 
 his own calculations of profit from this source. 
 Bee culture is practical on every ranch in 
 Donna Ana county. 
 
 A recent experiment with imported bees 
 
 shows that they take kindly to the climate and 
 
 food. The artemisia, mesquite and other wild 
 
 j plants afford unlimited pasture, even if the 
 
 alfalfa was not available. 
 
 The principal mining is carried on in the 
 Organ mountains, some eighteen miles east of 
 the Rio Grande, ores occurring on the contact 
 line between limestone (which is here a dolor- 
 ite) and porphyry, filled in with quartz veins 
 in different widths, and containing silver, 
 galena and sulphuret of iron. 
 
 The Stephenson mine was the first that as- 
 sumed large proportions in this camp. It had 
 a far earlier history among the Spaniards. As 
 an evidence of its early use in the long ages 
 past, is an old ruin, with walls about two feet 
 high, showing that at least a four-room house 
 had an existence, and near this are the remains 
 of an old smelting furnace, and around it is 
 found a quantity of antimonial silver. This is 
 now called the " Bennett-Stephenson," and it 
 puts out such a rich silver ore that it is run- 
 ning even at the present low price of silver. A 
 mill capable of turning out half a ton of con- 
 centrates per hour is working up this ore prior 
 to shipment to the smelter at Socorro. The 
 Modoc, also, is a good shipper. 
 
 The Jarilla mountains, about twenty miles 
 east from San Augustin, which is on the east 
 side of the Organs, are a short ridge, twenty 
 miles long, and but a few miles wide at the 
 largest extension east and west, are of vol- 
 canic origin, arising suddenly out of surround- 
 ing plains. They are gold, silver and copper- 
 bearing, but can hardly be worked on account 
 of water not being present; the nearest supply 
 of water is twenty miles west, at Shedd's 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ranch. An attempt to bore for water has 
 failed. 
 
 The Portrillas are also ore-bearing, but 
 labor under the same difficult) 1 : no water, 
 which is at least forty miles distant. 
 
 The White Sands, which occur in the 
 northeastern part of the county, in the large 
 plain east of the Oscura, west of the Sacra- 
 mento mountains, are a very peculiar forma- 
 tion, deriving their name from their snow-white 
 appearance, really being a vast deposit of 
 gypsum in pulverized form, in many places 
 absolutely pure. The hills, which are about 
 twenty-five miles north from Shedd's ranch 
 and eighteen south from Tularosa, occupy a 
 section about thirty miles long from north to 
 south and from one-half to five and six miles 
 in width. The deposit forms hills twenty to 
 fifty feet high, which move like the dunes on 
 the seashore under the wind. It is a most 
 valuable material for the manufacturing of 
 plaster of Paris as well as for fertilizing pur- 
 poses in the wheat fields of the east, and, 
 when the railroad from El Paso to White Oaks 
 is built, fortunes will be made out of handling 
 it in a short time. Strange to say, there is a 
 good, pure-water spring at the southeastern 
 end of the hills, while every other water run- 
 ning from these hills after rains is so saturated 
 with gypsum that it is entirely unfit for any 
 use. No particle of any kind of humus (soil) 
 is on these hills. 
 
 The great soda beds are in close proximity 
 to this deposit in the vicinity of Tularosa. 
 They are four miles long and a mile wide. 
 
 These products are at present valueless on 
 account of the lack of transportation facili- 
 ties. The proposed railroad from El Paso to 
 White Oaks will pass directly by these depos- 
 its, and they will then find a ready market and 
 at the same time furnish almost unlimited 
 freight for the railroad. 
 
 The principal towns are in the Rio Grande 
 valley, though a few are otherwise situated. 
 All the way along the Santa Fe Railroad from 
 Rincon to El Paso the eye is gladdened with 
 the verdure and life of pretty little towns, the 
 
 most important of which are Rincon, Donna 
 Ana, Mesilla and Las Cruces. 
 
 Las Cruces, the county seat, has a fine 
 court house, churches, an academy conducted 
 by the Sisters of Loretto, and is the seat of 
 the Territorial Agricultural College. This in- 
 stitution is a model of its kind. It has taken 
 up the culture of canyaigre, and two plats, one 
 watered and the other not, are devoted to the 
 study of the peculiarities of this plant. It is 
 also, by example, introducing the very latest 
 methods among the surrounding farmers. At- 
 tached to the college is an experiment station, 
 to which the United States Government pays 
 $15,000 a year. While its situation in the ex- 
 treme south of the Territory lessens its gen- 
 eral usefulness, yet it is doing good work, and 
 its grounds are interesting to visit. 
 
 Las Cruces has become quite a winter re- 
 sort for invalids, and a number of places have 
 been prepared for their care and entertain- 
 ment. 
 
 It is in the heart of a rich agricultural, hor- 
 ticultural, mining and stock-raising section, 
 and is one of the principal supply points for 
 Lincoln county and the mining camps of the 
 various mountain ranges to the east and north, 
 with which it is connected by stage lines. 
 
 The leading industry is fruit culture. There 
 is also an extensive export trade in wool, 
 hides, baled hay, ores, wine, brandy, etc. 
 
 Mesilla is two miles west from Las Cruces. 
 The town is famous for its magnificent 
 orchards and vineyards, and is laid out regu- 
 larly and the streets lined with shade trees. 
 The soil is rich, the climate semi-tropical, and 
 an abundance of water is obtained by means 
 of irrigating ditches from the Rio Grande, and 
 also from drive wells. Fruit and wine culture 
 and the manufacture of wine are the principal 
 resources, but there is also a considerable 
 quantity of hay and grain raised. There is a 
 good outlying stock range. Until 1880 Mesilla 
 was the county seat, also the headquarters of 
 the Third Judicial District and of the United 
 States Land office. 
 
 Mesilla Park is a village and railroad sta- 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 199 
 
 tion adjoining the Agricultural College, and 
 intended as a residence place for students and 
 their friends. 
 
 Chamberino, a very busy little town, is 
 situated on the west bank of the Rio Grande, 
 about eighteen miles south of Las Cruces and 
 three miles west of Anthony, a station on the 
 Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. The 
 valley in which the town is located is very fer- 
 tile, and the climate splendid. By means of 
 irrigation from a canal, fruits, vegetables and 
 grain are raised in quantities. It is also quite 
 a stock center. A mill and factory in the 
 neighborhood give employment to a number of 
 people. 
 
 Colorado is on the west bank of the Rio 
 Grande, about five miles west of Rincon, in west- 
 ern Donna Ana county, on the Atchison, Topeka 
 & Santa Fe main line, the section being called 
 Hatch. There is a large agricultural district 
 adjacent, which is supplied with water for irri- 
 gation by a canal from the Rio Grande. Other 
 industries, fruit and stock. Climate mild. 
 
 Donna Ana is in the Mesilla valley, in the 
 central portion of the county. Wine and fruit- 
 growing are the most important industries. 
 The close proximity of this town to the Organ 
 mountain mines gives it prospective importance 
 as it is the nearest railroad point and has other 
 facilities. The best quality of bottom lands, 
 under cultivation, with water privilege, adapted 
 to the cultivation of the grape, fruits and onion, 
 occurs in this section. 
 
 Earlham is a new town on the Atchison, 
 Topeka & Santa Fe, fifteen miles south of Las 
 Cruces, on the east bank of the Rio Grande, 
 has a new irrigating ditch, fine bottom lands, 
 and a bridge across the Rio Grande. 
 
 La Mesa is in western Donna Ana county, 
 a short distance from San Miguel. The Mesilla 
 valley in this neighborhood is one immense or- 
 chard, and the vine and fruits nourish. There 
 is also considerable wine made. A broom 
 factory here is making quite a success and 
 furnishes employment to some people. 
 
 Rincon, in northern Donna Ana county, at 
 the junction of the southern branch and the 
 
 main line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe 
 Railroad, is a shipping point for agricultural 
 products raised in the valley of the Rio Grande, 
 in which it is situated. It is also the center of 
 a good stock country. 
 
 Tularosa is a pretty, well laid out town 
 southwest of the Mescalero Apache reserva- 
 tion, and is situated at the mouth of the can- 
 yon of the river of the same name. It is on 
 the western slope of the Sacramento moun- 
 tains, eighty miles northeast from Las Cruces. 
 It is growing in importance and is destined for a 
 great future. The fruit industry of this section 
 is coming more into prominence. The peaches 
 and grapes are especially fine. A great deal 
 of good wine is also made here. Mining and 
 stock-raising are also profitable lines of busi- 
 ness. 
 
 LINCOLN COUNTY. 
 
 Lincoln county is situated in the south- 
 eastern section of New Mexico, bounded on 
 the east by Eddy and Chaves, on the north by 
 Valencia, on the west by Socorro and Donna 
 Ana counties, and on the south by Texas. Its 
 length is 1 56 miles from north to south, its 
 width, in the northern half 69 miles, in the 
 southern half 42 miles, comprising in all 8,495 
 square miles. Formerly Lincoln county occu- 
 pied the entire southeastern corner of the 
 Territory, but by legislative act of 1889 Chaves 
 and Eddy counties were separated from it. At 
 that time it was the largest county in the 
 Territory, containing about 30,000 square 
 miles. It embraced all the grazing country of 
 southeastern New Mexico, and for two or three 
 years, from 1876 to 1879, was the scene of 
 what was known as the "Lincoln county 
 war," between rival cattle owners. The whole 
 population was compelled to take sides in this 
 conflict and partisanship of the most bitter 
 character was engendered. More than a score 
 of men were killed during the contest, which 
 was practically for the control of the range 
 on the Government land in that section. 
 Each side employed desperadoes as cow-boys 
 and sieges and battles succeeded each other as 
 
2OO 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 in a regular war. It. is difficult, as one views 
 the county now, to realize that all this occur- 
 red within the last twenty years. For a more 
 detailed account of this fracas, see sketch of 
 J. B. Mathews, which may be found by the 
 index. 
 
 The average elevation of the county is 
 from 4,000 to 5,000 feet above sea level, and 
 its mountains rise 9,000 or 10,000 feet high. 
 The Sierra Blanca, Capitan, Nogal, Jicarilla 
 and Sacramento mountains are well forested. 
 In general aspect the county consists of wide 
 grass-covered plains, and on the western 
 border this formation is broken by the intru- 
 sion of a wide lava flow, which is a very 
 interesting feature. Mountain ranges com- 
 pose the principal part of the western edge of 
 the county; running from north to south they 
 pass the entire length of the county, forming a 
 complete drain along the western border. 
 There are beds of crystallized gypsum, ex- 
 haustless quantities of the finest coal, similar 
 to the Trinidad coal, valuable and exceedingly 
 rich mines of copper and lead in these moun- 
 tains around White Oaks, Nogal, the Capitan 
 mountains and other places. The Sacramento 
 mountains are one of the finest ranges and 
 contain silver and copper. Gold is found in 
 the Carrizo, Jicarilla, Capitan and Sierra 
 Blanca mountains. During the last two years, 
 within a radius of twenty miles of White 
 Oaks, mining has received quite an impetus 
 through new discoveries of gold and the dis- 
 covery of supplies of water in regions before 
 considered too dry for practical work. In the 
 Jicarilla mountains are extensive gold placers, 
 which have been worked by Mexicans in the 
 winter by the use of melted snow, but which 
 were valueless at other seasons. Water has now 
 been discovered in sufficient quantities to per- 
 mit of profitable operations all through the year. 
 The face of the county is varied, being 
 composed mainly, and especially in the north- 
 ern part, of vast plateaus, interspersed with 
 valleys, mountains and table lands. The 
 character of the soil varies also, the larger 
 portion being a sandy loam with frequent and 
 
 considerable districts of chocolate and black 
 soil similar to the prairie lands of more east- 
 ern States. The plains, plateaus and valleys 
 are generally without timber of sufficent size 
 for building or agricultural uses, still there is 
 found an abundant supply of mesquite upon 
 the plains for fuel, and this supply seems to be 
 inexhaustable. In the mountains and foot- 
 hills, however, the supply of fine timber is so 
 extensive that taken all together it is one of 
 the best timbered counties in the Territory, and 
 this quantity of timber constitutes one of its 
 chief sources of wealth. The timber belt ex- 
 tends through the entire length of the county, 
 from north-northeast to south-southwest, a 
 distance of 1 56 miles. The wood consists of 
 pine, pinyon, juniper, ash, cottonwood, oak, 
 etc., and affords excellent building material. 
 
 The central parts of the county are well 
 watered by running streams, the principal of 
 which is the Rio Hondo, a deep, swift stream 
 draining the Sierra Blanca and Capitan moun- 
 tains. Besides this are the Feliz or Felix, 
 Ruidoso, Bonito, Eagle, Upper and Lower 
 Penyasco and Nogal creeks. In the northern 
 portions springs break out on the wide plateaus 
 and afford water for stock. The native grasses 
 flourish abundantly on these plains fed by the 
 slight rains. It is very difficult to estimate 
 the amount of land that might be irrigated 
 from the various sources. 
 
 The agricultural interests of the county 
 have, until recently, been conducted in a 
 primitive style; and yet the annual yield has 
 been marvelous, and always furnished the 
 resident population with abundance. The old 
 system has, however, passed away with the 
 advent of improved methods and implements, 
 so that to-day the county is dotted all over 
 with thrifty farms. 
 
 Farming is materially aided by irrigation. 
 The soil, where properly cultivated, yields as 
 generously and abundantly as the most ex- 
 acting farmer can demand. There is no kind 
 of produce yet tried (and experiments have 
 been numerous) that has not yielded fruit to 
 perfection. 
 
HJSTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 201 
 
 Grapes and currants in their native state 
 prow and mature in great abundance, while 
 cultivated vines, as well as apples, peaches, 
 pears and other kindred fruits, have but to 
 be planted and husbanded to yield splendid 
 harvests. In the mountain districts, the wild 
 potato is found in large quantities, while the 
 cultivated article is astonishing in its pro- 
 duction. Indian corn, wheat, oats, barley 
 and rye, have all been tried with flattering 
 results; while millet, clover, blue grass, alfalfa 
 and other kindred grasses and fertilizers have 
 all developed in our soil to complete per- 
 fection. 
 
 Vegetables, such as cabbage, lettuce, tur- 
 nips, parsnips, carrots, radishes, peas, toma- 
 toes, the different kinds of pumpkins and 
 squashes, onions, melons, okra, celery, cucum- 
 bers and ground peas, grow to astonishing 
 size and perfection. Beans of various sorts, 
 largely grown for market, produce from 900 
 to i , 500 pounds to the acre, are relied on by 
 the farmer as a sure crop, and. sell at from 
 four to six cents per pound. 
 
 Alfalfa is also notable in its yields. From 
 four to five cuttings are made every year, and 
 the crop will average from five to eight tons. 
 
 For pasturage and as a stock country Lin- 
 coln county has few equals. The varied kinds of 
 grasses are most abundant and nutritious, and 
 afford an unlimited supply of the most nutri- 
 tious feed for stock, summer and winter, while 
 the mountains and foothills furnish the best 
 of natural protection in winter. Stock of all 
 descriptions subsist on the range alone, winter 
 and summer, and keep in fine condition; no 
 one ever thinks of housing. The profit on cat- 
 tle here is at least fifty cents monthly per 
 head from the time they are calved, while the 
 profit on sheep is not less than fifty per 
 cent. Circumstances are so favorable to 
 stock-raising in Lincoln county that pru- 
 dent managers think two per cent is a 
 very liberal estimate of loss from all causes 
 while the cattle or sheep are on the range. 
 Both sheep and cattle men have shown 
 wisdom by importing to their ranges the very- 
 
 best and purest blood to cross with the native 
 breeds. The flocks and herds are now splen- 
 didly graded, of fine form and size, and are 
 vigorous and healthy. The bountiful and last- 
 ing pasture; the excellent climate, where snow 
 scarcely ever covers the grass, combine to make 
 this country an ideal stock region. 
 
 The county has several good and thriving 
 towns, which, although off the railroads, are 
 considered among the best in the Territory. 
 
 Lincoln is the county seat, in the central 
 part of the county, on the Rio Bonito; con- 
 nected by daily stages with Carthage and San 
 Antonio on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe 
 Railroad, 128 miles northwest, and by good 
 wagon road with Lava, on the same railroad, 
 100 miles west; water supply obtained from 
 Rio Bonito and wells. 
 
 The surrounding country is principally de- 
 voted to stock-raising and mining, and the 
 trade of the town is with the ranch men and 
 adjacent miners. The climate is so mild that 
 business is prosecuted all the year through. 
 Some attention is being devoted to agriculture, 
 and there are a number of good farms near 
 the town. The adjacent mountains are cov- 
 ered with pine, cedar, pinyon and walnut. 
 
 White Oaks, forty-one miles northwest 
 from Lincoln, is altogether the most important 
 point in the county. It is surrounded by good 
 gold mines and mills, and is altogether a 
 thriving town. The mountains are filled with 
 coal and precious mineral. It enjoys an 
 equable climate, good water, and the plains 
 are grassy and afford good pasture. The sur- 
 rounding mountains are rich in coal and iron, 
 and covered with pine, cedar and pinyon tim- 
 ber. It has a daily stage and express line to 
 Carthage, eighty miles distant, on the Atchi- 
 son, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad; also a daily 
 line to Fort Stanton and Lincoln. 
 
 It is very rare to find a town so distant from 
 a railroad enjoy the prosperity seen at White 
 Oaks. But for years it has been the seat of 
 successful gold-mining, the Homestakes, North 
 and South, being famous producers of the 
 precious metal. Then came the extraordinary 
 
2O3 
 
 HISTORr OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 "strike" in the "Old Abe," which was a ver- 
 itable bonanza. There are a number of other 
 gold properties near the town. It may safely 
 be said that whenever a railroad connects 
 White Oaks with the outside world it will be 
 one of principal cities of New Mexico. A line 
 has already been commenced from El Paso, 
 and others are projected from Los Vegas and 
 from Roswell. 
 
 Nogal is situated midway between White 
 Oaks and Fort Stanton. It is located in a 
 beautiful mountain park, containing pine, 
 cedar, pinyon, juniper and " nogal " (black 
 walnut) timber, and is watered by a mountain 
 stream and springs. Extensive deposits of 
 placer gold and coal are close to town. 
 
 There are large veins of low-grade silver 
 ore in the vicinity which cannot now be worked 
 at a profit. 
 
 The military post of Fort Stanton is lo- 
 cated in a beautiful valley seven miles from 
 Lincoln, the county seat, and is now garri- 
 soned by two companies of infantry. It is 
 about forty miles north of the Mescalero 
 Apache Indian Agency, and was originally es- 
 tablished forty years ago to keep the Mescalero 
 Apaches in check. 
 
 Bonito, Ruidoso, Weed, Upper and Lower 
 Penyasco, Las Tablas, Puertecito, Tecolote 
 Wells and Red Cloud are the remaining towns 
 and settlements. 
 
 In the southwestern part of the county is 
 situated the Mescalero Apache reservation. 
 This country is a paradise, well grassed, watered 
 and full of game. These Indians are making 
 great progress in farming and the industrial 
 arts, and many of their children are attending 
 the several Indian schools of the Territory. 
 The reservation contains 575,000 acres, and 
 there are about 600 Indians. This gives about 
 960 acres, a section and a half, to the 
 Indian. 
 
 CHAVES COUNTY. 
 
 By an act of the legislature passed in 1889, 
 two new counties, named Chaves, with Ros- 
 well as the county seat, and Eddy, with Eddy 
 as the county seat, were cut off from the east- 
 
 ern half of Lincoln county. Chaves county 
 comprises a section of country about 100 miles 
 square, and is the heart of the Pecos valley, 
 through which flows the Pecos river, the sec- 
 ond largest river in the Territory. 
 
 Chaves county extends from the eastern 
 boundary of New Mexico (103 degrees west 
 longitude) 108 miles west, and has a length of 
 ninety-six miles, from north to south, covering 
 an area of 10,368 square miles, the eastern 
 one-half, however, being occupied almost 
 wholly by the Staked Plains. 
 
 The Rio Pecos runs through the western 
 third, from north to south, the Rio Hondo and 
 Rio Felix, Spring river and others, being its 
 affluents from the west. 
 
 Chaves county is bordered on the east by 
 the Panhandle of Texas; on the . north by 
 Guadaloupe; on the west by Lincoln, and on 
 the south by Eddy county. 
 
 It is difficult to consider Chaves county 
 separately from Eddy county. The two to- 
 gether form the celebrated " Pecos Valley; " 
 they were constituted as counties at the same 
 time, they have the same physical characteris- 
 tics, they are being improved by the same great 
 system of irrigation work, under the same en- 
 ergetic and capable management, and they are 
 becoming rapidly populated by the same thrifty, 
 enterprising class of people. 
 
 Public attention has been so largely at- 
 tracted to this valley and the immense irriga- 
 tion enterprises successfully accomplished there 
 that the facts are quite generally familiar. The 
 names of C. B. Eddy and J. J. Hagerman are 
 indissolubly connected with the development of 
 this whole region: the Pecos valley itself will 
 be their most fitting monument. 
 
 While endeavoring, therefore, to treat each 
 county separately, much that is said of one will 
 apply to all parts of the valley, although it 
 may be divided by a legislative act into two 
 civil divisions. On maps not over five years 
 old no towns appear in the Pecos valley, and 
 the only points designated are " Chisum's 
 Ranch" and " Beckwith's Ranch." The 
 former is still one of the most beautiful and 
 
HISTORY OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 203 
 
 productive spots in New. Mexico, and near it 
 has grown up the town of Roswell, the coun- 
 ty seat of Chaves county. It is situated in the 
 Pecos valley about six miles west of the river 
 itself. From this valley, in the vicinity of Ros- 
 well, burst forth mammoth springs, the wonder 
 of an arid section, which, flowing unceasingly, 
 form good-sized rivers. The valley about Ros- 
 well is also dotted with numerous fresh-water 
 lakes. These spring rivers and lakes abound 
 with fish. From these spring rivers, the pio- 
 neer farmers have taken ditches, and through 
 these arteries have made the arid land to grow 
 with vegetation. It is here that the immi- 
 grant and homeseeker will find a fertile soil, a 
 salubrious climate, pure water and an invigorat- 
 ing atmosphere. He will find that here through 
 the investment of capital, the flood-waters of 
 the White and El Capitan mountains are being 
 impounded in reservoirs, to be given out upon 
 thirsty soil for the growth of crops. Such an 
 enterprise is the First New Mexico Reservoir 
 and Irrigation Company. These reservoirs 
 will be the largest built in the United States, 
 and will impound sufficient water to irrigate 
 125,000 acres of land. The lands which these 
 reservoirs cover are adjacent to Roswell. The 
 reservoirs are eighteen miles from the town. 
 Five hundred thousand dollars will be used in 
 developing this vast water supply forirrigation 
 which will reclaim as fine a body of land as ex- 
 ists in the world, and which without water is 
 good only for grazing purposes, but with water 
 becomes productive in the highest degree. 
 Sweet potatoes, watermelons, barley and oats 
 can be raised in quantities from one acre, and 
 of such sizes, that it will sound fabulous to the 
 eastern farmer. All fruits grown in California, 
 except the lemon and orange, can be raised un- 
 surpassable in size and flavor. Peaches grow 
 to the size o'f coffee cups, are beautiful in color 
 and delicious to the taste. Fruit trees are so 
 prolific that they have to be relieved of much 
 of their fruit when green to preserve the trees 
 from breaking under their load. The Pecos 
 valley is the natural home of the grape, all va- 
 rieties doing excellently. 
 
 A great inducement that the Pecos valley 
 extends to the immigrant and homeseeker, lies 
 in the fact that all her lands are, or within re- 
 cent years were, vested in the United States 
 Government, and therefore titles are never 
 questioned. No Spanish grants ever existed 
 within Chaves county. 
 
 Besides the great reservoir system above 
 mentioned, the Pecos Irrigation and Invest- 
 ment Company are putting the finishing touches 
 on a mammoth enterprise for the reclamation 
 of arid land. Beginning on the Rio Hondo, 
 about five miles east of Roswell, their northern 
 canal takes its water. This system commands 
 the country down to Seven Rivers. The canal 
 is thirty feet wide on bottom, six feet deep, 
 and has a gentle fall of one foot per mile. It 
 is over thirty-five miles long and now waters 
 60,000 acres. It will be so extended as to 
 cover 100,000 acres more. At the intake of 
 the canal the water is raised fifteen feet by 
 means of a heavy timber dam well founded on 
 closely driven piles. It will carry a maximum 
 amount of 561 feet per second, or ample water 
 for 100,000 acres. The natural flow is suffi- 
 cient in the growing months to irrigate the 
 land served with water; but in order that no 
 dearth shall be suffered in times of exceeding 
 drought, a reservoir is now being constructed 
 at a favorable point to feed this canal. Its 
 dam is 2,850 feet long, thirty-five feet high, 
 slopes three and one-half to one on the face 
 and two to one on back, and the reservoir has 
 a capacity of over 2 , ooo, ooo, ooo cubic feet. All 
 the waste water will therefore be stored and 
 the area served by the canal will be amply 
 supplied with water. 
 
 Under the stimulating influence of these 
 gigantic enterprises, Chaves county is rapidly 
 filling with the best class of population. In 
 the fall of 1 894 the Pecos valley railroad was 
 extended from Eddy to Roswell, thus making 
 access easy to the center of the county. It 
 will soon be extended to White Oaks on the 
 west and to a point of connection with the 
 Texas railroad system on the east. 
 
 Roswell was settled in 1875 and is a pros- 
 
204 
 
 HIS TOR r OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 perous, pretty and very interesting town. It 
 has many orchards and the fruit raised there 
 is fine, luscious and plentiful. At the Pecos 
 valley fair, held at Roswell every year, the 
 display of fruit is wonderful. Nearly every 
 person has seen a picture of the great alfalfa 
 palace which was part of the exhibit of 1892. 
 Fruit, alfalfa and vegetables are the staples. 
 Roswell is also a great wool depot, receiving 
 the fleeces of Lincoln and Chaves counties. 
 It is steadily increasing in population and 
 growing in prosperity and importance. It is 
 connected with the city of Eddy by a telephone 
 and telegraph line ninety miles in length. An- 
 cient cottonwoods and extensive orchards lend 
 to it a settled look. 
 
 One great advantage it has over the lower 
 country is that artesian water in light flows 
 can be had with comparative ease. The fol- 
 lowing gentlemen have wells that have been 
 carefully measured: Jaffa & Prager: Depth, 
 207 feet; \\ inch pipe; flow 2\ gallons per 
 minute; Main street: Depth, 165 feet; \\ 
 inch pipe; flow, very slow; S. Truxton: Depth, 
 1 56 feet; \\ inch pipe; flow, 3| gallons per 
 minute; J. C. Lea: Depth, 165 feet; 3 inch 
 pipe; flow, not definitely taken; andCosgrove: 
 Depth, 185 feet; \\ inch pipe; flow, \ gallon 
 per second. 
 
 The town is well supplied with hotels, 
 schoolhouses, a fine courthouse, well laid out 
 streets and the general conveniences of a city. 
 
 The town of Hagerman has recently been 
 established on the line of the railroad near the 
 southern boundary of the county. It is beau- 
 tifully situated and will no doubt be worthy of 
 the name it bears. 
 
 The alfalfa fields on the old Chisum ranch, 
 now the property of J. M. Poe, are the most 
 famous in the whole county and will alone re- 
 pay the traveler for the journey from either 
 seaboard to this wonderfully fertile section. 
 
 I.DUY COUNTY. 
 
 Eddy county was formed from part of Lin- 
 coln county, at the same time that Chaves 
 county was established, in 1889. Eddy county 
 
 occupies the southeastern corner of New Mex- 
 ico, extending 108 miles from east to west, and 
 66 miles from north to south, and containing, 
 therefore, 7,128 square miles, of which, how- 
 ever, about two-fifths of the eastern portion 
 belong to the Staked Plains. 
 
 The portion of the Pecos valley bordering 
 on the Staked Plains of Texas has been a 
 paradise for cattlemen. Their herds, by tens 
 of thousands, have fed on its rich grass since 
 1870. Before that it was the domain of the 
 Apache and a favorite hunting-ground, rich in 
 game, as it is yet. The buffalo, antelope, 
 deer, and all varieties of smaller game, like 
 grouse, quail, duck, geese and jack rabbits, 
 have, in unnumbered thousands, had here their 
 habitation and range. 
 
 The Eddy brothers entered this country as 
 cattlemen, and with one or two equally large 
 cattle companies occupied the range. The 
 great herds of the V. V. N. Cattle Company 
 and others, roaming from the Pecos to the 
 points sixty miles east on the Staked Plains, 
 are proofs of its adaptability for cattle-raising. 
 
 Mr. C. B. Eddy had long seen the surpass- 
 ing value of this region for an agricultural 
 country, and began a series of irrigating ditches 
 about 1886, taking the water in a ditch twenty- 
 five feet wide from the west side of the Pecos, 
 and constructing forty miles of laterals on 
 what is now the Laguna Vista property of the 
 Hagerman Irrigation Company. 
 
 Soon after this, Mr. J. J. Hagerman, of 
 Colorado, became largely interested in this re- 
 gion in connection with Mr. Eddy. The large 
 capital under his influence and command has 
 been poured out, and the result is that by an 
 expenditure of $3,000,000 this vast empire, 
 with its water rights and latent wealth, has 
 been developed into a world-renowned agricul- 
 tural region, to which are flocking colonists 
 from every nation. 
 
 The counties of Eddy and Chaves no longer 
 belong to the region of future expectations, 
 but are among the most pushing and vigorous 
 communities in the Southwest. The Pecos 
 Irrigation and Improvement Company, . with 
 
BLOCK i\ ROSWELI,. 
 
 PARK ON SPRING RIVER, AT Ros\\ EI.I, 
 
 < t ^t. 
 
 HAXK OK ROSUELL. 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 205 
 
 its kindred corporations, found what is now 
 Eddy and Chaves counties five years ago 
 merely a promising wilderness. The native 
 grasses, through which over 300,000 cattle 
 roamed, were the only signs of its wonderful 
 fertility; but there was the water flowing to 
 waste, and engineers could accomplish the rest. 
 
 Up to date, the completed improvements 
 consist of 1,200 miles of irrigating canals and 
 main ditches, 200,000 acres of land reclaimed 
 and under ditch, 50,000 acres settled by intel- 
 ligent farmers, 20,000 acres actually culti- 
 vated; 100 miles of railroad have been built 
 and are in operation; also 175 miles of tele- 
 graph; and two counties, Chaves and Eddy, 
 have been created, containing between 9,000 
 and 10,000 thrifty, energetic and live people. 
 
 The foundation of the town of Eddy, with 
 2,500 inhabitants, newspapers, schools and 
 churches; the rapid development of Roswell 
 to a town of 1,200 people; the foundation of 
 half a dozen smaller towns, with well-selected 
 and laid-out sites; the construction of railroads, 
 telegraphs and telephones, and all the im- 
 provements above referred to, are works of no 
 small magnitude. 
 
 The farmers and settlers themselves have 
 not been backward. Hundreds of beautiful 
 farm homesteads have been erected. With 
 the use of telegraph and telephone the isola- 
 tion of the farm life has disappeared. Farm- 
 ers' clubs and social organizations are general. 
 
 Two hundred and fifty thousand fruit trees 
 were planted in 1892. Over 300,000 were set 
 out during 1893. The fact that nursery men 
 say that the Pecos valley is one of their best 
 and most reliable markets is a significant 
 encomium for a new community. 
 
 Two hundred and fifty thousand dollars 
 have been expended in three private improve- 
 ments in the suburbs of the town of Eddy 
 alone. As much more has been laid out on 
 large model farms. Eight million feet of lum- 
 ber have been consumed in house building. 
 On January i, 1894, there were $200,000 
 worth of improved live stock in the valley. 
 There are three model stud farms. 
 
 The system of irrigation is the largest on 
 the American continent, and in its plan one of 
 the most perfect in the world. The irrigable 
 area of this great valley begins a short distance 
 above Roswell. It stretches thence south to 
 below the Texas line a distance of about 1 70 
 miles. 
 
 We have referred to the northern canal 
 under the head of Chaves county, although it 
 extended down to Seven Rivers in Eddy. 
 
 The next system in order is known as the 
 southern canal, which starts from a reservoir 
 six miles above Eddy. It is forty-five feet 
 wide on bottom, with a side slope of one and a 
 half to one, carries seven feet of water, and 
 has a maximum discharge of 1,320 cubic feet 
 per second. Three and two-tenth miles from 
 its head it divides into two branches, the 
 southern of which crosses the Pecos by means 
 of a terre-plein or dyke, 2,600 feet long and 
 sixteen feet high, and a splendid flume. It 
 also crosses the Black river by another flume, 
 1,040 feet long and sixteen feet high, carrying 
 five feet of water. It is now constructed for forty 
 miles. The other canal, known as the east side 
 canal, has a total length of nineteen and three- 
 tenths miles. 
 
 The reservoirs from which this canal will 
 be fed with water are splendid examples of 
 wise location, and good construction. Water 
 is taken from reservoir No. 2, as it is known, 
 through a gate cut out of live rock. The stor- 
 age is 1,000,000,000 cubic feet of water, and 
 submerges 1,032 acres of land. This is again 
 supplemented by the largest single storage 
 basin on the continent. This reservoir will 
 turn its water as needed into the Pecos river to 
 be taken up and distributed from reservoir No. 
 2 by the southern system just described. The 
 whole system will serve when completed 200,- 
 ooo acres. 
 
 Intermediately between these will be an- 
 other reservoir, known as No. 3, formed in a 
 basin similar to the Seven Rivers reservoir, 
 which will store 3,500,000,000 cubic feet. 
 
 The southern system, as projected and de- 
 scribed, when fully complete, will have 10,- 
 
2C)6 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 300, ooo, ooo cubic feet of stored water to serve 
 its needs. This storage alone is more than suf- 
 ficient to irrigate 200,000 acres. 
 
 The third system of canals, known as the 
 Hagerman system, is on the east side of the 
 Pecos and has its dam head about fifteen miles 
 below Eddy. It has a reservoir on its course 
 a mile and a half long by one-half a mile 
 wide, with an average depth of twenty-five 
 feet. This canal is twenty feet wide and ten 
 miles long. It will be extended to a total of 
 twenty-five miles. 
 
 A summary of the above information will 
 show that there have been constructed up to 
 date: 
 
 MILES. 
 
 Total length main canals 121 
 
 Necessary main laterals 273 
 
 Farm or sub-laterals 900 
 
 Total i , 294 
 
 CUBIC FEET. 
 
 Capacity of completed reser- 
 voirs 7,000,000,000 
 
 Capacity of projected reservoirs 6,000,000,000 
 
 Total storage 1 3,000,000,000 
 
 The climate of the Pecos valley is unsur- 
 passed in winter, and in summer the pure, dry, 
 ozone-burdened air tempers the heat. 
 
 The general altitude ranges from 3,000 to 
 4,000 feet. At Eddy, in the center of the val- 
 ley, it is 3,250 feet. This height, combined 
 with the bracing air from the surrounding 
 mountain ranges, makes the valley a peculiar- 
 ly good sanitarium. The thermometer rarely 
 falls below 1 5 above zero in winter, and al- 
 though it rises to 100 degrees in summer, it is 
 not damp heat and therefore perfectly tolerable 
 and not oppressive. With this genial climate 
 and rich soil it is not, after all, so wonderful 
 that Eddy and Chaves counties have shown 
 such marked development. Under these ge- 
 nial influences trees and fruits attain a beauty 
 and fragrance unsurpassed and almost un- 
 known elsewhere, and their flavor is such as 
 
 can only be imparted on a good gypsum soil 
 under a warm, brilliant sunshine. 
 
 The saccharine elements are best brought 
 out under these influences. It is for this reason 
 that the sugar beets raised in this valley show 
 an average of 75.9 per cent of purity, and this 
 under the rigid official analysis of Professor 
 Wiley, chemist of the United States Agricul- 
 tural Department. All fruits do proportion- 
 ately well. Six-year-old apple trees at Ros- 
 well yield 1,600 to 1,800 pounds of fruit each 
 year; pears three to four bushels; plums four 
 to six bushels; peaches 400 to 600 pounds. On 
 the Hagerman farm, near Eddy, three almond 
 trees bore and matured over 100 pounds of 
 nuts per tree. 
 
 Two crops that will be specially important 
 in this county, on account of the soil and cli- 
 mate, are canyaigre and, as above suggested, 
 sugar beets. 
 
 No finer or more productive farms can 
 elsewhere be found than those about Seven 
 Rivers, Eddy, Lake View and along Black 
 river, all in Eddy county. There is still 
 room in this county, under the flow of the 
 great irrigating canals, for upward of 3,000 
 more farms just as good, and some of these 
 (many thousands of acres) are to be had for 
 the land office fees incidental to the location 
 of a homestead, less than one cent per acre! 
 
 From the great flume to Black river, a dis- 
 tance of about twenty miles, most of the land 
 lying between or under the already completed 
 portion of the two southern canals has been 
 taken up, only a few detached portions of 
 public land remaining; but between Black 
 river and the Delaware, and further south to 
 the Texas line, there still remain many thou- 
 sands of acres of Government land subject to lo- 
 cation under the homestead and other acts of 
 congress, most of it a fine dark-chocolate loam, 
 from sixteen to thirty feet deep and exceed- 
 ingly rich. This portion of the valley, like that 
 extending northward to and above Eddy, is an 
 unbroken plain, sloping almost imperceptibly 
 from the distant foothills of the Guadaloupe 
 mountains on the west to the Pecos river. 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 207 
 
 This plain is cut through eighteen miles south 
 of Eddy by Black river, a clear and powerful 
 stream, fifteen to twenty feet wide, having its 
 rise in the Guadaloupes, where immense stor- 
 age reservoirs might be constructed at little 
 cost. The Delaware, another beautiful stream 
 of considerable volume, also rises in the Guad- 
 aloupe mountains, thirty miles or more south of 
 the head of Black river, but running northeast- 
 erly, cuts through the same rich plain and en- 
 ters the Pecos river only about twelve miles 
 south of the head of the Black, and five miles 
 north of the Texas line. Such is the charac- 
 ter of nearly every quarter section of the ex- 
 tensive area embraced within the most econom- 
 ically irrigable portion of the Pecos valley, 
 south from Roswell to the Texas line, 1 1 5 
 miles, and east from the mouth of Dark canyon 
 or the foot of the Guadaloupe mountains to the 
 watershed of the Staked Plain, eighty miles. 
 
 The streams of the valley are filled with 
 choice food fish; the mountains on the west, 
 the valley itself, and the Staked Plains to the 
 east of it, afford numerous black-tail deer, an- 
 telope, the coyote, fox, swift and rabbit, wild 
 turkeys, prairie chickens, plover, curlew, quail, 
 doves and smaller birds. 
 
 With an abundance of good water at com- 
 mand, a soil that might be used elsewhere with 
 profit as a fertilizer, and a climate of matchless 
 geniality and salubrity, the Pecos valley is des- 
 tined to become one of the most remunera- 
 tive farming and fruit growing regions within 
 the jurisdiction of the United States. Almost 
 any kind of grain, grass, fibrous plant, bulb- 
 ous or edible root, garden vegetable, cucurbi- 
 taceous or berry vine, fruit or forest tree that 
 will grow anywhere will grow here with aston- 
 ishing luxuriance and attain the greatest 
 fecundity. Maize, wheat, barley, oats, rye 
 and millet; alfalfa, clover and timothy; agave, 
 cotton, jute, ramie, okra and sorghum cane; 
 the native and sweet potato, peanut, onion, 
 beet, carrot, turnip and radish; beans, peas, 
 pepper, domestic sage, cauliflower, cabbage 
 (weighing from five to forty pounds), lettuce, 
 spinach, etc. ; watermelon, muskmelon, canta- 
 
 loupe, pumpkins weighing from 20 to 1 50 
 pounds, squashes from 20 to 240, cucumbers 
 from one to five, and tomatoes from one- half 
 to three pounds each; strawberries, grapes and 
 kindred fruits; the peach, prune, the Giant 
 peach from Persia, apricot, apple, quince, 
 English and black walnut, soft-shell almond, 
 olive, cherry and the famous Capri fig, all 
 flourish in the Pecos valley when properly cul- 
 tivated. 
 
 One of the great factors of its prosperity 
 is the adaptability of the Pecos valley to wool- 
 growing. All day long heavy freight wagons 
 in the clipping season are hauling the fine 
 fleeces to the Eddy depot. More than 500,- 
 ooo pounds of wool were shipped last year. 
 The ranges for sheep are good and the non- 
 irrigable land affords good winter grass. These 
 places will be sufficiently removed from the 
 farm settlements to make wool and mutton- 
 raising a profitable investment. 
 
 The eastern part of the county contains 
 splendid range, but the effort here is to own 
 well- bred live stock. The demands of the 
 farm are no longer satisfied with range ponies, 
 nor the dairy or market with semi-wild cows 
 or range beef. In nothing else is the progress 
 of the valley better shown than in the improve- 
 ment of the number and quality of its live 
 stock. In the county there are already about 
 7,000 horses, 80,000 cattle and 30,000 sheep. 
 
 The county seat of Eddy county is the well 
 built and regulated town of Eddy. It is situ- 
 ated on a rolling mesa, and contains some of 
 the best business blocks and most costly and 
 handsome private residences. 
 
 Scattered around are handsome churches, 
 erected by the Episcopalians, Baptist, Meth- 
 odists, Roman Catholics, and smaller ones by 
 other religious organizations. 
 
 Two large, commodious schools are con- 
 veniently located, while another of brick, iron 
 and stone, two stories high, heated and venti- 
 lated according to the latest modern science, 
 has been erected at a cost of $10,000. 
 When the town-site company laid out the town 
 
208 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 the first business attended to was the location 
 and building of schoolhouses. 
 
 The courthouse is a model county building. 
 It is of brick and cost $30,000. The design is 
 so appropriate and elegant and the workman- 
 ship so thorough that it would be always esti- 
 mated as worth $50,000. 
 
 Eddy contains sixty-eight miles of graded 
 streets; 130 miles of irrigating ditches, so that 
 every lot has water for irrigation; ninety-four 
 miles of shade trees planted by the city alone; 
 a dozen large general stores, business estab- 
 lishments and public markets such as are usual 
 in a thrifty modern city. 
 
 There is a proverb in the Sahara, ' ' put a 
 stick in the ground and water it and you can 
 have a tree." That is just the case in the 
 Pecos valley. Take cottonwood stakes twelve 
 feet long, stick them in the warm soil and 
 water them and they grow into large trees. 
 The planted shade trees of Eddy and sur- 
 rounding little towns, if stretched in a single 
 line would shade a road from Chicago to St. 
 Louis and thence almost to Cincinnati. All 
 this has been done since 1890. 
 
 Outside of the county seat, which is the 
 necessary center of all operations, more time 
 and money have been devoted to building up 
 the county than to the establishment of town- 
 sites. But yet there are several pleasant small 
 villages with various improvements and conven- 
 iences. Seven Rivers is the oldest of them 
 and antedates Eddy; Otis, Vaud and Malaga 
 are entirely modern towns. 
 
 UNITED STATES LAND LAWS. 
 
 Following is a synopsis of the United States 
 land laws, with reference to homestead, timber 
 culture, etc. : 
 
 Not more than 160 acres can be entered 
 under the homestead laws. The settler is re- 
 quired to reside at least five years on the land 
 before final proof may be made, by doing 
 which the land costs him nothing; but he can, 
 after a continuous residence of six months, 
 commute the entry, that is, make final proof 
 
 and get his final certificate by paying the Gov- 
 ernment price of $1.25 an acre. 
 
 Any man who served in the United States 
 Arm)- or Navy during any portion of the war 
 of the Rebellion, is entitled to have the time 
 so served deducted from the five years other- 
 wise required in order to acquire title. 
 
 The pre-emption law requires at least six 
 months' continuous residence on the land, also 
 suitable and substantial improvements, before 
 final proof can be made. Not more than 160 
 acres may be taken under this act, and the set- 
 tler's right to make proof expires in thirty- 
 three months from the date of settlement. 
 The Government price is $1.25 an acre on pre- 
 emption entries. 
 
 Only such lands as are entirely devoid of 
 timber may be entered under the timber-cul- 
 ture act, and not more than 160 acres can be 
 allowed in any one section. 
 
 On an entry of 160 acres the settler is re- 
 quired to plow five acres the first year ;the second 
 year he must plant that five acres to an agricul- 
 tural crop of some kind, and plow an additional 
 five acres; the third year he must plant the first 
 five acres to tree seeds or cuttings, and the sec- 
 ond five acres to an agricultural crop; the fourth 
 year the second five acres must be planted to 
 tree seeds or cuttings, making in all, at the end 
 of the fourth year, ten of the 160 acres plant- 
 ed to trees, seeds or cuttings. 
 
 Not less than 2,700 trees must be planted 
 on each acre, and these must be cultivated and 
 protected for not less than eight years preced- 
 ing the time of making final proof. At the 
 time of making final proof there must be grow- 
 ing not less than 675 living and thrifty trees to 
 each acre. Perfect good faith must be shown 
 by claimant. If trees, seeds or cuttings are de- 
 stroyed they must be replanted; and not only 
 must trees be planted, but they must also be 
 cultivated and protected in such a manner as 
 to insure and promote their growth. Final 
 proof cannot be made until the expiration of 
 eight years from the date of entry, and may be 
 made at any time within five years thereafter. 
 Any tree recognized as of value for timber, 
 
HIS TORT Of NEW MEXICO. 
 
 209 
 
 fire-wood or domestic use, or for commercial 
 purposes, may be planted. Fruit trees, hedges 
 and shrubbery cannot be classed as timber. 
 
 Entries under the desert-land act can be 
 made only upon lands which will not produce 
 an agricultural crop of any kind without arti- 
 ficial irrigation; and lands which border on 
 streams or other bodies of water, or which 
 have upon them any stream, spring or lake or 
 live water of any kind, will not be allowed un- 
 der the desert-land act unless good proof of 
 their desert character is submitted. 
 
 Persons making desert-land entries must 
 acquire a clear right to the use of sufficient 
 water for the purpose of irrigating the whole 
 of the land, and of keeping it permanently ir- 
 rigated. A person who makes a desert entry 
 before he has secured a water right does so at 
 his own risk; and as one entry exhausts his 
 right of entry such right cannot be restored or 
 again exercised, because of failure to obtain 
 water with which to irrigate. 
 
 Not more than 320 acres can be entered 
 under the desert-land act, and this must be in 
 as compact a form as possible. Final proof 
 may be made at any time within three years 
 from the date of entry. The claimant must 
 show proper reclamation and irrigation of the 
 entire tract on which he desires to make proof. 
 Twenty-five cents an acre is paid when entry 
 is made, and $i an acre at the time of making 
 final proof. 
 
 We close this "exhibit" of New Mexico's 
 resources in the eloquent language of Mr. 
 Ritch: 
 
 "To the young men of New Mexico, I 
 say: Look about you for a moment and ob- 
 serve your exceptional advantages. New 
 Mexico is the center or hub of the railroad 
 system of the Rocky Mountain States and of 
 the great Southwest. One spoke touches 
 Kansas City and St. Louis, another Denver, a 
 third Salt Lake, still another Los Angeles, 
 San Diego and the whole Pacific coast, another 
 Guaymas and the west coast of Mexico, 
 another Chihuahua and central Mexico, and 
 still another New Orleans and all the riches of 
 
 14 
 
 the Gulf States. What can you send to them 
 in exchange for all the infinite variety of arti- 
 cles of utility and luxury which they stand 
 ready and eager to barter with you? Look at 
 only two articles; use but two words, more po- 
 tent to conjure with than any ' open sesame ' 
 of the magician, coal and iron. 
 
 "You can unite here the practical sense of 
 the Anglo-Saxon with the subtle brain and 
 deft hand of the Latin race; revive the old 
 dreams of glory; gird yourselves for the con- 
 tests and victories of peace; let the light of a 
 thousand forges illuminate your hills, and let 
 the loom and spindle sing the songs of thrift 
 and plenty. The distance from the world's 
 great manufacturing center is such protection 
 as no empires can grant or disturb. To un- 
 limited coal and metal you add unlimited wool 
 and leather, and beef and wheat to feed your mil- 
 lion operatives. O, young men of New Mexico, 
 look about you! There never was such a field 
 for enterprise. If the world's gratitude is due 
 to the agriculturist who causes two blades of 
 grass to grow where but one grew before, what 
 a crown will be laid for you when you build a 
 forge or establish a factory. If it was glory to 
 organize and lead into battle a regiment of a 
 thousand men, how much greater glory to pay, 
 over your own counter, a thousand workmen 
 at the end of every week; to provide sus- 
 tenance for a thousand families! Labor is 
 king. Up, men, and at it! 
 
 "The brave pioneers from Spain discov- 
 ered the country and rendered its settlement 
 possible: the no less brave pioneers from east 
 of the Mississippi made possible what we be- 
 hold to-day. You are the pioneers of the 
 greater future. May the glory of your achieve- 
 ments as much exceed theirs as a locomotive 
 excels a carreta, or a Winchester rifle excels 
 the bow and arrow!" 
 
 CITIES AND PRINCIPAL TOWNS. 
 
 Many of the smaller places in the Territory 
 are noticed in the preceding section, in con- 
 nection with resources, etc., while such towns 
 
2IO 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 as require a more extended notice are reserved 
 for a separate chapter. 
 
 SANTA FE. 
 
 The city of Santa Fe, founded even before 
 Plymouth or Jamestown on the Atlantic coast, 
 abounds in features of historic interest. Edi- 
 fices still stand which are of vast archaeologi- 
 cal importance. The mountains embrace it 
 with loving arms, perfectly sheltering it from 
 wind and storm. 
 
 Here, after a careful investigation, the first 
 European settlement was made, at Santa Fe, 
 about the year 1600. The general altitude, 
 varying from 5,500 feet in the south to 7,000 
 feet at the city of Santa Fe, the fertility of the 
 soil reminding the colonists of their homes 
 under the Sierras of Spain, the bracing air, the 
 blue sky and the running streams, all com- 
 bined to fix the residence of these hardy 
 wanderers. 
 
 The first permanent colony founded by them 
 was named the City of the Holy Faith of St. 
 Francis, in honor of the founder of the order 
 to which the priests who accompanied the 
 early expeditions belonged, all being Francis- 
 cans. 
 
 The city of Santa Fe is certainly the most 
 interesting historically of all in the United 
 States. Taking its entire career, as an Indian 
 pueblo before the Spanish occupation as well 
 as its subsequent existence as a Spanish, Mex- 
 ican and American city, it is the oldest town 
 in the country. Considering it only from its 
 European occupation, it is second to none but 
 St. Augustine. It is the oldest capital in the 
 United States, and antedates even St. Peters- 
 burg, Berlin, Brussels, and a number of other 
 European capitals. 
 
 It would be impossible to here enumerate 
 its objects of interest; a list of forty places has 
 been published as a guide to tourists! A few 
 of the most important are: 
 
 The Capitol, now in ruins, burned May 12, 
 1892. Before that it was considered the finest 
 public building of its cost in the country. 
 
 The Territorial Library, containing the 
 
 ancient Spanish and Mexican archives, from 
 1621 to 1846. 
 
 San Miguel church, the oldest church in 
 the United States, built early in the seven- 
 teenth century, partially destroyed in the 
 revolution of 1680, reoccupied in 1693, com- 
 pletely restored in 1710. 
 
 The Old House, believed to antedate the 
 Spanish occupation. 
 
 The Cathedral of San Francisco, behind 
 which is the chancel of the old parish church 
 with a carved and painted reredos, both curi- 
 ous and interesting, erected by Governor Del 
 Valle and his wife in 1761. 
 
 The Cathedral Museum, containing many 
 Spanish paintings and other interesting ob- 
 jects. 
 
 The Historical Rooms, full of objects of 
 antiquarian and historical interest. 
 
 Old Fort Marcy, the commanding situation 
 famous in all the seiges of the city; ruins of 
 the old fort built by General Kearny in 1846; 
 magnificent view extending 100 miles south 
 and 60 miles west. 
 
 The Garita, on the road to old Fort 
 Marcy; old Mexcan fort. By the west wall the 
 leaders of the revolution of 1837 were exe- 
 cuted. 
 
 The Old Cemetery and Chapel, used for 
 generations, but now in ruins. 
 
 The Plaza, a center of historical interest, 
 where are seen the soldiers' monument, etc. 
 
 The Church of Our Lady of Guadaloupe, 
 large and interesting altar piece on canvas, 
 containing six pictures of the appearance of 
 the Virgin to Juan Diego, etc. ; picture by 
 Salcedo on copper (1779); many old paintings 
 and wood carvings in an adjoining room. 
 
 The Indian Schools, the Government 
 school, called Dawes Institute; St. Catherine's 
 School, largely a gift from Miss Drexel; Ramona 
 School, a memorial of Helen Hunt, all in- 
 teresting to visit. 
 
 St. Michael's College, the first college in 
 New Mexico, founded by the Christian Broth- 
 ers in 1859. 
 
 Academy of Our Lady of Light, in charge 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 21 I 
 
 of Sisters of Loretto, the oldest girls' school 
 in the Southwest; established 1852. 
 
 The Presbyterian Mission House, a large 
 boarding school for girls. 
 
 The Military Quarter, including head- 
 quarters; officers' quarters and accomodations 
 for three companies and band. 
 
 The United States Court House, contain- 
 ing offices of the United States Land Court, 
 Surveyor-General, United States Collector of 
 Internal Revenue, United States Marshal, 
 United States Land Office, etc. 
 
 Monument to Kit Carson, erected by the 
 Grand Army of the Republic. 
 
 The Rosario Chapel, erected on the spot 
 where De Vargas made his vow, before the 
 surrender of the city, in 1692. 
 
 The Military Cemetery, where rest many 
 army heroes of the last half century. 
 
 The most interesting object of all, without 
 doubt is the Governor's Palace, sometimes 
 called the Old Adobe Palace. It was built in 
 i 598 and continuously occupied by the Span- 
 ish, Mexican and American governors for al- 
 most 300 years. 
 
 Without disparaging the importance of any 
 of the cherished historical localities of the 
 East; it may be truthfully said that this ancient 
 palace surpasses in historic interest and value 
 any other place or object in the United 
 States. It antedates the settlement of James- 
 town by nine years, and that of Plymouth by 
 twenty-two, and has stood during the two 
 hundred and ninety-two years since its erec- 
 tion, not as a cold rock or monument, with no 
 claim upon the interest of humanity except 
 the bare fact of its continued existence, but as 
 the living center of everything of historic im- 
 portance in the Southwest. Through all that 
 long period, whether under Spanish, Pueblo, 
 Mexican or American control, it has been the 
 seat of power and authority. Whether the 
 ruler was called viceroy, captain-general, po- 
 litical chief, department commander or gov- 
 ernor, and whether he presided over a king- 
 dom, a province, a department or a Territory, 
 this has been his official residence. 
 
 From here Onyate started in 1 599 on his 
 adventurous expedition to the eastern plains; 
 here, seven years later, eight hundred Indians 
 came from far-off Quivira to ask aid in their 
 war with the Axtaos; from here, in 1618, Vin- 
 cente de Salivar set forth to the Moqui coun- 
 try, only to be turned back by rumors of the 
 giants to be encountered; and from here Pen- 
 yalosa and his brilliant troop started on the 
 6th of March, 1662, on their marvelous expe- 
 dition to the Missouri; in one of its strong 
 rooms the commissary general of the Inquisi- 
 tion was imprisoned a few years later by the 
 same Penyalosa; within its walls, fortified as 
 for a siege, the bravest of the Spaniards were 
 massed in the revolution of 1680; here, on the 
 1 9th of August of that year, was given the 
 order to execute forty-seven Pueblo prisoners 
 in the plaza which faces the building; here, but 
 a day later, was the sad war council held 
 which determined oh the evacuation of the 
 city; here was the scene of triumph of the 
 Pueblo chieftains as they ordered the destruc- 
 tion of the Spanish archives and the church 
 ornaments in one grand conflagration; here De 
 Vargas, on September 14, 1692, after the 
 eleven hours' combat of the preceding day, 
 gave thanks to the Virgin Mary, to whose aid 
 he attributed his triumphant capture of the 
 city; here, more than a century later, on March 
 3, 1807, Lieutenant Pike was brought before 
 Governor Alencaster as an invader of Spanish 
 soil; here, in 1822, the Mexican standard, with 
 its eagle and cactus, was raised, in token that 
 New Mexico was no longer a dependency of 
 Spain; from here, on the 6th of August, 1837, 
 Governor Perez started to subdue the insur- 
 rection in the north, only to return two days 
 later, and to meet his death on the 9th, near 
 Agua Fria; here, on the succeeding day, Jose 
 Gonzales, a Pueblo Indian of Taos, was in- 
 stalled as governor of New Mexico, soon after 
 to be executed by order of Armijo; here, in 
 the principal reception room, on August 12, 
 1846, Captain Cooke, the American envoy, 
 was received by Governor Armijo, and sent 
 back with a message of defiance; and here, 
 
212 
 
 If IS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 five days later, General Kearny formally took 
 possession of the city, and slept, after his long 
 and weary march, on the carpeted earthen 
 floor of the palace. 
 
 From every point of view it is the most 
 important historical building in the country, 
 and its ultimate use should be as the home of 
 the wonderfully varied collections of antiqui- 
 ties which New Mexico will furnish. 
 
 Coming down to more modern times, it 
 may be added that here General Lew Wallace 
 wrote "Ben Hur, " while governor, in 1879 
 and 1880. 
 
 Turning from the old to the new, it may be 
 remarked that Santa Fe was for sixty years 
 the distributing point of all the goods brought 
 into the Southwest over the Santa Fe trail. 
 While the building of railroads has changed 
 the old system, yet the largest warehouses are 
 still here. The plaza is a famous pleasure re- 
 sort, and on summer evenings presents a charm- 
 ing scene when filled with people representing 
 almost every nation of the earth, listening to 
 the band in the pagoda. 
 
 As a health resort Santa Fe is unrivaled. 
 So much has been written of this that we will 
 not dwell upon it. Two points are worthy, how- 
 ever, of mention, dryness and temperature. 
 Santa Fe lies in the driest part of the United 
 States. This region is extensive, but changes 
 in form from season to season. Santa Fe is 
 always in it, however, and it is always possi- 
 ble to pass out of it into a moist island by go- 
 ing a few miles north or northwest. In spring 
 this region embraces New Mexico, Arizona, 
 Nevada, a part of California and small por- 
 tions of the adjoining States and Territories. 
 In summer it embraces the same territory, but 
 has enlarged its borders, extending northward 
 to the British possessions and including Utah, 
 the most of Colorado, Wyoming and Idaho, 
 and a large part of Oregon. In the autumn it 
 shrinks to its spring dimensions, with the ad- 
 dition of a broad arm running up east of the 
 Rockies into Wyoming. In the winter it with- 
 draws from most of Nevada, but increases 
 somewhat to the northeast, occupying a large 
 
 part of Colorado and a part of Wyoming. In 
 all seasons it holds firmly on New Mexico and 
 Arizona. Santa Fe is never outside of this dry 
 region, let it fluctuate as it may. 
 
 All the best medical authorities warn con- 
 sumptives to avoid hot climates now, whatever 
 may have been their practice in the past. By 
 examining any good climatic map of the United 
 States it will readily be seen that Santa Fe 
 possesses a cool climate while it has a compar- 
 tively low latitude. It is cooler than any other 
 station inthe United States in the same latitude, 
 and cooler than most stations with a latitude 
 less than 4.1 or 4.2 degrees. It is at the ex- 
 treme southern point of the cool region of the 
 United States. 
 
 The unique position of Santa Fe consists 
 in this: While it has a cool climate, as has 
 been shown, its comparatively low latitude 
 and almost complete protection by the lofty 
 mountains in its immediate vicinity, preclude 
 the possibility of its ever being visited by ex- 
 treme cold. This is an inestimable advantage, 
 for it insures equability and makes the place a 
 delightful all-the-year-round residence. The 
 invalid is not compelled by the mutterings of 
 the north wind, as winter approaches, to seek the 
 miasmatic regions of the more southern -land 
 that he may escape the sharp assaults of Bore- 
 as; nor, as summer approaches, do the sultry 
 breaths of Africus, filling him with languor, 
 compel him to seek the ocean, where the heavy 
 moist air is ready to close up the passages of 
 his struggling lungs. He is not forced to flee 
 to the mountains, only to be reached, perhaps, 
 by a fatiguing journey, and then offering him, 
 perchance, few of the comforts of home; at any 
 rate, compelling him, if he be socially in- 
 clined, to look about for new friends and ac- 
 quaintances. Here he may pitch his tent 
 with the certainty that no extremes of weather 
 will force him to strike it in a land of perpet- 
 ual sunshine, kindly nature the while exerting 
 all her curative powers to restore to him health 
 and strength, those greatest of all physical 
 blessings. 
 
 Santa Fe has the finest water-works sys- 
 
HIS TORT Of NEW MEXICO. 
 
 213 
 
 tern in the Southwest. The dam in the can- 
 yon is 350 feet thick at the base and 120 feet 
 at the deepest point. It cost nearly $300,000, 
 and the reservoir not only supplies the city but 
 the surrounding country. Another dam, much 
 larger, is now being constructed to create a 
 reservoir which will irrigate a large part of the 
 valley. These gigantic works will be of im- 
 mense material benefit. 
 
 ALBUQUERQUE. 
 
 Europeans first visited Albuquerque, then 
 an Indian pueblo of some 12,000 inhabitants, 
 in 1 540. In that year Francisco Vasquez de 
 Coronado, then governor of Sonora, Mexico, 
 under Cortez, after occupying the pueblo of 
 Zunyi for some months, crossed the Rio Grande 
 at Albuquerque, and after taking possession of 
 the surrounding country proceeded on his fa- 
 mous expedition north and east to the Missouri 
 river, and by some writers is said to have 
 crossed the Missouri somewhere in the vicinity 
 of the present city of St. Joseph, Missouri. 
 
 The city derives its name from the Duke of 
 Albuquerque, a Spanish commander, and gov- 
 ernor of New Mexico from 1703 to 1710. 
 
 It has at all times been an important point 
 and the gateway between the East and the 
 West in New Mexico. Twenty miles east, 
 Tijires canyon, is the only practical route for 
 railroads through the Sandia and Manzano 
 mountains, a route that has been used by 
 freighters since traffic first opened between 
 Mexico and the United States. It is the gate- 
 way also to northern Arizona and Calfornia, 
 and the junction of the Atlantic & Pacific Rail- 
 road with the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, 
 and the headquarters of that important line of 
 railway that extends through Arizona and Cali- 
 fornia, and connects with the Southern Pacific 
 and the Santa Fe system in southern Califor- 
 nia. 
 
 It has a population, including the old town, 
 of about 12,000 inhabitants, and is steadily im- 
 proving in every respect. The first railroad 
 iron was laid in Albuquerque, the New Mexi- 
 co & Southern Pacific (now the Atchison, To- 
 
 peka & Santa Fe), on the 2Oth day of April, 
 1880. The history of the new city really dates 
 from that time. 
 
 The ancient city, which adjoins it on the 
 west, was, however, at that time a central 
 trading point in the Territory, and at present has 
 a population of about 3,000, and several stores, 
 markets, etc., and one of the most complete 
 modern school systems in the West. It con- 
 tains the county courthouse and jail, costing 
 over $100,000, the offices of the Albuquerque 
 Street Railroad Company, the Territorial Fair 
 Grounds, and one of the oldest church build- 
 ings in America. It was the headquarters of 
 several of the early governors under the Span- 
 ish rule, and a large military post after the oc- 
 cupation of the country by the United States. 
 It contains some of the finest orchards and gar- 
 dens in the West. 
 
 Albuquerque was connected by telegraph 
 with the outside world in the spring of 1875. 
 The Atlantic & Pacific (western division) com- 
 menced its construction from this point in the 
 summer of 1880, and was completed to the 
 eastern boundary of Arizona in July of 1881. 
 It now extends to Mojave, California, 802 
 miles. The Atlantic & Pacific was incorpo- 
 rated by act of Congress, approved July 27, 
 1866, and names Albuquerque, New Mexico, as 
 a point on the main line. 
 
 The first Territorial Fair was held in Al- 
 buquerque, October 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, i88i,and 
 has been held every year since on the same 
 grounds, at about the same dates. 
 
 The Albuquerque Street Railway Company 
 was organized May 14, 1880, and the line was 
 constructed in a few months, and the cars were 
 running between the railroad depot and the old 
 city, connecting a city of but a few days with 
 one of many hundreds of years. This was 
 the first street railroad in New Mexico, and is 
 now in successful operation by its builder and 
 owner, the Hon. O. E. Cromwell, of New 
 York, for a long time a resident of Albu- 
 querque. 
 
 This city was also one of the first in the 
 Territory to establish gas-works, electric-light 
 
214 
 
 HIS TOR 2' OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 plants, telephone exchanges and water-works, 
 and is well-supplied with foundries, machine- 
 shops, mills and many small factories. It com- 
 mands the trade of the country to the Cali- 
 fornia line on the west and the Mexico line on 
 the south, and competes with Santa Fe and 
 Las Vegas for the trade of northern and east- 
 ern New Mexico. Situated in the center of 
 one of the richest mineral districts in the world, 
 it is destined at no distant day to become one 
 of the greatest smelting and reduction centers 
 in the whole West. It supplies all the mining 
 camps in the Territory, not only with grocer- 
 ies, hardware and dry goods, but also nearly all 
 the fresh fruits and vegetables. The gardens 
 of the Rio Grande in the vicinity of Albu- 
 querque have no superior in the United States. 
 
 Albuquerque was occupied by the Con- 
 federate forces under General Sibley during 
 the months of March and April, 1862. Being 
 hard pressed by the Union forces and short 
 of transportation, they buried, in a corral near 
 the old plaza, eight brass howitzers, which 
 under the direction of Major Teel, ex-Con- 
 federate quartermaster, under whose instruc- 
 tions they were buried, Major H. R. Whiting 
 and E. S. Stover of G. K. Warren Post, 
 G. A. R. , in the summer of 1888, brought 
 them to light after they had lain in darkness 
 for twenty-six years. 
 
 Albuquerque had long been well supplied 
 with weekly newspapers, but on June 5, 1880, 
 her first daily was published, The Daily 
 Golden Gate, by E. W. Deer, editor and 
 proprietor. After his death, in the fall of 
 1880, it was changed to the Republican, and 
 published by the Albuquerque Publishing Com- 
 pany, under the management of James A. 
 Spradling. Thomas Hughes purchased Sprad- 
 ling's interest and finally bought the whole 
 plant, which he afterward sold to the Journal 
 Publishing Company, and the name was 
 changed to The Morning Journal and published 
 as such until 1887, when it was bought by J. 
 G. Albright, of the Albuquerque Morning 
 Democrat, formerly an evening paper, and the 
 two were published as one under the latter 
 
 name by Mr. Albright until the spring of 1895, 
 when it was sold to the Democrat Publishing 
 Company, and is now the leading Democratic 
 paper in the Territory. 
 
 The city has had several evening dailies, 
 The Review, the Democrat, the Times and 
 now The Daily Citizen by Hughes & Mc- 
 Creight. 
 
 The Albuquerque Daily Citizen was first 
 published on August 26, 1886, under the 
 management of Hubbs & Company, and on 
 May 3 ist it was purchased by Thomas Hughes. 
 He published it until August i, 1894, when 
 W. T. McCreight, who had been its city 
 editor, purchased a half interest. The success 
 of The Citizen has been almost phenomenal. 
 It is to-day considered the most profitable 
 newspaper plant in the Southwest. On account 
 of its large increase in advertising it is com- 
 pelled to issue an eight-page paper every 
 Saturday afternoon. It is Republican in 
 politics. 
 
 The Weekly Times was first published in 
 the fall of 1890, by C. E. Stivers, as Adobe 
 Land; next it was under the management of 
 W. W. Hite & Company. In the fall of 1892, 
 it was changed to a daily and was published as 
 a morning paper, until the spring of 1894, 
 when it suspended. 
 
 Albuquerque has also had several monthly 
 publications, which would have honored a 
 much larger city. The Montezuma, by O. 
 Corner Roberts and Howard W. Mitchell de- 
 serves special mention. Its equal was not 
 published west of New York. We at present 
 have The Southwest Illustrated Magazine, a 
 journal devoted to the development of the 
 Southwest, Geo. F. Albright & Company 
 publishers and proprietors, which is also a 
 credit to New Mexico and journalism generally. 
 
 All of the professions are well and ably 
 represented in Albuquerque. 
 
 LAS VEGAS. 
 
 Las Vegas is the county seat of San Miguel 
 county, one of the largest and most wealthy 
 counties in New Mexico, and is the place where 
 
HISTORT Of NE W MEXICO. 
 
 the District and United States Courts for the 
 Fourth Judicial District are held. The town 
 derives its name from the surroundings exist- 
 ing at the time of its location. At that period, 
 extensive and beautiful meadows along the 
 fertile valley of the Gallinas river, gave the 
 place its name. Las Vegas in the Spanish 
 means the vegas, or meadows; hence the 
 name of the town, which is often called The 
 Meadow City, the population being sufficiently 
 large to justify that title. 
 
 The Gallinas river, a beautiful stream of 
 pure water, has its source in the adjacent 
 mountains, branches of the Rockies, and flow- 
 ing to the southwest, separates Las Vegas in 
 two parts, the eastern portion having a regu- 
 larly organized city government, under the 
 name of the City of East Las Vegas, while 
 that portion lying to the west is without any 
 formal city or town government, and is gener- 
 ally known as the Old Town, that being the 
 part first settled; but the term Las Vegas in 
 common usage is applied to the entire popula- 
 tion on both sides of the river. 
 
 Six miles distant up the Gallinas are the 
 famous Hot Springs, noted for the curative 
 properties of their waters. A dozen or more 
 springs of hot water at this place are utilized 
 for bathing purposes, large numbers of people 
 constantly visiting them for medical treatment. 
 Here is located the Montezuma Hotel, one of 
 the most elegant in structure and appoint- 
 ments west of the Missouri river. The Atchi- 
 son, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad Company 
 has expended upwards of a million dollars up- 
 on the hotel, baths, parks and grounds, and 
 have connected the place with Las Vegas 
 proper by a railroad, upon which cars are run 
 at frequent intervals during the day. In addi- 
 tion, a fine boulevard extends from Las Vegas 
 to the Hot Springs on the west side of the 
 river, and these connections make the two 
 places substantially one and the same. 
 
 Interspersed along the valley between 
 these two points are numerous rural homes, 
 and it is confidently believed, when the fine 
 climatic conditions of this favored region and 
 
 its wonderful resources are better known, that 
 Las Vegas will in name, as well as in fact, 
 cover the entire distance between these two 
 points. 
 
 The population of Las Vegas is about 
 8,000, one half of which is composed of native 
 citizens, or Spanish-speaking people, and the 
 other half of persons from various States and 
 foreign countries, the foreign element, how- 
 ever, being small in proportion to the entire 
 population. No town of its size can produce 
 a better educated, more refined and cultivated 
 people. Thrift, energy, and enterprise are 
 visible on every hand, while the beautiful 
 homes adorned with shrubs and flowers denote 
 a people of wealth, refinement and cultivated 
 taste. Las Vegas is the home of many stock- 
 men whose ranches are distantly located, and 
 who reside in Las Vegas for the benefit of its 
 society, schools and churches; and as time 
 advances stockmen, mine operators, and 
 families of wealth, desiring to enjoy a delight- 
 ful and healthful climate, with the advantages 
 of society, schools and churches, will greatly 
 add to its existing population. 
 
 The following religious denominations have 
 good church buildings and substantial congre- 
 gations: The Roman Catholics, Episcopalians, 
 Presbyterians, Methodists and Baptists. The 
 Catholic Church is predominant among the 
 Spanish-speaking people, and maintains a ca- 
 thedral in the Old Town, a stone church edi- 
 fice and fine congregation in the city of East 
 Las Vagas, and also a high school in the Old 
 Town, under the control and management of 
 the Christian Brothers, and a school for young 
 ladies under the direction of the Sisters of Lo- 
 retto; and excellent advantages for education 
 are afforded at each of these institutions. 
 
 In addition, there are three commodious 
 public-school buildings in Las Vegas, con- 
 structed of the fine sandstone so abundant in 
 this locality, the buildings costing in the ag- 
 gregate not less than $40,000, in which, dur- 
 ing the school season, schools of a high grade 
 are maintained. There is also established here, 
 under the auspices of the Presbyterian Church, 
 
2l6 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 a mission school for the education of the chil- 
 dren of the Spanish-speaking people. The 
 New West maintains an academy, well man- 
 aged and largely attended. The Territory has 
 commenced the construction of a Territorial 
 normal school building, on a sightly location, 
 convenient to the entire population, which will 
 be finished in the near future, at a cost of about 
 $50,000. Schools of music were established 
 many years ago by Professors Miller and Hand, 
 accomplished and competent teachers, and 
 have ever since been maintained. 
 
 The presence and flourishing condition of 
 these educational institutions make Las Vegas 
 an educational center in the Territory. The 
 people are active in their efforts to afford those 
 who come to Las Vegas the very best facilities 
 for the education of their children, so that in 
 all respects Las Vegas may now properly be 
 regarded as a prominent educational point in 
 the Southwest. 
 
 In the year of 1886, Charles Tamme, one 
 of the enterprising citizens of the place, erect- 
 ed the Opera House Block, at a cost of $50,- 
 ooo, in which is the Tamme Opera House, of 
 ample size and convenient and elegant con- 
 struction and appointments, with a seating ca- 
 pacity of 600. In capacity and elegance it 
 would be a credit to a city of much larger size. 
 The entertainments afforded by this enterprise 
 are of the highest class and well patronized, so 
 that in Las Vegas instruction and entertain- 
 ment in music, the drama and by lectures, is 
 equal to that of the best cities in the States. 
 
 A Territorial musical contest was held at 
 the opera house during the present season, 
 which brought to Las Vegas much of the best 
 musical talent of the Territory, and the ar- 
 rangements which have already been made for 
 an annual contest of this character in the fu- 
 ture will stimulate the cultivation of this art 
 and add an additional attraction to the many 
 already existing in this among the most beau- 
 tiful spots of the Rocky mountain region. 
 
 The various orders are well represented. 
 During the past season the Ancient Order of 
 Free and Accepted Masons erected, on one of 
 
 the prominent business streets, a magnificent 
 Masonic temple. There is in this immediate 
 vicinity a great abundance of fine brown sand- 
 stone, of beautiful color; and of this native 
 material, the Masonic temple, with a front of 
 seventy-five feet, and in height three stories, 
 is constructed. The entire second floor of the 
 building is occupied by the Montezuma Club, 
 a social organization of long standing in Las 
 Vegas. In the spacious rooms of the club, 
 strangers visiting the city always find a warm 
 welcome, and the citizens frequent and pleas- 
 ant entertainment. The upper and third sto- 
 ry of the temple is used for lodge rooms by the 
 Masonic fraternity, and they are seldom ex- 
 celled either in convenience of appointments 
 or perfection in finish. 
 
 The Odd Fellows, A. O. U. W., Knights 
 of Pythias and Grand Army, all have flourish- 
 ing organizations and commodious lodge 
 rooms. 
 
 Projects are already in course of comple- 
 tion for the maintenance at Las Vegas of a 
 national sanitarium, which when completed 
 must add largely to its wealth and population. 
 
 Perhaps no place can be found in the entire 
 Rocky mountain region having greater outside 
 attractions and sources of enjoyment. In easy 
 reach are to be found numerous health and 
 pleasure resorts, with ample accommodations 
 for all who come, among which may be men- 
 tioned the Harvey Ranch, at an elevation of 
 10,000 feet, a resort of considerable local celeb- 
 rity; Mineral Hill, where many people spend 
 the summer; El Porvenir, under the manage- 
 ment of Don Marguerite Romero, a member of 
 one of the oldest and best respected families of 
 the Territory; Lujan's, at the foot of the Her- 
 mit's Peak; Glenwood Springs, a lovely place 
 in the mountains, under charge of Dr. William 
 Sparks; Blake's, Heinlan's, Mora, Anton 
 Chico, Watrous, and numerous other places 
 affording the most beautiful scenery, fine water, 
 excellent fishing, and an atmosphere which 
 cannot be excelled. 
 
 With these conditions, Las Vegas is fast 
 becoming a resort city, and the numerous cures 
 
HIS TORT OF NE W ME-XICO. 
 
 217 
 
 effected by climatic conditions alone, especially 
 in pulmonary cases, have given Las Vegas an 
 enviable reputation. 
 
 The early proprietors of the town having in 
 view the future growth, provided bountifully in 
 parks and pleasure places, among which may 
 be mentioned the Plaza Park in Old Town, 
 which, under the management of one of the 
 oldest and best respected citizens, F. O. 
 Kihlberg, is a real bower of beauty. 
 
 Various business enterprises mark Las 
 Vegas as a place of much importance. Among 
 them may be mentioned the Aqua Pura Com- 
 pany, a corporation existing for many years 
 past for" the storage and shipment of ice and for 
 the supply of water to Las Vegas, for irrigation 
 and domestic uses. This company has its place 
 of business in the town, and has established 
 above the Hot Springs numerous dams and 
 reservoirs for the storage of water and the .ac- 
 cumulation of ice, and has constructed large 
 ice-houses for storage. From this point the 
 company distributes ice from the pure waters 
 of the Gallinas to the neighboring cities of the 
 Territory. On some of its reservoirs the sun 
 never shines, and the ice stored and furnished 
 to the people of New Mexico from this source 
 is equal to any that can elsewhere be found, 
 while the water supply for the city is of the 
 purest and best. The water of Las Vegas is a 
 real luxury. 
 
 A fine roller flouring-mill is located on the 
 Gallinas within the city limits. 
 
 Wool is one of the staple products of New 
 Mexico, and Las Vegas is not only a center of 
 the wool producing region, but as well the 
 largest and best market for that staple in the 
 Southwest. Two large scouring mills, one 
 owned and conducted by George Ludeman 
 and one by the Robins Brothers, are kept con- 
 stantly busy in preparing for shipment wo6l 
 stored in Las Vegas. 
 
 This city is the end of one of the divisions 
 of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad, 
 and a roundhouse and repair shops are here 
 located, as well as the tie-preserving works, 
 connected with the railroad company. 
 
 Prior to the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 
 February 2, 1848, Las Vegas was under the 
 jurisdiction of the government of Mexico, and 
 subject to the laws, usages and customs of that 
 country, different in almost every respect from 
 those of the present. It was the settled policy 
 of that government to grant large tracts of 
 land upon which to establish colonies, villages, 
 and towns, as military outposts, for the pro- 
 tection of advancing civilization. With the 
 exception of such places, the entire country 
 was inhabited by hostile Indians, constantly 
 attacking the sparse Mexican population 
 gathered in the villages, and confining by con- 
 tinuous warfare the slow tide of immigration to 
 a few small valleys along the rivers, in the im- 
 mediate vicinity of these outposts. Occasion- 
 ally men cf courage would explore the adjacent 
 country, select some suitable location, and pro- 
 cure from the Mexican Republic a grant of 
 land upon which they would gather about them 
 a few brave spirits, constituting a nucleus for 
 future settlement. 
 
 It was thus that Las Vegas was founded, 
 and the memory of the hardy pioneers who 
 ventured so much in its early history should be 
 sacredly treasured by posterity. Out on the 
 open plains, at the foot of a spur of the Rocky 
 mountain range, was a beautiful and fertile 
 .valley, watered by the Rio Gallinas, sheltered 
 by the foothills, the numerous meadows afford- 
 ing fine pasture, and the grazing lands extend- 
 ing to the eastward for hundreds of miles, over 
 which roamed countless herds of wild buffalo. 
 This place was selected as the site for the 
 future city, but it was necessary to procure the 
 consent of the government for its permanent 
 occupation. Accordingly, Juan de Dios Maes, 
 Manuel Duran, Miguel Archuleta and Jose 
 Antonio Casaus, March 20, 1835, made a peti- 
 tion to the properly constituted Mexican 
 authorities for a grant of land to the town of 
 Las Vegas, consisting of over 400,000 acres, as 
 a basis upon which to build the new settle- 
 ment. The documents which constituted the 
 foundation and title of Las Vegas must ever be 
 of interest, and as the years go by and witness 
 
2l8 
 
 fflSTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 the successful unfolding of an enterprise in- 
 augurated at such an early date, in perilous 
 times, these papers must become of increasing 
 importance, and worthy of preservation in the 
 history of the town. 
 
 In the order of importance they are: The 
 petition for the grant of land upon and with 
 which to build the town; the grant of the 
 same; and the action of the officer giving the 
 possession. Attached to these documents are 
 the names of over one hundred citizens who 
 became inhabitants of the new town, to each 
 of whom was allotted a small tract of land, 
 sufficient for the support of himself and family; 
 while the adjacent lands were held for pastur- 
 age and for general use of the town and its in- 
 habitants. 
 
 In the beginning this establishment was in 
 some respects a military outpost. It will be 
 observed, in the report of the constitutional 
 justice, that each inhabitant was to be well 
 provided with arms, to be inspected every eight 
 days, under the care of the lieutenant of police, 
 an absolute necessity for protection at that 
 period. 
 
 The Romero family is one of the largest and 
 most highly respected in the history of Las 
 Vegas. It sprang from Don Miguel Romero y 
 Baca, who in 1836 resided in Santa Fe, the 
 capital of New Mexico. At that time he was 
 on a visit to Las Vegas, and was invited by 
 Santiago Montoya, the father of Jose Montoya, 
 recently a member of the board of county com- 
 missioners of San Miguel county, to take 
 charge of a short expedition against a maurad- 
 ing band of Indians, who had stolen Montoya's 
 sheep, and captured and was holding in cap- 
 tivity two of his nephews. The purpose of the 
 expedition was to rescue the captives. The 
 danger was very great, and five men only were 
 found who were willing to undertake a conflict 
 with the Navajos, at that period a fierce and 
 warlike tribe. About forty miles from Las 
 Vegas, at what is now known as Wagon 
 Mound, then called Santa Clara, about 300 
 Indians were discovered, camped on the plains, 
 holding the sheep herds and the captives. 
 
 The five men under the command of Romero 
 undertook what seemed an almost hopeless 
 task, the rescue of the prisoners, and attack- 
 ed the Indians early in the morning. The 
 battle lasted the entire day, and in the evening 
 the rescuers succeeded in retaking the captive 
 boys. The rescuing party was on horseback, 
 and lost everything except a small quantity of 
 corn-meal, and began their retreat for Las 
 Vegas. 
 
 At Watrous, one of the rescuing party, who 
 was wounded, became greatly exhausted, and 
 nourishment became absolutely essential; so 
 the party halted, but had no utensils in which 
 to prepare food. In this emergency Don 
 Miguel Romero invented a novel method of 
 making mush. His hat was made of sheep- 
 skin. Stones were heated in the fire, water 
 poured in the hat, and by means of the heated 
 stones mush was prepared for the wounded 
 man. Some years ago Miguel Romero pointed 
 out to his sons, among them Don Benino 
 Romero, the spot where the food was prepared, 
 and located it as the place where the rail- 
 road depot at Watrous now stands. 
 
 This is only one instance of thousands that 
 could be mentioned in the experience of the 
 early settlers. 
 
 Until the modern railroad era was ushered 
 in, Las Vegas could make but little headway; 
 and as each new point was reached the rail- 
 road was hailed with delight by the people of 
 Las Vegas. Finally, in the season of 1879, 
 the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad 
 reached Las Vegas, and for the first time in 
 its existence opportunities for development 
 were offered; but even then, the immense 
 freight tariff encountered offered but little ad- 
 vantage over the old freight lines across the 
 plains. The real advancement of the town 
 dates from the advent of the railroad, and 
 what was at that period a small village, inhab- 
 ited mostly by the native population, with 
 small houses constructed of adobe, has become 
 the greater Las Vegas of to-day, with splen- 
 did business blocks, large wealth and elegant 
 private residences. The entire town east of 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 219 
 
 the Gallinas river, and the best portion of it 
 west of that stream, and all of the business 
 buildings have been constructed since 1879; 
 and in estimating the progress of the city it 
 should be considered not as dating in 1838, 
 but as beginning in 1879. 
 
 RATON 
 
 lies snugly resting in a rincon surrounded by 
 the foothills of the Raton mountains, and is 
 situated twelve miles south of the Colorado 
 line on the Santa Fe Railroad. It was laid 
 out early in the year 1879. but not platted until 
 the month of December, 1880, by A. A. Rob- 
 inson, then the chief engineer of that railroad, 
 but now the president of the Mexican Central 
 Railroad. 
 
 When the Santa Fe road was first 'built the 
 company laid out and sold lots at Otero, six 
 miles south of Raton, which for several months 
 was the terminus of the road; and where all 
 the trade and commerce of the lower country 
 converged. Southern California, Arizona, Mex- 
 ico and Texas brought their wool, hides, ores, 
 etc., for shipment by ox and mule teams, 
 taking back all kinds of goods, from the size of 
 a cambric needle to that of a steam sawmill 
 and heavy mining machinery. Otero at one 
 time had a population of 3,000 in houses, be- 
 sides many hundreds camping in tents while 
 grazing their live stock employed in freighting. 
 When the railroad was extended to Las Vegas, 
 Albuquerque and other places along the line, 
 one after another took down and shipped their 
 business and dwelling houses to other localities. 
 The town of Otero is now completely blotted 
 out, only one building remaining, the railroad 
 station house. Like all the frontier towns of 
 that time, it had its rough element, and the 
 little grave-yard near it contains many a bad 
 man who died with his "boots on." 
 
 Mention is made of Otero for the reason 
 that the first settlers of Raton moved their 
 dwelling and business houses from that town. 
 The first hotel, the Vandevere House, had a 
 remarkable history because of its many re- 
 movals from town to town along the railroad, 
 
 Granada, Las Animas, La Junta, Otero, and 
 finally found its last resting place at Raton, 
 where, with its numerous additions, it is now 
 one of the series of Fred Harvey's eating- 
 houses. 
 
 Though the town was platted in Decem- 
 ber, 1880, lots were laid out early in 1879. 
 M. A. McMartin moved his general store, and 
 George J. Pace, his general store, from Otero 
 to Raton. From that period to the first of 
 the year 1882 the remainder of the stores and 
 dwellings followed, and with them came the 
 postomce and postmaster. The postmaster, 
 Ed Tompkins, kept the office for a while and 
 was succeeded by George J. Pace, R. K. Van- 
 dever, and Mrs. J. R. McPherson, the present 
 incumbent. 
 
 The first persons to build houses in the new 
 town were George J. Pace, M. A. McMartin, 
 T. F. McAuliffe, Robert Ferguson, J. W. Dwyer, 
 Jim O'Toole, Edward Parsons, R. P. Letton, 
 affectionately called "Pap" by everybody, 
 R. K. Vandever, Harvey Moulton, W. C. 
 Clark, G. W. Cook, A. Morgan, Laurence 
 Shields, W. Fullbright, Charles M. Bayne and 
 Edwin Franks. The two last named con- 
 structed the first two-story building and they 
 were the first attorneys locating here. Sub- 
 sequently came Abram C. Voorhes and the 
 first two physicians, Drs. J. J. Shuler and C. 
 B. Koldhousen, during the first year, and they 
 all still remain. There are now in the place 
 five physicians, four lawyers, six dry-goods 
 stores, seven grocery stores, three drug stores 
 and five saloons. The first drug store, estab- 
 lished here by Joseph B. Schroeder, is still 
 carried on by him. Moulton & Edelson were 
 the owners and builders of the first hotel. 
 
 The first church erected here was built by 
 the Methodists, which was followed, in order, 
 by the Presbyterians, Baptists and Catholics. 
 All of them have good and comfortable edi- 
 fices. 
 
 During the first two years after the loca- 
 tion of the town, and when the Santa Fe 
 Railroad Company had fixed this point as the 
 end of one of their grand divisions, they com- 
 
22O 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 menced the construction of their shops, round- 
 houses, etc. These shops are next in size to 
 the company's establisment in Topeka. Here 
 are employed over 400 mechanics. This point 
 being the end of the divisions, all train crews 
 are changed here. The usual disbursements 
 per month for the employes exceed $30,000. 
 During the construction of the shops, etc., the 
 accommodations for families were meager, and 
 as a consequence 200 families were accommo- 
 dated by the company in box cars, while a 
 large number accommodated themselves in 
 tents and rudely constructed " shacks." 
 
 The new town went through the usual tur- 
 bulence and turmoils of a frontier settlement, 
 toughs and tin-horn gamblers running it until 
 an attempt to reform the place was made, re- 
 sulting in the 'death by shooting of five per- 
 sons and the lynching of the criminal who was 
 the cause of all the trouble. All these killings 
 were made within ten minutes from the firing 
 of the first shot and the hanging of Minchel, 
 the disturber. Harvey Moulton, the hotel 
 man, justice of the peace, issued a warrant for 
 the arrest of a gambler named Minchel. The 
 latter resisted arrest, ran up to a locomotive, 
 jumped upon it, and as it was pulling out he shot 
 from the engineer's cab four persons who were in 
 pursuit of him. He was arrested and taken to 
 a saloon near by for safety, but by a misunder- 
 standing another shooting took place among the 
 officers, resulting in the death of two more of the 
 participants, the justice of the peace and a 
 deputy sheriff. Within the next five minutes 
 Minchel was hanging from a sign-post! The 
 other gamblers and their followers becoming 
 very belligerent, purchased all the guns and 
 ammunition in the town, fortified themselves 
 in the second story over the principal saloon 
 and defied the remaining authorities. 
 
 The crisis was reached. Then all the good 
 law-and-order people, numbering some six 
 hundred, from town and country, assembled 
 in the park immediately in front of the fortified 
 saloon and adopted strong resolutions. They 
 appointed a committee of thirteen, facetiously 
 called a "strangling "committee, and instructed 
 
 them to organize for the extermination of 
 the disturbing element. Great violence and 
 destruction of life was expected, but to the 
 satisfaction and gratification of all, the gam- 
 blers asked for terms, for hours in which to 
 depart in peace. Their terms were granted, 
 and they took no chances in delaying depart- 
 ure. With an exceptionable squabble now and 
 then the town has ever since then been one of 
 the most quiet and peaceable of communities. 
 
 June 27, 1894, the town witnessed the be- 
 ginning of the Debs strike, or strike of the 
 American Railway Union. The first Pullmans 
 were cut from the trains here twenty-four 
 hours before the strike was inaugurated else- 
 where, by some misunderstanding among the 
 officers of the order. No trains passed either way 
 'for nine days, and during all the time of strike 
 the railroad men kept away from the railroad 
 property, holding a continuous meeting day and 
 night at the opera house, where they furnished 
 amateur entertainments, balls, etc., for their 
 own amusement. The strike extended to the 
 coal miners at Blossburg, two miles away, and 
 they joined in the daily processions, number- 
 ing several hundred men, accompanied by two 
 brass bands, and with it all not a dollar's 
 worth of property was damaged or destroyed 
 within the town limits. 
 
 As an evidence of the peaceable and law- 
 abiding character of the citizens of Raton, it 
 may be stated as a fact that there does not 
 probably exist any other town in the United 
 States of equal population that is more order- 
 ly. There was never but one lawsuit in the 
 district court between citizens of the town and 
 no citizen of the place has ever been sent to 
 the penitentiary. 
 
 As to the distribution of wealth, it can be 
 said that there is not a rich man living in the 
 town, that is to say, worth in property or 
 money over $10,000. The poor people, such 
 as require charity, do not receive from our 
 charitable associations over $200 a year. All 
 have steady employment. 
 
 Raton was incorporated under the laws of 
 the Territory in April, 1891, electing as its 
 
HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 221 
 
 first officers: Mayor, William Tindal; and as 
 trustees, John Jelfs, Pedro Padilla, James H. 
 Walker and J. J. Shuler; recorder, C. A. Fox; 
 marshal, Theodore Gardiner. 
 
 In April, 1892, William Tindal was re- 
 elected mayor, Jelfs and Shuler trustees, and 
 C. C. Wray and C. D. Stevens were added to 
 the board; recorder, Harry Carr, and marshal, 
 James Howe. 
 
 In April, 1893, there was elected for 
 mayor, J. J. Kelly, who subsequently resigned, 
 and George E. Lyon was elected to fill the 
 vacancy; the trustees elected were J. J. Mur- 
 phy, B. F. Houts, V. E. Hestwood and T. F. 
 McAuliff; recorder, J. H. Kleinz, and marshal, 
 R. J. Doyle. 
 
 In April, 1894, W. E. Symonds was elected 
 mayor, but soon resigned, and Joseph W. 
 Dwyer was elected to fill the vacancy. J. W. 
 Grouse, J. McPherson, Celso Chavez and J. 
 W. Dwyer were elected trustees. Dwyer re- 
 signed to take the office of mayor, and Daniel 
 Risdon was elected trustee to fill this vacancy. 
 James McPherson resigned, changing his resi- 
 dence to California, and C. H. Clark was 
 elected to fill this vacancy. Jules H. Kleinz 
 was re-elected recorder, and Thomas Thatcher 
 town marshal. 
 
 In April, 1895, the mayor elected was P. 
 P. Fanning; trustees, J. J. Murphy, C. Can- 
 ton, A. H. Letton and E. J. Gibson; recorder, 
 Julius Kleinz, and marshal, Charles Gray. 
 
 Politics have never entered into any town 
 election. 
 
 A large brick school building adds grace 
 and dignity to Raton, the only school build- 
 ing in the Territory erected by private sub- 
 scription. It was built jointly by Marcy & 
 McQuiston, an old bachelor cattle firm, who 
 have since married, and the Santa Fe Rail- 
 road Company. The schoolhouse has a ca- 
 pacity for six hundred children. The average 
 attendance is five hundred and twenty, while 
 over seven hundred children of school age are 
 registered. Besides the public schools, there 
 are three denominational schools, supported as 
 church missions by Presbyterians, Methodists 
 
 and Catholics, all fully attended. There are 
 also some private schools, a kindergarten, etc. 
 
 Owing to the absence of the original pro- 
 jectors of the first newspapers, it cannot now 
 be coveniently ascertained which paper was 
 the first to enter the field after the town 
 began settlement, the Raton Guard, or the 
 Raton Comet. However, both of these papers 
 and the New Mexico News and Press, a later 
 publication, were each in turn consolidated and 
 are all now published as the Raton Range, by 
 Captain Thomas W. Collier, a veteran news- 
 paper man, who all his life, excepting five years' 
 service in the Union army during the Rebellion, 
 has devoted his time and energies to journalistic 
 work. 
 
 The altitude of Raton is 6,550 feet. The 
 climate cannot be excelled in any country. 
 One can sleep under blankets any night during 
 the warmest season, and the place is well shel- 
 tered from storms on account of its being situ- 
 ated in the foothills. They can depend upon 
 three hundred days of sunshine in every year, 
 without a cloud. 
 
 Water is brought to the place through iron 
 pipes from the Chico Rico river, seven miles 
 distant, in sufficient quantity for a population 
 of twenty thousand. The place is well supplied 
 with ornamental trees and grassy lawns. The 
 business blocks and the dwelling houses are 
 lighted by incandescent electric lights and all 
 the streets are lighted by the arc lights. 
 
 The Catskill branch of the Union Pacific 
 Railroad is now built to within seventeen miles 
 of Raton and will soon be completed, thus 
 giving the town competing lines. The place 
 has one national bank and could support an- 
 other. There has been no financial depression 
 during the last two years, and within this time 
 over one hundred and fifty houses, some of 
 them very fine, have been erected. 
 
 WATROUS. 
 
 The valley immediately around Watrous, 
 on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, 
 is typical of this county and all of northern 
 New Mexico. It is watered by the Sapello and 
 
222 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Mora, from each of which the farmers have 
 taken out small ditches, and brought over 4,000 
 acres under high cultivation. To see these 
 lands in full bloom and beauty is a wonderful 
 sight. The streams are banked with cotton- 
 wood, elder, wild plum and cherry trees; the 
 fields spread with orchards, gardens and love- 
 ly homes. Here a house peeps from its shel- 
 tering grove; there the precise lines of an or- 
 chard break the landscape; at hand an alfalfa 
 field, topped with its pretty flowers waves green 
 and purple, loading the air with delicious per- 
 fume. The Santa Fe and Las Vegas ranges 
 on the west, on the east the Agua Fria and 
 Turkey mountains close in the view. Owing 
 to the high light the scene changes with every 
 passing cloud. 
 
 The valley in the immediate vicinity of the 
 present town of Watrous was known in the 
 early days as La Junta de los Rios (the junc- 
 tion of the rivers), and was settled in the year 
 1843 by thirty men, among whom was an En- 
 glishman by the name of Bonney. Difficul- 
 ties in making a proper dam and ditch, and the 
 continual fear of an attack by the Indians, 
 caused all the Mexicans to leave the same 
 year, Bonney only remaining, who lost his life 
 a few years afterward at the hands of the red 
 savages, when he was in search of his cattle in 
 Turkey mountains. 
 
 That region afterward became part of the 
 reservation of Fort Union, a military post of 
 the United States Government. After this the 
 tract of land was given by Governor Armijo to 
 Scolly and others, on the strength of the first 
 settlers not having complied with the laws of 
 colonization, and an attempt was made to set- 
 tle this tract of land, which, however, was in- 
 terrupted by an invasion of the Texans. 
 Another petition for the same land was subse- 
 quently made by Scolly and his associates, 
 which was granted by the governor, and efforts 
 in earnest were made to bring the fertile valley 
 under cultivation. S. B. Watrous, Alexander 
 Barclay and J. B. Doyle were the leaders in 
 this enterprise. Mr. Watrous came out in the 
 year 1835, had lived in Abiquiu, New Mexico, 
 
 and afterward settled at the Plaoers (alluvial 
 gold diggings), about twenty-five miles south 
 of Santa Fe, where he had a store, exchanging 
 his goods for gold dust. In 1848 or 1849 he 
 moved to the valley of the Junta de los Rios, 
 and engaged in farming and stock-raising. 
 Barclay and Doyle, above mentioned, both 
 came, in 1848, from what is now known as 
 Colorado. They had been Indian traders on 
 both sides of the Arkansas river and north- 
 ward as far as the North Platte. Mr. Wat- 
 rous made such improvements as were neces- 
 sary to carry on his farm. He was a very in- 
 telligent man, but confined himself to the mak- 
 ing of such improvements only as were neces- 
 sary to his agricultural and pastoral pursuits. 
 Barclay and Doyle built an adobe fort, a 
 square acre in extent, with walls sixteen feet 
 high, two bastions, with a six-pounder gun in 
 each bastion, and iron port-holes, at a total 
 cost of $28,000; but these gentlemen followed 
 the same pursuits as did Mr. Watrous. Bar- 
 clay was an Englishmen, rather eccentric; 
 Doyle was an American; both were well edu- 
 cated, Barclay particularly; and the latter was 
 also an amateur painter. Some of his pictures 
 are still in the possession of Mr. William 
 Kronig, of Watrous. The fort was built in 
 hopes of continuing trade with the Indians 
 and mountaineers; but as the price of beaver 
 went down to almost nothing, and buffalo 
 robes became much reduced in market price, the 
 great cost of the castle was almost an entire 
 loss, serving only as a protection against 
 the Indians. Barclay died in the winter of 
 1855, and Mr. Kronig purchased the fort and 
 land in February, 1856, from the surviving 
 partner, Mr. Doyle, and resided there until 
 1868, when he erected a house for himself at 
 a more suitable place. The depression of forty 
 acres in front of his house he has utilized as a 
 reservoir of water, which is owned by the 
 Phoenix Ranch & Farming Company. Doyle 
 moved to Colorado when the gold excitement 
 broke out, bought a piece of land on the 
 Huerfano river, improved it, and finally died 
 in Denver. 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 223 
 
 Fort Union was built in 1849; and as many 
 troops were kept there it afforded a fine 
 market for all the produce raised in the valley 
 up to the time it was abandoned. The troubles 
 in early days were many. The last raid was 
 made in 1862, when the Apache Indians took 
 sixty or eighty head of horses and mules with- 
 in a half mile of Mr. Watrous' house; and 
 although pursuit was made by citizens and 
 soldiers not even a hoof was recovered! 
 
 When the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe 
 Railroad reached this valley a proposition was 
 made by the managers of the railroad to locate 
 a town in the valley, which was accepted, and 
 the town baptized in honor of one of our old- 
 est settlers, "Watrous." 
 
 Although the valley is more fertile and ex- 
 tensive than the surrounding agricultural 
 country of Las Vegas, it has not grown in pro- 
 portion to its merits, not on account of the lo- 
 cation but rather on account of mismanage- 
 ment of the owners of the town site. At 
 present the town of Watrous supplies the 
 vicinity with everything necessary, luxuries to 
 a great extent included; and under better 
 management it might be a rival of Las Vegas. 
 
 FOLSOM. 
 
 This young village, on a branch of the 
 Union Pacific Railroad, nestles in a beautiful 
 section of the romantic Cimarron, at an alti- 
 tude of 6,410 feet above sea-level, near the 
 Cerro Grande mountain, which towers up 12,- 
 ooo feet above the timber line! Of this range 
 the Capulin mountain has once been volcanic, 
 and the crater can still be entered to a depth 
 of 500 feet. Cerro Blanco, raising its lofty 
 head near by, has even on its surface, gold 
 assaying $6.40 to the ton. Emory Peak to 
 the east, and Robinson's Peak to the west, 
 are other conspicuous points. 
 
 The scenery, climate and water are all mag- 
 nificent in and around Folsom. The water is 
 obtained at the village at a depth of fifteen to 
 thirty feet. Capulin Hotel has springs of 
 medicinal water, magnesian, sulphur and 
 other kinds. These springs are so important 
 
 that even the newspaper published there is 
 named the Folsom Springs Home, Farm and 
 Herd Round-up. This name also signifies 
 that the vicinity is a first-class grazing section. 
 The site of the village is level, 'inclining a little 
 to the east, which lends it a most poetic as- 
 pect. It takes a curve as it faces the moun- 
 tain buttes that cluster among the foothills 
 and gather toward the north, where the moun- 
 tains rise in majestic succession, sweeping to 
 the west, each towering above the other as 
 distance lends to view and rendering the nearer 
 a background, as each on each arise. The 
 railway curves around from the northeast by 
 the south side terraces of rocks, passing to the 
 west end of the town and enters the foothills 
 with a grand piece of engineering, then sweeps 
 along the mesas valley to the Alps, a station of 
 that name honoring the view. It is not second 
 to that famous region of the old world, and is 
 grand beyond conception. To the town are 
 the evergreen mountains, a fruit farm interven- 
 ing, contrasting grandly with the vernal cotton- 
 woods that line the banks of the river that 
 hide its limpid waters far beneath the sand. 
 On the south are the terraced rocks, studded 
 with annual leaf and scraggy oaks, a barrier 
 to the summer's sultry wind, a spot where 
 'i will love to sit or wander, or climb the 
 
 *" r* 
 
 rugged steppes to the top, and look upon the 
 panorama far beyond. 
 
 But part way in these steppes you pass 
 a nestling cave, marked by the rock which 
 crowns the pile. It may be a " Robbers' 
 Cave," "Cave of the Winds," with open 
 portals to the north, but certainly it has been 
 a "Cave of Refuge" to traveling voyagers 
 outdoor in the recent cold, and glowing, ruddy 
 fires therefrom have shed light out to the town. 
 
 CLAYTON. 
 
 The town of Clayton is located on the Un- 
 ion Pacific, Denver & Gulf Railroad, 127 miles 
 south of the city of Trinidad, in Union county, 
 New Mexico. The city was started in 1889, 
 when the track of the railroad was laid. John 
 W. Evans, the postmaster, has been a resident 
 
224 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 there since 1887, two years before the town 
 was started. The original owners of the town 
 site were Messrs. Thomas S. Holland, William 
 Harrison, Stephen Dorsey, John C. Hill and 
 C. M. Perin. The tract consisted of 680 
 acres, and the town was named in honor of 
 Mr. Dorsey's son, Clayton. During the first 
 year Mr. Dorsey erected the Clayton Hotel 
 and the livery stable; H. E. Byler erected a 
 store building; and the firm of Fox Brothers, 
 Bushnell & Company embarked in the mercan- 
 tile business. Since that time the town has 
 had a steady and continuous growth, and now 
 contains about 550 inhabitants. In 1894 a 
 fine brick schoolhouse, costing $9,000, was 
 built, and in the same year the courthouse was 
 erected, at a cost of $19,000. Two hundred 
 and fifty thousand herd of cattle and 2,000,000 
 pounds of wool have been shipped from the 
 town in a single season, and the stock growers 
 procure their supplies here. 
 
 Clayton contains two large general mer- 
 chandise stores, managed on a liberal business 
 basis. One of them grew out of the Fox 
 Brothers, Bushnell & Company, which is now 
 known as the Clayton Commercial Company, 
 and the other is the Cone & Durand Company. 
 The town has other smaller establishments and 
 all the business enterprises usually found in.'. 
 live town of its size. Its water supply is ob- 
 tained from two wells, 127 feet deep, and dug 
 out of solid rock. The water is pumped into 
 a tank, which gives a pressure sufficient for fire 
 purposes. The business men and citizens of 
 the town are enterprising, progressive and re- 
 liable. 
 
 SILVER CITY. 
 
 This enterprising village nestles in a beau- 
 tiful valley at the terminus of the Silver City, 
 Deming & Pacific Railroad, a short branch of 
 the Southern Pacific system, and is the county 
 seat of Grant county, in the southwestern por- 
 tion of the Territory. Being on the great 
 "Continental Divide," the streams in the vi- 
 cinity " run away from it " in every direction, 
 rendering the locality a particularly dry one. 
 
 The close proximity of the mountains all around 
 also shelter the town from wind. 
 
 The city is built upon an elevated plateau, 
 6,000 feet above sea-level, which is at the 
 same time a depression, with ridges a few hun- 
 dred feet in height immediately surrounding, 
 while a few miles farther back are mountains 
 several thousand feet in height. Thus while 
 protected, it is not deprived of sunlight, from 
 the earliest ray in the morning till the latest at 
 night, by over-topping mountains. 
 
 Only twenty-two days in ten years did the 
 thermometer rise above ninety degrees, and 
 only six days below ten degrees above zero. 
 The mean temperature for July is seventy-two 
 and a half, and for January thirty-seven; rain- 
 fall, about fifteen inches annually. For the 
 entire year Silver City averages 334 days of 
 sunshine. The air is peculiarly clear in this 
 valley, permitting the free transmission of the 
 sun's rays to a degree beyond almost any lo- 
 cality in the United States. Invalids whose 
 surface circulation is not permanently feeble 
 find the air here marvelously "bracing" and 
 invigorating. However, invalids in their haste 
 often come by rail to this point and expect im- 
 mediate relief, when the change from their old 
 environment is too great and sudden: they 
 must become adapted gradually. We all know, 
 for illustration, that sunlight is normal for 
 grass; but if the grass has been rendered white 
 by a board lying over it a sudden exposure to 
 sunlight will kill it. 
 
 Silver City is a modern American town with 
 a Mexican quarter; many New Mexico towns 
 are Mexican towns with an American quarter; 
 it also has a Chinese town, and by the way, a 
 most useful adjunct. The city is built almost 
 entirely of brick which are made on the spot, 
 and are very cheap. Many of the buildings 
 are a surprise to one who has imagined Silver 
 City merely a mountain mining camp. The 
 streets have not been improved as yet, though 
 a thorough system of street improvement is 
 contemplated in the near future. 
 
 The entire city is supplied with pure and 
 wholesome water obtained from wells in the 
 
C 
 
 3*1 
 
 . , 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 225 
 
 valley far above the town and raised to a res- 
 ervoir upon an eminence sufficient to throw 
 a stream far above any building in the city. 
 
 For the homeseeker, and every consumptive 
 should be a homeseeker in some favorable cli- 
 mate rather than a mere healthseeker, the re- 
 sources of this section are varied. 
 
 The mountains everywhere about Silver 
 City are full of gold and silver and other val- 
 uable minerals. The plains and valleys sup- 
 port thousands of cattle, and the country is 
 possessed of much interest to the homeseeker 
 besides climate. Thousands of invalids could 
 find health and at least a living in the cultiva- 
 tion of small tracts of land in any of the rich 
 valleys near Silver City where water enough 
 can be pumped to irrigate small areas of vege- 
 tables and fruits which grow in greatest lux- 
 uriance with a little water at the right time. 
 While this could be done on a small scale and 
 furnish homes for many, yet there is no dan- 
 ger of a sufficient area ever being available, or 
 supplied with sufficient water to materially 
 affect the humidity or essential qualities of the 
 climate as a health resort, as is possible in 
 those sections which are capable of extensive 
 irrigation. 
 
 For the homeseeker with a family there are 
 good educational advantages. The city schools 
 are run upon a high standard of excellence and 
 the Normal school, a Territorial institution, 
 offers the best of advanced courses for those 
 desiring to fit for teaching or college. 
 
 WHITE OAKS 
 
 is pleasantly situated just within the foothills 
 of the Carrizo mountains on a natural site for 
 a large and thriving town, 6, 500 feet above sea 
 level, and surrounded by picturesque scenery. 
 
 It is on the great divide between the Rio 
 Grande and the Rio Pecos, 500 miles south of 
 Denver, 157 miles north of El Paso and 80 to 
 100 miles east of the Rio Grande valley. So- 
 ciety here is as good as anywhere in the United 
 States. 
 
 In 1879 an adventurous prospector named 
 Charles Baxter discovered gold in a gulch just 
 
 1O 
 
 to the west of the present site of the town. 
 Water with which to wash the dirt was carried 
 from White Oak Springs, a distance of nearly 
 three miles. The diggings proved exceedingly 
 rich, and their fame speedily spread and at- 
 tracted a large number of miners. Baxter, 
 after whom the mountains were named where 
 the gold was found, was subsequently, in 1885, 
 killed by the Apache Indians. 
 
 During the existence of the excitement, a 
 man named George Wilson began prospecting 
 on the mountain side above the gulch and dis- 
 covered and located a vein of rich gold quartz, 
 which was called the Homestake. He was a 
 worthless fellow, with the roving disposition of 
 a tramp, and at once sold his claim to one 
 Jack Winters for $38 in gold dust, two silver 
 dollars and a revolver, and disappeared from 
 the camp and has never since been seen here. 
 
 Other discoveries followed, and the repu- 
 utation of White Oaks as a permanent gold- 
 producing camp was established. With the 
 development of these claims the town has 
 grown, slowly, because of its great distance 
 from a railroad, but surely, because of the 
 many resources which are now awaiting de- 
 velopment. 
 
 The first permanent settlement took place 
 here in 1880, but the great discoveries made 
 in this vicinity have but recently occurred and 
 the town now is "on the boom." Gold, silver, 
 copper, lead, iron, marble, coal and other 
 minerals have been found, some of these in 
 great quantities, with a prospect that they will 
 all be found abundant. Most of these are of 
 the finest quality. The marble consists of 
 the white, black and mottled varieties, and is 
 pronounced even superior to the Vermont 
 marble. 
 
 WAGON MOUND. 
 
 This village, with a population of 250 Mexi- 
 cans and fifty Americans, is situated at an ele- 
 vation of 6,OOO feet above sea level, in a small, 
 beautiful valley between two mounds named 
 Wagon and Santa Clara, both about 700 feet 
 above the track of the railroad. The former 
 
226 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 takes its name from a rock upon it which at a 
 certain angle presents the figure of an old-fash- 
 ioned "prairie schooner" with one of the mid- 
 dle bows broken, or a wagon and team with a 
 load of hay sagging in the middle. In fact, 
 there are three mounds of the same height, 
 which have the appearance of wagons strung 
 out on the prairie. So far as we read in his- 
 tory, these mounds were first noticed by Colonel 
 Thomas Boggs in the '403, who carried dis- 
 patches from Santa Fe to Independence, 
 Missouri. 
 
 Wagon Mound has been the scene of a 
 number of Indian fights, or rather massacres, 
 kidnapping, etc., the latter crime committed 
 by them in order to obtain slaves as herdsmen, 
 etc. In 1853 a stage-coach, passing through, 
 was taken by the Indians, and the whites tor- 
 tured in a most indescribably cruel manner 
 and killed. 
 
 The Santa Fe Railroad was built through 
 this point in June, 1879; and previous to the 
 time the place was called Santa Clara by the 
 Mexicans. This little valley is a picturesque 
 corner of the world. The rural environment 
 is rough and rugged, but the roads are excel- 
 lent, and there is water sufficient for stock, 
 though not enough for irrigation. Excellent 
 water for domestic use is found from six to 
 thirty feet below the surface along the old San- 
 ta Fe trail. 
 
 Coal veins ten feet thick have been found 
 at a depth of 100 feet. The mounds and hills 
 are of lava, which the geologists say came from 
 the Ocate crater twenty miles distant. Mine 
 prospecting has been done to some extent 
 within the last few years, but gold has not 
 been found in paying quantities. There is here 
 a good wool market, there being 300,000 to 
 500,000 sheep kept on range in the vicinity 
 during the summer. The annual shipments of 
 wool amount to about 1,500,000 pounds. 
 
 The village of Wagon Mound has three 
 stores and three saloons and a good adobe ho- 
 tel, the Wagon Mound House, conducted by 
 W. H. Willcox, an old-timer whose biograph- 
 ical sketch we are glad to give in this volume. 
 
 About 1 846 a large section of land in this 
 vicinity was given to Gervais Nolan and others 
 for the purpose of colonization by the Mexican 
 Government, but the United States never took 
 any action upon the matter. The settlers be- 
 gan arriving on the land in 1880; but as the 
 grant was not considered valid lawsuits were 
 instituted by the heirs of Nolan, etc. ; finally, 
 however, during President Cleveland's first 
 term, and about the commencement of the cat- 
 tle boom it was thrown open to settlement; but 
 the boom soon met with disaster, on account 
 of a hard winter, dry summer, etc. 
 
 >-j*OSEPH WORKMAN DWYER, of Ra- 
 
 J ton, Colfax county, New Mexico, settled 
 A j on the Una de Gato Ranch in 1877, 
 where he was very largely interested in 
 the breeding and raising of cattle, sheep and 
 horses, and was the owner and manager of large 
 landed and stock interests. 
 
 He was born at Coshocton, Ohio, October 
 6, 1832. His father, Thomas Dwyer, was 
 born in Montgomery county, Maryland, in 
 1802, but when two years of age emigrated 
 with his mother's family to Ohio, his father 
 having died a year previously. They were of 
 the old Irish Catholic stock that made the first 
 Maryland settlement. Joseph's mother, nee 
 Nancy Workman, was born near Cumberland, 
 Maryland, in 1809. She, with her family, 
 they being of the Dunkard sect of religion, 
 moved with a colony to Ohio in 1811. Thomas 
 Dwyer and Nancy Workman were married in 
 1827. He died at the age of eighty-two years, 
 and she died at the age of seventy-four years. 
 Joseph W. Dwyer, the subject of this 
 sketch, worked on a farm until fifteen years of 
 age, and up to that time he had had the ad- 
 vantages only of the winter schools, as he 
 never attended a school during the summer 
 months. He was a clerk for a time in a dry- 
 goods store, afterward entering the printing- 
 office of Joseph Medill, now the editor of the 
 Chicago Tribune, to learn the printer's trade, 
 this being the first newspaper venture of this 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 227 
 
 now celebrated man. It was a small country 
 weekly paper, published at Coshocton, a Whig 
 in politics. After Mr. Medill moved to Cleve- 
 land, Ohio, to start the Daily Forest City, 
 young Dwyer returned to the dry-goods busi- 
 ness, as a merchant on his own account. He 
 subsequently purchased Medill's old newspaper 
 at Coshocton, and conducted the same as edi- 
 tor and proprietor for ten years. After Presi- 
 dent Lincoln's inauguration he appointed Mr. 
 Dwyer Postmaster of that city, but before en- 
 tering upon the duties of that office the latter 
 was summoned to Washington by Salmon P. 
 Chase, Secretary of the Treasury, in whose 
 office he acted as assistant to Secretary Chase's 
 private secretary. After several months of 
 such service Mr. Dwyer was promoted to the 
 position of Chief of the Commissary Division 
 of the Treasury Department, where, in control 
 of sixty clerks, he audited all the accounts of 
 commissaries of the army during the rebel - 
 lion, or until September, 1864, when he was 
 appointed by President Lincoln United States 
 Pension Agent at Columbus, Ohio, a new dis- 
 trict. He served as Pension Agent until 1869. 
 Mr. Dwyer has letters from all his superior 
 officers, stating that he had disbursed over 
 $2,000,000 and accounted for every dollar of 
 it. As a United States Pension Agent he was 
 obliged to give bonds of $i, 000,000. 
 
 After President Grant's inauguration Mr. 
 Dwyer was transferred to the Commissioner of 
 Internal Revenue office at Washington, where 
 he was placed in charge as Chief of Super- 
 visors of Internal Revenue. His principal 
 duties were to look after and direct all their 
 operations, and make frequent visits to their 
 districts. At his own request he was relieved 
 from that position and assigned to the district 
 composed of Northern Ohio and the State of 
 Indiana, resigning the latter office to take 
 charge of the Washington business of the At- 
 lantic & Pacific Railroad Company in 1871. 
 His principal object was to promote the open- 
 ing of what has since been known as the Okla- 
 homa territory. The railroad company had a 
 large land subsidy in that country, contingent 
 
 on the extinguishment of the Indian title. 
 They had urged Congress for many years to 
 open up this country to settlement, so that 
 when a railroad was completed through it 
 it would have traffic patronage for its. support, 
 as well as to get the lands due as subsidies for 
 its building. The bill passed the House at one 
 time, but could not be passed in the Senate. 
 At another session it passed the Senate, but 
 could not be passed in the House. Mr. Dwyer 
 conceived the project of taking all the members 
 of Congress to that country, and there demon- 
 strate to them what a magnificent country was 
 lying idle and in the control of the Indians, 
 who were making such use of it as only such a 
 population is in the habit of doing. He was 
 able to demonstrate to them that these lands 
 could be sold for the benefit of the Indians, and 
 would make them the richest people on the 
 face of the earth. After several visits and con- 
 sultations with the Chamber of Commerce and 
 the principal business men of St. Louis, it was 
 determined by the St. Louis people that Sena- 
 tors and members of Congress should be in- 
 vited to attend a convention in that city for 
 the purpose of discussing cheap water-ways to 
 the Gulf of Mexico, as well as to celebrate the 
 opening of through travel by rail from St. 
 Louis to Galveston. They were requested to 
 answer direct to Mr. Dwyer at Washington, if 
 the invitation was accepted. About 250 Sen- 
 ators and members accepted, and met^at St. 
 Louis, from there making the trip not only to 
 Galveston, but also to New Orleans. Nothing 
 came of the efforts to open the country to set- 
 tlement, at that time, but the Eads jetties 
 were built, as a result of the examination of 
 the river from New Orleans to the Gulf i made 
 by the Congressmen, when Captain Eads, who 
 accompanied the excursion, was able to dem- 
 onstrate the feasibility of the scheme to deepen 
 the channel by the construction of the jetties. 
 After the failure to open the Oklahoma 
 country at this time, we next find Mr. Dwyer 
 as a member of a commission appointed by 
 President Grant to examine the Central Pacific 
 Railroad and all its branches from Ogden to 
 
228 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 San Francisco. Connected with him in this 
 commission was Captain Brown, of the navy, 
 and Eugene Sullivan, a banker of San Fran- 
 cisco. They traveled over the entire system by 
 daylight, examining bridges, culverts and each 
 and every mile of track, so that they were en- 
 abled to report to the President that the com- 
 pany had fully complied with all the require- 
 ments, and had fully earned the subsidies of 
 bonds and lands voted them by Congress. 
 During his official service with Secretary 
 Chase, as Chief of Commissary Accounts, as 
 agent for the railroad companies and while on 
 several special and confidential missions, Mr. 
 Dwyer was thrown with and had acquaintance 
 and correspondence with the public men of 
 that day. He has probably the largest bound 
 collection in existence of autographic letters 
 from public men addressed to himself, enough 
 to keep a good reader industriously at work 
 an entire day in perusing them. Among them 
 is a letter from Secretary of State Fish, which 
 he prizes most, commending him for investi- 
 gating and making reports regarding the fishers' 
 dispute between this country, England and 
 Canada. He was a frequent confidential mes- 
 senger between Secretary Chase and President 
 Lincoln while in the Secretary's office. 
 
 Mr. Dwyer left the public service in 1875, 
 returning to his birthplace, Coshocton, Ohio, 
 to look after his landed and manufacturing in- 
 terests there. He sold his possessions in 1877, 
 and invested in ranches in New Mexico. His 
 ranch on the Una de Gato river is one of the 
 best known in the Territory of New Mexico. 
 During the time he was engaged in the stock 
 business, when he was managing 12,000 sheep, 
 27,000 head of cattle and 1,000 horses, he 
 found time to engage in politics. Always a 
 Republican, he attended the first township, 
 county and State convention of that party in 
 Ohio, and aided in organizing and crystallizing 
 all the anti-slavery elements into one aggres- 
 sive party. At the first State convention in 
 Ohio, he met at Columbus for the first time, 
 as young men who were just entering the po- 
 litical field, such men as John Sherman, James 
 
 A. Garfield, Rutherford B. Hayes, General 
 Charles Grosvenor, .etc. , with whom he always 
 retained an intimate friendship. For several 
 years he was a member of the State Republi- 
 can Committee of Ohio, and was also a chair- 
 man of the executive campaign committee. 
 He has attended every national Republican 
 convention since 1866 but two, and attended 
 the inauguration of every Republican President 
 except Garfield. In the campaign of 1886 he 
 received the unanimous nomination of the Re- 
 publican party of New Mexico as a candidate 
 for delegate to Congress, but was defeated,- the 
 Territory being Democratic. He has also 
 acted for many years as a member of the Re- 
 publican Territorial Committee and for a time 
 as its chairman. Mr. Dwyer has served as a 
 member of the Board of County Commis- 
 sioners of Colfax county, as president of 
 the Board of Penitentiary Directors of the 
 Territory, president of the Northern New 
 Mexico Stock Association, president of the 
 Territorial Stock Association, and was recently 
 elected Mayor of the town ot Raton, where he 
 had removed from his ranch, twelve miles dis- 
 tant, in 1893. For many years while residing 
 on his ranch his nearest neighbor was six 
 miles distant, but he was never lonesome, his 
 friends and his books preventing him from be- 
 ing so. Mr. Dwyer is not now engaged in 
 business, having disposed of his stock interests, 
 including among others the largest and finest 
 herd of padigreed Jersey cattle in the West- 
 ern country. He has done much in introduc- 
 ing fine stock in the Territory. He is now 
 largely interested in town property in Raton, 
 and has an addition to the town called the 
 Boulevard. A part of this addition is a beau- 
 tiful park, so elevated as to command one of 
 the prettiest and most picturesque views in 
 the mountain range. 
 
 October 21, 1858, Mr. Dwyer was united 
 in marriage with Emma A. Titus, a daughter 
 of John G. and Emma (Deuman) Titus, na- 
 tives of New York. Of their three children, 
 one son, David G., is the only one now living. 
 He was born April 4, 1867, and is unmarried. 
 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 229 
 
 Mr. Dwyer has never belonged to but one se- 
 cret society. He is a thirty-second degree 
 Scottish-rite Mason. He was made a Master 
 Mason at Coshocton in 1853 and a Sir Knight 
 in Cypress Commandery, Zanesville, Ohio, in 
 1857. He is the oldest Master Mason and Sir 
 Knight in New Mexico. He is also a charter 
 member of the blue lodge, Royal Arch chapter 
 and the cornmandery of Raton, New Mexico. 
 
 <>^VROFESSOR CHARLES E. HOD- 
 
 1 m GIN, Superintendent of the City 
 Schools of Albuquerque since their or- 
 ganization in 1891, was born in In- 
 diana, August 21, 1858, of English and Welsh 
 descent. His ancestors were early settlers of 
 the South. His parents were residents of 
 North Carolina, were farmers by occupation, 
 and were Quakers in their religious faith. The 
 father, Tilnias Hodgin, was born in 1817, was 
 educated in his native State, but from his 
 youth loathed the institution of slavery, and 
 did everything in his power to alleviate the 
 suffering of the oppressed. On account of his 
 opposition to slavery he moved to Indiana, in 
 1837, where he became one of the pioneer 
 fanners. He married Miss Rachel Hinshaw, 
 born in a county adjoining that of her husband 
 in North Carolina, and they had eleven chil- 
 dren, five of whom are now living. Tilnias 
 Hodgin died in 1885, and his wife several years 
 previous to that time. 
 
 Professor Hodgin, their tenth child in order 
 of birth, received his education in the public 
 schools and in the State Normal School of In- 
 diana, graduating in 1881. He taught three 
 years in the village schools of Trafalgar, John- 
 son county, and was two years Secretary of 
 the Richmond Normal, teaching special 
 branches. In 1884 Mr. Hodgin left Indiana 
 and spent seven months in North Carolina. 
 He had been married in 1883 to Miss Sarah 
 Overman, of Indiana, they being graduates of 
 the same class in the State Normal. In 1885, 
 on account of the ill health of his wife, he 
 came to Albuquerque, New Mexico; but she 
 
 died in 1891. During his first year in this city 
 Professor Hodgin taught the Highland school, 
 for the following year was a teacher in the in- 
 termediate department of the Albuquerque 
 Academy, and was then principal of that insti- 
 tution for four years. At the organization of 
 the city schools in 1891, he was elected their 
 Superintendent, a position which he has since 
 constantly and efficiently filled. He has wit- 
 nessed the growth and development of the city, 
 having been an active factor in the great prog- 
 ress made in the public schools of the city, and 
 has taken a deep interest in all educational 
 matters of the Territory. Professor Hodgin 
 was one of the organizers of the Educational 
 Association of the Territory, in 1886, and served 
 as president two different years; was a delegate 
 to the National Association held in San Fran- 
 cisco, of which he was elected sixth vice-pres- 
 ident. 
 
 In 1 893 the Professor was united in marriage 
 with Miss Mary E. Brooks, of Indianapolis, 
 Indiana. They have a delightful and happy 
 home in Albuquerque. Both he and his wife 
 are Congregationalists, and are active and use- 
 ful members in the church. During his con- 
 nection with the city schools Professor Hodgin 
 has endeared himself to the citizens of Albu- 
 querque, and most fortunate has this city been 
 in securing a man of his talent and high moral 
 worth to take charge of her educational inter- 
 ests and press them to the success already 
 attained. 
 
 <>^VLACIDUS LOUIS CHAPELLE, 
 
 IL m Archbishop of the diocese of Santa Fe, 
 is a native of France, his birth having 
 occurred at Mende, in the department 
 of Lozere, on the 28th of August, 1842. He 
 descended from a French family of land-own- 
 ers, which also numbered many members who 
 found entrance into professional life, especially 
 the ministry. They belonged to the higher mid- 
 dle class of that country and were very promi- 
 nent in the church. An uncle of Archbishop 
 Chapelle was sent on a special mission by the 
 
330 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Holy See to Hayti, where he succeeded in ne- 
 gotiating a concordat between the republic and 
 the Holy See in the year 1861. 
 
 Archbishop Chapelle pursued a classical 
 course of study in his native town and after- 
 ward attended the College of Enghien, in Bel- 
 gium. In 1859, in company with his uncle be- 
 fore mentioned, he came to America and in St. 
 Mary's Seminary of Baltimore, Maryland, he 
 pursued his philosophical and theological 
 course, which he completed in 1863. He was 
 then too young to be ordained, so he began 
 teaching the classics in St. Charles' College, 
 Maryland, where he continued for two years. 
 On the 29th of June, 1865, he was ordained for 
 the priesthood by the Most Rev. M. J. Spalding, 
 Archbishop of Baltimore, and through the suc- 
 ceeding five years was engaged in missionary 
 work in Montgomery county, Maryland. In 
 1868, after due examination, he received from 
 St. Mary's University the title of Doctor of 
 Divinity, and in 1869 he accompanied Arch- 
 bishop Spalding to the Vatican Council as his 
 secretary. In 1870 he was appointed to take 
 charge of St. Joseph's Church, of Baltimore, 
 and continued as pastor of that church until 
 1882, at which time he was made rector of St. 
 Matthew's Church in Washington, D. C. , one 
 of the most important churches of his denomi- 
 nation in the country. While he was serving 
 there, among the communicants of his church 
 were General Sheridan, General Rosecrans, 
 the family of General Sherman, General Vin- 
 cent and many others of high standing. 
 
 In 1891 Archbishop Chapelle was appointed 
 coadjutor of the venerable Archbishop Sal- 
 pointe, of Santa Fe, who resigned on account of 
 old age and infirmity in January, 1 894, at which 
 time he was succeeded by the gentleman whose 
 name heads this review. He is now discharg- 
 ing the duties of his high and responsible office, 
 and the work in his diocese is progressing at a 
 rapid rate. Archbishop Chapelle was one of 
 the seven theologians to prepare the work for 
 the Plenary Council held in Baltimore in 1884, 
 and for several years he was vice-president of 
 the Catholic Indian Bureau, and has taken a 
 
 deep interest in the moral as well as material 
 welfare of that race to whom the people of the 
 United States owe so much ; indeed, since he 
 was called to his holy work in New Mexico it 
 has been his chief desire to use his best en- 
 deavors for the benefit of all the races that re- 
 side within the bounds of the Territory. 
 
 Archbishop Chapelle is the owner of a fine 
 library of rare and valuable works. He is 
 genial and social in character, and, notwith- 
 standing his exalted position, is as approach- 
 able as a little child. He is a fluent, earnest 
 and eloquent speaker, and as a church digni- 
 tary has a very wide acquaintance throughout 
 the United States and enjoys the love and es- 
 teem of all who know him. His ripe scholar- 
 ship and broad general information and his de- 
 votion to his work well fit him for his holy call- 
 ing, and Archbishop Chapelle is recognized as 
 a power in the Catholic community. 
 
 VERY REV. JAMES H. DEFOURI, 
 pastor of the Church of Our Lady of 
 Sorrows, Catholic, at Las Vegas, is a 
 native of Savoy, France, born at the 
 villa of La Palud, in the parish of St. Jean de la 
 Porte, on the 29th of August, 1 830. At the age of 
 two years he was adopted by the young Count 
 Hyppolite de Chambost, who was then a 
 widower and childless. 
 
 Young James was first taught at home by 
 clergymen, and when nine years of age, was 
 sent by his adopted father to the College of St. 
 Pierre d'Albigny, a beautiful place in that 
 grand valley of the Yser, which extends as far 
 as Valence in France. At sixteen the young 
 student was sent to the seminary of Chambery, 
 where he completed his philosophical and theo- 
 logical courses. In 1853, while a deacon, the 
 young Levite was sent to teach a class at the 
 College of Pont de Beauvoisin, on the bound- 
 ary of France, and on the 23d of December, 
 1854, he was ordained priest by the Most Rev. 
 Archbishop Alexis Billiet, who soon after- 
 ward was created cardinal. 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 231 
 
 In the meantime the desire of engaging in 
 mission work was becoming stronger in the 
 mind of the young priest, while he was em- 
 ployed in teaching. At length, in 1856, he 
 obtained from the good cardinal permission to 
 leave the diocese of Chambery, and he was 
 appointed to the Vicariate "East of the Rocky 
 Mountains," whose bishop, as apostolic vicar, 
 was the Rt. Rev. J. B. Miege, S. J., also from 
 Savoy. The jurisdiction of Bishop Miege ex- 
 tended over what is now Indian Territory, 
 Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wy- 
 oming and the two Dakotas. In this vast field 
 Father Defouri was an indefatigable laborer for 
 years. There were very few priests in this 
 vast diocese. 
 
 May i, 1862, Father Defouri was sent to 
 Topeka, where, in the midst of poverty and 
 innumerable difficulties, and even in the midst 
 of war and bloodshed, he remained until 1875, 
 faithful at his post, when he was recalled to 
 Leavenworth. In 1864, however, by order of 
 Bishop Miege, he spent sixteen months in 
 Europe, as Vicar General, on duties of the 
 church. The bishop, having chosen the Rt. 
 Rev. L. M. Fink, O. S. B., fora coadjutor, 
 soon after resigned and left the diocese to 
 Bishop Fink. In 1875 the latter created 
 Father Defouri Vicar General, and he re- 
 mained there till 1880. In the meantime he 
 paid a large portion of the debt which was in- 
 cumbent on the cathedral, attended to parish 
 duties, and also to his diocesan responsibili- 
 ties. 
 
 His attention being called to the subject of 
 immigration, he contributed articles to the 
 public press, newspapers and magazines, as 
 the Kansas Farmer, Kansas Magazine, Cath- 
 olic World, etc. When the last mentioned 
 periodical was started he was one of its regular 
 correspondents. 
 
 At length disease of the larnyx drove him 
 away from the rather damp atmosphere of 
 Kansas. Physicians ordered a change of cli- 
 mate, advising that of New Mexico, whither he 
 accordingly came. He was received with open 
 arms by the good Archbishop Lamy. Leav- 
 
 ing his charge at Leavenworth in September, 
 1880, he spent one year at the call of Bishop 
 Macheboeuf in Denver, and at the beginning 
 of August, 1 88 1, left Denver for Santa Fe, 
 having been appointed second Vicar General, 
 pastor of the American congregation of Sante 
 Fe, and private secretary to the archbishop. 
 Here his labors can be seen in the restoration 
 of the fine church edifice at Guadaloupe and the 
 planting of the beautiful trees there and the 
 establishment of many improvements. In- 
 deed, he made a fine church out of .nothing, 
 for old Guadaloupe, built probably in 1598, was 
 a ruin at the time of his coming to Santa Fe. 
 
 Besides attending to his pastoral duties Fath- 
 er Defouri has found time to write and publish a 
 Month of Mary in Spanish, with a beautiful in- 
 troduction by Archbishop Salpointe. He also 
 compiled and published the book entitled, "A 
 Historical Sketch of the Catholic Church in 
 New Mexico," also, "The Martyrs of New 
 Mexico," and is now engaged in translating the 
 History of the Apparition of the Holy Mary of 
 Guaduloupe into English for the multitude in 
 this country who are not familiar with the 
 Spanish tongue. We understand that he also 
 wrote for a French paper, a history of the Mor- 
 mons, published in Paris. 
 
 On the 5th of August Archbishop Chapelle 
 appointed Father Defouri pastor of the Church 
 of Our Lady of Sorrows at Las Vegas, and the 
 good father bade adieu to his flock at Guada- 
 loupe, having served fifteen years, " day for 
 day," in Santa Fe, where he is now at labor 
 and where we wish him full success. 
 
 He is a member of several scientific socie- 
 ties, and last year he was admitted a member 
 of the Historical Society of Kansas. We read 
 in the report of the meeting of the society held 
 January 17, 1893, the following: " The per- 
 sons whose names were presented at the meet- 
 ing of the board of directors in the afternoon 
 for nomination as members of the society were 
 unanimously elected, as follows: Honorary 
 members Rev. James H. Defouri, Santa Fe, 
 New Mexico; Hon. Charles Francis Adams, 
 Jr., Boston, Massachusetts; Rev. Dr. J. A, 
 
HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 Lippincott, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and 
 General Eugene A. Carr, Washington, District 
 of Columbia." 
 
 <>^V ICOLAS T. ARMIJO, deceased. - 
 m One of the most conspicuous- families 
 r in the aristocratic old Spanish regime 
 in New Mexico, and one whose name 
 is inseparably linked with the history of the 
 Territory is that of which the honored subject 
 of this raview was a prominent member. His 
 was a nobility of character and such were his 
 accomplishments in forwarding the develop- 
 ment of the Territory that there is most emi- 
 nent consistency in according him relative dis- 
 tinction in this volume. 
 
 A native son of New Mexico, Nicolas T. 
 Armijo was born in Los Gallegos, Bernalillo 
 county, on the 6th of December, 1835, be- 
 ing, as before stated, a descendant from one 
 of the oldest and most distinguished Spanish 
 families in the Territory. His father, Juan 
 Cristobal Armijo, was also a native of Berna- 
 lillo county, and was for many engaged in mer- 
 chandising, being successful in his efforts and 
 being known as a man of high honor, scrupu- 
 lous integrity and marked intellectuality. He 
 was a nephew of the celebrated General Armijo, 
 was a leader in politics and ever took an active 
 interest in all that pertained to the welfare of 
 the Territory. He attained distinction as an 
 Indian fighter, by reason of the fact that he 
 was wont to assume the leadership of the ex- 
 peditions organized by his countrymen to repel 
 or subdue the red men who made frequent 
 raids upon the ranches and villages and com- 
 mitted great depredations and ofttimes indis- 
 criminate slaughter of the Spanish settlers. At 
 the time of the late war of the Rebellion Juan 
 C. Armijo rendered stanch and active alle- 
 giance to the Union, raising a company of 
 militia and according valiant and effective serv- 
 ice. He lived to attain the age of seventy- 
 five years. His wife, w^Juana Maria Chavez, 
 traced her lineage back to the nobility of 
 Spain, representatives of the family having 
 
 c.ome to New Mexico at the time of the 
 Spanish conquest, and having been leaders in 
 the expedition. Their descendants have ever 
 been prominent in the history and affairs of 
 the Territory. 
 
 Mr. Nicolas T. Armijo, the immediate sub- 
 ject of this review, was the third of the nine 
 children born to Juan and Juana Armijo, the 
 latter of whom died at the age of seventy-eight 
 years. Our subject received his educational 
 discipline in the best institutions of old Mexico, 
 becoming an accomplished scholar, thoroughly 
 conversant with the Spanish, English, French, 
 German and Latin languages. He was a boy 
 at school in the city of Chihuahua at the time 
 the American army captured that strong- 
 hold in 1846. After he had attained to man's 
 estate he engaged in mercantile pursuits at 
 Chihuahua, Mexico, where he accumulated a 
 large amount of money. He however secured 
 and retained possession of a large amount of 
 valuable real estate in that section. He spent 
 three years in traveling in Europe, after which 
 he returned home, and when the new town of 
 Albuquerque was established he became inter- 
 ested in its development, operating in various 
 lines of business enterprise and securing much 
 valuable realty here. Among other enterprises 
 in which he was concerned was the operating 
 of the stage line between the new town and the 
 old Spanish town whose name it bore. He 
 platted two additions to the city, and as the 
 place increased in population and incidental 
 prosperity, he was enabled to profit largely 
 from his real-estate holdings and business en- 
 terprises, accumulating a very considerable 
 fortune and becoming one of the most substan- 
 tial capitalists in the city. Finally, however, 
 his health failed, and though every effort was 
 made to bring about his restoration, naught 
 could avail, and he passed into eternal life on 
 the 2oth of December, 1890. His loss was 
 felt most deeply, not alone by the bereaved 
 family, but by the people of the entire county, 
 throughout which he was known and honored 
 as a man of the highest refinement, delicate 
 sympathies and unswerving integrity. He 
 
 

 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 2 33 
 
 cared for his family with the deepest solicitude, 
 was ever kind and indulgent, and was a man 
 that in all the walks of life stood four square to 
 every wind that blew. His large estate, whose 
 estimated valuation was $500,000, was left to 
 his widow and children, the former having 
 been executor of the estate. 
 
 We now turn in more detail to the domes- 
 tic history of our subject. On the 2d of No- 
 vember, 1862, he was united in marriage to 
 Miss Barbara Chaves, who was born in Las 
 Padillas, in 1845, being a member of the illus- 
 trious Chaves family heretofore referred to, and 
 being, on the maternal side, a distant relative 
 of her husband. She was the daughter of 
 Jose Chaves. Mr. and Mrs. Armijo became 
 the parents of twelve children, six of whom are 
 living at the present time. We incorporate at 
 this point a brief record concerning the chil- 
 dren: Five died in childhood; Edward C. 
 passed away at the age of seventeen years; and 
 the survivors are Juan C. , Aurelia, Eloisa, 
 Manuela, Sophia and Nicolas T. 
 
 Prior to his death Mr. Armijo had become 
 possessed of a valuable lot, on the corner of 
 Railroad avenue and Second street, and after 
 his demise his widow erected at this point a 
 fine modern block, three stories in height and 
 loox 142 feet in dimensions, the same being 
 constructed of brown sand stone, and standing 
 as the most imposing and costly business block 
 in the city. To it Mrs. Armijo has most fit- 
 tingly given title in honor of her lamented hus- 
 band, the structure being known as the N. T. 
 Armijo Building. No more consistent monu- 
 ment could have been erected to the memory 
 of this able and honorable man, who had ever 
 maintained so lively an interest in the advance- 
 ment and upbuilding of the city of his home, 
 and who had been recognized as one of her 
 thoroughly representative business men. 
 
 The story of a good life is simply told, but 
 the lesson and incentive are to be read ' ' be- 
 tween the lines." True to every duty, inde- 
 fatigable in his efforts, successful in his busi- 
 ness affairs, and yet ever imbued with that 
 broad spirit of humanity which has recognition 
 
 of the rights of others and sympathy for their 
 sorrows, it is but due that this slight memorial 
 should here be granted to Nicolas T. Armijo. 
 
 ON. W. T. THORNTON, who occu- 
 pies the most exalted position in the 
 Territory of New Mexico, being its 
 present Governor, and stands equally 
 high in the esteem and confidence of the peo- 
 ple, was born in Calhoun, Henry county, 
 Missouri, on the Qth day of February, 1843. 
 His ancestors came from England to Virginia 
 among the early settlers of that colony and 
 settled upon large land grants received from 
 the British crown. They became prominent 
 in the early history of the Dominion, many of 
 them occupying important official positions, 
 prior to and during the war of the Revolution. 
 One of them was an Aid-de-Camp upon the 
 staff of General Washington; another, An- 
 thony Thornton, of Fredericksburg, held a 
 commission as Colonel in the Continental 
 army commanding the celebrated White Horse 
 Cavalry of Virginia. 
 
 After the close of the Revolution, many of 
 it members moved West and South, settling 
 in North Carolina, Alabama, Kentucky, Illi- 
 nois, Indiana, Ohio and Missouri, where they 
 have filled many places of trust throughout 
 the history of the country, and have been 
 prominent in the professions, both of law and 
 medicine. Among the most prominent mem- 
 bers of the family may be mentioned Hon. 
 William F. Thornton, late of Shelbyville, 
 Illinois; Judge Anthony Thornton, who was at 
 one time a member of the Supreme Court of 
 Illinois; Judge Harry Ennis Thornton, one of 
 the commissioners appointed by the President 
 to settle the Mexican land grants in the State 
 of California; and his son, Harry Ennis Thorn- 
 ton, Jr., who recently died in the city of San 
 Francisco. 
 
 The father of the Governor, Dr. W. T. 
 Thornton, was born near Chancellorsville, 
 in the State of Virginia, in 1805, and with his 
 parents moved to Kentucky in 1811, settling 
 
234 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 in Oldham county, where he was reared to 
 manhood. He was graduated at the Medical 
 College in Cincinnati, and began the practice 
 of his chosen profession in Jacksonville, Illi- 
 nois, in the year 1835. Later on he returned 
 to Kentucky, where he was married to Miss 
 Caroline V. Taylor, a daughter of Major Will- 
 iam Taylor, who won his title as a soldier in the 
 war of the Revolution; after his marriage he 
 returned to Jacksonville, where he resided until 
 the Major's death, in 1840, when he removed to 
 Missouri, settling at Thornton's Ferry upon 
 Grand river, from which place he moved to 
 the town of Calhoun in Henry county, where 
 he continued to reside until his death in 1875. 
 In politics, in early life he was a Whig; was a 
 warm friend and admirer of Henry Clay; was 
 a man of most generous impulses and high 
 principle, and commanded the respect of all 
 who knew him. 
 
 Dr. Thornton was the youngest of thirteen 
 children, having six brothers and six sisters, 
 whose descendants are scattered through nearly 
 all the States from Virginia to California. One 
 of his brothers, D. M. C. Thornton, was a 
 purser in the United States Navy; another son, 
 Dr. John Thornton, married a daughter of 
 President W. H. Harrison, and was a promi- 
 nent physician at Cleves, Ohio. 
 
 As stated above, the mother of Governor 
 Thornton was Miss Caroline V. Taylor, a 
 daughter of Major William Taylor, of Louis- 
 ville, Kentucky; and it will be thus seen that 
 the Governor comes of Revolutionary stock, 
 his ancestors on both sides having fought in 
 the Revolution. Major William Taylor, his 
 mother's father, was also one of seven 
 brothers, all of whom were officers in the 
 Continental army; two of them were killed in 
 battle, and a third died on board a prison ship 
 in Boston harbor. He has two aunts and an 
 uncle upon his mother's side, still living, all 
 of whom have reached a very advanced age, 
 the youngest being eighty-four, and the eldest 
 ninety years of age. They are among the 
 very few persons now surviving whose parents 
 fought in the war of the Revolution. 
 
 Governor Thornton is one of seven chil- 
 dren, three of whom are now deceased. Of 
 those living, the eldest is Judge Paul F. 
 Thornton, now of Austin, Texas, who is 
 president of the Thornton Banking Company 
 of Nevada, Missouri, which institution he 
 organized in 1 869. The other surviving chil- 
 dren are James J. Thornton, and Mrs. Caro- 
 line V. Wilson, of Waco, Texas. 
 
 The Governor was educated in a private 
 school near Sedalia, Missouri, and graduated in 
 the law department of the Kentucky Univer- 
 sity, at Louisville, Kentucky, in the class of 
 1868. In the spring of 1861, he left school 
 and entered the Confederate army, serving as 
 a private soldier in the body guard of General 
 Sterling Price for two years; subsequently he 
 was connected with the organization of Wood's 
 battalion, serving in Company C, commanded 
 by his brother, Captain Paul F. Thornton. 
 During the retreat from Springfield, Missouri, 
 in February, 1862, he was captured and car- 
 ried to Alton, Illinois, where he remained in 
 prison until the following October. 
 
 During his imprisonment, an incident oc- 
 curred which fully indicates the Governor's 
 character and explains his innate love of 
 justice, and shows that he possesses the moral 
 courage and firmness to do his duty under the 
 most trying circumstances. He, in connec- 
 tion with some of his comrades, devised a 
 plan of escape. To accomplish this success- 
 fully, it was necessary to have the means of 
 getting over the prison wall. A ladder was 
 made to reach the top, and the Governor 
 slipped into the stable and procured the lines 
 from the harness, to be used in getting down. 
 After this had all been accomplished they were 
 seen by one of the guards and the alarm was 
 given, when it was concluded to hide the lad- 
 der and return the lines, so that their plans 
 might not be discovered, and the attempt 
 could be made again at some more propitious 
 time. The lines were given to a man who 
 agreed to take them back to the place from 
 which they had been taken: but he, fearing 
 discovery and trouble, in the place of return- 
 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 235 
 
 ing them as agreed upon, carried them to the 
 room occupied by himself and others in the 
 second story of the building used for prisoners' 
 headquarters, and put them through the stove- 
 pipe hole in the chimney, from which place 
 they fell down through the chimney into the 
 fire-place below, where they were found the 
 next morning by one of the prisoners who 
 occupied the lower room. Just as the Federal 
 guard entered the room, or soldiers' quarters, 
 and ordered the prisoners out that they might 
 search for the missing lines, the men who had 
 them, not wishing to be caught with them, 
 walked up to the nearest cot, lifted the bed- 
 ding and hid them beneath the bedclothes 
 where they were found a few minutes after by 
 the guard. The number of the cot was taken 
 and the name of its occupant ascertained, 
 when he was arrested and locked up in a cell. 
 This coming to the Governor's ears, he went 
 directly to the adjutant, acknowledged his 
 connection with the affair, and explained how 
 the lines came to be hid in the bed where they 
 were found, and told him that if any one was 
 to be punished, he should be. He was taken 
 at his word, and the other party released, and 
 the Governor placed in a cell where he re- 
 mained in close confinement for twenty-eight 
 days. 
 
 At the end of this time there was a change 
 in the commanding officers of the prison. The 
 new commandant sent for Mr. Thornton and 
 said to him: "Your course is a manly one, 
 and I believe I can trust you; and if you will 
 give your word not to escape, I will release you 
 from close confinement." The promise being 
 given, he was sent back to general quarters. 
 Some weeks after this, he, with the two sons of 
 Colonel Magoffin and one or two others, found 
 a concealed place in what at one time had 
 been a bake oven, but was then unused. Tak- 
 ing this as a place of beginning, they, with a 
 bread-knife and bread-pan for tools, dug a 
 tunnel sixty feet in length, going under the 
 prison wall and coming to the surface outside 
 near the Mississippi river. It was slow work, 
 taking over a month to accomplish, working 
 
 day and night, two men at a time, one of whom 
 sat in the oven and the other lay down in the 
 tunnel. The earth was loosed with the bread- 
 knife and placed in the pan, which had a 
 string tied to each end the man in the oven 
 having hold of one end of the string, and the 
 one at work the other. Two jerks indicated 
 that the pan was full, when it was drawn out, 
 emptied into the oven, and the same signal 
 given to tell when the pan was empty. Fifty- 
 six men crawled through this hole in one night 
 and escaped to freedom, three of whom, in- 
 cluding Colonel Magoffin, were taken from 
 cells where they were held in close confine- 
 ment. Notwithstanding the Governor worked 
 to help his friends to freedom, he refused to go 
 himself. Like every man in confinement, the 
 desire for liberty was great; still he resisted the 
 temptation and remained in prison rather than 
 break his plighted word. This indicates one 
 of the strongest traits of the Governor's 
 character, his fidelity to any trust reposed in 
 him. When he believes himself to be in the 
 right and once gives his word, nothing can 
 turn him from his path; and no self-sacrifice 
 proves too great for him, if thereby he can 
 prove his loyalty to any cause to which he is 
 pledged. He is known as a man of the high- 
 est honor and integrity. 
 
 After eight weary months spent in prison, 
 he was exchanged and returned to his company, 
 with which he served until the close of the war. 
 He was then mustered out, and returned to his 
 studies, and after his graduation began the 
 practice of law in Clinton, Missouri. While 
 there he served two terms as a member of the 
 Town Council, and in 1876 represented the 
 county in the State Legislature. Through 
 close application to business his health failed, 
 and, necessitating a change of climate, he came 
 to Santa Fe, in 1877. Here he again opened 
 a law office and soon succeeded in establishing 
 a good reputation and winning a liberal patron- 
 age. In 1880 he was elected a member of the 
 Territorial Council, and in 1891 was elected the 
 first Mayor of the city of Santa Fe, being the 
 nominee of both parties, receiving every vote 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 cast but one, a fact which indicates his per- 
 sonal popularity as well as the unlimited con- 
 fidence and trust reposed in him. 
 
 In 1885 Mr. Thornton retired from the 
 legal profession, in order to give more attention 
 to his mining interests, in which he has engaged 
 to a greater or less extent since coming to this 
 Territory. He is now connected with numer- 
 ous valuable mining enterprises throughout 
 New Mexico; is also largely interested in cattle- 
 raising, being connected with a company which 
 owns about 20,000 head of cattle in Lincoln 
 county. He takes great interest in the devel- 
 opment and progress of New Mexico, and has 
 been instrumental in inducing many capitalists 
 to invest largely in industries which have proven 
 of great value to the Territory, promoting com- 
 mercial activity, enhancing the material pros- 
 perity and advancing the general walfare. 
 
 In April, 1893, Governor Thornton was 
 appointed Governor of New Mexico. His en- 
 dorsements for this high office included not only 
 the Territorial and nearly all the county organ- 
 izations of his party throughout the Territory, 
 but also a large majority of the rank and file, 
 showing the confidence and influence which his 
 seventeen years' practice of steadfast Demo- 
 cracy in New Mexico had inspired in the party. 
 
 Another and equally potent influence in 
 securing the favorable consideration of Presi- 
 dent Cleveland, was his well-known and fruit- 
 ful activity in advertising the native wealth of 
 New Mexico and inducing capitalists to take 
 hold of its development. No man in the Ter- 
 ritory is better, if so well, acquainted with its 
 varied resources in mineral, agricultural and 
 pastoral wealth; and his naturally ardent, hope- 
 ful and active turn of mind has led him to the 
 expenditure of much effort toward the attraction 
 to New Mexico of some of that vast and 
 moneyed energy which has built up the great 
 trans-Missouri empire, of which the Rocky 
 mountain range is the backbone. The worth 
 of his activity to New Mexico in this regard 
 can be measurably estimated from the state- 
 ment that he succeeded in securing the invest- 
 ment of over a million dollars in different un- 
 
 developed resources of the Territory. Such 
 fruitful activity measures the value of a citizen 
 to the public in any State or Territory of such 
 undeveloped wealth as is New Mexico, and 
 makes him a peculiarly acceptable candidate 
 to the people, as well as a very strong one with 
 a high-minded and thoughtful President like 
 Cleveland. 
 
 The financial crisis just beginning to be 
 felt as Governor Thornton entered upon his 
 office, has deprived him of the opportunity to 
 aid still more materially in giving the Territory 
 that increased industrial development which its 
 native riches warrant, and which he had hoped 
 the added influence of his exalted position 
 would enable him to greatly advance. 
 
 However, his activity in matters of public 
 interest found abundant fields for operation in 
 other directions, and notably in one. Partly 
 through the indifference, or incompetency, or 
 both, of the prosecuting department of the 
 Territorial government, and partly as well 
 through other causes, there had been a very 
 considerable increase of crime, especially high 
 crime, during the few years just preceding Gov- 
 ernor Thornton's administration. There had 
 also been a notable delinquency among tax 
 collectors and others having the receipt, care, 
 or custody of public funds. These unhealthy 
 public conditions commanded Governor Thorn- 
 ton's first efforts, aside from the discharge of 
 the routine duties of his office. The result of 
 the crusade against crime, and against finan- 
 cial delinquency, which he inaugurated and 
 carried on with much vigor of purpose and ac- 
 tion, have signalized his administration and 
 have given him a distinguished place in the 
 history of this Territory as the most executive 
 and useful governor New Mexico has ever had. 
 These results have done more to establish the 
 supremacy of law, to secure peace and good 
 order, and to assure the security of life and 
 property, and henceto advance the cause of civil- 
 ization and social development, than the works 
 of any of his predecessors in his high office. 
 High crime, including political assassinations, 
 involving both Republicans and Democrats, 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 committed prior to his inauguration but still 
 undiscovered, were speedily detected and pros- 
 ecuted to conviction by the peace and prose- 
 cuting officers under his forceful inspiration. 
 Two instances of this are notable in the crim- 
 inal chronology of the country, and of them- 
 selves should and do render his administration 
 memorable in the history of criminal justice in 
 the great West. 
 
 Official carelessness and default in handling 
 and accounting for public moneys had become 
 sufficiently common to be scandalous, and 
 Governor Thornton at once set himself to the 
 correction of this evil and to the application of 
 an effectual remedy. Defaulting collectors and 
 receivers of public funds were removed from 
 office, regardless of politics, and the officials 
 of this class all through the Territory were 
 thus, as well as by direct advice, notified that 
 they would be held to a strict accountability in 
 the discharge of their official duty under the 
 law. This has stimulated the officials to a 
 healthy regard for the sacredness of their trust 
 and a wholesome fear of the consequences of 
 shortcoming, thus re-establishing confidence in 
 the safety of the public treasury and security 
 of the avenues through which the public funds 
 travel thereto from the pockets of the indivi- 
 dual taxpayers. 
 
 These works of Governor Thornton, con- 
 ceived and executed in a purpose of public good, 
 which is necessarily non-partisan, added to the 
 smaller consequence but of equal import in the 
 aggregate, have rendered his administration 
 peculiarly beneficial and acceptable to the 
 whole people of the Territory. 
 
 It goes without saying, quite naturally, that 
 Governor Thornton's administration in all 
 points purely political does not meet the un- 
 qualified approbation of partisan Republicans, 
 but if the unexpired half of his term shall real- 
 ize the promise of the past, and shall equal the 
 good works thereof, it will beat down and 
 disarm their fractious opposition. 
 
 In 1868, soon after Governor Thornton set- 
 tled in Clinton, Missouri, and began the practice ' 
 of his profession, he was happily married to 
 
 Miss Helen Maltby, of New York, daughter of 
 Norman Maltby, who was afterward Mayor of 
 Sedalia, Missouri. 
 
 ON. THOMAS SMITH, one of the 
 most illustrious citizens of the Terri- 
 tory of New Mexico, now serving in 
 the exalted position of its Chief Jus- 
 tice, is a man whom to know is to honor. In 
 all the relations of life, whether as lawyer, as 
 Judge, as Legislator or as a private citizen, he 
 has been found true to duty, and his life rec- 
 ord should serve as a source of inspiration and 
 encouragement. To-day he stands in the 
 front rank of the legal profession, not only of 
 New Mexico, but even of the nation. It is not 
 easy to win a place of prominence in this call- 
 ing, with which are connected some of the very 
 brightest minds of our country. The fact that 
 the law is termed a learned profession at once 
 suggests something of the effort that one must 
 put forth to gain an exalted place therein. It 
 is a calling in which one must depend upon 
 mental power, in which he must "learn" that 
 which gives him pre-eminence. Money cannot 
 purchase it, it must come as the result of close 
 application, persistent effort and determined 
 purpose combined with the abilities with which 
 one is endowed by nature. 
 
 Judge Smith is a native of the State of 
 Virginia, his birth having occurred in Culpeper 
 county, on the 26th day of July, 1838. His 
 father, Governor William Smith, was a de- 
 scendant of two of Virginia's most prominent 
 and notable families, the Donaphins and the 
 Smiths. The ancestry of the former is traced 
 back to a Spanish officer who fought against 
 the Moors in the sixteenth century. Failing 
 to obey the orders of the cruel Philip to destroy 
 the Moorish townships which he captured, he 
 fell into disfavor with his king and fled to Scot- 
 land, where he afterward married a Scotch 
 heiress and came into possession of valuable 
 estates in that country. One of their sons 
 emigrated to America and became a pioneer 
 settler of Jamestown. Three of the sons of 
 
2 3 8 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 the last named gentleman fought in the Revo- 
 lutionary war in the company commanded by 
 John Marshall, afterward Chief Justice of the 
 United States. One of these was killed at the 
 battle of Brandywine and another served until 
 the independence of the colonies was an 
 assured fact and was present at the surrender 
 of the English troops at Yorktown. He was 
 the father of General A. W. Donaphin. 
 
 On the paternal side the Judge has de- 
 scended from equally honored ancestors, trac- 
 ing his lineage back to Sir Sidney Smith, who 
 married a daughter of Walter Anderson of 
 Wales, an officer in the British army. His 
 son, Thomas Smith, was the father of Colonel 
 Caleb Smith, and the latter was the father of 
 Governor William Smith. Among Virginia's 
 illustrious sons none were more worthy of the 
 honors conferred upon them than he who twice 
 served as Governor of the Old Dominion, and 
 several times represented his district in the 
 United States Congress. He was born at 
 Marengo, the old homestead of his father in 
 King George county, Virginia, on the 6th of 
 September, 1797, and acquired a good classi- 
 cal and law education, after which he success- 
 fully engaged in the practice of law in Culpeper 
 county, winning a high reputation on account 
 of his marked ability. He was one of the most 
 loyal sons of his native State, and at the age of 
 sixty-seven years took an active part in the 
 Civil war as a member of the Confederate army. 
 His valor won him promotion to the rank of 
 Major General, he being the oldest general in 
 the Southern service. He was a man of emi- 
 nent ability and of the highest honor, possessed 
 of great generosity and hospitality, and was one 
 of the most honored and distinguished sons of 
 the Old Dominion. 
 
 In Culpeper county he was united in mar- 
 riage with Miss Elizabeth H. Bell, the eldest 
 daughter of Captain James M. and Amelia 
 Bell of Bell Park. Their union was an ex- 
 ceedingly happy one, and for sixty years they 
 traveled life's journey together, their mutual 
 love and confidence increasing as the years 
 went by, and all the time Governor Smith re- 
 
 mained the gallant lover as well as considerate 
 husband, while it was the wife's care to please 
 him as much in the years that followed as well 
 as those which preceded the marriage. She 
 was a lady of high culture and refinement, pre- 
 siding with grace over their hospitable home, 
 whose doors were ever open for the reception 
 of the many friends of the family. Governor 
 Smith passed away on the i8th of May, 1887, 
 and a long and useful life of ninety years was 
 thus ended. His fellow citizens deemed him 
 worthy of the highest trust, and honored him 
 not only with their regard but also with the 
 highest office within the gift of the people of 
 the State. The dignified demeanor of the 
 Governor was laid aside in the home and the 
 character of the true Southern gentleman as- 
 sumed, genial, hospitable and courteous. He 
 was twice wounded in battle. Like him his 
 sons were all soldiers in the Southern army, 
 and one lost his life while engaged in making 
 a charge during that sanguinary struggle. Mrs. 
 Smith, who had the love of all who knew her, 
 survived her hasband for several years, and also 
 reached an advanced age. 
 
 Their son Thomas, who is now New Mexico's 
 Chief Justice, was born at the parental home 
 in Culpeper county, on the 26th of August, 
 1838, and acquired his education in Virginia, 
 and in Washington, District of Columbia, being 
 a graduate of William and Mary College. He 
 also determined to enter the legal profession, 
 and pursued his law course in the University of 
 Virginia, after which he began practice in West 
 Virginia. When the war broke out he joined 
 the Kanawha Rifles, but soon after received 
 the appointment of Major of the Thirty-sixth 
 Virginia Regiment upon its organization. He 
 was in command at the battle of Fort Donel- 
 son and under special orders captured a bat- 
 tery from the Union forces. He then armed 
 his regiment with Enfield rifles, captured from 
 the enemy, and successfully withdrew his troops 
 from the fort during the negotiations for its 
 surrender. He was afterward promoted to the 
 rank of Colonel, and gallantly commanded his 
 regiment until the transfer of the senior officer 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 of the brigade, when Colonel Smith was rec- 
 ommended for promotion, and was commis- 
 sioned Brigadier General just before the evac- 
 uation of Richmond. 
 
 When the war was over General Smith re- 
 turned to his home to resume quietly the duties 
 of his profession, and began practice in Fau- 
 quier county. He was a close student of poli- 
 tics and soon became prominent in political 
 circles, being frequently elected to leading po- 
 sitions in the State. His opinions have ever 
 been received with deference in the councils of 
 the Democracy. He was elected a member of 
 the State Legislature, and was an active and 
 capable advocate of the settlement of the Vir- 
 ginia debt. In 1872 he was elected Judge of 
 Fauquier county by the Legislature, in which 
 capacity he served one term. In 1884 he re- 
 ceived from Mr. Cleveland the appointment of 
 United States Attorney for New Mexico, in 
 which capacity he served for four years, and 
 then returned to Virginia, where he continued 
 his residence until 1892, when President Cleve- 
 land, unsolicited, honored him with the ap- 
 pointment of Chief Justice of the United States 
 Supreme Court of New Mexico, a position 
 which Judge Smith is now filling with great 
 credit to himself and to the complete sat- 
 isfaction of the bench and bar of the Terri- 
 tory. He is a most able lawyer, and upon the 
 bench his course has been such as to win the 
 highest commendation. His charges are ever 
 clear and concise, his decisions are models of 
 sound judgment combined with his broad legal 
 knowledge. 
 
 Like his father and his ancestors Judge 
 Smith is in his home a true Southern gentle- 
 man. He is a man of pleasing appearance and 
 dignified bearing, always courteous, kindly and 
 affable. He was happily married on the loth 
 of October, 1894, to Miss Elizabeth Fairfax 
 Gaines, a native of Virginia and a daughter of 
 Judge William Gaines, of that State. She is 
 a beautiful and cultured lady, with graces of 
 character that win her the highest regard, and 
 at their pleasant home in East Las Vegas, the 
 Judge and Mrs. Smith take great pleasure in 
 
 entertaining most hospitably their host of 
 friends. 
 
 Judge Smith has no sympathy with crime 
 and renders his decisions without regard to fear 
 or favor, for he can neither be scared nor dared. 
 He performs his duty with the utmost con- 
 scientiousness. A man of great natural ability, 
 his success in his profession has been uniform 
 and rapid, and, as ha been truly remarked 
 after all that may be done for a man in the 
 way of giving him early opportunities for ob- 
 taining the requirements which are sought in 
 the schools and in books, he must essentially 
 formulate, determine and give shape to his own 
 character; and this is what Mr. Smith has 
 done. He has persevered in the pursuit of a 
 persistent purpose and gained a most satisfac- 
 tory reward. His life is exemplary in all re- 
 spects, and has won him the affection of his 
 friends and the esteem and confidence of the 
 business public. 
 
 R. THOMAS H. BURGESS. The 
 gentleman whose name heads this 
 sketch, is known as one of Albu- 
 querque's leading professional men 
 and solid citizens. He was born in Kentucky 
 on the 1 5th day of October, 1822, of dis- 
 tinguished ancestors, the high characteristics 
 of which he possesses in a marked degree. On 
 the paternal side of the family one of his an- 
 cestors was an adherent of King Charles, of 
 England, and he was banished to the Colony 
 of Virginia, where he became active in the 
 offices of the country and his descendants be- 
 came participants in all of the early wars, 
 down to and including our subject's grand- 
 father, William Burgess, who was a Revolu- 
 tionary soldier. He lived to be ninety-four 
 years of age and died in Kentucky. He had 
 married a Harden, a lady whose people had all 
 participated in the war for independence. The 
 Doctor's father, Timothy Burgess, was born 
 in Pittsylvania county, Virginia, and he had 
 for his wife Elizabeth Gilbert, a descendant of 
 the French Huguenots, who were for many 
 
240 
 
 HISTORr OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 years residents of the State of Georgia. Her 
 father was Captain Samuel Gilbert, and they 
 were a family of Baptists and Methodists. The 
 father of Dr. Burgess raised a family of five 
 children, our subject being the fourth in order 
 of birth. The senior Burgess followed agricul- 
 tural pursuits and lived to be ninety years of 
 age, his wife dying when in her eighty-first 
 year. . 
 
 Several of the sons became Methodist min- 
 isters, but our subject inclined to the practice 
 of medicine, and was allowed to follow this 
 bent. He was educated in his native State, in 
 the college at Danville, and received his medi- 
 cal training in the St. Louis Medical College, 
 graduating there in 1854. He commenced the 
 practice of medicine at Benton, Illinois, where 
 he remained until Duquoin, Illinois, became a 
 railroad town. He then removed to that place, 
 where he made his home until 1886, at which 
 time he came to Albuquerque and instituted 
 his drug business. 
 
 Dr. Burgess was married in Benton, Illinois, 
 to Miss Jemima Moberly, a lady of Southern 
 ancestry, who was born in that place, her pa- 
 rents being pioneers of southern Illinois. There 
 were born to Dr. and Mrs. Burgess eleven chil- 
 dren, six of whom are now living. Grant, who 
 is the eldest son, is a graduate of the Missouri 
 Medical College. Warren J., the youngest 
 son, is now sixteen years of age and is actively 
 engaged in mining and prospecting. 
 
 Dr. Burgess has the honor of being one of 
 the founders of the Republican party, and was 
 one of the delegates to the Decatur conven- 
 tion which sent the delegates who nominated 
 Abraham Lincoln for President. He is thor- 
 oughly conversant with the early history of the 
 West and was in San Francisco in 1845, 
 when there were only two settlers in that 
 now populous city. He was also at Sutter's 
 Fort and knew the General, and was act- 
 ing as superintendent of a cattle and stock 
 ranch upon the present location of Stockton 
 when Marshall came to see him, bringing a 
 sample of the gold he had discovered. Dr. Bur- 
 gess enlisted with the Americans in California, 
 
 under the "bear flag," and they had effected 
 the capture of the entire north side of the 
 bay when General Fremont arrived. They 
 then joined forces with him and finished the 
 conquest of California. The Doctor relates 
 some decidedly interesting as well as thrilling 
 tales of this war, and describes himself as hav- 
 ing been a high private, carrying his own 
 trusty muzzle-loading rifle, and taking part in 
 some rather hard fighting. In recognition of 
 the valiant services thus performed the 
 Government has granted him a pension. After 
 gold was discovered he engaged in mining for 
 some time, returning from California in 1850. 
 
 He has always taken an active interest and 
 part in political matters, and when the Civil 
 war was inaugurated he proffered his services to 
 the Government. He w.as commisioned as 
 Lietuenant-Colonel and Surgeon of the Eight- 
 eenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. He served 
 under General Grant, with whom he was 
 personally intimate, being one of his first admir- 
 ers and warm friends. At the breaking out of 
 the war southern Illinois was considered half 
 rebel, and when the company had been raised 
 there for the Union army, Dr. Burgess was 
 sent to get it accepted by Governor Yates. 
 Here it was that he first met General Grant 
 and then did not again meet him until they 
 were together at Cairo. Here they became 
 warm friends, and after the war was over and 
 Grant had become General of the United 
 States Army, Dr. Burgess called upon him in 
 Washington. Here he was received with the 
 utmost consideration and kindness by the great 
 warrior, and the memory of this visit is 
 tenderly treasured. Dr. Burgess was also a 
 delegate to the national convention which 
 gave to General Grant his second nomination 
 for President. 
 
 Dr. Burgess has always been a man of 
 advanced ideas, a strong and active worker in 
 the Republican party. He has attended its 
 State and national conventions and has ever 
 stood by its measures. In 1 869 he was elected 
 a member of the Illinois Legislature in a 
 strongly Democratic district and thus demon- 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 241 
 
 strating that, although a strong partisan, still 
 he had made many warm friends and admirers 
 in the opposition. The life of our subject has 
 been a useful one in more ways than one, and 
 the example he has set can with profit be 
 pointed out to our young men. Dr. Burgess 
 is socially a most affable and agreeable indi- 
 vidual, and is contentedly passing the evening of 
 a well-spent life, mainly in his comfortable 
 home in Albuquerque. 
 
 EON. L. BRADFORD PRINCE. 
 The name of this gentleman, a well 
 known resident of Santa Fe, is insep- 
 arably connected with the history of 
 New Mexico, with its progress and develop- 
 ment and with its educational, social, moral, 
 and material interests. He is one of the most 
 prominent men in the Territory, is president 
 of the Historical Society, and has served as 
 Chief Justice and Governor. 
 
 Born in Flushing, New York, on the 3d of 
 July, 1840, he is a lineal descendant, on the 
 maternal side, of Governor William Bradford, 
 of Plymouth, who came to this country on the 
 Mayflower. His great-grandfather was Gov- 
 ernor Bradford of Rhode Island, and his grand- 
 father, Governor Collins, of the same State. 
 His paternal ancestors were the founders of the 
 well known Prince family of Long Island. 
 
 Being in delicate health, Mr. Prince spent 
 much of his early life in the South, and as he 
 grew to manhood engaged in horticultural pur- 
 suits at his father's place in Flushing, but after 
 a short time abandoned that work in order to 
 take up the study of law. Entering Columbia 
 College Law School, he mastered the course 
 with special honor, and upon his graduation 
 received the $200 prize in political science. 
 From his youth he was exceedingly active in 
 all matters affecting the welfare and improve- 
 ment of his native town, and in 1858 originated 
 the Flushing Library Association, obtaining 
 the first subscriptions, drafting its constitution, 
 and acting for three years as its secretary, and 
 afterward as its president. From that time 
 
 16 
 
 until his departure to New Mexico he was the 
 leading spirit in all local public affairs. 
 
 Very early in life, Mr. Prince devloped an 
 extraordinary aptitude for political matters, 
 and the activity he displayed in his district dur- 
 ing the Fremont campaign won for him a vote 
 of thanks from the Town Club, of which his 
 age (sixteen years) prevented his becoming a 
 member. In the canvas of 1860, though still 
 a minor, he was the secretary of the local po- 
 litical organization, and worked enthusiastically 
 for the success of the Lincoln ticket. In 1861 
 he was chosen a member of the Republican 
 County Committee of Queens county, on which 
 he served continuously almost twenty years, 
 during several of which he was its secretary 
 and chairman. He was a delegate to all State 
 conventions from 1866 until 1878, was elected 
 a delegate to the National Republican conven- 
 tion held in Chicago in 1868, which nominated 
 General Grant, and the following year became 
 a member of the State committee. 
 
 The political labors of Mr. Prince at this 
 period were all the more honorable from the 
 fact that they were pursued merely as a matter 
 of principle, and without the least expectation 
 of personal advancement, the district in which 
 he resided being strongly Democratic. His 
 qualifications for filling a responsible position 
 were, however, too apparent to be neglected, 
 and in 1870 he was elected to the Assembly, 
 members of all parties joining in his support. 
 In 1871 he was re-elected by a large majority, 
 although his opponent was considered the 
 strongest Democrat in the district. The fol- 
 lowing year he received the extraordinary com- 
 pliment of the request of his continuance in of- 
 fice signed by more than 2,000 voters irrespect- 
 | ive of party (being a petition over seventy feet 
 long), and, having been nominated by accla- 
 mation, was re-elected without opposition. In 
 1 873, having declined a nomination to the Sen- 
 ate, he was again returned to the Assembly 
 without an opposing candidate. In the fall of 
 1874 the Democrats made a determined effort 
 to redeem the district, which now for four 
 years had been lost to their party, by nominat- 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ing a very strong candidate and carrying on a 
 most energetic campaign. The canvass was 
 an exciting one, but resulted in another victory 
 for Mr. Prince, who secured a majority of 771 
 votes. There is believed to be no other in- 
 stance on record of a person being elected five 
 successive times in a district politically opposed 
 to him. In the canvass of 1875 Mr. Prince 
 received the Republican nomination for the 
 Senate in the First district, then consisting of 
 Queens, Suffolk and Richmond counties, and 
 although the Democrats were successful in the 
 district on the general ticket by nearly 2,700 
 majority, he won the election by a majority of 
 904, running 3,600 ahead of the ticket. 
 
 The legislative career of Mr. Prince was an 
 exceedingly useful and highly honorable one. 
 In 1872, 1873 and 1874 he was chairman of 
 the judiciary committee, performing the multi- 
 farious and arduous duties in the most ceditable 
 manner. While filling this position over 1,100 
 bills came into his hands for reports, a larger 
 number than have ever been submitted to any 
 other committee, either State or National, in a 
 similar length of time. During the winter of 
 1872 it became his duty to conduct the invest- 
 igation into the official conduct of Judges Barn- 
 ard, Cardozo and McCunn. This investiga- 
 tion extended from February to April, during 
 which time 239 witnesses were examined and 
 over 2,400 pages of evidence taken. The 
 thoroughness and fairness with which the in- 
 vestigation was conducted won the approval of 
 persons of all shades of political belief, and its 
 results form one of the brightest pages in the 
 history of the great reform movement which 
 succeeded the downfall of Tweed. The re- 
 port of the committee in favor of impeaching 
 two of the judges and removing the other met 
 with general public acquiescence and were 
 adopted by the House, and Mr. Prince was 
 chosen one of the managers to conduct the 
 impeachment trial, receiving 110 out of 113 
 votes cast on the ballot in the Assembly. He 
 was also appointed to proceed to the bar of 
 the Senate and formally impeach Judge Barnard 
 of high crimes and misdemeanors. He was 
 
 active in the matter until the close of the trial, 
 and it has been generally conceded that to no 
 other man is the judiciary of the State so much 
 indebted for being relieved of the disgrace that 
 would have attended the retention of Barnard 
 and Cardozo on the bench. 
 
 The amendments to the constitution of New 
 York received from Mr. Prince special atten- 
 tion. In 1872 he introduced and succeeded in 
 getting passed the bill for a constitutional com- 
 mission. During the sessions of 18734 ne 
 had charge of the proposed amendments, both 
 in committee and in the Assembly, and the 
 task of explaining and defending them fell 
 almost exclusively to his lot. Just previous 
 to these amendments being submitted to the 
 people for ratification, in the fall of 1874, Mr. 
 Prince, at the request of the council of Political 
 Reform, wrote a pamphlet on the subject, 
 which was widely circulated as a campaign 
 document, and tended largely to their success 
 at the polls. In the session of 1875 he pre- 
 pared and introduced nearly all the bills re- 
 quired to carry the new constitutional system 
 into effect, that work being assigned to him by 
 general assent, although the Assembly was 
 Democratic. While in the Legislature, Mr. 
 Prince gave special attention to the canal sys- 
 tem of New York, and the question of trans- 
 portation from the West to the seaboard. He 
 made several speeches on this subject in the 
 Assembly, as well as at the organization of the 
 Cheap Transportation Association (now the 
 New York Board of Trade) at Cooper Insti- 
 tute in 1874, and at the Produce Exchange 
 meeting in 1875. The New York Chamber of 
 Commerce twice formally acknowledged these 
 services to the mercantile community by votes 
 of thanks. In 1874 he was chairman of the 
 Assembly committee to conduct the United 
 States Senate committee on transportation 
 routes through the State, and performed that 
 duty in September of that year. At different 
 times during 1874 and 1875, he lectured on 
 this subject of transportation in New York, 
 Albany, Troy, Poughkeepsie and other places. 
 In May, 1876, he was a member of the Na- 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 243 
 
 tional Republican Convention, which nomi- 
 nated Hayes and Wheeler. In 1877, though 
 tendered a unanimous nomination to the Senate, 
 he declined to serve again on the ground that 
 he could not afford to longer neglect his private 
 business. 
 
 Mr. Prince's reputation is not, however, con- 
 fined to the field of politics. As a lawyer he 
 occupies a high position, his clear, incisive 
 reasoning power,- and rare ability as an advo- 
 cate rendering him eminently successful. In 
 1 868 he was chosen orator of the Alumni As- 
 sociation of the Columbia College Law School, 
 and for two years was its president. In 1876, 
 having again been chosen alumni orator, he 
 delivered an oration in the Academy of Music 
 on "The Duties of Citizenship," enforcing the 
 idea that men of character and education should 
 take the lead in political affairs. 
 
 June 13, 1894, Mr. Prince received from 
 Colorado College the degree of LL. D. , and on 
 June 28 following, received a similar honor 
 from Kenyon College, Ohio. 
 
 Mr. Prince is well known also as a thought- 
 ful writer and lecturer on various topics, among 
 which those relating to legislative and govern- 
 mental reform have attracted wide attention. 
 A work from his pen entitled ' ' E Pluribus 
 Umim," or "American Nationality," a com- 
 parison between the constitution and the arti- 
 cles of confederation, passed through several 
 editions in 1868, and received the warmest 
 commendations from statesmen and political 
 scientists. In 1880 a Chicago firm published a 
 work by Mr. Prince on a somewhat similar sub- 
 ject, entitled "A Nation or a League." 
 
 As a speaker Governor Prince is well known 
 throughout New York and New Mexico, and 
 has been especially prominent as a campaign 
 orator. He has taken a lively interest in all 
 that pertains to the advancement of the farm- 
 ing community, and has delivered many ad- 
 dresses before agricultural societies; for ten 
 years was superintendent or director of the 
 Queens County Agricultural Society; and in 
 1862 wrote an agricultural history of that coun- 
 ty, which was published by the society. He 
 
 is a life member of the Long Island Historical 
 Society, and from 1864 until 1879 was an offi- 
 cer in that learned body. He is also a corre- 
 sponding member of the New York Geograph- 
 ical Society, New York Archaeological Society, 
 etc. He was also a prominent member of the 
 Masonic fraternity, and has been honored with 
 various offices within the gift of his fellow 
 Masons. 
 
 During 1878, without any application, Mr. 
 Prince was offered various appointments, in- 
 cluding two in foreign countries, the Marshal- 
 ship of New York, the Governorship of Idaho, 
 and the Chief Justiceship of New Mexico. The 
 last mentioned he declined three times, but 
 finally, at the urgent request of Secretary Ev- 
 arts and the Department of Justice, consented 
 to accept, and left for his new field on the ist 
 of February, 1879. His term of office covered 
 all of the transition period between the old con- 
 dition of things before the railroad reached the 
 Territory and the new regime of progress and 
 development. The criminal business when 
 the railroad was first built was phenome- 
 nal, and the sudden increase in values and 
 changes in business methods resulted in a flood 
 of civil suits. The volume of court business 
 was made larger than it has ever been since, and 
 Judge Prince's district covered one-half of the 
 entire Territory ! By characteristic energy and 
 frequent night sessions of the court, he cleared 
 off the accumulated business of years, and, hav- 
 ing disposed of 1,184 civil an d 1,483 criminal 
 cases, and by prompt and vigorous trials and 
 convictions rid the country of desperadoes, he 
 tendered his resignation, in May, 1882, so as 
 to be free to engage in other matters. He was 
 not relieved, however, 'until the succeeding 
 August. The absolute impartiality of his judi- 
 cial administration was warmly approved by all 
 and -won special regard among the native popu- 
 lation and the poorer classes who had never 
 before felt such confidence in the protection of 
 their rights. 
 
 From the time of his arrival in New Mexico 
 Judge Prince has been the representative and 
 leader of the progressive element. In every 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 step of development and advancement he 
 has had a leading part. In 1880 he drew the 
 act organizing the Bureau of Immigration, and 
 became its first president. In 1881 he made a 
 compilation of the general laws of New Mexico, 
 many of which were then out of print, and a 
 second edition was edited two years later. In 
 1883 he wrote his history of New Mexico, cov- 
 ering the period from the first discoveries to 
 the American occupation, which is now the 
 standard authority on that subject. The 
 greater part of the summer of 1883 he devoted 
 to theiTertio-Millennial Celebration at Santa 
 Fe, which was the most interesting and com- 
 prehensive historical commemoration ever un- 
 dertaken in the country, the program of pag- 
 eants extending over thirty-three days. In 
 1882 Judge Prince was elected president of the 
 University at Santa Fe, and has devoted much 
 time to it, and especially to its Indian work at 
 the Ramona school. In 1 883 he became presi- 
 dent of the Historical Society of the Territory, 
 and still holds the position, the society in the 
 meantime having obtained permanent quarters 
 in the Old Palace and accumulated very valu- 
 able collections. Judge Prince is greatly in- 
 terested in everything pertaining to the ancient 
 history and archaeology of New Mexico, and 
 has himself altogether the largest collection of 
 prehistoric stone idols and similar relics in the 
 United States. 
 
 On every public occasion all over New 
 Mexico, his voice has been heard, at 4th of 
 July and Decoration Day celebrations, at the 
 foundation and opening of public buildings, at 
 county fairs, mining and irrigation conventions, 
 educational, Masonic and other celebrations, 
 and on such special occasions as the funeral 
 observances for Grant and Garfield, the recep- 
 tion of Archbishop Chapelle in the cathe- 
 dral, etc. 
 
 He has been an earnest friend of Statehood 
 from the first, and has spoken in advocacy of 
 that advance not only before committees of 
 both Houses of Congress, but also in all the 
 principal cities of New Mexico. 
 
 On three different occasions, 1883, 1890 
 
 and 1891, he delivered the annual address at 
 the Territorial fair, all of these speeches being 
 afterwards published as immigration docu- 
 ments and one obtaining a circulation largely 
 exceeding 100,000. Of late years he has 
 furnished articles to the North American Re- 
 view, Harpers' Weekly and other magazines, 
 and is constantly writing in commendation of 
 New Mexico and its resources, and in defense 
 of its people against all kinds of unjust at- 
 tacks. 
 
 In the spring of 1889 he was appointed 
 Governor of New Mexico and held that office 
 for a little over four years. His administra- 
 tion was characterized by its progressive 
 spirit, everything being done to advance the 
 development of the Territory. His messages 
 to the Legislature were universally commended, 
 and their recommendations followed to a flat- 
 tering extent. Every department of the 
 government, under his appointees, was suc- 
 cessfully and honestly conducted, and no 
 breath of scandal arose during his four-year 
 term. A modern educational system was suc- 
 cessfnlly inaugurated and carried on, the 
 University of Albuquerque, Agricultural Col- 
 lege, School of Mines and Insane Asylum 
 were erected and commenced their work. The 
 public debt was paid off to a considerable ex- 
 tent. After many years of fruitless effort, 
 Congress was induced to create a special 
 court to adjudicate the titles of Spanish and 
 Mexican land grants, this result being achieved 
 by a visit of Governor Prince to Washington, 
 and also a special delegation appointed by him. 
 
 During his gubernatorial term the old 
 custom of monthly public receptions was re- 
 stored and the ancient " Governor's Palace " 
 became the center of hospitality to both resi- 
 dents and strangers. 
 
 For several years Governor Prince has 
 been very active as a member of the Trans- 
 Mississippi Congress, being elected its presi- 
 dent at New Orleans and serving as such 
 through half the session at Ogden; and at the 
 session held in St. Louis in November, 1894, 
 he delivered an address on bimetalism, which 
 
HIS TORT OF" NEW MEXICO. 
 
 245 
 
 has made him famous throughout the whole of 
 the United States. The subject was handled 
 so logically, so exhaustively and in such a 
 spirit of fairness that his effort has been high- 
 ly complimented by the leading statesmen of 
 the country, and, having been printed in 
 pamphlet form, it is in great demand, and 
 has been reprinted in magazines and copied 
 from far and wide. It may be said to be a 
 text-book on the subject, and must largely aid 
 in bringing the white metal back to its legiti- 
 mate use in the money of the world. 
 
 In connection with his other business inter- 
 ests Mr. Prince has been actively engaged in 
 mining and in horticulture. He is also one of 
 the most active laymen in the Episcopal 
 Church, and has been a member of the 
 General Conventions of 1877, 1880, 1883, 
 1886, 1889, 1892 and 1895. He is Chancel- 
 lor of the Jurisdiction of New Mexico, and in 
 1880 he originated the American Church 
 Building Fund, which now exceeds $250,000; 
 and on missions and kindred subjects he has 
 made addresses in the principal Episcopal 
 churches in the United States from Boston to 
 San Francisco. 
 
 Judge Prince was married on the ist of 
 December, 1879, to Miss Hattie E. Childs, 
 but after only two and a half short months of 
 happy wedded life she died, of pneumonia. 
 Her death occurred after an illness of only a 
 few days, and was a great blow to her hus- 
 band and friends. On the I7th of Novem- 
 ber, 1 88 1, Mr. Prince was united in marriage 
 with Miss Mary C. Beardsley, of Oswego, 
 New York, daughter of Hon. S. B. Beardsley, 
 Mayor of that city, and a descendant of one 
 of the most prominent families of the State. 
 They have one son, William Bradford, 
 who was born in Santa Fe. 
 
 EONORABLE LEWIS C. FORT. 
 A man of distinguished attainments 
 ^vho has attained a position of emi- 
 nence at the bar of New Mexico and 
 who is one of the representative and most hon- 
 
 ored citizens of East Las Vegas, the subject of 
 this sketch merits specific recognition in this 
 connection as well as on the score of the serv- 
 ice he has rendered his country as defending 
 her institutions against the insidious advances 
 of internal dissension, and on that of his ear- 
 nest efforts and his success as a man among 
 men. Such are the determinate elements of 
 character, and in such cases does biographical 
 history exercise its most important function. 
 
 Mr. Fort was born in Baltimore, Maryland, 
 December 3ist, 1845, ms paternal ancestors 
 having come from England to America at a 
 very early period in the history of the latter, 
 and having been among the first settlers in 
 Maryland. They were prominent in profes- 
 sional and business ranks, and representatives 
 of the family rendered active service in the 
 desperate conflict which secured independence 
 for our now magnificent nation. Leander 
 Fort, the grandfather of our subject, was a 
 native of Baltimore and took an active part in 
 defending the city against the British forces in 
 that memorable struggle. His son, Leander 
 Fort, was also a native of the famous old city 
 with whose annals the history of his ancestors 
 had been so indissolubly linked from almost 
 the time of its inception. On attaining matur- 
 ity he married Miss Charlotte Logie, a native 
 of Virginia and of Scotch ancestry. They be- 
 came the parents of six children, of whom 
 three are now living. The father died in 1885, 
 at the age of sixty-eight years, and the mother 
 survived to attain the age of seventy-six years, 
 her demise occurring in 1891. 
 
 Lewis C. Fort, the immediate subject of this 
 review, is the oldest of the three surviving chil- 
 dren. His educational discipline of a more 
 preliminary sort was received in the excellent 
 scholastic institutions of his native city, where 
 he was still living at the time of the outbreak 
 of the late war of the Rebellion. It was but 
 natural that there should have been transmitted 
 to him from his loyal ancestors that spirit of 
 patriotism with which they were to strongly 
 imbued, and, though a mere boy at the time, 
 he valiantly went forth in defense of the Union. 
 
246 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 His first service was in the engineering corps, 
 and he subsequently became a member of the 
 Tenth Maryland Volunteer Infantry, which 
 was assigned to the Army of the Potomac and 
 which rendered efficient aid in upholding the 
 Union cause. 
 
 After the close of the war our subject de- 
 voted himself assiduously to the reading of 
 law and to thoroughly preparing himself for 
 that profession which he had determined to 
 adopt as his vocation in life, his law studies be- 
 ing prosecuted at Baltimore, where, in due 
 course of time, he was admitted to practice at 
 the bar. Thus reinforced for the work in hand 
 he went to Arkansas and was there actively en- 
 gaged in the practice of his profession until 
 1879, which year marks the date of his advent 
 in Las Vegas, then but a nucleus of the 
 present beautiful and prosperous city. He 
 soon entered upon a professional association 
 with Judge William D. Lee, and they acquired 
 a large and representative practice whose scope 
 far transcended the limitations of the little city 
 which figured as their headquarters. This as- 
 sociation continued until the time of Judge 
 Lee's appointment to the bench of the Terri- 
 tory in 1889. 
 
 Soon after the dissolution of the partner- 
 ship just noticed Judge E. V. Long became as- 
 sociated with Mr. Fort, under the firm name of 
 Long & Fort, and they have ever since con- 
 tinued together in the prosecution of their large 
 legal practice, enjoying a marked precedence 
 and retaining a thoroughly representative client- 
 age in the Territory. The distinctive honor 
 and professional ability of our subject has 
 gained to him marked recognition, and he has 
 served in high offices of public trust. For four 
 years past Mr. Fort has been the efficient in- 
 cumbent as District Attorney of the district 
 comprising the counties of San Miguel, Mora, 
 Union and Guadaloupe. He has acquired par- 
 ticular distinction as a prosecutor. Further 
 official preferment has been accorded him, and 
 that of an order which has brought him prom- 
 inently before the people of the Territory. He 
 served as a member of the House in the Twenty- 
 
 ninth Territorial Legislature, after which he 
 was elected to the Senate, in which his serv- 
 ices had potent influence in furthering the in- 
 terests of New Mexico and in insuring effective 
 legislation. 
 
 From the time of his coming to East Las 
 Vegas he has been intimately and consecutively 
 identified with the city and its affairs, having 
 aided in its incorporation and having taken a 
 lively interest in every measure and enterprise 
 tending to conserve the development and prog- 
 ress of the city. In 1 890 he was elected City 
 Attorney and was incumbent in that office un- 
 til 1895. His interest in educational affairs 
 has been one of broad and liberal nature and 
 he has been a prime mover in securing to the 
 city its present excellent public-school system. 
 Las Vegas holds a position of prominence as 
 having been the first locality in the Territory 
 to erect a school building by direct taxation, 
 and in bringing this measure before the people 
 and effecting the erection of the present fine 
 school building our subject was one of the 
 prime factors, said building being of modern 
 architectural design and substantially con- 
 structed of brown sandstone, and standing an 
 ornament to the city and as a fitting and per- 
 petual monument to the intelligence and enter- 
 prise of the men who promoted its building 
 and effected its completion. 
 
 Mr. Fort is now the oldest practicing law- 
 yer, as to priority of location, in East Las 
 Vegas, but his efforts have not been confined to 
 professional lines or those more closely con- 
 nected with public service, for he has made 
 large real-estate investments in the city and 
 has erected here a number of excellent build- 
 ings for business and residence purposes. As a 
 professional man and as a citizen he is held in 
 the highest estimation, and is recognized as one 
 of the representative men of the Territory. 
 
 The marriage of Mr. Fort was solemnized 
 in 1871, when he was united to Miss Lockie 
 E. Hardin, a native of the State of Mississippi 
 and of Kentucky ancestry. They have two 
 children: Oliver, a college graduate, now at 
 the parental home; and Lockie, who is now 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 247 
 
 pursuing her collegiate course. The family res- 
 idence compasses one of the most refined and 
 attractive homes in the city, and here is dis- 
 pensed that gracious hospitality which has 
 gained to Mr. and Mrs. Fort the good will and 
 esteem of the people of Las Vegas. 
 
 ON. MIGUEL ANTONIO OTERO, 
 deceased. - - Through biography is 
 opened up the far-stretching view 
 along whose dim vista is more or less 
 clearly defined the trend of general history, 
 which, in itself, stands but as the record of in- 
 dividual life and human achievement as taken 
 in the aggregate or composite phase. There 
 is ever a great measure of satisfaction in delin- 
 eating the salient features in the life history of 
 one who has wrought well in the great com- 
 petitive struggle, one to whom have been 
 granted the maximum honors and in whose ca- 
 reer have been signalized the results of indom- 
 itable perseverance and scrupulous integrity, 
 as shown in the sphere of higher usefulness. 
 The honored man to whom this memoir is ded- 
 icated was possessed of distinguished attain- 
 ments, strong individuality and practically per- 
 fect appreciation of the higher ethics of life. 
 His was it to take a conspicuous part in insur- 
 ing the development of the favored Territory 
 of New Mexico and in making clear the path 
 for the brilliant progress which has been hers 
 within these latter years. To his memory is 
 accorded the highest respect, and almost rev- 
 erence, of all who have had cognizance of his 
 sterling worth of character and of the import- 
 ant services which, in the course of a busy 
 and active life, he rendered to the Territory of 
 which he was a native son. 
 
 Mr. Otero was a native of Valencia, Valen- 
 cia county, New Mexico, where he was born 
 on the 2 ist of June, 1829, the son of Vicente 
 and Gertrude (Aragon) Otero, who were natives 
 of Spain, and descended from distinguished 
 families of that country. They came to New 
 Mexico, where the father became seized of 
 large estates and engaged extensively in stock- 
 
 raising, being one of the foremost promoters of 
 this industry in the Territory. He was a man 
 of marked talent and held a position of unmis- 
 takable prominence in the county where for 
 many years he served as Judge, having also at 
 one time held preferment as Alcalde. 
 
 Miguel Antonio Otero, the immediate sub- 
 ject of this review, received his literary educa- 
 tion in Missouri, being a member of one of the 
 first classes of boys to be sent from New Mex- 
 ico to Saint Louis, there to be accorded the ex- 
 ceptional privileges afforded by the Saint Louis 
 University. His parents were devoted adher- 
 ents of the Roman Catholic Church, and it had 
 been their wish that our subject be educated 
 for the priesthood; but he determined that his 
 sphere of greatest usefulness lay outside the 
 sacerdotal lines, and after leaving the univer- 
 sity he went to Fishkill on the Hudson, in a 
 college at which place he for some time held 
 preferment as a member of the faculty. Within 
 this time he had determined to adopt the pro- 
 fession of law as his vocation in life, and ac- 
 cordingly he returned to Missouri and under 
 the effective preceptorage of Senator Polk, of 
 that State, he prosecuted his legal studies and 
 in due course of time procured admission to 
 the bar. He entered upon the practice of his 
 profession in Saint Louis, where he remained for 
 a time and then returned to New Mexico and 
 became prominently identified with political 
 and public affairs in the Territory of his nativ- 
 ity. Recognition of his signal ability was 
 manifested in his being elected a member of 
 the Territorial Legislature, and in 1855 he was 
 accorded the highest preferment in the gift of 
 the people of the Territory, that of Delegate 
 to the United States Congress. This import- 
 ant office he filled with so great fidelity and 
 therein so efficiently represented the interests 
 of New Mexico that he was thrice elected to 
 the same position. In 1861 he was the 
 recipient of a distinctive honor, securing 
 through President Lincoln the appointment as 
 Secretary of the Territory of New Mexico. He 
 also rendered service to the public as Attorney 
 General, and at one time held the office of 
 
248 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 United States District Attorney of the Terri- 
 tory. In each of these important capacities 
 his decided attainments and marked profes- 
 sional ability stood him well in hand and ren- 
 dered his services of inestimable benefit. 
 
 In association with his brother, Mr. Otero 
 became the owner of 1,000,000 acres of valua- 
 ble land situated in Bernalillo and Valencia 
 counties, the Bartolome Baca grant. The 
 title to this grant is now being contested in the 
 courts, and in the lower court a decision has 
 been rendered in favor of the heirs. It is con- 
 fidently anticipated that the final decision will 
 soon be rendered sustaining the original one 
 and placing the heirs in undisputed possession 
 of the property. Our subject was one of the 
 organizers of the firm of Otero, Sellar & Co., 
 wholesale merchants at Hayes City, Kansas, 
 the direct successor of which association was 
 the firm of Gross, Blackwell & Company, who 
 conduct, at East Las Vegas, a wholesale mer- 
 cantile business in the grocery line, the con- 
 cern being the most extensive of the sort in the 
 Territory. The buildings and grounds utilized 
 by the firm are still the property of the heirs of 
 our subject. 
 
 Otero, the first town on the line of the Atch- 
 ison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, was named 
 in honor of the subject of this review, as was 
 also Otero county, in Colorado. Mr. Otero 
 was one of the projectors and organizers of 
 the San Miguel National Bank at Las Vegas, 
 and was its first president, which incumbency 
 he retained up to the time of his death, which 
 occurred in this city on the 3Oth of May, 1882. 
 In his political adherency our subject rendered 
 an active support to the Democratic party and 
 its principles and was a recognized leader in 
 the political affairs of the Territory. Frater- 
 nally he was prominently identified with the 
 Masonic order, having retained a membership 
 in Montezuma Lodge, No. i, of Santa Fe. 
 He was a man of noble bearing, courteous in 
 his manner and animated by the most gener- 
 ous of impulses, while the more incidental ele- 
 ments of his character were those which have 
 already been outlined in this sketch, his dis- 
 
 tinguished intellectual and professional attain- 
 ments and x his marked native ability. In his 
 demise the Territory was deprived of one of 
 her ablest and most honored native sons, and 
 it is needless to say that his loss was deeply felt. 
 
 Turning in conclusion to the more purely 
 domestic phases of our subject's life, we find 
 that in 1857 was consummated his marriage to 
 Miss Mary Josephine Blackwood, a native of 
 Charleston, South Carolina, and descended 
 from a prominent New Jersey family. About 
 the time of her birth her father died from an 
 attack of yellow fever and within a very short 
 time her mother also died on shipboard while 
 crossing the Gulf of Mexico, thus leaving 
 her doubly orphaned in her infancy. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Otero became the parents of four chil- 
 dren, of whom three are living at the present 
 time, namely: Page B., a resident of Santa 
 Fe; Marie J., the wife of Henry J. O'Bryan, 
 of Denver, Colorado; and Miguel Antonio, who 
 still retains his residence at East Las Vegas, 
 and who has kindly furnished the data for this 
 memoir of his honored father. We append a 
 brief review of his life: 
 
 MIGUEL ANTONIO OTERO stands as one of 
 the representative citizens of the Territory to 
 whose development his father contributed in so 
 large a measure. He was born in Saint Louis, 
 Missouri, on the I7th of October, 1859, re- 
 ceiving his educational discipline at Notre 
 Dame University, South Bend, Indiana, after 
 which he acted as bookkeeper for his father for 
 a period of two years. He then became cash- 
 ier of the San Miguel National Bank, retaining 
 this incumbency up to 1885, since which time 
 he has been honored by his fellow citizens with 
 various offices of public trust, among which was 
 that of County and Probate Clerk. In 1890 
 he received the appointment as Clerk of the 
 United States District Court for the Fourth 
 Judicial District of New Mexico, an office 
 which he has filled in a most efficient and sat- 
 isfactory manner. 
 
 Mr. Otero has given a strong support to the 
 Republican party, and was the choice of the 
 people of the Territory for Delegate to the 
 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 249 
 
 United States Congress in 1 894, an honor which 
 he declined in favor of that able gentleman 
 who was subsequently elected to the office. 
 He is prominently identified with the Masonic 
 fraternity, having passed all of the degrees of 
 the York rite, and being a Noble of the Mystic 
 Shrine. 
 
 On the i gth of December, 1888, our subject 
 was united in marriage to Miss Caroline 
 Emmet, daughter of ex-Chief Justice Emmet of 
 Minnesota. They have a bright little son who 
 bears the patronymic of Miguel, he being of 
 the fourth generation who have had the name. 
 The very attractive family home is located in 
 East Las Vegas, and there is dispensed that 
 greatest hospitality which gives impress of the 
 innate refinement so typical of the characters 
 of our subject and his charming wife. 
 
 Mr. Otero has taken an active part in pub- 
 lic affairs in the Territory, and has rendered his 
 party effective service. He was one of the Re- 
 publican delegates from New Mexico to the 
 national convention held at Minneapolis, at 
 which Mr. Harrison was nominated for the 
 presidency, and he also had the distinguished 
 honor of being one of those upon whom fell 
 the pleasing duty of notifying Mr. Harrison of 
 his nomination. 
 
 *y * ON. SANTIAGO BACA. Descended 
 lf\ from one of the most distinguished of 
 
 _^P the old Spanish families of New 
 Mexico, and himself a man of high 
 attainments and conspicuous public service, 
 it is essential to the consistency of this work 
 that particular attention be accorded to a 
 record of the. life history of him whose name 
 serves to initiate this review. 
 
 The father of our subject, Major Jesus 
 M. A. Baca y Salazar, was born in Santa Fe 
 in the year 1820, and upon attaining maturity 
 he married Maria Jesus Salazar, who was also 
 a descendant of one of the early and notable 
 Spanish families in the Territory. He was for 
 many years the efficient incumbent as Sheriff 
 of Santa Fe county, was a man of marked 
 
 ability and much influence, and during the 
 progress of the late war of the Rebellion he 
 rendered valiant service in behalf of the Union 
 cause. After his enlistment he was made 
 Major of the Second Regiment of New Mexico 
 Volunteers, afterward receiving from the 
 Governor of the Territory the appointment as 
 Colonel of the regiment. He was a most 
 active participant in the battle of Valverde, 
 and while on his way home was captured, in 
 company with Hon. Nicolas Pino, at Socorro, 
 being subsequently exchanged. After the war 
 Major Baca took up his residence on his ranch, 
 near Glorieta, San Miguel county, the place 
 being recognized as one of the finest in that 
 section of the Territory. The death of this 
 honored veteran occurred April 7, 1872, and 
 was lamented by all who had appreciation of 
 his innate nobility of character. He left four 
 children, two sons and two daughters, and 
 his venerable wife still survives, being now 
 (1895) seventy-three years of age. The family, 
 from one generation to another, have been 
 steadfast adherents of the Catholic Church. 
 
 Santiago Baca, the immediate subject of 
 this review, was the eldest of the four children, 
 having been born in Santa Fe. He received 
 his education in the excellent church schools 
 in old Mexico and'at Santa Fe, where he pur- 
 sued his studies under the effective tutorage of 
 the distinguished Bishop Lamy. 
 
 In 1862 he was united in marriage to Miss 
 Piedad Armijo, the accomplished daughter of 
 Salvador Armijo, who is a nephew of the 
 celebrated General Armijo, now deceased. 
 After his marriage Mr. Baca was for many 
 years associated with his father-in-law in the 
 wholesale and retail mercantile business, at 
 Albuquerque, and later carried- on a similar 
 enterprise upon his own responsibility, con- 
 tinuing to be thus engaged until 1883. 
 
 In political matters our subject has ever 
 given a^stalwart allegiance to the Democratic 
 party, and has been a leader' in political mat- 
 ters in the Territory. He served two years as 
 Sheriff of his county, and was a member of 
 the Territorial Senate for three terms, in the 
 
250 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 latter of which he had the distinction of being 
 president of that important body, proving a 
 most acceptable presiding officer. He served 
 for four years as Postmaster of Albuquerque, a 
 city with whose interests he has been conspicu- 
 ously identified since 1874. For the past two 
 years he has acted as County Assessor, a posi- 
 tion whose somewhat delicate duties he has 
 performed in such a way as to gain the com- 
 mendation of all. In this connection it is 
 interesting to note the fact that when he was 
 but seventeen years of age upon him was con- 
 ferred the responsible preferment as Chief 
 Clerk of the Senate of the Territory. As a 
 public official he has not only manifested a 
 great capacity for management of detail work, 
 a marked executive ability and a perfect 
 fidelity to the trust imposed, but he has also 
 shown forth the high principles of honor and 
 integrity by which he has been actuated. 
 These circumstances have been duly appreci- 
 ated by the people of the city and Territory, 
 and his popularity is one of no narrow or un- 
 certain order. At one time Mr. Baca received 
 the strong endorsement of the best men of the 
 Territory, regardless of party affiliations, for 
 the appointment to the high office as United 
 States Marshal of New Mexico, but President 
 Cleveland saw fit to place in the office a man 
 from another State in preference to this ca- 
 pable and justly popular native son of New 
 Mexico. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Baca are the parents of 
 three children, namely: Francisca, the wife of 
 Meliton Chavez, a clerk in the First National 
 Bank of Albuquerque; Bernardino, who has 
 received the best of educational advantages, is 
 his father's capable assistant; and Aurelia, who 
 is at the parental home. The Baca home- 
 stead is located in old-town Albuquerque and 
 is known as one of the most beautiful places 
 in this ancient city. The residence estate com- 
 prises 100 acres of rich and valuable land, on 
 which is propagated a great variety of fruits. 
 Much attention is also given to raising alfalfa, 
 and for his large products in this line our sub- 
 ject always finds a ready and profitable market. 
 
 The family are devoted adherents of the 
 Catholic Church, whose faith has been that of 
 their ancestors from the time to which the 
 memory of man runneth not to the contrary. 
 Mr. Baca is distinctively one of the repre- 
 sentative citizens of the Territory, a man who 
 has served faithfully and acceptably in high 
 positions of public trust, and who has ever 
 borne honor to the honored name of Baca. 
 
 ARREN BRISTOL, one of New 
 Mexico's most distinguished citizens, 
 now deceased, was born at Stafford, 
 Genesee county, New York, on the 
 igth of March, 1823, and descended from early 
 New England ancestry. His father, Dr. Bur- 
 rage Bristol, and his mother, who bore the 
 maiden name of Sarah Benham, were both 
 natives of Cheshire, Connecticut. The Doctor 
 went to the defense of his country during the 
 war of 1812, serving as Captain of cavalry, and 
 when the country no longer needed his services 
 gave his attention to farming in western New 
 York. His son, Warren, was provided with 
 fair educational privileges, attending in that 
 section the Yates Academy, the Lima Semi- 
 nary and the Wilson Collegiate Institute. While 
 at the first named he shared his room with E. 
 S. Parker, a Tuscarora Indian, who during the 
 rebellion became a member of General Grant's 
 staff, and was subsequently Commissioner of 
 Indian Affairs. From that honored represent- 
 ative of the red race Mr. Bristol learned the 
 Indian mode of using the bow and arrow. 
 
 When a young man Judge Bristol deter- 
 mined to make the practice of law his life work, 
 and to this end attended Fowler's Law School. 
 That he might to better advantage prosecute 
 his studies, he removed to Lockport, New York, 
 where he entered the office of Edward I. Chase, 
 a brother of Chief Justice Chase, then a prom- 
 inent lawyer of that city. At the same time 
 he was engaged as a teacher in the union school 
 of Lockport. He was thorough in his studies 
 and his rapid progress soon gained him admis- 
 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 sion to the bar, when, seeking a field of broader 
 opportunities, he made his way to the West, 
 where in the less thickly settled districts it was 
 easier to secure a clientage and win advance- 
 ment. Quincy, Illinois, then became the place 
 of his abode, or rather was his destination. 
 The affairs of a lifetime seem to hinge on triv- 
 ialities and a seemingly unimportant incident 
 led to a change in his plans. He followed the 
 usual route to the West, going down the Ohio 
 river to Cairo, and thence up the Mississippi, 
 but the boat on which he took passage reached 
 Quincy in the night and the clerk forgot to no- 
 tify Mr. Bristol that he had reached his desti- 
 nation. He slept until they had long passed 
 that city, so he left the boat at Keokuk, ex- 
 pecting to return. There, however, he became 
 deeply interested in the enthusiastic accounts 
 which some army officers from Fort Snelling 
 were giving of Minnesota. He then determined 
 to go to that State and late in the fall of 1850 
 he arrived in St. Paul. He did not find the 
 country and its prospects what he expected, 
 but the last boat for the season had gone south 
 and he characteristically made the best of the 
 situation. 
 
 Speaking of this era in his life, the Judge 
 said: "The experiences of the first winter 
 months of my residence in Minnesota were by 
 no means flattering to my vanity. I was just 
 out of school and about to locate permanently 
 somewhere and to engage for the first time in 
 the continuous business of life. I had already 
 acquired a facility at temporary expedients to 
 ' get along, ' for without aid from any source I 
 had maintained myself by my personal efforts 
 since the age of sixteen. By teaching in the 
 public schools of the year and by manual labor 
 daring vacations, I succeeded in maintaining 
 myself at the various institutions where I had 
 acquired an education. It is not therefore 
 strange that upon being convinced that there 
 was no immediate prospect of obtaining a re- 
 spectable living by opening another law office 
 at that time in St. Paul, I should resort to my 
 old habit of a ' shift ' to help me through the 
 winter. 
 
 " I stopped at the Central House, then 
 kept by Robert Kennedy. Before the winter 
 was far advanced all my funds except three 
 pieces of silver, of five francs each, had been 
 exhausted. At that stage I frankly told Mr. 
 Kennedy of my exact financial condition, 
 told him that I was a lawyer, but saw little or 
 nothing to do in the line of my profession that 
 could yield me immediate support; that I was 
 compelled to spend the winter here, and as an 
 expedient I desired to appear ' incog ' as a la- 
 borer and asked for a job. I made a very 
 favorable impression upon Mr. Kennedy, who 
 at heart is the most generous of men. He 
 took kindly to me at once and gave me em- 
 ployment, a part of my duties being to carry 
 the mail on horseback between St. Paul and 
 the Falls of St. Croix, by way of Stillwater. 
 
 "While thus employed in the winter of 
 1850-1, an incident occurred that has always 
 pleased me very much. The winter was ex- 
 ceedingly dull, and as a means of amusement 
 and mental exercise a debating club was organ- 
 ized in St. Paul, in which nearly all the lawyers 
 then practicing there took part. Among these 
 were Hon. M. Wilkinson, then an attorney 
 and subsequently United States Senator from 
 that State. The debates were held in a frame 
 schoolhouse near the spot where Illingsworth's 
 jewelry store was afterward located. One 
 evening I attended one of these debates. Mr. 
 Wilkinson was the most prominent speaker on 
 one side. He spoke earnestly and eloquently 
 in his best vein. Among others I volunteered 
 a reply. Mr. Wilkinson's manner, as it was 
 afterward represented to me, upon inquiring 
 who I was, and being told that I was ' Bob 
 Kennedy's hired man,' could not be construed 
 otherwise than as complimentary to that occu- 
 pation. " 
 
 As soon as possible Mr. Bristol abandoned 
 his temporary occupation to take up the prac- 
 tice of law in Hennepin county, Minnesota, 
 where Minneapolis now stands. He was one 
 of the committee who named that city. He 
 secured an eighty-acre claim on the military 
 reservation and did a law business which main- 
 
252 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ly concerned contested claims. He was also 
 made County Attorney at the first election 
 held in Hennepin county, but soon after re- 
 moved to Redwing, where he became a partner 
 of J. N. Murdock. There he became known 
 as an able lawyer, and was elected District 
 Attorney of Goodhue county, and afterward 
 Probate Judge. He was also a recognized 
 leader in political affairs, and in the summer 
 of 1855 presided over the first Republican 
 State convention held in Minnesota, when the 
 party was formally organized. He served as 
 a member of both houses of the State Legisla- 
 ture, being in the State Senate for two terms, 
 and in 1864 he was a member of the national 
 convention in Baltimore, which renominated 
 Abraham Lincoln for the presidency. He also 
 supported Daniel S. Dickinson for vice-presi- 
 dent, even after nearly every other vote in the 
 convention was cast for Andrew Johnson. He 
 had now become widely known as a leader in 
 Republican circles throughout the West, and 
 in 1872 was appointed by President Grant as 
 Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of New 
 Mexico. 
 
 On the 6th of June of that year, Judge 
 Bristol reached .Mesilla, then the county seat 
 of Donna Ana county, but almost immediately 
 after came to Grant county, where the follow- 
 ing week he opened his first term of court. By 
 three successive presidents he was appointed 
 as Associate Justice, and continued in that of- 
 fice until resigning in 1885. His judicial du- 
 ties were unusually arduous, but were always 
 performed with faithfulness as well as marked 
 ability. His district^ included Grant, Donna 
 Ana and Lincoln counties, and he was thus 
 forced to travel over a large amount of terri- 
 tory, while during the "greater part of his Judg- 
 ship the journeys had to be made by stage or 
 private conveyance. He heard a number of 
 cases which have become historic. He was on 
 the-^bench during the whole of the Lincoln 
 county war. The county was infested with 
 desperadoes and hardened criminals who held 
 life of no account if it stood in the way of their 
 plans. The conscientious performance of offi- 
 
 cial duty at that time required a rare degree of 
 physical as well as moral courage. 
 
 On one occasion there was a plot formed to 
 assassinate the whole "county party," as the 
 judge, the clerk and the lawyers who traveled 
 together were spoken of. They started for 
 Lincoln county, where court was to convene, 
 and on reaching Tularosa learned that the 
 sheriff had been killed and an attempt at their 
 own lives would probably be made. While 
 deliberating upon the plan to pursue, there ar- 
 rived a detachment of soldiers under the com- 
 mand of a lieutenant from the military post at 
 Fort Stanton, who gave the Judge a letter 
 from the post commander containing a state- 
 ment of what had occurred at Lincoln and of- 
 fering the military escort. The party then 
 proceeded to Fort Stanton and each day under 
 military escort the Judge went to the county 
 seat nine miles distant. It was afterward 
 learned that a party in Lincoln accidentally 
 overheard the laying of the plot to assassinate 
 the court party and immediately started for the 
 post, where he arrived about midnight. The 
 colonel then at once ordered out his men as 
 stated above: hence the timely assistance. 
 Judge Bristol presided at the trial of the des- 
 perado known as " Billy, the Kid." 
 
 The position of judge on the bench, when 
 clothed with its true dignity, purity and strength, 
 ranks among the noblest callings of men. Law 
 is the voice of God and the harmony of the 
 world, and its administration should be by 
 conscientious men who are calm in the strength 
 of flawless rectitude. Judge Bristol evinced 
 the possession of qualities and abilities which 
 placed him in the rank of such judges. On the 
 bench his acts were strong and fully of breadth, 
 accuracy and force. In sound judgment, in 
 patient industry, in clear conception of the 
 spirit and scope of jurisprudence and intuitive 
 perception of right, Judge Bristol ranked high 
 in the estimate of bench, bar and public. On 
 the bench it was his aim to be absolutely im- 
 partial, and no personal feeling was allowed to 
 interfere with the even-handed administration 
 of justice, The Judge's judicial service cov- 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 2 53 
 
 ered the most important period in the history of 
 New Mexico, the transition period between 
 the old and new eras. In the shaping of the 
 laws, as given by judicial decisions, he had 
 more influence than any other man in the Ter- 
 ritory. His district was greater in extent than 
 almost any of the New England or Eastern 
 States, and the cases that came up before him 
 were complicated in the extreme, arising from 
 the peculiarities of the country and time. Min- 
 ing interests caused litigation that was novel 
 and intricate, and the celebrated cattle wars of 
 Lincoln county and the introduction of the 
 railroads, accompanied by bands of despera- 
 does, brought on a volume of business that was 
 exceedingly extensive; but he was ever prompt 
 and careful in the dispatch of cases, yet no un- 
 due haste was ever manifest. His own mind 
 was clear, keen, comprehensive and decisive. 
 His decisions were ever given concisely and 
 pointedly, and the meaning of a single sen- 
 tence was never called in question. 
 
 In 1 889 Judge Bristol received the unani- 
 mous election from Grant county as a Delegate 
 to the Constitutional Convention. His health 
 had failed him, but to the important work of 
 the Territory he gave the energies that re- 
 mained to him, and his opinions, especially on 
 matters connected with the judiciary, had very 
 great weight. It was the last public service of 
 his life and was an important one, the influ- 
 ence of which will be felt throughout the his- 
 tory of New Mexico. 
 
 On coming to this Territory, Judge Bristol 
 had located in Mesilla, where he established a 
 beautiful home, his love of flowers being 
 strongly manifest in the grounds and their 
 adornments. Not long after the town of Dem- 
 ing was established, he concluded that it 
 would become the metropolis of southern New 
 Mexico, and in 1882 removed to this place. He 
 built a pleasant and tasteful home, erected the 
 first windmill for irrigation and soon demon- 
 strated that spots in the midst of what seemed 
 an arid plain, by care and attention could be 
 transformed into verdant lawns and flourishing 
 orchards. He was truly in touch with nature, 
 
 and his love of beauty and his artistic sense 
 formed expression in the beautiful flowers 
 which surrounded his home. 
 
 He did not long survive his return to Dem- 
 ing, but passed away on the I2th of January, 
 1890. Throughout the Territory the loss of 
 this noble man'was felt. His public and pri- 
 vate career had alike won him friends whose 
 warm regard and'' confidence he ever retained. 
 When the announcement of his death was 
 made in the Supreme Court on the I3th of 
 January, a committtee was appointed to pre- 
 pare suitable resolutions, and the court then 
 adjourned as a mark of respect. From all 
 parts of the Territory came those of high and 
 low degreee to pay their last tribute of respect 
 to the honored dead. The end came as the 
 grateful rest after a long and busy life, full of 
 noble, honorable deeds, of fidelity to duty in 
 public affairs and of kindliness and charity in 
 private life. He was a consistent member of 
 the Episcopal Church, serving as a vestryman 
 for many years in Christ Church of Redwing, 
 Minnesota. He became connected with the 
 little congregation at Mesilla, and was the 
 leading spirit in the erection of the church at 
 Deming, with which he served as warden. He 
 never, in all the rush and hurry of his judicial 
 career, neglected the holier duties of life, but 
 carefully followed in the footsteps of the Man 
 of Galilee. 
 
 His loss came greatest and heaviest, how- 
 ever, to her who for more than a quarter of a 
 century had traveled life's journey by his side, 
 his loved and faithful wife. While in Minnesota, 
 he returned to his old home in Lockport, New 
 York, and on the aoth of April, 1864, wedded 
 Miss Louisa C. Armstrong, whom he had 
 known from his boyhood days. Theirs was 
 indeed a happy home, their mutual love and 
 confidence increasing as the years went by, and 
 the heartstrings were more closely intertwined 
 until rudely severed by the hand of death. 
 The happy memory of loving kindness, consid- 
 eration and thoughtfulness, however, is hers, 
 together with the warm sympathy of many 
 friends. 
 
254 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 EON. LORION MILLER, Secretary 
 of the Territory of New Mexico, is a 
 young man of marked business ability, 
 in every way worthy of the important 
 position which he fills, and is a fit subject for 
 biographical honors in this work. 
 
 Lorion Miller was born in the State of 
 Maryland, April 4, 1857. He is of German 
 and English descent, but both his parents were 
 born in Maryland. His father, Hon. John 
 Miller, a prominent lawyer and banker, re- 
 moved to Missouri in 1858, and was engaged 
 there in banking and stock-raising until 1863, 
 at which time he met with untimely death at 
 the hands of " Bill " Ewing's men, who made 
 a raid in Missouri in retaliation for the burning 
 of Lawrence, Kansas. Mr. Miller had nothing 
 to do with the atrocities mentioned, and it was 
 only because he was known to be in sympathy 
 with the South that he was ruthlessly murdered. 
 He had married Miss Sarah E. Gray, a native 
 of his own State, and they were the parents of 
 five children, Lorion being their third born. 
 The widow died December 12, 1894, in her 
 seventy-sixth year. Her bitter experience in 
 the loss of her husband was but one of the 
 many sad occurrences of the great Civil war. 
 Words can not portray what she and her little 
 ones suffered in this dark hour. 
 
 At the time of his father's death the subject 
 of our sketch was six years of age. He was 
 educated in his native State and is a graduate 
 of her Agricultural College. After completing 
 his course there he was for two years principal 
 of the public school at Caseyville, Illinois, and 
 the following three years he traveled for a pub- 
 lishing house. In 1 88 1 he came to the Terri- 
 tory of New Mexico. Here for three years he 
 followed mining, with varied success. In 1885 
 he was appointed Clerk of the United States 
 Court at Albuquerque, which position he filled, 
 satisfactorily, up to 1888, and from that time 
 to 1893 he gave his attention to the real-estate 
 and insurance business at Albuquerque. Dur- 
 ing all this time he had rendered efficient serv- 
 ice to the Democratic party at its conventions 
 and on its committees, and in acknowledgment 
 
 of these services he received from President 
 Cleveland the appointment of Secretary of the 
 Territory of New Mexico, the appointment 
 bearing date September 13, 1893. Since that 
 time he has been giving close attention to the 
 duties of his office and has been a prompt and 
 capable official. He still, however, retains his 
 real-estate interests in Albuquerque. 
 
 Mr. Miller was married August 3, 1886, to 
 Miss Wrenetta Bostick, (he daughter of J. S. 
 Bostick, of Fort Smith, Arkansas. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Miller have a son and daughter, named 
 for their parents, Lorjon and Wrenetta. 
 
 Still a young man and fully identified with 
 the Territory of his adoption, Mr. Miller has, 
 undoubtedly, like New Mexico, a bright future 
 before him. 
 
 EON. AMADO CHAVES, the first 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction 
 of New Mexico, is a native son of the 
 Territory, his birth having occurred 
 in Santa Fe, on the i6th of April, 1851. He 
 is a descendant of Don Fernando Chaves, who 
 came from Spain to this country in 1693. He 
 was a Knight of the Order of St. James and a 
 Colonel in the Spanish army, one of the val- 
 iant soldiers who braved the dangers and the 
 fortunes of war to conquer this country for 
 his government. From him has descended a 
 branch of the Chaves family in New Mexico, 
 and the line of descent is traced down through 
 Don Bernardino, Duran de Chaves, Diego 
 Antonio Durand Chaves, Pedro Antonio Chaves, 
 Julian Chaves, and Manuel Chaves, the last 
 named being the father of our subject. All of 
 the progenitors of the family were prominent 
 military men and were leaders in the commun- 
 ity with which they were connected. Manuel 
 Chaves was a Colonel in the Mexican army, 
 and afterward became an American citizen and 
 a Lieutenant-Colonel in the army of this coun- 
 try, Second Regiment New Mexico Volunteers. 
 He was one of the greatest Indian fighters of 
 his day, at which time the red men were caus- 
 ing the white settlers great trouble. He knew 
 
HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 ^55 
 
 how to meet the wily antagonists, was experi- 
 enced in their methods of warfare, and to his 
 valor may largely be attributed the safety of 
 the settlers and the final suppression of the 
 hostile tribes. He received some very severe 
 wounds, but such was the strength of his con- 
 stitution that he lived until January 29, 1889. 
 His death was caused by the wounds which he 
 had sustained in battle, and he passed away in 
 the seventy-fifth year of his age. 
 
 Colonel Chaves had married Miss Vicenta 
 Labadie, a grand-daughter of the celebrated 
 French physician of that name. They reared 
 eight children, and six of the number are still 
 living. The wife and mother also survives, 
 and is now (1895) in the sixty-fourth year of 
 her age. Amado Chaves was their second child 
 and eldest son. He obtained his first educa- 
 tion in St. Michael's College and then went to 
 Washington, District of Columbia, where he 
 pursued a commercial course of study in the 
 Bryant & Stratton Business College. He then 
 attended Georgetown College, and taking up 
 the study of law thoroughly fitted himself for 
 his chosen profession in the National Univer- 
 sity Law School. He was graduated at that 
 celebrated institution, and in 1876 received 
 his diploma from the hands of President Grant, 
 who was also ex-officio president of the college. 
 He filled a position in the Interior Depart- 
 ment for a number of years. 
 
 On the expiration of that period, Mr. 
 Chaves returned to New Mexico, and was for 
 a time engaged in stock-raising on his ranch. 
 His worth and ability being recognized and 
 appreciated by his fellow-citizens, was in 1882 
 elected a member of the Legislative Assembly 
 of the Territory, and had the honor of being 
 elected Speaker of the House, in which capac- 
 ity he served most efficiently and satisfactorily. 
 In 1891 he was appointed to his present posi- 
 tion, that of Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
 tion of the Territory, being the first to, fill that 
 position in New Mexico. Fully appreciating 
 the value of education and good schools he 
 began the organization of the schools of the 
 Territory, and has performed this task in the 
 
 most gratifying manner, so that to-day they 
 are under the operation of the most approved 
 free public-school system, and of its education- 
 al institutions New Mexico may well be proud. 
 The work was a great one, as many of the 
 people of the Territory were prejudiced against 
 the public-school system, but he successfully 
 accomplished the great undertaking. Mr. 
 Chaves is an enthusiast on educational mat- 
 ters, and takes just pride in what has been ac- 
 complished in the land of his birth, a land 
 which he dearly loves. 
 
 On the 4th of October, 1893, Mr. Chaves 
 was united in marriage with Mrs. Kate N. Fos- 
 ter, a native of Ohio, and the widow of Sam- 
 uel P. Foster, of that State. They have a 
 little daughter, born in Santa Fe, whom they 
 have named Katharine Isabel. Mrs. Chaves 
 is a member of the Episcopal Church, while 
 Mr. Chaves and all his people are adherents of 
 the Catholic faith. In politics he has always 
 been a strong Republican. He is a man of 
 keen and brilliant intellect, kind-hearted in 
 disposition, social in manner and honorable in 
 all his dealings, and has many friends through- 
 out the Territory, of which he is a learned and 
 honorable son. 
 
 >^r* UDGE ELISHA VAN BUREN LONG, 
 
 m senior member of the law firm of Long 
 / J & Fort, of Las Vegas, was born in 
 Wayne county, Indiana, March 7, 1840, 
 of German and Welsh descent, but on both 
 sides his ancestors were early settlers in Amer- 
 ica. His grandfather, Christopher Long, 
 served through the war for independence, and 
 lived to the age of ninety-eight years. He was 
 one of the early pioneers of Indiana, and was 
 buried at a place which afterward became the 
 center of the turnpike constructed through 
 Henry county, Indiana; but out of considera- 
 tion for the remains of a soldier of the Revolu- 
 tion a slight diversion was made and his grave 
 was left unmolested. Later, his son, Joel 
 Long, had the grave enclosed in a neat iron 
 fence, and erected a monument with the in- 
 
256 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 scription, " Christopher Long, a Revolutionary 
 Soldier." Notwithstanding the grave is a long 
 distance out of town, each Decoration Day 
 kind hands decorate with beautiful flowers the 
 last resting place of the patriot soldier. Our 
 subject's father, Elisha Long, was born in 
 Rockingham county, Virginia. He emigrated 
 to Ohio when a young man, becoming an early 
 pioneer'of Jackson county, but afterward re- 
 moved to Wayne county, Indiana, and was 
 one of the prominent men of that State. He 
 was active in the organization of the State 
 militia, and was widely known in the pioneer 
 days, having been one of the commissioners of 
 the State for the making of the internal im- 
 provements of Indiana. Mr. Long married 
 Miss Malinda Hale, a native of Virginia, and a 
 descendant of one of the old families of that 
 State. They had seven children, of whom 
 three survive. Mr. Long departed this life at 
 the age of fifty years, and his wife lived to the 
 age of sixty-eight years. 
 
 Elisha V. Long, their youngest child, re- 
 ceived his education in the common schools of 
 Indiana and in the New Castle Academy. When 
 a young man he worked on the farm, clerked 
 in a store and taught school, using every laud- 
 able means to obtain a start in life. He aft- 
 erward read law in the office of Stanfield & 
 Anderson, at South Bend, Indiana, and before 
 reaching his twenty-first year was admitted to 
 the bar in Warsaw, Indiana, where he followed 
 his profession until 1873, at which time he 
 was appointed a Judge of the Circuit Court 
 by the Hon. Thomas A. Hendricks, then Gov- 
 ernor of Indiana. Subsequently Judge Long 
 was twice elected Circuit Judge in the same dis- 
 trict, having been retained on the bench con- 
 tinuously from 1873 until the fall of 1885. His 
 friends mention, with pardonable pride, that, 
 although an earnest, active Democrat, Judge 
 Long was retained as a Judge for twelve years, 
 in a district largely Republican, and twice car- 
 ried his own county as a Democratic candi- 
 date, notwithstanding the fact that the county 
 was Republican by a thousand majority, and 
 also twice received good majorities as a Dem- 
 
 ocratic candidate in the city of Warsaw, which 
 usually gave a Republican majority of 400. 
 Judge Long enjoys the distinction of being the 
 only Democrat who ever received a majority 
 in his county and city after the organization of 
 the Republican party. On the day his term 
 expired he received a commission from Presi- 
 dent Cleveland making him Chief Justice of 
 the Supreme Court of the Territory of New 
 Mexico. His health having become seriously 
 impaired, he accepted the appointment, and 
 entered upon the duties of his office at Santa 
 Fe in November, 1885, where he remained 
 until 1887. The Territory was afterward re- 
 districted for judicial purposes, and Judge Long 
 came to Las Vegas and held the office until 
 March, 1891. After the inauguration of Pres- 
 ident Harrison, he resigned his position to give 
 the members of that party their places in the 
 offices of the country, believing that to the vic- 
 tors belong the spoils. A life-long Democrat, 
 he has rendered his party much valuable serv- 
 ice. His services on the bench were both ca- 
 pable and satisfactory, and proved him to be a 
 lawyer of a high order of talent. In social re- 
 lations he is a Royal Arch Mason. Since com- 
 ing to Las Vegas the Judge has been fully iden- 
 tified with the advancement of the city, having 
 invested in her real estate, built a beautiful 
 home, and is highly esteemed as a valuable 
 citizen and a lawyer of the highest integrity 
 and ability. 
 
 After his retirement from the bench the 
 firm of Long & Fort was organized, thus con- 
 stituting one of the most able law firms in the 
 Territory, and they have enjoyed a large and 
 successful practice. Mr. Long prefers the 
 criminal law practice, but is at home in the 
 general practice of his profession. He is an 
 eloquent and forcible speaker, and is an easy 
 and natural writer, with the power to put his 
 ideas in good English. He began writing for 
 the press when only eighteen years of age, and 
 is consequently a veteran writer. It is a mat- 
 ter of history in New Mexico that Judge Long 
 enforced the first writ of ejectment on the 
 Maxwell land grant, and thus has the credit of 
 

 
 TFw L-*wi ; P'j 
 
HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 2 57 
 
 being the pioneer leader in the settlement of 
 vexatious titles. 
 
 In 1872 our subject was united in marriage 
 with Miss Alice R. Walton, a native of Penn- 
 sylvania, but raised in Indiana. They have 
 four children, Alfred Hendricks and Boaz 
 Walton, both attending a military academy in 
 Missouri, and Mary and Terressa Alice. 
 
 aOLONEL J. FRANCO CHAVES, one 
 of the most prominent and best known 
 citizens of New Mexico, is numbered 
 among the native sons of this Terri- 
 tory, his birth having occurred in Los Paillas, 
 Bernalillo county, on the 2/th of June, 1833. 
 His grandfather, Hon. Francisco Xavier 
 Chaves, was the first Governor of the Territory 
 under the Republic. His father, Mariano 
 Chaves, was born in New Mexico, on the 3ist 
 of December, 1/99, and married Miss Dolores 
 Perea, who also was born in the Territory, and 
 was the daughter of Pedro Jose Perea, a de- 
 scendant of one of the early settlers of Mexico. 
 She was born July 4, 1816. 
 
 The father of our subject was also highly 
 educated and could speak fluently French, 
 Latin, Spanish and English. He managed his 
 father's business in New Mexico for some time 
 and later was in partnership with his brother, 
 following merchandising and stockraising. He 
 was prominent in public affairs and had much 
 to do with the management of the country 
 while his father was Governor. In 1837, when 
 the upper country revolted, he headed the law 
 and order party and was made the chief to op- 
 erate against the Revolutionists, but he declined 
 in favor of Manuel Armijo, who afterward be- 
 came Governor, and they raised volunteers and 
 took possession of Santa Fe, then continued 
 toward the north, attacked the Rebels at Santa 
 Cruz, took Governor Gonzales as prisoner, 
 court-martialed him, found him guilty of treason 
 and rebellion, and shot him. That ended the 
 rebellion during this campaign. Mr. Chaves 
 acted as chief of Governor Armijo's staff. The 
 latter was confirmed in his position by Santa 
 
 17 
 
 Anna, who approved his acts and commissioned 
 Mr. Chaves as Inspector General of all the 
 forces of New Mexico, with supreme power to 
 supersede the governor at will. Subsequently, 
 in 1840, he was made political chief, and five 
 years later his death occurred. In his business 
 dealings he was very successful, and left to his 
 family a comfortable property and an untar- 
 nished name, having the reputation of being a 
 man of the utmost truthfulness and honor. 
 He left a widow and five children. His wife 
 lived to be seventy-three years of age and 
 passed away in April, 1891. 
 
 Colonel Chaves was the second child, and 
 when only five years of age his father sent him 
 to Chihuahua. In 1841 he returned and was 
 sent to school in St. Louis, Missouri. He tells 
 how his father took him into a room alone, 
 put his hand on his head, gave him his blessing 
 and said, ' ' The heretics are going to overrun all 
 this country. Go and learn their language and 
 come back prepared to defend your people." 
 He attended the St. Louis University for five 
 years, or until 1846. The war with Mexico 
 had at this time broken out and his people 
 were afraid that all Mexicans found in the 
 United States would be killed and that all the 
 Americans in Mexico would share the same fate; 
 so they called Colonel Chaves home and he re- 
 turned in company with General Kearny and 
 interpreted and received his proclamations at 
 different places. In 1 847 his mother, then a 
 widow, sent him back to the States to com- 
 plete his education, and he went to New York, 
 city, where he attended a private academy on 
 Banks street. The school was conducted by 
 Captain Hyacinth Peugnet, who had served 
 as captain under the great Napoleon Bona- 
 parte. Mr. Chaves was under his tutelage for 
 two years and then attended an academy at 
 Fishkill, in Dutchess county, New York, for a 
 year, returning then to New York city, where 
 he pursued his studies under the direction of 
 Dr. Edward Delafield. He read medicine for 
 two years and attended lectures at the College 
 of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, and 
 during a year of this time was also in the hos- 
 
HIS TORT Of NEW MEXICO. 
 
 pitals of the city, where he gained much valu- 
 able information. In 1852 he returned home 
 and on the solicitation of his mother took 
 charge of the financial affairs of the family. 
 In 1853 he took a large flock of sheep to Cali- 
 fornia, and in 1854 he took a band of 15,000 
 to that State. They were driven all the way, 
 Mr. Chaves camping out at night. The busi- 
 ness at that time was very hazardous, for the 
 Indians were then very troublesome, but he 
 managed to complete the trip in safety. 
 
 In 1857 Colonel Chaves was united in 
 marriage, in California, with Miss Mary Bowie, 
 and their wedding journey consisted of a trip 
 to Panama, New York and New Orleans and 
 back across the plains to New Mexico. In 
 1860 the Navajo Indians were making terrible 
 depredations among the settlers. A conven- 
 tion was held in Santa Fe in August, 1859, at 
 which it was resolved to form an expedition to 
 go out against them and Miguel E. Pino was 
 elected colonel and commanding officer, while 
 Manuel Chaves was made lieutenant colonel, 
 and under the authority of the convention he 
 raised a company of i 50 men, supplying them 
 with arms and ammunition, they furnishing 
 their own horses and other equipments. Four 
 hundred men in all were raised and they in- 
 vaded the Navajo country, punishing the In- 
 dians severely, killing many of them and taking 
 considerable of their stock, on which the ex- 
 pedition subsisted; but their ammunition gave 
 out and in consequence they were obliged to 
 return home: otherwise they would have com- 
 pletely wiped out the tribe. 
 
 While away from home on this service Col- 
 onel Chaves was elected a member of the Leg- 
 islative Assembly, but he did not return to his 
 home until the session was half over. In 1 861 , 
 President Lincoln commissioned Mr. Chaves 
 as Major of a volunteer regiment that was then 
 being formed and of which Ceran St. Vrain 
 was colonel and Kit Carson lieutenant colonel. 
 They served at Fort Unicjn and the troops un- 
 der Colonel Chaves built all the intrenchments 
 there. In January, 1862, they were ordered 
 South and went as far as Fort Craig, partici- 
 
 pating in the battle of Valverde. They also 
 had a skirmish at Albuquerque and at Los Pi- 
 nos and were ordered to establish a new post 
 at El Gallo to be known as Fort Wingate, and 
 when that was completed he commanded the 
 troops engaged in fighting the Navajo Indians 
 and brought in the first captives 197 Indi- 
 ans to the reservation at Fort Sumner; and 
 later the whole tribe was brought in. In 1863 
 Colonel Chaves was ordered to act as escort 
 for the officials for the new Territory of Ari- 
 zona to such point as they might designate for 
 the capital of the Territory. The officers were: 
 Governor, John N. Goodwin; Secretary, Rich- 
 ard C. McCormick; Chief Justice, William F. 
 Turner; and Associate Justice, Charles Allyn, 
 and Surveyor General, Levi Bashford. When 
 the party reached the Navajo Springs they con- 
 cluded they were in Arizona, and there on the 
 3 ist of December they celebrated the organiz- 
 ation of the Territory of Arizona. On the 
 journey they had several encounters with the 
 Indians and some of the escort were killed, 
 but they succeeded in driving off the red men 
 with some loss among them. When they 
 reached Granite, now called Prescott, the Gov- 
 ernor decided to make that the capital and 
 Colonel Chaves was permitted to retuVn with 
 his troops, making the journey home over a 
 new route. He served for three months be- 
 yond his term of enlistment and was honorably 
 discharged from the service April 15, 1865. 
 
 On leaving the army Colonel Chaves was 
 nominated by the Republican party, of which 
 he is a stalwart supporter, as the Delegate to 
 Congress and was elected by 2,600 majority, 
 serving in the Thirty-ninth, Fortieth and Forty- 
 first Congresses. He was also nominated for 
 the Forty-second, but another Republican was 
 in the field and the support being thus divided 
 the Democratic candidate was elected. In 
 1875 Colonel Chaves was elected a member of 
 the Territorial Council, and from that time up 
 to the present his party has continued him in 
 that position, where he is faithfully and credit- 
 ably serving to the satisfaction of all concerned. 
 He is a man of firm convictions and fearless in 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 259 
 
 defense of what he believes to be right, and is 
 justly acknowledged a leader of his party in the \ 
 Territory. He is progressive, devoted to the 
 best interest of the general public and is a 
 potent factor in the councils of his party. 
 
 In 1874 Colonel Chaves was called upon to 
 mourn the loss of his wife, who died on the 
 i /th of July, leaving two children. The daugh- 
 ter, Lola, is now the wife of M. Armijo; and 
 Francesco died- February 6, 1895, a t the age 
 of thirty-three years. The Colonel was again 
 married in 1890, to Miss Josephine Whitington. 
 They adhere to the faith of the Catholic Church. 
 Mr. Chaves is still engaged in farming and 
 stock-raising and is the owner of about 10,000 
 acres of land. His public and private life are 
 alike above reproach, and he is widely known 
 throughout the Territory and has the high es- 
 teem of his many acquaintances and friends. 
 His life has been largely devoted to public in- 
 terests and every confidence reposed in him 
 has met with honor and ability. Connected 
 with New Mexico from his birth, he is a son of 
 whom she may well be proud for his course has 
 ever reflected credit upon his native Territory. 
 
 EON. CHARLES FRANKLIN EAS- 
 LEY, Surveyor General of the Terri- 
 tory of New Mexico, is a native of 
 Missouri. He was born near Harri- 
 sonville, Cass county, that State, on the 3Oth 
 of July, 1853, springing from an old Southern 
 family. His father, Achilles Easley, was born 
 in North Carolina, February 16, 1797, and 
 was an engineer, surveyor and farmer, who 
 served as Surveyor of his county for eighteen 
 years, doing the greater portion of that work 
 in the section of the State in which he resided. 
 He died in 1893, at the ripe old age of ninety- 
 six years and three months. He married Miss 
 Julia Fulton, who was a native of Tennessee, 
 and a daughter of Arthur Fulton, also of that 
 State. They became the parents of a family 
 of eight children, five sons and three danghters. 
 The mother is still living, and is now, in 1895, 
 
 eighty years of age. In religion the family, 
 as far back as is known, were Presbyterians. 
 
 General Easley was the fifth child, and was 
 educated in the common schools and in an 
 academy of his native town. During the war 
 his people lost much of their property, and he 
 was unable to spare the time and money for a 
 higher education, but he had studied survey- 
 ing in the academy at his own request, and 
 had also been instructed by and practiced with 
 his father. For a number of years he had 
 carried on surveying, and at the same time 
 operated the farm and stock business. 
 
 The year 1880 witnessed the arrival of Mr. 
 Easley in New Mexico. Here he engaged in 
 the Government surveying and in real-estate 
 dealing. He also took up the study of law, 
 making a specialty of land law, and after his 
 admission to the bar engaged in that particular 
 line of practice, in which he has been eminently 
 successful. He is thoroughly versed in the law 
 regarding titles and abstracts and everything 
 connected with his specialty, and has secured a 
 large clientage. Other business interests also 
 claim his time and attention, for he is a man of 
 broad capability and carries forward to success- 
 ful completion whatever he undertakes. He is 
 a member of the John Shaw Cattle Company, 
 which has headquarters on the Pecos river, 
 where there is a rich stock range. In 1885 he 
 was appointed by President Cleveland as Reg- 
 ister of the Land Office, in which capacity he 
 served for two and a half years, when he re- 
 signed in order to give more attention to his 
 law practice. He next had the honor of being 
 elected a member of the Twenty-ninth Legis- 
 lative Assembly of the Territory. This was 
 the first Assembly in which the Democrats had 
 a majority in the lower house, and during this 
 term the present school law of the Territory 
 was introduced. Mr. Easley made an able 
 fight in its behalf and was largely instrumental 
 in securing its passage. In that session he 
 also led the opposition to the bill for the re- 
 moval of the capital from Santa Fe, and was 
 instrumental in its defeat. Mr. Easley was the 
 organizer of the Mutual Building & Loan As- 
 
2&0 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 sociation of Santa Fe, an enterprise which has 
 not only been successful, but has proved of 
 great value to the city. He also became the 
 first president of the Board of Equalization, 
 and in 1893, over thirteen applicants, he re- 
 ceived from President Cleveland the appoint- 
 ment as Surveyor General for the Territory. 
 In his application for this position he was en- 
 dorsed by the greater number of leading citi- 
 zens of the Territory, and also by Senator 
 Cockrell, of Missouri, who had been an old- 
 time friend of his father. Mr. Easley is thor- 
 oughly informed concerning the duties and" de- 
 tails of the Surveyor General's office, and 
 makes a most capable and efficient officer. In 
 April, 1895, he was elected Mayor of the city 
 of Santa Fe, having been nominated by ac- 
 clamation by the Democratic city convention, 
 and without solicitation on his part and against 
 his earnest protest. After he was nominated 
 he made the race and was elected. 
 
 On the 23d of July, 1882, Hon. Charles 
 F. Easley was united in marriage with Miss 
 Anna McBroon, a lady of Scotch descent. 
 Their union has been blessed with three sons 
 and three daughters, and with one exception 
 all were born in New Mexico. They are named 
 Julia Ethel, Charles Ralph, Anna Mabel, and 
 the youngest is yet unnamed. Elmer Franklin 
 died in April, 1894, at the age of three years 
 and two months, and Edna Eliza died in August, 
 1888, aged about one year. Mrs. Easley is an 
 esteemed member of the Presbyterian Church, 
 and Mr. Easley is an active member of the 
 Masonic fraternity, having taken all the degrees 
 in the York and Scottish rites. He has long 
 been Master of the blue lodge, and has also 
 held many offices in the higher branches of the 
 order. He belongs to the Knights of Pythias 
 fraternity, and was one of the organizers of 
 the Grand Lodge of the Territory, and is now 
 serving his second term as their Supreme Rep- 
 resentative. . 'General Easley is a man of strong 
 impulses, and possesses a great degree of nat- 
 ural as well as acquired ability. He has al- 
 ways been an ardent and uncompromising 
 Democrat, and since coming to New Mexico 
 
 has exercised a potent influence in the coun- 
 cils of his party, and has never lost an oppor- 
 tunity to advance its interests; but when the 
 campaigns are over he is a genial, social and 
 warm-hearted man, who has many friends. 
 
 ON. JAMES HENRY WALKER, 
 
 Register of the United States Land 
 Office at Santa Fe, is one of the most 
 prominent citizens of New Mexico, a 
 leader in the social, political and business in- 
 terests of the Territory. He is public-spirited 
 in an eminent degree, and his devotion to the 
 best interests of his adopted home is well known 
 and commends itself to all. He was born in 
 Cooper county, Missouri, on the 8th of April, 
 1833, and his ancestors were early settlers of 
 the South, residing in Kentucky and Tennessee, 
 where they were known as people of honor and 
 ability. His maternal grand-uncle, Rev. Finis 
 Ewing, was one of the founders of the Cum- 
 berland Presbyterian Church in the State of 
 Tennessee, and another member of the family, 
 General Ephraim Ewing, had the honor of 
 serving as Attorney General of the State of 
 Missouri. 
 
 Anthony S. Walker, the father of the gen- 
 tleman whose name heads this record, was born 
 in Paris, Kentucky, in November, 1805, and 
 was reared in 'his native State, removing to 
 Missouri after he had attained his majority. 
 In April, 1831, he was united in marriage with 
 Miss Mary E. Read, a native of Kentucky, 
 whose people came from Tennessee. Her 
 uncle, John Read, was the first Circuit Judge 
 of his district and continued to fill that office 
 until his death, which occurred during the 
 progress of the Civil war. Anthony Walker 
 followed farming and stock-raising in Missouri, 
 and was a man of sterling worth, who won the 
 respect of all who knew him. In his family 
 were five children, four of whom are yet living, 
 the younger son being Judge John R. Walker, 
 who is now District Attorney of the Western 
 District of Missouri, with headquarters at Kan- 
 sas City. The father died in 1863 in the fifty- 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 261 
 
 ninth year of his age, and his wife, who sur- 
 vived him nine years, also passed away at the 
 same age. 
 
 Hon. James Henry Walker is their eldest 
 child. Like many men who have attained to 
 positions of prominence, he was reared upon 
 a farm and his early years were quietly passed. 
 He obtained, however, a good education, be- 
 ing graduated at the Missouri State University, 
 after which he returned to the farm, and for 
 some time carried on agricultural pursuits, but 
 was also prominent in public affairs. His 
 worth and ability were recognized by his fel- 
 low citizens; he became a leader in political 
 circles and was first called to public office by 
 his election to the position of County Judge 
 for a term of eight years. He was also elected 
 and served two terms of four years each in 
 the Missouri State Senate, and while acting in 
 that capacity twice aided in sending Senator 
 Vest to the United States Senate. He also 
 voted for General James Shields for United 
 States Senator. His faithfulness to any inter- 
 est which he supports, his strict adherence to 
 principle, and his fidelity to any trust reposed 
 in him, made Mr. Walker one of the most 
 prominent and influential citizens of Missouri, 
 and have also gained him a leading place in 
 his adopted Territory. 
 
 In the State of his nativity, in 1857, Mr. 
 Walker married Miss Bell West, a native of 
 Harrodsburg, Kentucky, and a daughter of 
 Tunstil West, of that State. Their union has 
 been blessed with seven children, all of whom 
 are living namely: Edgar S. ; John H. ; James 
 H., Jr.; Mary Bell, now Mrs. Davis of Raton, 
 New Mexico; Florence, now the wife of 
 Charles F. Remsberg, also of Raton; Anna, 
 wife of William E. Griffin, of Santa Fe; and 
 Addison, who completes the family. The 
 eldest son is First Lieutenant of the regular 
 army, and is a professor of military tactics at 
 Mexico, Missouri. 
 
 Mr. Walker was a Union man during the 
 war, and suffered much in that lamentable 
 struggle. In 1885, believing that his sons 
 would have better opportunities in the Terri- 
 
 tory of New Mexico, he removed with his 
 family to Raton, where he engaged in farming 
 for two years, when, in 1887, he was ap- 
 pointed by President Cleveland as Register of 
 the United States Land Office for the District 
 of Santa Fe. He served in that capacity for 
 two years, and then gave place to General 
 Harrison's appointee, while he returned to 
 Raton and embarked in merchandising, in 
 partnership with his son-in-law, Mr. Rems- 
 berg. In 1890 he was elected a member of 
 the Territorial Assembly, and in 1893, the 
 political tables having again turned, he was 
 once more appointed by President Cleveland as 
 Register of the Land Office, and succeeded 
 the man who had previously succeeded him. 
 In this capacity Mr. Walker is now serving, 
 and makes a very competent and obliging 
 official. 
 
 Mr. Walker is a man of domestic tastes, 
 greatly interested in his family, and the circle 
 yet remains unbroken by the hand of death. 
 His wife is a most estimable lady, and a con- 
 sistent member of the Christian Church, while 
 he has the reputation of being one of the 
 most honorable of men. He has been a life- 
 long Democrat, and has for years been con- 
 nected with the Masonic fraternity, being Past 
 Master and one of the organizers of the 
 chapter at Raton. As a man and a citizen he 
 is held in the highest esteem. 
 
 *y * ON. PEDRO DELGADO. This 
 
 j^^ gentleman we find a native of the his- 
 f toric town of Santa Fe and a repre- 
 sentative of one of the prominent old 
 Spanish families of New Mexico. As Receiver 
 of Public Moneys at the United States Land 
 Office in Santa Fe, he occupies a position of 
 importance, and it is gratifying to us to be able 
 in this connection to present a sketch of his life 
 and ancestry. 
 
 Mr. Delgado's great-grandfather, Colonel 
 Manuel Delgado, came to the Territory of New 
 Mexico in 1770, took part in the conquest of 
 the country and settled at Santa Fe, where he 
 
HISTORY OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 subsequently served for some time as Alcalde 
 of the town. His wife was a Miss Baca, a na- 
 tive of Mexico. He died in the seventieth 
 year of his age. In their family of five chil- 
 dren was a son, Manuel, who was our subject's 
 grandfather. He was a stock-raiser and miner 
 and merchant ; was one of the first miners at 
 Golden, and in 1848 had a store there. His 
 wife was Maria de la Luz Baca, a native of New 
 Mexico, and they had seven children, two of j 
 whom are living. Their son Pablo was born 
 in 1822. was a merchant in Santa Fe for a 
 number of years, Territorial Treasurer and 
 member of the Legislature, and died in the 
 fifty-first year of his age. He was twice mar- 
 ried, had two children by his first wife and eight 
 by his second, the gentleman whose name 
 heads this article being the youngest of the 
 sons. All reside in New Mexico. Juan, the 
 eldest son, how holds the office of Deputy 
 Sheriff of Santa Fe county, and the others are 
 farmers and stock-raisers. The family still 
 own the Delgado ranch, a tract composing 
 30,000 acres of land and located fourteen miles 
 south of the city of Santa Fe. Mr. Delgado's 
 widow, the mother of our subject, is still liv- 
 ing. She was by maiden name Miss Trinidad 
 Lucero, and was born in Santa Fe fifty-eight 
 years ago. Having thus briefly referred to the 
 Delgado family, we now turn to the facts 
 touching upon the life of the Hon. Pedro Del- 
 gado. 
 
 He was born June 29, 1861, and was edu- 
 cated in San Miguel College, where he gradu- 
 ated in 1877, at the age of sixteen, and to him 
 belongs the distinction of being the first gradu- 
 ate of that institution. The year following 
 his graduation he spent as clerk in his brother's 
 store, the next year he was interested with his 
 brother in gold mining, and then for two years 
 he was bookkeeper in the wholesale house of J. 
 L. Johnson & Company. After this he was in 
 business on his own account for a year and a 
 half in Rio Arriba county, with J. R. Martinez 
 as partner. Returning to Santa Fe, he en- 
 gaged in stock-raising on the ranch above re- 
 ferred to, and continued this business up to 
 
 date. He acted as Deputy County Clerk, 
 Deputy Assessor and Deputy Sheriff, and was 
 clerk in the United States Marshal's office in 
 i888-'89. At this time he was elected on the 
 Democratic ticket to the office of County Clerk, 
 and took charge of the office on the ist of 
 January, 1 89 [ . There were then two contend- 
 ing boards of County Commissioners, both 
 claiming to have been elected and urging to be 
 recognized by the County Clerk. The pro- 
 ceedings of the outgoing board showed that one 
 of these boards had been legally elected and 
 they held certificates to that effect. Mr. Del- 
 gado recognized this board and refused to 
 recognize the other. The defeated board then 
 went to the Judge of the District Court and 
 had a mandamus issued, ordering him to show 
 cause for his acts in the premises : he at once 
 gave his reasons. Then a peremptory writ 
 was served on him, which he refused to obey, 
 and the judge at once ordered the sheriff (the 
 now lamented Francisco Chaves) to take him 
 to jail until he was purged from contempt of 
 the court. The Supreme Court of the Terri- 
 tory being in session at that time, his attorneys 
 tried to have him released by a writ of habeas 
 corpus. The court heard the argument in the 
 case and let him out of jail on bail, pending 
 their decision, which was rendered a week later, 
 four members of the court holding that he 
 must obey the court. The Chief Justice dis- 
 sented, holding that Mr. Delgado's acts were 
 legal. He was returned to jail pending an ap- 
 peal which he had taken to the Supreme Court 
 of the United States, and was there confined 
 for about six months. The Supreme Court 
 decided on a technicality and sent the case back 
 to the Territorial court. By this time Mr. 
 Delgado's money was exhausted and he de- 
 cided to proceed no further with it, and obeyed 
 the order of the court. Two weeks later he 
 was ousted from his office through a techni- 
 cality, his opponent contesting his right to the 
 position. In justice to Mr. Delgado, we state 
 that he acted on his best judgment and was in 
 no way to blame for the great perplexity and 
 trouble that he experienced. 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 263 
 
 On leaving the office, he returned to his 
 ranch and remained there the following year. 
 He then received the appointment of substitute 
 railway mailing clerk, for which he passed a 
 rigid examination and was found to be well 
 qualified. His route was between La Junta, 
 Colorado, and El Paso, Texas. Later he re- 
 ceived a regular appointment and ran between 
 Rincon, New Mexico, and Silver City, this Ter- 
 ritory, and was subsequently transferred to the 
 run between Albuquerque and El Paso. He 
 continued on the road until August, 1893, at 
 which time he received the appointment to his 
 present position, that of Receiver of Public 
 Moneys at the United States Land Office at 
 Santa Fe. He is well informed upon the du- 
 ties of this place and is proving himself to be 
 a most competent and obliging official. 
 
 >^OHN F. PEARCE. PH. B., M. D., is 
 fl another one of the prominent members 
 / J of the medical profession at Albu- 
 querque. He has been identified with 
 the interests of this place during the past dec- 
 ade and in this time has not only won recog- 
 nition as a skilled physician, but also as a citi- 
 zen of sterling worth. We take pleasure in 
 here referring briefly to his life and ancestry: 
 The Pearces originated in England, and 
 their advent in America dates back in the early 
 settlement of this country. Five generations 
 of the family were born in Maryland; they oc- 
 cupied leading and influential positions there, 
 and their history is closely linked with that of 
 the State. Judge D. D. Pearce, the Doctor's 
 grandfather, was Judge of Cecil county for a 
 number of years. He was also a planter. His 
 son, D. D. Pearce, our subject's father, was 
 born in 1830, on the estate which had long 
 been owned by the family. He married Miss 
 Mary Frazier, a native of Delaware and of 
 Scotch and Swedish origin. Her ancestors on 
 her mother's side were Stidhams, who came 
 from Sweden in the sixteenth century and were 
 among the first settlers of Delaware. They 
 became the parents of three children, two 
 
 daughters and a son. He died in 1870 and 
 she in 1876. During the late war they sus- 
 tained heavy financial loss, but they left con- 
 siderable property to their children. 
 
 Dr. Pearce is the youngest in his father's 
 family. He was born in Cecil county, Mary- 
 land, February 25, 1860. His early,education 
 was obtained in the schools of Wilmington, 
 Delaware, and in 1879 he graduated at the 
 Delaware College, receiving the degree of PH. 
 B. He then entered the Jefferson Medical Col- 
 lege at Philadelphia, where he graduated in 
 1883. He was also a private student of Pro- 
 fessor William H. Pancoast, of Philadelphia, 
 the leading surgeon of that institution, and 
 after graduating practiced with his preceptor in 
 Philadelphia three years. From there he came 
 West "to grow up with the country," settled 
 at Albuquerque, and here he has built up and 
 retained an excellent practice. He is United 
 States Pension Surgeon, has been City Physi- 
 cian a number of years, and is Major of the 
 First New Mexico Militia. 
 
 Dr. Pearce was married in 1886 to Miss Eva 
 Lockwood, a native of Philadelphia and a 
 daughter of R. T. Lockwood, of Delaware. 
 They have one child, a daughter, Rebecca, 
 born in Albuquerque. 
 
 The Doctor is a member of the K. of P. , 
 I. O. O. F. and Red Men. 
 
 R. WALTER G. HOPE. At this 
 point we are permitted to touch upon 
 the life of one of Albuquerque's leading 
 young physicians, whose identity with 
 the medical profession of this place dates from 
 the spring of 1891. In the person of Dr. 
 Walter G. Hope, we find a native of the Key- 
 stone State, born at Enon, Lawrence county, 
 April 28, 1860. 
 
 Dr. Hope descends from English and Scotch 
 ancestors. His people, however, have long 
 been residents of America, three generations of 
 the family having been born near Philadelphia. 
 Among them have been found farmers, me- 
 chanics and professional men, all noted for 
 
264 
 
 HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 their honesty and industry and occupying hon- 
 orable and useful positions in life. The Doc- 
 tor's father, Hugh Hope, was born in Pennsyl- 
 vania on the farm on which the progenitor of 
 the family in America had settled many years 
 before. He was a farmer, a member of the 
 United Presbyterian Church, and a man of 
 sterling worth. He married Sarah McGehon, 
 a native of his own county, and they became 
 the parents of eight children, seven of whom 
 are living. Both father and mother are de- 
 ceased, he being sixty-eight at the time of 
 death, and she seventy-six. The mother, too, 
 was a devoted Christian and a member of the 
 same church to which her husband belonged, 
 and they reared their children in the fear of 
 the Lord. 
 
 Walter G., the youngest of his father's 
 family, was educated at Westminster College, 
 Pennsylvania, where he completed a classical 
 course and graduated in 1884, After this he 
 gave his whole attention to the study of medi- 
 cine, entered Jefferson Medical College at Phila- 
 delphia, and in 1886 received his diploma from 
 that institution. That same year he began 
 the practice of his profession at Lenexa, Kan- 
 sas, and remained at that place until the spring 
 of 1891, when, as already stated, he took up 
 his residence at Albuquerque. Here he has 
 continued the practice of medicine with very 
 gratifying success. And he has not only won 
 the confidence of his patrons and those with 
 whom he daily mingles but he has also gained 
 honorable recognition from the medical pro- 
 fession. He is Secretary of the Bernalillo 
 Medical Society and is a member of the Terri- 
 torial Medical Society. He is also identified 
 with the Odd Fellows and the Knights of 
 Pythias. In politics he is a Republican, and 
 in every way is regarded as a worthy and up- 
 right citizen. 
 
 The Doctor was married June 8, 1892, to 
 Miss Kittie May Bower, of Lenexa, Kansas, 
 daughter of Dr. G. M. Bower, of that place, 
 and at that time a member of the Kansas State 
 Senate. The Doctor and Mrs. Hope have a 
 little daughter, Helen, born in Albuquerque. 
 
 Dr. Hope has invested in property in this 
 city and feels that he is permanently located 
 here. He built a substantial brick block, the 
 upper story of which he uses for his office and 
 residence, the lower floor being occupied by 
 the G. F. Albright Publishing Company. 
 
 ON. WILLIAM D. LEE, ex-Judge 
 of the Second Judicial District of 
 New Mexico, now practicing law at 
 Albuquerque and filling the position 
 of Standing Master in Chancery, merits spe- 
 cific recognition in the list of those able pro- 
 fessional men whose life histories are incorpo- 
 rated in this volume. 
 
 He was born in the State of Indiana, 
 November 8, 1830, and is a member of the 
 distinguished Lee family of Virginia, related to 
 General Robert E. Lee. His grandmother be- 
 longed to the Baldwin family, a prominent 
 family of the Old Dominion. On both sides 
 of the family they were active in public affairs 
 and participants in the Revolution. Judge 
 Lee's father, Dr. Henry D. Lee, was born in 
 Lebanon county, Ohio. He married Miss 
 Harriet E. Gordon, who was of Scotch descent, 
 and, like the others, her people had long been 
 residents of Virginia. It was her mother who 
 was a Baldwin, as stated. They had ten chil- 
 dren, of whom six are living. Soon after his 
 graduation, Dr. Lee removed to Indiana, 
 where he was a pioneer physician, and where 
 he continued in the practice of his profession 
 the rest of his life. He died in that State, at 
 the age of sixty-six years, and his good wife 
 was in her seventy-first year when she died. 
 Both were active members of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church and he was an ordained 
 minister, preaching, however, only locally. 
 He enioyed a very extensive practice that 
 extended over a radius of many miles, and 
 wherever he was known, professionally or 
 otherwise, he was esteemed for his excellent 
 qualities of both mind and heart. 
 
 Judge Lee was the third born in his father's 
 family. He was educated at De Pauw Uni- 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 265 
 
 versity, Greencastle, Indiana, and in the law 
 department of the State University of Indi- 
 ana, graduating at the last named institution 
 in 1852. Previous to this he had read law in 
 the office of Hon. " Dick" Thompson, who 
 afterward became Secretary of the United 
 States Navy, under the Hayes administration. 
 Our subject began the practice of law in Jasper 
 county, Indiana, in 1852, but soon removed 
 from there to La Fayette, same State, where 
 he was State's Attorney for the Twelfth Judi- 
 cial Circuit. In the meantime the war cloud 
 had .gathered and burst upon the country, 
 more soldiers were needed to fill the depleted 
 ranks of the Union army, and in 1863 our sub- 
 ject was one of the volunteers who went out 
 in defense of his country. He was made 
 Captain of Company E, One Hundred and 
 Thirty-fifth Indiana Volunteers, and' served in 
 the Army of the Cumberland; was in the bat- 
 tle of Nashville ' when it was attacked by 
 General Wheeler; and was with his command 
 protecting the railroads when General Sher- 
 man made his memorable march to the sea. 
 He served five months more than the term for 
 which he had enlisted, and after the war re- 
 turned to La Fayette, where he resumed the 
 practice of law. 
 
 Judge Lee continued to reside at La Fayette 
 until 1876, at which time he came to Las 
 Vegas, New Mexico, and forfned a partner- 
 ship with L. C. Fort, under the firm name of 
 Lee & Fort. They did a large business until 
 1889. That year Judge Lee was appointed by 
 President Harrison to the position of Judge of 
 the Second Judicial District of New Mexico, 
 and accordingly came to Alburquerque, where 
 he served on the Bench until 1894. Since 
 then he has been engaged in the practice of 
 law here and also, by appointment, is filling 
 the position of Standing Master in Chancery. 
 
 In 1855 Judge Lee was married to Miss 
 Naomi A. Reese, a native of Indiana, and a 
 daughter of Mr. William Reese of that State, 
 one of the brave soldiers who lost his life 
 while fighting in the ranks of the Union army. 
 The Judge and Mrs. Lee have five sons and 
 
 two daughters, namely : Victor H., who is 
 engaged in ranching and mining in Colorado ; 
 Rose L. , wife of Charles F. Hunt, Sheriff of 
 Bernalillo county, New Mexico ; Fred W. , 
 who is in railroad employ ; Margaret E. , at 
 home ; Harry F. , a stenographer and law stu- 
 dent ; and Frank E., employed as clerk. 
 
 Judge Lee was one of the organizers of the 
 Republican party and has since unswervingly 
 adhered to it. He is a man of genial and gen- 
 erous impulses and one with whom it is a pleas- 
 ure to converse. Few men in this part of New 
 Mexico are better known or more highly es- 
 teemed than is Judge William D. Lee. 
 
 EON. H. B. FERGUSSON, junior 
 member of the well-known law firm 
 of Warren &Fergusson, Albuquerque, 
 New Mexico, is a gentleman whose 
 prominence in professional ranks and whose 
 identity with this city for more than ten years 
 entitle him to specific recognition in a work of 
 this character. 
 
 Mr. Fergusson's birth occurred September 
 9, 1848, in the State of Alabama. His great- 
 grandfather Fergusson was among the early 
 settlers of South Carolina, having emigrated 
 to this country from England. One of his 
 brothers was an officer in the English army 
 and was killed at the battle of King's moun- 
 tain. Captain Sampson N. Fergusson, our 
 subject's father, was born in South Carolina 
 in 1816. He married Miss Mary D. Poyas, a 
 native of that State and a descendant of the 
 French Huguenots. At the commencement 
 of the Civil war he espoused the cause of his 
 people of the South, raised a company in 
 Pickens county for the Fifth Alabama Volun- 
 teer Infantry, was made Captain of the com- 
 pany, and as such served under General Lee 
 in Virginia participating in all the battles of 
 Lee's army from the first battle at Manassas 
 to the close of the war, and. coming out of 
 that sanguinary struggle without an injury. 
 Returning to his home, he resumed the prac- 
 tice of his profession, that of medicine, and 
 
266 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 continued the same until his death in 1875. 
 His wife died soon after the close of the war, 
 leaving one son and three daughters. 
 
 This son, H. B. Fergusson, was reared in 
 the South and had the benefit of excellent 
 educational advantages, his advanced studies 
 being pursued at Washington University. After 
 receiving the degree of M. A. in that institu- 
 tion, he entered its law department, where he 
 graduated in 1874. For two years after this 
 he had charge of the academy at Winchester 
 in the Shenandoah valley, a preparatory 
 school for boys. In 1876 he began the prac- 
 tice of law at Wheeling, West Virginia, where 
 he continued successfully until 1882. That 
 year he came to White Oaks, New Mexico, 
 to take charge of a large mining suit which 
 was in the courts for a year and a half. Dur- 
 ing this time he became acquainted with New 
 Mexico and decided to make his home here. 
 Accordingly in 1884 he took up his abode at 
 Albuquerque. He was associated with W. B. 
 Childers in practice until 1887, when he 
 formed a partnership with Judge Warren, 
 under the firm name of Warren & Fergusson; 
 and while they conduct a general practice they 
 make a specialty of mining law, in which they 
 have acquired a high reputation. Mr. Fergus- 
 son received the appointment of District At- 
 torney from Governor Ross, but, on account 
 of urgent demands of his private practice, re- 
 signed the position. 
 
 In 1887 was consummated the marriage of 
 Mr. Fergusson and Miss Clara M. Huning, 
 daughter of Hon. Franz Huning, a promi- 
 nent New Mexico pioneer. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Fergusson have two children, Erna and 
 Harvey B., Jr. Their delightfully romantic 
 home, built of adobe and surrounded with 
 spacious and attractive grounds, is located on 
 the line of street railway between the old and 
 new town of Albuquerque. 
 
 In his political principles Mr. Fergusson 
 harmonizes with the Democratic party, to 
 which he has rendered efficient service. He is 
 at this writing a member of the National 
 Democratic Committee, representing New 
 
 Mexico in the same. As an able lawyer and 
 worthy citizen, he merits the high esteem in 
 which he is held. 
 
 (D 
 
 AJOR ADIN H. WHITMORE, ex- 
 Mayor of East Las Vegas, was born 
 in Springfield, Vermont, March 31, 
 1843. His ancestors were from 
 England, and were early settlers of Newbury- 
 port, New Hampshire. His father, Hamlin 
 Whitmore, was born in Lebanon, New Hamp- 
 shire, March 5, 1809. He married Saloma 
 Sawyer, a native of Vermont, and they had 
 seven children, six sons and one daughter. 
 During many years of his life Mr. Whitmore 
 was engaged in the manufacture of fancy cassi- 
 meres, and owned the Black River Woolen 
 Mills. Hfs death occurred May 5, 1890, at 
 the age of seventy-nine years, and his wife de- 
 parted this life at the age of fifty-eight years. 
 She was a niece of the ex-dean of Tufts College, 
 Massachusetts, who has celebrated his ninety- 
 first birthday. 
 
 Adin H. Whitmore, the third child in order 
 of birth, received his education in Norwich 
 University, and while there the great Civil war 
 broke forth upon the country, and out of a 
 class of sixty-five students sixty-one enlisted, 
 our subject being among the number. He was 
 made Sergeant 'Major of the Sixteenth Ver- 
 mont Infantry, and later was promoted as 
 Lieutenant, being the youngest officer in his 
 brigade. The war ended about the close of 
 his term of enlistment. 
 
 Returning to his home, Mr. Whitmore was 
 engaged in the' manufacturing business with his 
 father, and during the years of 1869-70-1-2 
 was with the Erie railroad, after which he was 
 again engaged in business with his father until 
 1879. In that year he came to Las Vegas, 
 New Mexico, immediately becoming interested 
 in mining, and was the means of bringing the 
 White Oak mines into note, in which he still 
 owns large interests. Mr. Whitmore has in- 
 vested in property in Las Vegas, and has been 
 active in every enterprise for the improvement 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 267 
 
 and advancement of his chosen city. He was 
 one of the founders and organizers of the 
 Building and Loan Association, out of which 
 grew the Mutual Building and Loan Associa- 
 tion, that has resulted in much good to the city. 
 Mr. Whitmore has the credit of having been 
 one of the builders of the first two-story busi- 
 ness block and the first two-story residence in 
 the city. In 1882 he opened the insurance 
 business, and now represents a large number of 
 the leading insurance companies of the coun- 
 try. He was one of the first officers of the 
 Gas and Electric Light Company, and is still 
 a stockholder in the Las Vegas Light and Fuel 
 Company; has served as President of the Board 
 of Trade and of the Commercial Club, and in 
 1 894 was elected Mayor of the city. He aided 
 in the incorporation of Las Vegas as a city of 
 the first-class. 
 
 In 1882 Major Whitmore was married to 
 Miss H. J. Phelps, a native of Elizabeth, New 
 Jersey, and they have one daughter, Irene S. 
 The Major has been a life-long Republican, 
 and in his social relations is a member of the 
 Knights of Pythias. He has made a grand 
 record in the city of his choice, and is highly 
 spoken of as one of her best citizens and most 
 progressive business men. 
 
 ON. SANTA CRUZ CASTILLO, Su- 
 
 perintendent of Schools for the county 
 of Socorro, New Mexico, is a native 
 son of the Territory, born at Lerni- 
 tar, Socorro county, April 5, 1866. 
 
 His father, Nepomuceno Castillo, was a 
 Mexican by birth, a native of Chihuahua, born 
 in 1839". In 1858 he removed to New Mexico, 
 and in 1 863 was united in marriage, at Albu- 
 querque, to Miss Barbarita Lopez, of that city. 
 Mr. Castillo is a manufacturer of filigree jew- 
 elry, and is one of the most expert and skillful 
 workmen in this business. He and his wife 
 now reside in Las Cruces, New Mexico. They 
 have had eleven children, five of whom are 
 living : Juan C., Volaise L. , Luis C., Felipe 
 N., and Santa Cruz, the subject of this biogra- 
 
 phy. The father served in the Union army in 
 New Mexico during the struggle for the per- 
 petuity of the nation, being a member of Cap- 
 tain Gradyn's cavalry company (scouts): also 
 acted as Captain in different companies organ- 
 ized to punish the Indians and protect the set- 
 tlers against their depredations. In this ca- 
 pacity he earned a reputation for courage and 
 coolness in time of danger, and at one time 
 that he went to a campaign he killed an In- 
 dian and brought a girl Indian captive who still 
 is living here, in the neighboring town. He 
 has displayed more than ordinary wisdom and 
 judgment in the management and ordering of 
 his men. 
 
 Santa Cruz Castillo.is the eldest of the fam- 
 ily, and received a superior education in the 
 Jesuit Fathers' School in Albuquerque, where 
 he took a six-years' course and graduated in 
 English and Spanish. In June, 1879, here- 
 turned to Socorro, and under the tuition of his 
 father began to learn the jewelry trade. He 
 afterward served as clerk in a store at Lincoln, 
 keeping the books, selling goods and some- 
 times having the management of the store en- 
 tire. The business belonged to Jose Montanyo, 
 one of the rich merchants of the Territory. 
 Resigning this position he returned to Socorro 
 and was in the jewelry business for some time. 
 Later he went to Santa Fe, and in the employ 
 of the firm of F. Abeytia & Brother, he con- 
 tinued eighteen months. He had mastered 
 every detail of the trade, and had become one 
 of the most skilled of workmen. He was 
 again associated with his father in business, 
 but in 1889 accepted the position of weigh- 
 master and book-keeper for the Rio Grande 
 Smelting Company, which he held five years. 
 
 Mr. Castillo was appointed Deputy County 
 Assessor of Socorro county in 1887 ; the fol- 
 lowing year he was elected clerk of the city of 
 Socorro, and in 1 894 he was elected Council- 
 man from the Fourth Ward of the city. He 
 was elected to the office of County Superin- 
 tendent of Schools November 6, 1894, and 
 notwithstanding that it was the first time that 
 he ran for a county office he was elected by 5 1 3 
 
268 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 votes majority. This is a position for which 
 he is well qualified, both by taste and at- 
 tainment. He has charge of the forty- 
 nine schools in the county, and only ten can 
 be reached by rail ! About one-third of them 
 are 100 miles from the county seat, and some 
 of them are 180 miles distant! the success of 
 which is in a large measure due to him. He 
 has organized one new district, has joined four 
 other districts, and has made other advanta- 
 geous changes, introducing new textbooks and 
 making all kinds of improvement in the schools. 
 
 In politics he adheres to the principles of 
 the Republican party, and has served as Clerk 
 of the Republican County Central Committee. 
 In 1883 he assisted in the organization of the 
 Roman Catholic society known as " Caba- 
 lleros Catolicos de San Miguel ; " he was elect- 
 ed chief secretary of this body, and holds that 
 position at the present time. He is consid- 
 ered as one of the best penmen in the county, 
 if not the best. 
 
 He was united in marriage to Miss Domin- 
 ica Baca, who was born in Socorro, March 
 24, 1873, a daughter of the Hon. Juan Jose 
 Baca, also possessing a refined education, ac- 
 quired at the Sisters' school for the period of 
 seven years; his history will be found on another 
 page of this volume. They are the parents of 
 two children, Nepomuceno and Alfonzo C. 
 The family are devout members of the Roman 
 Catholic Church, and are held in the highest 
 esteem by all classes of citizens. 
 
 aOLONEL ETHAN W. EATON, 
 one of the pioneers of New Mexico, 
 has resided in the Territory since 
 1849. He is a native of the State of 
 New York, born in Montgomery county, Octo- 
 ber 10, 1827, and is of English descent, his 
 ancestors having emigrated from Great Britain 
 to New England soon after the landing of the 
 Mayflower. In all of the nine generations born 
 in America there have been prominent mem- 
 bers of the ministry, medicine and law. The 
 paternal grandfather, Ethan Eaton, was a na- 
 
 tive of Connecticut. He was a farmer and 
 lumber merchant of some prominence, and 
 lived to a ripe old age. Jesse N. Eaton, his 
 son, was born in Connecticut, but in his youth 
 removed to New York, where he lived until his 
 death, which occurred in 1839, and was caused 
 by. the bursting of a wheel of a wood-sawing 
 machine. He had been united in marriage to 
 Miss Maria Young, a native of the State of 
 New York, and to them were born five children, 
 three of whom are still living. The mother 
 died at the age of fifty years. Colonel Ethan 
 W. Eaton is the eldest of the family. He re- 
 ceived his education at Sharon Center, New 
 York, and in the academy at Atnesville. 
 
 When the great tide of emigration swept 
 West in 1849, he joined a party of ten and 
 started from the Empire State to cross the 
 plains to California. When the company 
 reached Cincinnati they built a boat, went 
 down the Ohio river to the Mississippi river, 
 and on to the mouth of the Arkansas river, 
 where they sold their vessel and took a steamer 
 for Fort Smith. Having arrived at that place, 
 they bought an outfit of two wagons and four 
 yoke of oxen, and continued their journey to 
 Santa Fe, where they arrived in September, 
 1849. Colonel Eaton and two of his comrades 
 decided to stop there, but the others deter- 
 mined to push on to the gold fields of the Pa- 
 cific coast. Some ill fate attended them, as 
 they were never heard of afterward. Colonel 
 Eaton first engaged in prospecting for gold, 
 but after a short time started a store at Galisteo, 
 and continued in the mercantile business for 
 two years. He then purchased a land grant of 
 100,000 acres, and turned his attention to stock- 
 raising and farming. 
 
 These industries were interrupted by the 
 breaking out of the Civil war. When there 
 was a call for troops our worthy subject offered 
 prompt response. He raised Company F, of 
 the Second New Mexico Volunteer Infantry, of 
 which he was commissioned Captain. He at 
 once put his men in training, and soon had a 
 well-drilled company, which received the high- 
 est commendation of General Canby. He had 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXTCO. 
 
 269 
 
 more than ordinary aptitude for the disciplining 
 of men, and rendered the Government valuable 
 service in New Mexico. The close of the war 
 found him a Colonel of cavalry. It was not 
 long before the war that the Apache Indians 
 ran away with 100 head of his live-stock. He 
 followed with twelve men, the body-guard of 
 General Carlton, and a few citizens, overtak- 
 ing the Redskins after a chase of 100 miles. 
 All the Indians but one were killed in the fight 
 that followed, and the lost property was re- 
 stored. Colonel Eaton received a wound in 
 the thigh from an arrowhead two and a half 
 inches long, and it was two and a half months 
 before he could have it removed. 
 
 The peaceful occupation to which he turned 
 his attention was mining, but in this he met 
 with only moderate success. He still owns 
 some mines and prospects in the Magdalene dis- 
 trict, and with the hopeful spirit characteristic 
 of the miner looks forward to the time of 
 realizing a fortune. In 1875 Colonel Eaton 
 came to Socorro to reside. Very soon after- 
 ward the editor of the paper published in this 
 place was shot by some Mexicans as he was 
 coming out of the church accompanied by his 
 wife. This caused great excitement among the 
 American citizens, and as a result a vigilance 
 committee was organized which grew to be 100 
 strong; a bloody fight ensued, and one of the 
 Mexicans was shot, one was hanged and one 
 was tried by the courts and sent to the peni- 
 tentiary. Governor Sheldon approved of the 
 course of the committee, which had acted un- 
 der the directions of Colonel Eaton. Our 
 subject is an active Republican, and was at 
 one time Deputy United States Marshal; he has 
 also served as Deputy Sheriff of the county of 
 Socorro, and during this time his life was 
 threatened by desperadoes; once, while at- 
 tempting an arrest in a saloon, one of a num- 
 ber of rough characters present shot him, shat- 
 tering his left arm; he instantly returned the 
 fire, killed his assailant, and arrested the others 
 of the gang. It is to men of such nerve and 
 promptitude of action that the peace and safety 
 established in New Mexico in early times is due. 
 
 In 1851 Colonel Eaton was united in mar- 
 riage to Miss Marcilena Chavez, a native of the 
 Territory, and a member of the distinguished 
 Chavez family of New Mexico. They are the 
 parents of nine children, all of whom are liv- 
 ing. 
 
 ^V^VATRICIO GONZALES, as County 
 I m Clerk and Probate Clerk of San Mi- 
 guel county, New Mexico, occupies a 
 position of distinctive importance in 
 Las Vegas, and as such is entitled to specific 
 recognition in a work which has for its object 
 the sketching of the lives of the representative 
 men of his county. 
 
 Mr. Gonzales was born in the county in 
 which he now makes his home, March 17, 
 1855, and is descended from an ancestry in 
 which he has every reason to take pride. His 
 grandfather, Antonio Gonzales, was born in 
 Spain, and came to New Mexico in the early 
 history of this country, and his son Manuel, 
 our subject's father, was born in this Territory. 
 The latter married Gumecinda Tujillo, a na- 
 tive of New Mexico and a descendant of one 
 of the distinguished families of the Territory. 
 Manuel Gonzales was in early life a farmer and 
 merchant, and before the advent of the rail- 
 road carried on freighting extensively with ox 
 trains, hauling goods across the plains from 
 Kansas City. He was also a brave soldier and 
 was engaged in the company of Captain Chavez 
 in many a fight with the Indians, who at vari- 
 ous times murdered the settlers and devastated 
 their homes, and in this way he rendered the 
 country great service. He is now sixty-five 
 years of age and resides in Las Vegas. His 
 wife died in 1874, at the age of forty-eight 
 years. They had ten children, of whom six 
 are living, Patncio being their second born. 
 
 Patricia Gonzales was educated in Mora 
 county by the Christian Brothers. The first 
 business in which he engaged was that of 
 freighting. This he followed several years, 
 and next turned his attention to stock-raising 
 in the Red River country, raising both sheep 
 
270 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 and cattle. In 1889 he came to Las Vegas 
 and opened a real-estate office, and in connec- 
 tion with his real-estate business also engaged 
 in buying and selling live stock, in which he 
 has since continued. In politics he has always 
 been a stalwart Republican and has rendered 
 his party much useful service, giving his time 
 and influence in behalf of the party and its 
 principles. And in recognition of his party 
 service, he was, in 1 894, elected to his present 
 position, that of County Clerk and Clerk of 
 the Probate Court. He is a man of signal in- 
 telligence and ability, and makes a thoroughly 
 reliable and efficient officer. 
 
 Mr. Gonzales has a pleasant home in the 
 city of Las Vegas, where he and his family re- 
 side. He was married in 1876 to Miss Piedad 
 Stanton, a native of the Territory. They have 
 three children, Alvira, Secondino and Pablo. 
 
 Mr. Gonzales takes a deep interest in the 
 development and well-being of the Terri- 
 tory of which he is a native son, and such 
 has been the good record made by him that it 
 brings no reproach but is a credit to the land 
 of his birth. What New Mexico needs is more 
 such men as Patricio Gonzales. 
 
 ON. J. DE W. VEEDER. Holding 
 marked prestige among the profession- 
 al men of Las Vegas, enjoying high 
 popularity, and maintaining a repre- 
 sentative position as identified with the busi- 
 ness life of this city, it is manifestly consistent 
 that in this connection attention be directed to 
 the more salient features in the life history of 
 him whose name initiates this review, Hon. J. 
 De W. Veeder, senior member of the law firm 
 of Veeder & Veeder. 
 
 Mr. Veeder was born in Ulster county, New 
 York, May 26, 1855. He is of Holland-Dutch 
 ancestry, early settlers of the Mohawk valley. 
 His grandfather, Mathew TenEyck DeWitt 
 Veeder, married a Miss DeWitt, a descendant 
 of one of the prominent early families of that 
 place, some members of which were active 
 participants in the Revolutionary war. Their 
 
 son, TenEyck D. W. Veeder, our subject's 
 father, was born in Schenectady county. He 
 married Miss Jemima Woolsey, a native of 
 Ulster county, New York, and they became 
 the parents of seven children, all of whom, 
 with one exception, are living. He died in 
 1883, at the age of sixty-five years. By occu- 
 pation he was a farmer and merchant, and in 
 religion a member of the Dutch Reformed 
 Church, and as an honorable and upright man 
 he had the respect of all who knew him. At 
 this writing, 1895, his widow is still living. 
 She, too, is a member of the Dutch Reformed 
 Church, and is a noble Christian woman. 
 
 John DeWitt Veeder, the subject of our 
 sketch, was the second in his father's family. 
 After attending the public schools at Schenec- 
 tady he entered Union College in his native 
 city, and in 1875 completed his course and 
 graduated at that institution. He then took 
 up the study of law, which he pursued first in 
 the office of Hon. A. A. Yates, and later in 
 the Michigan State University at Ann Arbor. 
 In the winter of 1 88 1 -2 he came to Las Vegas, 
 New Mexico, and the following spring was ad- 
 mitted to the bar and entered actively into the 
 practice of his profession, in which he has 
 since continued and in which he has already 
 distinguished himself. In 1890 his brother, 
 Elmer, came to New Mexico, and two years 
 later they formed the law firm of Veeder & 
 Veeder, thus increasing their facility for at- 
 tending to a constantly growing law business. 
 Both are enthusiastic Democrats, and since he 
 came to New Mexico the senior member of the 
 firm has taken an active part in political af- 
 fairs, and has been twice elected a member of 
 the Territorial Senate, where he served with 
 credit to himself and to his constituents. He 
 is a member of the Board of Regents of the 
 Agricultural College of New Mexico, and is a 
 member of the A. O. U. W. 
 
 Elmer E. Reeder, the junior member of 
 the firm, is a graduate of Union College in the 
 class of 1886. He read law in the office of 
 Hon. S. W. Jackson, a prominent New York 
 lawyer, and was admitted to the bar in Sara- 
 
If IS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 271 
 
 toga, New York, in 1889. Like his older 
 brother, he is a young man of marked integrity 
 and ability, and will doubtless make a name in 
 the world. Both are unmarried. 
 
 *| * ON. DEMETRIO PEREZ. Promi- 
 l^\ nent among the officers of the Terri- 
 ^ P tory of New Mexico is this gentleman, 
 who is serving in the capacity of 
 Auditor. He is one of the progressive and en- 
 terprising citizens who have been instrumental 
 in developing this region and promoting its 
 best interests. 
 
 He was born in Santa Fe, on the 22d of 
 December, 1836. His father, Albino Perez, 
 was a Colonel in the Mexican army, and came 
 from the city of Mexico to New Mexico in 1835, 
 with the appointment from his government of 
 Military Governor of the Territory. Soon after 
 his arrival he was married to Miss Trinidad 
 Drujillo, a native of the city of Santa Fe, and 
 a descendant of one of the old Spanish families 
 in the Territory. Her great-grandfather, Bar- 
 tholomew Fernandez, came to New Mexico in 
 the beginning of the eighteenth century. He 
 was a Captain in the Spanish army, and, partici- 
 pating in the conquest of the country, his gov- 
 ernment gave him in reward for his services a 
 grant of 2, 500 acres of land. He also had val- 
 uable property in Santa Fe. He was consti- 
 tuted Magistrate of the city for a number of 
 years, and held other civil offices. He had six 
 children, and they, too, became prominent in 
 the affairs of this country. The maternal 
 grandfather of our subject was Josa Esquivel. 
 His daughter, Altagrace Esquivel, married La 
 Fayette Newman, a native of Kentucky, who 
 came to this Territory in 1832, before Kit Car- 
 son, and was one of the company that went 
 with Francis Aubry on the exploration of the 
 trail to California. He also aided in the ex- 
 plorations with General John C. Fremont, was 
 forage master on the expedition, and later held 
 mail contracts for conveying the mail to differ- 
 ent parts of the Territory. Mr. and Mrs. 
 
 Newman had six children, all of whom are still 
 living. 
 
 Mrs. Perez was the fourth child, and was 
 born, reared and educated in Santa Fe. By 
 her marriage she had three children, our sub- 
 ject and two daughters, all born in Santa Fe. 
 The elder daughter, Sally A., is now the wife 
 of E. Montoya, and resides in San Antonio, 
 Socorro county, New Mexico. The other daugh- 
 ter, Philomene, is living with her parents. 
 
 Mr. Perez, whose name begins this review, 
 was educated in Santa Fe, and entered upon 
 his business career in the capacity of clerk in 
 the office of the Secretary of the Territory. This 
 position he held for seven years, and while 
 thus engaged acquired a most thorough knowl- 
 edge of the affairs of the country. In 1861 he 
 was appointed by Governor Connelly as Audi- 
 tor of Public Accounts, in which office he 
 served until 1863, when he resigned to accept 
 the position in the wholesale mercantile house 
 of W. Chick & Company, of Kansas City. 
 This house sold extensively to New Mexico, 
 and Mr. Perez's acquaintance in the Territory 
 made him a valued employe in the firm. After 
 a year passed there he returned to Santa Fe, 
 and was mercantile agent for Ambrosio Ar- 
 mijo. In 1866 he removed to Las Vegas, and 
 j was bookkeeper for the firm of T. Romero & 
 Brother, acting in that capacity for several 
 years, when he resigned that position to re- 
 enter the employ of Chick, Brown & Company, 
 at their mercantile establishment at Kit Car- 
 son, Colorado. 
 
 For five years Mr. Perez remained with 
 that company, and in 1887 began merchandis- 
 ing on his own account, establishing a store in 
 San Antonio, Socorro county, where he has 
 since carried on a successful business. His 
 able management, careful attention to all de- 
 tails, sagacity and enterprise have been the 
 means of bringing to him prosperity, and in 
 addition to his store he has acquired a consid- 
 erable amount of other property. 
 
 During his early life Mr. Perez saw much 
 of oppression and slavery, and he became filled 
 with a great abhorrence of everything of that 
 
272 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 kind; and when the Republican party was 
 formed to prevent the further extension of slav- 
 ery he became one of its organizers and strong 
 adherents. He has ever been a loyal citizen, 
 devoted to the best interests of the community 
 in which he resides. He was for five years 
 Clerk and Recorder of the county of San Mi- 
 guel, and also served as one of the County 
 Commissioners for two years. In 1889 he 
 served as a member of the Constitutional Con- 
 vention, but their work was rejected by the 
 opposition and Statehood was defeated. In 
 1891 Governor Prince, becoming convinced of 
 his great fitness for the position of Auditor of 
 New Mexico, appointed Mr. Perez as such, 
 and he has since had the entire supervision of 
 the financial affairs of the Territory; and he is 
 also ex officio Supsrintendent of Insurance. 
 
 He is a gentleman of refinement and abil- 
 ity and high moral integrity. He and his fam- 
 ily are adherents of the faith of the Catholic 
 Church, and he is a loyal American citizen, de- 
 voted to the best interests of the country, a 
 stanch supporter of the public schools, and a 
 friend to all that is calculated to enhance the 
 public welfare. 
 
 rf ON. MARCOS C. DE BACA. This 
 I^"V gentleman is a resident of Albuquer- 
 Ji que and bears a name which is well 
 known throughout the whole Territory 
 of New Mexico. He is a representative of one 
 of the most distinguished families here, and by 
 reason of his own prominence and that of his 
 family it is eminently fitting that some bio- 
 graphical honors be accorded him in this vol- 
 ume ; indeed, without more than a passing 
 mention of him, this work would be incom- 
 plete. 
 
 Turning back to the remote history of the 
 family, we find that in 1535 Albar Nunyes 
 Cabeza de Baca left his native country, Spain, 
 and came with the expedition to conquer Mex- 
 ico for his king. He was treasurer of the ex- 
 pedition and had the title of High Sheriff. 
 Later he returned to Spain and some of his 
 
 posterity came and settled in this country, 
 where, all down the years, they occupied lead- 
 ing and influential positions. Francisco Thomas 
 C. de Baca, the father of him whose name 
 graces this article, was born at Penya Blanca 
 in 1809. His fourth wife, the mother of our 
 subject, was before her marriage Miss Maria 
 Gertrudis Lucero. She was a daughter of 
 Nicholas Lucero, who also was a descendant 
 of one of the early settlers of the Territory. 
 Francisco Thomas C. de Baca and this wife 
 had eight children, of whom six are now living. 
 He died March 9, 1875, and his widow passed 
 away in July, 1888. He was aranchero, own" 
 ing large numbers of sheep and cattle, and in 
 public affairs was well informed and took an 
 active and leading part. He represented Santa 
 Ana county in the Territorial Senate and was 
 for a number of years Probate Judge of his 
 county. He and his wife were faithful mem- 
 bers of the Catholic Church, as also are their 
 children. 
 
 Hon. Marcus C. de Baca dates his birth at 
 Penya Blanca, April 25, 1857. He was educa- 
 ted at St. Michael's College, Santa Fe, and at 
 the St. Louis University in Missouri, and on his 
 return home from college engaged in the cattle 
 and sheep business with his father. He is still 
 interested in this business, having continued it 
 alone since his father's death, carrying on ex- 
 tensive operations, at times having as high as 
 400 head of cattle and 10,000 sheep. 
 
 Always a stanch and reliable Republican, 
 he has for years taken an active part in polit- 
 ical matters, and has from time to time filled 
 various prominent positions. In 1878 he was 
 elected Justice of the Peace in Santa Ana 
 county, a position which he held one year, then 
 resigned. Also in 1878 he received the ap- 
 pointment of Engrossing and Enrolling Clerk 
 of the Legislative Council of the Territory. In 
 1880 he received the appointment of Chief 
 Clerk of the House of Representatives of the 
 Territory, and in 1882 Associate Chief Clerk 
 of the House. In 1884 he was elected a mem- 
 ber of the House from Bernalillo county, and 
 that same year was elected County Commis- 
 
'a Chiccu/o 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 2 73 
 
 sioner. At the end of his term he received a 
 second election to the latter office, and was 
 Chairman of the Board of Commissioners for 
 the four years which he served. In 1889 he 
 was elected a member of the Constitutional 
 Convention for the Territory of New Mexico 
 from Bernalillo county. In 1892 he was elect- 
 ed County School Superintendent, filling this 
 position two years. In the meantime he had 
 given his attention to the study of law, and in 
 1890 was admitted to practice in the District 
 Court, and in 1891 to the Supreme Court of 
 the Territory, and he has since been engaged 
 in a general law practice. As a public official 
 in different capacities, his whole service has 
 been characterized by promptness and fidelity, 
 and, as a lawyer, fitted as he is by natural 
 ability, education and broad experience in pub- 
 lic affairs, he will, no doubt, make a high mark 
 in the world. 
 
 Mr. De Baca was married November 26, 
 1875, to Miss Francisca Baca, a distant rela- 
 tive of his, and their family is composed of two 
 daughters, Maria and Josefa. The brick resi- 
 dence which they occupy in Albuquerque was 
 erected by him. 
 
 >-j*UDGE HENRY L. WARREN, a 
 fl prominent member of the bar of New 
 / J Mexico, is an ex-Chief Justice of Mon- 
 tana, and is now the senior member of 
 the well-known law firm of Warren & Fergus- 
 son of Albuquerque. As such he is entitled to 
 some special consideration in this work, and it 
 is gratifying to us to here present a sketch of 
 his life. 
 
 Judge Warren was born in Quincy, Illi- 
 nois, August 21, 1837. Retraces his ancestry 
 back to the Warrens of England who came 
 over in the Mayflower and distinguished them- 
 selves in the Revolution at Bunker Hill. The 
 Judge's father, Calvin A. Warren, was born in 
 Troy, New York. He married Miss Viola A. ; 
 Morris, daughter of Hon. Thomas Morris, who : 
 was one of the first settlers of Cincinnati, was ' 
 for twenty-six years a member of the Ohio ! 
 
 18 
 
 Legislature, and later of the United States 
 Senate, and who has gone into history as the 
 man who gave U. S. Grant his appointment to 
 West Point. When Judge Warren was four 
 years old his mother died, aged twenty-four 
 years. His father lived to be seventy-two. 
 The Judge is now the only survivor of the 
 family, except his brother, Charles A. Warren, 
 a prominent lawyer of Chicago. He attended 
 the Naval Academy at Annapolis and Brown 
 University, Providence, Rhode Island; was a 
 cadet midshipman, but resigned at the close of 
 the second year in order to turn his attention 
 to the study of law and entered his father's 
 office, his father at that time being a member 
 of the law firm of Warren & Skinner. Mr. 
 Skinner afterward became one of the Judges 
 of the Supreme Court of the State of Illinois. 
 
 In 1858 the subject of our sketch was ad- 
 mitted to the bar in Missouri by Judge Norton. 
 He practiced law at Maryville and St. Joseph, 
 that State, until the outbreak of the Civil war, 
 when he returned to his native town, Quincy, 
 Illinois. There he continued the practice of 
 his profession. He served as City Attorney 
 and also as a member of the Illinois State 
 Legislature, and while in Quincy received 
 from President Johnson the appointment of 
 Chief Justice of Montana, in which capacity 
 he officiated four years, during that time mak- 
 ing several decisions which have stamped him 
 as possessed of fine legal ability. At the ex- 
 piration of his term of office he returned to his 
 family in Illinois. Soon after he was retained 
 at St. Louis, Missouri, in two very important 
 law cases, which detained him there for eight 
 years. From that city he was called to Lead- 
 ville, Colorado, as an attorney in large mining 
 litigation, and after this, in 1880, he came to 
 Santa Fe, New Mexico. He made his home 
 in Santa Fe for seven years, during that time 
 being in partnership with E. A. Fisk. Since 
 June, 1887, the Judge has been identified with 
 Albuquerque, as senior member of the firm of 
 Warren & Fergusson. 
 
 Judge Warren was married in 1858 to Miss 
 Mary L. Warren, a distant relative of his. 
 
274 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 and they had four children, of whom only one 
 son, Paul, a surveyor, now survives. The 
 wife and mother, after thirty-four years of 
 happy married life, passed away in 1891. 
 
 Fraternally, the Judge has been a Mason 
 for many years, in which order he has taken 
 the Commandery degrees. Politically, he is a 
 life-long Democrat. 
 
 BE. OLNEY, D.D. S. It is with a 
 feeling of particular satisfaction that 
 the biographer now directs attention 
 to one who holds the distinctive pre- 
 ferment as Mayor of the city of East Las Vegas, 
 who is known as a man of high professional at- 
 tainments and indubitable honor, and that 
 amplitude of practical experience in the 
 affairs of life which has made his efforts a 
 power in the accomplishment of goodly ends, 
 as he has consecutively made his way along the 
 clearly denned lines which his superior intelli- 
 gence had marked out. 
 
 A native of the old Buckeye State, Dr. 
 Olney was born at West Jefferson, Ohio, on 
 the i 5th of June, 1845. The original Ameri- 
 can progenitor on the paternal side was one 
 Thomas Olney by name, and in 1632, by special 
 permit from the king of England, he emigrated 
 from his native land to America as a member 
 of Roger Williams' company, who landed in 
 Rhode Island, and in 1636 became the found- 
 ers of the city of Providence. From this com- 
 mon ancestor all of the American family of the 
 name of Olney is supposed to have descended, 
 our subject being of the eighth generation in 
 America. His ancestors maintained their resi- 
 dence in Providence for many years, seven 
 generations of the family having dated their 
 nativity in that fair old city by the sea. Their 
 men were prominent in the professions and in 
 the affairs of the colony and State, many of 
 them having been clergymen in the Baptist 
 Church. 
 
 George B. Olney, father of our subject, 
 was born in Providence, whence he accompa- 
 nied his father, Ithamar Olney, to Ohio, where 
 
 the latter became one of the pioneers of Athens 
 county, and the father of our subject was 
 reared and educated. In that county was 
 eventually consummated his marriage to Miss 
 Cassandra Hartsock, a native of Maryland. 
 Her ancestors had been for generations resi- 
 dents of the South, being a family notable for 
 strength of constitution and for incidental 
 longevity. She is still living, being now (1895) 
 seventy-seven years of age. George B. Olney 
 became a wagon and carriage manufacturer, 
 in which line of enterprise he conducted a 
 prosperous business. In this connection it is 
 interesting to recall the circumstance of his 
 having built a number of stanch and cum- 
 bersome stages utilized in the overland traffic 
 of the early days. He met his death through 
 accident, falling from a mill on which he was at 
 work. He was fifty-two years of age at the 
 time of his demise. In religion a devoted 
 member of the Baptist Church, his daily walk 
 in life was in accord with the beliefs which he 
 professed, and he was known and honored as a 
 worthy and reliable citizen. He became the 
 father of nine children, all of whom still sur- 
 vive, with one exception. 
 
 Dr. Frederick E. Olney, the immediate sub- 
 ject of this review, was the fourth child in or- 
 der of birth, and was reared in his native town, 
 where he received his preliminary educational 
 discipline in the public schools. In 1861, at 
 the first call for three-years men to assist in 
 the suppression of the rebellion and in defend- 
 ing the Union against an insidious foe from 
 within the national boundaries, our subject re- 
 sponded with all the ardor of a loyal nature, 
 enlisting as a member of Company A, Fortieth 
 Ohio Volunteer Infantry, being but a lad of 
 sixteen at the time that he thus offered his serv- 
 ices to his country in her hour of trial and 
 need. His regiment was first assigned to serv- 
 ice in Kentucky, and was afterward with Gen- 
 eral Garfield in the Big Sandy campaign. The 
 record which is our subject's as a veteran of the 
 late Civil war is one of which he may well feel 
 proud. He participated in twenty-nine en- 
 gagements, being actively concerned in the en- 
 
HIS TOR T OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Z 75 
 
 tire campaign which led up to and included the 
 battle of Atlanta. His term of enlistment ex- 
 pired on the i pth of September, 1864, after 
 which he returned to his home, not to remain, 
 but to again identify himself with the brave 
 " boys in blue " who were still in battle array. 
 He re-enlisted as a member of Company I, 
 One Hundred and Eighty-eighth Ohio Volun- 
 teer Infantry, was assigned to the non-com- 
 missioned staff of his old colonel, returned to the 
 front and served faithfully and well until the 
 close of the greatest civil war the world has 
 ever witnessed, and having received no "injur- 
 ies of more than nominal order. 
 
 After the close of the war the Doctor re- 
 turned to his home in Ohio, where he was en- 
 gaged in various lines of business endeavor un- 
 til 1867, when he commenced the study of 
 dentistry and so far perfected himself in the 
 profession as to be able to commence practice 
 in 1869, when he located in Pierceton, Kosci- 
 usko county, Indiana, where he remained three 
 years, after which he established himself inprac- 
 tice in Warsaw, the county-seat of the same 
 county, where he built up a representative and 
 lucrative business and there remained until 
 1886, when impaired health rendered it impera- 
 tive that he should seek a change of climate. 
 He was advised by physicians to try the moun- 
 tain air of New Mexico, and hither he came in 
 in quest of that greatest of all boons, health. 
 The change proved salutary and he soon re- 
 gained his former physical vigor, whose natural 
 concomitant was a desire to again become ac- 
 tively engaged in his professional work, and in 
 other business enterprises which his alert and 
 progressive spirit was able to compass. 
 
 Determining upon East Las Vegas as a 
 permanent abiding place, he at once made im- 
 portant real-estate investments here and be- I 
 came intimately identified with and interested 
 in the development and normal progress of the 
 city. He has erected and still owns a num- 
 ber of excellent buildings here, among which 
 may be noted the Olney Block, which is located 
 in the business center, the same being an at- 
 tractive and substantial structure with modern 
 
 equipments. The first floor is rented for 
 mercantile purposes, and upon the second 
 floor are located the Doctor's elegantly ap- 
 pointed dental parlors and residence. Our 
 subject has also given attention to the study of 
 medicine and surgery, but has never been in 
 active practice in this line, preferring rather to 
 give his undivided attention to dentistry, in 
 which he takes great interest and in which he 
 has gained a reputation as one of the 
 most skillful and thoroughly informed of prac- 
 titioners. 
 
 The Doctor's father, who was a man of 
 strong convictions, was a hater of oppression 
 in any form, became a strong anti slavery 
 man and lent every effort toward aiding those 
 who had been so unjustly held in bondage. 
 These principles the Doctor inherited and 
 when he became a voter his whole sympathy 
 was naturally in accord with the principles and 
 policies advocated by the Republican party, 
 which most stanchly represented anti-slavery 
 interests and lent its influence to the suppres- 
 sion of the Rebellion. His temperament was 
 such that it followed as certainly as does night 
 the day that he would be an ardent advocate 
 and stanch supporter of the cause which he 
 had espoused. Accordingly he has always 
 been found actively in line in support of the 
 Republican party, and since coming to Las 
 Vegas he has been accorded official preferments 
 of conspicuous order. He was made a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Education, and in that 
 capacity aided in securing to the city its 
 present fine public-school system. He assisted 
 in securing the first village charter, and later 
 was prominently concerned in obtaining the 
 present city charter. While active in politics, 
 he has been in no sense an office seeker, but, 
 being strongly urged by his Republican 
 friends to accept the nomination as Mayor of 
 the city, he finally consented to accept the 
 nomination, and is now serving as the first 
 Mayor of the city of East Las Vegas under 
 the new charter. He is active, energetic, 
 progressive and capable, as the city's chief 
 executive, and his administration has been 
 
276 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 such as to advance the material interests of 
 the city and to insure its consecutive develop- 
 ment to a position of still greater prominence. 
 That his earnest and conscientious efforts have 
 gained to him the confidence and esteem of 
 the local public is shown conclusively in the 
 unmistakable popularity which is his in the 
 community. 
 
 In his fraternal relations our subject is 
 prominently identified with the Independent 
 Order of Odd Fellows and the Grand Army of 
 the Republic. His devotion to the advance- 
 ment of the interests of his profession is 
 shown in the fact that he is the author of the 
 present dental law of the Territory, under 
 which he holds preferment as President of the 
 Board of Dental Examiners of New Mexico. 
 
 The marriage of Dr. Olney was solemnized 
 on the ist of September, 1869, when he was 
 united to Miss Frances H. Elliott, of Saint 
 Mary's, Ohio, and the daughter of William 
 Elliott, a prominent resident of that place. 
 They have three children, of whom we make 
 brief record as follows: The eldest son, Thomas, 
 is a graduate of Rush Medical College, Chicago, 
 in which institution he was the youngest mem- 
 ber of a class of 142 individuals. In his 
 graduation he attained distinctive honors, 
 winning first position in a contest with thirty- 
 eight contestants; although but twenty-five 
 years of age, he now holds the honorable 
 preferment as senior house physician of Cook 
 County Hospital in the city of Chicago; the 
 daughter, Marie, who is at the parental home, 
 graduated in the highest grade of the academy 
 at Las Vegas, and with highest honors; Fred- 
 erick E., Jr., is pursuing his studies in the 
 public schools of the city. 
 
 Dr. Olney is a man of marked intellectual- 
 ity, genial and courteous in his manner, and 
 has made an honorable record as a business 
 man, richly meriting the high esteem in which 
 he is held by his fellow citizens. Although he 
 served throughout the entire war of the 
 Rebellion, his is not the appearance of a 
 veteran, since his looks contradict his years, 
 while he is yet in the full vigor of his manhood. 
 
 R. GEORGE WILLIAM HARRI- 
 
 SON, president of the Bank of Com- 
 merce of Albuquerque, New Mexico, 
 is a gentleman whose ancestry in the 
 agnatic line is traced back to the primitive set- 
 tlers of this country, his forefathers having em- 
 igrated hither from England and located for the 
 most part in the Old Dominion. The two 
 Harrisons, grandfather and grandson, who oc- 
 cupied the Presidential chair, belonged to a 
 branch of this same family. It is not, how- 
 ever, on account of his distinguished and his- 
 toric family connections that we accord Dr. 
 Harrison biographical mention in this work, 
 but because of his own prominent and influen- 
 tial position in the city of Albuquerque. 
 
 Dr. Harrison dates his birth in Lafayette 
 county, Missouri, November 12, 1855. His 
 father, William Hiram Harrison, was born in 
 Virginia in 1824; and his mother, whose maid- 
 en name was Harriet Ann Davis, was a de- 
 scendant of a North Carolina family. The 
 Doctor is the youngest of their three children, 
 two of whom are living. The mother died in 
 1857, and the father in 1871. His parents 
 are earnest Christians and members of the 
 Methodist Church, farmers by occupation; and 
 occupying a place among the leading people of 
 the community the Doctor's early training was 
 of the best. His education was received in the 
 public schools, the Washington University at 
 St. Louis, the State University of Missouri, 
 and the Missouri Medical College, of St. Louis. 
 At the last named institution he graduated in 
 1878. 
 
 After completing his medical course, Dr. 
 Harrison engaged in the practice of his pro- 
 fession at St. Louis, two years later removed 
 to Mount Leonard, Missouri, and in 1880 came 
 from there to New Mexico, locating at Las 
 Vegas, where he made his home one year. 
 His next move was to Bernalillo. Here he 
 built a splendid residence and established a 
 large and lucrative practice. In the mean- 
 time he became interested in real-estate trans- 
 actions and banking, and in 1891 removed to 
 Albuquerque, where he has since resided. In 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 2 77 
 
 1884 he became connected with the Medical 
 Department of the Santa Fe Railroad, and, 
 notwithstanding he is now retired from the 
 general practice of medicine, he is still the 
 consulting surgeon of the road. In 1894 he 
 was made president of the regular Medical So- 
 ciety of New Mexico. He is interested in 
 stock-raising to some extent. In 1890 he be- 
 came one of the organizers of the Commercial 
 Bank, a stockholder and director, and in 1891 
 was elected its president, which position he 
 yet holds. He is a generous and public-spir- 
 ited man, is heartily in sympathy with every 
 movement which tends to advance the inter- 
 ests of the city, and is regarded as a most de- 
 sirable acquisition to Albuquerque. 
 
 Dr. Harrison was married September 2, 
 1885, to Miss Guadalupe Perea, who was born 
 in New Mexico of Spanish ancestry. Their 
 happy married life was terminated by her 
 death on the 2Oth of October, 1889. She left 
 one son, Grover William. December 18, 
 1 890, the Doctor wedded Miss Margarita Otero, 
 a native of New Mexico and a daughter of M. 
 S. Otero, one of Albuquerque's most promi- 
 nent citizens. This union has been blessed in 
 the birth of two children, George Mariano and 
 Edmund Hiram. The Doctor and his family 
 own and occupy one of the delightful homes of 
 the city, located at the corner of Fifth street 
 and Marquette avenue. 
 
 He affiliates with the Democratic party and 
 is identified with the Masonic fraternity, hav- 
 ing received the thirty-second degree in the 
 Scottish rite. 
 
 * "* ON. JOSEPH E. SAINT. This gen- 
 |f\ tleman, who has the reputation of 
 ^^r being one of Albuquerque's most far- 
 seeing and successful residents, is a 
 native of Indiana, having been born in Henry 
 county, on the 23d day of November, 1847. 
 He is of Scotch descent, his ancestors being 
 early settlers in the South. His paternal great- 
 grandfather resided for many years in Greens- 
 burg, North Carolina, where his grandfather, 
 
 William Saint, was born. Our subject's father, 
 Alpheus Saint, was also born at that place, the 
 date of his nativity being the 4th day of Feb- 
 ruary, 1812. The family belonged to the 
 Quaker Church, and was one of honest convic- 
 tions, believers of the Golden Rule, and by 
 reason of their antipathy to the prevalent prac- 
 tice of human slavery in the South, it ceased 
 to be a congenial place of residence for them. 
 Accordingly, in 1817, the grandfather and his 
 family sought the free territory of Indiana, 
 then a veritable wilderness, and became pioneer 
 settlers of Wayne county, where they made 
 comfortable homes. 
 
 Here it was that the father of our subject 
 married Miss Irene Hyat. The lady was born 
 in North Carolina, and belonged to a family of 
 the Quaker faith, who removed to Indiana at 
 the time that the Saints did. To them were 
 born ten children, of whom five are now living. 
 The father died when seventy-four years of age, 
 and his wife, who is now eighty-three years 
 old, still lives, being one of Indiana's honored 
 pioneer women. She is a noble woman, and 
 one who is respected and beloved by a wide 
 circle of friends, as well as by her descendants 
 of three generations. 
 
 Joseph E., our subject, was the seventh 
 child in the order of birth. He attended school 
 in Indiana until his thirteenth year, and the 
 family then removed to Illinois, where the 
 young man's education was completed. After 
 becoming of age he left the farm, learned the 
 milling business and followed the vocations of 
 milling and mill building for about ten years. 
 After this he traveled for a wholesale grocery 
 house, and was engaged in this business when, 
 in 1879, he came to New Mexico. In that vo- 
 cation he continued for three years and then, 
 in 1882, resigned his position to embark in the 
 wholesale and retail grocery business in Albu- 
 querque, in which line he continued for a num- 
 ber of years. 
 
 In the year 1884 he engaged in an extens- 
 ive land speculation, organized a large cattle 
 company and leased a tract of land, com- 
 prising 100,000 acres, for thirty years, it being 
 
278 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 the Acoma Indian Reservation. They had 
 $300,000 paid up capital, and Mr. Saint was 
 at the organization made vice-president and 
 general manager, a position which he still 
 holds. The operations of this company have 
 been very extensive, as many as 18,000 head 
 of cattle being owned at one time. The di- 
 rectors and officers of the company remain the 
 same as when organized, and the live stock is 
 now well graded up with Herefords and Short- 
 horns. In 1890 Mr. Saint organized a timber 
 proposition and sold 314,000 acres of timbered 
 land to Mitchell Bros., of Michigan, for $629, - 
 ooo in cash, making upon this deai a hand- 
 some margin of profit. Since 1890 the gen- 
 tleman has been interested in mining and now < 
 has valuable property at Hillsboro. This is 
 being worked at present and with flattering 
 prospects. 
 
 In 1893 Mr. Saint was appointed receiver 
 of the New Mexico Savings Bank. He has 
 already paid forty per cent of the indebtedness 
 and expects to work out the whole liability 
 with very slight loss to any one. The gentle- 
 man is in politics a Republican, and as such 
 takes a great interest in the offices of his coun- 
 try and city. In 1891 he was elected Mayor \ 
 of Albuquerque, and in 1892 he was chosen as 
 a member of the Territorial Senate. Here he 
 was quite prominent, taking a leading part in 
 the deliberations of that body. He did valiant 
 battle for a number of good measures and was 
 one of the champions of the bill to reduce the 
 salaries of county officers, to take effect two 
 years thereafter. The measure carried, but 
 the last legislature practically reinstated the old 
 salary list. Mr. Saint was for seven years a 
 member of the Cattle Sanitary Board of New 
 Mexico, and for four years president of the 
 board. He was appointed twice by a Demo- 
 cratic Governor and twice by a Republican 
 Governor, and the health and brand laws of 
 New Mexico are largely due to his knowledge 
 of the needs of the cattle business. 
 
 In 1876 Mr. Saint was married to Miss 
 Ada Millington, a native of Illinois, and a 
 daughter of Mr. D. A. Millington, a pioneer 
 
 merchant of Leavenworth, Kansas. Their 
 children are Irene, Louise and Ethel. They 
 have for their home one of Albuquerque's finest 
 residences and are counted as among the city's 
 best residents. 
 
 In 1890 he was one of a party who made 
 an excursion tour through Texas, and in the 
 various towns and cities which they visited Mr. 
 Saint had occasion to note incidentally that 
 there were boards of trade or chambers of 
 commerce, and through this source was enter- 
 tainment principally extended to the visitors. 
 The advantage of maintaining such an organi- 
 zation in his own city occurred forcibly to our 
 subject's mind, and he forthwith made the de- 
 termination that he would lend every effort to- 
 ward bringing about such an organization in 
 Albuquerque. To his zeal and interest is, in a 
 large measure, due the maintenance of the 
 prosperous Commercial Club, which was duly 
 organized and which has contributed so largely 
 to the advancement and substantial upbuilding 
 of the metropolis of the Territory. The club 
 has erected a fine building in the business cen- 
 ter and the same is one of the most substan- 
 tial and attractive architectural structures in 
 the Territory. Upon the organization of the 
 club Mr. Saint became one of the stockholders 
 and a member of its board of directors, and he 
 has continued to manifest a lively interest in its 
 work, the organization being looked upon by all 
 as one of Albuquerque's best institutions, since it 
 has spread the fame of the city throughout the 
 entire Union and has made known the advan- 
 tages and great natural resources of New Mex- 
 ico. Our subject enjoys the confidence and 
 esteem of the entire community, and is recog- 
 nized as one of the representative citizens of 
 the place to whose welfare he has been de- 
 voted. 
 
 R. HENRY J. ABERNATHY, one of 
 the leading professional men of So- 
 corro county, has been a resident of 
 the city of Socorro since 1879. He 
 was born in the State of Tennessee November 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 279 
 
 ! 3. ^SS, an d ' s descended from the sturdy 
 Scotch stock that figured prominently in the 
 colonization of the country before the Revolu- 
 tion. The paternal great-grandfather was a 
 Virginian, and the paternal grandfather was 
 one of the pioneer settlers of Tennessee. There 
 the father of our subject, Dr. Jesse J. Aber- 
 nathy, was born in the year 1816. He re- 
 ceived an excellent training for his profession, 
 being graduated at the Pennsylvania Medical 
 College at Philadelphia. He became one of 
 the eminent physicians of his State, and was 
 at one time Professor of Theory and Practice 
 in Shelby Medical College, an institution that 
 was destroyed by the war. He served through 
 the civil conflict as Surgeon in the Confederate 
 army, and after peace had been declared he 
 accepted the chair of Professor of Nervous Dis- 
 eases in the Nashville Medical College, lie is 
 now retired from active life and resides at Pu- 
 laski. He was married to Miss Susan E. Sum- 
 ner, and to them were born eight children, five 
 of whom are now living. The mother died in 
 1876, in the forty-sixth year of her age. Doc- 
 tor Abernathy married a second wife and has 
 a family of three young children. 
 
 Henry J. Abernathy, the eldest of his fath- 
 er's family by his second wife, received his lit- 
 erary education in Nashville, and was gradu- 
 ated in 1878 as M. D. He was previous to 
 this a student in the University of the South, 
 atSewanee, Tennessee. He began his profes- 
 sional career in Colorado, but at the end of 
 eighteen months he came directly to Socorro, 
 New Mexico. He has a wide general practice, 
 but makes a specialty of surgery and diseases 
 of women. He is first vice-president of the 
 New Mexico Medical Association, and takes an 
 active and enthusiastic part in the work of this 
 organization. He has filled both the office of 
 County Coroner and the office of County Phy- 
 sician, and discharged his duties with a judg- 
 ment and abirity that won the approval of all 
 parties. The Doctor spent a part of 1881 and 
 1882 in old Mexico, and in 1889, accompanied 
 by his family, he took a trip to his old home in 
 Tennessee. In politics he is an ardent Demo- 
 
 crat. He belongs to the order of the Knights 
 of Pythias. 
 
 Dr. Abernathy was united in marriage to 
 Miss Frances F. Eaton, who was born in Santa 
 Fe, the daughter of Col. E. W. Eaton, a pio- 
 neer of New Mexico, now a resident of Socorro. 
 They are the parents of two children, Mamie 
 L. and Arthur H. The Doctor's office is well 
 appointed, he is fully abreast of the times in 
 his profession, and enjoys the confidence and 
 esteem of his fellow citizens. 
 
 HBRAM ABEYTA, the present Clerk of 
 the city of Socorro, is one of the 
 city's native sons. He was born 
 November 2, 1861, the descendant of 
 a long line of Spanish ancestors. His paternal 
 grandfather, Don Diago Antonio Abeyta, was 
 one of the first settlers of Socorro, sharing in 
 the large land grant made by the Spanish gov- 
 ernment to the pioneers of Socorro county. 
 Antonio Abeyta y Montoya, the father of our 
 subject, was born in Socorro in 1822. He 
 was prominently identified with the early busi- 
 ness interests of the place, erected a gristmill 
 and conducted a successful mercantile establish- 
 ment. He married Miss Encarnacion Chavez, 
 a descendant of the Chavez family, which is 
 one of the most distinguished in the history of 
 the Territory. There were born of this union 
 four sons and three daughters. The mother 
 died in 1880; the father is still living, aged 
 seventy-three years. The first two children, 
 Abram and S. C., were twins. 
 
 Abram Abeyta received his education in the 
 Christian Brothers' College at Santa Fe, and 
 after leaving school was for two years employ- 
 ed as clerk in a wholesale grocery house of 
 Brown & Manzares. At the end of that time 
 he entered the general store of H. M. Cham- 
 burn, as clerk, and served in this capacity 
 three years. With the experience acquired he 
 felt confident to embark in business on his 
 own account, and so opened a general store in 
 Socorro opposite the Plaza, with his uncle, 
 Manuel Abeyta, where he has established an 
 
280 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 excellent trade. Politically he allies himself 
 with the Democratic party; he has for the past 
 six years been Clerk of the city. He has re- 
 cently received from Governor Thornton the 
 appointment as a member of the Board of 
 Commissioners for the Territorial penitentiary. 
 Mr. Abeyta was married in 1883 to Miss 
 Amelia Stapleton, who also was born in So- 
 corro, a daughter of Major R. H. Stapleton. 
 Our worthy subject and his wife are the par- 
 ents of six children, only two of whom are 
 living, Encarnacion and Paublita, one son, 
 Diago Antonio, a child of five years; was a 
 victim to the dread disease, diphtheria, his 
 death occurring July 19, 1895. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Abeyta are members of the Roman Catholic 
 Church. Mr. Abeyta belongs to the Knights 
 of Pythias. He is a man of the strictest in- 
 tegrity, and is worthy of the confidence re- 
 posed in him by the citizens of Socorro county. 
 
 HLVIN A. SHAW, M. D. A man of 
 high professional attainments and one 
 who holds distinctive prestige as the 
 pioneer physician of the thriving vil- 
 lage of San Marcial, Socorro county, Dr. 
 Shaw is manifestly deserving of specific recog- 
 nition in this work. He is one of the repre- 
 sentative business men of the town, in which 
 he conducts one of the leading drug stores, in 
 addition to continuing in the active practice of 
 his noble profession. 
 
 The Doctor's ancestry is one whose history 
 has been one of long identification with that 
 of the United States, running back, in both the 
 paternal and maternal lines, to English origin. 
 His great-grandfather Shaw was a native of 
 New England, where his parents had taken up 
 their abode at an early period. He subse- 
 quently left his native heath and proceeding to 
 the Western frontier became one of the pio- 
 neers of the State of Ohio. In the Buckeye 
 State was born John Shaw, the grandfather of 
 our subject, and there he was reared to matu- 
 rity, being eventually ordained to the ministry 
 of the Methodist Episcopal Church and labor- 
 
 ing long and zealously in his high calling. In 
 1835 ne removed to Indiana and became one 
 of the pioneer clergymen in La Porte county. 
 The Doctor's father, Jonathan Shaw, was born 
 in Ohio in the year 1824, and accompanied his 
 parents upon their removal to the Hoosier 
 State. He received his education in the 
 schools of La Porte, and upon attaining mature 
 years was united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth 
 Evarts, who was a native of Indiana. They 
 became the parents of six children, all of 
 whom are living at the present time. The 
 honored father, who became a man of promi- 
 nence and influence in the community where 
 he passed so many years of his active and use- 
 ful life, was called to eternal rest in 1891, 
 having attained a venerable age. His devoted 
 wife passed away in 1893, having lived to en- 
 joy the love and solicitude of her children and 
 her children's children. In their religious 
 faith they were zealous adherents of the Uni- 
 versalist Church. 
 
 Alvin A. Shaw, the immediate subject of 
 this review, was the third child in order of 
 birth, the place of his nativity having been 
 Annawan, Henry county, Illinois, and the date 
 the 1 6th of July, 1859. He completed his 
 more purely literary education in the State 
 University of Illinois, graduating at that insti- 
 tution in 1880, after which he matriculated in 
 the Chicago Medical College, completing the 
 prescribed course and graduating in 1883. 
 Thus thoroughly prepared for the practice of 
 that profession which he had determined to 
 make his life work, the Doctor entered pro- 
 fessional work in the city of Chicago, but 
 within the course of a year was thrice attacked 
 very severely with pneumpnia, and finally be- 
 came convinced that it was imperative for him 
 to seek a different climate if he hoped to pre- 
 serve his health. 
 
 Casting about for an eligible location, he 
 finally decided to locate in New Mexico, and in 
 the year 1884 he arrived in San Marcial, and 
 here entered vigorously upon the practice of 
 his profession, consummating an association 
 with Dr. G. P. Edwards, who had been estab- 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 281 
 
 lished here for some little time. After a year 
 had elapsed the partnership was dissolved and 
 Dr. Edwards located elsewhere. Our subject 
 has since maintained a consecutive practice 
 and has gained a representative support, his 
 ability as a physician being recognized as clearly 
 as is his honor as a man. In 1885 the Doctor 
 established here the first drug store opened in 
 the town, and in this line of enterprise he has 
 since been concerned in connection with his 
 professional work. He is careful and conscien- 
 tious in his business methods, and as a physi- 
 cian is thoroughly well informed, being a close 
 student and keeping constantly abreast of the 
 advances made in the sciences of medicine and 
 surgery. His practice is one that extends over 
 a wide radius of country, and in this, as well 
 as in his more distinctively business pursuits, 
 he has met with gratifying success, retaining 
 the confidence and esteem of the community 
 with whose interests he has been so conspicu- 
 ously identified. 
 
 In his fraternal relations Dr. Shaw is prom- 
 inently associated with the Masonic order, the 
 Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the 
 Ancient Order of United Workmen. He is 
 a member of Hiram Lodge No. 13, A. F. & 
 A. M., of San Marcial, and served two terms 
 as its Worshipful Master. In his political ad- 
 herency the Doctor uses his right of suffrage 
 in support of the men and measures of the 
 Republican party, but he has never been as- 
 pirant for official preferment. 
 
 The marriage of our honored subject was 
 consummated in 1883, when he was united to 
 Miss Rena Batten, a native of his own birth- 
 place and the daughter of Richard W. Batten. 
 The union has been blessed with two chil- 
 dren, Mamie and Rena. 
 
 Since coming to San Marcial, Dr: Shaw has 
 been intimately indentified with the interests of 
 the town, and he has lent influence and effect- 
 ive aid in furthering its development and ad- 
 vancement. He has acquired a considerable 
 amount of local realty and has erected several 
 buildings here, among them being his residence, 
 which is one of the most attractive in the place. 
 
 He is looked upon as one of the most able phy- 
 sicians in the Territory and as one of the dis- 
 tinctively representative business men of San 
 Marcial. 
 
 ON. HUMPHREY B. HAMILTON.- 
 
 Success in any profession is more 
 the result of energy, perseverance and 
 natural aptitude than connection, in- 
 fluence or social standing. The majority of 
 the most prominent and able lawyers of the 
 New Mexico bar are what may be termed self- 
 made men. Among the number who have 
 won positions of eminence in the legal profes- 
 sion through inherited energy and determina- 
 tion is the present Judge of the Fifth District 
 Court of the Territory, Mr. Hamilton. A 
 brief record of his career is as follows: 
 
 A native of Perry county, Illinois, he was 
 born on the 26th of October, 1850, of Scotch- 
 Irish ancestry, coming of a family whose mem- 
 bers were early pioneers of Maryland and Vir- 
 ginia, and were prominent in the history of the 
 Colonies as participants in the struggle for in- 
 dependence and in the walks of civil life. The 
 paternal grandfather of our subject became 
 one of the pioneers of Missouri, where Leo F. 
 Hamilton, the father, was born. Having ar- 
 rived at years of maturity, he married Miss 
 Sarah Jones, of Kentucky parentage, and re- 
 moved to Illinois, where he successfully en- 
 gaged in the practice of medicine up to the 
 time of his death, which occurred in 1852, 
 when he was aged about forty years. His 
 wife departed this life about a year previous. 
 They left a family of five children, of whom 
 the Judge was the youngest. 
 
 Mr. Humphrey B. Hamilton acquired his 
 literary education in various schools in the 
 State of his nativity, and, on determining what 
 business he wished to make his life work, 
 made choice of the legal profession. Prepar- 
 atory to entering upon practice, he read law 
 in the office of Hon. DeWitt C. Jones, now of 
 Chicago, and was admitted to the bar in 1871. 
 He entered upon the prosecution of his chosen 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 calling in Jefferson City, Missouri, where he 
 remained from 1872 until 1885, the latter be- 
 ing the year of his arrival in Socorro, New 
 Mexico. He came here with the hope that 
 the more healthful climate of the South would 
 prove beneficial to his wife; but after lingering 
 about five years she departed this life in Jan- 
 uary, 1890, leaving three children to mourn 
 her loss, namely: Lulu H. , Humphrey B. and 
 Fenwick D. Her death was a most severe 
 bereavement to the family, and also to many 
 friends who had for her the highest regard. 
 
 On locating in Socorro, Judge Hamilton 
 opened a law office and continued to engage in 
 general practice until January, 1895, at which 
 time he was appointed by President Cleveland 
 as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of 
 this Territory, a position which he is now fill- 
 ing with marked ability. He has already tried 
 many important cases and has shown himself 
 to be thoroughly informed in the law. His 
 jurisdiction extends over the territory lying be- 
 tween Arizona and the Pan Handle and in- 
 cluding most of the southern portion of New 
 Mexico. 
 
 Upon the bench his manner is character- 
 ized with a dignity becoming his office, and 
 advocates, juries and litigants recognize that 
 he is master of the situation. He is possessed 
 of superior legal attainments, a comprehensive 
 mind, powers of keen perception and judicial 
 fairness. He is singularly unbiased by per- 
 sonal predilections or opinions, and gives to 
 each point of evidence its full weight. He is 
 undoubtedly one of the most eminent represen- 
 tatives of the legal profession in the Territory. 
 
 In politics Judge Hamilton is a Democrat, 
 but not an active partisan, and since being on 
 the bench gives less attention than ever to 
 politics. He is prominent in the Masonic fra- 
 ternity, having attained the thirty-second 
 degree of the Scottish rite. He is also a mem- 
 ber of the order of the Knights of Pythias. 
 
 In manner he is a pleasant and agreeable 
 gentleman, having a wide acquaintance and a 
 host of warm friends in New Mexico, the Ter- 
 tory of his adoption. 
 
 OLESLO ROMERO, who was re- 
 cently appointed a member of the 
 Immigration Board of New Mexico, is 
 a native of the Territory and has his 
 abiding place in the town of Los Lunas. Mr. 
 Romero was born January i, 1860, and is a 
 descendant of the noted Luna and Romero 
 families, who were among the earliest and 
 most prominent people of New Mexico. His 
 grandfathers, Juan Andreas Romero and Ra- 
 mon Luna, were both born in Los Lunas. 
 They were heirs to Government land which 
 had been granted to our subject's great-grand- 
 father and which included many thousand 
 acres of valuable land. Grandfather Luna 
 was for many years Indian agent, and was one 
 of New Mexico's best known citizens. He 
 married Guadalupe Sarrasino, a native of the 
 Territory and also descended from a noted 
 family. Her father, Francisco Sarrasino, was 
 a Governor of the Territory and a man of great 
 influence in his day. Our subject's father, 
 Miguel Romero, was born in Los Lunas in 
 1829. He married Placida Luna, and there 
 were born to them two sons, Flavio and Bo- 
 leslo. The father was for many years en- 
 gaged in freighting across the plains from St. 
 Louis and Kansas City, his freighting train 
 consisting of fourteen wagons and a large num- 
 ber of mules, and while engaged in this 
 business he met with many hardships and pri- 
 vations incident both to the inclemency of the 
 weather and hostility of the Indians. At one 
 time all of his mules were frozen to death. 
 Frequently he lost much stock through Indian 
 raids. At this writing he has claims pending 
 against the United States Government to the 
 amount of $45,000 for losses he sustained at 
 various times. Both he and his good wife are 
 devout members of the Catholic Church. They 
 maintain their residence at Los Lunas with 
 their son, Boleslo. 
 
 Boleslo Romero was educated at the Chris- 
 tian Brothers' College at Santa Fe. On his re- 
 turn from college he engaged in farming and 
 the sheep industry. Soon, however, he was 
 obliged to leave the ranch on account of the 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 283 
 
 raids made by the Apache Indians, and barely 
 escaped with his life. His brother-in-law was 
 killed. That was in 1881. In 1892, when 
 the Indians made another raid, Mr. Romero 
 and thirty-four other citizens from Los Lunas 
 went in pursuit of them and to protect the 
 stock throughout the country. The result was 
 that a number of the citizens were killed by the 
 Apaches. Mr. Romero and his father own 
 lands near Los Lunas and are still more or less 
 engaged in farming. They give considerable 
 attention to fruit culture, have fine orchards 
 and vineyards, and are also interested in the 
 manufacture of wine. 
 
 Mr. Romero was married in 1883 to Miss 
 Refugio Chavez, a native of the Territory and 
 a member of the illustrious family of that 
 name. Their union has been blessed in the 
 birth of five children, all born in Los Lunas, 
 where so many of their ancestors have been 
 born and have lived. The names of the chil- 
 dren areas follows : Juan Andreas, Donnacino, 
 Ninfa, Miguel and Aurilia. 
 
 Mr. Romero is in politics a Democrat. He 
 holds the office of Deputy United States Mar- 
 shal, and was recently appointed by Governor 
 Thornton as a member of the Immigration 
 Board of New Mexico. A young man of in- 
 telligence, ability and enterprise, he will, no 
 doubt, render valued service in this capacity. 
 
 aHARLES G. CRUICKSHANK, M. 
 D. Holding marked prestige among 
 the professional men of Socorro 
 county, enjoying high popularity and 
 maintaining a representative position as iden- 
 tified with the business life of the thriving little 
 city of San Marcial, it is manifestly consistent 
 in this connection that attention be di- 
 rected to the more salient features in the life 
 history of him whose name initiates this re- 
 view. Dr. Cruickshank is a native of Quebec, 
 Canada, where he was born on the igth of 
 October, 1853, a son of Robert Cruickshank, 
 who was born in Scotland in the year 1800. 
 In 1823 he emigrated to America and for many 
 
 years was a trusted employee of the Hudson's 
 Bay Fur Company. He ultimately settled 
 near Quebec, where he was engaged in agri- 
 cultural operations up to the time of his death, 
 which occurred in 1885. He had attained the 
 venerable age of eighty-five years and was 
 honored as a man of marked intellectuality and 
 invincible integrity. The mother of our sub- 
 ject, whose maiden name was Catherine Glan- 
 ville Cook, was a native of London, England, 
 where she was born in the year 1813. A por- 
 tion of her youthful days was passed in Scot- 
 land and in 1830 she came to Canada. She 
 departed this life in 1886, in the seventy-third 
 year of her age. Robert and Catherine Cruick- 
 shank became the parents of ten children, of 
 whom seven are living at the present time, the 
 subject of this sketch being the youngest of the 
 family. 
 
 Charles G. Cruickshank received his pre- 
 liminary educational discipline in his native 
 city, and graduated at the military school in 
 Quebec in 1870. He had determined to adopt 
 the medical profession as his vocation in life, 
 and in 1872 he went to Ann Arbor, Michigan, 
 where he matriculated in the medical depart- 
 ment of the famous university of that State, 
 where he graduated with the class of 1876. 
 This professional training had been but the 
 practical carrying out of the plan which the 
 Doctor had formed in his boyhood days, and 
 he thus realized his ambition. 
 
 After his graduation Dr. Cruickshank lo- 
 cated at Howell, the beautiful county seat of Liv- 
 ingston county, Michigan, where he displayed 
 his "shingle" with due solemnity and entered 
 upon active practice, remaining there about 
 four years and securing a representative sup- 
 port in his professional efforts. At the expira- 
 tion of this time (1880) he came to San Mar- 
 cial, New Mexico, remaining here but a short 
 time, after which he continued his way west- 
 ward to the present State of Washington, and 
 there continued to practice until 1884, when he 
 returned to San Marcial and entered vigorously 
 upon the practice of medicine and surgery at 
 this point. He has established a large and lu- 
 
284 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 crative business by reason of his high profes- 
 sional ability, his honor and his fidelity, attri- 
 butes which never fail of objective appreciation. 
 During these years of active labor the Doctor 
 has devoted himself to study and investigation, 
 and is thoroughly in touch with the advances 
 made in the science of medicine. His general 
 practice is of wide extent, while he is recog- 
 nized as one of the finest surgeons in the Ter- 
 ritory, having been for a number of years past 
 surgeon of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe 
 Railroad Company. He was a member of the 
 Michigan State Medical Society, and in 1888 
 he became a member of the American National 
 Medical Association, and has attended several 
 of its conventions. 
 
 A man of high attainments and imbued 
 with predominating energy and enterprise, the 
 Doctor has, since coming to San Marcial, 
 thoroughly identified himself with the affairs 
 of the town of his choice. He has invested 
 quite largely in local realty and has aided ma- 
 terially in the growth and development of the 
 county, being regarded not only as an able phy- 
 sician, but as one of the leading and most pub- 
 lic-spirited citizens of the thriving little city in 
 which he resides. 
 
 In his political relations the Doctor exer- 
 cises his franchise in support of the men and 
 measures advanced by the Republican party, 
 and fraternally he is a member of the Inde- 
 pendent Order of Odd Fellows, the Red Men, 
 and Ancient Order of United Workmen. 
 
 On the 22d of February, 1877, Dr. Cruick- 
 shank led to the hymeneal altar Miss Ida E. 
 Wescott, who was born in Wayne county, 
 New York, being the daughter of Stephen 
 Wescott, a resident of Michigan. This happy 
 union has been blessed with one son, Bruce 
 W. , who was born at Howell, Michigan. The 
 family residence is one of the attractive homes 
 of the city. 
 
 The Doctor has acquired cousiderable real 
 estate in the county and is taking much pleas- 
 ure in showing the wonderful pomological 
 possibilities of this part of the Territory. His 
 orchards having some of the most prolific fruit- 
 
 trees in the whole valley, and his success in 
 this line being very exceptional. He also owns 
 a cattle ranch and devotes considerable atten- 
 tion to stock-raising, which represents one of 
 the most important industries of the Territory. 
 He is also interested in the White Cap mines 
 in the San Mateo mountains. 
 
 * * ON. TRANQUILINO LUNA, de- 
 
 j^\ ceased, was one of New Mexico's 
 P most prominent men. A memoir of 
 his life is appropriate in this work and 
 is as follows: 
 
 Tranquilino Luna was born in Los Lunas, 
 New Mexico, June 29, 1847, second son of 
 Hon. Antonio Jose Luna (whose history ap- 
 pears elsewhere in this work). He was ed- 
 ucated in the Missouri University at St. 
 Louis, and on his return from college be- 
 came successfully engaged in the sheep indus- 
 try. He was in politics an intelligent and in- 
 fluential Republican. His ability and manly 
 integrity being appreciated by his fellow citi- 
 zens, he was offered by them various offices 
 of honor and trust in his county, and in 1880 
 was elected delegate to represent the Territory 
 of New Mexico in the United States Congress, 
 and after serving a two years' term was, in 
 1882, again elected to the same position. 
 
 He was united in marriage to Miss Amalia 
 Jaramillo, the daughter of a prominent citizen 
 of Los Lunas. They had one child, Maximil- 
 iano Luna, who is now the Sheriff of Valencia 
 county, specific mention of whom appears 
 further on in this article. In 1886 Mrs. Luna 
 departed this life, and in November, 1892, Mr. 
 Luna died. Few men in Valencia county were 
 better known or stood higher in the estimation 
 of the people than did Tranquilino Luna, and 
 the untimely death of a man possessing such 
 rare talent and excellent traits of character was 
 deeply lamented not only in Valencia county 
 but throughout the Territory. 
 
 Maximiliano Luna, the only survivor of the 
 above named family, was born in Los Lunas 
 June 1 6, 1870. He was educated in the Las 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 285 
 
 Vegas College, New Mexico, and at George- 
 town College, District of Columbia. On com- 
 pleting his course in the latter institution he 
 received an appointment to the Naval School 
 at Annapolis. Just as he was ready to enter 
 upon his studies at Annapolis his mother died, 
 and after her death his plans were changed. 
 He made a tour to Cuba, after which, in De- 
 cember, 1889, he returned to his home in New 
 Mexico. 
 
 The following year he was appointed inter- 
 preter of the Second Judicial Court of the Ter- 
 ritory; in 1891 he was Chief Clerk of the 
 Twenty-ninth Assembly of New Mexico, and in 
 1892 he was elected Probate Clerk, Recorder 
 and ex officio County Clerk of Valencia county, 
 in which last named position he served up to 
 1 894, when he was elected Sheriff of the county, 
 the office which he now holds. In all of these 
 important positions his service has been char- 
 acterized by promptness and fidelity, and, be- 
 ing a man of nerve and courage, he is espe- 
 cially fitted for the duties of Sheriff. As Sheriff 
 he has already made some important arrests 
 among desperate characters who had previ- 
 ously evaded the law. Mr. Luna's political 
 views are those of the Republican party. He 
 has served as delegate to several Territorial 
 Republican Conventions, in 1890 was the or- 
 ganizer of the Republican League of the county, 
 and in 1892- was a delegate to the National Re- 
 publican League. 
 
 ON. ESTANISLAO V. CHAVEZ, of 
 Socorro, figures prominently as a 
 member of the bar of New Mexico. 
 Mr. Chavez dates his birth in the city 
 where he now resides, June 15, 1862. He is 
 a representative of the distinguished family of 
 Chavez, of New Mexico. His father, Jesus 
 M. Chavez, F. Franco . Chavez and Felipe 
 Chavez, are cousins and are among the most 
 promident members of the family. Jesus M. 
 Chavez was born in the Territory of New 
 Mexico, April 17, 1831, and was educated by 
 his uncle, the noted Father Chavez, in the 
 
 city of Chihuahua, Mexico, his education be- 
 ing received in Spanish. Later he fell heir 
 to the property of his uncle, which included a 
 large portion of the territory now embraced 
 in the city of Socorro. He accepted the doc- 
 trines of the Democratic party and was one of 
 its organizers in his county, and was a man of 
 much influence and popularity, so much so 
 that he was rspeatedly elected as a Representa- 
 tive to the Territorial Assembly. He served 
 eighteen years as Clerk of the Probate Court 
 of his county, and was a member of the House 
 and prominent in the movement which asked 
 Congress to admit New Mexico to the Union. 
 He also served for some time as Probate Judge 
 of the county and held the honorable position 
 of Inspector General of the New Mexico Militia. 
 During the Civil war he took sides with the 
 Government against the Confederates, and 
 during that period suffered much loss to his 
 property by the depredations of the enemy. 
 At various times he has played an active and 
 prominent part in protecting the people of New 
 Mexico from the frequent attacks by the Red 
 men. He married Miss Luz Torres, a de- 
 scendant of one of the old Spanish families, 
 her father being Joaquin Torres, a prominent 
 citizen of New Mexico. They had three sons : 
 one died in infancy, and the others are Joaquin 
 and Estanislao V. The parents are still living 
 and are among the most highly respected peo- 
 ple of the Territory in which they had their 
 birth. 
 
 We come now to the immediate subject of 
 our sketch, Estanislao V. Chavez. He re- 
 ceived his education at St. Michael's College 
 in Santa Fe, read law in the office of Judge Ira 
 E. Leonard, and May 4, 1891, was admitted 
 to the bar. Immediately after his admission to 
 the bar he entered upon the practice of his pro- 
 fession in his native city, where he rapidly 
 gained a lucrative practice, and now has the 
 reputation of being one of the most successful 
 and talented young lawyers in the Territory. 
 
 In 1883 Mr. Chavez was married to Miss 
 Frances V. Martin, a native of Marshall, 
 Texas, and a daughter of Captain Robert 
 
286 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Martin of that State. They have two chil- 
 dren, Estanislao Robert and Cosette, both born 
 in Socorro, they being the third generation 
 born in this city. 
 
 Mr. Chavez being an ardent Democrat and 
 a talented and popular young man, it was na- 
 tural that his party should choose him to fill 
 places of honor and trust. When only twen- 
 ty-four years of age he was hqnored with a 
 seat in the Territorial Legislature, where he 
 served with credit alike to himself and to his 
 party. At that time he was the youngest 
 member of the House. Later, when brought 
 out as a candidate for Probate Clerk of Socor- 
 ro county, and against a very strong opponent, 
 he was elected by the largest majority ever 
 received by any candidate in the county ; and 
 this office he filled for six years. In 1892 he 
 was elected Mayor of Socorro, and he was also 
 elected a delegate to the last Democratic na- 
 tional convention and aided in the nomination 
 of Grover Cleveland for President of the 
 United States, an act for which he has since 
 had deep regret. His friends earnestly urged 
 him to accept the position of Secretary of the 
 Territory of New Mexico. This honor, how- 
 ever, he declined in order to give his whole 
 time and attention to his rapidly increasing law 
 practice. Mr. Chavez is a man of fine per- 
 sonal appearance, is in every respect a true 
 gentleman, and it is fair to predict that still 
 greater honors await him in the future. 
 
 (D 
 
 AJOR H. K. WHITING, whose 
 pleasant home is located 'on his 
 ranch near the city of Albuquerque, 
 is a veteran of the Civil war and a 
 gentleman who has for years figured promi- 
 nently in the affairs of New Mexico, and espe- 
 cially of Bernalillo county. His residence here 
 covers a period of more than a quarter of a 
 century and he is probably better informed in 
 regard to New Mexico's resources than any 
 other man in the Territory. 
 
 Major Whiting dates his birth at Detroit, 
 Michigan, December 2, 1837. His father, 
 
 Dr. John L. Whiting, was born in Canaan, 
 Columbia county, New York, in the year 1793. 
 On February 17, 1817, he arrived in Detroit, 
 and for thirty years was one of the valued 
 medical practitioners of that city. His wife, 
 whose maiden name was Harriet Rees, was a 
 native of Erie, Pennsylvania. The ancestors 
 of both the Whitings and Reeses are of English 
 origin. They came to this country before the 
 Revolution and settled in New England and 
 later removed to New York. Great-grand- 
 father Whiting was an officer in the Revolu- 
 tionary army and his son, our subject's grand- 
 father, was an officer in the war of 1812; both 
 lived to a ripe old age. Major Whiting's par- 
 ents had seven sons and a daughter, of whom 
 only three are living. The mother died in 
 1851. The father lived to the advanced age 
 of eighty-seven years. 
 
 In the public schools of his native city and 
 at Dartmouth College the subject of our sketch 
 received his education, and after leaving col- 
 lege he was for a number of years city editor, 
 first of the Detroit Advertiser and later of the 
 Tribune, into which the former was merged. 
 In 1 86 1 General Fremont gave him the ap- 
 pointment of Captain of volunteers, and he 
 served on the staff of General McKinstry. In 
 the summer of 1862 when the demand for 
 more soldiers became urgent, he aided in rais- 
 ing the Twenty-fourth Michigan Volunteer In- 
 fantry and as Second Lieutenant, went with 
 them to the front; participated in all the hard- 
 fought battles of the Army of the Potomac up 
 to the battle of Gettysburg, in which he was 
 captured. After a confinement of eight months 
 and a half in Libby prison, he was exchanged 
 and returned to his command, then in front of 
 Petersburg, and to the close of the war served 
 on the staff of Major General S. W. Crawford. 
 For meritorious service at the battle of Peters- 
 burg he was promoted to a Captaincy and 
 after the battle of Five Forks was made Brevet 
 Major. At the close of the war he was a par- 
 ticipant in the grand review of the victorious 
 army at Washington, and was mustered out 
 June 28, 1865. He had been through the hot- 
 
H1STORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 287 
 
 test of the fight, and, save a slight gun-shot 
 wound at Fredericksburg, which did not cause 
 him to leave his command, escaped unharmed. 
 
 Immediately following his army service 
 Major Whiting was in the employ of several 
 newspapers. In the fall of 1866 he came to 
 Santa Fe as a member of the staff of the New 
 York Herald, and spent a year in writing up 
 New Mexico. In the spring of 1868 he re- 
 ceived the appointment of Clerk of the United 
 States Court at Albuquerque, a position which 
 he ably filled for ten years, and he was at dif- 
 ferent times elected to and held the following 
 offices in Bernalillo county: County Clerk 
 three years, Assessor of the County two years, 
 County Superintendent of Schools two years, 
 Justice of the Peace two years; and for twenty- 
 seven years he has been United States Com- 
 missioner, a position which he still holds. He 
 is also at this writing in the abstract business, 
 making abstracts for Albuquerque and the 
 county of Bernalillo. Politically, he is a life- 
 long and ardent Republican. 
 
 Major Whiting was married in 1873 to 
 Miss Maria Samora, a native of New Mexico 
 and a representative of one of the oldest Span- 
 ish families of the Territory. 
 
 @EORGE S. EASTERDAY, M. D.- 
 Holding a position of marked distinc- 
 tion in the Territory, by reason of his 
 high professional attainments and his 
 scrupulous honor as a man among men, this 
 well-known resident of Albuquerque merits 
 specific recognition in this review of the lives 
 of the representative citizens of New Mexico. 
 The Doctor is a native of the old Buckeye 
 State, having been born in Jefferson county, 
 Ohio, on the I2th of September, 1849. His 
 paternal lineage is of stanch German extraction, 
 his great-grandfather having emigrated from 
 Germany to New York, where he remained for 
 a time, after which he removed with his family 
 to Maryland, where the grandfather of our 
 subject, Christian Easterday, was born. While 
 still a young man the latter removed to Jeffer- 
 
 son county, Ohio, becoming one of the pioneer 
 settlers in that State. He there married Miss 
 Maria Stemple, who was a native of his own 
 ! State, and whose people were also among the 
 i early settlers in Jefferson county. Christian 
 Easterday and wife remained in Ohio until 
 1855, when they took up their abode in the 
 State of Illinois, where they passed the residue 
 of their lives; he lived to attain the venerable 
 age of eighty-five years, and she passed away 
 at the age of eighty-three. In their religious 
 views they were English Lutherans, and were 
 earnest, God-fearing and industrious people, 
 whose lives were directed along the lines of 
 utmost honor and integrity. They became the 
 parents of eleven children, of whom ten lived 
 to attain maturity. 
 
 David Easterday, father of the Doctor, was 
 | the second son and was born in Jefferson 
 county, Ohio. He married Miss Margaret 
 Zimmerman, a native of the same county, 
 and some years after the consummation of this 
 happy event they removed to Illinois, becoming 
 pioneers of that now populous State. To them 
 were given twelve children, and ten of this 
 number still survive. The honored father en- 
 tered into eternal rest in 1894, at the age of 
 seventy-nine years; his wife still lives, being 
 now (1895) seventy-three years of age. 
 
 George S. Easterday received his prelimi- 
 nary educational discipline in the public schools 
 of Illinois, after which he pursued the scientific 
 course of study in the university of that State. 
 He then matriculated in the Eclectic Medical 
 College, Cincinnati, Ohio, graduating with the 
 degree of Doctor of Medicine, .in 1878. After 
 completing his studies he determined to locate 
 in the West, and for two and one-half years 
 was engaged in the practice of his profession 
 in Nebraska. Thence, in 1881, he came to 
 Albuquerque, identifying his interests with the 
 city while it was yet in the initial stages of de- 
 velopment to its present position of import- 
 ance as the commercial metropolis of the Ter- 
 ritory. Here he established himself for the 
 practice of his noble profession, and by close 
 attention thereto and by the most scrupulous 
 
z88 
 
 HISTORY OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 fidelity to the interests of those to whom he 
 ministers, he has built up a very lucrative prac- 
 tice, and one which is of distinctively representa- 
 tive order. It has ever been his policy and 
 privilege to keep fully in line with the advance- 
 ments made in medical science and surgery, 
 and he is thoroughly in touch with the most 
 approved methods and the results of new prov- 
 ings in the line of therapeutic agents. In his 
 zeal to avail himself of the practical results of 
 the researches of the best authorities of his 
 profession, in the winter of 1889-90, the Doc- 
 tor went to New York city, where he com- 
 pleted a special course of study in the post- 
 graduate school of that city. He then returned 
 to Albuquerque and again resumed active prac- 
 tice here. 
 
 In 1894, his practice having grown to such 
 proportions as to require additional attention, 
 he associated with him his brother, Dr. J. S. 
 Easterday, a physician of signal ability, whose 
 collegiate training had been received at the 
 University of Louisville, Kentucky, at which 
 he graduated with honor. The two gentlemen 
 now enjoy a very extensive practice under the 
 firm name of Easterday & Easterday. 
 
 Dr. Easterday has been deeply engrossed 
 in his professional duties, but this has not de- 
 terred him from becoming identified with those 
 other duties which are required of every public- 
 spirited citizen. He has, by investments in 
 real estate and building projects, bettered his 
 own condition in a financial way, and at the 
 same time aided greatly in the substantial de- 
 velopment of his city. In addition to the 
 erection of several brick and frame residences, 
 he, in 1892, built a handsome brick block at 
 410 Gold avenue, which is an ornament to 
 Albuquerque's business section. It has a front- 
 age of fifty feet, is sixty feet in depth, and two 
 stories high, with basement. The first story 
 of this structure has been fitted up as a suite 
 of offices, consultation rooms, etc., for the use 
 of the Doctor and his brother in the practice 
 of their profession. In convenience they rep- 
 resent the highest ideal approaching perfection, 
 and their equipment includes all of the modern 
 
 accessories. The apartments are elegantly 
 furnished, and are second to none in the great 
 Southwest. 
 
 Politically, Dr. Easterday has been a life- 
 long Democrat, and as such has always taken 
 an active interest in local, State and national 
 affairs. His fellow-citizens have upon numer- 
 ous occasions seen fit to honor him with posi- 
 tions of trust, and he has filled them with that 
 | conscientious honor which has always marked 
 his private life and professional career. In 
 1887 he was chosen as one of the Aldermen of 
 Albuquerque, and in 1891 he was elected as 
 one of the school trustees of the city. In this 
 latter position he was enabled to render valua- 
 ble service in organizing the present excellent 
 public-school system, which is the pride of the 
 city. In 1892 Dr. Easterday was also chosen 
 as Mayor of the city, a position which he filled 
 with credit to himself and honor to the city. 
 
 In 1 88 1 Dr. Easterday was united in mar- 
 riage to Miss Catherine Haller, a native of 
 California, and the daughter of Mr. Jacob 
 Haller, a former resident of the State of Illi- 
 nois. Dr. Easterday is prominent in several 
 societies, being an honored member of the 
 Knights of Pythias, and an active member of 
 the local lodge of Ancient Order of United 
 Workmen. Personally, Dr. Easterday is a 
 courteous and affable gentleman, in a profes- 
 sional way he has met with the highest success, 
 and as a progressive citizen he is one of Albu- 
 querque's honored and leading men. 
 
 * * ON. WALTER C. HADLEY, one of 
 '''^V New Mexico's representative citizens 
 ^r and prominent business men, is a 
 native of the State of Indiana, having 
 been born in the beautiful old city of Rich- 
 mond on the 7th of September, 1857. His 
 ancestors for several generations have been 
 residents of the United States, and Grand- 
 father Hadley was a pioneer resident of the 
 State of Ohio. From one generation to an- 
 other the representatives of the family have 
 adhered to the beautiful faith of the Society of 
 
T'.,iLiw/r, I 1 ,,'! r.i r;i,'n 
 
HISTORY Of NEW MEXICO. 
 
 289 
 
 Friends, or Quakers. Our subject is a son of 
 Professor Hiram Hadley, now of the Univer- 
 sity of New Mexico, and recognized-as one of the 
 most enthusiastic and talented educators of the 
 Territory. 
 
 Walter C. Hadley, the immediate subject 
 of this review, received his preliminary educa- 
 tional discipline in the common schools and 
 continued his studies at Haverford College, 
 Philadelphia, and at the University of Chicago. 
 His more technical discipline was in the line 
 of mining engineering, in which he is a recog- 
 nized expert. For about twenty years he has 
 been identified with the great mining interests 
 of Arizona and New Mexico, having been gen- 
 eral manager of the famous Lake Valley mines, 
 in Sierra county. He has also figured most 
 prominently as one of the promoters and build- 
 ers of the Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix 
 Railroad. 
 
 In 1894 Mr. Hadley was elected a Repre- 
 sentative in the Senate of New Mexico, and 
 while one of the youngest members of that body 
 he proved himself eminently fitted for the posi- 
 tion. He showed a capacity for effective and 
 consecutive work, a practical judgment and a 
 keen discernment as to causes and effects in 
 legislative enactments, doing all in his power 
 to advance the best interests of New Mexico 
 and of the city of Albuquerque, where he re- 
 tains his residence. Mr. Hadley enjoys the 
 confidence and high esteem of the representa- 
 tive business men of his city, and this fact is 
 shown most lucidly in the signal honor which 
 was conferred upon him by his election to the 
 important office of President of the Commer- 
 cial Club of the city, an organization which 
 has exercised most important functions in fur- 
 thering the advancement and substantial pros- 
 perity of the metropolis of the Territory. The 
 fine building erected by the club as its head- 
 quarters would be an ornament to any city and 
 it reflects great credit upon the enterprise and 
 business sagacity of those enterprising citizens 
 whose faith and confidence in the great possi- 
 bilities of the Territory, and its assured devel- 
 opment are thus clearly demonstrated. The 
 
 19 
 
 club has and will exert a wide influence upon 
 | the upbuilding of the city and the settlement 
 I and improvement of the Territory. 
 
 Mr. Hadley was united in marriage in 1883 
 to Miss Alice Paxson, the accomplished daugh- 
 ter of Hon. Frederick Paxson, of Philadelphia. 
 To this union has been granted one daughter, 
 Caroline, who was born January 22, 1885. 
 The family home is one of the most attractive 
 in the city and here is dispensed that genial 
 hospitality which has gained to Mr. and Mrs. 
 Hadley the esteem and good will of the peo- 
 ple of the community. Our subject's uniform 
 courtesy, practical business ability and true 
 manliness of character bring to him that high- 
 ly appreciated recognition, the confidence and 
 high regard of his fellow citizens. 
 
 EON. FRANCISCO A. MANZAN- 
 ARES. In incidentally noting the 
 several stages which have marked 
 the development and progress of 
 Ne\v Mexico there is particular interest at- 
 taching to the efforts and accomplishment of 
 those who, either directly or by descent, con- 
 tributed to the material advancement of the 
 Territory during the proud old Spanish regime. 
 There were men of courage and intelligence in 
 those early days, and in New Mexico at the 
 present time are many who may well take 
 pride in the fact that from the distinguished 
 families of that epoch they can trace their 
 lineage. 
 
 One of the native sons of New Mexico and 
 one who has not only maintained the prestige 
 of an honored name, but has contributed to it 
 further honor, is the subject of this review, 
 Hon. Francisco A. Manzanares, one of the 
 j most prominent business men of East Las 
 i Vegas and recognized as one of the repre- 
 j sentative citizens of the Territory. The 
 ; place of his birth was Abiquiu, Rio Arriba 
 i county, and the date January 25, 1843. His 
 i ancestors were from Spain and were among 
 the early settlers in New Mexico. His grand- 
 father, Anselrno Manzanares, was the posses- 
 
290 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 SOT of an extensive grant of Government land 
 and was one of the prominent ranchmen of j 
 the Territory. His son, Jose Antonio Man- 
 zanares, father of our subject, was born on 
 the old paternal ranch, Nacimiento, in Rio 
 Arriba county. Attaining mature years he 
 was united in marriage to Miss Maria 
 Manuela Valdez, who was also a descendant 
 from one of the early Spanish settlers in the 
 county. Jose A. Manzanares was loyal to the 
 Union at the time of the late war of the Re- 
 bellion and was one of the men of affairs and 
 of much prominence in the Territory. He 
 served in both branches of the Territorial 
 Legislature, and during the administration of 
 President Lincoln he held the important 
 preferment as Indian Agent for the Ute and 
 Apache Indians. His influence over these 
 bellicose and troublesome tribes was almost 
 phenomenal, and his services in his official 
 capacity were of much value, since he was en- 
 abled to keep the savages in check and suppress 
 many an uprising. He was so popular with 
 these Indians that upon the expiration of. his 
 term of office they petitioned the Government 
 to have him retained. He was a man of 
 marked intellectual power and business capa- 
 city, having been extensively engaged in stock- 
 raising and merchandising and having been suc- 
 cessful in his various operations. He died at 
 the age of fifty-five years, having enjoyed a 
 very wide acquaintanceship throughout the 
 Territory and having gained the respect and 
 esteem of all with whom he came in contact. 
 His wife survived him a number of years, and 
 it is a remarkable coincidence that she likewise 
 died at the age of fifty-five years. They were 
 both devout members of the Catholic Church, 
 to whose maintenance they contributed liber- 
 ally, using their influence to further its spiritual 
 and temporal welfare. They became the pa- 
 rents of three children, our subject being their 
 only son. 
 
 Francisco A. Manzanares passed his child- 
 hood years at the parental home and was sub- 
 sequently afforded the best of educational ad- 
 vantages, attending school in turn at St. Louis 
 
 and New York city, and having been for some 
 time under the effective tutorage of Padre 
 Antonio Jose Martinez. Our subject's busi- 
 ness career was initiated at Kansas City in 
 1863 and he was there identified with a whole- 
 sale grocery enterprise for about a year, after 
 which he went to New York city and com- 
 pleted a course in a commercial college and 
 was for a short time employed in a banking 
 house in the national metropolis. He then re- 
 turned to the West and during the construction 
 of the Kansas Pacific Railway he followed 
 along its line, and was engaged in supplying 
 merchandise at its several stopping places un- 
 til the road reached Kit Carson. He then 
 continued in the same line of business along 
 the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, 
 which was in course of construction. Those 
 who are now concerned in the business indus- 
 tries of the Southwest can have but little 
 idea of the vicissitudes which the merchants 
 had to undergo in those early days. Our sub- 
 ject had to contend with many inconveniences 
 and to encounter many dangers both from 
 the rapacious and hostile Indians and from 
 other sources, and he knew all the despera- 
 does who then infested the country, an ac- 
 quaintanceship which, it is unnecessary to 
 state, was incidentally forced upon him. Mr. 
 Manzanares sold goods in Granada, La Junta, 
 Trinidad, Otero and Springer, after which he 
 came to Las Vegas and in 1879 established 
 his mercantile enterprise here, a branch estab- 
 lishment being simultaneously opened at 
 Socorro, where the business is still continued. 
 In all of his undertakings in the mercantile 
 line, from the time he started at Kansas City, 
 our subject had as his business associate Mr. 
 L. P. Browne, and the firm of Browne & Man- 
 zanares has been consecutively maintained 
 since that early date, having been an import- 
 ant factor in forwarding the commercial de- 
 velopment of the Territory. The business at 
 East Las Vegas has advanced to large propor- 
 tions and from this headquarters an extensive 
 trade is controlled throughout New Mexico and 
 Arizona. Upon their arrival in this city the 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 291 
 
 firm erected on the line of the railroad a 
 commodious and substantial building for the 
 accommodation of their mercantile enterprise, 
 and this has ever since continued to be their 
 headquarters. The building is three stories in 
 height, with basement, and is filled with a 
 comprehensive and select stock of groceries, 
 provisions and other supplies, the expansion 
 of the business having been such as to render 
 necessary the utilization of other store-houses 
 aside from this main building, which has a 
 frontage of 475 feet on Railroad avenue. 
 
 This conspicuous enterprise has grown to 
 such extensive proportions that in 1885 it was 
 deemed expedient to organize a stock company, 
 which was effected and articles of incorpora- 
 tion were duly filed. The senior member of 
 the original firm died in 1893 an< 3 three of his 
 sons now represent his interest in the business. 
 
 Upon coming to Las Vegas Mr. Manzan- 
 ares forthwith became conspicuously identified 
 with all its interests, and no one man has done 
 more to contribute to the prosperity and sub- 
 stantial upbuilding of the city. He and his 
 partner were the projectors and founders of 
 the Las Vegas Water Company, and were also 
 concerned in the organization of the First Na- 
 tional Bank of Las Vegas, the First National 
 Bank of Santa Fe, and the First National 
 Bank of Raton. Thus may it be seen that our 
 subject is a man of marked capacity for the 
 conducting of affairs of great breadth and scope, 
 and incidentally that he has been one of the 
 foremost promoters of the material prosperity of 
 the Territory. He is broad and liberal in his 
 views and his public spirit has been shown in his 
 liberal contributions to every enterprise which 
 had for its object the improvement and ad- 
 vancement of the higher and normal progress 
 of East Las Vegas. 
 
 The marriage of Mr. Manzanares was 
 solemnized in 1871 when he wedded Miss An- 
 tonia Baca, a member of the noted family of 
 that name in New Mexico. They have two 
 sons: Francisco A., Jr., and Manuel P. The 
 members of the family are prominently identi- 
 fied with the Roman Catholic Church. 
 
 In his political adherency our subject has 
 ever been stanchly arrayed in support of the 
 Democratic party and its policies, and has at- 
 tained to the distinction of having been elected 
 New Mexico's Delegate to the United States 
 Congress, in which capacity he rendered so 
 efficient service that he was strongly urged to 
 accept the second nomination for the high 
 office, but, on account of the imperative de- 
 mands placed upon his attention by his private 
 interests, he declined to become a candidate 
 for a second term. His wide acquaintanceship 
 throughout the Territory and his reputation as 
 a progressive and successful business man have 
 gained to him a concomitant popularity, and 
 resulted not only in his election to Congress 
 but also in giving him a distinctive political 
 leadership in his portion of the Territory. In 
 his county he has served in the responsible 
 and important office of County Commissioner, 
 and while in no sense an office seeker or a politi- 
 cian he has never refused to render such service 
 in the public behoof as he has been called upon 
 to accord. Mr. Manzanares' ambition has 
 rather been to attain a reputation as an hon- 
 orable and successful business man. to which 
 end he has bent every effort, and has realized 
 to the fullest extent his desires in that line, 
 being richly deserving of the pronounced suc- 
 ces which has been his. He stands distinctive- 
 ly as one of the representative men of the 
 Territory. 
 
 *y * ON. WILLIAM H. WHITEMAN.- 
 
 l^\ Himself distinguished as a defender of 
 F his country's honor and as one who 
 has attained eminence in his profes- 
 sion and in high positions of public trust, this 
 respected citizen of New Mexico and promi- 
 nent member of the bar of the Territory must 
 assuredly be accorded due precedence in this 
 work. But there are other elements incidental 
 ! to his life history which will render the narra- 
 tion all the more valuable and interesting, since 
 he comes of an ancestry long and conspicuously 
 identified with the history of the nation, both 
 
292 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 in its annals of war and of the " piping times 
 of peace." 
 
 Our subject, who has served as Associate 
 Justice of the Supreme Court of New Mexico, 
 is a native of Coshocton county, Ohio, where 
 he was born on the 2d of April, 1844, the son 
 of Henry and Jane (Johnson) Whiteman. His 
 paternal ancestors came from Germany to 
 America prior to the war of the Revolution, 
 and great-grandfather Henry Whiteman was 
 an active participant in the great conflict which 
 insured independence to the American colon- 
 ies. They were among the early settlers of 
 Frederick county, Virginia, where the grand- 
 father of our subject, Henry Whiteman, the 
 second, was born in the year 1780. Early in 
 the history of Ohio he removed with his family 
 to that State, where he passed the residue of 
 his days, his death occuring in 1854. His 
 son, Henry Whiteman, the third, was the 
 father of our subject. He was born in Freder- 
 ick county, Virginia, on the 26th of April, 1 8 1 1 . 
 His family had long been identified with the 
 Methodist Church, and as a young man he was 
 ordained to the ministry of that denomination 
 and after removing to the Buckeye State he 
 became a prominent member of the North 
 Ohio Conference. He was a man of much in- 
 tellectuality, broad charity and that deep sym- 
 pathy which made his work a power for good 
 in the dissemination of the gospel and the up- 
 lifting of his fellow men. He labored long 
 and faithfully in Ohio, where he died in the 
 fullness of years, and honored and loved by all 
 who knew him and appreciated the intrinsic 
 worth of his noble character. He entered into 
 eternal rest in the winter of 1 890, having at- 
 tained the venerable age of seventy-nine years. 
 
 The maiden name of our subject's mother 
 was Jane Johnson, and she was a native of 
 Coshocton county, Ohio, being the daughter 
 of Judge Thomas Johnson, a prominent pio- 
 neer of that State. She bore to her husband 
 eight children, of whom four still survive. Her 
 death antedated that of her devoted husband 
 by many years, occurring in 1865, at which 
 time she had attained the age of forty-seven. 
 
 Judge William H. Whiteman, the imme- 
 diate subject of this review, was the third child 
 in order of birth, and he grew to maturity in the 
 State of his nativity. Enjoying the advan- 
 tages of a cultured and refined home, he was 
 also accorded the best of educational privi- 
 leges, receiving his preliminary discipline in 
 the public schools and completing his literary 
 studies in the celebrated Ohio Wesleyan Uni- 
 versity, at Delaware. 
 
 He was but seventeen years of age when 
 the thundering of rebel guns upon Fort Sumter 
 aroused all the patriotic ardor of a nature 
 which had inherited the loyalty of his brave 
 Revolutionary ancestor. The gage of battle 
 had been thrown down and our subject made 
 ready to at once go forth and lend his quota 
 toward the upbearing of the Union arms and 
 the cause of right and justice. On the roth 
 of September, 1861, he enlisted as a member 
 of Company G, Twentieth Ohio Volunteer In- 
 fantry, his regiment being assigned to the Army 
 of the Tennessee, in which he served gallantly 
 until the close of the great fratricidal conflict. 
 He participated in many of the most import- 
 ant battles of the Rebellion; was in the action 
 at Fort Donelson, Shiloh and Bolivar, and was 
 in all the battles leading up to the siege of 
 Vicksburg and in the taking of that stronghold. 
 He then accompanied his regiment and par- 
 ticipated in the Atlanta campaign, was present 
 at the fall of that city and accompanied Sher- 
 man's forces on the memorable and triumph- 
 ant march to the sea. After this the victori- 
 ous army made its way to the national capital, 
 and there the young soldier had the honor of 
 taking part in the Grand Review. Soon after 
 this he was mustered out of the service and 
 then returned to his home, having borne nobly 
 his part in the greatest Civil war the world has 
 ever known. At the battle of Raymond Judge 
 Whiteman received a slight gun-shot wound in 
 the left arm, but he was not incapacitated for 
 service thereby for even an hour. On the 3oth 
 of August, 1862, he was on the skirmish line, 
 and the Confederate cavalry swung around 
 them before they were aware of it, placing the 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO, 
 
 2 93 
 
 whole line in the hands of the enemy. Our 
 subject was held as a prisoner of war at Jack- 
 son, Mississippi, and was held in captivity at 
 the Vicksburg jail for a period of six weeks, after 
 which he was exchanged and returned to his 
 command. At the close of the war he received 
 promotion in a colored regiment, but as there 
 was no need for his services at this time he 
 did not accept the preferment. 
 
 Turning his attention once more to the 
 occupations of peace and preparing to resume 
 the labors so summarily interrupted, Mr. 
 Whiteman spent another year in study at col- 
 lege and in the fall of 1866 removed to Carroll 
 county, Missouri, where he was soon after 
 made Deputy County Clerk, serving in that 
 capacity four years, during which time he de- 
 voted himself assiduously to the study of law, 
 having determined to adopt that profession as 
 his vocation in life. He was admitted to the 
 bar in 1870, in November of which year he 
 removed to Baxter Springs, Kansas, where he 
 entered vigorously and successfully upon the 
 practice of his profession, soon gaining recog- 
 nition of his ability and the retention of a rep- 
 resentative clientage. In 1872 he was elected 
 County Attorney of Cherokee county, there- 
 upon transferring his headquarters to the coun- 
 ty seat, Columbus, where he remained until 
 1878, when he received from President Hayes 
 the appointment as Indian Agent for the Ponca 
 Indians. The duties of this responsible office 
 he discharged with particular efficiency and 
 justice for two years until 1880, which stands 
 as the date of his advent in Albuquerque, New 
 Mexico, which has ever since continued to be 
 his home. 
 
 Judge Whiteman was one of the early set- 
 tlers in the new town, and he has been con- 
 spicuously identified with its development and 
 with its public affairs, as well as with those of 
 the Territory at large. He devoted himself to 
 the practice of his profession and soon became 
 known as one of the most able members of the 
 Territorial bar, which fact implies that he was 
 accorded a due support by an appreciative 
 public. In 1874 he was elected to the Legis- 
 
 lature of New Mexico, serving as Chairman of 
 the Judiciary and other important committees, 
 and wielding a marked influence in insuring 
 just and effective legislation, gaining prece- 
 dence as one of the leading members of the 
 house, in which a number of most valuable en- 
 actments were made during his term and in a 
 large measure through his efforts. He op- 
 posed and nearly succeeded in defeating the 
 proposition to issue bonds to the amount of 
 $200,000 for the purpose of building a capitol, 
 deeming that so great an evidence of indebted- 
 ness would at that time prove seriously detri- 
 mental to the interests of the Territory. 
 
 In 1888 our honored subject was made 
 President of the Republican Territorial Com- 
 mittee which elected delegates to the Chicago 
 convention. In 1889 he was appointed Asso- 
 ciate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Ter- 
 ritory and was assigned to the First Judicial 
 District, at Santa Fe. He resigned this office, 
 for which he had proved himself eminently 
 qualified, in August, 1890, and in February of 
 the following year received another conspicu- 
 ous and honorable preferment, the appoint- 
 ment as District Attorney of the Second Judi- 
 cial District, an incumbency which he filled 
 with his wonted fidelity and ability until March, 
 1895, since which time he has given his atten- 
 tion solely to his large and representative pri- 
 vate practice. His office headquarters com- 
 prise a finely appointed suite in the Armijo 
 Building, the finest business block in the city, and 
 his practice extends throughout the Territory. 
 
 On the 1 6th of April, 1866, Judge White- 
 man was united in marriage to Miss Fanny 
 Shepard, a native of Ohio, and the daughter 
 of Alexander O. Shepard, a prominent citizen 
 of that State. Their union has been blessed 
 with five children: William, who died in his 
 sixteenth year; Charlotte J., the wife of A. J. 
 Mitchell, of Marble City, Colorado; Paulina S., 
 wife of John C. Muir, of Albuquerque; and the 
 two younger sons, Mildred and Frederick O. , 
 who still remain at the parental home. 
 
 In his political views Judge Whiteman has 
 always rendered a stanch allegiance to the Re- 
 
294 
 
 HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 publican party and its principles, and has ever 
 stood ready to defend his thoroughly reinforced 
 opinions in this line, taking an active interest 
 in party affairs and being considered a leader 
 in local ranks. In his fraternal relations he is 
 identified with the Masonic Order, is a Noble 
 of the Mystic Shrine and a prominent member 
 of the Knights Templar. The Judge retains a 
 lively interest in all matters relating to the 
 welfare of those who were his comrades in the 
 uniform of blue and has been very prominently 
 connected with the Grand Army of the Re- 
 public, as is manifest in the fact that he is 
 Past Department Commander of the order in 
 New Mexico. 
 
 In his intercourse with the world our sub- 
 ject is genial and courteous, having a marked 
 capacity for winning and retaining friends. As 
 a lawyer his actions have ever been such as 
 betoken a character of utmost integrity and 
 honor, and his career has been such as to gain 
 him the respect and confidence of his profes- 
 sional confreres and the people in general. 
 Albuquerque may well honor one who has so 
 ably defended her interests and exploited her 
 attractions and advantages. 
 
 >nr*UDGE NEEDHAM C. COLLIER. - 
 
 J The salient points in the career of the 
 ( J honored subject of this review are of 
 such character as to make their noting 
 a record which will offer both lesson and in- 
 centive, while in a genealogical line much in- 
 terest attaches to ancestral annals, since he is 
 in lineal descent from distinguished families of 
 the South, said annals running back to a very 
 early period in the settlement of our national 
 commonwealth. Our subject holds distinctive 
 preferment as District Judge of the Second 
 Judicial District of New Mexico, and is recog- 
 nized as one of most able members of the 
 Territorial bar. The province of a work of 
 this nature is most clearly defined in perpetu- 
 ating the record of the life and accomplish- 
 ment of such a man, and it is with particular 
 satisfaction that we now turn attention to him 
 
 whose name forms the caption of this review. 
 
 Needham C. Collier is a native of the State 
 of Georgia, having been born at Indian Springs, 
 Butts county, on the 3Oth of April, 1847. The 
 paternal ancestry is of Welsh extraction, the 
 original American representatives having come 
 from their native country and taken up their 
 abode in Virginia at a very early period. There 
 they intermarried with the Goods, another 
 distinguished family of the Old Dominion, and 
 one widely known throughout the South. 
 
 Bryan W. Collier, the father of our sub- 
 ject, was born near Dublin, Georgia, on the 
 2d of December, 1810. Attaining to man's 
 estate he was united in marriage to Miss 
 Martha Bryan, a native of Twiggs county, same 
 State, her ancestors also having been early 
 settlers in South Carolina. Bryan W. Collier 
 passed his entire life in the South, his death 
 occurring October 13, 1894, at which time he 
 had almost attained the venerable age of 
 eighty-four years. The mother of our subject is 
 still living, being now (1895) seventy-five years 
 of age, and being a revered resident of Indian 
 Springs, Georgia. They were the parents of 
 eleven children, nine of whom survive. 
 
 The subject of this sketch was the fifth 
 child in order of birth. His preliminary edu- 
 cation was received in the public schools of 
 his native State. He was but thirteen years 
 of age at the time the late Civil war was preci- 
 pitated upon a divided nation, and at the age of 
 seventeen, when the need for valiant defenders 
 of the cause became all the more imperative, 
 he went forth to do service in the Confederate 
 army, enlisting in 1864. At this time the war 
 had attained monstrous proportions, and thou- 
 sands of brave men had sacrificed their lives 
 in defense of the principles which they held to 
 be right, both armies having suffered in about 
 equal measure. Judge Collier served faithfully 
 for eight months, when the war came to a 
 close, and the valiant defenders of the "lost 
 cause " were left to the sorry task of retrieving 
 shattered fortunes and endeavoring to restore 
 desolated homes. He was in several of the 
 most hotly contested battles which were fought 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 295 
 
 in Virginia just prior to the close of the war, 
 and at Bentonville, the last battle of the 
 war, he was slightly wounded. 
 
 In 1866 Judge Collier entered Georgetown 
 College, District of Columbia, where he gradu- 
 ated in 1868. Within the time of his attend- 
 ance here the deep nature of the young man 
 was shown in the fact that he embraced the 
 Catholic religion, to the tenets of which he 
 has since most strongly adhered. In 1871, in 
 the county of his birth, he was admitted to 
 practice at the bar, and there continued in ac- 
 tive professional work until 1875, when he re- 
 moved to Savannah, where he remained for a 
 full decade, gaining an enviable reputation and 
 securing a large and representative clientage. 
 In that city he was united in marriage, in 1882, 
 to Miss Annie Collins, daughter of Charles 
 Collins, a prominent lumber merchant of Sa- 
 vannah. 
 
 The year 1885 stands as the date of the ad- 
 vent of Judge Collier in Albuquerque. After lo- 
 cating here he at ouce gained recognition for 
 his marked professional ability and honor, and 
 was accorded a most excellent support in his 
 line of general practice, soon securing a promi- 
 nent position at the bar of the Territory. In 
 1887 he was elected City Attorney, being again 
 elected to the office in 1889, and being his 
 own successor the succeeding year. In this 
 important capacity he served under the re- 
 spective administrations of Mayors Childers, 
 Mandell and Easterday. In 1891 he formed a 
 law partnership with O. N. Marron and they 
 constituted one of the strongest law associa- 
 tions in the Territory. The career of our sub- 
 ject as a lawyer had been of such signal dis- 
 tinction and honor that when he became a 
 candidate for his present important office on 
 the Territorial bench he was strongly endorsed 
 by the Supreme Court of Georgia, as well as 
 by Senators and other prominent men of his 
 native State. In 1893 he received from Presi- 
 dent Cleveland this appointment as District 
 Judge of the Second Judicial District of New 
 Mexico, and he entered upon the active dis- 
 charge of the duties of his position on the I ith 
 
 of November of that year, at which time he 
 received very flattering congratulatory mes- 
 sages from his hosts of friends, both in New 
 Mexico and elsewhere. It is almost needless 
 to add that on 'the bench Judge Collier has 
 given most eminent satisfaction, possessing as 
 he does a mature judgment, a keen sense of 
 legal ethics and thorough knowledge of prece- 
 dents in the field of jurisprudence. 
 
 The Judge is plain and unassuming in man- 
 ner, genial and courteous to all, charitable 
 in his judgments of his fellow men and imbued 
 with that kindly sympathy which, in all walks 
 of life, tends to temper justice with mercy. He 
 is held in the highest esteem in both profes- 
 sional and social circles, numbering his friends 
 as his acquaintances. 
 
 Our subject and his wife are the parents of 
 five children, namely: Julia M., George B., 
 Mary C., Vivian, and Charles W. The family 
 are members of the Catholic Church, and the 
 Judge is identified with the Catholic Knights of 
 America. 
 
 *y * ON. TRINIDAD ROMERO. The 
 
 I^^V history of New Mexico would be in- 
 r complete without the life record of 
 this gentleman, an honored son of 
 the Territory and a representative of one of 
 the most prominent families connected with 
 New Mexican history. As a business man he 
 takes leading rank in Wagon Mound, Mora 
 county. As a man he is broad-minded and 
 liberal in his opinions and generous in dealing 
 with his fellowmen, thus readily making friends 
 and easily retaining them. Withal he is ex- 
 ceedingly popular and no one denies to him 
 the honor and respect so justly his due. 
 
 Mr. Romero was born in Santa Fe county, 
 on the 1 4th of June, 1835. His great-grand- 
 father, Senyor Cristoval Romero, was born in 
 Spain, and the grandfather, Senyor Jose G. 
 Romero, was born in the city of Mexico. He 
 wa an officer in the Spanish army and in 
 that capacity went to Santa Fe county, New 
 Mexico, where he was united in marriage with 
 
296 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Senyorita Baca, a member of the noted Baca 
 family of New Mexico, also of Spanish line- 
 age. Their son, Senyor Miguel Romero, the 
 father of our subject, first opened his eyes to 
 the light of day in Santa Fe county, in 1798, 
 beginning his life almost with the commence- 
 ment of the present century, and taking an 
 active part in public affairs through much 
 more than half of the hundred years that mark 
 the close of the nineteenth century. He mar- 
 ried Senyorita Delgado, who was also de- 
 scended from an officer of the Spanish army 
 the progenitor of the noted and influential 
 Delgado family in New Mexico. The home of 
 Mr. and Mrs, Romero was blessed by the 
 presence of ten children and all are yet living. 
 The father was a man of genuine worth who 
 served as Captain of militia and was a leading 
 and honorable citizen. His business was that 
 of stock-raising, which he successfully prose- 
 cuted. In 1880 he passed away, at the ripe 
 age of eighty-two, and his wife died in 1876, 
 in her sixty-second year. Like their ancestors, 
 they were devout members of the Catholic 
 Church. 
 
 Hon. Trinidad Romero was the second 
 child in his father's family and his education 
 was obtained in the musical Spanish tongue, 
 receiving instruction from private tutors at his 
 home in Golden. He has inherited consider- 
 able of the picturesque character and imagina- 
 tive spirit of his ancestors, which, however, is 
 combined with superior business and executive 
 ability and practical dealing. He is quick to 
 grasp all points of a business transaction or of- 
 fer, and as prompt to act, and combines with 
 his great ability in this direction a good know- 
 ledge of finance. When a young man he was 
 engaged in freighting with ox teams from Kan- 
 sas City to Santa Fe and Las Vegas. It was 
 a remunerative business, but was attended 
 with much exposure and danger, and during 
 the eighteen years that he almost constantly 
 followed this pursuit he had many narrow es- 
 capes from being robbed and murdered b$ the 
 Indians. He learned, however, how to avoid 
 their treachery, and continued freighting until 
 
 the advent of railroads ended this hazardous 
 business, in which so many of the sons of New 
 Mexico were engaged. 
 
 When the safer and more expeditious 
 methods of transporting articles of traffic were 
 introduced, Mr. Romero invested his capital in 
 a stock of merchandise. He also began stock- 
 raising, and to this dual occupation has since 
 given his undivided attention. His exception- 
 ally successful life furnishes a fine illustration 
 of what ability, energy and integrity can ac- 
 complish toward carving out a fortune. At 
 one time Mr. Romero had 60,000 head of sheep 
 and 8,000 head of cattle, and his wool clip in 
 a season brought him as high as $25,000. His 
 mercantile operations were alike successful and 
 very extensive, carrying a stock valued at 
 $100,000. He also established a branch store 
 
 1 at Albuquerque, over which his son, Serapio, 
 was placed in charge, and in 1888 he opened a 
 
 1 large store in Wagon Mound, now under the 
 management of his son. The store building 
 is 25 x 125 feet, and is completely filled with 
 a fine stock of general merchandise. 
 
 Mr. Romero now resides on his 3,ooo-acre 
 ranch, pleasantly located three miles from 
 Wagon Mound, in one of the best farming 
 portions of New Mexico, and in addition he 
 and his brother are heirs to a large interest in 
 the great Las Vegas land grant. He is one of 
 the most extensive land-owners in the Terri- 
 tory, as well as one of the most prosperous 
 merchants. In politics he is a Republican, and 
 in the affairs of the county has taken an active 
 part. He was for four years Judge of the 
 
 i Probate Court of San Miguel county, was a 
 member of the Territorial Legislature, was the 
 Delegate from New Mexico to the Fifty-fifth 
 United States Congress, also United States 
 Marshal under President Harrison's adminis- 
 tration, and had his son, Serapio, at the head 
 of said office. In every department of life he 
 has shown himself to be a man of ability and 
 honor, enjoying the high esteem of the citizens 
 throughout his native Territory. 
 
 On the 1 5th of August, 1855, was cele- 
 brated the marriage which united the destinies 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 297 
 
 of Mr. Romero and Miss Valeria Lopes, a de- 
 scendant of one of the first families of the Ter- 
 ritory. Their family numbered five sons and 
 three daughters, and three of the sons are now 
 married. All are highly respected members of 
 society and in social circles hold a most en- 
 viable position. Mr. Romero is a kind-hearted, 
 genial gentleman whose record in business and 
 social circles is alike above reproach. He is 
 indeed a creditable son of the Territory and 
 one well worthy of representation in this 
 volume. 
 
 *y * ON. OZRO A. HADLEY is unques- 
 ^~\ tionably one of the strongest and most 
 f influential men whose lives have be- 
 come an essential part of the history 
 of the Southwest. He is distinctively Ameri- 
 can and has ever been devoted to the advance- 
 ment and upbuilding of his country and untir- 
 ingly interested in the promotion and advance- 
 ment of his resident community. A prominent 
 factor in the political and business history of 
 this section of the country, he combines North- 
 ern enterprise and industry with Southern con- 
 servatism, and is widely recognized as one 
 of the most valued citizens of the Territory of 
 New Mexico. He is now residingnear Watrous, 
 but was born in far-off New York, his birth 
 having occurred on the 3Oth of June, 1826, in 
 Chautauqna county. He is a descendant of 
 old English ancestry, who early settled in New 
 England, locating first in Massachusetts, whence 
 they removed to Western New York. They 
 were numbered among the honored pioneers of 
 that locality, and were active participants in 
 those events which go to make up the history 
 of the Colonies and the war of the Revolution. 
 Alva Hadley, father of ex-Governor Had- 
 ley, was born in Vermont, in 1796, and mar- 
 ried Miss Eunice Bates, a native of central 
 New York, by whom he had five children, only 
 two now surviving, however. The father died 
 at the age of sixty years, and the mother sur- 
 viving him for some time, spent her last years in 
 the home of her son, Governor Hadley, pass- 
 
 ing away just ten days previous to her ninetieth 
 birthday. Her life was an exemplary one. 
 In her home she was a faithful wife and moth- 
 er, earnestly devoted to the care of her family, 
 and for seventy years was a consistent member 
 of the Methodist Church. Her life's labors 
 were ended in 1894, and she was laid to rest 
 near the old home. 
 
 Governor Hadley was the eldest child of 
 the family. His career illustrates what can be 
 accomplished through indefatigable industry 
 and perseverance in this land where one is un- 
 hampered by caste or class, and may rise by 
 merit from an humble to an exalted position. 
 In his early youth he attended the public 
 schools of his native State and between the 
 ages of sixteen and twenty-two years engaged 
 
 ! in teaching. In this way he earned the means 
 with which to continue his studies, which he 
 completed at Fredonia Academy, graduating 
 
 I in 1844. For several years following he en- 
 gaged in the insurance business, and then 
 sought a broader field of labor in the West 
 with its unlimited opportunities. It was in 
 1855 that he took up his residence in Minne- 
 sota, where for some years he was engaged in 
 farming. That he was numbered among its 
 prominent citizens is indicated by the fact that 
 for six years he served as Auditor of Olmsted 
 county. 
 
 Since 1865 Governor Hadley has been 
 identified with the history and interests of the 
 Southwest. In that year he removed to Little 
 Rock, Arkansas, where he was extensively en- 
 gaged in the purchase of cotton and also in 
 merchandising. His interests were conducted 
 on sound business principles, and his systematic 
 methods, careful management and honorable 
 dealing won him prosperity. During his resi- 
 dence in Arkansas he was again honored by 
 election to public office. In 1868 he was sent 
 
 . to the Arkansas State Senate, and in the legisla- 
 tive halls made such a creditable record that 
 in 1871 he was nominated and elected as Gov- 
 ernor. As the chief executive of the State 
 his course was marked by a courtly, dignified 
 demeanor, careful attention to the best inter- 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ests of the public, and his faithfulness to duty 
 won him the highest commendation. While 
 residing in Little Rock he also served for six 
 years as Postmaster. On his retirement to 
 private life he made a trip to Europe, spending 
 several months abroad. 
 
 In 1 88 1 Governor Hadley allied himself 
 with the interests of New Mexico, becoming a 
 resident of Colfax county, where he engaged in 
 the stock business, which he found very re- 
 munerative and prosecuted on an extensive 
 scale, having at one time under his charge 
 from thirty-five to forty thousand head of cat- 
 tle. In 1888, in partnership with his son-in- 
 law, William H. Hallett, he purchased the 
 farm on which he now resides, comprising 
 4,000 acres of land, and at once began the im- 
 provement of the property, which he has made 
 one of the most desirable in the Territory. 
 About 1,000 acres of it is under water and 
 thereon are raised large crops of alfalfa, to- 
 gether with some timothy and redtop. Some 
 of the hay is used to fatten cattle, and for the 
 surplus he finds a ready market in the cities. 
 Upon the place is a splendid large adobe man- 
 sion, tastefully arranged and furnished and sup- 
 plied with all the necessaries and many of the 
 luxuries of life. It stands in the midst of a 
 wide lawn, the grassy carpet stretching away 
 for some distance, and is shaded by beautiful 
 and noble trees, the whole having much the 
 appearance of an old English manor. 
 
 And now we come to the inmates of this 
 home. On the I7th of February, 1849, Gov- 
 ernor Hadley was united in marriage with Miss 
 Mary C. Kilbourn, a native of Chautauqua 
 county, New York, and a daughter of William 
 Kilbourn, of that State. A lady of culture 
 and refinement, she presides with grace over 
 her beautiful home, and has won among those 
 with whom she has come in contact many 
 warm friends. To Governor and Mrs. Hadley 
 have been born two daughters. The elder, 
 Addie Amelia, became the wife of General 
 Keyes Danforth, and after his death married 
 Louis C. Tetard. The other daughter, Altia 
 Estella, is the wife of William H. Hallett, and 
 
 they have a pleasant home in Los Angeles, 
 California, but she spends a part of each year 
 with her parents at their delightful home near 
 Watrous. 
 
 Governor Hadley began his political career 
 as a Whig, but upon the organization of the 
 Republican party joined its ranks and has since 
 been deeply interested in its growth and suc- 
 cess. Since voting for Abraham Lincoln in 
 1860 he has never failed to cast his ballot for 
 the candidates of the party, but has never been 
 a bitter partisan; and in local elections, where 
 no national issue is involved, he supports the 
 man whom he thinks best qualified for office, 
 regardless of party affiliations. By his intelli- 
 gent efforts he is showing what are the possi- 
 bilities of his portion of the Territory. Frank- 
 ness and cordiality of manner, quick percep- 
 tion, great energy and continuity of purpose 
 are probably his chief characteristics. The 
 success which he has attained as the evolution of 
 his own thought without large capital or other 
 adventitious aids, which smooth the pathway of 
 many young men, is conspicuous evidence of 
 his ability and integrity. The life of such a 
 man is an object lesson of real value to the ob- 
 serving and thoughtful. It brings out promi- 
 nently the characteristics that win, offers en- 
 couragement to young men who are willing to 
 work with their minds and their hands, and af- 
 fords another proof, of the familiar adage that 
 there is no royal road to wealth or distinc- 
 tion in this republic. The achievement de- 
 pends upon the man. 
 
 >-j*OSEPH B. WATROUS is a native son 
 J of New Mexico, and a worthy repre- 
 / 1 sentative of one of the most honored 
 pioneer families of the Territory. To- 
 day he enjoys the reward of an industrious and 
 painstaking life, and the respect that is won 
 through an honorable career. 
 
 He was born near Taos, New Mexico, on 
 the 1 6th of April, 1837, and is a son of Samuel 
 B. Watrous, one of New Mexico's most hon- 
 ored pioneers, A native of New England, he 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 299 
 
 was born in Connecticut, in 1808, and was 
 reared in Montpelier, Vermont. The year 
 1835 witnessed his arrival in the Territory of 
 New Mexico, and for many years thereafter he 
 was prominently identified with its develop- 
 ment, and was an important factor in the pro- 
 motion of those interests which advance the 
 general welfare. He came with the first cara- 
 van of Americans, and locating at Taos clerked 
 in a store and also engaged in mining. He 
 was one of the most expert hunters in the 
 country, killing thousands of deer, antelope, 
 buffalo and bear. Later he engaged in mer- 
 chandising, and in 1848 came to the site of 
 the present city of Watrous, of which he was 
 the founder, the place being named in his 
 honor. He obtained a seventh interest in the 
 Scolly government land grant, comprising 
 108,000 acres, and, opening a store, engaged 
 in merchandising and stock raising. He still 
 spent a part of his time in hunting, and tanned 
 his buckskins, from which he made suits that 
 often sold as high as $40 apiece. His life was 
 that of a frontiersman. Far away stretched 
 broad prairies, the towns were widely scat- 
 tered, and over the prairies roamed wild ani- 
 mals, and the treacherous red men frequently 
 made attacks on the settlers. They, however, 
 enjoyed the freedom of such a life, which had 
 its pleasures as well as its drawbacks. Mr. 
 Watrous married Miss Tomasa Crespin, a na- 
 tive of the Territory of New Mexico, and they 
 had eight children, of whom four are yet living. 
 In 1856 the mother departed this life, and for 
 his second wife Mr. Watrous chose Miss Rosa 
 Chappin, a native of Massachusetts, by whom 
 he had one child, that died in infancy. Upon 
 the mother's death Mr. Watrous married her 
 sister, Miss Josephine S. Chappin, who now 
 survives her husband and resides at her pleas- 
 ant home near Watrous. The two children 
 of the third marriage are both living. During 
 his last years the mind of Mr. Watrous became 
 impaired, and he died by his own hand, pass- 
 ing away March 16, 1886. 
 
 The gentleman whose name heads this rec- 
 ord acquired a good education at Chapel Hill, 
 
 Missouri, and then entered upon his business 
 career, being for ten years engaged in trading 
 in the employ of his father and Mr. Tipton, 
 who were in partnership. His life called him 
 to the plains, and the freedom and experiences 
 of this business developed a self-reliance and 
 force of character which have proven of incal- 
 culable benefit to him in his later years. He 
 has control of as many as twenty wagons, each 
 drawn by six yoke of oxen. The life was a 
 dangerous one, filled with many adventures, 
 and he had many narrow escapes, for the 
 treacherous Indians were frequently aggressive 
 and troublesome, plundering and killing the 
 white men whom they found upon the plains. 
 If his record were given in detail it would be a 
 story of more thrilling interest than often forms 
 the plot of many a novel. 
 
 In 1862 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. 
 Watrous and Miss Louisa K. Berg, a native of 
 Maryland. Eleven children came to bless their 
 home, of whom six are now living, namely: 
 Lizzie M. ; Rose W., wife of David W. Con- 
 don; Ludolphi O., Carrie M., Louisa K. and 
 Abraham Lincoln. 
 
 In 1865 Mr. Watrous removed with his 
 family to a farm of 260 acres near the city 
 named in honor of his father, on which he 
 erected a pleasant home, making it his place 
 of abode for a year. He then joined his father, 
 and they did a large business as merchants and 
 farmers for twenty years, carrying on opera- 
 tions in that line until 1886. Although their 
 operations were extensive, they met with only 
 a moderate degree of success. In 1887 our 
 subject retired from merchandising and erected 
 a fine stone residence upon the farm which he 
 now owns. His time and attention are given 
 to agricultural pursuits and stock-raising, his 
 ranch comprising 2,300 acres of land, and he 
 is rated as one of the successful land-owners 
 and citizens of Watrous. He possesses supe- 
 rior business and executive ability, and has 
 acquired his handsome competence through 
 industry, capable management and unremitting 
 perseverance. In his political views he is a 
 stalwart Republican, but has never been an 
 
300 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 office-seeker. The cause of education finds in 
 him an earnest friend, and he has long been an 
 active and efficient member of the school board 
 of Watrous, as well as one of its public-spirited 
 citizens, withholding his support from no en- 
 terprise calculated to prove of public benefit. 
 
 ON. PAZ VALVERDE, County Clerk 
 of Union county, New Mexico, is a 
 gentleman whose prominent official 
 position entitles him to specific recog- 
 nition in a work which has for its object a por- 
 trayal of the lives of the representative people 
 of the place in which he lives. Like many of 
 leading men throughout the West, and, indeed, 
 all over the United States, Mr. Valverde is 
 self-educated and self-made. 
 
 He was born February 24, 1858, and is a 
 native of the Territory of New Mexico, Valle- 
 citos being his birthplace. Jose Valverde, his 
 father, was born in Spain and when a young 
 man came to this country and located in New 
 Mexico. The mother of our subject was by 
 maiden name Miss Polinta Gonzales. She 
 was born in New Mexico and is descended 
 from one of the noted families of the Territory. 
 She was a widow at the time Mr. Valverde 
 married her, and had children by her first hus- 
 band. Mr. Valverde also had been married 
 before and had lost his companion. Their son 
 Paz, the subject of this article, was reared at 
 his native place. He attended the schools of 
 the Territory a few years, and made the best of 
 his opportunities such as they were, but the 
 greater part of his education has been received 
 in the dear school of experience. At the early 
 age of eleven years he began to earn his own 
 living by clerking in a store, and was thus oc- 
 cupied for some time. He also learned the 
 printer's trade, at which he worked in Las 
 Vegas, and subsequently he was engaged in 
 mercantile business on his own account at 
 Otero, continuing there during the era of pros- 
 perity which that town enjoyed. Later he was 
 in the employ of Browne & Manzanares. Next 
 
 he went to Springer and from there to Elmora, 
 remaining seven years at the former place and 
 three at the latter. At Elmora he had charge 
 of a general merchandise store. We next find 
 him at Tascosa, Texas, in the employ of Cone 
 & Duran, and it was in their interest that he 
 came to Clayton, New Mexico, his present lo- 
 cation. He continued with this firm until 
 1892, at which time he was elected a member 
 of the Territorial Council. While serving as a 
 member of this honorable body he introduced 
 the bill which created the county of Union. It 
 was largely through his influence that this bill 
 was passed, and as a fitting recognition of his 
 services he was honored by election to the po- 
 sition of Clerk of Union county in 1894, which 
 office he is now ably filling, his whole time and 
 attention being given to the performance of its 
 duties. 
 
 Mr. Valverde owns and occupies one of the 
 most pleasant homes in the thriving town of 
 Clayton, its surroundings and furnishings all 
 indicating culture and refinement. February 
 24, 1886, he was united in marriage to Miss 
 Emma Menger, a native of New Mexico, and 
 of German and French descent. She is a 
 daughter of Dr. Oscar Menger, a pioneer of 
 Colorado and New Mexico, and now a resident 
 of Pueblo, Colorado. Both Mr. and Mrs. 
 Valverde are highly esteemed for their many 
 excellent qualities, and occupy a leading posi- 
 tion in the social circles of Clayton. 
 
 Fraternally, he is a member of the Knights 
 of Pythias, in which order he has passed all 
 the chairs; and, politically, his views are in 
 harmony with those advocated by the Demo- 
 cratic party. He was honored by Governor 
 Prince, who appointed him delegate to the Tri- 
 Mississippi Congress, and he has served as vice- 
 president of the Territorial Fair Association. 
 At one time he was largely interested in the 
 stock business here, but has disposed of his 
 inserests in this line, and now gives his close 
 and undivided attention to his official duties. 
 Both as a citizen and as an official he stands 
 high in the estimation of the people of his town 
 and county. , 
 
HISTORY OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 301 
 
 HE SPRINGER CEMENT COM- 
 PANY. An enterprise which repre- 
 sents not only one of the leading and 
 most important industries of the pro- 
 gressive village of Springer, Colfax county, but 
 of the entire Territory, is that conducted by 
 the company whose corporate title initiates 
 this paragraph, and in connection with a re- 
 view of the lives of those who have made the 
 little city what it is, there is no incongruity in 
 directing attention to this conspicuous under- 
 taking. The company mentioned own 180 
 acres of land lying contiguous to the village 
 and in immediate juxtaposition with the tracks 
 of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, 
 and here they have an extensive and finely 
 equipped plant for the manufacture of Portland 
 and hydraulic cement, the property and works 
 being located but a short distance outside the 
 corporate limits of the town. On this land 
 there is a practically inexhaustible supply of 
 the natural rock formation which forms the 
 basis of manufacture, the quarry, kilns and 
 mills being in close proximity and thus afford- 
 ing exceptional facilities for the economical 
 manufacturing of the cement, which is unex- 
 celled by that produced in any other section of 
 the Union. 
 
 The rock is first quarried and then, by pro- 
 per machinery, is pulverized or reduced to a 
 fine powder, after which it is made into bricks 
 and fired in the great kilns, in much the same 
 way that ordinary building brick is produced. 
 The kilns of the company are four in number 
 and have a daily capacity for the output of 200 
 barrels. The next step in the process of manu- 
 facture is in removing the bricks from the 
 kilns and again putting the material through a 
 crushing and pulverizing operation, after which 
 the dust-like material is placed in paper sacks 
 and is ready for shipment, each sack contain- 
 ing roo pounds. This isthe only manufactory 
 of the kind west of the State of Indiana which 
 produces the Portland cement, which is now 
 so important an article of commerce. The 
 company also manufacture Diamond cement 
 rock-plaster, which is used for inside finish of 
 
 buildings and which is a new and valuable dis- 
 covery, being infinitely superior to the ordinary 
 mortar of lime, in that it is harder, cheaper 
 and more easily applied, being used on the lath 
 without the employment of hair. The article 
 is defined to supersede the lime mortar, in so 
 far at least as the supply will meet the de- 
 mands. 
 
 The present officers and stockholders of the 
 company are as follows : Frank Springer, one 
 of New Mexico's most prominent lawyers and 
 capitalists; Harry Whigham, a leading mem- 
 ber of the Maxwell Land Grant Company, at 
 Raton, this Territory; N. H. Patridge, a New 
 York capitalist, now residing at Colorado 
 Springs, but being the owner of extensive terra 
 cotta works in New Jersey, where the annual 
 operations reach an average annual aggregate 
 of $3,000,000; he is also prominently interest- 
 ed in the Cripple Creek gold mines; and C. R. 
 Gostling, who is the resident manager and 
 operator of the works, and who is a man of 
 large and intimate experience in the business, 
 as will be incidentally shown in the following 
 brief review of his life. 
 
 CHARLES R. GOSTLING is a native of Eng- 
 land, where he was born in the year 1850, and 
 where he received his educational discipline, 
 after which he served a thorough apprentice- 
 ship in the manufacture of cement, being sub- 
 sequently for eleven years the manager of the 
 Gostling Cement Mills, which had a capacity 
 for the production of 10,000 barrels per 
 week. 
 
 In 1882 he came to the United States and 
 was installed as manager of the United States 
 Cement Company's works, in the Lehigh val- 
 ley, Pennsylvania, retaining this incumbency 
 for a number of years, after which he effected 
 the purchase of a cement mill located at Bell- 
 aire, Ohio, a property which he still owns, 
 and there remained for some time. Finally 
 Mr. Gostling came to Colorado Springs, Colo- 
 rado, for the benefit of the health of his family, 
 and they subsequently came to Springer, at 
 the time our subject assumed the management 
 of the business here, and they now reside in 
 
302 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 the substantial and attractive stone house 
 erected by the company in the vicinity of the 
 works. 
 
 Mr. Gostling has thoroughly identified him- 
 self with the interests of his adopted country, 
 and is actively arrayed in the support of the 
 Republican party and its principles. He is a 
 man of marked business ability, of broad men- 
 tal grasp and of most progressive spirit, one 
 who may be counted as a most valuable 
 accession to the business circles not only of 
 Springer but of the Territory at large. 
 
 Each of the gentlemen mentioned as mem- 
 bers of the Springer Cement Company has a 
 one-fourth interest in the business, and as they 
 are all men of high standing in the commercial 
 world, and in point of honor and integrity, 
 there can be no doubt as to the magnificent 
 success of the enterprise which they here con- 
 trol; and the citizens of Springer may well 
 felicitate themselves upon having secured so 
 important and ably controlled an industry in 
 their midst. 
 
 >-j*UDGE AUSTIN L. KENDALL belongs 
 J to that class of citizens to whom the 
 / j Southwest owes its prosperity and prog- 
 ress, an enterprising, progressive citi- 
 zen, thoroughly devoted to the best interests 
 of his adopted home. He now resides in 
 Cerrillos, New Mexico, and the history of West- 
 ern development has been familiar to him for 
 many years. 
 
 Judge Kendall traces his ancestry back to 
 English emigrants who settled in New 
 England prior to the war of the Revolution. 
 His paternal grandfather participated in the 
 struggle for independence, valiantly aiding the 
 Colonies in their endeavor to free themselves 
 from the yoke of British tyranny. His father, 
 Alpheus Kendall, was born in Sullivan, New 
 Hampshire, in 1802, and married Miss Meroa 
 Dodge, a native of Stoddard, that State, by 
 whom he had five children. He was a mason 
 by trade, and engaged extensively in contract- 
 ing and building in the Granite State and Ver- 
 
 mont, his death occurring in Walpole, Ver- 
 mont, at the age of seventy-three years. His 
 wife passed away in 1860, at the age of fifty- 
 seven. Of their children four are still living. 
 Judge Kendall, the fourth of the family, 
 was born in Danville, Vermont, October 2, 
 1837, and was educated in Charleston, New 
 Hampshire, attending the high school of that 
 place. At the early age of fifteen he started out 
 to make his own way in the world. He had be- 
 come familiar with the mason's trade through 
 association with his father, but preferred the 
 machinist's trade, which he followed for some 
 time. In 1855 he went to Chicago, where he 
 was employed as a clerk in the Tremont Ho- 
 tel, subsequently held a similar position in the 
 St. Charles Hotel, of New Orleans, and in the 
 Battle House, of Mobile, Alabama. He then 
 returned to the Crescent City, and entered 
 upon a career in his life that made him familiar 
 with the experiences which have formed the 
 subject of Western history and romance. He 
 joined General Walker in his Nicaragua expe- 
 dition and was in the fight at Virgin bay, but 
 succeeded in making his escape, and went to 
 Panama, and on to Aspinwall, whence he re- 
 turned to New York, arriving there in January, 
 1858. He was afterward clerk in a Boston 
 hotel for a year, and when the war broke out 
 was engaged in transferring passengers from 
 the end of the horse railroad to the boats. As 
 a teamster in the employ of the Government 
 he went to Fortress Monroe, and while sta- 
 tioned there saw the world-renowned battle be- 
 tween the Merrimac and Monitor. At this 
 place Mr. Kendall received an injury which 
 necessitated his return to Boston, and after his 
 recovery he worked in the navy yard there. In 
 1 863 he went to California and was employed in 
 the navy yard at Mare's island until the follow- 
 ing year, when he went to Vancouver's island. 
 After prospecting there for a time he returned 
 to Fort Gamble, and secured a position as en- 
 gineer in a sawmill for the winter. In the 
 spring he made his way to San Francisco, and 
 returned home, devoting his time and energies 
 to various pursuits in New England, following 
 
HIS TOR r Of NE W MEXICO. 
 
 farming for a short time in New Hampshire, 
 contracting and building in Fitchburg, Massa- 
 chusetts, and merchandising in New York. In 
 1873 he again sought a home in the West, re- 
 moving to Kinsley, Kansas, where he served 
 as County Treasurer of Edward county. Dur- 
 ing that time he first visited New Mexico, fol- 
 lowing a party of renegade Indians into the 
 Territory in 1875. After some years spent in 
 Kansas his health became impaired, and in 
 1880 he removed to Santa Fe, where he was 
 engaged in the livery business. He also re- 
 ceived the appointment and served as United 
 States Gauger for the district of New Mexico. 
 In 1887 Judge Kendall opened a general 
 merchandising store in Dolores, where he car- 
 ried on business for three years, and served as 
 Postmaster. On the ist of September, 1889, 
 he opened a stationery store at Cerrillos. He 
 is a wide-awake, energetic business man, and 
 his careful management in these various lines 
 of industry has brought to him a comfortable 
 competence. To various other official posi- 
 tions he has been calfed, for his worth and 
 ability are recognized by his fellow citizens. 
 He was elected Justice of the Peace, accepta- 
 bly serving in that capacity for three years, 
 and was then chosen County Commissioner, 
 after which he was returned to the office of 
 Justice. Since coming to Cerrillos, he has 
 served as Notary Public, and has done a large 
 business in conveyancing. For four years he 
 served as United States Commissioner, and in 
 these various positions has discharged his duties 
 with a promptness and fidelity that has won 
 him the highest commendation. In August, 
 1894, he was given charge of the business of 
 Water Company at Cerrillos, and has also been 
 interested to a considerable extent in real- 
 estate dealing. 
 
 The lady who now bears the name of Mrs. 
 Kendall was in her maidenhood Miss L. H. 
 Gilson. She is a native of Brookline, New 
 Hampshire, and has ever been to her husband 
 a faithful helpmeet. Their home is noted for 
 its hospitality, and they hold an enviable posi- 
 tion in social circles. The Judge is a very 
 
 prominent Mason, having attained the thirty- 
 second degree in the Scottish rite, and is the 
 present Master of the lodge at Cerrillos. In 
 politics he has been a stanch supporter of the 
 Republican party since its organization, and is 
 a close student of the questions of the day; 
 therefore is always ready to give a good reason 
 for his political faith. An extensive traveler, 
 he possesses that broad knowledge which comes 
 from contact with the world, and wherever he 
 has gone he has won many warm friends whose 
 confidence and esteem he well merits. 
 
 >-T*OSEPH WILLIAMS, now residing in 
 Pinos Altos, is numbered among the 
 / J pioneer settlers of Silver City, Grant 
 county, New Mexico. The varied and 
 exciting scenes of frontier life in this locality are 
 familiar to him, and he has been an important 
 factor on the side of law and order, and in the 
 work of development and upbuilding. He was 
 born in the State of Pennsylvania, on the 28th 
 of August, 1849, and is of Welsh ancestry. His 
 parents, William and Rachel (Jones) Williams, 
 were born, reared and married in Wales, and 
 crossed the Atlantic to Pennsylvania in 1834, 
 when the father was twenty-seven years of 
 age. By occupation he was a miner, following 
 that business throughout his entire life. He 
 died in 1870, at the age of sixty-two years, 
 while his wife reached the age of seventy-eight 
 years. They were members of the Presbyter- 
 tian Church, and their well spent lives devoted 
 to the cause of right won them high regard. 
 
 Joseph Williams is the sixth in order of 
 birth of their family of nine children. He was 
 educated in the public schools of his native 
 State and began life as a miner. In connec- 
 tion with his brother, David, he operated a 
 mine for a year and then went to Kansas, 
 where he was engaged in business as a dealer 
 in coal until 1873. That year witnessed his 
 arrival in New Mexico. 
 
 Mr. Williams made a location at Silver 
 City, began prospecting and, in connection with 
 William Braham, discovered the Seventy-six 
 
34 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 mine, which proved to be a valuable property. 
 After operating it for eight months they sold 
 out and it has since continued a large producer. 
 Our subject next turned his attention to the 
 cattle business, which he followed for six years, 
 meeting with satisfactory success. Later he 
 again became largely interested in the mines, 
 owning half the Sherman and having stock in 
 thePinos Altos, and the Golden Giant, some of 
 these being among the best in the camp. Mr. 
 Williams also turned his attention to building, 
 and erected a number of the best buildings in the 
 town. He is an active and successful business 
 man, and his energy and perseverance have 
 brought him a merited success. In 1887 he 
 bought a herd of cattle, which he brought to 
 the county and later sold at a large profit. He 
 is familiar with the entire history of this local- 
 ity, including the business, social and material 
 development. 
 
 He was in the community when an element 
 of lawlessness prevailed, which often made it 
 very unsafe. On one occasion he was witness 
 of a shooting affray, and after several shots had 
 been exchanged he walked away; a young man 
 also walked off in the same direction; some 
 one followed and accused the young man of 
 doing the shooting; Mr. Williams replied that 
 he saw it himself and that the young man was 
 entirely innocent, having no connection with 
 the matter at all; and through Mr. Williams' 
 interference the young man was not then taken 
 into custody, but later he was arrested and Mr. 
 Williams was summoned as a witness. It was 
 the first time our subject had ever been on the 
 stand, and when questioned about the affair 
 he replied, "No; he didn't do the shooting. 
 I saw it myself, and this man said, ' Don't 
 shoot.' 1 When the prosecuting attorney be- 
 gan to make light of his evidence, Mr. Williams 
 took it as an insult and threatened to brain the 
 attorney with a chair. Thereupon arose con- 
 siderable trouble in the court-room. Much 
 swearing was done, and the old justice swore as 
 loud and long as any of them, then dismissed 
 the case. A second attempt was made to try 
 the young man, but with a similiar result, and 
 
 the case was finally dropped. The attorney 
 on the defense afterward tried to make friend- 
 ship with Mr. Williams, explaining that it was 
 customary for the attorney to make light of the 
 evidence of a witness on the opposing side; but 
 it was some time before our subject could be 
 reconciled to such a condition of affairs, for it 
 seemed to him that it called into question his 
 honesty; and all who know Mr. Williams know 
 him to be a man of the strictest integrity. 
 
 Our subject was married in Silver City, and 
 by the first union had a daughter, Nora, who 
 is. now attending school. In 1882 he wedded 
 Miss May A. Hooker, a native of Red Bluff, 
 California, and a daughter of Seth W. Hooker, 
 of that city. They had seven children, of whom 
 three are living, Harry E. , Artie Lee and 
 Cordie. 
 
 Mr. Williams is a Republican and a mem- 
 ber of the Masonic fraternity, having been 
 made a Mason in Silver City in 1880. His 
 business career has been a prosperous one, 
 and he is now the owner of considerable prop- 
 erty in Silver City and Pinos Altos. Through 
 i the legitimate channels of business he has 
 achieved his success, and has ever had the confi- 
 dence and respect of those with whom business 
 or social relations have brought him in contact. 
 
 RISILIANO MORENO, County As- 
 sessor of Donna Ana county and a 
 merchant of Las Cruces, has the 
 honor of being one of the native sons 
 of New Mexico. He was born in Mesilla, on 
 the 4th of January, 1860, and like many 
 prominent people of this community has de- 
 scended from honored Spanish ancestry. His 
 father, Eugenic Moreno, was born in Mexico 
 and came to this Territory about the time it 
 was added to the United States. He located 
 in Donna Ana county and embarked in farm- 
 ing and stock-raising. He was a volunteer in 
 the New Mexico militia, and as such fought for 
 the Union during the Civil war until the Con- 
 federates were driven from the Territory, val- 
 
HISTORY OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 35 
 
 iantly defending the stars and stripes which 
 now wave over the united nation, where peace 
 reigns supreme. He was a man of influence 
 and ability, and was twice elected a member of 
 the Territorial Legislature, where he served 
 with ability and distinction. He also filled 
 the important office of County Commissioner 
 of Donna Ana county. 
 
 Eugenio Moreno was united in marriage 
 with Miss Teresa Escalante, a native of Mex- 
 ico, and their union was blessed with a family 
 of five children, of whom three are yet living. 
 In 1878 the mother was called to the home 
 beyond this life, and the father afterward again 
 married, having seven children by the second 
 union. He now resides in Donna Ana, where 
 he is much respected. 
 
 Mr. Moreno, the subject of this sketch, 
 was the youngest child of the first marriage. 
 He was educated in the Christian Brothers' 
 College at Santa Fe, and with the view of en- 
 gaging in the drug business began the study of 
 pharmacy in 1876 with Jacob Kummeck, with 
 whom he remained for four years. On the ex- 
 piration of that period he removed to Las 
 Cruces, and for three years served as clerk in 
 the drug store of William Dessauer. In 1886 
 he bought out the drug store of Dr. Booth, and 
 for two years was in partnership with Mr. 
 Butschofsky. He then purchased his partner's 
 interest and has since continued the business 
 alone, being now the proprietor of the leading 
 drug house in the town. He carries a large 
 and well appointed stock, and has the good 
 will of the citizens, receiving a liberal support 
 from the people of Las Cruces and the sur- 
 rounding country. 
 
 In 1894 Mr. Moreno was elected by his fel- 
 iow townsmen to the important position of 
 Assessor of the county, which contains assess- 
 able property to the value of $2,500,000. 
 His election to this important position indicates 
 the confidence and trust reposed in him by his 
 fellow citizens, who recognize his sound judg- 
 ment and business ability; and it is needless to 
 add that he is discharging his duties in a most 
 
 creditable and acceptable manner. He is a 
 20 
 
 young man of sterling worth and strict integ- 
 rity, a popular citizen and genial, pleasant 
 gentleman. 
 
 EON. EUGENE ALLEN FISKE is an 
 able lawyer of the Territory of New 
 Mexico, residing at Santa Fe. In 
 this day of advanced education and 
 thorough training, one must possess more than 
 ordinary ability to win a name and a place of 
 prominence in any undertaking; and, to be 
 known as one of the eminent legal practition- 
 ers of New Mexico, for so Mr. Fiske is 
 called, implies a superiority over many mem- 
 bers of the bar. He has a large clientage, con- 
 trolling important litigation, and people do not 
 place their legal business in unskilled hands. 
 In manner, however, he is unostentatious, and 
 this trait of character has done not a little in 
 winning the high respect in which he is held. 
 Mr. Fiske is a native of the State of New 
 Hampshire, where he was born in 1848. He 
 is of English and Scotch-Irish origin, tracing 
 his English lineage back to the fourteenth 
 century. His ancestors were among the ear- 
 liest settlers in Massachusetts and are num- 
 bered among the Puritan fathers, and they and 
 their descendants since early Colonial times 
 have occupied prominent places in the profes- 
 sional and business circles of the country. 
 Among them were participants in the-war for 
 American independence. 
 
 John Fiske, the grandfather of our subject, 
 was born in Massachusetts and in early man- 
 hood became one of the pioneer settlers of 
 New Hampshire, where his death occurred, 
 when he had attained the advanced age of 
 eighty-four, at Deerfield, of that State. His 
 wife, who survived him, died at the same old 
 homestead where she and her husband had 
 spent more than half a century of their mar- 
 ried life, in the one hundreth year of her age, 
 leaving twelve children then living, two daugh- 
 ters and ten sons. One of these sons, Allen 
 Fiske, was the father of the gentleman whose 
 name heads this sketch. He married Mercy 
 
3 06 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Rogers Parmenter, and they had seven sons 
 and two daughters, all of whom but one are 
 now living. The mother, a consistent Chris- 
 tian and an earnest and active member of the 
 Episcopal Church, died in the forty-fifth year 
 of her age, and the father closed an active 
 business life in 1883, dying at the age of seven- 
 ty-seven. 
 
 Eugene Allen Fiske was the oldest son and 
 the second child of this family. He was edu- 
 cated in New Hampshire and Massachusetts, 
 and, when but a youth, entered the army 
 during the war of the Rebellion, from which, 
 after participating in several important battles, 
 in one of which he was severely wounded, he 
 was honorably mustered out of service as a 
 Lieutenant in the Eighth United States Veteran 
 Volunteers. After leaving the military service 
 he graduated in the law department of Colum- 
 bian University at Washington, District of 
 Columbia, and was subsequently appointed, by 
 President Grant, Chief of Private Lands, and 
 later assistant secretary to the President to 
 sign patents for lands. Resigning in 1876 he, 
 in April of that year, arrived in Santa Fe, 
 where he has since resided, practicing his cho- 
 sen professon, the law. 
 
 Since his residence in New Mexico, he has 
 identified himself with the business as well as 
 the professional interests of the Territory, hav- 
 ing been one of the organizers of the Santa Fe 
 Board of Trade, vice-president, attorney and 
 one of the directors of the Second National 
 Bank of New Mexico, one of the organizers of 
 the incorporated gas companies of the cities of 
 Las Vegas and Santa Fe and of the University 
 of New Mexico at Santa Fe, besides taking an 
 interest in the promotion of various other en- 
 terprises, and he has been treasurer of the Bar 
 Association of New Mexico since 1886, when 
 he aided in its organization. He takes an in- 
 terest in Masonic matters, being a thirty-sec- 
 ond-degree Mason in the Scottish rite and a 
 Knight Templar, and he is also a member of 
 the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. In 
 1889 he was appointed by President Harrison, 
 United States Attorney for New Mexico, which 
 
 office he held until September, 1893, when he 
 resigned. 
 
 Since his arrival in this Territory, Mr. 
 Fiske has been inseparably associated with its 
 history, and he has been an important factor in 
 its progress and development. The cause of 
 education finds in him a warm friend, and he 
 has done much for its advancement. No en- 
 terprise or interest is projected that does not 
 receive his support and co-operation if it is cal- 
 culated to enhance the general welfare. His 
 prominence as a lawyer has made him well 
 known. He is a fluent and forcible speaker, 
 quick to comprehend a situation and note the 
 salient points of an argument, and his devo- 
 tion to his client's interests is unquestioned. 
 In his political affiliations he has always been 
 a stalwart Republican, and has done valuable 
 service for his party in its campaigns. 
 
 Mr. Fiske's immediate family consists of his 
 wife, nee Miss Josie A. Franz, to whom he was 
 married in St. Louis, Missouri, and three chil- 
 dren: a daughter, Lulu M. E., and two 
 sons, Rogers Allen and William Eugene. An 
 infant daughter, Gladys Adelaide, died in Au- 
 gust, 1890. 
 
 ILLIAM KRONIG, of Watrous, is a 
 highly respected pioneer of New 
 Mexico, who since 1849 has been 
 identified with the Territory and 
 its development. His life has been one of 
 varied experiences, such as come to those 
 who live in frontier regions just opening up to 
 civilization. Now in his declining years he 
 makes his home in Watrous, where he is en- 
 joying the fruits of his former toil and the 
 esteem of all who know him. He was born 
 in Westphalia, Germany, on the 3d of Febru- 
 ary, 1828, and in his native land was trained 
 for merchandising. SubseqOently he spent 
 three years in Holland, then removed to Ant- 
 werp, Belgium, and afterward to Bremen, 
 where he remained about six months. In 1847 
 he became possessed with the desire to visit 
 America, and accordingly took passage on the 
 
HISTORY OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 37 
 
 steamer Washington on its first voyage for 
 New York, where he arrived with a cash capi- 
 tal of only $200, and this was soon used up. 
 He made his way to Wisconsin, where he em- 
 barked in farming; but, as he was unacquaint- 
 ed with that pursuit, it proved an unprofitable 
 venture to him, and he left the Badger State 
 for St. Louis, going thence to New Orleans, 
 where, in order to provide for his necessities, 
 he learned and followed the trade of cigar- 
 making, and also filled the position of book- 
 keeper. 
 
 When the yellow fever broke out in the 
 Crescent City, Mr. Kronig went up the river 
 to Williamsport, and then made a trip to 
 Texas, being employed as a salesman in a dry- 
 goods establishment in Bayou Sara. After- 
 ward he went to Louisville, Kentucky; Cincin- 
 nati, Ohio, Philadelphia, and back to New 
 York, where, as he could get nothing else to 
 do, he was obliged to accept a situation in an 
 underground grocery at $6 per month, and was 
 there discharged because he refused to pass 
 counterfeit money. Discouragement and fail- 
 ure seemed on every hand, but with resolute 
 spirit he made his way back to Milwaukee, 
 thence on foot to St. Paul, and returned to 
 Milwaukee, when he heard of the discovery of 
 gold in California. Becoming acquainted with 
 a young physician and geologist who was about 
 to go with General Fremont to the Golden 
 State, he resolved to become one of the party, 
 but the boat on which he took passage ran into 
 a sandbar, and he was accordingly so delayed 
 that the party took their departure ere his 
 arrival. Mr. Kronig then remained at Inde- 
 pendence, Missouri, until the 4th of July, when 
 he started for the Pacific slope with a company 
 of others. On reaching Fort Mann they were 
 attacked by Indians, and he was robbed of his 
 animals. 
 
 He then joined a train going to Santa Fe, 
 where he arrived on the 2Oth of August, 1849, 
 and engaged in the manufacture of cigars, do- 
 ing a small business. As the Indians were ag- 
 gressive and troublesome, a company of volun- 
 teers was formed to go in pursuit of the sav- 
 
 ages. Mr. Kronig joined this company and was 
 made orderly sergeant. They pursued the 
 Apaches and Utes who had killed Mr. White 
 and companions, and had carried off his wife 
 and child and a nurse. After a long and ardu- 
 ous march they at length arrived where the 
 Indians had camped the day before. It was 
 about two hours before sunset when they struck 
 the Indian camp, and their captain, Jose Maria 
 Valdez, sent Mr. Kronig to the major com- 
 manding the whole force, to ask him for two 
 swift horses, in order to mount two of his men, 
 who were well acquainted with that part of the 
 country, to locate the Indian camp. The major 
 refused to grant his request, but at the eleventh 
 hour he reconsidered and finally granted it; 
 however, as it was only fifteen minutes be- 
 fore sunset, the men lost the trail in the dark- 
 ness, and returned to camp without accom- 
 plishing anything. At daylight next morning 
 they left the camp on a gallop, regulars ahead 
 and the volunteers following, as their horses 
 were nearly tired out. The Indians had made 
 the day before a march of twenty miles, and 
 were charged by the regulars, and a stray bul- 
 let hit the major on his chest, but the force 
 was broken by a pair of gauntlets which he 
 had in his bosom, and he commanded his com- 
 pany to halt until the volunteers would come 
 up. The volunteers were dismounted and 
 got between the Indians and their horses, and 
 kept up a skirmish in company with the regu- 
 lars for a short time. The Indians made this 
 stand in order to give their families time to 
 escape. Then followed a long chase, regulars 
 ahead and volunteers following. The troops 
 had traveled rapidly and their horses were ex- 
 hausted. Mr. Kronig saw the body of Mrs. 
 White (whom they were trying to rescue) lying 
 against a willow tree, pierced with arrows. 
 The color, however, had not entirely left her 
 face, showing that she had just been murdered. 
 The Indians fled, but two or three Indian chil- 
 dren were taken prisoners. Three days after 
 the engagement, while returning to their 
 homes, the provisions ran short, and the vol- 
 unteer company was ordered out at eight 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 o'clock at night to march toward the settle- 
 ment. The horses were tired, and the men 
 had to dismount and lead their steeds. At one 
 o'clock at night a violent storm came on, and 
 they were compelled to camp on the prairie 
 without wood or shelter. Wrapped in their 
 blankets and robes, they were forced to await 
 its abatement, the storm continuing for forty- 
 eight hours. They had with them 300 head 
 of horses and 40 pack-mules, part of whom 
 they had captured from the Indians, but when 
 they left camp they did not have a pack-mule 
 left, and only horses enough to mount the 
 company. The home guard killed a colt, as 
 they found shelter and firewood in a canyon, 
 and had a good time. As soon as possible 
 they struggled on through the snow-drifts, 
 keenly suffering from cold and hunger until 
 they reached Taos, where they were discharged 
 after two months and three days of most ardu- 
 ous service. 
 
 The soldiers then gave Mr. Kronig their 
 extra rations, and with this supply of food he 
 then went to a little Western town called Rio 
 Colorado, where he engaged in hunting; but, 
 having to bring his game thirty miles to mar- 
 ket, he was able only to make about $4 per 
 week. On one of his trips he met Colonel 
 Bell, the commanding officer of the United 
 States forces, who asked Mr. Kronig what he 
 was doing, and on being told, said, "Wouldn't 
 you like to make $5 per day ? The Govern- 
 ment wishes to learn the fate of Mrs. White's 
 child, and we would like to have you go among 
 the Utes and see if you can learn anything of 
 it." Mr. Kronig consented to attempt the ar- 
 duous task, and with a companion and two 
 horses started on the perilous undertaking for 
 the region beyond the Sierra Blanca, where he 
 believed the Utes could be found. It was in 
 the month of February and the snow was two 
 feet deep. After the first day they found a 
 little grass on the sunny side of a slope, which 
 they fed to their horses, and supplied them 
 with water by melting snow with stones which 
 they had heated in the fire. On the seventh 
 day they came in sight of a village of Utes, who 
 
 were yet at war, but had not committed any 
 depredations lately, and were discovered by 
 the Indians who made an effort to catch them; 
 but they succeeded in making their escape into 
 the village where they were safe. Mr. Kronig 
 went to the best Indian lodge in order to find 
 the chief, and after going through the whole 
 village at length succeeded in the search, find- 
 ing the chief, Chico Belasquez. The chief 
 said, " I see you are spies and are lost." With 
 this he sent out thirty young Indians to look 
 for the trail and find whether there were any 
 soldiers in the vicinity; but about 10 o'clock at 
 night the warriors returned reporting that there 
 were only the two. Then Mr. Kronig and his 
 companion were given a good meal of buffalo 
 meat, were kindly treated by their savage en- 
 tertainers and were told that both the nurse 
 and the child for whom they were looking were 
 dead. After three days they started on their 
 return with an escort of ten Indians to protect 
 them from the Apaches, who were at war. On 
 the third day the escort returned and Mr. Kro- 
 nig and his companion traveled- all night alter 
 the Indians left them, and finally reached 
 Taos. He was there delayed for a month be- 
 fore he received his pay, when he was given 
 $5 per day for the entire time. 
 
 In 1850 Mr. Kronig established a little 
 store at Rio Colorado, New Mexico, aud in the 
 winter went on a trading expedition into Col- 
 orado with the Cheyenne, Arapahoe, Coman- 
 che and Sioux Indians. He continued in that 
 business until 1855 and made money, but lost 
 most of it again on account of several attacks 
 by Indians. On Christmas day, 1854, occur- 
 red the massacre at Pueblo, where eighteen 
 white people were killed and one woman and 
 two children taken prisoners. Business was 
 then entirely broken up and Mr. Kronig went to 
 La Costilla, where he started a store and a dis- 
 tillery. In 1856 he purchased Barclay's Fort, 
 in connection with which there were 700 acres 
 of arable land. The times were prosperous 
 and he engaged in mining in 1868, and was in- 
 directly the discoverer of the Morena mines on 
 the Maxwell grant. He, with others, dug a 
 
HIS TORT Of NEW MEXICO. 
 
 309 
 
 ditch forty-four miles in length, at a cost of 
 $3OO,ooOj and through this undertaking lost 
 all he had and was forced to begin anew. In 
 1872 he started a smelter in the Magdalena 
 mountains and won success in the new ven- 
 ture. In 1864 he made in the vicinity of his 
 present residence a good lake of forty acres, 
 and erected the splendid adobe residence north 
 of the lake which is now owned by Colonel 
 Head. The home with its surroundings had cost 
 him $40,000, as material was very dear, and 
 this he later sold, with land and other improve- 
 ments, for $18,000! In 1883 he moved to his 
 present location, on which he has erected a 
 good stone residence, planted trees and flower- 
 ing shrubs and is now spending the evening of 
 a most enterprising and useful life in the quiet 
 pursuits of farming, cultivating about 550 acres 
 of his land, on which is also a large and thrifty 
 orchard. Several lakes stocked with valuable fish 
 are situated about three miles from his residence. 
 
 Mr. Kronig has the honor of having built 
 the first flouring mill in Colorado, and was one 
 of the stockholders of the first woolen mill in 
 New Mexico. He is deserving of the highest 
 credit for the enterprise he has displayed in the 
 development and growth of New Mexico. He 
 is a man of superior ability, possessed of in- 
 tellectual powers of a high order, and from 
 books and experience has gathered valuable 
 knowledge, to which he adds the kindliness 
 and sympathy of a benevolent nature that 
 gives to his influence a power that is far-reach- 
 ing and permanent. He has met with both 
 adversity and prosperity in his business career, 
 but through all has maintained a reputation for 
 honorable dealing, and is popular with his 
 business associates and highly esteemed in the 
 social circle in which he moves. 
 
 Mr. Kronig's experience since coming to the 
 Territory of New Mexico would make a most 
 interesting book. He has seen and experienced 
 all the successes and reverses of pioneer life, 
 one day possessed of a vast fortune, the next, 
 as it were, bereft of it. He possesses honor, 
 and is worthy of the high respect of all with 
 whom he has come in contact, 
 
 In 1856 Mr. Kronig married Miss Raphaela 
 Kincaid. One of their children has passed 
 away, and the other is now Mrs. Frank M. 
 Jones, a resident of Las Vegas. The mother 
 died in 1858, soon after the birth of her second 
 child. In 1 86 1 Mr. Kronig was united in mar- 
 riage with Miss Louisa Watrous, the daughter 
 of the pioneer, Samuel B. Watrous, for whom 
 the town of Watrous was named. The chil- 
 dren of this marriage are Alexander, Louie, 
 Alfred, Willie, Lotta and Carolina, all residing 
 in the vicinity of their father's home. The last 
 named is the wife of William Harrison. 
 
 ARVEY P. MICKEY, M. D., a suc- 
 cessful practitioner of Las Cruces, is 
 a native of the State of Indiana, born 
 in Kosciusko county April 9, 1862. 
 He is of Scotch descent, his ancestors being 
 among the early settlers of Pennsylvania. His 
 grandfather was a soldier in the war of 1812. 
 His father, Daniel Mickey, was born in the 
 Keystone State in 1825, and was married to 
 Miss Catherine Etzweiler, a native of the State 
 of Ohio, of German ancestry. He was one of 
 the pioneers of Fulton county, Indiana, and 
 for many years was a successful farmer. He 
 and his wife were the parents of six children, 
 three sons and three daughters, five of whom 
 are living. The mother died in 1880, in the 
 forty-fourth year of her age. 
 
 Dr. Mickey is the fifth born of the family. 
 He received his literary education in the Cen- 
 tral Normal College in Indiana, and was grad- 
 uated from a medical college of Indiana, March 
 5, 1888, and later took a course of lectures in 
 Medical Department of Iowa University. He 
 began the practice of his profession at New 
 Castle, Indiana, and afterward practiced for 
 some time in Richmond, same State. On ac- 
 count of failing health he was compelled to 
 seek a milder climate, and with this object in 
 view came to New Mexico. He looked over 
 Arizona, and after traveling eight months in 
 New Mexico, during which time he made close 
 observations of the climate of the Territory, he 
 
3 io 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 settled in Las Cruces, June 22, 1894. He has 
 already been greatly benefited by the change 
 of latitude and believes that he will eventually 
 be restored to perfect health. In the practice 
 of medicine he has met with most satisfactory 
 results. He is fully abreast of the times upon 
 all matters relating to the practice and science 
 of medicine, and has taken a leading rank 
 among the members of his profession. 
 
 The Doctor was married April 23, 1889, to 
 Miss Anna Marts, a native of Wells county, 
 Indiana. This union has been blessed by the 
 birth of two children, June and Harvey P., Jr. 
 In politics Dr. Mickey adheres to the principles 
 of the Democratic party, but his active interest 
 is given wholly to his profession. 
 
 EERMAN BONEM is numbered 'among 
 the leading dry-goods merchants of 
 San Marcial, New Mexico. His birth 
 occurred in the Fatherland on the 24th 
 of May, 1863, and he is of German parentage. 
 In his native land he pursued his literary stud- 
 ies, and on attaining the age of seventeen years 
 came to America that he might benefit his fi- 
 nancial condition in this country where better 
 opportunities are afforded young men. Obtain- 
 ing a position as clerk in a general merchan- 
 dise store in Winston, Missouri, at $10 per 
 month, he remained with that firm for six 
 years, his wages being increased from time to 
 time until he received $50 per month. 
 
 In 1886 he first set foot on New Mexican 
 soijj and obtained employment in the store of 
 Loewenstein, Strouss & Company at Mora. 
 From there he came to San Marcial, accepting 
 a clerkship in the store of Joseph Freuden- 
 stein and continued with that gentleman for 
 about four years, or until he sold out, in 1891, 
 to Leo Loewenstein. Mr. Bonem remained 
 with the new firm until the- 22d of March, 
 1893, at which time he opened a store of his 
 own, having as a silent partner Charley Lam- 
 phear, who sold his interest to V. C. Proctor, 
 November 5, 1894. 
 
 He began with a small capital, but has now 
 a well selected stock of dry goods, hats, caps, 
 shoes and gents' furnishing goods. His long 
 experience in the trade has made him thorough- 
 ly familiar with the wants of his customers. 
 He has an entirely new stock, which he sells 
 at reasonable prices and enjoys his full share of 
 the patronage of the town. 
 
 Mr. Bonem was united in marriage on the 
 1 6th of November, 1890, to Miss May San- 
 ders, of Santa Fe, and they have become the 
 parents of two interesting little daughters, - 
 Hannah and Rena, both born in San Marcial. 
 
 In his political views Mr. Bonem is a Re- 
 publican, earnestly supporting the men and 
 measures of that party; was made a Master 
 Mason in San Marcial, and is Past Master of 
 his lodge. He is also connected with the 
 Knights of Pythias fraternity and the Inde- 
 pendent Order of Odd Fellows, in both of 
 which lodges he has served as Treasurer. He 
 enjoys the good will of the whole community 
 and is rated as a good business man, thorough- 
 ly reliable in all transactions, and as such is 
 justly entitled to the good business which he is 
 building up, and which is constantly increasing 
 under his capable management. 
 
 >-j*UDGE O. T. TOOMBS. The attrac- 
 
 J tive town of Clayton, and the new 
 A J county of Union, New Mexico, are 
 favored in having in their professional 
 ranks many enterprising young men who have 
 come here from the North, East and South 
 and who are eminently fitted for the responsi- 
 ble duties which devolve upon them. In 
 writing of the members of the bar of Clayton, 
 we wish here to make personal mention of 
 Judge O. T. Toombs, the gentleman with 
 whose name we are pleased to introduce this 
 article. 
 
 Judge Toombs was born in Yazoo county, 
 in the State of Mississippi, January 7, 1862, 
 and is a descendant of the same old Southern 
 family from which Senator Toombs sprang. 
 His father, A. T. Toombs, married Miss Mary 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 E. Perry, a relative of the noted Commodore 
 Perry. Thus it is seen that the Judge comes 
 from ancestry of which he should be justly 
 proud. His father served in the Confederate 
 army and died while in the service, in 1864. 
 Oscar T., our subject, was then a small child, 
 and a few years later, when he was only thir- 
 teen, his mother also died. His youthful days 
 were spent at a time and in a part of the 
 country where opportunities for obtaining an 
 education were very limited, and, being thus 
 early left an orphan, he had to make his 
 own way in the world and found that the 
 struggle was a constant and hard one. When 
 a boy of thirteen he began to do farm work in 
 southern Texas, at first receiving but little 
 more than his board. Five years of his life 
 were spent in that way, and when he was 
 eighteen years of age he obtained a clerkship 
 in a store. For several years he clerked in 
 various places in Texas, and all the while he 
 spent his leisure time in study, embracing 
 every opportunity to gain information that he 
 thought would be of value to him. Finally 
 he borrowed a copy of Blackstone, perused its 
 pages at every odd moment he had, and as 
 soon as practicable devoted his whole time to 
 the study of law. In 1889 he passed a credit- 
 able examination, and was admitted to the bar 
 at Greenville, Texas, and immediately after his 
 admission thereto became a law partner with 
 T. D. Montrose of that place, with whom he 
 continued until 1891, doing a successful busi- 
 ness. In January of that year he removed to 
 Dallam county, Texas, where he opened up a 
 law office and at once met with prosperity. 
 While there he was elected County Judge, a 
 position which he filled in a most satisfactory 
 manner. At this time hearing of the new 
 county of Union, in New Mexico, its fine climate 
 and bright future, he decided to move hither. 
 He arrived at Clayton in 1894, established 
 himself in law practice, and has here rnet with 
 fair success. Judge Toombs is a well-read, 
 painstaking lawyer, and, while he does a gen- 
 eral practice, he prefers civil law. 
 
 In 1888 he was happily married to Miss 
 
 Julia Priest, a native of Alabama, but a resi- 
 dent of Greenville at the time of their mar- 
 riage. Her father, the Rev. R. W. Priest, a 
 Baptist minister, was for four years a mis- 
 sionary in Africa, and is now a resident of 
 Texas. The Judge and his wife . have two 
 daughters, Clara and Cyrene. Mrs. Toombs 
 is a member of the Baptist Church. 
 
 Judge Toombs is not only a lawyer of 
 ability and worth, but also is a citizen who is 
 deserving of the fullest confidence of the peo- 
 ple among whom he has chosen to reside, and 
 both he and his family are desirable accessions 
 to the social circles of Clayton. 
 
 ' <* ON. HENRY S. WOOSTER. In 
 j"^ him whose name initiates this article 
 r is found a gentleman whose identity 
 with East Las Vagas covers more than 
 a dozen years, and who, as Justice of the Peace 
 and Police Justice, occupies a position of dis- 
 tinction. 
 
 Judge Wooster is of Eastern birth. He 
 was ushered into existence on the 2Oth of April, 
 1820, in the State of New York, and traces 
 his origin back to the English and Scotch, 
 some of his ancestors being among the early 
 settlers of New England. His father, Bennett 
 Wooster, was born in Middlebury, Connecti- 
 cut, in the year 1800. He married Miss Han- 
 nah Atwood, two years younger than himself 
 and a native of the same town, and after their 
 marriage they settled down near their native 
 place, and he was for some time engaged in 
 buying and selling cattle there. In 1844 they 
 removed to Wisconsin, where they passed the 
 rest of their lives. He died in the eighty-second 
 year of his age, and his wife was about that old 
 when she died. They had three sons and three 
 daughters, of whom five are living. The par- 
 ents were members of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, were honored and respected by all 
 who knew them, and reared their family to oc- 
 cupy useful positions in life. 
 
 Judge Wooster is the eldest of his father's 
 family. His education was received in the 
 
3 12 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Cazenovia Seminary in New York. In 1844 
 he removed with the rest of the family to Wis- 
 consin, where they acquired new lands and 
 gave their attention to improving and cultivat- 
 ing the same. He continued farming in Wis- 
 consin until 1850, and in the meantime had 
 married. In 1850 he crossed the plains to 
 California, making the long and tedious jour- 
 ney as one of a party of twenty-one men, all 
 well-armed, and landing at his destination in 
 safety. He was in Omaha, Nebraska, when 
 there was no sign of a town there, or, rather, 
 he was at the place where Omaha was^after- 
 ward built ; and he saw San Francisco when it 
 gave little promise of becoming the magnificent 
 city it is to-day. At Nevada City he was en- 
 gaged in mining two years. In 1852 his wife 
 joined him in the far West, making the jour- 
 ney via water and the Isthmus of Panama. 
 Mr. Wooster was at that time at Sandy bar on 
 the Middle fork of the American river, and 
 while he worked at some disadvantage there he 
 and his two comrades each took out about $ i , ooo 
 during the summer. He continued his mining 
 in California until 1860, and at the same time 
 kept hotel, and was fairly prosperous. While 
 there he had the honor of being a Republican 
 nominee for the State Legislature, but as the 
 Democrats were largely in the ascendency he 
 was defeated. In 1 860 he and his wife re- 
 turned to Wisconsin, via Panama. Near Be- 
 loit, that State, he secured 640 acres of land 
 not far from the farm owned by his brother. 
 He operated his own farm and also took charge 
 of that of his brother while the latter was in 
 the Civil war ; raised large crops which he sold 
 at high prices, and made money rapidly. In 
 1 865 he was honored by election as a Repre- 
 sentative to the Wisconsin State Legislature: 
 he served with credit to himself and his con- 
 stituents. Subsequently he was for eight years 
 Postmaster of Clinton, Rock county. 
 
 Mr. Wooster continued his residence in 
 Wisconsin until 1882, since which time he has 
 made his home in East Las Vegas, New Mex- 
 ico. For six years he kept the Wooster House 
 here. During that time he entertained and be- 
 
 came acquainted with many of the prominent 
 citizens of the Territory, and gained an en- 
 viable reputation as a genial and popular land- 
 lord. Here, as in other places where he re- 
 sided, he was soon recognized as a public- 
 spirited and leading citizen, and as one fitted 
 for official preferment, and in 1887 he was 
 elected Justice of the Peace, a position which 
 which he has since held and in which he has 
 rendered a high degree of satisfaction. When 
 the city of East Las Vegas was incorporated 
 he was also made Police Justice, and is now 
 filling both offices. As showing his legal judg- 
 ment and the able manner in which he presides, 
 it may be stated that his decisions when taken 
 to higher courts are seldom reversed. 
 
 Judge Wooster's marriage has already been 
 referred to. That event occurred in 1846, the 
 lady of his choice being Miss Nancy D. 
 Pearce, a native of Jefferson county, New 
 York. For a period of forty-two years she 
 shared life's joys and sorrows with him, this 
 happy relation terminating with her death in 
 February, 1888. Of their family of three 
 children, be it recorded that they are all mar- 
 ried and settled in life, their names as follows : 
 Clarence, Atlanta, Georgia ; Bennett, Torran, 
 Mexico ; and Mary, wife of George E. John- 
 son, of Missouri Valley, Iowa. 
 
 The Judge is both a Mason and an Odd 
 Fellow. 
 
 HDELAIDO GONZALES. In the sub- 
 ject of this sketch we have 'a native 
 son of New Mexico who has by his 
 own efforts attained a position of 
 marked honor and precedence, his incumbency 
 at the present time being that of County 
 School Superintendent of San Miguel county. 
 Mr. Gonzales was born in the same city in 
 which he now retains his residence, Las 
 Vegas, and the date of his nativity was De- 
 cember 1 6, 1860. As the name indicates he 
 is of pure Spanish lineage, four generations of 
 the family having been born on New Mexican 
 soil. The original ancestor, Batlazar Gon- 
 
HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 zales, was born in Spain and emigrated to New 
 Mexico at an early period in its history, and 
 from this source has sprung the entire family 
 in the Territory. The respective heads of the 
 two distinct branches of the family at the pres- 
 ent time are Encarnacion and Jesus Gonzales. 
 The latter of these was the grandfather of the 
 subject of this sketch and was born in Santa 
 Fe, where he resided for the greater portion of 
 his life, becoming a man of much prominence 
 and influence in the affairs of the Territory. 
 He married Maria de Jesus Ulibarri, who was 
 a native daughter of the county, her father, 
 Santiago Ulibarri, having been a man of note 
 in the Territory. Our subject's father Denicio 
 Gonzales, was born in San Jose in 1845, and 
 upon attaining man's estate he was united in 
 marriage to Miss Manuela Romero, a lineal 
 descendant from the celebrated Romero family 
 so prominently identified with the early history 
 of New Mexico. Denicio Gonzales and wife 
 became the parents of two children : Ade- 
 laido, the immediate subject of this review, and 
 Petra, who is now the wife of Martin Delgado. 
 Our subject received his educational discip- 
 line in the college of the Jesuit Fathers at Las 
 Vegas, after which he became identified with 
 mercantile pursuits, having been for ten years 
 one of the leading merchants of Las Vegas. 
 In 1893 he disposed of his interests in this 
 line, and in 1894 he was elected to his present 
 important office, that of Superintendent of 
 the county schools. He had previously served 
 as Director of the Las Vegas schools and had 
 shown marked executive ability and a keen ap- 
 preciation of the most feasible methods to be 
 pursued in forwarding educational interests 
 and securing the best possible advantages in 
 the line. There are now maintained in the 
 county I 30 schools, all of which are under his 
 immediate supervision and direction. He 
 makes periodical visitations to the different 
 schools and gives such rulings and instructions 
 as he deems best fitted to insure effective and 
 satisfactory results in the discipline and work. 
 His dispensation has been such as to gain to 
 him the commendation of all who are interest- 
 
 ed in this important field of endeavor, and the 
 county has good reason to feel a distinctive 
 pride and satisfaction in its effective school sys- 
 tem. He is the present Captain of Company 
 E, First Regiment New Mexico Volunteers, 
 and has been for the past two years. It is a 
 well organized company with forty members. 
 In his political proclivities Mr. Gonzales is 
 a stanch Republican, and he renders an active 
 support to his party and the principles which 
 it advances. He is one of the honored men 
 of the county, and stands as a most creditable 
 representative of the native sons of New 
 Mexico. 
 
 ^V^V P. TALLE. In the history of the 
 1 m commercial life of Springer, no one is 
 more deserving of prominent mention 
 than this gentleman, who is recog- 
 nized as one of the most successful merchants 
 of the city, and it is with pleasure that we pre- 
 sent to our readers the record of his life, know- 
 ing that it will prove of interest to many. His 
 birthplace is far off, in the "land of the mid- 
 night sun," and his natal day was May 16, 
 1841. He was partly educated in Norway, 
 where he remained until eighteen years of age, 
 when, in 1859, he emigrated to America, 
 locating in Doddsville, Wisconsin. At that 
 time he could not speak a word of English, 
 and had money enough only to carry him to 
 his destination. At first he worked at farm 
 labor, and received as compensation for his 
 services $5 per month, which at that time he 
 considered fairly good wages, being accustomed 
 to the low wages paid in foreign countries. He 
 continued farm labor until 1861, and then re- 
 sponded to the country's call for troops. 
 
 On the 1 6th of August, 1861, Mr. Talle 
 donned the blue as a member of Company C, 
 Twelfth Wisconsin Infantry, and with his 
 regiment went to the front, participating in 
 the battle of Shiloh, and all of the engage- 
 ments which led to the capture of Atlanta. He 
 went with Sherman on the celebrated and tri- 
 umphal march to the sea, and then through 
 
HIST OR T OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 the Carolina campaigns to Washington, where 
 he participated in the grand review, the most 
 brilliant military pageant ever seen in this 
 country, where "wave after wave of bayonet- 
 crested blue" passed by the stand from which 
 the president watched the victorious army. He 
 saw much hard service, and was twice slightly 
 wounded, but always remained at his post, 
 faithful to the old flag and the cause it repre- 
 sented. When his first term expired, with his 
 company he re-enlisted, they receiving from 
 their colonel a beautiful silk banner in recog- 
 nition of the fact of their being the largest vet- 
 eran company in the regiment, almost all of 
 the members having continued in the service. 
 
 After his return from the war, Mr. Talle 
 attended school for a time, and on graduating 
 at a commercial college accepted a clerkship 
 in a clothing and furnishing-goods establish- 
 ment in Madison, Wisconsin. In 1868 he 
 went to Eureka, Kansas, and for eight years 
 clerked in the store of J. C. Nye, after which 
 he opened a store on his own account in Ben- 
 nington, Kansas, continuing business at that 
 place for two years. 
 
 In 1882 Mr. Talle arrived in Springer, New 
 Mexico, where he bought out a bankrupt firm, 
 giving his note for $5,000, with interest at 
 twelve per cent. From the first he met with 
 gratifying success, and within two years had 
 paid off all indebtedness, and was in possession 
 of a good stock and a paying business. He 
 quickly acquired a mastery of the Spanish 
 language, that he might better conduct his 
 negotiations with the citizens who continued 
 to speak that tongue, and at the same time he 
 won the confidence and respect of all with 
 whom he came in contact. In 1 889 he erected 
 his present store building, 40 x 90 feet, one of 
 the rooms being devoted to hardware and the 
 remainder to dry goods and general merchan- 
 dise. He has a well-arranged store and an 
 extensive stock of goods, while his trade comes 
 from a territory that extends for miles in every 
 direction from Springer. He has a private 
 telephone from his store to his residence, and 
 electric bells between his two store rooms. 
 
 His honorable dealing, his fair and courteous 
 treatment, his earnest desire to please his pa- 
 trons, and his close applications are the essen- 
 tial factors in his prosperity. 
 
 Mr. Talle has always been devoted to the 
 best interests of Springer, and has ever borne 
 his share in promoting its public enterprises 
 and advancing the general welfare. He was 
 one of the organizers of the water-works com- 
 pany of Springer, is now serving as its presi- 
 dent, and owns a third interest in its stock. 
 On questions of national importance he sup- 
 ports the Republican party, but at local elec- 
 tions he votes independently. He is deeply inter- 
 ested in the cause of education, and is serving 
 as director of the school board. 
 
 In 1878 Mr. Talle led to the marriage altar 
 Miss Susan J. Nelson, a native of California, 
 of Norwegian and English ancestry. Their 
 union was blessed with four children, viz. : 
 Carl P., now in college; Otis A. and Thomas 
 P., who are at their parental home; and they 
 had the misfortune to lose their daughter, Ele- 
 gar, a lovely little girl of seven years. Mr. 
 Talle possesses the untiring industry of the 
 Norwegian, was imbued with the enterprising, 
 progressive spirit of the Northwest, and has 
 the sound and careful judgment of the South. 
 
 ON. JOSEPH S. HOLLAND, Re- 
 ceiver of the United States Land Of- 
 fice for the Colfax District of New 
 Mexico, and a resident of Clayton, 
 has been identified with this Territory during 
 the past two decades, the date of his arrival 
 here being 1875. Without more than a pass- 
 ing mention of him, this work would be incom- 
 plete, and it is gratifying to us to be able to 
 present the following sketch of his life to the 
 readers of this work. 
 
 Missouri is Mr. Holland's native State and 
 he was born February 22, 1844. Back to the 
 early settlements of this country and across the 
 ocean to England he traces his ancestry. The 
 Hollands figured in the early history of Vir- 
 ginia and later in Tennessee. John Holland 
 
HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 and his twin brother, the former the grand- 
 father of Joseph S., were among the promi- 
 nent pioneers of Tennessee, were participants 
 in the Revolutionary war, and lived to ripe 
 old ages and died in Tennessee. In that State 
 Thomas Holland, the father of our subject, 
 was born in October, 1808, and there he was 
 reared, educated and married, the maiden 
 name of his wife being Miss Jane Stokley, she 
 too a native of Tennessee. Early in the '305 
 they removed to Missouri, where they were 
 respected farmers and where they finished 
 rearing their family of ten children, of whom 
 only three now survive. In 1837 ne crossed 
 the plains to Santa Fe, New Mexico, and en- 
 gaged in freighting, a business which was 
 fraught with much danger from the Indians 
 and other causes, but which was very remun- 
 erative, and he continued it most of the time 
 up to 1850. During that period he crossed 
 and recrossed the plains a great many times. 
 He freighted for the Government during the war 
 with Mexico, forwarding supplies to the soldiers 
 and making the long journeys in company with 
 the special train which carried their pay. In 
 1872, after a useful and active life filled with 
 many dangers and hardships but crowned with 
 success, he died at his home in Missouri. His 
 wifS had passed away in the spring of 1861. 
 
 Joseph S. Holland was the seventh born 
 in his father's family, and was reared at his 
 native place. When the great Civil war broke 
 out he was only sixteen, but, young as he was, 
 he had the Southern cause at heart and he was 
 ready to fight for it, and when the Confederate 
 Government called for volunteers he went out 
 as a member of the First Missouri Cavalry. 
 He was with the forces that operated in Mis- 
 souri, Arkansas, Mississippi, Tennessee, Geor- 
 gia and Alabama, and he remained on duty 
 until the conflict was ended, seeing a great 
 deal of hard fighting and on several occasions 
 being slightly wounded. His services through- 
 out were characterized by true bravery, for 
 which he was rewarded, notwithstanding his 
 youth, by promotion to the rank of Orderly 
 Sergeant. 
 
 At the close of his army life Mr. Holland 
 settled down to the quiet occupation of farm- 
 ing in Missouri. Subsequently he became in- 
 terested in merchandising at Edgerton and was 
 thus occupied up to 1873. In 1875 ne re- 
 moved to New Mexico, the change of location 
 being made on account of his wife's ill health. 
 First he settled in the Moreno valley in Colfax 
 county and engaged in the dairy business, and 
 two years later removed to Cimarron, where he 
 continued farming and dairying, and where he 
 also filled the position of Deputy Sheriff. 
 About this time he was one of the organizers 
 of the Illinois Live Stock Company, which had 
 cattle in the Mora valley in Union county, and 
 he was also interested in importing stock from 
 Illinois and Missouri, thus improving the 
 quality of stock in this part of the Territory. 
 For a time he was superintendent of the 
 "T" division of the Prairie Cattle Company, 
 and from this business he returned to his 
 ranch at Tramperas, where he has 320 
 acres of improved land. In the meantime 
 he had gained a wide acquaintance through- 
 out the Territory and had become popular 
 as well as prominent. In 1889 we find 
 him occupying a seat in the Territorial As- 
 sembly of New Mexico. While a member 
 of that honorable body he introduced the first 
 bill which asked for the creation of the county 
 of Union, and, although the bill was then de- 
 feated, his action showed that he was a leader 
 in what afterward prevailed and proved to be a 
 desirable movement. December 23, 1893, 
 Mr. Holland received the appointment of Re- 
 ceiver of the United States Land Office for the 
 district of Colfax, the office which he is now 
 ably filling. Politically, he has ever been an 
 ardent Democrat; fraternally, for over twenty 
 years .a Mason, and also a member of the K. 
 of H. and, religiously, a Baptist. 
 
 Mr. Holland was married in 1867 to Miss 
 Frances Black, a native of Missouri, and their 
 union was blessed with a daughter, Anna D., 
 who is now Mrs. T. E. Clapham. In 1880, 
 after a happy married life of brief duration, 
 the mother was called to her last home, leav- 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ing her little daughter and husband to mourn 
 their loss. Mr. Holland has never married 
 again. He resides in his home at Clayton, 
 where he is recognized as a man of the highest 
 integrity of character, and where he has the 
 confidence and esteem of a large circle of 
 friends. 
 
 (D 
 
 AJOR ARTHUR MORRISON.- 
 This honored gentleman is pre-emi- 
 nently a pioneer of New Mexico. 
 He dates his identity with the Ter- 
 ritory from 1 849 and is to-day the oldest living 
 pioneer of Las Vegas. During the nearly fifty 
 years of his residence here he has witnessed 
 every phase of Western life, he has aided in 
 subduing the Indians on the plains, he has 
 helped to pave the way for civilization and has 
 watched with interest its advance hitherward; 
 and as a historical personage he figures promi- 
 nently. 
 
 While he has been a resident of the United 
 States for many years, in fact, more than 
 half a century, and has been thoroughly 
 identified with American interests, Major Mor- 
 rison is not a native of this country. He is of 
 German birth and ancestry. He was born at 
 Hanau, near the city of Frankfort, Germany, 
 March 28, 1821, his parents being Solomon 
 and Jeanette (Marko) Morrison, natives of 
 Germany, of Jewish faith, and prosperous 
 tradespeople. The Major was reared by an 
 uncle, was given a liberal education, and speaks 
 and writes fluently the German, English, 
 French and Spanish languages. 
 
 It was in 1844 that the subject of our 
 sketch landed in the United States. For ten 
 months after his arrival here he was employed 
 as clerk in New York. Then he went to Balti- 
 more and was engaged in selling goods at whole- 
 sale for Mr. H. Price. Subsequently he sold 
 goods in Lexington, Boonville and other places 
 in Missouri; but he was not pleased with that 
 State on account of chills and fever then so 
 prevalent there, and of which he was a victim, 
 and concluded to leave Missouri. Accordingly, 
 
 with a bull train and in company with Colonel 
 St. Vrain, he came to Santa Fe, New Mexico. 
 This train was escorted across the plains by a 
 company of United States soldiers, with some 
 of whom Mr. Morrison became well acquainted. 
 These soldiers advised him to keep the sutler's 
 store at Las Vegas, which he did, and he was 
 thus engaged until the troops were taken to 
 Fort Union. He continued in the mercantile 
 business up to 1861, handling large quantities 
 of general merchandise, and also at this time 
 being in the stock business. When the war 
 broke out in 1861 and the Territory became in 
 danger of invasion by rebels from Texas, he 
 raised a company which joined the regiment of 
 which Kit Carson was Colonel and Mr. Mor- 
 rison was Captain of his company. On Sep- 
 tember 20, 1 86 1, President Lincoln commis- 
 sioned him First Major of the regiment and at 
 the same time Kit Carson was appointed its 
 Colonel. Major Morrison and Colonel Carson 
 were warm friends. They were ordered to 
 Fort Gregg. At this time Major Morrison was 
 in command of five companies, and he and his 
 men were in battle February 22, 1862, after 
 which he was sent with his command to Pol- 
 vadera and from there to Fort Stanton; was in 
 command of the latter place until the Confed- 
 erate forces were repelled from the Territory. 
 Most of the regiment was then sent to subdue 
 the Navajo Indians. After several hard-fought 
 battles the whole tribe surrendered, and has 
 since been at peace with the United States. 
 
 After three years of active and honorable 
 service in behalf of the country of his adoption, 
 and the war in the West was over, Major 
 Morrison resigned his commission and received 
 an honorable discharge. His services were 
 timely and valiant, and for his loyalty and 
 bravery at that time he is richly deserving of 
 the respect of every citizen of the United States, 
 and also of the kind consideration of this Gov- 
 ernment. It is to be hoped that to such an 
 aged veteran an ample pension will be granted. 
 
 Major Morrison was married in 1856 to Miss 
 Andria Baca. She died, and in 1865 he mar- 
 ried Miss Cecelia Ortega, his present compan- 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 317 
 
 ion. At this writing, 1895, they reside in a 
 pleasant home in Las Vegas, surrounded with 
 fruit trees and having a nice little garden. And 
 notwithstanding that the Major is now seventy- 
 five years of age, his intellect is bright and his 
 body strong. He has a sharp, little black eye, 
 and in size and shape very much resembles 
 Gen. John C. Fremont. 
 
 The major is a member of the I. O. O. F., 
 and is, of course, identified with the G. A. R. 
 He has been a Democrat all his life, but is not 
 in harmony with the Cleveland administration 
 of public affairs. During his residence in Las 
 Vegas, and since the war, he has served as 
 Justice of the Peace, and in 1863-4-5-6 was 
 member of the Territorial Legislature. In 1 890 
 he took the census of the county. At present 
 he is United States claim pension agent and 
 also Indian Department claim agent. He is 
 very much respected by the citizens of Las 
 Vegas in general, and especially by the Span- 
 iards of this place, who frequently seek his 
 counsel and who always find in him a sympa- 
 thizing friend. 
 
 ON. W. A. THOMPSON, the present 
 member of the Territorial Legisla- 
 ture from Union county, and one of 
 the distinguished and honored citizens 
 of Folsom, claims Missouri as the State of his 
 nativity. He was born in Fayette, Howard 
 county, on the 4th of June, 1858, and is of 
 Scotch lineage, his ancestors having been early 
 settlers of Virginia and Kentucky. His great- 
 grandfather was born in Scotland, crossed the 
 ocean to the Old Dominion, and became the 
 owner of a tract of land which included the 
 Natural Bridge, one of nature's phenomena. 
 Members of the family participated in the war 
 of the Revolution, valiantly aiding the Colo- 
 nists in their struggle for independence. The 
 grandfather, Hugh Thompson, was born in 
 Virginia, and removed to Kentucky, where his 
 son, John W. Thompson, the father of our 
 subject, was born in the year 1825. The last 
 named was married in the State of his nativity 
 
 to Miss Mary E. Anderson, a native of Ken- 
 tucky, and a daughter of Reuben Anderson of 
 that State. They became the parents of eight 
 children, five of whom are yet living. Later 
 in life they removed to Missouri, locating on a 
 farm in Howard county, where the father still 
 resides. His wife died in 1894, at the age of 
 fifty-nine years. During the greater part of 
 his life he has followed stock-raising, and has 
 met with a fair degree of success in his under- 
 takings. 
 
 Willard A. Thompson, whose name heads 
 this sketch, was their third child and was edu- 
 cated at Center College in Fayette, Missouri. 
 At the age of twenty years he entered upon his 
 business career as a stock-dealer, and bought 
 and sold stock in Chicago, St. Louis and Kan- 
 sas City. The year 1886 witnessed his arrival 
 in New Mexico, at which time he took up his 
 residence in Folsom. He carried on a hotel 
 and also engaged in other lines of business, 
 in fact has been identified with most of the in- 
 terests which have promoted the material wel- 
 fare of the city. He has also erected a store 
 and residence, and Folsom numbers him 
 among her most progressive and enterprising 
 men. 
 
 In his political views, Mr. Thompson is a 
 Democrat and has been honored with several 
 offices, the duties of which he has promptly 
 and faithfully performed. He has served as 
 Deputy Sheriff of Union county, and in 1894 
 was the nominee of his party for the office of 
 Representative in the Territorial Legislature. 
 The returns at first showed a majority of one 
 against him, but because of a fraud in one of 
 the precincts the votes of that district were 
 thrown out and he was given a certificate of 
 election. He is now serving in the House, 
 and is one of its able members, faithfully sup- 
 porting all measures which are calculated to 
 advance the interests of his constituents. 
 
 Mr. Thompson is the agent of the Folsom 
 Town Company, which has a beautiful tract of 
 land of about 1,300 acres and two hotels, one 
 of them costing over $30,000. They have 
 some very valuable property to sell, at very 
 
3 x8 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 reasonable rates. The town is pleasantly 
 located 'and is rapidly filling up with a good 
 class of citizens. While in the Legislature 
 Mr. Thompson secured the passage of the scab 
 law, to prevent the spread of the scab among 
 sheep. He was also active in aid of the pass- 
 age of the brand law, which provides that each 
 stockman's brand shall be registered with the 
 county board and with the county clerk, so 
 that disputes shall not arise concerning the 
 ownership of brands. He is an obliging and 
 capable business man, and no consideration of 
 self-interest has ever swerved him from what 
 he believed to be the path of duty. He has 
 now acquired a comfortable competence, and 
 the confidence and respect of all who know 
 him. 
 
 aHARLES LYON, the efficient Mayor 
 and Postmaster of Cerrillos, was born 
 in Niles, Michigan, on the 1 3th of 
 August, 1858, and is a representative 
 of the noted Lyon family of America. In his 
 constitution are the sturdy qualities of English 
 and Scotch ancestors, and in his life are mani- 
 fest some of the best characteristics of that 
 people. His father, Charles Lyon, was born 
 in the State of New York, and removed to 
 Michigan very early in its history. He married 
 Miss Martha Colridge, a native of Massachu- 
 setts who had emigrated to the Wolverine State 
 in 1831. Mr. Lyon for many years was a mill- 
 owner of Niles, and did a successful business. 
 Both he and his wife were members of the 
 Episcopal Church and were prominent people 
 in that part of the State. His death occurred 
 in the seventy-fourth year of his age, and Mrs. 
 Lyon now resides in Jackson, Michigan, at the 
 age of sixty-eight. 
 
 We now take up the personal history of 
 Charles Lyon, knowing that it will prove of in- 
 terest to many of our readers, for he has a 
 wide acquaintance and many friends in New 
 Mexico. He was fifth in the order of birth in 
 a family of twelve children, of whom ten are 
 now living, and in the public schools of his na- 
 
 tive city acquired his elementary education, 
 which was supplemented by a course in the 
 Michigan State Normal School. In 1879 Mr. 
 Lyon came to New Mexico, locating in the 
 Cerrillos mining district, and has since been en- 
 gaged in prospecting, locating and developing 
 various mines. He has handled considerable 
 property of this kind, and is still the owner of 
 various valuable mining tracts. In his chosen 
 field of labor he has met with good success 
 and is everywhere spoken of as an honorable 
 and reliable business man. 
 
 On the 22d of July, 1893, Mr. Lyon was 
 united in marriage with Miss Maggie Raney, a 
 native of Arkansas, and their union has been 
 blessed with a lovely little son, Charles Max- 
 well. They have a pleasant home in Cerrillos, 
 and have the warm regard of many friends. 
 
 Mr. Lyon is a stanch Democrat in his po- 
 litical views, and has ever done all in his power 
 to advance the interests of his party. He was 
 appointed Postmaster of Cerrillos in 1893, and 
 on the loth of July, that year, took possession of 
 the office, since which time he has managed its 
 affairs to the satisfaction of all concerned. He 
 is a capable and obliging official, and in March, 
 1895, he was nominated and elected by his 
 party to the office of Mayor of Cerrillos. His 
 administration is worthy of high commendation, 
 and he is known as a public-spirited citizen, 
 ever ready to advance the interests of his town. 
 He has succeeded in freeing Cerrillos from 
 debt, in securing a surplus in the treasury, 
 keeps the streets in good condition, and an era 
 of prosperity seems to have dawned upon the 
 town since he became its chief executive. He 
 has the good will of all who know him, and his 
 circle of friends is limited only by the circle of 
 his acquaintances. 
 
 >^AMES H. WROTH, M. D. The sci- 
 
 m ence and art of healing is, perhaps, the 
 
 A 1 noblest of all professions outside the 
 
 sacred office, and it will be the endeavor 
 
 in the present sketch to state succinctly, but 
 
 clearly, the chief points of interest in the life 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 3'9 
 
 of one of the best disciples of /Esculapius, if not 
 the best, in the Territory of New Mexico. 
 
 Our subject was born in Camden, New Jer- 
 sey, in September, 1854, of English ancestors, 
 who were early settlers in the State of Mary- 
 land, where his father, James W. Wroth, was 
 born in 1815, and was married to Miss Caroline 
 Wright, of Philadelphia. He was a successful 
 merchant in this city for many years, and to 
 -the estimable pair were born three children, 
 two sons and one daughter. The father died 
 in the sixty-seventh year of his age, his wife 
 surviving him and now living, at the age of 
 sixty-four years. Both were highly respected 
 and consistent communicants of the Episcopal 
 Church. 
 
 Dr. Wroth was the eldest child and he re- 
 ceived his collegiate education in the University 
 of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia, graduating 
 in the classical course in 1874, and from the 
 medical department in 1 878. He taught chem- 
 istry three years in the university, meanwhile 
 practicing his chosen profession, with success 
 He came to Albuquerque in the initial stages 
 of that city's development, where he established 
 himself in 1881, and has, so to speak, grown 
 up with the place. Here he has met with the 
 highest success, both as a physician and sur- 
 geon, and enjoys the fullest confidence of the 
 fellow citizens, not only in the professional and 
 business way, but socially as well. He does a 
 large business as a general medical practition- 
 er, and for some years has made a specialty of 
 the treatment of diseases peculiar to women, 
 in which latter line he has become most expert 
 and successful. 
 
 Although deeply engrossed in his profes- 
 sional work, nevertheless Dr. Wroth has be- 
 come fully identified with the general interests 
 of the city which he has made his home. He 
 has invested in property of various kinds, and 
 has shown himself a public-spirited citizen by 
 accepting various public offices, which he has 
 filled to the eminent satisfaction of his consti- 
 tuents. Dr. Wroth is an enthusiast in edu- 
 cational matters, and it is but natural that he 
 should be chosen as President of the Board of 
 
 Education of the city, a position which he 
 filled with credit. At present he is one of the 
 Regents of the University of New Mexico. He 
 is past President of the Medical Association of 
 the Territory of New Mexico, and at present 
 fills the office of Deputy Grand Master of the 
 Grand Lodge of Masons of the Territory. 
 
 In 1884 Dr. Wroth was united in marriage 
 with Miss Ella Burke, a native of the State of 
 Maine, and their union has been blessed with 
 two sons, James and William. They have a 
 delightful home in the city, and the family 
 hold a high place in the regard of the citizens 
 of Albuquerque. 
 
 ON. WILLIAM W. GRIFFIN, 
 
 formerly one of Santa Fe's most 
 enterprising citizens but now de- 
 ceased, was born in Clarksburg, 
 West Virginia, in April, 1830. He came to 
 New Mexico, in 1860, by way of Little 
 Rock to Galveston, Texas, and thence to New 
 Mexico, making the greater part of this long 
 journey on foot. Mr. Griffin subsequently 
 accepted the position of Clerk in the United 
 States Quartermaster's office at Santa Fe, and 
 was also Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue. 
 He had previously learned civil engineering, 
 and did a large amount of surveying in New 
 Mexico for the Government. In company 
 with Hon. Stephen B. Elkins and others, Mr. 
 Griffin organized the First National Bank of 
 Santa Fe, which was the first bank established 
 in the Territory. Mr. Elkins was chosen its 
 President and Mr. Griffin Cashier, which posi- 
 tion he filled for ten years, at which time he 
 was made President and filled that position up 
 to the time of his death, in December, 1889. 
 He was a prominent worker in the Re- 
 publican party, and was chairman of the Re- 
 publican central committee for several years. 
 He was an enthusiastic Mason, and one of the 
 organizers of the first Masonic lodge in the 
 Territory, Montezuma Lodge, No. i, and was 
 its Master for a number of years. He was 
 also the first Grand Master of the Grand 
 
320 
 
 HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 Lodge of the Territory of New Mexico. Mr. 
 Griffin was not a member of any church, al- 
 though he contributed liberally to all religious 
 organizations, and was a regular attendant of 
 the Episcopal Church. 
 
 In 1866 Mr. Griffin was united in marriage 
 with Miss Jennie M. Miller, a native of 
 Missouri, and they had six children, all born 
 in Santa Fe. All his family survive him, and 
 he left them in comfortable circumstances at 
 his death, having accumulated considerable 
 property. 
 
 EON. MARCELINO GARCIA, Auditor 
 of the Treasury of New Mexico, was 
 born in Santa Fe, April 25, 1855, 
 and descended from one of the earli- 
 est settlers in the Territory. His grandfather, 
 Felix Garcia, was born in the Territory, was 
 an officer in the Mexican army, and his death 
 occurred in 1872, at the age of eighty years. 
 His son, Vincenta Garcia, the father of our 
 subject, was born in Santa Fe in 1827. He 
 married Cleophas Lucero, a native of this 
 Territory, and also descended from a promi- 
 nent old family of New Mexico. Mr. Garcia 
 was a merchant and stock-raiser by occupa- 
 tion, was a man of influence and ability, and 
 served as a member of the Territorial Legis- 
 lature a number of terms. He died in 1889. 
 His wife still survives, and is now sixty years 
 of age. They had four daughters and two 
 sons. 
 
 Marceliho Garcia, their second child in 
 order of birth, received his education in 
 St. Michael's College. In 1872 he began to 
 earn his own living, by clerking in the store of 
 Hon. Felipe Delgado, where he remained two 
 years. For the following year he was em- 
 ployed in the county clerk's office; from that 
 time until 1880 he served as interpreter for 
 the Pueblo Indian Agency with Dr. B. M. 
 Thomas; then, in partnership with a Mr. Baca, 
 opened a general mercantile store in Rio 
 Pudico; in the following year returned to Dr. 
 Thomas and was assistant clerk at the agency 
 
 for two years; in 1884 was employed as clerk 
 by T. D. Barnes at Tierra Amarilla; then, in 
 1885, accepted the position as Deputy County 
 Clerk of Santa Fe county, under John Gray; 
 and in 1886 was elected Clerk of the county. 
 Mr. Garcia served a term of two years so 
 satisfactorily that he received a re-election. 
 Since that date he has served as Deputy 
 Sheriff a number of years, and during that 
 time he has had the collection of taxes of the 
 county, proving himself to be a painstaking 
 and thoroughly reliable officer. In 1892, 
 when the city of Santa Fe was incorporated, 
 he was elected a member of the City Council 
 from the Second ward for eight years; and at 
 the last city election he was elected a mem- 
 ber of the City Council for a two-year term. 
 In 1895 Governor Thornton appointed him 
 Auditor of the Treasury of the Territory, his 
 appointment having been confirmed by the 
 Senate without a dissenting voice, and Mr. 
 Garcia now has the honor of filling that 
 important position, for which he is required 
 to furnish $100,000 bonds. 
 
 He was married in 1888, to Miss Kitura 
 Wormack, a native of Missouri. In polit- 
 ical matters, Mr. Garcia has been a life-long 
 Democrat. He owns a ranch at Santa Fe, 
 where he keeps a dairy of Jersey cows, and 
 eighteen miles from the city he has a large 
 fruit ranch. He has a pleasant home in the 
 city. The family are highly esteemed by all 
 with whom they are acquainted. 
 
 R. JOHN C. SLACK, Register of the 
 Land Office for the Colfax District 
 and a practicing physician of Clay- 
 ton, New Mexico, was born in 
 Waynesville, Illinois, on the 2Oth of August, 
 1856, and is of English and Welsh lineage. 
 His people belonged to the religious body 
 known as the Society of Friends, and were early 
 settlers of the city of Philadelphia. There the 
 Doctor's father, John D. Slack, was born. He 
 became early identified with the history of the 
 West, and was one of the founders of the stage 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 321 
 
 line between Chicago and St. Louis. He was 
 also a pioneer in the importation of Norman 
 horses, and was the owner of some very fine 
 stock. He married Miss Ellen Cushman, a 
 native of Woodstock, Champaign county, 
 Ohio, and they had a son and a daughter. 
 Mrs. Slack died in 1866, at the age of thirty- 
 one years, but Mr. Slack is still living and has 
 now reached the ripe old age of seventy- 
 three. 
 
 The Doctor was the eldest child of the 
 family, and in his youth acquired liberal edu- 
 cational privileges, his primary studies being 
 supplemented by a course in the Normal Uni- 
 versity at Bloomington. He was graduated in 
 medicine at Louisville, Kentucky, in the spring 
 of 1880, and for six years practiced his profes- 
 sion at his old home. Failing health then 
 caused him to seek a change of climate, and in 
 1886 he went to Colorado, locating in Vilas, 
 where he remained until March, 1889. At 
 that time he came to Folsom, New Mexico, 
 opened an office and at once began practice. 
 In 1890 he was appointed surgeon for the New 
 Mexico Division of the Union Pacific Railroad, 
 and has since ably and acceptably filled that 
 position. In 1893 he was appointed Register 
 of the Land Office through the kindness of 
 Vice-President Stevenson, who was an old- 
 time neighbor and friend of the Doctor's, their 
 acquaintance having begun during the latter's 
 early residence in Illinois, and Antonio Joseph, 
 who was Congressman from this Territory. 
 
 On receiving the appointment, Dr. 'Slack 
 came to Clayton, and, in addition to the faith- 
 ful discharge of his duties as Register, he is also 
 engaged in the practice of his profession, and 
 his skill and ability have won for him a liberal 
 patronage, of which he is well deserving. In 
 his political views the Doctor is a Democrat, 
 and an efficient worker in the interests of his 
 party. In several campaigns he was engaged 
 in making speeches throughout this section of 
 the Territory, and has twice been elected to 
 the office of County Coroner, resigning during 
 his second term to serve in his present official 
 
 capacity. 
 21 
 
 On the 27th of December, 1876, Dr. Slack 
 was united in marriage with Miss Alice M. 
 Dix, a native of Waynesville, Illinois. Three 
 children have blessed their union, Minnie, 
 Neva and Leonard. The Doctor is an active 
 member of the Masonic fraternity, has taken a 
 very prominent part in building up the lodge 
 at Clayton, and is serving as its first Master. 
 He is also prominent among railroad surgeons 
 and is a member of the National Association. 
 He is a genial, pleasant gentleman, a thorough 
 business man who keeps abreast with the times 
 in everything connected with his profession, 
 and by all who know him he is highly esteemed 
 for his genuine worth. 
 
 R. JOHN H. SLOAN, ex-Mayor of 
 Santa Fe, also one of the city's 
 prominent physicians, was born in 
 Alexandria, Missouri, November 14, 
 1857. On the paternal side his ancestors 
 came from Ireland and located in Virginia, and 
 the family were early residents of both that 
 State and Kentucky. The Doctor's father, 
 John O. Sloan, was born in Philadelphia, and 
 during many years of hislife was a railroad con- 
 tractor throughout the East and South. He 
 married Miss Fannie Breeden, a native of 
 Kentucky, whose grandfather was killed at 
 the battle of New Orleans. On the maternal 
 side she was a relative of Chief Justice Mar- 
 shall. In 1857 John O. and Fannie Sloan re- 
 moved to Missouri; but after the battle of Lex- 
 ington, he being a Union man, they removed 
 to Decatur, Illinois, and then to Cincinnati, 
 Ohio, in 1872, where they still reside. They 
 have led an honorable life, and have attained 
 a good old age. Mr. and Mrs. Sloan were the 
 parents of seven children, three sons and four 
 daughters, all of whom still survive 
 
 John H. Sloan, their first born, completed 
 his education in Cincinnati, and also graduated 
 in the medical course there in March, 1881, 
 where he was engaged in practice three years. 
 Having acquired a good opinion of the future 
 of New Mexico, he came hither in 1883, with 
 
322 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 the intention of "growing up with the coun- 
 try." Finding a good opening in the city of 
 Santa Fe, he immediately began the practice of 
 his profession and, in addition to his genera) 
 practice, he gives special attention to the dis- 
 eases of the lungs. The Doctor has not only 
 acquired the reputation of being a successful 
 physician, but takes an active interest in every- 
 thing that pertains to the development of the 
 county. He is also something of a politician, 
 affiliating with the Democratic party, and in 
 1890 was elected County Commissioner, which 
 important position he has filled creditably. He 
 also had the honor of being appointed Chair- 
 man of the Board. In 1894 the citizens of 
 Santa Fe elected Dr. Sloan Mayor of the city, 
 and he filled that position to the satisfaction of 
 those who conferred the honor upon him. He 
 was also chosen as a member of the World's 
 Fair board for the Territory of New Mexico, of 
 which he was made chairman, and did his full 
 share in making the Territory's showing at the 
 great exposition a grand success. 
 
 The Doctor is also fond of sport, taking 
 his recreation in hunting and fishing, and has 
 in his office many trophies of his powers in 
 that direction. He keeps abreast of the times 
 in his profession, has a library of the latest 
 books and has all the most important instru- 
 ments used in the profession. 
 
 December 31, 1885, Dr. Sloan was united 
 in marriage with Rose, a daughter of W. H. 
 Keller, of St. Louis, and of Virginian ancestry. 
 The Doctor and Mrs. Sloan have spacious and 
 elegantly furnished rooms adjoining his office. 
 
 H. WILLCOX, the genial and pop- 
 ular host of the Wagon Mound Ho- 
 tel and one of the leading stock- 
 growers of Mora county, New Mex- 
 ico, was born on the island of Guernsey, July 
 23, 1848, and is of English ancestry. He was 
 there educated, and when eighteen years of 
 age crossed the broad Atlantic to America for 
 the purpose of making for himself a home in 
 the land of the free. His father was a furni- 
 
 ture manufacturer, and in his shops our subject 
 learned that trade. After arriving in New 
 York he worked at the carpenter's trade for a 
 period of three years, and in 1869 joined a 
 French colony emigrating to Salina, Kansas. 
 It was called the Franco- American Colony, 
 and to its leaders he paid $300, for which he 
 was to receive a tract of land and the machin- 
 ery with which to cultivate it, but the enter- 
 prise was abandoned and he lost all that he 
 had paid. It was discouraging, but with a 
 strong heart and resolute purpose he resolved _ 
 to make the most of his opportunities and se- 
 cured a Government ranch on the Arkansas 
 river. This he began to improve, but the re- 
 gion was infected with malaria and he suffered 
 greatly with chills and fever. This condition 
 of things would lead one to suppose that the 
 account which Dickens draws in the portrayal 
 of the characters of Martin Chuzzlewit and 
 Mark Tapley were not after all so exaggerated. 
 Mr. Willcox was obliged to abandon his prop- 
 erty on account of his health, and therefore lost 
 all that he had invested there. 
 
 He now went to Denver, Colorado, and 
 was for some time in the employ of the Rio 
 Grande & Denver Railroad Company, and saw 
 the first rail laid in the city of Denver. In 
 1871 he engaged to go to Cimarron to build 
 twelve cottages for the Maxwell Land Grant 
 Company, and remained in that place for 
 twelve years, carrying on stock-raising, also 
 furniture and hardware business. He experi- 
 enced many of the hardships and dangers 
 which attended stock-dealing in the early days. 
 He also engaged in contracting and building, 
 and took the contract for the erection of the 
 court-house and jail at Springer. He also 
 erected a dwelling upon and improved a tract of 
 1 60 acres of land. In 1889 he came to the new 
 town of Wagon Mound, and the following year 
 erected the hotel which he has since successfully 
 conducted. The house has met favor with the 
 public, and Mr. Willcox and his wife put forth 
 every effort to please their guests and make 
 them feel at home. The hotel stands on a 
 very desirable location near the railroad sta- 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 3 2 3 
 
 tion, and just beside the little mountain whose 
 top resembles the cover of an emigrant wagon, 
 from which the town takes its name. It is in 
 the midst of a beautiful and wide grazing coun- 
 try, a pleasant -and healthful location. Mr. 
 Willcox raises his own stock, and has a meat 
 market, which he supplies with his own cattle. 
 He was one of the organizers of the Wagon 
 Mound Stock Growers' Association, which at 
 one time owned 12,000 head of cattle, a 
 grade of short-horn. He served as its secre- 
 tary and treasurer for nine years, or until the 
 company was disbanded. He is a public- 
 spirited and progressive citizen, taking a deep 
 and commendable interest in everything per- 
 taining to the upbuilding and welfare of the 
 community, and Wagon Mound owes much of 
 its prosperity to him. 
 
 On the 27th of March, 1879, was cele- 
 brated the marriage which united the destin- 
 ies of Mr. Willcox and Miss Ellen S. McDon- 
 ald, a native of Missouri, of Irish lineage. She 
 has indeed been to him a faithful companion 
 and helpmeet, and he owes not a little of his 
 success in life to her able assistance. Both 
 enjoy the esteem of many friends in New Mex- 
 ico. In politics, Mr. Willcox is a supporter of 
 the Democracy, and in his social affiliations is a 
 Mason. In his business career he has encoun- 
 tered many hardships and difficulties, and has 
 pushed aside the barriers which obstruct the 
 path to competence, and to-day is the pos- 
 sessor of a comfortable property which he well 
 merits. 
 
 aHARLES H. SPORLEDER Among 
 the representative and progressive 
 business men of the city of East Las 
 Vegas there is none who stands 
 higher in the esteem of the community and 
 who has contributed in greater relative degree 
 to the development of the place than has the 
 subject of this review. Mr. Sporleder is a na- 
 tive of St. Louis, Missouri, where he was born 
 on the 1 2th of February, 1846, being the son 
 of August and Adolphina (Schaefer) Sporleder, 
 
 both of whom were born in Germany, where 
 they lived to attain maturity. Their marriage 
 was consummated in St. Louis, Missouri. In 
 1842 they emigrated to the United States', 
 taking up their abode in St. Louis, where 
 they remained until 1847, when they removed 
 to Weston, Platte county, Missouri, where the 
 father was engaged in the mercantile business 
 up to 1855. He then removed with his family 
 to Leavenworth, Kansas, where he continued 
 in business until 1862, when he returned to 
 St. Louis and there continued to reside for six 
 years. The family then removed to Walsen- 
 burg, Colorado, and there the mother of our 
 subject died, in 1876. The father lived to at- 
 tain the age of seventy-one years, his death 
 occurring, at the same place, in 1891. The 
 remains of both repose in the Masonic ceme- 
 tery at Walsenburg. They were people of in- 
 telligence, kindly nature and utmost rectitude 
 of character, and they successfully accom- 
 plished their mission in life, rearing their chil- 
 dren to habits of industry and instilling those 
 high principles of honor which ever conserve 
 true worth. Their children were seven in 
 number, and of these four now survive. 
 
 Charles H. Sporleder, the immediate sub- 
 ject of this sketch, was the eldest of the chil- 
 dren, and his educational advantages were 
 such as were afforded by the excellent public 
 schools of Leavenworth, Kansas. In the year 
 1 860 he began work for himself as a clerk in a 
 grocery at St. Louis, continuing in this asso- 
 ciation about a year. In 1871 he identified 
 himself with that line of mercantile enterprise 
 to which he has since continuously devoted his 
 attention, the boot and shoe trade. He was 
 for more than six years in the employ of John 
 D. Torlin, at St. Louis, Missouri, after which 
 he accepted a position as traveling salesman 
 for the wholesale boot and shoe house of A. 
 Priesmeyer, of St. Louis, in the interests of 
 which concern he traveled throughout Missouri 
 and Illinois, retaining the incumbency for a 
 period of five years and thoroughly familiariz- 
 ing himself with all the details of the business, 
 incidentally acquiring that discriminating knowl- 
 
3*4 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 edge of the values of stock and the grades of 
 goods which has been of such inestimable bene- 
 fit to him in the conduct of his own individual 
 business. It is conceded that a better judge 
 of qualities and workmanship in the line of 
 footwear is seldom to be found. This fact is 
 recognized by his patrons, who have implicit 
 confidence in his selections and representa- 
 tions. In 1874 Mr. Sporleder opened a retail 
 shoe store in St. Louis, continuing the enter- 
 prise until 1883, when he came to Las Vegas 
 and here commenced operations in the same 
 line, opening an establishment which he has 
 since conducted most successfully, having ac- 
 quired a large and representative patronage 
 and holding precedence as the leading boot 
 and shoe merchant of the city. His commo- 
 dious and finely equipped establishment is lo- 
 cated at the Masonic Temple, in East Las Ve- 
 gas, and here is ever to be found a stock compris- 
 ing all standard grades of footwear, as well as 
 the most seasonable novelties. In his methods 
 our subject is scrupulously fair and honorable, 
 and he is animated by an enterprising and pro- 
 gressive spirit which has been felt very forcibly 
 when influence and tangible aid has been de- 
 manded in enterprises and undertakings look- 
 ing to the advancement of the interests of the 
 community and tending to insure the growth 
 and development of the city. 
 
 In his fraternal relations Mr. Sporleder is 
 most prominently identified with the Masonic 
 order, in which he has advanced to distin- 
 guished honors in the Territory. He was 
 initiated into the mysteries of Masonry on the 
 25th of October, 1881, at St. Louis, and in 
 1886 he received a demit from his lodge in that 
 city and became a member of Chapman Lodge, 
 No. 2, of Las Vegas. Within the same year 
 he was elected Junior Warden of the lodge, 
 the following year was chosen Senior Warden 
 and the next year was elected Worshipful Mas- 
 ter, in which office he served very acceptably 
 for two years, being honored with a re-elec- 
 tion at the expiration of his first term. In 
 1889 still further recognition was accorded our 
 subject in this noble fraternal order, for at 
 
 that time he was appointed Junior Deacon of 
 the Grand Lodge of New Mexico. The suc- 
 ceeding year he was elected Junior Warden, 
 receiving the preferment as Senior Warden in 
 1891. At the next annual meeting he was ad- 
 vanced to the position of Deputy Grand Mas- 
 ter, and in 1893 reached the climax in being 
 chosen Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of 
 the Territory. This record is one of ex- 
 ceptional order, and stands in evidence of the 
 high respect and popularity in which he is 
 held by his fellow craftsmen. He is also iden- 
 tified with the Ancient Order of United Work- 
 men, in which he has passed all the chairs, 
 serving faithfully in each of the several offices. 
 
 In 1868 Mr. Sporleder was united in mar- 
 riage to Miss Louisa Dorman, who, like himself, 
 was born in St. Louis, where the marriage was 
 solemnized. They became the parents of 
 seven children, of whom four are living, name- 
 ly : Rose, who is now the wife of L. H. Hof- 
 meister, an enterprising merchant of Las Vegas; 
 Walter, who is employed at railroading; Ed- 
 ward, who is a clerk in the store of his brother- 
 in-law; and Louisa Midget, who is still in 
 school. In 1889 our subject was called upon 
 to mourn the death of his devoted and cher- 
 ished companion, whose life had been one of 
 consecration to husband and children, and one 
 in which the Christian graces shone gently 
 forth in thought, word and deed. She was -a 
 woman of refinement in the highest sense of 
 the term, and was a zealous member of the 
 Presbyterian Church. Her loss was deeply 
 deplored in the community, where she had 
 been loved for her innate kindness and cour- 
 tesy as shown to all. 
 
 In 1892 our subject consummated a second 
 marriage, being then united to Miss Sophia 
 Walsen, the sister of General Frederick Wai- 
 sen, of Denver, Colorado. Mr. Sporleder is a 
 member of the Presbyterian Church and his 
 wife of the Lutheran, though both are regular 
 attendants at the services of the former de- 
 nomination. 
 
 In his political adherency our subject is 
 stanchly in line with the Republican party, 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 325 
 
 and he has served for three terms as a member 
 of the Common Council of Las Vegas. In 
 this connection it is worthy of note that upon 
 him fell the honor of making the motion for 
 the erection of the fine public-school building 
 which now adorns the city, and is a monument 
 to the enterprise and liberality of the residents 
 of the place. This was the first school build- 
 ing erected in the Territory by direct taxation. 
 Mr. Sporleder has also been one of the promi- 
 nent promoters and aiders in the erection of the 
 fine brown-sandstone Masonic Temple, which 
 is so creditable to the fraternity and so magni- 
 ficent an improvement to the city of Las 
 Vegas. 
 
 (D 
 
 AJOR ERNEST A. GRUNSFELD. 
 
 Holding a conspicuousGovernment 
 preferment and standing distinc- 
 tively forward as one of the best 
 known and most thoroughly representative 
 business men of the Territory of New Mexico, 
 it is certainly incumbent that specific attention 
 be accorded to a review of the life history of 
 the gentleman whose name initiates this para- 
 graph. 
 
 Our subject is a native of Cassel, Germany, 
 where he was born on the 2/th day of May, 
 1864. He received a thorough education in 
 the Fatherland, and after completing his stud- 
 ies secured a most valuable business training, 
 the Grunsfeld family having been long and in- 
 timately connected with mercantile pursuits 
 and its representatives having invariably been 
 men of keen business acumen and indefatiga- 
 ble industry. In 1879 Mr. Grunsfeld bade 
 adieu to the land of his birth and set sail for 
 America, where he arrived in due time. For 
 a period of about a year he was variously em- 
 ployed, and finally turned his attention to the 
 Southwest as offering superior business advan- 
 tages. Accordingly, in 1881, he came to New 
 Mexico, entering the employ of Spiegelberg 
 Brothers, who were at that time the leading 
 wholesale merchants of the Territory, main- 
 taining their headquarters at Santa Fe. Our 
 
 subject made himself so invaluable to his em- 
 ployers and contributed in so large a measure 
 to the success of the business that he was ad- 
 mitted to membership in the firm, aiding in 
 the establishment of the branch business at 
 Albuquerque, where for a number of years he 
 conducted a large and profitable trade, the en- 
 terprise being at that time located in the old 
 town. Finally the new Albuquerque house be- 
 gan to give promise of overshadowing its old 
 Spanish namesake, and Mr. Grunsfeld was one 
 of the first to realize the possibilities in the 
 case and to assume an active interest in the 
 building up and improvement of the new and 
 modern city. From the days of her early his- 
 tory up to the present time he has stood as 
 one of Albuquerque's most enthusiastic and 
 progressive business men, maintaining an un- 
 flagging interest in her welfare, and lending 
 every effort to insure her growth and advance- 
 ment to the proud position now occupied as 
 the metropolis of the Territory. He was one 
 of the charter members of the Commercial 
 Club, whose functions have exerted so marked 
 an influence upon the prosperity of the city 
 and have gained to it recognition throughout 
 all sections of the Union. He is one of the 
 prominent stockholders in the club building, 
 one of the finest business structures in the city. 
 
 Through too close application to business 
 Mr. Grunsfeld's health became somewhat im- 
 paired, and within later years he has made sev- 
 eral trips to Europe for recreation and recu- 
 peration. In January, 1894, he retired from 
 the business which had rendered to him a good 
 competency, as conducted upon the highest 
 principles of commercial integrity and honor. 
 
 In his political proclivities our subject has 
 ever rendered an unswerving allegiance to the 
 Democratic, party and has been an active and 
 zealous worker in the cause. In recognition 
 of his services and his pronounced and unmis- 
 takable eligibility for the office, he was put for- 
 ward by his local constituents as a candidate 
 for the important office of Postmaster of the 
 city, and notwithstanding the fact that in the 
 race he had several able and distinguished 
 
326 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 competitors, he proved successful, and on the 
 3Oth of October, 1 894, received from President 
 Cleveland a commission as Postmaster of Al- 
 buquerque. He at once entered upon the dis- 
 charge of his duties, and by his close attention 
 to the affairs of the office and the discriminat- 
 ing judgment he is bringing to bear in improv- 
 ing the service and conserving the interests of 
 the local public, he is showing conclusively 
 that the confidence of his friends was well re- 
 posed. The post office at Albuquerque is the 
 only one of the second class in the Territory, 
 and is of course the most important within the 
 confines of said Territory. There is no second- 
 class office in Arizona, and this circumstance 
 renders the Albuquerque office a terminal, 
 much incidental business for Arizona being han- 
 dled here. It is the only office in the Terri- 
 tory which has the facilities of the free-deliv- 
 ery system, and it is the disbursing office be- 
 tween La Junta, Colorado, and Los Angeles, 
 California, being also the depository for New 
 Mexico and eastern Arizona. The postmasters 
 in the territory mentioned report to this office, 
 and moneys are received at and disbursements 
 made from it. These facts clearly show that 
 the management of the manifold details of the 
 office demands a marked business ability and 
 an exceptional executive capacity. Mr. Gruns- 
 feld has been most successful in bringing the 
 work into perfect system and in insuring the 
 best service which can possibly be attained. 
 Through his efforts to a large extent have 
 matters been so presented to the Postoffice De- 
 partment that Albuquerque will soon have an 
 office of a model sort, with all modern conven- 
 iences and accessories, a new building having 
 been secured for its accommodation. 
 
 Our subject has been honored by Governor 
 Thornton with a commission as Major and an 
 appointment as a member of the Governor's 
 staff. He has manifested a great interest in 
 perfecting the organization of the National 
 Guard of New Mexico, and in placing it on a 
 permanent basis and insuring it the distinction 
 which is due, and which will make the organi- 
 zation a credit to the Territory, 
 
 One of the most progressive of the younger 
 business men of Albuquerque, a cultured gen- 
 tleman and one imbued with the highest prin- 
 ciples of honor, our subject merits and holds 
 the confidence and esteem of the people of the 
 community, enjoying a marked popularity in 
 the city to whose development he has so 
 greatly contributed. 
 
 aHARLES TAMME. The progressive, 
 and in a measure consecutive, stages 
 of development in the history of this, 
 the grandest republic the world has 
 ever known, have been attended by labors, 
 scenes and incidents peculiar to themselves 
 and yet differing essentially by reason of topo- 
 graphical conditions, environments and vary- 
 ing obstacles to be overcome. This sectional 
 dissimilitude necessarily implies that there 
 must have been an equal variation in the meth- 
 ods brought to bear in initiating development 
 and ushering in the era of greatest civilization 
 and material advancement. Thus the pioneers 
 of America have had tasks whose analogies 
 have been slight, mainly lying in the ceaseless 
 toil and endeavor and the fortitude displayed 
 in the endurance of manifold vicissitudes. 
 Thus the life of the pioneers who first opened 
 up the original colonies to civilization differed 
 in many particulars from that of those who, in 
 later years, took the initiative steps toward the 
 development of the Middle States, in the 
 felling of the trees of the forest and evolving 
 from the sylvan wilds the cultivated farms and 
 the magnificent cities of this end-of-the-century 
 period, or in traversing the trackless prairies 
 and there continuing the work of development. 
 Theirs again was different from the task of 
 those other brave pioneers who continue to 
 follow in the course of the "star of empire" 
 and, amid mountain fastnesses and across the 
 weary-stretching plains of the Far West, laid 
 sure the foundations of that substantial pros- 
 perity and distinguished advancement which 
 to-day prevails. To these last were perhaps 
 given the greatest of hardships, and theirs it 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 3 2 7 
 
 certainly was to encounter the greatest dan- 
 gers, since not only did they often find hunger 
 and absolute destitution staring them in the 
 face, but also had to be ever on the alert to 
 forefend the murderous onslaughts of that 
 stealthy, treacherous and crafty foe, whose first 
 was the dominion in a section which had until 
 then been comparatively a terra incognita. 
 The tales of the "border" and the stirring 
 narrations of the scenes and incidents of the 
 frontier in the "Wild West" read like a 
 romance; but there are few who can realize 
 how great were the sufferings endured, the 
 dangers encountered, so that well may be 
 treasured the words of those whose personal 
 recollection touches these early days, and who 
 bravely played their part in the great drama 
 whose action gave most human portrayal of 
 the elements of both tragedy and comedy. 
 
 The subject of this review, who is one of 
 the prominent and representative men of the 
 city of East Las Vegas, to whose development 
 he has contributed in a conspicuous degree, is 
 one of those who have passed through all the 
 scenes that have marked the pioneer epoch in 
 the great Southwest, must assuredly be granted 
 consideration in this compilation; and there is 
 particular interest attaching to his career, in 
 which have occurred many thrilling adven- 
 tures, some few ol which will be briefly noted 
 in this connection. Mr. Tamme is a native 
 of the Duchy of Brunswick, Germany, born on 
 the ajth of January, 1844, his ancestry having 
 long been prominent in the history of the em- 
 pire. His father was the administrator of 
 landed processes, and was a man of marked 
 intelligence and ability. Our subject was edu- 
 cated in his native land, and there acquired a 
 thorough knowledge of merchandising, devot- 
 ing himself to this line of occupation for a 
 period of five years, prior to which he had 
 taken a three years' course in commercial col- 
 lege. In the meanwhile he had read much of 
 America and of the wild, free and adventurous 
 life to be enjoyed in the far West. He soon 
 manifested his longing to secure a taste of such 
 untrammeled life, and to verify for himself the 
 
 romantic interest attaching thereto, his am- 
 bition being to hunt, fish and to meet the un- 
 tutored savage in his native haunts. 
 
 In the year 1865 his wishes assumed a 
 tangible form, and he then determined to 
 come to America. The idea which he had of 
 the life he was to lead in the New World is 
 shown in the circumstances which attended bis 
 departure : his parents fitted him out with 
 several suits of clothes, hunting boots and all 
 the accoutrements which they imagined would 
 be needed in such a country. Mr. Tamme 
 landed in New York soon after the death of 
 President Lincoln, and in company with a 
 chum he spent six months in the national me- 
 tropolis, sight-seeing and spending money with 
 considerable prodigality. Finally the funds of 
 the two came to an alarmingly low ebb, and, 
 realizing the necessity of recruiting his finan- 
 ces, they sought employment and were able to 
 secure work in different lines than they had 
 ever followed before, being variously employ- 
 ed in brick yards, in a cooper shop, and finally 
 in the harvest field, and finding little of the 
 romantic glamour which they had so confidently 
 anticipated. In the time of the harvest they 
 went to New Jersey and hired out to work in 
 the field for a "Mohawk Dutchman." They 
 were shown how to bind wheat, and our sub- 
 ject was not long in becoming quite expert in 
 the line, but his comrade was less able to ac- 
 custom himself to the new duty. Their hands 
 were tender, the grain harsh, the days hot, 
 and to keep pace with the expert men proved 
 too much for Mr. Tamme's friend, who finally 
 gave up in despair, while our subject himself 
 was nothing loath to cease operations. The 
 young men returned to New York, whence our 
 subject went to Wisconsin, where he was em- 
 ployed during the rest of the summer. He 
 was not, however, as yet satisfied with his 
 condition, since he had seen few traces of the 
 romantic life to which he had looked forward. 
 Having in his possession $150 in gold, he pur- 
 chased a ticket for Milwaukee, and he relates 
 an amusing incident relating to his trip to that 
 city. In the car which he entered he descried 
 
328 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 a crowd assembled about the seat of one of the 
 passengers. Something exciting was evidently 
 going on, and our subject determined to inves- 
 tigate it. He drew near and discovered that 
 the men were betting on the "three-card 
 monte " game. The inevitable "capper "was 
 in league with the operator, and ostensibly 
 won $20, and then withdrew. Our somewhat 
 unsophisticated subject thought he "saw a 
 sure thing," and promptly planked down three 
 of his gold eagles on a card. The invariable 
 result followed, and Mr. Tamme continued his 
 journey a sadder but wiser man. 
 
 Arriving in Milwaukee our subject sought 
 employment without success. His funds were 
 soon exhausted and he became well-nigh des- 
 perate. The night after he had thus become 
 penniless he had a peculiar dream to the effect 
 that if he would go to No. 354 East Water 
 street he would be able to secure employment. 
 So strong an impression did this dream leave 
 upon his mind that in the morning he sought 
 the address mentioned and found at that loca- 
 tion a men's furnishing goods store, owned by 
 Mr. File. Mr. Tamme made his case known 
 to the proprietor, was given employment, re- 
 taining his association with the business for one 
 year and being accorded that kindness and so- 
 licitude which would be shown a son. He had 
 not yet secured the object for which he had 
 sought on leaving his native land: so he left 
 his kind employer, proceeded to Saint Louis, 
 then to St. Joseph, Missouri, and was there 
 employed for three months by Hax & Krug, 
 furniture makers and dealers. They also were 
 kind to him and offered him a position in their 
 up-town store at a better salary, but he wished 
 to cross the plains to Denver, and with this 
 end in view he finally arranged to pay a man 
 $40 to take him across. After they had reached 
 a point one hundred miles beyond Saint Joseph 
 he was given an ox team to drive and for the 
 remainder of the distance practically made the 
 journey on foot. The train had transported 
 freight to Fort Beaufort, and after he arrived 
 at that point he engaged in making hay for the 
 Government. In the spring he returned to 
 
 Denver. About this time the Sioux Indians 
 were on the warpath, and on the stage route 
 they had committed many horrible murders 
 and other fearful atrocities. Mr. Tamme es- 
 caped, but had a chance to see much of the 
 dastardly work accomplished by the relentless 
 savages. Few people cared to take the risk of 
 their lives, and in the transportation of freight 
 from Denver to the Bijou basin the exhorbit- 
 ant rate paid was eight cents per pound. Our 
 subject was one of those intrepid enough to 
 assume the risk, and with others engaged in 
 this freighting industry, carrying a mule whip 
 in one hand and a gun in the other. 
 
 This was a precarious life, but it afforded 
 that excitement which he had so long sought. 
 Through his connection with this line of enter- 
 prise he finally came to New Mexico, where he 
 exchanged merchandise and supplies for cattle 
 and sheep. He then returned to Denver and 
 secured a Government contract to transport 
 freight to Fort Lyon. In 1869 Mr. Tamme 
 engaged in farming near Trinidad, Colorado, 
 raising crops of wheat and corn and being suc- 
 cessful in the venture. After this he made a 
 trip to Texas and for 500 miles they traveled 
 on a new route to Fort Sill. Subsequently he 
 made a trip to the Cheyenne Agency, on the 
 north fork of the Canadian river. The party 
 was escorted by a company 'of United States 
 soldiers, who offered a measure of protection 
 from the Indians. After the train had pro- 
 ceeded 300 miles up the north fork, the scouts 
 in advance came running back in hot haste, 
 and the party was ordered to form a corral at 
 once. Our subject was acting as cook, and the 
 men were soon in line for the discussion of the 
 supper which he had prepared. The soldiers 
 were stationed under cover, in a slough behind 
 the camp, and soon the party saw Indians 
 skulking up on the opposite side of the camp. 
 Mr. Tamme had a skillet of biscuits on the fire, 
 and in his hand a large iron rod which he used 
 as a poker. Three big Indians approached and 
 demanded food. Our subject told them to 
 wait until it was cooked and he would supply 
 them; whereupon one of the Indians kicked the 
 
HIS TORT Of NEW MEXICO. 
 
 3 2 9 
 
 skillet of biscuits over, and Mr. Tamme in- 
 stantly felled him with the poker. The noise 
 attracted the attention of the band of Indians 
 and they immediately rushed forth and were 
 confronted by the soldiers on the other side, 
 after which ensued a practically hand-to- 
 hand fight. Several of the white men were 
 killed and others wounded, and it was believed 
 that the loss to the Indians aggregated fully 
 fifty individuals. The savages finally retreated, 
 bearing off their dead and wounded. 
 
 On another occasion Mr. Tamme was a 
 member of a company going from Fort Lyon 
 to Fort Harker, and, being attacked by Indians, 
 they formed a corral in the road. They had a 
 fleet mare with them which they were particu- 
 larly anxious to save, and a part of the com- 
 pany excavated a trench in which they fortified 
 themselves and the mare, thus holding the red- 
 skins at bay. Finally one of the number 
 mounted the mare and made a race for the 
 fort, to secure aid from the soldiers. The In- 
 dians pursued him and he was wounded by 
 several arrows, but his trusty steed soon bore 
 him out of their reach and he finally gained the 
 fort, secured a company of soldiers and re- 
 pulsed the relentless savages. 
 
 That winter he remained at Camp Supply, 
 where he was again engaged in supplying hay 
 to the Government, and in the spring he de- 
 cided to return to Missouri in company with a 
 friend, Mr. John Hamilton, the latter of whom 
 went ahead to make arrangements, our subject 
 returning on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, where 
 he waited. He finally received a letter from 
 Hamilton urging on him the expediency of re- 
 turning to the West. The two joined company 
 and again crossed the plains, locating in Colfax 
 county, New Mexico, where they purchased a 
 tract of land and engaged in farming and stock- 
 raising. Mr. Hamilton finally went to old 
 Mexico, while our subject successfully con- 
 tinued the enterprise just noted for some time. 
 They subsequently exchanged the place for 300 
 head of cattle. 
 
 In the spring of 1875 a company was form- 
 ed to go co southern Texas to engage in cattle 
 
 raising, starting with about 3, 500 head of horses 
 and cattle, including the number owned by our 
 subject. On the way the company sold much 
 of the stock and finally decided to remain in 
 Kansas. This caused Mr. Tamme to also dis- 
 pose of his interest in the line, his pay being 
 secured partly in horses and the balance being 
 represented in notes, on which he never real- 
 ized. He procured an emigrant wagon, loaded 
 it with supples and all alone made the jour- 
 ney to Texas a distance of 700 miles. He 
 was thoroughly armed and equipped, and was 
 absolutely without fear in the midst of the 
 many dangers which surrounded him. One 
 day while driving along he heard a peculiar 
 sound and looking back descried a stalwart 
 Indian approaching on a pony. The Indian 
 in a gruff way demanded tobacco, and upon 
 being assured by our subject that he had none 
 he accepted a loaf of bread in its place, and 
 with disgruntled looks proceeded on his way. 
 After driving for some time Mr. Tamme dis- 
 cerned a cabin in the distance, and upon reach- 
 ing the same found a fire burning on the hearth, 
 but no one present. He passed on and drove 
 down a little hill into the bush, where he con- 
 cealed his horses as well as he could and pre- 
 pared to defend himself, being reinforced with 
 two good rifles, several pistols and plenty of 
 ammunition. Soon- he heard firing about half a 
 mile distant and looking out discovered that 
 the man from the cabin had been attacked by 
 Indians, while in the other direction he saw a 
 party of about fifty Indians making for the 
 house. Upon arriving they set fire to the 
 building and while they were enjoying the re- 
 sults of their deviltry the proprietor of the place 
 made his way to the spot where our subject 
 was concealed. Mr. Tamme let the man have 
 one of his guns, and they prepared to sell their 
 lives as dearly as possible. The man said 
 that their only hope of rescue was in the pos- 
 sibility of a company of cowboys approaching 
 in charge of their herds. Surely enough, when 
 all hope had fled, and they expected the In- 
 dians to attack them at any moment, a herd 
 of cattle and about twenty-five well-armed 
 
33 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 cowboys were seen in the distance, and, taking 
 alarm, the Indians dashed away as rapidly as 
 they had come, thus permitting our subject and 
 his companion to escape a cruel death. 
 
 In Texas Mr. Tamme secured a good start 
 in the cattle business, but being troubled with 
 malaria was led to dispose of his interest and 
 to return to Trinidad, where for a few years he 
 operated a flouring-mill. In 1879, in company 
 with George Ward, he came to Las Vegas, 
 which has ever since continued to be his home. 
 The two gentlemen were engaged in business 
 in the new town for a number of years, Mr. 
 Ward disposing of his interest in that city in 
 1882. The first public hall in that city had 
 been erected by J. M. Hamilton, and our sub- 
 ject and Mr. Ward rented this property for 
 $100 per month, fitted it with a small stage 
 and operated it as a theater until 1884. Hav- 
 ing determined that the city demanded superior 
 accomodations in this line, our subject then 
 erected his present fine sandstone opera-house, 
 the structure being 75 x 1 30 feet in dimensions, 
 two stories in height, with mansard roof, the 
 architecture being of pleasing design, the build- 
 ing standing as one of the handsome modern 
 business blocks in the city. The ground floor 
 is utilized for mercantile concerns, while attrac- 
 tive suites of offices are fitted up on the front 
 of the second story. The auditorium of the 
 theater is seventy-five feet square and the stage 
 35 x 50 feet. Besides the main floor, there is a 
 balcony of large seating capacity, and all the 
 appliances and accessories are those of a first- 
 class opera-house. Mr. Tamme is the popu- 
 lar manager of this theater, and supplies the 
 city with most excellent dramatic and musical 
 attractions, his efforts for the accommodation 
 and entertainment of the local public being 
 fully appreciated. He has invested quite ex- 
 tensively in real estate, improved and unim- 
 proved. 
 
 1882 Mr. Tamme was united in marriage to 
 Miss Emelie Schaefer, a native of Las Vegas, 
 New Mexico, and they are the parents of three 
 children: Eunice P., Lawrence A., and Emma 
 L. The family home is one of the most at- 
 
 tractive in East Las Vegas, and it is most 
 thoroughly appreciated by our subject, who 
 has lost his penchant for startling romance and 
 Indian warfare, and who is honored as one of 
 the city's representative and most substantial 
 citizens. He has aided in promoting nearly 
 every public enterprise of the city, has acquired 
 a competence, and is known as one of the 
 most enterprising and progressive residents of 
 the place. He aided in the incorporation of 
 the town and was a member of its first Com- 
 mon Council. He has also served two years 
 on the Board of Education, and lent his influ- 
 ence toward the erection of the fine school 
 building here, the same being the first to have 
 been built in the Territory by direct taxation. 
 He was largely instrumental in securing the 
 erection of the fine brown-stone Masonic 
 Temple. 
 
 In his fraternal relations he is prominently 
 identified with the Masonic order, having ad- 
 vanced to the Knights Templars degree, and 
 having been Recorder of his Commandery for 
 the past eleven years. 
 
 HE FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF 
 LAS VEGAS. The unerring barom- 
 eter which marks unmistakably the 
 financial condition of any nation, and 
 the factor which ever stands as the very bulwark 
 of prosperity in the protection of the higher inter- 
 ests of the commonwealth, is the banking in- 
 stitution as conducted according to conserva- 
 tive principles and with due recognition of the 
 conditions prevailing at any stated interval. 
 In the development of any community there is 
 no element of more value and imperative ne- 
 cessity than an ably managed and thoroughly 
 reliable banking house, and in this regard the 
 First National Bank of Las Vegas must be 
 accorded specific attention and absolute pre- 
 cedence, being the direct successor of the first 
 institution of the sort ever established here. 
 
 In 1876 the Raynolds brothers Jefferson, 
 Joshua and Frederick A. opened a private 
 banking house in Las Vegas, the same being 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 33 r 
 
 the first in San Miguel county. Careful and 
 honorable business methods were followed, and 
 the public appreciation of the functions and 
 reliability of the institution was not denied. 
 The bank gained a representative support, and 
 its business increased so rapidly in extent that, 
 three years after its inception, the projectors 
 found it expedient to incorporate under char- 
 ter as the First National Bank of Las Vegas. 
 At the time of incorporation the capital stock 
 was placed at $50,000, and the enterprise con- 
 tinued to grow in popularity and in extent of 
 operations until it was eventually found neces- 
 sary to augment the capital, which was in- 
 creased to $100,000 in 1883. The solid finan- 
 cial status of the institution is shown in the 
 fact that its surplus now (1895) reaches the 
 notable aggregate of $50,000. 
 
 During the entire history of the bank Mr. 
 Jefferson Raynolds has directed its affairs from 
 the chief executive position as president, the 
 other members of the official corps at the pres- 
 ent time being as follows : John W. Zollers, 
 vice president; and A. B. Smith, cashier. The 
 institution is recognized as one of the stanchest 
 in the Territory, and its business is constantly in- 
 creasing in extent and importance, the concern 
 being an effective conservator of the interests of 
 not only its stockholders and patrons, but also of 
 those of the entire Territory. 
 
 HNTONIO CIPRINO GUTIERREZ. - 
 Holding distinctive precedence as one 
 of the native sons of New Mexico, as 
 a descendant of one of the distin- 
 guished old Spanish families of the Territory, 
 and as the incumbent in an important official 
 position that as Clerk of Colfax county 
 and of the Probate Court of the same 
 there is a particular consistency in incorporat- 
 ing in this volume a review of the life history 
 of this honored resident of the thriving village 
 of Springer. 
 
 Our subject was born in Santa Fe county, 
 New Mexico, near the course where the Rio 
 Grande pursues its majestic way, the date of 
 
 his nativity having been September 7, 1847. 
 His great-grandfather, Pedro Ascencio Gutier- 
 rez, was born in old Castile, Spain, being a 
 representative of one of the old and aristocratic 
 families of that fair land. He was married 
 there and upon emigrating to the New World 
 was accompanied by his devoted bride. They 
 came to New Mexico, were among the early 
 settlers of the Territory, and from these excel- 
 lent people have descended all the members of 
 the family of that name in the Territory. The 
 father of our subject was Juan N. Gutierrez, 
 who was born in Bernalillo, where he was 
 reared to mature years. He married Filomena 
 Santiestiven, and they became the parents of 
 five sons and two daughters, only three of 
 which number now survive. Juan N. Gutier- 
 rez was a man of prominence in the affairs of 
 the Territory, was a Captain of volunteers at 
 the time when that organization of brave men 
 pursued and punished the Navajo Indians, 
 whose depredations and atrocities had imper- 
 iled the lives and property of the settlers. He 
 was a member of the Territorial Legislature 
 and Council for seven terms, and was one of 
 New Mexico's most influential and honored 
 sons. His death occurred in Colorado, at the 
 venerable age of seventy-two years, and his 
 widow still survives, being now (1895) eighty- 
 seven years old. She is a faithful and devoted 
 adherent of the Roman Catholic Church, as 
 was also her honored husband. 
 
 Antonio C. Gutierrez, the immediate sub- 
 ject of this review, was the third child in order 
 of birth. He received his educational disci- 
 pline in the Saint Benedict College, at Atchi- 
 son, Kansas, and the University at St. Louis, 
 Missouri. After he had completed his studies 
 he returned to New Mexico, and here com- 
 menced active operations by engaging in the 
 raising of cattle and sheep upon a somewhat 
 extensive scale, in which important line of in- 
 dustry he has ever since continued, having 
 been very successful in his efforts, which have 
 been most intelligently and carefully directed. 
 He is the proprietor of a fine ranch of 406 
 acres, and here has a most attractive nome, 
 
33* 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 where he passes a portion of his time each 
 year. 
 
 In his political proclivities our subject has 
 ever been a Republican of the stalwart type, 
 and has rendered an active support to his party, 
 doing much to further its interests in the Ter- 
 ritory. For a time Mr. Gutierrez maintained 
 his residence in Colorado, and within that in- 
 terval he held official preferment as Treasurer 
 of Las Animas county, Colorado, and County 
 Commissioner. In Colorado he has served as 
 interpreter of both houses of the Legislative 
 Assembly and also of the District Court, his 
 intellectual attainments and perfect knowledge 
 of both the Spanish and English languages 
 giving him particular prestige in this line. 
 
 In 1894 Mr. Gutierrez was elected to his 
 present office as County Clerk and Clerk of the 
 District Court, to the responsible duties of 
 which he brings a marked capacity for detail 
 work and a perfect appreciation of the func- 
 tions of the office. His service has gained him 
 the hearty commendation and endorsement of 
 all classes of people. He is known as one of 
 the representative men of the county, and en- 
 joys a marked popularity and the esteem of the 
 people of the community. 
 
 The marriage of our subject to Miss Clara 
 F. Salezar was solemnized in 1872, she being 
 a native of New Mexico and a member of one 
 of the prominent Spanish families of the Ter- 
 ritory. To our subject and his estimable wife 
 have been born eight sons, namely: Henry 
 C. , Benjamin F., E. Ulysses, Cipriano E. , 
 Juan Virgil, Jose Demothnes, Juan Cristomo 
 and Fred Ortensio. The family are zealous 
 adherents of the Catholic Church and they are 
 held in high estimation in the social circles of 
 the attractive village where they retain their 
 residence. 
 
 ^j J. SHULER, M. D. Back to that 
 
 J cradle of our national history, the Old 
 
 / J Dominion State, must we go to learn of 
 
 the initial stages in the life record of the 
 
 subject of this review, a man who has signal 
 
 prestige as the pioneer physician of Raton, 
 New Mexico, a man of high attainments and 
 marked professional ability. The Doctor was 
 born in Page county, Virginia, on the 23d of 
 July, 1858, being of German and English line- 
 age, his ancestors having been pioneer settlers 
 in the county noted. There they were seized 
 of extensive land grants, which they had se- 
 cured from King George, of England, and upon 
 which five generations of the family were born 
 and reared. There John Shuler, the father of 
 our subject, was united in marriage to Miss 
 Mary A. Kite, a native of Virginia, and also a 
 a descendant of one of the old and prominent 
 families who had come hither from England. 
 
 John and Mary Shuler became the parents 
 of eleven children, of whom are living at the 
 present time four sons and four daughters. 
 The venerable father and mother still reside on 
 the old homestead in Virginia, he having at- 
 tained the age of eighty years and she that of 
 seventy-five. They are zealous members of 
 the Lutheran Church, and are held in the high- 
 est estimation in the county where their long 
 and useful lives have been passed. 
 
 Dr. Shuler, who was the youngest son of 
 the family, received his preliminary education 
 in the Polytechnic Institute, New Market, Vir- 
 ginia, and subsequently made ready to take up 
 that course of preparation which would fit him 
 for the profession which he determined to 
 make his vocation in life. He accordingly 
 matriculated in the medical department of the 
 University of Virginia, where he was graduated 
 in 1879, after which he entered the medical 
 department of the University of New York 
 city, completed the course and graduated 
 within the following year. 
 
 Thus thoroughly re-enforced for the active 
 duties of his profession, he came direct to 
 Raton, and here entered actively upon the 
 practice of medicine. His efforts have been at- 
 tended with eminent success, and he has gained 
 a large and representative patronage. His ability 
 has gained recognition in his having been chosen 
 to the important preferment as one of the staff 
 of physicians and surgeons of the Atchison, 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 333 
 
 Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. He has also 
 held a similar incumbency for the Raton Coal 
 & Coking Company, where his general prac- 
 tice has extended far beyond the local confines 
 of the flourishing little city of his residence. 
 At the time of the Doctor's locating here, 
 Raton was but a small hamlet, and from that 
 early period he has been most intimately iden- 
 tified with the development and progress of the 
 place which is now one of New Mexico's most 
 attractive towns. He has invested to a con- 
 siderable extent in real estate here, and has 
 erected an excellent business block, as well as 
 one of the most handsome residences in the 
 place. He was one of the original stockhold- 
 ers in and assisted in the organization of the 
 Raton Water Company; while to every enter- 
 prise tending to subserve the best interests of 
 the town, he has lent his quota of influence 
 and tangible assistance. 
 
 He holds high rank in the professional cir- 
 cles of the Territory, and is held in the highest 
 esteem by his medical confreres, being a mem- 
 ber of the Territorial Board of Health of New 
 Mexico. 
 
 Turning to the more purely domestic pages 
 in the life history of our honorable subject, we 
 find that on the 3ist of January, 1884, was 
 consummated his marriage to Miss Mollie K. 
 Davis, daughter of Rev. C. A. Davis, who was 
 pastor of the First Cumberland Presbyterian 
 Church of Memphis, Tennessee, where he lost 
 his life in 1867, while ministering to the yellow 
 fever sufferers of that year, thus offering him- 
 self a willing sacrifice in aiding his fellow men. 
 Dr. and Mrs. Shuler are the parents of two 
 daughters, Evlyn and Winnifred, both of whom 
 were born in Raton. In his religious adherency 
 our subject is a prominent supporter of the 
 Presbyterian Church, with which Mrs. Shuler 
 is also intimately identified. 
 
 Politically, Dr. Shuler is a staunch Demo- 
 crat, and while in no sense an office-seeker he 
 has rendered his party an active support and 
 having served efficiently for two years as a 
 member of the common council of Raton. His 
 chief interest, however, lies in his professional 
 
 work, to which he is eminently devoted, giving 
 almost his entire attention to the care of sick 
 and suffering, and never refusing to minister to 
 those who need his care, be their station in 
 life what it may. Such a man is most clearly 
 a public benefit, and is deserving of the confi- 
 dence and affection of his fellow men, since to 
 them are his life's efforts practically conse- 
 crated. 
 
 (D 
 
 ARTIN A. McMARTIN, Raton's 
 highly respected pioneer merchant, 
 was born in St. Andrews, Canada, 
 on the 8th of January, 1837, an d is 
 of Highland Scotch ancestry. His grandfather, 
 John McMartin, was born in the Highlands of 
 Scotland, and leaving his native land crossed 
 the Atlantic to America, locating in Canada, 
 where he spent his remaining days. He was 
 an ardent member of the Presbyterian Church, 
 and lived to be ninety years of age. His son, 
 Duncan McMartin, the father of our subject, 
 was born in New Brunswick and married Martha 
 Liscom, a native of St. Andrews, Canada, and 
 a descendant of an old Vermont family. Her 
 grandfather and several of his brothers 
 were soldiers in the war of the Revolu- 
 tion. Mr. and Mrs. McMartin continued to 
 reside at St. Andrews, where he successfully 
 followed farming, a prominent and highly re- 
 spected citizen of the community. He held 
 membership with the Baptist Church and also 
 died when about ninety years of age, while his 
 wife passed away in her seventy-eighth year. 
 They reared a family of ten children, of whom 
 five are still living, Martin A. being the sixth 
 in order of birth. 
 
 Mr. McMartin of this record obtained his 
 education in the public schools of his native 
 town and remained under the parental roof un- 
 til he had attained his majority, when he started 
 out in life for himself. He made his way to 
 the State of Mississippi, where he took con- 
 tracts for furnishing woo t d to steamboats, car- 
 rying on business in that line for two years. 
 In 1859 he crossed the plains with ox-teams to 
 
334 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Pike's Peak, joining a company of twenty-seven 
 men who took with them a year's provisions, 
 consisting of flour, coffee, tea, sugar, bacon 
 and soda. They were on the journey for over 
 a month, but at length arrived in safety and en- 
 gaged in mining in Russell's Gulch, being thus 
 employed until cold weather compelled him to 
 abandon that work. He was quite successful, 
 making on an average of $10 per day. On 
 leaving Colorado he came to New Mexico* 
 spending the winter in Taos, and in the spring 
 went to Leadville, and while on their way over 
 the Raton mountains, immediately over where 
 the railroad tunnel now is, they were suddenly 
 attacked by Indians and one of their party was 
 killed. The party continued on to Leadville, 
 by way of Canyon City. There, in connection 
 with his brothers, Samuel and F. H., he 
 worked a claim in California Gulch, on the 
 shares, taking out $32,000 in three months. 
 They then spent the winter in Taos, and in the 
 spring began the search for gold in San Juan 
 county, Colorado, but their efforts met with 
 failure. They saw plenty of quartz, but did 
 not understand the working of it. 
 
 Mr. McMartin and his brothers went 
 through many of the experiences that fall to 
 the lot of the frontiersman. The following 
 fall they started for Arizona, but were stopped 
 at Fort Union by the United States soldiers, 
 who thought that they might be going to join 
 the Confederate army ; so they remained at 
 that place for two years trading with the In- 
 dians, when they obtained permission to pro- 
 ceed on their journey, and went to Prescott, 
 Arizona. That city had just been platted. 
 From there Mr. McMartin went on horseback 
 to the city of Mexico, but subsequently re- 
 turned and remained in the vicinity of Pres- 
 cott for four years, acting as guide, scout and 
 interpreter for the soldiers. He participated 
 in as many as fifty engagements with the hos- 
 tile Indians, was seven times wounded and on 
 one occasion an arrow cut the skin on the back 
 of his hand so badly tjiat his comrades sewed 
 it together with buckskin strings. One that 
 has not engaged in such a life cannot realize 
 
 the peril and hardships which attend it. The 
 soldiers of the North and South met each 
 other in open battle, but these men had to 
 deal with the treachery of the wily savage, 
 who without honor or principle in methods of 
 warfare would as readily attack an unarmed 
 man as one who was prepared for the en- 
 counter. Mr. McMartin was noted far his 
 bravery and courage and his fidelity to duty. 
 
 Mr. McMartin, on leaving Arizona, came 
 to New Mexico and opened a store in Loma 
 Parda, in Mora county, had charge of the post- 
 office of that place and traded for cattle and 
 all kinds of produce. He was also engaged in 
 the stock business, in partnership with his 
 brother Samuel, and when the railroad was 
 built to Otero they removed to that place and 
 purchased a frame building, which is now the 
 post-office of Raton. It was built within 
 eighteen miles of Kansas City and was in sec- 
 tions which were put together by hooks. It 
 was then moved from one station along the 
 road to another as the road was being built 
 until it reached Otero, when it became the 
 property of Mr. McMartin. In 1880 he re- 
 moved it to Raton, and for four years carried 
 on business therein, it being the first store 
 building in the place. 
 
 When Mr. McMartin arrived in Raton it 
 contained about 200 inhabitants, living in 
 tents, in box cars and in dug-outs. The first 
 permanent settlers were Reuben Letton, 
 George J. Pace and L. Shields. The cow- 
 boys made this town their headquarters and 
 sometimes held high carnival here. On one 
 occasion in a drunken riot six men were killed 
 and one man was hung. It was a time of in- 
 tense excitement; but, through the coolness 
 and good management of Mr. Letton, Mr. 
 Pace, Mr. McMartin and others, further blood- 
 shed was prevented and peace was restored. 
 In 1884 Mr. McMartin sold out his mercantile 
 interests and engaged in buying property and 
 building up the town, since which time he has 
 successfully carried on the real-estate busi- 
 ness. 
 
 In 1888 Mr. McMartin was united in mar- 
 
HIS TOR T OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 335 
 
 riage with Mrs. H. H. Able, widow of Captain 
 Able, of the United States Cavalry. He has 
 erected a fine residence on an eminence over- 
 looking the city, and the home stands in the 
 midst of beautiful grounds covering six acres, 
 which are ornamented with trees and shrub- 
 bery, and it is a delightful abode in which to 
 spend the evening of a useful and honorable 
 life. 
 
 Mr. McMartin has been a prominent factor 
 in the upbuilding and advancement of Raton, 
 and his able service during the Indian outrages 
 won him the gratitude and regard of the early 
 settlers. He is not only master of the English 
 tongue, but can also speak Spanish and several 
 Indian languages. He has the good will of 
 all with whom he has come in contact, and 
 Raton numbers him among its most valued 
 citizens. 
 
 EON. LARKIN GREGORY READ, 
 one of New Mexico's most valued 
 citizens, is a native son of the Terri- 
 tory, born in Santa Fe May 26, 1856. 
 His father was Benjamin Franklin Read, a na- 
 tive of Baltimore, Maryland. Their ancestry is 
 traceable to Hon. George Read, who was one 
 of the signers of the Declaration of Independ- 
 ence. Our subject's father came to the Terri- 
 tory with General Kearny in 1846, with the 
 rank of Captain in the United States army, 
 and served in the war with Mexico. After 
 coming to Santa Fe he had charge of the Com- 
 missary Department at Fort Marcy. Mr. 
 Read was married in 1848 to Miss Ygnacia 
 Cano. Her father, Ygnacio Cano, was the 
 owner of the original Ortiz grant, on which 
 the famous Ortiz mine was located, a property 
 that for many years produced vast treasures of 
 gold, and the title to which was in litigation 
 for about twenty years. The o wners were finally 
 defrauded of the entire property. There were 
 born to Captain and Mrs. Read three sons 
 Alexander, Benjamin M. and Larkin. 
 
 The latter was only two years old when his 
 father died, leaving the widow with her three 
 
 little sons and no means; but the loving mother 
 was worthy of the great responsibility, and, 
 although often in want, impressed the young 
 minds with such honesty and self-reliance that 
 each one of the boys grew to be men of abil- 
 ity, influence and integrity. To her untiring 
 efforts in their behalf they give the highest 
 praise. When only seven years of age Larkin 
 began to aid in earning his own support, work- 
 ing in the summer to pay his tuition in the 
 winter, and while thus struggling for life and 
 an education the privations which they endured 
 can not be portrayed in words. Suffice it to 
 say that they often lived on one meal a day. 
 By the light of their pitch fire in the little 
 hovel Mr. Read studied his lessons, which he 
 nearly always mastered and recited creditably 
 at St. Michael's College, and many times he 
 was able to help his schoolmates solve the 
 problems, for which they paid -him in marbles 
 and sometimes in nickels. As he advanced in 
 his studies he taught in the college, and 
 finally, when eighteen years of age, became a 
 member of the faculty. He completed his 
 course in the college in 1871, but remained 
 there as a teacher for the following five years, 
 and in the meantime was private secretary and 
 interpreter for Governor Giddings. While in 
 his employ a little incident occurred in the life 
 of the boy which in after life has afforded him 
 much pleasure. The Governor sent him to 
 the bank to cash a $150 draft. By mistake 
 the cashier gave him $1,500. The boy saw 
 the mistake, but carried the money to the 
 Governor, who sent him back to the cashier 
 with the $1,350, and the latter gave him a 
 note to carry to the Governor. It contained 
 thanks for the correction of the error, with an 
 order that young Read should get as good a 
 suit of. clothes as he could find. He returned 
 home to his mother much elated, but the lat- 
 ter, wishing to verify everything, went with 
 him to the Governor, Becoming convinced 
 that the beautiful suit of clothes was a reward 
 for his honesty, she clasped him to her heart 
 and wept with joy. 
 
 - At the request of Archbishop Lamy in 1877 
 
336 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Mr. Read went to Taos to take charge of a 
 private school. He had a wonderful success. 
 In 1878 he taught a public school in Colo- 
 rado, was afterward examined and received a 
 first-class certificate, and again engaged in 
 teaching in Taos until 1883, and in the mean- 
 time had read law. He was also for a time 
 interpreter at the Pueblo Indian agency at 
 Santa Fe; for the following year he was en- 
 gaged by the commissioners, along with his 
 brother Benjamin M., as translators for the 
 revision of the laws of New Mexico, a work 
 which required nearly a year, and for which 
 they received many compliments. He was 
 translator for the Territory several years. In 
 1886 Mr. Read passed an excellent examina- 
 tion before Judge Axtell, Colonel Pritchard 
 and Major Breeden, and was admitted to the 
 bar, immediately entering upon the practice of 
 his profession. In 1892 he was appointed by 
 Governor Prince a member of the Board of 
 Penitentiary Commissioners, of which he was 
 subsequently elected Secretary, and at the 
 same time was made a member of the School 
 Board of Santa Fe. Under the incorporate 
 law of 1891 he was elected President of the 
 Board, and thus has the honor of being the 
 President of the first Board of Education of 
 this city. 
 
 Mr. Read is a Catholic of broad ideas, and 
 on several occasions he gave utterance to very 
 patriotic sentiments, which commended him 
 to every patriotic citizen. Among other things 
 he said: "We Catholics are glad to obey the 
 laws under which we live, the most generous, 
 the most liberal laws ever drafted by man, 
 laws which made it possible for this great nation 
 to lead all others in education, in progress and 
 in happiness. Education has done this. I 
 think a man can be a good Catholic and a good 
 citizen at the same time. In fact, a man can- 
 not be a good Catholic without being a good 
 citizen. I think the common schools of the 
 United States the glorious inheritance of the 
 rising generation. Our perfected school sys- 
 tem tends to secure the permanence of our 
 American institutions. It makes it possible for 
 
 the children of all denominations to breathe 
 the free air of liberty. Any system of schools 
 must be good that has produced such men as 
 Grant, Garfield, Lincoln and a myriad of 
 others who have helped to make this country 
 what it is. Were it not for the generosity of 
 our American institutions no denomination 
 could live in this country. The air we breathe 
 in the United States is too free for any mental 
 slave to live in. Religion is the concern of the 
 individual. Education is a public concern to 
 which the general Government is committed. 
 Religion should be in the bosom of every man, 
 in his home and in the recesses of the inner 
 temple, but education belongs to all people 
 by right, be their religion what it may. " 
 
 It is exceedingly gratifying- to the people of 
 New Mexico that they had a native of the soil 
 of this rich and beautiful land who proved him- 
 self to be almost inspired for the position he 
 took on the great question which lies so near 
 the heart of every lover of his country and civil 
 liberty. 
 
 Under Mr. Read's administration of schools 
 capable and efficient teachers were procured, 
 bells were put upon the school buildings, and 
 the free-school system became one of the 
 highly prized institutions of New Mexico. 
 April 28, 1893, the United States flag, that 
 emblem of liberty, for the first time in the ed- 
 ucational history of the city, was raised over 
 the high school and other school buildings. 
 Arbor Day was celebrated, at which the school 
 children delivered very creditable and interest- 
 ing exercises. Among other things trees were 
 planted, one to the memory of George Wash- 
 ington, the father of the country; one to Abra- 
 ham Lincoln, the beloved patriot and states- 
 man; and one to Hon. Larkin G. Read, Presi- 
 dent of the Board of Education of the city. 
 On that occasion Master Claire Webber, one 
 of the pupils of the school, delivered the fol- 
 lowing remarks: " To L. G. Read, President 
 of the Board of Edcation of Santa Fe, we 
 dedicate this tree. May it thrive from year to 
 year. May its trunk grow strong and sturdy, 
 so that it may withstand the storms of many 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 337 
 
 winters. May its branches shelter the little 
 children who assemble here from year to year 
 as carefully and as zealously as L. G. Read has 
 guarded the public-school question in Santa 
 Fe. " Miss Stella Sloan made the following 
 remarks: "And I will be the guardian of this 
 tree. I will see that no harm comes to it, that 
 no careless. hand be laid upon it. In my care 
 for this tree I will be aided by all the public- 
 school children of this city; for to him to whom 
 we dedicate this tree we owe a debt of grati- 
 tude. By his untiring efforts we are enabled 
 to acquire an education, which will enable us 
 to take our places on the great battle-field of 
 life." 
 
 Not only at Santa Fe were his efforts ap- 
 preciated, but the people of the entire country 
 applauded his indefatigable activity in behalf of 
 that bulwark of American freedom, the pub- 
 lic schools. The School Journal of Michigan 
 published a good picture of him, sending him 
 100 of them to give to his friends. 
 
 Mr. Read has made a special study of the 
 Spanish language for over twenty-years, and is 
 considered not only a good speaker and writer 
 of the immortal language of 'Cervantes, but he j 
 is also generally regarded as an authority. As 
 a criminal lawyer he is the equal of any young 
 man, forcible in his arguments, carrying the 
 jury with him with unabated attention. As an 
 old criminal attorney remarked at one time, 
 when Mr. Read was arguing to the jury in a 
 murder case: "That young man has such a 
 knowledge of nature, such magnetism, and 
 speaks with such unction that I doubt whether 
 any jury could resist him even if they tried." 
 (Mr. Read has not lost a single murder case 
 yet.) At another time the old judge was listen- 
 ing so intently to Mr. Read's argument in a 
 murder case and was so moved by his argu- 
 ment that he forgot to write his instructions to 
 the jury, as was the custom, while the attor- 
 neys addressed the jury; but, leaving the bench, '' 
 he went to where Mr. Read was and congrat- 
 ulated him, bathed in tears, saying: " I would 
 not have made that defense for less than $5,- 
 
 ooo. " Mr. Read did not get a cent in this ; 
 22 
 
 case! He was appointed by the court to de- 
 fend, and cleared his man. 
 
 February 25, 1877, Mr. Read was united 
 in marriage with Miss Teodora Martinez, the 
 granddaughter of A. Jose Martinez, who has 
 the credit of bringing the first printing-press to 
 New Mexico. In 1842 he published a little 
 book, entitled Instituciones de Derecho Real 
 de Castilla y de India s." Mr. Read still has a 
 volume in his possession, which he values very 
 highly as the first book printed in the Territory. 
 Two children survive to the union, James 
 Bossuet and Dornitila, the former attending 
 the city high school and the latter the public 
 school. After Mrs. Read's death, our subject 
 was married, in November, 1889, to Miss 
 Felicitas Trujillo, who is now the beloved 
 partner of his life and the sharer of his sor- 
 rows and joys. They have a pleasant home in 
 Santa Fe. Mr. Read is a lover of New Mex- 
 ico, losing no opportunity to further her in- 
 terests, and, as he may be said to be a self- 
 made man, he is a credit to the land of his birth. 
 
 *y * IRAM B. CARTWRIGHT is the senior 
 j"\ member of the firm of H. B. Cart- 
 r wright & Brother, and a leading rep- 
 resentative of the business interests of 
 Santa Fe. A native of Des Moines county, 
 Iowa, he was born on the 2Qth of November, 
 1852, and is of English descent. His father, 
 W. H. Cartwright, was born in New York, and 
 in 1835 both the paternal and maternal grand- 
 fathers removed with their respective families to 
 Iowa, and became pioneer settlers. The former, 
 Rev. Daniel G. Cartwright, was a Methodist 
 minister. He and his brother were the first 
 itinerant preachers in the State, and had much 
 to do with the establishment and upbuilding of 
 Methodism in Iowa. His death occurred in 
 the seventy-seventh year of his age. The ma- 
 ternal grandfather, Dr. Samuel Fullenweider, 
 was one of the earliest practicing physicians of 
 that part of the Hawkeye State, a prominent 
 character in the history of the community. 
 His Life has been a long and useful one, and he 
 
338 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 now resides in Creston, Iowa, at the advanced 
 age of ninety-one years. 
 
 W. H. Cartwright, the father of Santa Fe's 
 successful merchant, was married in Iowa to 
 Miss Miriam Fullenweider, and they reared a 
 family of eight children. The mother died in 
 1 870, but the father is still living, having 
 reached the age of seventy-two years. Through- 
 out his life he has followed merchandising and 
 is justly regarded as one of the worthy and re- 
 liable business men of his adopted State. 
 
 H. B. Cartwright, the eldest son of the 
 family, acquired his education in the public 
 schools, and at the age of sixteen began his 
 connection with the mercantile business as a 
 clerk in his father's store. There he became 
 familiar with business plans and methods, and 
 the experience which he there acquired has 
 proved of much value to him in later years. 
 In 1878 he left his old home and went to Kan- 
 sas, where he was employed in the same ca- 
 pacity until the spring of 1879, the date of 
 his arrival in Santa Fe. With the desire to 
 conduct a business of his own, he opened a 
 small book-store, which he carried on for two 
 years, with a fair degree of success. He then 
 sold out and in 1881 established a grocery store, 
 which he has since conducted. His trade has 
 constantly increased, and from a small begin- 
 ning has grown to extensive proportions. It is 
 now the largest business of the kind in the city, 
 and covers nearly an entire block at the corner 
 of San Francisco and Gasper streets. After 
 a time Mr. Cartwright was joined by his broth- 
 er under the present firm style. They now 
 carry a full and complete stock of groceries, 
 provisions and fruits, and large quantities of 
 hay and grain, and do an annual business that 
 would be a credit to a city five times the size 
 of Santa Fe. Mr. Cartwright is a wide-awake, 
 enterprising business man, who has won suc- 
 cess through well-directed effort, through per- 
 severance, and through untiring energy. He 
 is systematic and methodical, and exercises a 
 careful management, which has proven an im- 
 portant factor in his prosperity. 
 
 Since coming to New Mexico, Mr. Cart- 
 
 wright has been convinced of the prosperous 
 future of the Territory, and has constantly 
 done all in his power to adorn and improve the 
 city of Santa Fe and enhance its best interests. 
 He has made considerable investments in real 
 estate, and now owns several buildings and is 
 half owner in the Exchange Hotel. He is also 
 engaged to some extent in mining; was one of 
 the organizers of the Santa Fe Telephone 
 Company, of which he is now president, and 
 is the president of the New Mexico Telephone 
 Company, which has built a line from Santa 
 Fe to several other cities of the Territory. He 
 is now serving his second term as County Treas- 
 urer of Santa Fe county. He is also a director 
 in the Electric Light Company. Through the 
 legitimate channels of business he has achieved 
 a success, and belongs to that type of Ameri- 
 can citizens, progressive and enterprising, 
 who promote the public welfare while advanc- 
 ing individual prosperity. Socially he is a 
 Scottish-rite Mason and a charter member of 
 the Knights of Pythias fraternity of Santa Fe. 
 His brother, Samuel G. Cartwright, who 
 became a member of the firm in 1892, is a grad- 
 uate of the academic department of the State 
 University of Iowa. He married Miss Bertha 
 Straub, of Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, and they are 
 pleasantly located in their happy home in Santa 
 Fe. The firm of H. B. Cartwright & Brother 
 stands very high in the confidence of its pa- 
 trons, and its members have the esteem of all 
 their fellow citizens. 
 
 ON. BENJAMIN M. READ, a distin- 
 guished member of the bar of New 
 Mexico, is a native son, born at Las 
 Cruces in 1853. On the paternal 
 side he is a descendant of Honorable George 
 Read, of Delaware, a participant in the Revo- 
 lutionary war and one of the signers of the 
 Declaration of Independence. Later the 
 family were prominent citizens of Baltimore, 
 Maryland, where our subject's father, Ben- 
 jamin Franklin Read, was born. He was edu- 
 cated in the South, and came to New Mexico 
 
HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 339 
 
 in 1846. He was a man of intelligence and 
 ability, having served as agent for the Govern- 
 ment, and was also appointed superintendent 
 of the erection of the Federal building at Santa 
 Fe. Soon after coming to this Territory, Mr. 
 Read was married to Miss Ignacia Cano, a na- 
 tive of New Mexico and a daughter of Ignacio 
 Cano, who was born in old Mexico and after- 
 ward came to this Territory, and was the dis- 
 coverer of the famous Ortiz mine, the first 
 gold and silver mine worked in the Territory, 
 and it produced great treasures. Like most 
 such miners, his claim was contested after his 
 death, and was in court many years. He was 
 a man of prominence and wealth. 
 
 Mr. Read departed this life in 1857, at 
 about the age of fifty years, but his widow sur- 
 vived until 1878. They had three sons, 
 Alexander, Benjamin M. and Larkin G., 
 all of whom are lawyers and men of promi- 
 nence in the land of their birth. Their father's 
 property had been spent in litigation over the 
 title to the mine, and the widow was left with 
 her three small sons to support, a work which 
 she attended to with great faithfulness, but 
 the children were often thinly claa and had 
 little to eat. 
 
 Benjamin M. Read, the second child in 
 order of birth, was only three years of age 
 when his father died. He was educated at St. 
 Michael's College, and gives the following little 
 incident of his boyhood while at school. On 
 one of their examination days, attired in scant 
 and ragged clothes, he was asked to demon- 
 strate a problem in mathematics. While at 
 the board Bishop Larny asked the teacher 
 why the boy was not in the first class. He 
 replied that he was the son of a widow who 
 had three sons and unable to furnish them the 
 books they required. The good bishop then 
 instructed her to buy them all the books they 
 needed and charge it to him. Mr. Read now 
 says that he can never be too grateful for that 
 act of kindness, and shall ever do all in his 
 power to perpetuate his memory. Governor 
 Connely was also present at the examination, 
 two of his own sons having attended the col- 
 
 lege, and he told them to bring that little boy 
 home with them. They did so, and the 
 Governor and his wife gave him a good suit of 
 clothes and a large basket of provisions to take 
 home to his mother. The latter, thinking that 
 he had asked for help, punished him, and re- 
 turned with him to see that it was as he had 
 stated. Now that Mr. Read has become a 
 successful lawyer and a citizen of prominence, 
 this little incident should be a source of en- 
 couragement to every poor boy struggling for 
 an education. Mr. Read completed his course 
 in the college some years before it was incor- 
 porated, and there was then no authority 
 to grant diplomas; but there is no question 
 that our subject was one of its brightest pupils, 
 and has since reflected credit upon his precep- 
 tors and the college. 
 
 In 1869, after leaving school, Mr. Read 
 went to Kit Carson, and engaged in railroad- 
 ing, and advanced step by step from a section 
 hand until he was promoted to the position of 
 conductor. In 1871 he returned to New 
 Mexico and received the appointment of priv- 
 ate secretary to Governor Marsh Giddings; 
 in 1875 he was employed as a teacher in St. 
 Michael's College, also having charge of the 
 city schools until 1880; in the following year 
 was appointed private secretary to Governor 
 Sheldon, translator for the Legislature and 
 Deputy United States Marshal, and in 1884 he 
 became the Chief Clerk of the Legislative 
 Council. 
 
 While in the office of Governor Sheldon, 
 Mr. Read began the study of law, which he 
 continued about three years, was admitted to 
 the bar in 1885, and immediately entered upon 
 a lucrative and successful practice. His first 
 three cases were of such importance that he 
 acquired a good legal standing, the first being 
 a murder case, the second a perjury and the 
 third an election law case. He won all three 
 cases, since which time his practice has steadi- 
 ly increased, and he now has numerous land 
 and pension cases with the Government. 
 
 Mr. Read was one of the organizers of the 
 New Mexico Bar Association, and in 1889 de- 
 
34 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 livered before them an address on the defects 
 of the laws of the Territory, in which he made 
 recommendations that were adopted and be- 
 came law. He was elected to the Territorial 
 Legislature in 1891, but, although legally 
 elected, was ousted by the Democratic Legisla- 
 ture, having not even been allowed a hearing. 
 In the next campaign he was again a candidate 
 for the same office, member of the Thirtieth 
 Legislative Assembly, receiving a majority of 
 nearly 500 votes over the man who had de- 
 prived him, through the Legislature of 1891, 
 of his seat. Mr. Read was one of the organ- 
 izers of the Republican League of New Mexico, 
 and in 1889 was their delegate to the national 
 convention held in Baltimore. He also had 
 the honor of being elected Vice-President of 
 the League for New Mexico. At the expira- 
 tion of his term he received a re-election, and 
 represented the league at the convention held 
 at Denver in June, 1894, and was also one of 
 the delegates to the Cleveland convention of 
 the league in June, 1895. Mr. Read has been a 
 faithful worker for the interests of the Repub- 
 licans, and since 1876 has attended every Ter- 
 ritorial convention. When Archbishop Chap- 
 elle came to Santa Fe to enter upon the du- 
 ties of his office he was accompanied by sev- 
 eral archbishops from other portions of the 
 country. The event being a great one in the 
 history of the Territory and the Catholic 
 Church, the citizens gave a grand reception, at 
 which Governor Prince was appointed to de- 
 liver the English address of welcome, and Mr. 
 Read had the honor of being chosen to deliver 
 a similar one in Spanish, which he did with 
 , great credit to himself and the highest satisfac- 
 tion to his fellow citizens. 
 
 Mr. Read was married in 1876 to Miss As- 
 cention Silva, who died .two years later. In 
 1880 he was united in marriage with her sister, 
 Miss Magdalena Silva, and they had seven 
 children, three now living, Josephine, Emilia 
 and Candida. The wife and mother departed 
 this life in May, 1892. In the following April 
 our subject married Miss Onofre Ortiz, a daugh- 
 ter of Captain Rafael Oritz y Chavez, a Captain 
 
 in the Federal army. She is a lady of refine- 
 ment and an accomplished artist and musician. 
 They have a beautiful residence, and on their 
 large grounds Mr. Reed is raising a variety of 
 fruits, showing the wonderful productive power 
 of the country in that direction. They are ac- 
 ceptable members of the Catholic Church. Mr. 
 Read is an enthusiast on education, is well in- 
 formed on the general topics of the day, and 
 is doing all in his power to promote the best 
 interests of New Mexico, the land of his birth. 
 
 HE WATER AND IMPROVEMENT 
 COMPANY. The beginning of the 
 present water-works of Santa Fe was 
 made by a company of residents in 
 1880. In 1892 the plant was purchased by 
 The Municipal Investment Company of Chi- 
 cago, and by them, under the direction of their 
 chief engineer, J. M. Howells, has been con- 
 structed during the past two years the present 
 magnificent water system, comprising a dam 
 1,200 feet long, 320 feet wide at the bottom 
 and 85 feet high, enclosing a reservoir of 
 150,000,000 gallons' capacity, in the can- 
 yon of the Santa Fe river, three miles 
 above the city, and covers the city sub- 
 urbs. The city system proper is now com- 
 plete, but additional reservoirs in connection, 
 for irrigation of the valuable lands in the Santa 
 Fe valley below the city, are in course of 
 construction. The whole scheme involves an 
 investment of more than a half million dollars. 
 A novel feature of the water scheme is the man- 
 ner in which the surplus pressure in the pipes 
 is utilized for power for an electric-light plant, 
 located half way between the city and the res- 
 ervoir. The water taken from the pipes 
 passes through two Pelton water wheels, and 
 returns to the pipe again to be used in the city 
 for domestic and irrigating purposes, without 
 waste of water in the operation. 
 
 The president of the Water & Improve- 
 ment Company, and general manager of the 
 enterprise, is Captain S. H. Day, a native of 
 Ohio, and a veteran of the late war, being one 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 34' 
 
 of three brothers who served throughout the 
 struggle as officers "in different Ohio regiments. 
 He resides with his wife and two children in an 
 elegant home in Santa Fe, and brings from 
 California, where he formerly resided, a ripe 
 experience in matters pertaining to water- 
 works and irrigation. 
 
 ON. ANTONIO ORTIZ Y SALAZAR, 
 
 one of New Mexico's most widely and 
 favorably known citizens, was born in 
 Espanola, Santa Fe county, Decem- 
 ber 19, 1831, and descended from Nicolas 
 Ortiz, who came from old Mexico at the time 
 of the conquest of the country and became a 
 resident of Santa Fe, where several genera- 
 tions of the family have been born and lived. 
 The sons of the Nicolas Ortiz just mentioned, 
 in line, have been : Nicolas, Juan Antonio, 
 Ignacio, Juan Antonio, and the subject of this 
 sketch. Our subject's father married Miss 
 Maria M. Salazar, a daughter of Hon. Jose 
 Manuel Salazar, a distinguished citizen, and a 
 descendant of one of the earliest families in 
 the Territory. To this union were born seven 
 children, only two of whom still survive. 
 
 When the subject of this sketch was only 
 six years of age, the family met with a sad ac- 
 cident. While crossing a river his father, 
 uncle and two of the children were drowned, 
 the mother, grandmother, Antonio and others 
 having escaped. The latter was brought by 
 his mother to Santa Fe, and was educated in 
 the best schools the city afforded, also by his 
 uncle, Father Salazar, a priest of the Catholic 
 Church. After completing his education, he 
 clerked for General Armijo. In 1859 his long 
 public life began, by being appointed Treasurer 
 of the county. In 1861 Mr. Ortiz was elected 
 Sheriff of the county, in 1864 became Chief 
 Clerk of the Council, in the following year was 
 made Probate Judge, in 1867-9 was elected to 
 the same office, July 13, 1867, received the 
 appointment of Quartermaster of the Militia of 
 the Territory, in 1872 was appointed by Gov- 
 ernor Giddings as Treasurer of the Territory, 
 
 and was reappointed to that office in 1874, 
 1876, 1878, 1882 and in 1884, serving in that 
 important position until 1891; so that from 
 1872 until 1891, with exception of two years, 
 he was custodian of all the money of the Ter- 
 ritory, and filled the position in the most trust- 
 worthy and reliable manner. In 1876 Mr. 
 Ortiz was appointed by Governor Axtell, one of 
 the County Commissioners, and was re-elected 
 to the office. In 1889 he was a member of a 
 committee of twenty-five to draft a State con- 
 stitution and urge the admission of New Mexico 
 as a State. March 15, 1893, he was appoint- 
 ed a member of the Capital Custodian Com- 
 mittee. 
 
 Mr. Ortiz was married May 27, 1854, to 
 Miss Refugio Duran, a daughter of Hon. 
 Augustin Duran, a native of the Territory, and 
 descended from a family of noblemen. He 
 served as Collector of Customs from 1825 to 
 1840. Mr. and Mrs. Ortiz have had ten chil- 
 dren, of whom five are now living. Rosario, 
 the eldest daughter, is now Mrs. Alfredo Hino- 
 jas; Francisca is the wife of Fernando Del- 
 gado; Emilia is a Sister of Charity, known as 
 Sister Angelica, and has charge of the orphan 
 girls; and Luz is at home with her parents. 
 The son, Celestino Ortiz, is married and has a 
 family, and is Clerk of the Treasury of the 
 Territory. He is a very correct accountant 
 and bookkeeper, and is a trustworthy son of a 
 worthy family. 
 
 In political matters, Mr. Ortiz has been a 
 life-long Republican, has served the Territory 
 for a long series of years in a public capacity, 
 and has filled every obligation with the utmost 
 honor and integrity; is deservedly highly es- 
 teemed by all who know him. The family are 
 faithful adherents of the Catholic faith. 
 
 HLEXANDER M. WHITCOMB, one 
 of Albuquerque's early settlers and 
 representative citizens, was born in 
 Canada, January 19, 1833, and is 
 of Sotch-English ancestry. His father, Robert 
 McKay Whitcomb, was born in Vermont 
 
34 2 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 in 1810, his people having been early pioneers 
 in that State, and one of the Colonial Whit- 
 combs participated in the Revolutionary 
 war. The mother of our subject, nee Dorcas 
 Ann McDole, was also a native of Vermont, 
 of Scotch ancestry. To Mr. and Mrs. Whit- 
 comb were born five sons and four daughters, 
 and all are still living. The father departed this 
 h'fe in 1 894, at the age of eighty-four years, 
 and his wife, who was two years younger than 
 he, died in 1893. They were members of the 
 Episcopal Church, and were worthy people. 
 
 Alexander McKay Whitcomb, their second 
 child, received his education in Oswego, New 
 York, and in Burlington, Vermont. He learn- 
 ed the carpenter and joiner trade, which he 
 followed several years, and was Superintendent 
 of the building of the Vermont Episcopal Insti- 
 tute, now a college. In June, 1861, Mr. Whit- 
 comb tendered his services to his country by 
 enlisting in the regimental band of the Third Ver- 
 mont Volunteers, and served in the Sixth Corps 
 with the Army of the Potomac. After an act of 
 Congress, in 1862, authorizing the discharge 
 of all regimental bands, he returned to his 
 home, but afterward followed his trade in Fair- 
 fax county, Virginia, two years. For the fol- 
 lowing eight years he was engaged in the 
 manufacture of doors, sash and blinds in Wash- 
 ington, District of Columbia. In 1879 Mr. 
 Whitcomb located in Albuquerque, New Mex- 
 ico, where he began work at his trade. He 
 built the first house in the new town of Albu- 
 querque, which was located near where the gas- 
 works now stand, and for a number of years 
 followed contracting and building in this city, 
 having erected, among others, the Cromwell 
 block, the National Bank building, the Grant 
 opera house and many residences. Under 
 President Harrison's administration Mr. Whit- 
 comb received the appointment of Postmaster 
 of this city, entering upon the duties of that 
 office October 22, 1890, and filled the position 
 satisfactorily for four years. During his term 
 the carrier system was inaugurated. Since re- 
 tiring from his office he has been engaged in 
 the nursery business. He resides with his 
 
 family in a pleasant home on the corner of 
 Eighth and Tijeras streets, which he erected 
 in 1881. 
 
 Our subject was married January 19, 1855, 
 to Miss Frances Crawford, a native of Ireland, 
 who came to America when young. To this 
 union have been born two daughters, namely: 
 Frances Caroline, who died at the age of 
 twenty-one years, and was the wife of Charles 
 Belford, and had one daughter; and Mary 
 Elizabeth, now Mrs. F. S. Putman, and resides 
 in Los Angeles, California. In political mat- 
 ters, Mr. Whitcomb has been a life-long Re- 
 publican. Socially, he is a member of the G. 
 A. R. Post, of which he served as Commander 
 of the Department of New Mexico, and repre- 
 sented the department in the National Encamp- 
 ment at Boston. He is also a Knight Temp- 
 lar, a member of the Mystic Shrine, and is 
 Past Grand Junior Warden of the Grand Lodge 
 of New Mexico. 
 
 aG. WELLS. The great railway sys- 
 tems of the country are recognized as 
 having ever been the most important 
 factors in bearing triumphantly for- 
 ward the standard of development and prog- 
 ress in all the arts and industries of advanced 
 civilization, and in their projection, construc- 
 tion and operation have been enlisted men of 
 intellect and notable capacity: in fact only 
 such men are available in insuring the success 
 of this great public service of the nation. 
 
 The subject of this review holds the respon- 
 sible preferment as General Superintendent of 
 the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad, his official 
 headquarters being maintained in Albuquerque, 
 the eastern terminus of the road, which has 
 been of inestimable benefit in furthering the 
 progress and development of the important 
 section of the Southwest which it traverses. 
 Detailed reference to the system will be found 
 under individual heading in this volume. Mr. 
 Wells has been long and conspicuously identi- 
 fied with railroading enterprises, and standing 
 at the head of one of the important arteries of 
 
HIS TORT Of NEW MEXICO. 
 
 343 
 
 commerce touching the city of his residence it 
 is scarcely necessary to say that he is regarded 
 as one of her representative men, thus making it 
 clearly incumbent that his life history should 
 find place in this compilation. 
 
 Arthur G. Wells is a native of the Province 
 of Ontario, Canada, having been born at 
 Guelph, on the i8th of November, 1861, the 
 son of Arthur and Georgina Wells, prominent 
 residents of the Dominion. His educational 
 discipline was secured in the public schools of 
 his native town, where he completed a course 
 of study in the high school. In the year 1876 
 he began his railroad career as a machinist's 
 apprentice in St. Joseph, Missouri, where he 
 remained until he became an expert in this 
 line of work. Later on he was made clerk to 
 the master mechanic of the Chicago, Burling- 
 ton & Quincy Railroad, with headquarters at 
 Aurora, Illinois. We next find him holding 
 the position as clerk to the purchasing agent 
 for the Mexico Central Railroad, with head- 
 quarters in the city of Chicago. Later he be- 
 came a clerk to the superintendent of the 
 Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, being 
 located at San Marcial, Socorro county, New 
 Mexico. 
 
 He first became connected with the At- 
 lantic & Pacific system in 1882, when he was 
 given the position as chief clerk of the general 
 superintendent, subsequently becoming train- 
 master of the road. In 1 886 he became the 
 assistant of the general manager of the Ohio & 
 Mississippi Railroad, four years later was given 
 the preferment as general superintendent of the 
 Ohio, Indiana & Washington system, being the 
 incumbent until that road was bought in by 
 the C. C.'C. & St. L. Ry. , when he became 
 superintendent of the Peoria division and later 
 of the Indianapolis & St. Louis divisions of the 
 same system, and in January, 1895, he re- 
 sumed his connection with the Atlantic & Pa- 
 cific, accepting the office which he now fills 
 that of general superintendent, to the dis- 
 charge of the duties of which he brings a 
 thorough experience and an intimate know- 
 ledge of all the essential details of operation. 
 
 Notwithstanding the fact that Mr. Wells is 
 still a young man, he has had a very extended 
 and conspicuous identification with practical 
 railroading, and that his executive ability is of 
 distinguished order is shown in his having held 
 offices of so great importance and responsi- 
 bility. 
 
 In 1884 Mr. Wells was united in marriage 
 to Miss Gertrude Barnard, a native of Green- 
 ville, Ontario,i and the daughter of Mr. J. F. 
 Barnard, a prominent railroad man of this 
 country. They are the parents of two chil- 
 dren: Helen Audley and Louis Ingalls Bar- 
 nard. 
 
 ILARIO ROMERO, Sheriff of the 
 county of San Miguel, and a promi- 
 nent native son of the Territory of 
 New Mexico, was born in Santa Fe 
 county, near the historic old town of that name, 
 the date of his birth being January 13, 1844. 
 He is a descendant of the distinguished old 
 family of Romeros who have long resided in 
 New Mexico. His grandfather, Jose G. Romero, 
 was a captain in the Mexican army, and after 
 his services as a soldier remained here and be- 
 came a prominent ranchero. His son, Miguel 
 Romero, was born in New Mexico and was our 
 subject's father. He married Josefa Delgado, 
 a native of New Mexico and a descendant of 
 the old and distinguished family of Delgados, 
 her father being Manuel Delgado. Mr. Ro- 
 mero's parents had five sons and five daugh- 
 ters, all of whom are living. The father was 
 the owner of a large amount of property, held 
 the office of Probate Judge of the county, and 
 took considerable interest in public affairs all 
 his life. He died at the age of eighty-one. 
 To him belongs the distinction of having been 
 one of the very earliest settlers of West Las 
 Vegas, the date of his first arrival here being 
 1 844. He moved his family to this place in 1851 
 and was for years engaged in merchandising and 
 freighting here. Few of the early settlers were 
 better known or more highly respected than 
 
344 
 
 HIS TORT Of NEW MEXICO. 
 
 was Miguel Romero. His wife died at the age 
 of sixty-one years. 
 
 Hilario Romero, the immediate subject of 
 this article, was the third born in his father's 
 family. He was educated in West Las Vegas 
 and in 1866 began to do business on his own 
 account, first engaging in freighting and later 
 in the grocery business. After running a gro- 
 cery for two years he became associated with 
 Benigno Romero as partner, and for fourteen 
 years they dealt in general merchandise, con- 
 ducting a large and prosperous business. During 
 this time Mr. Romero was also engaged in 
 stock-raising. He has long made a capable 
 Sheriff of the county of San Miguel, having 
 been elected to this important office three 
 times, first in 1881, then in 1885, and lastly 
 in 1894. Mr. Romero is a man of nerve and 
 courage, and is especially fitted for the duties 
 of this important office. During his service he 
 has arrested and brought to trial many des- 
 perate characters and has won for himself the 
 reputation of being the best sheriff the county 
 has ever had. 
 
 In 1866 occurred his marriage to Miss 
 Guadalupa Delgado, who, like himself, is a 
 native of the Territory. They have three chil- 
 dren, the first born in Santa Fe and the others 
 in Las Vegas, their names being Manuelita, 
 Lucia and Jose J. The eldest is now the wife 
 of Agustian Delgado. The other two children 
 still reside with their parents in their pleasant 
 home in Las Vegas. Mr. Romero is considered 
 one of New Mexico's best citizens, and both he 
 and his family are popular among their large 
 circle of friends. 
 
 I HE ATLANTIC & PACIFIC RAIL- 
 ROAD. It would only seem like 
 "treating Nature with contempt" to 
 here refrain from giving specific men- 
 tion to this excellent artery of trade and com - 
 merce whose line traverses a region notable for 
 its picturesque charms and prehistorical attrac- 
 tions. This land of the sky has been the sub- 
 ject and theme of artists, poets and novelists, 
 
 but even yet has its fame not reached an ap- 
 proximate of its merit. The "A. & P," is not 
 alone remarkable for its infinite scenic variety, 
 for it is needless to say that its projection and 
 completion had a utilitarian basis. It traverses 
 a section whose natural resources are yet but 
 dimly comprehended, and it is an artery along 
 which shall yet throb the pulsations of magnifi- 
 cent industry and commercial traffic, as the 
 treasures stored by nature in the plains and 
 high-heaved mountains of New Mexico and 
 Arizona shall still further be revealeS. Of so 
 great importance to the Territory with which 
 this compilation has to do, it would be flagrant 
 neglect were we to fail to give mention to this 
 railway system, whose projectors feared not to 
 give it title from the mighty waters that sweep 
 the coasts on either side of our great continent. 
 
 The work of construction on the Atlantic 
 & Pacific Railroad in New Mexico was inaugu- 
 rated in 1880, and the line was completed over 
 the famous Canyon Diablo in 1882, the mag- 
 nificent piece of engineering work at this point 
 causing a delay of six months in the extending 
 of the road toward the West. The Southern 
 Pacific completed the line from the Needles to 
 Mojava, and the A. & P. has effected the lease 
 of that line, provision being made for its pur- 
 chase at such time as the former corporation 
 shall be ready to sell. The Atlantic & Pacific 
 has thus direct connections to San Francisco, 
 and also to Los Angeles and the other Pacific 
 coast cities and towns in California. The road 
 has also direct connections to the East, via the 
 line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe to 
 Chicago. The line of the A. & P. runs east 
 and west through New Mexico and Arizona, 
 tapping the great coal-mining district and mak- 
 ing easy of access the places of greatest inter- 
 est in the two Territories mentioned. It is 
 recognized as the great scenic and midwinter 
 route to the Pacific coast. 
 
 Chalcedony Park, with its millions of geo- 
 logical attractions, is reached from the town of 
 Holbrook, Arizona. San Francisco mountain 
 is reached from Flagstaff, that Territory, the 
 distance being only about ten miles. From 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 345 
 
 Humphrey's Peak of this mountain may be ob- 
 tained the most noble and sublime of mountain 
 views. The pueblo villages of Zunyi and 
 Acoma are also accessible, and those of Laguna 
 and Isleta are so closely adjacent to the rail- 
 road that they may be viewed from the trains. 
 The wonderful cliff dwellings are only a few 
 miles from Flagstaff and comprise the most 
 important ruins left to tell of the accomplish- 
 ment and the skill of that prehistoric race 
 whose dominion was formerly in this section. 
 To the traveler and the tourist this road offers 
 the greatest of attractions, scenes which the 
 limitations of this article could not afford lati- 
 tude for even mention and much less for de- 
 scription, which is itself impossible of accom- 
 plishment. The mind appreciates what words 
 cannot express. 
 
 The equipment, accommodations and serv- 
 ice of the Atlantic & Pacific are now of that 
 high order which places it upon a par with the 
 great transcontinental systems whose magnifi- 
 cent privileges cannot fall short of appreciation. 
 
 * ON. JOHN P. VICTORY, Solicitor- 
 1^"^ General of the Territory of New Mex- 
 f ico, was born in Brooklyn, New York, 
 September 10, 1837. His father, 
 James Victory, emigrated from county Long- 
 ford, Ireland, in 1826, then a young man, and 
 located in Brooklyn, where he was married to 
 Miss Catharine Brennan, also a native of that 
 country. He was engaged in contracting and 
 building in that city until his death, which oc- 
 curred in 1876, at the age of seventy-two years. 
 His wife had departed this life in 1837, soon 
 after the birth of the subject of this sketch. 
 
 The latter, the only survivor of the family, 
 attended the pay schools in his neighborhood 
 and one year in St. James Academy, after 
 which he entered the law office of Greenwood 
 & Tucker. He was admitted to the bar at 
 Poughkeepsie, New York, and was immediately 
 appointed City Attorney of his native city, in 
 which capacity he served two years. Mr. 
 Victory continued the practice of law in that 
 
 city until 1866; from that time until 1883 he 
 followed his profession in New York city, re- 
 siding a portion of the time in Richmond coun- 
 ty; and then, on account of failing health, he 
 came to Santa Fe, New Mexico. He opened 
 an office in this city, and soon became one of 
 the leading members of the bar of the Terri- 
 tory. During his residence here he has been 
 fully identified with the affairs of the city. For 
 five years he served as director of the city 
 schools, and in 1889 was elected County School 
 Superintendent, was one of the promoters of the 
 incorporation of Santa Fe, and was the first 
 City Attorney, having held the position under 
 both Democratic and Republican rule. In 
 
 1893 Mr. Victory received the appointment of 
 Assistant Secretary of the Territory, in which 
 he served until January, 1895. In the fall of 
 
 1 894 he was elected to the Legislative Council of 
 New Mexio, and during the session of the leg- 
 islature of 1895 proved an active and influential 
 member of that body. He served in the Council 
 as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee, the 
 Committee on Public Institutions, the Com- 
 mittee on Education, and other important 
 bodies auxiliary to legislation. On January 7, 
 1895, Governor Thornton appointed Mr. Vic- 
 tory Solicitor-General of the Territory, upon 
 the duties of which office he entered March 
 4, 1895. 
 
 General Victory was married in January, 
 1864, to Miss Kate C. Marshall, of New York 
 city, and they had four children, three of whom 
 are now alive: Vincent, a lawyer in New 
 York city; Marie Loretta and Alma D. The 
 wife and mother died in 1876. In August, 
 1890, our subject was united in marriage with 
 Miss Mary Maltby, daughter of Norman Maltby, 
 one time Mayor of the city of Sedalia, Mis- 
 souri. She is a lineal descendant of William 
 Cox, one of the participants in and the last sur- 
 vivor of the celebrated Boston Tea Party, and 
 she is a sister of Mrs. Governor Thornton. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Victory have a little son, Thorn- 
 ton Maltby, born in Santa Fe. Mrs. Victory 
 is a member of the Episcopal Church. Gen- 
 eral Victory was reared a Catholic and has al- 
 
34 6 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ways been a faithful adherent to the church. 
 He owns a two-acre block, on which he has 
 built a beautiful residence, and has planted the 
 grounds with trees and vines. Their home 
 commands a beautiful view of the city and 
 mountains, and they live surrounded by all the 
 things which taste and culture can dictate, for- 
 tunate in the enjoyment of many blessings and 
 firmly established in the high esteem of hosts 
 of friends. 
 
 aUTIMIO MONTOYA. The annals of 
 history in New Mexico are prolific in 
 interest and in somewhat romantic 
 incident through the earlier years 
 when first the Territory was opened up to civi- 
 lization by the representatives of the proud old 
 Spanish families who here disputed dominion 
 with the savages, and laid deep the founda- 
 tions upon which has been reared the magnifi- 
 cent superstructure of a rich and progressive 
 section of our great Western republic. The 
 stages of development each have their elements 
 of interest, and yet to those who have 
 descended from the original Spanish settlers 
 there is perhaps a greater quota of honor and 
 credit attaching than to those who have drifted 
 to the section in later years or have been at- 
 tracted here as the resources of the Territory 
 have been revealed. But the pioneers of New 
 Mexican history are for the most part of 
 Spanish extraction, and of the old and promi- 
 nent families there remain to-day many distin- 
 guished sons who have kept in touch with the 
 electrical advances of this end-of-the-century 
 period. Such an one is the subject of this 
 sketch, and there is demanded for him specific 
 recognition in this volume. 
 
 Eutimio Montoya is one of the most pro- 
 minent and influential citizens of San Antonio, 
 Socorro county, and it is a significant fact that 
 this town figures as the place of his nativity, 
 his birth having here occurred on the 24th of 
 December, 1854. The original ancestor of the 
 Montoya family in New Mexico was Antonio 
 Montoya (great-grandfather of our subject), 
 
 who came from Mexico with a colony and 
 settled first at Santa Fe, and later locating at 
 Belen, became prominently engaged in farm- 
 ing and stock-raising. In this Territory he 
 married Guadalupa Baca, a representative of 
 the noted family of that name, and both lived 
 to acquire venerable age. Their son, Jose H. 
 Montoya was born in Belen, and in his early 
 manhood he was united in marriage to Juana 
 Maria Baca, and they were among the first 
 settlers in the town of Socorro. The Socorro 
 land grant was given to seventy families, and 
 they were the founders of that town. Jose 
 Montoya was also engaged in stock-growing 
 until his death. His son, Estanislao Montoya, 
 father of our subject, was born at Socorra, on 
 the 9th of December, 1819, and he and his 
 father were the founders of the village of San 
 Antonio. Here they established themselves at 
 a time when the county was practically a wil- 
 derness, and they had many desperate conflicts 
 with the Indians, who made frequent raids in 
 attempting to destroy them and rob them of 
 their herds and flocks. They had many narrow 
 escapes, and suffered much from the depreda- 
 tions of the wily redskins who infested the Ter- 
 ritory at that time, and who hesitated to com- 
 mit no atrocity. Our subject's father com- 
 manded many an expedition against the savages 
 for the purpose of recovering stock which they 
 had captured, and in order to protect the set- 
 tlers from their bloodthirsty onslaughts. Es- 
 tanislao Montoya took unto himself a wife in 
 the person of Francisca Garcia, who was born 
 in Belen, the daughter of Juan Andres Garcia, 
 of the celebrated New Mexican family of that 
 name. In addition to his extensive operations 
 in stock-raising, Mr. Montoya also became 
 concerned in mercantile pursuits, and was a 
 man of much influence in the Territory. His 
 military career is one of which his descendants 
 may well be proud, for it was one of distin- 
 guished service to the cause of the Union dur- 
 ing the late war of the Rebellion. In 1861 he 
 received from the Governor of the Territory 
 the appointment as Adjutant General of the 
 New Mexico Militia, and in that capacity took 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 347 
 
 an active part in the Civil war, participating in 
 the battles which were waged in the Territory, 
 and which resulted in the upholding of the 
 Union arms and in the expulsion of the enemy 
 from the Territorial borders. At the close of 
 the war he was prominently identified in the 
 capturing of the Navajo Indians, and at one 
 time he held i 50 of the savages in captivity at 
 San Antonio. He also had much to do in 
 subduing the Apache Indians, who were the 
 most savage and warlike of all the tribes that 
 infested the Territory. He later held distinc- 
 tive official preferment as Probate Judge of the 
 county, and discharged the important duties of 
 that position with signal ability and honor, 
 holding the office for a number of years. His 
 character was beyond reproach, and such was 
 his life record that the people placed implicit 
 confidence in him and regarded his counsel as 
 practically ultimate. To him belongs the 
 honor of having discovered, in 1862, the valu- 
 able coal deposits near San Antonio, and he 
 here developed the mining industry to a cer- 
 tain extent, the property being sold, in 1881, 
 to the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad 
 Company for a consideration of $54,000. The 
 demise of this honored pioneer was deeply 
 lamented by all who knew him. He passed 
 into eternal rest on the 8th of August, 1884, 
 aged sixty-four years. His widow still sur- 
 vives, and has attained the venerable age of 
 seventy. They became the parents of nine 
 children, three of whom died in infancy and 
 five of whom still abide, namely: Juliana is 
 the wife of Jose A. Montoya, a distant relative 
 of the family; Nemecia is the wife of Ricardo 
 Pino; Isabel is the wife of Lucas E. Pino; 
 Placida is now deceased; Deciderio S. died in 
 1887, aged forty-two years; and Eutimio is 
 the immediate subject of this sketch. All of 
 the family retain their residence in San An- 
 tonio. 
 
 Eutimio Montoya was the youngest of the 
 children, and his education was secured in the 
 excellent college of the Christian Brothers, at 
 Santa Fe. His business career began at an 
 early age, when he went to Fort Craig and 
 
 took charge of the store conducted by his 
 father, who was sutler at the post at that time. 
 He remained at Fort Craig for a period of five 
 years and then returned to his home and be- 
 came the partner of his father and brother in 
 their extensive stock-raising and mercantile 
 enterprises. They also operated a large freight 
 train which was utilized in transporting goods 
 overland from Kansas City and other points as 
 the railroad line made its way westward. They 
 were very successful in all their endeavors, and 
 on their stock ranch they had at one time as 
 many as 65,000 sheep, 2,000 head of cattle 
 and 300 head of horses. They imported Cots- 
 wold and Merino (bucks) sheep and brought 
 the quality of wool up to a high standard. 
 They were also owners of large tracts of val- 
 uable land. Soon after the death of the hon- 
 ored father the brothers dissolved their part- 
 nership in so far as it pertained to the mercan- 
 tile business, but continued to be associated in 
 the stock enterprise for about two years after- 
 ward, and our subject is still very prominently 
 identified with this industry. His sheep are 
 seven- eighths Merino, his cattle have a marked 
 strain of Hereford blood, and his horses are a 
 judicious crossing of the Hambletonian and 
 Morgan strains. His experience has proved to 
 him that the stook thus secured is most pecu- 
 liarly adapted to the climate of New Mexico and 
 best insured to render good returns. Mr. Mon- 
 toya has a spacious and attractive home in San 
 Antonio, his native place, and he is recognized 
 as one of the public-spirited and influential cit- 
 izens. 
 
 Our subject has been twice married. In 
 1875 was consummated his union to Miss 
 Guadalupa Luna, daughter of Hon. Ramon 
 Luna, of Las Lunas. To them were born 
 three children: Margarita, wife of Solomon 
 Baca, of Socorro; Anna Felicia and Elvira, de- 
 ceased. On the 1 5th of January, 1885, Mr. 
 Montoya was united in marriage to Miss Sallie 
 Perez, daughter of Hon. Demetrio Perez, ex- 
 Auditor of the Territory, to whom individual 
 reference is made elsewhere in this volume. 
 Of the three children of this union two died in 
 
348 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 infancy, the one surviving being Acisclo D. A. 
 Estanislao P. and Ignacio L. are the names of 
 the deceased. 
 
 Mr. Montoya is a worthy representative of 
 an illustrious ancestry and is known as a man 
 of marked business ability, intellectual force 
 and high honor, being one of the representa- 
 tive and worthy citizens of the Territory. 
 
 VVASPER N. BROYLES, who occupies a 
 m position of unmistakable prominence 
 / 1 and influence as one of the representa- 
 tive business men and most substantial 
 capitalists of the thriving city o'f San Marcial, 
 Socorro county, where he is engaged in bank- 
 ing and in merchant milling, traces his ances- 
 tral line back to English origin, the family hav- 
 ing become established in the Old Dominion 
 State more than one hundred years ago, and 
 having been conspicuously identified with the 
 affairs of that cradle of our national history. 
 
 Our subject is a native of West Virginia, 
 having been born on the paternal homestead, 
 located in the vicinity of Red Sulphur Springs, 
 and the date of his nativity having been July 
 24, 1859. His paternal grandfather, Andrew 
 Broyles, settled near Red Sulphur Springs, 
 Monroe county, where he owned extensive 
 tracts of valuable land, which he brought to a 
 high state of cultivation, becoming one of the 
 influential men of that section and holding a 
 position of prominence. He married Miss 
 Mitchel, and they became the parents of eight 
 children. The mother died in the seventy- 
 fifth year of her age, but the father is still liv- 
 ing, having now (1895) reached the patriarchal 
 age of ninety-one years. He is a member of 
 the Christian Church, as was also his devoted 
 wife. Their son, John Broyles, father of our 
 subject, was born on the old homestead in the 
 year 1830, and was there reared to maturity, 
 eventually leading to the marriage altar Miss 
 Sarah Smith, a native of the same place. 
 They became the parents of two children, 
 Lee C. and Jasper N., both of whom are now 
 representative business men of San Marcial, 
 
 New Mexico. The father died at the untimely 
 age of thirty years, but the cherished mother 
 still survives, being now fifty-six years of age. 
 
 Jasper N. Broyles, the immediate subject 
 of this review, received his educational disci- 
 pline at Marysville, Missouri, and at Hunter's 
 Springs, West Virginia, and in his youth de- 
 voted himself to learning the art of telegraphy, 
 securing his preliminary experience in the office 
 of the Wabash railroad at Conception, Mis- 
 souri, and after becoming an expert operator 
 he was for seven years employed at his profes- 
 sion, being in the employ of the Wabash Com- 
 pany for some time, and later in that of the 
 Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad Com- 
 pany. In the year 1881 he came to San Mar- 
 cial to take charge of the local ticket office of 
 the company last mentioned, and he continued 
 in this connection until 1887, at which time he 
 became identified with the business interests 
 of the town by engaging in the grocery trade 
 here, his place of business at the start being 
 the same which he has since retained. His 
 cash capital, as representing the basis of opera- 
 tions on the inception of his mercantile career, 
 amounted to only $250, and the original estab- 
 lishment was one of modest order. His sagac- 
 ity and intuitive perception of correct business 
 methods led him to avoid an expansion of his 
 credit and to begin upon a moderate scale and 
 to widen the scope of operations consecutively 
 in proportion to the normal demands placed 
 upon the business. The wisdom of his policy 
 has been conclusively proved in the years 
 which have brought to him so marked a degree 
 of success. Alert and enterprising, and ever 
 according a close attention to the details of his 
 business, the same showed a consecutive 
 growth and his establishment now represents 
 one of the most important mercantile enter- 
 prises in the thriving little city. 
 
 In 1893 the entire block in which his store 
 was located was destroyed by fire, but with 
 characteristic enterprise Mr. Broyles associated 
 himself with others in the work of erecting on 
 the site a substantial block of modern design 
 and one which is an ornament to the town. 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 349 
 
 Though the fire necessarily entailed a consider- 
 able loss, he did not regard it as an absolute 
 misfortune, since it gave to the business por- 
 tion superior facilities in the erection of the 
 new building. 
 
 Not content to merely follow along in beat- 
 en paths, Mr. Broyles has ever aimed to main- 
 tain a progressive attitude and to anticipate 
 the demands of business. Thus, in 1894, he 
 became convinced that there was an imperative 
 demand for first-class flouring-mill facilities in 
 San Marcial, and he forthwith took the initia- 
 tive and erected a finely-equipped mill, which 
 is fitted with full roller-process system, and 
 operated by steam power. The mill is thor- 
 oughly modern in standard and in its produc- 
 tive facilities, having a large capacity for turn- 
 ing out flour of the highest grade, and for 
 successfully handling other food cereals. The 
 mill is now operated night and day, and yet so 
 great is the demand for its exceptionally ex- 
 cellent products that its capacity, is tested to 
 the utmost, and the proprietor has in contem- 
 plation the enlargement of the mill and the 
 augmenting of its facilities. 
 
 In addition to the conspicuous enterprises 
 already noted, Mr. Broyles also provides accom- 
 modations to the local public in the conducting 
 of a private banking business in the city, this 
 monetary institution dating its inception back 
 to 1892. A general banking business is con- 
 ducted, deposits are received, exchange bought 
 and sold, financial loans extended, and the 
 whole is managed upon such careful and con- 
 servative methods that a representative busi- 
 ness is controlled, the proprietor enjoying the 
 confidence and esteem of the community by 
 reason of his ability and indubitable integrity. 
 The bank is equipped with a fire-proof vault 
 and additional protection is insured by a time 
 lock, while all other facilities are up to the 
 modern standard. In his mercantile line Mr. 
 Broyles conducts both a wholesale and retail 
 business, handling a full assortment of general 
 merchandise and deriving a trade from a wide 
 territory contiguous to San Marcial. His suc- 
 cess has been the result of his own efforts, 
 
 and has been of pronounced character. Honor 
 and capability do not lack for public appreci- 
 ation, and our subject's career has been one in 
 which he has ever retained the respect and 
 confidence of those with whom he has had 
 dealings. His position as one of the leading 
 citizens of San Marcial is conceded, and no 
 one man has done more to further the develop- 
 ment and insure the substantial prosperity of 
 the town than has he. He is public-spirited 
 to a degree and is ever ready to lend influence 
 and tangible assistance to any enterprise which 
 has for its object the conserving of the welfare 
 of the community. 
 
 In 1884 was celebrated the marriage of 
 Mr. Broyles to Miss Zina Hafley, a native of 
 Indiana, and the daughter of Jacob Hafley, 
 now a prominent resident of La Cygne, Kansas. 
 They are the parents of three children : Law- 
 rence, Rosie and Ruth. Mr. and Mrs. Broyles 
 are zealous members of the Methodist Episco- 
 pal Church, South. 
 
 In his fraternal relations our subject is 
 prominently indentified with the Independent 
 Order of Odd Fellows, having passed the 
 chairs in both bodies of that noble organization. 
 In politics he supports the Democratic party, 
 but he has never been an aspirant for official 
 preferment, finding that his business interests 
 have ever demanded his undivided attention, 
 and in this line he has been eminently and de- 
 servedly successful, being a distinctive type of 
 the self-made man. 
 
 *S^\ P- HALL. This gentleman, who is 
 I ^^ the proprietor of the Albuquerque 
 W Foundry, was born in New York on 
 the 29th day of August, 1849. He is 
 of English and Irish extraction, his ancestors 
 being early settlers of New England. His 
 father, George Hall, was born in Oswego 
 county, New York, and married Mary Padden, 
 who was a native of the same State. To them 
 were born two daughters and one son, the lat- 
 ter being the subject of this sketch. The 
 father is still living, and his wife died in 1892, 
 
35 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 at the age of sixty-eight years. They were 
 an eminently esteemed and industrious family, 
 and acceptable members of the Methodist 
 Church. 
 
 The son, R. P., received his education in 
 the public schools and at Oberlin College, 
 Ohio. In 1871 he entered the employ of the 
 Atlantic & Pacific Railroad Company, and was 
 with them when in 1880 he came to Albuquer- 
 que in charge of their construction outfit. He 
 continued with the railroad company during 
 the whole of the construction of their line, and 
 then returned to Albuquerque, where he be- 
 came connected with the Albuquerque Foundry 
 and Machine Company. In 1881 the New 
 Mexican Iron and Machine Company was 
 formed, and out of it grew the Albuquerque 
 Foundry and Machine Company, which was in 
 1884 incorporated as such. In 1888 Mr. Hall 
 became the sole owner of the plant, which was 
 destroyed by fire in May of 1891. In June of 
 the same year he rebuilt the institution in an 
 enlarged form, erecting a large and commo- 
 dious brick edifice which was appropriately fit- 
 ted out with everything needful in the way of 
 improved machinery for turning out everything 
 in their line. General mechanical work of every 
 description is done here and it is considered 
 the finest plant of its kind anywhere in the 
 Territory. It stands by the side of the tracks 
 of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, 
 the plant covering two and three-fifths acres 
 of land. Thirty-five men are constantly em- 
 ployed and the business done extends through- 
 out New Mexico and Arizona. The mill and 
 machine work of the whole country is done 
 here, and all of the cast-iron work of the At- 
 lantic & Pacific Railroad Company. That Mr. 
 Hall is a man of extraordinary business ability 
 is plainly evinced by the continuous and 
 healthy growth of the business since he ob- 
 tained sole control. 
 
 Since coming to Albuquerque he has be- 
 come fully identified with the general interests 
 of the city, has invested in real estate and has 
 done much toward the building up of the place. 
 He was one of the organizers and charter 
 
 members of the Co-operative Building and 
 Loan Association, and is now serving his 
 seventh year as its president. This institution 
 has been a wonderful factor in the building up 
 of the city, nearly one hundred houses having 
 been erected through its aid and $230,000 of 
 home capital loaned by it. The gentleman is 
 also President of the Broadway Land and In- 
 vestment Company. They own two hundred 
 and eighty lots of land in the city, which they 
 have on the market. Mr. Hall has also been 
 interested in the lighting of the city, being a 
 stockholder in both the gas and electric com- 
 panies. The enterprises named above are im- 
 portant ones and through them the city has 
 made material advancement. Mr. Hall's keen 
 business sagacity has aided greatly in their for- 
 mation and successful career, and his connec- 
 tion therewith speaks volumes as to his public 
 enterprise. 
 
 Mr. Hall was married, in 1885, to Miss 
 Rosa M. Dake, a native of Minnesota, and of 
 English descent. They have one daughter, 
 Mary Vincentia. Mr. Hall is a popular mem- 
 ber of the Republican party and has been 
 twice elected a member of the Board of County 
 Commissioners of Bernalillo county. At the 
 second election, such was the satisfaction he 
 gave during his first incumbency of the office 
 that he had no opposition. While in office he 
 did all in his power for his own county, and 
 will always be remembered as a faithful and 
 painstaking official. Mr. Hall is a man of fine 
 personal appearance and genial manners, and 
 is considered one of Albuquerque's most pro- 
 gressive and reliable business men. 
 
 'w-' GUIS HUNING, a prominent pioneer 
 
 | resident of Los Lunas, and a self- 
 
 _^^ made man, came to the Territory of 
 
 New Mexico in July, 1861. 
 He is a native of Germany, born in Hanover, 
 April 6, 1834, a son of German parents. In 
 the old country he was reared and educated, 
 and was engaged in agricultural pursuits there 
 until 1 86 1, when he emigrated to America and 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 35' 
 
 came to Los Lunas. On his arrival at this 
 place his cash capital consisted of forty-five 
 dollars. Here he accepted a clerkship in the 
 store owned by his brothers, Franz and Charles 
 Huning. These brothers had been in America 
 for some time and had mercantile establish- 
 ments in both Albuquerque and Los Lunas. 
 Our subject clerked for them until 1865, when 
 he become a member of the firm. Later he 
 and Mr. E. D. Franz became owners of the 
 Los Lunas store and conducted the same for 
 eight months, at the end of which time Mr. 
 Huning purchased the interest of his partner 
 and became sole owner. Soon after this he 
 bought of Mr. Jules Freudenthal a similar es- 
 tablishment at Belen, and for a time ran both 
 establishments under his own name. In 1866 
 he became a member of the firm of L. & H. 
 Huning, which continued up to 1871. Their 
 business operations were attended with large 
 success. They had six branch houses, and 
 they handled many hundred thousand dollars' 
 worth of goods. For a number of years they had 
 contracts from theGovernmentto the amount of 
 $ i 50,000 annually. In addition to their im- 
 mense mercantile business, Mr. Huning and 
 his brother were largely interested in stock- 
 growing. At one time they had 60,000 head 
 of sheep and 8,000 head of cattle, and their 
 wool clip amounted to 200,000 pounds. 
 In 1888, when they dissolved partnership, 
 their estate was valued at $750,000. In 
 1870 they built at Las Chavez one of the best 
 full roller-process flouring mills in the Terri- 
 tory. Thus it is seen that in various ways Mr. 
 Huning has been foremost in developing the 
 resources of New Mexico. During his business 
 career he from time to time acquired large 
 tracts of valuable lands, and he is now the 
 owner of no less than 125,000 acres, much of 
 this land being very valuable for coal-mining 
 purposes. 
 
 Mr. Huning was married in 1873 to Miss 
 Emma Gehrling, a native of Missouri and a 
 daughter of Dr. Gehrling of that State. She 
 died at the birth of her first child, and it lived 
 only seven months. October 28, 1876, he 
 
 married Miss Henny Bush, his present com- 
 panion, a native of Bremen, Germany. The 
 children of this union are four in number and 
 as follows: Emrna, Frederick, Lewie and 
 Lolita, all born in Los Lunas. 
 
 On becoming a resident of America Mr. 
 Huning identified himself with the Republican 
 party, with which he has maintained his alle- 
 giance ever since. He has served five terms in 
 the important office of County Commissioner, 
 was one of the first Commissioners elected in 
 the county, and was the incumbent of this of- 
 fice at the time the court-house was built, in 
 the pushing forward of which enterprise he 
 rendered valued service. Both in his official 
 career and as a business man he has made 
 a wide acquaintance throughout Valencia 
 county and is highly respected by all who know 
 him. 
 
 aRNESTL. BROWNE. There is an 
 element of singular congruity in di- 
 recting specific attention to the hon- 
 orable career of the subject of this re- 
 view, since he not only holds high rank among 
 the business men of the Territory and as an 
 official of Socorro county, but is the son of one 
 who was most conspicuously identified with the 
 establishment and development of the higher 
 business interests of New Mexico, and whose 
 life was one characterized by the highest in- 
 tegrity, a progressive spirit and a transcendent 
 ability for the management and direction of 
 affairs of great breadth and importance. 
 
 Ernest L. Browne now holds the distinctive 
 preferment as Treasurer of Socorro county, 
 and in his business relations is conspicuous as 
 being a member of the wholesale mercantile 
 firm of the Browne & Manzanares Company, 
 whose business is one of the most extensive 
 commercial enterprises in the Territory, hav- 
 ing numerous branches and being conducted 
 with that signal regard for absolute probity and 
 honor which has insured its successful opera- 
 tion from the time of its inception. Mr. 
 Browne was born in Kansas City, Missouri, 
 
35* 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 on the i gth of December, 1861, coming of an 
 ancestral line which represents a blending of 
 English, German and Scotch-Irish strains. His 
 father, Lawrence P. Browne, was a native of 
 Pennsylvania, and in his early manhood he 
 was united in marriage to Miss Artless J. Ladd, 
 who was born in Providence, Rhode Island, 
 their union being consummated in Kansas 
 City, where he was engaged in the mercantile 
 business at the time. He had commenced his 
 career as a clerk in a store in St. Louis, Mis- 
 souri, entering the employ of W. H. Chick, 
 with whom he eventually became associated as 
 a partner, in which connection they conducted 
 a successful mercantile business in Kansas City 
 from 1 864 to 1 869. Mr. Browne then went to 
 Junction City, Kansas, and from that point as 
 headquarters was engaged in selling merchan- 
 dise along the line of the Union Pacific Rail- 
 road during the period of its construction. He 
 was thus concerned in business at various points 
 along that important route, and thereafter he 
 continued operation in a similar way along the 
 line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Rail- 
 road, trading at La Junta, Pueblo, Colorado 
 Springs, El Mora, Trinidad, Otero, and finally 
 at Las Vegas, where the headquarters of the 
 house have since been maintained. 
 
 In the year 1880 the Socorro house was es- 
 tablished, Mr. Browne having prior to this as- 
 sociated himself with F. A. Manzanares, one 
 of the most able and prominent of the native 
 Sons of New Mexico. The firm eventually 
 filed articles of incorporation as the Browne & 
 Manzanares Company, and this title has ever 
 since been retained. Mr. Browne was pos- 
 sessed of remarkable business acumen and ca- 
 pacity for the management of details. He was 
 an active and indefatigable worker and applied 
 himself unreservedly to his business affairs. To 
 his able efforts is largely due the high measure 
 of success and prosperity which has attended 
 the prosecution of the magnificent mercantile 
 enterprise which he founded. 
 
 Lawrence P. Browne departed this life on 
 the 5th of December, 1893, and in his death 
 New Mexico lost one of her most honored 
 
 business men and valuable citizens. He had 
 established thirty-five business houses and had 
 gained a distinguished position in commercial 
 circles; but from first to last he was the same 
 unassuming, courteous man of business, honest 
 and upright in thought, word and deed, and 
 ever standing four-square to every wind that 
 blew. His was that high sense of honor which 
 felt the slightest discredit as poignantly as a 
 wound, and after his long and useful life was 
 ended there were none to cast a reflection upon 
 any action which had characterized his career. 
 Such a name handed to posterity is more price- 
 less than great riches. His sons are now asso- 
 ciated with Mr. Manzanares in conducting the 
 extensive business, the officers of the company 
 being as follows: F. A. Manzanares, presi- 
 dent; M. W. Browne, vice-president; C. W. 
 Browne, secretary; and E. L. Browne, cashier 
 and manager of the Socorro branch of the 
 business. t 
 
 The last mentioned, Ernest L. Browne, 
 figures as the immediate subject of this review. 
 Reverting to the more salient points in his early 
 history, we learn that his more preliminary ed- 
 ucational training was secured in the public 
 schools of Kansas City, after which he com- 
 pleted a thorough course of study in the min- 
 eralogical department of the State University 
 of Kansas. He also took a special course of 
 study in the Colorado School of Mines, and 
 thereafter passed some time in the offices of 
 the Union Pacific Railroad Company, in order 
 to thoroughly inform himself in regard to the 
 details of railroading. 
 
 In 1884 he became a member of the com- 
 pany of which his father was the head, and he 
 has since been consecutively connected with 
 the business, having been for six years con- 
 nected with the operation of the main estab- 
 lishment at Las Vegas. In 1890 he came to 
 Socorro, and he here had charge of the cash 
 department of the business until 1894, when 
 he assumed the management of the branch and 
 has since directed its affairs with consummate 
 ability and judgment. It is unnecessary to 
 state in this connection that Mr. Browne and 
 
HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 353 
 
 his brothers inherit in a marked degree the 
 sterling mental and business qualities of their 
 honored father, whose example they feel they 
 cannot do better than to emulate, thus adding 
 to the splendid reputation gained by him. 
 
 In his political adherency our subject is a 
 stalwart Republican, and since coming to 
 Socorro he has taken a deep interest in public 
 affairs of a local nature. He has been partic- 
 ularly solicitous in advancing the educational 
 facilities and interests of the town, was elected 
 a member of the first School Board, and has 
 been prominent and active in securing the erec- 
 tion of the fine brick school building, which is a 
 valuable and permanent improvement to the 
 town and an evidence of the public spirit and 
 liberality of its populace. In the fall of 1892 
 Mr. Browne was elected Treasurer of Socorro 
 county, and was chosen as his own successor 
 in 1894 a fact that most distinctively betokens 
 the esteem in which he is held and the satis- 
 factory dispensation which he has given in the 
 important office. 
 
 An important event in the history of our 
 subject was that which occurred in the year 
 1886, when was solemnized his marriage to 
 Miss Mae Bassett, the daughter of Judge Owen 
 A. Bassett, a prominent resident of Lawrence, 
 Kansas, and an ex-member of the Legislature 
 of Kansas. Mr. and Mrs. Browne have one 
 son, Owen Bassett Browne, who was born in 
 Las Vegas. 
 
 In his fraternal relation Mr. Browne is 
 prominently identified with the Masonic order 
 and the Knights of Pythias, being Senior War- 
 den of his lodge in the former body, and Past 
 Chancelor of the latter. He is a man of genial 
 and social nature, and enjoys a most distinctive 
 popularity in the little city with whose interests 
 he is so thoroughly identified. 
 
 OLLIN E. SMITH. New Mexico has 
 many able and eminent members 
 of the legal fraternity, and prominent 
 among these is Mr. Smith, the pio- 
 neer lawyer of Union county, now residing in 
 
 23 
 
 Clayton. A native of Alabama, he was born 
 in Waverly on the 22d of December, 1869, 
 and possesses many of the strongest and best 
 characteristics of his Scotch and English an- 
 cestors. His great-grandfather, Richard Smith, 
 was the progenitor of the family in America, 
 and on crossing the Atlantic took up his resi- 
 dence in South Carolina, settling near Colum- 
 bia, where he became a prominent planter. 
 His son William, the grandfather of our sub- 
 ject, was born on that plantation and inherited 
 a large property in lands and slaves. He be- 
 came the father of Giles T. Smith, who also 
 was born on the old estate, and there spent his 
 boyhood and youth. In Pea Ridge, Alabama, 
 he married Miss Martha Martin, a native of 
 Savannah, Georgia, whose people were of Eng- 
 lish lineage, and belonged to one of the early 
 Georgia families. They removed to Pea Ridge, 
 Alabama, where was celebrated the marriage 
 of Mr. and Mrs. Smith. They had two chil- 
 dren, Ollin E., and Mrs. J. A. Rowe, whose 
 husband is serving as Mayor of Dadeville, Ala- 
 bama. The mother of this family died at the 
 age of forty-five years, but the father is still 
 living and has now reached the age of sixty- 
 five. 
 
 Mr. Smith is a college graduate, and in his 
 earlier manhood successfully followed the pro- 
 fession of teaching for several years. He is 
 to-day a man of broad general information, 
 who keeps well versed on all subjects of gen- 
 eral interest as well as in the line of his pro- 
 fession. He creditably served in the Confed- 
 erate army during the Civil war, and being 
 captured by the Union forces he for two 
 years was held a prisoner at Fort Delaware. 
 He was several times wounded and saw much 
 hard service, but he valiantly defended the 
 cause which he believed to be right. He and 
 his faithful wife were members of the Meth- 
 odist Church, and were people of the highest 
 respectability. In his old age, he now enjoys 
 the esteem of all who have the pleasure of his 
 acquaintance. 
 
 Ollin E. Smith was educated in the Dade- 
 ville College, near the place of his birth, after 
 
354 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 which he began preparation for the legal pro- 
 fession by reading law under the instruction of 
 ex-Senator T. L. Bulger. He also served as 
 Assistant Register in Chancery, under Mr. 
 Bulger, for some time, and in 1890, after pass- 
 ing the required examination, was admitted to 
 the bar, at Rockford, Alabama. 
 
 For two years, Mr. Smith practiced at Pratt 
 City, Alabama, but his health failed him and 
 he was advised to repair to New Mexico ; ac- 
 cordingly, in 1893, he became a resident of 
 Clayton. The act had been passed creating 
 the county of Union, but he arrived before it 
 went into effect. He has since been active in 
 the upbuilding of the county, in its develop- 
 ment and advancement, and his identification 
 with its interests has been a profit to the county 
 as well as to himself. Opening a law office 
 here he at once began practice and has secured 
 a liberal clientage, which comes to him as the 
 result of his skill and ability. In argument he 
 is convincing and his thorough preparation of 
 cases is shown in his success. In politics, Mr. 
 Smith is connected with the Democracy, and 
 was nominated by his party for the Territorial 
 Legislature in 1894, but he declined the nomin- 
 ation, believing it better to devote his entire 
 time and energies to his law practice. He is 
 a well read and talented lawyer, a fluent 
 speaker, and, although he engages in general 
 practice, he makes a specialty of criminal law. 
 Socially he is valued and prominent member of 
 the Masonic fraternity, being numbered among 
 the charter members of the lodge in Clayton. 
 
 aALVIN WHITING. This gentleman, 
 who is the builder of the fine block in 
 the city of Albuquerque which bears 
 his name, is a native of the State of 
 New York, whence came so many of the solid 
 citizens of the West. 
 
 He was born at Ballston, Saratoga county, 
 on the 26th day of July, 1855. His ancestors 
 were of English Puritan stock, who were early 
 settlers of Massachusetts, and Mr. Whiting's 
 grandfather, Reuben Whiting, fought in the 
 
 Revolutionary war and afterward lived to be 
 ninety years of age. His son, Jonathan Whit- 
 ing, who was the father of the subject of this 
 sketch, was born in Saratoga county, New 
 York, where he became one of the most widely 
 and favorably known citizens of the Empire 
 State. He was an extensive lumber manu- 
 facturer, and for many years did an immense 
 business in this line in New York State and 
 Canada. He married Miss Hester M. Gilbert, 
 a native of his own county, and to them were 
 born seven children, only three of whom are 
 now living. The father died at the age of 
 fifty-seven years, and his beloved wife passed 
 away when in her fifty-third year. 
 
 Calvin, the subject of this sketch, was the 
 fifth child. He graduated at Princeton College 
 in 1879, and then pursued a course of study at 
 the Columbia College School of Law, at which 
 he graduated in 1882. He practiced his pro- 
 fession in his native town for three years, and 
 then, because of failing health, came to Albu- 
 querque, in 1887. While resting and recuper- 
 ating here he became impressed with the idea 
 that Albuquerque had a bright future and was 
 destined to become a place of importance. He 
 therefore invested in property and embarked 
 in the real-estate business. His intelligent 
 foresight proved profitable, and soon he was 
 engaged in enterprises which aided in the bet- 
 terment of the appearance and condition of the 
 city, as well as proving remunerative to him- 
 self. Mr. Whiting built a number of residences, 
 all substantial brick structures, and in 1891 
 had completed the Whiting Block, a handsome 
 building which seems a fitting monument to 
 the gentleman's enterprise. The structure is 
 built on the southwest corner of Gold avenue 
 and Second street, one of the best locations in 
 the city. It is 50 x 142 feet in length, of a 
 substantial but pleasing style of architecture, 
 and contains five fine stores on the first floor 
 and twenty-five office rooms in the second story. 
 Since the organization of the Co-operative 
 Building and Loan Association of this city, Mr. 
 Whiting has had its general management, and 
 the association has grown and prospered until 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 355 
 
 now it has a quarter of a million of capital. 
 By means of its aid nearly one hundred houses 
 have been built, and it has thus proven a valu- 
 able factor in the growth and prosperity of 
 the city. 
 
 Mr. Whiting was married on the 24th of 
 October, 1888, to Miss Grace Western Hogan, 
 of his own native place, and they have one 
 daughter, Eleanor. 
 
 In politics he is a Republican, a member 
 of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, 
 and besides being a man of extensive busi- 
 ness ability, is by nature and education a 
 gentleman of refinement and culture. As a 
 citizen of Albuquerque he has been a leading 
 spirit in the building up of the city, and his 
 unbounded faith in the eventual growth and 
 prosperity of the place has been correctly 
 verified. 
 
 (U 
 
 9 L. JENNINGS, one of the early 
 settlers of Raton, and a veteran of 
 the late war, was born in the far-off 
 State of New York, his birth occur- 
 ring in Jamestown, on the 4th of August, 1833. 
 The family is of English origin and was prob- 
 ably founded in America in early Colonial days. 
 His father, Edmund Jennings, was a native of 
 the Green Mountain State, and married Miss 
 Nancy King, who was also born in Vermont. 
 They removed to Jamestown, New York, and 
 Mr. Jennings was afterward for some years a 
 pilot on the Ohio river. Subsequently he en- 
 gaged in land speculation. In the family were 
 four children, but only two are now living. 
 The father died in the sixty-eighth year of his 
 age, and the mother reached the ripe old age 
 of eighty-four years. They were both mem- 
 bers of the Christian Church, in which Mr. 
 Jennings long served as Deacon, and both were 
 highly esteemed and worthy people, who had 
 the warm regard of many friends. 
 
 W. L. Jennings was the second child of 
 the family, and was educated in the public 
 schools of his native town. He afterward en- 
 tered an academy in Warren, Pennsylvania, 
 
 but not liking the school he ran away to Pitts- 
 burg, where he spent a year working for an 
 uncle. In the meantime his father had taken 
 sick so that Mr. Jennings returned to his home, 
 where he remained until his father's death. 
 Attracted by the West he then removed to 
 Olin, Iowa, and was there united in marriage 
 in 1855 with Miss Catherine Walker, a native 
 of Dayton, Ohio, and a daughter of William 
 Walker of that place. Two children have 
 been born to them: Frank, who is now a res- 
 ident of Dayton, Wyoming; and Mary, wife of 
 D. B. Fotheringham, Mayor of the city of 
 Spokane, Washington. 
 
 For some time after their marriage Mr. and 
 Mrs. Jennings resided at Olin, Iowa, and he 
 held the office of Deputy Sheriff. He also en- 
 gaged in hotel-keeping, following that pursuit 
 until after the breaking out of the Civil war, when 
 he resolved to give his service to his country 
 and aid in the preservation of the Union. Ac- 
 cordingly, on the 4th of August, 1861, he en- 
 listed in Company B, Ninth Iowa Infantry, and 
 with his regiment went to Benton Barracks, 
 St. Louis, spending the winter at Pacific City, 
 Missouri. In the spring he participated in the 
 battle of Pea Ridge, which he fought in the 
 open field. It was a hotly contested engage- 
 ment, charge after charge being made all day 
 long. The Confederate forces had 30,000 
 men and the Union forces only 10,000. The 
 former felt that they had won the fight, but in 
 \ the morning the Union forces made a magnifi- 
 cent charge and drove the enemy from Pea 
 Ridge. The battle was not as great as to 
 numbers as other engagements of that struggle, 
 but it was one of the most hotly contested, and 
 the Union forces suffered much loss, yet cov- 
 ered themselves with glory, defeating a brave 
 enemy three times their number. The com- 
 pany to which Mr. Jennings belonged lost 
 twenty of its men, or one-fourth of the entire 
 number! The next battle in which Mr. Jen- 
 nings took part was at Vicksburg, and he then 
 participated in all the engagements of that 
 great campaign that led up to the capture of 
 Atlanta. He served for three years and two 
 
356 
 
 HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 months and rose from the rank of Corporal to 
 that of Lieutenant. He was a valiant soldier, 
 always faithful to his duty, whether acting as 
 picket or serving in the thickest of the fight. 
 He had many narrow escapes, and on one oc- 
 casion a ball cut his vest and passed between 
 his arm and his body. He was fortunate, 
 however, being never wounded, taken prisoner 
 or sick a day, and with an honorable discharge 
 he returned to his home. 
 
 Mr. Jennings afterward removed to Lincoln, 
 Nebraska, and for a time dealt in land and en- 
 gaged in other speculations. Subsequently he 
 removed to Lyons, Kansas, where he carried 
 on business as a painter and later engaged in 
 the hotel business. In 1 880 he came to Ra- 
 ton, and for a time served as foreman with the 
 railroad company, then engaged in painting, 
 paper hanging and decorating. In 1886 he 
 purchased a good residence, and he also owns 
 his shop, and a large house which he rents out 
 to roomers, and which is now full of guests. 
 His life has been a busy and useful one, and 
 he has won success by close application, en- 
 ergy, perseverance and capable management. 
 
 Mr. Jennings is a member of the Masonic 
 fraternity, also the Independent Order of Odd 
 Fellows, and has passed all the chairs in the 
 branches of the latter order. He also holds 
 membership with the Order of Rebekah, and 
 the Order of the Eastern Star, while in polit- 
 ical faith he is a Republican. In all the walks 
 of life he has been found true and upright, 
 manifesting the same loyalty to principle that 
 he displayed when on Southern battle-fields he 
 followed the old flag which to-day proudly 
 floats over the united nation. 
 
 ^j* PROSPER STUYVESANT, living in 
 Folsom, New Mexico, is a prominent 
 / 1 stock man of Union county. His 
 career has been characterized by a spirit 
 of fairness and honorable dealing, and his de- 
 votion to the noble purpose of making the 
 most and best of himself has always been 
 marked. 
 
 He was born in New York city, on the 3d 
 of October, 1862, and is therefore yet a young 
 man. He descends from prominent and hon- 
 ored ancestry that sailed from Holland to the 
 New World, becoming early settlers of New 
 Amsterdam, which is now the metropolis of 
 the United States New York. He traces his 
 ancestry back to Peter Stuy vesant, who was the 
 last Governor of New Amsterdam. Nine gen- 
 erations of the family were born in New York, 
 and they were leading and influential citizens 
 and large land-owners of the Empire State. 
 
 The father of our subject, Prosper Stuy ves- 
 ant, Sr. , was born in New York city, in 1833, 
 and inherited large property interests which 
 had been handed down from father to son for 
 generations. He married Miss Ellen Farrell, 
 a native of his own city, and they had three 
 children, of whom two are living, namely: 
 Ellen Maud and J. Prosper. The father 
 died in 1872, at the early age of thirty-nine 
 years, and the mother, who now survives, is 
 living in Denver, Colorado. 
 
 In taking up the personal history of J. 
 Prosper Stuyvesant, we present to our readers 
 the life record of one who is both widely and 
 favorably known in the Territory of New 
 Mexico. He had good school privileges, hav- 
 ing obtained his education in Poughkeepsie, 
 New York, in Burlington, Vermont, and in the 
 Hopkins Institute. At the age of sixteen, de- 
 sirous of seeing something of Western life, he 
 came to New Mexico and engaged in the cattle 
 business with his cousin, John R. Stuyvesant. 
 Their partnership continued for three years, 
 when the business relations were dissolved and 
 our subject continued alone in the enterprise. 
 With a herd of cattle he arrived on the site of 
 the present city of Folsom, July 8, 1879, and 
 has since carried on stock-dealing in this vicin- 
 ity, finding it to be one of the best locations in 
 New Mexico for extensive ranges and rich pas- 
 turage. He has had as high as 1,400 head of 
 cattle at a time. He keeps on hand high 
 grades of cattle, crossing his stock with pure- 
 blooded Durhams. He is a thoroughgoing, 
 progressive, intelligent and prosperous stock- 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 357 
 
 man, and has a valuable ranch of 480 acres, 
 on which he has built and made many excel- 
 lent improvements. He cuts as high as 100 
 tons of hay annually and has ten miles of fence 
 on his property. His affairs are conducted on 
 strict business principles, and honorable deal- 
 ing and unfaltering energy have won for him 
 prosperity. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Stuyvesant is a- Republican, 
 but takes no active part in political affairs, 
 preferring to give his time and attention to his 
 business interests, in which he has met with 
 signal success. In manner he is pleasant and 
 genial, and has won a host of friends. 
 
 A. WHITE. As representing an 
 art which has attained its maximum 
 of perfection within the past decade 
 and as holding a position among 
 the leading business men of the thriving village 
 of Raton, the gentleman whose name initiates 
 this review must assuredly be accorded consid- 
 eration in this connection. 
 
 A native of the old Buckeye State, Mr. 
 White was born in Butler county, Ohio, on 
 the 24th of March, 1847. He was fully or- 
 phaned when but a mere child, and from his 
 early boyhood has depended upon his own 
 efforts and bravely fought the battle of life. 
 His educational privileges were necessarily 
 somewhat meager in extent, but being pos- 
 sessed of a quick mentality and marked recep- 
 tivity, he has gained by absorption as it were, 
 a thorough knowledge of business and a broad 
 intellectual grasp. When only a lad of nine 
 years he was employed in the harvest field 
 where he labored ' ' from early morn till dewy 
 eve " for the princely stipend of twenty-five 
 cents a day, and deemed that a large compen- 
 sation. He earned the money at farm work 
 which enabled him to prosecute his studies for 
 some time in the public schools, but soon 
 sterner duties devolved upon him, and his was 
 not a nature to flinch therefrom. 
 
 He was but eighteen years of age when 
 the thundering of Rebel guns from Fort Sum- 
 
 ter swelled to a flood-tide the patriotism of an 
 intrinsically loyal nature, and on the I4th of 
 October he enlisted for service in the Union 
 army as a member of Company I, Eighty- 
 third Regiment of Ohio Volunteer Infantry. 
 Soon after his enlistment he was transferred to 
 Company A, Forty-eighth Ohio Volunteers, in 
 order to fill up its ranks, and with this regi- 
 ment he served faithfully and well until the 
 close of the war. He participated in the bat- 
 tles at Blakely and Selma, Georgia, and was in 
 other engagements of minor note, being hon- 
 orably discharged at Houston, Texas, on the 
 1 9th of October, 1865, his term of service hav- 
 ing expired. 
 
 His military career terminated, he remained 
 at Galveston, Texas, for a time and was en- 
 gaged in railroad contracting, after which he 
 turned his attention to the photographing busi- 
 ness, and in 1881 came to Raton, and here 
 opened a studio. His first location was on 
 Front street, where he remained two years, after 
 which he took possession of his present eligible 
 quarters on Second street. He is a thorough 
 master of the business, which is both a science 
 and an art, and he has been accorded a very 
 satisfactory patronage, his methods being fair 
 and honorable, and his work standing as its 
 own strongest commendation. His attractive 
 studio is equipped with the latest modern ap- 
 pliances and accessories, and has exceptional 
 facilities for turning out work of the highest 
 grade. He owns a 20 x 24 inch lens, the same 
 being the largest photographic lens used in the 
 Territory, while other accessories include a 
 flash-light apparatus and an electric retouch- 
 ing machine. 
 
 In politics our subject is a stanch Republi- 
 can and fraternally he is very prominently 
 indentified with the Grand Army of the Repub- 
 lic, retaining a membership in Sedgwick Post, 
 No. 2, of Raton, in which he has filled nearly 
 all the official positions. He is known and 
 honored as one of the reliable and progressive 
 business men of the village. 
 
 On the 1 7th of June, 1886, was solemnized 
 the marriage of Mr. White and Miss Mattie 
 
358 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 McCalister, a native of Texas, the wedding 
 ceremony being performed in Raton. They are 
 the parents of five children : William, Edith 
 May, Virginia, Mable and Margeritte. 
 
 ON. ATANASIO ROMERO, one of 
 the representative business men of 
 Santa Fe, was born in this city May 
 2, 1851, and is a descendant of one 
 of the oldest Mexican families in the Territory. 
 His grandfather, Felipe Romero, was born in 
 New Mexico, was a prominent rancher, and 
 died at the age of seventy years, leaving a 
 family of six children. His son, Jose Maria 
 Romero, the father of our subject, was 
 born in 1801. He married Miss Guada- 
 lope Gallegas, daughter of Juan Gallegas, 
 also descended from an old and prominent 
 Mexican family. Five daughters and two sons 
 were added to this union, all born at Santa 
 Fe. The father died in 1876, at the age of 
 seventy-five years. 
 
 Atanasio Romero, his youngest child, re- 
 ceived his education at St. Michael's College, 
 completing the course in 1868, after which he 
 clerked in his father-in-law's store in Santa Fe 
 until 1883. During that time he was elected, 
 on the Republican ticket, a member of the 
 Territorial Legislature, in the session of 1880. 
 Two years afterward he became County Clerk, 
 and at that time the office was ex officio, consist- 
 ing of Probate Clerk, Clerk of the Board of 
 County Commissioners, and Clerk of the School 
 Board and County Assessor, so that his posi- 
 tion was one of importance, and gave him a 
 thorough acquaintance with all the business 
 interests of the county. In 1884 Mr. Romero 
 was the Republican nominee for County As- 
 sessor, but was defeated, along with the whole 
 ticket. Two years afterwards, in 1886, he 
 was nominated for Sheriff, and was again de- 
 feated. In 1888 he was again nominated for 
 Assessor, and was still again defeated, as the 
 county was largely Democratic and no Repub- 
 lican could be elected to office. In 1890 he 
 served as Deputy Assessor and Probate Clerk; 
 
 in 1892 was elected Probate Clerk; in the 
 same year was elected Alderman of the city, 
 and in 1894 was nominated for Assessor, but 
 was beaten by only seven votes. Mr. Romero 
 was engaged in the mercantile business in 
 Santa Fe from 1885 to 1891. 
 
 January i, 1875, he was united in marriage 
 with Miss L. Lopez, and they had one daugh- 
 ter, Maclovia, who only lived to the age of 
 seven years. Mrs. Romero departed this life 
 July 16, 1876. May 6, 1878, our subject 
 married Miss Rita Lopez, a sister of his former 
 wife, and they have had eight children, only 
 three of whom survive Agneda, Ignacio and 
 Lorencita. The family are adherents to the 
 Catholic faith, and have done their full share 
 in aiding the church in the building of the 
 many fine edifices that are an ornament to the 
 city. Notwithstanding his father was a Demo- 
 crat, Mr. Romero cast his first vote with the 
 Republican party, and has since given it his 
 faithful support. He has a wide and favorable 
 acquaintance and much influence in the 
 county. 
 
 HEODORE RONAULT, one of the 
 successful business men of Las Cruces, 
 is a native of France, born on the 
 2gth of May, 1851. His ancestors 
 had lived for some generations in that country, 
 and were prominent in professional and busi- 
 ness circles there. 
 
 For seven years he was a trusted and capa- 
 ble salesman in the store of William Dessanat, 
 and in 1886 he bought out his employer, car- 
 rying on business on his own account for the 
 past nine years. He has a large and complete 
 stock of general merchandise and by fair and 
 honest dealing, courteous treatment and ear- 
 nest endeavor to please his patrons he has se- 
 cured a large and constantly increasing patron- 
 age. One of the greatest marvels of this age 
 is the amount of work for good or ill that may 
 be accomplished by one man. That one intel- 
 lect can be the motive power of many enter- 
 prises, which may work incalculable weal or 
 
HISTORY OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 359 
 
 woe to his fellow beings and bring each and 
 every one to a successful termination, awakens 
 our wonder and respect. Such an intellect is 
 possessed by Mr. Renault, who has been an 
 important factor in the development of the 
 county. He furnished the supplies to the Pinos 
 Altos mines while they were being opened, and 
 in 1892 he established a fruit-canning factory, 
 which has also proved a profitable investment. 
 He is now canning the different varieties of 
 fruits raised in the Mesilla valley, and exten- 
 sively engaged in raising vegetables on his 
 ninety-acre ranch. He has sixty acres planted 
 to tomatoes, and also has a grape vineyard, and 
 a winery and distillery, in which he manufac- 
 tures choice wines and grape brandy. He has 
 a good demand for these products and ships his 
 goods to different towns in this section of the 
 country and even as far as New Orleans. Mr. 
 Renault has cleared in his business in three 
 years $ 15,000. He is a typical representative 
 of that class of American citizens who enhance 
 the general welfare while promoting individual 
 prosperity. He has built several residences in 
 the town and is the owner of a large double 
 brick dwelling. He is a man of the utmost 
 reliability in business affairs, deserving the con- 
 fidence and esteem in which he is held, and in 
 the history of the Territory is well deserving of 
 mention. 
 
 In 1 88 1 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. 
 Ronault and Miss Margaret Garcia, a native of 
 New Mexico, and a descendant of one of the 
 most prominent families of the Territory. They 
 now have five children, all born in Las Cruces, 
 namely: Theodore J., Ernst, Mary, Theresa 
 and Margaret. 
 
 >T^OHN. W. EVANS, the popular Post- 
 a master and a groceryman of Clayton, 
 A 1 New Mexico, has been a leading factor 
 in the town ever since it was estab- 
 lished. Indeed, his identity with the place 
 dates before there was any sign of a town here 
 and before even a tent had been pitched on 
 the site. It was December 16, 1887, that he 
 
 first landed here. Soon afterward he located 
 a farm of 320 acres five miles south of this 
 place, which he has built upon and improved 
 and to which he has added until it now com- 
 prises 480 acres. In 1890 he opened his gro- 
 cery business in Clayton. Here he soon built 
 up an excellent trade, which he has since main- 
 tained and which has increased with the 
 growth of the town, his success in the grocery 
 business being due to his close and careful at- 
 tention and good management, and to the hon- 
 orable and liberal methods employed by him. 
 In 1893 he was appointed Postmaster, the po- 
 sition which he is now ably filling, discharging 
 his duties in a manner most satisfactory both 
 to the Government and to the patrons of the 
 office. As soon as he received the appoint- 
 ment he purchased a new outfit for the office, 
 including a good set of boxes fully up with the 
 times and the growth of Clayton, and fitted up 
 the office in a manner creditable alike to him- 
 self and the town. The building in which he 
 now does business was erected by him in 1891, 
 and the following year he built his present res- 
 idence. Thus has he contributed his full share 
 toward the upbuilding of the town. Mr. Evans 
 is a native of the State of Indiana, born Au- 
 gust 1 7, 1 844, and is of Scotch and Welsh 
 descent. His forefathers were early settlers of 
 New York, and later removed from there to 
 North Carolina, of which latter State his fa- 
 ther, John W. Evans, was a native. The senior 
 John W. Evans removed to Cincinnati when 
 that now prominent city was a small village, 
 subsequently took up his abode in Madison, 
 Indiana, and was therefore a pioneer of both 
 Ohio and Indiana. He married Emaline Al- 
 fred, a native of North Carolina and a descend- 
 ant of early settlers of this country. 
 
 When Mr. Evans, the subject of this sketch 
 was only three years of age his father died, 
 and six years later he lost his mother by death. 
 The little orphan then found a home with a 
 Quaker family, friends of his parents, whose 
 kindness to the boy will never be forgotten by 
 him. In the public schools of Madison he re- 
 ceived his education. August 1 6, 1862, at the 
 
3 6 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 age of eighteen years, Mr. Evans enlisted in the 
 Union army and went out as a member of the 
 Eighty-second Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He 
 served with the Armies of the Cumberland and 
 Tennessee, under Generals Rosecrans and 
 Sherman, and his corps the Fourteenth Army 
 Corps was known as "Pap Thomas' Pets." 
 His first battle was fought at Perryville. 
 Other engagements in which he participated 
 were the battles of Stone river, Chickamauga 
 and Missionary Ridge, and all the hard fight- 
 ing in the campaign which led up to the cap- 
 ture of Atlanta. At one time he was offered 
 an important commission, which, however, he 
 declined on account of his youth. While he 
 passed through the war without receiving a 
 wound, the exposure and hard army life 
 greatly impaired his health. He continued on 
 duty until the conflict ended, participated in 
 the grand review of the victorious army in 
 Washington, and in June, 1865, received an 
 honorable discharge. 
 
 The war over, Mr. Evans returned to his 
 home in Indiana, and for two years thereafter 
 was unfitted, on account of his ill health, for 
 business of any kind. On his recovery he gave 
 his attention to the business of photography, 
 which he followed for eighteen years in Indi- 
 ana, Kentucky, Illinois and Texas. 
 
 Mr. Evans was married in 1882 to Mrs. 
 Sarah E. Home, widow of Thomas Home. 
 By her first marriage she had three children, 
 viz.: William H., who died in Clayton, New 
 Mexico, in his twenty-fourth year; Cordie, now 
 Mrs. J. W. Wiggins, of Oklahoma; and Sam- 
 uel T. , who resides with his parents in Clay- 
 ton. Mrs. Evans is a daughter of Mr. Samuel 
 T. Sloan, one of the earliest settlers of Dallas, 
 Texas. 
 
 In politics Mr. Evans has been a life-long 
 Democrat. He keeps himself well posted and 
 takes an active interest in the affairs of the 
 country. Over twenty years ago he was initi- 
 ated into the mysteries of Freemasonry and 
 has maintained a membership in good stand- 
 ing in the order ever since. His high moral 
 standing and his integrity as an official and 
 
 business man place him among the leading 
 citizens of Clayton and entitle him to the high 
 respect and esteem in which he is held by all 
 who know him. 
 
 *y EO LOEWENSTEIN, one of San 
 j Marcial's leading merchants and most 
 
 _^j^ enterprising citizens, doing the leading 
 dry-goods and gents' furnishing-goods 
 business in the town, is a native of Germany, 
 born on the 3Oth of May, 1858, where his edu- 
 cation was obtained, and when fifteen years of 
 age started for the United States to make his 
 own way in this free land, making the voyage 
 alone. Locating at Kingston, New York, he 
 worked at farming for $14 per month, and 
 later obtained a clerkship in a store, where he 
 continued for some time. He became the 
 owner of a small farm in the mountains, which 
 he still owns. 
 
 In 1887 Mr. Loewenstein came to New 
 Mexico, locating at Magdalena, where he open- 
 ed a store and began in a small way the busi- 
 ness he has since conducted so successfully. 
 The town was a mining camp, and though he 
 started with only a capital of $ 1,000, for three 
 years he did a prosperous business. In 1891 
 he arrived in San Marcial, where he bought 
 out the firm of Joseph Freudenstein, and to 
 that stock he added a quantity of goods he had 
 brought with him from Magdalena. His store, 
 25x90 feet, is filled with a well-selected and 
 well-kept stock of dry goods, hats, caps, shoes 
 and all kinds of gents' furnishing goods, and is 
 favorably located in the center of the business 
 portion on Railroad street. He has the good- 
 will and trade of the railroad employes, as well 
 as the other citizens of the place. Mr. Loe- 
 wenstein has acquired his success through close 
 application to his business interests, faithful- 
 ness to every detail of the work and by the 
 most upright and honorable methods. He 
 gives the fullest satisfaction to his customers, 
 desiring to retain them as friends, and always 
 supplies them with the best goods that the 
 market affords. 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 361 
 
 Socially, Mr. Loewenstein is a pleasant, 
 genial gentleman. He is prominent in Masonic 
 circles, having attained the thirty-second de- 
 gree in the Scottish rite, and also affiliates with 
 the Knights of Pythias fraternity. In politics 
 he is a supporter of the Democratic party, but 
 takes no very active part in political affairs, 
 preferring to devote his entire time and atten- 
 tion to his mercantile interests, but on public 
 affairs is well informed. 
 
 *-- GUIS H. HOFMEISTER, who was 
 
 | recently honored by election to the 
 
 ^^ Board of Aldermen for the city of 
 
 East Las Vegas, New Mexico, has 
 
 been connected with the business interests of 
 
 this place for more than a decade and is ranked 
 
 with her leading citizens. Since 1890 he has 
 
 been engaged in the grocery business, his store 
 
 fronting on the beautiful plaza. 
 
 Mr. Hofmeister, as the name suggests, is a 
 German, and in his make-up are found the ster- 
 ling characteristics of his countrymen. He 
 was born in Cassel, one of the large cities of 
 Germany, July 9, 1864, and comes from a 
 family most of whose members have been for 
 years engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was 
 educated in part in his native country, came 
 to America in 1882 and finished his education 
 at Quincy, Illinois, in the Gem City Business 
 College. He had expected to return to Ger- 
 many, but after completing his course in the 
 business college was so well pleased with the 
 United States that he decided to remain here 
 and become a citizen of this country. Accord- 
 ingly he accepted a position as bookkeeper, a 
 vocation which he followed for several years. 
 In 1884 he came to East Las Vegas and from 
 that time until 1890 was bookkeeper in the 
 Golden Rule clothing store. In 1890, as be- 
 fore stated, he engaged in the grocery and pro- 
 vision business, his location being in a brick 
 block at the northwest corner of the plaza. 
 Here he keeps a fresh and well-selected stock 
 of groceries and provisions, and has by his 
 promptness and courtesy and his liberal and 
 
 honorable business methods built up a large 
 trade. 
 
 Politically, Mr. Hofmeister has given his 
 support to the Democratic party ever since he 
 became a citizen of the United States. He 
 was selected by his fellow townsmen as one of 
 the Aldermen of the city in 1895, a position 
 which he is now creditably filling. Fraternally, 
 he is identified with the Masonic order, having 
 received the degrees of the blue lodge, chap- 
 ter and commandery, in all of which branches 
 he has held official position. He has been the 
 efficient Secretary of the chapter for five years, 
 was Prelate of the commandery two years and 
 is now its Recorder. He has been active in 
 promoting and aiding in the building of the 
 splendid Masonic Temple at East Las Vegas 
 and was on the committee of arrangements for 
 its dedication. He is at present one of the 
 trustees of the Presbyterian Church, and this 
 is his second term. 
 
 Mr. Hofmeister was married June 15, 1891, 
 to Miss Rose Sporleder, daughter of Charles 
 H. Sporleder, one of the prominent merchants 
 of East Las Vegas. To their union have been 
 added a daughter and son, Irene and Louis 
 Carl. -They occupy one of the pleasant homes 
 of the city, are active and. popular in social and 
 musicial circles here, and by all who know 
 them they are held in high esteem. 
 
 ORLANDO SMITH. The history of 
 this gentleman is that of a Union sol- 
 dier who fought bravely in the late 
 war, a Western pioneer who has spent 
 nearly thirty years in New Mexico, a contractor 
 and builder of Las Vegas, and a man whose 
 whole life has been such that he has ever had 
 the good will and respect of his fellows. 
 
 Mr. Smith was born in Clinton county, 
 Ohio, April 14, 1843, and is now the only sur- 
 vivor of the family of two sons and a daughter of 
 Erie and Martha (Denny) Smith. His mother 
 dying when he was only three years old, he went 
 to live with his grandfather Denny, with whom 
 he remained until 1858, at which time the 
 
362 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 grandfather died. After that he made his 
 home with an uncle, one of his mother's broth- 
 ers, until the war-clouds gathered and burst 
 upon the country. At President Lincoln's first 
 call for volunteers to put down the rebellion 
 young Smith enlisted his services and went to 
 the front, and after his term expired he re-en- 
 listed, this time in Company B, Twelfth Ohio 
 Volunteer Infantry. He was a participant in 
 the second Bull Run fight, the battle of South 
 mountain, and the three days' fight after the 
 battle of Antietam. His command was then 
 ordered to Western Virginia, where they had 
 to contend with the bushwhackers and had sev- 
 eral sharp fights with them. Later in his serv- 
 ice Mr. Smith was Color Bearer and a Cor- 
 poral, and his last battle was at Lynchburg. 
 At the end of his second term of enlistment he 
 was honorably discharged from the service and 
 returned to his home in Ohio, where for a time 
 he was profitably engaged in fanning. 
 
 In 1866, in company with two others, Mr. 
 Smith made the trip across the plains to Santa 
 Fe, New Mexico. From here he proceeded to 
 Colorado, and at Pueblo was engaged in work 
 at the carpenter trade four months for Peter 
 Dodson. Next we find him at Fort -Union, 
 similarly employed for some time, and in 1868 
 went from there to the mines of Elizabeth- 
 town. At the latter place he turned his at- 
 tention to mining and in the mines sank the 
 money he had already earned. In 1871 he 
 went to Cimarron, and worked at the old Max- 
 well place, constructing dwellings and stores, 
 and in the spring of the following year he came 
 to Las Vegas. From that date to the present 
 time he has been identified with this town, has 
 been engaged in contracting and building here, 
 and has done a large amount of work, many of 
 the good buildings of the place being monu- 
 ments to his skill and enterprise. He built 
 his own home and shop. He has an engine 
 and other machinery and does all his own 
 planing and moulding work, and has had no 
 trouble in maintaining the high reputation he 
 established years ago as a workman of the first 
 order. 
 
 Mr. Smith was married in 1874 to Miss 
 Sesaria Baca, a native of the Territory of New 
 Mexico and daughter of Victorianno Baca, a 
 descendant of the noted Baca family. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Smith have no children of their own, 
 but have reared an adopted daughter, Emma. 
 
 He is something of a politician, affiliating 
 with the Republican party. He is also an act- 
 ive member of the Grand Army of the Re- 
 public, has held nearly all the offices in the 
 order, and is Past Commander and Past As- 
 sistant Quartermaster General. 
 
 Such, in brief, is a review of the life of one 
 of the leading and most respected citizens of 
 Las Vegas. 
 
 >nr*OHN S. CLARK, one of the enterpris- 
 m ing and successful business men of East 
 A J Las Vegas, was born in Hay wood coun- 
 ty, in the State of Tennessee, on the 
 29th of October, 1858, and traces his ancestry 
 back to "Merry England," whence came his 
 ancestors to America in early Colonial days, 
 braving the dangers of an ocean voyage at the 
 time of primitive navigation to secure homes 
 in North Carolina. Later they removed to the 
 State of Tennessee, where Jacob Clark, the 
 father our subject, was born in the year 1826. 
 Having attained to man's estate he married 
 Miss Mary F. Wells, a native of his own State, 
 her ancestors also having come from North 
 Carolina. They had a family of nine children, 
 eight sons and a daughter, of whom seven are 
 now living. The father died at the age of forty- 
 two years, but the mother still survives, and 
 has reached the age of sixty- four. They were 
 members of the Methodist Church, were chari- 
 table and benevolent people and were very 
 popular with a wide circle of friends. The 
 father made farming his life occupation. 
 
 John S. Clark was the eldest of the family 
 and the days of his boyhood and youth were 
 passed under the parental roof in the usual 
 manner of farmer lads of that place and pe- 
 riod. The educational privileges that he re- 
 ceived were those afforded by the public 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 363 
 
 schools. The great Civil war had brought to 
 the family severe financial loss, and from an 
 early age Mr. Clark has made his own way in 
 the world. The knowledge acquired in the 
 school-room he has largely supplemented by 
 experience and observation, and possessing an 
 observing eye and retentive memory he has 
 made himself a well-informed man. His 
 financial success is the crown of his own efforts, 
 and demonstrates the power, in this free land 
 of ours, to rise from an humble position to 
 one of affluence through merit and business 
 ability, independent of influential friends or 
 financial aid. 
 
 In his youth Mr. Clark worked as a farm 
 hand and continued to follow agricultural pur- 
 suits until the twenty-second year of his age, 
 when he determined to try his fortune upon 
 the broad plains of the Southwest, hoping 
 thereby to benefit his financial condition. 
 Accordingly, on the 3d of April, 1884, he 
 arrived in Las Vegas, New Mexico, where for 
 a time he held the position of night clerk in 
 the Plaza Hotel. In 1887 he formed a part- 
 nership with Mr. Forsythe and opened in East 
 Las Vegas the business which they have since 
 so successfully conducted. They have a large 
 restaurant and also retail liquors. Their 
 establishment is advantageously located, hav- 
 ing a suite of rooms which extend back from 
 Railroad avenue, where they furnish first-class 
 meals at all hours of the day and night and are 
 doing by far the largest business in their line 
 in the city. As his financial resources have 
 increased Mr. Clark has also made some in- 
 vestments in real estate in Las Vegas, and 
 now owns some valuable city property. 
 
 Our subject is recognized as a public-spir- 
 ited and progressive citizen, ever ready to help 
 his fellow-townsmen in any enterprise having 
 for its object the upbuilding and prosperity of 
 the community in which he lives, and as such 
 he is one of the most highly-esteemed men of 
 East Las Vegas. Fraternally he is an active 
 Mason and is the present High Priest of Las 
 Vegas Royal Arch Chapter No. 3. He is also 
 a member of Las Vegas Commandery. His 
 
 political support has been unswervingly given 
 to the Republican party, and he is now chair- 
 man of the county central committee, and has 
 been an important factor in the successes of 
 his party in this county. 
 
 On the 2d day of January, 1880, Mr. Clark 
 was happily united in marriage with Miss 
 Nannie C. Watson, a native of Kentucky and 
 a daughter of Dr. A. J. Watson, of that State. 
 They have two children, Herbert W. and 
 Lawrence D. Their circle of acquaintances in 
 the community is extensive and their friends 
 are many. 
 
 HDOLPH P. HILL. It is a noticeable 
 fact that to the young men the West 
 and South are largely indebted for 
 their advancement and prosperity. 
 Enterprising and progressive, they have carried 
 forward the work of progress to the benefit of 
 the various business, political, educational and 
 social circles with which they have been con- 
 nected. A worthy representative of this class 
 is seen in Mr. Hill, the present efficient County 
 Clerk of Santa Fe county. He is numbered 
 among the native sons of the city of Santa Fe, 
 where his birth occurred on the 7th of Sep- 
 tember, 1871. He acquired his elementary 
 education in St. Michael's College and com- 
 pleted his course in the University of New 
 Mexico, at which institution he was graduated 
 with honor in the class 1892. 
 
 Mr. Hill then entered upon his business 
 career, forming a connection with the firm of 
 Norfleet & Company, of Wallace, serving as 
 bookkeeper for a period of two years. He 
 then accepted a similar position in the service 
 of Benjamin McClean & Company, a leading 
 mercantile firm of Kansas, and for some time 
 had charge of a branch of their extensive gen- 
 eral mercantile business in Las Vegas, New 
 Mexico. His next position made him book- 
 keeper for the Daily Optic, a paper pub- 
 lished in Las Vegas, and on severing that 
 connection he removed to Mora, this Territory, 
 where, in partnership with Camilo Padillo, he 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 edited and published El Musquito, a weekly 
 Spanish newspaper, but continued in this en- 
 terprise only about eight months. 
 
 On the expiration of that period, Mr. Hill 
 returned to his native city, there accepting a 
 position as private secretary of Governor 
 Thornton, and remained for the period of four 
 months, and not long after this was called 
 to public office, for his fellow citizens appre- 
 ciated his worth and ability and honored him 
 accordingly. He was nominated for the posi- 
 tion of City Clerk, made a satisfactory canvass 
 and was elected by a large and flattering ma- 
 jority. The creditable manner in which he 
 filled this position made him a popular candi- 
 date for the office of County Clerk. He was 
 placed in nomination, and the confidence of 
 the public in his merit was attested by his 
 election in the fall of 1894. Soon afterward 
 he entered upon the duties of the office, which 
 also includes those of the Clerk of the Probate 
 Court and ex officio Clerk of the Board of 
 County Commissioners. 
 
 Mr. Hill is the owner of a rich and valuable 
 farm of 160 acres, lying three miles south of 
 the city, where he is carrying on agricultural 
 pursuits. In religious faith he is an adherent 
 of the Catholic Church. Politically he is a 
 supporter of the Democracy and has made such 
 a creditable record that he has won the respect 
 of all who know him, and is justly numbered 
 among the valiant sons of New Mexico. 
 
 BLETCHER H. MITCHELL, presi- 
 dent of the Board of Trade of Cer- 
 rillos, and one of the prominent min- 
 ing men of this section of the Terri- 
 tory, is a native of Iowa, born on the i;th of 
 January, 1857, and is of English and German 
 descent. His father, Henry H. Mitchell, was 
 born in Kentucky in 1817, and when a young 
 man removed to Iowa, where he wedded Miss 
 Mary Ann Pierson. In that State he secured 
 lands and purchased a valuable farm, upon 
 which he spent his remaining days, success- 
 fully carrying on agricultural pursuits. He 
 
 died in 1884, having survived his wife a few 
 years. They were consistent members of the 
 Methodist Church, and were highly esteemed 
 for their many excellencies of character. The 
 gentlemen whose name heads this sketch is 
 the sixth child in the family of eight children, 
 of whom six are yet living. 
 
 Fletcher H. Mitchell acquired his educa- 
 tion in the public schools of his native town, 
 and on attaining his majority went to Colo- 
 rado, where he was engaged in cattle-raising 
 for a season. He then secured a clerkship in 
 a mercantile store, and was employed in that 
 capacity until 1880, at which time he came to 
 New Mexico. Locating in Las Vegas, he was 
 in the employ of the railroad company for a 
 year, and in 1881 came to Cerrillos, where 
 with the capital he had acquired through his 
 own industry and perseverance he opened a 
 general mercantile store, which he conducted 
 for two years. Mr. Mitchell then sold out and 
 became interested in mining in the vicinity of 
 Cerrillos. He has since continued in this 
 business, and has extended his mining opera- 
 tions until he is now the owner of much valu- 
 able mining property, partly located in Arizona 
 and partly in New Mexico. He is engaged in 
 prospecting, and buys and sells mining prop- 
 perty as a speculation. He is an expert in 
 judging of the value of ore, and his properties 
 are gold, silver, lead and copper mines. In 
 all his business dealings he is a man of the 
 strictest honor and integrity, and has the con- 
 fidence of all with whom he has been brought 
 in contact. Mr. Mitchell has at various times 
 been interested in merchandising, and now 
 carries on business in that line in connection 
 with Mr. H. C. Kinsell. He erected the first 
 glass-front store in the town and has put up a 
 number of residences. 
 
 In 1882 Mr. Mitchell was united in mar- 
 riage with Miss Fanny M. Estes, of Clay county, 
 Missouri, and their union has been blessed 
 with a son, Arthur E., who was born in Santa 
 Fe county. Our subject is a member of the 
 Odd Fellows Society, and in politics he is a 
 stalwart Republican; but while he takes a deep 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 365 
 
 interest in the growth and success of his party, 
 he has never been an office-seeker, preferring 
 to devote his time and attention to his own 
 private interests. He has unbounded faith in 
 Cerrillos and her rich mines, and there is not 
 much question but that his highest hopes will 
 be realized in the near future. Mr. Mitchell 
 has been an important factor in the develop- 
 ment and upbuilding of this region, no one 
 taking a more prominent part in its promotion. 
 He is public-spirited and progressive, a 
 straightforward, honorable business man, a 
 gentleman of courteous demeanor and sterling 
 worth, and all who know him esteem him 
 highly. 
 
 W. McSCHOOLER is the leading 
 merchant of Folsom, New Mexico, 
 proprietor of what is known as the 
 Folsom Supply Store. It is appro- 
 priately named, for everything is kept on hand 
 there that is found in a general mercantile 
 establishment. He has enlarged his stock to 
 meet the growing demand of the trade, and 
 from the public he now receives a liberal pat- 
 ronage which honest dealing and earnest en- 
 deavor justly merits. 
 
 Mr. McSchooler is a native of Ohio, and 
 was born on the I3thof February, 1861. His 
 great-grandfather, Mr. Mack, was born and 
 reared in Scotland and figured prominently in 
 the revolution which occurred in his native land. 
 On this account he was obliged to take refuge 
 in a foreign country and made his escape to 
 Germany, where he afterward married a Miss 
 Schuler. He then combined the two names 
 in the present form, by which his posterity have 
 since been known. He spent his remaining 
 days in Germany, reared a large family, and 
 four of his sons emigrated to New York, be- 
 coming prominent business men of that city. 
 They were largely engaged in the shipping busi- 
 ness, and one of these became the grandfather 
 of our subject. J. G. McSchooler, the father 
 of Folsom's enterprising merchant, was born 
 in New York, and when a young man removed 
 
 to Ohio, where he was united in marriage with 
 Miss Elizabeth B. Wiggins. In a few years 
 they removed to Clay City, Illinois, where for 
 some years the husband and father successfully 
 engaged in merchandising. His death oc- 
 curred there in 1872, and his widow moved to 
 Louisville, Illinois, where she is still living. 
 Their family numbered six children, four sons 
 and two daughters, and all yet abide. 
 
 The gentleman whose name begins this re- 
 view was the fifth in order of birth. During 
 his early childhood he accompanied his parents 
 to Louisville, Illinois, where he was reared 
 and educated. When he was quite young he 
 entered a printing-office to learn the trade and 
 during his three-years apprenticeship became 
 quite proficient, thoroughly mastering the busi- 
 ness in all its details. 
 
 In 1888 Mr. McSchooler left Illinois and 
 removed to Trinidad, Colorado, where he en- 
 gaged in the publication of the Standard for 
 some time. He next went to Clayton, and for 
 a year was the publisher of the Enterprise, a 
 newspaper of that city. On the expiration of 
 that period he came to Folsom, and founded 
 the Metropolitan, which he published for seven 
 years a bright, entertaining journal, setting 
 forth in a most capable manner the resources 
 of the town and county. In 1892 he retired 
 from the newspaper business, and the Metro- 
 politan is now published by J. E. Ellis, under 
 the name of the Folsom Cricket. Mr. Mc- 
 Schooler then established his general mercan- 
 tile store, and in addition to this line of busi- 
 ness is also considerably interested in the rais- 
 ing of sheep, cattle and horses. 
 
 Mr. McSchooler is a public-spirited, pro- 
 gressive citizen, losing no opportunity whereby 
 he can advance the interests of his town and 
 county. In political faith he is a Republican 
 and by his ballot supports that party, but has 
 never sought or desired official preferment. 
 He has a pleasant home in his adopted city 
 and his many excellencies of character, his 
 sterling worth and strict integrity have gained 
 him the high regard of many friends. On the 
 5th of March, 1883, he was united in marriage 
 
3 66 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 with Miss Catherine Graham, a native of 
 Bloomington, Illinois, and a daughter of 
 Thomas Graham, of that State. Like her 
 husband, she is held in high esteem and occu- 
 pies an enviable position in social circles. 
 
 aH. NANCE, one of Folsom's active 
 business men, railroad agent and real- 
 estate dealer, has been a resident oL 
 this place since 1888. During the 
 years that have passed he has served as station 
 agent and has been prominently identified with 
 all public affairs of a progressive nature, with- 
 holding his support from no enterprise that is 
 calculated to prove of public benefit. The 
 record of his life is as follows: 
 
 He was born in Paducah. Kentucky, on the 
 2/th of December, 1860; his ancestors were 
 early settlers of Virginia and Kentucky; his 
 father, Harvey Nance, was born in the latter 
 State, was married to Miss Elmira Orr, a na- 
 tive of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and in 1860 
 they removed to Illinois, which has since been 
 their place of abode. Six children were born 
 in their family, of whom four are still living. 
 
 C. H Nance, the fourth in order of birth, 
 acquired his early education in the public 
 schools, and at the age of seventeen started 
 out to fight life's battle for himself, learning 
 the art of telegraphy, since which time he has 
 been connected with railroading, until he has 
 become an expert agent, fully posted on every 
 detail of the business. He has followed his 
 chosen calling in Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kan- 
 sas, Texas and Colorado, and for the past 
 seven years has been in charge of the office in 
 the town of Folsom, New Mexico. From his 
 station are shipped annually many hundred 
 car-loads of stock, and quite a considerable 
 amount of merchandise, and other transport- 
 able commodities is handled. He carefully 
 looks after the interests of the business, and no 
 more efficient or capable agent could be se- 
 cured. 
 
 On the I ;th of April, 1887, was celebrated 
 the marriage of Mr. Nance and Miss May Men- 
 
 denhall, a native of Dallas City, Illinois. The 
 lady has the honor of having been appointed 
 Postmistress of Folsom, in 1893. The office 
 is owned by her husband, is conveniently 
 located and nicely equipped, and she is giving 
 excellent satisfaction in her capable manage- 
 ment of affairs. 
 
 In his political views, Mr. Nance is a Dem- 
 ocrat, and socially is connected with the Ma- 
 sonic fraternity. He is a careful and competent 
 business man and now owns considerable real 
 estate, including several business blocks in 
 Folsom and 160 acres of choice land adjoining 
 the town, which will ultimately be transformed 
 into fine residence lots. On this property he 
 has built a good home, which commands an ex- 
 cellent view of the beautiful surrounding coun- 
 try. He also has a very promising gold claim 
 in the Palo Blanco mountains, twenty-five 
 miles from Folsom, and an assay of the ore 
 taken near the grass roots shows $6.40 worth 
 of gold to the ton. He expects soon to fully 
 develop this property. Mr. Nance is a leading 
 resident of Folsom, and is an enthusiast on 
 the healthfulness and beauty of the location, 
 which is indeed justly noted for its salubrious 
 climate and fine surroundings. He belongs to 
 that class of intelligent, enterprising men to 
 whom the future progress and prosperity of 
 this locality will be due. 
 
 >j*OHN SENINGER is an honored vet- 
 m eran of the Mexican war, and one of 
 A j the most highly respected citizens of 
 Folsom. He is a native of Germany, 
 and his parents were also natives of the Father- 
 land. His birth occurred on the 8th of Sep- 
 tember, 1824, and he was educated in the land 
 of his nativity and there learned the trade of 
 stone mason. About the time he attained his 
 majority he resolved to try his fortune in 
 America, for he had heard favorable reports 
 of superior advantages here afforded to young 
 men. He therefore embarked on a westward- 
 bound sailing vessel, and on the 22d of 
 June, 1846, arrived in New York city, whence 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 367 
 
 
 he afterward went to Wisconsin, and then to 
 St. Louis, Missouri, where he secured employ- 
 ment in a mill for a time. He scorned no 
 honest labor which would yield him a living, 
 and while still in St. Louis he responded to 
 the call of his adopted country for troops to 
 aid in the war with Mexico, enlisting in Com- 
 pany H, Fourteenth United States Infantry. 
 He served under General Scott, and continued 
 at the front until the struggle was ended. ~ He 
 was in the city of Mexico, and traveled across 
 the old Mexican empire. At length he was 
 honorably discharged at New Orleans and 
 returned to St. Louis. 
 
 Mr. Seninger then removed to Iowa, and 
 for some time worked at his trade in different 
 places in that State. He was one of the 
 founders of the town of Clinton, Iowa. In 
 1859 he crossed the plains to California, with 
 ox teams, there being thirty-five wagons in the 
 train with which he traveled. He had been 
 married in the Hawkeye State, in 1854, to Miss 
 Annie Lark, who accompanied him on the 
 western expedition. They made a safe jour- 
 ney, and after six months of travel across the 
 desolate and barren plains of the West arrived 
 at Red Bluff, California. In the Golden 
 State, he engaged in mining, also followed the 
 same pursuit in Washington, Idaho, and Mon- 
 tana. He passed through many of the thrill- 
 ing experiences that fell to the lot of the 
 miner in those early days and sometimes was 
 penniless and again the possessor of consider- 
 able capital. While in Montana, he carried 
 on his mining operations at Bannack and at 
 Alder Gulch, also at Last Chance Gulch. He 
 went to the site of the present city of Helena, 
 just after the discovery of gold there, when its 
 inhabitants numbered only a few miners. It 
 was an exciting period in the history of the 
 now rich State of Montana. The miners were 
 a law unto themselves and lynch rule was 
 often in force as a protection against ' ' road- 
 agents. " 
 
 Mr. Seninger afterward returned to Cali- 
 fornia, and in 1874 came to New Mexico, pur- 
 chasing a ranch eight miles above where the 
 
 town of Folsom now stands. That property he 
 farmed until the town was established in 1884, 
 when he sold his ranch and came to Folsom, 
 purchasing property here. In 1888 he built a 
 good stone residence, which he now makes his 
 home and is living retired here, enjoying a 
 rest which he has truly earned and richly de- 
 serves. A part of his land will undoubtedly 
 be utilized in making additions to the city, for 
 it is a valuable property and favorably located. 
 
 In politics, our subject is a stalwart Re- 
 publican, and in religious belief is a Catholic. 
 He and his wife now reside in their pleasant 
 home which he erected, surrounded by many 
 warm friends who hold them in high regard. 
 He well deserves the rest that has come to 
 him, for his career has been an honorable and 
 useful one. 
 
 In 1862 Mr. Seninger was called upon to 
 mourn the loss of his wife, by death. He did 
 not remarry until 1894, when he was joined in 
 wedlock with Mrs. J. E. Benjamin, whose son 
 is the railroad agent at Watrous. 
 
 F. McGARVEY, one of the enter- 
 prising business men of Blossburg, and 
 ex-County Commissioner of the coun- 
 ty of Colfax, is a native of Pennsyl- 
 vania, his birth having occurred in the town of 
 Beaver Meadow, on the 25th of March, 1866. 
 He is of Irish descent. His parents, Patrick 
 and Hannah (Doherty) McGarvey, were both 
 natives of county Donegal, Ireland, and were 
 reared and married there. In 1847 they cross- 
 ed the Atlantic to the New World, locating "in 
 Beaver Meadow, Pennsylvania, where for a 
 few years the father engaged in mining. In 
 the family were fifteen children, of whom 
 eleven are still living. In 1881 they arrived in 
 the Territory of New Mexico, locating in Eliza- 
 beth, Colfax county, but after about a year 
 removed to Springer, where the father was en- 
 gaged in railroading. In 1884 he brought his 
 family to Blossburg, where he is still living. 
 He has reached the age of sixty-six years, and 
 his wife is now sixty-seven years of age. They 
 
3 68 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 are members of the Catholic Church, and are 
 worthy and respected citizens. 
 
 Their son, Barney F. McGarvey.the subject 
 of this sketch, is the thirteenth child. His ed- 
 ucational privileges were those afforded by the 
 public schools, and he began to earn his own 
 living as a clerk in a store in Springer. Sub- 
 .sequently he secured a clerkship in the employ 
 of Smith Brothers at Blossburg, and later en- 
 gaged with the firm of Cox & Mitchell, also of 
 Blossburg, this connection continuing until 
 1890, when he entered the employ of the 
 Blossburg Friendly Co-operative Association. 
 There he remained until 1893, when he formed 
 a partnership with Modesto Brunelli in general 
 merchandising, under the firm name of Brunelli 
 & Company. In this business he has since 
 continued. They have an extensive and well- 
 filled store, and are doing a large and con- 
 stantly increasing business, which is well-de- 
 served, for the members of the firm are 
 straightforward, honorable business men who 
 earnestly endeavor to please their patrons. 
 
 In his political associations Mr. McGarvey 
 is a Democrat, and takes quite a prominent 
 part in local politics. He has served his fellow 
 townsmen as a member of the School Board 
 for two terms, and has filled the office of Jus- 
 tice of the Peace for two terms. In the fall of 
 1 892 he was elected one of the County Com- 
 missioners of the county of Colfax, an impor- 
 tant and responsible position, which he satis- 
 factorily filled, discharging his duties with 
 promptness and fidelity. He did a practical 
 work, such as building bridges, making im- 
 provements in the court-house and other nec- 
 essary improvements. He takes an active in- 
 terest in all public affairs, and is recognized as 
 an enterprising and progressive citizen. 
 
 On the ist of March, 1890, Mr. McGarvey 
 was united in marriage with Miss Mary Fother- 
 ingill, a native of Pennsylvania, and they have 
 one daughter, Elizabeth, who was born in 
 Blossburg. Their pleasant home is noted for 
 its hospitality, and their friends are many. 
 Mr. McGarvey possesses a social, genial na- 
 ture that makes him a valued member of the 
 
 Knights of Pythias fraternity. He has filled 
 all the offices in the subordinate lodge and is a 
 member and office-holder in the Grand Lodge 
 of the Territory. He is also a member of the 
 Independent Order of Red Men, and is widely 
 and favorably known throughout the Territory 
 of New Mexico. 
 
 (D 
 
 ODESTO BRUNELLI. The name 
 of this gentleman is synonymous 
 with the business interests of Bloss- 
 burg, New Mexico. He is the 
 senior member of the mercantile firm of 
 Brunelli & Company, and is a worthy repre- 
 sentative of that type of American character, 
 that progressive spirit, which promotes public 
 good in advancing individual prosperity. His 
 success is the result of his industry and un- 
 tiring enterprise, combined with good judg- 
 ment and correct business habits. 
 
 Mr. Brunelli was born in Tyrol, Austria, 
 on the 23d of August, 1845, an d his ancestors 
 had for some generations lived in that country. 
 He was educated' in his native land and at the 
 age of fifteen began to learn merchandising in 
 a business house in Italy. His father had died 
 and for a number of years he was the sole sup- 
 port of his mother. On attaining his ma- 
 jority in the year 1866 he entered the Austrian 
 army and served in the war with Prussia and 
 Italy. After three years' connection with mili- 
 tary life he returned to his home and his 
 mother and continued to support and care for 
 her until the time of her death. In 1872 he 
 went to Germany, where he was engaged in 
 mining, working in the iron, silver and also in 
 the coal mines. In 1881 he determined to try 
 his fortune in America, of whose excellent op- 
 portunities and privileges he had heard such 
 favorable reports. 
 
 Accordingly Mr. Brunelli crossed the Atlan- 
 tic to the New World, bringing with him a 
 capital of about $1,500 and located in Hazel- 
 ton, Pennsylvania. He was for some years 
 engaged in coal mining at Smithson, in West- 
 moreland county. In 1884 he arrived in 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 369 
 
 Blossburg, which at that time contained only a 
 few houses, but its growth has been rapid and 
 to-day it is ranked among the progressive and 
 advancing towns of the Southwest. Mr. 
 Brunelli embarked in business here, and has 
 made his home in Blossburg for the past 
 eleven years. For a time he engaged in min- 
 ing and prospered in his undertakings. In this 
 way he added to his capital, and in 1892 or- 
 ganized the mercantile firm of which he is now 
 the senior member. He carries a large stock 
 of well assorted goods and has built up an 
 excellent trade, his patronage coming from a 
 wide extent of territory. 
 
 Since residing in Blossburg, Mr. Brunelli 
 has been prominently identified with the inter- 
 ests of the town, has aided in the building of 
 its churches and in the promotion of all enter- 
 prises that are calculated to prove of public 
 benefit. His well conducted business efforts 
 have been crowned with success, and to-day 
 he is one of the substantial as well as one of 
 the valued citizens of his adopted home. 
 
 In his political views, Mr. Brunelli is a 
 Republican, and in his social connections is an 
 Odd Fellow, Knight of Pythias and a mem- 
 ber of the Christopher Columbus Society. In 
 religious faith he and his family are adherents 
 of the Catholic Church. 
 
 In 1877 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. 
 Brunelli and Miss Lucy Cornelia, also a native 
 of Austria. Their family numbered eight 
 children, of whom five are still living, namely: 
 Ernest and Bruno, who were born in Bavaria, 
 Germany; Rudolph, who was born at Smith- 
 son, Pennsylvania; and Rodger and Elza, born 
 in Blossburg. 
 
 E GRACE F. STEPHENSON, one of 
 New Mexico's most respected pio- 
 neers, came to the Territory in 1853, 
 and for many years held public office 
 in Donna Ana county, having proved an effi- 
 cient and capable Probate Clerk, ex-officio 
 County Recorder and ex-officio Clerk of the 
 Board of County Commissioners, and is thus 
 
 24 
 
 most thoroughly informed in all the details of 
 the county business and history. 
 
 He was born in Mexico, on the 3ist of 
 March, 1834, and is of Scotch-Irish ancestry. 
 His father, Hugh Stephenson, was born in 
 Kentucky, July 18, 1798, and in early life emi- 
 grated to Missouri, becoming one of the earli- 
 est pioneer settlers of Lafayette county. Later 
 he went to Mexico and married Miss Juana 
 Ascarate, a daughter of Juan Ascarate, of Paso 
 del Norte, Mexico, who was one of the early 
 settlers of that county. The father began life 
 as a trapper in the Southwest, but later be- 
 came a merchant, which business he continued 
 to follow up to the time of his death, which 
 occurred October 11, 1870, being then sev- 
 enty-two years of age. His wife was born 
 Februarys, 1809, and departed this life Feb- 
 ruary 5, 1857. 
 
 In their family of seven children, Horace 
 F. Stephenson, is the third in order of birth. 
 After completing his education in the St. Louis 
 I University, he learned merchandising in his fa- 
 ther's store, and established himself in that 
 line of business in the county seat of El Paso 
 county, Texas, where he remained until the 
 breaking out of .the Rebellion, when he re- 
 moved to San Antonio, Texas, and engaged in 
 buying cotton. He then did a large mercan- 
 tile business in El Paso del Norte, in which he 
 continued until 1866, and for three years was 
 sutler at Fort Bliss. 
 
 In 1858, Mr. Stephenson led to the mar- 
 riage altar Miss Simona Button, a native of 
 Mexico, and to them were born five children, 
 as follows : Jennie, Annie, Adelia, Mary and 
 Horace M. 
 
 In 1869, Mr. Stephenson came to New 
 Mexico and for three years was engaged in 
 trade at Victoria. He began stock-raising in 
 1873, in which he was successfully engaged un- 
 til 1879, raising both sheep and cattle. At the 
 end of that time, however, he was elected 
 Clerk of Donna Ana county, and has since 
 filled most satisfactorily that important office, 
 having been re-elected every term since with 
 the exception of 1884-5. He is a beautiful 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 penman and accurate accountant, and the 
 nicely kept records of the county are a monu- 
 ment to his talent and ability. He has always 
 been a consistent adherent of the principles of 
 Democracy, and in his party and in the county 
 stands as a man of integrity and honor, as well 
 as a faithful public official. He and his family 
 stand high in the social circles of the commun- 
 ity, and are devout members of the Catholic 
 Church. 
 
 UGH H. SMITH, Tax Collector of 
 Colfax county, and one of the most 
 wide-awake and progressive business 
 men of Blossburg, is a native of the 
 lowlands of Scotland, his birth having oc- 
 curred in Killwinning, Ayrshire, on the 27th of 
 July, 1859. His parents were John and Mag- 
 gie (Haddow) Smith, both of whom were na- 
 tives of Scotland. During his early childhood 
 his father died, leaving the widow with three 
 sons William H., John H. and Hugh H. 
 The father had engaged in coal-mining and 
 left no means to his family: so the little boys 
 were early forced to earn their own living and 
 began work in the coal mines in order to secure 
 their daily bread. It was a hard struggle to 
 keep the " wolf from the door." Hugh was 
 only nine years of age when he first began 
 working in the coal mines, and his education 
 in consequence was limited; but through his 
 own efforts, his intelligent observation and re- 
 tentive memory he has become a well-informed 
 man and popular citizen. For his first work 
 he received only twenty-two cents per day. 
 
 Mrs. Smith, the mother, afterward married 
 Robert McKechnie, and in 1868 the entire 
 family emigrated to the United States, locating 
 in Morris Run, Tioga county, Pennsylvania, 
 where they continued the hard labor of coal 
 digging until July, 1880, and then removed to 
 Dubois, Pennsylvania, and six months later 
 went to Stanton, Illinois. In that place they 
 met with better success. The sons had grown 
 to manhood and had become experienced in 
 
 their line of business, so that they were now 
 able to make $3. 50 per day. William Smith 
 had in the meantime married and had decided 
 to invest in town property. He purchased 
 some lots and also erected some houses upon 
 his land. In order to do this he had to go in 
 debt to some extent and hard times came on 
 which financially embarrassed him to a degree. 
 The family was compelled to remove to Lucas 
 county, Iowa, where the brothers were again 
 successful in mining and secured enough money 
 to pay off the indebtedness and still own the 
 property at Stanton. A strike was inaugur- 
 ated in the mines of Lucas county, and the 
 brothers, wishing to take no part in this, left 
 that place and returned to Illinois. 
 
 In 1882 they came to Blossburg, New 
 Mexico, but found that there was a strike 
 among the miners at this place, and it was 
 therefore some little time before they could 
 secure work here. They earned as high as $4 
 per day and the brothers kept their funds and 
 interest together. Deciding that there was 
 money to be made in the cattle business, in 
 
 1886 William H. Smith purchased cattle to the 
 value of $3,000 and brought them to the Max- 
 well land grant, where he engaged in herding 
 with satisfactory results, keeping on hand as 
 many as 600 head of cattle. In 1887 the 
 brothers began the purchase of registered Jer- 
 sey cattle, and they now have a large herd of 
 the finest Jersey stock in the Territory. They 
 have purchased land, and to-day have a fine 
 farm of 560 acres, pleasantly located eight 
 miles from Blossburg, where they keep their 
 blooded stock and also some range cattle. In 
 
 1887 they embarked in another field of enter- 
 prise and established a mercantile store in 
 Blossburg. As their own money was tied up 
 in the stock business they borrowed $700, 
 with which they bought out the stock of Mc- 
 Garvey Brothers, and Hugh H. became the 
 manager of the store. From the beginning 
 the new enterprise has been attended with suc- 
 cess, and the liberal and honorable business 
 methods of the manager has secured a large 
 and paying trade, which he has since controlled. 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 37 * 
 
 John H. Smith is also now giving his labors 
 to the work of the store. In a short time 
 they were able to pay off all the indebted- 
 ness and have become merchants of ample 
 means to conduct a successful business. By 
 their straighforward dealings and their earnest 
 desire to please their customers they have 
 secured a very liberal patronage. 
 
 The Smith Brothers have always been 
 active members and supporters of the Republi- 
 can party, but have never been politicians in 
 the sense of office-seekers. In 1894 the gen- 
 tleman who was nominated by the party for 
 Tax Collector declined to serve, and Hugh H. 
 Smith was then chosen and at length persuad- 
 ed to become the party nominee. It was then 
 closely approaching the time of election, but 
 his friends rallied to his support and he was 
 elected by a majority of 183. His popularity 
 in the community where he is best known is 
 shown by the fact that out of 126 votes cast 
 in Blossburg he received 124, and one of the 
 two he cast himself. His opponent lived in 
 Raton, but a company of men from that place, 
 unasked, to do Mr. Smith honor, gave him a 
 majority of sixty in Raton. That he is a faith- 
 ful official no one questions, for his fidelity to 
 a trust, whether public or private, has always 
 been one of his marked characteristics. 
 
 Mr. Smith was married in 1887 to Miss 
 Clara J. Turner, a native of Staffordshire, Eng- 
 land. They had three children, but one died 
 in infancy, and another died at the age of 
 eighteen months, Alice E. being the only sur- 
 vivor. In 1892 Mr. Smith also suffered the 
 loss of his wife, who died on the last day of 
 November, after a short and happy married 
 life of five years. She was a most amiable 
 lady and her loss was a severe one to the 
 family. Mr. Smith and his brothers are men 
 of very genial and generous natures and are 
 talented musicians. They aided in the organ- 
 ization of the Blossburg Silver Band, and Hugh 
 H. Smith is the very popular drum major. His 
 brother is also a fine musician and their talent 
 in this line makes them a valuable acquisition 
 to any society. 
 
 F. McAULIFFE, who stands promi- 
 nently forward as one of the pioneer 
 residents of the flourishing little city 
 of Raton, New Mexico, and who is 
 regarded as one of her representative business 
 men, has attained by his own efforts a marked 
 measure of success in life, and is clearly en- 
 titled to consideration in this connection. 
 
 Our subject traces his lineage to stanch 
 old Irish stock, having been born in county 
 Kerry, Ireland, on the i6th of December, 
 1857, the son of Florence and Mary (Vaughan) 
 McAuliffe, both of whom were natives of the 
 Emerald Isle and were people of intelligence 
 and honest worth of character. T. F. McAu- 
 liffe, the immediate subject of this review, re- 
 ceived his preliminary educational discipline in 
 his native land, and when only a lad of fifteen 
 years he emigrated to America, locating in 
 Marquette county, Michigan, soon after his 
 arrival here. He was for some time employed 
 there in the iron mines, the work being of the 
 most laborious character and well designed to 
 test the strength of a fully matured man. 
 
 After leaving the mines our subject went to 
 Canada and there engaged in railroad work for 
 a period of four years, during the latter part 
 of which time he did some little contracting, 
 and in this was incidentally identified with the 
 construction of the Canadian Pacific Railroad. 
 The year 1879 stands as the date of his ad- 
 vent in New Mexico, and for a year he contin- 
 ued operations in connection with railroad con- 
 struction, and in that association was present 
 at the inception of the present metropolitan 
 little city of Raton, where he now retains his 
 residence. For a portion of the time he had 
 charge of the coal business for the railroad 
 company. After the town came into being he 
 established himself in the saloon business here, 
 his being one of the first places of the sort in 
 the little village. He continued operations in 
 this line for four years, after which he turned 
 his attention to stock-raising, in which enter- 
 prise" he has been very successful, having ex- 
 tensive interests and having done much to ad- 
 vance the industry in this section of the Terri- 
 
372 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 tory. He introduced blooded Durham cattle 
 from Missouri and graded up his stock to a 
 high degree of perfection. 
 
 In 1887 Mr. McAuliffe commenced opera- 
 tions in his present line of business, opening a 
 meat market and preparing to cater carefully 
 to the demands of the local public. Of indubi- 
 table integrity, and fair and honorable in his 
 business methods, he has built up a large and 
 representative trade, and has incidentally at- 
 tained a gratifying success in the enterprise. 
 He raises all the stock utilized in his market, 
 and knows exactly the quality of the meats 
 which he places before his patrons a fact 
 which is duly appreciated and which has given 
 his place distinctive precedence in the town. 
 
 One of the first business men of Raton, 
 our subject has ever maintained a lively inter- 
 est in its growth and development, and has 
 never failed to lend his influence and tangible 
 aid in forwarding every enterprise which has 
 had as its object the best interests of the town. 
 He was one of those concerned in the organi- 
 zation of the Raton Building and Loan Com- 
 pany, having been chosen as its vice presi- 
 dent and as a member of its board of directors. 
 Both positions he still retains. This company 
 has exercised a potent influence in the sub- 
 stantial upbuilding of the town, and its func- 
 tions have steadily subserved consecutive de- 
 velopment. 
 
 In political matters Mr. McAuliffe main- 
 tains an independent attitude, preferring to 
 vote for men and measures rather than to ren- 
 der a supine allegiance to any party or ring. 
 The confidence and respect in which he is held 
 by his fellow townsmen is shown in the fact 
 that he has been called upon to serve in the 
 important capacity as a member of the Com- 
 mon Council, in which position his efforts and 
 influence were directed to the furtherance of 
 the city's best interests. He has acquired 
 valuable real estate in Raton and is regarded 
 as one of her most reliable and progressive 
 business men. In his fraternal relations our 
 subject is prominently identified with the In- 
 dependent Order of Odd Fellows. 
 
 On Christmas day, 1884, Mr. McAuliffe 
 was united in marriage to Miss Virginia Ange- 
 line Gillespie, a native of the State of Tennes- 
 see, and they have become the parents of 
 three children, namely: Florence L. , Altie C. 
 and Addie May. In 1890 our subject erected 
 a very commodious and attractive residence, 
 where he and his family enjoy all the comforts 
 and privileges of a true home. 
 
 HM. ADLER, an enterprising and suc- 
 cessful merchant of Wagon Mound, 
 New Mexico, who is entitled to great 
 credit for what he has accomplished 
 in the business world, claims Maryland as the 
 State of his nativity. He was born in the city 
 of Baltimore on the 8th of November, 1853, 
 and is of Hebrew ancestry. His parents were 
 both natives of Bavaria, Germany, and in early 
 life sailed from their old home to the New 
 World, locating in Maryland. In that State 
 and Virginia the father was engaged in mer- 
 chandising, following that pursuit throughout 
 his entire life. He reached the age of sixty- 
 one years, and was then called to his final rest, 
 while his wife died at the age of forty-two 
 years. They had a family of seven children, 
 of whom six are now living. 
 
 The fourth in order of birth is Aaron M. 
 Adler, the well-known resident of Wagon 
 Mound. He acquired his early education in 
 the schools of his native city, and began train- 
 ing for his business career at the early age of 
 twelve years, when he entered his. father's 
 store. He paid close attention to the business, 
 studied the methods that were pursued and the 
 plans that were followed, and thus gained a 
 thorough knowledge that has fitted him for his 
 own successful career. 
 
 Mr. Adler continued in business with his 
 father until 1881, at which time he came to 
 the Territory of New Mexico, and entered the 
 store of Mr. Ilfeld, of Las Vegas, in the capac- 
 ity of salesman. He was afterward employed 
 by Mr. Eldot, of San Juan, and later was with 
 Thomas Burns at Terra Amarilla. Mr. Ad- 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 373 
 
 ler's advent in Wagon Mound was in 1890, at 
 which time he purchased the mercantile estab- 
 lishment of T. Romero & Son. Here for the 
 past five years he has been doing a satisfactory 
 and prosperous business, which is constantly 
 increasing. He keeps a large stock of general 
 merchandise and deals in wool and all kinds of 
 produce from this section of the country. By 
 his business talents and enterprise he has ac- 
 quired a large patronage and the confidence 
 and good will of the residents through a wide 
 district, being highly esteemed as a reliable 
 merchant. In his social relations he is a Mas- 
 ter Mason. 
 
 >Y*OHN JUSTUS SCHMIDT, once a 
 successful pioneer merchant and promi- 
 / 1 nent citizen of Wagon Mound, New 
 Mexico, now deceased, was born in 
 Germany, on the 2/th of September, 1838, 
 and when only fifteen years of age, he emi- 
 grated to America for the purpose of making 
 his own way in the world. He was, in the 
 broadest sense of the term, a self-made man, 
 starting in life with no capital beyond a pair of 
 willing hands and an active brain. He located 
 first in Kentucky, and began his life in the 
 New World as a farm boy, working for $6.00 
 per month. After a time he removed to Cin- 
 cinnati, Ohio, and then to the State of Texas, 
 working at whatever he could find to do that 
 would yield him an honest living. After four 
 years spent in this way he received news of 
 his father's death, and returned to his native 
 land, where he took charge of the old home 
 farm. But the New World attracted him and 
 some time later he again crossed the Atlantic, 
 locating in Missouri. He purchased a farm 
 near Washington, and engaged in agricultural 
 pursuits near that place until 1872, the year of 
 his arrival in New Mexico. He spent one 
 year at Granada, Colorado, and in 1873 came 
 to Mora county, where the following year he 
 entered into partnership with Henry D. Rein- 
 ken, establishing a general mercantile store at 
 Ocate, another at Wagon Mound, and a third 
 
 at Watrous. They continued the partnership 
 until 1888, doing a successful and constantly 
 increasing business. In that year they sold 
 out the Ocate store and dissolved the partner- 
 ship, Mr. Reinken taking the Watrous busi- 
 ness, and Mr. Schmidt in Wagon Mound. He 
 continued to carry on this enterprise, handling 
 all kinds of merchandise and other products of 
 the country. He enjoyed a large patronage, 
 coming from a wide extent of territory, and 
 was also largely interested in stock-raising. 
 He built at Wagon Mound a commodious resi- 
 dence, had a large store building and ware- 
 house, and was the foremost merchant in all 
 that region of the country. 
 
 On the 5th of March, 1884, Mr. Schmidt 
 married Miss Mollie A. Ford, a native of Dela- 
 ware and a daughter of John Ford, of that 
 State. She came to New Mexico, in 1882, 
 with her uncle, Rev. Thomas Harwood, and 
 prior to her marriage successfully engaged in 
 teaching in the schools of Wagon Mound. 
 Two bright children blessed this union: Car- 
 rie L. and Justus Jewell. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Schmidt began their domestic life in the pleas- 
 ant home which he had prepared, and every 
 happiness which falls to the lot of man seemed 
 to be theirs. His business successes enabled 
 him to procure all the comforts and many of 
 the luxuries of life, and he found his greatest 
 pleasure in the midst of his little family, but at 
 the hands of a murderer he passed away! He 
 had had a business difficulty with one of his 
 customers, J. D. Gallegos, and in order to se- 
 cure himself from loss had been obliged to 
 attach the man's sheep. On Friday morning, 
 July i, 1892, while in his carriage with his wife 
 and baby, and within sight of his own home, 
 he was murdered by his customer, who rode 
 up behind him, rifle in hand, and before either 
 Mr. Schmidt or his wife were aware of his pres- 
 ence leveled his gun and ordered the former to 
 get out of the carriage. This he endeavored 
 to do, and at the same time made an effort to 
 draw his pistol, but was instantly shot. The 
 horse at the firing started on a run, and Mrs. 
 Schmidt, not having hold of the lines, could 
 
374 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 not control the frightened animal. She suc- 
 ceeded in lowering the carriage top and look- 
 ing back saw her husband lying on the ground. 
 The murderer's horse was also lying on the 
 ground, while Gallegos, bareheaded, with his 
 gun upon his shoulder, was making for the 
 woods. It is believed that Mr. Schmidt shot 
 the horse to prevent the assassin from follow- 
 ing his wife. Her horse ran some distance, 
 and slacking up as it came to a ditch she jump- 
 ed out, struck on her feet and fell forward on 
 her baby, which was quite badly injured. Mrs. 
 Schmidt went to a house, got help and re- 
 turned to find her husband dead. Two cham- 
 bers of his revolver were empty, and it was 
 found that notwithstanding he had been mor- 
 tally wounded, he had succeeded in killing the 
 horse and slightly wounding the assassin, Gal- 
 legos, who was soon after arrested, tried and 
 sentenced to the penitentiary for life. Mr. 
 Schmidt had taken an active interest in all the 
 affairs of New Mexico pertaining to its welfare 
 and upbuilding, and was widely known and 
 highly esteemed. He had gained the most 
 enviable reputation as a public-spirited, gener- 
 ous man who was well worthy the confidence 
 and respect reposed in him by the entire com- 
 munity. He left to his family a competence, 
 and Mrs. Schmidt is still living in Wagon 
 Mound, devoting herself to her children. She 
 is a most estimable lady, and her circle of warm 
 friends is extensive. 
 
 ERNARDO A. ROMERO. As a rep- 
 resentative of one of Watrous' lead- 
 ing commercial enterprises, and as a 
 citizen of more than ordinary promi- 
 nence, this gentleman is well deserving a place 
 in a work which contains the history of the 
 leading men of New Mexico. His entire life 
 has been passed within the borders of the Ter- 
 ritory, his birth having occurred in Taos coun- 
 ty, on the 2oth of August, 1863. He is of 
 Spanish lineage, a descendant of the honored 
 Romero family that has been connected with 
 the development of the Territory since the 
 
 days of its early history. His father, George 
 A. Romero, was also born in Taos county, and 
 married Miss Maria D. Medina. They became 
 the parents of four children, of whom three are 
 living. The paternal grandfather was Father 
 Antonio Jose Martinez, during the time of the 
 Mexican diocese, but later he left the priest- 
 hood and was married. He became a promi- 
 nent educator in New Mexico, and being a man 
 of ripe scholarship and broad general informa- 
 tion was well fitted to become a leader in the 
 profession. 
 
 Bernardo A. Romero, the subject of this 
 review, acquired an excellent education at 
 Taos, under the tutorship of Rev. James M. 
 Roberts, a Presbyterian minister, and when he 
 entered upon his business career it was as a 
 sheep-herder. The broad prairies of this Ter- 
 ritory are well adapted to that line of business, 
 and most of the young men who have arisen 
 to prominence have begun life in that way. 
 His earnings went to the support of his par- 
 ents, for whom he still cares, providing them with 
 the comforts of life. Both are still living, and 
 their present residence is Ocate, Mora county. 
 
 The next pursuit to which our subject 
 turned his attention was clerking, securing a 
 position in the store of Schmidt & Reinken. 
 He afterward entered the employ of Bond 
 Brothers, at Wagon Mound, and in this way 
 acquired a thorough knowledge of systematic 
 and honorable business methods. In this way 
 he also gained the capital with which to em- 
 bark in business on his own account. In 
 August, 1 894, he opened a store in Watrous, 
 in a building 60 x 100 feet, which is now filled 
 with a well-selected stock of general merchan- 
 dise. He also handles all kinds of produce 
 from this region, and is enjoying a very satis- 
 factory and constantly increasing trade. 
 
 In 1888 Mr. Romero led to the marriage 
 altar Miss Nannie Johnson, who was born in 
 Cherry Valley, New Mexico, and is a daughter 
 of the honored pioneer, J. T. Johnson. They 
 have an interesting family of three children, 
 Clara, James and Benjamin, and in social 
 circles they hold a high and enviable position. 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 375 
 
 Mr. Romero is a stalwart Republican in 
 politics, and is now the Assessor of Mora 
 county. An intelligent and obliging merchant, 
 he has no doubt a prosperous career before 
 him. It is eminently proper that we should 
 not neglect in a work of this character to give 
 sketches of the rising young men as well as the 
 older citizens and pioneers, for to their zeal, 
 energy and integrity the future progress of New 
 Mexico will be accredited. Prominent in this 
 class is Bernardo A. Romero. 
 
 aHARLES A. SPIESS is one of the 
 younger representatives of the bar of 
 Santa Fe, and the junior member of 
 the law firm of Catron & Spiess. 
 The law is well named one of the learned pro- 
 fessions, for its members must depend solely 
 upon their efforts, their success resulting from 
 superior mental 'powers keen perception, 
 sound judgment, quick comprehension, a true 
 power of analysis and also a power of charac- 
 ter reading. All these are combined in the 
 man who wins prominence at the bar, and all 
 these seem to be possessed by the subject of 
 this review, a fact which is indicated by the 
 success that he has already obtained. Mr. 
 Spiess is of German ancestry and was born in 
 Warrensburg, Missouri, on the ipth of March, 
 1867, being the fourth in a family of seven 
 children. He was reared on his father's farm 
 and attended the public schools until he had 
 arrived at years of maturity. 
 
 Mr. Spiess then chose the profession of law 
 as a life work and began reading the authori- 
 ties on the subject to prepare himself for his 
 chosen calling. He also became engaged in 
 the examination of titles and making abstracts. 
 It was in 1888 that he first came to New 
 Mexico, and for two years following engaged in 
 the abstract business in Las Vegas, after which he 
 came to Santa Fe, in 1890, to enter the office 
 of the gentleman who is now his partner. He 
 studied diligently for a year, and in 1891 was ad- 
 mitted to the bar. For two years he engaged 
 in practice alone and then joined his old precep- 
 
 tor in business, establishing the firm which still 
 exists and which enjoys an enviable reputation 
 as one of the most able law firms in the Terri- 
 tory. A large and lucrative practice is theirs, 
 and few cases of importance have come up for 
 trial since the partnership was formed with 
 which they have not been connected. 
 
 The senior member has built a large brick 
 block in the city, and in the upper story they 
 have a large suite of rooms fitted up as one of 
 the finest offices in the Territory and supplied 
 with the largest law library in New Mexico. 
 It contains every book of any value on all sub- 
 jects which relate to law, and careful study has 
 made the members of the firm well acquainted 
 with the contents. They do a general law 
 practice, standing at the head of the pro- 
 fession as attorneys in criminal cases. They 
 are the representatives of the Western Union 
 Telegraph Company, of the Southern Pacific 
 Railroad Company and of the Santa Fe Rail- 
 road Company. 
 
 Mr. Spiess is an active worker in the ranks 
 of the Republican party, and frequently aids 
 in campaign work, being a forceful, logical and 
 powerful public speaker. He was nominated 
 by his party to represent his district in the 
 Territorial Senate and made a good canvass 
 for the position, which he lost by only eleven 
 votes, thus greatly reducing the Democratic 
 majority. He is a genial, whole-souled young 
 man, enterprising and progressive, and his 
 abilities, both natural and acquired, have made 
 him a power before both judge and jury. 
 Since coming to New Mexico he has made 
 judicious investments in real estate. 
 
 BRANCIS DOWNS, a prominent mem- 
 ber of the bar of New Mexico, resid- 
 ing at Santa Fe, is a native of Lon- 
 don, Canada. He was born Septem- 
 ber 29, 1839, and his ancestry can be traced 
 back to the early days of the oldest abbey 
 town of England, Glastonbury. His grand- 
 father, Daniel Downs, and his father, Samuel 
 Downs, came to Canada in 1835 and settled 
 
37 6 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 near where the city of London now stands. 
 The former was an English farmer and in his 
 religious views was an Episcopalian. He im- 
 proved a farm, reared a family of twelve chil- 
 dren and lived to be about seventy-five years of 
 age. 
 
 Samuel Downs, the father of our subject, 
 wedded Miss Mary Mclntyre, a native of Scot- 
 land, who lost her parents in early life and 
 came to America with her guardian, an old 
 Scotch divine. Two children were born of 
 their union Francis and Harriet, now Mrs. 
 Duncan Mclntosh, the latter now a resident of 
 Burr Oak, Wisconsin. Just after the birth of 
 the son, the father started on a trip to Texas, 
 and in a short time the news came that he had 
 died of yellow fever at New Orleans. His 
 wife survived him, and is now seventy-nine 
 years of age. For her second husband she 
 married David Wells, and they had one child, 
 Bessie E. Wells, who now resides with her 
 mother and is engaged in teaching in Kenosha, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 The subject of this sketch was educated in 
 the common schools, and in September, 1856, 
 removed to Wisconsin. He had just com- 
 pleted his preparatory course for the Univer- 
 sity when the great Civil war broke out, and, 
 prompted by a spirit of patriotism, he offered 
 his services to the Government, and on the 
 3Oth of August, 1 86 1, joined the "boys in 
 blue " of the First Wisconsin Battery, Light 
 Artillery. He served in the Army of the West, 
 and participated in the siege of Vicksburg un- 
 der General Grant. They held Cumberland 
 Gap against the army of General Bragg, and 
 while there were allowed only one-fourth ra- 
 tions, and were at last obliged to retreat. 
 They fought their way through to Gallipolis, 
 Ohio, living off the country as they went, and 
 then aided in driving the rebels out of the 
 Kanawha Valley. They were then sent to 
 Memphis and took part in the attack on Vicks- 
 burg under General Sherman. This was fol- 
 lowed by the battle of Arkansas Post, and the 
 regiment took part in all the engagements and 
 skirmishes under General Grant, which ulti- 
 
 mately resulted in the surrender of Vicksburg 
 on the 4th of July, 1863. On the same day 
 they started in pursuit of General Jo Johnston 
 
 j and participated in the battles around Jackson, 
 Mississippi. They were then sent to join Gen- 
 eral Banks in Louisiana, and took part in the 
 Sabine expedition, and on their return from 
 New Orleans were sent up the Red river to re- 
 inforce General Banks. After his repulse at 
 Mansfield, they were for eight days engaged in 
 skirmishing while dams were being built in or- 
 der that the boats might float over the rapids. 
 Mr. Downs was there detailed with two pieces 
 
 j of artillery, and a brigade of cavalry to act as 
 rear guard to the Army of the Mississippi, and 
 was for five days and four nights without sleep. 
 After reaching the Mississippi river he went to 
 Baton Rouge and thence his battery accom- 
 panied the cavalry in many raids up to the time 
 it was mustered out on the I3th of October, 
 1 864. On his return home' he was commis- 
 sioned Second Lieutenant and aided in raising 
 a company for the Forty-ninth Wisconsin In- 
 fantry. He was then placed at its head with 
 the rank of Captain, and continued in the serv- 
 ice until November, 1865, when he was hon- 
 orably discharged, at Madison, Wisconsin. 
 During his last term he was mostly engaged in 
 pursuingguerrillas and bushwhackers. He went 
 through the entire war without a wound, 
 although he took part in many of the most 
 hotly contested battles of that sanguinary strug- 
 gle. Such in brief is the record of his army 
 career. It is an easy matter to state facts, but 
 the scenes through which the soldiers passed 
 cannot be adequately described and can only 
 be realized by those who were participants. 
 
 Upon his return, Mr. Downs spent four 
 years in the State University at Madison, and 
 was a graduate of the first law class of that in- 
 stitution. In 1869 he went to Chicot county, 
 Arkansas, and engaged in the practice of his 
 profession. He was for four years County At- 
 torney, and for four years County and Probate 
 Judge, winning a high reputation both as practi- 
 tioner and official. In 1874 he was a delegate 
 to the Constitutional Convention of Arkansas, 
 
HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 377 
 
 and aided in forming its present constitution. 
 In 1880 he came to Santa Fe, where he at 
 once opened an office and has since successfully 
 engaged in practice. As a lawyer of ability 
 and integrity he has made a good record. He 
 was special counsel on a case of much moment 
 between the United States and the San Pedro 
 & Canyon del Aqua Company. It was twelve 
 years before a decision was reached on this 
 case, and a very strong faction in New Mexico 
 had to be conquered, but Mr. Downs was at 
 last victorious and the case excellently dis- 
 played the fine legal ability which he possesses. 
 While this case was pending the judge of the 
 lower court disallowed the bill, and during the 
 heated controversy over this ruling Mr. Downs 
 with several other lawyers and ten or twelve 
 of the clients in the case were sent to jail for 
 thirty-six days. One of these lawyers, Hon. 
 William A. Vincent, was afterward made Chief 
 Justice to succeed the judge who had caused 
 their incarceration; and thus they were fully 
 vindicated and a great victory was achieved. 
 Mr. Downs is a man of fine legal mind, analyt- 
 ical and logical, and in argument was clear and 
 concise, giving one the impression that he is 
 fully master of the situation, as indeed he is. 
 Mr. Downs has been a life-long Republi- 
 can, but has never taken a prominent part in 
 political affairs in New Mexico. He is a mem- 
 ber of the Grand Army of the Republic, and 
 has been Department Commander and Post 
 Commander, filling the latter position for a 
 long period and continuing as the incumbent 
 at this time. He is a man of wide acquaint- 
 ance in the Territory, a gentleman of honor 
 and integrity and a most reliable lawyer. 
 
 EON. THEODORE B. MILLS. The 
 specific function of biography is not 
 to give voice to man's personal esti- 
 mate of his life and its accomplish- 
 ment, but rather to express in a determinate 
 way the verdict which the world passes upon 
 his character and its labors. In the case at 
 hand we have to deal with one who stands dis- 
 
 tinctively as a representative and honored cit- 
 izen of Las Vegas, where he is now promi- 
 nently engaged in real-estate and mining oper- 
 ations. 
 
 Our subject was born in Ashtabula county, 
 Ohio, on the ist day of July, 1841. His pa- 
 ternal grandfather, Col. John Mills, was born 
 in Albany, N. Y. , and had the distinction of 
 having been the founder, in 1 809, of the Re- 
 publican Artillery, and met his death at Sackett's 
 Harbor on the 29th day of May, 1813, at the 
 head of his regiment, while valiantly engaged in 
 the defense of his country. For his conspicuous 
 services on this memorable occasion his State 
 erected a fine granite monument to his mem- 
 ory, the same being located in the National 
 Cemetery, three miles out from the city of Al- 
 bany. He had married Mary J. Van Dusen, a 
 native of his own city, and of Holland Dutch 
 extraction. They had only two children, 
 John and Theodore, the latter of whom was 
 the father of the immediate subject of this re- 
 view. As already stated, Grandfather Mills 
 was killed in battle, having only reached his 
 thirty-third year. His widow survived him 
 and lived to attain great longevity, her death 
 occurring at the age of ninety-four years. 
 
 The father of our subject was born in Al- 
 bany, New York, September 17, 1812. He 
 was educated at West Point, and in the war 
 with Mexico served as Adjutant of the Second 
 Ohio Regiment. He married Mary Eliza Bradt, 
 a native of Troy, New York, and of this union 
 were born five sons and four daughters, of 
 whom only two now survive. The mother 
 died at the age of fifty-two years, and the 
 father lived to attain the age of sixty-nine. 
 
 Theodore B. Mills was the fourth child in 
 order of birth, receiving his educational disci- 
 pline in the common schools and at Oberlin 
 College, Ohio. In 1857 he went to Kansas 
 and was there engaged in contracting and build- 
 ing at the time when the booming of Rebel 
 guns at Fort Sumter aroused the patriotic 
 zeal of every loyal citizen. Not slow to fol- 
 low out the line of what he conceived to be his 
 duty, on the i8th day of May, 1861, he en- 
 
378 
 
 HISTORY OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 listed as a member of Company A, Second 
 Kansas Volunteer Infantry, with which he 
 served at Wilson's Creek, and with which he 
 was mustered out at the expiration of his three 
 months' term of enlistment. He subsequently 
 re-enlisted in Company E, Fifth Kansas Vol- 
 unteer Cavalry, and was detailed on recruiting 
 service, in which line he aided in raising the 
 Eleventh, Twelfth and Thirteenth Kansas Reg- 
 iments, after which he was transferred to the 
 Fourth Indiana Regiment, in which he served 
 until the close of the war. He was mustered in 
 in January, 1865, after which he was employed 
 for some months as clerk in the office of State 
 Treasurer of Kansas. He then engaged in the 
 real-estate and insurance business, in which he 
 continued until 1871. At Topeka, Kansas, he 
 became president of the King Bridge Company, 
 which was capitalized for $500,000, and which 
 was extensively engaged in bridge-building 
 throughout the West. 
 
 In 1871 Mr. Mills served with distinction 
 as a member of the Kansas Legislature; after 
 which he went to Little Rock, Arkansas, and 
 continued in the real-estate and insurance 
 business until 1878, at which time he came to 
 Las Vegas, where he effected the purchase of 
 the now famous Hot Springs, and at once in- 
 stituted the development of the valuable prop- 
 erty. In 1 879 he sold the springs to the Atch- 
 ison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad Company, 
 which transfer has resulted in the building of 
 the magnificent Montezuma Hotel and in the 
 completion of the other notable improvements 
 which have been effected at this popular 
 resort. 
 
 Since coming to Las Vegas to reside Mr. 
 Mills has served in both the upper and lower 
 houses of the Legislature of New Mexico, hav- 
 ing been a candidate upon the Republican 
 ticket in 1884 and upon the People's ticket in 
 1891, and his hold upon popular esteem and 
 favor being such as to return him in each in- 
 stance flattering majorities at the polls. He 
 is now recognized as the leader of the Populist 
 party in his section of the Territory. He now 
 devotes his attention almost exclusively to buy- 
 
 ing, selling and operating mines, and to gen- 
 eral real-estate transactions. In the Cochiti 
 district, one of the new and rich mining districts 
 of the Territory, he has valuable holdings, 
 among which are the Chicago and the King 
 Solomon mines. 
 
 In 1864 Mr. Mills was united in marriage 
 to Miss Amelia H. Smith, of New York, and 
 they are the parents of two children, namely: 
 Byron T. , a successful attorney, engaged in 
 the practice of his profession at Las Vegas; 
 and Mary Rose, the wife of Dr. M. B. Will- 
 iams, a dental practitioner in this city. 
 
 Our subject is prominently identified with 
 the Masonic fraternity, having taken all the 
 degrees of the York rite, and having become 
 a Knight Templar in 1862. He is now a 
 member of the Las Vegas Commandery of the 
 Knights Templar. At the time of the World's 
 Columbian Exposition in Chicago, 1893, he 
 was accorded a most honorable and richly - 
 merited preferment, serving as executive 
 commissioner for New Mexico. The repre- 
 sentative exhibit made by the Territory at the 
 fair and the incidental prominence accorded 
 were largely due to his efforts and to the well 
 directed interest which he gave in the prem- 
 ises. Mr. Mills is a man of distinctive intel- 
 lectuality and cultured tastes, and his private 
 library is one of the most select and compre- 
 hensive of all private collections in the Terri- 
 tory. In it are many ancient and valuable 
 volumes, as well as a fine assortment of mod- 
 ern publications bearing upon all subjects of 
 human interest. The library is thoroughly 
 classified in its arrangement, and its value as 
 a preserve and reference authority is fully ap- 
 preciated by its owner, whose aim has ever 
 been to keep pace with the advancements 
 made in these latter days, marked by so varied 
 and brilliant progress. His discriminating 
 knowledge and mature judgment are recognized, 
 and his advice is sought on many matters of 
 importance, his honor and his broad humanity 
 gaining him the confidence and the esteem of 
 all who know him and are familiar with his 
 career. 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 379 
 
 
 'ILLIAM H. GOEBEL is the lead- 
 ing hardware merchant of Santa Fe 
 and belongs to that class of repre- 
 sentative business men to whom a 
 community owes its prosperity and progress. 
 Those who occupy official positions, control- 
 ling the machinery of the nation, are important 
 factors in the country's existence ; but their value 
 is after all not as great as that of the progressive, 
 enterprising members of the world of com- 
 merce who keep in running order the wheels 
 of trade, thus promoting business activity. It 
 is traffic that makes it possible for man to live, 
 and he who so successfully manages and oper- 
 ates extensive business interests well deserves 
 to be ranked among the most prominent and 
 honored residents of any community. The 
 business career of Mr. Goebel has been one of 
 success, and he is widely recognized as a 
 straightforward, honorable man, whose integ- 
 rity is above question and whose fairness is 
 above reproach. 
 
 This gentleman was born in St. Charles, 
 Missouri, on Christmas day of 1861, and is of 
 German descent, both parents, Rudolph and 
 Emily (Dyes) Goebel, having been natives of 
 the Fatherland. The former came to America 
 in 1853, and after a two-years residence here 
 returned for his family. In 1856 they all came 
 to the United States, and a location was made 
 in St. Charles, Missouri, where Mr. Goebel 
 engaged as a photographer. He has since 
 carried on operation in that line and has met 
 with good success in his undertakings. 
 
 William H. Goebel is the second in order 
 of birth in a family of eight children, six of 
 whom are now living. He was educated in 
 the Kemper family school at Booneville, Mis- 
 souri, and from that institution went to sea, 
 joining the United States navy as a third-class 
 boy at $9. 50 per month. He continued in the 
 service for three and a half years, and was pro- 
 moted to the rank of Quartermaster, for which 
 service he was paid $26. 50 per month. Dur- 
 ing this time he visited Aspinwall and St. 
 John's, Halifax, and also various other ports, 
 and when his term had expired was honorably 
 
 discharged. He then returned to the pursuits 
 of civil life, and in 1883 he entered upon his 
 business career in the capacity of clerk with 
 the Simmons Hardware Company, of St. Louis, 
 Missouri, one of the largest hardware estab- 
 lishments in the world. After some time spent 
 in their employ he went to Cheyenne, Wyo- 
 ming, and accepted a similar position with the 
 hardware house of F. Schweickert, continuing 
 in his service there until 1886. In that year 
 Mr. Goebel arrived in Santa Fe to take charge 
 of the hardware business of E. D. Franz, a 
 pioneer hardware merchant of the city. He 
 successfully conducted that establishment for 
 six years, making it a profitable investment for 
 his employer. In 1892 he resigned his posi- 
 tion to embark in business for himself and 
 opened a store in the Catron Block, where he 
 has a large establishment and a well selected 
 stock, dealing in all kinds of shelf and heavy 
 hardware. He also carries a large line of 
 wagons, carriages and farm machinery. In 
 his long experience with the prominent firms 
 with which he was connected he gained a thor- 
 ough knowledge of the business, and this, com- 
 bined with his honorable methods, has brought 
 to him a well earned success, his trade having 
 assumed extensive proportions. 
 
 On the isth of October, 1885, Mr. Goebel 
 was united in marriage with Miss Helen Muller, 
 a native of New Jersey. To them was born a 
 daughter, who after four years lost her mother 
 and Mr. Goebel was called upon to mourn the 
 death of his devoted wife, who passed away on 
 the 1 6th of June, 1889. She was an estimable 
 lady, loved by all for her many excellent traits 
 of character. Mr. Goebel was again married 
 on the 1 6th of April, 1890, his second union 
 being with Miss Emma Wilder, a native of 
 Boston, Massachusetts. They have three chil- 
 dren Gordon Wilson, Emma Wilder and 
 William Rudolph. 
 
 Mr. Goebel is in politics a Republican, but 
 does not consider that he is bound by party 
 ties. His wife holds membership in the Bap- 
 tist Church, and he is connected with the Lu- 
 theran Church; but in Santa Fe they attend 
 
3 8o 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 the services of the Presbyterian and Methodist 
 Churches. Mr. Goebel can speak fluently the 
 German, English and Spanish languages, and 
 is a man of broad, general information. He 
 is an industrious and indefatigable worker, 
 whose close attention to his business and fidel- 
 ity to every trust reposed in him has made him 
 truly deserving of the success that has crowned 
 his efforts. 
 
 @OTTFRIED SCHOBER, one of the 
 successful business men of Santa Fe 
 and the president and principal stock- 
 holder of the Santa Fe Brewing Com- 
 pany, is a native of Germany, born in 1 860. 
 He acquired his education in the land of his 
 birth and learned the brewing business, after 
 which he crossed the Atlantic to the United 
 States, making the voyage in 1882. He worked 
 at his trade for four years in Cincinnati, and 
 then removed to Hamilton, Ohio, where he 
 secured a position in the Eagle Brewery, serv- 
 ing as its manager for four years. 
 
 On the expiration of that period, Mr. Scho- 
 ber came to the South and spent a number of 
 years in San Antonio, Texas. In 1 893 he ar- 
 rived in Santa Fe, and soon after purchased 
 and began the operation of the Santa Fe 
 Brewery. Subsequently he organized the 
 Santa Fe Brewing Company, of which he owns 
 all the shares of stock except two. He is the 
 president and manager of the company and is 
 now manufacturing a quality of beer which 
 gives general satisfaction. He also manufac- 
 tures soda, mineral and carbonated waters, and 
 has established a successful and paying busi- 
 ness. He is not only considered a thrifty and 
 expert brewer, but is also recognized as an en- 
 terprising and reliable business man. 
 
 The brewing plant covers eight acres of 
 ground lying just above the city on the bank of 
 the Santa Fe river, is supplied with all the latest 
 improved machinery and appliances and has a 
 capacity of 15,000 barrels of beer annually. 
 There are also a number of other buildings, in- 
 cluding ice-houses, a soda-water plant, a beer 
 
 cellar with a storage capacity of 10,000 bar- 
 rels; and the beautiful terrace in connection 
 with this is a well known popular resort, a 
 great favorite with the people of Santa Fe, 
 being situated so near the city that one can 
 spend there a short holiday, as scarcely any 
 time is consumed in going and coming. The 
 brewery has its own water of very excellent 
 quality for making strictly pure lager beer, and 
 Mr. Schober takes entire charge of every detail 
 of the work, and bottles about half the product 
 of the brewery, which is then shipped in every 
 direction, supplying various adjoining counties 
 as well as the city trade. In additition he has 
 an extensive patronage for the mineral waters 
 and carbonated beverages, and the soda foun- 
 tains of Santa Fe are charged from this plant. 
 Mr. Schober's success in his chosen field of 
 labor is only another illustration of the business 
 ability of the German-American who takes his 
 place at the heaf in almost every department 
 of business to which he turns his attention. 
 
 Mr. Schober was united in marriage in 1891 
 with Miss Wilhelmina Faust, a native of Ger- 
 many, and they have one child Frida. Mr. 
 Schober is member of the Independent Order 
 of Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias frater- 
 nity. He owns a pleasant home situated not 
 far from the brewery and in his business deal- 
 ings has met with good success. 
 
 OSCAR W. McCUISTION, one of Ra- 
 ton's most liberal and progressive 
 citizens, has for some years been 
 connected with the history of this 
 locality and has been an important factor in 
 business and political circles. He has served 
 as Sheriff of the county of Colfax, and has 
 ever given his support to matters pertaining to 
 the public welfare. 
 
 A native of Missouri, Mr. McCuistion was 
 born in Ray county, on the gth of October, 
 1849, an d is f Scotch descent, his ancestors 
 having located in North Carolina at an early 
 day in the history of this country. 
 
 Oscar W. McCuistion obtained a liberal 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 38, 
 
 education in the country schools, and in 1865, 
 when only sixteen years of age, crossed the 
 plains to Salt Lake City, driving a mule freight- 
 ing outfit for John B. Shaw. When this task 
 was completed he returned to his native town, 
 where he was engaged in farming until 1871, 
 when he came to New Mexico. Subsequently 
 he went to Arizona and to Texas, and pur- 
 chased a herd of cattle which he drove to the 
 mouth of Red river, after which he made his 
 way to New Orleans by water and returned to 
 the Lone Star State, where he was engaged in 
 the cattle business until 1873. In that year 
 he drove a herd of 700 head of cattle to Colfax 
 county, New Mexico, and in partnership with 
 Russell Marcey located a ranch and became 
 largely engaged in stock-raising. They owned 
 as many as 10,000 head of cattle, and contin- 
 ued together in the business until 1885, when 
 Mr. McCuistion bought out his partner, giving 
 him $70,000 for his half of the stock and prop- 
 erty. He then continued the business alone 
 until 1888, when he sold out, for the enter- 
 prise had become unprofitable. For many 
 years it was a prosperous business and Mr. 
 McCuistion and his partner were among the 
 most successful who engaged in it. They also 
 liberally gave of their means for public im- 
 provement and works of progress. They dona- 
 ted $i 5,000 to erect the present fine brick pub- 
 lic-school building which now adorns the city 
 of Raton and is a monument to their generosity 
 and public spirit. 
 
 In 1885 Mr. McCuistion came to Raton to 
 reside. At that time there were only about 300 
 inhabitants in the town. He then purchased 
 the pleasant residence which has since been 
 his home and in which he installed his bride. 
 The lady who now bears his name was in her 
 maidenhood Miss N. E. McCormick, and their 
 marriage was celebrated on the I4th of Janu- 
 ary, 1885. 
 
 His fellow-citizens, appreciating his worth 
 and ability, have frequently called upon Mr. 
 McCuistion to serve in positions of public 
 trust. In 1891 he was elected Assessor of his 
 county, and in 1893 was called to the office of 
 
 Sheriff, continuing in that position until the 
 ist of January, 1895, when, on the expiration 
 of the term, he retired to private life. His 
 political support is given to the Democracy. 
 He is a gentleman of intelligence and ability 
 and is justly regarded as one of the most 
 prominent and honored citizens of Raton. No 
 one has taken a more active part in the de- 
 velopment and upbuilding of this region, or 
 has been more progressive, and in the history 
 of his adopted Territory he well deserves hon- 
 orable mention. 
 
 *ILLIAM JONATHAN CART- 
 WRIGHT, who has long been en- 
 gaged in the stock business in New 
 Mexico and now makes his home in 
 Folsom, is a native of Brownsville, Tennessee, 
 born on the 29th of August, 1852. He is a 
 descendant of the good old Southern families, 
 and from an old family Bible in his possession 
 the following facts concerning his ancestors 
 have been secured: 
 
 His grandfather, William Cartwright, was 
 the son of Peter and Ann Cartwright, and was 
 born on the 2Oth of February, 1792. He mar- 
 ried Miss Martha Fuller, and on the I3th of 
 December, 1822, in the State of Tennessee, 
 was born to them a son, Miles Collier Cart- 
 wright, the father of our subject. When he 
 had arrived at years of maturity he wedded 
 Miss Caroline America Weaver, who was born 
 in 1828, and was a daughter of Jonathan 
 Weaver, whose birth occurred July 20, 1796, 
 and who crossed the plains to Santa Fe, New 
 Mexico, as early as 1820. Miles Collier Cart- 
 wright and his wife had only two children, 
 William J. and a son who died in early infancy. 
 They were farming people, were consistent 
 members of the Methodist Church, and were 
 highly respected by all who knew them. The 
 father died December 29, 1859, and his wife 
 passed away four years previous, on the i5th 
 of December, 1855. 
 
 The only surviving representative of the fam- 
 ily is William Jonathan Cartwright, who was 
 
HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 educated in the primitive schools of his native 
 State. He may truly be called a self-made 
 man, for since the early age of eight years he 
 has practically been dependent entirely upon 
 his own resources. At that time he began 
 working for a cousin for his board and clothing 
 and the privilege of attending school during 
 the three months of winter. After remaining 
 for three years with his cousin, he went to his 
 uncle, and secured permission to change his 
 mode of life. He then obtained a clerkship in 
 a store, serving in that capacity for three 
 years. In 1872, when eighteen years of age, 
 he sought a home in the South, making his 
 way to Texas, where he was engaged in cattle 
 dealing for seven years. About that time, 
 when on a trip to Wichita, Kansas, he acci- 
 dentally shot himself in the arm and was 
 obliged to return to his home. The following 
 spring, when he recovered from his wound, he 
 again went to Texas and was in the cattle 
 business in San Saba county until 1878. That 
 year witnessed his arrival in the Territory of 
 New Mexico and saw him located at first at 
 Pecos, whence he took a herd of Chisholm cat- 
 tle to Nebraska. In 1 879 he returned to this 
 Territory, and for a year was connected with 
 the Cross L Company. When it sold out he 
 entered into business relations with the Prairie 
 Cattle Company, in whose employ he contin- 
 ued for two years in New Mexico, and was 
 then sent by that company to Tuscosa, Texas, 
 where he had charge of their ranch for thirteen 
 months. Returning then to New Mexico, he 
 took charge of the Cross L Ranch, receiving a 
 salary of $2, 500 per year. He had in his 
 charge about 25,000 head of cattle all the 
 time, and from fifty to seventy-five men were 
 working under his supervision. On leaving that 
 farm Mr. Cartwright took a claim of 320 acres 
 of land, built a good residence upon it, made 
 some other improvements, and for two years 
 continued its active management. He is still 
 the owner of this property, although he does 
 not personally cultivate it now. In 1892 he 
 came to Folsom, and purchased the residence 
 and the livery business of Phlen Humphrey, 
 
 and is now engaged in conducting a first-class 
 stable. Fidelity to duty and close application 
 to business have ever been numbered among 
 his marked characteristics, and have been im- 
 portant factors in winning him success. 
 
 Mr. Cartwright exercises his privilege of 
 franchise as a usual thing in support of the 
 Democracy; but the present administration and 
 its attitude on the silver and tariff questions is 
 not at all in accordance with his views, and in 
 future he says that he will vote with the party 
 that does embody his ideas on those subjects. 
 Socially, he is connected with the Masonic 
 fraternity, and in religious faith he holds to the 
 Methodist Church, while his wife believes in 
 the doctrines of the old Scotch Presbyterian 
 faith. He was married on the 3Oth of Novem- 
 ber, 1886, the lady of his choice being Miss 
 Barbara MacKenzie, a native of Ross-shire, 
 Scotland, who came to New Mexico in 1885. 
 They have four children, all of whom were born 
 in this Territory, namely: William, David, 
 Edith and Lena. The family is one of promi- 
 nence in the community, and Mr. and Mrs. 
 Cartwright have a wide circle of warm friends. 
 
 V^V R. JOSE M. DIAZ, a prominent mem- 
 I I ber of the regular medical profession of 
 J^^J Santa Fe, was born at Monterey, Mex- 
 ico, May 17, 1868, a son of Dr. Bias 
 Diaz, a native of that country, and a practic- 
 ing physician for fifty years. He died in 1889, 
 at the age of seventy-five years. He married 
 Miss Rita Galendo, a graduate of the medical 
 school of Monterey. She is still living. 
 
 Dr. Jose M. Diaz, the youngest of their 
 two children, was educated in his native city, 
 and graduated at the medical school of Monte- 
 rey, September 21, 1891. He was a student 
 in the medical school of Monterey for six 
 years, also spent a short time in Texas, and 
 arrived in Santa Fe in 1892. Dr. Diaz imme- 
 diately opened an office, and his practice has 
 ever since steadily increased, He belongs to 
 the regular or "allopathic" school, but has 
 adopted the new system, called Alkaloidal, 
 
HISTORT Of NEW MEXICO. 
 
 383 
 
 giving the smallest dose to obtain the effect, 
 and continuing it until the effect is attained. 
 No two persons require the same amount of 
 medicine, and by giving a small dose and in- 
 creasing it the amount necessary for each 
 patient is ascertained. Dr. Diaz has been ex- 
 ceedingly successful, and is an enthusiast in his 
 profession. 
 
 The Doctor was married May 17, 1892, to 
 Miss Lucetta Hill, an accomplished and edu- 
 cated lady, and they have one son, Jose, born in 
 Galveston, Texas. Dr. Diaz gives his entire 
 attention to his practice, has a good office, an4 
 all the latest instruments for the successful 
 practice of surgery. 
 
 HBRAHAM SEVER, one of the leading 
 and highly esteemed citizens of 
 Springer, and the ex-Sheriff of Col- 
 fax county, has been identified with 
 the interests of New Mexico since 1868. He 
 was born in Warren county, Indiana, on the 
 2 ist of August, 1847, a d i s f German 
 descent, the progenitor of the family in Ame- 
 rica having crossed the Atlantic from the 
 Fatherland to become one of the early settlers 
 of New Jersey. His father, Isaac S. Sever, 
 was born in that State in 1820, and married 
 Miss Rosana Talbott, by whom he had three 
 children. The mother died, leaving her son 
 Abraham when only two years of age. The 
 father was a farmer and miller. He has again 
 married, and by his second wife had several 
 children. At the age of seventy-five years he 
 is still living, in Missouri. 
 
 Our subject was sent to the public schools, 
 and remained on the old home farm until 
 seventeen years of age, when he started out in 
 life for himself. In 1865 he went to Kansas, 
 where he engaged in farming, and afterward 
 in the saddlery business. In the spring of 
 1868 he began working for the Union Pacific 
 Railroad Company, and continued his service 
 with it until the road was completed within 
 225 miles of Denver. He then started with 
 some comrades for that city, making the jour- 
 
 ney on foot, and for three months worked in 
 the mines. In the fall he came to Colfax 
 county, New Mexico, and was engaged in cut- 
 ting wood at Baldy. Early in 1 869 he went 
 on the plains and was engaged in stock-herd- 
 ing, doing business in that line on his own ac- 
 count. 
 
 In 1873 Mr. Sever was married, in Denver, 
 to Miss Mary A. Granger, a native of Canada, 
 and the young couple began their domestic life 
 on a farm of 160 acres on Vermejo creek. 
 There Mr. Sever erected a residence and im- 
 proved the land, making his home thereon un- 
 til 1887. In 1886 he was elected Sheriff, and 
 for four years creditably and acceptably filled 
 that position. He has been a life-long Demo- 
 crat, and takes quite an active part in political 
 affairs. 
 
 Soon after his election, Mr. Sever came to 
 Springer and purchased the residence which 
 he now makes his home. After his retirement 
 from office, he was for three years superintend- 
 ent of the Red River Stock Ranch, and during 
 a part of the time had charge of as many as 
 10,000 head of cattle. In the winter of 
 1894-5 he acted as Assistant Engrossing Clerk 
 for the Territorial Legislature, and in the 
 spring following he embarked in the meat- 
 market business, buying out the only shop in 
 the town of Springer. He is now successfully 
 conducting this, doing a good and constantly 
 increasing business. 
 
 To Mr. and Mrs. Sever were born four 
 children Walter L. , Harley M. , Chester V. 
 and Lois R. The mother of this family was 
 called to her final rest in July, 1889, and her 
 loss was deeply mourned by many friends. For 
 sixteen years she had been a faithful companion 
 and helpmeet to her husband, and was a devoted 
 and loving wife and indulgent mother. Three 
 years later Mr. Sever was united in marriage, 
 on the 2 ist of July, 1893, with Miss Hattie E. 
 Gilbert. They are highly esteemed people 
 and have a happy home. Mr. Sever is a 
 member of the Odd Fellows society, and is 
 highly regarded in the ranks of that fraternity. 
 He is a man of sound judgment, straightfor- 
 
3*4 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ward and honorable in all business transac- 
 tions, and true in all the relations and walks in 
 life. Springer numbers him among its valued 
 citizens, and in the history of his adopted Ter- 
 ritory he well deserves representation. 
 
 AVID H. BOATRIGHT. We now 
 direct attention to the life record of 
 one who stands as one of the most 
 successful and progressive merchants 
 of Albuquerque, and one whose name is 
 honored in the community to whose sub- 
 stantial upbuilding he has contributed in no 
 slight degree. The subject of this sketch was 
 born at Otterville, Missouri, on the 25th of 
 March, 1859, being of Scotch lineage. His 
 ancestors were long residents of Virginia, his 
 father, Charles F. Boatright, having been born 
 in the Old Dominion in 1830. In 1842 the 
 latter removed with his parents to Missouri, 
 and in early life became identified with mer- 
 cantile pursuits, having been for many years 
 one of the prominent and honored merchants 
 of the now important city of Sedalia. Charles 
 
 F. Boatright took to himself a wife in the 
 person of Miss Sallie Butler, who also is a 
 descendant of an old and prominent Virginia 
 family. Our subject was the third in order of 
 birth of the seven children of his parents, 
 both of whom survive, as do also all of the 
 children save two. 
 
 David H. Boatright received his educa- 
 tional discipline in the public schools of Otter- 
 ville and Sedalia, and he ultimately became an 
 employe in the shops of the Missouri Pacific 
 Railroad Company, learning the painter's trade, 
 which he followed for a number of years. He 
 eventually made a change in location, remov- 
 ing to Parsons, Kansas, where he was placed 
 in charge of the paint-shops of the same rail- 
 road company. In March, 1881, he came to 
 Albuquerque and assumed a position under 
 
 G. B 1 . Simmons, then first master mechanic of 
 the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad Company, in 
 which connection Mr. Boatright was installed 
 in charge of the paint-shops of the company at 
 
 this point. This incumbency he retained for 
 five years, after which he returned to Sedalia, 
 where for a year he was associated with his 
 father in mercantile trade, after which he re- 
 turned to New Mexico and re-entered the em- 
 ploy of the Atlantic & Pacific, being thus re- 
 tained for three years at the Needles and 
 Winslow. At the expiration of this period he 
 assumed a clerical position in the mercantile 
 establishment of J. H. Breed, of Winslow, re- 
 maining in this position until 1889, when he 
 returned to Albuquerque and entered business 
 for himself, opening the modest store to which 
 he gave the title of ' ' The Racket. " The business 
 was conducted from the start on a cash basis 
 and for small profits, and the methods followed 
 were such as insured a rapid and substantial ex- 
 pansion of the enterprise. In his first place of 
 business he had but sixteen feet of shelving, 
 his stock embracing dry goods and notions, 
 and the concern being one which but served as 
 the nucleus of the fine modern emporium 
 which has been therefrom evolved. The build- 
 ing occupied is of spacious dimensions and 
 most eligibly located, with entrance from 
 Gold avenue and Second street, the structure 
 being in the form of an L. The main store 
 is 25 x 80 feet in dimensions, and the annex 
 20 x 50 feet, insuring ample accommodations 
 for the extensive and comprehensive stock of 
 dry goods, notions, carpets, boots and shoes, 
 etc. Mr. Boatright holds a distinctive claim 
 upon a representative patronage, his business 
 being conducted upon a cash basis and being of 
 such scope as to be gratifying in the extreme. 
 He attributes his success to low prices for 
 cash, and he has given his undivided attention 
 to his business, is thoroughly reliable in his 
 methods and as a merchant and citizen has the 
 confidence of the people of his city. Mr. 
 Boatright has erected a nice residence on the 
 Highlands, where there is ever dispensed the 
 true hospitality and courtesy of a cultured 
 home. 
 
 Our subject is a charter member of the 
 Knights of Pythias of Albuquerque, and is also 
 a member of the National Union. Politically 
 
V 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 385 
 
 he renders an active support to the Republican 
 party. 
 
 Mr. Boatright's marriage was solemnized in 
 1888, when he united his destinies with those 
 of Miss Rose Casady, a native of Adams, 
 Massachusetts. The offspring of their union 
 have been three children: Stella, Frankie and 
 Charlie. The family are held in marked es- 
 teem in the city, and the subject of this review 
 is recognized as one of Albuquerque's repre- 
 sentative business men. 
 
 (U 
 
 WILLIAM HAYES POPE, the junior 
 
 member of the law firm of Victory 
 & Pope, one of the most prominent 
 law combinations in New Mexico, is 
 a native of South Carolina. He was born in 
 Beaufort, on the I3th of June, 1870, and de- 
 scended from Scotch-Irish ancestry, who that 
 they might have perfect freedom braved the 
 dangers of an ocean voyage in those early days 
 and crossed the Atlantic to Virginia. They 
 were important factors in the development of 
 that Colony, and when the war for independ- 
 ence came on they joined the Colonial army, 
 valiantly fighting for liberty. 
 
 The father of our subject. Major. Joseph 
 J. Pope, was born in Beaufort, South Caro- 
 lina, and was a son of Joseph J. T. Pope, a 
 prominent cotton planter. The Major engaged 
 in the practice of law in the city of Charleston 
 until the breaking out of the Civil war, when 
 he responded to the call for the Confederacy 
 and joined the " boys in gray." He was ap- 
 pointed to the rank of Major and used his best 
 endeavors to secure victory for the Southern 
 arms, for he was a Southern man by birth and 
 training and loyally interested in what he be- 
 lieved was for the benefit of his section of the 
 country. For a time he was in command of 
 one of the forts of South Carolina and partici- 
 pated in a number of hard-fought battles. At 
 length he was captured and sent to one of the 
 prisons of the North. When the war was over 
 he resumed the practice of law in Savannah, 
 Georgia, where he continued until his death in 
 
 25 
 
 1873. He had married Miss Emily Hayes 
 Mikell, a native of Edisto island, South Caro- 
 lina, and a daughter of Isaac Jenkins Mikell, a 
 cotton planter. Eight children were born of 
 the union, of whom six are yet living. 
 
 William Hayes Pope lost his mother in 
 early childhood and was reared by his maternal 
 grandparents. He acquired his elementary ed- 
 ucation in the schools of Edisto island, and at 
 the age of twelve years was sent to Atlanta, 
 Georgia, in order that he might have better ed- 
 ucational privileges. He was graduated at the 
 high school in 1886, carrying off the first hon- 
 ors of his class, after which he attended the 
 University of Georgia, where in 1889 he was 
 graduated at the head of his class, receiving 
 the degree of Master of Arts. Determining to 
 devote his energies to the practice of law he 
 began a preparatory course of study and was 
 graduated in the law department of the same 
 university in 1890, with the degree of B. L. 
 While pursuing his law course he served as 
 adjunct professor of ancient languages. Mr. 
 Pope's education was now completed and he 
 returned to Atlanta, where he entered the law 
 offices of Messrs. Hoke and Burton Smith, and 
 in 1892 became a member of the firm of Smith, 
 Glenn & Smith, the senior member of the firm 
 being the Hon. Hoke Smith, Secretary of the 
 Interior under the second Cleveland adminis- 
 tration. 
 
 Mr. Pope devoted himself assiduously to 
 the law and his close application to business 
 somewhat impaired his health. Following the 
 advice of a physician he gave up his lucrative 
 law practice in Atlanta, exchanging it for the 
 exhilarating mountain air of Santa Fe, New 
 Mexico, where he arrived in the spring of 1 894. 
 The change proved beneficial, and a short time 
 afterward he became associate editor of the 
 New Mexican, a paper published in Santa Fe. 
 On the first of March, 1895, he resumed the 
 prosecution of his chosen profession, forming 
 a partnership in law practice with Hon. J. 
 P. Victory, who is Solicitor General of the 
 Territory. He is again applying himself closely 
 to his business with most gratifying results, 
 
 
3 86 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 having already secured a large clientage, which 
 is constantly increasing. 
 
 Mr. Pope is a member of the Independent 
 Order of Odd Fellows, and in politics is an en- 
 thusiastic and active Democrat. He is a mem- 
 ber of the commission for the rebuilding of the 
 Territorial capitol, and has been made one of 
 the commissioners of New Mexico to attend 
 the great exposition to be held in Atlanta in 
 the fall of 1895. In his church relations he is 
 a Presbyterian, and is serving as Trustee of the 
 congregation with which he is connected. Mr. 
 Pope is a young man full of energy and ambi- 
 tion, and we predict for him 1 good success in 
 his professional career. In 1895 Judge Thorn- 
 ton was selected to deliver the Fourth-of-July 
 oration at Santa Fe, but almost at the last 
 moment was called away and Mr. Pope was 
 selected to take his place. His time for prep- 
 aration was short, but he delivered a masterly 
 address, eloquent, patriotic and earnest. 
 
 ON. MATTHEW C. ZIRHUT, one 
 of the honored residents of Albu- 
 querque, was born in Bohemia, Oc- 
 tober it, 1841, and acquired his 
 early education in that country. He came 
 with his father, Joseph Zirhut, and his family 
 to America when fifteen years of age, locating 
 in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. He worked with 
 his father in the blacksmith shop until he ac- 
 quired the trade. In 1850 he went to Mis- 
 souri, where'he worked at his trade two years; 
 from that time until 1862 conducted a shop in 
 New Orleans; went thence to old Mexico; re- 
 turned to Pittsburg, and in 1870 located in 
 Nebraska. At that place he served as immi- 
 grant agent, forwarding immigrants to Omaha, 
 and continued in that occupation fourteen 
 years. April 7, 1881, Mr. Zirhut arrived in 
 Albuquerque, New Mexico, opening a black- 
 smith shop in the new town. He also manu- 
 factured carriages and owned a livery stable. 
 He worked hard with his hammer at the anvil 
 until 1889, when he retired from active busi- 
 ness, having by his industry and business abil- 
 
 ity acquired a competence. He owns much 
 valuable real estate, and in his beautiful home, 
 with his good wife, he is spending the eve of a 
 very active and prosperous life. 
 
 Mr. Zirhut was married December 1 7, 
 1859, to Miss Anna Cismar. They have had 
 two children: William G., .a business man in 
 Nebraska; and Georgia, who was the wife of 
 George K. Neher. She died June i, 1895. 
 In political matters Mr. Zirhut acts with the 
 Democratic party, and was chosen by his party 
 as a member of the Constitutional Convention 
 held in Santa Fe. Mr. and Mrs. Zirhut are 
 members of the Catholic Church. Our sub- 
 ject is still active and capable, and is ever 
 ready to aid in enterprises intended to improve 
 and raise in value the interests of Albuquerque, 
 the city of his choice. 
 
 PATTY. In the case at hand 
 we have a notable example of the re- 
 suits to be obtained by subjective de- 
 termination and enterprise, the suc- 
 cess attending the efforts of our subject having 
 been the just reward for energetic and well- 
 directed endeavors. Mr. Patty is the repre- 
 sentative hardware merchant and tinner of 
 Las Vegas, of which thriving city he became a 
 resident in 1879, being at that time in most 
 moderate circumstances, and having made his 
 own way to the high measure of success which 
 is now his. 
 
 He is a native of the old Buckeye State, 
 the date of his birth having been May 27, 
 1849. His ancestry is of Scotch and English 
 strain, his father, Samuel Patty, having also 
 been born in Ohio, the date of his birth having 
 been as early as 1795 showing conclusively 
 that the paternal grandfather of our subject 
 must have been one of the pioneer residents of 
 that State. The maiden name of our subject's 
 mother was Ann Scudder Gray, and she was 
 of Scotch-Irish lineage. Samuel Patty had 
 been twice married prior to this union, the 
 children being five in number, two being the 
 offspring of the last marriage. The father 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 387 
 
 died at the age of fifty-four years, his widow 
 subsequently consummating a second marriage, 
 as the result of which union she became the 
 mother of four children. She still survives 
 and is now (1895) sixty-five years of age. 
 
 At the time of his father's death the sub- 
 ject of this review was but twelve years of age, 
 and his educational advantages were some- 
 what meager in scope, being confined to the 
 public schools in his native State. At the 
 early age of fifteen years he was practically 
 thrown upon his own resources, engaging in 
 farming and receiving as remuneration only $6 
 per month and board. The family removed to 
 Missouri in the fall of 1866 and within the suc- 
 ceeding year Mr. Patty began his apprentice- 
 ship at the tinner's trade, in which line of oc- 
 cupation he continued to be employed until 
 1879, when he removed to Las Vegas and 
 here secured a little shop only fourteen feet 
 square, there installing himself in business and 
 preparing to make for himself a place in the 
 world. He was involved in debt to the amount 
 of thirty dollars, but set himself valiantly and 
 energetically at work, and occupation for his 
 willing hands was not denied, his efforts being 
 mainly in the line of tin roofing and general 
 shop work. 
 
 He eventually removed to more commo- 
 dious quarters, and as the result of his earnest 
 and persistent efforts he had succeeded in 
 clearing $ i, 800 at the expiration of two and 
 one-half years. He then sold out to a firm 
 who finally failed in business, thereby losing to 
 him all of his accumulations. He was not a 
 man to sit down in idleness and repine at past 
 losses, but he made a sturdy effort to recoup 
 the same. In 1883 he resumed business in the 
 mercantile line, assuming his present location 
 at that time, said quarters being most eligibly 
 situated on East Bridge street, where he has 
 a store and shop, 24 x 80 feet in dimensions 
 and well stored with stoves, tinware, heavy 
 and shelf hardware and all lines germane to an 
 enterprise of this character. Mr. Patty has 
 ever been fair and honorable in his dealings 
 and he is accorded a representative support, 
 
 the business being carried forward very suc- 
 cessfully. * He devotes his entire attention to 
 the enterprise and is a most assiduous worker 
 now, as he has ever been. He has built an 
 attractive residence in the city and is regarded 
 as one of her most successful and progressive 
 citizens one who has attained success as the 
 result of his own efforts. 
 
 Mr. Patty's marriage was solemnized in 
 1884, when he wedded Miss Angie F. , daugh- 
 ter of H. Chadeayne and a native of French 
 county, Indiana. Our subject has found little 
 time to devote to matters essentially social, 
 but is identified with the Woodmen of the 
 World. In his political proclivities he acts 
 independently, voting for men and measures 
 rather than rendering narrow allegiance along 
 set party lines. He is recognized as one of the 
 intelligent and reliable business men of Las 
 Vegas and maintains a public-spirited interest 
 in her welfare. 
 
 BP. CANTOU, who is one of the repre- 
 sentative business men of Raton, Col- 
 fax county, has had a somewhat 
 eventful career and has made his way 
 against great odds and attained to a high meas- 
 ure of success as a result of his own well- 
 directed and indefatigable efforts. 
 
 Coming of a long line of estimable French 
 antecedents, Mr. Cantou is a native of la belle 
 France, where he was born on the 2Oth of 
 April, 1852. He was educated in the land of 
 his nativity and there remained until he had 
 attained his majority, when, in 1873, he emi- 
 grated to America, being poor in purse and 
 ignorant of the English language. His, how- 
 ever, was not a nature to be rebuffed by ad- 
 verse circumstances and seemingly insuperable 
 obstacles, and upon arriving in New York he 
 forthwith set forth to find employment. He 
 worked at cigar-making for a short time and 
 then went forth as a peddler of walking canes, 
 finally accummulating sufficient funds to en- 
 able him to make his way to Denver, Colorado, 
 where he arrived in September, 1877. He 
 
3 88 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 was for a time employed in a hotel and then 
 proceeded to Georgetown, where "he was en- 
 gaged in assorting minerals. He finally re- 
 turned to Denver, where in partnership with 
 two others he engaged in the restaurant busi- 
 ness. After six months he disposed of his in- 
 terests in this line, and in December, 1878, 
 located at Trinidad, Colorado, through which 
 place the Santa Fe railroad had just been com- 
 pleted. He here secured employment as a 
 clerk in a store, remaining for two years and 
 gaining an excellent idea of the mercantile 
 trade. After this he again began operating on 
 his own responsibility, engaging in peddling 
 throughout this section of the Southwest at 
 first packing his goods on burros and later util- 
 izing a horse and wagon. 
 
 In 1883, Mr. Cantou first came to Raton, 
 where he engaged in the liquor business for a 
 year, then disposing of his interests, as the line 
 was distasteful to him. He thereafter re- 
 turned to Trinidad and accepted a position in 
 a mercantile establishment at a salary of $50 
 per month. He retained his residence in Colo- 
 rado until May, 1885, when he once more lo- 
 cated in Raton, where he opened a. grocery, 
 his operations being based upon a cash capi- 
 tal of $165. The enterprise on the start was 
 of a modest order, but such were the energy 
 and correct business methods brought to bear 
 that the scope of operations constantly in- 
 creased in extent, so that more commodious 
 quarters finally became necessary for the ac- 
 commodation of the business. Accordingly in 
 1890, Mr. Cantou erected a store building, 25 
 x6j feet in dimensions, and here he has since 
 couducted a very satisfactory business, his 
 stock having been increased to include a fine 
 line of general merchandise. By his careful 
 attention to the demands of his customers and 
 his scrupulous honor he has gained the confi- 
 dence and respect of the public, elements so 
 essential to the success of any industry of this 
 character. 
 
 In his political adherency our subject is act- 
 ively in line as a supporter of the Democratic 
 party and its principles, and his standing in 
 
 popular favor has been shown in the honorable 
 preferments which have been accorded him in 
 the gift of the local public. He was called 
 upon to serve as School Director and Justice 
 of the Peace, and in April, 1895, he was 
 elected by the voters of the Fourth ward as 
 their representative in the City Council, an 
 office for which he is admirably qualified. He 
 has maintained a steadfast interest in the de- 
 velopment and substantial upbuilding of the 
 city, and has several residence properties here, 
 as well as valuable gold and silver mining 
 claims in the country. 
 
 On the 2yth of May, 1884, Mr. Cantou was 
 united in marriage to Miss Eusebia Ribera, a 
 native of Colorado and of excellent Spanish 
 ancestry. They have four children, namely : 
 Napoleon, Stephen, Emil and Manuel. The 
 family are all devoted adherents of the Roman 
 Catholic Church, and our subject contributed 
 liberally toward the erection of the church edi- 
 fice which is one of the most attractive houses 
 of worship in Raton. 
 
 aB. KOHLHOUSEN, M. D., is one of 
 the most prominent physicians of Col- 
 fax county, New Mexico. He re- 
 sides in Raton, where he has a large 
 and extensive practice that has come to him 
 as a reward of his skill and ability. He has 
 put forth every effort to perfect himself in his 
 chosen calling, and his professional brethren as 
 well as the general public recognize his supe- 
 rior worth. 
 
 A native of Virginia, the Doctor was born 
 in Winchester, on the i;th of April, 1856, 
 and is of German ancestry, his family having 
 been founded in America by those of the name 
 who became pioneer settlers of the Old 
 Dominion. His father, F. W. Kohlhousen, 
 was born in 1801, and followed the business of 
 farming and merchandising. He married 
 Eliza Keister, a native of Virginia and a de- 
 scendant of the Maury family. In the early 
 days of Virginian history a Mr. Maury brought 
 a colony to this country who became the first 
 
HIS TORT OF NB W MEXICO. 
 
 389 
 
 settlers in the Shenandoah valley. Repre- 
 sentatives of this family served in the Revolu- 
 tionary war, valiantly aiding the Colonies in 
 their efforts to secure release from the cruel 
 oppressions of the British government. Mr. 
 and Mrs. F. W. Kohlhousen had a family of 
 three sons and a daughter, and two of the sons 
 served in the Confederate army. During the 
 great struggle much of the family property was 
 sacrificed. The father reached the advanced 
 age of ninety-three years, passing away in 
 1894, but the mother died in 1862, in the 
 forty-fifth year of her age. In religious belief 
 they were Lutherans and were people of 
 genuine worth and high respectability. 
 
 The Doctor, the youngest of the family, 
 was educated in the academy of his native 
 town of Winchester and at the Roanoke Col- 
 lege. When it came time for him to make 
 choice of a business which he wished to follow 
 as a life work, he determined to enter the 
 medical profession and became a student in 
 the medical department of the University of 
 Virginia, at which he was graduated in the 
 class of 1877. He then attended the hospitals 
 at Richmond, Baltimore and New York, and 
 thus saw a practical demonstration of all the 
 knowledge he had acquired. In 1882 he came 
 to Raton, and opening an office has since been 
 successfully engaged in the practice of medi- 
 cine here, being one of the oldest and most 
 reliable physicians in Colfax county. He 
 keeps abreast of the times in everything per- 
 taining to the science of medicine and well 
 merits the liberal patronage which he receives. 
 A valued member of the New Mexico Territor- 
 ial Medical Association, he served as its vice- 
 president in 1894. 
 
 In the same year Dr. Kohlhausen was 
 united in marriage with Miss Laura Chase, a 
 native of New Mexico and a daughter of M. M. 
 Chase, a prominent citizen and honored 
 pioneer of Cimarron. They now have a little 
 son, who is the delight of the household. The 
 Doctor and his wife have many warm friends 
 in this locality and hold an enviable position 
 in social circles. In politics the Doctor is a 
 
 Democrat, and has been an active participant 
 in the affairs of that party, having served as 
 chairman of the Democratic Central Commit- 
 tee of Colfax county for a number of years. 
 Socially, he is connected with the Odd Fel- 
 lows Society, the Independent Order of Red 
 Men and the Knights of Pythias. He is a 
 pleasant, genial gentleman and an accom- 
 plished physician, and has the good will of the 
 entire county, where he is so widely and favor- 
 ably known. 
 
 a D WARD A. TERRELL. The life 
 record of this well-known and hon- 
 ored pioneer of Raton, Colfax county, 
 is one into which enter many interest- 
 ing and romantic elements, phases which tell 
 of adventure and hazardous undertakings, of 
 valiant service to the nation and of well di- 
 rected effort toward definite ends. It thus 
 becomes both a pleasure and a privilege for 
 the biographist to note the more salient points 
 in the career of this brave veteran and ex-offi- 
 cer of the United States Navy. 
 
 A native of the national metropolis, Mr. 
 Terrell was born in New York city on the i6th 
 of June, 1839. His lineage is of Irish and 
 French origin, his ancestors having been 
 among the early settlers in the State of Louis- 
 iana, whence, later on, representatives of the 
 family became residents of Florida and Texas. 
 William P. Terrell, grandfather of our subject, 
 was an active participant in the war of the 
 Revolution. His son, also named William P., 
 was born in Florida, and upon attaining ma- 
 turity he married Miss Chloe Lobdell, a na- 
 tive of the State of Connecticut and of French 
 ancestry. Her people were loyal to the king 
 at the time of the Revolutionary war. To 
 William P. and Chloe (Lobdell) Terrell eight 
 children were born, three of whom survive, 
 the immediate subject of this review being the 
 fourth in order of birth. The father died in 
 1847, aged thirty-nine years, and the mother 
 lived to attain the age of sixty-two years. 
 
 E.dward A. Terrell received his preliminary 
 
39 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 education in New York city, and when but a 
 lad of thirteen years he went to sea, sailing on 
 the " Washington " to the West Indies. After 
 his return he boarded the "Champion" for a 
 three-years' whaling cruise in the Arctic and 
 Pacific oceans. His next voyage was on the 
 "Hero," of which he was acting as second 
 officer at the time the vessel was wrecked off 
 the coast of Africa. Escaping with his life, 
 Mr. Terrell then returned to New York, where 
 he was eventually made officer of the " Betsey 
 Williams," sailing in the merchant service 
 from New York to South American ports. 
 
 Our subject was still connected with the 
 
 merchant marine service at the time of the 
 
 
 
 outbreak of the war of the Rebellion, and he 
 loyally proffered his services in defense of the 
 nation's honor. In June, 1862, he was ap- 
 pointed acting master under Commodore Far- 
 ragut, in the West Gulf Squadron, and was a 
 participant in the brilliant manceuvres which 
 led up to and resulted in the capture of New 
 Orleans. He was also present and rendered 
 efficient service in the fall of Mobile. After 
 this he was assigned to Admiral Thatcher's 
 squadron, with which he remained until the 
 close of the war, having been either in com- 
 mand singly or as an executive officer during 
 the entire course of the greatest civil war the 
 world has ever witnessed. He served in turn 
 on the Portsmouth, Owasco, Katahdin, Ka- 
 nawha and the flag-ship Arizona. He was 
 aboard the last-mentioned vessel at the time 
 she was burned on the Mississippi river. He 
 was thereafter a member of Admiral Thatcher's 
 staff on the flag-ship Stockdale, and had com- 
 mand of the Buckthorn. He also served for a 
 short time each on the Nyanza and the Itasca. 
 After peace was resumed Mr. Terrell was 
 ordered North, and went out of commission at 
 Philadelphia. He was then ordered on board 
 the Kearsarge and sailed for Brazil. Reach- 
 ing that country he was soon attacked with a 
 severe illness, which for a time impaired his 
 sight and permanently affected his hearing. 
 When the boat reached San Francisco on the 
 return trip he resigned, but subsequently re- 
 
 turned to South America, where he was en- 
 gaged in erecting telegraph lines for the Peru- 
 vian government. From there he returned to 
 the United States, and in 1872 went to Kansas 
 City and thence to Colorado, where he was 
 engaged in quartz-mining at various points. 
 During the excitement at Leadville he went to 
 that point and continued mining operations 
 there until he was obliged to cease by reason 
 of rheumatic difficulties. His experience in 
 this line of industry was similar to that of the 
 average operator: at times success attended 
 his efforts and again his labors would be all in 
 vain. 
 
 The year 1879 represents the date of Mr. 
 Terrell's arrival in Raton, whither he came for 
 the benefit of his health. He erected one of 
 the finest residences in the place and finally 
 recovered his health sufficiently to accept em- 
 ployment as a machinist with the Atchison, 
 Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. He retained 
 his association with the operations of this com- 
 pany for the long period of fourteen years, and 
 was one of its capable and trusted employees. 
 
 In 1892 our subject erected his present at- 
 tractive and commodious adobe house, which 
 is most eligibly situated. The grounds com- 
 prise an area of an acre, and Mr. Terrell has 
 beautified the premises by the planting of fruit 
 and shade trees and ornamental shrubbery. 
 The place is conceded to be one of tne most 
 attractive homes in the little city with whose 
 growth and development our subject has been 
 most intimately identified. 
 
 On the 4th of March, 1876, were solemn- 
 ized the nuptials of Mr. Terrell and Miss Rosa 
 Karuthers. Mrs. Terrell is a native of Ne- 
 braska, where she was born on the 3Oth of May, 
 1856. They are the parents of two daughters 
 and a son, namely, Eva, Myrtle and Rich- 
 ard K. 
 
 Our subject is a prominent member of the 
 Masonic order, in which he has advanced to the 
 Knights Templar degree, and has a conspicuous 
 fraternal relationship with the Grand Army of 
 the Republic, being Past Master of the Sedg- 
 wick Post, No. 2, and having filled many of 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 39 1 
 
 the other official positions in the organization. 
 He is highly esteemed in the community as a 
 sincere and courteous gentleman and an hon- 
 ored veteran of the United States Navy. 
 
 H. GREENLEAF. Genea- 
 logical research is often fecund in 
 interest and profit; indeed the whole 
 history of advancement and progress 
 in the affairs of life is, per sc, so indissolubly 
 linked with the individuality of human achieve- 
 ment that in following out in detail the life 
 history of one generation after another we 
 must, perforce, have cognizance of the ele- 
 ments which constitute the essence of all 
 history. 
 
 In the subject of this review we touch up- 
 on the record of one who has not only wrought 
 well for himself, but whose ancestry is one of 
 long and conspicuous identification with the 
 annals of our national commonwealth. Robert 
 H. Greenleaf stands as one of the representa- 
 tive citizens and retired capitalists of Albu- 
 querque, having heen a resident of New Mex- 
 ico since 1872. He was born in the State of 
 Maine on the 6th of March, 1834. His pa- 
 ternal ancestors were representatives of the 
 French Huguenots, who were compelled to flee 
 their native country, by reason of religious per- 
 secution, and to take refuge in England, where 
 Edward Greenleaf was born in the year 1600. 
 He emigrated to New England in 1635, and 
 this sturdy patriot figures as the original Ameri- 
 can ancestor of the very considerable Green- 
 leaf family disseminated throughout the Union. 
 Jonathan Greenleaf, grandfather of the sub- 
 ject of this review, was born in New England, 
 and was an active participant in the war of the 
 Revolution, in which he supported the cause 
 of the colonies with all the patriotic fervor of 
 an ardent and loyal nature. He lived to attain 
 a remarkable longevity, his death occurring on 
 the Kennebec river in Maine, and his age at 
 the time of his demise being 103 years. 
 
 James B. Greenleaf, father of our subject, 
 was a native of the old Pine Tree State, where 
 
 he was born in the year 1797. Attaining ma- 
 turity he was united in marriage to Miss Sybil 
 Goddard, and to them were born nine children, 
 of whom only four are living at the present 
 time. The mother died at the age of eighty- 
 three and the father lived to attain the age of 
 ninety-three years. 
 
 Robert H. Greenleaf was the fifth child in 
 order of birth, and his education was received 
 elementally in the common schools, after which 
 he completed his studies in the normal school 
 at Hebron, Maine. He continued to reside on 
 the parental farmstead, in Oxford county, 
 until he had reached the age of eighteen years, 
 when, imbued with a spirit of adventure, he 
 drifted Westward, and in 1851 crossed the 
 plains to California, arriving in San Francisco 
 after a tedious and perilous journey of four 
 month's duration. He soon made his way to 
 the mines in Sierra county and shortly after- 
 ward installed himself as keeper of the first 
 hotel on Howland's Flats, this somewhat prim- 
 itive caravansary being known far and wide as 
 the Sierra Nevada House, and its proprietor 
 attaining a marked popularity throughout that 
 section. He remained there until 1861, when 
 he made his way to New York city and to the 
 old home on a visit; then went to Monmouth, 
 Illinois, where he was engaged in merchandis- 
 ing for a period of ten years, when disaster 
 overtook him in the destruction of his estab- 
 lishment by fire, thus losing to him all the 
 property he had accumulated. In order to re- 
 coup his losses and to secure for himself a new 
 start in life he left his family in Illinois, and, 
 proceeding to Texas, there engaged in sheep- 
 raising upon a somewhat extensive scale. For 
 five years he devoted himself assiduously to 
 this occupation, holding no work too arduous 
 and enduring all hardships for the purpose of 
 protecting himself and family from present and 
 future want. He herded his own flocks and 
 slept out of doors much of the time during all 
 these years. While engaged in this business 
 he went from Texas to Dodge county, Kansas, 
 with his flocks, comprising 10,000 head of 
 sheep. When they reached the Tuscosa river 
 
39 2 
 
 HIS TOR T OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 they found the stream much swollen, and 
 sheep men were greatly disinclined to risk the 
 stock in the then turbulent water, but in order 
 to secure a good market our subject, with his 
 usual courage, took the risk. He subdivided 
 the flock, taking out 1,000, putting the few 
 goats in to lead, and driving them into the 
 stream. They were carried by the swift cur- 
 rent fully a mile down the river and the entire 
 day, from sunrise until dark, was consumed in 
 effecting the transfer of the flocks. This work 
 accomplished, the men than swam the river, 
 each carrying a small sack of flour tied on the 
 back of his neck, since they could not make 
 the obstinate burros cross the river with their 
 packs. Mr. Greenleaf traversed the entire dis- 
 tance of 500 miles, arriving with his flocks in 
 Dodge City at a most opportune time, ' ' hitting 
 the market just right," as he expressed it. He 
 disposed of his sheep at a good profit, having 
 realized from his five years' work $20,000 
 above expenses. He thus secured once more 
 a beneficent smile from Dame Fortune, and in 
 1879 he came to Albuquerque, there being at 
 the time but one frame house in the new town. 
 Here he has since remained and has seen, from 
 this modest inception, the city wax strong in 
 population and material prosperity, until to- 
 day it stands as one of the most attractive mod- 
 ern cities in the entire Southwest. He forthwith 
 invested fn local realty and ever stood ready 
 to do all in his power to advance the interests 
 of the place and to insure the growth, which, 
 as realized, has proved such a satisfaction to 
 him. In 1892 Mr. Greenleaf made a note- 
 worthy contribution to the business structures 
 of Albuquerque, erecting a fine brick block of 
 modern architectural design, on Railroad 
 street, the same being 50x75 feet in dimen- 
 sions and three stories in height. This build- 
 ing is utilized for commercial and hotel pur- 
 poses and is one of the finest in the city, 
 having cost $29,000. In 1880 he erected a 
 very handsome and unique cobble-stone cot- 
 tage, in which *he maintains his hospitable 
 home. 
 
 Our subject conducted the first hotel in the 
 
 city, and in the early history of the town had 
 the pleasure of entertaining nearly all of the 
 prominent men of the Territory. He has also 
 done a large amount of prospecting and min- 
 ing, and at his home has a magnificent collec- 
 tion of New Mexico agates. He was the dis- 
 coverer and is the owner of the Sweepstakes 
 gold mine, located twenty miles southeast of 
 the city. This mine runs $43 in gold and 
 silver to the ton, and is now being worked by 
 its owner. Our subject also owns valuable 
 residence property in the city, and is recognized 
 as one of her most substantial capitalists. 
 
 In 1859 Mr. Greenleaf was united in mar- 
 riage to Miss Olivia Gray, a former schoolmate. 
 They have had three children, two of whom 
 are living, namely: Victor A., an able attor- 
 ney in the State of Washington; and John A., 
 who is associated with his father in mining 
 operations. 
 
 Our honored subject has been a life-long 
 Republican, and while ever rendering stanch 
 allegiance to his party and its principles, he 
 has never been an office seeker, and has, rather, 
 signally avoided public life along this line. In 
 his fraternal relations he is identified with the 
 Masonic order, of which he was made a mem- 
 ber a full score of years ago. A man who has 
 played well his part in life, whose geniality is 
 proverbial and whose kindness of heart is rec- 
 ognized, it is needless to say that our subject 
 enjoys a wide popularity, numbering his friends 
 by the number of his acquaintances. 
 
 W. D. BRYAN. The subject of this 
 review is very thoroughly identified 
 with the spirit of progress so typical 
 of the Territory of New Mexico, and 
 has here attained a position of distinction as 
 one of the most prominent and successful mem- 
 bers of the bar of Albuquerque and the Terri- 
 tory. Mr. Bryan is a native son of the old 
 Empire State, having been born at Rye, New 
 York, on the 8th of October, 1849. He is of 
 pure Irish extraction on the paternal side, his 
 great-grandfather, George Bryan, having been 
 
HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 393 
 
 born on the Emerald Isle and having emigrated 
 to America prior to the war of the Revolution. 
 He settled in Philadelphia and became a man 
 of affairs and of much prominence in the his- 
 tory of that stirring period. He was a mem- 
 ber of the Constitutional Convention, and for 
 a number of years served as Judge of the Su- 
 preme Court of Pennsylvania. His father and 
 brothers were prominent merchants of Dublin, 
 Ireland, and he managed the American branch 
 of the business. His son, George S. Bryan, 
 grandfather of the immediate subject of this 
 review, was born in the famous old City of 
 Brotherly Love, and upon attaining years of 
 maturity was united in marriage to Elizabeth 
 Steinman, who was born in Lancaster, Penn- 
 sylvania, being of German lineage. George 
 S. Bryan was for forty years Auditor of the 
 State of Pennsylvania, and was a man of force 
 and high intellectual attainments. 
 
 Edward D. Bryan, father of our subject, 
 was born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in the 
 year 1812, received his educational discipline 
 in his native State, eventually taking a thor- 
 ough course of study in theology and being or- 
 dained to the ministry of the Presbyterian 
 Church. He took unto himself a wife in the 
 person of Miss Sarah B. Conger, whose lineage 
 is traced through three sources French 
 Huguenot, English and Dutch. They reared 
 a family of seven children, six of whom are 
 living at the present time. The honored father 
 passed away in his seventy-eighth year, and 
 his venerable widow still survives, being now 
 (1895) seventy-five years of age. 
 
 R. W. D. Bryan was the second child in 
 order of birth, receiving his preliminary edu- 
 cation in the public schools and Blair Acad- 
 emy, Blairstown, New York, and completing 
 his studies in Lafayette College, Pennsylvania, 
 where he graduated with honor in 1870, re- 
 ceiving the astronomical prize. After his grad- 
 uation in this institution, in 1872, he was ap- 
 pointed astronomer to the United States North 
 Polar Expedition, sailed on the Polaris, Cap- 
 tain C. F. Hall, commander, and spent two 
 years in exploring the Arctic regions. Some i 
 
 time since our subject delivered a very inter- 
 esting and instructive lecture upon the polar 
 region and his explorations and experiences 
 there, the same attracting attention in scientific 
 circles and meeting with nattering commenda- 
 tions through the press of the Union. After 
 returning safely from this perilous expedition 
 Mr. Bryan made ready to enter upon a course 
 of study in that line, which he had determined 
 to follow as his profession in life. He accord- 
 ingly matriculated in the Columbia Law School 
 at Washington, District of Columbia, gradua- 
 ting there in 1876. He at once entered upon 
 practice of his profession in the national capi- 
 tal, where he remained until 1882, when he 
 came to Albuquerque to take charge of the In- 
 dian school maintained by the Board of Home 
 Missions of the Presbyterian Church. He was 
 the efficient superintendent of this noble insti- 
 tution for a period of six years, after which, in 
 1888, he resigned the incumbency to take up 
 the practice of his profession in Albuquerque, 
 a place whose advantages and great promise 
 for the future he was fully capable of estima- 
 ting and appreciating. 
 
 Here our subject has since devoted himself 
 to general practice at the bar, and his efforts 
 have been well directed and attended with con- 
 spicuous success. He devotes special attention 
 to commercial law, in which line he has repre- 
 sented large interests, and in which his abili- 
 ties and discrimination have insured to him 
 victory and a high standing in the eyes of the 
 profession and the general public. Mr. Bryan 
 holds official preferment as United States Com- 
 missioner and Standing Master in Chancery, 
 the duties of which positions he discharges 
 with the utmost care and fidelity. 
 
 The marriage of our subject was celebrated 
 in 1883, when he led to the hymeneal altar 
 Miss Susie H. Patten, whose father, Otis 
 Patten, was for twenty-five years superintend- 
 ent of the State School for the Blind at Little 
 Rock, Arkansas. He was a native of the State 
 of Maine, and passed the major portion of his 
 life in looking after the interests and welfare 
 of the blind. Mr. and Mrs. Bryan have two 
 
394 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 sons, both of whom were born in Albuquerque, 
 their names being respectively: Kirk and 
 Hugh McClellan. Our subject and his wife 
 are active members of the Presbyterian Church, 
 Mr. Bryan being one of the Elders of the local 
 organization. He represented the Presbytery 
 of the Rio Grande in the General Assembly at 
 Washington, District of Columbia, in 1893. 
 The family residence is known as one of the 
 attractive and hospitable homes of Albu- 
 querque, and Mr. and Mrs. Bryan are highly 
 esteemed in the representative social circles of 
 the city. 
 
 *w * ENRY BROCKMEIER, Alderman of 
 |r\ Albuquerque, and proprietor of the 
 \ .r Albuquerque steam laundry, was born 
 in Illinois, in 1858. His father, H. 
 Brockmeier, was a native of Germany. He 
 emigrated to the United States in 1852, loca- 
 ting in Illinois, where he followed contracting. 
 He had married in the old country, and was 
 the father of ten children, but all, excepting 
 the subject of this sketch, have since passed 
 away. The father departed this life in 1863, 
 at the age of fifty-two years, leaving Henry an 
 orphan at the early age of five years. 
 
 His early opportunities for receiving an ed- 
 ucation were limited, as he began to earn his 
 own living at the age of thirteen years, and 
 can truly be said to be a self-made man. His 
 first work was on the farm, but he afterward 
 learned the baker's trade. In 1884 he came 
 to Albuquerque, New Mexico, where he found 
 employment as a clerk in a grocery establish- 
 ment for about four years, and then, in part- 
 nership with a Mr. Candee, he embarked in the 
 laundry business. Mr. Candee subsequently 
 sold his interest to J. A. Beaton, who remained 
 in the firm two years, and since that time Mr. 
 Brockmeier has been' sole owner of the estab- 
 lishment. In 1892 he erected his present brick 
 building, 25 xgo feet, with a boiler room in the 
 rear 20x30 feet. Under Mr. Brockmeier's 
 competent management the business has grown 
 and prospered until he now employs nine per- 
 
 sons and turns out a large amount of superior 
 work. He has acquired much city property. 
 What is still better, by upright business meth- 
 ods he has acquired the good will and confi- 
 dence of his fellow citizens, and in 1894 they 
 elected him to represent the Second ward in 
 the City Council. He is a careful and judicious 
 officer. 
 
 Mr. Brockmeier was married March 23, 
 1890, to Miss Mary Hubbs, a native of Minne- 
 sota, and they have one daughter, Ruth, born 
 in Albuquerque. In his social relations, our 
 subject affiliates with the Independent Order of 
 Odd Fellows, the Improved Order of Red Men 
 and the National Union. Mr. Brockmeier has 
 given close attention to his business, and has 
 acquired the reputation in Albuquerque of be- 
 ing one of her worthy and reliable citizens. 
 
 HOMAS N. WILKERSON. The 
 Territory of New Mexico is signally 
 favored in having represented upon 
 its corps of public officials men of dis- 
 tinctive ability, honor and clearly defined apti- 
 tude for the discharge of the duties which enter 
 their respective fields. The subject of this re- 
 view is a man who gives patient exemplifica- 
 tion of the truth of the above assertion, occu- 
 pying as he does the important preferment as 
 District Attorney of the Second Judicial Dis- 
 trict of the Territory. 
 
 Mr. Wilkerson is a native of the State of 
 Missouri, having been born at Fulton, on the 
 8th day of March, 1866, and being of that 
 sturdy lineage designated as the Scotch-Irish. 
 His ancestors have been long residents of the 
 South and in the several generations have been 
 prominently identified with the history of that 
 section of the Union. William Wilkerson, the 
 grandfather of our subject, was a native of the 
 Old Dominion State, and emigrated to Ken- 
 tucky at a period which marked the early de- 
 velopment of that State. He married a Miss 
 Clark and they subsequently removed to Calla- 
 way county, Missouri, where he held official 
 positions of a conspicuous order, being a man 
 
HISTORY OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 395 
 
 of much prominence in the community. He 
 was a member of the Legislature of that State, 
 and there resided until the time of his demise. 
 He was a devoted member of the Presbyterian 
 Church, and was honored as one of the worthy 
 and representative citizens of Missouri. His 
 son, Achilles, was born in 1820, near Mount 
 Sterling, Kentucky, and upon attaining matur- 
 ity he took unto himself a wife in the person 
 of Miss Lou Jane Baker, a native of Missouri 
 and the daughter of Martin Baker, a well- 
 known resident of that State. He graduated 
 at the Louisville Medical College, became a 
 practicing physician, which calling he followed 
 all his life. He was in California from 1850 
 until 1858, in which latter year he returned to 
 Missouri, where for ten years he had charge of 
 the Female Department of the State Lunatic 
 Asylum. His death occurred in 1893, and was 
 lamented by all who had known his sterling 
 worth of character and his absolute fidelity to 
 duty. He became the father of a son and 
 daughter by his first wife, the former being the 
 immediate subject of this review. The wife 
 and mother entered into eternal rest in 1871. 
 Thomas N. Wilkerson received his prelim- 
 inary educational discipline in the Synodical 
 Female College and English department of 
 Westminster College, after which he became a 
 student in Westminster College, Fulton, Mis- 
 souri, graduating there with the degree of 
 Master of Arts in 1886. He then matriculated 
 in the law department of Washington Univer- 
 sity, known as the St. Louis Law School, 
 where he graduated in 1888, with the degree 
 of Bachelor of Laws. He entered upon the 
 practice of his profession at Springfield, Mis- 
 souri, and there continued successfully until 
 1890, when filial solicitude compelled him to 
 return to the parental home to care for his 
 venerable father, who was afflicted with paral- 
 ysis. He practiced his profession there until 
 September, 1892, and was the City Attorney 
 at that time, when he came to Albuquerque on 
 account of his health, and entered vigorously 
 upon the practice of his profession, afterward 
 receiving, in January, 1895, from Governor 
 
 Thornton, the appointment as District Attor- 
 ney of the Second Judicial District of the Ter- 
 ritory, which includes the counties of Bernalillo 
 and Valencia. This position he has since filled 
 with a high degree of efficiency and his efforts 
 have ever been such as conserve the ends of 
 justice a fact that is recognized and appre- 
 ciated throughout the Territory where his juris- 
 diction extends. 
 
 In politics our subject is stanchly in line 
 with the Democratic party, whose principles 
 and policies he deems best designed for insur- 
 ing the welfare of the nation. In his fraternal 
 relations he is identified with the Masonic order, 
 in which he has advanced to the degree of 
 Knight Templar, and he is Past Chancellor of 
 the Knights of Pythias in Missouri. He is a 
 member and active worker of the Bar Associa- 
 tion of New Mexico, and is recognized as one 
 of the most able young attorneys of the Terri- 
 tory. He is highly esteemed in professional, 
 business and social circles, and this recognition 
 is accorded not alone by reason of his marked 
 ability, but also by that of his integrity and 
 scrupulous honor as a man among men. 
 
 >T J EFFERSON RAYNOLDS. Within a 
 m residence of nearly two decades in Las 
 ( / Vegas the subject of this biography has 
 gained distinctive recognition as one of 
 the leading financiers, not only of this city, but 
 also in the West, having shown a marked ca- 
 pacity for the conduct of affairs of great 
 breadth. It is not alone compatible, but prac- 
 tically imperative that there be incorporated in 
 this volume a review of his life, since few have 
 been more conspicuous or have contributed a 
 larger quota in insuring the magnificent devel- 
 opment of New Mexico along the normal chan- 
 nels of progress. 
 
 Our subject, who holds the important posi- 
 tion as president of the First National Bank of 
 Las Vegas, is a native of the old Buckeye 
 State, having been born at Canton, Ohio, on 
 the 26th of October, 1843. In the paternal 
 line he is of English extraction, his original 
 
39 6 
 
 HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 American ancestors having emigrated from 
 Great Britain to the colony of Virginia as early 
 as the initial year of the seventeenth century. 
 The maternal ancestor is of German lineage, 
 the original representatives having come from 
 the Fatherland and settled in Germantown, 
 Pennsylvania, in 1750. Both families fur- 
 nished representatives in the war of the Revo- 
 lution, the paternal grandfather, William Ray- 
 nolds, having been commissioned as Major in 
 the United States Army during the war of 
 1812. 
 
 In 1 800 William Raynolds removed with 
 his family to Ohio, becoming one of the first 
 settlers of Zanesville, where he died in 1815. 
 He was the father of thirteen children, of whom 
 Madison Raynolds was the tenth in order of 
 birth, having been born at Zanesville, Ohio, 
 in 1808. The latter was the father of the im- 
 mediate subject of this review and was raised 
 to maturity in his native State where he event- 
 ually united in marriage to Miss Sarah Slusser, 
 who was born in Canton, Ohio, being of Ger- 
 man extraction. Madison and Sarah Raynolds 
 became the parents of seven sons, five of whom 
 are living at the present time. The father of 
 our subject was a man of great intelligence and 
 marked business acumen, having been for 
 many years of his life one of the leading mer- 
 chants of Canton, where he died at the age of 
 seventy-five years. His widow is still living, 
 having attained the venerable age of eighty 
 years. 
 
 Jefferson Raynolds was the third in order 
 of the family of seven sons and was reared in ! 
 his native city, receiving his educational disci- 
 pline in the Canton public schools. Ardent 
 and patriotic in nature, he was not slow to re- 
 spond toT-his country's call for "honest men 
 and true" to keep inviolate her honor. In 1861, 
 being then only eighteen years of age, he enlist- 
 ed as a member of Company F, Fourth Ohio Vol- 
 unteer Infantry, which regiment served during 
 the war in the Army of the Potomac. Our 
 subject participated actively in many of the 
 important battles of the war, his first engage- 
 ment having been Rich Mountain, Virginia, 
 
 after which he was at Winchester where the 
 gallant Stonewall Jackson fought so valiantly 
 against that defeat which was ultimately his. 
 Subsequent to this Mr. Raynolds was in the 
 series of engagements which were fought up 
 and down the Shenandoah valley and partici- 
 pated in the Potomac campaign, after which 
 he was placed on detached duty in the War 
 Department and was located at the national 
 capital until the close of the war, being mus- 
 tered out. 
 
 After the close of the war our subject was 
 for some time employed in a clerical capacity 
 in the First National Bank of Canton, Ohio, 
 and in 1866 he went to Denver, Colorado, and 
 there accepted a position as bookkeeper of the 
 Colorado National Bank. After retaining this 
 incumbency for some time he went to Pueblo, 
 where, associated with Mr. Thatcher, he ef- 
 fected the organization of the First National 
 Bank, and became its first cashier. 
 
 In 1876 he became identified with the 
 financial and material interests of the Terri- 
 tory of New Mexico by establishing at Las 
 Vegas the first bank in San Miguel county, in 
 which enterprise he was associated with his 
 brothers, Joshua and Frederick A. The his- 
 tory of this important monetary institution is 
 briefly outlined in an individual paragraph in 
 this volume. In 1881 he organized the First 
 National Bank of Albuquerque, and in the suc- 
 ceeding year the First National Bank of El 
 Paso. He is now the principal stockholder of 
 the First National Bank of Las Vegas, in 
 which he holds the principal executive office, 
 that of President, while his brother, Joshua, 
 has the management of the other two banks. 
 
 To the development and substantial up- 
 building of Las Vegas our subject has contrib- 
 uted in the measure compatible with the posi- 
 tion he holds as one of the leading capitalists and 
 business men. The magnificent brown sand- 
 stone building, in which are located the offices 
 and counting rooms of the First National 
 Bank, was erected by him, being one of the 
 finest business blocks in the city. He has also 
 erected numerous other buildings in Las Vegas. 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 397 
 
 Aside from his connection with the banking 
 enterprises of the Territory, Mr. Raynolds is 
 largely concerned in other important lines of 
 industrial undertakings, having extensive in- 
 terests in ranching, stock-raising and mining. 
 He is considered one of the foremost financiers 
 of the whole Southwest, and as one who has 
 wielded a potent influence in conserving the 
 advancement of the Territory with whose in- 
 terests he has been so intimately identified for 
 a long period of years. Enterprising and pro- 
 gressive in his methods and scrupulously hon- 
 orable in all the walks of life he has gained the 
 confidence and esteem of the people of the en- 
 tire Territory of New Mexico. 
 
 Turning in brief to the domestic pages of 
 our subject's history, we find that in 1871 was 
 consummated his marriage to Miss Martha C. 
 Cowan, a native of Fairfield, Iowa. They 
 have three sons, all of whom are pursuing their 
 studies in college. 
 
 In his political proclivities, Mr. Raynolds 
 is strongly arrayed in support of the Republi- 
 can party and its principles, and while he has 
 always taken a deep interest in the affairs of 
 the county and Territory, he has invariably 
 refused to accept anything in the line of official 
 preferment in the gift of the people. 
 
 EORGE W. HARTM AN. This gen- 
 tleman is one of the prominent mer- 
 chants of Las Vegas, having been 'a resi- 
 dent of the Territory since 1868. He 
 came to Santa Fe in 1858, then in 1859, to 
 Kansas, and returned here in 1867. He was 
 born in Rushville, Schuyler county, Illinois, on 
 the 1 2th day of December, 1846. His grand- 
 father, John Hartman, was a native of Ger- 
 many, emigrating to the United States and lo- 
 cating at St. Louis, where he owned the farm 
 which later became a portion of the heart of 
 the city. He served in the war of 1812, and 
 lived to the ripe old age of eighty years. His 
 son, John Hartman (our subject's father), was 
 born in St. Louis in 1812. He was united to 
 
 Anna White in marriage, at Rushville, Illinois, 
 the lady being a native of Kentucky. He was 
 for many years a resident of Rushville, and 
 died at Beardstown, Illinois, at the age of for- 
 ty-five years, and his beloved wife survived him 
 but a short time, she dying at the same age. 
 To them were born seven children, of whom 
 four are now living. He adhered to the Lu- 
 theran faith, while his wife was a Methodist, and 
 they were people of great industry and unques- 
 tioned reliability. 
 
 George Washington Hartman was the eld- 
 est child; he obtained his education in the pub- 
 lic schools. While living with his aunt at St. 
 Louis and attending school there he ran away 
 and went up the Missouri river to Leavenworth 
 City, Kansas, and, although only a boy, he be- 
 came engaged in the Indian trade at Cow Creek, 
 on the plains. During his stay of a number of 
 years here he became proficient in the use of the 
 Indian and Spanish languages, which accom- 
 plishment in later years became of great use 
 to him. He came to New Mexico in 1858, 
 and in 1859 went to Kansas and remained in 
 the Indian trade up to 1863. His goods were 
 obtained at Council Grove, Kansas, and he 
 traded for furs and buffalo robes, finding the 
 business a very lucrative one. 
 
 After the war he kept the old overland stage 
 station of Baron & Sanderson, at Cow Creek, 
 and was familiar with Buffalo Bill Mathewson 
 (not William F. Cody, but the original Buffalo 
 Bill Mr. Bill W. Mathewson, now a banker 
 in Wichita, Kansas), and all the noted charac- 
 ters of the time. From 1863 until the close of 
 the war he served in the Sixth Kansas Volun- 
 teer Cavalry, and saw much service in the 
 Southwest, being engaged most of the time in 
 Missouri, Arkansas and the Indian Territory, 
 and Louisiana, fighting the guerrilla bands that 
 were operating against the Union and Union 
 men. It was a rather rough service and Mr. 
 Hartman was in many fights. He was wounded 
 twice, and two horses were killed under him. 
 For the injuries received he now receives a 
 pension, which is a deserved one. After the 
 war it was from Buffalo Bill (Mathewson) that 
 
395 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 he purchased the Cow Creek ranch, which is 
 the overland stage station above mentioned. 
 
 In 1867 Mr. Hartman accompanied Gen- 
 eral Penrose as a guide and scout on an expe- 
 dition from Fort Lyon in pursuit of the -In- 
 dians. During their absence of three months 
 Mr. Hartman, by reason of his thorough ac- 
 quaintance with the Indians and their mode of 
 warfare, proved of inestimable value to the ex- 
 pedition. In 1868 he was at the Merino mines 
 at Elizabethtown, New Mexico, and aided in 
 the construction of the big ditch which brought 
 the water to the mines. These mines were 
 rich in gold, and he met with considerable suc- 
 cess there. After this he built the first house 
 in Roswell, and planted the cottonwood trees 
 which have since grown to such gigantic pro- 
 portions. After this he was for a number of 
 years engaged in the general mercantile busi- 
 ness at Puerta de Luna, the firm being Case, 
 Hartman & Block. He was also for fourteen 
 years engaged in general mercantile business at 
 San Miguel, and has been at Las Vegas for the 
 past nine years. Here he has been associated 
 with Alfred Weil, under the firm name of Hart- 
 man & Weil, their line of operations being in 
 the wholesale commission business. They deal 
 extensively in hay and grain, hides, wool and 
 pelts, and also handle wagons, carriages and 
 all kinds of farming implements and machinery. 
 Since locating in the city they have built up a 
 large and prosperous business, gaining and re- 
 taining the confidence and good will of the 
 people throughout a wide radius of country 
 and being recognized as among the respresent- 
 ative business men of Las Vegas, where they 
 have acquired extensive and valuable real-es- 
 tate and other interests. 
 
 The date of our subject's marriage was 1 884, 
 when he was united to Miss Annie Kohlhauff, 
 the ceremony occurring in the city of St. 
 Louis. This union has been blessed with five 
 children : Earl Elmer and Beulah M., both of 
 whom were born in Las Vegas ; the other 
 three are deceased. 
 
 In his political adherency Mr. Hartman 
 renders support to the Republican party and 
 
 its principles, and fraternally he is prominently 
 identified with the Grand Army of the Repub- 
 lic, having held the preferment as Senior Vice 
 Commander of the order in New Mexico, and 
 having been its representative at the National 
 Encampment held in San Francisco, in 1886. 
 Our subject is a man of strong constitution 
 and marked vigor, possessed of sound and dis- 
 criminating judgment and marked business 
 sagacity, and notwithstanding his long and va- 
 ried experience in the West he is a remarkably 
 well-preserved man and bids fair to live long 
 and to enjoy the results of his courage, perse- 
 verance and industry, honored and admired by 
 all to whom is granted his friendship. 
 
 ILLIAM B. STAPP, of Las Vegas, 
 is one of the time-honored pioneers 
 of the Territory of New Mexico. 
 Through his veins courses a mixture 
 of Scotch-Irish and German blood and in his 
 make-up are found many of the sterling quali- 
 ties which characterized his sturdy ancestors. 
 His great-great-grandfather Stapp was born in 
 Scotland and after the Revolution in Scotland 
 was a refugee to the north of Ireland, where 
 his great-grandfather James Stapp was born. 
 The latter emigrated to America in the early 
 Colonial days and settled in the Old Dominion, 
 and in Orange county, Virginia, April 16, 
 1759, his son James was born. James Stapp 
 was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. Jan- 
 uary 7. 1785, he married Miss Sarah Bur- 
 bridge, like himself a native of Orange county, 
 Virginia, the date of her birth being June i, 
 1762. Some time after their marriage they 
 removed to Woodford county, Kentucky, 
 where they reared their family, and where he 
 died September 18, 1818. She survived him 
 until August 25, 1837, and her death occurred 
 in Vandalia, Illinois. In Kentucky they were 
 planters and stock-raisers, and their religious 
 faith was that of the Presbyterians. Gholson 
 Stapp was the eighth of their family of nine 
 children. He was our subject's father and was 
 born in Woodford county, Kentucky, Decem- 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 399 
 
 her 7, 1802. He married Miss Maria Rigest, 
 a native of the State of Pennsylvania and of 
 German descent. They had two sons, and one 
 daughter, James T. B., Jr., and William B. 
 The daughter was Malinda B. Gholson Stapp, 
 like his father before him, was a farmer. He 
 removed from Woodford county to Mason 
 county, Kentucky, and from there to Kaskas- 
 kia, Illinois, and next to Vandalia, same State. 
 At the last-named place the father died De- 
 cember 2, 1849, and the mother April 25, 1854. 
 They were Methodists, were noted for their free 
 and genial hospitality, and especially did the 
 Methodist minister find a hearty welcome at 
 their door. 
 
 William B. Stapp, the youngest of their 
 family, was born in Vandalia, Illinois, Octo- 
 ber 8, 1834. He was educated in the common 
 schools and at the McKendree College in Leb- 
 anon, Illinois. After leaving college he was 
 employed for some time as clerk in Decatur, Illi- 
 nois. In 1858 he crossed the plains with oxen 
 via Fort Gibson and on the Santa Fe trail to 
 Albuquerque. From there he went to Fort 
 Stanton, where he clerked for a time, and sub- 
 sequently engaged in merchandising at Las Ve- 
 gas. Later, in partnership with Mr. C. S. 
 Hopkins, he was post sutler at Fort Bas- 
 corn, and they were also largely engaged in 
 stock raising there. They had a ranch house 
 a mile from the fort, and their cattle were 
 out with herders fourteen miles away. One 
 day Mr. Hopkins took his wife and went 
 out to the stock. While they were in camp 
 there a band of eighty Indians attacked 
 them, killed him and the white herder, 
 and were in the act of scalping his wife, 
 but a Comanche chief interceded for her, 
 and they only cut off her hair. The Mexican 
 herder claimed she was his sister and took her 
 in safety to the fort. The soldiers at once 
 pursued the red men, but the latter made good 
 their escape and took with them no less than 
 280 head of the stock. The dead were buried 
 at the fort. Only recently, and after a period 
 of thirty years, Mr. Stapp received payment 
 from the government for the stock that were 
 
 then stolen, being paid for them at the rate of 
 $5 per head. Mrs. Hopkins is still living, now 
 a resident of Santa Fe, and she is prosecuting 
 a claim for damages. 
 
 Mr. Stapp continued at the fort two years 
 longer; was there from 1864 to 1875. He 
 then came to Las Vegas and established him- 
 self in the town. For a number of years he 
 continued his stock business with good success, 
 but later, on account of drouth and low prices, 
 met with heavy losses. He now has about 
 5, 500 acres of land and has a small herd of 
 cattle on it. His home, however, is in Las 
 Vegas. 
 
 Mr. Stapp was married June 8, 1876, to 
 Miss Katie A. Davis, daughter of Judge Levi 
 Davis, of Alton, Illinois, and they had three 
 children, namely: Katie A., William H. and 
 Davis B. Mrs. Stapp died in 1882, on the 
 second day of December, and her untimely 
 death was a source of great bereavement to 
 her little family. She was a woman whose 
 beautiful character was an inspiration to all 
 who knew her. Mr. Stapp says of her that 
 she was all a man could expect of a wife de- 
 voted and loving to her husband and children, 
 and in every respect one of the best of women. 
 He has since remained unmarried. 
 
 Mr. Stapp's political views are those advo- 
 cated by the Democratic party. Fraternally, 
 he is identified with the Masonic order. 
 
 BRANCIS HIGGINSON ATKINS, a 
 physician of East Las Vegas, was 
 born in Brooklyn, New York, April 
 15, 1843. He descended from Joseph 
 Atkins, born in 1680 and died in 1773. He 
 was a retired sea captain, and his family re- 
 cords are in St. Clement's Church, at Sand- 
 wich, England. He located in Newburyport. 
 Massachusetts, in 1728, marrying Mary, a 
 daughter of Governor Joseph Dudley, gover- 
 nor under the crown, as was also his father, 
 Thomas Dudley, of the Massachusetts Colony. 
 The family held honorable positions and con- 
 tracted noteworthy intermarriages in Massa- 
 
400 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 chusetts. The father of our subject, Dudley 
 Atkins, graduated as A. B. at Harvard, as 
 M. D. at the University of Pennsylvania, and 
 as A. B. at Bowdoin College, and was a phy- 
 sician of the highest refinement and culture. 
 
 F. H. Atkins, the subject of this sketch, 
 graduated as Bachelor of Arts at the Lawrence 
 Scientific School, of Harvard University, in 
 1 86 1. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in 
 Company F, Fourty-fourth Massachusetts 
 Volunteer Militia, was much under fire in 
 North Carolina, and a medical cadet from 1 862 
 to 1863, serving in the Judiciary Square Hos- 
 pital at Washington, District of Columbia, 
 from 1863 to 1864; during the year of 1864 
 was Acting Assistant Surgeon of the United 
 States Navy, serving with Admiral Farragut 
 in the West Gulf Squadron, and contributed 
 his share on the margin of the great battle at 
 Mobile Bay, August 5, 1864. 
 
 Dr. Atkins received medical lectures at the 
 Georgetown Medical School at Washington, 
 District of Columbia, in the College of Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons, New York City, and in 
 the Long Island College Hospital, Brooklyn, 
 New York, graduating at the latter institution 
 in 1865, and standing equally with the first 
 four at the head of the class. Dr. Atkins 
 served as resident physician of Brooklyn City 
 Hospital until January, 1866, when temporary 
 adverse health turned him to Minnesota, 
 where he was engaged in his profession for 
 seven years, living in Northfield and St. Cloud. 
 He was Superintendent of Schools in Rice coun- 
 ty, that State, in 1866 and 1867, and was Pro- 
 fessor of Natural Sciences in Carleton College, 
 Northfield, from 1867101871. In 1873, weary- 
 ing of the protracted winters of Minnesota, the 
 Doctor drifted southward, and became Acting 
 Assistant Surgeon of the United States army, 
 holding that position until the close of 1884, 
 excepting one year as physician of the Indian 
 Bureau, Interior Department, being then sta- 
 tioned at the Mescalero Indian Agency, New 
 Mexico, where he contributed extensive notes 
 on the sign language of the Apaches to the 
 Smithsonian Institute at Washington, District 
 
 of Columbia. During his military career, Dr. 
 Atkins served under orders at Forts Wallace, 
 Larned, Kansas; Supply and Gibson, Indian 
 Territory and at Fort Stanton, New Mexico. 
 During these twelve years he saw much field 
 service, scouting with troops, and was in one 
 sharp Indian fight, with the Sixth United States 
 Cavalry, against the errant Cheyenne Indians 
 at Sappa creek, western Kansas, when about 
 forty hostile Indians perished. 
 
 In December, 1884, Dr. Atkins left the 
 Government service, and located in Las Vegas, 
 New Mexico, engaging in the practice of medi- 
 cine. He has since been and is now Secretary 
 of the New Mexico Medical Society, served one 
 term as president of the society, has written 
 much on the climatology of New Mexico, and 
 has also been a member of the American Medi- 
 cal and the American Climatological Associa- 
 tions. Dr. Atkins has been a supporter of the 
 Protestant Episcopal Church, doing much work 
 on the secular side for St. Paul's Episcopal 
 Church of Las Vegas, of whose managing 
 board he has been Treasurer and Secretary 
 many years. He served one year on the School 
 Board of East Las Vegas. 
 
 In November, 1893, on the reorganization 
 of the Territorial Board of Medical Examiners, 
 Governor W. T. Thornton appointed our sub- 
 ject a member of that board, and he was large- 
 ly active in preparing a new statute for the 
 regulation of the practice of medicine in New 
 Mexico, which was passed by the legislature in 
 February, 1895. Under this statute a Terri- 
 torial Board of Health was organized, of which 
 Governor Thornton appointed him a member, 
 and in March, 1895, he was elected Secretary 
 of the Board. 
 
 In 1891 Dr. Atkins published a volume 
 entitled "Joseph Atkins The Story of a 
 Family," in which, after thirty years of enthu- 
 siastic labor over his hobby, he strove to sketch 
 in a readable manner the origin and progress 
 of his family, with numerous genealogical 
 charts, photogravure portraits and scenes in 
 the old family home in Sandwich, England. 
 This work was received with kindly interest by 
 
HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 401 
 
 ill the kin of whatever name, and was favor- 
 ably noted in the special genealogical jour- 
 nals. 
 
 The Doctor was married, in 1866, to Miss 
 Sarah Edmonds, a native of West Molesey, 
 England, and they have four children. A 
 daughter, Beatrice, is a skilled violinist, hav- 
 ing been educated at the New England Con- 
 servatory of Music at Boston, and for the past 
 two years has conducted a violin school at 
 Wichita, Kansas. A son, Emerson, is an en- 
 thusiast in ornithology. Dr. Atkins has con- 
 tributed to the literary and scholarly develop- 
 ment of Las Vegas, and has aided in the phil- 
 anthropic work of the town. In politics, he 
 was originally a Republican, but in 1872 be- 
 came an independent, and has ever since 
 voted for the best men and measures of either 
 party, latterly siding rather with the Demo- 
 cratic party. That he joined the Odd Fellows 
 late in life because of his gratification with 
 their philanthropic work, and that he has 
 cheerfully fostered the Shakespeare Club and 
 Beethoven Society in Las Vegas, may indicate 
 his partiality to what is helpful and elevating 
 to mankind; also his giving lectures before the 
 Methodist (South) Seminary, the Summer 
 Normal School, the Sorosis, etc. 
 
 EON. MICHAEL COONEY. A singu- 
 larly active and useful career has been 
 that of the subject of this review, and 
 one filled with interesting experiences 
 and high honors. His connection with the af- 
 fairs of New Mexico has been one of eminent 
 service in public capacity and of equally prom- 
 inent sort in furthering her material prosperity 
 and advancement along the lines where mag- 
 nificent individual or corporate industries are 
 directed. That to such an one should be ac- 
 corded distinctive recognition in a work of this 
 nature is imperative, and it is with a feeling of 
 no indifferent satisfaction that the biographist 
 here reverts to the more salient points in his 
 life history, and all of the details reflect the 
 
 26 
 
 evidence of his worth as a brave, loyal and 
 honest man. 
 
 In seeking the origin of our subject's gene- 
 alogy we must go back to the Emerald Isle, 
 for there do we find his ancestry represented 
 in the stanchest of old Irish stock, men and 
 women of intelligence, courage, true patriot- 
 ism and gentle refinement. He was born in 
 the county of Durham, Canada, on the 25th 
 of March, 1838, his father having emigrated 
 thither from county Tipperary, Ireland, in the 
 year 1818. The Cooney family was one of 
 distinction in the Emerald Isle, and was there 
 possessed of a very considerable patrimony, 
 which was reduced to a minimum in the war 
 which they aided in maintaining, as directed 
 against Queen Elizabeth, during the period of 
 fifteen years. They finally suffered defeat, 
 and what few there were who survived this 
 memorable conflict left Ireland and sought 
 homes elsewhere. 
 
 Michael Cooney, father of our subject, was 
 a young man when he left his native land, but 
 some time after his location in Durham county, 
 Canada, he led to the marriage altar Miss 
 Margaret Collins, a native of county Cork, 
 Ireland. They worked zealously and faithfully 
 and eventually reclaimed an excellent farm in 
 Durham county, and there they reared their 
 children, instilling into their minds those prin- 
 ciples of honor and industry with which they 
 were themselves so thoroughly imbued. They 
 became the parents of seven daughters and 
 four sons, two of whom (twins) died at the age 
 of six months, while another died in New Or- 
 leans, Louisiana, from an attack of yellow fe- 
 ver. The mother departed this life in the 
 sixty-eighth year of her age. Her father, Tim- 
 othy Collins, lived to attain the age of ninety- 
 seven years, while her mother, whose maiden 
 name was Mary O'Connor, lived to be 107 
 years of age. The father of our subject died 
 at the age of eighty-four years, and it may 
 thus be seen that the stock is one notable in 
 vigor of constitution and in longevity. 
 
 Michael Cooney, to whom this review is 
 immediately dedicated, was the ninth child in 
 
402 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 order of birth, and he was reared on the pa- 
 rental homestead, receiving such educational 
 advantages as were afforded by the common 
 schools of that section and period. In 1860 
 he started out in life upon his own responsi- 
 bility, coming to the United States and locat- 
 ing in Chicago, which was then a city of but 
 minor importance. 
 
 In 1 86 1, when the dark cloud of civil war 
 obscured the national horizon, he stood ready 
 to render loyal service to the Union, and en- 
 listed as a member of Company C, Twenty- 
 third Illinois Volunteer Infantry, for a term of 
 three years. His regiment was sent to Lex- 
 ington, Missouri, and there, after several days 
 of hard fighting with the Confederate forces, 
 under General Price, they were captured and 
 paroled, returning to Illinois, where the regi- 
 ment was placed in charge of Camp Douglas. 
 Mr. Cooney had been wounded hi the thigh by 
 a piece of shell, but soon recovered from the 
 effects of the wound. 
 
 After his term of enlistment had expired he 
 was honorably discharged. He took part in 
 O'Neill's invasion of Canada in, 1 866, and after- 
 ward returned to Chicago, where he effected 
 the organization of the Irish Rifles, of the Illi- 
 nois State Guards, and was commissioned as 
 Captain of this command by Governor Palmer, 
 retaining this office till November, 1870. The 
 Irish Rifles served under General O'Neill in 
 his efforts against Canada, in 1870, when the 
 company became the color company of the 
 Fourteenth Regiment, Irish Republican Army, 
 and the Captain was elected by the officers as 
 Lieutenant Colonel of the regiment in the field; 
 but their arms and equipments were cap- 
 tured by General Mead, in their camp near 
 Malone on the border, before getting an op- 
 portunity to cross and engage the enemy. It 
 was this regiment that demanded of the gov- 
 ernor of New York transportation out of his 
 State or they would start to march to Chicago 
 and live on the country as they went! The 
 governor refused, but William Tweed paid for 
 their transportation to Buffalo, where they 
 obtained funds from Chicago to return home. 
 
 In the meantime Captain Cooney had at- 
 tended a military school and had become an 
 expert tactician, and it was the intention of 
 the Rifles to cause an uprising in Canada in 
 view of securing independence to the Do- 
 minion. This project failed of realization. 
 
 Shortly after returning to Chicago, and when 
 De Palladine was attempting to establish a re- 
 public on the ruins of the French Empire, the 
 French Benevolent Association of Illinois was 
 sending recruits to France. He organized the 
 Irish-American Ambulance Corps to aid the 
 Republican cause, and applied to the French 
 committee of defense in New York for trans- 
 portation to Havre; but they claimed to have 
 exhausted all their funds in forwarding French- 
 men; and after fruitless efforts to raise the nec- 
 essary funds the organization disbanded, their 
 only public appearance being as an escort, to 
 the Union depot, upon sixteen recruits from the 
 French Benevolent Association, who were en 
 route to Havre. 
 
 Being ruined financially by the expense 
 consequent on the Fenian movements, he left 
 Chicago for New Orleans in November, 1870, 
 in order to seek a new field to retrieve his for- 
 tunes. 
 
 An incident worthy of particular attention 
 in this connection is that which occurred in 
 connection with the first formal ceremony of 
 decorating the graves of Union soldiers by the 
 Grand Army of the Republic, in Chicago, on 
 the 3Oth of May, 1869. The Irish Rifles had 
 charge of the dedication of Calvary cemetery, 
 and on that day they were reviewed by Gen- 
 eral Sheridan, who was stationed on a balcony 
 of the Sherman House. Each soldier had 
 a bouquet of flowers in the muzzle of his 
 gun, and after decorating the graves of the 
 Union soldiers with beautiful floral offerings 
 there yet remained a large quantity of the 
 flowers, and Captain Cooney brought his 
 company to attention, made them a brief but 
 singularly appropriate address, and concluded 
 by asking them if it would be agreeable to 
 them to strew flowers upon the graves of the 
 brave Confederate dead whose last resting place 
 
u 
 s. 
 
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 C '-_ 
 
 ~ J 
 
 ^ r 
 
 <~s i" 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 2i 
 
 i 
 
 X 
 
 Q 
 Z 
 
 . 
 r. 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 43 
 
 was marked here. It is gratifying to note that 
 his suggestion met with earnest and hearty en- 
 dorsement on the part of the brave boys of his 
 command, and with kindly solicitude and ten- 
 derness did they render this tribute to their 
 fallen foes, their departed brothers. The prec- 
 edent was one which will ever redound to the 
 honor of the Irish Rifles, showing the mag- 
 nanimous spirit by which they were animated 
 the spirit of true humanitarianism. In the 
 Chicago Times the editor, the late Wilbur F. 
 Storey, referred in particular to the action of the 
 Irish Rifles, and in glowing phrases commended 
 them for their noble tribute, and the animus 
 displayed on that memorable occasion. 
 
 Captain Cooney left Chicago for New Or- 
 leans in 1870, and while a resident of that city 
 he was associated with various lines of business 
 enterprise, and in the election of 1872 he ren- 
 dered the Republican party such valuable and 
 timely assistance that he received the appoint- 
 ment as Inspector of Customs for the port and 
 was stationed at Morgan City. He was subse- 
 quently installed as captain of night inspectors 
 at New Orleans, and while stationed there he 
 organized the Mitchell Rifles this being the 
 third organization of the sort in Louisiana after 
 the war. He had two weeks' service in the 
 First Louisiana Cavalry as First Lieutenant un- 
 der Governor Kellogg, seating officers in the dis- 
 turbed districts, and received the commenda- 
 tion of General Badge*, who was in command. 
 When the Irish societies voted to make the 
 Mitchell Rifles their escort in the parade of 
 March 17, 1876, the Rifles extended an invita- 
 tion to the Sixteenth United States Infantry, 
 then in quarters at the courthouse, to march 
 with them, and this episode marked the first 
 recognition of the United States soldiers in the 
 South subsequent to the war. 
 
 A younger brother of our subject, James C. 
 Cooney by name, was Quartermaster Sergeant 
 in the Eighth United States Cavalry, and while 
 scouting in the Mogollon mountains in New 
 Mexico discovered silver, and after his honor- 
 able discharge from the military service he 
 effected the organization of the " Cooney Min- 
 
 ing District." In the spring of 1880 he, with 
 several other miners, was attacked and killed 
 by a band of Indians, under Chief Victorio, 
 and soon after this our subject left New Orleans 
 and came to New Mexico to look after his broth- 
 er's mining interests. Away up in the moun- 
 tains he hewed out from the solid rock a sep- 
 ulchre for the remains of his brother. The 
 door to this tomb is sealed with cement and 
 ores from the mines, and in these ores has 
 been wrought out the design of a cross, form- 
 ing a singularly beautiful and appropriate 
 memorial emblem. The miners also hewed a 
 cross of porphyry, which has been placed upon 
 the summit of the great rock which forms the 
 sepulchre, and a more dignified and noble rest- 
 ing place was never given a crowned head than 
 is this massive tomb which has been reared 
 under the clear skies of the high-heaved moun- 
 tains. In the tomb Mr. Cooney has also placed 
 the remains of his little son, whose death oc- 
 curred some years ago. 
 
 As soon as our subject had perfected pre- 
 liminary arrangements he began the work of 
 developing the mines which his brother had dis- 
 covered. He erected the first mill in the 
 Cooney district, and also the first in the Silver 
 Creek camp, and he superintended the con- 
 struction of a road through the canyon to the 
 camp. He has taken out ore to the value of 
 over $400,000, and the mines are still being 
 worked and are yielding good returns under 
 lease. 
 
 In 1882 the Republicans of Socorro county 
 accorded Mr. Cooney the nomination as Repre- 
 sentative to the Territorial Legislature, and 
 he was elected by a representative majority, 
 but did not take his seat until 1884, the 
 Twenty-fifth Legislative Assembly of New 
 Mexico. In 1888 he was again elected a 
 member of the Legislature, serving during the 
 Twenty-eighth Assembly. His capacity as a 
 business man and as one of broad mental 
 grasp gave him a particular power in the work 
 of securing wise legislation, and his service was 
 one of signal fidelity to the interests of his 
 constituents and the Territory at large, as well 
 
44 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 as one that stands to his perpetual credit and 
 honor. In 1 894 he was elected Collector of 
 taxes for his county, and this preferment he 
 still retains, proving a most able executive. 
 He has been progressive in his methods, and 
 has retained a most lively interest in the affairs 
 of the city of Socorro, where he resides, and 
 has identified himself with every measure 
 which has had as its object the advancement 
 and welfare of the Territory. 
 
 The Captain's connection with the impor- 
 tant mining interests of New Mexico has 
 brought him into prominence in this line, and 
 he is recognized as one of the most careful and 
 capable of operators. His every action has 
 been characterized by honor and integrity, and 
 he is to be distinctively considered as one of 
 the representative men of the Territory. 
 
 The marriage of Captain Cooney was cele- 
 brated in the city of New Orleans, on the i $th 
 of October, 1879, when he was united to Miss 
 Jennie Donally, who was born in New York, 
 but reared from childhood in the Crescent City. 
 They became the parents of two sons, John 
 and Charles, the former of whom died in the 
 mountains as a result of a hemorrhage of the 
 lungs, being eleven years of age. Charles is 
 now in school, being a bright and animated 
 youth of much promise, and one to whom the 
 parents are very devoted. Captain Cooney 
 has a fine brick residence in Socorro, and also 
 has a farm and substantial residence at Mineral 
 Park. 
 
 In his fraternal relations our subject is 
 prominently identified with the Independent 
 Order of Odd Fellows, still retaining his mem- 
 bership in Magnolia Lodge, No. 22, of New 
 Orleans, also Wildey Encampment, No. i, of 
 New Orleans. 
 
 He donated the first United States flag to 
 the Cooney schoolhouse in 1890, being the 
 first time a flag floated during school sessions 
 over a schoolhouse in New Mexico. Upon 
 September 2, 1895, he donated and presented 
 another to schoolhouse No. I of Socorro, 
 upon conditions that each boy or girl who re- 
 ceived a head mark would hoist the flag and 
 
 take it down the next day; and the boy or girl 
 who did most service for the flag would receive 
 from him a gold medal pendant from a small 
 silk flag as captain of the color guard, and the 
 others ranking as to service down to the cor- 
 poral, receiving a flag badge with the rank 
 thereon in gold letters. Below we give the 
 speech at the presentation: 
 
 "School Children of School No. i : This 
 flag, which I present to you to-day, was adopted 
 by Congress on the I4th day of June, 1777. 
 Very little is known relating to its adoption ex- 
 cepting that it was adopted by a unanimous 
 vote. This is due to the wanton destruction of 
 our library and archives at Washington by the 
 English, who burned the capital on August 24, 
 1814 ; but from well authenticated tradition it 
 comes to us that General Washington had 
 called for designs for a flag, and that Betsy 
 Ross, a quaint little Quaker girl of Philadelphia, 
 had sewed the stripes together, and the stars 
 also in the blue field, which when shown pleased 
 him greatly, and was altered only slightly from 
 the original design at the suggestion of the gen- 
 eral. So you little girls should have as much 
 interest in the flag as the boys, as it was a girl 
 who conceived the immortal design, and whose 
 nimble fingers had sown it piece by piece to- 
 gether. 
 
 " The red of the stripes represent the cour- 
 age of our forefathers and their determination 
 to free their country from English tyranny ; the 
 white of its folds represents the purity of their 
 intentions in giving equal rights to all who 
 sought protection under its shade ; and the 
 field of blue with the stars thereon formed a 
 new constellation which was destined to be- 
 come as a beacon of light and an inspiration 
 of hope and freedom to the oppressed of all 
 nations. Each star in the constellation repre- 
 sents a State in the Union of the States ; and 
 whenever a new State is admitted a new star 
 is added, but the thirteen stripes remain the 
 same forever as a lasting monument to the 
 valor of the original thirteen States, which 
 united to overthrow British tyranny and free 
 their country. 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 "In the beginning this flag represented 
 only three million people and thirteen States, 
 while now it has forty-four stars and represents 
 seventy millions of people, the greatest nation 
 on earth to-day. It represents a government 
 of the people, for the people, by the people, 
 where the rich man and the poor man are 
 equal, and every boy born under its folds has 
 a vested right to fill any position from ward 
 constable to president of the nation. 
 
 "This flag is known in every clime and 
 upon every sea where ships go forth, and wher- 
 ever seen is recognized as the flag of a free na- 
 tion and an emblem of liberty. This flag has 
 gone through four great wars, and never yet 
 has been dishonored. It is the flag of Wash- 
 ington, Bunker Hill, Saratoga and Yorktown. 
 It is the flag of Starke and Stony Point, the 
 flag of Paul Jones, of Barry and Montgomery. 
 It is the flag of Jackson and Chalmete; the 
 flag of Scott, of Lundy's Lane, of Churubusco 
 and Cerro Gordo. It is the flag of Lincoln, 
 the flag of Grant, the flag of Garfield. It is 
 the flag of Sheridan, the flag of Schofield and 
 the flag of Miles. Whether this flag will re- 
 main the emblem of a free nation depends 
 largely upon the school children of the Re- 
 public, upon whom the duty will devolve of 
 protecting this flag and all it represents, when 
 the older citizens of the Republic who have 
 loved it have answered the last roll call of their 
 Creator. 
 
 "Into your hands I now place this flag, 
 upon the conditions arranged with your prin- 
 cipal, that it shall float over this school every 
 day that the school is in session ; that the boy 
 or girl who wins the head mark each day shall 
 hoist the flag next morning at nine o'clock and 
 take it down again in the evening at four 
 o'clock ; and the boy or girl who makes the 
 greatest score of service at the end of the 
 term shall receive from me a beautiful gold 
 medal pendant from a small silken flag, engrav- 
 ed with the name of the school, the date, and 
 name of the winner as captain of the color 
 guard. To the next in rank will be given a 
 silken flag badge, with his or her name in gold 
 
 letters as First Lieutenant of the Color Guard, 
 to the next, Second Lieutenant ; next, First 
 Sergeant, Second and Third Sergeants, and 
 First, Second, Third and Fourth Corporals, 
 and all the remainder shall have a badge as 
 members of the Color Guard. This competi- 
 tion is confined to the department of Professor 
 Duff and Mrs. Riggle, as the children in the 
 primary department are too small to take serv- 
 ice in the Color Guard, and the rules govern- 
 ing those contests remain subject to change by 
 the teachers governing those departments when 
 in their estimation any change is needed to con- 
 form to the discipline of the school." 
 
 *-- EMUEL HINES, M. D. The sub- 
 r ject of this review occupies a position 
 _^^ of unmistakable precedence as the 
 only practicing physician in the thriv- 
 ing village of Springer, Colfax county, New 
 Mexico, and as a man of marked intellectual- 
 ity and professional attainments and as one 
 who has thoroughly identified himself with the 
 county and Territory of his residence, it is cer- 
 tainly incumbent that specific attention be 
 here directed to the more salient points in his 
 life history. 
 
 The Doctor is a native of the State of In- 
 diana, having been born in Kosciusko county, 
 on the loth of April, 1865. His paternal 
 grandfather, Francis Hines, was a native of 
 Germany, whence, as a young man, he emi- 
 grated to America and became one of the 
 pioneer settlers in the county just mentioned. 
 At the time of his acquiring property 'in that 
 locality the same was in a condition of almost 
 pristine wildness, but he felled the forest trees 
 and ultimately reclaimed a fine farm in what 
 is now one of the most prosperous sections of 
 the Hoosier State. The father of our subject, 
 Frederick Hines, was born in Ohio, the date 
 of his nativity having been January 27, 1837. 
 He was reared to maturity on the home place, 
 which came into his possession when he at- 
 tained his majority. The family emigrated to 
 Indiana in 1844. A young man of intelli- 
 
406 
 
 HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 gence, industrious in his habits and of marked 
 discrimination, he gave himself consecutively 
 and energetically to the cultivation of the 
 farmstead, which is now one of the finest in 
 that locality. He took unto himself a wife in 
 the person of Miss Rachel Herendeen, a native 
 of his own county and likewise descended from 
 one of its pioneer families. They became the 
 parents of three children, of whom the two 
 sons are yet living, as are also the honored 
 parents themselves. Frederick and Rachel 
 Hines have long been devoted members of the 
 German Baptist Church, in which their in- 
 fluence has been one of much import. They 
 are among the most prominent and most high- 
 ly esteemed residents of their native county 
 and richly merit the confidence which has been 
 given them by reason of their honest and up- 
 right lives. 
 
 Dr. Lemuel Hines, the immediate subject 
 of this review, was the eldest of the three chil- 
 dren, and passed his boyhood years on the 
 parental homestead, receiving his preliminary 
 educational discipline in the public schools, 
 after which he continued his studies in the 
 Taylor University, at Fort Wayne, Indiana, 
 where he graduated in the spring of 1887. He 
 began studying medicine and entered a medi- 
 cal college in 1887, and graduated as M. D. 
 in the spring of 1890. Wishing to make his 
 knowledge of the noble science as perfect and 
 comprehensive as possible, he thereafter took 
 a special post-graduate course of a year in the 
 Ohio Medical College, at Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 This work of preparation completed, the 
 Doctor found himself handicapped for active 
 duty by reason of being afflicted with marked 
 premonitory symptons which showed that his 
 lungs were diseased. In order that the in- 
 cipient malady might not furthur encroach 
 upon his physical vitality, he finally deter- 
 mined to seek a change of climate in search of 
 relief. Accordingly, in 1891, he came to New 
 Mexico, and here his impaired health rapidly 
 improved, and in September, 1891, he en- 
 tered upon the active practice of his profession 
 at Springer, where he has built up a very lu- 
 
 crative and representative business, being the 
 only physician in the place. His practice ex- 
 tends far outside the limitations of the county, 
 and his services are in demand throughout a 
 wide radius of country, while such is his proved 
 ability and such his fidelity to those to whom 
 he ministers that he has gained not only the 
 confidence and esteem of the people, but also 
 the affection of those who have been the re- 
 cipients of his able and kindly care. He is 
 an enthusiast in his profession, and in both 
 the lines of surgery and medicine, keeps fully 
 abreast of the advances made, being a close 
 student and a lover of the intellectual as well 
 as the practical phase of the noble profession 
 to which he has given himself. His populari- 
 ty in the community is unmistakable, and he 
 has taken a great interest in the affairs of the 
 village and lent his influence toward insuring 
 its advancement and substantial prosperity. 
 
 In his political adherency the Doctor lends 
 an active support to the Republican party, 
 He has maintained a lively interest in educa- 
 tional matters, and has served with signal effi- 
 ciency as a member of the School Board at 
 Springer. 
 
 In 1890 was celebrated the marriage of our 
 subject to Miss Minnie Hankins, a native of 
 Mendon, Ohio, and they are the parents of a 
 bright little daughter, upon whom they have 
 bestowed the name of Elsie Ray. 
 
 (U 
 
 *ILLIAM H. KREMIS is a wide- 
 awake and enterprising business man 
 of Springer, the senior member of 
 the firm of Kremis Brothers, drug- 
 gists, and ex -County Treasurer. A native of 
 Pennsylvania, he was born on the 8th of 
 March, 1856, and descended from German an- 
 cestry that early located in the Keystone 
 State. His father, James Kremis, was born 
 in Mercer county, Pennsylvania, and wedded 
 Miss Caroline Snyder, a native of the same 
 county. They began their domestic life upon 
 the farm which has since been their place of 
 residence and which was the old homestead of 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 407 
 
 the Kremis family. Nine children were born 
 to them, of whom seven are now living. 
 
 William H. Kremis, the eldest, was edu- 
 cated in his native tongue, and began the drug 
 business in New Hamburg, Pennsylvania; but, 
 attracted by the West, he made his way to 
 Kansas and secured employment in a drug 
 store in Minneapolis, that State, where he 
 continued for five years. He then began busi- 
 ness on his own account, and for four years 
 conducted a store, which he sold in 1888, pre- 
 paratory to his removal to Springer, New 
 Mexico. 
 
 On his arrival in this city Mr. Kremis pur- 
 chased a store of similar character, and has 
 since conducted the leading drug business of 
 the town. His store is complete in all its ap- 
 pointments and is tastefully and carefully ar- 
 ranged. He enjoys the confidence of the en- 
 tire community, and his straightforward, hon- 
 orable dealings have won him a liberal patron- 
 age. In 1892 he admitted to partnership his 
 brother, Joseph Kremis, and the business has 
 since been conducted under the present firm 
 style. Both of these gentlemen have pur- 
 chased property in the city, upon which they 
 have erected comfortable residences, and have 
 become closely identified with the best inter- 
 ests of the place. 
 
 In July, 1895, Mr. Kremis connected him- 
 self with E. G. Storer and opened a first-class 
 family grocery next door to his drug store, the 
 style of the firm being E. G. Storer & Com- 
 pany. They keep everything usually kept in a 
 first-class family grocery. 
 
 The gentleman whose name heads this 
 record is a member of the Independent Order 
 of Odd Fellows and of the Knights of Pythias 
 fraternity. He gives his political support to 
 the Democracy and has been honored with 
 some local offices. He received the appoint- 
 ment of Treasurer of the county of Colfax, and 
 on the expiration of his term of service was 
 elected to that office, in which he efficiently 
 served for three years. The cause of educa- 
 tion has always found in him a warm friend, 
 and his labors in its interests have been very 
 
 effective. He has served as a member of the 
 School Board, and was one of the promoters 
 of the fine $ 10,000 schoolhouse which now 
 adorns the town and of which the citizens may 
 be justly proud. 
 
 Mr. Kremis was happily married in 1882, 
 the lady of his choice being Miss Caroline 
 Olson, a native of Bennington, Kansas. They 
 have three children, all born in Springer, 
 namely: Edith, Josephine Olson and William 
 Emanuel. One died at the age of eighteen 
 months, named James Gilbert. 
 
 @EORGE J. PACE. We now take 
 briefly into review the life history of 
 one who stands as one of the pioneer 
 business men of Raton, Colfax county; 
 one who has the distinction of being an hon- 
 ored veteran of the late war^of the Rebellion, 
 and whose entire life has been one of scrupu- 
 lous integrity and well directed effort. He now 
 conducts the leading grocery and provision es- 
 tablishment of the thriving city with whose 
 interests he has so long been identified, and his 
 hold upon the confidence and esteem of the 
 community is unmistakable. 
 
 Mr. Pace is a native of the old Keystone 
 State, having been born in Allegheny City, 
 Pennsylvania, on the iQthof November, 1843. 
 His father, David Pace, was born in England, 
 whence he emigrated to America when a young 
 man, taking up his abode in Pittsburg, Penn- 
 sylvania. He was an expert horticulturist and 
 florist, having learned the business in England, 
 and this line of enterprise he continued in 
 Pennsylvania with marked success up to the 
 time of his death, which occurred when he had 
 attained the venerable age of seventy-three 
 years, his wife having died at the age of sixty- 
 five. Her maiden name was Margaret Woods, 
 and she was a native of Ireland. In their re- 
 ligious faith they were devoted adherents of the 
 Protestant Episcopal Church. They reared a 
 family of six children, of whom all are living 
 at the present time. 
 
 George J. Pace, the immediate subject of 
 
408 
 
 HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 this review, was the fifth child in order of birth, 
 and he was educated in the public schools of 
 his native city, and there learned the trade of 
 a stove-molder. He had not yet attained his 
 majority when the dark cloud of civil war 
 spread its gruesome pall over a divided nation, 
 and he was not slow in preparing to go forth 
 in defense of his country's honor. He enlisted 
 as a member of Company A, One Hundred 
 and Twenty-third Pennsylvania Volunteer In- 
 fantry, and at the expiration of his term re- 
 enlisted in the Fourth Pennsylvania Cavalry, 
 with which he served until the close of the war, 
 receiving an honorable discharge on the I2th 
 of July, 1865. While a member of the One 
 Hundred and Twenty-third Regiment he par- 
 ticipated in the battles of Fredericksburg, 
 Chancellorsville and South mountain, and after 
 joining the cavalry was in various engagements 
 and skirmishes, conducting himself at all times 
 with signal gallantry and ever being at the 
 point where duty called him. When the war 
 was over he returned to his home, a veteran 
 and a victor, which record was one of which 
 he might well be proud. He was but twenty- 
 two years of age when mustered out of the 
 service, and his health had not been impaired 
 by the hardships and privations endured. 
 
 Turning his attention once more to the arts 
 of peace, he resumed operations at his trade, 
 and in 1867 went to Evansville, Indiana, where 
 he was engaged in that line until 1873, when 
 he determined to locate in the West. He ac- 
 cordingly came to Colorado, locating at Ani- 
 mas, where he engaged in the grocery busi- 
 ness. He was one of the founders of the town 
 of West Las Animas. After conducting a suc- 
 cessful business for some time he disposed of 
 his interests and entered the employ of Julius 
 Graaf, with whom he remained for four years, 
 after which he removed to Lake City, Colorado, 
 and was there engaged in business for eighteen 
 months. In 1879 Mr. Pace made his advent 
 in New Mexico, opening a modest mercantile 
 establishment in the small room of the only 
 house at Willow Spring ranch. There he re- 
 mained for six months and then removed to the 
 
 thriving town of Otero, where he conducted 
 business for eighteen months, after which he 
 came to Raton. He began business in a little 
 frame building which he moved here from 
 Otero, and in these modest quarters conducted 
 a very successful business for a year, securing 
 nearly the entire grocery trade of the town. 
 
 Finally better accommodations were de- 
 manded, and he erected the building at present 
 occupied, the same being 27x130 feet in di- 
 mensions. He here carries a large and com- 
 prehensive stock of staple and fancy groceries 
 and provisions, and conducts the leading gro- 
 cery business of this section of the Territory, 
 having in his long business career here gained 
 a reputation for absolute reliability; careful 
 methods and much discrimination -holding 
 the confidence of all. 
 
 Mr. Pace is one of the most progressive and 
 public-spirited citizens of Raton, and has ever 
 maintained a lively interest in her development 
 and upbuilding, having contributed liberally to 
 all enterprises which have tended to conserve 
 a substantial prosperity. In his political pro- 
 clivities a stanch Republican, he has been call- 
 ed upon to serve in important positions of public 
 trust and responsibility. He was for two terms 
 the efficient incumbent as County Commis- 
 sioner, holding this office at the time when the 
 county erected its fine court house, and lend- 
 ing his influence and aid in securing the greatly 
 needed improvement. 
 
 In his fraternal relations Mr. Pace is promi- 
 nently identified with the Masonic order, the 
 Knights of Pythias and the Grand Army of the 
 Republic, in the last mentioned of which he 
 holds distinctive preferment as Assistant Quar- 
 termaster General of the Department of New 
 Mexico. 
 
 On the 1 7th of November, 1890, our sub- 
 ject was united in marriage to Mrs. L. R. 
 Thomas, ncc Ray. She is the mother of two 
 children by her first marriage J. Ray and 
 Alice. Mrs. Pace is a devoted member of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church of Raton, and is 
 a woman of much refinement, presiding with 
 dignity and grace over the attractive home. 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 HNGUS A. GRANT. The sturdy char- 
 acteristics of the Scotch type are rec- 
 ognized far and wide, and the influence 
 of this element in the development of 
 our composite nation has been one of marked 
 potency and one that has largely conserved ad- 
 vancement along safe and conservative lines. 
 The subject of this brief review is a man who 
 has been conspicuously identified with the de- 
 velopment and substantial upbuilding of the 
 flourishing city of Albuquerque, and it is clearly 
 consistent that particular recognition be ac- 
 corded him in this volume, which has to do 
 with the representative citizens of the Terri- 
 tory of New Mexico. 
 
 Mr. Grant is a native of the Province of 
 Ontario, Canada, the date of his birth having 
 been October 4, 1843. His lineage traces 
 back to Highland Scotch ancestry, the family 
 having had representation in the American 
 colonies long prior to the war of the Revolu- 
 tion, in which struggle they maintained alle- 
 giance to the mother government. When the 
 war was instituted they removed to Canada, 
 where the king gave them lands in recognition 
 of their loyalty to the throne. Archibald 
 Grant, father of our subject, was born in Can- 
 ada in the year 1806, and there passed his 
 entire life. Attaining mature years, he was 
 united in marriage to Miss Nancy McDonald, 
 who was likewise of Scotch extraction and a 
 native of the Province of Ontario. They be- 
 came the parents of nine children, whom they 
 trained to lives of honesty and usefulness. The 
 father died at the age of eighty-five years, and 
 the mother survived to attain about the same 
 age. They had been continuously identified 
 with agricultural pursuits, and were honest, 
 industrious people, highly esteemed in the 
 community where so many years of their lives 
 had been passed. 
 
 Angus A. Grant, the immediate subject of 
 this review, received his educational discipline 
 in the public schools, after which he devoted 
 himself assiduously to learning the carpenter's 
 trade. In 1866 he came into the West and 
 worked at bridge building on the line of the 
 
 Kansas Pacific Railway, operating at various 
 points between Leavenworth and Lawrence. 
 Three years*later than the date mentioned he 
 was for a time engaged in mining in Virginia 
 City, Nevada, and also worked at bridge build- 
 ing for the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad 
 Company. In 1870 he was in California, 
 where he was variously interested in mining 
 and in contracting for the railroads. During 
 the year 1878 he was in the employ of the 
 Atchison, Topeka & La Junta Railway, and 
 continued in this connection until the road 
 reached San Diego, in 1880, when he came to 
 Albuquerque, where he made very consider- 
 able real-estate investments and became inti- 
 mately concerned in the development and 
 upbuilding of the city. In 1883 he erected the 
 fine business block which bears his name, the 
 same being 75 x 125 feet in dimensions. This 
 was the first modern business structure in the 
 city, and proved an important factor in initiat- 
 ing the period of Albuquerque's permanent 
 growth and substantial improvement, showing 
 as it did the confidence which Mr. Grant had 
 in the future of the city, and thus incidentally 
 begetting a spirit of general confidence in those 
 who had linked their fortunes with the incip- 
 ient town. This fine block still stands, 
 is a landmark for a long time to come, is a 
 paying property and a fitting monument to its 
 owner's faith in the city. 
 
 This noteworthy improvement, however, 
 fell far short of satisfying our subject's zeal in 
 the advancement of the interests of the place, 
 for we find that within the same year he 
 brought about the establishment of the electric- 
 lighting system, and somewhat later effected 
 the organization of the company which has 
 supplied that most essential equipment, a 
 water-works system. He is still the principal 
 owner of both these systems, as is he also of 
 the city's excellent gas plant. In 1890 he brought 
 about the organization of the company which 
 established the extensive ice factory here, the 
 same having a capacity for the production of 
 thirty-five tons of ice per diem. Thus will it 
 be seen that Mr. Grant has been one of the 
 
410 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 foremost promoters of Albuquerque's interests, 
 a leading spirit in everything tending to 
 advance her material welfare, an8 one whose 
 efforts and services must ever be held in high- 
 est appreciation, not only by those who are 
 her citizens to-day, but also by generations to 
 come. He is largely interested in both city 
 and county real estate and also in the stock- 
 raising industry of the Territory, and in all his 
 business ventures, so ably directed, he has met 
 with marked and richly merited success. 
 
 In 1880 Mr. Grant was united in marriage 
 to Miss Joanna McMillan, a native of Canada, 
 and they became the parents of two children, 
 but after only three years of married life, the 
 loved and devoted wife and mother was called 
 into eternal rest. One of the children, Daniel 
 Garfield Grant, survives and is now (1895) 
 fourteen years of age. Mr. Grant has remained 
 faithful to the memory of his loved companion 
 and has never consummated a second marriage. 
 
 In his political adherency our subject is a 
 stalwart Republican, his views in this line, as in 
 all others, being thoroughly well enforced, so 
 that he is ever ready to give a reason for the faith 
 that is within him. He is a man of keen intel- 
 lectual grasp, liberal in his judgment of men, 
 conscientious and honorable in all the affairs of 
 life, and imbued with a genuine public spirit. 
 He has wide capitalistic interests aside from 
 those already noted, and, in company with his 
 brothers, is engaged in railroad building in 
 California. Associated with others he has a 
 large tract of land near the flourishing city of 
 Oakland, that State, and they are now con- 
 structing a line of railroad to touch this point. 
 The land will all be platted, subdivided and 
 thoroughly improved, making it a most eligible 
 and valuable residence locality. 
 
 Mr. Grant passes a goodly portion of his 
 time in California and the remainder in Albu- 
 querque, which he ever considers his home. 
 Here he has a spacious and elegantly appointed 
 suite of rooms, fitted for his use, and here he 
 dispenses genial hospitality to his many staunch 
 friends among the business men of the city. 
 Hfs name will be held in highest honor in 
 
 Albuquerque for all time to come, and the 
 results of his labors and influence will ever be 
 appreciated by those who have so richly 
 profited thereby. 
 
 <VVETER P. FANNING, a man to whom 
 1 m has come a full measure of success in 
 life as resultant upon his own efforts, 
 who has become conspicuously identi- 
 fied with the interests of the Territory of New 
 Mexico, and who is recognized as one of the 
 representative business men of the thriving lit- 
 tle city of Raton, over which he is at present 
 presiding in the important office of Mayor, it 
 is most incumbent that particular attention be 
 here accorded to the gentleman whose name 
 initiates this review. 
 
 Mr. Fanning is a native of Merrickville, 
 Ontario, Canada, where he was born on the 
 loth of January, 1846, the son of William and 
 Bridget (Kennedy) Fanning, both of whom 
 were born in the south of Ireland, descending 
 from stanch old Irish stock. Soon after their 
 marriage they emigrated to Canada, and set- 
 tled at Merrickville, where the father of our 
 subject engaged actively at work at his trade 
 that of ship-carpenter. He died in 1855, 
 and his widow still survives, having now (1895) 
 attained the venerable age of seventy-seven 
 years. They became the parents of five chil- 
 dren, all of whom were born at Merrickville, 
 and one of whom still abides there. 
 
 Peter P. Fanning, the immediate subject 
 of this review, was the second child in the or- 
 der of birth, and his educational discipline was 
 secured in the public schools of his native town. 
 When but a lad of fourteen years he began an 
 apprenticeship in the tailor's trade, at which 
 he was employed in Canada for a period of 
 three years. He then removed to Rochester, 
 New York, where he was engaged for a year, 
 after which, in the winter of 1864-5, ne 
 worked at Little York, Pennsylvania. Return- 
 ing thence to Rochester he there remained un- 
 til the fall of 1866, when he determined to go 
 farther to the West, and accordingly removed 
 
H1STORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 411 
 
 to Grand Rapids, Michigan, where he was en- 
 gaged in tailoring until 1870, when he removed 
 to Lowell, the same State, and thence to Ionia, 
 where he was engaged in business until 1882, 
 being associated with D. L. Irish & Son, un- 
 der the firm name of Irish & Fanning. 
 
 The year 1882 marked the advent of Mr. 
 Fanning in Raton, New Mexico, with whose 
 business interests he has since been most con- 
 spicuously identified, having secured a repre- 
 sentative patronage, and his establishment be- 
 ing recognized as the leading sartorial emporium 
 of the town. He has taken a lively interest in 
 the welfare of the city of his choice and within 
 the first year of his residence here he erected 
 an attractive residence and also the building 
 which has since been maintained as his business 
 headquarters. He has been influential in for- 
 warding the development of the town in 
 many ways, and the esteem in which he is held 
 in the community is shown in the fact that in 
 the spring of 1895 he was elected to the posi- 
 tion as chief executive of the municipality, his 
 candidacy having been entirely unsought by 
 him, and his election having been readily se- 
 cured without personal effort. His adminis- 
 tration of the affairs of the city has been such 
 as to justify the confidence reposed, and in 
 many ways has public advancement and im- 
 provement been conserved. 
 
 A man of strong intellectual grasp and in- 
 dependent character, our subject has his views 
 and opinions well fortified, and is thoroughly in 
 touch with the affairs of the day. For many 
 years he has been identified with the Demo- 
 cratic party, but he has never merged his indi- 
 viduality in a^y limitation set by an organiza- 
 tion. Since 1873 he has been a stanch advo- 
 cate of the free-trade policy, and he is now 
 strongly in line in support of the single-tax 
 issue. 
 
 In 1877 was consummated the marriage of 
 Mr. Fanning to Miss Hannah M. Brooks, a 
 native of Michigan and a daughter of Curtis 
 Brooks, of that State. They are the parents of 
 three children: Marion M., Blanche M. and 
 Lillian M. In his fraternal relations our sub- 
 
 ject is prominently identified with the Masonic 
 order, into whose mysteries he was initiated in 
 1871. He is one of the charter members of 
 Aztec Commandery, No. 5, Knight Templars, 
 and has been identified with the Knights of 
 Pythias since 1873. In his religious views he 
 is a zealous and active member of the Meth- 
 odist Episcopal Church, and the family are held 
 in the highest esteem and regard in the com- 
 munity. 
 
 eDWARD J. GIBSON, who is occupy- 
 ing the responsible position of chief 
 dispatcher of trains for the Santa Fe 
 Railroad Company for Raton, New 
 Mexico, was born in Indiana on the 9th of 
 February, 1863, and is of English and Scotch 
 ancestry. His parents, John and Mary (Sod- 
 erel) Gibson, were both natives of England 
 and came to America in 1842, locating first in 
 New Orleans. The father was a sailor, and 
 after spending some time in the Crescent City 
 removed to Ohio, where he became the owner 
 of a canal boat. Subsequently he removed to 
 Cincinnati, to Indiana, and later to Missouri. 
 He was a loyal citizen of his adopted land, and 
 served in the Mexican war, and for three years 
 was numbered among the defenders of the 
 Union during the war of the Rebellion. When 
 peace was restored he located in La Plata, 
 Missouri, where he spent his remaining days, 
 passing away in January, 1881, at the age of 
 fifty-eight years. His wife still survives him 
 and is living at the old home in La Plata, at 
 the age of seventy-six. In their family were 
 six children, of whom three are still living. 
 
 The gentleman whose name heads this re- 
 view was the youngest child. He obtained his 
 education in the public schools of La Plata, 
 and began his connection with railroading 
 when only thirteen years of age. He became 
 night operator at La Plata, and has since been 
 connected with railway service in various ca- 
 pacities, and was in various places on the 
 Wabash system. In 1881 he entered the em- 
 ploy of the Missouri Pacific Railroad Com- 
 
4 I2 
 
 HISTORY OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 pany, and for a year was assistant agent at 
 Oswego, Kansas. He was also agent at Council 
 Grove, Kansas, and during the time passed 
 there handled all the material for 100 miles of 
 the road. In 1886 he went to Norfolk, Ne- 
 braska, and became train dispatcher for the 
 Fremont, Elkhorn & Missouri Valley line, con- 
 tinuing in that capacity until March, 1889. 
 
 In April of the same year Mr. Gibson came 
 to Raton, and was employed as dispatcher 
 until 1891, when he was promoted to his pres- 
 ent position of chief dispatcher of trains. In 
 1893 the company transferred him to Las 
 Vegas, where he was located at the time of 
 the great strike of 1894. He was eminently 
 useful to the company in that very exciting 
 time in breaking the blockade and in running 
 trains through. He was then returned to 
 Raton, which is a more responsible position, 
 the company thus giving evidence of their rec- 
 ognition of his marked ability to handle the 
 heavy business of the road at this point. The 
 trains going over the mountains here require 
 two and sometimes three engines. Through- 
 out his business career Mr. Gibson has been 
 connected with the railroad service, and his 
 long experience, careful attention and fidelity 
 to duty are subjects of favorable comment, and 
 have enabled him to fill successfully the im- 
 portant position he now occupies. 
 
 In politics Mr. Gibson has been a life-long 
 Democrat, and while residing at Council 
 Grove, Kansas, was elected and served as a 
 member of its City Council. In 1895 he was 
 selected by the citizens of his ward in Raton 
 to represent their interests in the City Council 
 here, and the influence of this wide-awake, 
 progressive man has been felt for good in be- 
 half of the city. He is devoted to all that is 
 calculated to advance the general welfare, and 
 may well be numbered among the valued resi- 
 dents of the community. 
 
 In December, 1880, was celebrated the 
 marriage of Mr. Gibson and Miss Sarah Ward, 
 of Keytesville, Missouri, and their union has 
 been blessed with four children, a son and 
 three daughters, namely: John W. , Cecelia 
 
 Geraldine, Edna Irene and Helen Marie. Mr. 
 Gibson is a valued member of the Masonic 
 fraternity, in which he has taken the Knight 
 Templar degree, and is regarded as a man of 
 sterling worth. 
 
 EUBEN PIKE LETTON, deceased, 
 was a respected and honored pioneer 
 of Raton, New Mexico, whose name 
 is inseparably connected with the 
 history of this locality, and who was for many 
 years an important factor in its development 
 and progress. He was born in Rockville, Mary- 
 land, twelve miles from the city of Washing- 
 ton, in the year 1818, and when a young man 
 removed to Missouri, where he was united in 
 marriage to Miss Pamelia Kavanaugh, a native 
 of that State. They continued to reside in 
 Missouri for some years, and the husband be- 
 came a prominent stock-grower and farmer. 
 
 When the war with Mexico was declared 
 Mr. Letton enlisted in the service under Cap- 
 tain Walton and Major Donavan, and while 
 on the way to the seat of war passed through 
 New Mexico, stopping for a short time in Santa 
 Fe. He served throughout the struggle and 
 was mustered out at New Orleans. It was 
 not long afterward that gold was discovered in 
 California, and in 1849, by way of the isthmus 
 of Panama, he went to the Pacific coast and 
 "took out" considerable gold, with which he 
 returned to his home in Missouri. He then 
 purchased a " band " of cattle, which he drove 
 across the plains to California, and on this in- 
 vestment realized a handsome profit. He then 
 started by water on the return trip to his old 
 home, stopping on the way to visit the scenes 
 of his childhood and the friends of his youth in 
 Maryland. From there he went to his Mis- 
 souri farm where he remained until 1858, when 
 he became engaged in freighting to Salt Lake 
 City, building up a very large business, which 
 required a train of sixty wagons with six yoke 
 of oxen to every wagon. He was a Southern 
 man by birth, training and principle, but when 
 the Civil war broke out he refused to march 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 against the old flag under which he had once 
 fought and remained neutral throughout that 
 great struggle. He was in the South a part of 
 the time, dealing in horses, mules and other 
 stock, and took in large sums of money; but it 
 was Confederate currency and therefore proved 
 worthless; so he papered one of his rooms with 
 different denominations of bills. 
 
 After the war, Mr. Letton returned to his 
 farm in Missouri, where he remained until 
 1875, when on account of his wife's health, he 
 brought his family to New Mexico. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Letton had five sons and a daughter, 
 namely: A. K. ; B. S. ; William, who died in 
 Los Angeles, California, in 1894; Reuben D. ; 
 Finas D. ; Jefferson D. and Mary, who is now 
 the wife of Charles Sinnack, a hardware mer- 
 chant of Raton. 
 
 On coming to New Mexico, Mr. Letton 
 first located in Otero, where he embarked in 
 the stock business, meeting with good success. 
 In 1879, when the railroad was built, he re- 
 moved to Raton aud erected the first residence 
 in the town, located at the southwest corner 
 of Third street and Sanders avenue, where he 
 made his home up to the time of his death, 
 which occurred in January, 1895. He has 
 taken a prominent part in all public affairs per- 
 taining to the general welfare and was deeply 
 interested in everything calculated to build up 
 the city. His wife regained her health in the 
 invigorating climate of New Mexico and still 
 survives him. 
 
 A. K. Letton, to whom we are indebted for 
 the record of the family, is the eldest child of 
 the family. He was educated in the Masonic 
 College of Lexington, Missouri, and when he 
 had arrived at a sufficient age became con- 
 nected with his father in most of his business 
 enterprises. He served as one of his father's 
 teamsters in 1858, when only sixteen years of 
 age, and at that time saw much of frontier 
 life. In 1 86 1 he enlisted in the Confederate 
 army and took part in the battles of Carthage, 
 Wilson creek and Pea Ridge. In 1 862 he came 
 to New Mexico, where he engaged in freighting, 
 and on hearing of the discovery of gold in Mon- 
 
 tana he went to that country, re-engaging in 
 mining at Alder Gulch, and built the first log 
 house in Helena for General Dorris, which he 
 used as a store. He remained in Montana 
 until 1865 and became familiar with the experi- 
 ences and the excitement in the mining towns 
 of that Territory. He also saw some of the 
 nefarious " road agents" hanged. 
 
 In 1865 Mr. Letton returned to his native 
 State and was engaged in the stock business, 
 buying, selling and driving stock from Texas 
 to Missouri. In 1875 he removed to San Jose, 
 California, where he made his home for ten 
 years, being engaged in the livery and other 
 kinds of business. It was during that time 
 that he wag united in marriage in 1877 with 
 Miss Bettie Lauderdaile, a native of Missouri. 
 In 1885 he arrived in Raton, which has since 
 been his place of residence, and the city num- 
 bers him among its most active and enterprising 
 business men. He was first engaged in the 
 butchering business, and then opened a livery 
 stable, having also dealt in stock and carried 
 on other enterprises. He has owned as high 
 as i, 500 head of cattle at one time. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Letton have two children, 
 Anna and Pearl, and in Raton he has erected 
 a good residence, which is now his place of 
 abode. Socially he is connected with the 
 Knights of Pythias fraternity and the Ancient 
 Order of United Workmen, and in his political 
 views is a Democrat, but has no desire for 
 office. His straightforward, honorable dealing, 
 his good management and his well directed 
 efforts have made him a successful business 
 man, and to-day he is the possessor of a hand- 
 some competence, acquired through his own 
 efforts. 
 
 >-j*OHN J. MURPHY, a city Trustee of 
 J Raton, and one of her prosperous busi- 
 / 1 ness men, is a native of St. Louis, Mis- 
 souri, where his birth occurred on the 
 19th of March, 1858. His father, John J. 
 Murphy, was a native of the Emerald Isle, and 
 during his boyhood left that country for the 
 
4'4 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 United States, locating in St. Louis. After he 
 had arrived at years of maturity he married 
 Miss Bridget Carmady, and for some time re- 
 sided in St. Louis, whence he afterward re- 
 moved to the State of Illinois. During the 
 greater part of his life he was connected with 
 the butchering business, and for a number of 
 years was foreman of a large packing house 
 in St. Louis. His death occurred in Illinois, 
 when the subject of this sketch was a small 
 child, and his wife survived him only six 
 months. They were faithful and devout mem- 
 bers of the Catholic Church, and their many ex- 
 cellencies of character won them the respect of 
 all with whom they came in contact. 
 
 John J. Murphy, was the third oj their fam- 
 ily of five children, of whom four are yet living. 
 At an early age he was left an orphan and 
 grew to manhood without the shielding care 
 and influences that are usually received in the 
 parental home. He acquired his education in 
 Illinois and when quite young displayed a 
 strong taste for music. Later he became a 
 member of the Twenty-Third Regiment Band, 
 and continued with that command from 1881 
 until 1886, in New Mexico. While in the 
 army he learned the barber's trade, and in 
 1886 established a shop in Raton, where he 
 has met with very satisfactory success, having 
 become -the leader in his line of business in the 
 city. He is a straightforward, honorable busi- 
 ness man, wide-awake and progressive, and has 
 gained for himself many friends during his nine 
 years' residence in this place. 
 
 The political support of Mr. Murphy is 
 given to the men and measures of the Demo- 
 cracy. In 1893 he was nominated and elected 
 one of the Trustees of the county, and then 
 declined to run for a second term; but in 1895 
 was again elected to that position, for his fidel- 
 ity to duty had made his fellow citizens desir- 
 ous of again securing his services in that 
 capacity. He has also been a member of the 
 grand jury of the county. Socially, he is con- 
 nected with the Independent Order of Odd 
 Fellows, the Knights of Pythias, and the band 
 of the First Regiment of Uniformed Knights 
 
 of Colorado. His instrument is the clarinet, 
 and he has acquired the reputation of being an 
 expert performer. He is a great lover of music, 
 a taste which he has strongly manifested since 
 his early boyhood. 
 
 In May, 1886, was celebrated the marriage 
 which united the destinies of Mr. Murphy and 
 Miss Lucy Pollard, a native of Liverpool, Eng- 
 land. The have three children Frank J., 
 John and Lucy all living with their parents 
 in their pleasant home in Raton. During his 
 ten years' residence in this place, Mr. Murphy 
 has made a good record as a citizen of the 
 highest reliability and is ever ready to aid any 
 enterprise that has for its object the upbuilding 
 of the town of his adoption. 
 
 ^r'j'OHN JELFS is numbered among the 
 early settlers of Raton, having wit- 
 
 ( 1 nessed almost the entire development 
 of this place, while in the work of 
 progress and upbuilding he has been an impor- 
 tant factor. He is now foreman of the railroad 
 car shops, and the duties of his responsible 
 position he discharges with promptness and 
 fidelity. The record of his well spent life is as 
 follows: 
 
 He was born at Hatfield, near the city of 
 London, England, on the 8th of August, 1836, 
 and descended from old English ancestry. The 
 public schools afforded him his eductional 
 privileges, after which he learned the carpen- 
 ter's trade, mastering the business in all its 
 details and becoming a very proficient work- 
 man. Ere leaving his native land, Mr. Jelfs 
 was married in 1858, to Miss Sarah Bunyan, 
 who was born in the town of Welwyn, twenty 
 miles distant from London, a relative of the 
 family to which belonged the noted author of 
 Pilgrim's Progress. Seven children were born 
 to Mr. and Mrs. Jelfs in England, namely: 
 Annie, wife of Frank Henning and a resident 
 of Chihuahua, Mexico; Harry and Alfred, who 
 are residents of Galveston, Texas, and Alice, 
 now a young lady residing with her parents; 
 three died in England. 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 4'5 
 
 In 1872 Mr. Jelfs, accompanied by his fam- 
 ily, took passage on the steamship Erin for 
 America, and was seventeen days upon the 
 water. At length he landed in New York city 
 and made his way across the country, taking 
 up his residence in Marshalltown, Iowa, where 
 he accepted the position of foreman of the car 
 shops of the Iowa Central Railroad. After 
 serving acceptably in that capacity for eight 
 years he went, in April, 1880, to Cerrillos, 
 New Mexico, with the hope of making a for- 
 tune in the quartz mines of that locality. He 
 followed that pursuit for two months, but not 
 meeting with the expected success he accepted 
 the position of foreman of the car shops of the 
 Santa Fe Railroad Company at Raton. He 
 has since satisfactorily served in that capacity, 
 and his marked fidelity to duty has won him 
 the confidence of his employers, while his con- 
 siderate bearing toward those under his charge 
 has gained him their sincere respect. 
 
 In October, 1880, Mr. Jelfs was joined by 
 his family and for seven months they resided in 
 a box car while their commodious and pleasant 
 residence was being erected. It is located on 
 the southwest corner of Third street and Par- 
 sons avenue, and is the abode of hospitality 
 and good cheer. Mr. Jelfs has led a busy and 
 useful life, making money steadily as the result 
 of honest labor, and to-day he has besides his 
 home and business much valuable real estate 
 in Raton, being now the owner of a number of 
 residences and other city property. In poli- 
 tics, Mr. Jelfs is a Republican. His support 
 was given to that party after careful consider- 
 ation of the political questions and issues of 
 this country. He does his own thinking, and 
 sound judgment and clear conceptions are 
 manifest in the conclusions at which he ar- 
 rives. He has served for several terms as a 
 member of the Board of Trustees of Raton, 
 and has frequently been solicited to become 
 the candidate for other offices. In 1895 he 
 was the Republican candidate for the city's 
 Mayor, and failed of election by only a few 
 votes. He has also taken an active and com- 
 mendable interest in the educational affairs of 
 
 the town, and for two terms served as a mem- 
 ber of the School Board. He helped to or- 
 ganize the building and loan association and 
 has served as its president from the beginning. 
 The organization has loaned $24,000 for the 
 erection of buildings in this city, and in this 
 way has done much for the improvement of 
 the place. Socially, Mr. Jelfs is an honored 
 member of the Odd Fellows society, and has 
 filled all the offices in the local lodge. He and 
 his family are widely and favorably known in 
 this locality and are held in the highest regard 
 by a large circle of warm friends. 
 
 BRED BORN, the leading furniture 
 merchant of Raton, began business 
 in this place in 1873, and to-day is at 
 the head of a fine furniture establish- 
 ment, complete in all its appointments,while from 
 the public he receives a liberal and constantly 
 increasing patronage. Being widely and favor- 
 ably known in Raton and throughout the sur- 
 rounding country, we feel assured that the 
 record of his life will prove of interest to many 
 of our readers and gladly give it a place in this 
 volume. 
 
 Mr. Born is a native of Bavaria, his birth 
 having occurred there on the I3th of March, 
 1849. He was educated in his native country 
 and learned there the blacksmith's trade, after 
 which he determined to try his fortune in 
 America, and in 1867 crossed the Atlantic. 
 For a time he followed blacksmithing in Pana, 
 Illinois, after which he came to the South, lo- 
 cating in Texas, where he was engaged in ho- 
 tel-keeping and also in dealing in ice for some 
 time. For two seasons, in partnership with 
 Charles Hawes, he hunted buffalo on the plains 
 of Texas, killing 5,000 of those animals in two 
 years! He had a camping outfit and took with 
 him five men to prepare the hides. At one 
 time his partner, within two hours and a half, 
 killed 1 25 buffalo. The business did not prove 
 very profitable from a financial standpoint, but 
 as the Territory was freed of these animals the 
 bands of marauding Indians that roamed over 
 
4 i6 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 the country also left that region. In 1877 Mr. 
 Born came across the plains to Anton Chico, 
 and in the spring of that year camped where 
 the city of Raton now stands. It was then 
 a desolate site, unmarked by a single building, 
 nor was there a building of any kind within 
 miles. In makingthis journey he and his com- 
 panions had two teams and a saddle horse and 
 brought with them large quantities of jerked buf- 
 falo beef. They camped at old Las Vegas, and 
 there sold and traded off much of their meat. 
 Mr. Hawes got into difficulty at this place with a 
 man who looked like a lawyer, and who tried to 
 make them pay for the privilege of selling the 
 meat. It took all that they had made to pro- 
 tect themselves from the consequence of this 
 unpleasantness. 
 
 Mr. Born became dissatisfied with the con- 
 dition of affairs and made arrangements to sell 
 out to his partner as soon as the money could 
 be raised for the purpose. Accordingly they 
 went to the other side of Trinidad and took a 
 contract to get out a quantity of railroad ties. 
 This venture also proved a failure and Mr. 
 Born then went to Chicken Creek, where he 
 contracted to deliver 1,000 ties to the railroad. 
 This plan was carried out successfully and they 
 then purchased a mowing-machine and went 
 up into the mountains to cut hay, but before 
 they had hauled away much of this product 
 the snow came on ; so they fenced it and left 
 it until the following spring. When they re- 
 turned the cattle had broken in and destroyed 
 the crop. Thus disaster again overtook Mr. 
 Born and made the early years of his residence 
 in New Mexico a period of hardship. He then 
 sold his interest in the mowing outfit for $225, 
 but never received his pay. 
 
 About this time the town of Otero was 
 founded and Mr. Born opened a blacksmith 
 shop there and carried on business in that line 
 until the spring of 1878, when he went to the 
 Silver Cliff mining region and engaged in pros- 
 pecting for about six months. In this venture 
 he again suffered losses and therefore opened 
 a blacksmith shop at Silver Cliff, where he was 
 soon doing a very extensive business ; within 
 
 ten months he cleared $1,200. He then sold 
 out and went to Bonanza, where he engaged 
 in prospecting and mining, sinking two 5o-feet 
 shafts and making a tunnel 120 feet. Mining, 
 however, did not prove to him a profitable un- 
 dertaking, and he went to Salida, Colorado, 
 where he worked in the Calumet iron mine 
 until he had made a few hundred dollars. He 
 then established a second-hand store, but soon 
 sold this out and in 1883 came to Raton, where 
 he established a furniture store on Clark ave- 
 nue. He afterward admitted to a partnership 
 J. C. Hotchkins, and they did a prosperous and 
 constantly growing business. In 1890 Mr. 
 Born bought out his partner, and has since 
 been sole proprietor of this well appointed es- 
 tablishment. As his financial resources have 
 increased he has made judicious investments in 
 real-estate, and to-day owns several valuable 
 pieces of property in Raton. 
 
 His life has been a varied one, filled with 
 many of the experiences that come to the early 
 settlers upon the plains of the Southwest. His 
 business career has been a period of both ad- 
 versity and prosperity, but a well-merited suc- 
 cess is now attending his efforts. He has been 
 prominently identified with the upbuilding of 
 New Mexico, and to-day is a wide-awake and 
 progressive citizen, deeply interested in all that 
 pertains to the welfare of the Territory. 
 
 In November, 1886, our subject was united 
 in marriage with Miss Emma Van Wey, a na- 
 tive of Illinois. Their home is b'essed by the 
 presence of three children Earl F. , Mabel 
 and Hazel C. In his political predilections, 
 Mr. Born is a Republican, and socially is con- 
 nected with the Independent O der of Odd 
 Fellows. 
 
 @EORGE A. BUSHNELL has been 
 connected with the histcn y of Clayton 
 since the days of its earliest develop- 
 ment, and is numbered among its 
 most enterprising and successful business men. 
 He is devoted to the public interests of the 
 town, withholding his support from no object 
 

HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 4'7 
 
 that is calculated to promote the general wel- 
 fare, and all who know him esteem him highly 
 for his genuine worth. 
 
 Mr. Bushnell is a native of the Channel 
 Islands, born on the 1 8th of July, 1851, and 
 descended from an old family of England. He 
 acquired his education in the world's metropo- 
 lis London and learned the profession of 
 civil engineer, after which he was engaged in 
 office work in connection with that business 
 until 1871, when he came to New Mexico to 
 accept a position at Cimarron, in the office of 
 the Maxwell Land Grant Company. After 
 serving in that capacity for a number of years, 
 he opened a livery stable there and had a Gov- 
 ernment forage agency, furnishing' forage for 
 the Government animals that passed through 
 that county on the way to the different forts 
 on the frontier. His next business venture 
 was in stock-dealing. He purchased 160 acres 
 of land of Thomas O. Boggs, and for a time 
 was engaged in stock-raising, in partnership 
 with two of his brothers, carrying on opera- 
 tions along that line until 1894, when he sold 
 out. He was also engaged in merchandising 
 at Raton from 1885 until 1889. when he sold 
 and came to Clayton. 
 
 The town was then in its infancy, and Mr. 
 Bushnell, in connection with the Fox Brothers 
 and Mr. Dorsey, opened the first store in the 
 place. The business has since been carried on, 
 but is now under the control of the Clayton 
 Commercial Company. Mr. Bushnell was for 
 some time the manager of this company, and 
 is still one of its stockholders. He possesses 
 excellent business and executive ability, is sys- 
 tematic and methodical, and by carefully 
 watching every detail of his business, and by 
 efficient management, he has acquired a high 
 degree of success. 
 
 In the winter of 1884 was celebrated the 
 marriage of Mr. Bushnell and Miss Minnie 
 Boggs, a native of Colorado, and a daughter of 
 the noted pioneer and guide, Thomas O. Boggs, 
 one of the historical characters of the South- 
 west. Mr. and Mrs. Bushnell have three chil- 
 dren Charles L. , born in Raton, and Thomas 
 
 27 
 
 G. and Rose M., born in Clayton. Their 
 home is a substantial residence, which was 
 erected by Mr. Bushnell, and within its hos- 
 pitable doors good cheer abounds and a hearty 
 welcome is ever extended to their many friends. 
 The political support of our subject is given 
 to the Democracy, and since coming to Clay- 
 ton he has taken quite an active part in poli- 
 tics. He has served as Deputy County Treas- 
 urer since the organization of the county, and 
 has ever been devoted to all that pertains to 
 the public walfare and to the work of improve- 
 ment and progress. He was interested in the 
 original town site and has been president of the 
 Town Site Company, which is composed of 
 several of the best business men of Clayton. 
 They still have a large tract of undeveloped 
 land, which they sell at reasonable terms in 
 order to induce settlers to locate here, thereby 
 promoting the growth and prosperity of the 
 community. From early manhood Mr. Bush- 
 nell's career has been one that has gained him 
 the highest commendation, and in all the rela- 
 tions of life he has been recognized as a straight- 
 forward, honorable "man, true to his duties, 
 to his friends and to his country. 
 
 WILLIAM M. MCCLELLAN, who is 
 
 one of the well known and popular 
 citizens of Albuquerque is an honored 
 veteran of the late war of the Rebel- 
 lion, in which he served with signal distinction, 
 and is a man who by his own efforts has at- 
 tained a due measure of success in temporal 
 affairs. Among the representative men of the 
 Territory he well merits place as considered in 
 this work. 
 
 Our subject was born in Cochranville, 
 Chester county, Pennsylvania, the date of his 
 nativity having been August 14, 1839. He 
 traces his lineage to stanch Scotch and Ger- 
 man ancestry, his father, William McClellan, 
 having- been a native of bonny Scotland, 
 whence he came to America when a boy. He 
 became identified with the agricultural interests 
 of the old Keystone State, and there was 
 
418 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 eventually united in marriage to Miss Eliza- 
 beth Slyer, who was a native of Germany, 
 accompanying her parents to America when 
 still but a child. After their marriage they 
 continued their residence in Pennsylvania and 
 there reared a family of seven children. The 
 father died in 1853, at the age of fifty-two 
 years, and the mother survived to attain the 
 venerable age of seventy-nine years. They 
 were most estimable people, honest, indus- 
 trious and of unswerving integrity. 
 
 William M. McClellan, the immediate sub- 
 ject of this review, was the fifth child in order 
 of birth. His educational discipline was re- 
 ceived in the common schools, but in even this 
 respect his privileges were somewhat limited, 
 since he was only seven years of age when his 
 father died. At the age of sixteen the young 
 man began the battle of life on his own respon- 
 sibility, working at farm labor for seven dollars 
 per month. His was no easy task, for he was 
 employed from sunrise until sunset in attend- 
 ing to those onerous duties incidental to the 
 cultivation of a farm. The discipline was one 
 that developed in him a marked physical vigor 
 and that sturdy spirit of independence which 
 has so greatly conserved his success in the 
 affairs of life. 
 
 Mr. McClellan continued to be identified 
 with agricultural pursuits until 1861, when his 
 loyal spirit was aroused as the dark cloud of 
 war obscured the national horizon, and he 
 went forth in defense of the Union, respond- 
 ing to President Lincoln's call for men to aid in 
 suppressing the rebellion. Our subject en- 
 listed as a member of Company A, Sixty-sixth 
 Ohio Volunteer Infantry. The first battle of 
 importance in which he participated was that 
 at Winchester, after which he was in the action 
 at Cross Keys and later participated with his 
 regiment in the second battle of Bull Run. In 
 this memorable conflict Mr. McClellan was 
 struck on the skull by a fragment of shell, be- 
 ing instantly rendered insensible. He was left 
 on the field as dead, but he eventually re- 
 covered consciousness and found himself lying 
 with his face in his cap and besmeared with 
 
 blood. He finally recovered in a measure 
 from his dazed condition and mustered strength 
 to gain his feet and make his way to the rear, 
 the effort being one that taxed him to the ut- 
 most. As a result of his injuries he was in- 
 capacitated for service for the next month, but 
 he recovered sufficiently to rejoin his regiment 
 at Harper's Ferry, after which he participated 
 in a minor engagement at Dumfries Landing 
 and was in the fight at Fredericksburg, where 
 Stonewall Jackson met his death. After this 
 he was in active service in the great and de- 
 cisive battle at Gettysburg, subsequent to 
 which the regiment was on the Rapidan, when 
 it was sent to New York city to quell the 
 riots. Returning shortly to the Rapidan the 
 regiment was ordered thence to the South- 
 west, under General Sherman. Mr. McClellan 
 was in the entire campaign leading up to and 
 including the taking of Atlanta, also taking 
 part in the battles of Chattanooga and Look- 
 out Mountain. From Atlanta he accompanied 
 Sherman on the memorable march to the sea, 
 and his brigade was the first to enter Savan- 
 nah, and there had the honor of raising the 
 stars and stripes over the United States bar- 
 racks. 
 
 The return march through the Carolinas 
 was one of long and weary order, in which the 
 jaded troops endured many hardships, cross- 
 ing the swamps and subsisting on the meager 
 supplies which the country afforded. They 
 were compelled to build many corduroy roads 
 through the swamps and saw much hard 
 service. The regiment of which our subject 
 was a member continued the march from 
 Raleigh, North Carolina, over the battle 
 grounds of the Wilderness, to Washington, 
 where it was their privilege to participate in 
 the grand review. After this they were in 
 camp three weeks at Louisville, Kentucky, 
 whence they were ordered to Columbus, Ohio, 
 and were there mustered out. Mr. McClellan 
 had been faithful to his high duty, had served 
 valiantly in his country's behalf, and was now 
 enabled to return to his home, an honored and 
 battle-scarred veteran. 
 
HISTORY OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 419 
 
 Turning his attention once more to the 
 arts of peace, our subject remained for a year 
 in the East, after which he went to Atchison, 
 Kansas, where he procured a team and made 
 arrangements to transfer a load of freight from 
 that city to Denver. Finding this a profitable 
 venture, he continued in the freighting busi- 
 ness for two years, all supplies at that time 
 having to be transferred overland to many of 
 the important points in the West. Subsequent 
 to this Mr. McClellan engaged in contracting 
 on the Union Pacific Railroad, and continued 
 to be thus employed until the road was com- 
 pleted and he had witnessed the driving of the 
 gold spike. He next engaged in contracting 
 on the Kansas Pacific Railroad and later on 
 the Denver & Rio Grande and the Atchison, 
 Topeka & Santa Fe. He next turned his at- 
 tention to stock-raising on the Arkansas river, 
 continuing in that line of enterprise for two 
 years, after which he resumed his former oc- 
 cupation, securing a contract to furnish ties 
 for the construction of the Atlanta & Pacific 
 Railroad, supplying 300,000. 
 
 In the fall of 1881 he disposed of his in- 
 terests in this line and the following spring 
 settled in Albuquerque, which has ever since 
 continued to be his home. His labors had 
 been such as to enable him to determine as to 
 the possibilities offered in the West, and the 
 fact that he finally determined upon locating in 
 Albuquerque betokened his excellent judg- 
 ment and his prescience of the magnificent de- 
 velopment which was to come to the city of 
 his choice. He made considerable real-estate 
 investments here and for two years conducted 
 a meat market, after which he disposed of the 
 bnsiness and began dealing quite extensively 
 in live-stock. Through his indefatigable effort 
 he has acquired a competency, and in 1889 he 
 retired from active business pursuits. 
 
 In the year 1 872 was consummated the mar- 
 riage of Mr. McClellan and Mrs. Lucy M. 
 Campbell, a native of Mahoning county, Ohio. 
 In their attractive home they are enabled to 
 enjoy all the comforts of life and to accord cour- 
 teous hospitality to their large circle of friends. 
 
 Our subject has always rendered active 
 support to the Democratic party, and the con- 
 fidence and esteem in which he is held in Albu- 
 querque has been shown in his election as a 
 member of the City Council, in which he 
 served acceptably for two years. He was the 
 first representative in that body from the third 
 ward, and aided in the incorporation of the 
 city, in whose welfare he has taken a deep 
 and abiding interest, contributing in every 
 possible way to its development and substan- 
 tial upbuilding. 
 
 HOMAS O. BOGGS, now deceased, 
 was one of New Mexico's distinguished 
 and noted pioneer settlers, who be- 
 came identified with the Territory and 
 its history in 1845, which year witnessed his ar- 
 rival in Taos. This volume would be incom- 
 plete without the record of his life, and with 
 pleasure we present to our readers this sketch. 
 He was born at Harmony Mission in the In- 
 dian Territory in August, 1824, and was a son 
 of Governor Boggs, of Missouri. His father 
 was also a prominent character, who was em- 
 ployed by the Hudson Bay Fur Company and 
 afterward by the American Fur Company. 
 
 To that service our subject gave a part of 
 his earlier years. He acted as guide and scout 
 with General John C. Fremont, and was a 
 warm personal friend of Kit Carson. Together 
 they went on many explorations and expedi- 
 tions through the Southwest. They traveled 
 over the wild plains and through the mountain- 
 ous region, where they were in constant dan- 
 ger of death at the hands of the wily Indians. 
 More exciting than any fairy tale, more won- 
 derful than any story of fiction is the true rec- 
 ord of the careers of these worthy pioneers, 
 who made civilization in this section of the 
 country possible. When Kit Carson died, Mr. 
 Boggs reared and cared for his family, thus 
 demonstrating the sincerity of his friendship. 
 
 After trapping and trading throughout the 
 entire Western country, Mr. Boggs came to 
 Colfax county, New Mexico. He was an ac- 
 
 
420 
 
 HIS TOR r OP NEW MEXICO. 
 
 quaintance and friend of Mr. Maxwell, the 
 owner of the noted Maxwell -Land Grant. 
 Here he became one of the extensive sheep- 
 growers of the Territory, his wool product in a 
 single year bringing him $40,000. For some 
 years he also owned a farm and resided on the 
 Tramperos. He also spent a portion of his 
 later life at Springer, and from that place 
 came to Clayton, where his death occurred in 
 1894. He had reached the traditional age of 
 man three-score years and ten and his ca- 
 reer had been one of benefit to humanity. 
 
 Mr. Boggs had married Miss Ronalda Luna, 
 a native of Taos, New Mexico, and a step- 
 daughter of Governor Bent. She was present 
 at the massacre, when, with others, her step- 
 father was killed, being cruelly murdered by 
 the Indians. She took him in her arms when 
 he was fatally wounded and tried to shield him 
 from the deadly work of the savages, but in 
 spite of her efforts his body was filled with ar- 
 rows and the life of that noble man was thus 
 ended. Mrs. Boggs was ever a faithful com- 
 panion and helpmeet to her husband, sharing 
 with him in many of the hardships of pioneer 
 life, and always encouraging and sympathizing 
 with him in his work. She still survives him 
 and is now living with her daughter, Mrs. 
 Bushnell, at Clayton. Their only son has 
 also passed away. Mr. Boggs was a man 
 of very generous impulses, whose liberality and 
 generosity were well known. His bravery and 
 courage were of the highest type that type 
 which shielded the weak and helpless at the 
 risk of his own life. He was conversant with 
 every phase of frontier experience and was an 
 important factor in the settlement of the great 
 Southwest. All honor be to these brave pio- 
 neers who made the wonderful development of 
 this section of the country a possibility. 
 
 *w "* ON. SAMUEL ELDODT, a promi- 
 
 |f^ nent pioneer merchant of New Mex- 
 
 ^ r ico and the honored Treasurer of the 
 
 Territory, is a native of Westphalia, 
 
 Prussia, and acquired his early training for the 
 
 mercantile business in that country. In 1868, 
 when a young man of seventeen he came to 
 America and made his way direct to Santa Fe, 
 where his brothers, Nathan and Marcus, had 
 preceded him and were engaged in merchandis- 
 ing. The railroad at that time extended only 
 as far as Hays City, Kansas, and the journey 
 thence was made across the country in wagons. 
 Mr. Eldodt came with a train numbering 
 twenty-five wagons, which started in June, and 
 a month later reached the end of the journey, 
 which was an unusually rapid one. Mr. Eidodt 
 took the lead, accompanied by a Spanish gen- 
 tleman and about a dozen others, traveling on 
 ponies, and the distance was accomplished in 
 safety; but the year previous the Sioux In- 
 dians had been on the war-path and had been 
 very troublesome to the emigrants, killing and 
 robbing wherever they could. 
 
 Mr. Eldodt at length arrived in Santa Fe, 
 a poor young man, who had acquired some 
 knowledge how to sell goods and do business, 
 but with no capital to engage in the enterprise 
 for himself. He secured a clerkship in his 
 brother's store and continued to serve in that 
 capacity for five years, during which time he 
 displayed such excellent business talents that 
 he was admitted to a partnership in the busi- 
 ness and a branch store was established at Abi- 
 quiu, of which he was placed in charge. The 
 business of the firm proved very popular and 
 steadily increased, and the firm also extended 
 its operations, establishing another branch at 
 San Juan. 
 
 In 1882 the brothers divided their interests 
 and our subject took as his share the two 
 branch stores which he has since conducted on 
 his own account, meeting with very gratifying 
 success. The business is that of general mer- 
 chandising, and he handles everything needed 
 by the citizens of this region and purchases 
 all home products. He is a thorough master 
 of the business, having made it a study, thus 
 becoming familiar with the wants of the public 
 and how best to supply them. Mr. Eldodt has 
 also become greatly interested in wool-growing. 
 He entered this business when it was a very 
 
HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 421 
 
 profitable one and has had as many as 8,000 
 sheep, at one time the wool bringing him a 
 handsome annual income. 
 
 It was only a year after Mr. Eldodt left 
 Germany that his father died. In 1888, after 
 twenty years of close application to business 
 in New Mexico, he began to have a strong de- 
 sire to visit the home of his youth and his 
 relatives, and his aged mother, who was then 
 in feeble health. Accordingly, he re-crossed 
 the Atlantic, and the meeting between mother 
 and son after the long years of absence can be 
 better imagined than described. The mother 
 said, "All my wishes are gratified except one. 
 I wish that you could be with me until my 
 demise." With a true filial spirit he granted 
 this request; staying with her all through her 
 last illness, although it was a long one, regard- 
 less of his large business interests in America. 
 When she passed away and the last sad rites 
 were performed over her remains, Mr. Eldodt 
 returned to his home. His mother had almost 
 completed her eightieth year, and the last two 
 years were cheered by the presence of her son, 
 who tenderly administered to her every want 
 and securing for her all the comforts and lux- 
 uries which money could procure. The noble- 
 ness of character which he displayed has been 
 seen at other times in his life and commands 
 the respect of all. 
 
 Upon his return to New Mexico Mr. Eldodt 
 again took up his business, entering into it 
 with all the ardor of his nature which never 
 stops at half-way measures. He continued to 
 accumulate property rapidly and now enjoys a 
 handsome fortune as the reward of his labor. 
 He has always acquired large real estate inter- 
 ests which have proved a paying investment. 
 
 Mr. Eldodt was happily married on the 
 loth of May, 1893, to Miss Lina Stern, a native 
 of Germany. After a short married life of a 
 little more than a year she passed away, leav- 
 ing an infant daughter; but in a short time the 
 baby also died, leaving the husband and father 
 alone in the world, which now seemed doubly 
 desolate. 
 
 All his life he has been a consistent Demo- 
 
 crat, but has never been an office seeker, his 
 extensive business interests claiming the greater 
 part of his attention; but in 1895 Governor 
 Thornton honored him by an appointment to 
 the office of Treasurer of the Territory, and the 
 Senate confirmed him. He then accepted the 
 position as custodian of public funds and is 
 now acceptably serving in that office. He is 
 a member of the Masonic fraternity and has 
 attained the thirty-second degree in the Scot- 
 tish rite. Every dollar that he possesses has 
 been honestly earned by himself, and he truly 
 deserves all the credit which the term "self- 
 made man " implies. He came to this country 
 a poor boy, and not through fortunate circum- 
 stances, but by earnest labor, good manage- 
 ment and business ability, has steadily worked 
 his way upward to a position of wealth and 
 affluence. He is known in business circles as an 
 honorable, straightforward man and his life is 
 well worthy of emulation. 
 
 aOLONEL EDWARD H. BERG- 
 MANN, the efficient and capable Su- 
 perintendent of the Territorial Peni- 
 tentiary at Santa Fe, was born in 
 Prussia, November 7, 1832. He was educated 
 in his native country, and when seventeen 
 years of age volunteered in the Prussian army, 
 having served four years in the First Regiment 
 of Light Hussars. At the close of his service, 
 having a desire to see America, and believing 
 that promotion in the American army was more 
 easily obtained, he came with General Mc- 
 Clellan to this country in 1859. After arriving 
 in this Territory, Mr. Bergmann served as 
 chief clerk at department headquarters. When 
 the great Civil war broke upon the country, he 
 volunteered, and served during the struggle 
 with the celebrated soldier and Indian fighter, 
 Colonel Kit Carson, who was Colonel of the 
 regiment, and Mr. Bergmann was Lieutenant 
 Colonel. The latter served gallantly during 
 the entire struggle, took part in the battle of 
 Valverde and in many Indian fights with the 
 Sioux, Apaches and Navajos, and in fact was 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 in constant service four years on the frontier. 
 He built Fort Bascom on the Canadian river, 
 and rendered the Government much valuable 
 service, for which he was promoted to the po- 
 sition of Colonel. Mr. Bergmann was subse- 
 quently sent by the Government to the San 
 Juan country to select military post sites, and 
 to report on the country. 
 
 In 1867 our subject resigned his position 
 and turned his attention to mining, but lost 
 considerable money in that venture. He also 
 had a fifteen-stamp mill in Moreno valley in 
 Colfax county. In 1891 the Penitentiary Com- 
 missioners selected him as the most fitting per- 
 son to take charge of the Territorial institu- 
 tion, the sequel of which has shown the cor- 
 rectness of their judgment, as Colonel Berg- 
 mann has received and merited the highest 
 praise. The penitentiary is now in an excel- 
 lent condition, not an inmate being on the sick 
 list, the best of order and discipline prevails, 
 everything about the place is clean and com- 
 fortable, and the best of food is given the 
 prisoners. Colonel Bergmann has utilized the 
 prisoners in building the prison wall, in hauling 
 the stone and making the brick. Notwith- 
 standing the fact he had few skilled workmen, 
 a most creditable work has been accomplished. 
 The wall is 2,319 feet long, twenty feet high, 
 twenty-seven inches wide, resting on a solid 
 stone foundation four feet deep, four feet wide 
 below the surface, and two feet eight inches 
 wide above the ground. The west side of the 
 wall is adorned with an elaborately constructed 
 arch, with an artistically finished main entrance 
 gate, worked by an electric lock. This gate 
 is surmounted by a guard tower, there also 
 being six other guard towers on the wall, and 
 the entire work displays unusual artistic taste. 
 Two thousand feet of ten-inch sewer pipe has 
 been made, and now serves as a first-class 
 sewer, adding greatly to the sanitary condition 
 of the institution. Other important improve- 
 ments have been made, and the Commission- 
 ers, in their report to the Governor, say that 
 Mr. Bergmann's suggestions have been prac- 
 tical, his executions perfect, and all the work 
 
 has been done under his personal supervision, 
 in all of which he has been honest and tire- 
 less in his watchfulness. In conclusion they 
 say: "We may be pardoned for expressing a 
 becoming pride in the condition of this institu- 
 tion, believing that it will compare favorably 
 with any of its character in the older States." 
 Colonel Bergmann was married, in 1870. to 
 Miss Augusta Sever, a native of St. Louis, and 
 they have three children, all born in New 
 Mexico, namely: Henry E., Carl Emmanuel 
 and Laura G. The wife and mother departed 
 this life in 1889. The Colonel still has large 
 mining interests in the Territory, is a strong 
 bi-metalist, and is independent in his political 
 views. He was made a Mason in New Mex- 
 ico, and is now a member of the Masonic 
 order, being a Knight Templar at Santa Fe. 
 He is also Senior Vice Commander of the 
 Grand Army of the Republic. It is needless 
 to add that Colonel Bergmann is a man of the 
 highest integrity and honor. 
 
 HNTONIO WINDSOR, the leading con- 
 tractor and builder of Santa Fe, was 
 born in Melbourne, Australia, Octo- 
 ber 14, 1854. His father, Captain 
 Richard Windsor, an Englishman, was a 
 sailing-master of mercantile ships. He mar- 
 ried Miss Mary Knudson, a native of Norway, 
 and while they were in Melbourne, the subject 
 of this sketch was born. When he was five 
 years of age they returned to England, where 
 they remained for a time, and also went to 
 Norway. When Antonio was twelve years old 
 they came to the United States. In 1863 Mrs. 
 Windsor was injured in a shipwreck in the 
 English Channel, from the effects of which she 
 died in 1864. Mr. Windsor, our subject's 
 father, continued his seafaring life for many 
 years, and now resides in England. 
 
 Antonio, their only child, was educated 
 principally in Chicago, and attended an archi- 
 tectural school there for eighteen months. He 
 afterward learned the carpenter's trade. His 
 first employment was in building bridges on 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 the Northern Pacific Railroad, after which he 
 followed his trade in Denver, and while in that 
 city he began contracting, a business which he 
 has since successfully followed. Mr. Windsor 
 also did considerable business at Leadville dur- 
 ing its early growth. In 1885 he came to New 
 Mexico, where he worked on the Territorial 
 penitentiary until its completion. He also 
 served as superintendent for the contractor on 
 the capitol. Mr. Windsor built the addition 
 to St. Vincent's College, did the wood work 
 on the United States Territorial Building, 
 built the Orphan Asylum at Santa Fe and 
 Guard House at Fort Wingate, erected many 
 stores and residences in Santa Fe, and also 
 built a handsome brick residence for himself 
 on Gasper avenue, where he now resides. 
 Since coming to New Mexico he has acquired 
 considerable real estate and is interested in 
 eight gold and silver mining claims. 
 
 Mr. Windsor was married, in 1888, to Miss 
 Carrie Smith, a native of New York. They 
 have three children, all born in Santa Fe, 
 namely: Pansy Amelia, King Olaf and John 
 Joseph. In his social relations Mr. Windsor 
 affiliates with the Independent Order of Odd 
 Fellows and the Knights of Pythias, having 
 served as Deputy Grand Chancellor of the lat- 
 ter order. He is independent in his political 
 views. 
 
 @ENERAL EDWARD F. HOBART, 
 Surveyor General of New Mexico 
 during the administration of Presi- 
 dent Benjamin Harrison, was born in 
 New Hampshire, October 9, 1836, and de- 
 scended from one of the earliest New England 
 families who were prominent in the early his- 
 tory of the Colonies. His great- uncle, Jacob 
 Hobart, was killed at the battle of Bunker 
 Hill. His grandfather, Abel Hobart, was born 
 in New Hampshire, and his father, Horace 
 Hobart, was born in Colebrook, that State, in 
 1800. He married Miss Charlotte Pruden 
 Field, a daughter of Peter R. Field, from En- 
 field, Connecticut. The Fields also were a 
 
 noted family and early settlers of New Eng- 
 land. On both sides the family were Puritans 
 and Congregationalists, and many of the Fields 
 were ministers. The great-great-grandfather 
 of Mrs. Horace Hobart was a minister in Con- 
 necticut, and was shot by an Indian while at 
 work in his field. In 1837 Horace Hobart and 
 wife, with a colony of relatives, went overland 
 to Beloit, Wisconsin, and became the founders 
 of that town. Mr. Hobart became prominent 
 in the upbuilding and improvement of that 
 place, and was one of the founders of the 
 Beloit College, having given a part of the land 
 on which it was built. The first colony con- 
 sisted of about i oo persons, nearly all relatives, 
 members of the Congregational Church, and 
 most worthy people. Mr. Hobart served as 
 Deacon of the church for many years, and was 
 widely known as an efficient supporter of good 
 enterprises. His death occurred in 1860, he 
 leaving a widow and three sons. She survived 
 until 1884, dying in her eighty-fourth year. 
 Their three sons were: Edward F. , the sub- 
 ject of this sketch; Horace R., editor of the 
 Railway Age in Chicago; and Henry Field, who 
 came to New Mexico in 1884, and died the fol- 
 lowing year. 
 
 General Hobart was educated at Beloit 
 College, graduating at that institution in 1854, 
 after which he engaged in civil engineering on 
 the railroad, under President Robert Harris, 
 for several years President of the Northern 
 Pacific Railroad. Mr. Hobart was also city 
 engineer of Beloit for some time. In 1884 he 
 came to Las Vegas, New Mexico, and engaged 
 with his brother in the ice business, but the 
 following year his brother died, and he became 
 sole owner of the enterprise, continuing the 
 same until 1889. In that year he received the 
 appointment from President Harrison of Sur- 
 veyor General of the Territory, and during his 
 service of four years many Government surveys 
 were made. He also has the honor of having 
 suggested the Pecos Park reservation, known 
 as the Pecos National Park. It is the source 
 of the Pecos river, and the reservation is of 
 untold value to New Mexico as the source of a 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 great water supply. While engaged in irriga- 
 tion engineering Mr. Hobart laid out and con- 
 structed a ditch and brought water to the land 
 which he is now improving and planting to all 
 kinds of fruit and alfalfa. He owns 2,000 
 acres, 200 acres of which is under cultivation, 
 and presents a flattering prospect of becoming 
 a valuable and remunerative property. He 
 also has land at Las Vegas and a good home 
 at Santa Fe. Mr. Hobart is an intelligent and 
 thoroughly practical man, and is doing all in his 
 power to aid in the growth and development of 
 New Mexico. 
 
 The General was married April 13, 1859, 
 to Miss Marian Cunningham, a native of New 
 York, and a daughter of John Cunningham, a 
 member of a prominent New York family, and 
 a descendant of the Pilgrim Fathers of New 
 England. Our subject and wife had one son, 
 Edward B., who died in the third year of his 
 age. Mr. and Mrs. Hobart are members of 
 the Congregational Church. The former is a 
 life-long Republican, and both are prominent 
 and valued citizens of Santa Fe. 
 
 HMBROSIO ORTIZ, a native son of 
 New Mexico, was born at Santa Fe 
 December 7, 1839, and is a descend- 
 ant of Nicolas Ortiz, who came to 
 New Mexico at the time of the conquest. He 
 had three sons, Francisco, Toribio and 
 Nicolas. The last is the grandfather of our 
 subject. They had a grant of 80,000 acres of 
 land, for which there are now three hundred 
 heirs, and one-fourth of the property has 
 been given to have the grant confirmed. The 
 place is known as the Caja del Rio, and is lo- 
 cated on the Rio Grande. Ignacio Ortiz, the 
 father of our subject, was born in Santa Fe, 
 where several generations of the family have 
 been born and reared. He married Josefa 
 Chaves, of Bernalillo, and a daughter of Gov- 
 ernor Jose Antonio Chaves, who served as 
 Governor of the Territory for several years. 
 Ignacio Ortiz departed this life in 1850, and 
 his wife survived until 1874. 
 
 Ambrosio Ortiz, the sixth of their seven 
 children, five now living, was educated by the 
 Fathers, before St. Michael's College was estab- 
 lished. After completing his education he 
 served as clerk in the general mercantile and 
 clothing establishment of Wendell Debus for 
 fifteen years. In 1868 Mr. Ortiz was appoint- 
 ed Treasurer of the county, to fill a vacancy, 
 but after the expiration of his term he was 
 elected to that office, serving in the same until 
 1873. In that year he was elected Clerk of 
 Santa Fe county, received a re-election, and 
 held the position four years. 
 
 Mr. Ortiz was married, in 1861, to Miss 
 Paula Romero, a native of Santa Fe, and a 
 daughter of Rafael Romero, they being first 
 cousins. To this union have been born sixteen 
 children, of whom eight are now living, namely: 
 Luz, Juan Jose, Francisco, Facundo, Ignacio, 
 Adela, Estefana and Emilio. They have seven 
 grandchildren. Juan Jose is a printer by occu- 
 pation, and has served two years as County 
 Superintendent of Schools of Santa Fe county. 
 The family are members of the Catholic Church, 
 and Mr. Ortiz is a member of the Catholic 
 Knights of America, an insurance society. In 
 addition to the heirship property, Mr. and Mrs. 
 Ortiz have a fruit and grain farm within a half 
 mile of the city, where they have a good resi- 
 dence, and also own a block of houses at the 
 foot of Johnson street. He is an intelligent, 
 reliable and upright bsiness man, and the family 
 are well spoken of in the city in which they 
 were born and have always resided. 
 
 ON. MANUEL VALDES, a native son 
 of New Mexico, was born at Santa Fe, 
 October 3, 1846, and descended from 
 one of the oldest families in the Ter- 
 ritory. His grandfather, Jose Pablo Valdes, 
 of Spanish ancestry, was a blacksmith by oc- 
 cupation, was industrious and honest and lived 
 to a ripe old age. His wife, nee Josefa Pa- 
 dilla, also descended from one of the old fami- 
 lies in the Territory. Their son, Antonio Val- 
 des, the father of our subject, was born at 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 425 
 
 Santa Fe in 1814, was a farmer and merchant 
 by occupation, and lived to the age of seventy- 
 three years. He married Miss Guadulupe 
 Valdes, and they had five children. She died 
 at the age of seventy years. 
 
 Manuel Valdes, the only survivor of the 
 family, completed the course in the Brothers' 
 College in 1862, after which he attended Arch- 
 bishop Lamy's Latin School. In 1865 he be- 
 came a clerk in the general store of Zecken- 
 doofer, later for a Mr. Wesche, next for 
 Spiegelberg Brothers, from 1867 to 1873, was 
 with the house of Perea & Company, again be- 
 came an employe for Spiegelberg Brothers, 
 and in 1874 engaged in business on his own 
 account, in partnership with Hon. Felipe Del- 
 gado. That partnership continued until 1879, 
 when Mr. Valdes went to Bernalillo, and was 
 with J. L. Perea until the latter's death, after 
 which he managed the store for two years. 
 Returning to Santa Fe, he was again with 
 Spielgelbsrg Brothers until 1886, and was em- 
 ployed by Sol Spiegelberg from 1886 to 1891. 
 
 In 1890 Mr. Valdes was elected Assessor of 
 Santa Fe county, on the Republican ticket, 
 and served in that position two years. Dur- 
 ing that time he was nominated by his party 
 as a candidate for Mayor of the city, his op- 
 ponent being Bernard Selegman, and he was 
 elected. After serving in that position one 
 term, Mr. Valdes acted as Territorial Librarian 
 for about one year and a half, in which he was 
 engaged until January 15, 1895. He is now a 
 member of the committee having the custody 
 of the capital grounds and buildings. 
 
 In 1871 our subject was united in marriage 
 with Miss Luz Delgado, a daughter of the late 
 Hon. Felipe Delgado. To this union have 
 been born six children Antonio, Felipe, Jose, 
 Federico, Juanito and Conrado. The second 
 son is a graduate of St. Michael's College, and 
 now has charge of the Indian Government 
 School. The family are members of the Cath- 
 olic Church. Mr. Valdes is an active and re- 
 liable business man, and enjoys a wide ac- 
 quaintance and influence in his native Terri- 
 tory, to which he is much devoted. 
 
 aHARLES WILLIAM DUDROW, one 
 of Santa Fe's prominent and success- 
 ful business men, was born in Fred- 
 erick county, Maryland, Novembers, 
 1849. His ancestry were of German descent, 
 and were among the earliest pioneers of Penn- 
 sylvania. His great-grand-father moved to 
 Maryland, where several generations of the 
 family were born, our subject's father, Conrad 
 Dudrow, having been born there in 1810. He 
 married Miss Miles, who was a native of that 
 State, and soon afterward they removed to 
 Richmond, Missouri, where Mrs. Dudrow soon 
 afterward died. With his two children, a son 
 and a daughter, the father returned to Mary- 
 land, and the children were raised by their 
 grandmother Miles. During the war Mr. 
 Dudrow sympathized with his people of the 
 South, but took no part in the struggle, 
 although he suffered financially by it. 
 
 When fifteen years of age Charles W. Dud- 
 row, the subject of this sketch, began to earn 
 his own living. Going to Missouri, he engaged 
 to drive cattle from Kansas to Texas, continu- 
 ing that occupation a year and a half. In 
 1872 he came to New Mexico, securing the 
 position of stage messenger for Barlow & San- 
 derson, between Pueblo and Santa Fe, and 
 also drove the stage a part of the time. While 
 engaged in that work he was three times at- 
 tacked by robbers. Mr. Dudrow followed 
 that occupation until the railroad was built, in 
 1880, and he came with the last coach to 
 Santa Fe. Since that time he has been en- 
 gaged in the freight transfer business, the firm 
 now being known as Dudrow & Davis, and 
 they control nearly all the freight and are 
 large dealers in coal, hay and grain. They 
 own and keep five teams constantly at work. 
 Mr. Dudrow, separate from the firm, also con- 
 ducts a lumber yard, and has sold the lumber 
 for most of the large buildings in the city. He 
 has acquired enviable reputation as a business 
 man of ability and integrity. He has invested 
 in real estate in the city, where he has planted 
 two orchards, and is now raising large quanti- 
 ties of peaches, plums, apricots, apples and 
 
426 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 cherries, demonstrating what the rich soil of 
 New Mexico will do with proper care. 
 
 Mr. Dudrow cast his first vote with the 
 Republican party and has since been one of its 
 strongest adherents. He is now serving his 
 second term as Commissioner of Santa Fe 
 county, and has the honor of being the Chair- 
 man of the Board. He gives the same close 
 attention to the affairs of the office which he 
 bestows on his own business, and makes a 
 most efficient and competent officer. 
 
 >-T* OSE SEGURA, Librarian of the Terri- 
 m tory of New Mexico, was born in Santa 
 / J Fe, February 20, 1856. One of his 
 ancestors was a member of the Spanish 
 army that participated in the recapture of the 
 Territory from the Indians. He owned a 
 grant of land in Santa Fe county, and lived 
 there until his death, at the age of seventy 
 years. He married a Miss Madrid, a daughter 
 of one of his comrades, and from them has 
 sprung the family of that name in New Mex- 
 ico. In old Mexico they were professional 
 people, and some were authors, physicians, 
 engineers and lawyers, but in this Territory 
 they have principally followed the peaceful 
 vocation of farming and stock-raising. The 
 father of our subject, Simon Segura, was born 
 in Santa Fe in 1839. He married Miss A. 
 Dominguez, a daughter of Don Guadalupe 
 Dominguez, a soldier under the Spanish and 
 later under the Mexican rule. They had two 
 sons N. Segura, a lawyer at Las Vegas, and 
 the subject of this sketch. 
 
 The latter received his education at St. 
 Michael's College, graduating at that institu- 
 tion in 1870. After serving for a time as Po- 
 lice Justice of Las Vegas he made a tour of the 
 East and Mexico, returning thence to Santa 
 Fe, and in 1885 became the founder and sole 
 owner of a weekly newspaper, "El Boletin 
 Popular." Mr. Segura is still its editor and 
 owner. In 1890-1 he was Indian Agent at 
 Santa Fe, receiving his appointment from the 
 President. He traveled among all the pueblo 
 
 settlements in the Territory, established a 
 number of schools, was influential in having 
 them regularly attended, and thus proved an 
 efficient officer. In January, 1895, Mr. Se- 
 gura received the appointment of Territorial 
 Librarian, which he is now filling in addition 
 to his other work. 
 
 November 20, 1891, our subject was united 
 in marriage with Miss Charlotte Howland, a 
 native of this Territory and a daughter of 
 Major George Howland, of Santa Fe. They 
 have one child, Gustavo. Mr. Segura is a 
 man of intelligence and ability, is well spoken 
 of in the city of which he is a native son and 
 in which he has a pleasant home. 
 
 >j*AMES R. HUDSON, a wholesale and 
 retail jeweler of Santa Fe, was born in 
 / J Chester county, Pennsylvania, Septem- 
 ber 15, 1837, of Scotch-English an- 
 cestry, who were early settlers in America. 
 His grandfather, James Hudson, was a non- 
 commissioned officer in the Colonial army 
 during the Revolutionary war. He was a 
 member of the Presbyterian Church, and lived 
 to the age of eighty-six years. His son, Rob- 
 ert Hudson, our subject's father, was born in 
 Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, in 1803. He 
 married Miss Rebecca Scott, a native also of 
 that county. Soon after their marriage they 
 removed to Ohio, where Mr. Hudson was en- 
 ^gaged in the manufacture of furniture, but 
 later returned to Philadelphia, continuing in 
 business there until his death, in 1866, at the 
 age of sixty-three years. His wife died soon 
 after the birth of the subject of this sketch. 
 
 The latter was raised by his aunt in north- 
 ern Ohio, where he attended the public 
 schools, and also attended school at West 
 Chester, Pennsylvania. In 1861, when the 
 great Civil war burst upon the country, Mr. 
 Hudson, in response to Lincoln's call, enlisted 
 in Company B, Second Volunteer Infantry, 
 and was on detached service most of the time 
 until the expiration of his term. In August, 
 1 86 1, he again enlisted, entering the Eighty- 
 
.HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 427 
 
 third Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and received 
 the commission of Second Lieutenant. He 
 served in Virginia under Generals Pope and 
 Sigel, was afterward in the Army of the Cum- 
 berland, and took part in the first and second 
 battles of Bull Run, Fredericksburg, Antietam, 
 Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and Kenesaw 
 mountain. At the last engagement Mr. Hud- 
 son suffered the loss of his leg, and previous to 
 that had also been three times wounded. Mr. 
 Hudson had been promoted from time to time 
 until he became Major of his regiment, serving 
 as such when obliged to retire from the service. 
 
 Recovering from his wounds, Mr. Hudson 
 received the appointment of Deputy United 
 States Collector of Internal Revenue. In 1868 
 he resigned that position to engage in the 
 jewelry business in Chillicothe, Ohio, remain- 
 ing there until, on account of failing health, 
 he was induced to take up the open-air pur- 
 suit of farming and stock-raising, following 
 that occupation several years. In 1878 he 
 located at Las Vegas, New Mexico, where he 
 was engaged in placer gold mining and mer- 
 chandising for several years, having owned the 
 first store at Golden and was the first Post- 
 master of the town. Since 1883 Mr. Hudson 
 has been engaged in the jewelry business in 
 Santa Fe. 
 
 In 1866 he was united in marriage with 
 Miss Elizabeth Platte, a native of Ohio and a 
 daughter of Peter Platte, who died on the 
 farm he had improved in that State, at the 
 age of eighty-six years. In the East Mrs. 
 Hudson had been a sufferer from asthma, and 
 it was to prolong her life that they came to 
 New Mexico, and she is now enjoying good 
 health. Mr. and Mrs. Hudson have three 
 children: Mary, now Mrs. N. M. Norfleet; 
 Frank H., engaged in the grocery business, 
 and Arthur, in business with his father. On 
 coming to Santa Fe Mr. Hudson immediately 
 became identified with the affairs of the city. 
 He purchased property, built a good home, 
 has served as City School Clerk, and has been 
 a member of the Board of Education since its 
 organization. He is an enthusiast on the sub- 
 
 ject of free schools, and was instrumental in 
 establishing the public-school system, of which 
 Santa Fe may well be proud. Religiously he 
 is an acceptable member of the Presbyterian 
 Church; politically, has been a life-long Re- 
 publican; and socially, has held various offices 
 in the Grand Army of the Republic. Mr. 
 Hudson is still interested in mining in this 
 Territory, and is looked upon as a most reli- 
 able and worthy business man. 
 
 * * ON. ALEXANDER L. MORRISON, 
 
 l^"\ ex-United States Marshal of New 
 r Mexico, now residing at Santa Fe, 
 was born at Ballycastle, county An- 
 trim, Ireland, October 20, 1831, and received 
 his education in his native country. He emi- 
 grated to America in 1846, and volunteered in 
 the Second New York Infantry, in the war 
 with Mexico. He now takes considerable pride 
 in wearing the badge of the Mexican war vet- 
 eran. Receiving an honorable discharge at 
 New Orleans, Mr. Morrison returned to Ire- 
 land, hoping to aid in the liberation of his na- ' 
 tive land, but soon after his arrival he was 
 suspected, and, without evidence against him, 
 was thrown into prison. After six months of 
 confinement, he was discharged without any 
 more process of law than that with which he 
 had been seized and imprisoned! Mr. Morri- 
 son then returned to America, glad to set foot 
 again on the land of the free, and worked at 
 the chair-maker's trade. In 1850 he removed 
 to Troy, New York, and there married, and in 
 1855 they went to Chicago, where our subject 
 worked at his trade for a time, and in the 
 meantime read law. In 1871 he was admitted 
 to practice. He was subsequently elected a 
 member of the State Legislature of Illinois, 
 and while there had the pleasure of voting for 
 Hon. John A. Logan for United States Sena- 
 tor, the General having been one of his dearest 
 friends. Mr. Morrison was also a warm friend 
 and supporter of General Garfield. When the 
 latter was elected President, he promised Mr. 
 Morrison the position of United States Mar- 
 
428 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 shal for the Territory of New Mexico, but the 
 beloved Garfield meeting with his untimely 
 death before the appointment was made, Presi- 
 dent Arthur carried out Mr. Garfield's inten- 
 tions, and in 1881 Mr. Morrison received his 
 appointment and came to the city of Santa 
 Fe. He held the position until after the election 
 of President Cleveland. When President Har- 
 rison was elected, Mr. Morrison received the 
 appointment of Register of the Land Office, 
 which position he filled until Cleveland again 
 came into power, and he then stepped down 
 and out. He has since been engaged in the 
 practice of law. 
 
 July 16, 1851, at Troy, Mr. Morrison was 
 united in marriage with Miss Jane Clark, a 
 native of Troy, and a descendant of a promi- 
 nent Irish family. Seven children have been 
 born to this union, namely : Robert Emmet, a 
 lawyer in Arizona; Alexander, in the employ 
 of the American Express Company in Chicago; 
 John V., manager of their ranch in Arizona; 
 Hugh O'N., in the employ of the Atlantic & 
 Pacific Railroad at Albuquerque; Joseph, a 
 lawyer in Arizona; Erin, a member of the 
 order of Lorette; and Mary, at home. They 
 are all faithful members of the Catholic Church, 
 and are an intelligent and estimable family. 
 They have a pleasant and commodious resi- 
 dence in Santa Fe. 
 
 BRANCISCO GONZALES v BACA, 
 Assessor of Santa Fe county, is a 
 native son of the Territory, born 
 August 15, 1855. He is a descendant 
 on both sides from the early Spanish conquer- 
 ors of the country. He is the son of Hon. 
 Nasario Gonzales, whose history also appears 
 in this work, to which the reader is referred for 
 a more complete account of the family. 
 
 Francisco Gonzales y Baca received his 
 education in the Christian Brothers' College in 
 Santa Fe and in an academy at St. Louis. He 
 began life on his own account as a farmer and 
 stock-grower, and now owns 320 acres of the 
 family ranch, where he has been interested in 
 
 sheep-raising. He was also engaged in mer- 
 chandising in Santa Fe for about six years. 
 In politics, like his father, Mr. Gonzales y 
 Baca is a reliable Democrat, and in 1894 he 
 was elected by his fellow citizens to the impor- 
 tant office of Assessor of the county, which po- 
 sition he is now creditably filling. 
 
 Our subject was united in marriage with 
 Miss Agrapina Delgado, a native of Santa Fe 
 and a descendant of the renowned Delgado 
 family. Six children have been born to that 
 union, namely: Jose, Manuela, Leopoldo, 
 Cornelia, Federico and Narsario, all residing 
 with their parents and attending school. Mr. 
 Gonzales y Baca is a prominent and faithful 
 citizen, as well as a most reliable and honor- 
 able public officer. 
 
 (D 
 
 CRONIN is one of the most promi- 
 nent residents of Lincoln, New 
 Mexico. He has probably held more 
 official positions, and had more of a 
 variegated career than any other resident in 
 the Territory. 
 
 A native of the southern part of the Emer- 
 ald Isle, he was born September 2-4, 1839, and 
 at the age of nine years left Ireland for Amer- 
 ica, taking up his residence in Massachusetts. 
 For eight years and a half he remained in the 
 Bay State, and its public schools afforded him 
 his educational privileges, but before the pre- 
 scribed course was completed, he ran away 
 from school and joined the army in New Mex- 
 ico, being under eighteen years of age. He has 
 since been connected with the- history of the 
 Southwest, and the story of his life if given in 
 detail would recount some of the most exciting 
 experiences that are found on the pages of New 
 Mexico's annals. Fearless and true in the 
 discharge of the duties that devolved upon him, 
 he was engaged in the arduous warfare with 
 the treacherous savage in numerous fights and 
 skirmishes. 
 
 In 1859 Mr. Cronin was in the Rio Gila ex- 
 pedition, engaged with the Apaches in Burro 
 mountain, where the celebrated chief Cuchillo 
 
HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 429 
 
 Negro was killed. In 1859 he participated in 
 a desperate engagement with the Apaches, 
 which occurred in Dog Canyon, of the Sacra- 
 mento mountains, the Americans being under 
 command of Lieutenant La Salle. In 1860 
 he accompanied the expedition which went to 
 the Canadian Red river under command of 
 Porter and Ruff. Subsequent to the battle of 
 Valverde in 1862 Mr. Cronin was assigned by 
 General Canby to the command of his depart- 
 ment guards, stationed at Santa Fe. In 1864 
 he was commissioned in Colonel "Kit" Car- 
 son's regiment of New Mexico Cavalry. In 
 1865, southwest of Fort Sumner, he with fifty 
 men of his regiment attacked and captured a 
 band of fifty-two Indians. For so doing the 
 Indians and their friends demanded his court 
 martial for killing a few of the band. In 1866, 
 at his own request he was mustered out of serv- 
 ice, though one of the officers selected by Gen- 
 eral Carleton to be retained in service in a hold- 
 over battalion of the regiment. 
 
 On his retirement from the army, Mr. 
 Cronin engaged under contract in supplying 
 beef to the army, being thus employed for two 
 years. His fidelity then, in 1869, was recog- 
 nized by an appointment to the position of 
 United States Deputy Marshal for Southern 
 New Mexico, there being at that time only 
 three deputies in the entire Territory. He was 
 also Clerk of the United States District Court 
 for the Third Judicial District ; filled the office 
 of Inspector of Customs at El Paso, Texas ; 
 served as Assistant United States Marshal ; 
 and in 1870 as census enumerator for Grant 
 and Donna Ana counties holding all four of- 
 fices at one time. In 1873, in connection with 
 Captain Paul Dowling, he conducted a sutler's 
 store at Fort Stanton, and the following year 
 received the appointment of Indian trader at 
 that place. In 1876 he went to Arizona, furn- 
 ishing army supplies under Government con- 
 tract, and the following year became a resident 
 of Lincoln county, New Mexico. 
 
 From 1 879 until 1882 Mr. Cronin was en- 
 gaged in mining and organized the mining dis- 
 trict of White Oaks, and was elected its first 
 
 Recorder. In connection with a Mr. James 
 Redman he selected the town site of White 
 Oaks. In 1883 and 1884 he was again in of- 
 ficial life, serving as Deputy County Clerk and 
 Assessor of Lincoln county. He was also the 
 first secretary of the Lincoln County Stock As- 
 sociation. His popularity and the confidence 
 reposed in him by the leaders of his party was 
 shown in 1884, when he was nominated by ac- 
 clamation by the Democracy for the office of 
 Clerk of Lincoln county. This honor, how- 
 ever, he declined, and in 1886 he also declined 
 an appointment of Inspector of Customs at 
 Deming, New Mexico. Mr. Cronin was at 
 this time engaged in mercantile pursuits in Lin- 
 coln and did not wish to sacrifice his commer- 
 cial interests. , He is now conducting a good 
 store, having built up a fair trade. 
 
 To other offices he has been called by the 
 will of the people and by appointment. In 
 June, 1887, he was appointed by Judge Hend- 
 erson United States Commissioner for the 
 Third Judicial District, and in 1887 was ap- 
 pointed, by Governor Ross, Probate Judge of 
 Lincoln county to fill out an unexpired term. 
 In 1889 and 1890 he was Chairman of Board 
 Commissioners of Lincoln county, and Probate 
 Judge during the years 1891, 1892, 1893 and 
 1894, being elected thereto without opposition 
 for the later term. 
 
 ILLIAM EGGERT, M. D., a promi- 
 nent medical practitioner of Santa 
 Fe, was born in Berlin, Germany, 
 August 29, 1824, received his early 
 education in his native land, and graduated at 
 the University of Berlin. He graduated at 
 the New York Homeopathic College in 1863, 
 and has since practiced in accordance with the 
 teachings of that school of medicine, residing 
 at Indianapolis, Indiana, until 1880. In that 
 year he came to Santa Fe, where he has since 
 exerted his utmost energies to alleviate the 
 sufferings of the afflicted. In 1882, by Gov- 
 ernor Sheldon, Dr. Eggert was made a mem- 
 ber of the Medical Territorial Examining Board, 
 
43 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 on which he has ever since served. He is a 
 member of the various medical societies, and 
 has written a number of books on medical sub- 
 jects, which have been published and sold by 
 the large publishing houses in the East. His 
 works have met with a satisfactory demand and 
 have elicited favorable comment. Dr. Eggert 
 has given the energy of his whole life to the 
 knowledge and practice of his profession, and 
 has gained the esteem of his brethern in the 
 profession, as well as the confidence and good 
 will of the people among whom he has practiced 
 and lived. 
 
 @EORGE LUDEMANN. The gentle- 
 man now under consideration is well- 
 known as the builder and proprietor 
 of the large wool-scouring establish- 
 ment located at Las Vegas, it being the largest 
 and best plant of the kind in the great South- 
 west. Before passing to a biography of Mr. 
 Ludemann, we wish to make reference to this 
 large establishment of which he is the head. 
 
 Mr. Ludemann's plant covers a tract of 
 six acres. The main building is ot brick, is 
 50 x 100 feet in dimensions, is two stories high, 
 and is covered with an iron roof. On one side 
 of this main building is a lean-to, built of brick, 
 24x48 feet, this addition being used for the 
 engine room; and on the other side of the build- 
 ing is a lean-to of the same material, 30 x 100 
 feet, used for the storage of wool. The first 
 main lower floor contains machinery for wool- 
 scouring, which is extensive and of the most 
 modern in use. The wool is also dried in this 
 room partially and in the upper room sorting 
 and drying is completed. On the front of this 
 property Mr. Ludemann has his own commo- 
 dious residence and in other parts of the ground 
 are residences for the workmen, and a place 
 for the large quantities of wood used for fuel. 
 The plant is as nearly fireproof as practical, 
 and the other buildings are placed at the great- 
 est possible distance from it. The whole prop- 
 erty has an air of cleanliness and thrift and at 
 once stamps the owner as an enterprising and 
 
 prosperous man. Mr. Ludemann had a large 
 experience in the business in Australia before 
 coming to Las Vegas and since the establish- 
 ment of his business in New Mexico has im- 
 proved the market for wool by taking from it 
 all the dirt and reducing its weight for ship- 
 ment. As showing the volume of his business, 
 we state that in a single season he has handled 
 as high as 5,600 sacks of scoured wool. 
 
 Mr. Ludemann is a native of Germany. 
 He was born in Holstein in the year 1832, was 
 reared and educated there, and in that country 
 learned the business which he has since so suc- 
 cessfully followed. In 1849 he went to Aus- 
 tralia and located at Melbourne, there conduct- 
 ing his business profitably for some time, thence 
 removing to New Zealand, where he also con- 
 tinued it successfully. In the meantime he 
 was engaged to some extent in placer gold- 
 mining in Australia. It was in 1882 that he 
 came to Las Vegas and established himself in 
 the business above described. 
 
 Mr. Ludemann was married in 1874 to Miss 
 Ellen Green, a native of England, and they 
 have two children, Lillie and Rosaline, the 
 former now in college in Missouri and the latter 
 at home with her parents. 
 
 In all public affairs, and especially those 
 relating to this city and Territory, Mr. Lude- 
 mann takes an intelligent and commendable 
 interest. His political views are in harmony 
 with the principles advocated by the Republi- 
 can party. A public-spirited citizen and thor- 
 oughly reliable business man, he enjoys the 
 confidence and esteem of the people of the 
 city in which he has created so important an 
 industry. 
 
 * * ENRY G. COORS. Nearly every 
 l'^ city contains a few residents, whose 
 _W personal history, if written, gives a 
 very fair idea of the growth of the 
 town itself, so closely identified are the in- 
 terests of the man and the town. Such a one 
 is the gentleman whose name heads this 
 sketch. Mr. Coors is the leading lumber and 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 43' 
 
 building supply dealer in the city of East LasVe- 
 gas, and a gentleman of such unquestioned bus- 
 iness ability and integrity as to make his name 
 a most familiar one throughout a very large 
 portion of the Territory. He came to the 
 place where East Las Vegas now stands just 
 previous to the building of the railroad, and is 
 therefore one of the pioneers and builders of 
 the town which has made such rapid and sub- 
 stantial growth within the past fifteen years. 
 
 Mr. Coors was born in the city of Cincin- 
 nati, Ohio, on the I2th day of December, 
 1851, and is of German ancestry. His father, 
 Henry Coors, was born in Germany, and emi- 
 grated to the United States when a young 
 man, settling in Cincinnati, where for several 
 years he was a successful cabinet maker and 
 furniture dealer. Later the family removed 
 to Fort Smith, Arkansas, where the father 
 died at the early age of thirty-five years. His 
 wife survived him and died at the old home- 
 stead in her sixty-ninth year. They were both 
 members of the Lutheran Church and were 
 people who enjoyed the highest esteem of all 
 with whom they were acquainted. 
 
 Their son, Henry G. , was the third in 
 order of birth in a family of seven children. 
 He was educated in the State University of 
 Arkansas, after which he served some years as 
 Assistant Postmaster and was also in the 
 stationery business at Van Buren. He came 
 from that place to Las Vegas in 1879 and at 
 once entered upon a business career which has 
 been eminently successful. He formed a part- 
 nership with Mr. Lockhart and embarked in 
 the lumber business, the firm name being 
 Lockhart & Company, which continued up to 
 1885, when Mr. Coors' brother, William F. 
 Coors, took the place of Mr. Lockhart in the 
 firm. The business was continued in this way 
 until 1890, when our subject became the sole 
 owner of the business. The enterprise, which 
 had been begun at first in a small way, steadi- 
 ly grew until it became the leading business of 
 its kind throughout the Territory of New 
 Mexico. Handling as they did all kinds 
 of building material, including building hard- 
 
 ware, at wholesale and retail, it was but 
 natural that Mr. Coors and his partners should 
 engage extensively in the erection of buildings. 
 This branch of the business they carried on in 
 a highly successful manner. They have built 
 a large number of structures in the city, thus 
 being most prominent factors in the material 
 growth and prosperity of the place. Mr. Coors 
 has erected for himself a handsome residence 
 and is at this time engaged in building a large 
 brick block, 25x150 feet in size and two 
 stories high, for the accommodation of his own 
 constantly increasing business. 
 
 In 1882 Mr. Coors was married to Miss 
 Lula A. Seewald, a native of Ohio. They 
 have three children, all born in Las Vegas, 
 their names being Henry G., Mary K. and 
 Alice. Mr. Coors' religious views are those of 
 the Lutheran Church, while his wife is of the 
 Episcopal faith. In politics he is a Republi- 
 can. He is a member of the local lodge of 
 the Knights of Pythias, and is identified with 
 other social organizations. He is deservedly 
 popular in both business and social circles and 
 is counted as one of the best citizens fo East 
 Las Vegas. 
 
 '^r'OHN HILL, the leading contractor 
 m and builder of East Las Vegas, New 
 ( J Mexico, and the owner of the best 
 planing-mill in the city, is the gentle- 
 man to whose life history we now direct atten- 
 tion. 
 
 Mr. Hill was born in England, July 13, 
 1846. His youthful days were spent in his 
 native land and he there received a fair educa- 
 tion and served an apprenticeship to the trade 
 of carpenter and builder. May i, 1863, he 
 sailed for America, when our great civil war was 
 in progress, and becoming interested on the 
 side of the North, he volunteered in the Union 
 army immediately after his arrival here. He 
 served in the Army of the Potomac and in the 
 Shenandoah valley, participating in the cam- 
 paigns which led up to the surrender of Gen- 
 eral Lee and the close of the war, after which 
 
43 2 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 he was honorably discharged. He then went 
 to Leavenworth, Kansas, and worked at his 
 trade there and in different places in the West 
 up to the time of his coming to East Las Vegas 
 in 1879. From 1879 until 1881 he worked in 
 the old town as a journeyman, and after this 
 until 1 884 had charge of the building business 
 of Lockhart & Company. In the last named 
 year he launched out in business on his own 
 account and since then has built many of the 
 best and most important buildings in the city, 
 among which may be mentioned the large 
 school building in the northwest part of the 
 city, the Asylum for the Insane, the fine 
 Taminie opera-house, and the large Ward 
 block. He also built the Guadaloupe court- 
 house and jail, the Union county court-house 
 and jail and the Santa Fe court-house. The 
 same year in which he began building and 
 contracting on his own account he erected his 
 own handsome residence in East Las Vegas, 
 where he now resides with his family, and it 
 was in 1887 that he built his store and planing- 
 mill, this being a brick structure. He manu- 
 factures sash, doors and blinds, all kinds of 
 molding, dresses lumber, etc. His business 
 is, indeed, one of great value to East Las 
 Vegas. 
 
 Mr. Hill was married in 1872 to Miss Hat- 
 tie Guenther, a native of Missouri, and they 
 have two children, John and Samuel, both 
 born in Las Vegas. 
 
 Fraternally, Mr. Hill is identified with the 
 Masonic order. He is Past High Priest of the 
 chapter and is one of the Masons who has been 
 prominent in the inception and building of the 
 fine Masonic Temple which is now such a credit 
 to the order and ornament to the city. He is 
 also a member of the A. O. U. W. , and his 
 political sympathies are with the Republican 
 party. Mr. Hill has seen the whole -of the 
 growth of East Las Vegas and has contributed 
 largely to the substantial and creditable build- 
 ings which adorn its streets and which go to 
 make it one of the nicest cities in the Territory 
 of New Mexico, and in all the walks of life he 
 has proved himself to be one of its best citizens. 
 
 *V^V L. ROSENTHAL is entitled to dis- 
 M tinction in this connection as one of 
 r the oldest and most successful mer- 
 chants of East Las Vegas. Follow- 
 ing is a resume of his life: 
 
 N. L. Rosenthal was born in Prussia, Sep- 
 tember 13, 1830, educated in his native land 
 and there learned the trade of tanner with his 
 father, who followed that business. In 1864 
 he came to America and located in New York, 
 was in business there a short time and then 
 went to St. Louis, Missouri, where he remained 
 six months. His next move was to Omaha, 
 Nebraska, in which city he continued to reside 
 until 1871. After this he was successively in 
 Denver, Elmoro and Otero, Colorado, and 
 from the last named place came in 1879 to 
 Las Vegas, New Mexico. At that time there 
 was no sign of the new town, and to him be- 
 longs the distinction of having built the first 
 store in that place, which is located at No. 109 
 Railroad street, and he is still engaged in busi- 
 ness in that building, but it has been enlarged. 
 He carries a large stock of general merchan- 
 dise and does both a wholesale and retail busi- 
 ness. His sons, Charles, Samuel'and William, 
 were associated with him in business until 1885, 
 the firm being known as Rosenthal & Sons; 
 but since then the sons have been given a lib- 
 eral capital by their father and are now running 
 a large store in the city on their own account. 
 In 1890 Mr. Rosenthal associated with him in 
 business his son-in-law, Mr. Leon Monka, and 
 the firm has since, as before, continued to 
 prosper, having an immense trade in both the 
 city and surrounding country. 
 
 Mr. Rosenthal has been a most successful 
 merchant. He owes his success to his indus- 
 try and to the liberal and honorable methods 
 with which he has always conducted his busi- 
 ness. In this way he has not only acquired a 
 handsome fortune, but has also secured the 
 good will and high esteem of his fellow citi- 
 zens. Such a record is creditable alike to him 
 and to the city in which he has been able to 
 achieve success. Mr. Rosenthal was one of 
 the organizers of the San Miguel Bank and has 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 433 
 
 been one of its directors. He has erected a 
 number of buildings in the city, has in various 
 ways been an important factor in its growth, 
 and has always directed his influence on the 
 side of right and truth. To educational mat- 
 ters especially has he given attention, having 
 served for some time as president of the City 
 School Board. He is a member of the Grand 
 Lodge, Ancient Order United Workmen, of 
 the Territory, and is one of the Grand Trus- 
 tees of the order. He also belongs to the In- 
 dependent Order of Odd Fellows, has passed 
 all the chairs in the order, and is Past Grand 
 Master of the jurisdiction which extends over 
 Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona. 
 
 In Prussia, in 1859, was consummated Mr. 
 Rosenthal's marriage to Miss Hulda Bukofzer, 
 a native of Germany, and they have six chil- 
 dren three sons and three daughters. Their 
 daughter Fannie is now Mrs. Julius Abrannsky, 
 and resides in East Las Vegas. The second 
 daughter, Jennie, married Mr. Leon Monka, 
 who has already been referred to as her fa- 
 ther's partner; and the youngest daughter, Miss 
 Lucy, is at home with her parents. Their 
 lome is one of the delightful ones of East 
 Vegas. 
 
 ^T*ULIUS GRAAF, the pioneer grocer of 
 m East Las Vegas, was born in Ham- 
 A 1 burg, Germany, November 26, 1840, 
 where he received his education and 
 learned the trade of cigar-maker. He emi- 
 grated to the United States in 1865, ignorant 
 of the language of this country and with only 
 $1.50 in his possession. He obtained work at 
 his trade in New York, where he remained one 
 year, after which he went to Independence, 
 Missouri, and from there to Kansas City. In 
 1872 Mr. Graaf removed to Las Animas, Colo- 
 rado, where he opened a grocery store re- 
 maining there until 1878, and then opened 
 store at Trinidad, same State. In the 
 following year he came, to Las Vegas, hav- 
 ing been engaged in business in the old town 
 until 1882, and trftn opened his store in East 
 
 28 
 
 Las Vegas. Mr. Graaf began business on a 
 small scale, but by close attention to his af- 
 fairs and liberal treatment of his customers 
 it has steadily increased until he is now 
 the leading retail grocer of East Las Ve- 
 gas. The firm is now known as Graaf & 
 Bowles. Since coming to this city our sub- 
 ject has been fully identified with its best in- 
 terests, and has taken a leading part in all its 
 public enterprises. He was a stockholder in 
 the first electric-light company, was a member 
 of the Las Vegas Building & Loan Association, 
 and in every way in in his power has helped to 
 build and make the city what it now is. Mr. 
 Graaf has also prospered with the prosperity 
 of his town, having built and still owning a 
 number of the business buildings of the city, 
 carries a large stock of groceries and pro- 
 visions, and enjoys the confidence and good 
 will of the people with whom he has so long 
 been identified. 
 
 In Kansas City, in 1874, he was united in 
 marriage with Miss Paulina Veal, a native of 
 Hanover, Germany. To this union have been 
 added two sons, Jacob and Joseph, the former 
 assisting his father in the store and the latter 
 attending school. In his social relations, Mr. 
 Graaf is a member of the Independent Order 
 of Odd Fellows, and politically, affiliates with 
 the Republican party. The family reside in a 
 pleasant home of their own in the city which 
 they have helped to build, and of which they 
 are respected citizens. 
 
 aLFEGO BACA, County Clerk of So- 
 corro county, New Mexico, and the 
 junior member of the prominent law 
 firm of Freeman & Baca, is a native of 
 the city in which he lives, Socorro, born Feb- 
 ruary 27, 1865. 
 
 Mr. Baca belongs to that branch of the 
 Baca family which has long been prominent in 
 New Mexico. Francisco Baca, his father, was 
 born in Socorro county, New Mexico, on the 
 Government grant owned by the family. He 
 
434 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 married Miss Juanita Baca, his second cousin, 
 and to them were born six children, only two 
 of whom are yet living, namely: A. B. Baca, 
 at this writing acting as chief Deputy Sheriff of 
 Socorro county, and Elfego, the youngest of 
 the family and the subject of this article. Their 
 mother died at Topeka, Kansas, at the age of 
 thirty-five years. The father is still living. 
 He has for years been engaged in stock-raising 
 and farming, and has filled the office of Justice 
 of the Peace. 
 
 In his native town Elfego Baca was reared 
 and educated. He read law in the office of 
 Judge Hamilton, a prominent lawyer of this 
 place, and was admitted to the bar in Decem- 
 ber, 1894. In February, 1895, the law firm 
 of which he is a member was organized, his 
 partner, Judge Freeman, being the late Asso- 
 ciate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Ter- 
 ritory, and thus giving the firm a prestige which 
 insures its success. Mr. Baca is the owner of 
 considerable real-estate both in and adjacent 
 to Socorro, and he has shown himself to be of 
 a progressive and enterprising nature by the 
 erection of numerous buildings in the town and 
 improvements upon his land. He has his farm- 
 ing land worked on shares. 
 
 Politically, Mr. Baca is a strong supporter 
 of the principles advocated by the Republican 
 party. In 1883, when only a boy in his 'teens, 
 he was appointed Deputy Sheriff of the county 
 under Peter A. Simpson, and, although only a 
 boy in years, proved himself to be a man in 
 strength and ability. In 1884 he was made 
 Deputy Sheriff of Bernalillo county, was re- 
 appointed in 1886, and served as such until 
 the winter of 1887-8, when he was appointed 
 United States Deputy Marshal for the Terri- 
 tory of New Mexico. In 1893 he received 
 the appointment of Clerk of Socorro county, in 
 1894 was nominated and elected to the office, 
 receiving a majority of 882 votes, his majority 
 being larger than the number of votes received 
 by his opponent, and he is now serving accept- 
 ably in this office. 
 
 Mr. Baca was married, in 1884, to Miss 
 Francisqueta Pohmer, a native of New Mexico 
 
 and a descendant of German and Spanish an- 
 cestors. They have three children, all born 
 in Socorro, namely: Alfredo A., Josephena 
 and Sofia. 
 
 HOMAS WALTER HAYWARD, pro- 
 prietor of the leading meat market of 
 East Las Vegas, New Mexico, opened 
 his business in this town in 1882, has 
 been here ever since and is consequently now 
 ranked with the oldest dealers in the city. 
 
 Mr. Hayward was born in Dorset, England, 
 June 29, 1846, a representative of an old Eng- 
 lish family. His father, Robert Hayward, was. 
 an army contractor, a butcher, farmer and 
 maltster. He married Miss Charlotte Eliza 
 Dunning, of Corne Abbas, England, and they 
 became the parents of seven children two 
 daughters and five sons. Three of the sons are 
 still living. The father died at the age of 
 seventy-eight years; the mother at forty-four. 
 They were members of the Episcopal Church, 
 and were people of the highest respectability. 
 Thomas Walter Hayward is their eldest 
 son. He was educated in his native land and 
 there learned the meat market business of his 
 father. In 1870 he emigrated to the United 
 States, locating first in Chicago, subsequently 
 went from there to Chetopa, Kansas, and at 
 the last named place engaged in business for 
 himself, continuing there for ten years and 
 meeting with satisfactory success. His brother, 
 George James Hayward, had preceded him 
 three years to East Las Vegas. This town was 
 then only fairly started. Entering into part- 
 nership, in 1882, they continued together ten 
 months, since which time Thomas W. has car- 
 ried on business alone, and by fair and honor- 
 able dealing and prompt attention to the wants 
 of his customers he has established and main- 
 tained an excellent trade. In addition to his 
 market here he has a branch shop in the old 
 town of Las Vegas, and thus delivers meat to 
 customers in all parts of both towns. The 
 Las Vegas branch of the business is now in 
 charge of his son George. 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 435 
 
 Since coming to East Las Vegas Mr. Hay- 
 ward has in various ways become identified 
 with its interests, has acquired considerable 
 city property, and has built one of the fine res- 
 idences of the town. In politics he is a Dem- 
 ocrat. He has interested himself in the edu- 
 cational affairs of the town, has served several 
 years on the School Board, and the last year 
 of his service was its president. He has also 
 been elected and served two years as one of 
 the County Commissioners of San Miguel 
 county, and as such rendered his county all 
 the valuable service in his power. He is a 
 Master Mason, and has held the office of Junior 
 Warden of his lodge. In short, in every po- 
 sition of life he has conducted himself up- 
 rightly and honorably. 
 
 Mr. Hayward was married, in 1872, to 
 Miss Samantha Josephine Hanson, a native of 
 Ohio, their marriage being consummated in 
 Chetopa, Kansas, and their union has been 
 blessed with four sons and a daughter, namely: 
 Robert, George Hanson, Walter H., William 
 H. and Charlotte Josephine. 
 
 Mr. Hayward and his family are members 
 of the Episcopal Church, of which he is one 
 of the Trustees, and they are well known and 
 highly appreciated in both the old and the new 
 town of Las Vegas. 
 
 HNDREW A. WISE, the representa- 
 tive real-estate dealer of East Las 
 Vegas, was born in Pennsylvania, 
 January 18, 1829, and is of German 
 descent. His ancestors located in Pennsyl- 
 vania previous to the Revolution. They were 
 residents of Philadelphia, and were Loyalists 
 during that struggle, on account of which they 
 were obliged to leave the city. They afterward 
 became residents of Pennsylvania and Virginia, 
 and Mr. Wise is a descendant of the Pennsyl- 
 vania side of the family. His grandfather, 
 Aaron Wise, born in that State, was the father 
 of eleven children, and at his death, at the age 
 of ninety-five years, he had ninety-three grand- 
 children. Jacob Wise, the father of our sub- 
 
 ject, was born in Pennsylvania in 1803, and 
 was a blacksmith and farmer by occupation. 
 He married Miss Harriet Alexander, and they 
 had eight children, five sons and three daugh- 
 ters, of whom only three are now living. Four 
 of the sons volunteered in the service of the 
 country during the great Civil war, and two 
 died from the effects of wounds received in the 
 army. Cyrus re-enlisted and died soon after 
 returning home. The father died of typhoid 
 fever in 1845, at the age of forty-three years. 
 His wife survived him fifteen years, departing 
 this life in her fiftieth year. They were Free- 
 will Baptists, and were highly esteemed by all 
 who knew them as people of integrity and 
 worth. 
 
 Andrew A. Wise, their eldest child, obtain- 
 ed his early education in the primitive log 
 schoolhouse in the new State of Ohio. He 
 was sixteen years of age when his father died, 
 and, being the eldest of the family, the care 
 devolved upon him. He says of himself that 
 he was rather inclined to be a lazy boy, but the 
 struggle for life brought out his energy, and 
 from that time he became an industrious and 
 hard-working citizen. They owned a black- 
 smith shop, and Mr. Wise afterward learned 
 carpentering and wagon-making. As he grew 
 older he purchased a farm in the woods, which 
 he cleared and sold, and then purchased an- 
 other, which he also cleared and sold. In 
 1866 he went to Johnson county, Missouri, 
 where he followed contracting and building 
 until 1 88 1. In that year Mr. Wise came to 
 Las Vegas, New Mexico, having followed min- 
 ing in the White Oak district, and made money 
 in that venture. Since that time he has been 
 a resident of East Las Vegas, and was engaged 
 in the real-estate business with his brother, J. 
 H. , doing business under the firm name of 
 A. A. & J. H. Wise. When they opened their 
 office there were thirty real-estate men in the 
 city. He is now the only one of that number 
 in business. 
 
 In political matters, Mr. Wise was raised a 
 Democrat, and his first presidential vote was 
 cast for Franklin Pierce. During the war his 
 
43 6 
 
 HIS TORT Of NEW MEXICO. 
 
 sympathies were with the North, and he has 
 been a stanch Republican since the organiza- 
 tion of that party. 
 
 In 1852 Mr. Wise was united in marriage 
 with Miss Julia Wheaton, a native of Ohio. 
 They have had four children Jeanette, now 
 Mrs. Clinton Frye; Hattie, the wife of Dr. A. 
 B. Peak; Clara, wife of Perry C. Hoysett, en- 
 gaged in business with our subject ; and Edward 
 William, of this city. Mr. Wise has built a 
 pleasant and commodious home in this city, 
 where he and his family reside in peace and 
 plenty. 
 
 @ROSS, BLACKWELL & COM- 
 PANY, wholesale dealers in groceries, 
 provisions and wool in East Las Ve- 
 gas, is the largest firm of its kind in 
 New Mexico. They also have a large store 
 in Albuquerque and one of the most extensive 
 wool houses in the country located at St. Louis, 
 Missouri. The pioneers in the business were 
 Otero Sellar & Company, they having opened 
 their store in 1867, and sold goods along the 
 line of the Kansas Pacific and Santa Fe Rail- 
 roads. During the construction of the railroad 
 they located the main house at East Las Vegas, 
 and Messrs. Jacob Gross and H. W. Kelly 
 then became connected with the firm. A. M. 
 Blackwell was connected with the old firm of 
 Chick, Browne & Company. In 1881 these 
 gentlemen organized the firm of Gross, Black- 
 well & Company, and bought out the business 
 of Otero Sellar & Company. They now have 
 the largest wholesale house of the kind in the 
 Territory, selling throughout New Mexico, 
 Arizona and portions of Colorado. They han- 
 dle all kinds of produce, hides and wool. The 
 store and warehouse at East Las Vegas covers 
 acres of ground. Their wonderful success may 
 be attributed to their energy, business integrity 
 and the considerate and liberal treatment of 
 their customers. 
 
 Mr. Gross, the senior member of the firm, 
 is a native of Baltimore, but his entire business 
 life has been spent in the West, where he is 
 
 widely and favorably known throughout busi- 
 ness circles. He now resides in St. Louis. Mr. 
 Blackwell was born in Carrollton, Missouri, 
 and he too has spent his business life in the 
 West, and has attained an equally wide and 
 favorable acquaintance throughout the country. 
 Mr. Kelly, who has charge of the entire 
 business in New Mexico, is considered one of 
 New Mexico's representative business men. He 
 was born in Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1858, 
 and was only fifteen years of age when he began 
 his mercantile career. In 1879 he came to 
 East Las Vegas, and has since been indentified 
 with its growth and development, aiding in 
 every enterprise which has for its object the 
 advancement of the city. Mr. Kelly takes a 
 deep interest in educational affairs, and is serv- 
 ing as School Director. He is also Vice-Presi- 
 dent of the Las Vegas Savings Bank. In his 
 social relations he is a member of the Masonic 
 fraternity. 
 
 HDOLPH HARSCH, one of the early 
 pioneers of Albuquerque and a vet- 
 eran of the great Civil war, was born 
 in Wurtemberg, Germany, October 
 30, 1841. Both his great-grandfathers were 
 members of Napoleon Bonaparte's body guard, 
 and were taken prisoners at Moscow. He is 
 also a cousin of the Postmaster General of 
 Wurtemberg. The parents of our subject, 
 John George and Elizabeth (Deshly) Harsch, 
 were also natives of Germany. Our subject 
 came with his father to America when ten 
 years of age, locating at Peoria, Illinois, where 
 he continued to reside until his father's death, 
 when he was aged seventy-one years. His 
 wife survived him many years, departing this 
 life in her eighty-second year. They were 
 Evangelical Lutherans, and were people of 
 honesty and industry. 
 
 Adolph Harsch, the third of their twelve 
 children, seven now living, began working for 
 his own support when thirteen years of age, 
 following the vocation of farming two years. 
 He then obtained a situation as clerk. When 
 
HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 437 
 
 the great Civil war burst upon the country, 
 Mr. Harsch answered to President Lincoln's 
 call for volunteers, and enlisted in Company I, 
 Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, under 
 General Sherman, participated in Grant's first 
 victorious campaign, in the battles of Belmont, 
 Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, and while 
 making a charge in the last engagement his 
 company lost twenty-nine men! Mr. Harsch 
 next participated in the battles of Shiloh and 
 Fort Gibson, in which he was wounded by a 
 piece of shell, but was in the hospital only one 
 day, when he rejoined his regiment and went 
 with them to Black river. At the battle of 
 Champion Hill his regiment made a charge 
 which broke the enemy's line and turned the 
 battle in favor of the Union army. At the 
 siege of Vicksburg Mr. Harsch was a sharp- 
 shooter, and during the thirty days in that 
 capacity he shot 100 cartridges each day, hav- 
 ing made it interesting for any enemy that 
 came in sight. From that time he took part 
 in all the campaigns which led up to and in- 
 cluded the taking of Atlanta, and from there 
 he accompanied Sherman on his triumphant 
 march to the sea. During that time Mr. 
 Harsch also did a great deal of foraging for his 
 regiment, and while on an expedition of this 
 kind to New Goldsboro, North Carolina, 
 with a few comrades, they were captured and 
 taken prisoners, having been held fifteen days 
 at Salisbury. They were then taken on a 
 freight train to chop and load wood, and he 
 and his comrades decided they would make a 
 break for liberty, jumping from the top of the 
 freight car while it was in motion. Although 
 they were fired on by the guards they succeed- 
 ed in making their escape. Mr. Harsch's 
 jump proved a severe one for him, as his ankle 
 was put out of joint, both sides were injured, 
 and he was struck in the back by a ball, which 
 he has ever since carried. But such was his 
 courage that he walked to Knoxville, a dis- 
 tance of 150 miles, in that condition, remain- 
 ing in the woods during the day, and travel- 
 ing by night! Before going on the foraging ex- 
 pedition he had drawn new clothes, but during 
 
 his imprisonment most of them were taken 
 from him, and he was obliged to make the 
 journey in his bare feet, which greatly added 
 to his suffering. After the expiration of his 
 term, Mr. Harsch enlisted for three years, and 
 at the close of that term of service he enlisted 
 to serve to the close of the struggle, thus becom- 
 ing a veteran of veterans. Mr. Harsch also 
 narrates the following little incident which oc- 
 curred while he was a sharpshooter. A Con- 
 federate crawled up behind a little knoll and 
 fired at him and his companions, but he and 
 a comrade instantly returned the fire and killed 
 the Confederate. A second crawled up to pull 
 him away, and they wounded him, and an old 
 man then came up to pull the wounded man 
 back. As they were about to take aim at him 
 a comrade came and asked them to let the old 
 fellow go, and they withdrew their fire. A 
 book could be filled with incidents of interest 
 in his life as a brave Union soldier, but enough 
 has been said to show that he served his 
 Government valiantly, and is deserving of the 
 highest praise. 
 
 At the close of the war Mr. Harsch returned 
 to his home in Illinois, where he was engaged 
 in the grocery, bakery and confectionery busi- 
 ness with his brother for five years. In July, 
 1880, he arrived in New Mexico. The town 
 of Albuquerque had then just been started, 
 where he at once opened a restaurant and 
 bakery, but discontinued the former a year 
 afterward. He remained in the bakery busi- 
 ness seven years, meeting with satisfactory 
 success. Since 1889 he has been engaged in 
 the manufacture and bottling of soda water, 
 and is the owner of the Coyote Canyon 
 Springs, which yield a mineral water that has 
 become noted for its curative properties. The 
 business of marketing this water is one of the 
 successful enterprises of the city. In 1880 
 Mr. Harsch erected the building on First street 
 in which they now conduct the trade. 
 
 November 3, 1868, he was united in mar- 
 
 ! riage with Miss Catherine Staufer, a native of 
 
 Berne, Switzerland. They have four children 
 
 Edwin B., Walter A., Katie E. and Rosa 
 
438 
 
 HIS TOR T OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 May J. Mr. Harsch has been a life-long, 
 tried and true Republican, and has represented 
 his ward, the Second, in the City Council. He 
 is a Master Mason, a member of the Ancient 
 Order of United Workmen, of the National 
 Union and of the Grand Army of the Republic, 
 of which he has served in the latter as Vice 
 Commander and as Accountant of the Terri- 
 tory. 
 
 @EORGE K. NEHER, one of Albu- 
 querque's most successful business 
 men, was born in Wisconsin, .October 
 12, 1862. His father, Melchias Neher, 
 was a native of Germany. Soon after marriage 
 he came to America, locating in Wisconsin, 
 and engaged in the brewery business for a num- 
 ber of years. His death occurred at the age 
 of fifty-one years, and his widow is still living, 
 now a resident of Nebraska. 
 
 George K. , their eldest child, received his 
 education in his native State, and began work 
 for himself as clerk in a store. He arrived in 
 Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 1881, with just 
 $1.60 in his possession, but he soon found em- 
 ployment in old Albuquerque, remaining there 
 for three years. He then became sole owner 
 of the business. In 1884 Mr. Neher came to 
 the new town and became proprietor of the 
 St. Julian, which he conducted, with success, 
 for a year and a half. After retiring from that 
 business he was employed as clerk one year for 
 Dr. Faver, after which he conducted a meat 
 market one year, for the following seven months 
 was engaged in manufacturing and bottling 
 soda water, then purchased a half interest in 
 the Mint, but a year later sold his interest to 
 his partner, and in 1889 started the White Ele- 
 phant, which rapidly became one of the most 
 popular places in Albuquerque, patronized 
 largely by the leading business men of the city. 
 Mr. Neher has been very fortunate in all his 
 business ventures. He now owns valuable im- 
 proved and unimproved lots in the city, is the 
 owner of the St. Elmo building, which was 
 erected at a cost of $12,000, has one of the 
 
 finest brick residences in the city, and is one 
 of the owners of the Cathrine Liliput gold 
 mine, one of the most promising mines in the 
 country. He is a great lover of the "chase" 
 and marksmanship, giving much attention to 
 pigeon-shooting. He is an active, capable, 
 liberal and enterprising gentleman, ever ready 
 to contribute his full share toward the improve- 
 ment and advancement of the interests of 
 his city. 
 
 April 5, 1885, Mr. Neher was united in 
 marriage with Miss Georgia Zirhut, a daughter 
 of Hon. Matthew C. Zirhut, of Albuquerque. 
 Mrs. Neher died June i, 1895. Mr. Neher 
 has four children, all born in this city Willie 
 G., Carrie, Lola and George. 
 
 HRTHUR EVERITT, the leading jew- 
 eler of Albuquerque, was born in 
 England, December 26, 1853, was 
 educated in his native country, served 
 an apprenticeship there at the jewelry business, 
 and for five years was chief examiner of the 
 English Watch Company's manufactory in 
 Birmingham. In April, 1881, he left his na- 
 tive land for America, landing in New Orleans 
 May ist, following. After residing in that 
 city two years he came to the new town of Al- 
 buquerque, where, on February i, 1884, he em- 
 barked in business. Mr. Everitt has ever 
 since occupied the same location, on Railroad 
 avenue, has built up an extensive trade, and 
 enjoys the full confidence of the citizens of Al- 
 buquerque. His stock comprises many beau- 
 tiful diamonds, emeralds, opals and other rare 
 jewels, watches, silverware and art goods. In 
 addition he manufactures filigree and diamond 
 mountings, and is a good optician. Mr. Ever- 
 itt is a thorough workman, giving close atten- 
 tion to his business, and by honorable methods 
 has succeeded far beyond his expectations. 
 Since coming to this city he has been fully 
 identified with its interests, and has purchased 
 much real estate. In addition to his other 
 occupations, he has planted a beautiful orchard 
 near the city. 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 439 
 
 In 1875 our subject was united in marriage 
 with Miss Annie Reynolds, a native of Coven- 
 try, England. They have four children, all 
 attending the city schools, namely: Edyth 
 Lenore, Olivia, George and Evelyn. Mr. 
 Everitt was a charter member and is a stock- 
 holder in the fine building of the Commercial 
 Club, and is a prominent Mason, a member of 
 the blue lodge, Royal Arch, Temple and 
 Shrine. He is independent in political mat- 
 ters. Mr. Everitt is a man among men in 
 everything that pertains to the growth and well 
 being of his city, and is a worthy and highly 
 esteemed citizen of Albuquerque. 
 
 aDWIN S. CUMMINGS, Alderman 
 of Albuquerque, was born in Pine 
 Creek, Ogle county, Illinois, April 7, 
 1855. His father, Benjamin F. Cum- 
 mings, was a native of Vermont, but when a 
 young man he removed to Illinois. He was 
 there married to Miss Elizabeth Yates, and 
 they had six sons and four daughters, of whom 
 seven are still living. Mr. Cummings was a 
 prominent farmer in Illinois. He and his wife 
 were members of the Christian Church, and 
 were industrious and honest people. He died 
 in Missouri in 1871, aged sixty-six years, and 
 the mother still survives, now seventy-seven 
 years of age. 
 
 Edwin S. Cummings, their sixth child in 
 order of birth, was educated in the public 
 schools of his native town, and began to earn 
 his own living at the age of twelve years. In 
 1873 he came West, and was engaged as a 
 "cow-boy" in Colfax county, New Mexico, 
 for a number of years, after which he worked 
 at the carpenter's trade, and in 1893 he em- 
 barked in the mercantile business, keeping a 
 second-hand store on First street. He now oc- 
 cupies a building 25 x 1 10 feet, also a large 
 warehouse 50x60, filled with a large variety 
 of such goods as a second-hand store demands; 
 and he also has a large stock of new goods. 
 Mr. Cummings has built up a large and re- 
 munerative business in Albuquerque, and has 
 
 the reputation of being a fair and honorable 
 dealer. 
 
 In political matters he is a stanch Repub- 
 lican. In 1895 he was elected by that party 
 to represent his ward in the City Council, and 
 is now serving in that capacity, doing all in his 
 power for the improvement and upbuilding of 
 his chosen city. 
 
 Mr. Cummings was married in 1886 to Miss 
 Nettie Lott, a native of Pennsylvania. To 
 this union have been born three children, all 
 in Albuquerque, and two are now living Grace 
 E. and Claud E. Mr. Cummings is a man of 
 much ability, and since residing in New Mex- 
 ico he has acquired the Spanish language, and 
 is thus able to transact business readily with 
 the natives of the country, as well as with the 
 English-speaking people. He is active, enter- 
 prising and progressive, and has the credit of 
 making his own way in the world, aided by 
 none. 
 
 aESARE A. GRANDE, Alderman of 
 Albuquerque and one of the city's 
 prominent business men, was born in 
 Naples, Italy, March 15, 1854, of 
 Italian ancestry. He was educated in his na- 
 tive country, and learned the stone-cutter's 
 trade, as well as that of stone-mason. Mr. 
 Grande came to the United States May i, 
 1882, arriving in Albuquerque, New Mexico, 
 twelve days later. After coming to this city 
 he immediately began work at his trade, hav- 
 ing assisted in the erection of a number of the 
 principal buildings here. In 1890 he opened 
 a brick-yard in the city and furnished brick for 
 the Catholic Church, the San Felipe Hotel, 
 the finest hotel in the city, and for a number 
 of other buildings. In 1887 Mr. Grande em- 
 barked in the saloon and grocery'business in 
 Albuquerque, and has met with more than 
 ordinary success in this venture. In 1888, at 
 305 Broadway, he built for himself a large, 
 two-story building for a store and residence, 
 in which he now resides and carries on his ex- 
 tensive business. 
 
440 
 
 H1STORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 In 1884 our subject was united in marriage 
 with Miss Felicita Tushan, and they had one 
 daughter, Rosie. The wife and mother de- 
 parted this life in March, 1890, and two years 
 afterward Mr. Grande married Macedonia 
 Garule, a native daughter of New Mexico. In 
 his social relations Mr. Grande is a member of 
 the Christopher Columbus Benevolent Society. 
 Politically he is one of the leading Democrats 
 of his community, and he has won the confi- 
 dence and esteem of the citizens of the First 
 Ward to the extent that in 1893 they elected 
 him to represent that ward in the City Coun- 
 cil, a position which he is now filling to the 
 best of his ability and to the entire satisfac- 
 tion of his constituents. He is ever ready to 
 do all in his power to advance the interests of 
 the city of his choice. 
 
 eMIL E. STOFFEL, the leading har- 
 ness-manufacturer and dealer of Al- 
 buquerque, was born in St. Clair 
 county, Illinois, May 21, 1866. His 
 father, Louis Stoffel, was a native of Germany, 
 and came to America when young. He was 
 married in this country to Miss Mary Frey, 
 and they had fourteen children, eleven of whom 
 are now living. The father departed this life 
 in 1880, at the age of fifty years, and the 
 mother is still living, in her sixty-fourth year. 
 They were active members in the Presbyterian 
 Church, and were honorable and upright citi- 
 zens. 
 
 Emil E. Stoffel, their eighth child, received 
 only a limited education in the public schools 
 of his native town, and, as he began making 
 his own way in the world at the early age of 
 fifteen years, he can justly be termed a self- 
 made man. After learning the harness-maker's 
 trade he foflowed that occupation three years 
 in his native place, and then worked in Mis- 
 souri. August 20, 1885, he arrived in Albu- 
 querque, New Mexico, and, rather than be 
 idle, he obtained employment in a livery stable. 
 Mr. Stoffel subsequently found work at his 
 trade with Johnson & Prager; later worked for 
 
 J. H. Hughes, and then removed to Denver, 
 following his trade there for two years. While 
 there, in 1888, he was united in marriage with 
 Miss Barbara Hornisher, a native of Germany. 
 In the following year Mr. and Mrs. Stoffel 
 came to Albuquerque, where he opened a shop 
 of his own, and by close attention to business 
 and honorable dealings he has met with won- 
 derful success. In 1892 he erected his brick 
 building, 50 by 50 feet, on Copper avenue, and 
 it is filled with a well-selected stock of such 
 goods as are to be found in a first-class harness 
 and saddlery establishment. His business 
 still continues to prosper, and he has acquired 
 the reputation of being the leading merchant in 
 his line in the city. The family reside in their 
 home on South Broadway. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Stoffel have three children Eda, Clara and 
 Louis. 
 
 Mr. Stoffel is a member of the Red Men 
 and of the Woodmen of the World, and in 
 politics he is a stanch Republican. 
 
 aHARLES MAUSARD, of Albu- 
 querque, is one of the active, pro- 
 gressive business men of the Territory 
 of New Mexico, who by his own efforts 
 has rapidly attained prosperity. 
 
 Mr. Mausard was born at St. Mary's, Ohio, 
 March 23, 1854, and is a descendant from 
 German and French ancestry. He was reared 
 and received a public-school education in his 
 native town. At the age of fourteen he began 
 to learn the flouring-mill business, and to this 
 business he has ever since given his attention, 
 meeting with merited success. He worked in 
 the Shellabarger mills in Decatur, Illinois, the 
 Shawnee mills at Topeka, Kansas, and Star's 
 mills at Vallejo, California all among the best 
 mills in the country, and in these he early 
 acquired a thorough knowledge of the business 
 in its every detail. 
 
 It was in 1886 that Mr. Mausard came to 
 New Mexico, and that year, at old Albu- 
 querque, in partnership with his brother Theo- 
 dore and Mr. J. R. Smith, he leased the Hun- 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ing mills, which they ran successfully. Three 
 years later he began the erection of his present 
 brick, steam flouring-mill, which is located on 
 the railroad, corner of Railroad street and 
 Fruit avenue, in the new town. This is both 
 a merchant and custom mill, has a full roller 
 process and a capacity of seventy-five barrels 
 per day, and is as conveniently arranged and 
 well designed as practical experience could 
 suggest. It turns out an excellent quality of 
 flour, which has given general satisfaction 
 wherever sold, and from the completion of the 
 mill up to the present time its owner has done 
 a prosperous and paying business. It goes 
 without saying that this enterprise is one of 
 the desirable accessions to the business of the 
 city. 
 
 Mr. Mausard was happily married in Sep- 
 tember, 1889, to Miss Alice Sanders, a native 
 of Lisbon, Iowa, and they own and occupy one 
 of the commodious and elegant homes of the 
 city. Their residence, a handsome brick, is 
 situated on the corner of Fruit avenue and 
 Second street, and was erected by him in 
 1892. And thus in the erection of his resi- 
 dence as well as mill has he added to the ma- 
 terial growth of the city. 
 
 In fraternal as well as business circles Mr. 
 Mausard is prominent and active. He belongs 
 to the Masons, having taken the degrees of 
 the Commandery and also those of the Mystic 
 Shrine. In politics, he is a firm adherent to 
 the principles of the Republican party, and he 
 is a member of the School Board of Albu- 
 querque. 
 
 While some people are ashamed to state 
 that they began business without any capital, 
 Mr. Mausard is justly proud of the fact that 
 when he and his partners established them- 
 selves at old Albuquerque they had just ten 
 dollars in money. A year later, when the firm 
 dissolved and he bought out his partners, he 
 had four dollars left, and by honest toil, care- 
 ful economy and the exercise of good judg- 
 ment, he has made a showing that is credit- 
 able alike to himself and the city in which he 
 is located. He takes a deep interest in the 
 
 upbuilding of Albuquerque, and, like her other 
 progressive citizens, opens his purse when it is 
 needed. In his case that saying proves true 
 "The liberal man deviseth liberal things, and 
 by liberal things shall he stand." 
 
 HARLES W. LEWIS. It is now 
 the privilege of the biographer to 
 present a resume of the life of one of 
 New Mexico's prominent native sons, 
 a man who has descended from distinguished 
 ancestors, who has spent his whole life in this 
 Territory and who has figured conspicuously 
 in its affairs. 
 
 Charles W. Lewis was born at Peralta, 
 Valencia county, New Mexico, July 16, 1844. 
 His father, George W. Lewis, a native of 
 Kentucky, descended from two of the noted 
 families of the South, the Lewises and Woods. 
 When a young man he came with Kit Carson 
 to New Mexico, and for a number of years was 
 engaged in trapping beaver in the Rocky moun- 
 tains. At one time he was made a prisoner by 
 the authorities at Santa Fe. After his release 
 he settled here and gave his attention to pros- 
 pecting, mining and speculating, and at times 
 aided the inhabitants in fighting the Indians, 
 who frequently made savage attacks upon the 
 settlers. And here he met and married Miss 
 Marcadena, the daughter of Hon. Juan An- 
 tonia Salis, at that time Quartermaster of the 
 King's Command at Santa Fe. In 1860 Mr. 
 Lewis was at Memphis, where he took part in 
 a fight and was killed; aged sixty-five years. 
 His widow still survives. She has attained her 
 eighty-fifth year. Her mother was an Ortiz, 
 the Ortiz family also being ranked with the 
 most distinguished early settlers of the Terri- 
 tory. George W. Lewis and his wife had thir- 
 teen children, Charles W. being the fifth born 
 and one of the seven who are still living, the 
 others having died in infancy. 
 
 Charles W. was educated in the Christia n 
 Brothers' school in St. Louis and after com- 
 pleting his studies gave his time and attention 
 to mercantile pursuits, in which he was engag- 
 
442 
 
 HJSTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ed for a period of twenty-nine years, nine years 
 at Peralta and twenty at Albuquerque, doing 
 both a retail and wholesale business. He also 
 became largely interested in the raising of cattle 
 and sheep, and acquired a vast landed estate. 
 At one time his sheep numbered 68,000, and 
 his broad acres stretched away for miles and 
 miles. He purchased the whole of the M. Mon- 
 tanzo grant, consisting of 45,000 acres of land, 
 had 18,000 acres adjoining it, and owned a 
 third tract of 4,000 acres. This Montanzo 
 grant is now in the hands of a syndicate, corn- 
 posed of seven gentlemen and known as the 
 Western Homestead and Irrigation Company, 
 of which Mr. Lewis is a large stockholder, and 
 they expect to improve and colonize it. Its 
 location is in the Rio Puerco valley, some eight- 
 een miles west of Albuquerque, and it is well 
 supplied with timber and coal, and, what is 
 best of all, an abundance of water. With all 
 these natural advantages and with these gen- 
 tlemen of enterprise and capital at its back, 
 the movement is sure to meet with success. 
 
 Mr. Lewis is also the owner of a valuable 
 mining property located twenty-one miles 
 southeast of Albuquerque, which will, no doubt, 
 bring a fortune to its operators. It is Mr. 
 Lewis's intention, in the near future, to form 
 a syndicate and develop the property. Besides 
 this, he is interested in other mines in the same 
 locality. 
 
 He was married in 1869 to Miss Jessie 
 Evans, a native of St. Louis, and they are the 
 parents of four children, all born in New Mex- 
 ico, namely: George E., Jesse, Charles B. and 
 John W. 
 
 In his political affiliations, Mr. Lewis has 
 all his life been an ardent Republican. He 
 has served his county both as Assessor and 
 Treasurer, and could have held various other 
 offices had it not been that his extensive busi- 
 ness interests demanded his entire attention. 
 In the early days before the advent of railroads, 
 Mr. Lewis, like other pioneer merchants of the 
 Territory, did much freighting from Kansas 
 City. He had a freight train of nine wagons, 
 with five yoke of oxen to a wagon. These long 
 
 journeys to and from Kansas City were not in- 
 frequently attended with great danger from the 
 hostile Indians. He, however, was seldom 
 molested. In his business life he has been en- 
 terprising and liberal, he has done his full share 
 to bring about a higher civilization here, and 
 he is entitled to the respect and esteem which 
 is accorded him. 
 
 y * ENRY V. HARRIS, late County Clerk 
 l^\ of Bernalillo county, New Mexico, 
 
 ^F ably filled this position for the past 
 eight years, and for this reason, if no 
 other, is entitled to honorable mention in the 
 history of his county; but, more than this, he 
 was a pioneer of the Territory, spent more than 
 thirty-five years of his life here, witnessed the 
 advent of the railroad, watched with interest the 
 advance of civilization, and in all these years 
 he did his part toward promoting the best in- 
 terests of the Territory. 
 
 Mr. Harris was born in Potosi, Washing- 
 ton county, Missouri, January 8, 1841, son of 
 Henry and Mary A. (Hefner) Harris, the former 
 born in Poland, of German and Polish parent- 
 age, the later a native of Bardstown, Kentucky, 
 her father a German and her mother an Amer- 
 ican. Henry Harris, our subject's father, spent 
 his life in the jewelry business, and died at the 
 age of sixty-five years. His wife died of cholera 
 when their little son, Henry V., was ten years 
 old, consequently our subject never knew a 
 mother's love and care. 
 
 In his native town and at Independence, 
 Missouri, Mr. Harris was sent to school and 
 acquired a fair English education, graduating 
 at the Catholic Brothers' College, St. Louis, 
 Missouri. In 1859 he was employed as book- 
 keeper for Roberts & Porter, mail contractors 
 who carried the mail from Independence, Mis- 
 souri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico; and that same 
 year young Harris made the trip by stage to 
 Santa Fe. The mail which they carried was 
 the first the people of Santa Fe had received 
 for a period of three months. On his arrival 
 in New Mexico he stayed five weeks, then re- 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 443 
 
 turned to St. Louis and stayed one year, then 
 came again to New Mexico and became book- 
 keeper and manager at the sutler's store at 
 Fort Union, holding the position fifteen years, 
 after which he was for ten years agent for the 
 Government freight contractor, during that 
 time experiencing much of wild life. When the 
 railroad was built he followed it to Deming. 
 The railroad, of course, killed the old freight- 
 ing business, and after that he kept books for 
 T. Romero & Son at old Alburquerque, and 
 later in the new town. This firm sold out to 
 Dold & Hostetter, and he continued with them 
 until they sold out. Still later he was book- 
 keeper for W. E. Talbort, a wholesale liquor 
 dealer. In 1888 Mr. Harris was chosen by his 
 party (the Democratic) as candidate for County 
 Clerk and was duly elected. He proved him- 
 self such an efficient and reliable officer that he 
 was ever afterward County Clerk, being elected 
 to succeed himself four times in succession. 
 Socially, Mr. Harris was identified with the 
 Red Men. He was a pleasant and obliging 
 gentleman, spoken of in highest terms by his 
 many friends in the Territory. He died June 
 16, 1895. 
 
 Mr. Harris was married in 1868 to Miss 
 Mary Mclntosh, a native of Mora, New Mex- 
 ico, and of Scotch and Mexican ancestry. They 
 had seven children, viz. : Josephine and Louise, 
 born at Fort Union; Lucy, in Las Vegas; and 
 Frank, Lola, Estelle and Barbara in old Albu- 
 querque. 
 
 IHE SOUTHWEST BREWING & 
 ICE COMPANY, of Albuquerque, 
 New Mexico, is an enterprise which 
 sprang into existence in this city in 
 1889, the members of the company being 
 Messrs. Jacob and Henry Loebs and Mr. Don 
 J. Rankin, the first named gentleman, its presi- 
 dent and his brother, secretary. 
 
 The Loebs brothers, Jacob and Henry, 
 were born in Germany and when seventeen 
 and fourteen years of age, respectively, came 
 to America to better their fortunes in this land 
 
 of the free, landing here without money but 
 with plenty of pluck and courage and with a 
 determination to succeed in life. They lo- 
 cated in St. Louis, where Jacob obtained work 
 in a large brewery and remained for a number 
 of years, and by his honesty and industry and 
 his skill in the business he earned promotion 
 from time to time until he became superintend- 
 ent of the establishment. Henry also was en- 
 gaged in the same business and had an experi- 
 ence similar to that of his brother ; and Mr. 
 Rankin is a civil engineer by profession, and a 
 practical ice manufacturer and an industrious 
 worker. They started up in business at Al- 
 buquerque with no capital but with a vast store 
 of experience, and the choice quality of the 
 beer which they produced soon gained for them 
 a name and a demand for all the product which 
 they could manufacture. They manufacture 
 the celebrated Culmbacher and Bavarian beers 
 and a superior article of bottled Lager, all of 
 which has a sale throughout New Mexico and 
 adjoining States and Territories and in Cali- 
 fornia. In the ice business also they have a 
 large trade, and their bottling works is an in- 
 dustry not to be overlooked. Their whole 
 plant covers a lot 125 X48o feet. Enterpris- 
 ing, enthusiastic" business men, they have the 
 word success written all over them, and they 
 hold themselves in readiness to help along 
 every movement which they believe will ad- 
 vance the interests of Albuquerque. 
 
 All three of the above named gentlemen 
 are married and have pleasant homes in this 
 city. Mr. Rankin has served on the Board of 
 Aldermen of the city and proved himself a val- 
 ued and useful member of that body. 
 
 ^T* KORBER, one of the successful and 
 4 enterprising citizens of Albuquerque, 
 / J came to this city in 1882, and estab- 
 lished the leading pioneer carriage man- 
 ufactory and blacksmith shop in the town. He 
 was born in Germany, October 17, 1860, and 
 received his education in his native land. In 
 1 88 1 he came to the United States, locating at 
 
444 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Pueblo, Colorado, where he worked at his trade 
 for wages one year. Coming to Albuquerque, 
 he opened an establishment of his own, and 
 has met with satisfactory success. In 1884 
 he formed a partnership with C. Lamparter, 
 under the firm name of J. Korber & Company. 
 Mr. Korber was first engaged in business on 
 Third street, but after the partnership was 
 formed they located on Copper avenue, where 
 they have erected a large brick building, and 
 are enjoying a large and lucrative trade. They 
 manufacture carriages, wagons, etc., and do a 
 large general blacksrnithing business. Since 
 coming to this city Mr. Korber has invested in 
 lots, and has erected eight residences. Their 
 carriage depository was built in 1888, and three 
 years afterward they erected their shops. Mr. 
 Korber has not only succeeded in his manufac- 
 tory, but has been an important purchaser in 
 real estate in Albuquerque, and has assisted 
 in many ways in the improvement and up- 
 building of the city. 
 
 In 1886 he was united in marriage with 
 Miss Julia Spinner, a native of Germany, but 
 she was reared in Missouri. To this union have 
 been added two children, both born in Al- 
 buquerque Albert and Annie. In his social 
 relations, Mr. Korber affiliates with the Inde- 
 pendent Order of Odd Fellows. He is a stanch 
 Democrat in his political views, and has the 
 honor of being the first and only Democratic 
 Alderman from the Second ward elected in Al- 
 buquerque. He has made a careful and con- 
 scientious officer, and has acquired the reputa- 
 tion of being a reliable, worthy and successful 
 business man. 
 
 HLPHONSO SIMPIER, the pioneer 
 and leading boot and shoe dealer of 
 Alburquerque, New Mexico, belongs 
 to that progressive element which has 
 come into this city from the North and contri- 
 buted largely to its growth and development. 
 Mr. Simpier is a native of Canada, born in 
 Montreal November 24, 1851, and traces his 
 origin back to the French. His great grand- 
 
 father, Nehemias Simpier, when thirty years 
 of age, emigrated from France to Canada and 
 became the head of the family in America. He 
 lived to be one hundred and twelve years of 
 age. His son Amos, the grandfather of our 
 subject, was born in Assumption, Canada. He 
 was a jeweler by occupation, was in business 
 at Pointe aux Trembles, was a prominent man 
 in public affairs, and lived to the age of sev- 
 enty-two years. In his family were three sons, 
 one of whom, Nehemias, born in Assumption, 
 Canada, in 1820, grew up there and married 
 Miss Sophia Brodeur, a native of that town 
 and like him descended from the French. They 
 became the parents of fourteen children, Al- 
 phonso being their fifth born and one of the 
 nine who are still living. The father was a 
 shoemaker by trade, which occupation he fol- 
 lowed through life. He started the first shoe 
 manufactory at Pointe aux Trembles and was 
 the owner of the first sewing-machine ever 
 taken to that town. After an active and use- 
 ful life, he passed away, in 1885. His widow 
 is still living and makes her home in Chicago. 
 Alphonso Simpier was educated at Pointe 
 aux Trembles, where he graduated June 12, 
 1867, and for some time thereafter he traveled 
 for his father, selling boots and shoes. In 
 1875 we find him engaged in the dry goods 
 business in Chicago, a member of the firm of 
 Ranson & Simpier, and there he prospered 
 financially. But while in Chicago he had the 
 misfortune to lose his wife and child, and after 
 their death he sold out and went to Leadville, 
 Colorado, arriving there in 1879. He pros- 
 pected and mined there, meeting with good 
 success, until i88r, when he returned to Chi- 
 cago and opened out a dry goods and clothing 
 business. In 1883 he again sold out, this time 
 to his brother, and that same year carne to 
 Albuquerque and established himself in the 
 shoe business, in which he has since continued. 
 Mr. Simpier at first opened up a small stock of 
 goods in a little room on Railroad street, and 
 for six years he did a constantly increasing 
 business at that stand, at the end of that time 
 removing to larger quarters on the same street. 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 445 
 
 Recently, in 1895, he removed to his present 
 splendid room, 22 x 90 feet, in the N. T. Armijo 
 building, where he has a large and well as- 
 sorted stock, and where he is doing the leading 
 business in his line in the city. 
 
 At the time of Mr. Simpier's arrival here 
 Albuquerque was just beginning to grow. He 
 immediately became identified with its inter- 
 ests in more ways than one, and during the 
 past dozen years has done his part to bring 
 about the prosperity that has attended it. He 
 bought property and built and sold a number 
 of residences, and is still the owner of consid- 
 erable real estate here. Politically, he has 
 always given his support to the Republican 
 party. In 1894 he was elected Alderman to 
 represent the Third ward in the City Council, 
 and served most acceptably in his position. 
 His record is that of an enterprising and reli- 
 able business man and a worthy and esteemed 
 citizen. 
 
 Mr. Simpier was married in 1888 to Miss 
 F. Ackert, a native of Germany, and they have 
 one daughter, Ruth. 
 
 BREDERICK G. PRATT. Promi- 
 nent among the leading citizens of 
 Albuquerque is the subject of this 
 sketch, Mr. Frederick G. Pratt, who 
 has been engaged in the grocery business here 
 since the commencement of the new town. 
 
 He was born in the State of Vermont on 
 the 28th of December, 1851. The Pratts 
 were early settlers of the Green Mountain 
 State, and his father, Edward L. Pratt, was 
 born there. Edward L. Pratt is a veteran of 
 the Civil war and for a number of years has 
 been a resident of Massachusetts. He was a 
 member of the Thirty-fourth Massachusetts 
 Volunteer Infantry, served valiantly in eighteen 
 hard-fought battles and was with his command 
 at the surrender of General Lee, and came out 
 of the struggle unharmed, a veteran and a vic- 
 tor. He has now passed his three-score )'ears 
 and ten, and his good wife has attained the 
 
 age of sixty-five. She, too, is a native of Ver- 
 mont. Her maiden name was Miss Helen M. 
 Henry, and she is a daughter of Colonel 
 Henry, one of the prominent early settlers of 
 that State. Their family was composed of 
 three children, two of whom are living, Fred- 
 erick G. being the first born. The other son, 
 W. E. Pratt, is engaged in the coal business. 
 
 Frederick G. Pratt received his education 
 in the public schools of Massachusetts. He 
 began his mercantile career, as a traveling 
 man, selling hardware, and on account of fail- 
 ing health sought a change of climate and oc- 
 cupation and came to Albuquerque, New Mex- 
 ico, arriving here in 1882, when the town had 
 just gotten under way. In July of that year 
 he opened his store in partnership with M. D. 
 Dobson, and they continued together for two 
 years. At the end of that time Mr. Pratt pur- 
 chased the interest of Mr. Dobson, after which 
 he became associated with his uncle, W. W. 
 Henry, and they have since conducted the 
 business under the firm name of F. G. Pratt & 
 Company, Mr. Henry being a silent partner 
 and Mr. Pratt having full charge of the estab- 
 lishment. He began without capital and the 
 success to which he has attained is due wholly 
 to his own efforts. By his liberal and honor- 
 able business methods he has won the confi- 
 dence of his patrons, and by his genial and 
 courteous manner he has made friends with all 
 with whom he has had dealings. 
 
 Septemper 6, 1876, Mr. Pratt was united 
 in marriage to Miss Elizabeth A. Woodard, a 
 native of New York, and their union has been 
 blessed with three children Helen E., Will- 
 iam H., and Mayme L. Their pleasant home 
 is located in the highlands of the city. 
 
 In his political views, Mr. Pratt is in har- 
 mony with the principles advocated by the 
 Republican party. He has served as a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Aldermen of Albuquerque, 
 and in every way in his power is ever ready to 
 advance the interests of the city. Socially, he 
 is an Odd Fellow. He has passed all the offi- 
 cial stations in the lodge and is a member of 
 the Grand Lodge of the Territory. He is 
 
446 
 
 HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 chairman of the Board of Trustees of the 
 Methedist Episcopal Church, of which his fam- 
 ily also are active members. 
 
 *m * ERMAN BLUEHER, the leading 
 |f\ market gardener and wholesale pro- 
 r duce dealer, of Albuquerque, New 
 Mexico, is a gentleman in whose 
 make-up is found to a marked degree that 
 thrift and enterprise which characterize the 
 people from whom he descended the Ger- 
 mans. Here in New Mexico he has not only 
 attained a proud position among the leading 
 business men of the city in which he is located, 
 but he has also shown in a high degree the 
 ability of the soil to produce vegetables in large 
 quantities and of the best quality. It is there- 
 fore fitting that some special mention be made 
 of him in this work, and we have secured the 
 following for publication: 
 
 Herman Blueher was born in the State of 
 Illinois, January 27, 1862. His father, Franz 
 Blueher, a native of Germany, was born July 
 M, 1819, and sprang from a family of mechan- 
 ics. He attended the public schools and learned 
 the trade of weaver in his native land, and 
 then, in order to better his condition in the 
 world, came to the United States, landing here 
 in 1853 and locating in the productive State of 
 Illinois. There he was subsequently married to 
 Miss Katie Frank, and they became the parents 
 of five children, of whom only three are now liv- 
 ing. His wife dying in 1892, he came to Al- 
 buquerque and has since made his home with 
 his son Herman. He is an intelligent and 
 kind-hearted old gentleman, a devoted Chris- 
 tian and a member of the Lutheran Church. 
 
 Herman Blueher, the fourth in the above 
 family, received his early training in the public 
 schools of his native place and when a boy be- 
 gan doing farm work. In March, 1877, he 
 went to St. Louis, Missouri, and entered the 
 employ of a market gardener of that city, where 
 he made himself generally useful and where he 
 spent five years, in that time learning all the 
 details of producing and shipping vegetables. 
 
 In January, 1882, he came to the old town of 
 Albuquerque. Here for six months he was an 
 employe of a market gardener, and at the end 
 of that time he purchased his employer's inter- 
 est and set up in business for himself, adopting 
 improved methods and by his skill and indus- 
 try soon winning his way to success. He now 
 tills twenty acres to vegetables exclusively, has 
 25,000 square feet in hot-beds, and has his 
 gardens well watered, using a system of irri- 
 gation from the Rio Grande, and also having 
 a number of wells the water from which is 
 drawn by force pumps; also has a steam en- 
 gine. He has two large warehouses at the 
 railroad, ships his own product and the pro- 
 duct of others, and makes shipments to various 
 portions of eight different States and Territor- 
 ies. He makes regular shipments to Califor- 
 nia, where his produce meets a ready sale and 
 at better prices than the products of that State. 
 
 Mr. Blueher was married in 1884 to Miss 
 Sophia Spinner, a native of Washington 
 county, Missouri, and they have five children, 
 all born in Albuquerque, namely: Emma, 
 Clara, Oscar, Viola and Arno. 
 
 Mr. Blueher in his political views is a Re- 
 publican. As an enterprising and upright and 
 reliable citizen he has the confidence and re- 
 spect of all who know him. 
 
 ICHARD B. MYERS, one of the re- 
 putable pioneer business men of the 
 new town, Albuquerque, dates his 
 identity with this place from March 
 i, 1 88 1. In him the biographer finds a de- 
 scendant of sturdy German stock a man who 
 has seen much of the wild West and border 
 life, and who has by his intelligence and abili- 
 ty since locating at Albuquerque contributed 
 to her material growth and development. 
 
 Mr. Myers is a native of Effingham county, 
 Illinois. His forefathers emigrated from Ger- 
 many to America at an early period in the his- 
 tory of this country and made settlement in 
 Pennsylvania. In that State the grandfather 
 of Richard B. was born. Soon after his mar- 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 447 
 
 riage he removed with his wife to the then new 
 Territory of Illlinois and become one of the 
 pioneers of Wayne county. His son Joseph, 
 the father of our subject, was born and reared 
 in that county, and was married there to Miss 
 Nancy Brazil, a native of Tennessee, but who 
 was reared in Illinois. When the war-cloud 
 gathered and burst upon the country and the 
 president called for volunteers, Joseph Myers 
 left his farm work and his wife and little chil- 
 dren and went to the front of the fierce and 
 mighty contest. As a member of the Seventh 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry, he fought gallantly 
 in all the battles in which his command partici- 
 pated up to the second battle of, Corinth, 
 where, in making an attack, he received a gun- 
 shot wound in the breast, which incapacitated 
 him for further service. He was then honor- 
 ably discharged and returned to his family. 
 But he never recovered from his wound, it 
 causing his death in 1864. The following 
 year his wife died, and thus was a family of 
 little children, six in number, left orphans and, 
 penniless and suffering, set adrift in the world. 
 Richard B. was at that time thirteen years 
 old, and he and his older brother, Chester, 
 who has since died, for a time kept the family 
 together, caring for the younger children as 
 best they could. 
 
 In 1867 the subject of our sketch went to 
 Oswego, Kansas, and during the following five 
 years was employed as type-setter in a print- 
 ing office. After that he drifted down to 
 Texas. There he was in Government employ, 
 serving under General MacKenzie and in the 
 detective department, his duty being to dis- 
 cover the plans of the Mexicans who frequent- 
 ly crossed the lines into the United States and 
 committed various depredations. This detec- 
 tive business was a hazardous one and required 
 no little nerve and courage, but Mr. Myers 
 always proved himself equal to the occasion, 
 and by reporting to General MacKenzie he 
 aided largely in putting an end to the lawless- 
 ness which then abounded. 
 
 As stated above, he came to Albuquerque 
 in 1 88 1. That year he and a partner opened 
 
 a bakery and confectionery establishment. In 
 1882 he erected the brick building on Gold 
 avenue, where he has since done business, and 
 the following year he also opened up a stock 
 of groceries, having since then conducted busi- 
 ness alone. By his genial manner and cour- 
 tesy, and by his fair and square dealing, he 
 has established a large trade and made friends 
 without number. Mr. Myers has been a life- 
 long Republican, has taken an active and com- 
 mendable interest in party affairs and has been 
 the recipient of official honors. In 1886 he 
 was elected Police Magistrate of the city, being 
 the second incumbent of this office, and in this 
 position served satisfactorily two years. In 
 the fall of 1 894 he was elected County Treas- 
 urer, which office he now holds. He has from 
 time to time made investments in real estate 
 in Albuquerque, among other property being 
 his handsome residence on South Second 
 street, which is one of the attractive homes of 
 the city and which was built by him. 
 
 Mr. Myers was married January 4, 1873, 
 to Miss Annie Parsons, a native of Quincy, 
 Illinois. Their family comprises a son and 
 daughter Richard H. and Miss Cora. 
 
 ENRY A. MONTFORT, the well- 
 known pioneer undertaker of the city 
 of Albuquerque, New Mexico, was 
 born at Poughkeepsie, New York, 
 August 6, 1835. He is of French extraction. 
 His ancestors settled in America during Colo- 
 nial times and were participants in the Revo- 
 lutionary war, his great-grandfather, Henry A. 
 Montfort, being a Colonel, and several of his 
 brothers officers of prominence. Albert H. 
 Montfort, our subject's father, was born in 
 Dutchess county. New York, near Poughkeep- 
 sie, in 1809. He married Miss Elsie Wiltsie, 
 a native of that county, and, like him, de- 
 scended from the French. As the years passed 
 by sons and daughters were born to them to 
 the number of ten, seven of whom reached ma- 
 turity and are still living. He was a farmer 
 and stock-dealer, passed the whole of his life 
 
44 S 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 in the Empire State, and died there at the age 
 of seventy-five years, respected by all who 
 knew him. His widow is now ranked with 
 the octogenarians. She is a lady of more than 
 ordinary intelligence and culture, in her youth 
 was a school-teacher, and notwithstanding her 
 advanced age is still a beautiful writer. One 
 of her daughters is principal of a New York 
 school. 
 
 Henry A. Montfort, the immediate subject 
 of this article, was the first born in his father's 
 family. He received his education in the acad- 
 emy of his native town and taught school in 
 New York for several years. From school- 
 teaching he turned his attention to photogra- 
 phy, which he followed at Poughkeepsie and 
 later in Milwaukee, being in the latter city dur- 
 ing the financial panic of 1857. That year he 
 was employed as teacher in one of the city 
 schools of Milwaukee. Returning to New York, 
 he took charge of a college in Delaware coun- 
 ty, New York; later he was a bookkeeper and 
 teacher in Cincinnati and in New York city, 
 and resided in the latter city until 1880. 
 That year he came west and established him- 
 self in business at Santa Fe, New Mexico, and 
 in January, 1883, removed from there to Al- 
 buquerque, his present location. Here since 
 1883 he has given his attention exclusively to 
 the undertaking business. He occupies splen- 
 did quarters in the Armijo building, fronting 
 on Second street, the best building in the ter- 
 ritory; keeps constantly on hand a large and 
 well-assorted stock, is especially successful as 
 an embalmer and funeral director, indeed, is 
 up with the times in every department of the 
 business. 
 
 Mr. Montfort was married in 1860 to Miss 
 Orphelia Hunting, of Cincinnati, Ohio, and 
 they have had four children, two of whom are 
 living. Their daughter, Elsie, is the wife of 
 Robert E. Clark of Cincinnati; and their son, 
 William C. , is married and lives at Albuquer- 
 que, where he is associated in business with 
 his father. 
 
 Mr. Montfort was reared by Presbyterian 
 parents, and to this church he and his family 
 
 belong. For a number of years ha has been a 
 Mason and an Odd Fellow. Such is a brief 
 sketch of the life of one of Albuquerque's lead- 
 ing citizens a man prominent in business, so- 
 cial and religious circles, and in every way 
 worthy of the high esteem in which he is held 
 by all who have the pleasure of his acquaint- 
 ance. 
 
 >-j"ESSE M. WHEELOCK, who may well 
 be termed Albuquerque's architect, first 
 /I came in 1879 to the site where this 
 beautiful city now stands; returned in 
 1 88 1 to make permanent settlement here, and 
 has since that date been intimately connected 
 with the material growth and development of 
 the place. All of the best buildings in the 
 city are monuments to his architectural skill. 
 Mr. Wheelock is yet a young man and is very 
 youthful in appearance, but he is ranked with 
 the pioneers. Therefore as a pioneer, an en- 
 terprising young man and the architect of his 
 city, it is eminently fitting that his name be 
 placed well to the top on the list of her lead- 
 ing citizens, and we here take pleasure in 
 making biographical mention of him. 
 
 Jesse M. Wheelock was born in Boonville, 
 Oneida county, New York, December 13,1859, 
 and is descended from Scotch ancestors who 
 were among the early settlers of America. 
 His father, Charles Wheelock, was born in 
 Massachusetts in the year 1820; was married 
 at Boonville, New York, to Miss Eliza Ma- 
 chester, a native of that place, and they are 
 the parents of five children, four sons and a 
 daughter, all of whom are living, Jesse M. be- 
 ing the third born. Charles Wheelock is by 
 profession an architect. He is now a resident 
 of Birmingham, Alabama, where he is well 
 known and highly respected. He is Grand 
 Master of the Grand Lodge of the State of 
 Alabama, Free and Accepted Masons. 
 
 The subject of our sketch was educated in 
 the State Normal School of Kansas and under 
 the instruction of private tutors. He studied 
 architecture in his father's office and under his 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 449 
 
 directions, and he also devoted no little time 
 to work at the carpenter's trade in order that 
 he might fully master the profession of his 
 choice. On coming West his first location 
 was at Pueblo, Colorado. He remained there, 
 however, only a short time, and then came to 
 Albuquerque, as above stated. Albuquerque 
 was then an embryo town. In the spring of 
 1882 he formed a partnership with M. J. 
 Mack, a civil engineer, and they opened a 
 real-estate and insurance office. A year later 
 the partnership was dissolved, and Mr. Whee- 
 lock has since conducted the business alone, 
 transacting a large amount of business both in 
 real estate and insurance, and being uniformly 
 successful in his operations. In the meantime 
 he designed and erected the Commercial Club 
 building, the Armijo Block, University of New 
 Mexico, the Grant, Cromwell and Whiting 
 blocks, and, in fact, nearly all the best build- 
 ings in the city. And while handling property 
 and erecting buildings for others he has him- 
 self acquired a large amount of real estate. 
 He is general agent for New Mexico for the 
 Northwest Mutual Life Insurance Company of 
 Milwaukee, and also represents a number of 
 other leading and substantial insurance com- 
 panies. 
 
 Mr. Wheelock's political views are those of 
 the Republican party, and he has always taken 
 a laudable interest in public affairs. He aided 
 in incorporating the city of Albuquerque, was 
 a member of its first Council and served as its 
 first Recorder. Public-spirited and generous, 
 he can be counted upon to support any meas- 
 ure which is intended to advance the interests 
 of the city of his adoption. 
 
 HUGUST H. HILTON, the pioneer 
 merchant of the new town of San 
 Antonio, New Mexico, is one of the 
 representative business men of So- 
 corro county. He is a citizen of the United 
 States by adoption, being a native of Scandina- 
 via. He was born in Norway, August 21, 
 1856, and in his childhood was left an orphan. 
 
 29 
 
 At the age of nine years he said farwell to the 
 scenes of his birth, and accompanied by an 
 elder brother crossed the sea to America. Ar- 
 riving in the United States, he went to Fort 
 Dodge, Iowa, where he was employed on a 
 farm, and attended school during the winter 
 season. In 1878 he went to Denver, Colorado, 
 and there secured a clerkship in the clothing 
 house of L. Garson & Company. His con- 
 nection with this house continued three years, 
 and at the end of that time he came to San 
 Antonio. For a time he was engaged in pros- 
 pecting and mining, but met with unsatisfactory 
 results. He quarried the rock for the stamp 
 mill of Socorro, which was built by the Tor- 
 rence Mining Company, and was the first con- 
 structed in the county. 
 
 When Mr. Hilton embarked in the mercan- 
 tile trade in San Antonio, it was in the old 
 town, but in 1883 he moved to the new town, 
 where he has since established a large and profit- 
 able business. He carries a general stock of 
 dry goods, and handles wool, hides and pelts 
 in large quantities. He is also proprietor of 
 an important freight line, owning fifty teams 
 that haul goods to the interior towns. In 1888 
 he organized the Hilton Mercantile Company, 
 of which he was elected president, and of which 
 he is the principal stockholder. In addition 
 to his commercial interests he has heavy in- 
 vestments in lands, the chief product of which 
 is fruit and alfalfa. 
 
 He was married at Fort Dodge, Iowa, 
 February u, 1885, to Miss Mary L. Laufer- 
 sweiler, a native of Fort Dodge, and a daugh- 
 ter of Conrad Laufersweiler, one of the oldest 
 and most prominent settlers of that place. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Hilton have an interesting family of 
 four children: Felice, Conrad, Eva and Carl. 
 Our subject belongs to the Independent Order 
 of Odd Fellows, and in politics adheres to 
 Democratic principles. He was first Post- 
 master of the new town of San Antonio, an 
 office he held for eleven years. Honorable 
 and upright in all his dealings, he has the con- 
 fidence and respect of a wide circle of ac- 
 quaintances. 
 
450 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 >y*OSEPH McQUILLIN, one of the earli- 
 
 J est settlers of the town of San Marcial, 
 
 /I is a highly-respected citizen of Socorro 
 
 county, and is entitled to more than 
 
 passing mention in this history. 
 
 He was born in the State of Rhode Island, 
 May 10, 1842, a son of Richard McQuillin, who 
 was born among the hills of bonny Scotland. 
 The father emigrated to the United States in 
 1838, accompanied by his wife and one child. 
 He settled at Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and 
 there held the position of ticket agent for the 
 Providence & Worcester Railroad for a period 
 of thirty-nine years. His wife's maiden name 
 was Catherine Davy, and she was a native of 
 Ireland. They were the parents of five chil- 
 dren, three of whom are still living. The fa- 
 ther died at the age of seventy-one years ; the 
 mother lived to be sixty-seven years old. They 
 were most worthy and highly-respected citizens 
 of the town with whose history they were 
 closely identified. Joseph McQuillin is the 
 third-born of the family. He received his ed- 
 ucation in the common schools of his native 
 State, and at the age of fourteen years went to 
 Fall River, Massachusetts, where he was em- 
 ployed in the mills. 
 
 When there was a call for troops to defend 
 the Nations's flag he left the loom, and shoul- 
 dered his musket, and having enlisted in the 
 Seventh Massachusetts Militia, went into act- 
 ive service. He served through the war, 
 from April, 1861. He participated in the bat- 
 tle of Manassas, July 21, 1861, and after the 
 engagement retired to Washington, where he 
 remained until March, 1862. Then, under Gen- 
 eral McClellan, he took part in the battles of 
 Yorktown, Williamsburg, Chickahominy, Fair 
 Oaks, and in the Seven Days' fight. He was 
 in camp at Harrison Landing until the fall of 
 1862, at which time he went to Fortress Mon- 
 roe, and thence to Alexandria. He was in the 
 second fight of Bull Run, in the engagement of 
 Harper's Ferry, Antietam and at Culpeper 
 Court House. In the campaign with General 
 Grant he fought at Rappahannock river, and 
 was in the Seven-Days' battle of the Wilder- 
 
 ness ; there he received a scalp wound, a rebel 
 bullet plowing its way across the top of his 
 head and making an ugly scar, which he car- 
 ries to this day. He was next in the battle of 
 Spottsylvania, and was afterward at Cold Har- 
 bor, Harrison's Landing and Petersburg. June 
 29, 1864, he received an honorable discharge, 
 the term of his service having expired. 
 
 As a fighter of the Indians our worthy sub- 
 ject has a record, which should here be noted. 
 He was invited to go in search of the Indians un- 
 der Chief Victorio, who was giving the settlers 
 much trouble in the Magdalena mountains; after 
 stubborn resistance the savages were compelled 
 to fall back, three of their men having been 
 killed. After this encounter Mr. McQuillin re- 
 turned with a number of men to San Marcial 
 and guarded the town for some time, the rail- 
 road company paying for the service. 
 
 After a short stay at home he went to Nash- 
 ville and there began his career as a railroad 
 man, first as fireman, then brakeman, and 
 finally as conductor. For ten years he was a 
 resident of St. Louis, making his run from 
 that city until 1873, at which time he went to 
 California. From 1874 until 1881 he was con- 
 ductor on the Central Pacific. July 12, 1881, 
 he came to San Marcial and assisted in laying 
 out the town. He has been one of the heavi- 
 est real-estate dealers in the place, and has 
 always been loyal to its best interests. Since 
 the founding of San Marcial he has been em- 
 ployed as conductor in both Texas and Cali- 
 fornia, three years on the Texas & Pacific Rail- 
 road and three years on the International Mex- 
 icana Railroad. He has since resided continu- 
 ously in San Marcial, and is now Justice of the 
 Peace, the duties of which office he discharges 
 with ability and promptitude. He is a zealous 
 Republican, supporting the principles of that 
 body with warmest enthusiasm. He is a mem- 
 ber of the United Order of Red Men, and is 
 Treasurer of the organization at San Marcial. 
 
 Mr. McQuillan was married in San Fran- 
 cisco in 1879, to Miss Maggie Davy, a native 
 of Massachusetts. They have two children, 
 Joseph and Richard. 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 45' 
 
 BRANCIS WILSON, one of the old 
 reliable citizens of San Marcial, New 
 Mexico, was born in Lincolnshire, 
 England, in the year 1841, and comes 
 of a good old family of that county, of Episco- 
 pal faith. He received his education in his 
 native land, where he thoroughly learned the 
 trade of a coachmaker. When about twenty 
 years of age he emigrated to America for the 
 advantages to be derived in this land of the 
 free, and first worked at his trade in Boston, 
 after which he was engaged with the Old Col- 
 ony Railroad. 
 
 Mr. Wilson's heart, however, was in Eng- 
 land, to which country he returned in 1867, 
 and was there united in marriage with Miss 
 Ann Pilling, a native of his own county. In 
 1869 he came again to the United States, 
 bringing with him his wife and their first-born 
 son Francis P. and for the following eleven 
 years they resided in Massachusetts. In 1880 
 they came West by way of Buffalo, St. Louis 
 and Kansas City to Topeka, Kansas, where 
 Mr. Wilson was employed for a short time by 
 A. P. Roland. Later he was with the Atchi- 
 son, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad Company 
 at Topeka, Albuquerque and at Deming, New 
 Mexico, and on the /th of November, 1885, 
 was transferred to San Marcial and given charge 
 of the car department of the works at this 
 place, where he has since continued to render 
 valuable service. He has usually from twelve 
 to twenty men under his supervision, and the 
 principal work at this point is the rebuilding 
 and repairing of cars. 
 
 In 1886 Mr. Wilson purchased lots in the 
 town, on which he has built one of the best 
 homes of the place, and there the family now 
 reside. Since coming to America the family 
 circle has been increased by a daughter 
 Margaret born in Fall River, Massachusetts, 
 a most excellent young lady, who is now ca- 
 pably filling the position of Assistant Postmas- 
 ter of San Marcial. The son, a machinist 
 by trade, is one of the respected citizens of 
 the town, and by his marriage has one daugh- 
 ter. In religious faith the family are Episco- 
 
 palians, and socially hold an enviable position 
 in the community. Mr. Wilson is a charter 
 member of the Ancient Order of United Work- 
 men of San Marcial, of which lodge he was 
 made the first Master Workman. Formerly 
 his political support was always given to the 
 Republican, but he now votes independently of 
 party ties, and has the reputation of being one 
 of San Marcial's most highly respected citizens. 
 
 '^j'AMES M HILL, one of the most pros- 
 m perous and reliable business men of So- 
 / J corro, is a native of the State of Ten- 
 nessee, born at Waynesboro, Decem- 
 ber 25, 1838. His father, J. G. Hill, was 
 born in Tennessee, and became prominent as 
 an agriculturist and railroad contractor. He 
 removed from his native State to Illinois, 
 where he continued contracting for railroads 
 and also engaged in farming. He was married 
 to Miss Susan Hodges, of Alabama, and to 
 them were born ten children, seven of whom 
 are living. Mr. Hill died at the age of seven- 
 ty-nine year^; his wife died one year later, in 
 her seventieth year. James M. Hill is their 
 third child. He was educated in the common 
 schools, and at the age of twenty years, left 
 the parental roof, and began to make his own 
 way in life. He first went to the Rocky 
 mountains, passing through Denver when 
 there were only a few houses there. He 
 worked at placer-mining until the breaking out 
 of the Civil war. 
 
 Moved with the zeal of the true patriot, he 
 returned to his home and December 22, 1861, 
 he volunteered in the Union army, enlisting in 
 Company G, Sixty-second Illinois Infantry. 
 The first active engagement in which he par- 
 ticipated was at Little Rock, Arkansas; he 
 aided in driving General Price out of that 
 country, and served under General Steele and 
 under General Clayton. He was in many of 
 the smaller engagements and skirmishes in the 
 Western department, and after a faithful serv- 
 ice of three years four months and eleven days 
 he was honorably discharged as First Sergeant. 
 
452 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 He returned to his native town and embarked 
 in the wholesale grain and seed trade, estab- 
 lishing a large business. 
 
 It was in 1879 that he went to Logan, 
 Kansas, where he remained in business a year. 
 The promising reports of Socorro, New Mex- 
 ico, reaching his ears, he decided to try his 
 fortune in the Southwest. Hither he came in 
 1 88 1, and at once opened a meat market, 
 which proved a profitable venture. Later he 
 turned his attention to stock-raising and min- 
 ing, and has acquired much valuable property 
 in the Magdalena district. He formed a part- 
 nership in 1890 with W. C. Bruton, a well- 
 known stock dealer; this relationship has 
 proved highly satisfactory to all parties. 
 
 In politics Mr. Hill supports the issues of 
 the Democratic party, which he is represent- 
 ing a term in the City Council. He is one of 
 the charter members and Past Master of the 
 Masonic Lodge at Socorro, and takes an en- 
 thusiastic interest in the prosperity of the 
 order. 
 
 He was married, in 1866, to Miss Malinda 
 White, and of this union two children were 
 born, Homer, who is now Deputy United 
 States Marshal, and John W. , telegraph oper- 
 ator at Socorro. The mother of these two 
 sons died in 1876, deeply mourned by her 
 family and lamented bya wide circle of friends. 
 Mr. Hill was married a second time, July 4, 
 1889; he was then united to Miss Lidia Lasley, 
 a native of Ohio. They have one son, born in 
 Socorro James M. Hill, Jr. Mr. Hill owns a 
 considerable interest in mines, some in ranch 
 land and other valuable property. 
 
 >j*OSEPH E. SMITH, one of the leading 
 
 A citizens of Socorro, has had a wide and 
 
 / j varied business experience. He is a 
 
 native of Massachusetts, born at Abing- 
 
 ton, September 27, 1858, and is descended 
 
 from old New England stock. His father, 
 
 James Edward Smith, was born at Rochester, 
 
 Massachusetts, in 1833, and was reared and 
 
 educated in his native State. Arriving at 
 
 manhood, he engaged in mercantile pursuits, 
 and became proprietor of a wholesale carpet 
 house. He married Miss Nancy C. Jackson, 
 also a native of Massachusetts, belonging to 
 one of the old families of that State. Of this 
 union one child was born, Joseph E. Smith. 
 James Edward Smith died in 1893, in the six- 
 tieth year of his age; his widow survives him. 
 Joseph E. Smith enjoyed superior educational 
 advantages in his youth, taking a special 
 course in the School of Technology, Boston. 
 In 1879 he went to Chicago, and there studied 
 photography in all its branches; he remained 
 in that city until 1881, at which time he re- 
 moved to Darlington, Wisconsin. He was in- 
 terested in the business of photography in this 
 place for some time, but finally turned his at- 
 tention to cattle-raising, and became a mem- 
 ber of the Diamond D Cattle Company. 
 
 This new association brought him to So- 
 corro, New Mexico, in February, 1882, where 
 he filled the position of assistant manager of 
 the company. The herd numbered six thousand 
 head, and were in his charge on the St. Au- 
 gustine Plain when the company went out of 
 business. Mr. Smith then turned his atten- 
 tion to mining in the Magdalena district and 
 the mountains, having charge of the men in the 
 mines. In 1886 he disposed of his interests 
 there and came to Socorro. 
 
 He was united in marriage September 1 1, 
 1886, to Miss Myscia Driver, a native of Dar- 
 lington, Wisconsin, and the daughter of 
 Josephus Driver. They are the parents of 
 three children: Marvel M. , James Avery and 
 Irene J. After coming to this city Mr. Smith 
 accepted the position of manager of the lumber 
 and hardware business of J. C. Baldridge, in 
 which he continued until he purchased the in- 
 surance business of W. E. Leonard. This is 
 work to which he is peculiarly fitted, and in 
 which he has been more than ordinarily suc- 
 cessful. He represents a large line of the lead- 
 ing companies of both Europe and America, 
 and also handles life and accident policies. In 
 connection with this business he acts as Notary 
 Public and conveyancer. 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 453 
 
 He is a member of the Independent Order 
 of Odd Fellows, having passed the chairs, and 
 is Past Grand and District Deputy. He is also 
 a prominent member of the Knights of Pythias. 
 In politics he gives his allegiance to the Re- 
 publican party. He was appointed by the 
 Board of County Commissioners to fill the un- 
 expired term of W. E. Leonard as County 
 School Superintendent. In all the varied inter- 
 ests to which he has given his attention he has 
 displayed the enthusiasm born of aptitude. 
 His integrity is unquestioned, his success well- 
 deserved. 
 
 >-j*ACOBO YRISARRI, one of New Mex- 
 fl ico's prominent and successful native 
 A J sons, now residing in the city of Albu- 
 querque, was born in the year 1865. 
 His grandfather, Pablo Yrisarri, was a native 
 of New Mexico, and his father was a native of 
 Spain, and came thence to New Mexico, set- 
 tling near the present city of Albuquerque, 
 where his son, Mariano, father of our subject, 
 was born. The latter became a successful 
 merchant, and was also largely interested in 
 stock-raising. He married Manuela Armijo, a 
 native of New Mexico, a member of the dis- 
 tinguished Armijo family, so conspicuously 
 identified with the history of this section of 
 the Union, she being a relative of the cele- 
 brated General Armijo, and the daughter of Juan 
 Cristoval Armijo. Mariano Yrisarri and wife 
 became the parents of seven children, all of 
 whom are living at the present time. The 
 father died in the sixty-eighth year, his widow 
 surviving him, and being now (1895) about 
 fifty-four years of age. 
 
 Our subject was accorded exceptional edu- 
 cational privileges, receiving his discipline in 
 this line at Saint Louis and Philadelphia, after 
 which he returned to his native Territory; 
 where he engaged extensively in stock-raising, 
 also making large investments in real estate in 
 Albuquerque and in ranch property in the sur- 
 rounding country. In each branch of enter- 
 prise his efforts have been attended with signal 
 
 success, and he is recognized as one of the rep- 
 resentative business men of the section. His 
 operations have been of no inconsiderable ex- 
 tent, his stock list having represented as 
 high as 3,000 head of cattle and a herd of 
 2, 500 head of sheep. On certain of his ranches 
 he raises large quantities of alfalfa, which he 
 utilizes in feeding his stock. Mr. Yrisarri has 
 erected on Silver avenue a commodious and 
 attractive residence, and has made other nota- 
 ble business improvements in the city promi- 
 nent among such being the fine structure known 
 as the Yrisarri Block, a substantial brick build- 
 ing, 50 x 1 40 feet in dimensions, and two stories 
 and basement in height. The building is of 
 modern architectural design, the first floor and 
 basement being utilized by one of the most ex- 
 tensive mercantile concerns in the city, while 
 the upper floor is conveniently equipped for 
 the accommodation of those who desire private 
 apartments for rooming purposes. The block 
 is one of the finest in the city and is a valuable 
 accession to the business quarter as well as a 
 credit to the enterprising owner. 
 
 The marriage of our subject was celebrated 
 in 1886, when he was united to Miss Barbara 
 Perea, a native of New Mexico, and the daugh- 
 ter of Hon. Jose L. Perea, one of the Terri- 
 tory's distinguished citizens and a member of 
 the noted Perea family, whose name has been 
 intimately linked with New-Mexican history. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Yrisarri are the parents of four 
 children, namely: Eloisa, Jacobo, Jr., Eduard 
 and Sophia. The members of the family are 
 stanch adherents to the faith of their fathers, 
 and are zealous members of the Roman Catho- 
 lic Church. Our subject is a man of broad 
 mental grasp and progressive spirit, and his 
 life has been such as to gain to him the confi- 
 dence and high esteem of all who know him. 
 
 DWARD L. HAMBLIN. The sub- 
 ject of this sketch is an Alderman of 
 East Las Vegas and a well-known 
 and influential business man of the 
 city. Some personal mention of his life and 
 
454 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ancestry is therefore appropriate here, in con- 
 nection with those of other representative citi- 
 zens of his place. 
 
 Edward L. Hamblin first saw the light of 
 day in the city of Portland, Maine, September 
 !3. 1853. His grandfather Hamblin was a 
 native of England, was one of the early set- 
 tlers of Farmington, Maine, and was a farmer 
 by occupation. His son Edward (our subject's 
 father) was born in Farmington, was reared in 
 his native State and was married to Miss Mary 
 J. Daniels, daughter of Ebenezer Daniels, a 
 prominent merchant of Portland. Edward 
 Hamblin was for many years engaged in the 
 wholesale grocery business in Portland and at 
 the same time was large interested in the West 
 India sugar and molasses trade. In politics, 
 an ardent Republican, and at one time a mem- 
 ber of the State Legislature of Maine, he was 
 well and favorably known throughout the 
 State. He died at the age of sixty-seven 
 years. His widow, still surviving, has recent- 
 ly entered the octogenarian ranks. They had 
 a family of four children, Edward L. being 
 the only son. 
 
 He was reared in the Pine Tree State, was 
 a student at Topsham and for three years at- 
 tended Franklin University. On leaving col- 
 lege, he went, in 1869, to Chicago, where he 
 accepted a position as salesman for Sprague, 
 Warner & Company, with whom he remained 
 three years, after which he was with Franklin 
 McVeagh & Company up to 1876. That year 
 he came West and located at Denver, Colora- 
 do. At Denver he was for seven years resident 
 agent for Franklin McVeagh & Company, of 
 Chicago, selling large quantities of goods at 
 wholesale. Afterward he was engaged in the 
 brokerage business at Denver, as a member of 
 the firm of Hamblin & Savagan. His next 
 venture was in the sheep industry in Colorado. 
 In this latter business he met with heavy 
 losses, after which he returned to his former 
 employers, Franklin McVeagh & Company, 
 and continued with them until 1887. In 1887 
 he became identified with East Las Vegas. 
 On his arrival here he opened up his present 
 
 brokerage business, and has been engaged in it 
 successfully ever since. He now represents 
 many of the largest wholesale houses in the 
 country. He sells sugar for the Western Su- 
 gar Refining Company of San Francisco; 
 coffee for Arbuckle Brothers of New York; 
 canned and dried fruits for J. K. Annsby & 
 Company, San Francisco, and also green 
 coffees for J. W. Doane & Company, Chicago; 
 and repsesents the Cudahy Packing Company, 
 of South Omaha, Nebraska, besides various 
 other equally large companies. He has a large 
 trade with the leading merchants all over New ' 
 Mexico and Arizona, and more than this the 
 confidence and good will of all with whom he 
 has dealings. 
 
 Mr. Hamblin is a man who keeps posted 
 on the general topics of the day and takes an 
 active interest in political affairs. He is an 
 Independent. As such he was in 1895 elected 
 one of the Aldermen of East Las Vegas. 
 Fraternally, his associations are with the 
 Knights of Pythias and the Royal Arcanum. 
 
 In 1885 Mr. Hamblin was united in mar- 
 riage with Miss Irene Tenney, a native of 
 Sacramento, California, and they have an in- 
 teresting family of two children, Irene and 
 Ruth T. They own and occupy one of the 
 pleasant and attractive homes of East Las 
 Vegas. 
 
 HNECITO C. ABEYTIA. This gen- 
 tleman is well known as the popular 
 jeweler of Las Vegas. He is a native 
 of New Mexico and is descended from 
 ancestors who have for years figured promi- 
 nently in the history of the Territory, their or- 
 igin being traced back to Spain. His great- 
 grandfather, .Jose Antonia Abeytia, was an 
 officer in the Spanish army, and as such came 
 to Mexico in the time of the conquest. His 
 wife was a daughter of Nicolas Ortiz, the Ortiz 
 family likewise being of Spanish origin and 
 subsequently becoming noted in New Mexico. 
 Grandfather Abeytia was a Lieutenant in the 
 Mexican army and was promoted to Captain. 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 455 
 
 In New Mexico he became a prominent ran- 
 chero and had his residence in Santa Fe, of 
 which he was Alcalde, and later in the history 
 of the city its Mayor. He married Josefa Ar- 
 mijo, a representative of one of the leading 
 Spanish families here and a niece of General 
 Armijo. Their son, Anecito, was our subject's 
 father. He was born in Santa Fe, April 17, 
 1830; was educated there and in old Mexico; 
 and after his father's death continued the mer- 
 cantile business which his father had estab- 
 lished in Santa Fe, and also at this time be- 
 came heir to his portion of the 62,000 acres of 
 land which his ancestor, Nicolas Abeytia, had 
 received from the Mexican Government. Later 
 in life Anecito Abeytia drifted into politics and 
 became prominent therein, holding numerous 
 important official positions. In 1861 he en- 
 listed in the Union volunteer service, was com- 
 missioned a First Lieutenant, and participated 
 in the battles which drove the Confederates 
 from the Territory. He was a Justice of the 
 Peace for a number of years, was a member of 
 the Territorial Constitutional Convention, 
 served in the Territorial Legislature, and is 
 now engaged in the practice of law and is a 
 notary public in his native city. He has been 
 identified with the Republican party ever since 
 its organization. In 1849 he wedded Miss 
 Clara Nieto, a native of Chihuahua, Mexico. 
 Eight children have been born to them, and 
 thus far death has not entered their family 
 circle. 
 
 Their son, Anecito C. Abeytia, was born in 
 Santa Fe, April 20, 1856. He was educated 
 at St. Michael's College in that city, and after 
 completing his college course spent five years 
 in learning the jewelry business. For eight 
 years he was in partnership with his brother at 
 Santa Fe, under the firm- name of F. Abeytia 
 & Company, manufacturers of filigree jewelry, 
 having a number of men in their employ and 
 doing a large wholesale business. Since 1885 
 Mr. Abeytia has been identified with Las Ve- 
 gas. That year he opened up his jewelry busi- 
 ness here, was subsequently for about a year 
 in partnership with a Mr. Mares, then bought 
 
 out his partner and continued alone until 1895, 
 when he incorporated the Mexican Filigree 
 Jewelry Company. This company manufac- 
 tures its own filigree work and carries on both 
 a large wholesale and retail business. 
 
 Like his father, Mr. Abeytia is a stanch Re- 
 publican, and he, too, has been honored by 
 official preferment. He was elected to and 
 served most acceptably as Superintendent of 
 Schools of San Miguel county, and as School 
 Director; was elected a member of the Board 
 of County Commissioners and by his fellow 
 officers was chosen its president. The only 
 fraternal organization with which he is con- 
 nected isthat of the Catholic Knights of America. 
 
 Mr. Abeytia was married in 1880 to Miss 
 Fidelia Ortiz, and they became the parents of 
 three children, of whom only one survives 
 Justiniano. Mrs. Abeytia departed this life 
 July 4, 1894. Hers was a beautiful character, 
 devoted and loving to her husband and chil- 
 dren, amiable at all times, entertaining and 
 charming in her own home and warmly wel- 
 comed wherever she went. 
 
 >-jOSEPH MONTGOMERY is one of San 
 6 Marcial's worthy citizens and represen- 
 A J tative business men. He arrived in 
 this place in April, 1885, since which 
 time he has been identified with her interests 
 and growth. His birth occurred in Cass county, 
 Indiana, on the 1 8th of December, 1848. His 
 grandparents were natives of the Emerald Isle, 
 from which country they emigrated to the 
 New World, locating in Pennsylvania while 
 they were still young. Their son, Robert 
 Montgomery, the father of our subject, was 
 born in the Keystone State in 1814. On at- 
 taining manhood he was united in marriage 
 with Miss Margaret Stewart, a native of the 
 same State, and he and his father, accompa- 
 nied by their families, removed to Cass county, 
 Indiana, becoming honored pioneer settlers of 
 that locality. From that county the father 
 went to Carroll county, Indiana, where he con- 
 tinued to reside up to the time of his death, 
 
45 6 
 
 H1STORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 which occurred in 1881. His wife, who sur- 
 vived him for three years, departed this life in 
 1884. They were Presbyterians in religious 
 faith and were people of the highest respecta- 
 bility. They had a family of nine children, 
 six sons and three daughters, of whom only 
 five of the sons now survive. i 
 
 Joseph Montgomery was the seventh child 
 in the family, and his childhood and youth were 
 passed on the home farm, aiding in the labors 
 of the field during the summer months, while 
 during the winter season he attended the dis- 
 trict schools. His primary education, how- 
 ever, was supplemented by a course in an 
 academy of Logansport, Indiana. He began 
 life on his own account as a farmer, which vo- 
 cation he continued to follow until 1885, at 
 which time he sold out and came to San Mar- 
 cial, where for the first two years he was en- 
 gaged in ranching. He then opened his meat- 
 market business in the town, where he has 
 since conducted an honorable and successful 
 business. 
 
 In 1871 Mr. Montgomery was united in 
 marriage with Miss Martha Jane Martin, a na- 
 tive of Indiana, her father's farm being near 
 their own. Four children were born to them, 
 one passed away. Those living are: Willard 
 M., Edmund Garfield and Roscoe Conkling. 
 The daughter, Effa Pearl, a beautiful child, 
 died when only fifteen months old. Mr. Mont- 
 gomery has built for himself and family one of 
 the most pleasant residences in the town, where 
 he is also interested in other property. In 
 politics he is a supporter of the men and meas- 
 ures of the Republican party. He is spoken 
 of as being one of San Marcial's very best citi- 
 zens, and by all who know him is held in the 
 highest confidence and esteem. 
 
 HLFRED M. BERGERE. One who 
 has been eminently concerned in the 
 industrial enterprises which have fur- 
 thered the normal development and 
 progress of the Territory of New Mexico, and 
 one whose ancestral lineage is of distinguished 
 
 and interesting order, there is a particular de- 
 gree of satisfaction in turning specific atten- 
 tion to the life history of the honored subject 
 of this review, who stands as one of the most 
 prominent and influential citizens of ,Las Lu- 
 nas, Valencia county. 
 
 Mr. Bergere is a native of Liverpool, Eng- 
 land, where he was born on the loth of Oc- 
 tober, 1857. Though thus by birth a subject 
 of Great Britain, his ancestry is of Italian ex- 
 traction and of most patrician order. His 
 father, Joseph Charles Bergere, was born in 
 fair Italy in the year 1804, and was reared 
 and educated in his native land, where was 
 consummated his marriage. He soon after 
 removed to Liverpool, England, and eventu- 
 ally he became one of the prominent and influ- 
 ential business men of that great seaport, deal- 
 ing largely in iron and steel. Ultimately he 
 engaged in steamship building, and was one of 
 the first owners of the line of steamers plying 
 between Liverpool and the Mediterranean 
 ports, being thus concerned from 1849 until 
 1872, when he retired from active business 
 life and took up his residence in London, where 
 his death occurred in 1892. His wife had pre- 
 ceded him into eternal rest, her demise having 
 occurred in 1865. They were people of edu- 
 cation and refinement, and were devoted ad- 
 herents of the Roman Catholic Church. The 
 father attained high precedence in the busi- 
 ness world and was known as an able and 
 honorable man. He became the father of 
 three sons and two daughters, all of whom are 
 residents of London, England, except Alfred, 
 who is the immediate subject of this sketch. 
 
 Alfred M. Bergere received his preliminary 
 education in Liverpool, and completed his lit- 
 erary discipline in Queen's College, London. 
 In the year 1873 he came to America, locating' 
 first in New York city, where he remained for 
 a time, after which he came to the Southwest 
 and was engaged in the mercantile business 
 along the line of the Atlantic & Pacific Rail- 
 road during the period of its construction. In 
 the latter year he was compelled to go to the 
 East by reason of impaired health, but in 1884 
 
HISTORT Of NE W MEXICO. 
 
 457 
 
 he again returned to New Mexico, and locating 
 in Los Lunas here engaged in merchandising 
 and in quite extensive operations in the line of 
 stock-raising. In 1888 he closed his mercan- 
 tile business, and has since devoted his atten- 
 tion almost exclusively to the stock industry, 
 which represents one of the most important 
 branches of enterprise in the Territory. He 
 has also become largely interested in New 
 Mexico real estate, being associated with others 
 in the ownership of 2,000,000 acres of land. 
 He has a herd of fully 30,000 head of sheep, 
 and is an extensive operator in this line, being 
 successful in his efforts, which have been di- 
 rected with signal ability. 
 
 Thoroughly in touch with the progressive 
 American spirit, and in every way fully in sym- 
 pathy with the interests of his adopted coun- 
 try, Mr. Bergere has taken an active part in 
 local political affairs, being a stalwart supporter 
 of the Republican party. He has been a dele- 
 gate to party conventions, has been a leading 
 spirit in the same and has used his influence to 
 further the advancement of the cause which he 
 has espoused. He has been called upon to 
 serve as County Commissioner of Valencia 
 county, and proved a most capable executive. 
 Further official preferment was accorded him 
 in his election to the responsible office as County 
 Treasurer, in which position he is serving at 
 the present time. His ability is recognized, as 
 is also his unflagging interest in the welfare of 
 the county, while his fidelity to every detail of 
 the official duties devolving upon him has 
 gained him the confidence and good will of all 
 classes, regardless of political affiliations. 
 
 On the 1 5th of August, 1886, occurred the i 
 happy ceremonial which united the destinies of 
 our subject and Miss Eloisa Luna, daughter of 
 Judge Antonio Jose Luna, concerning whom 
 individual mention is made elsewhere in this 
 volume. She was born in Los Lunas and com- 
 pleted her education in New York city, being 
 afforded the best of advantages and being a 
 woman of culture and refinement. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Bergere are the parents of seven chil- 
 dren, all of whom were born in Los Lunas, 
 
 their names, in order of birth, being as follows: 
 Edward Manuel, Manuel Basil, Adelina Amelia, 
 Anita Eloisa, Elvira Estella, May Bernedetta 
 and Antonio Jose. Our subject and his wife 
 cling to the religious faith of their fathers and 
 are devoted members and communicants of the 
 Roman Catholic Church. The family home is 
 one in which are observed all the courtesies 
 and amenities of refined elegance. Mr. Ber- 
 gere is a man of marked influence and exten- 
 sive capitalistic interests and is most favorably 
 known throughout the Territory. 
 
 BREDERICK C. FOX, the trainmaster 
 of the Rio Grande division of the At- 
 chison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, 
 residing at San Marcial, New Mexico, 
 is a native of Ohio, born in Marysville, October 
 9, 1883. His parents, George A. and Susan 
 M. (Kuhlman) Fox, were both natives of Ger- 
 many. The father came to America in 1835, 
 and at Columbus, Ohio, was married, in 1845. 
 They still make their home in Marysville, 
 where they have the respect of all who know 
 them, and are members of the Lutheran 
 Church. The father follows the trade of 
 bricklaying and is a contractor and builder. 
 
 In the family of four sons and one daughter, 
 Fred C. Fox is the youngest. He was educated 
 in the public schools of his native town and as 
 a boy worked on a farm. Later he learned 
 telegraphy, and on the 9th of July, 1881, be- 
 gan his railroad career by entering the employ 
 of the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & In- 
 dianapolis Railroad Company as night opera- 
 tor, being for the first year stationed in his 
 hometown. On the igth of August, 1882, he 
 went to work at Wagon Mound, New Mexico, 
 being employed by the company with which he 
 is still connected. He was soon afterward 
 made day operator at Wallace, where he re- 
 mained until the ist of January, 1884, and 
 was then transferred to Rincon, where he was 
 employed as day operator until the i$th of 
 June of the same year. At that time he was 
 sent to Lake Valley to open a telegraph office 
 
458 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 and station. On the 15th of July, 1885, he 
 was appointed relief agent for the Rio Grande 
 division, and December 27, 1886, was made 
 ticket and freight agent at Carthage, New 
 Mexico, where he remained until the ist of 
 August, 1887, when he was appointed freight 
 and ticket agent at Rincon. On the I7th of 
 September, 1 890, he received the appointment 
 of chief train dispatcher of the Rio Grande 
 division of the road, and on the ist of May, 
 1893, was promoted to his present position, 
 now having charge of the station and train 
 service. Thus it can be seen that he has given 
 the company |he fullest satisfaction while in 
 their employ. He has mastered every depart- 
 ment of railroading, and is now considered one 
 of the most competent railroad men in New 
 Mexico. 
 
 Mr. Fox was married on the 22d of Sep- 
 tember, 1892, his union being.with Miss Mary 
 A. Ryan, a native of Buffalo, New York. Po- 
 litically he adheres to the principles of the 
 Democratic party, and keeps himself well in- 
 formed on the public affairs of the country, but 
 devotes his whole time and undivided attention 
 to railroading and the duties of his office. 
 
 \MUEL G. HANNA, the senior mem- 
 her of the popular grocery firm of S. 
 G. Hanna & Company, of San Mar- 
 cial, New Mexico, is a native of Pen- 
 nsylvania, born at Darlington, on the ist of 
 April, 1856. His grandfather, S. G. Hanna, 
 became one of the early settlers of that region, 
 where Joseph Hanna, the father of our sub- 
 ject, was born and reared to manhood on the 
 old home farm. There the latter married Miss 
 Sarah Johnson, a native of Fayette county, 
 the same State. Besides his agricultural pur- 
 suits, he also engaged in carpentering. His 
 death occurred at the age of sixty, but his wife, 
 who still survives him, has reached the age of 
 sixty-eight. They were worthy, respected peo- 
 ple and faithful members of the United Pres- 
 byterian Church. They became the parents of 
 seven children, of whom one is now deceased. 
 
 Samuel G. Hanna is the fourth in order of 
 birth. He was given good educational privi- 
 leges, being able to attend the academy of his 
 native town, and for a time engaged in farm- 
 ing in Illinois. In 1878 he began work for the 
 Atchison, Topeka & Santa 'Fe Railroad Com- 
 pany in the water-service department, and in 
 the spring of 1881 came to San Marcial, New 
 Mexico, when the town was just starting. He 
 remained in the employ of that railroad, how- 
 ever, until 1891, at which time he opened his 
 grocery store in connection with his brother, 
 W. J. Hanna. By close attention to business 
 and upright, honorable dealing, they have ac- 
 quired the good will of their customers, and 
 have built up a deservedly prosperous business. 
 
 In 1889 was celebrated the marriage of 
 Samuel G. Hanna and Miss Minerva Beedle, 
 a native of Kansas, and the daughter of W. D. 
 Beedle, of that State. Three children grace 
 this union Samuel G. Jr., Sarah Alice and 
 Walter Clark. 
 
 With the order of Knights of Pythias, Mr. 
 Hanna holds membership, in which lodge he is 
 now serving as master of finance, and his poli- 
 tical support is given to the Republican party. 
 He has built one of the best residences in the 
 city, where with his family he makes his home. 
 He gives his entire attention to his business in- 
 terests, and has acquired the reputation of 
 being one of San Manual's best citizens and 
 most honorable business men. 
 
 F. MATHESON is connected with va- 
 rious business enterprises in Eddy, and 
 has therefore been a promoter of the 
 material welfare of the city. His oper- 
 ations have been extensive and varied and have 
 not only advanced his individual prosperity, 
 but have been of benefit to the community by 
 accelerating commercial activity and furnishing 
 employment to many. 
 
 Mr. Matheson is yet a young man. He 
 was born in Taylorsville, North Carolina, in 
 1 86 1, but was reared in East Tennessee, the 
 home of the family being at Mossy Creek, Jef- 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ferson county. He was educated in the semi- 
 nary two miles from the town of Black Oak 
 Grove, and on leaving school engaged in farm- 
 ing, which pursuit he successfully followed in 
 Tennessee until 1883. In that year he re- 
 moved to Abilene, Texas, where he carried on 
 farming, and also run a water wagon for a year. 
 He then engaged with Pratt Brothers, dealers 
 in wool and hides in Abilene for several years, 
 and in 1889 went to Pecos, Texas, to represent 
 the business of the firm at that place, where he 
 continued until 1891. 
 
 Mr. Matheson then came to Eddy, as a 
 representative of the same firm, and in 1 894 
 bought out their business, now dealing in grain, 
 wool and hides. His grain warehouse is a very 
 large structure, and in 1894 he did an immense 
 business, handling nearly all the grain sold 
 to freighters for the upper Pecos country. In 
 1892 he purchased an ice-house and has since 
 dealt in that commodity, receiving a liberal 
 patronage. He is a wholesale dealer in beer, 
 carries on a coal business, is agent for the Con- 
 tinental Oil Company, and has a large trade in 
 wool and hides. He is one of the most enter- 
 prising and successful merchants of Eddy, and 
 carries forward to prosperity, whatever he un- 
 dertakes. He is also engaged with the finan- 
 cial affairs of the city as director of the bank. 
 
 On the 28th of November. 1883, Mr. Ma- 
 theson was united in marriage with Miss Coride 
 Hayworth, a native of Tennessee, and they 
 now have one son, William Walter. Our sub- 
 ject is a member of the Masonic Lodge of 
 Eddy, and is a gentleman of sterling worth, who 
 has already achieved success that might well 
 be regarded as the fitting reward of a life-time 
 of earnest toil. There is every reason to believe 
 that more brilliant successes yet await him in 
 the future. 
 
 BRED O. BLOOD, one of San Mar- 
 cial's most enterprising and influen- 
 tial citizens, is a division storekeeper 
 for the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe 
 Railroad Company. He is a native of New. 
 
 York, born at Westport, Essex county, on the 
 2d of January, 1859, of English ancestry, who 
 first settled in Vermont. In that State the 
 paternal grandfather was born, and with his 
 father removed to Essex county, New York. 
 They were farming people of the highest re- 
 spectability, and in religious belief were Meth- 
 odists. The father of our subject, Leander A. 
 Blood, was born on the old homestead in Es- 
 sex county, in 1828, and married Miss Minerva 
 Miller, who was born in the same county. In 
 1 869 they left the East, going to Kansas, where 
 the father purchased land twelve miles from 
 Topeka, which he has now placed under a high 
 state of cultivation. His wife passed away at 
 the age of sixty-three years. By her marriage 
 she became the mother of eight sons and one 
 daughter, only four of whom are now living. 
 
 Fred O. Blood is the fifth child in order of 
 birth in the family, and at the age of nine 
 years was brought by his parents to Kansas, 
 where he was reared on the farm, while his 
 education was obtained in the common schools, 
 which he attended until twenty years of age. 
 In 1877 ne became connected with the Atchi- 
 son, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad Company, 
 with which he remained for four years, when 
 he went to White Oaks, where he engaged in 
 mining, meeting with fair success. After three 
 years of this work he sold out his mining in- 
 terests, and in 1885 went to Topeka. In 1 886 
 he became storekeeper for the Atchison, To- 
 peka & Santa Fe Railroad Company at San 
 Marcial, which position he has since filled in a 
 most satisfactory manner, and has become one 
 of the leading citizens of the place. Mr. Blood 
 has invested in land, and within the corpora- 
 tion limits has erected a good home, which he 
 has surrounded with beautiful shade-trees and 
 other shrubbery. His home place comprises 
 fourteen acres, which must ultimately become 
 of great value, and he is also greatly improving 
 his land outside of the city limits, which will 
 some day become the most valuable and pro- 
 ductive in this part of the Rio Grande valley. 
 He is also about to test this locality for an ar- 
 tesian well with a fair prospect of success, and 
 
460 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 if successful will be entitled to great credit for 
 his enterprise in this direction, as it will be a 
 discovery of universal value to his vicinity. 
 Mr. Blood is an ardent lover of horses, and 
 now owns Andy B. , a two-year-old colt of the 
 Hambletonian stock, which is a son of Dandy 
 O. , a trotter with a record of 2:11. His grand - 
 sire was Dalbrino, and his dam, Mary Phelps, 
 by Coriander, by Iron Drake, by Hambleton- 
 ian 10. The horse is a splendid one and our 
 subject is to be congratulated on the owner- 
 ship of so fine an animal. 
 
 On the 5th of August, 1886, Mr. Blood led 
 to the marriage altar Miss Laura La Master, a 
 native of Kokomo, Indiana, and a daughter of 
 Isaac La Master, of that State, though her par- 
 ents are now residents of San Marcial. Two 
 sons have come to grace this union Ernest R. 
 and Elmer Orrin. Socially, Mr. Blood is 
 connected with the Masonic fraternity, while 
 politically he is a Republican, and a man of 
 much ability who takes a very active interest in 
 the welfare and upbuilding of the Territory. 
 
 O. BURSUM, the Sheriff of Socorro 
 county, is a native of the State of 
 Iowa, born at Fort Dodge, February 
 10, 1867. His parents, Frank O. 
 and Maria (Hilton) Bursum, were natives of 
 Norway. They bade farewell to the pine-clad 
 hills in 1865, crossed the sea and after landing 
 in the United States went to Iowa and set- 
 tled at Prairie du Chien. Later they removed 
 to Fort Dodge, Iowa, near which place Mr. 
 Bursum owned a farm. Here he died, at the 
 age of twenty-three years. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Bursum had two children, a 
 daughter, Louisa, who married George J. Wool- 
 finger, and now resides at San Antonio, New 
 Mexico, and H. O. Bursum, whose history is 
 as follows : 
 
 His boyhood, until he was nine years of 
 age, was passed upon a frontier farm ; for two 
 years he was a pupil in the Fort Dodge school, 
 and then, at the age of eleven years, began to 
 earn his own living. The failure of his moth- 
 
 er's health necessitated a change of climate, 
 and she went to Boulder, Colorado, accom- 
 panied by her husband and family. She failed 
 to regain the much-coveted strength, and finally 
 died, in 1879, aged thirty-six years. Relying 
 upon his own resources, Mr. Bursum secured 
 work as a chore boy in the store of Bradley & 
 McClure, where he remained until after the 
 death of his mother. He then went to Den- 
 ver and was in the employ of Mr. Durbin for 
 a year. In 1880 he came to Raton, New 
 Mexico, and took a position in the drug store 
 of Mr. Norwood. At the end of two months 
 he returned to Denver and worked for the 
 Colorado Telegraph Company. Having lost 
 this position, and failing to secure anything 
 more to his taste, he served as dish-washer in 
 a restaurant, and made himself generally use- 
 ful until opportunity offered for something else. 
 
 In 1882 he came to San Antonio, New 
 Mexico, and for eight years was in the general 
 mercantile establishment of his uncle, A. H. 
 Hilton. In 1890 he went to Fort Wingate and 
 was there engaged in contract freighting for 
 the United States Government, hauling the 
 supplies for the fort. At the end of two years 
 he became interested in railway construction, 
 and was employed by Mitchell Brothers, who 
 built a branch of the Atlantic & Pacific railroad 
 to a lumber camp. After the completion of 
 this enterprise he returned to San Antonio with 
 his freighting outfit, which consisted of twenty- 
 eight mules and a number of wagons. These 
 he traded for twelve hundred sheep, but at the 
 end of six months disposed of the sheep and 
 turned his attention to farming. He is still in- 
 terested in agriculture, and now owns two 
 ranches east of San Antonio, comprising three 
 hundred and eighty acres. He makes a speci- 
 alty of fruit-raising, producing fine crops of ap- 
 ples, peaches and pears. 
 
 Mr. Bursum has always given zealous sup- 
 port to the Republican party, and October 17, 
 1894, he was nominated Sheriff of Socorro 
 county. He made a good race and was elected 
 to the office by a majority of three hundred 
 and eighty-four votes. He entered upon his 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 461 
 
 official duties January I, 1895, and since that 
 time has made several important arrests. In 
 the apprehension of criminals he has displayed 
 a skill little short of genius. One of the cul- 
 prits arrested by him has been sentenced to 
 serve a term of twenty-five years, and another 
 one is to be hanged. The business of this 
 office absorbs the entire time and attention of 
 Mr. Bursum. He belongs to no societies, and 
 is unmarried. 
 
 ,y^V ESTOR P. EATON, Assessor of So- 
 corro county, New Mexico, is a na- 
 r tive son of this Territory, born at 
 Santa Fe, March 18, 1872. His 
 forefathers came to this country from England 
 and were among the early settlers of New York 
 State. Ethan W. Eaton, his father, came out 
 west to New Mexico when a young man and 
 was subsequently married in Santa Fe to Miss 
 Marcelina Chavez, a native of the Territory 
 and a representative of one of its noted Span- 
 ish families. Here he settled down to ranch- 
 ing and mining and has acquired a large 
 amount of valuable property, including rich 
 silver mines. During the Civil war he joined 
 the Union forces, was commissioned Colonel 
 and participated in a number of engagements, 
 thus playing an active part in helping to drive 
 the Confederates from this Territory. In his 
 family are eight children, Nestor R. being the 
 fifth born. 
 
 Nestor P. Eaton was educated in Santa Fe, 
 New Mexico, and in Arizona learned the drug 
 business, at which he was employed for some 
 time both in New Mexico and in Arizona. 
 Since 1880 he has been a resident of Socorro 
 and has been largely interested in mining enter- 
 prises, associated in this business with his 
 father and brothers. They have both silver 
 and lead mines at Magdalena, this county, 
 which they are operating on a paying basis. 
 
 In his political views Mr. Eaton harmo- 
 nizes with the Republican party. By this 
 party he was in 1892 elected Assessor of So- 
 corro county for a term of two years, was re- 
 
 elected at the expiration of that time, and is 
 now serving his second term, his duties being 
 performed in a manner which reflects credit 
 both upon himself and his constituents. He 
 is an active member and an officer in the organ- 
 ization known as Catholic Knights of San 
 Miguel, of Socorro. 
 
 In 1883 Mr. Eaton was united in marriage 
 to Miss Delfina Padilla, a native of New Mex- 
 ico and a member of one of the old Spanish 
 families of the Territory. She is also related 
 to the Bacas, another Spanish family long res- 
 ident here. Their home, which Mr. Eaton 
 built, is one of the pretty residences of Socorro. 
 Both Mr. Eaton and his wife are popular in 
 the social circles of their town and at their 
 pleasant home entertain in a charming manner 
 their many friends. 
 
 (D 
 
 ELQUIADES ARMIJO, a promi- 
 nent citizen of Socorro and a stock- 
 man well known throughout the 
 West, is a native son of New Mex- 
 ico, born at Sabinal, Socorro county, Decem- 
 ber 20, 1846, and descends from a distinguished 
 Spanish officer who came to New Mexico at 
 the time of the conquest, and for his services 
 here was rewarded by the government with a 
 land grant, twelve leagues square, called the 
 Belen land grant. A considerable portion of 
 this property is still owned by his heirs, and 
 several generations of the family have been 
 born there. Grandfather Jose Armijo was an 
 officer in the Mexican army. He secured the 
 patent for the property from the United States. 
 His wife was before her marriage Miss Juanita 
 Silva, she being a native of New Mexico and 
 of Spanish origin. He lived to the ripe old 
 age of seventy-five years. Their son Martin 
 was the father of the gentleman whose name 
 introduces this sketch, was born in the year 
 1825, was educated at Santa Fe, and has been 
 a prominent citizen of the Territory all his life. 
 During the Civil war he was loyal to the Union, 
 and enlisted in the volunteer militia, where he 
 served as First Lieutenant, and his cousin, Juan 
 
462 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Armijo, as Captain. He continued on active 
 duty until the Confederates were driven from 
 the Territory, after which he was honorably 
 discharged. Martin Armijo was twice married 
 first to Miss Altagracia Esquibel, and after 
 her death to Miss Victoriana Ortego, his pres- 
 ent companion. His first wife bore him seven 
 children, of whom five are now living, and of 
 the eight children by his second wife all are 
 living except one. He is a devout Catholic, 
 and a man whose life has been such that it en- 
 titles him to the high esteem in which he is 
 held by all who know him. 
 
 Melquiades Armijo, the immediate subject 
 of this article, was the first born in his father's 
 large . family. He received a Spanish educa- 
 tion in New Mexico, and is a self-taught Eng- 
 lish scholar. On attaining manhood, he chose 
 the stock business for his vocation, has given 
 it his close attention, and has been fairly pros- 
 pered. In 1876 he went to the Black Hills, 
 and spent some time in mining and prospect- 
 ing. There he had a streak of luck, and it 
 was in this way that he got his first start in the 
 way of capital. He now keeps some five or 
 six hundred head of cattle and about two hun- 
 dred head of horses, the latter being a cross of 
 Morgan and Norman-Percheron, and consider- 
 ed a good breed. 
 
 Mr. Armijo was married December 22, 
 1876, to Miss Mary Armijo, who departed this 
 life in 1886, leaving an only child, Roman, 
 who is now in school. In 1892 Mr. Armijo 
 wedded Mrs. Rufina V. de Abeytia, widow of 
 Antonio Abeytia. Mr. and Mrs. Armijo have 
 one of the finest residences in Socorro, a. hand- 
 some brick structure, surrounded with spacious 
 and attractive grounds, and giving every evi- 
 dence of taste *and refinement. They also have 
 other valuable city property, and he is the 
 owner of some farming lands. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Armijo takes an intelligent 
 and commendable interest, affiliating with the 
 Democratic party. Also he takes a deep in- 
 terest in educational matters. At this writing 
 he is a member of the School Board. Frater- 
 nally, he is identified with the Knights of 
 
 Pythias. Mr. Armijo has a wide acquaintance, 
 and is favorably known not only throughout 
 New Mexico but also in various portions of the 
 West. 
 
 BREDERICK A. BECKER, a success- 
 ful fruit-grower and practical wine- 
 maker, has for twenty years been 
 identified with the various interests of 
 Belen, New Mexico, and needs no introduction 
 to the people of this place. A sketch of his 
 life is appropriate in this connection, and is as 
 follows: 
 
 Frederick A. Becker was born in Germany, 
 March 17, 1854. In his native land he was 
 educated and learned the mercantile business, 
 and in 1871, at the age of seventeen, he emi- 
 grated to America, his first location in this 
 country being in Illinois, where he was engaged 
 in farm work. From Illinois he went to Mel- 
 rose, Missouri, and learned the business of 
 wine culture, and in 1875 came to Belen, New 
 Mexico, where he has since resided. Here for 
 five years he clerked for his brother, John 
 Becker. When the railroad was built to the 
 town, railroading seemed to offer special at- 
 tractions to him, and he accepted the position 
 of station agent. For thirteen years he served 
 as station agent and telegraph operator, much 
 of the time working both night and day, and 
 after this long experience and close confine- 
 ment he sought a change of occupation. From 
 railroading he turned his attention to the busi- 
 ness he had learned in Missouri, that of fruit- 
 growing and wine-making, in which he is meet- 
 ing with satisfactory success. He owns 100 
 acres of land, on which, in addition to his 
 grapes and other fruits, he raises alfalfa and is 
 to some extent interested in feeding hogs and 
 cattle; and besides taking care of his- own 
 place, he has charge of his brother's wine 
 cellar. 
 
 Mr. Becker has a wife and six children. 
 He was married in 1880 to Miss Johana Viel- 
 stich, a sister of Mrs. John Becker and, like 
 himself, a native of Germany. Their children 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 4 6 3 
 
 are Adolph, Helen, Louie, Carl, Freda and 
 Willie, all born in Belen. He and his wife are 
 members of the Lutheran Church. 
 
 
 BREDERICK SCHOLLE. -- Among 
 the prominent and representative 
 business men of the thriving city of 
 Belen, Valencia county, New Mexico, 
 the subject of this sketch demands particular 
 recognition, and it is practically imperative 
 that in this connection there should be incor- 
 porated a specific record of his life and accom- 
 plishments. It is a recognized fact that in 
 making up the complex fabric of our national^ 
 commonwealth there has entered no element 
 of more value and more sterling reliability 
 than that furnished by the great Empire of 
 Germany. From that country have come men 
 of the stanchest integrity, sturdy honor and in- 
 defatigable industry, and these attributes have 
 been signally fruitful in insuring a stable pros- 
 perity and furthering a normal progress in our 
 marvelous Western Republic. The subject of 
 this review has been a resident of New Mexico 
 since 1873, but he may well take pride in 
 the fact that he is a native of Germany, where 
 he was born on the 7th of December. 1852. 
 His educational discipline was secured in the 
 excellent schools of his fatherland, and he 
 there passed four years most profitably in ac- 
 quiring a subsequent knowledge of the mercan- 
 tile business. Attaining his majority, the young 
 man became desirous of trying his fortunes in 
 the New World, believing that here were af- 
 forded greater opportunities for advancement 
 and for the attainment of a fuller measure of 
 success in temporal affairs. Arriving in New 
 York, he soon made his way to St. Charles, 
 Missouri, where he was for a year employed in 
 a clerical capacity in one of the leading mer- 
 cantile establishments of the place. From 
 there he went to St. Louis, in the same State, 
 and secured employment in the wholesale 
 house of Dodd, Brown & Company, one of the 
 leading dry-goods concerns of the central West. 
 This incumbency enabled him to acquire a full 
 
 and comprehensive knowledge of that line of 
 industry, and this has proved of inestimable 
 value in his individual operations since that 
 time. After remaining with this house for a 
 period of one and one-half years, he became 
 impressed with the idea that in New Mexico 
 was offered a desirable field for a properly con- 
 ducted mercantile enterprise, and he accord- 
 ingly came hither and eventually formed a 
 partnership with Franz Huning, of Albuquer- 
 que, and opened a small store at Belen in the 
 year 1876. The undertaking proved success- 
 ful, and after retaining his association with 
 Mr. Huning for a period of four years he ef- 
 fected the purchase of his partner's interest and 
 has since conducted the business upon his own 
 responsibility. His methods have been scru- 
 pulously fair and honorable, and this fact, as 
 taken in connection with his animating spirit 
 of enterprise, has gained him the confidence of 
 the people of the community and insured him 
 a distinctively representative patronage. It is 
 needless to say that his business has shown 
 a gratifying and consecutive expansion, and 
 that he has kept pace with the demands by 
 providing a finely equipped establishment in 
 which is ever to be found a select and compre- 
 hensive line of goods. The attractive building 
 which he now utilizes is 90x110 feet in di- 
 mensions and is of unique architectural design, 
 being constructed after the picturesque Swiss 
 mode. Within this spacious building is dis- 
 played a very extensive line of general merchan- 
 dise, every department being under the imme- 
 diate supervision of the able proprietor. In 
 addition to general lines, Mr. Scholle also han- 
 dles all kinds of produce. 
 
 Our subject has not confined his operations 
 to this one line of enterprise, but has become 
 prominently concerned in an industry which 
 promises much as taken into connection with 
 the commercial activities of the Territory. He 
 has engaged quite extensively in the manufac- 
 ture of wines and has a large wine cellar, 50 x 150 
 feet in dimensions, in which he has stored 
 large quantities of choice products in this line. 
 He is also prominently identified with the sheep 
 
4 6 4 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 and cattle business, having at the present time 
 a herd of 15,000 sheep, besides 2,000 head of 
 cattle. 
 
 Mr. Scholle has given distinctive evidence 
 of his faith and confidence in the growth and 
 development of this favored section by invest- 
 ing quite extensively in town and county realty. 
 He owns about 2,000 acres of ranch land in 
 five different ranches, and he operates a steam 
 thresher with which he has for a number of 
 
 \ 
 
 years threshed grain produced upon other 
 ranches in the vicinity. 
 
 In his political proclivities our subject ren- 
 ders allegiance to the Republican party, in 
 whose interests he uses his right of suffrage, 
 though in no sense a seeker for political prefer- 
 ment. His religious views are those of the 
 German Lutheran Church. 
 
 So marked an acquisition to the business 
 portion of the town and so ornamental in its 
 appearance is his attractive place of business 
 that it will not be inappropriate to refer to it 
 in this connection. Built in somewhat the 
 style of the Swiss chalet, the building is sur- 
 rounded with wide verandas or galleries, and 
 is surmounted with a large cupola, the whole 
 structure being painted in tasteful colors of 
 light hue. Its sight is a most eligible one and 
 the building may be seen from a great distance 
 up and down the valley, thus proving not only 
 an ornament to the village, but an effective 
 advertising medium. 
 
 Mr. Scholle has attained to a marked de- 
 gree of success in life entirely by his own 
 efforts, and he may be considered distinctively 
 as a self-made man, being well worthy of the 
 respect and esteem in which he is held in the 
 community to whose development and progress 
 he has contributed in so signal a measure. 
 
 OSCAR GOEBEL, who is one of the 
 representative business men and most 
 popular citizens of Belen, Valencia 
 county, is one of the sturdy sons of 
 the German empire who in his youth came to 
 America in order to avail himself of the supe- 
 
 rior advantages here afforded for a young man 
 of honor, integrity, intelligence and ambition 
 to better his condition in life and to win for 
 himself a place in the world. His career has 
 been an interesting one in many particulars, 
 and in its success may well be held worthy of 
 emulation. Mr. Goebel is a native of Han- 
 over, Germany, where he was born on the 3d 
 day of March, 1850, his parents being intelli- 
 gent and well-to-do people of that country. 
 He received his educational discipline in the 
 excellent schools of his native land, and there 
 subsequently became associated with mercan- 
 tile enterprises, acquiring a valuable prelimi- 
 nary knowledge of business methods. Like 
 other young men in Germany he was subject 
 to military discipline, and in this way he . was 
 one of those who valiantly participated in the 
 Franco-Prussian war, having volunteered for 
 one year's service. After the close of this 
 memorable conflict he went to Chili and other 
 South American republics, and was there en- 
 gaged in selling merchandise as the representa- 
 tive of a wholesale house. This experience is 
 one that also added to his discriminating 
 knowledge of the line of enterprise with which 
 he subsequently became individually con- 
 cerned. 
 
 From South America Mr. Goebel returned 
 to Germany and made quite an extended visit 
 to his relatives and other friends. In 1877 he 
 came to the United States, and in seeking for 
 a mild climate finally determined to locate 
 permanently in New Mexico, whither he came 
 in the year mentioned. His first occupation 
 after arriving in Los Lunas was that as a sales- 
 man in the mercantile establishment of Louis 
 Huning, for which service he received a salary 
 of forty dollars per month. From Los Lunas 
 he came to Belen as a manager of Mr. Hun- 
 ing's branch store in this place, and after re- 
 taining the position for a year he effected the 
 purchase of the branch store and has since 
 continued the enterprise, his correct methods 
 and fair and honorable dealings having gained 
 him the confidence of the people of the com- 
 munity, who have shown their regard by ac- 
 
THE HOME OF PEDKO SANCHEX, TAOS VAI.I.EV. 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 4 6 5 
 
 cording him a patronage of distinctively repre- 
 sentative character. The business has shown 
 a gratifying increase in proportions each year, 
 and Mr. Goebel now controls a representative 
 trade extending for a radius of thirty miles in 
 each direction. The stock carried is one of 
 select and comprehensive order and includes 
 full lines of general merchandise, while pro- 
 duce of all kinds is also handled. In addition 
 to conducting this important enterprise our 
 subject has devoted no little attention to stock- 
 raising, and has owned at one time as many as 
 2,000 head of cattle, having been very suc- 
 cessful in his operations in this line. Confi- 
 dent of the continuous growth and develop- 
 ment of the Territory he has invested quite 
 largely in town and county real estate, and is 
 thus the owner of large tracts of very fine 
 land, which he devotes to grazing, fruit propa- 
 gation, vineyards and the raising of various 
 cereals and alfalfa. He raises excellent crops 
 of wheat and oats, this section of the Terri- 
 tory being rich and productive, as a most 
 effective and reliable water supply is obtained 
 by irrigation from the Rio Grande, which runs 
 through the valley. His vineyards render him 
 excellent returns, as he manufactures choice 
 brands of wine, which he has facilities for 
 thoroughly maturing. 
 
 The marriage of our subject was solem- 
 nized in 1879, when he was united to Miss 
 Hedwig Grabau, a native of Germany and a 
 friend of his youth. She came to America in 
 the year of her marriage and was met in New 
 York city by her future husband, and in that 
 city the wedding ceremony was forthwith per- 
 formed, after which they came to their home 
 in New Mexico, where in mutual affection and 
 solicitude they have been the truest of com- 
 panions and helpmeets, Mrs. Goebel having 
 encouraged her husband in all his efforts and 
 contributed in no slight degree to his success 
 in life. They became the parents of seven 
 children, of whom two are deceased, namely: 
 Rainer and Erna, the former of whom died at 
 the age of thirteen months and the latter at 
 the age of three years. The two little graves 
 
 30 
 
 have been watered with the tears of a tender 
 mother, and her loving remembrance is shown 
 in the roses which cluster over the sacred 
 earth. The surviving children are: Oscar, 
 aged thirteen years (1895); Walter, twelve 
 years; Edgar, eleven years; Curt., aged seven, 
 and Herbert, five. Mr. and Mrs. Goebel are 
 zealous members of the Lutheran Church. 
 They are both musicians and thoroughly ap- 
 preciative of the refining influence of this art, 
 Mrs. Goebel having excellent accomplishments 
 as a vocalist. Their home is one in which 
 their acquaintances are ever certain of a hearty 
 welcome, and is one which it is a pleasure to 
 visit. Our subject is of genial and jovial na- 
 ture and has a pleasant word for each one he 
 meets a fact which has given him a great 
 popularity in the community, where he is hon- 
 ored as a capable and reliable business man 
 and one whose integrity is shown in his every 
 action. 
 
 In his political views Mr. Goebel renders a 
 support to the Republican party and its prin- 
 ciples, and he has been an active worker for 
 the cause. Although in no sense an office 
 seeker, he was called upon by his fellow citi- 
 zens to serve in the capacity of County Com- 
 missioner, and proved a most faithful and 
 capable executive. 
 
 * "* ON. PEDRO SANCHEZ is one of 
 I^^V the most prosperous and respected cit- 
 
 ^r izens of the Taos valley, and when 
 his life's labors are ended it will be 
 said of him that the world is better for his hav- 
 ing lived. He is prominent as a business man, 
 takes rank among the most progressive citizens 
 of the community and has been an important 
 factor in the work of public* improvement; but 
 that which has won him the never ending grat- 
 itude of many is his kindness to the poor, the 
 needy and the friendless. Without ostenta- 
 tion of display he has proved himself a bene- 
 factor to many. 
 
 Mr. Sanchez was born in Valencia county, 
 New Mexico, February 22, 1831, and is a son 
 
4 66 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 of Christabel Sanchez, who died in Mora 
 county in 1 88 1. In 1837 the family removed 
 to Taos county, locating at Cordova, near the 
 present city of Taos. There our subject was 
 reared to manhood. His father was very poor 
 and during his early boyhood he herded sheep 
 in order to assist in the support of the family, 
 and by the aid of himself and brother his father 
 became well off. At the age of sixteen Pedro 
 was thrown entirely upon his own resources 
 and after a time engaged in merchandising in 
 Taos. In 1862 he located upon a farm, which 
 has since been his home. 
 
 He has a model farm, his place comprising 
 300 acres of choice land, nearly all of which is 
 under a high state of cultivation. The place 
 is modern in all its appointments and supplied 
 with all the latest improvements. 
 
 At the breaking out of the Civil war he en- 
 listed in the Third Regiment of Mounted Vol- 
 unteers, serving under General Canby for eight 
 months. He held the rank of Major and was 
 a favorite officer of 'General Canby. At the 
 battle of Valverde, February 21, 1862, his com- 
 pany was the first to enter the engagement, 
 and therein lost fifteen horses, but no men. 
 He received an honorable discharge at Fort 
 Union, and then returned to Taos. 
 
 The ability and worth of Mr. Sanchez have 
 frequently called him to public office. In 1863 
 he was elected to represent his district in the 
 Territorial Legislature. For six years he served 
 as Probate Judge, and was then elected to the 
 Legislative Council, serving for four years, dur- 
 ing which time he served as its president. He 
 was then again elected Representative, and 
 was a prominent member of the House, mak- 
 ing a number of speeches during the session, 
 which reflected credit upon himself and his 
 constituents. In 1883 he was appointed by 
 President Arthur as United States Indian Agent 
 for the Pueblo tribe, filling that office until the 
 election of Cleveland, when he resigned. The 
 arduous duties of this position were discharged 
 in a most satisfactory and acceptable manner, 
 and he received the praise of the press and the 
 public. The Deming Tribune, writing of him, 
 
 says: "It will be a long time before the Pue- 
 blo Indians will have an agent who will take 
 a more intelligent interest in their improve- 
 ment, or one who will manage their affairs 
 with greater fidelity or more scrupulous hon- 
 esty. He has taken a very active interest in 
 the matter of educating the Indian children, 
 and has devoted a great deal of time to secur- 
 ing the attendance at the schools and promot- 
 ing the educational work." 
 
 A copy of the Morning Star, printed by the 
 pupils of the Carlisle (Pennsylvania) Indian 
 Industrial School, contains Dr. Given's report 
 of his trip to New Mexico, and includes the 
 following: "I called on the agent, Pedro 
 Sanchez, whom I found greatly interested in 
 the education of the Pueblos. He was born in 
 their country and communicates with them 
 through the Spanish language, which is his na- 
 tive tongue, and is using all his influence to 
 break up their old customs and to have them 
 send their children to school. He is in favor 
 of compulsory education, for there are between 
 seven and eight thousand of these people scat- 
 tered throughout that country, in ten or twelve 
 villages, their children growing up in ignorance 
 and superstition." 
 
 Another paper says: "Major Sanchez 
 makes a good Indian Agent. He is a man of 
 inflexible energy, firm yet kind in his manage- 
 ment of the Indians, and competent to ably 
 administer every detail pertaining to his office. 
 The Major is strongly interested in the im- 
 provement of the Indian race, and labors very 
 earnestly in endeavoring to promote their well- 
 being in every particular. He is striving to 
 educate them, also to make them industrious, 
 and as far as possible self-dependent. Matters 
 are in very good shape, and Agent Sanchez is 
 the right man in the right place." 
 
 The question of education has always been 
 one of deep interest to Mr. Sanchez, who real- 
 izes its great importance, both to the white 
 and the red races. While in the Legislature, 
 in explaining his vote on the educational bill, 
 among other things he said: "Politically, I am 
 a Republican; my principle is reason. I am a 
 
HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 467 
 
 friend of full education. I believe in "complete 
 separation between the church and the state, 
 and in such cases I believe that the state 
 should teach the art of living in this world and 
 let the church teach the art of living in the 
 other. I vote Aye." 
 
 He has ever been noted for his loyalty and 
 patriotism, his devotion to all that tends to 
 produce good government and benefit humanity. 
 At the instance of Senators Taylor and Ingalls 
 he was appointed Census Supervisor of New 
 Mexico, and the census of 1890 was taken 
 under his management. 
 
 In 1856 Mr. Sanchez was united in mar- 
 riage with Miss Refugio Martinez, a most es- 
 timable lady. They have no children of their 
 own, but probably no private residence in all 
 the United States has been the home of so 
 many orphan children as that of Mr. Sanchez. 
 With a heart large enough to take in the whole 
 world, a sympathy that always responds to a 
 tale of sorrow or distress, his benefactions are 
 innumerable. His charities are unassuming, 
 his kindliness entirely free from ostentation, 
 for it springs from a deep and sincere interest 
 in the welfare of his fellow men. Twenty 
 orphan children have found loving care and 
 attention in his home, including twelve Navajo 
 Indians, who as they have reached a sufficient 
 age have been given land, sheep, cattle and 
 horses to enable them to begin life on their 
 on account. A loved daughter in his house is 
 a niece of Mrs. Sanchez, who came to live 
 with them during her infancy. She was edu- 
 cated in the Sisters' school in Taos, and is 
 cherished with all the tenderness that might be 
 bestowed on an own daughter, and her love for 
 her foster parents repays them in part. 
 Christoval Sanchez, now County Superintend- 
 ent of Schools of Mora county and a nephew 
 of our subject, was also reared to manhood in 
 the home of this benefactor. His education 
 was acquired in the Christian Brothers' College, 
 after which he taught school in Colorado and 
 New Mexico. He married Miss Placida Chavez, 
 and they have one child, Pedro Sanchez, named 
 in honor of our subject, 
 
 It would be difficult in a work of this kind 
 to give a complete analysis of the character of 
 such a man as Mr. Sanchez, but much may be 
 read between the lines, and the lessons which 
 his record contains are valuable. He has 
 gained considerable property, and in addition 
 to the beautiful farm on which he resides has 
 a large tract of land in Colfax county, over 
 which roam some 15,000 sheep, besides large 
 numbers of cattle. He holds to the religious 
 faith advanced by Father Martinez, who was 
 one of the most aggressive men that ever lived 
 in New Mexico, a pioneer to whom the Terri- 
 tory owes an unbounded debt of gratitude. He 
 was the first to found an educational institute 
 and publish papers west of the Mississippi 
 river. His life has ever been an honorable and 
 upright one. Mr. Sanchez has had many 
 friends among prominent men, including Gen- 
 eral Logan. His genuine worth and many 
 manly virtues have always commanded the 
 respect and admiration of those with whom he 
 has come in contact, and this volume would be 
 incomplete without his history. 
 
 *w "* M.' DOUGHERTY, Prosecuting At- 
 
 IrV torney of Socorro county, is a promis- 
 
 1 f P ing young lawyer of New Mexico and 
 
 has but recently started out upon a 
 
 career which bids fair to be attended with 
 
 marked success. 
 
 Mr. Dougherty was born in North Platte, 
 Nebraska, April 7, 1868, and descends from 
 Irish and English ancestors who were promi- 
 nent in the early settlement of Virginia. Some 
 of his maternal ancestors were participants in 
 the Revolutionary war. Mr. Dougherty's par- 
 ents, Ralph C. and Mary E. (Sims) Dougherty, 
 were born in Kentucky and are still living. 
 In their family were eight children, Harry M., 
 subject of our sketch, being the youngest and 
 one of the three of this number that survive. 
 
 H. M. Dougherty was educated in Nebraska 
 and at Fort Worth, Texas, after which he en- 
 tered the St. Louis Law School, where he at- 
 tained a high standing in his class and where 
 
4 68 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 he graduated in 1890. He first came to New 
 Mexico in 1881, and since his graduation in the 
 law school he has maintained his residence in 
 this Territory. For a time he was engaged in 
 the practice of law in partnership with the 
 Hon. Estanislao V. Chavez in Socorro, but on 
 account of ill health he retired from the firm 
 and for some months was out of practice. On 
 recovering his health, he was appointed by 
 Governor Thornton to the position of Prosecu- 
 ting Attorney of Socorro county, an office which 
 he is now ably filling. He has a nice office 
 room, a choice collection of law books and 
 standard works, gives his whole time and at- 
 tention to his profession, and his success is 
 assured. Politically, he is a Democrat. 
 
 NEUSTADT This gentleman 
 is another one the many enterprising 
 Germans who are playing an impor- 
 tant part in the business circles of our 
 Western towns and cities. He has been a 
 resident of New Mexico since 1878, and during 
 these years has become thoroughly identified 
 with America and American interests. 
 
 Mr./Neustadt was born in Germany, June 
 ii, 1859, a son of German parents, and was 
 reared and educated in his native land and 
 there learned the mercantile business. In 
 1878 he came to this country and direct to 
 Los Lunas, New Mexico, to clerk for his 
 brothers, who had preceded him to the United 
 States, and he was employed by them as clerk 
 for three years. At the end of the three years 
 they sold their Los Lunas business to him and 
 embarked in a mercantile enterprise at Albu- 
 querque. Soon after this the subject of our 
 sketch formed the Los Lunas Mercantile Com- 
 pany, comprised of Messrs. Mike Mandel, Leon 
 Hertzog and himself, and they have since done 
 an extensive and prosperous business. Their 
 store is 75 x 100 feet in dimensions. They 
 have one wareroom 25x100 feet, and two 
 other warerooms, each 50x75 feet. All are 
 filled to their utmost capacity with the im- 
 mense stock of general merchandise belonging 
 
 to this company. Besides dealing in general 
 merchandise, they handle wagons and farm 
 implements of all kinds and a large amount of 
 hay and grain, their chief market for hay and 
 grain being Fort Wingate. All the members 
 of the firm are men of marked business ability 
 and experience, are liberal, honorable and up- 
 right in their dealings, and are justly entitled 
 to the enviable reputation which they have 
 built up. 
 
 Mr. Neustadt on coming to this country 
 identified himself with the Republican party 
 and has remained a stanch and active member 
 of the same. He has twice been honored with 
 election to the office of County Clerk of Valen- 
 cia county, in which position he has served 
 most acceptably. Fraternally, he is a Knight 
 of Pythias. 
 
 >-jAMES CORY. The Emerald Isle has 
 
 m contributed an important element to 
 
 / 1 the composite fabric which makes up 
 
 the national commonwealth of the 
 
 United States, one whose alert characteristics 
 
 and quick intelligence has greatly subserved the 
 
 progress which has marked the history of the 
 
 republic. 
 
 In the case at hand we have one who, born 
 on Irish soil, has made his way to a position 
 of honor in the New World, and who has gain- 
 ed to himself the respect and confidence of 
 men, the while proving his capacity for well- 
 directed and successful endeavor in the line of 
 industrial enterprise. Mr. Cory holds the re- 
 sponsible preferment as Treasurer of the county 
 of Colfax, New Mexico, and retains his resi- 
 dence in the thriving village of Springer, whither 
 he came in 1884, since which time he has 
 been closely identified with the interests of the 
 place, being recognized as one of her most pro- 
 gressive and honorable business men. 
 
 Our subject was born in county Down, Ire- 
 land, on the 5th of November, 1845, the place 
 of his nativity having been in the immediate 
 vicinity of the famous old city of Belfast. He 
 was educated in his native land, and there 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 469 
 
 learned the carpenter's trade, becoming a skill- 
 ful and expert workman. For several years he 
 was employed at his trade in Belfast, but in 
 1867 he followed out the plans which he had 
 long been considering, and emigrated to the 
 United States, believing that here were offered 
 better opportunities for a man to make his way 
 in the world and to attain that measure of suc- 
 cess to which his capabilities entitled him. Ar- 
 riving in New York city, he there remained for 
 several years, being engaged in contracting and 
 building, and being very successful in his en- 
 deavors. In 1873 he determined to push his 
 way Westward, and reaching Chicago he was 
 for some time engaged there in working at his 
 trade, after which he continued in the same 
 line at various other points, including Daven- 
 port, Audubon and Sioux City, Iowa. Finally, 
 in 1884, he made his way to New Mexico, lo- 
 cating at Springer, and there devoting his at- 
 tention to operations in the line of his trade 
 until 1892. In the progress and substantial 
 upbuilding of the town he has contributed 
 largely, and to his efforts may be ascribed much 
 of the attraction which the town now claims 
 as a place of residence. 
 
 In the year 1892, Mr. Cory opened a furni- 
 ture establishment in the village, and this en- 
 terprise he has since continued with much suc- 
 cess, this being the only establishment of the 
 sort in the town. He keeps a select and com- 
 prehensive stock and has gained the good-will 
 and confidence of the local public by his fair 
 and honorable business methods. 
 
 In politics our subject has lent an active 
 support to the Republican party and its prin- 
 ciples, having identified himself with that or- 
 ganization immediately upon gaining citizen- 
 ship in the United States. The popular confi- 
 dence in his ability has been manifested in the 
 official incumbencies which he has been called 
 upon to fill. For several years he served as 
 Justice of the Peace, and in 1894 he became 
 the Republican candidate for the office of 
 Treasurer of the county. His opponent was a 
 strong one, but Mr. Cory ran ahead of his 
 ticket at the ensuing election, securing a very 
 
 flattering majority in his own precinct and 
 gaining a decisive victory at the polls. His 
 administration of the affairs of this important 
 office is being shown to be all that could be 
 desired, thus clearly justifying the confidence 
 placed in our subject by the people of the 
 county. Since coming to Springer he has 
 made an enviable record as a capable business 
 man and as one of marked intelligence and un- 
 swerving honor. His place in the respect and 
 confidence of the community is clearly assured. 
 Mr. Cory owns a fine farm of 160 acres, 
 located near Springer, and upon this place he 
 has made excellent improvements, including an 
 attractive dwelling-house. Among the repre- 
 sentative citizens of the county he holds un- 
 mistakable place and is clearly entitled to the 
 consideration that has been accorded him in 
 this history of the Territory with whose inter- 
 ests he is so closely identified. 
 
 >y'OHN W. KINSINGER, M. D., devotes 
 A his .time and energies to the practice of 
 / 1 medicine, and his close application, 
 combined with his abilities, both nat- 
 ural and acquired, has given him a prominence 
 in the profession which might well be envied 
 by- many an older practitioner. 
 
 He was born in Pulaski, Davis county, 
 Iowa, on the i6th of May, 1863, and acquired 
 his education in Bloomfield, same State, where 
 he pursued a classical course and was gradu- 
 ated in 1883. The following year he entered 
 the College of Medicine and Surgery at Cin- 
 cinnati, and on completing the curriculum of 
 the three-years course was granted a diploma 
 and the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He 
 first opened an office in Utica, Iowa, where he 
 remained for two years, when he returned to 
 Pulaski, serving on the staff in the hospital in 
 Bloomfield until the fall of 1891. 
 
 At that date the Doctor left the State of 
 his nativity and came to New Mexico, taking 
 up his abode in Eddy. Here he opened an 
 office, and not long after his arrival he received 
 an appointment as City Physician, still serving 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 in that capacity. The following year he was 
 made County Physician, which position he still 
 holds. He has built up a large general prac- 
 tice and his patronage is constantly increasing 
 as his skill is demonstrated. He is a young 
 man devoted to his profession, and does all in 
 his power to perfect himself in his chosen call- 
 ing, keeping thoroughly abreast of the times 
 by his review of the leading medical magazines 
 and periodicals. He is now serving as chief 
 surgeon of the Pecos Valley railroad, having 
 held that office since the establishment of the 
 road to this point. 
 
 In 1887 the Doctor was united in marriage 
 with Miss Florence Richards, a native of Ken- 
 tucky, where the wedding was celebrated. The 
 lady died in 1889, leaving one child, Hollie. 
 The Doctor afterward married Miss Leonora 
 Richards, a sister of his first wife, and they 
 have two children Hugh and Marie. The 
 Doctor is a Royal Arch Mason, and one of the 
 highly esteemed citizens of Eddy. 
 
 >^r* ACOBO CHAVEZ, a native son of Va- 
 J lencia county, New Mexico, and a 
 A j prominent factor in the business circles 
 of Los Lunas, was born July 15, 1860. 
 Francisco Antonio Chavez, his father, also 
 a native of Valencia county, was born Septem- 
 ber 1 6, 1817, and was descended from one of 
 the oldest and most prominent Spanish fami- 
 lies of the Territory. He was one of the 
 wealthy stock-raisers of New Mexico, having 
 large bands of both cattle and sheep, and, like 
 most of the early stock-raisers here, suffered 
 heavy loss from depredations committed by the 
 Indians. At one time all of his cattle and 
 sheep were driven off by the Red men, and for 
 the loss then sustained the subject of our 
 sketch now has a claim pending against the 
 United States Government. The senior Mr. 
 Chavez joined in many of the campaigns to 
 chastise the Indians for their hostilities, and 
 in these campaigns had many narrow escapes. 
 His wife, nee Juana Chavez, was a distant rela- 
 tive of his, and they were the parents of seven 
 
 children, four daughters and five sons, of 
 whom five are living. He departed this life 
 August 23, 1892, in the seventy-fifth year of his 
 age. His widow still survives and maintains 
 her residence in Valencia. 
 
 Jacobo Chavez was reared in his native 
 county and was educated at the St. Louis 
 University, and the Christian Brothers' College 
 at Santa Fe. On his return from college he 
 accepted a position as clerk in the store of 
 William W. Lewis, of Peralta, and afterward 
 clerked for Louis Huning, remaining in the em- 
 ploy of the latter gentleman eight years. In 
 1893 he opened his present business at Los 
 Lunas. Here he has established a large trade, 
 and in other enterprises also is meeting with 
 success. Adjacent to the town he owns a nice 
 fruit farm, comprising twenty-five acres and 
 devoted to a variety of choice fruits, including 
 wine grapes. Mr. Chavez is to some extent 
 engaged in the manufacture of wine, making a 
 superior quality, and has a ready sale for all 
 his product. His land is especially adapted to 
 fruit culture, his apples, peaches and pears are 
 among the finest raised in the Territory, and 
 among his peaches are found specimens which 
 weigh no less than a pound. 
 
 In 1882 Mr. Chavez was married to Miss 
 Rafaela Romero, a native of Peralta and a 
 daughter of Andres Romero, who, like Mr. 
 Chavez, is descended from a distinguished 
 Spanish family long resident of New Mexico. 
 Two children were born to this union and at 
 the birth of the last the young mother died, 
 that sad event occurring June 6, 1888. April 
 18, 1889, Mr. Chavez married her sister, Miss 
 Emilia Romero. They occupy one of the 
 commodious and attractive residences of Los 
 Lunas, which Mr. Chavez built in 1885. 
 
 He is in politics a Republican, active and 
 ever ready to aid his party, and in 1886 was 
 honored by it with election to the office of 
 County Treasurer. This office he filled most 
 acceptably for a term of two years. He is a 
 progressive and intelligent citizen and has the 
 good will of the people of this county where he 
 was born and where he has always resided. 
 
HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 47' 
 
 BRANZ HUNING. The thrilling tales 
 of adventure and the narrations 
 which relate the hardships and vi- 
 cissitudes incidental to the initial 
 march of civilization into the Southwest read 
 like a romance, and there are now few living 
 representatives of the intrepid and stalwart 
 bands of men who braved all dangers and en- 
 dured all privations in thus traversing the plains 
 and scaling the mountain heights, dauntless in 
 the face of the relentless foe, the Indian, and 
 steadily pushing forward to win fortune's smiles 
 and to open the way for the magnificent pe- 
 riod of progress and development which has 
 given to this section of the Union populous 
 cities with all modern accessories, a network of 
 railway lines, and productive of industry on 
 every hand. All honor to the brave men, and 
 well may be their utterances treasured by 
 those who now profit by their labors. 
 
 In the subject of this sketch we find one 
 who recalls from personal experience of an in- 
 timate sort the stirring events of the early days 
 in New Mexico and the Southwest, and who 
 has undoubtedly done as much as any other 
 one man to bring about the prosperity and 
 growth of the city of his home, Albuquerque, 
 at whose christening he was present and in 
 whose projection he was largely instrumental. 
 In noting the life records of such pioneer citi- 
 zens this work exercises its most important 
 functions. 
 
 Mr. Huning is a native of Germany, hav- 
 ing been born in Hanover, on the 28th of Oc- 
 tober, 1827. He received his educational dis- 
 cipline in the Fatherland and later gained a 
 valuable experience in merchandising. Upon 
 attaining his majority he determined to seek 
 his fortune in the New World, and bidding fare- 
 well to home and friends the young man 
 started courageously forth as an emigrant to 
 America. Arriving here he forthwith made his 
 way to the city of St. Louis, Missouri, where 
 he secured a clerical position in a mercantile 
 establishment, remaining thus employed for a 
 period of seven months. This was in the year 
 1849, which marked the period of the great 
 
 gold excitement in California, and contracting 
 the " fever, " he started out with a company 
 to cross the weary stretches of plains and find 
 destination in the Golden State. Mr. Huning 
 drove six yoke of oxen and was compelled to 
 walk the greater portion of the distance trav- 
 ersed. When the party reached New Mexico, 
 winter had set in, and they could not with safety 
 proceed farther. After spending a few months 
 in Santa Fe our subject secured a clerkship in 
 the country, in the employ of a Mr. Latz, a 
 Pole, with whom he remained a few months, 
 after which he returned to Santa Fe. Here 
 he remained about a year and then came to 
 the old town of Albuquerque, held a position 
 in a mercantile establishment for another year, 
 and then accompanied a military expedition to 
 Gran Quivira in search of $40, 000,000 in gold, 
 said to have been buried several centuries be- 
 fore by the Jesuit Fathers. This quest for 
 the hidden treasure was fruitless, but Major 
 Carleton, in command of the party, in order to 
 preserve specimens of the decorative art found 
 in one of the old churches, had cut out of the 
 building a beautifully carved beam, which was 
 afterward sent to the Smithsonian Institution 
 in Washington. 
 
 In 1855 Mr. Huning opened a general mer- 
 chandise store in old Albuquerque, and con- 
 tinued the enterprise successfully for the long 
 period of thirty-four years, disposing of 'his in- 
 terests in the same in 1889. After the found- 
 ing of the new town he also conducted a mer- 
 cantile establishment here. In connection 
 with the inception of the city our subject 
 played a most important part, purchasing all 
 of the land for the town site, together with 
 Messrs. Stover and Hazeltine and the New 
 Mexico Town Company. Mr. Huning himself 
 became the owner of much valuable realty in 
 the incipient city, and his liberality and ear- 
 nest desire to further the development of the 
 town are shown in the generous bequests 
 which he made for public and semi-public pur- 
 poses. He and Messrs. Stover and Hazeltine 
 gave to the railroad the grounds for their 
 depot, he contributed land for schoolhouse 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 sites and other public purposes, and sold many 
 of the lots on which the city now stands. His 
 public spirit was still further shown in an im- 
 portant acquisition which he gave the city in 
 the erection, in 1864, of the flouring-mill, 
 which proved of inestimable benefit to the en- 
 tire section. This has since been finely 
 equipped with the roller-process system and 
 the mill still controls an excellent custom busi- 
 ness. 
 
 The marriage of Mr. Huning was celebrated 
 in 1863, when he was united to Miss Ernestine 
 Franke, a native of the province of Saxony, 
 Germany. They became the parents of four 
 children, of whom two are living at the pres- 
 ent time, namely : Clara, the wife of H. B. 
 Fergusson, a prominent attorney of Albuquer- 
 que ; and Arno, who is an accomplished me- 
 chanical and electrical engineer. In 1883 Mr. 
 Huning erected a palatial residence, which is 
 located on the line of street cars between the 
 old and new towns. Here he has 1 30 acres of 
 land, the grounds about the home being im- 
 proved according to the most approved methods 
 of landscape gardening and constituting one of 
 the most beautiful demesnes in the entire Ter- 
 ritory. On the place our subject raises large 
 quantities of fruit of different varieties. 
 
 People who come into New Mexico in the 
 palace cars of these latter days have little idea 
 of what the brave pioneers endured in pav- 
 ing the way for the present civilization. Mr. 
 Huning relates that in 1851 he started on 
 a trading expedition among the Apache In- 
 dians at Rio Gila. In the company were twen- 
 ty-eight Mexicans and two Americans. On th<5 
 return trip they missed their way and were lost 
 for twenty days in the White mountains, where 
 the snow was very deep. They had exhausted 
 their provisions and were compelled to subsist 
 upon the flesh of the horses and rnules and 
 finally to make their way out on foot as best 
 they could. Much of the time they suffered in- 
 tensely from hunger and cold, but they were at 
 last enabled to reach the pueblo Yuni, where 
 the Indians fed and cared for them until they 
 were able to recruit their vitality sufficiently to 
 
 reach their destination. From 1860 until 1872 
 Mr. Huning spent most of his time on the 
 plains, engaged in freighting between Albu- 
 querque, Leavenworth and Kansas City, dur- 
 ing which decade his brother had charge of the 
 mercantile business in Albuquerque. The 
 freighting outfit comprised ten wagons, with 
 ten or twelve oxen or six or eight mules to 
 each, and they were from April to June in 
 reaching Kansas City, He made some thirty 
 of these trips, from Kansas City, Leavenworth 
 and points on the Kansas Pacific Railroad. In 
 1 867, when Mr. Huning was accompanied by his 
 mother and brother-in-law, and while the party 
 were in the vicinity of the great bend of the 
 Arkansas river, a band of Cheyenne and other 
 Indians swept down upon them, cut out four 
 of the wagons and forty of the mules, killed 
 Mrs. Huning's mother and brother and made 
 way with the mules and the wagons which they 
 had captured. Nothing but the intrepid brav- 
 ery of our subject and his men and the coward- 
 ice of the savages saved the lives of the re- 
 mainder of the company. 
 
 Such brief recitals afford but a slight idea 
 of the dangers, sorrow and suffering which the 
 pioneers endured with that fortitude which hap- 
 pily few are called upon to display. The pe- 
 cuniary loss to our subject just mentioned 
 amounted to $18,000, for which he has never 
 been reimbursed to the slightest extent by his 
 Government. In the spring following the un- 
 fortunate trip just alluded to, he sent a train to 
 Pinos Altos, and the Navajo Indians stole 
 forty-eight mules. For this loss our subject 
 has at last succeeded in securing from the Gov- 
 ernment the sum of $7,000. 
 
 Mr. Huning has always given close atten- 
 tion to his business enterprises, has labored 
 without ceasing and has been economical in his 
 habits and methods. He has been a leading 
 factor in all the public enterprises of the city 
 of Albuquerque, has ever held her welfare 
 closely at heart and is known and honored as 
 one of her sterling and representative men. A 
 fact worthy of incidental note is that he as a 
 member of a company aided in building the first 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 473 
 
 bridge across the Rio Grande river at this 
 point. He aided in the building of the Albu- 
 querque street railway system and in the secur- 
 ing of the gas-works. He enjoys the confidence 
 and good will of his fellow citizens and is reap- 
 ing the just reward of an honorable and useful 
 life. 
 
 P. ASCARATE, a prominent native 
 son of New Mexico, residing at Las 
 Cruces, is now (in 1895) Receiver of 
 the United States Land Office for the 
 department embracing the counties of Donna 
 Ana, Grant, Sierra and a portion of Socorro 
 and Lincoln counties. 
 
 His birth occurred in Las Cruces on the 
 22d of June, 1861, and he descends from 
 Spanish ancestry. His grandfather, Anecious 
 Ascarate, was born in Spain, and as a General 
 of the Spanish army, crossed the Atlantic and 
 located in New Mexico. He brought with him 
 his wife and family, and they settled in Chi- 
 huahua, where he had received a forty-acre 
 land grant from his Government for his serv- 
 ices in the army. He continued to reside on 
 this grant throughout the remainder of his life, 
 and became a prominent stock-raiser and a 
 wealthy and influential citizen. He was called 
 to the home beyond this world in the seventy- 
 fifth year of his age, while his wife passed away 
 in her sixtieth year. They had a family of 
 five sons and one daughter. The son, Anesta- 
 cio Ascarate, became the father of our subject. 
 He was born in Spain, and during his boy- 
 hood was brought by his father to America. 
 He inherited a part of the family estate, and 
 also became prominent as a stock-raiser, con- 
 tinuing in that business until the breaking out 
 of the Civil war, when he espoused the Union 
 cause and joined the New Mexico militia. He 
 was commissioned as Captain, and was actively 
 engaged in service in New Mexico until the 
 Confederates were compelled to retreat from 
 the Territory. A valiant soldier, he rendered 
 the Government in its time of need very valu- 
 able service, and made for himself an honored 
 
 military record. He married Miss Nemecia 
 Asozasalla, a native of Spain, and they had 
 seven children five sons and two daughters. 
 The father died in 1877, at the age of sixty- 
 seven years, and his wife, surviving until 1890, 
 passed away at the age of sixty. They and 
 their family were members of the Catholic 
 Church, and were people of the highest respect- 
 ability, esteemed by all who knew them. 
 
 The gentleman whose name heads this re- 
 view is the youngest of the family. He was 
 educated in the Christian Brothers' College at 
 Santa Fe, graduated with the class of 1877, 
 and for some years was with his father in the 
 stock business on the ranch. In 1882 he re- 
 ceived the appointment of Deputy Sheriff of 
 Donna Ana county, and served in that capacity 
 until 1886. The following year he was nomi- 
 nated by his party for the position of Sheriff, 
 and was elected by a majority of 166. He 
 most creditably served for a term of two years, 
 and was then re-elected for a second term, 
 continuing in the office for four years, and win- 
 ning the commendation of all concerned by his 
 faithful discharge of the duties devolving upon 
 him. His administration was notable for 
 several arrests, as for instance the Woods and 
 Cooper gang, composed of a number of dan- 
 gerous desperadoes that had committed several 
 murders in this locality. Mr. Ascarate, with 
 the assistance of one deputy, arrested twenty- 
 two of them, and in this very efficient way put 
 a check upon the lawless element which at 
 that time infested the county. On the i6th of 
 February, 1892, he was appointed by Presi- 
 dent Cleveland as Receiver of the United 
 States Land Office at Las Cruces, a position 
 he is now filling in the most satisfactory 
 manner. 
 
 In 1884 Mr. Ascarate was united in mar- 
 riage with Miss Amelia Van Patten, daughter 
 of Major Van Patten, a prominent citizen and 
 ex-Sheriff of Donna Ana county. The lady is 
 a native of Mexico, and by her marriage has 
 become the mother of one child, Nenecia, born 
 in Las Cruces, where Mr. Ascarate has erected 
 a nice brick residence, which is the abode of 
 
474 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 hospitality. He is still engaged in the stock- 
 raising business on the old estate in Chihuahua. 
 The family still own their large land grant 
 there and are keeping it undivided, and the 
 father's and grandfather's homes still stand 
 upon the place. In the Catholic Church they 
 hold their membership, and the family is one 
 held in the highest regard wherever known. 
 Our subject is a gentleman of ability, and has 
 a wide and favorable acquaintance throughout 
 the Territory, of which he is a creditable son. 
 
 HLBERT GRUNSFELD, deceased. - 
 The measure of success to which any 
 man may attain in life is often in- 
 fluenced by environment and the op- 
 portunity presented, but the individuality will 
 ever impress itself and ability and honest en- 
 deavor render results, even though the range 
 for operations be of narrow radius. In the 
 case at hand we have the privilege of touching 
 briefly upon the life history of one to whom 
 was granted a high degree of success in the 
 temporal affairs of the world, who had that 
 mature judgment and that discriminating know- 
 ledge of cause and effect that enabled him to 
 seize upon and make the best use of oppor- 
 tunity as presented, and whose integrity and 
 honor were proof against all temptation. The 
 late Albert Grunsfeld held distinction as one of 
 New Mexico's most capable and successful 
 merchants, having been the founder of the ex- 
 tensive wholesale and retail dry-goods house 
 at Albuquerque, which is now owned and con- 
 ducted by his sons, under the firm name of 
 Grunsfeld Brothers, and which stands at the 
 very head of all mercantile enterprises in the 
 Territory. 
 
 Albert Grunsfeld was born in Germany, on 
 the i 5th of October, 1836, receiving his educa- 
 tional discipline in the city of Hamburg, after 
 which he became concerned in the mercantile 
 business, with whose details he thoroughly 
 familiarized himself while still a young man. 
 He continued his connection with the mercan- 
 tile trade in his native land until 1871, at 
 
 which time he emigrated to America., having 
 come to a realization of the superior advantages 
 here offered for the accumulation of a compe- 
 tency through legitimate and well-directed in- 
 dustry. Arriving in New York, he forthwith 
 made his way to New Mexico, and at Santa 
 Fe accepted a position as traveling salesman 
 for Spiegelberg Brothers, who at that time con- 
 ducted one of the most extensive wholesale 
 houses in this section of the Union. His edu- 
 cational privileges had been of very superior 
 order, and he was able to converse fluently in 
 the Spanish language a fact which gave him 
 particular prestige in the section which he 
 traversed in the interests of his firm. For 
 several years he was retained in the position 
 noted and traveled far and wide over a country 
 which had not as yet been provided with the 
 modern facilities for traveling and for the ac- 
 commodation of those engaged in his line of 
 business. He had to cover the major portion 
 of his territory by other means of transporta- 
 tion than that afforded by the railroads, whose 
 lines were then very limited in mileage, and he 
 made periodical visits to portions of old Mex- 
 ico and also touched the important, but more 
 or less isolated, points throughout New Mexico 
 and Arizona. Only those familiar with the 
 character of the section at that time can real- 
 ize the hardships and dangers which our sub- 
 ject had to encounter, but he was indefatigable 
 in his efforts and practically without physical 
 fear, and thus worked up a large and profitable 
 business for his house. Eventually he dis- 
 cerned the imperative need for a branch estab- 
 lishment at old-town Albuquerque, and he pre- 
 vailed upon his firm to locate a branch there. 
 Over this he was placed in charge and when, 
 after a few years, the proprietors manifested a 
 desire to dispose of their interests, he effected 
 a purchase of the business at this point, where 
 he continued to conduct a prosperous trade for 
 several years up to 1881. At this time the 
 new town of Albuquerque began to show signs 
 of outdistancing its old Spanish rival of the 
 same name, and Mr. Grunsfeld deemed it ex- 
 pedient to link his' fortunes with the new and 
 
HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 475 
 
 progressive American town, whose substantial 
 upbuilding was rapidly advancing. He accord- 
 ingly transferred his base of operations to the 
 new town, erecting a large and substantial busi- 
 ness block on Railroad street. From this 
 headquarters the enterprise has ever since been 
 conducted, and its growth from a point of 
 merely local operations to that as the leading 
 commercial enterprise of the city has been of 
 consecutive order. It is not necessary to state 
 that our subject was a man of marked business 
 sagacity, for the results of his efforts make this 
 plainly manifest, but it is incumbent that we 
 call attention to the more intrinsic elements in 
 his character, his generosity, public spirit and 
 specific interest in every undertaking which 
 had as its object the furthering of the higher 
 interests of the city. Of broad intellectuality 
 and discernment, it was but natural that he 
 should assume a position as a leader in all that 
 marked the advancement of the city, and it is 
 known that he was at all times actively con- 
 cerned in all enterprises looking to the bene- 
 fiting of the city, and that the successful for- 
 warding of the same in many an instance 
 showed the effect of his discriminating direc- 
 tion. When the Albuquerque Commercial 
 Club was organized he was deeply interested 
 in its work, becoming one of the large stock- 
 holders and thus contributing in a large meas- 
 ure toward the erection of the fine club build- 
 ing, one of the most elaborate business blocks 
 in the city. 
 
 Mr. Grunsfeld did not confine his attention 
 alone to the development of the city, but was 
 signally alive to the great resources of the Ter- 
 ritory, and he acquired valuable interests in the 
 mines of the county and became a large land 
 owner in the Territory. His reputation as a 
 capable business man and as one of unim- 
 peachable integrity and honor insured to him 
 the confidence and esteem of all classes, and 
 thus his credit and influence became far-reach- 
 ing and valuable not only to himself but also 
 to the city in which he retained his residence. 
 
 The marriage of our honored subject was 
 celebrated on the 2/th day of March, 1861, 
 
 when he was united to Miss Hildeget David, 
 a native of his own county in the Fatherland, 
 where the nuptial ceremony was performed. 
 They became the parents of six children, all 
 of whom are living, their names, in order of 
 birth, being as follows: Alfred, Sallie, Helen, 
 James, Ivan and Eddie. 
 
 After a long and useful life Mr. Grunsfeld 
 was summoned into eternal rest on the 3Oth 
 day of November, 1893, his loss being deeply 
 lamented by the entire community and prov- 
 ing the greatest possible bereavement to the 
 members of his family, to whom he had ever 
 been particularly devoted. He left a large 
 and valuable property and estate to his widow 
 and children, the eldest son, Alfred, being 
 made executor of the estate. 
 
 To the trust imposed Alfred Grunsfeld has 
 been faithful in every detail, and the manage- 
 ment of the estate could not have been given 
 into better keeping. He was but thirteen years 
 of age when the family took up their abode in 
 Albuquerque, and he and his brothers may be 
 said to have grown up with the city, so closely 
 are they identified with all its interests. They 
 all received exceptional educational advan- 
 tages, completing their studies at Notre Dame 
 College and then becoming associated in turn 
 with their able father in the mercantile busi- 
 ness. They have since continued to be asso- 
 ciated together, and their correct methods, 
 high honor and liberality stand not only in evi- 
 dence of their adherence to the principles in- 
 stilled by their worthy father, but stand to 
 their personal credit and to that of the city 
 where they have grown from boyhood to posi- 
 tions as representative business men of the 
 place. In the wholesale branch of the enter- 
 prise the firm transact a more extensive busi- 
 ness than any other concern in the Territory, 
 while in the retail line they secure a thor- 
 oughly representative patronage. The build- 
 ing occupied is 50 x 140 feet in dimensions, one 
 store being utilized by the wholesale depart- 
 ment and the other for the accommodation of 
 their fine retail emporium, the stock carried 
 in each being extensive and comprehensive. 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 The firm keep two traveling representatives 
 constantly employed throughout their very con- 
 siderable trade territory, and the business is 
 constantly increasing in extent and importance, 
 building strong and sure upon the solid foun- 
 dations of commercial honor and integrity laid 
 by the projector of the undertaking. 
 
 Alfred Grunsfeld, the senior member of the 
 firm, is happily married and maintains a beau- 
 tiful home of his own in the finest residence 
 portion of the city, enjoying a marked popu- 
 larity in both business and social circles. Ed- 
 die, the youngest of the family, is now in Bos- 
 ton, completing his education in law and music. 
 The honored father not only left to his sons 
 wealth, but that greater heritage, a good name, 
 and they have ever shown that determination 
 to so follow in his footsteps as to never bring 
 reproach on the name of Albert Grunsfeld, the 
 kind and indulgent father, the good and worthy 
 citizen and the successful and progressive busi- 
 ness man. 
 
 AMUEL c. MEEK, a most worthy 
 
 citizen of Socorro, has been a resident 
 of the Territory of New Mexico since 
 1862. He has had a wide and varied 
 experience on the Western frontier, and is justly 
 entitled to the space that has been accorded 
 him in this history. 
 
 He is a native of the State of Indiana, born 
 at Newcastle, Henry county, February 19, 
 1837, and is a son of Lorenzo Dow Meek. He 
 traces his ancestry to the English and Irish 
 Colonial settlers of Virginia. His paternal 
 grandfather, John Meek, was a soldier in the 
 war of the Revolution. After that struggle 
 was ended he removed to Kentucky and was a 
 pioneer of the Bluegrass State, going later to 
 Indiana when that State was still on the fron- 
 tier. He married Miss Peggy McGregor, a 
 native of Ireland, and to them were born six 
 sons: John, Joseph, William, Jephthah, Jesse 
 and Lorenzo Dow. The father of these sons 
 died in 1849, in the ninety-sixth year of his age. 
 
 Lorenzo Dow Meek was born at Centre- 
 
 ville, Wayne county, Indiana, 1812, and was 
 reared and educated there. He was united in 
 marriage to Miss Martha Gary, who was born 
 at Mill Creek, Ohio, in October, i8'i2. They 
 were the parents of eight children: Hampton, 
 Isophene, John D. , Samuel C., James A., 
 Irvin R. , Sarah J., and Cristabell I. When 
 the gold fever of 1849 swept the country, the 
 father joined the train of prospectors, crossing 
 the plains, and went to California. There he 
 met with fair success in the mines, but after 
 two years returned to his home on account of 
 ill health. He died in 1855. His wife sur- 
 vives him, at the ripe old age of eighty-three 
 years. 
 
 Samuel C. Meek, the fourth born of the 
 family, received his elementary education in 
 the common schools of his native town, and 
 afterward served an apprenticeship at the sad- 
 dle and harness maker's trade. In 1856 he 
 went to California and settled at Grass Valley, 
 Nevada county, where he resided until the 
 breaking out of the Civil war. The blood of 
 the patriot flowed in his veins, and, impelled 
 by the zeal that had moved his grandfather in 
 the Revolutionary days, he promptly took up 
 arms in defense of his country. He enlisted 
 August i, 1 86 1, in Company G, First Volun- 
 teer Infantry of California. He was at once 
 sent to New Mexico to assist in the capture of 
 the Navajo Indians who had left their reserva- 
 tion bent upon doing all possible damage while 
 the country was engaged in the war in the 
 South. After numerous fights with the savages, 
 the troops succeeded in putting them back 
 upon their reservation. Once Mr. Meek, with 
 sixteen comrades, was attacked by forty In- 
 dians; a desperate battle ensued, in which 
 fifteen Indians and several of "boys in blue" 
 were severely wounded. Mr. Meek received 
 three wounds in this fight. One arrowhead 
 pierced his left forearm, and he went to Fort 
 Craig where he had it removed after much 
 suffering. With this arrowhead buried in his 
 flesh there was also planted in his blood an 
 everlasting grudge against the red man, -a 
 grudge which to this day remains unsatisfied. 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 477 
 
 After the war was ended and peace re- 
 stored Mr. Meek settled in New Mexico, and 
 for several years was engaged in prospecting 
 and mining. In 1875 he went to Magdalene 
 City, then a very flourishing mining camp, and 
 opened a general store, where he did a pros- 
 perous business. Always a crack shot, from 
 this point he often took hunting excursions in 
 the mountains, many times unaccompanied 
 save by his trusty rifle. He has brought down 
 much of the finest game of the mountains, and 
 has made an enviable record as a sportsman. 
 One Christmas day, when it devolved upon him 
 to provide the feast, he went out with his gun, 
 killed a number of fine turkeys and a large 
 bear, which were served at the delicious repast. 
 Upon another occasion, when he was out hunt- 
 ing alone, from his quiet hiding place he spied 
 three Apache Indians in the distance. He dis- 
 covered from their movements that they were 
 stealing upon an old man and his son near by 
 who were yoking up their oxen, entirely una- 
 ware of the danger threatening them. Mr. 
 Meek considered three against two an uneven 
 balance, and determined to take a hand in the 
 encounter. Just as one of the Indians was 
 about to spring upon the unsuspecting settler, 
 Mr. Meek's gun spoke out in a clear, unmistak- 
 able tone, to which the Indians gave unwilling 
 response; the second Indian was treated in 
 like manner, and the third took refuge in flight; 
 his retreat, however, only gave Mr. Meek a 
 clear range, and he shot him in the back, not 
 one of the three escaping ! 
 
 Our worthy subject dates his arrival in So- 
 corro January 6, 1867, and since that time he 
 has been numbered among her most enterpris- 
 ing and energetic citizens. He served as Jus- 
 tice of the Peace, as Deputy County Clerk, as 
 Deputy Sheriff, and he is now Deputy County 
 Assessor. He is a fine penman and is thor- 
 oughly well qualified for the keeping of all of- 
 ficial records. He is a member of the Knights 
 of Pythias, and during twenty-four terms has 
 kept the records of that order. He has served 
 as Quartermaster General of the Grand Army 
 of the Republic of New Mexico, and assisted 
 
 in the organization of the post at Socorro, 
 Slough Post No. 6, named in honor of General 
 Slough, who fought against the Apaches near 
 Santa Fe. 
 
 Mr. Meek was married at Socorro on the 
 day of his arrival there, June 24, 1876, his 
 bride being Miss Manelita Padella, the daugh- 
 ter of Philip Padella, a descendant of one of 
 the early Spanish families of the county. One 
 daughter has been born of this marriage, Em- 
 ily Gary. The family have a pleasant home, 
 a fine orchard of their own planting, and are 
 surrounded by all the comforts and conven- 
 iences that are the reward of industry and 
 thrift. Mr. Meek is an accomplished Spanish 
 scholar, and has translated the records and ab- 
 stracts of the county from that language into 
 English. He has wide acquaintance in the 
 Territory and enjoys the friendship of all who 
 know him. 
 
 aONY T. BROWN, one of the most 
 enterprising and influential citizens of 
 Socorro, came to the city in 1880, 
 and for the past fifteen years has been 
 closely identified with her leading business in- 
 terests. Born in the State of Maine, Novem- 
 ber 30, 1856, he descended from the best New 
 England stock. His ancestors were among 
 the Mayflower passengers, and the name also 
 appears in the history of the war of the Revo- 
 lution. Thomas Brown, his grandfather, set- 
 tled at Corinna, Penobscot county, Maine, 
 where he became extensively interested in agri- 
 culture and lumbering, was a prominent citi- 
 zen and held offices of honor and trust, and 
 died at the age of sixty-six years. His only 
 son, Cephas Brown, was born on the home- 
 stead farm in Maine, and there passed his boy- 
 hood and youth. He was united in marriage 
 to Miss Eunice Spalding, who was also a na- 
 tive of Maine, born on the Kennebec river. 
 They were the parents of two sons, one of 
 whom is deceased. The other son, Cony T. 
 Brown, is the subject of this sketch. He was 
 an infant of nine months when his father died. 
 
478 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 His mother then took him to Somerset county, 
 Maine, where her relatives resided. He re- 
 ceived his education in the North Anson Acad- 
 emy, and at the age of sixteen years left school 
 to learn the trade of tinner. He served an 
 apprenticeship of three years, and at the end 
 of that time went to Ellis, Kansas; there he 
 resided four years, and this brings us to the 
 year 1880, when he came to Socorro. During 
 the early years of his business career fortune 
 had not especially favored him, and he had 
 accumulated no capital. When he came 
 to New Mexico he began prospecting in the 
 Magdalene district, and succeeded in taking out 
 a good deal of valuable ore. Since 1893 he 
 has been extensively interested in gold-mining, 
 being one of the organizers of the company 
 which owns and operates the Oro Fino gold 
 mine. He is president of the corporation and 
 owns one-third of the stock. He was one of 
 the first settlers in the Copper Canyon district, 
 in which the Oro Fino is situated; the pros- 
 pects of this mine are very fine, the assays 
 running frequently as highas$i,oooto the ton. 
 In 1889 he established a livery business in So- 
 corro, and for the past six years has supplied 
 the city with everything needed in this line. 
 He has a bus line to the railroads, and has sev- 
 eral Government mail contracts. Thoroughly 
 reliable and trustworthy, he is rated as one of 
 Socorro's most valued citizens. In addition 
 to his mining and others interests mentioned, 
 he gives some attention to agriculture, own- 
 ing a ranch of one hundred and sixty acres, 
 from which are produced large crops of alfalfa, 
 apples, pears, prunes, peaches and grapes. 
 
 Politically, he is a stanch adherent to Re- 
 publican principles, and has been twice elected 
 a member of the Board of County Commis- 
 sioners. The county of Socorro is the largest 
 in the Territory, and the work of the board is 
 therefore of considerable importance. 
 
 Mr. Brown was united in marriage, in 1890, 
 to Miss Annie Kornitzer, a native of the State 
 of New York, a daughter of Dr. Kornitzer, a 
 retired physician formerly of New York State, 
 but now a resident of Socorro. Mr. and Mrs. 
 
 Brown have had born to them two children, 
 Cony C. and Thomas Coburn. They have a 
 pleasant home in this city, and are among the 
 most highly esteemed members of the leading 
 circles of society. Mr. Brown is a member of 
 Socorro Lodge, No. 9, A. F. and A. M. ; Rio 
 Grande Chapter, No. 4, R. A. M. ; Albuquer- 
 que Hiram Council, U. D. R. & S. M. ; Pil- 
 grim Commandery, No. 3, K. T. , and Ballut 
 Abyad Temple, A. A. O. N. M. S. 
 
 ^* V* J. LEESQN, whose name is promi- 
 U nently connected with the history of the 
 / J development of the mining interests of 
 the Territory of New Mexico, was born 
 in the State of Louisiana, in the parish of Or- 
 leans, September 2, 1845. His paternal grand- 
 father, James Leeson, emigrated from Dublin, 
 Ireland, to America and settled in Louisiana, 
 where he became a prominent planter, as well 
 as a politician of some note. He lived to the 
 advanced age of ninety-six years. His son, 
 Thomas Leeson, the father of J. J. , was born 
 in New York city, where his parents were tem- 
 porarily residing there, but he was reared and 
 educated in New Orleans. In 1852 he crossed 
 the plains to California, and there mined with 
 success on the American river. In an at- 
 tempt to dam and turn its course he lost the 
 money he had made in mining. He remained 
 in California until 1858. His wife died in 
 New Orleans in 1856. There were born to 
 them six children, three of whom are now liv- 
 ing. In 1880 Mr. Leeson came to Socorro, 
 where he lived until his death, in 1889. 
 
 J. J. Leeson, the second-born of the fam- 
 ily, was educated in his native State, and was 
 attending the State Military School at the 
 breaking out of the late Civil war. Fired with 
 the zeal of patriotism, he volunteered in Com- 
 pany C, Eleventh Louisiana Infantry, and 
 fought to the close of the conflict. He was in 
 the battles of Belmont and Shiloh, and sur- 
 rendered at McDowell's Landing after the sur- 
 render of General Robert E. Lee. Although 
 he was only sixteen years of age at the time of 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 479 
 
 his enlistment, on account of the training he 
 had received in the military school he was 
 commissioned Second Lieutenant, and in that 
 capacity fought bravely in the cause he had es- 
 poused. After the close of the war, he moved 
 to Hot Springs, Arkansas, and there, in 1869, 
 he was married to Miss Rose E. Neal, a native 
 of Mississippi. They are the parents of one 
 daughter, Lulu B., the wife of William Ogara. 
 
 In 1852, Mr. Leeson crossed the plains 
 with his father, and was at one time a pupil in 
 the Sacramento schools. In 1858 he returned 
 to his native State, and entered the State Mili- 
 tary School, from which he joined the Confed- 
 erate service. After his marriage in 1869, he 
 resided in Arkansas until 1878, and in that year 
 removed to California, settling at Alameda. 
 Here for a number of years he was engaged in 
 mercantile pursuits, and removed thence to 
 Colorado, where he became extensively inter- 
 ested in mining, A severe accident, which he 
 met in a snow-slide, impaired his health, and 
 compelled him to seek a milder clime. He 
 came to Socorro in 1880, and in addition to 
 his mining interests he engaged in the real-es- 
 tate business ; he platted several additions to 
 the town, and became one of the most enthu- 
 siastic supporters of the various public enter- 
 prises. He still owns a large number of city lots. 
 He also owns the St. Vincent Gold and Silver 
 mine, at Magdalene, which assays forty ounces 
 of silver and five-tenths of an ounce of gold to 
 the ton. In 1883 he established, at Socorro, 
 a second-hand furniture and auction house, of 
 which he is still proprietor. 
 
 With the taste of a connoisseur Mr. Leeson 
 has made a fine collection of curios, among the 
 most valuable of which is a three-hundred- 
 pound bell, the first cast in the Territory, about 
 three hundred years ago : his specimens of ore, 
 about fifteen tons in all, are rare and valuable, 
 and furnish an accurate exhibit of the mining 
 resources of New Mexico. 
 
 For eight years Mr. Leeson has been a 
 member of the City Council, the election tak- 
 ing place annually. He is first Lieutenant of 
 the New Mexico Militia, and has recently been 
 
 appointed by Governor Thornton a member of 
 the Board of Immigration for the Territory. 
 He was a prominent factor in bringing the wa- 
 ter from the springs in the mountains to the 
 city, and for years has been chairman of the 
 Water Committee, and no city in New Mexico 
 can boast a purer water supply. A man of 
 broad intelligence and excellent executive abil- 
 ity, Mr. Leeson is a citizen of superior worth. 
 Loyal to all the interests of the Territory, he 
 never loses an opportunity of aiding in the de- 
 velopment of her resources. 
 
 AVID CHEVALIER WINTERS.- 
 Every city is judged largely by the 
 good character, push and enterprise 
 of its business men, and one of the 
 foremost of Las Vegas' citizens who possesses 
 the above qualifications in a marked degree is 
 the gentleman whose name heads this sketch. 
 He came to this place in 1880, and has resided 
 continuously here ever since. 
 
 Mr. Winters is a native of West Virginia, 
 having been born in Parkersburg, that State, 
 December 13, 1854. On the paternal side he 
 traces his lineage back to Scotch-Irish ances- 
 tors, who were early settlers of Washington 
 county, Pennsylvania. His father, J. R. Win- 
 ters, was born there, and when a young man 
 removed to West Virginia, and was married at 
 Parkersburg to Miss Olivia Rebecca Chevalier, 
 the daughter of Mr. David Chevalier, of Vir- 
 ginia and of French ancestry. The lady's 
 mother was Susan Jackson, a member of the 
 noted Jackson family of the South, General 
 Stonewall Jackson being one of her cousins. 
 Our subject's father had been educated and 
 ordained a Presbyterian minister. Later in 
 his life he was elected a member of the Mis- 
 souri Senate, and was also for a number of 
 years editor and part owner of the Hannibal 
 Courier. In 1873 he removed with his family 
 to Trinidad, Colorado, where he revived the 
 Trinidad Enterprise and soon had the paper 
 under way. Within four months after engag- 
 ing in this enterprise, however, he died, and 
 
480 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 upon the shoulders of his son, David C., then 
 a lad of only nineteen years, devolved the 
 task of completing the lease which had been 
 effected by his father. It was a great under- 
 taking for a young man of his years, but his 
 early and constant training in newspaper work, 
 coupled with his innate pluck, carried him 
 through the ordeal, and his success in this line 
 is still remembered in that locality. 
 
 His education had been received in private 
 schools and at St. Paul's College, Palmyra, 
 Missouri; but in this line he has been largely 
 his own architect. In Hannibal, Missouri, he 
 did his first work in a drug store, and after this 
 he clerked three years for Dr. Beshvar, of 
 Trinidad, Colorado. He was also for a time 
 local editor of the Trinidad News, and after- 
 ward came to Las Vegas and clerked in the 
 drug store of F. E. Herbert & Company. 
 After spending three years with them he 
 clerked for M. R. Griswold a year and then 
 became a member of the firm of William 
 Frank & Company. Mr. Frank sold out, and 
 the firm became known as E. G. Murphey & 
 Company. This firm continued doing a large 
 and paying business for seven years, when Mr. 
 Murphey retired from the business, and Mr. 
 Winters, in July, 1894, organized the Winters 
 Drug Company, of which he is the business 
 manager. Under his efficient direction the 
 enterprise continues to be most successful, the 
 stock carried being the most extensive in New 
 Mexico, and the business is conducted in both 
 wholesale and retail lines. 
 
 Mr. Winters is a gentleman who is well in- 
 formed on the general topics of the day, and 
 he takes an active part in politics, being an 
 ardent Republican. Although he has been 
 often urged to accept from his party the nom- 
 ination for Territorial Senator and other im- 
 portant offices, he has always declined because 
 of his desire to give close attention to his con- 
 stantly growing business. However, he was 
 prevailed upon to accept from the Governor of 
 New Mexico the commission of Major, but he 
 prefers his position in the world as a plain, 
 active business man, asking neither public 
 
 office nor honors. In 1889 he was elected a 
 member of the Constitutional Convention. 
 
 Mr. Winters was happily married in July, 
 1880, to Miss Marion A. Bloom, of Trinidad, 
 Colorado, who is a native of Pennsylvania. 
 They have three children, all born in Las Ve- 
 gas, their names being Mamie, Frank and 
 Ruth. Mr. Winters has made a most envi- 
 able record as a successful business man, and 
 his family are among Las Vegas' most highly 
 esteemed residents. 
 
 @REGORIO VARELA. One who fig- 
 ures as a native son of New Mexico, 
 and who has lived to attain marked 
 distinction and to do honor to the 
 place of his nativity is he whose name initiates 
 this review. Mr. Varela holds the important 
 preferment as Judge of Probate for San Miguel 
 county, in which county, in the town of Pecos, 
 he first saw the light of day on the I2th of 
 March, 1849. 
 
 As the name implies, he is of Spanish de- 
 scent, his ancestors having been prominent in 
 the old regime which opened up the way for 
 the magnificent development which has come 
 to the new Southwest. Representatives of the 
 Varela family were among the earliest settlers 
 in the Territory of New Mexico, in which both 
 the grandfather and father of our subject were 
 born, the former having been Jose by name 
 and the latter Manuel. Manuel Varela was 
 a man of much prominence and of conspicuous 
 ability. He was a member of the Territorial 
 militia, served for many years as Justice of the 
 Peace, and was several times a member of the 
 Territorial Legislature, one time a member of 
 the Senate, and was the Republican nominee 
 at the time of his death. He also held the 
 preferment as County School Commissioner 
 and was a man whose maturity of judgment 
 and high principles of honor brought him into 
 marked favor with the public, who appreciated 
 his endeavors and character both as a citizen 
 and official. He married 'Miss Ann Maria 
 Quintana, a native of New Mexico and a de- 
 
Ca 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 481 
 
 scendant of one of the pioneer families of San 
 Miguel county. They became the parents of 
 twelve children, of whom eight are vet living. 
 Manuel Varela died in 1886, at the age of 
 sixty-nine years, his widow surviving him and 
 being now (1895) sixty years of age. The mem- 
 bers of the family have ever been devoted ad- 
 herents of the Catholic Church. The eldest 
 son, Antonio Varela, was County Treasurer 
 for four years. 
 
 Gregorio Varela, the immediate subject of 
 this review, was the third in order of birth of 
 the children. He received his educational dis- 
 cipline in the Christian Brothers' College at 
 Santa Fe, and after completing his studies he 
 engaged in ranching and merchandising, con- 
 ducting operations in either line upon an ex- 
 tended scale. He is associated with Mr. Es- 
 quivel, under the firm name of Varela & 
 Esquivel, in conducting a general store at San 
 Geronimo. Upon his fine ranch of 320 acres 
 he raises extensive crops of corn, oats and 
 wheat, and he maintains his residence there 
 save during the time when his official duties 
 demand his presence in Las Vegas, the county 
 seat. 
 
 In politics our subject is a Republican, ren- 
 dering a hearty support to the cause of his 
 party. In November, 1894, he was elected 
 Judge of Probate for the county, running on a 
 Union ticket and securing a flattering majority 
 at the polls. He has now been in the dis- 
 charge of the important function of his office 
 for some time, and his administration of af- 
 fairs has been such as to gain him the appro- 
 bation and good will of the public whom he 
 thus serves. Judge Varela is a man of broad 
 general information, incisive judgment and lib- 
 eral views, and he is held in highest estimation 
 in the county in which he was born and in 
 which he has passed his entire life. 
 
 The marriage of our subject was celebrated 
 in 1870, when he was united to Miss Paulita 
 Rivera, a native of the Territory and of Span- 
 ish lineage. They have had eleven children, 
 all of whom were born in San Miguel county, 
 and all but three of whom are still living. 
 
 31 
 
 Those deceased are Pedro, Ramon and Ser- 
 apio, and the living children are Bernarda, 
 Efren, Petronila, Catarino, Porfirio, Jose, Vic- 
 toriana and Gregoria. The members of the 
 family all cling to the faith of their fathers and 
 are intimately identified with the Catholic 
 Church. 
 
 ^^r*OHN W. POE is prominently connected 
 A with the history of New Mexico, and 
 / j to-day is one of the most highly es- 
 teemed citizens of Roswell. The rec- 
 ord of his life indicates in a great measure the 
 state of affairs in the Territory and the prog- 
 ress and development which is now rapidly 
 working a transformation. He was born three 
 miles from Murphysville, Mason county, Ken- 
 tucky, October 17, 1850, and his parents, 
 Nathan and Louisa (Harber) Poe, were also 
 natives of Mason county. His education was 
 acquired in the public schools of Mason county, 
 pursuing his studies through the winter season, 
 while in the summer months he aided in the 
 labors of the home farm. 
 
 Ambitious to make his own living, Mr. 
 Poe left home without the consent of his par- 
 ents and went to Kansas City, where he worked 
 for a maternal uncle, assisting in the care of 
 his farm for a year and a half. In the win- 
 ter of 1870-1 he went on a visit to his old home, 
 and after spending one month with his parents 
 removed to Cottonwood Falls, Kansas, eighteen 
 miles west from Emporia, at that time the 
 terminus of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe 
 Railroad. Through the succeeding summer 
 and autumn he was in the employ of a stone 
 contractor at that place, but the exposure ne- 
 cessitated by his work impaired his health and 
 he sought medical assistance in Kansas City in 
 the spring of 1872. Through the succeeding 
 year he remained in that locality and was re- 
 stored to his old-time strength and vigor. 
 
 Mr. Poe's connection with the Southwest 
 then began. He went to Fort Griffin, Texas, 
 where he engaged in working with cattle, and 
 also worked on Government contracts for sup- 
 
482 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 plying wood and hay. In the fall of 1875 ne 
 entered a new field of endeavor, that of buffalo 
 hunting. Forming a partnership with a Mr. 
 Jacobs, he secured a hunting outfit and carried 
 on that business until the early summer of 1878, 
 killing during that time 20,000 buffaloes. The 
 business proved a profitable one, and with the 
 capital they had acquired a flock of sheep was 
 purchased, in 1877, Mr. Jacobs taking charge 
 of the sheep, while Mr. Poe continued buffalo 
 hunting. During the second winter, however, 
 more than one-half of the sheep were lost on 
 account of the severity of the weather, and the 
 following spring the remainder were sold ; but 
 the loss was a heavy one. 
 
 Mr. Foe's business had made him familiar 
 with a wide extent of territory and also with a 
 class of people then living in this frontier 
 region. In 1878 he returned to Fort Griffin, 
 and for one year filled the position of Town 
 Marshal by appointment. Fort Griffin was 
 situated on the cattle trail, and the wild, 
 rough life of the country made the position a 
 very arduous one, requiring a man of physical 
 as well as moral courage to cope with the 
 desperadoes. The country, however, was 
 rapidly coming under the sway of civilization. 
 The tide of immigration poured into the Pan 
 Handle in 1879; and, many friends of Mr. Poe 
 locating in the region about Fort Elliott, 
 Wheeler county, he removed there, where 
 he served as Deputy Sheriff and Deputy United 
 States Marshal. The headquarters of the 
 former office were at Fort Elliott, but of the 
 latter at Dallas, Texas. Here again the 
 bravery and the fidelity of the man were called 
 forth by the responsibilities of his position. 
 For judicial purposes all the Pan Handle 
 country was attached to Wheeler county. In 
 1880 Mr. Poe received the nomination for 
 County Sheriff, but was defeated by one vote, 
 for it was well known that he would not falter 
 in his duty to suppress the lawless and wrong 
 of the Southwest, and the worst element rose 
 in force against him; but he received the sup- 
 port of the ranchmen and all the better citi- 
 zens. In all the relations of life Mr. Poe has 
 
 been characterized by a justice and fidelity to 
 the right that has been above question, and 
 this led to his being employed in the winter of 
 1 880-8 1 to suppress the lawlessness going on 
 in the cattle country. He was also employed 
 by the Canadian River Cattle Association 'to 
 protect their interests, and he was instru- 
 mental in quelling the lawlessness that had 
 made it almost unsafe to live in this section of 
 the Territory. It was at a time when the no- 
 torious outlaw, "Billy, the Kid," and men of 
 like character were operating in northern 
 Texas and eastern New Mexico. It seemed 
 as though they were law-proof. They would 
 round up the cattle, run them off and sell 
 them, and it seemed almost impossible to 
 check them in their offenses. The cattlemen 
 were constantly on the watch to protect their 
 own interests, and on entering the service of 
 the Canadian River Cattle Association Mr. Poe 
 was given almost unlimited authority to draw 
 on the company for money to protect their 
 property, for in the then existing state of affairs 
 it had come to a time when they were forced 
 to either destroy the gang of desperadoes or 
 else abandon their business. They proposed 
 to do the former if within their power. 
 
 To Mr. Poe is largely given the credit of 
 accomplishing this work. He displayed a 
 tireless energy in his attempts to secure and 
 bring to punishment the desperadoes. In the 
 spring of 1881 he first met Pat Garrett, then 
 Sheriff of Lincoln county, New Mexico, with 
 whom he co-operated in suppressing the law- 
 lessness of the country. At that time Lincoln 
 county included what is now known by that 
 name, also Eddy and Chaves counties. At 
 the time of the killing of "Billy, the Kid," Mr. 
 Poe made his headquarters at White Oaks, 
 where lived an old man by the name of George 
 Gwynn, who came to him one day with the 
 information that "Billy, the Kid," was at Fort 
 Sumner. Mr. Poe replied that there must be 
 a mistake; but Mr. Gwynn insisted that he 
 was right; and his evident sincerity determined 
 Mr. Poe to investigate the matter. Mounting 
 a horse he rode to the home of Sheriff Garrett 
 
HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 in Lincoln, to whom he stated the case. The 
 Sheriff did not put any faith in the story, but 
 finally consented to go to Fort Sumner and 
 investigate the matter. They rode to Ros- 
 well, accompanied by Deputy Sheriff McKin- 
 ney, and on the I2th of July started for Fort 
 Sumner, riding all night. The next day they 
 lay concealed among the hills, and on the 
 morning of the I4th arrived in the vicinity of 
 the town, where the desperado was said to be 
 in hiding. As Mr. Poe was not acquainted in 
 Fort Sumner it was decided that he should go 
 into the town and reconnoitre while the others 
 were to remain in the sand-hills until they 
 could hear from him. If he could not obtain 
 the desired information in Fort Sumner he was 
 to ride seven miles to Sunnyside to see a Mr. 
 Rudolph, carrying a note to that gentleman 
 from Mr. Garrett. He reached Fort Sumner 
 at i o'clock on the I4th of July, but could 
 learn nothing of the whereabouts of "the 
 Kid. " In his interview with Mr. Rudolph the 
 latter became excited and nervous and denied 
 that "the Kid" was anywhere in the vicinity 
 of Fort Sumner, and said he believed about it 
 as the Sheriff did. 
 
 Mr. Poe became more and more convinced 
 that he was on the right track, and with the 
 excuse that it was pleasanter to ride at night 
 when it was cool, he left Mr. Rudolph and 
 hastened back to Mr. Garrett, who was to 
 meet him at an avenue of cottonwood trees, 
 four miles from the fort. Mr. Poe related 
 what Rudolph had said and done, and although 
 the Sheriff had small faith in Mr. Poe's belief 
 he at length consented to go to the house of 
 a certain woman, where they thought the des- 
 perado might be found if in that neighborhood. 
 They rode to within a quarter of a mile of the 
 fort, hitched their horses and secreted them- - 
 selves in a peach orchard back of the house, with- 
 in twenty steps of the back door. There they 
 remained from nine until eleven o'clock, but 
 saw or heard nothing, and Mr. Garrett said 
 that he believed it best to go back home, with- 
 out letting the people know they had been in 
 the town. Mr. Poe replied that they had bet- 
 
 ter go and see Pete Maxwell, a stock owner 
 and dealer of Fort Sumner, who was supposed 
 to be above reproach, and ask him if "Billy, 
 the Kid, " was in the neighborhood. They fol- 
 lowed out this plan and on reaching Maxwell's 
 home the Sheriff proposed to go in, saying, 
 ' ' I am well acquainted with Maxwell and 
 know where his bedroom is. " Mr. Garrett then 
 made his way toward the house, while Mr. 
 Poe and Mr. McKinney sat on the steps out- 
 side. It was a long adobe dwelling, with a 
 gallery extending from end to end and a picket 
 fence flush with the east end of the house 
 which was on the street. Mr. Maxwell's 
 room was in the east end. Mr. Garrett had 
 been inside only a few minutes when Mr. Poe 
 saw a man coming along the fence, bare- 
 footed, bareheaded and in his shirt sleeves. 
 The fence concealed them and Mr. Poe sup- 
 posed it was Maxwell or some of his friends. 
 The man came within four feet before he saw 
 them. As soon as he did so he jumped on the 
 gallery, pulled out his pistol and .cried, 
 ' ' Quien-es?" a Spanish word for ' ' Who is it?" 
 Mr. Poe answered, " Don't be afraid; there is 
 no one here to hurt you." He never dreamed 
 that he was talking to the very man for whom 
 they were searching, for he had never before 
 seen the desperado. The "Kid" stepped over 
 the threshold, then putting his head outside 
 the door, again asked, "Quien-es?" Mr. Poe 
 moved toward him a second time and the 
 "Kid" ran up to Maxwell's bed. The room 
 was dark and he did not see the Sheriff. He 
 went up, leaned over the bed and asked Max- 
 well who it was on the outside. Maxwell felt 
 that something was going to happen and 
 jumped out of bed. About this time the 
 "Kid" noticed the Sheriff and covered him 
 with his pistol, and began backing off, saying, 
 "Quien-es? Quien-es?" It was probably so 
 dark that he could not distinguish Mr. Garrett. 
 At all events he did not discharge his revolver; 
 but the Sheriff did, the ball passing through 
 the heart of the "Kid." Mr. Garrett fired a 
 second shot, not being able to see the effect of 
 the first, and after waiting a few moments 
 
44 
 
 HIS TORT OP NEW MEXICO. 
 
 rushed for the door. They could not tell the 
 effect of the shots, and fearing to enter the 
 room in the darkness lest they might meet the 
 same fate of so many others at the hands of 
 the ruffian, they placed a light on the window- 
 sill so that it would shine into the room, and 
 there they saw that the bullet had done its 
 work; and he who had so often taken life, had 
 now given up his own. 
 
 The next morning they sent for Rudolph, 
 who was Justice of the Peace, and an inquest 
 was held. The whole country rejoiced at the 
 death of this notorious outlaw, who had killed 
 so many others, and who had for so long ter- 
 rorized the country. Mr. Poe was given a 
 large share of the credit, for although the 
 Sheriff fired the shot it was largely through the 
 relentless energy and search of Mr. Poe and 
 the substantial aid and encouragement which 
 he gave the Sheriff that he was at last taken. 
 
 Through the remainder of the year 1881 
 Mr. Poe continued his work of prosecuting 
 cattle thieves, and a number of them were 
 brought to justice through his efforts. Several 
 were arrested and the trials set for the fall 
 term of court. The ring-leader employed 
 good counsel, secured a change of venue 
 and was not convicted at the time, but others 
 of the party secured their just punishment. 
 This really broke up the outlawry existing in 
 the country, and it was largely due to the 
 fearlessness and undaunted courage of Mr. 
 Poe. Thinking that the cattle association was 
 not warranted in longer paying him the large 
 salary which he had been receiving, as cattle 
 stealing was for the time suppressed, he re- 
 signed in the latter part of 1881. 
 
 In the spring of 1882, in partnership with 
 a friend from the Pan-handle, Mr. Poe became 
 the owner of the Salado Springs in the moun- 
 tains in the vicinity of Fort Stanton, and 
 secured quit-claims on the springs on Little 
 Eagle creek; also acquired possession of a part 
 of Main Eagle creek and some of the lands 
 along the Ruidoso river. Thus they practically 
 had control of the key to a splendid cattle 
 range. Mr. Poe went to Durango, Mexico, 
 
 purchased a herd of cattle and brought them to 
 the range. They engaged quite extensively 
 in cattle-raising and the new enterprise proved 
 a profitable one. 
 
 While in old Mexico, Mr. Poe was nomi- 
 nated for Sheriff of Lincoln . county, and was 
 elected shortly after his return home. The 
 nomination and election came entirely without 
 his seeking, and was a tribute to his merit and 
 ability. Although the lawlessness had some- 
 what abated, there were still stormy times in 
 this section of the country, many crimes being 
 perpetrated by the lawless characters which 
 still lived in the neighborhood. There was one 
 man particularly noted, Nicholas Aragon, a 
 Mexican, who made a business of stealing 
 horses and highway robbery. Mr. Poe deter- 
 mined on his capture. While attempting to 
 secure him two of his deputies, Johnnie Hurley 
 and Jasper Corn both brave men lost their 
 lives at his hand; but the murderer and thief 
 was at length secured and is now serving out a 
 life term in the Territorial penitentiary at 
 Santa Fe. 
 
 After filling the office for two years, Mr. 
 Poe was re-elected, in 1884, and continued 
 faithfully to discharge his duties for a year, 
 when on account of his private business inter- 
 ests he was forced to resign. 
 
 Our subject then sold his cattle with the 
 intention of engaging in the cattle business in 
 the Argentine Republic. He took passage at 
 New York in February, 1886, on a vessel 
 bound for Buenos Ayres, but did not like the 
 system of government and laws of that coun- 
 try, and after a few months returned to New 
 Mexico. He had traveled 30,000 miles in 
 South America, through Chili, Paraguay and 
 through other countries of the Southern con- 
 tinent, and in that trip concluded that his na- 
 tive land was the home for him. He, how- 
 ever, gained some valuable knowledge on the 
 subject of irrigation, which he put into practi- 
 cal working on his return. He purchased land 
 in the vicinity of Roswell known as the Poe 
 ranch, consisting of 575 acres, and began rais- 
 ing cattle, horses and mules. He has made 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 485 
 
 this farm what it is to-day, the finest in New 
 Mexico and probably unequaled in the United 
 States. He divided it into sixteen parts, 
 planted cottonwood trees around each section, 
 sowed it with alfalfa, irrigated every foot of it 
 and raised the finest stock in the West. After 
 the first year the new enterprise proved a 
 profitable one, but it required Mr. Poe to de- 
 vote much time and labor if the place was car- 
 ried on successfully, and he sold it in 1892 to 
 J. J. Hagerman. 
 
 He then removed to Roswell, and accepted 
 the position with the Pecos Irrigation & Im- 
 provement Company as superintendent of 
 their affairs in Chaves county. He remained 
 with this company, and in the employ of Mr. 
 Hagerman, who had large personal interests in 
 the county, until the spring of 1895, buying for 
 them nearly all the land and water rights they 
 own in the county. His own interests at this 
 time claiming his attention, he resigned. 
 
 On the 26th of July, 1890, the Bank of 
 Roswell was opened for business and Mr. Poe 
 became one of its extensive stockholders. In 
 1893 he was elected its president, and the suc- 
 cess of the institution is largely due to his ef- 
 forts and well directed business ability, which 
 have aided in making it one of the solid finan- 
 cial concerns of the Territory. In 1886, in 
 connection with Messrs. Lea & Cosgrove, he 
 organized a mercantile company at Roswell, 
 and was a member of the firm for six years. 
 His interests are all in the upper Pecos valley. 
 He owns considerable land, having one section 
 at the head of South Spring river and other 
 tracts through the county. 
 
 On the 5th of May, 1883, Mr. Poe was 
 united in marriage with Miss Sophie M. Al- 
 berding, a native of California. He has just 
 completed a beautiful home in Roswell, at a 
 cost of $7,000. It is built of stone and brick, 
 heated with steam, supplied with hot and cold 
 water, furnished with all modern conveniences, 
 and supplied with all comforts that go to make 
 life worth the living. Mr. Poe is a regent of 
 the military school, having held the position 
 since its establishment, and was formerly on 
 
 the cattle sanitary board of the Territory. He 
 is one of the most prominent and valued mem- 
 bers of the Masonic fraternity in New Mexico, 
 being a Knight Templar, and Senior Warden 
 in the Rio Hondo Commandery, No. 6; Scribe 
 of the chapter; and Past Master .of the blue 
 lodge. He is also a Scottish-rite Mason of 
 the thirty-second degree. His official career 
 needs no laudatory mention. The part which 
 he took in suppressing the lawlessness of the 
 Territory speaks for itself. He has ever been 
 devoted to the public welfare and to the ad- 
 vancement of all that pertains to the develop- 
 ment and upbuilding of county and Territory. 
 He has been specially prominent in advancing 
 the interests of Roswell, but in all his work is 
 quiet and unostentatious, seeking not praise. 
 He is charitable and benevolent, but no one 
 knows of his gifts save the recipient and him- 
 self. He shuns all publicity of this character, 
 being truly modest and unassuming. He is a 
 man of strong convictions, perfectly fearless in 
 what he believes to be right, and his business 
 standing for straightforward, honorable deal- 
 ing is unsurpassed by any man in the Territory. 
 He has traveled largely over his own country 
 and over South America; and his life has been 
 filled with scenes of exciting interest and dem- 
 onstrates the old saying that truth is stranger 
 than fiction. 
 
 ^ j* A. CARRUTH, who is well known as 
 fl the leading printer, binder and blank- 
 / J book manufacturer of East Las Vegas, 
 New Mexico, is a gentleman of Eastern 
 birth, but is in thorough harmony with the pro- 
 gressive and enterprising spirit of the West. 
 For fourteen years he has had his residence in 
 this city, and in all this time he has figured 
 prominently as one of its foremost business men. 
 To such as he does Las Vegas owe its present 
 prosperity, and it is therefore appropriate that 
 a sketch of his life be presented in connection 
 with those of other prominent men here. 
 
 Mr. Carruth was born in Cherry Valley, 
 Oswego county, New York, June I, 1851. His 
 
486 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ancestors were of English origin. James H. 
 Carruth, his father, was born in Phillipston, 
 Massachusetts, in February, 1807; graduated at 
 Yale College and Auburn Theological College, 
 was ordained a minister of the Presbyterian 
 Church, and has devoted the greater part 
 of his life to ministerial and educational work. 
 He was married in New York to Miss Jane Grant, 
 who passed away in 1876. They had five chil- 
 dren, all still living. After twenty years of ac- 
 tive professional work in the East, he removed 
 with his family in 1856 to Osawatomie, Kansas. 
 He was also a professor in some of the prom- 
 inent educational institutions of that State. 
 Now having passed into the octogenarian ranks, 
 he is living retired. 
 
 J. A. Carruth is the eldest in his father's 
 family. He was educated at Lawrence, Kan- 
 sas, and there learned the trade of printer in 
 the office of Mr. John Speer, after which he 
 was employed in work at his trade successively 
 at Lawrence, Junction City, Emporia and To- 
 peka. From the last named city he came in 
 August, 1 88 1, to East Las Vegas, New Mexico, 
 where he has since been engaged in his present 
 business. Here he has a large plant, supplied 
 with everything needed in his line, and carries 
 on an extensive business in printing, book-bind- 
 ing and in the manufacture of blank books. He 
 also manufactures office stationery, mining 
 blanks, legal blanks, letter presses, seals, rub- 
 ber stamps, etc. Prompt and progressive and 
 thoroughly reliable, he merits the large trade 
 and proud position he holds among the leading 
 business men of the city. In 1887-8 he was 
 Public Printer for the Territory of New Mexico. 
 At this writing he is a member of the Board of 
 Education of East Las Vegas, and is treasurer 
 of the Citizens' Club, which was organized for 
 the advancement of the interests of the city. 
 He is identified with the A. O. U. W., and, in 
 politics, casts his ballot and influence with the 
 Republican party. 
 
 Mr. Carruth was first married in 1873, to 
 Miss Fannie E. Kimball, of Lawrence, Kansas, 
 and their union was blessed by two children 
 Charles A. and Elsie M. In 1883, after ten 
 
 brief years of happy married life, the devoted 
 wife and loving mother was called to her last 
 home, and her little family and a large circle 
 of friends were left to mourn their loss. In 
 1886 Mr. Carruth wedded Miss Clara H. Ger- 
 linger, a native of Burlington, Iowa. They 
 occupy one of the pleasant homes in East Las 
 Vegas. 
 
 ENECA T. KLINE, of East Las Ve- 
 g as , New Mexico, is one of the suc- 
 cessful business men of this place, has 
 been identified with its growth since 
 1880, and has recently been elected a member 
 of its Board of Aldermen. 
 
 Mr. Kline is a native of Seneca county, 
 New York, and is descended from sturdy Ger- 
 man ancestry. His great-grandfather, Will- 
 iam Kline, was born in Germany, emigrated to 
 America, and located in Pennsylvania in the 
 early settlement of that State. He acquired a 
 tract of land there, passed the rest of his life 
 and died on it, and on it three generations of 
 the family have been born. His son William, 
 the grandfather of Seneca T. , emigrated to 
 Seneca county, New York, and died there, his 
 death occurring in 1872, at the age of sixty- 
 four years. Besides this land, he owned and 
 operated a sawmill on the Seneca river. The 
 younger William Kline married Miss Phebe 
 Slocum, a native of Connecticut, who lived to 
 the advanced age of eighty-five years and 
 passed away August 18, 1894. They were 
 members of the Lutheran Church. Later in 
 life, however, she became identified with the 
 Methodists. Both their lives were character- 
 ized by many estimable traits and their circle 
 of friends was as large as that of their acquaint- 
 ance. 
 
 Charles Kline, Mr. Kline's father, is the 
 eldest of a family of thirteen. He was born 
 at the old homestead, where he now resides. 
 June 16, 1858, he was married to Miss Mary 
 Helen Bishop, whose birth occurred in Cayuga 
 county, New York, in 1840. They became 
 the parents of six sons and five daughters, and 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 487 
 
 at this writing both parents and eight of the 
 children are living, Seneca T. being the eldest 
 of the family. 
 
 Seneca T. Kline received his early training 
 in the public schools, and when only ten years 
 of age began working in a grocery store for 
 Mr. A. M. Smith, of Tyre, Seneca county, 
 New York, with whom he remained seven 
 years, Mr. Smith having* in the meantime re- 
 moved to Illinois. Young Kline continued 
 with his employer for a year after the removal 
 to Illinois and could have remained longer but 
 preferred to return to his home in the East. 
 After spending a year on the farm with his 
 father, and not being satisfied to continue 
 farming there, he struck out in life on his own 
 account, directing his course to the far West. 
 That was in 1880. Previous to his attaining 
 his majority Mr. Kline's father collected the 
 son's earnings, leaving him only enough for his 
 clothing, and thus in 1880 when he came West 
 and settled in East Las Vegas his capital con- 
 sisted only of his strong arm and his determi- 
 nation to succeed. On his arrival here, he 
 worked for the railroad company, inspecing 
 lumber and ties, and was thus employed three 
 years. At this time feeling the need of a bet- 
 ter education than had been accorded him in 
 his boyhood days, he went to St. Joseph and 
 took a course in Bryant's Commercial College. 
 On his return to New Mexico, he worked for 
 the Deming & Silver City Railroad Company, 
 inspecting ties and other material, being occu- 
 pied in this way some six months, and after- 
 ward was for a short time engaged in the lum- 
 ber business at El Paso. Again returning to 
 East Las Vegas, he entered the employ of Mr. 
 Julius Graaf, a grocer, and after eight years 
 with him he became a partner in the business, 
 continuing as such until 1893. That year he 
 sold out to his partner, agreeing not to embark 
 in business in the city for a year, and he has 
 since worked for his old firm. 
 
 During his early residence here Mr. Kline 
 made some fortunate investments in property, 
 has in other ways been successful, and is now 
 the owner of several residences and consider- 
 
 able unimproved property in the city. He is 
 regarded as one of the most enterprising and 
 successful men here. 
 
 Politically, Mr. Kline is in harmony with 
 the principles advocated by the Republican 
 party. In 1891 he was elected a member of 
 the City Council, when it was under the old 
 charter, and this present year, 1885, he was 
 elected Alderman under the new charter. He 
 is fully alive to the interests of his town and is 
 doing all in his power to promote its welfare. 
 Fraternally, he is a member of the Ancient 
 Order of United Workmen, and the Woodmen 
 of the World. 
 
 Mr. Kline was married September 23, 1884, 
 to Miss Phebe Woodworth, a native of Michi- 
 gan, and they have two little daughters, 
 Mabel and Mary Woodworth, both born in 
 East Las Vegas. Mrs. Kline is a member of 
 the Presbyterian Church, of which church Mr. 
 Kline also is an attendant and an active sup- 
 porter. They have a pleasant home, are 
 comfortably situated, and are ranked with the 
 leading people of the town. 
 
 IMON A. CLEMENTS has for nearly 
 thirty years maintained his residence 
 in the West and is ranked with the 
 pioneers of New Mexico. He has for 
 many years been a prominent lumber dealer 
 and mill man of East Las Vegas, as such is 
 deserving of specific recognition on the pages 
 of this work, and the biographer takes pleasure 
 in here presenting a resume of his life. 
 
 Simon A. Clements is a native of Canada. 
 He was born November 9, 1842, and is of 
 French descent. His parents, Frank and 
 Adelida (Averier) Clements, were both born in 
 Canada, the former in 1814, and is still living; 
 the latter died in her forty-sixth year. They 
 were people of industry and economy and 
 cleared up and developed a fine farm, the one 
 on which he still resides; and in religion, they 
 were devout members of the Roman Catholic 
 Church. They reared a family of ten children, 
 
4 88 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Simon A. being their fourth born and one of 
 the five who survive. 
 
 In Canada and in the State of Vermont 
 Simon A. Clements received his schooling. 
 When he was seventeen he entered upon an 
 apprenticeship to the machinist's trade, and at 
 that trade he worked for twelve years. In 
 1866, with two comrades and a mule team, he 
 crossed the plains to New Mexico, making the 
 long and tiresome trip in safety and landing in 
 due time at Santa Fe. From there they went 
 to Taos, where they sold all their goods and 
 outfit except two mules, and then directed 
 their course to Colorado. Mr. Clements se- ' 
 cured work as a carpenter at the Greenhorn 
 ranch, where he remained nine months, and 
 while there had the misfortune to cut his foot, 
 this accident resulting in a siege of sickness. 
 We next find him employed at Fort Union. 
 From there he went to Elizabethtown and 
 in the mines at that place sank all he had 
 made; became discouraged and returned to 
 Fort Union. He then went to Sapello and put 
 in place the machinery of the first flouring- 
 mill in the county. Later he established a 
 tannery. In the tannery, however, he was 
 not successful as he did not understand the 
 business. After this he built several mills and 
 finally purchased a sawmill at Los Alamos, 
 which he operated for some time very success- 
 fully. In 1886 he bought his planing-mill 
 property at East Las Vegas. This mill is 
 equipped with a large amount of valuable ma- 
 chinery, all of the latest and most improved, 
 and he is doing an extensive and successful 
 business, manufacturing doors, blinds, sash, 
 etc. , and dressing lumber and making mould- 
 ings. From time to time during his business 
 career in this city Mr. Clements has made in- 
 vestments in real estate and has acquired con- 
 siderable property. He built a handsome 
 brick block, with three stories and basement, 
 on one of the best locations in the city; and in 
 various ways has he contributed to the ma- 
 terial growth of East Las Vegas. 
 
 Mr. Clements was married in 1873 to Miss 
 Necanora Martinez, a native of New Mexico 
 
 and a descendant of one of the old and prom- 
 inent families of the Territory. They had four 
 children, two of whom are yet living Simon 
 A., Jr., and Ida, wife of Frank Goodard. On 
 the third of April, 1886, Mrs. Clements was 
 called to her last home, leaving her husband 
 and little children to mourn their loss, the loss 
 of a most devoted wife and loving mother. 
 After some years Mr. Clements was, in 1891, 
 united in marriage to Miss Lucy Vaur, a na- 
 tive of New Mexico, by whom he has two 
 children, Emil and Lorella. 
 
 While Mr. Clements has always cast his 
 ballot and influence with the Democratic party 
 and is a man who is well posted on political 
 and all public affairs, he has never been an of- 
 fice-seeker nor is he in any sense a politician. 
 Like many of the Eastern and Northern peo- 
 ple who have become identified with New Mex- 
 ico, Mr. Clements has acquired the Spanish 
 language. 
 
 C/^\ EDRO LESPERANCE, of Las Vegas, 
 E m New Mexico, is a pioneer of the Ter- 
 ritory, and owner of a sawmill at the 
 town that bears his name, sixteen 
 miles west of Las Vegas. During the nearly 
 forty years of his residence in New Mexico he 
 has gained a wide acquaintance here, and by 
 many will a sketch of his life be read with 
 interest. 
 
 Pedro Lesperance was born in Sorel, in the 
 province of Quebec, Canada, June 29, 1839, 
 son of Joseph and Mary (Ocaim) Lesperance, 
 natives of Canada, and descendants of French 
 ancestors who were among the early settlers of 
 the Dominion. His parents were honest and 
 industrious farmers, and were respected by all 
 who knew them. Each died at about the 
 age of seventy-five years. They had two chil- 
 dren, Pedro being the younger. Pedro spent 
 his youth on his father's farm and was edu- 
 cated in his native town, and in 1857, when 
 eighteen years of age, came to New Mexico to 
 live with his uncle Pedro. This uncle had 
 been a resident of the Territory since 1822 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 489 
 
 and owned a ranch and sawmill here, and hav- 
 ing no children of his own wrote for his nephew 
 and namesake to come and make his home 
 with him and be his heir. This generous invi- 
 tation our subject accepted, and for years they 
 were associated together in business, young 
 Lesperance caring for his uncle in sickness and 
 old age and inheriting the property at his death, 
 which occurred in 1879, at the age of eighty- 
 eight years. And here he has since resided, 
 engaged in ranching and sawmilling. The mill 
 above referred to was built soon after he came 
 to the Territory, and has been in operation 
 ever since. It is run by water power and has 
 a capacity of 8,000 feet of lumber per day. 
 Besides the sawmill and ranch Mr. Lesperance 
 owns the property in Las Vegas, where he and 
 his family reside. 
 
 He was married in 1863 to Miss Sebastiana 
 Benavides, a native of New Mexico and of 
 Spanish descent. They have seven children, 
 namely: Pablo; Albino; Margaritta, now Mrs. 
 L. Trugillo; Elizabeth, wife of Fliciano Apo- 
 daca; Joseph Marie, Peter and Jennie. Mr. 
 Lesperance and his family are members of the 
 Catholic Church. 
 
 His political affiliations have always been 
 with the Democratic party and he has ever 
 taken an active and commendable interest in 
 public affairs, especially local matters. He has 
 served efficiently as School Director in his dis- 
 trict. He speaks fluently the English, French 
 and Spanish languages, also understands Latin, 
 and is withal a man above the ordinary in in- 
 telligence and ability. He has made a deal of 
 money during his active and useful life and has 
 spent it quite as freely as he has made it, thus 
 enjoying with his family the comforts of life 
 and contributing liberally to all worthy causes 
 of a public nature. 
 
 >-j*OHN KNOX MARTIN, a prosperous 
 m and reliable contractor and builder of 
 / J East Las Vegas, New Mexico, who has 
 recently been elected one of the Alder- 
 men of the city, hails from the Buckeye State, 
 
 a State in which were born many of the most 
 enterprising men of the Western towns and 
 cities. His birth occurred in Scioto county, 
 Ohio, August 16, 1858. Mr. Martin is of 
 Scotch extraction. His father, John Grant 
 Martin, was born in Scotland in the year 1824, 
 and in 1835, at the a S e f eleven years, crossed 
 the Atlantic with his parents, their settlement 
 being at Lebanon, a suburb of the city of Pitts- 
 burg, where the father was engaged in farm- 
 ing, and also to some extent carried on con- 
 tracting and building. In their religious faith 
 the parents were United Presbyterians. John 
 Grant Martin when a young man moved to 
 Ohio, where he was subsequently married to 
 Miss Isabella F. Mclntosh, a native of Wells- 
 ville, that State. As the years passed by five 
 sons and three daughters were given to them, 
 and of this number there now survive three 
 sons and one daughter. The mother departed 
 this life in the fifty-eighth year of her age; the 
 father is still living. 
 
 John Knox Martin, the fifth born in the 
 above family, was educated in the public 
 schools of his native State. He learned the 
 trade of carpenter of his father, who was en- 
 gaged in contracting and building, and later, 
 young Martin for a time gave his attention to 
 farming. In 1871 he went to Kansas, where 
 he maintained his home from that time until 
 1880, when he went to Colorado. At 
 Silverton in San Juan county, Colorado, he 
 engaged in mining for some time. May 28, 
 1882, he landed at East Las Vegas, and from 
 that date up to the present time he has been 
 successfully carrying on contracting and build- 
 ing here. In 1883 he formed a partnership 
 with B. Borden and Walace Hesselden, with 
 whom he was associated two years, and during 
 these two years in addition to other work they 
 built two large court-houses, one at Las Ve- 
 gas, and the other at Tascosa, Texas. The 
 next two years Mr. Martin carried on opera- 
 tions alone and at the end of that time formed 
 a partnership with John M. D. Howard, the 
 firm style being Martin & Howard. They 
 have gained and maintain a reputation for the 
 
490 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 excellency of their work and are doing an ex- 
 tensive and profitable business. 
 
 Mr. Martin is an active member of the An- 
 cient Order of United Workmen. He has 
 twice represented the order in the Grand 
 Lodge of the Territory, and at this writing is 
 Receiver of his Lodge. He has taken a some- 
 what active part in political matters, especially 
 those affecting his own city, and is recognized 
 as a leader in municipal affairs. In 1895 he 
 aided in the organization of an independent 
 party in the city. By it he was nominated to 
 represent the First ward in the City Council, 
 was duly elected and is now serving as Alder- 
 man. 
 
 He was married in 1888, on the sixth of 
 April, to Miss Maggie W. Fulton, a native of 
 Missouri, but reared in Kingsley, Kansas, 
 daughter of Major George W. Fulton. They 
 have three children, all born in East Las Ve- 
 gas, Lula May, Lois Ann and Maude. 
 
 ENJAMIN F. FORSYTHE, a suc- 
 cessful business man of East Las 
 Vegas, New Mexico, and one of her 
 newly elected Aldermen, dates his 
 birth in the commonwealth of Ohio, and traces 
 his ancestry back through the early settlers of 
 Pennsylvania to Scotland, the same source 
 from which has sprung many of the prosperous 
 and illustrious men of America. 
 
 Mr. Forsythe's grandfather, Major Jesse 
 Forsythe, gained his title as an officer in the 
 war of 1812. After that war he settled in 
 Harrison county, Ohio, where he reared a large 
 and ultimately prosperous family, his sons 
 growing up to occupy prominent and useful 
 positions in the Buckeye State. One of these 
 sons, the Hon. Jesse Forsythe, is well known 
 as an Ohio politician and legislator. Joseph 
 Forsythe, the father of our subject, was born 
 in Harrison county, Ohio, in the year 1815. 
 He married Elizabeth Cullison, the daughter 
 of a prominent Ohio pioneer Methodist minis- 
 ter who for many years exerted a wonderful 
 influence for good on the Western Reserve. 
 
 They had four children, two sons and two 
 daughters, three of whom are living. Joseph 
 Forsythe was a member of one of the large 
 distillery firms of Ohio, was one of the organ- 
 izers of the Republican party in that State, was 
 a great anti-slavery man, and occupied a posi- 
 tion of prominence there. He died in 1858, 
 the year after his wife's decease. 
 
 Now Benjamin F. Forsythe was the second 
 son in the above named lamily, and was born 
 June 14, 1850. While his literary education 
 was limited to the training of the public 
 schools, he early in life showed a talent for 
 penmanship, and cultivated it as far as pos- 
 sible. After he grew up he was for some 
 years engaged as a teacher of bookkeeping and 
 penmanship, and in this way was connected 
 with several of the leading educational institu- 
 tions of-California. While in Ohio, he learned 
 the trade of carriage manufacturer. In 1871 
 he left his native place, directed his course 
 westward, and in due time arrived at Cali- 
 fornia, where he remained till the spring of 
 1 88 1, and then came to East Las Vegas, where 
 he has since maintained his home. For a year 
 and a half he was engaged in the manufacture 
 of wagons and carriages here, and the next 
 two years he was in the liquor business. After 
 this he received the appointment of Chief 
 Deputy Assessor for four years of the county 
 of San Miguel, served as such most efficiently, 
 and during that term the assessment of the 
 county was raised from three and a half million 
 to nine million dollars. Next he formed a 
 partnership with a Mr. Clark, under the firm 
 name of Clark & Forsythe, and opened up a 
 restaurant and saloon, doing a large wholesale 
 and retail liquor busines; location on the corner 
 of Railroad avenue and Center street. 
 
 Mr. Forsythe has ever been a stanch 
 member of the party his father helped to 
 organize, and especially since coming to 
 New Mexico has he taken an active part 
 in political matters. He was at one time 
 the candidate of the Republicans of his 
 district for Representative to the Territorial 
 Legislature, but, his ticket being in the 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 491 
 
 minority that year, he was defeated. In 1895 
 he was elected to represent his ward in the 
 City Council, and as he is an active, progress- 
 ive and successful business man, he will, no 
 doubt, make a good worker on the board. He 
 is temporary chairman, and chairman of the 
 finance committee. He has for years been 
 identified with the Masonic order. He is Past 
 Commander of Las Vegas Commandery, No. 
 2; an officer in Las Vegas Chapter, No. 3; and 
 Chief Conductor of the work of Royal and 
 Select Masters of Las Vegas Council, No. 3. 
 At the great conclave of the United States held 
 at Denver, he had the honor conferred upon 
 him by leading the entire New Mexico battalion 
 in the great march. Mr. Forsythe's artistic 
 penmanship has already been referred to. At 
 the Trans-Mississippi Congress he had the 
 honor of being made the first assistant secre- 
 tary of the Congress, and served during the 
 whole session, and its records were kept in 
 fine shape. 
 
 Since coming to East Las Vegas, Mr. For- 
 sythe has invested largely in real estate, has 
 acquired considerable property here, and has 
 gained a high position among the influential 
 business men of the city. . 
 
 ^r-r* B. HERRON. That type of people 
 a known as Scotch-Irish has many repre- 
 / 1 sentatives in this country, and, wherever 
 found they are noted for their thrift and 
 industry and are ranked with the sturdy and 
 substantial element of their communities. In 
 the subject of this sketch we have a descendant 
 and a worthy example of this type, Mr. J. B. 
 Herron, one of the early settlers and promi- 
 nent citizens of Clayton, New Mexico, a resume 
 of whose life is herewith presented: 
 
 J. B. Herron was born in Knox county, 
 Ohio, November 19, 1837, and, as above 
 stated, is of Scotch-Irish descent. His father 
 was a native of Scotland, born in 1804, and 
 when a young man emigrated to America and 
 located in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, where 
 he was subsequently married to a Miss Donald- 
 
 son, of that place. From Pennsylvania they re- 
 moved west to Ohio and settled on what was 
 then the frontier. There Mrs. Herron died, in 
 1834. She was the mother of two sons and 
 two daughters, only two of whom . are now 
 living. In 1835 Mr. Herron married for his 
 second wife Miss Margaret Sapp, a native of 
 Knox county, Ohio, and by this marriage there 
 were seven children, all of whom survive ex- 
 cept one. She was born in 1813 and is still 
 living. He died at the advanced age of eighty- 
 four years. 
 
 J. B. Herron was the first-born of the sec- 
 ond family, and when he was two years old his 
 parents removed to Illinois, where he was 
 reared and received his early education. The 
 greater part of his education, however, has 
 been obtained in the dear school of experience. 
 He worked on the farm until he was twenty- 
 one years of age, when he turned his attention 
 to railroading and was thus occupied until the 
 great Civil war burst upon the country and a 
 call was made for volunteers to put down the 
 rebellion. In answer to this call young Her- 
 ron responded by enlisting, in August, 1861, as 
 a member of Company E, Ninety-seventh Illi- 
 nois Infantry. His service was in the West- 
 ern Department, under Generals Sherman and 
 Grant, and his first battle was that of Vicks- 
 burg. He participated in all the engagements 
 which led up to the Atlanta campaign and 
 after the fall of Atlanta made the famous 
 "March to the Sea" with Sherman, thence 
 via Richmond to Washington, where he took 
 part in Grand Review, after which he received 
 an honorable discharge. 
 
 The war over, Mr. Herron returned to his 
 home and settled down to the peaceful voca- 
 tion of farming. After his marriage, which 
 event occurred in 1866, he farmed in Adams 
 county, Illinois, four years, and from there re- 
 moved to Iowa, purchasing land in that State 
 and farming it five years. His next move was 
 to Kansas. There he secured title to a tract 
 of Government land, which he improved and 
 which he cultivated for three years, developing 
 it into a good property. This land he still 
 
492 
 
 HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 owns. From Kansas he came to Clayton, 
 New Mexico, the date of his arrival here being 
 March 17, 1888. And here he at once took 
 claim to a tract of 320 acres in extent, to the 
 improvement of which he at once devoted his 
 energies and soon had a residence built and a 
 well dug, the well being the first in this part 
 of the county. Water was found at a depth of 
 thirty-two feet. This farm is utilized chiefly 
 as a stock ranch, in which line of business Mr. 
 Herron is meeting with satisfactory success. 
 In 1893 he erected a comfortable home in 
 Clayton and since that date has made Clayton 
 his headquarters, much of his time, however, 
 being spent on the ranch. Since coming to 
 New Mexico he has spent about four years in 
 railroading. In various ways he has been iden- 
 tified with the growth and development of 
 Clayton. He aided in building the water 
 works of the town and had full management of 
 them for six months after they were completed, 
 thus helping to push forward an enterprise 
 that is of great value to the citizens. 
 
 Mr. Herron's marriage has already been 
 referred to. Mrs. Herron was by maiden 
 name Miss Martha J. Thompson, and Tennes- 
 see is her native State. They have three sons, 
 namely, William Henry, Charles Edward and 
 Lawrence Emory. Of Mr. Herron's politics, 
 we would state that he is a thorough Republi- 
 can. 
 
 >HOMAS E. MITCHELL. This gen- 
 tleman, whose abiding place is in 
 Clayton, figures as one of the promi- 
 nent business men of Union county, 
 New Mexico, where he has the management of 
 the extensive interests belonging to the Du- 
 buque (Iowa) Cattle Company. As he is one 
 of the representative citizens of his county we 
 here take pleasure in referring biographically 
 to him. 
 
 Thomas E. Mitchell was born at Fair Play, 
 Colorado, September 8, 1863, and traces his 
 ancestry back to the early settlers of the "Old 
 Dominion," the Mitchells having occupied a 
 
 place among the prominent old families of Vir- 
 ginia. Edward F. Mitchell, the father of 
 Thomas E., was born in the State of Illinois; 
 and his mother, nee Augusta Hatch, in New 
 York. The latter was reared in New Mexico, 
 her father, Alexander Hatch, being one of the 
 pioneers of this Territory. It was in 1845 that 
 Mr. Hatch first came to New Mexico. Subse- 
 quently he spent some time in California, and 
 on his return to New Mexico he settled on a 
 ranch thirty miles below Las Vegas, where he 
 resided for many years. Later in life he re- 
 moved to Trinidad, Colorado, and died there, 
 at the advanced age of eighty-two. He was 
 prominent as a gold prospector in New Mex- 
 ico and Colorado. Mount Lincoln in Colorado 
 was named by him. It was at Las Vegas that 
 the parents of our subject were married. They 
 are among the most worthy people of their 
 community and enjoy the respect and esteem 
 of all who know them. In their family were 
 eleven children, of whom six are now living. 
 
 Their son, Thomas E.,was educated in Trini- 
 dad, under the tutorship of Professor H. E. 
 Gordon, in the Tillison Academy, of which in- 
 stitution he is a graduate with the class of 
 1885; and he also took a course in the Bryant 
 & Stratton Business College of Boston. He 
 had spent the whole of his early life in the stock 
 business, in that way earning the money with 
 which he educated himself, and after his return 
 from Boston he was appointed manager of the 
 Dubuque (Iowa) Cattle Company. The capi- 
 tal stock of this company is $500,000. Here 
 in Union county they own no less than 7,000 
 acres of land located along the creeks, and 
 they also own the water rights. The cattle 
 upon these lands number about 20,000 head, 
 many of them a good grade of Herefords, 
 as the company are taking an interest and 
 pride in breeding up their stock to a high stand- 
 ard. Their cattle are usually marketed when 
 three years old, and at that time weigh an aver- 
 age of 1,000 pounds each! Mr. Mitchell's 
 early training in the stock business has rendered 
 him especially fitted for his present position, 
 and his management of the large interests be- 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 493 
 
 longing to the company here has been emi- 
 nently satisfactory to its members and most 
 creditable to him. 
 
 July 9, 1893, Mr. Mitchell was united in 
 marriage to Miss Linda Knell, a native of Ken- 
 tucky and of German ancestry, and they have 
 a son, Albert Knell. 
 
 Mr. Mitchell is an active and influential 
 member of the Democratic party, takes a prom- 
 inent part in the affairs of the county, and is 
 considered one of her most reliable and best 
 citizens. 
 
 aARL EKLUND, one of the most suc- 
 cessful business men of Clayton, New 
 Mexico, is a native of Sweden. He 
 was born on the 4th of March, 1867, 
 and in his native land acquired his early edu- 
 cation. He was eighteen years of age when 
 he determined to try his fortune in America, 
 for he had heard favorable reports of the ad- 
 vantages and privileges here afforded and wish- 
 ed therefore to take advantage of them. 
 
 As his people were in limited circumstances 
 and he had no capital of his own, he borrowed 
 the money to pay his passage across the At- 
 lantic. Making his way to Colorado, he 
 secured a position as a farm hand, and during 
 the first year paid back the money which he 
 had expended for his ticket and had remaining 
 $50. He then went to Leadville, Colorado, 
 afterward took up his residence in Trinidad, 
 New Mexico, in 1888 arrived in Clayton, and 
 with the commercial interests of his town he 
 has since been prominently identified. Mr. 
 Eklund formed a partnership with Mack Keller- 
 man, and they did a successful and satisfactory 
 business for five years, under the firm name of 
 Kellerman & Eklund, and on the expiration of 
 that period our subject bought out his partner. 
 In 1894 he formed a partnership with Mr. 
 Chadbourne, and they purchased a stone build- 
 ing, 25x75 feet, and fitting it up for their 
 business put in an excellent stock of goods and 
 for six months carried on business together. 
 Mr. Eklund then again bought out his partner's 
 
 interest, and has since been alone. In the rear 
 of his store he also has billiard rooms and a 
 first-class tonsorial parlor. 
 
 Mr. Eklund has extended his business in- 
 terests to other lines of enterprise, and his good 
 executive ability and capable management have 
 brought to him prosperity. In partnership 
 with Mr. Curren, he purchased 160 acres of 
 land adjoining the town of Clayton, and 
 platted the Curren & Eklund East Land Ad- 
 dition. They also went to Santa Fe and aided 
 in securing the passage of a bill creating 
 Union county, after which they sold their ad- 
 dition to the Town Company and became 
 stockholders in that organization. They own 
 about 1,000 acres of beautiful land, and the 
 company has 1,200 shares, at $25 each. 
 
 Mr. Eklund has built one of the most taste- 
 ful and commodious residences in the city, in 
 which he is now living with his family. He 
 was married in Denver, in the fall of 1891, to 
 Miss Gerda C. Magnie, and they have a daugh- 
 ter, Inis Christina. Their home is noted for 
 its hospitality, and in social circles Mr. and 
 Mrs. Eklund hold an enviable position. Our 
 subject takes quite an active interest in polit- 
 ical affairs and is a stalwart supporter of the 
 Republican party. Progressive and enterpris- 
 ing he has during the ten years of his residence 
 in America won a success of which he may be 
 justly proud. A poor man with no capital he 
 arrived in Colorado, and working his way 
 steadily upward he has overcome the difficul- 
 ties and obstacles in his pathway to compe- 
 tency. 
 
 A. DYSON, whose connec- 
 tion with the business interests of 
 Clayton has not only enhanced his 
 individual prosperity, but has also 
 promoted the general welfare of the city, was 
 born in Callaway county, Missouri, on the 8th 
 of February, 1849, and is of Irish lineage, the 
 family having been founded in Maryland at an 
 early day in the history of this country. The 
 grandfather, William Dyson, was born in 
 
494 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Montgomery county, that State, and his son 
 William was also born there, in the year 1811. 
 He married Mrs. Lucinda Wren, nee Davis, a 
 native of Virginia, and they became the par- 
 ents of nine children. Some time after their 
 marriage they removed to Missouri, where the 
 father engaged in agricultural pursuits. Both 
 were consistent and faithful members of the 
 Methodist Church, and all who knew them re- 
 spected them for their sterling worth and strict 
 integrity. The death of Mr. Dyson occurred 
 in 1856, at the age of forty-five years, and his 
 wife is still living, at the age of eighty-one. 
 
 The gentleman whose name introduces this 
 review was only seven years of age at the time 
 of his father's death. He was reared in the 
 county of his nativity by his uncle, E. V. 
 Dyson, and attended the public schools at 
 Westminster College, after which he was or- 
 dained as a Deacon in the Methodist Church 
 by Bishop Marvin, of Missouri. He then 
 joined the St. Louis Methodist Conference, 
 and for ten years engaged in preaching the 
 gospel throughout southeastern Missouri. On 
 account of the health of his wife he then came 
 to New Mexico, where he arrived in July, 
 1884. He had married on the 8th of Febru- 
 ary, 1878, Miss Henrietta Singleton, a native 
 of Montgomery county, Missouri, and to them 
 were born four children, three sons and a 
 daughter, namely: Elijah V., Gallic J., John 
 W. and James. Mrs. Dyson's health has been 
 much improved since their residence in New 
 Mexico, and in her new home she has made 
 many friends. Mr. Dyson first located in Las 
 Vegas, but after a short time became inter- 
 ested in ranching at Watrous, where he re- 
 mained for five years. He also had charge of 
 the Watrous circuit and aided in building a 
 church edifice there. 
 
 The year of his arrival in Clayton was 
 1890. Here he obtained 500 acres of land 
 near the town and engaged in farming and 
 dairying. He also purchased property in 
 Clayton and began business as a lumberman 
 and hardware dealer. He erected what was 
 called the Ranch Hotel, and after it was de- 
 
 stroyed by fire he rebuilt and renamed the 
 place the Phoenix Hotel. He has also erected 
 other buildings in Clayton, thus aiding materi- 
 ally in the .improvement of the place, which 
 owes its prosperity to the class of progressive 
 citizens to which he belongs. Upon his ranch 
 he has a large number of cattle and horses, 
 and the creek which flows through his property 
 he intends to utilize for irrigation purposes and 
 make his land one of the most fertile and val- 
 uable tracts in this section of the Territory. 
 
 Mr. Dyson is a stalwart advocate of the 
 Democracy, but has never sought or desired 
 political preferment. He organized in Clay ton 
 the Methodist Church, South, which now has 
 about twenty members, and still preaches oc- 
 casionally. His honorable and upright life, 
 across which there falls no shadow of wrong, 
 is well worthy of emulation, and he is indeed 
 worthy of representation in this volume. 
 
 OBERT P. ERVIEN, stockholder and 
 manager of the Clayton Commercial 
 Company, and one of the leading and 
 influential business men of Union 
 county, New Mexico, was born at Philadelphia, 
 Pennsylvania, on the 8th of December, 1866, 
 and is of Scotch-Irish and German lineage. 
 Early in the history of this country his ances- 
 tors braved the dangers of an ocean voyage to 
 secure a home in the New World, and when 
 the Colonies endeavored to throw off the yoke 
 of British tyranny they aided in the struggle 
 for independence. The father of our subject, 
 John A. Ervien, was born in Philadelphia, in 
 1822, and in the city of his nativity has for 
 thirty-five years been successfully engaged in 
 the manufacture of pitchforks, having one of 
 the most extensive enterprises of that kind in 
 the country. He was united in marriage with 
 Miss Margaret Myers, who was born in the 
 Keystone State, and is of German descent. 
 Their union was blessed with a family of eight 
 children, of whom five are still living. Robert 
 P. Ervien received liberal educational advan- 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 495 
 
 tages, pursuing a collegiate course in Swarth- 
 more College, at which he was graduated with 
 the degree of Bachelor of Science in the class 
 of 1888. He then secured a position as civil 
 engineer with the Philadelphia & Reading Rail- 
 road, serving in that capacity for about a year. 
 On the expiration of that period he came to 
 Clayton, New Mexico, as a member of the 
 Clayton Commercial Company, and for two 
 years served as its secretary. He has since 
 satisfactorily and efficiently served as its man- 
 ager, and the success which has come to the 
 undertaking is largely due to his untiring efforts 
 and perseverance. The company carries on a 
 general merchandise business, occupying a 
 store 37 x 125 feet, which is completely filled 
 with all kinds of general merchandise of every 
 description. Their trade comes from a terri- 
 tory extending 100 miles from Clayton. They 
 also have a store 20 x 100 feet in addition to 
 the one mentioned, and are having a profitable 
 and constantly increasing trade, conducted on 
 liberal and honorable business principles. 
 
 In 1890 Mr. Ervien was united in marriage 
 with Miss M. Earnest, a native of Philadel- 
 phia, and they have two sons, John R. and 
 Howell G. , both born in Clayton. Their home 
 is a pleasant residence noted for its hospitality, 
 and both Mr. and Mrs. Ervien have many warm 
 friends who hold them in the highest regard. 
 
 In his political views our subject is a Re- 
 publican. He was once nominated by his 
 party for the office of County Treasurer, and 
 although the county usually was strongly Demo- 
 cratic he lost the election by only fifteen votes, 
 a fact which indicates his personal popu- 
 larity and the confidence reposed in him by his 
 fellow citizens. He takes a deep and com- 
 mendable interest in everythingpertaining to the 
 welfare of the community and its upbuilding, 
 and gives his support to all measures that are 
 calculated to prove of public benefit. He is 
 recognized as a reliable, straightforward busi- 
 ness man, a public-spirited progressive citizen, 
 and in the community where he lives he has 
 the warm regard of all with whom he has been 
 brought in contact. 
 
 aHRISTIAN OTTO. In this region, 
 where nature has provided wide plains 
 covered with luxuriant grasses, one of 
 the chief industries is stock-raising, 
 and prominent among the sheep-raisers of 
 Union county is Mr. Otto, who is also presi- 
 dent of the Clayton Commercial Company, 
 of the city of Clayton. The record of his life 
 is as follows: He was born in Germany on 
 the I4th of October, 1853, and acquired his 
 education in the schools of his native land, 
 after which he learned the trade of shoemaker. 
 From early life he has been dependent upon 
 his own resources, and the success that he has 
 achieved is the just reward of his labors. He 
 was only sixteen years of age when he bade 
 adieu to home and native land and crossed the 
 broad Atlantic to America. He was totally 
 unfamiliar with the language here spoken and 
 had a capital of only $200. After spending a 
 month in Missouri, Mr. Otto went to Iowa, 
 where he worked at his trade of shoemaking 
 until 1871. In that year he emigrated west- 
 ward, taking up his residence in Red Blun, 
 Tehama county, California. There he also 
 engaged in the shoe business until 1884, at 
 which time he sold out and retraced his steps 
 as far as Colorado. In 1885 he came to Col- 
 fax county, New Mexico, and secured a farm 
 at Cedros. He brought sheep from California, 
 and in connection with a partner engaged in the 
 sheep industry, becoming one of the most suc- 
 cessful and prominent .dealers in this section of 
 the Territory. He has had at one time as 
 many as 50,000 sheep, and in a single season 
 has sold wool to the value of $25,000. 
 
 In 1890 Mr. Otto came to his present loca- 
 tion six miles west of Clayton, where he now 
 has a fine property. He owns altogether 3, 900 
 acres of land, and is extensively engaged in 
 sheep-raising, also follows cattle-raising to 
 some extent. His careful management of his 
 business interests and his progressive and sys- 
 tematic methods, combined with honorable 
 dealing, have brought to him prosperity. In 
 1894 he purchased an interest in the Clayton 
 Commercial Company, and in March of that 
 
49 6 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 year was elected its president, in which capac- 
 ity he is still serving in a creditable and accep- 
 table manner. This company owns an exten- 
 sive general merchandise store, which is well 
 stocked with everything found in a first-class 
 establishment of the kind, and the success 
 which attends the enterprise is largely due to 
 the capable management of the president. 
 
 In August, 1890, was celebrated the mar- 
 riage which united the destinies of Mr. Otto 
 and Miss Clara Dean, a native of Pennsyl- 
 vania. They have one son, born in Union 
 county, John S. In his social affiliations, Mr. 
 Otto has been a Mason, and since arriving at 
 years of maturity has given his political sup- 
 port to the Republican party. He keeps well 
 informed on the issues and questions of the 
 day, and now favors the free coinage of silver. 
 He is a man of intelligence and ability, and 
 through his own able efforts has secured a val- 
 uable property, and through his honorable 
 life has won the high regard of all with whom 
 business or social relations have brought him 
 in contact. A man's success is not measured 
 by the heights which he holds, but the dis- 
 tance between his starting point and the alti- 
 tude which he has reached. Mr. Otto began 
 on the plane of limited circumstances and has 
 eagerly grasped every opportunity for advance- 
 ment until to-day he ranks among the most 
 prominent and progressive of New Mexico's 
 citizens. 
 
 >-j*AMES H. LUMPKINS. Of the worthy 
 J citizens that Kentucky has furnished to 
 ( 1 New Mexico none are more deserving 
 of representation in this volume than 
 the gentleman whose name begins this sketch 
 and who is recognized as one of the most 
 prominent stockmen of Clayton. He was 
 born on the 22d of January, 1860, descend- 
 ing from an old Virginian family that was 
 founded in America at an early day. His 
 father 1 , William Lumpkins, was born in Ken- 
 tucky, and married a daughter of one of the 
 neighboring families, Miss Phoebe Howerton. 
 
 On leaving the State of their nativity they re- 
 moved to Kansas, where the father was en- 
 gaged in farming for the long period of twenty- 
 three years. The mother died at their home 
 in Rossville, Kansas, in 1887, and in 1893 Mr. 
 Lumpkins removed to the Territory of New 
 Mexico, where he now resides, a highly re- 
 spected man. They had ten children, of whom 
 eight are now living. Both parents were 
 members of the Christian Church. 
 
 In early life James H. Lumpkins, who was 
 the third of the family, was trained to habits 
 of industry and honesty, and the lessons which 
 he learned in his youth have borne good fruit 
 in his after life. When six years of age he 
 entered the public schools and pursued his 
 studies through the fall and winter months, 
 while in the summer he aided in the labors of 
 the home farm. He continued there until the 
 spring of 1888, at which time he came direct 
 to Clayton, and has has since been identified 
 with this city. For a number of years he held 
 the position of manager of the Topeka Stock 
 Company, and had under his charge from five 
 to six thousand head of cattle, mostly of the 
 Hereford breed. He still has the management 
 of the office of this company, and in addition 
 owns and operates a ranch of his own. He 
 possesses good business and executive ability, 
 is enterprising and energetic, and is a thor- 
 oughgoing stock man. He is meeting with 
 success in his undertakings and is now num- 
 bered among the substantial citizens of the 
 community. His ranch is conveniently located 
 on Carrizo creek and is well supplied with 
 water and excellent pasturage. There is also 
 a good residence upon this place. 
 
 In 1893 Mr. Lumpkins erected a nice home 
 in the thriving town of Clayton, where he now 
 resides with his family. He was married on 
 the 5th of August, 1886, to Miss Kate Kuiken- 
 dall, a native of West Virginia. They now 
 have an interesting little daughter, Nellie M., 
 who is the life and light of the household. 
 
 The political support of Mr. Lumpkins is 
 given to the men and measures of the Repub- 
 lican party, and he keeps well informed on the 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 497 
 
 issues of the day, but has never sought or de- 
 sired political preferment, content to give his 
 time and attention to his business interests. 
 The success which he has gained is all due to 
 his own efforts and is well merited. He is 
 rated as one of the intelligent, successful and 
 reliable citizens of Union county, and belongs 
 to that class of men to whom the future de- 
 velopment and prosperity of New Mexico will 
 be indebted. Already he has become an im- 
 portant factor in the development of this lo- 
 cality, and it is with pleasure that we present 
 the record of his life to our readers, knowing 
 that it will prove of interest to many, for he 
 has a wide circle of friends and acquaintances. 
 
 *w * ON. WILLIARD S. HOPEWELL. 
 l^\ The gentleman whose name intro- 
 \ ,P duces this review stands in the fore- 
 most rank of the enterprising business 
 men of Sierra county, and is one of the pio- 
 neers and valued citizens of Hillsboro. He is 
 descended from English ancestors, who for 
 many generations were officers in the British 
 army. Our subject was born in Chester, 
 England, on the nth of February, 1848, and 
 was educated in his native country, where he 
 remained until fifteen years of age. He then 
 crossed the Atlantic to the New World, locat- 
 ing in Halifax, in 1863. In 1866 he made a 
 trip to California, and also traveled through 
 South and Central America returning to the 
 United States. Travel is, a school that yields 
 an excellent return to its student, and in this 
 way Mr. Hopewell has become a man of 
 broad, general information and a varied expe- 
 rience. 
 
 On his return to this country, he was en- 
 gaged in business in Denver for a time, also 
 carried on mining in Leadville, and was in the 
 mining districts of San Juan county for a 
 period. Later he sold out and went to Las 
 Pomas in search of mining property. He also 
 wished to secure a suitable tract of land for a 
 cattle ranch. He met with good success in 
 his new undertaking, and in 1881 organized 
 
 32 
 
 the Las Animas Cattle Company, which in- 
 vested $1,000,000 in land and cattle in Sierra 
 county, and did a large and prosperous busi- 
 ness, having as high as 60,000 head of cattle 
 on the ranch at one time. They sold and 
 shipped cattle very extensively, and the busi- 
 ness proved a profitable one. 
 
 As the financial resources of Mr. Hopewell 
 increased, he made judicious investments in 
 other lines, and in 1882 purchased the Fresno 
 and Home Stake mines, which were then be- 
 ing worked on a small scale. Mr. Hopewell 
 operates these mines on quite an extensive 
 scale, his partners in this business being G. W. 
 Greyson and A. G. Borland, of San Francisco 
 county. These mines have produced more 
 than $125,000 worth of gold. Mr. Hopewell 
 is also developing the Caledonia and the Hi- 
 bernian, both rich gold mines, averaging $35 
 of gold to the ton. In connection with these 
 mines they have in full operation good mills, 
 supplied with machinery of the most improved 
 kinds, the mill having a capacity of fifteen tons 
 per day. 
 
 Mr. Hopewell makes his headquarters at 
 Hillsboro, where he has a very pleasant home. 
 He has been twice married. In 1877 he 
 wedded Miss Ella Miller, of Colorado, and to 
 them was born a daughter, Jean, now the 
 wife of John Stauffer, a resident of Pennsyl- 
 vania. The mother of this family was called 
 to her final rest when her daughter was but 
 two months old. For fifteen years, Mr. 
 Hopewell remained single, and in 1892 was 
 again married, his second union being with 
 Miss Anna West, daughter of Judge West, of 
 Kingston. She is a very pleasant and amiable 
 lady, who presides with grace and dignity over 
 their hospitable home. 
 
 Mr. Hopewell is a Democrat, and on the 
 ticket of his party was elected a member of 
 the Territorial Legislature, where he accept- 
 ably served for one term. He was also one of 
 the County Commissioners who organized 
 Sierra county, and has always taken a deep in- 
 terest in the development and upbuilding of 
 this region, as one of the most enterprising 
 
49 8 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 and progressive business men. His name is 
 inseparably connected with the history of 
 Sierra county, and he belongs to the honored 
 band of pioneers who have made civilization 
 and progress possible in this section of the Ter- 
 ritory. 
 
 >-j*OHN W. CONE. It is now the men 
 t who are leaders in business circles who 
 / J are recognized as the important factors 
 in the community, and he who is at the 
 head of the extensive and successful commer- 
 cial enterprises is regarded as one of the pro- 
 moters of the city's prosperity. The gentle- 
 man whose name heads this record is the man- 
 aging partner of the extensive mercantile busi- 
 ness controlled by the Cone & Duran Mercan- 
 tile Company, one of the best known firms in 
 this section of the Territory. Their store is 
 located at Clayton, and from a wide extent of 
 territory comes a liberal patronage, which is 
 constantly increasing, owing to their fair and 
 honorable business methods and their courteous 
 treatment of their customers. 
 
 The senior member of this enterprising firm 
 was born in Hamilton, Coweta county, Georgia, 
 on the i gth of November, 1844, and is a re- 
 presentative of one of the prominent families 
 of the South. From the northern part of the 
 Emerald Isle his great-grandfather crossed 
 the Atlantic to America, sailing from the city 
 of Belfast, and taking up his residence in North 
 Carolina. He afterward removed to Georgia, 
 where the grandfather of our subject was born 
 and spent his entire life, his home being in 
 Greensboro, where he died at the age of sixty- 
 five years. The father, James T. Cone, was a 
 native of Greensboro, and in that city married 
 Miss Martha Ann Boone, who was born in 
 Georgia. Both were members of the Method- 
 ist Church, and lived worthy and exemplary 
 lives. When more than seventy years of age 
 they passed away, and to their family descend- 
 ed the priceless heritage of an untarnished 
 name. They had nine children, of whom two 
 sons and three daughters are yet living. 
 
 John W. Cone, the fifth in order of birth, 
 was educated in private schools of his native 
 city; and in 1861, when the Civil war broke 
 out, he enlisted in Company C, Forty-third 
 Mississippi Volunteer Infantry. He was then 
 only seventeen years of age, but he was true 
 to the section of the country in which he had 
 been reared, and the institutions with which 
 he was familiar from his earliest recollection, 
 and served throughout the entire war, partici- 
 pating in many of the great battles of that 
 memorable struggle. He saw much hard serv- 
 ice, was captured at the siege of Vicksburg, 
 and after being paroled and exchanged returned 
 to his regiment, and participated in the cam- 
 paign which resulted in the fall of Atlanta. 
 The Confederates, with a bravery seldom 
 equaled, contested every inch of the ground 
 there, but were finally forced to fall back and 
 the city was taken. Mr. Cone also took part 
 in the North Carolina campaign, and with his 
 regiment surrendered at the close of the war at 
 Greensboro. Probably the most dangerous 
 position in which he was ever placed was at 
 Franklin, Tennessee, where the Confederate 
 forces were in an open field, fully exposed to 
 the guns of the Union soldiers. They made 
 several charges on the Federal works in the 
 face of a most deadly fire, but it seemed that 
 he possessed a charmed life, for while his com- 
 rades fell all around him he remained unin- 
 jured. 
 
 When the war was over, Mr. Cone return- 
 ed to his friends in Texas, and for ten months 
 attended school there. He then accepted a 
 clerkship in a store in Galveston, where he re- 
 mained until 1868, when he accepted a position 
 as bookkeeper in Bryan, Texas. He also en- 
 gaged in the sewing-machine trade, having 
 control over a large agency and doing an ex- 
 tensive business. When he abandoned that 
 pursuit it was to engage in the stock business, 
 which has proved to him a remunerative invest- 
 ment. He located near Trinidad, Colorado, 
 where he formed a partnership with Mr. Yerby, 
 under the firm name of Cone & Yerby. In 
 1873 he came to New Mexico, locating at 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 499 
 
 Black Lake, whither he brought about 200 
 head of cattle, mostly full-blooded Durham 
 stock. He also took his cattle to Fort Sum- 
 ner, and finally sold out to Peter Maxwell, the 
 son of the noted owner of the Maxwell grant. 
 
 Mr. Cone's next venture was in the line of 
 merchandising, in Tascosa, Texas, where he 
 formed a partnership with a Mr. Edwards, 
 carrying on operations there from 1879 until 
 1891. After a short time, Mr. Edwards re- 
 tired from the business, and the firm of Cone 
 Brothers was formed. This subsequently gave 
 place to the firm of Cone & Duran, and Mr. 
 Duran died in Tascosa, in 1888, but his widow 
 still retains the interest in the business. In 
 1891 they removed the stock to Clayton, 
 where they have a large stone building and a 
 commodious warehouse. They do a very ex- 
 tensive general merchandise business, carry- 
 ing all classes of goods that are used in 
 this section of the country. They also handle 
 all kinds of produce, and have a large stock in 
 every department. Mr. Cone is the managing 
 partner and does all the buying, looks after 
 collections, and attends carefully to every de- 
 tail of the business. He also does a private 
 banking business for the accommodation of his 
 customers. He is an obliging, courteous and 
 energetic business man, possessing a thorough 
 knowledge of merchandising, and has the re- 
 quisite talent to conduct his enterprise suc- 
 cessfully. 
 
 On the 1 8th of January, 1886, Mr. Cone 
 was united in marriage with Miss Katie G. 
 Blackwell, a native of Carlton, Missouri, and a 
 daughter of A. C. Blackwell, of Missouri. Her 
 brother is a member of the prominent mercan- 
 tile firm of Gross & Blackwell, of St. Louis 
 and New Mexico. Mr. and Mrs. Cone have 
 three children, but two, aged respectively six 
 and four years, died of scarlet fever, making 
 the home very desolate. The surviving child, 
 Mary Innis, is at home. They own a residence 
 at Trinidad, but now make their home at 
 Clayton, where they have already made many 
 warm friends. They hold an enviable position 
 in social circles, where true worth and intelli- 
 
 gence are received as the passports into good 
 society. Mr. Cone is a Democrat in politics, 
 but has neither time nor inclination for public 
 office, preferring to devote his entire energies 
 to his business interests, in which he is meeting 
 with such excellent success. 
 
 tit 
 
 G. LANE, a leading contractor, 
 builder and lumber merchant of San 
 Marcial, New Mexico, is a native of 
 Missouri, born in Morrisville, May 
 29, 1864, and is of Southern ancestry. His 
 father, Joseph Lane, was born in Tennessee, 
 but was reared in Missouri, where he removed 
 with his parents when only eight years of age, 
 and was married there to Miss Sarah Mackey, 
 a native of Missouri. There the father died 
 January 24, 1891, but the mother still survives 
 him and resides on the old home farm. They 
 were good worthy people and consistent mem- 
 bers of the Methodist Church. 
 
 In the family of eight sons and two daugh- 
 ters, of whom nine children are still living, W. 
 G. Lane is the third in order of birth. He 
 was reared in the usual manner of farmer 
 lads, giving his father the benefit of his la- 
 bors, while he obtained his education in the 
 public schools. On starting out in life for him- 
 self he followed agricultural pursuits, but in 
 1 88 1 began to learn the carpenter's trade. He 
 removed to Western Kansas, but after a short 
 sojourn went to Colorado, being engaged in 
 contracting and building in Pueblo and Lead- 
 ville, and also aided in building several other 
 towns in that State. In 1888 he arrived in 
 Springer, New Mexico, where he worked at 
 his trade for two years, and also did contract 
 work on the large ditch that was then being 
 made to irrigate that county. From there he 
 went to Eddy, where he aided in the construc- 
 tion of many of the buildings of that place. 
 The fall of 1890 found him a resident of San 
 Marcial, where he immediately began contract- 
 ing and building, and in 1892 added the lum- 
 ber, sash and door business, in fact handling 
 all kinds of builders' supplies.. He obtains his 
 
500 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 material in the best and most convenient mar- 
 kets and at wholesale, which gives him a de- 
 cided advantage over other contractors. His 
 work also gives entire satisfaction and in this 
 way he has become the leading contractor and 
 builder of the town. He has acquired the 
 reputation of being an honorable and reliable 
 business man, as well as public-spirited citi- 
 zen, and by all is held in the highest confi- 
 dence and esteem. 
 
 At Springer, New Mexico, on the loth of 
 June, 1888, was celebrated the marriage of 
 Mr. Lane and Miss Jessie P. Rosaberry, who 
 was born in Denver, Colorado, and is a daugh- 
 ter of E. Roseberry, of that city. Four sons 
 have come to bless this union, Austin R., 
 Harry W., Joseph R. , and Everet H. Mrs. 
 Lane is a most estimable lady and an active 
 and consistent member of the Methodist 
 Church, South. 
 
 In the Independent Order of Odd Fellows 
 Mr. Lane holds his fraternal membership, in 
 which order he has passed all the chairs, while 
 in politics his support is given to the Repub- 
 lican party. He is a man of more than ordi- 
 nary intelligence, takes quite an active part in 
 the educational interests of tHe town, and has 
 efficiently served in several school offices, be- 
 ing at the present time a Director, and doing 
 all in his power for the good of the public 
 schools. 
 
 ON. JOHN R. McFIE, ex-Associate 
 Justice of the Supreme Court of New 
 Mexico, now residing at Las Cruces, 
 was born in Randolph county, Illinois, 
 October 9, 1848, and is a son of John and 
 Elizabeth (Borland) McFie, both natives of 
 Scotland. The parents emigrated to the 
 United States in 1845, locating in Washington 
 county, Illinois. The father made school- 
 teaching his life occupation, continuing to fol- 
 low that profession in this country until his 
 death in 1862. His wife crossed the dark 
 river in 1880, dying in the fifty-eighth year of 
 her age. In their family there were three sons 
 
 and five daughters, but of these only two sons 
 and a daughter are now living. 
 
 The Judge, who was the seventh child of 
 the family, received his education in the public 
 schools of Illinois, and at Sparta, that State, 
 began reading law under the direction of Hon. 
 J. Blackburn Jones. After his admission to 
 the bar in 1870 he immediately entered upon 
 the practice of his chosen profession in his na- 
 tive State, where he remained until 1884. He 
 was twice elected to the Legislature of Illinois, 
 and while a member of the Assembly had the 
 honor of participating in the election of both 
 Logan and Cullom for United States Senators. 
 Soon after the election of the former Mr. Mc- 
 Fie was appointed by President Arthur as 
 Register of the United States Land Office at Las 
 Cruces, New Mexico, where he arrived on the 
 1 4th of March, 1884, entering at once upon 
 the duties of the office, and continued to fill 
 that position until the ijth of December, 1885. 
 
 During that time Judge McFie had become 
 acquainted with New Mexico, and, liking the 
 country, decided to locate here. In January, 
 1886, he formed a law partnership with Judge 
 S. B. Newcomb, which connection continued 
 until January, 1889, during which time they 
 carried on an extensive practice. Mr. McFie 
 was then appointed by President Harrison as 
 Associate Justice, and on entering upon the 
 duties of that office his former law partnership 
 was dissolved. For four years he served most 
 acceptably in that position, his. rulings being 
 noted for their fairness and impartiality. Dur- 
 ing his entire time only two of his decisions 
 were reversed by the higher courts. The 
 Judge now devotes the greater part of his at- 
 tention to general practice, in which he is very 
 successful, though he is also interested in sev- 
 eral ranches, on which he is engaged in the 
 raising of fruit and alfalfa. 
 
 On the 9th of October, 1876, on the anni- 
 versary of his birth, Judge McFie was happily 
 united in marriage with Miss Mary Steel, a 
 native of Missouri and a daughter of Matthew 
 Steel, one of the early pioneers of St. Louis. 
 Five children have come to bless this union, 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 5 01 
 
 Ralph E., Maude, John R., Jr., Mary I. and 
 Amelia May. The parents are members of 
 the Presbyterian Church, in which the Judge 
 is serving as one of the Elders. The family 
 hold a high position in the social circles of Las 
 Cruces, where they have a beautiful home, 
 surrounded by all that goes to make life enjoy- 
 able, and there they delight to entertain their 
 many friends. The Judge is an active worker 
 in the interests of the Independent Order of 
 Odd Fellows, and in the order at Las Cruces 
 holds the office of Past Grand. 
 
 <V^V ESTOR ARMIJO, one of the repre- 
 sentative native sons of New Mexico, 
 I is a highly respected citizen of Las 
 Cruces. He was born at Albuquer- 
 que, February 28, 1831, his parents being 
 among the early settlers of the Territory. His 
 great-grandfather, Col. Juan Armijo, was a na- 
 tive of Spain, and was an officer of the Spanish 
 army. His son, Juan Armijo, grandfather of 
 our subject, was born in New Mexico, inheri- 
 ted a portion of the large land grant at Albu- 
 querque, and became a prominent stock-grower 
 of that section. He was a brother of Gen. 
 Armijo and Gov. Armijo, two names promi- 
 nent in the early history of the Territory. He 
 was united in marriage to Rosalia Ortega, and 
 to them were born six children: Their son, 
 Juan C. Armijo, father of our subject, was born 
 in Albuquerque in 1810, and grew to manhood 
 in his native town. He was one of the most 
 prosperous and successful merchants of the 
 place, and was loyal to all its interests. He 
 espoused the cause of the Union in the great 
 Civil war, and served as Colonel in the New 
 Mexico militia until the struggle was ended. 
 After the war he was several times elected a 
 member of the Territorial Legislature. He 
 was a man of unusual capabilities, and was a 
 most worthy citizen. He married Miss Juana 
 Chavez, who was born in New Mexico, a mem- 
 ber of thewealthy and distinguished family bear- 
 ing this name. They had born to them seven 
 children. The father died in 1882; the mother 
 
 lived to the advanced age of eighty years. 
 They were devout members of the Roman 
 Catholic Church. Nestor Armijo, son of the 
 above, is their eldest child. 
 
 In order that he might enjoy superior edu- 
 cational advantages, young Armijo was sent to 
 St. Louis to pursue his studies in the universi- 
 ty in that city, J. Francisco Chavez and Felipe 
 Chavez being his fellow-students; they were 
 the first boys sent from the Territory to be 
 educated. Mr. Armijo began his business 
 career as a merchant in Albuquerque, but later 
 he became largely interested in commercial 
 pursuits in Chihuahua. In 1880 he came to 
 Las Cruces with the intention of making it his 
 home. He built a handsome dwelling, and 
 here resides with his family, surrounded with 
 all the comforts of modern civilization. He 
 is no longer actively engaged in business, but 
 retains his interests in Chihuahua. He is reck- 
 oned one of the wealthiest citizens of the Terri- 
 tory. 
 
 He was married in 1856 to Miss Josefa 
 Yrisarri, who was born in Albuquerque, of 
 Spanish parents. Mr. and Mrs. Armijo have 
 one son, Charles H., now in business in Las 
 Cruces. There are consistent members of the 
 Roman Catholic Church, and are held in high- 
 est esteem by a wide circle of acquaintances. 
 In politics Mr. Armijo is independent, casting 
 his suffrage for men rather than measures. 
 The machine features of political management 
 are very distasteful to him, and on this account 
 he has steadily declined to hold public office. 
 
 QAJOR JOSE D. SENA, deceased, 
 was born in Santa Fe in 1837. His 
 father, Juan Sena, was a native of 
 Mexico, but located in Santa Fe, 
 where he was for many years engaged in mer- 
 cantile pursuits. He was a strictly honest and 
 upright citizen. During the war between the 
 United States and Mexico, Major Sena, our 
 subject, was only a lad of ten or twelve years, 
 but old enough to learn from his father and 
 people that they were tired of the bad rule of 
 
502 
 
 HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 old Mexico, the land of their birth, and were 
 in love with American independence and a gov- 
 ernment of the people. 
 
 Mr. Sena had just reached the prime of 
 young manhood when the great Civil war was 
 ushered upon the country, and he at once 
 espoused the cause of the Government. In 
 company with Colonel Perea, he was active in 
 raising a company, of which he was made 
 Captain, and by his own valor and meritorious 
 conduct was promoted until he became Major 
 of the regiment. fie participated in the bat- 
 tles of Glorieta, Peralta, Valverde and other 
 engagements, in all of which he distinguished 
 himself, and was thus instrumental in driving 
 the Rebel forces from the Territory. His 
 seemed to have been a charmed life, as he 
 passed through the very hottest of fights un- 
 scathed. At one time the enemy was on the 
 east side of the Rio Grande and the Union 
 forces on the west, and while leading his men 
 across the river to attack the Confederates Mr. 
 Sena found himself in the midst of a shower of 
 bullets, fired by both his friends and foes! 
 
 After the close of the struggle the Major 
 resigned his commission, and for the following 
 twenty-two years served as Sheriff of the 
 county of Santa Fe. During that time he ar- 
 rested many noted desperadoes, who at that 
 time infested the country. He also held other 
 political positions of honor and trust. He read 
 law at Alexandria, Virginia, was admitted to 
 the bar, and became an advocate in the pro- 
 fession, speaking both Spanish and English 
 fluently. He practiced law for some time, and 
 was appointed Registrar of the Land Office. 
 Mr. Sena had great opportunities of amassing 
 wealth, but his spirit was too noble to permit 
 him to speculate out of the wants of his peo- 
 ple. In religion he was a devout Catholic, and 
 in politics an uncompromising Republican, de- 
 spising oppression in every form. 
 
 Major Sena was married to Miss Isabella 
 C. de Baca, a native of the Territory, and a 
 descendant of one of the most noted old fami- 
 lies of the country, who trace their ancestry to 
 the Castilians of Spain. To the Major and 
 
 Mrs. Sena were born eighteen children, of 
 whom eleven grew to years of maturity. His 
 widow still survives, and is now fifty-five years 
 of age. She is one of the heirs of the vast 
 estate lately confirmed to the family. She is 
 a lady of life and vivacity, and without a gray 
 hair in her head. 
 
 Their eldest son, living, Mariano F. Sena, 
 was born in Santa Fe, October 16, 1861. He 
 received his education in St. Michael's College 
 and at the Jesuit Fathers' school at Las Vegas, 
 graduating at the head of his class in the latter 
 institution in 1882. He then served as District 
 Court Clerk for C. M. Phillips, was next inter- 
 preter for Judge Axtell, and later held the same 
 position at the United States Indian Agency. 
 Mr. Sena's next occupation was sheep-growing, 
 also serving as Deputy County Clerk of Valen- 
 cia county, filling that position in a most satis- 
 factory manner. In 1895 he was appointed 
 Chief Clerk of the House of Representatives of 
 the Territory. He was married, in 1886, to 
 Miss Zuleme Romero, a descendant of the 
 noted Luna family of New Mexico. They 
 have three children. 
 
 Another son of Major Sena, who bears his 
 father's name, Jose D., was born in Santa Fe, 
 February 13, 1867, and was educated in the 
 Jesuit colleges in Las Vegas and St. Louis. 
 From 1867 to 1869 he taught the Indian Gov- 
 ernment school at St. Catherine, was Deputy 
 United States Marshal under Hon. Trinidad 
 Romero, was private secretary of Governor 
 Prince a year and a half, and resigned that po- 
 sition to become chief clerk in the Auditor's 
 office. Mr. Sena was married February 22, 
 1891, to Miss Efusene Clothier, a native of 
 Taos, New Mexico. In political matters, like 
 his father, Mr. Sena is an ardent Republican. 
 He is a man of pleasing manner, intelligent, and 
 a credit to the Territory in which he had his 
 birth. The other son, Luis B. Sena, was like- 
 wise educated at St. Michel's College, Santa 
 Fe, and the Jesuits' institution at Las Vegas, 
 and since he left school has been engaged in 
 mercantile business, working as clerk in the 
 firm of Seligman Brothers. 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 53 
 
 The death of Major Sena was most deeply 
 felt throughout the entire Territory of New 
 Mexico, and a great effort was made by his 
 host of friends to do him honor at his funeral. 
 The militia escorted his remains to the ceme- 
 tery, and, in addition to the ceremony of the 
 church, Governor Prince delivered a most elo- 
 quent eulogy on the dead patriot and the noble 
 and good citizen. Although Major Sena did 
 not leave his children great wealth, he left 
 them that which was far better, the legacy of 
 a noble life, and it is hoped they will emulate 
 the character of their most honored father. 
 
 aHARLES M. CONKLIN, a native son 
 of the city of Santa Fe, and one of 
 her well known and respected pub- 
 lic officers, was born November 15, 
 1840, and is of French-English ancestry. His 
 father, James Conklin, was born in Canada in 
 1794, was raised and educated in St. Louis, 
 and came to New Mexico in 1821. He first em- 
 barked in the tailor business, but afterward be- 
 came a merchant, continuing in the latter occu- 
 pation until the time of his death, in 1881, at the 
 age of ninety-one years. Soon after his arrival 
 in Santa Fe he married Miss Juana Ortiz, a 
 daughter of Pedro and Barbara (Lobez) Ortiz, 
 descendants of early pioneers of the country. 
 To this union were born five children, of whom 
 two are now living. His wife survived until 
 1891, dying at the age of ninety-three years. 
 
 Charles M. Conklin, the youngest of the 
 family, received his education in the Bishop 
 Lamy school, and when nineteen years of age 
 began life as a farmer near the city of Santa 
 Fe. He was thus engaged when the great 
 Civil war broke out. In 1861 he enlisted in 
 Company G, New Mexican Volunteer Militia, 
 under Colonel Pino. From Governor Connelly, 
 Mr. Conklin received the commission of First 
 Lieutenant of his company, serving as such 
 seven months, doing mostly fort duty. After 
 his services in the war he returned to Santa 
 Fe and resumed the peaceful occupation of a 
 farmer, also doing quite a large freighting busi- 
 
 ness from Las Cruces to Santa Fe. Mr. Conk- 
 lin had three six-mule teams, and received 
 twelve and a half cents per pound for the 
 freight. The round trip usually occupied 
 about a month, and netted from $400 to $500 
 each trip. In 1871 our subject was elected 
 Sheriff of Santa Fe county, and served in that 
 capacity and as tax collector for six years, a 
 worthy and capable officer, and while in office 
 he had many criminals to deal with. In 1881 
 he was elected Clerk of the Probate Court, in 
 which he served two years; in 1891 he was ap- 
 pointed by the County Commissioner, Sheriff 
 and Collector of the county, to fill a vacancy, 
 and at the expiration of the term he was elected 
 to that office. After serving for a time in the 
 office he was removed by the Governor, with- 
 out a just cause and without a hearing. But 
 he is determined to have a hearing, and thus 
 establish the uprightness of his conduct in 
 the office. 
 
 Mr. Conklin was a Democrat up to the time 
 of the organization of the Republican party, 
 and, finding in the latter the ideas in which he 
 believed, he became one of its most reliable 
 adherents and a faithful worker in its ranks. 
 
 June 21, 1860, our subject -was united in 
 marriage with Miss Josephine Stanley, a native 
 of Santa Fe and a daughter of A. Stanley, a 
 merchant of this city. Mr. and Mrs. Conklin 
 have five children living, as follows: Frank 
 M., Joseph P., Jane, Charles and Refugio. 
 The family are life-long adherents of the Cath- 
 olic faith, and have always done their full 
 share in contributing to the support of the 
 church and in the erection of its costly edifices, 
 which are an ornament to the city. 
 
 y 4 ON. ALBERT BACON FALL, a 
 l^^m prominent member of the bar of New 
 
 ^r Mexico, located at Las Cruces, is a 
 native of Kentucky, born at Frankfort, 
 on the 26th of November, 1861, and is of 
 Scotch ancestry who came to America in 1812 
 and located in Trigg county, Kentucky. His 
 great-grandfather, James Fall, was a Lieuten- 
 
54 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ant Colonel of the Scotch Grays of the Eng- 
 lish army, and served under the Duke of Well- 
 ington in the war against Napoleon Bonaparte, 
 at the time when the Scotch Grays did such 
 magnificent fighting. In 1808 he brought his 
 family to the New World and made a location 
 in Logan county, Kentucky. The grandfather, 
 Philip S. Fall, later removed to Frankfort, 
 Kentucky, and became a prominent minister 
 of the Christian Church and an intimate friend 
 of Alexander Campbell. He was the founder 
 of the church of that faith in Frankfort and 
 Nashville, and to the work of the ministry de- 
 voted his entire life. He died at Frankfort in 
 1891, at the ripe old age of ninety-three years. 
 He had married Miss Anne Bacon, a native of 
 Kentucky and a daughter of William Bacon, 
 of Virginia. Her grandfather, Nathaniel Ba- 
 con, of "Bacon's Rebellion" fame, was a de- 
 scendant of the Prime Minister, Nicholas Bacon, 
 of England, the father of Lord Francis Bacon. 
 Nathaniel Bacon was one of the first settlers 
 of Virginia, and became quite prominent in the 
 early history of that colony. 
 
 In the family composed of three sons and 
 three daughters born to Philip S. and Anne 
 (Bacon) Fall, William R., the father of our 
 subject, is the second son. His birth occurred 
 in 1831, in Frankfort, Kentucky, where he was 
 educated and was a schoolmate of Senator 
 Blackburn. After completing a classical course, 
 William R. Fall successfully engaged in teaching 
 until the breaking out of the great Civil war, 
 when he entered the Southern army and was 
 made Captain of the scouts attached to Gen- 
 . eral Forrest's command, and in that capacity 
 served during the whole of that great struggle. 
 He was a valiant soldier, and now in his old 
 age resides at Las Cruces, New Mexico, where 
 he is editor of the Independent Democrat. He 
 wedded Miss Edmonia Taylor, a native of his 
 own State, and three children came to bless 
 their union. The parents hold their religious 
 membership in the Christian Church. 
 
 Judge Fall of this sketch is the oldest of 
 the family, and received his education from his 
 father, who was an enthusiastic teacher. He 
 
 read law at Frankfort under the instruction of 
 Judges W. Snead and William Lindsley, the 
 latter now a United States Senator from Ken- 
 tucky. The Judge began the active practice 
 of his profession in Las Cruces in 1888, pre- 
 vious to which time he had been engaged in 
 the real-estate business in Texas. Soon after 
 coming to New Mexico, he was called upon to 
 take an active part in political affairs, becom- 
 ing one of the leaders of the Democratic party 
 in this locality, and by his party was elected to 
 the Territorial Legislature, representing the 
 counties of Sierra, Grant and Donna Ana so 
 satisfactorily that he was again elected in 1892. 
 At the close of that term in the Territorial Coun- 
 cil, he secured the appointment as Judge of the 
 Third Judicial District, including in his jurisdic- 
 tion the courts of Sierra, Grant and Donna Ana. 
 That honorable position he continued to fill in 
 a most capable and acceptable manher until 
 February, 1895, when he resigned in order to 
 give his whole attention to the practice of law. 
 He had tendered his resignation twice pre- 
 viously, but it had not been accepted. While 
 serving in the New Mexico Legislature, Judge 
 Fall was Chairman of the Judiciary Committee, 
 and took an active part in securing the pas- 
 sage of the bill which has given New Mexico 
 her present free-school system : in fact he made 
 that the issue in his campaign, carrying it to its 
 final passage, and is entitled to much credit for 
 his earnest service in behalf of that bulwark of 
 American freedom, the free schools. At pres- 
 ent New Mexico enjoys a free-school system 
 equal to that of many of the States, and in 
 many of the towns the system is in successful 
 operation and is giving very satisfactory results. 
 When the Judge first came to New Mexico 
 he was somewhat afflicted with the gold fever, 
 and prospected and mined for gold. He is 
 now president of the Black Mountain Mining 
 Company, which has built and is about to 
 start a ten-stamp mill, and it is thought by all 
 that a splendid fortune is now in sight for this 
 company. Judge Fall is also interested in 
 raising stock, both cattle and horses. He 
 was formerly associated with W. A. Hawkins, 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO, 
 
 55 
 
 attorney for the Pecos Valley Irrigation Com- 
 pany and also for the Eddy & Pecos Valley 
 Railroad Company. He is an able lawyer of 
 recognized ability, and in professional circles 
 stands high. 
 
 In 1883 Judge Fall was united in marriage 
 with Miss Emma Morgan, who was born in 
 Texas but is descended from Tennessee and 
 Kentucky families. Their union has been 
 blessed with four children, John Morgan, 
 Alexina, Anne Caroline and Jouett. 
 
 The Judge now devotes his entire time to 
 his extensive law practice and his business in- 
 terests, but in the campaigns he always holds 
 himself in readiness to render his party valua- 
 ble service and in the councils of the Democ- 
 racy is a man of much power and great in- 
 fluence. 
 
 @EORGE F. BILLINGS. Prominent 
 among the representative young busi- 
 ness men of Cerrillos, New Mexico, 
 is found the gentleman whose name 
 introduces this article. Although a resident 
 of the Territory but a few years, he is thor- 
 oughly identified with its interests, and we deem 
 it appropriate to make personal mention of him 
 in this connection. 
 
 Mr. Billings was born in Manchester, Illi- 
 nois, December 30, 1864, and comes from an- 
 cestors who were among the early settlers of 
 the State of Maryland. His forefathers on 
 both the maternal and paternal sides were par- 
 ticipants in the Revolutionary war, and Great- 
 grandfather Abraham Billings was a general in 
 the Continental army. Grandfather Abraham 
 Billings removed with his family to Manchester, 
 Illinois, and was one of the original settlers of 
 that place. William J. Billings, the father of 
 our subject, was born there in the year 1829, 
 and in 1 849, at the age of twenty years, he 
 crossed the plains to California and sought his 
 fortune in the gold mines. There he made con- 
 siderable money, but like most of the miners 
 sank it again in mining operations. After several 
 years spent on the Pacific coast he returned to 
 
 Illinois, bringing with him some money. When 
 the excitement broke out over the discovery of 
 gold at Pike's Peak, he was among the first 
 to go to that place, and there, too, he made 
 some money which he brought home with him. 
 At Manchester he was united in marriage to 
 Miss Elizabeth Roberts, a native of Pennsyl- 
 vania but reared at Manchester, Illinois, of 
 which place her parents were pioneers. In 
 1868 Mr. Billings and his family removed to 
 Kansas and located in Miami county, where he 
 took claim to a tract of Government land and 
 improved a good property, and where he and 
 his wife still reside. They are worthy mem- 
 bers of the Baptist Church and are held in high 
 esteem by all who know them. Their four 
 children are all living. 
 
 George F. Billings, the second son in his 
 father's family, received his education in the 
 public schools of Kansas and at the Fort Scott 
 Normal College, where he graduated with 
 honor in the class of 1890. In the year follow- 
 ing his graduation he came to New Mexico and 
 accepted a position as bookkeeper for W. P. 
 Cunningham and later for Doyle, Branson & 
 Company, general merchants at Cerrillos. 
 After this he was for a time in the employ of 
 C. Conley, dealer in general merchandise, with 
 whom he remained until going into business for 
 himself. He then purchased an interest in the 
 Cerrillos Cash Grocery, with Mr. George Lan- 
 don as partner, and in addition to their estab- 
 lishment here they now have a branch house at 
 San Marcial, at both of which places they are 
 doing a large and satisfactory business. Mr. 
 Billings is resident partner and sole manager of 
 the store at Cerrillos. He is active, enterpris- 
 ing and obliging, and has the natural ability to 
 draw and hold trade, and his methods in busi- 
 ness are liberal and honorable, so that he is 
 deserving of the extensive patronage which he 
 enjoys. 
 
 Mr. Billings is a member in good standing 
 of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and 
 in politics is a Democrat. Actively interested 
 in the affairs of the town ever since he located 
 here, he is recognized as a citizen of true worth 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 and was recently elected a member of the 
 School Board of the city. 
 
 In conclusion, we would state that it was 
 on account of impaired health that Mr. Bill- 
 ings came to New Mexico, and as a result of 
 his sojourn in this favored clime he is now in 
 the enjoyment of perfect health and is an en- 
 thusiast over the climate of the town of his 
 adoption. 
 
 >*T*AMES p. WILLIAMS, proprietor of a 
 livery and feed stable and also a dealer 
 /I in coal, is another one of the enterpris- 
 ing and reliable business men of Cer- 
 rillos, New Mexico, and as such is deserving of 
 personal consideration in this volume. 
 
 Mr. Williams is a native of the State of 
 Iowa. He was born October 14, 1856, and is 
 remotely descended from Welsh ancestors. 
 Four generations of the family were born in 
 Ohio and figured prominently in the early his- 
 tory of the Western Reserve, their location 
 being in Holmes county. It was in that county 
 that Stephen Williams, the father of our sub- 
 ject, was born August 2, 1832. Stephen 
 Williams married Miss Elizabeth Peckham, a 
 native of his own county and a descendant of 
 an old Vermont family. Their union was 
 blessed in the birth of two sons, namely: 
 Elmer, a resident of Kansas; and James F. , 
 with whose name we introduce this article. 
 The father died in 1874. He had long been 
 an acceptable member of the Christian Church 
 and was in every sense of the word a truly 
 good man. The mother passed away in 1867. 
 Hers was a beautiful character, a devoted 
 and loving wife and mother, true to her pro- 
 fession of friendship and earnest in her Chris- 
 tian life. Her religious creed was that of the 
 Presbyterian Church. 
 
 We come now to James F. Williams, the 
 immediate subject of this sketch. He was 
 educated in Carthage, Missouri, where he took 
 a high-school course. At the age of nineteen 
 he began to make his own way in the world as 
 a farmer, he having purchased a tract of land 
 
 in Missouri, and on that place he resided until 
 1882, when he sold out and came west to New 
 Mexico, first locating at Las Vegas. There he 
 engaged in the dairy business. Soon, however, 
 he felt that a lower altitude than Las Vegas 
 was necessary for his own good health and ac- 
 cordingly came to Cerrillos. Here he at once 
 obtained complete relief from his headache 
 trouble, and has since enjoyed excellent health. 
 He purchased the stage route between Cerril- 
 los and San Pedro and engaged in the livery 
 business, which he has since successfully con- 
 ducted, and in addition to which he also deals 
 in coal, hauling coal from the mines and 
 supplying the town. He also has a number 
 of customers located at other points to which 
 he ships coal. And another business in which 
 he is engaged to some extent in connection 
 with his livery is that of buying and selling 
 horses; and in this, too, he is usually success- 
 ful. A general business man, a whole-souled, 
 genial fellow, enterprising and liberal, he is in- 
 deed a desirable accession to his town, and is 
 appreciated by his fellow citizens. He built 
 and owns the stables he occupies and has also 
 invested in other property here, in this way 
 showing his confidence in the town and doing 
 all in his power to advance its interests. Po- 
 litically, he is a stanch Republican, but is in no 
 sense of the word a politician nor has he ever 
 sought or held office. 
 
 Mr. Williams was united in marriage in 
 1879 to Miss Effie Van Tassel, a native of 
 Illinois, and their family is composed of two 
 interesting daughters, Edna E. and Myrtle M. 
 
 HE PALACE HOTEL, located on 
 the corner of Main and Cherry 
 streets, Cerrillos, New Mexico, is re- 
 garded as the most attractive and 
 substantial building in the town and is presided 
 over by Mrs. R. Green, who planned and 
 built it in 1889 and who has catered to its 
 guests ever since. She has built up and main- 
 tained an enviable reputation for the excellency 
 of the hotel, and it is now known far and near 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 507 
 
 by the traveling public. Its location is the 
 best in the town. Its main part is loox 100 
 feet in dimensions and three stories high, and 
 it has an L 50 feet long and containing two 
 stories, the main building covered with an 
 iron roof. There are forty-five rooms in the 
 house, including an elegant parlor, dining-room, 
 etc., and most of the sleeping rooms are sup- 
 plied with closets. The arrangement of the 
 hotel, as above stated, is according to Mrs. 
 Green's own ideas of comfort and convenience 
 and is indeed a credit to her ability in this 
 line. And in addition to the hotel, the build- 
 ing also contains the Masonic Hall. Mr. 
 Green, we may state here, is an active and 
 worthy member of the Masonic Order. 
 
 Both Mr. and Mrs. Green are Southern 
 people and possess to a marked degree that 
 true and genial hospitality for which the South- 
 erners are noted. While they furnish an ex- 
 cellent board and supply their guests with 
 every comfort and convenience, and while 
 their hotel is by far the best in the city, their 
 rates are most liberal from $i to $1.50 per 
 day. Commercial men and other travelers are 
 attracted to this house on account of its pleas- 
 ant and quiet location as well as its excellent 
 fare, the building being located apart from 
 others and having pleasant grounds adjoining it. 
 Another important feature is its garden, from 
 which fresh vegetables are always obtainable. 
 Having thus briefly referred to the hotel and 
 its excellent accommodations, we pass now to 
 personal mention of Mr. and Mrs. Green, who 
 are ranked with the best people of Cerrillos. 
 
 Richard Green was born in North Carolina 
 in the year 1848 and was reared and educated 
 in his native State. In 1867 he was there 
 married to Miss Mary C. Lewis, also a native 
 of North Carolina, she being a daughter of 
 Mr. C. Lewis. After their marriage they re- 
 moved to Texas, where they made their home 
 a few years, and in 1884 came to Cerrillos, 
 New Mexico. Here Mr. Green opened the 
 White Ash coal mine, which he operated six 
 years, doing an extensive and prosperous busi- 
 ness, amounting to several thousand dollars per 
 
 month. He was finally persuaded that his 
 title to this mine was not good, and was in- 
 duced to sell out to the present company. 
 Since selling out he has been engaged in other 
 mining operations. He and his wife own a 
 number of buildings and lots in Cerrillos. 
 Their interests, however, are to some extent 
 kept separate, and while this is a fact they 
 have always paid one hundred cents on the 
 dollar, have always shown themselves to be of 
 the strictest integrity, and in all their business 
 dealings have so acted as to command the re- 
 spect of all. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Green have had ten children. 
 Their third son, Calvin, a promising young 
 man of twenty-four years, was killed in a mine 
 explosion. The others are still living and 
 make their home with their parents, their 
 names being as follows: Clay, George, Christ, 
 Nannie, Roy, Erne, Emma, Kittie, Richard 
 and Ruth. Nannie is the only one married, 
 she being the wife of George Bailey. 
 
 In public affairs, especially those of his 
 town and county, Mr. Green has always taken 
 a commendable interest. He is one of the 
 prominent and active members of the School 
 Board of Cerrillos, and has held the important 
 office of County Commissioner. His political 
 views are those advanced by the Democratic 
 party, to which he gives his earnest support. 
 Both he and his wife are members of the Bap- 
 tist Church. 
 
 BRANK B. DODSON, proprietor of the 
 Phoenix Hotel of Clayton, New Mex- 
 ico, and also the boot and shoe man- 
 ufacturer of the town, is a self-made 
 man and one who has during the six 'years of 
 his residence in Clayton made his work and 
 influence tell for the good of the community. 
 
 Mr. Dodson is a native of the "Lone Star" 
 State. He was born in Belton, Texas, May 7, 
 1862, and is a descendant of an old Southern 
 family. Both his father and grandfather Dod- 
 son were named Jesse. The elder Jesse Dod- 
 son was for many years a planter and mill 
 
508 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 owner of Middle Tennessee, and in that State 
 in 1818 his son Jesse was born. The latter 
 married Miss Mary Elizabeth Scott, a native 
 of Missouri, and as the years passed by sons 
 and daughters to the number of five were born 
 to them. He and his family removed to Ar- 
 kansas, and there in 1874 he died. At this 
 writing, 1895, his widow is still living, and is 
 about sixty years of age. She is a member 
 of the Christian Church, while he was a Bap- 
 tist. 
 
 Frank B. Dodson, with whose name we in- 
 troduce this article, was the first born in their 
 family, all of whom are still living. He was 
 quite small at the time of their removal to Ar- 
 kansas and in that State he was reared to 
 manhood. When his father died young Dod- 
 son was just entering his 'teens, and at the age 
 of sixteen he began to earn his own living, 
 working as a stock-hand and engineer and soon 
 afterward learning the trade of shoemaker. 
 He worked at his trade in Texas from 1878 to 
 1889 at which time he came to Clayton, New 
 Mexico, and opened a shoe-shop. Here he 
 at once secured a good trade, both manufac- 
 turing and repairing, having all he could do 
 and at remunerative prices, and has ever since 
 had all the business of the town in this line. 
 The rapid growth of the town gave room for 
 additional hotel accommodations, and in 1894 
 Mr. Dodson became the proprieter of the 
 Phoenix Hotel, a pleasantly located and com- 
 modious house, in the conducting of which he 
 is ably assisted by Mrs. Dodson, who proves 
 herself an excellent landlady. Both are genial 
 and hospitable and have the happy faculty of 
 making their guests feel at home. Mr. Dod- 
 son has also dealt in real estate to some extent 
 since coming to Clayton, buying and selling on 
 his own account, and still owns some valuable 
 property here. He has at heart the best in- 
 terests of the town and can be depended upon 
 to do all in his power to advance its growth 
 and prosperity. 
 
 Mr. Dodson was married March, 10, 1891, 
 to Miss Edith Searl, a native of Danville, Illi- 
 nois, and they are the parents of two children, 
 
 both born in Clayton, Frank Clifford and 
 Alonzo Layton. 
 
 His political views are those advanced by 
 the Democratic party, of which he is a stanch 
 adherent. At this writing he is one of the 
 Directors of the school district. Such, in 
 brief, is a sketch of the life of one of Clayton's 
 enterprising and reliable citizens, Frank B. 
 Dodson. 
 
 eDWARD A. CAHOON Among those 
 who have aided in placing the bank- 
 ing affairs of New Mexico on a firm 
 basis is Mr. Cahoon, the popular and 
 well known cashier of the bank of Roswell. 
 He is a young man of superior ability, broad 
 views and sterling worth, and no one has more 
 friends in the community. The record of his 
 well spent life is as follows: 
 
 He is numbered among the residents of the 
 Southwest who claim the Green Mountain 
 State as the place of their nativity and who 
 have became truly representative citizens. He 
 was born in Lyndon, Vermont, August 20, 
 1863, and comes, of a family of Scotch origin, 
 his ancestors coming to this country about 1650 
 and settling in Providence, Rhode Island. 
 Through his great-grandmother he is eighth in 
 descent from Roger Williams. His great- 
 grandfather, Daniel Cahoon, was a shipping 
 merchant in Providence prior to the Revolu- 
 tionary war, and, losing his ships to the Brit- 
 ish at that time, he moved to New Hampshire, 
 and shortly afterward to Vermont, where he, 
 in company with others, purchased from 
 New Hampshire the so-called grants of Lyn- 
 don, St. Johnsbury and Sutton. He settled 
 in Lyndon, where Edward's grandfather, Will- 
 iam Cahoon, lived the remainder of his life. 
 He (William Cahoon) was born in Providence, 
 in 1774, and at various times occupied all the 
 town offices, seats in both branches of the Leg- 
 islature and was a member of the Twenty-first 
 Congress. He was a Major General of the 
 State militia under appointment of Gov. Ga- 
 
H1STORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 509 
 
 lusha. He died in 1832, the result of a cold 
 contracted in Washington. 
 
 His father, Dr. Charles S. Cahoon, was 
 born September 30, 1829, in Lyndon, gradua- 
 ted in 1850 at the Woodstock Medical College 
 and afterward at Bellevue in New York, and 
 practiced his profession with success in his na- 
 tive town until his death in 1881. The ma- 
 ternal grandfather, E. B. Chase, was born in 
 Bradford, Vermont, in 1800. He came to 
 Lyndon in 1825 and was prominently identified 
 with all the leading industries; was instrumental 
 in building the Passumpsic Railroad through 
 the valley, forming the first all-rail connecting 
 link between Boston and Montreal, and was a 
 director of the corporation until he died. He 
 organized, and was president of, until his 
 death, the National Bank of Lyndon, one of 
 the early banks in the national system. He 
 was considered the wealthiest and most promi- 
 nent citizen of the town at the time of his 
 death in 1867. Our subject's mother, whose 
 maiden name was Charlotte Chase, was born 
 in January 26, 1833, married Dr. Cahoon 
 December 4, 1857, and died in September, 
 
 1873- 
 
 The gentleman whose name heads this 
 sketch received excellent educational advan- 
 tages,, thus being fitted for the practical and 
 responsible duties of life. He was graduated 
 at the high school of his native town in the 
 class of 1879, and then entered Amherst Col- 
 lege, where on the completion of the pre- 
 scribed course he was graduated, in 1883. Not 
 long after, Mr. Cahoon left his old home in the 
 East and sought a broader field of labor in 
 Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he was engaged 
 in the real-estate business until the autumn of 
 1884. At that date he arrived in New Mex- 
 ico, and began ranching in the Red river 
 country, where he continued until 1887, when 
 he went to Albuquerque, and was a clerk in the 
 Albuquerque National Bank until 1890. His 
 close application to business made him a 
 thorough master of banking and fitted him for 
 the responsible position which he now fills. 
 He was one of the organizers and incorporators 
 
 of the Bank of Roswell, and from the begin- 
 ning has served as its cashier. Not a little of 
 the success of the institution is due to his ca- 
 pable management and efficient labors. 
 
 On the 26th of April, 1894, Mr. Cahoon 
 was united in marriage in Merced, California, 
 with Miss Mabel Howell, a native daughter of 
 that State. They have one child, Katharine, 
 born on the 26th of January, 1895. Our sub- 
 ject is a very prominent Mason, a Knight 
 Templar, who has also taken the Scottish-rite 
 degrees. In manner he is courteous, pleasant 
 and genial, and has many friends throughout 
 the community. 
 
 >-r*AMES EDGAR GRIGGS, deceased, was 
 a a prominent citizen and merchant of 
 / J Mesilla, and the part which he took in 
 advancing the best interests of his 
 adopted Territory well entitled him to repre- 
 sentation in this volume. He was of German 
 and English lineage and was born in Bla- 
 wensburg, New Jersey, in August, 1838. In 
 Princeton College he acquired an excellent edu- 
 cation and in 1859, when twenty-one years of 
 age, came to New Mexico, securing a position 
 as bookkeeper with Mr- Reynolds, with whom 
 he was associated in that capacity for a year. 
 He was then admitted to a partnership in the 
 business under the firm name of Reynolds & 
 Griggs, dealers in general merchandise. They 
 also handled all kinds of produce, and theirs 
 became one of the most prominent and success- 
 ful mercantile houses in this part of the Terri- 
 tory. They continued together in business for 
 fifteen years, and won a reputation for honor- 
 able, straightforward dealing that secured for 
 them a most liberal patronage. 
 
 In 1866 Mr. Griggs was united in marriage 
 with Miss Eugenia A. Ascarate, a native of the 
 State of Chihuahua and a lady of Spanish de- 
 scent. Her father, Christoval Ascarate, was a 
 prominent stock-raiser in Chihuahua. The 
 union of Mr. and Mrs. Griggs was blessed with 
 a family of six children, all born at the home 
 in Mesilla. In order of birth they are as fol- 
 
5 w 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 lows: Kate M., George W. , Alice, Alfred, 
 Joseph and Grace. The last named, a most 
 lovely young lady, died in the eighteenth year 
 of her age. Alice is the wife of Frank S. 
 Wood, and the others are at home with their 
 mother. 
 
 In 1875 Mr. Griggs erected a fine residence 
 in which the family now reside. Through his 
 energy, enterprise and business ability, he ac- 
 cumulated a nice fortune and became the owner 
 of much valuable land. He was recognized as 
 one of {he most progressive and pnblic-spirited 
 citizens of Mesilla, and his death, which oc- 
 curred in 1878, was widely mourned. While 
 driving one day his horses ran away, seriously 
 injuring him, and he lived for only about 
 twenty-four hours. All who knew him had 
 for him the highest regard, and while his loss 
 was deeply felt throughout the community it 
 came as an almost overwhelming blow to his 
 family. He was a loving, kind and indulgent 
 husband and father, and did all in his power 
 to promote the happiness of his family. 
 
 Since his death, Mrs. Griggs has cared for 
 and reared her children, and also attended to 
 the management of the estate, displaying in so 
 doing excellent executive and business ability. 
 She is a most estimable lady, whose pleasant, 
 genial nature and true worth have won for her 
 the high regard of all, and she and her chil- 
 dren occupy an enviable position in social 
 circles. 
 
 HE BANK OF GEORGE D. BOW- 
 MAN & SON, of Las Cruces, opened 
 its doors for business in May, 1885, 
 its owners and organizers being Hon. 
 George D. Bowman and his two sons, Henry 
 D. and George R. Bowman. They carry on 
 a general banking business, sell exchange on 
 the leading commercial cities of America and 
 Europe, and the honorable business policy 
 which it has pursued since the organization 
 has gained the full confidence and co-operation 
 of the citizens of Donna Ana county. It is the 
 only bank in the city, and from the beginning 
 
 it has met with very gratifying success, the 
 volume of its business increasing each year. 
 In 1894 the junior member of the firm, George 
 R. Bowman, retired from the bank, and the 
 two first mentioned gentlemen are now sole 
 owners. H. D. Bowman is the cashier. The 
 last named gives the bank his entire attention 
 and in its management displays excellent busi- 
 ness and executive ability, while extending 
 every possible accommodation, consistent with 
 the interests of the bank and good business 
 principles, to its patrons. 
 
 @EORGE D. BOWMAN. As a repre- 
 sentative of the banking interests, and 
 as a leader in financial circles, in New 
 Mexico, stands this gentleman, who 
 is president of the G. D. Bowman & Son Bank 
 at Las Cruces. 
 
 He was born in the city of Wilkesbarre, 
 Pennsylvania, March 11, 1827, and comes of 
 a family of English origin, that was founded 
 in Boston, in 1630, only ten years after the 
 landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock. 
 The grandfather, Ebenezer Bowman, was one 
 of the Revolutionary heroes and served in the 
 battle of Lexington. After the war he removed 
 to Wilkesbarre, where he engaged in the prac- 
 tice of law until his death in 1830. 
 
 His son, James Watson Bowman, father of 
 our subject, was born in Wilkesbarre, in 1800, 
 completed his education by his graduation at 
 Harvard College, and became a talented jurist, 
 serving as Prosecuting Attorney of his district 
 at the time of his death, which occurred in the 
 thirty-second year of his age. He had mar- 
 ried Harriet Drake, and to them were born 
 five children. As far back as the history of 
 the family is known, its members were Episco- 
 palians, and Bishop Bowman became promi- 
 nent in church circles. 
 
 The gentleman whose name heads this rec- 
 ord, the third in his father's family, and now 
 the only survivor, was educated in an academy 
 in the town and at Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania, 
 after which he turned his attention to the edit- 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ing and publication of the first paper in Schuyl- 
 kill county, Pennsylvania. In 1850 he re- 
 moved from that place to Minnesota, and for 
 a short time was engaged in farming, but a lit- 
 tle later went to St. Anthony, now Minneap- 
 olis, where he took charge of the St. Anthony 
 Express. He became the editor and propri- 
 etor of this paper, which he published until 
 the dissolution of the Whig party. While at 
 that place he had the honor of naming the 
 town of Minneapolis. On disposing of his first 
 paper he engaged with J. B. King in the pub- 
 lication of the Atlas. Subsequently he returned 
 to Pennsylvania, and for a time was connected 
 with The Bulletin, at Williamsport; and his 
 next journalistic venture was in the establish- 
 ment of the Clinton Republican, which he 
 owned, edited and published for twelve years, 
 making it a power in that part of the country 
 on the side of Republicanism. His aid to his 
 party was appreciated, and in 1876 was recog- 
 nized by his appointment by President Grant, 
 to the position of Register of the Land Office 
 in Mesilla, New Mexico. He filled that office 
 in a most satisfactory manner from 1876 until 
 1884. During that time he made judicious in- 
 vestments in real estate, and on his retirement 
 to private life, in connection with his son, H. 
 D. , established the bank at Las Cruces. This 
 is now on a firm financial basis and is doing a 
 good business. They own valuable tracts of 
 land in different parts of the rich Mesilla val- 
 ley, and near the city our subject has forty 
 acres of choice land, planted with apples, 
 peaches and a variety of other fruits. He finds 
 in agricultural pursuits a source of pleasure and 
 recreation, as well as profit. 
 
 In 1853 Mr. Bowman was united in mar- 
 riage with Miss Jane P. Derby, a native of 
 New York. The wedding was celebrated at 
 Elmira, New York, and the wife is a daughter 
 of Reuben Derby, formerly a well known mer- 
 chant of that city. They have had seven chil- 
 dren, of whom three are living, namely: George 
 R., a resident of Fort Worth, Texas; H. D., 
 who is serving as cashier in the bank; andCorrie 
 E. , wife of Dr. William B. Lyon, of LasCruces. 
 
 Mr. Bowman has been an esteemed mem- 
 ber of several fraternal societies, and is a con- 
 sistent member of the Episcopal Church. He 
 takes an active part in its work, has served as 
 lay reader, and has also been Warden. He 
 joined the Republican party on its organiza- 
 tion, and has since been one of its intelligent 
 and influential supporters. He has now at- 
 tained a ripe age, and is in the enjoyment of a 
 normal condition of all his faculties. His 
 business, political and social record has ever 
 been most creditable, and his honorable, 
 straightforward life is worthy of emulation. 
 
 HNDERSON BROTHERS is the name 
 of the well-known business firm of 
 Taos. The gentleman comprising the 
 firm are mill owners who came to 
 Taos valley in 1877, locating on Copper Hill, 
 about twenty-two miles south of Taos, where 
 they followed mining and prospecting. In 
 1886 they bought the George Grubb flour-mill, 
 which they themselves built in 1879, on the 
 Little Rio Grande, about three miles above the 
 ranches of Taos. In 1889 they built the Taos 
 Valley Mills, situated three miles southwest of 
 Taos, and carried on milling at both places 
 until 1890, when William A. turned his atten- 
 tion more particularly to mining, leaving the 
 milling business in charge of Alex. J. 
 
 The Taos Valley Mills is the only water- 
 power mill in Taos valley. A good business 
 is done, for the flour which they turn out is of 
 excellent quality and therefore commands and 
 receives a liberal patronage. The said firm are 
 now operating a group of mines twelve miles 
 north of Taos on the Rio Hondo, and have 
 lately erected a stamp mill to determine the 
 value of the products of their mining properties. 
 Both brothers are natives of Canada West, 
 having been born about twenty miles from 
 New London. In their early years they learned 
 the carpenter's trade, which they followed for 
 an extended period in different States, includ- 
 ing Arkansas, North and South Dakota and 
 other localities. They usually spent the winters 
 
HlSTORr OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 in the South, the summers in the North, and 
 being good workmen they were enabled to 
 carry on a paying business. They are now 
 nicely located at their home in the Taos valley, 
 and have here a fine orchard, containing many 
 excellent varieties of apples and other fruits. 
 The Anderson Brothers are well-known busi- 
 ness men of thorough reliability and are en- 
 thusiastic in their hopes of the mining indus- 
 tries of the Taos country. The success that 
 they have achieved is due entirely to their own 
 efforts and the future will undoubtedly bestow 
 upon them greater favors in the way of pros- 
 perity. 
 
 WILLIAM BURR CHILDERS. it 
 
 is now our privilege to advert in 
 brief to the life history of one who 
 holds precedence as a distinguished 
 member of the bar of New Mexico, a man of 
 scholarly attainments and one who has con- 
 tributed in a large measure to the advancement 
 and development of the city of his home, Albu- 
 querque. He is a native of the State of Ten- 
 nessee, and his ancestry, which is of English 
 origin, is one that is recorded for close identi- 
 fication with the early history of the United 
 States. The original American ancestors came 
 from England, and were among those stanch 
 old families which took up their abode in Vir- 
 ginia within the Colonial epoch. In the Old 
 Dominion State the father of our subject was 
 born, the date of his nativity having been 
 August 9, 1815. While he was still a child the 
 family removed to Tennessee, and there he 
 was reared to man's estate, and there he has 
 ever since continued to abide. In early man- 
 hood he took unto himself a wife in the person 
 of Miss Susan Ezell, a native of Tennessee and 
 the daughter of Abel Ezell, who removed 
 thither from South Carolina. Of this union 
 there were born five children, and one of the 
 daughters and two of the sons still continue to 
 reside in their native State. The devoted wife 
 and mother was called into eternal rest in the 
 year 1865, being in the fortieth year of her 
 
 age. The father is still spared, having attained 
 the venerable age of eighty years (1895), and 
 being greatly revered not alone by his children 
 but also by all who have known his true 
 nobility of character. He is one of the pa- 
 triarchs of the section where nearly his entire 
 life has been passed. He has been identified 
 with the Methodist Church from his youth, 
 and has long been an official in the same, being 
 recognized as one of the most substantial pil- 
 lars of the local organization with which he is 
 identified. 
 
 William Burr Childers, the immediate sub- 
 ject of this review, was born in Tennessee, as 
 before stated, the date of his nativity having 
 been March 20, 1854, and the place thereof 
 Pulaski, Giles county. He was the second 
 born of the children. His preliminary educa- 
 tional discipline was received in private schools 
 at his birthplace in Tennessee, and he com- 
 pleted his more purely literary training at 
 Washington and Lee University, in Virginia, 
 graduating at that institution in 1873, with the 
 degree of Bachelor of Arts. He forthwith en- 
 tered the law department of the same cele- 
 brated college, and completed the prescribed 
 course in 1874. Young and ambitious, he at 
 once made ready to enter vigorously upon the 
 practice of his chosen profession, for which he 
 was thoroughly reinforced by training, study 
 and natural predilection, and accordingly the 
 year 1875 finds him established in an office at 
 St. Louis, Missouri. Here he remained in 
 successful practice until 1879, and on the first 
 day of the year 1880 he arrived at Santa Fe, 
 New Mexico, coming to Albuquerque soon after 
 his advent in the Territory. 
 
 At the time of his arrival here the new 
 town had not as yet been surveyed, and for 
 fifteen months he maintained his residence in 
 the old town. He then came to New Albu- 
 querque, as the town was designated for a 
 number of years, and here made a permanent 
 location and entered upon the practice of his 
 profession, soon taking rank as one of the fore- 
 most lawyers of the Territory, and gaining a 
 distinctively representative clientage. From 
 

HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 1884 until 1887 he was associated in practice 
 with H. B. Fergusson, since the dissolution of 
 which partnership he has continued alone, hav- 
 ing built up a large and lucrative practice and 
 gained a high standing as one of the Territory's 
 most able and talented attorneys. Alert and 
 progressive, he has not confined himself to the 
 narrow limitation of personal aggrandizement, 
 but has maintained a constant and spirited in- 
 terest in all that has conserved the advance- 
 ment of the city in the lines of normal growth 
 and enterprise. He was one of the most en- 
 thusiastic workers in the organization of the 
 Commercial Club, was one of its charter mem- 
 bers and one of its first directors. He contrib- 
 uted in due measure toward the erection of 
 the magnificent club building, and in the second 
 year of the history of the organization was 
 elected its president, his administration having 
 been a most able one. He has also served as 
 a member of the Common Council of the city, 
 and later was honored with an election to the 
 office of Mayor, the position which he fills con- 
 scientiously, eminently to the credit of the 
 municipality. 
 
 In his political adherency, Mr. Childershas 
 always rendered a stanch allegiance to the 
 Democratic party and its principles, taking an 
 active part in its councils. In 1890 he gave 
 his party valuable service as chairman of the 
 Territorial Central Committee. He also has 
 distinguished preferment as a member of the 
 Board of Regents of the University of New 
 Mexico. From these few data it may be seen 
 that our subject has been an eminent factor in 
 furthering the advancement of the city's inter- 
 ests, and to an almost equal degree that of the 
 Territory, of which he is a prominent and 
 valued citizen. 
 
 While a resident of St. Louis Mr. Childers 
 became identified with the Masonic fraternity, 
 and upon coming to Albuquerque he was one 
 of the prime movers in securing the organiza- 
 tion of the first lodge in the little city, being a 
 charter member of the same. He is Past 
 Master of his lodge, and the important part he 
 has taken in extending the growth of the order 
 
 33 
 
 in the Territory and the high regard in which 
 he is held by his fellow craftsmen is shown in 
 the fact that he is Past Grand Master of the 
 Grand Lodge of New Mexico, holding that 
 high and honorable preferment in 1884. He 
 has attained to the thirty-second degree of 
 Scottish Rite Masonry. 
 
 In April, 1885, was consummated the mar- 
 riage of Mr. Childers to Miss Caroline M. Lay, 
 a daughter of Judge John F. Lay, for many 
 years a prominent resident of Richmond, Vir- 
 ginia. Our subject and wife have three chil- 
 dren, all of whom were born in Albuquerque, 
 their names being as follows: Gladys, Agnes 
 and Edith. The attractive family home is lo- 
 cated on the corner of Twelfth street and Rail- 
 road avenue, this residence having been erect- 
 ed by Mr. Childers. 
 
 >-r*OHN Y. HEWITT is a prominent at- 
 M torney of White Oaks, Lincoln county, 
 / J and one of the most enterprising busi- 
 ness men, having been the promoter of 
 various industries and enterprises which have 
 largely aided in the upbuilding of this locality. 
 In this practical and utilitarian age he de- 
 serves and receives the esteem and admiration 
 of his fellow men, the work of whose hands 
 secures the greatest good to the greatest num- 
 ber. Through his connection with various 
 business interests, Mr. Hewitt has provided 
 employment for many men, and in conse- 
 quence may be termed one of the benefactors 
 of Lincoln county. 
 
 A native of Ohio, he was born in West 
 Farmington, Trumbull county, on the iith of 
 October, 1836, spent his boyhood on a farm 
 and acquired his early education in the com- 
 mon schools. Subsequently he attended the 
 Western Reserve Seminary of West Farming- 
 ton, and when twenty years of age started out 
 in life for himself. For a year he was located 
 in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, but not being satisfied 
 with the opportunities afforded there and 
 thinking the advantages of the West were 
 greater, he went to the then Territory of Kan- 
 
5H 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 sas, locating in Franklin county. On his 
 country's call for troops, he laid aside all 
 business cares to enter the Union service, and 
 was mustered in as a member of the Second 
 Kansas Cavalry, October 14, 1861, as a 
 private. Some time afterward he was made 
 regimental Commissary Sergeant, and con- 
 tinued to fill that position until finally mustered 
 out, June 22, 1865, having re-enlisted as a 
 veteran January 4, 1864, in the same com- 
 pany and regiment, and was discharged at 
 Lawrence, Kansas, in September, 1865; for the 
 war was over and the preservation of the 
 Union was an assured fact. He participated 
 in the battles of Fort Wayne, Canehill, 
 Prairie Grove, and others. He was in the 
 frontier service, and was engaged in many 
 skirmishes and running fights. 
 
 Mr. Hewitt was only twenty-one years of 
 age when he went to Kansas. He located at 
 Ohio City, at one time the county seat, which 
 was subsequently removed to Ottawa. He 
 engaged in teaching school for three terms, 
 and at the same time took up the study of law 
 and was also engaged in clerking. In 1868, on 
 locating in Ottawa, he began dealing in real 
 estate, which he there followed until 1877. 
 He suffered the same experience that met 
 thousands of good men in Kansas. He was 
 successful until the panic of 1873, which 
 caused a depression in all lines of business. 
 He had invested in property and now lost all 
 he had. In 1877 he went to the Black Hills 
 of Dakota, but did not make a settlement in 
 that Territory. 
 
 The knowledge that he had acquired of 
 New Mexico during his army service led to his 
 settlement in this Territory. Coming South 
 without any definite idea as to where he 
 should locate, he looked about him for a short 
 time, when, hearing of the gold mines at 
 White Oaks, where there was considerable ex- 
 citement, he came to the town in 1880. His 
 cash capital at the time of his arrival was less 
 than $10. During the first year he did what 
 he could to earn a living, prospecting some but 
 to no avail. In August, 1881, at Lincoln, 
 
 the county seat of Lincoln county, he passed 
 a law examination, and was admitted to the 
 bar. He immediately entered upon the prac- 
 tice of his profession at White Oaks, where 
 he has since continued. No field of human 
 endeavor is more open to a successful career 
 than that of law, but he who would attain 
 this measure of success must have been en- 
 dowed with a native force of character and 
 must apply himself earnestly to secure ad- 
 vancement. This Mr. Hewitt has done and 
 he has now a large and liberal clientage 
 which he well merits, deriving therefrom a 
 good income. 
 
 As his financial resources have increased, 
 Mr. Hewitt has extended his endeavors to 
 other fields of labor. He is now a part 
 owner in the Old Abe mine, having one- 
 third of the stock, and the investment is 
 proving a paying one. He also owns about 
 one-third of the Little Mac mine, and other 
 interests in mining properties. He has in- 
 vested in real estate and owns two fine busi- 
 ness blocks at White Oaks, built of stone 
 and brick, besides considerable other im- 
 proved property. His law library consists of 
 1,000 volumes, and he is one of the most 
 able practitioners in the Territory. In 1893 
 he was prominently spoken of for the posi- 
 tion of Judge of his district, but made no 
 effort to secure the appointment, and the 
 office finally went to Judge Hamilton. He 
 is logical in argument, a forceful, earnest and 
 eloquent speaker, and his prominence at the 
 bar is well merited. Mr. Hewitt also owns 
 a half interest in the White Oaks Eagle, the 
 only paper published in the town, and is now 
 acting as its editor. He was the first presi- 
 dent of the Exchange Bank of White Oaks, 
 but is now gradually withdrawing from active 
 connection with his extensive business interests, 
 as he wishes to spend more and more his 
 declining years in retirement and in the en- 
 joyment of a rest which he has truly earned 
 and richly deserves. 
 
 Mr. Hewitt was married in 1882 to Mrs. 
 A. C. Rawlins, a native of Ohio. Socially, 
 
If IS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 5'5 
 
 he is connected with Kearny Post, No. 10, 
 G. A. R. , of White Oaks, and was Depart- 
 ment Commander of New Mexico in 1887-8. 
 No man has been more actively interested in 
 the upbuilding of this city than Mr. Hewitt. 
 He has contributed more largely than any 
 other resident when money is being raised 
 for works of public improvement, and may 
 well be numbered among the founders of his 
 adopted city. 
 
 HCHISON McCLINTOCK, one of the 
 capable County Commissioners of 
 Donna Ana county, and a successful 
 and leading merchant of Rincon, is 
 numbered among the worthy sons of the Emer- 
 ald Isle, who have found homes in the New 
 World and become valued citizens. 
 
 He was born in the famous city of London- 
 derry, Ireland, on the 22d of February, 1833, 
 and is of Scotch-Irish lineage. He acquired 
 his education in Foyle College, one of the best 
 institutions of learning in the north of Ireland, 
 and when his school days were over accepted 
 a clerkship in the Belfast Bank of Londonderry, 
 where his capability and promptness in the dis- 
 charge of his duties led to his promotion until 
 in a few years he was occupying the responsi- 
 ble position of cashier. Later he held a simi- 
 lar position in the Ulster Bank, and when the 
 Crimean war began he became an officer in the 
 Londonderry militia, from which he volun- 
 unteered to the line with 100 men and got a 
 commission in the Fifty-seventh regiment. 
 About the close of the Crimean war he served 
 with his regiment in India, when Sir Colin 
 Campbell was in command. Then he went 
 with his regiment to New Zealand for the 
 Maori war, and remained in service until 1862, 
 when peace was proclaimed. It was his in- 
 tention to locate in New Zealand ; he sold his 
 commission and went to the gold fields at Ho- 
 kitiki, on the West coast. He was successful 
 there, and also engaged in contracting for the 
 Government. 
 
 In 1871 Mr. McClintock sailed for San 
 
 Francisco, and on the voyage touched at Hono- 
 lulu. He spent some time in California, Ne- 
 vada, Arizona and Mexico, and in 1878 re- 
 turned to Ireland to visit his friends. On again 
 crossing the Atlantic, he came to New Mexico, 
 and on the 5th of October, 1880, took up 160 
 acres where the town of Rincon is now, and 
 where he has since done a successful business. 
 He carries a large and well selected stock of 
 general merchandise, earnestly endeavors to 
 please his patrons, and by his well directed 
 efforts and honest dealing has secured an ex- 
 cellent and profitable business. 
 
 In his native land Mr. McClintock's polit- 
 ical support was given to the Conservative 
 party, and on coming to America he joined the 
 ranks of the Democracy, but later found that 
 the principles of the Republican party were 
 more in accord with his views, and therefore 
 changed his political allegiance. On the Re- 
 publican ticket he was elected to the responsi- 
 ble position of County Commissioner, receiving 
 the largest number of votes given a candidate 
 in his county, a fact which indicates his high 
 personal popularity, and the confidence and 
 trust reposed in him by his fellow townsmen. 
 
 During his business career in New Mexico, 
 he has acquired valuable tracts of land, which 
 he is devoting to the raising of grain and stock. 
 He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, has 
 the respect of all, is thoroughly reliable in busi- 
 ness, and is an honorable, trustworthy man. 
 
 *y "* ON. JAMES A. LUCAS, a highly re- 
 
 1^"^ spected New Mexico pioneer of 1846, 
 
 r was born in Booneville, Missouri, on 
 
 the 5th of June, 1826, and is of 
 
 French lineage. His ancestors, however, fled 
 
 from their native land, taking refuge on the 
 
 Emerald Isle, whence the grandfather of our 
 
 subject came to America, locating in Maryland. 
 
 He was then a young man, and in that State 
 
 married a Miss DeWitt. Soon afterward he 
 
 removed with his young wife to Washington 
 
 county, Kentucky, where the father of our 
 
 subject, General S. D. Lucas, was born on the 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 2Qth of July, 1799. He wedded Miss Theresa 
 B. Allen, who was born in Greensburg, Ken- 
 tucky, a daughter of John Allen, one of the 
 prominent citizens of that State. 
 
 General Lucas was a man of influence and 
 ability, recognized leader in public affairs, 
 and was called to serve in various official po- 
 sitions. He won his title of General as a com- 
 mander of the Missouri State militia, and as 
 such led his troops forth against the Indians on 
 several different occasions. He also had the 
 credit of the capture and expulsion of the Mor- 
 mons from Missouri, the sect being at that 
 time under the leadership of Joseph Smith. 
 The General and his wife were faithful mem- 
 bers of the old-school Presbyterian Church, 
 and their lives, honorable and upright in every 
 particular, won them the good will and high 
 regard of all. They were the parents of six 
 children, of whom only two are now living. 
 The mother died of cholera, at the age of fifty, 
 while the General, surviving, rounded the 
 Psalmist's span of life of three-score years and 
 ten. 
 
 Mr. Lucas of this review was their second 
 child. He was educated at Independence and 
 at Lexington, Missouri, and in 1846 enlisted in 
 the United States army for service in the 
 Mexican war. His duty called him to the 
 north of Mexico and to the Territory in which 
 he now resides; and when the war was over he 
 located in El Paso, Texas. His brother, John 
 S. Lucas, was the first American Consul at El 
 Paso. Together they engaged in the mercan- 
 tile business for a few years there, and our 
 subject also served as vice-Consul during the 
 years 1850 and 1851. He then removed to 
 the Mesilla valley of New Mexico, where he 
 was engaged in mercantile pursuits for about 
 two years. His next place of residence was in 
 Las Cruces, where he was again in commer- 
 cial business. He was also elected clerk of 
 the Probate Court, and in 1854 was elected a 
 member of the Territorial Legislature. Dur- 
 ing that session of the Assembly he introduced 
 a resolution asking Congress to pass an act 
 forming the "Territory of Pimeria," which 
 
 was to include the south half of Arizona and 
 the south half of New Mexico. This was voted 
 down by the north portion of the Territory, 
 but received the support of the southern 
 portion, a fact which indicates the in- 
 fluence of Mr. Lucas. In 1856 he was 
 again elected Probate Clerk and Recorder of 
 Donna Ana county, which positions he ac- 
 ceptably and creditably filled. He was all this 
 time conducting a store. In that year he re- 
 turned to Mesilla, which was the county seat, 
 there remaining until 1862, when he went to 
 El Paso, Texas, and later to San Antonio, 
 that State. In 1864 he was appointed to an 
 office in the custom-house at Eagle Pass, 
 whence he returned to El Paso, and in 1866 
 took his family to Missouri in order to provide 
 his children with better school privileges. 
 
 In 1852 Mr. Lucas had married Miss Fran- 
 cisca C. Samaniego, a native of Sonora and of 
 Spanish ancestry. The union has been blessed 
 with nine children, as follows: Theresa Isa- 
 bella, now a teacher in the public schools of 
 Albuquerque; Mary Frances, also a teacher; 
 James A. , Jr. , Samuel D. ; Frank S. , Laura G. , 
 now the wife of Otto Arnold; William A.; 
 Randolph Percy and John M. The older sons 
 are all now in the stock business in New Mex- 
 ico; Frank is serving as agent for the Wells- 
 Fargo Express Company; and John is yet in 
 college. 
 
 Mr. Lucas has provided his children with 
 excellent educational privileges, thus fitting 
 them for the practical and responsible duties 
 of life. He continued his residence in Missouri 
 for eight years, that they might attend school, 
 and then returned to Grant county, locating on 
 the Mimbres, where he built a quartz and grist- 
 mill, one of the first in the county. After 
 conducting the mill for some time he sold and 
 removed to Georgetown, then a flourishing 
 mining camp, twenty-three miles east of Silver 
 City. He was there engaged in mining, also 
 in hotel-keeping for five years, and in connec- 
 tion served as Postmaster and as Notary Pub- 
 lic. In 1 88 1 he came to Silver City, where 
 he has since resided, and in connection with 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 his sons was actively and extensively engaged 
 in cattle-raising. His eyesight being partially 
 impaired, however, he is now in a measure re- 
 tired from active business, resting in the en- 
 joyment of the fruits of his former toil, and in 
 the consciousness of an honorable business 
 career that has brought no stain upon the un- 
 tarnished family name. He now resides at his 
 pleasant and commodious home, surrounded by 
 his family and many friends. 
 
 Mr. Lucas has been a lifelong Democrat, 
 and has frequently been called to public posi- 
 tions of honor and trust, where his promptness 
 and fidelity in the discharge of his duties has 
 won him high commendation. He is a Master 
 Mason, and has frequently served as Secretary 
 of the lodge. A well informed man, whose 
 progressiveness has ever been one of his marked 
 characteristics, and a loyal citizen, he has been 
 an important factor in the development of New 
 Mexico and her resources, and justly deserves 
 mention among her honored pioneers. 
 
 HNDREW B. LAIRD is serving as Col- 
 lector of Taxes in Grant county, New 
 Mexico, his home being in Silver City. 
 He was born in Crawfordsville, Indi- 
 ana, on the 3d of July, 1854. His ancestors 
 lived among the highlands of Scotland, and on 
 emigrating to America took up their residence 
 in the city of Montreal, Canada, where the 
 father of our subject, Henry G. Laird, was 
 born, in 1819. When a young man he removed 
 to Crawfordsville, Indiana, where he married 
 Miss Martha Barr, a native of the State of 
 Pennsylvania, born in Lancaster. They spent 
 the residue of their lives in the Hoosier State, 
 and reared a family of five sons and four daugh- 
 ters, all of whom are yet living. The mother 
 departed this life at the age of fifty-five years, 
 while the father passed away in the sixty- 
 fourth year of his age. 
 
 Their son, Andrew B., was the eldest of 
 the family. In his native town he acquired 
 his education, and at the age of twenty years 
 he learned the bricklayer's trade and became 
 
 a contractor and builder. Removing to New- 
 ton, Kansas, he there followed his chosen oc- 
 cupation for a number of years, and also 
 erected many buildings in McPherson and Ly- 
 ons, Kansas. In 1880 he came to Las Vegas, 
 New Mexico, where he did business as a brick 
 contractor and builder, being also numbered 
 among the citizens of Bernalillo for two years. 
 In 1882 he went to Deming, and was a promi- 
 nent factor in the upbuilding of that town for 
 about five years, arriving in Silver City on the 
 ist of January, 1887. He had been elected to 
 the position of Sheriff of Grant county on the 
 Republican ticket, and, after serving his two- 
 years' term, returned to Deming, where he 
 built the large bank building, also the Canyai- 
 gre works. In 1892 he was again elected Sheriff 
 of the county, and capably served for a second 
 term of two years. In 1894 he was elected to 
 his present office, that of Tax Collector of 
 Grant county. 
 
 In 1880 was celebrated the marriage of 
 Mr. Laird and Miss Flora A. Height, of Ster- 
 ling, Kansas. Their only child lived to be but 
 five months old. Mr. Laird takes a deep in- 
 terest in the growth and upbuilding of the Ma- 
 sonic fraternity, was one of the organizers of 
 the blue lodge of Deming, and its first Master. 
 He also belongs to the chapter and command- 
 ery, is a Mystic Shriner, and for two years was 
 Senior Grand Warden of the Grand Lodge of 
 New Mexico. 
 
 Mr. Laird is now engaged in stock-dealing, 
 raising both horses and cattle. He is also en- 
 gaged in turquoise mining, owning an interest 
 in a valuable mine, the Columbia, in the Burro 
 mountains. This mine he is now operating, 
 and in it have been found as fine turquoise as 
 have been produced anywhere in the world. 
 They shade in color from a light to a dark 
 blue, and the yield is a productive and profit- 
 able one. Mr. Laird is now opening a market 
 in London, England, and it is expected that he 
 will derive large results therefrom. He has a 
 nice home in Silver City, and both he and his 
 wife have many warm friends. His great suc- 
 cess in the business world is due to no one but 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 himself. He started in life with no capital, 
 and with nothing but an ability and willing- 
 ness to work to aid him; and these character- 
 istics, coupled with fairness and justice in deal- 
 ing with his fellowmen, have enabled him to 
 win success and an honorable position among 
 business men. In every position in which cir- 
 cumstances have placed him he has acquitted 
 himself creditably, and each incident of his 
 career reflects honor on him as a man and as 
 a citizen. 
 
 )HOMAS NATHAN CHILDERS, re- 
 siding at Silver City, New Mexico, is 
 the present County Assessor of Grant 
 county, and is a native of the State 
 of Tennessee. He was born on the 1 5th of 
 December, 1846, and comes of a family of 
 English origin that for many generations has 
 resided in Virginia and Tennessee. His father, 
 Stephen Patton Childers, was born in Virginia 
 in 1824, and married Miss Elizabeth Stanley, 
 of middle Tennessee, born in 1828. He was 
 engaged in farming until 1875 and then turned 
 his attention to merchandising in Seneca, Mis- 
 souri, wherehestill resides. During the Civil war 
 he responded to the President's call for troops 
 to aid in the preservation of the Union, and 
 served during the greater part of the struggle 
 as a member of the Western department. He 
 was ever faithful and true, and his devotion to 
 the old flag and the cause it represented, joined 
 with that of many other brave men, saved 
 unbroken the greatest Republic on the face of 
 globe. He and his wife were members of the 
 Baptist Church. 
 
 Thomas Nathan Childers is the eldest in 
 their family of seven children, five of whom 
 are still living. They removed to Missouri 
 when he was five years of age, and in the com- 
 mon schools of that State he acquired his edu- 
 cation. He had hardly passed his fifteenth 
 birthday when the guns of Fort Sumter 
 wakened the nation to the fact that civil war 
 was upon us. He eagerly offered his services, 
 but was rejected on account of his age. That 
 
 it was no boyish enthusiasm that prompted his 
 enlistment was manifest in 1862, when in 
 order to enter the army, he assumed the name 
 of a man who was of sufficient age and con- 
 tinued his service in this way until the age of 
 seventeen! He then enlisted under his own 
 name, in Company L, Fifteenth Missouri 
 Cavalry, of which his father was a member, 
 and was in the campaign against General 
 Price, which was an almost continuous fight. 
 He participated in the battles of Jefferson 
 City, California, Mexico, Booneville, Lex- 
 ington, Blues, Osage, and Newtonia, and many 
 other minor campaigns, and though often in 
 the thickest of the fight escaped without a 
 wound, and was mustered out on the 7th of 
 July, 1865. The soldier boy returned to his 
 home with an honorable war record of which 
 he may be justly proud. No time-honored 
 veteran was more faithful to his duty or more 
 courageously followed the lead of his com- 
 mander than he, who after three years of serv- 
 ice was still but a youth over whose head two 
 years would pass ere he attained his ma- 
 jority. 
 
 Mr. Childers at once returned to his home 
 in Missouri and there continued until the nth 
 of February, 1867, when was celebrated his 
 marriage to Miss Melvina U. Taylor, a na- 
 tive of Missouri. He then engaged in farm- 
 ing in that State until 1874, when he sold out 
 and removed to Texas, where he resided for 
 two years. He then went to the Indian Terri- 
 tory, where he engaged in farming for seven 
 years, and in 1882 he came to Grant county, 
 New Mexico, where he was engaged in prospect- 
 ing and mining in Grant county. He both pur- 
 chased and sold mines, and is now the sole 
 owner of the Ninety-one mine (silver). 
 
 Mr. Childers has been a Republican since 
 the organization of the party, and as such was 
 elected in 1894 to the office of Assessor of 
 Grant county, which position he is now filling 
 in a most acceptable manner. He has re- 
 sided in Silver City for eight years, and is 
 fully identified with her well-being, doing all 
 in his power to advance her best interests. 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 5 J 9 
 
 Securing property, -he has erected an excellent 
 residence, which is one of the most hospitable 
 as well as finest homes. It stands in the 
 midst of a block, which is owned entirely by 
 him and which is planted with every variety of 
 fruit-trees. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Childers have an interesting 
 family of four children, namely: James Will- 
 iam, Eutharah, Thomas Ernest and Pearl. 
 Mr. Childers removed to Silver City in order 
 to give his family better educational privi- 
 leges. He is thoroughly devoted to their wel- 
 fare and does all in his power to enhance their 
 happiness. A valued member of the Independ- 
 ent Order of Odd Fellows, he passed all the 
 chairs in the local lodge, and his wife is a Past 
 Grand in the Daughters of Rebekah branch of 
 the order. Their friends throughout the com- 
 munity are many and their many excellencies 
 of character have gained them the confidence 
 and good will of all. 
 
 ENJAMIN TERRY LINK, Superin- 
 tendent of Schools of Grant county, 
 and a reliable and influential business 
 man of Silver City, was born in Mis- 
 souri, twelve miles from St. Louis, on the 1 5th 
 of May, 1848. The family from which he is 
 descended is of German origin, and was early 
 founded in Virginia, while among its members 
 were numbered Kentucky pioneers who partic- 
 ipated in the events that formed the early his- 
 tory of that State. They were also numbered 
 among the heroes of the Revolution, and the 
 Professor's ancestry is one of which he has just 
 reason to be proud. 
 
 His grandfather, Absalom Link, was born 
 in Missouri, on the old homestead which had 
 been located by his father, who purchased the 
 land of the Government. There Benjamin 
 Terry Link, the father of our subject, was also 
 born. The latter wedded Miss Nancy W. 
 Link, a second cousin, and they became the 
 parents of three children, but the first two chil- 
 dren and the father died shortly before the 
 
 birth of our subject, who is now the only sur- 
 vivor of the family. 
 
 His education was acquired in La Grange 
 College, in Missouri, and he remained with his 
 mother until he had attained his majority. He 
 inherited his father's estate, and after farming 
 the old home place for a number of years sold 
 the property and began clerking in a store in 
 Hannibal, Missouri. His health then failed 
 him and his physician said he was suffering 
 from consumption, and advised him to go to 
 New Mexico. This advice he followed, be- 
 coming a resident of the Territory in 1885. 
 He had been married in 1881 to Miss Josephine 
 Bennett, a daughter of Major R. J. Bennett, 
 of Missouri. He, brought his family with him 
 to Silver City, and secured a clerkship in the 
 store of Morrell & Company, but his health 
 again failed him and he removed to a ranch in 
 the mountains above Pinos Altos, where he 
 was engaged in stock-raising and dairying. 
 The outdoor life and exercise proved the tonic 
 needed, and, having regained his health, he 
 entered the employ of H. H. Betts, a mer- 
 chant of Silver City, with whom he remained 
 for two and a half years. His next service 
 was with Mr. Brockman, as manager of his 
 ranch and store on the Mimbres. There he 
 remained for more than a year, when he re- 
 turned to Silver City and became the owner of 
 the stage line from that place to Black Hawk. 
 He successfully managed his new enterprise for a 
 year and a half, and then purchased the news 
 and cigar stand in the postoffice, conducting 
 that business until January, 1895, when he 
 sold and purchased the meat market of which 
 he is now proprietor. He has a well conduc- 
 ted establishment, and has succeeded in pro- 
 curing a large trade. 
 
 The political support of Mr. Link is given 
 to the Democracy, and in the autumn of 1894 
 he was elected on that ticket to the position 
 of County Superintendent of Schools of Grant 
 county, in which capacity he is now acceptably 
 serving. There are thirty-six districts in the 
 county, school being held in thirty-two of that 
 number, and he is now doing all in his power 
 
520 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 to advance the cause of education and insure 
 the establishment and continuance of good 
 schools. Socially, he is connected with the 
 Order of Red Men, and in religious belief both 
 he and his wife are Baptists. They have a 
 pleasant home in Silver City, which is shared 
 by three sons, Clarence Welch, Harold Booth 
 and Edmundson Benjamin. Their home is 
 a commodious and tasteful one, and in addition 
 to this property Mr. Link owns several other 
 buildings in the city, which stand as monu- 
 ments to his thrift and enterprise. He has 
 been the architect of his own fortune and has 
 builded wisely and well. 
 
 ARTLETT GILBERT, M. D., of 
 
 the firm of Williams & Gilbert, prom- 
 inent medical practitioners of Silver 
 City, New Mexico, is a native of New 
 York, his birth having occurred on the I5th 
 of January, 1864. His parents, Bartlett and 
 Cresensia (Frederick) Gilbert, were both natives 
 of Germany, and their marriage was celebrated 
 in the Empire State. For many years there 
 the father successfully followed the business of 
 paper manufacturing. He and his estimable 
 wife now reside in Denver, Colorado, and he 
 has laid aside all business cares, resting in the 
 enjoyment of the fruits of his former toil. In 
 early life they were members of the Lutheran 
 Church, but living where there was no society 
 of that denomination they united with the 
 Methodist Church, and have since been num- 
 bered among its faithful and consistent mem- 
 bers. Their lives have been well and worthily 
 spent, and their many excellencies of character 
 have gained for them true friendship. Their 
 family numbered seven children, of whom six 
 are yet living. 
 
 The Doctor spent the days of his boyhood 
 and youth in his parents' home, acquired his 
 literary education in the common schools and 
 academy, and then turned his attention to the 
 study of medicine, for which he seemed to have 
 special taste and talent. He entered upon a 
 course in the College of Physicians and Sur- 
 
 geons, medical department of Columbia Col- 
 lege, New York city, and was graduated 
 at that institution in the class of 1890. He 
 then practiced for nearly two years in the St. 
 Francis Hospital, of New York city, after 
 which he came to New Mexico. He continued 
 practice alone for two years, and on the 4th of 
 November, 1894, formed the existing partner- 
 ship with Dr. Williams. This is the leading 
 medical firm of the city. The senior partner 
 is one of the oldest established physicians of 
 this place and both are men of superior skill, 
 keeping abreast with the times in every par- 
 ticular and continuing their investigations 
 along all lines, which will bring them nearer 
 the goal of perfection in their chosen calling. 
 Dr. Gibert is now a member of the Colorad o 
 State Medical Society, and the Denver and 
 Arapahoe County Medical Society. 
 
 On the 6th of August, 1895, was celebrated 
 the marriage of Dr. Gilbert and Miss Ella 
 Clayton, an accomplished young lady who was 
 born in the State of Texas. They occupy a 
 high position in social circles and enjoy the 
 esteem of many friends. The Doctor is a Re- 
 publican in politics, and socially is connected 
 with the Masonic fraternity. A true love of 
 his profession, combined with diligence and 
 superior skill, have made his abilities known 
 and recognized both by the fraternity and by 
 the public. 
 
 *y * ENRY H. STANLEY is one of the 
 l^\ prominent citizens and mining men of 
 r Pinos Altos, the owner of the Ribbon 
 gold mine and the Skilley corn mill. 
 He was born in North Carolina on the 8th of 
 January, 1844. In the early days of Pennsyl- 
 vania's history his ancestors left their home in 
 England and took up their residence in that 
 State. They became prominent factors in 
 the work of public progress and development, 
 and his grandfathers, Joseph Stanley and 
 Henry Holder, were both Revolutionary sol- 
 diers. 
 
 The father of our subject, Josiah Stanley, 
 
HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 was born in North Carolina in 1789, and hav- 
 ing attained to years of maturity married Miss 
 Christiana Holder, who belonged to a family 
 of prominence that had also been established 
 in America in colonial days, its members tak- 
 ing an active part in the events which formed 
 the history of our country in those days. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Stanley continued to reside in North 
 Carolina until 1852, when they emigrated to 
 Indiana, where they spent the remainder 'of 
 their lives, the father dying in 1873, while the 
 mother departed this life in 1875. They were 
 members of the Baptist Church and were 
 people of much worth. They left a family of 
 four children, all of whom are yet living. 
 
 Henry H. Stanley is their second child. 
 He was reared and educated in the State of 
 Indiana, completing his literary course in the 
 Miami University of Ohio. On the 8th of 
 October, 1862, when eighteen years of age, 
 he enlisted in the regular regimental band of 
 Ohio, and with the Union army did service in 
 Tennessee until the following year, when Con- 
 gress passed an act disbanding regimental 
 bands. In consequence he was honorably dis- 
 charged and returned to his home. In March, 
 1863, he went to Pike's Peak, Colorado, and 
 has since been connected with mining inter- 
 ests. He' there engaged in mining and pros- 
 pecting, and remained in Colorado for ten 
 years, meeting with fair success in his under- 
 takings. In 1867 he came to Pinos Altos and 
 came into possession of several mining claims, 
 and in 1868 returned to Colorado, where he 
 remained until 1873. His business at that 
 time proved unprofitable, and he removed to 
 San Diego county, California, where he con- 
 tinued for some time. His next place of resi- 
 dence was in Los Angeles, where he engaged 
 in speculating in real estate, and he still owns 
 some property in that beautiful and thriving 
 city. 
 
 In 1884 Mr. Stanley returned to Pinos 
 Altos and discovered his Ribbon gold mine, 
 which he has since been engaged in develop- 
 ing. He has already taken from it consider- 
 able gold, and yet it is only partially devel- 
 
 oped. It is a small vein of high-grade ore, 
 yielding from $17 to $42 in gold to the ton, 
 and the mine is therefore a paying one. Mr. 
 Stanley also operates a good five-stamp mill 
 of his own and one for his neighbors. There 
 are now over twenty paying mines in the vi- 
 cinity, Pinos Altos being one of the most suc- 
 cessful paying camps in New Mexico. There 
 are also numerous placer mines in the camp 
 and vicinity. 
 
 Mr. Stanley has built a very cozy home in 
 this picturesque little mining town, located at 
 the very top of the divide of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. He has surrounded it with beautiful 
 vines, shrubs and flowering plants, and also a 
 large variety of fruit trees. The place is at an 
 altitude of 7,000 feet, and the climate is es- 
 pecially adapted for fruit-raising, he having 
 splendid apples, pears, peaches and grapes 
 upon -his place, all of good varieties and bear- 
 ing in abundance. The grounds and home are 
 the index of the industry, enterprise and re- 
 fined taste of the inmates of this pleasant 
 home. It was in 1874 that Mr. Stanley was 
 united in marriage with Miss Alice Been, a 
 native of California, who has ever been a 
 source of encouragement and help to him in 
 his life work. They have but one living 
 child, Isaac Henry, who is now a student 
 in the Territorial Agricultural College of Las 
 Cruces. Mr. Stanley is a genial gentleman 
 and a man of sterling worth, who is widely 
 known throughout the Territory, where he and 
 his family have the confidence and high regard 
 of a large circle of friends. In politics he is a 
 Republican, and is well informed on the issues 
 of the day, but has never sought or desired 
 political preferment. 
 
 @EORGE H. SOWERS, M. D., a reg- 
 ular practicing physician at Silver City, 
 came to the Territory of New Mexico 
 in 1880, and in addition to the suc- 
 cessful practice of his chosen profession has 
 been interested in mining in Grant county. 
 He was born in Frederick City, Maryland, 
 
5 22 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 on the 22d of June, 1846, and is descended 
 from Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry, the family 
 having been established in the Keystone State 
 during the days of its early history. His fa- 
 ther, Eli Sowers, was born in Hanover, Penn- 
 sylvania, and having arrived at years of ma- 
 turity married Miss Susan Norris, a native of 
 Maryland and a daughter of Benjamin Norris, 
 who was a minister of the Quaker Church at 
 Bush creek, Frederick county, Maryland. The 
 Doctor's father served as Colonel in the Mary- 
 land militia during the Civil war, and died in 
 the sixty-fourth year of his age, while his wife 
 survived him only a year. She had been mar- 
 ried prior to her union with Mr. Sowers, and 
 three children were the fruit of that marriage, 
 while the Doctor and a sister were born of the 
 second union. 
 
 The gentleman whose name heads this re- 
 view was educated in the Southern University 
 of Ohio, graduating in the medical department 
 of that institution with the class of March, 
 1868. He at once entered upon the practice 
 of his chosen profession in his native State, 
 and after a year pursued his investigations in 
 the line of medical research by study in the 
 Bellevue Hospital Medical College in New York 
 city, where he took a post-graduate course. 
 He then received the appointment of physician 
 .in chief of the Indian department, and in that 
 capacity made^is headquarters in Olympia, 
 Washington, serving during the years 1871, 
 1872 and 1873. The following year he re- 
 moved to the State of Kansas, where he con- 
 tinued in the practice of his profession until 
 1880, when he removed to New Mexico. Lo- 
 cating in Socorro, he there opened an office and 
 also conducted a drug store until the year 1886, 
 when he removed to the city of El Paso, be- 
 coming one of the successful medical practi- 
 tioners of that place. In 1892 he arrived in 
 Silver City, and his skill and ability in the line 
 of his chosen calling have secured for him a 
 large and lucrative patronage. In connection 
 with some parties from New York he is also 
 interested in the alumina mines on the Gila 
 river, where they, have sixty-one patented 
 
 claims, all having been operated to some ex- 
 tent. This property will undoubtedly prove 
 of great value as it is further operated. 
 
 In his political connections the Doctor is a 
 Republican, and while at Socorro filled the 
 office of acting Sheriff during the administra- 
 tion of Governor Sheldon. In his social affili- 
 ations, he is an Odd Fellow and also a mem- 
 ber of the Knights of Pythias fraternity. His 
 domestic life has been a .very pleasant and 
 happy one. In 1872 he was united in mar- 
 riage with Miss May Norris, of Tiffin, Ohio, 
 and they now have two sons : H. Maynard, 
 who is engaged in the drug business in Silver 
 City ; and Edward Buckey, now attending the 
 Normal School of this place. The Doctor is 
 an enterprising and capable citizen, believing 
 thoroughly in New Mexico, her resources and 
 future development, and is ever found in the 
 front ranks of any enterprise which is calcu- 
 lated to promote the welfare of his community 
 or of the Territory. His public and private life 
 are alike above reproach and his commendable 
 career has gained him high regard. 
 
 (D 
 
 ARTIN MAHER, one of the re- 
 spected business men of Silver City, 
 and a leading member of the City 
 Council, is a native of Ireland. He 
 was born on the igth of March, 1843, a d is 
 a son of James and Catherine Maher, who 
 were also natives of the Emerald Isle. The 
 parents were married in their native land and 
 in 1852 sailed for the United States, bringing 
 with them their family of seven children. Be- 
 ing before the day of steam navigation, they 
 made a long voyage before reaching the shores 
 of the New World. The father worked as a 
 common laborer to earn a living for himself 
 and family, and had been in America only -two 
 years when death claimed him. He thus left 
 to his wife the care of their large family. 
 
 Our subject was the second in order of 
 birth and the eldest son. He attended the 
 public schools of Urbana, Ohio, where the 
 family resided, until the death of his father, 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 523 
 
 when he was obliged to begin work in order to 
 provide for his own livelihood and aid in the 
 support of the younger children of the family. 
 He was then but twelve years of age, and the 
 responsibility which rested upon his young 
 shoulders was a heavy one; but he faithfully 
 performed his task. He began work in a 
 cotton-mill, at $1.25 per week, boarding at 
 home, and when a year had passed he en- 
 gaged to drive a team in the construction of 
 the Columbus & Indianapolis Railroad, now 
 the "Pan Handle" Railroad. For this serv- 
 ice he received $8 per month, and was em- 
 ployed in that capacity for six months. He 
 next secured a situation as a farm hand at $6 
 per month and board, and for five months he 
 continued farm work, carefully saving his 
 wages and giving them to his mother for the 
 support of the younger children of the family. 
 During these early years they experienced 
 many privations and hardships, but it was the 
 furnace which brought out the gold in the 
 character of our subject. It was the true test 
 of manhood, and he developed a self-reliance 
 and force of character which have been of in- 
 calculable benefit to him in later life. In 1859 
 Mr. Maher began learning the baker's trade, 
 which he followed for two years in Urbana, 
 Ohio. 
 
 The Civil war then came on, and he en- 
 tered the quartermaster's department, working 
 in the Government bake-shop in Nashville, 
 under Colonel Irving, his service being con- 
 tinued there until the South had laid down its 
 arms and the war was over. For a year longer 
 he remained in Nashville, working at his trade. 
 The cause of the Union was dear to him, and 
 though he was not in active service, he was 
 ever a loyal defender of his country. In 1866 
 he enlisted in Company D, Fifth United States 
 Infantry, and was immediately sent with his 
 regiment to Fort Sumner, New Mexico, where 
 he remained fourteen months, serving against 
 the Indians. The command was next ordered 
 to Fort Reynolds, Colorado, where our subject 
 remained until the expiration of his three-years 
 term of service. 
 
 On leaving the army, Mr. Maher went to 
 Kansas and ran a pile-driver on the railroad 
 for seventeen months, receiving in compensa- 
 tion for his services $150 per month, the 
 greater part of which he saved. Going then 
 to Texas, he had charge of a gang of men en- 
 gaged on the construction of the Texas Central 
 Railroad, in the employ of Tucker & Albright, 
 for four years. On the i6th of August, 1874, 
 he arrived in Silver City, where he engaged in 
 the bakery business for two months in the em- 
 ploy of others. He next established a busi- 
 ness of his own, and is now conveniently lo- 
 cated in the very center of the town, where he 
 enjoys a large and lucrative trade. He is an 
 industrious and thoroughly capable workman, 
 and under his able management the business 
 grew rapidly. He was the first cracker- manu- 
 facturer in the Territory, and soon had a good 
 wholesale as well as retail trade. The demand 
 for his goods rapidly increased and pros- 
 perity came to him as the reward of his earnest 
 labors and close application. As his financial 
 resources increased, he extended his field of 
 operations by adding a stock of groceries and 
 confectionery, and his establishment is now a 
 leader in his line of trade in the Territory. His 
 course has been an honorable and upright one, 
 and he is deservedly successful. He exhibited 
 his goods at the first Territorial fair held in 
 Albuquerque, New Mexico, and received a 
 diploma for the choice quality of his exhibit. 
 He now owns the block situated at the corner 
 of Ballard and Yankee streets, where he does 
 business, and in connection with this he has 
 one of the finest residences of the town. 
 
 Mr. Maher is now serving as a member of 
 the City Council, which position he has filled 
 for seven years, and is considered one of the 
 best and most honorable residents of this com- 
 munity. He is a member of the Masonic fra- 
 ternity, having joined the lodge in Pueblo, Col- 
 orado, and is a charter member of Silver City 
 Lodge, No. 8, and has filled its various offices, 
 including that of Treasurer. He first became 
 connected with the fraternity in 1868, at which 
 time he was initiated into its mysteries in 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Pueblo Lodge, No. 17, Free and Accepted Ma- 
 sons. He is now one of most esteemed and 
 honored members of the blue lodge of Silver 
 City, and also belongs to the chapter. 
 
 In 1879 Mr. Maher led to the marriage 
 altar Miss Kate E. Howe, a native of Massa- 
 chusetts. They have an adopted son, Charles. 
 Our subject is pre-eminently a self-made man, 
 for, thrown upon his own resources at the 
 tender age of twelve years, he has steadily and 
 persistently worked his way upward, winning a 
 handsome property and at the same time gain- 
 ing the confidence and good will of all whom 
 he has met. His example should be inspiring 
 to young men, who like him have their own 
 ways to make in the world. 
 
 L. JACKSON, a prominent 
 druggist of Silver City, New Mexico, 
 is a self-made man who without 
 any extraordinary family or pecuni- 
 ary advantages at the commencement of life 
 has battled earnestly and energetically, and by 
 indomitable courage and integrity has achieved 
 both character and competence. To no man 
 more than to Mr. Jackson do the qualities 
 which command admiration and respect belong. 
 By sheer force of will and untiring effort he 
 has made for himself an honored name among 
 the business men of Silver City. 
 
 Our subject was born in Fayette, Howard 
 county, Missouri, on the igth of August, 1862, 
 and springs from an old American family. 
 His father, Prior Jackson, was born in the 
 State of Tennessee, and removed to Missouri 
 at an early age, becoming one of the pioneer 
 settlers of Howard county. His worth and 
 ability were soon recognized, and he was 
 known as one of the prominent and influential 
 citizens of that locality, holding at different 
 times the offices of Sheriff, Collector and As- 
 sessor of the county. He continued to reside 
 at Fayette until his life's labors were ended by 
 death, and he passed to his final rest in the 
 sixty-fifth year of his age. He had married 
 Miss Martha Slayton, a native of the State of 
 
 Tennessee, who still survives her husband and 
 is now living in Missouri. 
 
 The gentleman whose name introduces this 
 review was the sixth child in his father's fam- 
 ily. He acquired his education in Central Col- 
 lege, of Fayette, Missouri, and was graduated 
 at that institution in the class of 1878, having 
 taken the full course there. He was then well 
 fitted for the practical and responsible duties 
 of life. He learned the drug business in his 
 native town, and in 1889 he arrived in Silver 
 City, New Mexico, where he secured a situa- 
 tion as drug clerk. He was employed in sev- 
 eral different stores in the city until August, 
 1891, when he began business on his own ac- 
 count, with a capital he had acquired through 
 industry, perseverance and frugality. He has 
 prospered in his undertakings, and his indus- 
 try and honorable dealings won him an envi- 
 able reputation, which has secured to him a 
 liberal patronage. He now has a well- 
 appointed establishment, containing everything 
 found in his line of trade, his stock consisting 
 of drugs, paints, school-books and stationery. 
 He does both a wholesale and retail business, 
 and is now one of the prominent and success- 
 ful merchants of the city. 
 
 An important event in the life of Mr. Jack- 
 son occurred on the 2Oth of September, 1883, 
 when was celebrated his marriage to Miss 
 Lizzie Rees, a native of Missouri. She came 
 with him to Silver City, and they have made 
 many friends in this locality. They hold an 
 enviable position in social circles, where true 
 worth and intelligence are received as the pass- 
 ports into good society, and their own home is 
 noted for its hospitality. 
 
 In political faith Mr. Jackson is a Republi- 
 can, active and earnest in support of the party 
 whose principles he warmly advocates. He 
 has studied closely the issues of the day, and 
 can give a reason for the faith that is in him. 
 He does all in his power to promote the growth 
 and insure the success of his party, but has 
 never been a politician in the sense of office- 
 seeking, preferring to devote his entire time 
 and attention to his business duties. His life 
 
H1STORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 5*5 
 
 record is both commendable and honorable, 
 and in many respects is very exemplary. 
 When he arrived in Deming, New Mexico, he 
 had only sixteen cents in his pocket, but 
 he possessed a resolute spirit and unfalter- 
 ing courage, and resolved to secure a good 
 business and home. This he has done, and 
 to-day he is a worthy representative of the 
 commercial interests of Silver City. 
 
 P. McCREA, president of 
 the New Mexico College of Agricul- 
 ture and Mechanical Arts, was born 
 in Guernsey county, Ohio, on the 29th 
 of April, 1857, and is of Scotch-Irish ancestry. 
 His grandfather, David McCrea, emigrated 
 from the north of Ireland to eastern Ohio early 
 in the century. He was a man of intelligence, 
 a school-teacher by profession, and after locat- 
 ing in Ohio he followed farming. In religious 
 belief he was what was then known as a Cov- 
 enanter, but would now be called a Presbyte- 
 rian. He lived to the ripe old age of about 
 ninety years. 
 
 James McCrea, father of our subject, was 
 born in Belmont county, Ohio, in 1820, and 
 was graduated in 1855 at Madison College, at 
 Antrim, Ohio, in the classical course, and in 
 1 86 1, at the Associate Reformed Theological 
 Seminary, of Allegheny, Pennsylvania, and be- 
 came later a United Presbyterian minister, de- 
 voting his life to gospel work, in which he is 
 still actively engaged, although he has reached 
 the age of seventy-five years. He wedded Miss 
 Mary L. Ruth, of Guernsey, Ohio, and there 
 were born to them seven children, all yet liv- 
 ing. The mother of this family passed away 
 in 1 88 1, at the age of forty-seven years. She 
 was born in Pennsylvania a short time before 
 the removal of her parents to Ohio. She re- 
 ceived a good English education and was for 
 several years a teacher. She was a woman of 
 great force of character and high literary 
 ability. 
 
 Professor McCrea spent his childhood days 
 on the old home farm, and his early education 
 
 was obtained in the district and graded schools 
 of his native State. He was ten years of age 
 when the family removed to Gibson county, 
 Indiana, where the succeeding six years of his 
 life were passed. During that time he pur- 
 sued his studies in the graded schools of Som- 
 erville and Oakland City, and was for two ses- 
 sions a student in the Oakland City Normal 
 School under Professor Lee Tomlin. 
 
 The greater part of his life has been de- 
 voted to teaching. He first took charge of a 
 district school in Pike county, Indiana, in the 
 fall of 1872, at which time he was probably 
 the youngest male teacher in the State, having 
 completed his first school before his sixteenth 
 birthday. Soon after it closed he returned 
 with the family to Guernsey county, Ohio, 
 where they remained for two years. During 
 this period Professor McCrea taught in the dis- 
 trict schools of Guernsey county, and further 
 perfected his own education by two terms of 
 study as a freshman in Muskingum College. 
 Again, in the spring of 1875, the family re- 
 turned to Indiana, locating in Boone county, 
 and the following winter he taught in his own 
 district. In the spring of 1876 he entered the 
 State Normal School, of Indiana, at Terre 
 Haute, for the purpose of fitting himself for 
 teaching, and passed an examination which ad- 
 mitted him to the highest grade of new stud- 
 ents. While attending this institution, although 
 one of the youngest members of his class, he 
 ranked among the highest in scholarship, won 
 the esteem of the faculty, and was graduated 
 in June, 1879. The State Normal School is 
 one of the leading educational institutions of 
 Indiana. Upon graduation a simple certificate 
 is given, showing the completion of the course. 
 After two years of successful experience as a 
 teacher, this success being certified to by a 
 board of education or county superintendent, 
 the gradute receives the much prized diploma. 
 No degrees are conferred upon the graduates, 
 but the diploma in almost any of the Western 
 States is a sufficient guaranty of ability to 
 secure the holder a position as teacher without 
 further examination. It should not be over- 
 
526 
 
 If IS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 looked that from early boyhood until his twenty- 
 third year a part or the whole of each summer 
 was spent in farm labor by this young man. 
 Thus was a vigorous constitution developed, 
 and thereby was acquired a knowledge of farm 
 work which has proven of great value to its 
 possessor. 
 
 Professor McCrea now entered upon a suc- 
 cessful career of teaching in the Hoosier State, 
 winning a high reputation as one of the lead- 
 ing instructors of Indiana. He taught in a 
 district school in Knox county, was employed 
 as instructor in the County Institute at Vin- 
 cennes, and later, in connection with Professor 
 O. L. Kelso, a former classmate, now profes- 
 sor of mathematics in the State Normal 
 School, he established a select school known 
 as the Bruceville High School and Normal In- 
 stitute. After teaching a second district school 
 in Vermillion county, Indiana, he became 
 principal of the graded schools of Francisco, 
 and later principal of the graded schools of 
 Bruceville. There in 1882, assisted by Burton 
 T. Wharton, he again conducted the Normal 
 Institute, which in the short space of four 
 years greatly advanced the educational inter- 
 ests of the county. While thus engaged he 
 prepared and published three valuable text 
 books, Outlines of History, Sentence Analysis 
 and Physiology. These had an extensive sale, 
 being regarded as model class manuals for 
 teachers and advanced students. 
 
 Late in the summer of 1883 Professor Mc- 
 Crea served as instructor in the Wells County 
 Normal School in Bluffton, Indiana, and again 
 in 1886, when over one hundred teachers were 
 enrolled. In the autumn of 1883 he accepted 
 a call to the principalship of the schools of 
 Clinton, Indiana, where he remained for a. 
 year, when failing health caused him to seek a 
 change of climate. He came to the South, 
 locating in Moheetie, Texas, where he or- 
 ganized and conducted the first graded school 
 in the Texas Pan Handle, in a district embrac- 
 ing an area of 10,000 square miles. His health 
 was greatly benefited by the change, and in 
 1885 he returned to the North to serve for 
 
 one year as principal of the high school of 
 Princeton, Indiana. In 1886 he was offered 
 and accepted the position of superintendent of 
 schools at Mt. Vernon, Illinois, and so suc- 
 cessful was his work there that he was unani- 
 mously re-elected to the position for the fol- 
 lowing year, with an increase of salary. Dur- 
 ing the interval of vacation between the two 
 years he conducted the Jefferson County Insti- 
 tute. In February, 1888, the town of Mt. 
 Vernon was destroyed by a cyclone, the Pro- 
 fessor's home was blown to pieces and Mrs. 
 McCrea seriously injured. As the main city 
 school building and much of the town were 
 destroyed the schools were discontinued for 
 the year. 
 
 Wishing to have the benefit of the more 
 salubrious climate of the South, Professor 
 McCrea came to New Mexico in 1888 and took 
 charge of the public schools at Silver City, 
 there being at that time only two graded 
 schools in the Territory. His work here 
 proved most satisfactory, and the standard of 
 the schools was greatly advanced. In 1889 he 
 came to Las Cruces, where for a single term, 
 in connection with President Hadley, he con- 
 ducted the Las Cruces College. Subsequently 
 his labors as a teacher were interrupted for a 
 considerable period by his appointment as 
 Register of the United States Land Office at 
 Las Cruces by President Harrison. His effi- 
 ciency and capable service were soon mani- 
 fested, and he continued in the position until 
 April 4, 1894, some time after his term of 
 office had expired. This position afforded a 
 kind of training likely to prove valuable in 
 later years. 
 
 In March of the same year Professor Mc- 
 Crea was elected President of the New Mexico 
 College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, and 
 assumed the duties of the position on the ist 
 of July following. After traveling over the 
 Territory in the interests of the school and 
 securing many new pupils, he was able to in- 
 augurate his work with an enrollment far 
 greater than it had ever been before. Other 
 beneficial results have attended his able ad- 
 
HISTORY OP NEW MEXICO. 
 
 527 
 
 ministration. He has raised the standard of 
 admission to the college, broadened the courses 
 of study, created a business department, in- 
 augurated the San Juan county branch experi- 
 ment station, and secured an appropriation 
 from the Legislature for additional buildings. 
 His strong points as an educator are many. 
 He imparts with great conciseness and ability 
 to others the knowledge that he has acquired. 
 He is a strict disciplinarian, and has proved 
 himself a careful financier. He is also a good 
 speaker and an able writer. Throughout life 
 he has done all in his power to perfect himself 
 in his chosen calling, and has gained a reputa- 
 tion as an educator second to none in New 
 Mexico. 
 
 In June, 1883, Professor McCrea was 
 united in marriage with Miss Nannie Young, 
 of Bruceville, Indiana, a lady of many superior 
 qualities and of a most hospitable nature, 
 which makes her home a favorite resort with 
 many friends. They have one son, John D. 
 The Professor is a member of the Presbyterian 
 Church, while his estimable wife is a member 
 of the Christian Church. Socially, he belongs 
 to the Masonic fraternity,- while in politics he 
 is" a Republican. A man of splendid executive 
 ability, he is a strong believer in the great pos- 
 sibilities of the Territory of New Mexico. 
 
 >-T*OSEPH PARKHILL McGRORTY.- 
 fl Among the worthy representatives that 
 / J the Emerald Isle has furnished to the 
 New World is this gentleman, who 
 to-day is numbered among the early and 
 prominent citizens of Deming. 
 
 He was born near Londonderry, the 
 "maiden city," and received a liberal educa- 
 tion, partly at home under the teaching of his 
 father, who was a distinguished scholar, and 
 partly at the Royal school, where he won dis- 
 tinction for proficiency in Latin. In 1853, 
 while yet in his non-age, he crossed the At- 
 lantic to New York, and came West as far as 
 Kentucky, to visit his eldest brother, Captain 
 A. S. McGrorty, who was then and is now, a 
 
 resident of Danville, in that State. After 
 spending about two years with his brother at 
 Danville, he engaged in the banking business in 
 Harrodsburg, and remained there until 1861. 
 In the spring of that year he left Kentucky to 
 join his brother, William McGrorty, who, 
 having fought through the Mexican war with 
 the Kentucky volunteers, had settled in New 
 Mexico, and was then a member of the mer- 
 cantile firm of Hayward & McGrorty, of Fort 
 Fillmore and Mesilla. He crossed the plains 
 by stage on the Santa Fe trail from Independ- 
 ence to Santa Fe, and there he had the good 
 fortune to meet his brother, who arrived from 
 the South about the same time. After spend- 
 ing a few days in the most ancient of American 
 cities he accompanied his brother to Mesilla, 
 where he became connected with the firm of 
 Hayward & McGrorty, of that place. In 1862, 
 owing to the blockade of the Southern ports, 
 and the disturbed condition of the Territory, 
 it became impossible to carry on a large busi- 
 ness; so in the summer of that year Hayward 
 & McGrorty disposed of their merchandise and 
 withdrew from the Territory. 
 
 The subject of this sketch, being then 
 foot-loose, concluded that it was his patriotic 
 duty, as a Southern gentleman, to fight in de- 
 fense of the South, and for that purpose he 
 left New Mexico to join the Confederate 
 cavalry then operating in Virginia and Tennes- 
 see. In the army he made a record highly 
 creditable to him and worthy of his Irish blood 
 and Kentucky breeding. 
 
 After the close of the war he returned to 
 Kentucky, his adopted State, and engaged in 
 farming and merchandising. He held places 
 of trust and emolument under the State govern- 
 ment, received a commission as Colonel, and 
 was appointed Aid to the Governor; but, his 
 health becoming somewhat impaired, he came 
 back to New Mexico, the land of sunshine. 
 
 In 1 88 1 he became connected with the 
 real-estate business in Deming, by purchasing 
 considerable unimproved property here. In 
 1883 he began to develop this, and has erected 
 a number of homes and business blocks in the 
 
5*8 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 town, becoming one of the important factors 
 in the upbuilding and progress of the com- 
 munity. Not only in the line of his own busi- 
 ness but also in other fields of endeavor has he 
 given his support and co-operation to those 
 measures which have been of benefit to the 
 town. 
 
 In 1887 Colonel McGrorty was appointed 
 by President Cleveland to the position of Col- 
 lector of Internal Revenue for New Mexico 
 and Arizona. He made his headquarters at 
 Santa Fe, and filled that office for three and a 
 half years, when, Harrison being president, he 
 resigned to make room for a Republican, and 
 returned to Deming, where he has since de- 
 voted his energies to his property interests. 
 He has always been a pronounced and ardent 
 Democrat, and as such was elected by his fel- 
 low citizens to the office of County Commis- 
 sioner of Grant county, but did not serve in 
 that capacity, as before the time arrived for 
 him to qualify as Commissioner, he received 
 his appointment as Collector of Internal 
 Revenue. 
 
 The Colonel is a faithful and consistent 
 member of the Protestant Episcopal Church, 
 and is an active and prominent member of the 
 Masonic fraternity. In 1886 he organized a 
 commandery of Knights Templar at Deming, 
 and in his honor it was named McGrorty 
 Commandery, a compliment which he much 
 appreciates. Recently he was honored by 
 Governor Thornton with an appointment as 
 one of the Regents of the New Mexico School 
 of Mines, which is located at Socorro. 
 
 The Colonel is a quiet, unassuming gentle- 
 man, highly esteemed by his fellow townsmen 
 of Deming and Grant counties, as one of the 
 most reliable and progressive citizens of this 
 locality. 
 
 >^r*UDGE ROBERT VINCENT NEWS- 
 
 HAM, Probate Judge of Grant county, 
 
 / 1 New Mexico, residing in Silver City, 
 
 has efficiently aided in promoting the 
 
 social, public and material welfare of this lo- 
 
 cality. He is a man of strong personality, of 
 great force of character and has followed a 
 course in business and private life altogether 
 honorable and worthy of emulation. 
 
 He is a nativeof Illinois, born June 25, 1841, 
 and is of English lineage. His father, James 
 Newsham, died during the infancy of the Judge, 
 who in consequence has little knowlege of the 
 family history. He acquired his education in 
 Illinois and Missouri, going to the latter State 
 when only ten years of age. He attended St. 
 Mary's Seminary in Perry county, Missouri, 
 and when his school life was ended entered 
 upon his mercantile career, as a salesman, 
 clerking both in Illinois and Minnesota, and 
 remaining in the latter State for three years. 
 
 In 1859 Mr. Newsham crossed the plains 
 to California, and was engaged in mining at 
 Nelson's Point in Plumas county, where he 
 met with fair success; but the great Civil war 
 broke forth upon the country, and desirous of 
 giving his aid to the Union he laid aside the 
 pursuits of peace and joined "the boys in 
 blue " of the Fifth California Infantry. His 
 service was largely on the frontier of Arizona 
 and New Mexico. The regiment was sent to 
 this Territory to drive the Confederates from 
 within its boundaries; but when they had 
 arrived the work was accomplished, and they 
 were engaged in keeping the Indians in subjec- 
 tion for the homes and lives of the settlers 
 were menaced by the red men. Mr. Newsham 
 enlisted as a private but was promoted to the 
 rank of Sergeant. 
 
 When the war was over the Judge went to 
 Fort Cummings, where he served as Quarter- 
 master and commissary clerk until the fall of 
 1869. He also prospered in his undertakings 
 as a contractor and merchant, and after four 
 years spent at that place established a store in 
 Grant county at Rio Mimbres, where he re- 
 mained until 1874. In the sale of his goods 
 he prospered, but the citizens suffered so great- 
 ly from malarial fever that the place was 
 abandoned. In 1875 Mr. Newsham removed 
 his stock of goods to Silver City, which was 
 then a young but thriving town, erected a 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 5 2 9 
 
 building, and then sold his stock out at whole- 
 sale. He had also engaged in stock-raising, 
 and had taken his cattle to the Gila river. In 
 1 88 1 he was the owner of 2,000 head of good 
 cattle, but the Indians were then in a state of 
 insurrection and killed and wounded many of 
 his cattle, and carried off his horses. He met 
 with heavy losses through these Apache depre- 
 dations, and in consequence turned his atten- 
 tion to other pursuits. 
 
 With the vast mineral resources of the 
 Territory at hand he naturally turned his at- 
 tention to mining, and has been engaged in 
 that business most of the time since, being 
 now a stockholder in several good mining 
 properties. 
 
 The Judge has been a lifelong member of 
 the Democracy, and has for years been hon- 
 ored with official positions. He has served as 
 School Commissioner, was Probate Clerk, and 
 in 1894 was elected to his present office, that 
 of Probate Judge, the duties of which he is 
 promptly and faithfully performing. He has 
 materially aided in the development of Silver 
 City, by the purchase and improvement of con- 
 siderable town property, having bought a num- 
 ber of lots, on which he erected good resi- 
 dences. In every way possible he has helped 
 to build up the town, and is looked upon as 
 one of the most reliable early settlers. He 
 was married in 1878, and his only son, Roy V. 
 Newsham, was born in Silver City. The Judge 
 is a Royal Arch Mason, and has served as Secre- 
 tary of both the blue lodge and chapter. He 
 is also a member of the Grand Army of the 
 Republic, and of the California Veteran Asso- 
 ciation. 
 
 *y * ON. FELIX MARTINEZ. In the 
 
 1^\ great competitive struggle of life, 
 
 _P when each man must enter the field 
 
 and fight his way to the front or else 
 
 be overtaken by disaster of circumstance or 
 
 place, proving either a coward or a victim, 
 
 there is every particular interest attaching to 
 
 the life of one who has proved successful in 
 
 34 
 
 the higher sense of the term, and the record of 
 achievement of obstacles surmounted and of 
 honors attained must ever be a fecund source 
 of incentive and instruction. 
 
 The subject of this review, who is a native 
 son of New Mexico and a descendant of Span- 
 ish lineage, occupies a position' of great promi- 
 nence in both public and private life; and that 
 his name should come up for consideration in 
 a work touching general and biographical his- 
 tory of the favored section with whose inter- 
 ests he is so closely identified is not alone con- 
 sistent, but, in justice, practically imperative. 
 
 Hon. Felix Martinez, now Clerk of the 
 United States and Territorial District Courts 
 for the Fourth District of New Mexico, was 
 born in Taos county, this Territory, on the 
 29th day of March, 1857. One of his grand- 
 fathers, Diego Borrego, was a native of El 
 Presidio del Carrizal, Mexico, who was a very 
 wealthy man and one of the largest stock own- 
 ers of his time. In the colonial days of Spain, 
 when New Mexico was a province of the Span- 
 ish empire, Senyor Borrego emigrated into New 
 Mexico and lived in a place known as San 
 Isidro, near Albuquerque. His only daughter, 
 Julianita, married Guadalupe Martinez, who 
 moved to Santa Cruz, near Espanyola, where 
 the father of our subject, also named Felix, 
 was born in the year 1816. Senyor Borrego, 
 when New Mexico was ceded to the United 
 States Government, went back to his old home 
 at Presidio. 
 
 Senyor Martinez, Sr. , upon obtaining ma- 
 turity, married Maria Reyes Cordova, a woman 
 of extraordinary natural ability, a native of 
 the Territory and a daughter of Pedro Cor- 
 dova, one of the pioneers of New Mexico who 
 distinguished himself by his intrepid bravery 
 and daring in making several trips single- 
 handed, on horseback, from Taos into the in- 
 terior of Mexico with the purpose of trading at 
 the annual fairs then held at San Juan de Los 
 Lagos, and would bring his merchandise for 
 over a thousand miles on large numbers of 
 pack-mules. Later, when on a trading trip 
 in the Navajo country, he met his death at the 
 
53 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 hands of the savages. Our subject's parents 
 had six children, five girls and Mr. Martinez, 
 he being the only male in the family. 
 
 His educational discipline was begun at 
 St. Mary's College in Mora, New Mexico, 
 where he studied for five years, and where 
 from his childhood he evidenced his genius for 
 the leading of men, being constantly appointed 
 by the teacher as "Decurion," a term used 
 by the Latin races as a monitor among stu- 
 dents. Thence his parents moved into Colo- 
 rado, and for a year experienced some of the 
 reverses of life. Our subject, then a boy, was 
 not, however, to be deterred by such unfavor- 
 able circumstances, and was determined to 
 finish his education at all hazards. In 1871, 
 in his fourteenth year, he started as a clerk in 
 a small grocery store in the town of Trinidad, 
 where he remained three months; then he 
 went to Pueblo, Colorado, entered again into 
 the duties of a clerk, and for three years con- 
 secutively took a private commercial course 
 until he felt competent to meet all commerce 
 in a business line. He returned to western 
 Colorado in 1876, after having traveled 
 throughout the different States where railroads 
 were in existence, and while traveling he made 
 it his special business to examine into the 
 practical ways of the world. Then, with an 
 energy seldom seen, he secured a clerkship in 
 a mercantile establishment at El Moro, Colo- 
 rado, and such was his fidelity and unmistak- 
 able business ability that before the age of 
 twenty-one he received the highest salary in 
 the establishment. Upon attaining his ma- 
 jority in 1878 the young man started in busi- 
 ness on his own responsibility at the said town 
 of El Moro, where, in partnership with Phillip 
 Holzman, he conducted a very successful mer- 
 cantile enterprise for several years. He then 
 removed to the town of his choice, where he 
 still resides, at the town of Las Vegas, New 
 Mexico, and established a business upon a 
 larger scale with Simon A. Clements, and 
 there exhibited the wonderful versatility in 
 adapting himself without any trouble to almost 
 any different line of business, having in con- 
 
 nection with his store ari extensive lumber and 
 real- estate business. In 1882 Mr. Clements 
 retired with quite a little fortune that he had 
 accumulated in the short period of his connec- 
 tion in business with Mr. Martinez. 
 
 The sedentary nature of his business event- 
 ually made serious inroads on his health, and 
 he was compelled to dispose of his interests in 
 the line noted, and to seek a business which 
 would enable him to secure more of an out- 
 door employment. He accordingly engaged in 
 the real-estate and brokerage business, and in 
 1884 began to take an active part in the politics 
 of New Mexico, and assisted very materially 
 in the election of the Hon. F. A. Manzanares 
 for Congress. In 1886 our subject was fairly 
 in the field as a Democratic leader in his coun- 
 ty, being the Democratic candidate for County 
 Assessor, and for the first time in many years 
 the Republican ranks were broken in what was 
 known as the Republican banner county of the 
 Territory. The Democrats, through Mr. Mar- 
 tinez's special efforts, elected more than half 
 of their ticket, to the surprise of the best poli- 
 ticians of the Territory in both parties; but he 
 was counted out by the administration then in 
 power. Not, however, being a man easily 
 scared, he at once entered upon a contest 
 through the courts and succeeded in obtaining 
 the office to which he was legally elected. 
 
 Still further and distinguished preferment 
 came to him in 1888, when he became the 
 nominee of the party to the Territorial Legis- 
 lature, securing a very flattering majority at 
 the ensuing election. He was again returned 
 in 1892 to the Legislature as a member of the 
 Senate, in which body his efforts were distin- 
 guished and fruitful of much good. In the same 
 year he was one of the delegates to the Na- 
 tional Democratic Convention held at Chicago, 
 and there made chairman of the New Mexico 
 delegation. Mr. Martinez suggested at this 
 time to the delegates from New Mexico and 
 Arizona to combine their votes, and in view of 
 the fact that the Territories were at the last of 
 the call he was of the opinion that this vote 
 would cast the deciding vote. His suggestion 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 53' 
 
 was followed out and it proved that the votes 
 from New Mexico and Arizona were needed to 
 nominate Mr. Cleveland on the first ballot. 
 The votes were recorded, and Mr. Cleveland 
 secured the nomination, which it is very prob- 
 able that he would not have done had further 
 balloting ensued, as there was a powerful fac- 
 tion arrayed against him. In reviewing the 
 official career of the nation's chief executive 
 since that time Mr. Martinez has not feared to 
 express regret for the active part he took in 
 securing the nomination noted. The leaders 
 of the party had promised to the delegates from 
 New Mexico and Arizona any reasonable con- 
 cessions that they might ask, but their lack of 
 fealty was shown in the fact that New Mexico 
 was refused admission into the Statehood and 
 almost completely ignored the claims of the 
 Territory otherwise. 
 
 Since the first of December, 1893, he has 
 been the efficient incumbent as clerk of the 
 United States and Territorial Courts for the 
 Fourth Judicial District of New Mexico, to 
 which he was appointed by Hon. Thomas 
 Smith, Chief Justice, and Judge of said Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 In June, 1889, Mr. Martinez purchased the 
 controlling interest in La Voz del Pueblo, a 
 paper that held very strong influence at the 
 time, and since by his tact and able manage- 
 ment has made it the strongest weekly with 
 the Spanish-American classes in the Territory. 
 It is devoted strictly to the interests of the 
 Spanish-Americans, and its policy favoring and 
 advocating the more perfect amalgamation of 
 the two principal elements comprising the pop- 
 ulation of the Territory, the more perfect iden- 
 tification of their interests and the greater con- 
 comitant development' of this favored section. 
 The province of the publication is clearly de- 
 fined, and it is a recognized factor in promot- 
 ing a harmonious spirit and in furthering sub- 
 stantial progress of the city and Territory at 
 large. Mr. Martinez is a man of broad intel- 
 lectual grasp and unimpeachable honor, is 
 thoroughly informed as to the needs of the 
 country with whose interests he is identified, 
 
 and has a keen perception of the essence of 
 the economic problems which confront the 
 Territory, whose solution must eventually be 
 seriously undertaken. He is a strong and 
 forcible writer and speaker, and his articles 
 command the respect of the entire Territory. 
 On the 24th day of September, 1880, Mr. 
 Martinez was married to Virginia Buster, a 
 descendant of a prominent family of the Old 
 Dominion State. They are the parents of five 
 children, all of whom were born in New Mex- 
 ico and whose names are as follows: Felix, 
 Jr. , Alexander, Alphonso, Horacio and Reyes. 
 The family home is located in East Las Vegas. 
 Our subject is a man of fine acquirements and 
 distinctive ability, he has traveled quite exten- 
 sively, and is thoroughly in touch with the af- 
 fairs of the day. His influence and power is 
 second to that of no man in the Territory, and 
 with the quickening spirit of progress being 
 highly honored in the Territory of which he is 
 a loyal son and a representative citizen. 
 
 *y * ON. JOHN D. BAIL, one of the old- 
 |r^ time members of the bar of New 
 r Mexico, and now the senior member 
 of the able law firm of Bail & An- 
 cheta, of Silver City, is a man of progressive 
 ideas and fine attainments, who has made the 
 most of his opportunities in life, and has risen 
 to a foremost place among the representatives 
 of the legal fraternity of the Territory. He 
 began life with a definite purpose in view, 
 worked faithfully, honestly and with a will for 
 its accomplishment, and his career has there- 
 fore been a successful one. 
 
 A native of the Buckeye State, the Judge 
 was born in Ross county, and on the 4th of 
 July, 1825. He comes of an old Virginian 
 family of Welsh descent, and his paternal 
 grandfather was a Revolutionary hero who laid 
 down his life on the altar of his country in that 
 struggle for independence. His father, Joseph 
 Bail, was born in Loudoun county, Virginia, 
 in 1775 the year in which the guns of Lex- 
 ington announced the birth of the Republic. 
 
S3 2 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 He married Miss Elizabeth Divens, a native of 
 Pennsylvania, belonging to one of the old 
 families of that State. She is still living, at 
 the advanced age of ninety-one. When a 
 young man Joseph Bail removed to Ross coun- 
 ty, Ohio, becoming one of its pioneer farmers, 
 and there reared his family. In 1850 he went 
 to Illinois, where he departed this life, in 1865, 
 at the age of eighty years. He served in the 
 war of 1812, was a man of much natural 
 ability, and in the early days of Ohio's history 
 served for many years as Justice of the Peace. 
 He and his wife were active and prominent 
 members of the Methodist Church. Their 
 family numbered seven children, only three of 
 whom are now living. 
 
 The Judge is their second child, and the 
 days of his boyhood and youth were spent on 
 the old home farm in Ohio, working in the 
 fields through the summer months, while in 
 the winter season he attended the common 
 schools. In 1847 he enlisted in the Mexican 
 war, and was with General Scott at the cap- 
 ture of Mexico's capital. In 1849 he went to 
 Springfield, Illinois, and took up the study of 
 law in the office of Stuart & Edwards, then 
 a prominent firm of the city. Near by was the 
 law office of Abraham Lincoln, with whom he 
 became well acquainted. In 1852 Mr. Bail 
 was admitted to the bar, and then crossed the 
 plains to California, hoping that in the gold 
 fields of that Eldorado he might acquire a for- 
 tune more rapidly than he could expect to do 
 in law practice. He engaged in mining at 
 Placerville and secured considerable gold dust, 
 but money easily obtained is easily spent, and, 
 like many another young man, he saved but 
 little of his earnings there. He remained on 
 the Pacific slope until 1856, and then returned 
 to Springfield, Illinois, by way of the isthmus 
 of Panama and New York city. He opened a 
 law office there, and continued the practice of 
 his profession until the breaking out of the 
 Civil war. 
 
 With the blood of Revolutionary forefathers 
 flowing in his veins, Judge Bail responded to 
 the country's call for troops, and went to the 
 
 defense of the Union that his ancestors had 
 aided in establishing. He joined the ' ' boys in 
 blue " of the Eleventh Missouri Infantry, and 
 participated in the battles of Island No. loand 
 in all the engagements of the Western cam- 
 paign, including the siege and capture of Vicks- 
 burg. He was also in the Red river campaign 
 under General Banks, and during his service 
 was promoted to the rank of Sergeant. 
 
 When the war was over, Mr. Bail was 
 honorably discharged, and went to St. Louis, 
 Missouri. In 1866 he removed to Pinos Altos, 
 New Mexico, where he engaged in mining. He 
 became a prominent and influential citizen of 
 that locality, and in 1868 was elected a mem- 
 ber of the Territorial Legislature as the first 
 Representative from Grant county. So ac- 
 ceptably did he discharge the duties of the 
 office that he was re-elected for a second term. 
 On his retirement to private life, he removed 
 to Messilla, Donna Ana county, where he prac- 
 ticed law until his election to the Senate, re- 
 presenting all the counties of southern New 
 Mexico. On leaving the General Assembly he 
 was appointed a Deputy United States Collec- 
 tor of Internal Revenue, and at the same time 
 was Deputy United States Assessor and Dis- 
 trict Attorney of Donna Ana county. In 1885 
 he removed to Silver City, where for the past 
 ten years he has been actively engaged in the 
 practice of law, and now enjoys a remunera- 
 tive general practice. The Judge has always 
 been an ardent and consistent Republican, and 
 as such was a delegate from New Mexico to 
 the National Republican Convention held in 
 Minneapolis, where General Benjamin Harri- 
 son was nominated for the presidency. 
 
 In 1871 Judge Bail was joined in wedlock 
 with Miss Catherine Frientes, a native of the 
 Territory of New Mexico. They have two 
 daughters, Alice and Katie A., and an 
 adopted son, Arthur. The family circle re- 
 mains unbroken by the hand of death, and 
 their home is the abode of happiness and hos- 
 pitality. 
 
 The Judge has purchased considerable town 
 property in Silver City, erected a residence 
 
HIS TOR r OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 533 
 
 and office for his own use, and has erected 
 various other buildings, thus materially aiding 
 in the upbuilding and promotion of the city's 
 interests. He. has a wide and favorable ac- 
 quaintance throughout the Territory, is recog- 
 nized as one of the most efficient lawyers of 
 New Mexico, and his loyalty to his country 
 has been demonstrated by his service in two 
 wars. He is a man of strong convictions, 
 fearless in expressing them under all proper 
 circumstances, yet always ready to hear and 
 weigh the views of those who differ from him. 
 The predominant trait of his character is his 
 absolute honesty and uprightness. 
 
 Sr * ON. ISRAEL KING, of Deming, New 
 l^\ Mexico, is one of Grant county's 
 _^f most enterprising and successful citi- 
 zens, and as such is entitled to hon- 
 orable mention in a work of this character. 
 With a reputation for the highest possible in- 
 tegrity, with a record of success in business, 
 and with a large circle of devoted friends, he 
 stands to-day as a public-spirited citizen, wor- 
 thy of the high place which he occupies in the 
 esteem of all. He is 1 a native of Akron, Ohio, 
 born on the 26th of July, 1852, and is of Eng- 
 lish ancestry. His grandfather, Leicester King, 
 was born in Connecticut, and became a suc- 
 cessful merchant of that State. Subsequently 
 he removed to Ohio, casting his lot with the 
 pioneer settlers of the Western Reserve, where 
 he became widely and favorably known, and 
 won further successes in business and honor in 
 political life. He was sent as a Representa- 
 tive to the State Legislature, and his name be- 
 came inseparably connected with the history 
 of Ohio, for in connection with General Per- 
 kins he founded and platted the town of Akron. 
 The father of our subject, who also bore 
 the name of Leicester King, accompanied the 
 grandfather to the Buckeye State during his 
 childhood, was there reared and educated, and 
 when he had attained to years of maturity, 
 joined his father in the mercantile business. 
 
 On the breaking out of the great Civil war he 
 offered his services to the Government and was 
 commissioned a Captain of the Seventh Ohio 
 Infantry, serving throughout the greater part 
 of that sanguinary struggle. He participated 
 in many hard-fought battles, and rendered his 
 country valuable service. Mr. King married 
 Miss Eliza Purinton, a daughter of Nathaniel 
 Purinton, formerly of the State of Maine. 
 They had three sons and three daughters who 
 all reached maturity. The father completed 
 the Psalmist's span of life, three-score and 
 ten, but the mother passed away at the age 
 of forty-six. 
 
 Israel King was their third child. He was 
 educated in the Western Reserve College, and 
 fitting himself for the legal profession was 
 graduated at the National Law College in 
 Washington, District of Columbia, in May, 
 1877. After practicing law for a short time in 
 the East he came to New Mexico in 1879, lo- 
 cating in Grant county. Here he engaged in 
 school-teaching, and when he abandoned that 
 profession took up the business of stock-rais- 
 ing, which he has followed continuously since 
 with satisfactory results, making it a paying in- 
 vestment. He has extended his operations as 
 his financial resources have increased, and now 
 has about 9,000 head of high-grade cattle of 
 all ages. His is one of the finest stock ranches 
 in this section of the Territory, and his capa- 
 ble management has been the means of bring- 
 ing to him the success which crowns his efforts. 
 His prosperity has come as a result of his own 
 exertions, his energetic labor and indefatigable 
 perseverance. 
 
 Mr. King has been a lifelong Republican, 
 unwavering in his allegiance to the party, and 
 in 1888 was made its candidate for the office of 
 Territorial Representative. He made a thorough 
 and successful canvass, and winning the elec- 
 tion ably represented the counties of Donna 
 Ana, Sierra, Grant and Lincoln in the General 
 Assembly. Since his return to private life he 
 has given the greater part of his time to his 
 business interests. In 1894, however, he was 
 prevailed upon to accept the nomination for 
 
534 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 County Commissioner, but lost the election by 
 four votes. 
 
 On the 1 6th of August, 1892, was consum- 
 mated the marriage of Mr. King and Miss Mary 
 E. Kephart, daughter of the Rev. William G. 
 Kephart, a Presbyterian minister of the State 
 of Iowa. They now have a lovely little daugh- 
 ter, born in Deming, to whom they have given 
 the name of Nadine. In 1892 Mr. King built 
 at Deming a very handsome and commodious 
 adobe residence, where he and his little family 
 are surrounded with all the comforts that 
 wealth can bring and happiness can procure. 
 Their hospitality is unbounded and their home 
 is ever open to the reception of their friends, 
 who are indeed many. Mr. King is an active 
 and worthy member of the Masonic fraternity, 
 in which he has risen to the Knight-Templar 
 degree, and is also a Knight of Pythias. 
 
 OC. HINMAN, the leading furniture 
 dealer and undertaker of Silver City, 
 is a Western man by birth and train- 
 ing and possesses the true Western 
 spirit of enterprise and progress. He was born 
 in Monona, Iowa, on the i8th of July, 1859, 
 and is of English lineage, his ancestors having 
 crossed the Atlantic from the British Isles to 
 become residents of Cattaraugus county, New 
 York, in an early day. O. C. Hinman, Sr., 
 the father of our subject, was born there, and 
 throughout his life has followed farming, being 
 now engaged in agricultural pursuits in Hardin, 
 Iowa. He married Miss Cynthia Patterson, a 
 native of Pennsylvania, and also a descendant 
 of one of the early families of the East. They 
 had seven children, and the family circle yet 
 remains unbroken by the hand of death. Both 
 parents are members of the Methodist Church, 
 prominent and active in its work, and well 
 spent lives have gained for them high regard. 
 Mr. Hinman, of this review, is the fourth 
 child of the family. He was educated in the 
 public schools of his native State, and in his 
 youth learned telegraphy, and worked at rail- 
 roading for three years. That business not 
 
 being to his taste, however, he decided to 
 come to the Southwest, and located in Silver 
 City, New Mexico, on the I3th of June, 1883. 
 He accepted the position of deputy Postmaster, 
 and served in that capacity for a year, after 
 which he opened a fruit store. A year later 
 that was sold and in 1886 he embarked in the 
 furniture business, being now the leading mer- 
 chant in this line in Silver City. His store is 
 54 x 76 feet, with an annex 16x48 feet, where 
 he carries a large stock of furniture and under- 
 taking goods. He now enjoys an extensive 
 business, having the whole trade of Silver City 
 and the surrounding country for many miles in 
 each direction. He has erected a store build- 
 ing and also one of the pleasant homes of the 
 city, and to-day stands high among the people 
 as one of the representative and most thor- 
 oughly reliable business men. 
 
 On the 1 6th of June, 1884, Mr. Hinman 
 was united in marriage with Miss Minnie Stan- 
 ley, of Indiana, and their union has been 
 blessed with two children, Ruth and Gifford 
 Thomas, both born in Silver City. Our subject 
 has served as Town Coroner for a number of 
 years, and in politics takes quite an active 
 part, supporting the Republican party. He is 
 pre-eminently a public-spirited man, and gives 
 a commendable support to all enterprises cal- 
 culated to advance the general welfare. 
 
 >yOHN CORBETT, one of the represent- 
 m ative, enterprising and successful busi-* 
 / 1 ness men of Deming, New Mexico, has 
 resided in this place since October, 1882, 
 and has therefore witnessed almost its entire 
 growth and development and has ever borne 
 his part in the work of progress and advance- 
 ment. 
 
 He was born in New York city on the 4th 
 of April, 1848, and dates his arrival in New 
 Mexico in 1879, at which time he took up his 
 residence in Las Vegas. He worked at his 
 trade there and at Socorro, receiving $5 per 
 day. The new towns were building up rapidly 
 and an expert workman could always secure 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 535 
 
 something to do. In 1882 he came to Dem- 
 ing, and being much pleased with the town he 
 decided to make it the place of his future op- 
 erations. He took up Government land in the 
 east edge of the town and at once built his 
 soda-bottling works, establishing one of the 
 leading industries of the place. He has since 
 conducted this enterprise and has met with very 
 gratifying success, finding a ready market for 
 his products in this and surrounding towns and 
 receiving a good income from their sale. He 
 is also engaged in dealing in ice and has built 
 up a good business. In connection with Mr. 
 Wyman, as a partner, he is interested in the 
 Deming Ore Sampling Works, where they as- 
 say ore from the adjoining mines, also pur- 
 chase the ore and have it melted. This has 
 proved a very beneficial industry to the devel- 
 opment of the mines in this locality. The 
 miner can have his ore brought to this place 
 and find out exactly what it contains, so that 
 if the yield is sufficient he can continue his 
 work, and if unprofitable abandon it. Mr. 
 Corbett has always been an energetic business 
 man, is thoroughly reliable and trustworthy, 
 and by the persistent pursuit of a noble pur- 
 pose he has prospered until he has become one 
 of Deming's influential men. He has various 
 mining interests in New Mexico, and in Chi- 
 huahua, Mexico, while in this locality he has 
 a fine fruit orchard and a pleasant home on 
 the lands that he pre-empted from the Gov- 
 ernment on his arrival here in 1882. 
 
 In 1888 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. 
 Corbett and Miss Kate Field, daughter of Judge 
 Field, a prominent and highly esteemed citizen 
 of Deming. Mr. Corbett has been a lifelong 
 Democrat, unswerving in his allegiance to the 
 principles of the party, although by no means 
 a partisan. He is an active member of the 
 Masonic fraternity, Past Master of his lodge, 
 and a Knight Templar. He is also a member 
 of Ballut Abya Temple at Albuquerque. 
 
 Mr. Corbett is deeply interested in all that 
 pertains to the growth of his town, is enthusi- 
 astic in regard to its future and is a warm 
 friend of the cause of education, doing all in 
 
 his power to advance its school interests. He 
 is a member of the School Board, and as such 
 has done active and efficient service in the in- 
 terests of the schools. 
 
 BRANCIS JOSEPH WRIGHT, City 
 Attorney of Silver City and a member 
 of the prominent law firm of Bell & 
 Wright, is of English and Scotch an- 
 cestry. He is descended from a Stewart, who 
 was distantly related to the royal family of 
 England of that name, but he claims no dis- 
 tinction or honor from this connection, for he 
 is truly American in spirit and feeling, and be- 
 lieves that a man must depend upon his own 
 merits and not upon reflected glory of titled 
 aristocracy. He believes in the sovereignty not 
 of blood but of brains. 
 
 His great-grandfather, William Wright, 
 located in Reading, Pennsylvania, at a very 
 early day, and he and his sons became pos- 
 sessed of a large estate in that locality. There 
 was born William Wright, the grandfather of 
 our subject; but Isaac Wright, the father of 
 Silver City's prominent attorney, was a native 
 of Maryland. He became a planter of Carroll 
 county and wedded Miss Mary Wolf, a lady of 
 German lineage, and a daughter of Abraham 
 Wolf. In early life Isaac Wright became a 
 preceptor, and was always an ardent advocate 
 of the cause of education, lending his support 
 to all that was calculated for its advancement. 
 Acquiring considerable property, he spent his 
 last years on his lands, and his death occurred 
 in 1888, at the age of seventy-two years. In 
 his family were ten children, of whom seven 
 are living at the time of this writing. 
 
 The subject of this sketch is sixth in order 
 of birth. His early education was obtained 
 under the instruction of his father and proved 
 a very thorough training. Later he began 
 teaching, and secured a professorship in the 
 Georgetown Female Seminary, where he re- 
 mained for three years. During this time he 
 took up the study of law, and acquired a habit 
 
536 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 of close thinking, for which he is still noted. 
 He pursued his legal studies in the office of 
 Brainbridge & Webb for a time, and in 1876 
 was admitted to the bar in Washington, Dis- 
 trict of Columbia, where he opened a law of- 
 fice, and continued in practice for five years. 
 During that time he obtained a license to 
 practice in the Supreme Court of the United 
 States. Having carried on business in the 
 capital city until 1880, he then went to Colo- 
 rado, spending a number of months in travel 
 in that State, viewing its magnificent scenery 
 and other points of interest. 
 
 In the autumn of 1880 Mr. Wright arrived 
 in Silver City, New Mexico, and here he form- 
 ed a law partnership with E. V. Price and 
 Andrew Sloan, but the connection continued 
 only until the summer of 1881, when by mu- 
 tual consent it was dissolved. Mr. Wright was 
 then alone in business until 1889, when the 
 existing partnership with Mr. Bell was formed 
 and has since continued. This is regarded as 
 one of the strongest and most prominent law 
 firms in the Territory. Mr. Bell is a very gift- 
 ed orator and advocate before judge or jury. 
 Mr. Wright is a profound thinker, a logical 
 reasoner and strong in argument, and the firm 
 is therefore one of the most able and most suc- 
 cessful to be found in New Mexico. 
 
 In his political connections, Mr. Wright is 
 a Republican, deeply interested in the growth 
 and success of his party. He has for four 
 years held the office of City Attorney of Silver 
 City, which is a compliment to his skill and 
 ability. Socially, he is connected with the 
 Knights of Pythias fraternity. In connection 
 with his other business interests he has during 
 his residence in Grant county engaged in stock- 
 raising and mining, and has aided in the de- 
 velopment of various mining claims which are 
 materially advancing the prosperity and wel- 
 fare of this community. 
 
 Mr. Wright is a man of broad views, of 
 wide general information, and a public-spirited 
 and progressive citizen. While giving the 
 greater part of his attention to his profession, 
 he has yet found time to devote to the general 
 
 welfare, and is ever found in the front rank of 
 any movement calculated to benefit the com- 
 munity. 
 
 ^y^V EWTON A. BOLICH is a young 
 m man of business ability now num- 
 r bered among the pioneers and lead- 
 ing merchants of Deming. He is also 
 prominent in political circles and is serving as 
 Treasurer of Grant county. 
 
 A native of the Keystone State, he was 
 born in Orwigsburg, on the ist of December, 
 1857, descending from Pennsylvania Dutch 
 ancestors who early located in that State; and 
 when fourteen years of age began to learn the 
 trade of boot and shoe making, which he 
 thoroughly mastered, becoming familiar with 
 the business in all its details. Not long after- 
 ward he removed to Iowa and followed the oc- 
 cupation he had learned up to 1881. That 
 year witnessed his arrival at Deming, where he 
 managed a store for P. Allen. Resigning his 
 position with Mr. Allen he entered into part- 
 nership with John Corbett, under the firm 
 name of Corbett & Bolich, which connection 
 was continued until 1887, when Mr. Bolich 
 bought out his partner's interest and has since 
 been sole proprietor. He began business in 
 Deming with but little capital, but his close 
 application, strict integrity and earnest desire 
 to please his patrons has brought to him an 
 eminent success. He now has a large and well 
 filled store, the stock consisting of dry goods, 
 clothing, boots and shoes, hats and caps, and 
 a full line of furnishing goods. He is consid- 
 ered the leading merchant of the town, and has 
 one of the largest stores in the southern part 
 of the Territory. In his political views, Mr. 
 Bolich is a stalwart Republican. 
 
 <y * ON. ROBERT BLACK, the pioneer 
 
 I'^k builder of Silver City and one of her 
 
 r most reliable and esteemed residents, 
 
 located here in 1872, when the town 
 
 contained not a brick residence or a shingle 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 537 
 
 roof. Mr. Black is a native of Massachusetts. 
 He was born in the city of Boston on the I4th 
 of March, 1840, and is a son of William and 
 Mary (Balmer) Black. His parents were born 
 and reared in England and immediately after 
 their marriage came to the New World, locat- 
 ing at Cambridge, near Boston. The father 
 engaged in business as a wholesale and retail 
 dealer in ice. He spent his entire life there, 
 and passed away in the sixty-third year of his 
 age. His wife survived him some time and 
 was called to the home beyond this life at the 
 age of seventy-one. They were both members 
 of the Episcopal Church, and their many ex- 
 cellencies of character won for them the re- 
 spect and confidence of all who knew them. 
 They had a family of ten children, five of whom 
 are yet living. 
 
 Mr. Black of this review is the eldest. He 
 acquired a good education in the public schools 
 of Cambridge and learned the builder's trade, 
 including drawing and the work that is usually 
 performed by architects. He has made that 
 pursuit his life work, and continued his en- 
 deavors along that line in his native State until 
 coming West in 1871. He made his first lo- 
 cation in Denver, Colorado, but the following 
 year came to Silver City, where he has since 
 been actively engaged in building up the town, 
 being first employed by others and then carry- 
 ing on business in his own interest. He also 
 located some town lots, on which he has 
 erected good residences. He is still actively 
 engaged in contracting and building, and some 
 of the best structures of Silver City stand as 
 monuments to his thrift and enterprise. He 
 erected the South Hotel, the First National 
 Bank building, the county court-house, the 
 public school buildings, and the majority of 
 the fine residences, including the homes of 
 John Brockman, Max Shutz, Dr. G. N. Wood, 
 Major Fleming and many others. He has also 
 erected a good residence for himself, has a 
 planing-mill and is dealing in lumber, sash, 
 doors and blinds. This industry has become 
 an important factor in the upbuilding of Silver 
 City, for anything that promotes the commer- 
 
 cial activity of the place is of benefit to its ma- 
 terial welfare. 
 
 Mr. Black has also been prominent in pub- 
 lic affairs, aided in the incorporation of the 
 city, and was elected its first Mayor, capably 
 filling that position for two years. The cause 
 of education finds in him a warm friend and 
 able champion, and for seven years he has 
 been president of the School Board. He was 
 elected to the Territorial Legislature for two 
 years, representing the five south counties of 
 New Mexico and giving his support to all wise 
 legislation calculated to advance the general 
 welfare. He has been a member of the City 
 Council for a number of years, and has been a 
 member of the board of regents of the Agricul- 
 tural College of New Mexico from its organiz- 
 ation up to the present time. He is a progres- 
 sive, public-spirited man of broad views and 
 advanced ideas, and the community numbers 
 him among its most valued members. His po- 
 litical support is unswervingly given to the Re- 
 publican party, while socially he is connected 
 with the Masonic fraternity, and is now Past 
 Master of the blue lodge. He is also one of 
 the organizers and charter members of the 
 chapter, and has filled nearly all of its offices. 
 
 On the 26th of May, 1863, Mr. Black was 
 happily united in marriage with Miss Eliza J. 
 Ross, of Cambridge, Massachusetts. They 
 were reared in the same town, had attended 
 the same school, and now are traveling life's 
 journey together, side by side, while their 
 home has been blessed by the presence of two 
 children, -M. "Lizzie, and George H. They have 
 a beautiful residence in the city where they 
 have so long resided, and their home is noted 
 for its hospitality, which they freely extend to 
 their many warm friends. 
 
 HLOYS LIEBERT. The justification 
 of our republican government is best 
 seen in the lives of its adopted sons, 
 who in their own country, being poor, 
 cannot rise to great heights because hampered 
 by the existing caste. Coming to America 
 
538 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 where each man is a sovereign in his own right 
 they give evidence of the- powers that are 
 within them and the talents they possess by 
 adjusting themselves to their altered conditions 
 and surroundings and working their way u pward 
 to eminence and affluence. 
 
 Mr. Liebert was born in Baden, Germany, 
 June u, 1846, and came to America in 1863, 
 when seventeen years of age. He first located 
 in St. Louis, Missouri, where he secured a 
 position as a waiter in a hotel. He was also 
 employed in the same capacity at Denver, 
 Colorado, for a time, having gone to that city 
 in 1865. From his earnings he at length saved 
 some money, and, attracted by the mining dis- 
 coveries in Arizona, with three companions he 
 started from Denver with the hope of more 
 rapidly securing a fortune in that region of 
 gold. He purchased a team before leaving 
 Colorado and agreed to take his companions 
 to Arizona for a stipulated price. They jour- 
 neyed as far as Santa Fe, New Mexico, where 
 they heard the news that the Indians were on 
 the war-path in Arizona. In consequence they 
 concluded not to continue their trip, but re- 
 traced their steps to Las Vegas, New Mexico, 
 where Mr. Liebert sold his outfit for $500. 
 He then returned the young men the money 
 they had advanced him and with his remaining 
 capital opened a jewelry store at Las Vegas. 
 Mr. Liebert had no experience in this line 
 of endeavor but employed an experienced 
 jeweler and continued in the business for one 
 year, making considerable money. On hearing 
 of the mining excitement at Elizabethtown, 
 New Mexico, he went to that place, where he 
 remained during the summer of 1868. He en- 
 gaged in freighting with burros from Taos to 
 Elizabethtown and Ute creek. In the succeed- 
 ing autumn he determined to locate in Taos, 
 having been more favorably impressed with 
 that place than any other town he had yet 
 seen. Accordingly he became numbered among 
 its residents and embarked in the butchering 
 business, which he followed until 1876. when 
 he established a general mercantile store. In 
 1 88 1 he purchased the hotel property where 
 
 he is now located and began hotel-keeping, 
 farming and land speculating. He made money 
 from the start, for executive ability, busi- 
 ness sagacity and capable management are al- 
 ways essential features in success. He has 
 paid off every obligation that rested upon him 
 and is now the possessor of a comfortable com- 
 petence. He runs the Liebert Hotel, which is 
 so well conducted and so carefully managed that 
 it would be a credit to a much larger place than 
 Taos. He has also landed interests, including 
 property in Taos and the surrounding country. 
 The obstacles and difficulties in his path he has 
 overcome by determined effort and coura- 
 geous purpose, and his well spent life is now 
 crowned with the fitting reward of a good 
 property. 
 
 An important event in the life of Mr. Lie- 
 bert took place in 1872, when was celebrated 
 his marriage to Miss Piedad Ledaux, a native 
 of Taos. They have now a family of four 
 children, all of whom are yet living, namely: 
 Mary, wife of P. M. Dolan, a resident of Santa 
 Fe; Delia, Winnefred and Aloys. Mrs. Lie- 
 bert's father, Julien Ledaux, was born in Taos 
 county and married Miss Nicholasa Gomez. 
 She too was a native of New Mexico, but he 
 (Mr. Ledaux) descended from French ancestry. 
 
 In his political affiliations, Mr. Liebert is a 
 Democrat, casting his ballot for the men and 
 measures of that party, but has never entered 
 the political arena to become a contestant for 
 public office. He prefers to spend his time in 
 his business and home life, and by all who 
 know him he is recognized as a straightforward, 
 honorable man. 
 
 ON. CORNELIUS BENNETT, one 
 of the most prominent residents of 
 Silver City, is a native of the Empire 
 State, born on the 29th of August, 
 1827. He descends from Knickerbocker an- 
 cestry, and his grandfather, Jacob Bennett, 
 was one of the heroes of the Revolution. In the 
 war of 1812 the family was also represented by 
 the father of our subject, who likewise bore 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 539 
 
 the name of Jacob. He was born in New York 
 in 1796, and married Miss Caroline Valentine, 
 a native of New York. He followed the occu- 
 pation of farming, and lived to the very ad- 
 vanced age of ninety-four years, while his wife 
 departed this life in her ninety-first year. They 
 were people of sterling worth, active and prom- 
 inent in the work of the Methodist Church, 
 who took as their life motto the Golden Rule. 
 They had a family of nine children, six sons 
 and three daughters, and with one exception 
 all are yet living. 
 
 Judge Bennett was the third child of the 
 family. His early education, acquired in the 
 common schools, was supplemented by study 
 in the Melville Academy, and in the school of 
 experience he has learned many valuable les- 
 sons that have made him an intelligent and 
 well-informed man, possessed of superior men- 
 tal ability. Upon laying aside his text-books 
 he learned the printer's trade, and at the time 
 of the breaking out of the Civil war was part 
 owner in the Dubuque Telegraph. The blood 
 of Revolutionary ancestors, however, flowed 
 in his veins, and, prompted by a spirit of pa- 
 triotism that he would not and could not quell, 
 he responded to the country's call for volun- 
 teers and joined the Eighth Iowa Cavalry, being 
 commissioned First Lieutenant. He served 
 in the Quartermaster's department, but was 
 known as the "Fighting Quartermaster," as 
 he participated with his regiment in all the en- 
 gagements in which the Eighth took part. He 
 went on the campaign from Chattanooga to 
 Atlanta, and was afterward with General 
 Thomas in his campaign against Hood. He 
 participated in numerous severe engagements, 
 and was often in the very thickest of the fight ; 
 but, as if possessing a charmed life, he escaped 
 without receiving a wound. He faithfully fol- 
 lowed the old flag until the war was over, when 
 he was mustered out, at Clinton, Iowa. 
 
 The Judge then returned to his old home 
 in Dubuque and engaged in the manufacture 
 of vinegar for a number of years. He became 
 identified with the Southwest in March, 1872, 
 by his arrival in Silver City, New Mexico, 
 
 where he has since made his home. It was 
 then a small but thriving place with bright 
 prospects before it, and Judge Bennett man- 
 ifested his usual sagacity in choosing it for a 
 future home. He erected as a store the build- 
 ing which has since been transformed into the 
 Southern Hotel. It was the first really com- 
 modious and substantial structure of the town, 
 and he carried on general merchandising until 
 1887, doing a large and successful wholesale 
 business, his trade extending over a wide range 
 of territory. When he disposed of his mercan- 
 tile interests, he turned his attention to mining, 
 which he has since successfully followed. He 
 now owns both silver and gold mines, which 
 are paying investments, and in addition has a 
 number of good buildings in Silver City, both 
 business blocks and residences, and has been an 
 important factor in the growth and develop- 
 ment of the town. 
 
 In politics, Judge Bennett is a Democrat, 
 and in 1873 was elected Probate Judge of 
 Grant county. He has for two terms served as 
 Mayor of Silver City, and gave a hearty en- 
 dorsement to all measures calculated to pro- 
 mote the general welfare. The cause of edu- 
 cation has found in him a stalwart advocate 
 and friend, and he was one of the organizers 
 of the Silver City independent school district, 
 thus establishing the first public-school in the 
 Territory. He has rendered much valuable 
 service to the educational interests of Silver 
 City, and for a number of years has been an 
 efficient and useful member of the school 
 board. 
 
 On the 3Oth of October, 1854, was cele- 
 brated the marriage of Judge Bennett and Miss 
 Anna F. Ross, a native of Ohio and a daughter 
 of Sylvester F. Ross, of the Buckeye State, 
 also a sister of ex-Senator and ex-Governor 
 Ross, of New Mexico. Two children were 
 born to them: Janett Amelia, now the wife of 
 S. M. Ashenfelter, of Colorado Springs, and 
 Lettie B., widow of John Morrill and a resi- 
 dent of Silver City. 
 
 The Judge is a Master Mason, and is Past 
 Master of the local lodge, and past Grand 
 
54 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Master of the Grand Lodge of the Territory. 
 He has taken the Knight Templar degree, join- 
 ed the blue lodge of Silver City on its organ- 
 ization, and has been connected with the fra- 
 ternity since 1858. He is a man of broad ex- 
 perience in mercantile and mining interests, is 
 a thoroughly reliable and straightforward busi- 
 ness man, and among all the circle of his wide 
 acquaintances there is no one but speaks of 
 him in terms of esteem, for his honorable ca- 
 reer has commanded universal confidence and 
 respect. 
 
 WILLIAM M. ROBINS is a worthy 
 
 representative of the business inter- 
 ests of Hillsboro, and is the capable 
 Treasurer of Sierra county, New 
 Mexico. He possesses much natural ability 
 and his career is in many respects exemplary. 
 After all that may be done for a man in the 
 way of giving him early opportunities for ob- 
 taining the acquirements which are sought in 
 the schools and in books, he must essentially 
 formulate, determine and give shape to his 
 own character, and this is what William M. 
 Robins has done. 
 
 He is a native of the State of Pennsylvania, 
 born on the i8th of September, 1851. His 
 ancestors were natives of France who came to 
 America prior to the Revolutionary war, and 
 participated in the struggle for independence. 
 The father of our subject, James H. Robins, 
 was born in Pennsylvania in 1817, and married 
 Harriet Monega, who also was born in the 
 Keystone State and was of French lineage. 
 They were reared in the same neighborhood in 
 the Wyoming valley, and the father in his youth 
 learned the blacksmith's trade. He served in 
 the Union army during the Civil war, and his 
 eldest son, George Robins, was also numbered 
 among the "boys in blue." In the family 
 were six children, five of whom are yet living. 
 The mother departed this life in 1891, at the 
 age of sixty-three years, but the father is still 
 living, at his old home in Wilkesbarre, Penn- 
 sylvania. Both were consistent and lifelong 
 
 members of the Methodist Church, and were 
 people of the highest respectability. 
 
 William M. Robins, the third child of the 
 family, left home and school at the age of 
 eleven years, and therefore received a very 
 limited education in the way that most people 
 obtain their knowledge, but in the school of 
 experience he has learned many valuable les- 
 sons that have made him a practical and suc- 
 cessful business man. He has also been an 
 extensive reader, and is now well informed. 
 It is said that a man acquires two educations: 
 one which he gains in the school- room with 
 the help of others, and the other, more im- 
 portant, that which he obtains entirely 
 through his own efforts. 
 
 Mr. Robins' first year after leaving home 
 was spent as a chore boy on a farm and in his 
 employer's store. He then engaged in clerk- 
 ing for two years, and in 1880 he went to the 
 West, being for a time engaged in prospecting 
 in Colorado. He did not tarry long in that 
 State, however, but came to Sierra county, 
 New Mexico, where he has since remained, 
 following prospecting and mining. He is still 
 interested in a number of valuable gold and 
 silver properties, which will eventually prove 
 of great value. During the Indian outbreak 
 in 1883 he took a Government contract to fur- 
 nish supplies to the cavalry, and in this way 
 made considerable money. He also took part 
 with the settlers in fighting the Indians and 
 was in several hard-fought skirmishes. It was 
 not until 1884 that the red men were sub- 
 dued, and the miners and settlers had to go 
 armed at all times in order to be ready to pro- 
 tect themselves against the attacks of the hos- 
 tile Indians. 
 
 In February, 1895, Mr. Robins opened in 
 Hillsboro his general mercantile establishment, 
 which he now successfully conducts. He has 
 gained the good will and confidence of the 
 people, is liberal and honorable in his deal- 
 ings, straightforward in his business methods, 
 and is meeting with well earned success. He 
 is a man of much mining experience, has great 
 faith in the outcome of gold-mining in the 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 54' 
 
 Black range, and is a member of the Black 
 Range Pioneer Society. All persons are eli- 
 gible to membership in this organization who 
 came to the mountains prior to 1883, and en- 
 rollment now reaches 200. Mr. Robins is 
 now secretary of the society. In his political 
 associations he has always been a stanch Re- 
 publican, and in the fall of 1894 was nomi- 
 nated and elected by his party as County 
 Treasurer, a position he is now satisfactorily 
 filling. The nomination came unasked, and 
 he spent not a single day in an endeavor to 
 win the election. In this instance it was a 
 case of the office seeking the man, and his 
 election is a high testimonial of his competency 
 and the confidence reposed in him, he receiv- 
 ing a higher majority than any other candi- 
 date on his ticket. 
 
 On the loth of November, 1891, Mr. Rob- 
 ins led to the marriage altar Miss Clara Allen, 
 daughter of V. I. Allen, of Missouri, and their 
 union has been blessed with two children, 
 both born in Hillsboro, namely: James V. and 
 Grace A. Our subject and his family are 
 highly spoken of by the best citizens of the 
 county of Sierra. 
 
 IHOMAS C. HALL. A record of the 
 officials of New Mexico would be in- 
 complete without mention of the effi- 
 cient Probate and County Clerk of 
 Sierra county, a man who in all the relations 
 of life has been found true to the trust reposed 
 in him and who as a public officer has the con- 
 fidence and commendation of all concerned. 
 
 Mr. Hall was born in the city of Brooklyn, 
 New York, on the i6th of February, 1844, 
 and is of English and French Huguenot an- 
 cestry. His father, John Hall, located in 
 Brooklyn, in 1812, and engaged in business 
 there as a dry-goods merchant. He married 
 Miss Jane Lannon, and they became the par- 
 ents of eleven children, seven of whom are yet 
 living. His wife departed this life in the fifty- 
 sixth year of her age, while he lived to the 
 very advanced age of ninety-seven years. 
 
 Their son, Thomas Cambie Hall, was the 
 youngest of the family, and in the public 
 schools of his native city he acquired his edu- 
 cation. When a youth of fifteen he started 
 out in life for himself and has since been de- 
 pendent on his own resources, so that whatever 
 success he has achieved is due entirely to his 
 own labors. He was employed in connection 
 with the lumber trade in the East and South 
 until 1875, at which time he went to the Black 
 Hills, where he was engaged in prospecting 
 and mining, following that pursuit until 1879. 
 In that year he went to Colorado, where he 
 was engaged in the same business until 1881, 
 and then came to the Black range, and at 
 Chloride and Hermosa followed prospecting 
 and mining until the year 1892, when he was 
 called from private life to serve in political 
 positions. 
 
 In that year Mr. Hall was made the candi- 
 date of the Rebublican party for the position 
 of Probate Clerk, and served in that capacity 
 for a term of two years, so creditably and ac- 
 ceptably that he was re-elected and is now 
 serving his second term. He is now both 
 Probate and County Clerk, and ex officio Clerk 
 of the Board of County Commissioners. This 
 is an important office, which Mr. Hall fills in a 
 most satisfactory manner. Socially he is a 
 member of the Masonic fraternity. 
 
 In 1891 Mr. Hall was united in marriage 
 with Mrs. William Cooper, daughter of Hon. 
 William H. Herndon, of Illinois, a former law 
 partner of Abraham Lincoln. Mrs. Hall had 
 two sons by her former marriage, who are now 
 well-known business men of Chicago. 
 
 On coming to Hillsboro, Mr. Hall pur- 
 chased a good residence in the city, where with 
 his wife he now resides and their home is the 
 abode of hospitality. They now enjoy the es- 
 teem of a wide circle of friends, and with the 
 Episcopal Church they hold membership. In 
 connection with his other business interests, 
 Mr. Hall has had wide mining experiences in 
 the mountains, and with Aloys Preisser is the 
 owner of the Frieburg mine, on which they 
 have sunk a shaft 250 feet. The mine shows 
 
54* 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 a large body of free-milling ore, has assayed 
 from $10 to $20 in gold per ton, and as they 
 dig down it seems to increase in richness. 
 
 Mr. Hall is a man of good business ability 
 and a broad-minded honorable gentleman, and 
 has won success through earnest and persist- 
 ent labor. 
 
 EON. HENRY SMITH GILLETT. 
 Those men who go forth as pioneers 
 into a new region as leaders in the 
 march of civilization and progress de- 
 serve the gratitude of that region that they 
 open up to development, and their names 
 should find an honorable place on the pages of 
 its history. Mr. Gillett is numbered among 
 the early settlers of New Mexico and has put 
 forth effective efforts for the progress and wel- 
 fare of the Territory. He is now one of the 
 most prominent merchants of Silver City, and 
 is most highly esteemed by all who know 
 him. 
 
 Mr. Gillett was born April 13, 1827, and is 
 of French ancestry. His parents were John 
 and Mary Ann (Fistre) Gillett. The father 
 died before our subject was old enough to have 
 any recollection of him, but the mother after- 
 ward married again, and lived to the age of 
 sixty-four years. There were two sons born 
 of the first union, of whom Henry S. is the 
 eldest. The public schools of Missouri pro- 
 vided him his educational privileges, which 
 however were limited to only a few months' 
 attendance each year when the work upon the 
 farm was practically over. With the opening 
 of spring he began the labors of the fields, 
 plowing and planting, and as the months ad- 
 vanced he continued his work until the crops 
 were harvested in the autumn. In 1848 he 
 went to Chihuahua, Mexico, where he engaged 
 in clerking in a general store belonging to his 
 uncle, Mr. Fistre. In 1849 he went to El 
 Paso, New Mexico, where he established a 
 mercantile store, purchasing his goods in St. 
 Louis, where a recommendation from his uncle 
 
 secured him the necessary credit. He was 
 joined by his brother in the business, and in 
 partnership they carried on the store, securing 
 a large trade, until the breaking out of the 
 Civil war. They were then obliged to close 
 the store and went to San Antonio, Texas. 
 
 When hostilities had ceased, Mr. Gillett 
 returned to El Paso, where for a time he was 
 engaged in clerking. He then came to Silver 
 City and entered the employ of Mr. Morrill 
 and subsequently of the firm of Bennett & Wil- 
 son. He was also employed as a salesman at 
 Fort Bliss for two or three years before com- 
 ing to Silver City. Later he again established 
 business on his own account, and afterward ad- 
 mitted to a partnership in the store his son, 
 James W. The business steadily and rapidly 
 increased, the facilities were enlarged to meet 
 the growing demand of the trade, and to-day 
 they have one of the largest and best appointed 
 general mercantile establishments in the city. 
 Two sons of the senior member are employed 
 in the house, and the experience and sound 
 judgment of Mr. Gillett, combined with the 
 energy and activity of the younger men, form 
 a firm that cannot but prove a prosperous one, 
 since their honorable business policy commands 
 the confidence of all. In 1895 they lost 
 heavily through the great flood, and received 
 many offers of assistance from the houses with 
 which they had been dealing; but while appre- 
 ciating this mark of confidence and courtesy 
 they with thanks declined the offers, believing 
 they could continue their business without out- 
 side assistance. They have a reputation for 
 liberal, honorable and straightforward dealing 
 which extends over a wide area of the country, 
 and the firm of Gillett & Son is known through- 
 out the Territory. The senior member is now 
 quite well advanced in life, and leaves the man- 
 agement of the business largely to his son, 
 while he is enjoying a rest that he has truly 
 earned and richly deserves. 
 
 On the loth of March, 1859, Mr. Gillett 
 married Miss Ellen Gillock, and to them were 
 born five children,' all yet living, namely: John 
 H., James W., William F. , Mary Ella, now 
 
HlSTORr OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 543 
 
 the wife of Sidney Derbyshire, and Zoe, wife 
 of John F. Kives. 
 
 Mr. Gillett was made a Mason in 1863, and 
 is now a member of the chapter of Silver City. 
 While in Texas he was appointed Chief Justice 
 of El Paso county by Governor Sam Houston, 
 and also held the office under Houston's suc- 
 cessor. Mr. Gillett is a man of the highest 
 integrity of character and strong personality, 
 and he and his family move in the best circles 
 of society of the community where they have 
 so long resided. 
 
 HLOYS PREISSER is a representative 
 citizen, a successful business man and 
 a trustworthy and capable public of- 
 ficer. He is now serving as Assessor 
 of Sierra county, New Mexico, and is one of 
 Hillsboro's mine owners. He was born in Ba- 
 varia, acquired his education in Munich, and 
 came to America in 1879, crossing the Atlantic 
 to New Orleans, and thence traveling direct 
 across Texas to Hillsboro. He was accompa- 
 nied by his brother George. Not long after 
 their arrival the camp was attacked by what 
 proved to be Victorio's band of Indians. 
 Twenty-five of the white settlers immediately 
 started in pursuit and overtook the savages be- 
 tween Lake Valley and Hillsboro, where a hard 
 battle occurred and six of the white men were 
 killed, Mr. Preisser's brother being among the 
 number. They were buried near the spot 
 where the battle occurred and their graves are 
 still there. 
 
 Since his arrival in Hillsboro, Mr. Preisser 
 has followed assaying and mineralogy, and for 
 a number of years was in the employ of the 
 Standard Smelter Company. He has made a 
 thorough study of his business and is an expert 
 in this line. He is now in partnership with 
 Thomas Hall in the ownership of the Frieburg 
 mine, which is located about nine miles from 
 Hillsboro. There they have a large quantity of 
 free-milling ore, which they are developing, 
 and the mine is destined to prove a very valu- 
 able property. 
 
 In 1880 Mr. Preisser led to the marriage 
 altar Miss Vorndran, a native of Munich, and 
 their union was blessed with two children 
 Alvin and Louisa who add life and brightness 
 to the home. After eight years of happy mar- 
 ried life the loving wife and mother was taken 
 from them by the relentless hand of death. 
 The bereavement was a severe one and Mr. 
 Preisser has since remained single. Mrs. Preis- 
 ser was a most estimable lady, possessed of 
 many lovable characteristics, and her friends 
 were many. 
 
 Mr. Preisser was made a citizen of the 
 United States in 1886, and has since been an 
 intelligent and earnest Republican, taking a 
 deep interest in all that pertains to the welfare 
 of the party. In 1894 his name was placed on 
 the Republican ticket as a candidate for the 
 office of Assessor of Sierra county, and winning 
 the election he is now filling the office in a 
 most satisfactory manner. He is devoted to 
 everything pertaining to the welfare of the 
 community and gives his hearty support and 
 co-operation to every enterprise proving of 
 public benefit. 
 
 >-jUDGEE. T. STONE, deceased, was 
 
 J one of the most prominent and honored 
 
 A 1 citizens of New Mexico, and the active 
 
 part which he bore in the development 
 
 of this section numbers him among its founders. 
 
 When death called him, the community lost 
 
 one of its best citizens, and his loss was widely 
 
 and deeply mourned. 
 
 Edmund T. Stone was a native of Ken- 
 tucky, born near the city of Lexington, on the 
 5th of January, 1826. During his early boy- 
 hood he left his native State and went to Mis- 
 souri with his mother. She afterward married 
 again and Edmund then returned to Kentucky, 
 where he lived with an uncle until eighteen 
 years of age, acquiring* a fair education in the 
 public schools of the neighborhood. About 
 1844, he became a resident of Clay county, 
 Missouri, where he remained for twenty years. 
 In 1 864 he removed to Colorado, where he re- 
 
544 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 sided for twelve years, during which time his 
 worth and ability frequently called him to pub- 
 lic office. He was at one time elected to rep- 
 resent his district in the Legislature of Colora- 
 do, and for several terms was elected Probate 
 Judge of his county. 
 
 His arrival in New Mexico dates in 1877, 
 at which time he came to Chaves county, lo- 
 cating upon what is now known as the Stone 
 farm, comprising about 720 acres of land. In 
 1883 he constructed the "Stone ditch," a 
 canal for irrigation purposes. This ditch is 
 taken out of North Spring river at a point 
 nearly five miles from the farm, and conveys a 
 stream amply sufficient to flood the extensive 
 alfalfa fields and groves of cottonwood trees 
 on the Stone farm. The land comprised with- 
 in this property Judge Stone entered from the 
 Government. It was then a wild, uncultiva- 
 ted tract, on which not a furrow had been 
 turned or an improvement made, but with 
 characteristic energy the Judge began its de- 
 velopment, and by his superior management, 
 ceaseless toil and thorough understanding of 
 the principles of irrigation he has developed 
 the place into one of the most richly cultivated 
 regions in the Territory. He placed nearly the 
 entire farm of 720 acres under the plow, and 
 it yielded to him a golden tribute in return for 
 the care and labor he bestowed upon it. He 
 had large alfalfa fields, covering from 60 to 100 
 acres. Rows of stately cottonwood trees line 
 the road and form the boundary lines of the 
 fields, while fine orchards of plums, peaches, 
 apricots, apples and pears add to the beauty 
 and value of the Stone farm. The fine place 
 is a monument to the thrift and enterprise 
 of the Judge, whose well directed efforts, per- 
 severance and superior business ability brought 
 to him a handsome competence. 
 
 On the 2pth of March, 1848, in Clinton 
 county, Missouri, Judge Stone led to the mar- 
 riage altar Miss Martha Riley, and to them 
 were born six children, four of whom survive 
 the father, while S. P. and Lulu both pre- 
 ceded him to the home beyond this life, dying 
 at an early age. M. W., the eldest surviving 
 
 member of the family, is now residing in Colo- 
 rado City, Colorado. Emma, now Mrs. Falk- 
 ner, is also living in Colorado City. Laura, 
 now Mrs. Williams, is living in the same State ; 
 John T. is manager of the Stone estate, and 
 resides on the farm, four miles northeast of 
 Roswell, New Mexico. He was married in 
 1883, to Miss Fredonia Neatherlin, and they 
 now have four children: Emma, Martha, Mary 
 and Ruth. Mr. Stone is a member of the Ros- 
 well Lodge of the Masonic order, and is a young 
 man of excellent business and executive ability, 
 who keeps up to its usual high standard the 
 Stone farm. 
 
 The Judge was numbered among the pio- 
 neers of New Mexico, and was especially promi- 
 nent in the upbuilding of the Pecos valley. He 
 was a man of enterprise, positive character, 
 indomitable energy, strict integrity, liberal 
 views and thoroughly identified in feeling with 
 the growth and prosperity of his adopted Ter- 
 ritory. He served for several terms as County 
 Commissioner of Lincoln county, now Chaves 
 county, and was the first chairman of the board. 
 Chaves county was cut off of Lincoln county. 
 He was a gentleman of fine culture and ele- 
 vated tastes, whose career was that of a man 
 of broad views and firm adherence to avowed 
 principles. He died at his home on the Stone 
 farm in 1 890, at the age of sixty-four years. 
 
 @EORGE L. ULRICK, one of the 
 pioneers of White Oaks, Lincoln 
 county, was born November 28, 
 1 86 1, in the town of Washington, 
 Louisiana, and was educated in Grand Coteau 
 College, in the parish of St. Landry. He left 
 school at the age of sixteen, and began his 
 business career, securing a situation in the cus- 
 tom service in New Orleans. In 1881 he re- 
 signed his position and left the State of his na- 
 tivity for New Mexico. It was the date of his 
 arrival in White Oaks. He had no capital, 
 but, possessing self-reliance and a courageous 
 determination to succeed, he secured a situa- 
 tion as a salesman; after a short time, how- 
 

HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 545 
 
 ever, he joined a surveying party, which was 
 engaged in subdividing the eastern townships of 
 the Territory. His first business venture, lo- 
 cating and selling coal lands, resulted in suc- 
 cess. He then embarked in the cattle business 
 and met with a fair degree of prosperity in 
 that undertaking. He has also, with good re- 
 sults, given much time and attention to min- 
 ing and the development of mining properties. 
 In the various enterprises he has followed he 
 has put forth an energy and indomitable will 
 force that has secured to him success, and he 
 has now accumulated a handsome competence. 
 
 Mr. Ulrick is one of the organizers of the 
 Exchange Bank of White Oaks, and has since 
 its organization been practically its manager 
 and chief executive officer. In company with 
 two friends, he built the first two-story brick 
 store in White Oaks and has been a prominent 
 promoter of its business interests. 
 
 Mr. Ulrick has also been a leader in public 
 affairs. He was the first superintendent of 
 schools in Lincoln county, and is now a mem- 
 ber of the Territorial Board of Equalization. 
 He has never been a politician, but is a pro- 
 gressive, hard-working business man. Since 
 coming to the West he has bent his energies to 
 the development of his adopted county, and 
 no matter how difficult the task he has under- 
 taken he has carried it forward to successful 
 completion. Possessing a strong physical con- 
 stitution, he has not attempted to spare him- 
 self under any ciccumstances. A gentleman 
 of broad mind and high culture, his excellen- 
 cies or character have won him many warm 
 friends, and his well directed efforts have se- 
 cured him success in business. 
 
 >^T* UDGE SEAMAN FIELD is a self-edu- 
 
 cated, self-made man who has risen to his 
 
 A J present high position among the citizens 
 
 of Grant county by his sterling worth, 
 
 his perseverance and energy in business, and 
 
 his fidelity to duty in all the walks of life. He 
 
 has cultivated his native abilities, made good 
 
 use of his opportunities and has attained to an 
 
 35 
 
 honorable position among his fellow men, 
 while the community recognizes in him a valued 
 citizen who has actively promoted its best in- 
 terests. He is now serving as Deputy Col- 
 lector of Customs in Deming, New Mexico, 
 the only office of the kind in the Territory, 
 and in 1894 he collected $18,000 in debts on 
 cattle within four months. 
 
 The Judge was born in Jefferson county, 
 New York, on the 2/th of February, 1829. 
 His ancestors were originally from Wales, and 
 located in the State of Vermont previous to the 
 Revolutionary war. His father, Jeremiah 
 Field, was born in Chester, Vermont, on the 
 the 8th of May, 1790, was a college graduate, 
 a well informed man and an able lawyer. He 
 spent the greater part of his life in the State of 
 New York, and as the years went by became 
 the oldest settler of Ellisburg. He followed 
 the business of civil engineer, never practicing 
 law, but gave his neighbors and friends the 
 benefit of his counsel, free of charge. He was 
 greatly beloved in the town of which he had so 
 long been a respected and influential citizen, 
 and where he passed away on the 1 5th of 
 April, 1 86 1. He married Miss Eliza Seaman, 
 who was born November 15, 1800, and was 
 reared in Providence, Rhode Island, her father 
 being Aaron Seaman, of that State. They be- 
 came the parents of three children: Henry S., 
 born in western Vermont, December 3, 1821, 
 died in LeFox, Illinois, in 1881; Seth Robert, 
 born in Ellisburg, New York, February 16, 
 1835, was killed in the battle of Mansfield, on 
 the 9th of April, 1864, while serving in the 
 Confederate army. The mother died at Le 
 Fox, in the eighty-fourth year of her age. 
 Both Mr. and Mrs. Field were members of the 
 Presbyterian Church s.nd people of the highest 
 respectability. 
 
 The Judge was the second son and is now 
 the only survivor of the family. His school 
 privileges were extremely limited, and he has 
 gained the greater part of his knowledge by 
 reading and in the school of experience, where 
 necessity has been an able instructor. He be- 
 gan earning his own livlihood by clerking in 
 
HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 his brother's store at Ellisburg, and subse- 
 quently he went to New York city, where he 
 served as a salesman in the wholesale dry- 
 goods house of Seaman & Peck, the senior 
 member of the firm being his uncle. In 1849 
 he became identified with the South, going to 
 New Orleans, where he had charge of the 
 branch house of that firm. He also traveled 
 extensively over the Southern States, selling 
 goods and collecting, remaining in that locality 
 for ten years, doing a large and profitable 
 business. 
 
 On the 22d of March, 1857, Mr. Field was 
 united in marriage with Miss Maggie Clannon, 
 a native of Ireland. During her childhood her 
 parents emigrated to New Orleans, and died 
 during a yellow fever epidemic in that city. 
 She was then reared in the Catholic Orphan 
 Asylum of the Crescent City. Some years 
 after her marriage, being in failing health, her 
 husband took her to San Antonio, Texas, he 
 being engaged there in sheep-raising and in 
 merchandising. Mrs. Field was greatly bene- 
 fited and lived for a number of years, but passed 
 away on the I4th of October, 1878, in the 
 fortieth year of her age. She left a family of 
 five children, namely: Robert Seth, who was 
 born at San Antonio, Texas, on the 28th of 
 October, 1858, and is now a wholesale jeweler 
 of Los Angeles, California; James Clannon, 
 who was born in San Antonio, September 22, 
 1862, and is now living in San Antonio, Texas; 
 Kate, now the wife of John Corbett, a resident 
 of Deming, Jessie Bell, who was born in 
 Hackensack, New Jersey; and Nellie Bell, who 
 was born in Texas and is now at home with 
 her father. 
 
 Judge Field was again married, at Dallas, 
 Texas, on the 8th of February, 1881, his 
 second union being with Mrs. Achsah Mims, a 
 native of Cumberland county, Kentucky, and 
 a daughter of Johnson Killman, of that State. 
 One child graces the second marriage, Albert, 
 born at Elmo, Texas, on the 23d of June, 1882. 
 
 The Judge continued his residence in Texas 
 until 1865, and during the Civil war was a 
 member of the Thirty-third Texas Cavalry in 
 
 the brigade of General Bee. He served on the 
 frontier of Texas, Louisiana and Arkansas. He 
 enlisted as a private, but was promoted for 
 meritorious and valiant service on the field of 
 battle to the successive ranks of Sergeant, First 
 Lieutenant and Captain, and lastly was made 
 a Lieutenant Colonel. After the war his mer- 
 cantile house demanded his active supervision 
 of the business in New York city, and he went 
 to that place to purchase the goods which he 
 shipped to San Antonio. He continued in this 
 line of business until 1876, and then retired 
 from the mercantile trade, and returned to 
 Texas. In 1882 he came to Deming, where 
 he has since conducted a ranch and engaged in 
 the wholesale liquor business. 
 
 In 1888 Judge Field, by appointment of 
 President Cleveland, was made Collector of 
 Customs at Deming, holding the position four 
 years, and when Mr. Cleveland was again 
 elected as the chief executive of the nation the 
 Judge was again appointed to the office, which 
 he is now filling in a most satisfactory manner. 
 Since coming to New Mexico he has also en- 
 gaged to a considerable extent in mining, being 
 a stockholder in the Yellow Jacket and Blue 
 Jacket silver and lead producing mines, yield- 
 ing forty per cent, lead and sixty-eight ounces 
 to the ton in silver. He has been called to 
 other positions of public trust, and while in 
 Texas served one term as Chief Justice of 
 Bexar county. He has for many years taken 
 a deep interest in Freemasonry, has several 
 times served as Past Master and Past High 
 Priest, and is Past Illustrious and Past Emi- 
 nent Commander. 
 
 He is a typical Southern gentleman, warm- 
 hearted and genial, and throughout the com- 
 munity in which he lives he is highly re- 
 spected. 
 
 aOLONEL RICHARD HUDSON, of 
 Silver City, New Mexico, is one of 
 the most noted pioneers of the Terri- 
 tory. He came to that Territory from 
 California as a brave young soldier in 1863, 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 547 
 
 and has since made it the scene of his busy and 
 eventful life. He was born in England on the 
 22d of February, 1839, and as an orphan boy 
 was brought by relatives to this country, his 
 parents having died in the land of his birth. 
 He was educated in the city of Brooklyn, and 
 in 1852 accompanied his relatives to Califor- 
 nia, again attending school in San Francisco. 
 In 1856 he ran away from his adopted parents 
 and went to the mines at Oroville, where he 
 began the battle of life on his own account as 
 a placer miner. 
 
 Mr. Hudson remained there until 1861, 
 when, on the breaking out of the Civil war, he 
 aided in raising the First California Regiment, 
 known as Colonel Little's regiment. It was 
 not sent to the front, however, and in conse- 
 quence was disbanded; but Mr. Hudson, deter- 
 mined to aid the Union cause, joined the serv- 
 ice as a member of Company I, Fifth Califor- 
 nia Infantry. He was made First Sergeant, 
 and with the regiment went to Lower Califor- 
 nia with orders to arrest the rebels wherever 
 they were found and thus prevent them from go- 
 ing to join the Confederacy. In the spring of 
 1863 meritorious service won him promotion to 
 the rank of Second Lieutenant. With his com- 
 mand he marched to the Rio Grande and the 
 Mesilla valley for the purpose of attacking the 
 rebels, but found that they had left the Terri- 
 tory of New Mexico, and their efforts were 
 then turned against the Indians, protecting 
 the settlers and emigrants. They participated 
 in many battles and skirmishes with the wily 
 foe and rendered much valuable service on the 
 frontier. In the fall of 1864 Mr. Hudson was 
 promoted to the rank of' First Lieutenant and 
 Adjutant. When his first term of service ex- 
 pired he veteranized and continued with the 
 "boys in blue" until the hostilities had ceased 
 and his aid was no longer needed. He was 
 then mustered out at Fort Union, New Mexico, 
 on the 1 7th of October, 1866. In 1868 he was 
 appointed Captain of Militia by Governor Rob- 
 ert Mitchell, and afterward promoted Major by 
 Governor Lew Wallace; and made Colonel of 
 the First Regiment of New Mexico by Gov- 
 
 ernor Lionel A. Sheldon, after which he re- 
 signed. 
 
 After his muster out in the autumn of 1866, 
 Colonel Hudson went to the mining camp of 
 Pinos Altos, in Grant county, and at once be- 
 came one of the prominent factors of the town. 
 He engaged in keeping hotel, carried on min- 
 ing, ran a stage, carried the mail and engaged 
 in freighting ore. In 1868, when Grant county 
 was organized, he was elected its first Sheriff, 
 and served in that capacity for two years. He 
 was brave, fearless and true in the discharge 
 of his duties. When his term as Sheriff had 
 expired, he was elected Judge of the Probate 
 Court, and served in that capacity for four 
 years in the most creditable manner. 
 
 Silver City was founded in 1870, and the 
 following year Colonel Hudson became one of 
 its residents, and has since been an important 
 factor in its development, progress and up- 
 building. Hudson street was named in his 
 honor. He has been a recognized leader in 
 business affairs, carrying on the livery business 
 and freighting, which have proved to him profit- 
 able undertakings. He also purchased the hot 
 springs now known as the Hudson Hot Springs, 
 and in 1876 erected there a hotel and bath 
 houses, fitting it up as a resort for those who 
 wished to be benefited by the curative proper- 
 ties of the hot water. He was also engaged 
 in the cattle business, and his home was a sta- 
 tion on the stage route. Around his hotel he 
 planted many varieties of fruit trees and grapes, 
 and developed a most delightful and healthful 
 resort in the Territory. In March, 1892, while 
 he was attending the Grand Army Encamp- 
 ment held at Deming, the hotel caught fire and 
 was burned to the ground. There was no in- 
 surance upon the buildings, and hi furniture, 
 clothing, and in fact nearly everything he had 
 was destroyed, causing a very severe loss. 
 
 The Colonel now removed to Silver City, 
 where he conducted the Timmer Hotel, the 
 best house in the city. Not long after he was 
 appointed by President Harrison to the office 
 of Indian agent for the Mescalaro tribe of 
 Apaches and held that position until the inau- 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 guration of President Cleveland, when he re- 
 signed. He has since sold out his Hot Springs 
 property and has retired from all active 
 business save stock-dealing and raising. His 
 life has been an active and varied one. He 
 has owned and handled a large amount of 
 Silver City property and has had much to do 
 with the upbuilding of the town and the de- 
 velopment of the county. 
 
 In 1871 Colonel Hudson wedded Miss Mary 
 E. Stevens, who has since been his faithful 
 companion and helpmeet on life's journey, 
 sharing with him in the joys and sorrows, the 
 adversity and prosperity, of life. They now 
 have one daughter, Mamie, an interesting young 
 lady, who was born in Silver City. Mrs. Hud- 
 son is a lady of culture and refinement who pre- 
 sides with grace and dignity over their pleasant 
 home, which is noted for its hospitality. She 
 was one of the founders of the hospital for the 
 aged and sick at Silver City, and her many 
 acts of kindness and benevolence have won 
 her the love of all. The Colonel is a Royal 
 Arch Mason, a member of the Independent 
 Order of Odd Fellows, and also belongs to the 
 Grand Army of the Republic. Like most brave 
 pioneers of every land, he is a man of large 
 heart, full of generous impulses, alike faithful 
 to his duties of citizenship in times of peace 
 and times of war, and ever faithful to a trust 
 reposed in him, whether of a public or private 
 nature. His life has in many respects been an 
 exemplary one, and he well deserves mention 
 in the history of his adopted Territory. 
 
 BRANK W. PARKER, a leading mem- 
 ber of the bar of Sierra county, re- 
 siding in Hillsboro, is a native of 
 Michigan, his birth having occurred 
 in Sturgis, on the i6th of October, 1860. His 
 grandfather, John Parker, located in the State 
 of New York when a young man and was 
 united in marriage there with Miss Leiser, a 
 native of Pennsylvania and of Dutch lineage. 
 In 1830 he removed with his family to Sturgis, 
 Michigan, which at that time was an undevel- 
 
 oped wilderness. On the voyage across Lake 
 Erie the boiler of the boat on which they had 
 taken passage exploded and two of the little 
 daughters were killed! The parents and four 
 sons then continued on their way, and the 
 father took up land where the city of Sturgis 
 now stands. There he improved a splendid 
 farm, making his home thereon throughout his 
 remaining days. A part of the land has since 
 been divided into town lots. 
 
 James W. Parker, the third son of the fam- 
 ily and father of our subject, was born in Gen- 
 esee county, New York, and was only eighteen 
 months old at the time of the westward emi- 
 gration. He was reared amid the the wild 
 scenes of the frontier, on his father's death in- 
 herited the old home farm and is still living 
 on that property. He married Miss Maria 
 Antoinette Thompson, a native of Michigan, 
 and to them were born three children. The 
 family circle is still unbroken by death. 
 
 Mr. Parker of this review is the youngest 
 child. Like many of our best business men, 
 he was born in humble circumstances, on a 
 Michigan farm. He acquired his literary edu- 
 cation in the Sturigs high school, and then re- 
 solved to enter the legal profession. The suc- 
 cessiul man is he who chooses his life work 
 with reference to his native abilities and tastes, 
 and this Mr. Parker did. He entered upon a 
 course of law study in the Michigan State Uni- 
 versity, and was graduated in that famous in- 
 stitution in 1880, being then only nineteen 
 years of age. 
 
 In September, 1881, Mr. Parker arrived in 
 New Mexico, locating in Mesilla, where he re- 
 mained until the fall of 1882, when he removed 
 to Kingston. In May, 1883, he came to Hills- 
 boro, where he has since successfully practiced 
 his profession. He has been retained on al- 
 most every case of importance that has come 
 up for trial in the county, and as an advocate 
 possesses a power that is acknowledged by 
 judge and jury. He is a forceful and logical 
 speaker, clear and concise, and in his profes- 
 sion has acquired the reputation of being a 
 careful, painstaking and thoroughly reliable 
 
HISTORY Of NEW MEXICO. 
 
 549 
 
 lawyer. He has therefore won a liberal client- 
 age, and having persevered in the pursuit of a 
 persistent purpose has gained a most satisfac- 
 tory reward. Since coming to the county he 
 has identified himself with other business inter- 
 ests, has made judicious investments in real 
 estate, has erected a good home, and has vari- 
 ous mining interests, both in gold and silver. 
 
 On the 28th of September, 1892, Mr. Par- 
 ker led to the marriage altar Miss Lillian L. Kin- 
 ney, of Minneapolis, Minnesota. To them was 
 born a little daughter, Rosamond Lillian, but 
 the mother survived her birth only six weeks. 
 She passed away on the i ith of August, 1893, 
 and was deeply and sincerely mourned. She 
 was a most lovable and amiable lady, having 
 many warm friends, and the loss to her hus- 
 band is an irreparable one. 
 
 Mr. Parker is a kindhearted and pleasant 
 gentleman, broad-minded and true, and his 
 pleasant, social manner has made him very 
 popular with those among whom his lot has 
 been cast. In his political views he is a stal- 
 wart Republican, and was elected on that 
 ticket for the position of County School Super- 
 intendent. He was also nominated for the of- 
 fice of Representative to the Territorial Legis- 
 lature, but with the whole Republican ticket 
 he was defeated, for it was the year of the 
 general "landslide." Socially he is a member 
 of the Knights of Pythias fraternity. He has 
 made a good record as a valued citizen and re- 
 liable lawyer, and enjoys the confidence of all 
 with whom he has business or social relations. 
 
 HE HUDSON HOT SPRINGS are 
 located in Grant county, New 
 Mexico, near the line of the El 
 Paso & Silver City Railway, in the 
 midst of a beautiful valley and situated about 
 twenty-three miles from Deming and also 
 from Silver City. The property on which 
 the springs are found was first located in 
 1863 by U. B. Tracy, and was on the line 
 of the old stage road between Los Angeles, 
 California, and Santa Fe, New Mexico, and 
 
 in sight of the celebrated Cook's Peak. It 
 was for a number of years the stage station, 
 and on the 2ist of June, 1872, it was pur- 
 chased by Richard Hudson, who appreciating 
 the beauties of the scenery and its natural 
 advantages, made a number of improvements 
 there and continued as the owner until 1894, 
 when he sold out. During his occupancy he 
 erected an adobe hotel, 80 x 80 feet and con- 
 taining an open court in the center. The water 
 of these springs became justly celebrated for its 
 beneficial effects on rheumatism and other dis- 
 eases. During Mr. Hudson'sownership, however, 
 the hotel was burned to the ground. In 1894 
 the property was purchased by A. R. Graham, 
 who in 1895 organized the present company, 
 known as the Hudson Hot Springs Sanitarium 
 Company, and the improvement was at once 
 entered upon on a more extensive, elaborate 
 and modern scale. The new building now 
 forms a hollow square, each side being 40 x 1 80 
 feet, with a hall through the middle and each 
 tier of rooms opening into the hall as well as 
 on the outside of the building. It is lighted with 
 electricity and heated by the hot water from 
 the spring; it is elegantly furnished with every 
 modern improvement and has been most care- 
 fully designed for the comfort and convenience 
 of the guests. Extending into the court there is 
 a piazza ten feet wide all the way around, and 
 on the outside of the building one twelve feet 
 in width. 
 
 The court furnishes a delightful retreat, 
 forming a beautiful lawn which is adorned with 
 shrubs and flowering plants. In front stretches 
 away a grassy plat, covering thirty acres. Fine 
 trees throw their grateful shade over the stretch 
 of green, and beyond is to be seen a picture 
 unrivaled by the brush of the artist, a wide 
 valley, bounded in the distance by mountains. 
 All that can delight the eye and artistic sense of 
 the guests is seen in this beautiful view. 
 
 Health is also made a primary considera- 
 tion, and the bath-house, 28x52 feet, stands 
 only seventy feet distant from the hotel. The 
 appointments here are perfect, everything 
 needed for the pleasure and comfort of guests 
 
55 
 
 HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 and invalids being supplied. The spring fur- 
 nishes a large quantity of water, which flows at 
 a temperature of 142 degrees Fahrenheit, and 
 comes to the surface in the midst of a large 
 mound at an elevation of thirty feet; and in 
 digging to make further improvements many 
 interesting relics have been secured, including 
 specimens of what is known as the stone age. 
 There are stone hatchets, stone spears and 
 stone arrows found in large numbers, also 
 quantities of beads and other articles generally 
 used in adornment. Whence (hey came and 
 how long they have been there, who were the 
 people, and what their destiny, are questions 
 yet unanswered by the scientists ; but these 
 relics tell of a life far removed from our own in 
 time and habits. Near the hotel can also be 
 seen the City of Rocks, which stands on a 
 mound in the midst of this beautiful valley. 
 Here immense rocks stand on end, reaching 
 up thirty or forty feet into the air, standing 
 separate and alone, entirely free from support, 
 while little streets and alleys between them, 
 some of them floored with solid rock, tell of 
 planning and labor which have accomplished 
 this result. These huge and wonderful rocks 
 are in many grotesque shapes, furrowed and 
 seamed and chiseled into these odd forms by 
 the waves of a great sea that unquestionably 
 at one time sent its billows back and forth over 
 this region. 
 
 The analysis of the hot water that flows 
 from the springs, made by Professor W. D. 
 Charter, a chemist of note, residing in Kan- 
 sas City, is as follows: Silica, 1. 552; alum- 
 inum and oxide of iron, i. carbonate of lime, 
 4.448; carbonate of magnesia, 2.624; soluble 
 carbonate, sulphate of soda and potash, 1 3. 547. 
 The properties of this water are so similar to 
 the famous Carlsbad springs of Germany and 
 the Hot Springs of Arkansas that it undoubt- 
 edly has all the curative properties of those 
 waters, and in addition it is located in a sec- 
 tion of country unequaled in the world for its 
 salubrious climate throughout the year. 
 
 The officers of the Hot Springs Sanitarium 
 Company are A. R. Graham, president; O. 
 
 C. Fodren, vice president and treasurer; Jen- 
 nie E. Graham, secretary. The officers reside 
 at the springs and are giving their personal at- 
 tention to the enjoyment and comfort of their 
 guests. The grounds of the company cover 
 960 acres, and include a fine orchard, vineyard 
 and rich vegetable garden, where they raise 
 every variety of fruit and vegetables for the 
 use of the hotel. They also contemplate 
 building an electric road over the easy grade 
 to the Hudson depot four miles from the hotel 
 for the further convenience of the guests. 
 
 Mr. Graham, the president of the company, 
 has for years been a prominent banker of 
 Wisner, Nebraska. Mr. Fodren has for many 
 years been a successful newspaper man, also of 
 Nebraska. Mr. Graham and his estimable 
 wife, together with Mr. Fodren, give their per- 
 sonal supervision to the hotel. They are peo- 
 ple of education, refinement and business abil- 
 ity, and will undoubtedly meet with the success 
 of which they are well deserving. The hotel 
 is supplied with all that can promote the hap- 
 piness and comfort of the guests, and added to 
 this is the delightful climate and the curative 
 powers of the spring water, together with the 
 lovely surroundings. 
 
 @N. WOOD, M. D., is the oldest 
 physician in years of continuous prac- 
 tice in Silver City, having engaged 
 here in the prosecution of his chosen 
 profession since 1880. He is a man of ad- 
 vanced and progressive ideas, who keeps thor- 
 oughly abreast with the discoveries and theories 
 in connection with the science of medicine, 
 and his skill and ability have brought to him a 
 liberal patronage. 
 
 The life record of this worthy gentleman is 
 as follows: He was born in Woburn, Massa- 
 chusetts, on the 28th of December, 1844, and 
 comes of a family of English origin that was 
 founded on American soil during Colonial 
 days. Its representatives lived in Massa- 
 chusetts. On the maternal side he descends 
 from the Lincolns and the Wetherells, both 
 
HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 old and noted American families, who pos- 
 sessed lands ceded to them by the king of 
 England. The Doctor's parents, James W. 
 and Almira H. Wood, were married in Wo- 
 burn, Massachusetts, in 1843, and resided 
 there until 1852. In that year the father went 
 to California, where in 1854 he was joined by 
 his wife and son. James Wood first located 
 in San Francisco, but afterward went to 
 Sweetland, Nevada county, where he was en- 
 gaged in merchandising for many years. In 
 politics he is an active and unfaltering Repub- 
 lican, and both he and his wife are members of 
 the Baptist Church and people of the highest 
 respectability. 
 
 Granville Newman Wood, the subject of 
 this review, is the eldest of their three chil- 
 dren. He was educated in San Francisco, 
 California, and in the medical department of 
 the Northwestern University, in Chicago, Illi- 
 nois, graduating in the class of 1878. He 
 then practiced his chosen profession in Califor- 
 nia, Iowa and Kansas, and was then in the medi- 
 cal department of the Indian service in the In- 
 dian Territory. As before stated, the Doctor 
 came to New Mexico in 1880, and has met with 
 most gratifying success in practice. He is 
 equally proficient as a medical practitioner 
 and as a skilled surgeon, and has successfully 
 performed some very difficult operations, which 
 have brought to him a well-merited renown. 
 He could not be content with mediocrity, and 
 has put forth every effort to perfect himself in 
 his chosen calling until he has now risen from 
 the ranks of the many to a position among the 
 successful few. 
 
 The Doctor has built one of the finest resi- 
 dences in Silver City, and his name and for- 
 tune are shared by one of the most esteemed 
 ladies of this locality. He was married in 
 1 88 1 to Miss Maggie E. Morris, a native of 
 Tennessee, and a daughter of James Morris, 
 now of Grant county, New Mexico. The Doc- 
 tor and Mrs. Wood have one son, Granville 
 Newman. 
 
 Dr. Wood is a Knight Templar Mason, ir> pol- 
 itics is a Republican, and has acted as a member 
 
 of the Board of County Commissioners. He is 
 also a member of the board of medical examiners 
 of the Territory, and to the cause of education 
 he is especially devoted, for he believes it to 
 be one of the important factors of good gov- 
 ernment. In manner he is a genial, pleasant 
 gentleman, thoroughly devoted to his profes- 
 sion and has gained a reputation that ranks him 
 among the most eminent physicians of the 
 Territory. 
 
 HLEXANDER M. STORY, one of Hills- 
 boro's respected citizens and ex- 
 Sheriff of the county of Sierra, is a 
 native of the Keystone State. He 
 was born in Crawford 'county, on the loth of 
 March, 1846, and is of Scotch and English an- 
 cestry. His grandfather, Robert Story, was a 
 native of Scotland, and on emigrating to the 
 New World became one of the early settlers of 
 Crawford county, Pennsylvania. There he 
 obtained land and carried on farming and 
 stock-raising. He was a man of influence in 
 the community and his honorable, upright life 
 was in perfect harmony with his profession as 
 a member of the Presbyterian Church. He 
 passed away at the ripe old age of eighty-six 
 years. His son, David Story, the father of 
 our subject, was born on the old homestead in 
 Crawford county, in 1810, and having arrived 
 at years of maturity was united in marriage 
 with Miss Sarah Stewart, who was also a na- 
 tive of that locality. In 1858 they removed to 
 Nebraska, where the father was a pioneer in 
 the milling business, erecting the second grist- 
 mill in Cass county. He built a sawmill and 
 carried on that line of business during the 
 greater part of his remaining days. Both he 
 and his estimable wife were faithful members 
 of the Presbyterian Church, and were people 
 of sterling worth. They had a family of nine 
 children, five of whom are yet living. The 
 father died in 1867, at the age of fifty-seven 
 years. The mother still survives and has now 
 reached the age of eighty-six. 
 
 In taking up the personal history of Alex- 
 
55 2 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ander M. Story, we present to our readers the 
 life record of one who has ever been faithful 
 in the discharge of his duties to himself, his 
 neighbor and his country. He was the fourth 
 in order of birth in his father's family. His 
 education was acquired in the public schools of 
 Nebraska, where he went with his parents 
 when a lad of twelve summers. In 1862 he 
 enlisted in the Second Nebraska Cavalry, and 
 did service against the Indians on the frontier 
 and on the plains. He was sent to Minnesota 
 at the time of the Indian massacre in that 
 State, and rendered the settlers there good 
 service, by keeping the Indians in subjection. 
 Such a service was often more arduous than 
 that which fell to the lot of the soldiers in the 
 South; but the soldier boy of sixteen years was 
 always faithful to his duty and the old flag. 
 
 When the war was over he returned to 
 Colorado and engaged in prospecting and 
 mining, which he has since followed. The 
 mineral fields of the South attracted him, and 
 in 1882 he came to New Mexico, locating first 
 at Kingston, where he purchased the Iron- 
 clad mine. He then located the other mines 
 included in that group, and his mining proper- 
 ties proved to be one of the best in the local- 
 ity. Subsequently he sold out for $10,000, 
 but he still has good mining interests, which 
 give evidence of a superior yield. 
 
 His fellow townsmen, appreciating his 
 worth and ability, have called upon Mr. Story 
 to serve in positions of public trust, and in 1886 
 he was elected on the Republican ticket as 
 Sheriff of Sierra county. After serving one 
 term to the full satisfaction of all concerned, 
 he was re-elected and continued in the office 
 for four years. Up to this time in the histor) 
 of the county there had been some very rough 
 characters and desperadoes scattered through- 
 out the locality, but Mr. Story took a stand 
 for right and order, and rested not until he 
 had secured and brought punishment upon all 
 guilty persons. His most faithful service was 
 highly recommended, and on the expiration of 
 his second term he retired to private life. 
 He has since given his attention to his mining 
 
 interests, and has been very active and enter- 
 prising in the development of the mine. He 
 had charge of the American mine for a year, 
 and is now largely interested in property of 
 this kind at Kingston and Hillsboro, being also 
 foreman of the Mamie Richmond mine, which 
 is producing considerable good gold. 
 
 On the 3d of August, 1889, Mr. Story was 
 united in marriage with Miss Florence M. 
 Smith, a native of Madison county, Wisconsin, 
 and a daughter of E. M. Smith, now of Hills- 
 boro. They have one child, born in this city. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Story are charitable and benevo- 
 lent people and Mrs. Story is an indefatigable 
 temperance worker,' she being now vice-presi- 
 dent of the Woman's Christian Temperance 
 Union, of Sierra county. She was, at the 
 time of her marriage, one of the efficient 
 school-teachers of this county, and is a lady of 
 culture and refinement, highly esteemed by all 
 who know her. Mr. Story belongs to the Ma- 
 sonic fraternity, the Knights of Pythias lodge, 
 the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and 
 the Grand Army of the Republic, and was 
 Junior Vice Commander of the Department of 
 New Mexico in the last-named order. 
 
 During the Indian troubles of the Territory 
 he was a Lieutenant of the militia at Kingston, 
 and he and his followers succeeded in stopping 
 the Indian depredations at that time. He is in 
 every way a citizen of much worth and re- 
 spectability. He is a firm believer in the 
 maxim that "Life is worth living, " and, of 
 course, believes in one of its cardinal princi- 
 ples, namely, the "golden rule," which he 
 makes the every-day practice of his life. 
 
 @EORGE CURRY. Among the young- 
 er citizens of New Mexico none are 
 more worthy of mention than this 
 gentleman, who has attained promi- 
 nence in political and business circles and won 
 an honored place among the leading men of 
 the Territory. With strength of character and 
 indomitable energy he has risen from the 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 553 
 
 ranks, and is now regarded as one of the bril- 
 liant statesmen of the Southwest. 
 
 Born in 1862, in Bayou Sara, Louisiana, 
 Mr. Curry is a son of George and Clara Curry. 
 His mother was a native of Ireland, and his 
 father, who was killed after the Civil war, was 
 a native of Kentucky. George remained with 
 his mother at the place of his birth until 1874, 
 and by his labors aided in her support. The 
 responsibility which rested upon his young 
 shoulders was a heavy one, but it was faith- 
 fully discharged and the same fidelity to duty 
 has characterized his entire life. Being thus 
 early thrown upon his own resources he was 
 forced in consequence to neglect his education, 
 but in the school of experience he has learned 
 many valuable lessons, and developing the tal- 
 ents with which nature endowed him he has 
 become a well informed man of broad general 
 information. When he was not yet twelve 
 years of age he accompanied his mother on her 
 removal from his native State to Dodge City, 
 Kansas, where Mrs. Curry died in 1879. He 
 was now a young man of seventeen years, but 
 his self-reliant spirit and powers of persever- 
 ance and diligence had been developed by a 
 life which up to this time was largely one of 
 arduous effort and sacrifice. 
 
 Mr. Curry now came to New Mexico, lo- 
 cating at Fort Stanton, near Lincoln, where 
 he at once began search for employment. He 
 sought a position with J. C. Delany, at 
 that time post trader, but not being in need of 
 any additional help Mr. Delany succeeded in 
 securing work for the boy on a cattle ranch in 
 the neighborhood of Fort Stanton, where he 
 worked for a month for his board. He was 
 industrious and energetic, and his employer, 
 realizing the value of his services, then gave 
 him $20 per month for three months. On the 
 expiration of that period he became a clerk in 
 Mr. Delany's store, working for $25 per month 
 at the beginning. He continued there until 
 1884, and so faithful was he to the trust re- 
 posed in him and so efficient were his services 
 that he was promoted to the position of chief 
 salesman. In 1884, he located in the town of 
 
 Lincoln, and was placed in charge of the mer- 
 cantile establishment of J. J. Dolan, and also 
 appointed Deputy County Treasurer under his 
 employer, who was at that time serving as the 
 Treasurer of Lincoln county. 
 
 Mr. Curry here entered upon his political 
 career. In 1888 he was nominated by the 
 Democracy of Lincoln county for the office of 
 County Clerk and elected by a large majority. 
 His duties were discharged with a promptness 
 and fidelity that won him further honors in the 
 political field and he was nominated and 
 elected as Assessor of Lincoln county in 1890. 
 In the fall of 1892 occurred another election, 
 and Mr. Curry was again honored by his party, 
 who, recognizing his worth and ability, offered 
 him the nomination for the office of County 
 Sheriff. He became the standard-bearer, and 
 when the votes were counted victory was writ- 
 ten upon his banner. In 1894 he was elected 
 to the Territorial Senate, representing the dis- 
 trict composed of Lincoln, Chaves, Eddy, 
 Donna Ana and Grant counties. His course 
 in office and his personal popularity won him 
 large support, and when the general assembly 
 convened he took his seat as a member of the 
 upper house, and was elected President of the 
 Senate and served as such during the session. 
 Mr. Curry's political career is without a blem- 
 ish, and even those of the opposing party 
 speak of him in terms of the highest respect. 
 On the various occasions that he has been 
 before the people as a candidate for public of- 
 fice he has never yet experienced defeat, and 
 since the age of twenty-one he has attended as 
 a delegate each Territorial convention of New 
 Mexico. His course in the Senate reflects 
 credit on both himself and his party. He is a 
 young man of broad and comprehensive views, 
 of keen intellect, quick to grasp the points of a 
 situation, and follow them to a right conclu- 
 sion. He has studied closely the questions and 
 issues of the day, and few men are more 
 thoroughly informed on the political history of 
 the country than George Curry. He has al- 
 ways been an ardent advocate of the Demo- 
 cratic party and is now a strong silver man. 
 
554 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Aside from his Senatorial duties, Mr. Curry 
 is now serving as Clerk of the Fifth Judicial 
 District of the Territory of New Mexico, and 
 is a member of the Governor's staff, holding 
 the rank of Major. He is also a member of 
 the board of regents of the New Mexico Military 
 Institute at Roswell, and is vice-president of 
 the Territorial Fair Association. He takes 
 great interest in all that pertains to the welfare 
 and development of this section of the country 
 and does all in his power for its promotion and 
 upbuilding. 
 
 In 1888 was celebrated a marriage which 
 united the destinies of Mr. Curry and Miss 
 Rebecca Sisseneros. a cultured and estimable 
 lady who presides with grace over their pleas- 
 ant and hospitable home, which is located in 
 Roswell. They now have an interesting 
 family of three children, all sons, Frank, 
 Charles and George C. Mr. Curry is still a 
 young man and his earnest and zealous efforts 
 to perform his duties faithfully and to serve his 
 people creditably in all things have secured 
 for him the admiration of many and the friend- 
 ship of all who know him. In manner he is 
 courteous, genial and affable, a companionable, 
 social gentleman, whose worth is widely recog- 
 nized and who will undoubtedly enjoy still 
 greater successes in the future. 
 
 )HEODORE MAXWELL, Justice of 
 the Peace, Notary Public and lumber 
 dealer of Gallup, New Mexico, was 
 born on the i6th of November, 1844, 
 in Independence, Missouri, and was reared 
 upon a farm. He first came to New Mexico 
 in 1862 with a freight train, his destination 
 being Fort Union. He then returned to Mis- 
 souri and enlisted in the Confederate service, 
 under General Kirby Smith, operating with the 
 troops in the coast defense of Texas. 
 
 When the war was over, Mr. Maxwell went 
 to El Paso, Texas, making it his home for a 
 short time, when he removed to Tucson, Ari- 
 zona, going thence to the Pima villages on the 
 Gila river. He drove a freight team^between 
 
 that place and Fort McDowell, which was his 
 place of abode until removing to Prescott. In 
 the last named city he engaged in fanning and 
 mining until 1881. In 1882 he again came to 
 New Mexico, and the following year settled in 
 Gallup. He opened up the Black Diamond 
 coal mine near this place, in connection with 
 his brother, and in 1884 sold out his interest, 
 returning his attention then to freighting be- 
 tween Wingate Station and Fort Wingate. A 
 year later he took the contract for supplying 
 wood to the fort, and sub-letting it he returned 
 to Kansas City, after an absence of twenty-two 
 years. In the fall of 1885 he once more came 
 to Gallup and engaged in the lumber business, 
 which he still carries on, buying lumber in 
 Arizona and Los Angeles, California, and also 
 carrying a stock of doors and window frames, 
 which he purchases in Chicago. 
 
 Judge Maxwell has been twice married. In 
 1876 he wedded Miss Alice Smith, who died in 
 1882. He was again married in 1890, his 
 second union being Mrs. Anna Patterson, of 
 Independence, Missouri. Socially our subject 
 is connected with the Knights of Pythias of 
 Gallup. In 1886 he was appointed a Justice 
 of the Peace, and has been elected to that office 
 each year since, discharging his duties in a 
 most acceptable manner. He is also Notary 
 Public. When he arrived in Gallup it con- 
 tained only a depot and section house. He has 
 witnessed its entire growth and development, 
 and has been prominently identified with its 
 upbuilding. In its welfare he is deeply inter- 
 ested, and he is ever ready to aid in its pro- 
 motion. His residence is located on Coal 
 avenue, between Second and Third streets. 
 
 y * ON. ISAAC H. GRAY, whose life has 
 |r^ been largely passed on frontier settle- 
 ^f ments of this country, and who be- 
 longs to that class of honored and 
 worthy people who open up the way for civili- 
 zation and progress, is now one of the most 
 esteemed residents of Hillsboro, New Mexico. 
 He claims New York as the State of his 
 
BISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 555 
 
 nativity, for he was born in St. Lawrence coun- 
 ty, on the 2/th of March, 1833. He traces his 
 ancestry back to one of the old New England 
 families that was founded in America long prior 
 to the Revolution. His father, Isaac H. Gray, 
 Sr. , was born in Vermont in the year 1800, 
 and was married to Miss Augusta Morris, also 
 of the Green Mountain State. They were 
 members of the Episcopal Church, and were 
 highly esteemed people. For many years 
 they owned and carried on a hotel, and their 
 entire lives were passed in the East. The 
 father died in 1845, m the forty-fifth year of 
 his age. 
 
 Mr. Gray, of this sketch, is the only sur- 
 vivor of the family. He acquired an excellent 
 education in the State Normal School of New 
 York, and then entered upon his business ca- 
 reer as clerk on a steamer on the St. Lawrence 
 river. His attention was next turned to rail- 
 roading, on the Rock Island Road in Illinois, 
 and in Woodstock, that State. In 1854 he 
 embarked in the livery business, which he fol- 
 lowed for four years. In 1858 he followed the 
 star of empire westward, traveling to the Pa- 
 cific coast, and for two years followed mining 
 in the Golden State. In 1860 he left Califor- 
 nia for Virginia City, Nevada, where he car- 
 ried on mining for some time. In 1861, while 
 prospecting in Aurora, Esmeralda county, he 
 discovered valuable mines, and his discovery 
 yielded to him a handsome profit. He then 
 began dealing in town property and his busi- 
 ness ventures in that locality were crowned 
 with success. He also became prominent in 
 public affairs, and in 1863 his name was placed 
 on the Republican ticket as candidate for the 
 office of State Representative. He was elected 
 to the State Legislature of Nevada, and filled 
 the honftrable position in a manner alike credi- 
 table to himself and his constituents. 
 
 In 1866 Mr. Gray returned to California, 
 and was engaged in merchandising at Truckee, 
 that State, for several years. Subsequently he 
 went to Salt Lake City, Utah, where he fol- 
 lowed the same pursuit for a number of years, 
 and his next place of residence was in Dakota. 
 
 There he was engaged in the stage business, 
 in connection with the firm of Gilmore and 
 Salisbury, running from Cheyenne, Wyoming, 
 by way of Custer to Deadwood, Dakota. He 
 also had charge of the line from Deadwood to 
 Bismarck, and continued in that business until 
 1880, when he went to Colorado and followed 
 mining through the succeeding summer. 
 
 The autumn of that year witnessed his ar- 
 rival in New Mexico. He went to Santa Fe, 
 and in 1881 removed to Chloride, where he 
 was engaged in the livery business, to which 
 he has since devoted his energies. In 1 890 he 
 removed his business to Hillsboro, purchased 
 town property, and now has a good livery and 
 also owns several residences in the town. His 
 barns are well fitted up and he receives a 
 liberal patronage, for his honorable dealing has 
 won the confidence and good will of all. His 
 life has always been that of a pioneer. He 
 has lived on the frontier in Dakota, Nevada, 
 California and New Mexico, and his experi- 
 ences have been many, varied and often of 
 great interest. He has met the discourage- 
 ments and prosperity that usually falls to the 
 lot of the miner, and has been engaged in serv- 
 ice against the Indians, having, in 1860, par- 
 ticipated in the battle of Pyramid Lake, in 
 which the red men fought desperately. The 
 contest lasted only two hours, but in that time 
 sixty-three of the white settlers were killed. 
 While in Dakota he also aided in subduing the 
 Indians, and after coming to Sierra county, New 
 Mexico, it again became necessary for him to 
 do battle against the red men, driving them 
 out of the Territory, where they had not only 
 destroyed property and carried away stock but 
 had also endangered the lives of the settlers. 
 To these brave men a debt of gratitude is due 
 which can never be repaid. Mr. Gray posses- 
 ses a chivalrous nature that has ever responded 
 to the cry of the defenseless, and his bravery 
 equals that of any man on the field of battle; 
 in fact, frontier service is often more arduous, 
 for the wily foe has no honor and as readily at- 
 tacks an unarmed opponent as one whom he 
 might meet in an honorable open encounter. 
 
556 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 All who know Mr. Gray speak of him in terms 
 of respect and Hillsboro numbers him among 
 her most valued citizens. 
 
 HRTHUR HOWARD HARLLEE, of 
 Silver City, New Mexico, was born 
 in Marion county, South Carolina. 
 His great-grandfather, Peter Harllee, 
 an Englishman by birth, was for many years a 
 Captain in the British Navy, from which he 
 retired late in life, and took up his residence 
 in Virginia about the year 1758. Soon after 
 settling in that State, being a bachelor of sixty 
 years of age, he married Miss Anne Leake. 
 Four children were the fruits of said marriage, 
 of whom two daughters and his youngest child, 
 Thomas Harllee, grew to maturity. Peter 
 Harllee dying soon after the Revolution, his 
 son Thomas moved with his aged mother and 
 sisters to the then named Liberty District, 
 subsequently changed to Marion, South Caro- 
 lina, where he became the architect of his own 
 fortune. He married Elizabeth Stuart, of 
 Scotch ancestry. Her father had been a gal- 
 lant soldier of the Revolution under General 
 Francis Marion, and was noted for his fearless, 
 daring spirit. Thomas Harllee acquired, for 
 that period, a considerable property, educating 
 and establishing in life six sons and two daugh- 
 ters. He served in the State Senate from Ma- 
 rion for many years, and also filled other offices 
 of prominence and trust. He was one of the 
 organizers of the town of Marion, which was 
 made the county seat of Marion county. A 
 leading and influential citizen, he commanded 
 the respect of all who knew him, and the hon- 
 ors which were bestowed upon him were justly 
 merited. Doctor Robert Harllee, the fourth 
 son of Thomas Harllee, and the father of Silver 
 City's well known attorney, was graduated at 
 the Medical College of Charleston, South Car- 
 olina. He pursued the practice of his profes- 
 sion several years in the town of Marion. In 
 the year 1838 he married, in Marion county, 
 Mrs. Amelia Howard, a widow, whose maiden 
 name was Cannon. Her grandfather resided 
 
 in Charleston county, South Carolina, at the 
 breaking out of the Revolution, where in his 
 youth he joined "Marion's Band," and served 
 under him throughout that war. He married 
 a Miss Irvin on the Pee Dee river, and soon 
 after the Revolution moved with her to Dar- 
 lington county, South Carolina, where he was 
 elected to serve in the first Legislature held in 
 the State of South Carolina. He was a man 
 of marked energy and integrity, as his success 
 in every respect gave ample proof. His son, 
 William H. Cannon, inherited the sterling 
 qualities of his father. He accumulated a 
 large property, was held in high esteem by all, 
 and served repeated terms in the State Senate. 
 He left seven children; the mother of our sub- 
 ject being the fourth daughter. Doctor Rob- 
 ert Harllee, by his said marriage, came into 
 possession of a large amount of property. He 
 then engaged in planting, which he pursued to 
 the time of his death. He passed away in 
 1872, and his wife died four years later. 
 Throughout his life Doctor Robert Harllee took 
 an active and prominent part in politics, and 
 by his party was recognized as an able leader 
 and wise counselor. He represented his coun- 
 ty in the House of Representatives and Senate 
 for a number of terms, covering a period when 
 the tide of political excitement ran highest, be- 
 ing a member of the Senate at the breaking 
 out of the Civil war. He was for years a warm 
 friend and ardent disciple of John C. Cal- 
 houn, and, while too old to engage in active 
 service, he contributed largely of his ample 
 means in support of the cause to which he was 
 so devotedly attached, the greatest sacrifice 
 which he offered to that cause being his oldest 
 son, who died in the service at Manassas, Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 Arthur Howard Harllee, the youngest in a 
 family of eleven children, was educated at 
 Wofford College, in Spartanburg, South Caro- 
 lina, pursuing a classical course. All of the 
 property of the family was lost as the result of 
 the late war, and our subject being thus thrown 
 upon his own resources engaged in teaching 
 school. He had no capital save the abilities 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 557 
 
 with which nature had endowed him and the 
 education he had acquired. He was principal 
 of the academy at Florence, South Carolina, 
 and afterward occupied the same position in 
 Marion, that State. While engaged in teach- 
 ing, he pursued the study of law under the 
 direction of his uncle, General W. W. Harllee, 
 of Marion. In 1884 he entered the Albany 
 Law School, of Albany, New York, and on 
 completing the curriculum was graduated in 
 May, 1885, with the degree of LL. B. 
 
 In September, 1885, Mr. Harllee came to 
 the West, and at once located in Silver City, 
 New Mexico, where he has since resided, de- 
 voting himself exclusively to the practice of 
 his profession. In January, 1895, ne was ap- 
 pointed by Governtor Thornton to the position 
 of District Attorney for the counties of Grant 
 and Sierra, which position he now occupies. 
 He has been a lifelong Democrat, unswerving 
 in his loyal support of the principles of that 
 party, and is a prominent member of the 
 Masonic order, being a Past Master of the 
 Masonic lodge at Silver City. He is a thor- 
 oughly read lawyer and an able advocate, who 
 ranks high in professional circles; a man of 
 high moral character, of modest and unassum- 
 ing demeanor, and in all the relations of life is 
 the soul of honor, winning and retaining the 
 high respect of those with whom he has been 
 brought in contact. 
 
 ODERICK A. NICKLE, a worthy rep- 
 resentative of Hillsboro's official in- 
 terests, now serving as Postmaster 
 and Justice of the Peace, was born in 
 India, and is of English descent. His parents 
 were Major R. W. D. and Caroline (Jerdan) 
 Nickle. His father was an officer of the East 
 India Company, and was living in the land of 
 the Hindoos at the time of the birth of our sub- 
 ject. He died in the sixty-seventh year of his 
 age, and his wife departed this life when fifty- 
 seven years of age. They were members of 
 the Episcopal Church, and were most highly 
 
 respected people. Their family numbered six 
 children. 
 
 The gentleman whose name heads this re- 
 view acquired his education in Scotland, Eng- 
 land and Germany. It has been said that 
 " travel is the great source of all true wisdom." 
 Mr. Nickle has visited many countries on the 
 face of the globe and has gained through ob- 
 servation and experience knowledge of men and 
 customs that books can never give. In 1 869 
 he crossed the Atlantic to the New World and 
 took up his residence in St. Louis, Missouri, 
 where he studied all the branches of mechani- 
 cal engineering. He worked in a large shop in 
 that city, and by his thoroughness and persist- 
 ent efforts gained an excellent knowledge of 
 mechanics and became an expert in his chosen 
 line. For two years he was engaged in lead 
 mining in East Missouri. His arrival in New 
 Mexico is dated in 1881, when he came to this 
 Territory, bringing with him the machinery for 
 a sawmill. This he put up in the Gallinas 
 mountains, and spent two years at Socorro, en- 
 gaged in prospecting and mining in the Magda- 
 lena mountains. 
 
 In 1 88 3 there occurred a boom at Kingston, 
 Sierra county, and Mr. Nickle removed to that 
 place, where he opened a hardware store, con- 
 ducting business in that line for a year and a 
 half. On the expiration of that period Mr. 
 Nickle came to Hillsboro, and for a time was 
 connected with the Goodyear Mining Company. 
 In September, 1893, he was appointed by 
 President Cleveland to the position of Postmas- 
 ter of Hillsboro, and in 1 894 was elected Justice 
 of the Peace, filling both offices at the present 
 time in a most capable and acceptable way. He 
 is ever true to the duties devolving upon him, 
 whether of public or private life, and his integ- 
 rity is above question. 
 
 The lady who shares the home and fortunes 
 of Mr. Nickle was in her maidenhood Miss Lou 
 Allen, of Missouri, and their marriage, which 
 was celebrated in 1880, has been blessed with 
 two children, Dona Grace and Allen. Mr. 
 Nickle is a stalwart Democrat, and a man of 
 prominence in the community. He is an ac- 
 
558 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 complished business man and a gentleman of 
 broad general information, who fluently speaks 
 four different languages. His acquaintances 
 are many and he is constantly adding to the 
 circle of his friends. 
 
 *^r j EON HERTZOG is a representative 
 f of the German type, one of the most 
 
 _^A progressive elements which has enter- 
 ed into the composition of American 
 business circles. As a member of the Los 
 Lunas Mercantile Company, Los Lunas, New 
 Mexico, one of the most prosperous firms in 
 Valencia county, he has, although yet a young 
 man, attained a prestige in business circles that 
 entitles him to some consideration in the his- 
 tory of his county. 
 
 Leon Hertzog was born in Germany, July 
 29, 1872, a son of German parents. In 1888, 
 at the age of sixteen years, he left his native 
 land and came to America, landing at New 
 York city, where he had brothers engaged in 
 merchandising. For one year he attended 
 business college in New York in order to 
 acquaint himself with the business methods of 
 this country, and was an employee in his 
 brothers' establishment one year. After this 
 he came west to Albuquerque, New Mexico, 
 and accepted a position as clerk for the Mandel 
 Brothers, the Messrs. Mandel being his uncles. 
 In 1892 he aided in the organization of the Los 
 Lunas Mercantile Company, dealers in general 
 merchandise, wagons, agricultural implements 
 and grain, and ever since the firm was estab- 
 lished has been a prominent factor in the trans- 
 action of its large volume of business. This 
 is not only the leading company of its kind in 
 Los Lunas but also ranks first among the 
 general merchandise establishments in Valencia 
 county. 
 
 Mr. Hertzog is independent in his political 
 views. A young man of correct habits, honest 
 and straightforward in all his dealings, he has 
 made many friends since he came to Los 
 Lunas. 
 
 HOMAS J. BULL, of Mesilla, New 
 Mexico, was one of the earliest set- 
 tlers of Donna Ana county, and was 
 one of the most widely and favorably 
 known pioneers. He located in the county in 
 1849, ar >d has since been prominently identi- 
 fied with its business interests. 
 
 A native of Ohio, he was born in Richland 
 county, on the 26th of October, 1826, and is 
 of Scotch-Irish lineage, his ancestors having 
 been early settlers of Hartford, Connecticut. 
 There his father, Thomas J. Bull, was born in 
 1804, and soon afterward the grandfather, 
 Hezekiah Bull, removed with his family to 
 Ohio, becoming one of the pioneer settlers of 
 the Buckeye State. The father of our subject 
 engaged in the practice of law, married Miss 
 Sarah Hubbard, a New England lady, and lo- 
 cated on a farm in Richland county, where he 
 made his home, although engaged in the prac- 
 tice of the legal profession. His death oc- 
 curred there in 1863, at the age of sixty-nine 
 years. His wife survived him many years, 
 and passed away in 1892. 
 
 They were the parents of five children, of 
 whom Thomas Jefferson Bull, the subject of 
 this review, was the eldest. His boyhood 
 days were spent on the old home farm, and in 
 the district schools of the neighborhood he ac- 
 quired a limited education. In 1843, when in 
 his eighteenth year, he started out to make his 
 own way in the world and traveled in the 
 Southern States until 1847. He occupied a 
 position in the Quartermaster's department in 
 the war with Mexico, and in 1849 started from 
 New Orleans for California, journeying as far 
 as El Paso, Texas. He continued there for a 
 short time, after which he came to the Mesilla 
 valley and engaged in furnishing the Govern- 
 ment with lumber. He had a company of men 
 engaged in preparing the lumber in the Oregon 
 mountains and shipped it to El Paso, where 
 he sold it for $200 per thousand feet. This 
 undertaking proved a profitable one, and with 
 the capital he acquired in that way he opened 
 a general mercantile store in Mesilla in 1851. 
 Learning, however, that Mesilla was a part of 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO, 
 
 559 
 
 Mexico, he removed to Las Cruces, but as 
 soon as the Gadsden purchase was made and 
 Mesilla became an American town, he returned 
 and has since been continuously engaged in 
 business here, covering a period of forty-four 
 years. He is a man of unquestioned integrity 
 and indefatigable industry, and his business 
 has therefore prospered. He has been award- 
 ed large Government contracts, his trade be- 
 came extensive, and he made money rapidly, 
 establishing several branch stores. He now 
 has in connection with his Mesilla store a large 
 house in Las Cruces, which he opened in 1885. 
 Mr. Bull early realized that the Mesilla 
 valley was a rich and productive one, but not 
 until 1869 did he feel justified to begin the 
 cultivation of fruit, which he believed would 
 prove a profitable business. Horticulture had 
 always been with him a favorite pursuit, and 
 naving a strong desire to show what the beau- 
 tiful valley could do in fruit production he be- 
 came the pioneer fruit-grower of this region, 
 and many of the apple-trees which he planted 
 in 1869 are still in full-bearing, yielding rich 
 returns. His orchards and vineyards are now 
 thirty acres in extent. He demonstrated the 
 fact that fruit could profitably be raised in this 
 valley, his orchards and vineyards having net- 
 ted him as high as $8, cooper annum. Others 
 have followed his example and now a large 
 part of the county is given over to fruit-raising, 
 while some of the finest and most luscious 
 fruits to be found in the world, including 
 apples, peaches, pears and grapes, are here 
 produced. Other varieties of fruits are profit- 
 ably raised, for almost any vegetation thrives 
 well in this locality. Mr. Bull may well be 
 said to be'the pioneer in the development of 
 the land in this region. He received from the 
 agricultural department at Washington sixteen 
 pounds of French tuzel seed wheat, sowed it 
 on his grounds; it yielded a bountiful return 
 and in three years he was able to furnish seed 
 to all the parties renting his lands; and it may 
 be truthfully said that from that first sixteen 
 pounds of wheat nearly all of the wheat grown 
 in this valley has been produced. 
 
 Mr. Bull's enterprise in these lines has not 
 only brought prosperity to himself, but has 
 given employment to many others, and has 
 greatly advanced the material welfare of the 
 community. He may well be called a public 
 benefactor, for through his efforts the Mesilla 
 valley has become the leading fruit-producing 
 portion of New Mexico. He has not only 
 engaged in the raising of grain and fruits, but 
 for some years has been a successful wine and 
 grape-brandy manufacturer, whose products 
 have become justly celebrated, and he now has 
 in storage thousands of gallons of choice wine 
 of the vintage of 1883 and the years following. 
 He also has fine wine of his own bottling, 
 which was manufactured in 1879. This he 
 keeps only to share with his friends, who also 
 partake with him of his own choice brandy, 
 made from distilling sour wine. 
 
 Notwithstanding the fact that Mr. Bull has 
 reached his sixty-ninth year he is still an ex- 
 ceedingly well preserved man, whose appear- 
 ance indicates that he has not passed his fifty- 
 fifth year. He possesses a determined will and a 
 strong mind, which have been important fac- 
 tors in his successful career. He has had a 
 wide experience and has become thoroughly 
 acquainted with men and affairs. He is known 
 throughout the Territory of New Mexico, and 
 all who know him have for him the highest 
 regard. 
 
 When a boy Mr. Bull was a strong ad- 
 mirer of Henry Clay, but on the dissolution of 
 the Whig party he espoused the cause of the 
 Democracy, and has since been one of the 
 strong adherents of the Jeffersonian faith. He 
 has long been a recognized power in his party, 
 exercising a strongly felt influence in its be- 
 half and doing much to promote its interests. 
 He is a brave, outspoken man, fearlessly ad- 
 vocating his own views, yet ever ready to ac- 
 cord to others the same right that he reserves 
 for himself. He was very active and gave 
 freely of his means to advance the first can- 
 vass at the time of President Cleveland's nom- 
 ination in 1884, and is still one of the stalwart 
 friends of the chief executive, an advocate of 
 
560 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 a fearless and unbiased policy which has been 
 followed by the man who is yet found in the 
 White House. Mr. Bull has never been a 
 politician in the sense of office-seeking, but 
 at the urgent solicitation of many friends and 
 his party he accepted the position of Sheriff, 
 and also that of County Commissioner, one of 
 the most important offices in the county; but 
 it was only that he might be of use in further- 
 ing some measures that he believed would 
 greatly benefit the community. He is now 
 President of the Board of Regents of the New 
 Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanical 
 Arts, and is deeply interested in the upbuild- 
 ing of that institution. 
 
 In 1852 was celebrated the marriage of 
 Thomas J. Bull and Miss Frances D. La O, a 
 native of the State of Chihuahua. She has 
 been to him a most excellent companion and 
 helpmeet on life's journey, and for forty-three 
 years they have now traveled earth's pilgrim- 
 age side by side, sharing with each other the 
 joys and sorrows, the adversity and prosperity, 
 which are the common lot of all. They have 
 had five children: Josephine, who died at the 
 age of one year; Charles F., who is in business 
 with his father; Alexander, who was married 
 and located near his father, but lost his life in 
 a railroad accident, while his wife also died, 
 leaving two children, who now reside with 
 their grandparents; John, who died at the age 
 of a year and a half, and Sarah, who died at 
 the age of two years. Thus the home has 
 had its sorrows. He and his wife are now 
 residing in a comfortable and commodious 
 dwelling, one of many that he has erected, and 
 we join with their many friends in the hope 
 that the remainder of their days will be a 
 period of unalloyed happiness. 
 
 >-T*AMES K. LIVINGSTON is the pro- 
 m prietor of the Alameda, a beautiful 
 jtj ranch used as a winter resort and pleas- 
 antly located one mile from Las Cruces. 
 It comprises seventeen acres of rich land and 
 is under a high state of cultivation, planted to 
 
 fruit and sowed to alfalfa. The genial pro- 
 prietor raises his own fruits and vegetables and 
 cans them for winter use, so that the table is 
 always supplied with a great variety. He also 
 raises fine poultry and keeps Jersey cows, and 
 the place is supplied with all the appointments 
 that go to provide for. the comfort and pleasure 
 of the guests. The residence is spacious and 
 well ventilated and tastefully furnished. The 
 doors, windows and lumber of the adobe annex 
 building were brought from Chicago, having 
 been used in the Woman's Building at the 
 World's Columbian Exposition. The house 
 appears to be in a bower of roses, for on each 
 side are planted luxurious rose bushes, sending 
 their green sprays far up the walls, while the 
 blossoms give forth their fragrance to the air. 
 Standing guard of the lawn are grand old shade- 
 trees, making the house with its broad veran- 
 das a bower of comfort and delight. Here Mr. 
 Livingston and his estimable wife dispense to 
 their guests the most liberal hospitality. This 
 beautiful resort, supplied with all the comforts 
 of a modern home, was established by our sub- 
 ject in 1892. It is located in the lovely Mesilla 
 valley, the most beautiful and fertile valley of 
 New Mexico. The altitude, 3,800 feet, is a 
 happy medium between the sea level and high 
 altitudes. Here can be found a very dry and 
 aseptic air, and a maximum of sunshine and 
 minimum of cloud, while the soil is light, por- 
 ous and dry. 
 
 Dr. A. F. McKay, of Chicago, Illinois, cor- 
 responding secretary of the World's Congress 
 of Medico-Climatology and editor of American 
 Climates and Resorts, says in his report on Las 
 Cruces in the November (1894) number of that 
 journal: "The Alameda is not asanifarium, it is 
 not a hospital, and it is not a hotel, though 
 the transient guest is welcomed; but it is an 
 ideal home for the invalid who needs more 
 quiet than excitement, more good food than 
 medicine, and more home feeling than can be 
 enjoyed at the average health resort." 
 
 Mr. Livingston is a native of Port Jervis, 
 New York, born on the 6th of April, 1850, and 
 is a direct descendant of a noble old English- 
 
til S TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Scotch family that emigrated to the New 
 World, settling at Clermont, on the Hudson 
 river, and becoming one of the prominent Co- 
 lonial families. It was his relative, Chancelor 
 Livingston, first Chief Justice of the United 
 States, who administered the oath of office to 
 President Washington. Robert A. and Philip 
 Livingston, two of the great-uncles of our sub- 
 ject, were prominent statesmen, signers of the 
 Declaration of Independence, and were men of 
 great worth to the country in the most trying 
 period of its history that era which witnessed 
 the birth of the Republic and the establish- 
 ment of the new government. 
 
 The grandfather, James K. Livingston, for 
 whom our subject is named, was born at Cler- 
 mont, New York, and became a prominent 
 lawyer. He died in 1 876, at the age of seventy- 
 nine years. The father of Mr. Livingston was 
 born in Litchfield, Connecticut, near the home 
 of the Beecher family, a warm friendship ex- 
 isting between him and the famous represent- 
 atives of that name. He married Miss Jane 
 Fellows, daughter of Judge Fellows, of Pen- 
 field, New York, and they became parents of 
 two children, a daughter, Sophia, who is now 
 the wife of George H. Utter, a leading and in- 
 fluential citizen of Silver City, New Mexico, 
 and James K. , of this review. The father of 
 this family died in 1890, at the age of sixty- 
 nine years. His good wife is still living, at the 
 age of seventy-five, and is beloved by all who 
 know her. 
 
 Mr. Livingston acquired his education in 
 the high-school of Port Jervis, New York, and 
 spent his early manhood in the East. He ar- 
 rived in New Mexico in 1881, and for twelve 
 years was land agent for the Atchison, Topeka 
 & Santa Fe Railroad Company. He aided in 
 laying out the town sites along the line of that 
 road, and was the general agent for town lots. 
 In 1887 he took up his residence at Las Cruces, 
 and continued his connection with the com- 
 pany until 1892, when he became the proprie- 
 tor of beautiful Alameda. He is now meet- 
 ing with marked success in his undertaking. 
 
 The domestic relations of Mr. Livingston 
 
 36 
 
 are very pleasant. He was married in 1883 to 
 Miss Elizabeth Walker, of Saratoga Springs, 
 New York, and they have two children: John 
 Walker, born at Saratoga Springs, in 1884; 
 and Sophia, born in Santa Fe, in 1885. 
 
 In politics Mr. Livingston is a Republican. 
 He is a member of the New Mexico Bereau of 
 Immigration, and has filled all the offices in 
 the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He 
 is a citizen of the highest integrity, a gentle- 
 man of irreproachable character, and he and 
 his family have many warm friends. 
 
 Sp- * ON. GRANVILLE A. RICHARD- 
 1^\ SON has for some years been identi- 
 ^^r fied with New Mexico and its history, 
 and its marvelous growth and devel- 
 opment owes not a little to his efforts. Edu- 
 cational and social interests have been pro- 
 moted in a considerable degree by him, and 
 the business activity has been enlarged, there- 
 by advancing the material welfare of the Ter- 
 ritory. He is to-day one of the most eminent 
 attorneys and statesmen in this section, and 
 his success has come as the result of persistent 
 effort directed in the line of an honorable pur- 
 pose. He began life in obscurity and with 
 no capital save his own native talents has risen 
 to an honored place among the influential citi- 
 zens of the southwest. His life fully exempli- 
 fies the saying 
 
 " Honor and fame from no condition rise : 
 Act well your part : there all the honor lies." 
 
 In Hopedale, Harrison county, Ohio, Jan- 
 uary 5, 1860, Granville A. Richardson was 
 born. His parents were John and Louisa (De 
 Lany) Richardson, the former a native of 
 Pennsylvania, and the latter of the Buckeye 
 State. Both his parents were of Scotch-Irish 
 ancestry, with a slight strain of French blood. 
 The members of the family have mostly fol- 
 lowed professional careers, many able repre- 
 sentatives being found in the ranks of the medi- 
 cal fraternity, but the father and paternal 
 grandfather of our subject were an exception 
 to the established rule, merchandising having 
 
5 6 2 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 been their business. Four of the brothers of 
 John Richardson were physicians and met with 
 excellent success in their chosen calling, one of 
 them having long been a professor in the medi- 
 cal college of Louisville, Kentucky. Dr. Robert 
 Richardson for some time engaged in practice 
 and then accepted the professorship of chem- 
 istry in Bethany College with Alexander Camp- 
 bell, founder of what is known as the Christian 
 or Campbellite Church. He was afterwards 
 for many years President of the Harrodsburg 
 College, at Harrodsburg, Kentucky. The 
 youngest brother of John Richardson estab- 
 lished a very extensive jewelry business, being 
 the organizer of the notable firm of Richardson 
 & Mclntyre, of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. He 
 amassed a handsome fortune and spent his last 
 days in France. 
 
 The younger generation of the family, 
 that to which our subject belongs, has not con- 
 fined itself so exclusively to professional life, 
 yet has been ably represented in several of the 
 learned professions as well as in commercial 
 circles. The legal profession claims several 
 members, -including the late Hon. Nathaniel 
 Richardson, of Wheeling, West Virginia, and 
 the Hon. Alexander G. Cochran, of St. Louis, 
 the general solicitor of the Missouri Pacific 
 Railway system, both being first cousins of our 
 subject. The mother's family is well repre- 
 sented in military circles. She had two broth- 
 ers Captain C. M. and Captain Hayden De 
 Lany the remains of whom, after eventful 
 and stirring careers in following Grant through 
 the civil struggle, and later in the regular serv- 
 ice with Custer and others in the West, have 
 found rest side by side in the Evergreen Cem- 
 etery at Los Angeles, California. They had 
 been students at West Point and continued as 
 loyal supporters of their country through the 
 most trying period of its history and until death 
 ended life's labors. 
 
 There is much in the career of Granville A. 
 Richardson that is of intense interest, demon- 
 strating what can be accomplished through the 
 pursuit of a persistent purpose. When he was 
 not yet six weeks old his parents left Hopedale 
 
 and traveled westward, making the journey 
 on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers to St. 
 Louis, and then across the State of Missouri 
 to where the present city of Sedalia now stands. 
 There the father had previously purchased a 
 large tract of land, on which the family located, 
 but after a short time the mother died and 
 they removed to Detroit, Michigan. There 
 our subject began his education in the public 
 schools, but before he had time to make much 
 progress in his studies the father took his 
 youngest children, Granville and his sister, to 
 their grandmother's home in Pittsburg, Penn- 
 sylvania, where the boy once more entered 
 school, continuing there for two years when, 
 the family having removed to Hopedale, Ohio, 
 he returned to the city of his nativity. 
 
 In the meantime the war-cloud had burst 
 on the country and one of the most sanguinary 
 struggles that the world has ever witnessed took 
 place, but ail this was over now and the father 
 determined to return to his farm in Missouri. 
 Roswell's future attorney therefore spent sev- 
 eral years in work in the fields and thereby 
 secured the vigor and physical development 
 that have enabled him in later years to carry 
 successfully on his professional labors. After 
 three years thus passed Mr. Richardson resolv- 
 ed to secure a better education. He now real- 
 ized its importance as a preparation for life's 
 struggles, and the question of ways and means 
 confronted him. 
 
 With an undaunted purpose and courageous 
 spirit that have always been numbered among 
 his characteristics he left home to earn the 
 money which would enable him to pursue a 
 college course. The East he believed would 
 furnish him a better field of labor, and in con- 
 sequence he made his way to Rochester, New 
 York, where he secured employment as a wrap- 
 ping clerk in the establishment of H. H. War- 
 ner. For two years he remained there, and 
 his leisure hours, instead of being spent in the 
 pleasures which usually attract young men of 
 that age, were devoted to study, until he had 
 completed the regular curriculum of the high- 
 school course. His laudable ambition, how- 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 563 
 
 ever, was not yet satisfied, and he opened cor- 
 respondence with several institutions to ascer- 
 tain whether "a student could find employ- 
 ment and at the same time carry on his studies. " 
 The only favorable reply the boy received was 
 from President W. S. Giltner, of Eminence 
 College, Eminence, Kentucky, who responded 
 that ' ' if you will come here I will see what I 
 can do for you. " Upon receipt of this encour- 
 aging reply Mr. Richardson left New York and 
 started for Kentucky. He reached Eminence 
 the ist of October and matriculated as a stu- 
 dent, at the same time paying for his tuition 
 by caring for the greenhouse belonging to the 
 institution, and the college grounds. His en- 
 trance into this school was one of the most im- 
 portant steps of his life. It gave him a new 
 zest, it encouraged and inspired him, and placed 
 before him a high ideal toward which he has 
 ever striven. The atmosphere of the school 
 was one of sympathy and high intellectuality, 
 and from President and Mrs. Giltner he receiv- 
 ed unstinted kindness. In the years which 
 have since passed he has many and many times 
 spoken of their goodness to the poor boy and 
 regards them with the most heartfelt gratitude. 
 He says that whatever success he has attained 
 in life or whatever may come to him in the fu- 
 ture is due to the kindness, direction and in- 
 fluence of the President and his family at Emi- 
 nence College. This institution he has always 
 regarded as ' ' home, " and, returning to it again 
 and again since he finished the college course, 
 he has always found the latchstring out, and 
 that the tie of friendship which was formed in 
 his boyhood days has never been broken. 
 Though the world may be "cold and pitiless" 
 he found an oasis of love and kindness, the 
 memory of which will always brighten his jour- 
 ney through life. 
 
 Mr. Richardson continued to care for the 
 greenhouse and grounds until his senior year in 
 college, when he was given a professorship in 
 the preparatory department. In 1882 he was 
 graduated, and, having determined to take up 
 the study of law, he entered the University of 
 Michigan, where he pursued the regular law 
 
 course and a part of the literary special. He 
 continued in that school until 1883, employing 
 his vacations at whatever labor would yield 
 him an honest living, working sometimes in the 
 harvest field and sometimes around the univer- 
 sity. In the spring of 1883 he became a stu- 
 dent in the law office of Breckinridge & Shelby, 
 of Lexington, Kentucky, where he remained 
 until September of that year, when he accep- 
 ted the position of principal of the city schools 
 at Winchester, Kentucky, thus serving for two 
 years. In the meantime he accumulated suffi- 
 cient means to enable him to complete his law 
 course in Ann Arbor, and he was graduated at 
 the famed Michigan University on the ist of 
 July, 1886. 
 
 Hon. W. C. P. Breckinridge took a deep 
 interest in Mr. Richardson during the few 
 months spent in his office at Lexington, and 
 felt confident that his earnest efforts and con- 
 stant application to the study of his chosen 
 profession would ultimately bring success, and 
 later, on Mr. Richardson's departure for the 
 West, presented him with a letter of endorse- 
 ment, recommending him as "in every sense 
 of the word a gentleman; a very laborious, 
 diligent and intelligent student and thoroughly 
 reliable." 
 
 Mr. Richardson's school days were now 
 over and he had crossed the bridge that separ- 
 ates manhood from boyhood. In his posses- 
 sion was a diploma from the law department 
 of the University of Michigan. Commence- 
 ment exercises were ended and he was now to 
 commence life's earnest labors and face its 
 sterner duties. The acquisition of an education 
 to him was no easy task, but he had accom- 
 plished it, and the same resolute purpose would 
 enable him to overcome the difficulties and ob- 
 stacles which one must inevitably meet as they 
 traverse the journey which leads from the 
 cradle to the grave. 
 
 Thirty days after his graduation at the 
 University of Michigan, Mr. Richardson was 
 admitted by the Court of Appeals of Kentucky 
 to practice law in that State; but the new and 
 rapidly developing Southwest was to him a 
 
5 6 4 
 
 HIS TORT Of NEW MEXICO. 
 
 more attractive, and he believed would prove 
 a better, field; so he made his way hither, reach- 
 ing Lincoln, New Mexico, in September, 1886. 
 His cash capital consisted of only a few dollars; 
 but his supply of determination was unlimited. 
 The town in which he established himself con- 
 tained about 600 inhabitants, mostly Mexicans, 
 and about 1 50 adobe huts. It seemed that the 
 young man might have come here to bury in- 
 stead of using his talents; but Mr. Richardson 
 was sagacious and foresaw the future growth 
 and prosperity of this section of the Territory; 
 nor was his foresight at fault. He found here 
 a rich field of labor; and as the years have 
 passed he has secured a large clientage and be- 
 come one of the best known members of the 
 profession in New Mexico. 
 
 He practiced in Lincoln for two years, part 
 of the time alone and part of the time as a 
 member of a firm. His worth and ability were 
 recognized by his fellow townsmen and the 
 Democracy of this section chose him for their 
 leader in the fall of 1888. He cast his first 
 presidential vote for Grover Cleveland in 1884, 
 had always been a warm advocate of Demo- 
 cratic principles, and in consequence was made 
 chairman of the Democratic Central Commit- 
 tee, of Lincoln county. His able leadership 
 and managerial powers brought success to the 
 party, and with one exception every candidate 
 on the ticket was elected. In April, 1889, Mr. 
 Richardson left Lincoln, taking up his residence 
 in Roswell, New Mexico, on the i6th of that 
 month. He is the pioneer lawyer not only of 
 this place but of all Chaves county. His ability 
 as attorney has won him much prominence. 
 He is a deep thinker, a logical reasoner, and 
 possesses a broad, comprehensive mind and 
 keen powers of perception, that enable him 
 clearly and accurately to analyze a case, while 
 his oratory and excellent command of English 
 enables him to present his cause with a force 
 that carries conviction with it. He has one 
 of the best law libraries in the Pecos valley, 
 and since 1890 has served as the attorney at 
 Roswell for all the companies now engaged in 
 the development of this valley. 
 
 His political course is above reproach, and 
 he has the confidence of his party and the re- 
 spect of the opposition. In 1890 he was nom- 
 inated by the Democracy to represent in the 
 Territorial Senate the district composed of 
 Lincoln, Chaves and Eddy counties, and a 
 large majority gave him the election. When 
 he became a member of the Assembly the 
 counties of Lincoln, Chaves and Eddy had just 
 been formed and much legislation for this dis- 
 trict was necessary. He succeeded in passing 
 what is known as the current expense bond 
 bill, which was primarily intended for the finan- 
 cial relief of Lincoln, Chaves and Eddy coun- 
 ties. As a leader of the Democratic minority 
 in the Senate, he also led the fight for the pas- 
 sage of the present school law, against the op- 
 position of Thomas B. Catron, at that time 
 the champion of the legislative arena. He la- 
 bored for weeks to have this bill explained and 
 finally succeeded in securing its passage. He 
 did most effective service in the interests of 
 this section of the Territory, and has ever been 
 devoted to its best interests. 
 
 Confidence reposed in him by his party is 
 demonstrated by the fact that in May, 1892, 
 when he was absent from the city, he was 
 elected to represent the Democratic party for 
 the Territory of New Mexico at the Democratic 
 National Convention which convened in Chi- 
 cago in 1892. In this convention his support 
 was given Hon. Horace Boies, then Governor 
 of Iowa, for the presidency, hoping to secure 
 the nomination of a Western man who was 
 capable of a policy of government large enough 
 for the East, West, North and South. At that 
 convention, at the close of that powerful pro- 
 test of the Hon. Bourke Cochran, of New 
 York, protesting against the nomination of 
 Grover Cleveland, Mr. Richardson made a mo- 
 tion to adjourn, it being then two o'clock in 
 the morning, and the convention having been 
 in session since the early afternoon of the day 
 before. This motion was seconded by the Hon. 
 William C. Owen, on behalf of Kentucky, and 
 on behalf of Ohio by the distinguished Farley, 
 ex-mayor of Cleveland; and had it not been 
 
HISTORT OF NB W MEXICO. 
 
 565 
 
 for the influence and persuasion of Lieuten- 
 ant Governor Sheean, of New York, and 
 the Hon. Bourke Cochran, urging Richard- 
 son to withdraw his motion, the defeat of 
 Grover Cleveland would have been accom- 
 plished. 
 
 Mr. Richardson has been connected with 
 various official positions aside from politics, 
 interests that have been of great benefit to the 
 city and country. He has for some time been 
 a member of the American Academy of Politi- 
 cal and Social Science of Philadelphia; is vice- 
 president of the Territorial Fair Association, 
 and was appointed by the Governor of New 
 Mexico to represent the Territory at the ' ' Cot- 
 ton States and International Exposition " now 
 in session at Atlanta, Georgia. Mr. Richard- 
 son is a member of the Board of Immigration 
 of New Mexico. He was recently appointed 
 a member of the Board of Regents of the Ag- 
 ricultural College of New Mexico, located at 
 Las Cruces, being the youngest man on the 
 board. His earnest desire to advance the edu- 
 cational interests of the Territory and his ener- 
 getic efforts to serve his people and protect 
 their interests in all things peculiarly fits him 
 for this position. 
 
 It would be difficult to find a man who has 
 done more for Roswell and the Pecos valley 
 than Mr. Richardson. His name is insepar- 
 ably connected with the history of this region. 
 He has given liberally of his time, money and 
 energies to beautifying the town of Roswell, 
 and to advancing all local enterprises which are 
 calculated to promote commercial activity. 
 He may well be numbered among those who 
 have laid the foundation for this enterprising 
 little city and has indeed been an important 
 factor in the development of the valley. He 
 was one of the organizers of the Bank of Ros- 
 well, and has served as a member of the board 
 of directors since its establishment in 1890. 
 He has twice served as president of the South- 
 eastern New Mexico and Pecos Valley Fair As- 
 sociation. The duties connected with this po- 
 sition are now laborious, but he carried the 
 work forward with an energetic and deter- 
 
 mined hand. He was the originator and 
 promoter of the entire scheme. In 1892 he 
 advanced the idea of having a fair for the pur- 
 pose of exhibiting the natural resources and 
 agricultural products of the Pecos valley. The 
 plan was favored by the citizens and produ- 
 cers of the country, and several prominent men, 
 including W. S. Prager, Nathan Jaffa and oth- 
 ers, rallied to his aid and decided to try the 
 experiment. They left their own business in- 
 terests to visit the various homes in the valley, 
 gathering products for display and arousing the 
 interests of the farmers, and after three 
 months' work in this .line they met their re- 
 ward in the grand success which attended 
 their first fair. 
 
 In 1893 the Territorial Legislature author- 
 ized the Agricultural College of Las Cruces, 
 New Mexico, to locate a branch experimental 
 station of that institution in the Pecos valley. 
 Accordingly a committee was appointed by the 
 board of regents to visit the valley and decide 
 upon a suitable location. Mr. Richardson took 
 great interest in the projected school, and when 
 the committee visited the valley he made the 
 long and tedious stage trip from Roswell to 
 Eddy and return, and assisted in making a 
 proper selection for the station near the town 
 of Roswell. 
 
 Mr. Richardson has attained to an eminent 
 position in political, legal, educational and so- 
 cial circles, yet is still a young man. All that 
 he has and is in life he owes to his own efforts. 
 His career is most commendable, and has won 
 him the friendship and high regard of all with 
 whom he has been brought in contact. The 
 indefatigable zeal and energy which brought 
 to him his education and has secured his 
 present success will gain him still higher 
 honors in the future, and New Mexico may 
 well be glad to number him among her 
 adopted sons. 
 
 On the 22d of November, 1893, was cele- 
 brated the marriage of our subject and Miss 
 Nina Turner, of Evart, Michigan, daughter of 
 James W. Turner, They have one son, Dono- 
 van M. 
 
5 66 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 EUGH McGINN, superintendent of the 
 works of the Crescent Coal Company 
 at Gallup, New Mexico, is a practiced 
 and experienced miner, whose thor- 
 ough familiarity with the business in all its de- 
 tails well fits him for his present responsible 
 position. The record of his life is as follows: 
 
 A native of Scotland, he was born in 
 Lanarkshire, on the i8th of June, 1848, and 
 when eighteen years of age bade adieu to 
 friends and native land, for he was about to 
 sail for the New World, where he had re- 
 solved to seek a home and fortune. 
 
 Mr. McGinn crossed the Atlantic in 1866, 
 locating first in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. In 
 his native land, he had worked in the coal and 
 iron mines, and on reaching the Keystone 
 State he secured employment in the coal 
 mines of Pennsylvania, where he continued 
 his labors for twelve years. At that time he 
 took charge of the construction work for the 
 Cambria Iron Company, serving in that posi- 
 tion for six months, when he was made super- 
 intendent at the Armeville mines on the Balti- 
 more & Ohio Railroad, at Suterville, Pennsyl- 
 vania. He had also been in the service of the 
 Westmoreland Gas & Coal Company, and for 
 two years was with the Altona Coal & Coke 
 Company, severing his connection with that 
 concern in 1888. 
 
 It was at this date that Mr. McGinn sought 
 a home in the Southwest. He came to New 
 Mexico, and for one year was employed by the 
 Monera Coal & Coke Company, when he was 
 promoted to the position of mine superintend- 
 ent. He was afterwards offered a position by 
 the Crescent Coal Company of Gallup, New 
 Mexico, which he accepted, and now as super- 
 intendent has charge of their vast business. 
 Mr. McGinn has a thorough and practical 
 understanding of the business and considers 
 no detail too small and unimportant to be be- 
 neath his notice. He watches over everything 
 connected with the business, and this has been 
 one of the important factors in his success. 
 His efficiency and faithfulness have enabled 
 him to command good positions, and his let- 
 
 ters of commendation from former employers 
 show him to be a man of great ability in this 
 line. 
 
 George F. Huff, who is at the head of the 
 Altona Coal & Coke Company, and is Con- 
 gressman at large from Pennsylvania, both in 
 his letter of commendation and subsequent 
 private correspondence, gives evidence of the 
 fact that he has unlimited confidence in Mr. 
 McGinn, both as a mining expert and as a 
 friend. Our subject certainly has made a suc- 
 cess of his work in Gallup, and has the trust 
 and confidence of his employers and the re- 
 spect of those who serve under him. While 
 in the East, in order to further perfect him- 
 self for his chosen work, he learned telegraphy, 
 which was an essential qualification for the 
 work in that section of the country. 
 
 While living in the Keystone State Mr. Mc- 
 Ginn was united in marriage with Miss Anna 
 O'Neil, by whom he has had ten children. He 
 is both a Mason and an Odd Fellow, and is 
 now Chief Patriarch of the Encampment in 
 Gallup. He is a man of fine physique, large 
 and powerful, and by nature is warm-hearted 
 and generous, his kindly disposition winning 
 him many warm personal friends. 
 
 >^ULIUS H. GERDES, the pioneer 
 clothing merchant of Santa Fe, was 
 / 1 born in Germany, August 23, 1847. He 
 was educated in his native land, served 
 one year in the German army, and came to 
 America in 1869, obtaining a clerkship in Bal- 
 timore. After remaining there a year and a 
 half he came to Santa Fe, and for the follow- 
 ing three years was a clerk in the general mer- 
 cantile store of Johnson & Koch. In 1873 
 Mr. Gerdes opened the only exclusive men's 
 furnishing-goods house in the city, commencing 
 with a $1,500 stock, in a room 15x15 feet, 
 fronting on the plaza. After a time, as his 
 business increased, he was obliged to have 
 more room, and moved to the brick store on 
 the corner of Gasper avenue and San Fran- 
 cisco street, his store room being eighty- five 
 
HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 567 
 
 feet deep. Mr. Gerdes remained there sixteen 
 years, meeting with a constantly increasing 
 trade. In 1894 he removed to the Catron 
 block, where he has a store 25 x85 feet, filled 
 with a full and carefully selected stock of men's 
 goods. In 1890 he opened a general mercan- 
 tile store at Cerrillos, and to these establish- 
 ments he gives his entire attention, not allow- 
 ing his mind to be occupied with outside mat- 
 ters, thus being able to keep himself thoroughly 
 informed on prices, styles and the attractive 
 arrangement of his stores. 
 
 Mr. Gerdes was married in September, 
 1874, to Miss Julie Kreuz, a native of Bavaria, 
 Germany. She came to America when a child, 
 and was reared in Wisconsin. In political 
 matters, Mr. Gerdes affiliates with the Repub- 
 lican party, but he is not a politician. He has 
 erected a fine residence in Santa Fe, where 
 they are surrounded by the comforts he has 
 secured by his own unaided efforts. He is a 
 pleasant and agreeable business man, and richly 
 deserves the success which he has acquired. 
 
 *-|-* EWIS KENNON, A. M., M. D., a 
 
 | retired physician, residing in Silver 
 ^^^ City, is the oldest member of the 
 profession now in the Territory of 
 New Mexico, and is a man of fine educational 
 attainments. He was born in Augusta, Georgia, 
 on the 1 2th of January, 1829, descending from 
 ancestors who left their home in Yorkshire, 
 England, and crossed the Atlantic to the Col- 
 ony of Virginia, during the reign of King James 
 I. They were among the first settlers of the 
 Old Dominion, and were prominent in the 
 early history of the country, participating in 
 the events which clustered about the birth of 
 the new Republic, aiding in the Revolutionary 
 war, while one of the number (grandfather of 
 the Doctor) served on the staff of General La 
 Fayette, and was seriously wounded in the bat- 
 tle of Brandywine. After the war he carried 
 on an extensive business as a tobacco planter. 
 Lewis Kennon, the Doctor's father, was 
 
 born in Virginia in 1774, and when a young 
 man removed to Georgia, where from 1808 
 until 1812 he carried on a large plantation. 
 He afterward held the position of midshipman 
 in the United States Navy. His wife bore the 
 maiden name of Rhoda Chadwick, and was 
 also a native of Georgia. Three sons were 
 born to Lewis and Rhoda Kennon, the Doc- 
 tor, Charles Henry and Robert P. The last 
 mentioned became a Lieutenant in the Union 
 army, and died soon after the close of the war. 
 
 Our subject, the second son, acquired his 
 education in the William and Mary College, of 
 Virginia, being graduated at that well-known 
 institution in the class of 1846. In 1852 he 
 came to New Mexico, as Assistant Surgeon of 
 the United States Army, and for some years 
 traveled all over the Territory. In 1 86 1 he went 
 on a trip to the Old World, visiting London and 
 Paris and continued his residence in Europe, 
 studying medicine, until 1863. He opened an 
 office in Santa Fe on his return to New Mex- 
 ico, and there he engaged in the successful 
 practice of his profession for twenty years, 
 after which he came to Silver City, where he 
 has since resided. His skill and ability were 
 widely recognized by the members of the pro- 
 fession, all of whom honor and esteem him for 
 his genuine worth. He is now living retired 
 at the Sisters' Hospital. His life has been well 
 and worthily spent, largely given to the benefit 
 of others. 
 
 The Doctor was married in 1860, to Miss 
 Mary A. Brown, a native of Ireland, and to 
 them were born the following children: Lewis, 
 John, Lamy, Winfred, Anthony and Alice, now 
 the wife of Dr. Robert E. Smith, of Los Ange- 
 les, California. The mother of this family has 
 been called to the home beyond this life, and 
 the children are now all settled in life. In re- 
 ligion the Doctor is an adherent of the Catholic 
 faith. He is the Nestor of the medical profes- 
 sion in New Mexico, and is very widely and 
 favorably known, his life having been such as 
 to command the highest regard and confidence 
 of all with whom he has been brought in 
 contact. 
 
568 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 aAPTAIN JOHN L. BULLIS, of the 
 Twenty-fourth Infantry, was assigned 
 to duty as Acting Indian Agent of the 
 Pueblo and Jicarilla Indians by the 
 War Department June 17, 1893. 
 
 DAVID WALKER, Sheriff of 
 Eddy county, New Mexico, is a native 
 of Mississippi, born on the ist of Feb- 
 ruary, 1858. His father, Professor 
 Robert L. Walker, was a native of the Old 
 Dominion. After having arrived at years of 
 maturity the latter wedded Miss Mary Hayes, 
 a native of Mississippi, and they located near 
 Sardis, where the birth of our subject occurred, 
 and there made their home until 1860, when 
 they removed to Denton county, Texas. Two 
 years later the father departed this life, and 
 the mother then returned with her family to 
 the State of her nativity, where she was a sec- 
 ond time married, becoming the wife of J. M. 
 Hess, a farmer and stock-raiser. 
 
 The family again removed to Texas, tak- 
 ing up their residence near San Antonio, where 
 the subject of this review acquired his educa- 
 tion. He gave his services to the work of the 
 home until twenty-two years of age, when he 
 began business in his own interest. At that 
 time the principal industry of southwestern 
 Texas was stock-raising, and therefore Mr. 
 Walker turned his attention to that business, 
 which he followed for some time. In 1879 he 
 was engaged on the trail and for three years 
 made periodical trips to Dodge City, Kansas, 
 with cattle, that being the best shipping point. 
 In 1882 he removed to Pearsall, Texas, where 
 the family had located in the meantime, and 
 hired to his stepfather, who was engaged in 
 the livery business, for about eight months. 
 On the expiration of that period he gave his 
 attention to the cattle business until he had 
 an opportunity to exchange his stock for an in- 
 terest in a lumber-yard, and he followed the 
 new industry for a year. At this time he also 
 owned an interest in considerable town prop- 
 
 erty, which was traded for a large band of 
 horses. 
 
 In 1884 Mr. Walker started with his stock 
 for New Mexico. He stopped for the winter 
 at Brady City, where he lost many of his 
 horses through the intense cold weather, while 
 many more were stolen, reducing the number 
 to about one-half of the original lot. In 1885 
 the family came to Lincoln county (now Eddy 
 county), settling thirty miles west of the pres- 
 ent town of Eddy. They prospered for four 
 years, making money rapidly by dealing in 
 horses. In the meantime they bought more 
 land, which they still own. These ranches, 
 comprising 560 acres, are in Eddy county, 
 about fifteen miles apart. Mr. Walker con- 
 tinued upon the ranch until 1894, when he was 
 elected to his present position as county Sheriff, 
 and removed to Eddy. He had also served as 
 county Assessor for four years, being elected to 
 that position in 1890. 
 
 The lady who now bears the name and 
 shares the fortunes of Mr. Walker, was in her 
 maidenhood Miss Emma Avant, a native of 
 Texas. They have two children, Robert and 
 Marion. Mr. Walker is a member of the Ma- 
 sonic and Knights of Pythias orders. He is a 
 true Southern gentleman, warmhearted and 
 hospitable, and is a wide-awake, enterprising 
 busines man, whose perseverance and energy 
 have overcome the difficulties in his path, and 
 he has steadily worked his way upward until 
 he is comfortably well fixed, has made for him- 
 self an enviable reputation, and won the re- 
 spect of those with whom business or social 
 relations have brought him in contact. 
 
 HE JAFFA-PRAGER COMPANY.- 
 This company, now doing business in 
 Roswell, New Mexico, is one of the 
 leading commercial concerns in this 
 section of the State, handling dry goods, gro- 
 ceries, hardware, furniture, hides, wool, and 
 anything that might be included under the 
 head of general merchandising, and was estab- 
 lished in the decade of the '8os. 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 5 6 9 
 
 Nathan Jaffa and W. S. Prager first entered 
 into business relations as general merchants in 
 the Pecos valley in 1886, at which time Roswell 
 was only a ranch, and they were unable to se- 
 cure a building here in which to establish a 
 store, so were compelled to locate at the old 
 Chisum ranch five miles south of Roswell, and 
 await the construction of a store building at 
 this point. They placed their goods in a 
 small building at Chisum ranch and began 
 doing business there, and in the course of six 
 months they removed to Roswell, where they 
 opened a store with a $12,000 stock of goods, 
 which was brought to this valley and hauled 
 from Chisum ranch to Roswell with ox teams, 
 there being no railroads in this portion of the 
 Territory. Their first store was an adobe 
 building, about 25x50 feet, and here they 
 soon became known as enterprising, progres- 
 sive merchants and received from the public a 
 liberal patronage. 
 
 Business was begun at this point by Jaffa, 
 Prager & Company and continued under that 
 name until 1890, when an organization was 
 effected and the business was incorporated un- 
 der the name of the Jaffa-Prager Company, 
 with a capital stock of $100,000, its officers 
 being S. H. Jaffa of Trinidad, Colorado, as 
 president; W. S. Prager, one of the members 
 of the original firm, vice-president; and Nathan 
 Jaffa, secretary and treasurer. The firm con- 
 tinued uninterrupted in business without any 
 change until the spring of 1895, when a re-or- 
 ganization was effected under the same name, 
 and the following officers were chosen : W. 
 S. Prager, president; H. N. Jaffa, vice-presi- 
 dent; and N. Jaffa, secretary and treasurer. 
 
 The Jaffa-Prager Company now stands 
 among the highest and most substantial firms 
 of the Southwest and is well known through- 
 out this Territory. For more than four years 
 it has had the exclusive trade of all the princi- 
 pal cattle companies within the radius of one 
 hundred miles. It now carries a stock valued 
 at about $60,000, and is one of the most ex- 
 tensive mercantile concerns in New Mexico, 
 their building covering more than 15,000 
 
 square feet, exclusive of a warehouse 25 x 198 
 feet, probably the largest in the Territory. 
 Any concern which promotes commercial 
 activity is a benefit to the community, and the 
 Jaffa-Prager Company has been an important 
 element in the upbuilding of this section. Its 
 members are progressive, public-spirited men 
 who unreservedly give their support to all in- 
 terests calculated to benefit Roswell and the 
 Pecos valley. 
 
 QATHAN JAFFA, widely and promi- 
 nently known as one of the most suc- 
 cessful and energetic business men of 
 the Southwest, is a native of Ger- 
 many, born December 28, 1863. His father 
 was a schoolteacher and under his direction our 
 subject received his early training. At the age 
 of fourteen he left his native country and 
 crossed the Atlantic to America, going first to 
 Trinidad, Colorado, where some of his rela- 
 tives were living. He there sought and ob- 
 tained a situation, making that city his home 
 for about four years. On the expiration of 
 that period he came to New Mexico, settling at 
 Las Vegas, where he took charge of the mer- 
 cantile establishment of Jaffa brothers. There 
 he remained for two years, when he removed 
 to Albuquerque, and, associating himself with 
 W. S. Prager, he came to Roswell, where 
 these gentlemen established the Jaffer-Prager 
 Company, in general mercantile business. Suc- 
 cess attended the new enterprise from the be- 
 ginning. Its interests were carefully guarded 
 by the members of the firm, who are men of 
 excellent business and executive ability and 
 the firm has built up the largest trade in the 
 valley. 
 
 Mr. Jaffa was united in marriage with Miss 
 Essie Strauss, daughter of a prominent mer- 
 chant of Trinidad, Colorado. The lady is a 
 native of the Empire State, and came with her 
 parents to Colorado during her girlhood days. 
 Two children grace the union of our sub- 
 ject and his wife, namely: Julia and Eleanor. 
 
57 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Mr. Jaffa is devoted to the best interests of 
 Roswell, to its development and upbuilding, 
 and was chairman of the first town board. 
 The rapid growth of such a city is due to the 
 enterprise of such men as our subject, a man 
 who instead of being deterred by obstacles 
 steadily and persistently pushes aside the bar- 
 riers that obstruct his path until he has reached 
 the desired goal. He has advanced his busi- 
 ness step by step and his present high position 
 is self-achieved. He owes his eminence to his 
 own efforts, and he is a most illustrious type of 
 a self-made man. 
 
 He is an active member of Roswell Lodge, 
 No. 1 8, Free and Accepted Masons, and Co- 
 lumbia Chapter, No. 7, and served two years as 
 Master of the lodge. In educational matters 
 he has always taken the deepest interest, and 
 is president of the Board of Education of the 
 public schools and president of the Board of 
 Regents of the New Mexico Military Institute. 
 
 'ILLIAM S. PRAGER is a native of 
 the Keystone State. He was born 
 in Pittsburg on the 2gth of Novem- 
 ber, 1858, and comes of a family 
 that has always followed mercantile pursuits. 
 His father was born in Europe and came to 
 America during his youth. 
 
 The gentleman whose name heads this 
 sketch attended the schools of his native city 
 until fourteen years of age, when, with a spirit 
 of restlessness and love of adventure common 
 to boys, he ran away from home and made his 
 way to the West, locating in Trinidad, Colo- 
 rado, in 1873, with just enough money to pay 
 for a night's lodging and a day's board. But 
 the energetic boy was not to be discouraged, 
 and with a resolute purpose and undaunted 
 courage characteristics that have marked his 
 whole business career he- sought and ob- 
 tained a position in the store of Jaffa Broth- 
 ers. Since that time he has been connected 
 with the firm in one capacity or another. For 
 four years he continued his residence in Trini- 
 
 dad, and then went to Las Vegas, New Mex- 
 ico, to take charge of the store of Jaffa Broth- 
 ers at that point. In the interests of the same 
 firm he subsequently removed to Albuquerque, 
 and while living in that city entered into part- 
 nership with N. Jaffa, forming the company 
 now known as the Jaffa-Prager Company, and 
 establishing the well-known mercantile house 
 of this city, a history of which is given on a 
 preceding page. 
 
 In 1891 was consummated the marriage of 
 Mr. Prager and Miss Hallie Mendenhall, a 
 native of Missouri, who for some years prior 
 to her marriage had resided in Las Vegas and 
 Roswell, New Mexico. They have had two 
 daughters, Stephana and Irene, the latter of 
 whom is deceased. 
 
 Socially, Mr. Prager takes a deep and abid- 
 ing interest in Masonry, and is a valued mem- 
 ber of the fraternity. He was the first Wor- 
 shipful Master under dispensation and char- 
 ter, is the first and present High Priest of the 
 Royal Arch Chapter, the first and present Em- 
 inent Commander of the Commandery, and is 
 also a Knight Templar and is the President of 
 the Roswell Club. He has been honored with 
 various positions of public trust, and has ever 
 been true to the confidence reposed in him. 
 In 1889, when Lincoln county was divided by 
 act of the Legislature, and became Lincoln, 
 Chaves and Eddy counties, Mr. Prager was 
 appointed one of the commjttee to organize 
 Chaves county. When the idea was conceived 
 of holding the Southeastern New Mexico and 
 Pecos Valley Fair he was chosen as its Secre- 
 tary, and subsequently its President, and has 
 always held the position of Secretary of the 
 Roswell Park Association. 
 
 Such is the biography of one of the repre- 
 sentative citizens of New Mexico, who has 
 reached the eminent position he now occupies 
 entirely by his own unaided efforts, his firm- 
 ness of purpose and undoubted integrity. He 
 has, without the aid of capital or influential 
 friends at the beginning of his career, passed 
 on the highway of life many men who were 
 more advantageously endowed. He has won 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 57' 
 
 the confidence of the people of his adopted 
 home, and, being entrusted by them with po- 
 sitions of honor, he has so conducted his official 
 interests as to win the esteem of all. 
 
 aAPTAIN JASON W. JAMES is the 
 representative of the Roswell Land 
 and Water Company, in the city of 
 Roswell, and also has charge of all 
 the interests of J. J. Hagerman, in the upper 
 Pecos country, who owns thousands of acres 
 of the finest farming lands in this beautiful val- 
 ley. The Captain is a native of Missouri, his 
 birth having occurred in La Fayette county, 
 in 1842. On the homestead farm he was reared 
 while his education was acquired at Waverly, 
 Missouri. 
 
 Mr. James was a young man of nineteen 
 years at the time of the breaking out of the 
 Civil war. True to the principles and institu- 
 tions of that section of the country in which he 
 was reared, he joined the Southern army, on 
 the nth of May, 1861, under Captain C. J. 
 Kirtley. He served for one year in Tennessee 
 and Mississippi, and during the remainder of 
 the time in the West, participating in the 
 battles of Carthage, Oak Hills, Lexington, Pea 
 Ridge, Farmington, luka, Corinth, Springfield, 
 Sand Springs, Hartsville and others. During 
 most of the time he was in the artillery serv- 
 ice, and was gunner at the battle of Elkhorn, 
 where he had eleven men killed on his gun. 
 He was commanding a company of cavalry 
 under General Buckner at the close of the war. 
 When the war was over Captain James in- 
 tended to leave his native land and go to South 
 America, but through the intervention of one 
 high in authority he was granted a pardon 
 without his asking, and in 1865 located in 
 Bastrop, Louisiana, engaging in the hardware 
 business until 1869, when, selling out, he turn- 
 ed his attention to cotton-raising in northern 
 Louisiana, which he followed up with fair suc- 
 cess until 1874. During two years of that 
 time, however, he was ill. He next engaged 
 in railroad work, which he followed most of 
 
 the time from 1874 until 1893, being engaged 
 in grading in Texas, and in timber work in 
 Mississippi for the Mississippi Valley Railroad. 
 In 1893 he was living in Vicksburg, Mississippi, 
 and came on a visit to his old friend, Captain 
 Lea, of Roswell, with whom he had served in 
 the army, part of the time being in Captain 
 Lea's command. He has always taken a great 
 interest in the subject of irrigation, and spent 
 the year 1874 in Colorado, studying the sys- 
 tem. His knowledge and liking for this branch 
 of improvement was noted by Mr. Hagerman, 
 who offered him the responsible position which 
 he now fills. He is also in charge of the busi- 
 ness of the Roswell Land and Water Company, 
 and his capability and fidelity are well known. 
 He is ever thorough in his work, and carries 
 forward to the best of his ability whatever he 
 undertakes. 
 
 On the 1 7th of January, 1866, the Captain 
 was united in marriage with Miss Mary Hender- 
 son, a native of North Carolina. They have 
 no children of their own, but have three adopt- 
 ed children, on whom they bestow a loving 
 care and attention. Their home is one of the 
 finest in Roswell, tastefully furnished and sup- 
 plied with all the comforts that go to make life 
 worth the living. It is noted for its hospitality, 
 and is a favorite resort of the many friends of 
 the Captain and his wife, who are most highly 
 esteemed people. 
 
 The Captain is a Mason in high standing, 
 and takes great interest in the growth of that 
 order, while his own life typifies the benevolent 
 spirit on which the ancient order was founded. 
 He was made a Master Mason at Bluff Springs, 
 Arkansas, and became a member of the Vicks- 
 burg Royal Arch Chapter and Magnolia Com- 
 mandery, No. 2, at Vicksburg, Mississippi; but 
 his membership is now with the different lodges 
 in Roswell. Wherever he is known he is held 
 in high regard, and in all the relations of life 
 he has been found true and faithful to the trust 
 reposed in him. Captain Lea, who has known 
 him long and intimately, spoke of him in this 
 way: "Mr. James is the bravest man I ever 
 knew, and a high-toned, cultured gentleman." 
 
57 3 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ON. CHARLES A. KEITH, Judge of 
 the Probate Court of Chaves county, 
 was born in May view, LaFayette 
 county, Missouri, on the 2jth of No- 
 vember, 1871, and is of Scotch descent. His 
 father, William Keith, was a native of Scot- 
 land, born March 25, 1838. The grandfather 
 bore the name of Charles Keith, and the great- 
 grandfather was John Keith, a descendant of 
 Alexander Keith, the renowned Scotch philoso- 
 pher and a representative of one of the old 
 and noble families of that kingdom. Charles 
 Keith served in the English army and fought 
 against Napoleon, serving under Wellington, 
 and participating in the memorable battle of 
 Waterloo. He had a brother, John, who was 
 in the Peninsular campaigns against the same 
 general and who fell in the engagement at Sal- 
 amanca,. Spain, a short time before Napoleon's 
 banishment to St. Helena. Charles Keith 
 married Miss Elizabeth. Wallace, who belonged 
 to another old Scotch family of historic fame. 
 Others of his ancestors on the Keith side were 
 connected with some of the Scottish lords who 
 nocked to the standard of Charles, the pre- 
 tender, and upon his downfall their property 
 was confiscated and they fled to Germany. 
 
 Charles Keith emigrated with his family to 
 Canada about 1856 and there spent his re- 
 maining days. He was accompanied by his 
 son, William P., the father of our subject, who 
 at that time was eighteen years of age. While 
 living in Canada he was united in marriage 
 with Miss Annie, daughter of William Gum- 
 ming, who had formerly lived in Murrayshire, 
 Scotland. He carried on milling for thirteen 
 years in the British domain, and then emi- 
 grated to LaFayette county, Missouri, locating 
 at Lexington in March, 1870. The following 
 year he took charge of the Mayview Mills, of 
 which he was proprietor until 1881, since which 
 time he has been engaged in farming and fruit- 
 raising. He is a successful, capable and thor- 
 oughly reliable business man, who is still living 
 in Missouri. The marriage of Mr. and Mrs. 
 William Keith was celebrated November 7, 
 1865, and to them have been born four chil- 
 
 dren, who are yet living, namely : William, 
 John, Isabella and Charles. 
 
 The last named attended the public schools 
 of his native county, and in 1888 entered the 
 law department of the Missouri State Uni- 
 versity, .where he was graduated on the com- 
 pletion of the two-years course, in the month 
 of June, 1891. He then went to Salisbury, 
 Missouri, and for two years was Commandant 
 of cadets at the Salisbury Academy, also read 
 law in the office of W. S. Stockwell. In the 
 spring of 1893 he came to the Territory of 
 New Mexico, locating in Roswell. In Novem- 
 ber, 1894, he was elected Judge of the Pro- 
 bate Court of the county, in which position he 
 is now acceptably and creditably serving. In 
 the spring of 1895 , he entered into partner- 
 ship with Judge Richardson, and has built up 
 a large practice, which he well deserves. He 
 is a young man, but has won a reputation that 
 man}' an older practitioner might well envy. 
 He is careful and conscientious in the service 
 rendered his clients, and his success in the 
 general practice has been in a large measure 
 due to his distinct and comprehensive knowl- 
 edge of law and to his careful investigation 
 and preparation of cases prior to appearing in 
 the court room. 
 
 On the 2Oth of June, 1894, Mr. Keith was 
 united in marriage with Miss Rosa Hutchins 
 Smith, a daughter of Wesley L. Smith, a na- 
 tive of Missouri, born in Mayview, They 
 have one child, Naidine, who was born June 
 22, 1895. Mr. Keith is a prominent and 
 valued member of the Knights of Pythias 
 fraternity, and is now serving as Chancelor 
 Commander of Columbus Lodge, No. 22, of 
 Roswell. He is a genial gentleman, popular 
 with a large circle of friends, and in this 
 volume well deserves representation. 
 
 /TX ELVIN G. PADEN, M. D., is suc- 
 cessfully engaged in the practice of 
 
 y J[ J medicine at White Oaks, and is one 
 of the eminent members of the pro- 
 fession in the Territory. He has always been 
 
HISTORY OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 S73 
 
 a progressive physician, constantly improving 
 upon his own and others' methods, and gaining 
 new inspiration for his work from the perform- 
 ance of each day's duties. 
 
 The Doctor is a native of West Virginia, 
 his birth having occurred in Wetzel county, on 
 the 4th of February, 1851. Upon a farm he 
 was reared and his early educational privileges 
 were those afforded by the common schools 
 and private tutors. His literary education 
 was completed at the age of twenty-one, and 
 when twenty-four years of age he took up the 
 study of medicine. His career has been some- 
 what eventful and is certainly an interesting 
 one, filled with many unusual experiences. 
 With the love of adventure and freedom from 
 home restriction, characteristic of boyhood, he 
 ran away from home at the age of seventeen 
 years, and went to sea. By way of New York, 
 crossing the isthmus of Panama, he went to 
 California and subsequently to British Colum- 
 bia. After some months spent on the Pacific 
 slope, passing through the experiences common 
 in those early days in that region, he sailed for 
 Liverpool, England, going around Cape Horn, 
 and after remaining in Europe three months 
 he returned to America. His mind had been 
 broadened by travel, and in the dear school of 
 experience he had learned many valuable les- 
 sons. He now realized the importance of edu- 
 cation, and returning home once more applied 
 himself diligently to his studies. On leaving 
 school he again crossed the continent to Cali- 
 fornia, stopping first at Napa, in the Napa val- 
 ley, where he had a brother engaged in the 
 practice of medicine. A year and a half later 
 he went to Gainesville, Texas, where he con- 
 tinued for eight months. During all this time 
 he studied medical works. In 1880 he arrived 
 in White Oaks, being well prepared by his 
 natural abilities and thorough investigating for 
 the practice of his chosen profession. How- 
 ever it was the gold excitement that induced 
 him to locate here, and during the first few 
 months after his arrival he engaged in any 
 work that he could obtain. Soon, however, 
 the smallpox broke out and his services there- 
 
 fore were in constant demand. He was very 
 successful in handling the dread disease, which 
 at once gave him a standing with the towns- 
 people. He made some money, and, by the 
 help of friends, in 1883 went to Louisville, 
 Kentucky, where he completed a course of 
 medicine in the Louisville Medical College. 
 
 When the lectures were over the Doctor 
 returned to his home, but in 1884 he again 
 went to Louisville, continuing in that college 
 until he graduated, in 1886, taking the gold 
 medal for surgery, although the class was a 
 very large one. The Doctor has been suc- 
 cessful in his practice, not only in a financial 
 way but also gaining the confidence of the peo- 
 ple among whom he lives. He also carries on 
 the only drug store in the place. He is a 
 member of the Examining Board of Pharmacy 
 for New Mexico. 
 
 In 1886 the Doctor returned to his native 
 State, where he was united in marriage with 
 Miss Belle Williams, who was born in West 
 Virginia. They now have two children, 
 Brent and Melvin. 
 
 WILLIAM T. JOYNER, M. D. 
 
 Among the members of the medical 
 profession in New Mexico, whose 
 skill and ability have gained them 
 prominence, is this gentleman, who is now suc- 
 cessfully engaged in practice in Roswell. His 
 entire life has been spent in the South, and he 
 is numbered among the native sons of Arkansas, 
 his birth having occurred in the city of Little 
 Rock, on the 8th of September, 1867. His 
 paternal grandfather also was a physician, but 
 the Doctor's father was a merchant and planter 
 of Arkansas. 
 
 The boyhood and youth of Dr. Joyner were 
 passed on the old home plantation, and his 
 primary education was supplemented by a 
 course in the University of Arkansas. He en- 
 tered the medical department in 1885, and was 
 graduated in 1889, his preceptor being Major 
 Bentley, professor of surgery in the medical 
 department of the Arkansas University, and an 
 
574 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 army surgeon of wide repute. Afterward he 
 opened an office in Little Rock, and served as 
 County Physician for two years, and his merit 
 and efficiency was recognized and rewarded by 
 a liberal and general practice. 
 
 In March, 1892, Dr. Joyner arrived in 
 Roswell. He believed that a new country 
 would be a better field of labor for a young 
 man with a reputation to make, and in conse- 
 quence sought a home in the Territory of New 
 Mexico. He was not long in establishing here 
 a good practice, which has steadily and con- 
 stantly increased, as his skill and ability have 
 been demonstrated by the excellent results 
 which have followed his labors. He is yet a 
 young man and the future holds forth bright 
 promises. He is a member of the New Mex- 
 ico Medical Society and of the American Med- 
 ical Association. 
 
 The Doctor is a well-known member of the 
 Masonic Lodge of Roswell, and also belongs to 
 the order of Knights of Pythias. 
 
 In March, 1895, was celebrated his marriage 
 to Miss Mary E. Lea, daughter of Judge F. H. 
 Lea, of Roswell, an accomplished and cultured 
 young lady, whose friends throughout the com- 
 munity are many. The Doctor possesses a 
 genial, pleasant disposition and an affable man- 
 ner that makes him a popular citizen, while 
 his genu ine worth wins him high regard. 
 
 BRANCIS G. TRACY. One of the 
 most enterprising business men of 
 Eddy is the senior member of the firm 
 of Tracy & McEwan, dealers in farm 
 machinery, seeds, vehicles, etc. He is also a 
 member of the firm of McLenathen & Tracy, 
 who carry on a real-estate and insurance busi- 
 ness. He belongs to that class of wide-awake, 
 progressive men who become valued citizens in 
 any community and who are promoters of com- 
 mercial activity. He was born on the 6th of 
 February, 1863, on Long Island, but was 
 reared in New York city. His father, Rev. 
 U. T. Tracy, was a native of New York city, 
 and for a number of years engaged in the work 
 
 of the ministry in the Empire State, but is now 
 living in Eddy, New Mexico. 
 
 The gentleman whose name heads this re- 
 view acquired his education in St. Paul's 
 School of Concord, New Hampshire, being 
 graduated at that institution with the class of 
 1 88 1 . He then became a student in Columbia 
 College, of New York, where he pursued a 
 three-years course, completing the work of the 
 junior year. The close study and confinement 
 of the school room impaired his health and he 
 was obliged to abandon his text-books and 
 seek a change to outdoor life. In consequence 
 he went to Long Island, where he engaged in 
 farming. He desired, however, to seek a home 
 in the West, and learned of the beautiful val- 
 ley of the Pecos. 
 
 Mr. Tracy then came to New Mexico and 
 entered the service of the Pecos Valley Irriga- 
 tion Company, with which he was connected 
 during his residence in Roswell and in Eddy, 
 having charge of the management of the North- 
 ern Canal. He remained with that company 
 until 1893, when he formed the existing part- 
 nership with Mr. McLenathen, and began the 
 real-estate and insurance business. This he 
 has since continued with good success, and in 
 1895 ne entered into partnership with Mr. Mc- 
 Ewan in the line of business above described. 
 They have succeeded in building up a large 
 trade and their success is certainly well merit- 
 ed. Mr. Tracy is an indomitable worker, at- 
 tending strictly to his' business interests and is 
 one of the most liberal and reliable young men 
 of Pecos valley, highly esteemed by all with 
 whom business or social relations have brought 
 him in contact. 
 
 "^j* B. MATHEWS. Among those whose 
 J residence in the Pecos valley has been 
 /I of benefit to the community is the gen- 
 tleman whose name introduces this re- 
 view. In the events which have made up the 
 history of New Mexico, he has borne an im- 
 portant part, and upon his record there falls 
 no shadow of wrong or suspicion of evil. He 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 575 
 
 is honored and esteemed by all who know him 
 and is now one of the leading agriculturists and 
 cattle-raisers of Roswell. 
 
 Mr. Mathews was born in Woodbury, Can- 
 non county, Tennessee, on the 5th of May, 
 1847, and is a son of Walter and Anna (Ash- 
 ford) Mathews, the former being a farmer. The 
 parents spent their entire lives in Tennessee, 
 and our subject acquired his education in the 
 district schools of the neighborhood, his privi- 
 leges being somewhat meager, for just as he 
 was about to enter school in Nashville the Civil 
 war broke out and his plans were in conse- 
 quence changed. 
 
 At the very commencement of the struggle, 
 Mr. Mathews enlisted, at McMinnville, Ten- 
 nessee, as a member of Company M, Fifth 
 Tennessee Cavalry, and served until the war 
 was over, when, in August, 1865, he was dis- 
 charged at Pulaski, Tennessee. He partici- 
 pated in the battle of Murfreesboro and several 
 minor engagements, and was very fortunate in 
 that he was never wounded. When the war 
 was over he returned to his home in Tennes- 
 see, where he continued until the spring of 
 1867, when he located in Gilpin county, Col- 
 orado, and began mining. He followed that 
 pursuit until the winter of 1867, when he ar- 
 rived in New Mexico, taking up his residence 
 in Elizabethtown, Taos county, where he en- 
 gaged in mining for five years, running a claim 
 for an English company. On leaving that 
 portion of the Territory, he came to the 
 Pecos valley, locating on a tract of land 
 three miles northeast of Roswell, which he 
 farmed for two years. He then went into the 
 mountains, seventy-five miles west of Roswell, 
 near Lincoln, New Mexico, driving some cat- 
 tle from the valley to the mountain-side, which 
 furnished excellent pasturage. He secured a 
 situation as salesman in a mercantile establish- 
 ment of Lincoln, owned by the firm of Dolan 
 & Riley, and after a time was admitted 
 to a partnership in the business, in 1877. 
 There he continued until the Lincoln county 
 war closed the establishment. 
 
 The difficulty thus named and which has 
 
 become a matter of history was caused by 
 cattle-stealing. At that time the heaviest 
 cattle owner in this section of the Territory was 
 John Chisum, who owned a ranch and range 
 in the Pecos valley, near the present location 
 of Roswell, and who associated himself with a 
 Mr. McSwain, a lawyer of Lincoln county. 
 There arose an enmity between them and an- 
 other cattle company, known as J. J. Dolan & 
 Company, on account of the latter invariably 
 anticipating the Chisum Company in securing 
 contracts to supply the Government troops at 
 Fort Stanton with beef, which was done 
 through the shrewd and energetic efforts of 
 John H. Riley, a member of the firm, who 
 would make trips to Washington and secure 
 the contracts. The Chisum Company, par- 
 ticularly John S. Chisum, became very angry 
 and threatened to " kill them all." This was 
 the principal cause of the war. However, the 
 direct precipitation of the affair was claimed to 
 have been brought about in this way: 
 
 A cattle company by the name of L. G. 
 Murphy & Company was dissolved by the 
 death of the junior member, Mr. Fritz, whom 
 Murphy claimed owed him $30,000. Fritz's 
 estate consisted of only his $10,000 insurance. 
 This was collected by Mr. McSwain, who re- 
 fused to turn over the money to the claimant 
 because it would pass into the hands of J. J. 
 Dolan & Company in payment of a debt owed 
 by Fritz to them. Mr. Dolan and J. B. 
 Mathews of this sketch then went to Las 
 Cruces. As soon as they left McSwain disap- 
 peared with the money, but the bookkeeper of 
 Dolan & Company followed him to Las Vegas 
 and brought him back on the charge of em- 
 bezzlement. The Dolan Company secured a 
 writ of attachment against McSwain's property, 
 including some cattle and a store, and the 
 lawyer gathered a crowd to resist the officers 
 attaching his property, among whom was the 
 noted "Billy, the Kid." When the sheriff 
 and assistants arrived at the store they found 
 an armed band awaiting them. The crowd 
 made signs of resistance, but finally allowed the 
 officers to appraise the stock. This done, the 
 
576 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 next thing was to levy on the cattle interests 
 of McSwain. They were in another locality, 
 probably a hundred miles away, and the sher- 
 iff, Mr. Brady, deputized Mr. Mathews to go 
 over there and attach the cattle, furnishing 
 him with several assistants. On reaching his 
 destination he found the headquarter ranch 
 full of ruffians, including "the Kid" and his 
 accomplices, all ready to resist Mr. Mathews. 
 He remained in the neighborhood that night 
 and the following morning entered the cabin, 
 but the men had all gone and had probably 
 driven the cattle off with them. Word was 
 sent to the sheriff, who commanded Mr. Ma- 
 thews to follow, and sent twenty men to his 
 assistance. 
 
 After following them some distance and 
 killing one of their party the others were ar- 
 rested. Mr. Mathews left two men with the 
 cattle and went into the town, where he found 
 forty soldiers who " the Kid " said were going 
 to arrest Mr. Mathews and his assistants. When 
 our subject and his partner reached the Mc- 
 Swain building they were commanded to halt, 
 but Mr. Mathews told them that he was 
 Deputy Sheriff, and he succeeded in passing 
 them and went to the store where other sol- 
 diers were also stationed. A large force of 
 men were sent to arrest the deputy and his as- 
 sistants, but the sheriff, who was in town, 
 commanded them to lay off their arms, which 
 they refused to do. Mr. Mathews then com- 
 manded his posse to fire, but before they could 
 do so the others threw down their arms. 
 
 The affair was then to be settled in court, 
 which was to convene on the ist of April. It 
 was, however, postponed for a week, and the 
 sheriff, accompanied by Mr. Mathews and a 
 friend, started down the street to give notice 
 of this fact. They had gone only a few 
 blocks when a noisy crowd appeared behind 
 and began firing, from behind a wall. In the 
 first volley the sheriff was killed and the 
 friend wounded. All the town turned out and 
 the battle was soon on. Mr. Mathews and his 
 followers drove the opposing crowd into Mc- 
 Swain's house, in which were that lawyer, his 
 
 wife and another lady, and thirty-six armed 
 men. The firing was continued on both sides 
 until night, when they fired the McSwain resi- 
 dence. Some were killed, others escaped and 
 others were captured. This was the only 
 real engagement of the Lincoln county war, 
 and twenty-five men were killed. The mur- 
 derers were finally all captured and con- 
 demned, the last one to be brought to pun- 
 ishment being "Billy, the Kid." McSwain 
 was killed in the engagement at the time 
 of the firing of his house, and about the 
 same time John Chisum left for Chicago, 
 where he died. He had been the instigator of 
 all the troubles that had occurred, employing 
 men to kill the cattle-owners whom he thought 
 interfered with his business. 
 
 The course which Mr. Mathews followed 
 during this trying period was a most courage- 
 ous and commendable one. He fearlessly dis- 
 charged the duties devolving upon him, count- 
 ing not the personal cost, and it was largely 
 through his efforts that the matter was termi- 
 nated so as to preserve the interests of those 
 who were on the side of right. 
 
 When the war was over, Mr. Mathews 
 entered into partnership with James J. Do- 
 Ian. He then sold all his cattle and mer- 
 cantile interests at and near Lincoln and then 
 went to the Penyasco, a place in Lincoln 
 county in the Sacramento mountains, and 
 founded the Penyasco Cattle Company, in 
 1885. For seven years he filled the responsi- 
 ble position of manager, for one year was 
 assistant manager, and in 1893 left the moun- 
 tains and took up his residence in Roswell, in 
 order that he might give his children better 
 educational privileges. Shortly after his arri- 
 val here the Pecos Irrigation and Improvement 
 Company, learning through his many friends 
 of his ability and capacity as a manager, 
 placed him in charge of its principal farm, the 
 Chisum ranch and orchard, which he now car- 
 ries on. He still has his cattle interests in 
 Lincoln county. 
 
 In 1883 Mr. Mathews was joined in wed- 
 lock with Miss Dora Bates, with whom he be- 
 
HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 577 
 
 came acquainted while she was visiting in the 
 Territory. They now have three children, 
 Edith Thornton, Ernest Houston and Cora. 
 Mr. Mathews is a man of high character, in- 
 flexible integrity and sterling worth, and his 
 public and private life are alike above reproach. 
 Ever fearless and true in defense of what he 
 believes to be right, he is honored and esteem- 
 ed by all, and with pleasure we present to our 
 readers the record of his career. 
 
 *w "* ON. JUAN DELOS REYES SANTI- 
 l^\ STEVAN. The unostentatious rou- 
 \ ,r tine of private life, although vastly 
 more important to the welfare of the 
 community, has not figured to any extent in 
 the pages of history and biography of public 
 men. But the names of men who distinguish 
 themselves by the possession of those qualities 
 of character which mainly contribute to the 
 success of private life and to the public stabil- 
 ity, enjoying the respect and confidence of 
 those around them, should not be allowed to 
 perish. Their example is more valuable to the 
 majority of readers than that of heroes, states- 
 men and writers, as they furnish means for the 
 subsistence for the many whom they in their 
 useful careers employ. 
 
 Mr. Santistevan is a native of New Mexico, 
 and one of her most honored sons. He was 
 born at Las Truches, near Santa Fe, January 
 6, 1833, and is a son of Jose Manuel and 
 Rosalie (Medina) Santistevan. In 1840 the 
 family removed to Taos county, locating in the 
 village of. Taos. The father had learned the 
 carpenter's trade during his earlier years, but 
 through most of his life followed farming. 
 Their home, near Taos, called the Loma, was 
 erected by the father and there both he and 
 his wife died. He passed away March 17, 
 1852, and his remains were interred in the 
 church Fernandiz at Taos. The mother died 
 in 1879, and is buried in the American 
 cemetery near Taos. 
 
 The life of our subject, taken in its entirety, 
 is remarkable. Born of very poor parents and 
 
 37 
 
 having no school advantages, he has risen by 
 his own exertions to a prominent place in the 
 financial world. His educational privileges 
 consisted of only two terms' attendance at 
 the country schools, but by his persistence, ex- 
 perience and energy he has gained an excellent 
 business education. The language of his 
 childhood was that of Spain, but he now 
 speaks the English tongue very fluently. 
 
 From the age of fifteen years he has been 
 dependent entirely upon his own resources. 
 He secured a situation in a store of Smithtown 
 as errand boy and afterward entered the em- 
 ploy of Wootton & Williams, general merchants 
 of Taos, with whom he remained until the 
 fall of 1852. All of his earnings went to his 
 parents except just enough to clothe himself, 
 and his wages, amounting to $200, were then 
 invested in a tract of land near Taos, which 
 still remains undivided. During the fall of 
 1852 and the summer of 1853 he clerked for 
 Solomon Benthner, and in the autumn of the 
 latter year he secured a position as salesman 
 for Peter Joseph in the building which he now 
 occupies as a store and bank. His employer 
 died in 1862, and the following year Mr. Santi- 
 stevan was engaged in settling up Mr. Joseph's 
 estate in connection with Kit Carson, the 
 famous trapper and guide. He was a trusted 
 and faithful employee of Mr. Joseph, and dur- 
 ing his service for that gentleman he had saved 
 about $I,IOO. While settling up the estate 
 he also engaged in the purchase of wool and 
 freighting it to St. Louis. This proved a very 
 profitable transaction. He then entered into 
 partnership with Messrs. Goodman & Fried- 
 man, conducting a general mercantile store 
 until 1855, when this connection was discon- 
 tinued and the firm of Santistevan, St. Vrain 
 & Hurst was formed, the senior partner invest- 
 ing $800, Mr. St. Vrain $4,000, and Mr. 
 Hurst $ 1,000. In 1868 the second named 
 withdrew, and in 1869 the remaining partners 
 divided their business. Mr. Santistevan has 
 since been alone in every business enterprise 
 in which he is concerned. The only bank in 
 Taos county was founded by him in 1881. It 
 
57 8 
 
 HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 is a private institution, capitalized for $50,000 
 and is one of the firmest financial concerns in 
 the Territory, while its honorable business 
 policy commands the confidence of all. It has 
 a large patronage, which is certainly well de- 
 served. Mr. Santistevan has varied interests 
 in Taos county, where nearly all his property 
 is located. He is now extensively engaged in 
 the sheep-raising business, having at this time 
 about 20,000 head. 
 
 In his political views our subject is a stal- 
 wart Republican, and has virtually been the 
 leader of his party in Taos county for many 
 years. He has been honored with a number of 
 offices, having served as Probate Judge for two 
 terms, and as County Commissioner for one 
 term. He also acted as chairman of the Board 
 of School Directors for two terms, and did all 
 in his power to promote the cause of edu- 
 cation. He has twice been a member of the 
 Territorial Legislature, having served in the 
 lower house for one term and in the Senate for 
 one term, where he gave his support to all meas- 
 ures which he believed would advance the best 
 interests of the community. For fourteen 
 years he was the efficient and capable Post- 
 master of Taos, and he has three times taken 
 the United States census, once of the central 
 district and twice of the entire county. 
 
 Turning from the public to the private life 
 of Mr. Santistevan we note that in 1870 was 
 celebrated his marriage to Miss Justita San 
 Dobal, a native of Taos. Her death occurred 
 on the 6th of April, 1 894, and her remains 
 were interred in the American cemetery near 
 Taos. They have a family of six children who 
 are yet living Raphalita, Jacintita, Perfecta, 
 Cirila, Marguerita, and Victoriana. They also 
 had one son, who died in infancy, and Virginia, 
 a daughter, is also deceased. The children 
 have been provided with good educational 
 privileges, having all attended the convent of 
 the Sisters of Loretto. 
 
 In May, 1895, our subject and his daugh- 
 ters took a trip to California, viewing many of 
 the scenes of beauty and interest in that 
 State. His entire life has been passed in this 
 
 Territory, and his devotion to the public wel- 
 fare and his promotion of business interests 
 has done much for the upbuilding of the com- 
 munity with which he is connected. 
 
 >^rOHN J. KEEGAN, one of Gallup's 
 
 best citizens, is a native of Virginia, 
 A 1 the place of his birth being Alexandria, 
 the date April 6, 1856. His primary 
 education, obtained in the common schools, 
 was supplemented by a course in Georgetown 
 College, and he was thus well fitted for the 
 practical and responsible duties of life. At the 
 age of eighteen he bade adieu to home and 
 friends and started on a trip through some of 
 the Southern States, visiting North and South 
 Carolina, Georgia and Alabama. He had pre- 
 viously learned telegraphy, and was in the em- 
 ploy of the Southern & Atlantic Telegraph 
 Company, being stationed at various offices 
 between Washington, District of Columbia, 
 and New Orleans. 
 
 In 1880 Mr. Keegan came to New Mexico, 
 locating in Santa Fe, where he entered the 
 employ of the Government, as a civilian oper- 
 ator. He was also at Silver City, remaining 
 there some months, and then spending short 
 periods in other places. He eventually located 
 at Wallace, where he remained for six years. 
 In 1887 Mr. Keegan went to Coolidge, New 
 Mexico, as a relief agent along the Santa Fe 
 system, and the following year he established 
 there a saloon and restaurant, which he con- 
 ducted for three years, from 1888 to 1891, 
 when he came to Gallup. 
 
 Mr. Keegan has since been a resident of 
 this city, and is one of its well-known business 
 men. He owns his own business block and 
 residence, and conducts his business in a way 
 that commands respect. In his social rela- 
 tions he is connected with the Knights of Py- 
 thias fraternity, his membership being with 
 Gallup Lodge, No. 13, Knights of Pythias. 
 
 In 1884 Mr. Keegan led to the marriage 
 altar Miss Jennie Boulton, a native of Missouri, 
 born in the city of St. Louis. She removed, 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 579 
 
 however, with her parents to Trinidad, Colo- 
 rado, where she was living at the time of her 
 marriage. Three children have been born of 
 the union of our subject and his wife, two sons 
 and a daughter, Willie, John and Hazel. 
 
 KABORN T. GRAY controls very 
 large business interests in the Salado 
 valley, and is a man of prominence 
 whose success has been achieved en- 
 tirely through his own efforts. The career of 
 him whose name heads this record illustrates 
 most forcibly that success is assured to those 
 who possess ambition, indefatigable energy, 
 steadfastness of purpose and integrity. Through 
 these qualities Mr. Gray has won a place 
 among the representative business men of this 
 section of the Territory. 
 
 He was born in Coosa county, Alabama, on 
 the 3ist of October, 1851, but the days of his 
 childhood and youth were passed in Louisiana, 
 his home being in Claiborne county, near 
 Homer. On attaining his majority he left that 
 State and crossed the Mississippi -into Texas, 
 locating near Dallas, where for some time he 
 carried on agricultural pursuits. In 1880 he 
 located in Cooke county of the Lone Star State, 
 living north of Gainesville until 1884. That 
 year witnessed his arrival in New Mexico, and 
 he has since been identified with the develop- 
 ment and material interests of this Territory. 
 
 Our subject took up his residence ten miles 
 south of the present village of Gray, on Little 
 creek, and there lived for three years, when he 
 removed to his present home, which is con- 
 veniently situated about twelve miles west of 
 Lincoln, five miles northwest of Fort Stanton, 
 and nine miles east of Nogal. 
 
 In 1872 Mr. Gray was united in marriage 
 with Miss Sarah Glenn, who resided near 
 Dallas, Texas. The lady, however, is a native 
 of Georgia, and their marriage has been blessed 
 with a family of six children, four sons and two 
 daughters. In connection with his home, Mr. 
 Gray owns 96oacres of good land in the Salado 
 Valley, this being practically all the bottom 
 
 land in the valley. There he successfully en- 
 gages in the raising of horses, cattle and sheep 
 in large numbers, and this business has proved 
 to him a very profitable one. He also has ex- 
 tensive coal interests, carries on a general mer- 
 chandise store, which has proved a paying 
 investment, and is serving as Postmaster of 
 Gray. He is a progressive, public-spirited citi- 
 zen, deeply interested in the welfare of his 
 adopted Territory and gives his hearty support 
 and co-operation to movements or enterprises 
 calculated to prove of public benefit. 
 
 *y * ON. LAWRENCE S. TRIMBLE.- 
 
 1^\ To probably no one citizen of Albu- 
 _^ r querque can the biographist refer with 
 a greater degree of respect and ad- 
 miration than to the honored and venerable 
 gentleman whose name introduces this para- 
 graph, a man full of the high honors which an 
 enlightened public has had to bestow, one who 
 made his life a power for the good and the 
 right, and one whose ability and acquirements 
 are of distinguished order. 
 
 A native of Fleming county, Kentucky, the 
 date of our subject's birth was 1825. His 
 father, James Trimble, was born in South 
 Carolina, and upon reaching maturity he was 
 united in marriage to Miss Harriet Treplett, in 
 Fleming county, taking up their abode on a 
 farm, which they reclaimed and made to blos- 
 som as the rose. There they passed the resi- 
 due of their lives, reared their three sons, 
 Lawrence S., William and Alfred, according 
 to the high principles of honor, integrity and 
 industry, with which they were themselves so 
 strongly imbued. The mother was originally 
 a member of the Baptist Church, but in later 
 years she became identified with the faith of 
 the Christian Church, of which she remained 
 a zealous and devoted adherent until her life's 
 end. The father passed into the life eternal 
 at the age of seventy-three years, and the 
 mother lived to attain the venerable age of 
 seventy-six. 
 
 Lawrence S. Trimble, the immediate sub- 
 
5 8 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ject of this review, was the oldest of the three 
 children, two now surviving. He received his 
 preliminary educational discipline in the com- 
 mon schools, and such was the inherent 
 strength and determination of his character 
 that he early decided upon the vocation which 
 he should adopt as his life work. Having 
 thus defined the path along which should be 
 his line of effort, he began the essential disci- 
 pline by entering the law office of Hon. Fran- 
 cis Hord, at Maysville, Ky. , where he devoted 
 himself assiduously to reading law under that 
 able preceptor. He finally entered the Lexing- 
 ton Law School, where he graduated in 1845. 
 
 Mr. Trimble at once entered vigorously 
 upon the practice of his chosen profession, lo- 
 cating at Paducah, in his native State. Here 
 he secured a large and representative clientage 
 as his talents and acquirements became known, 
 and here he remained until 1879. It is clearly 
 essential that we should here revert to the more 
 salient points which marked his career during 
 this interval. In 1849 he was elected a mem- 
 ber of the Legislature of Kentucky, and in 
 1856 was chosen as Judge of the First Judicial 
 District of the State, in each of which incum- 
 bencies he proved his capacity for the discharge 
 of the higher public duties of citizenship. His 
 strong judicial acumen and keen discrimination 
 in regard to legal ethics merited and received 
 due recognition. 
 
 In 1865 still higher honor was conferred 
 upon Judge Trimble by his native State, since 
 he was then elected as a member of the Thirty- 
 ninth Congress, serving during that crucial 
 epoch which marked the transition or recon- 
 structive period in the semi-prostrate South, 
 whose industries and homes had been thrown 
 into chaotic condition by the fearful ravages of 
 the Civil war. In this important office our 
 subject served with such signal fidelity and suc- 
 cess that he was thrice elected to Congress 
 from his district. He had cast his first ballot 
 in support of the Democratic party, and ever 
 after maintained a stanch allegiance to its prin- 
 ciples, but during the trying hours leading up 
 to our nation's great fratricidal conflict he op- 
 
 posed secession with all the loyal ardor of his 
 nature, using his influence at all times and oc- 
 casions toward maintaining the supremacy of 
 the stars and stripes and perpetuating an in- 
 tegral union. He was one of thirty-three 
 Democrats in Congress who voted against the 
 impeachment of President Johnson and op- 
 posed the Republican measures of reconstruc- 
 tion. When other of the Southern States 
 finally seceded, he was largely instrumental in 
 causing Kentucky to maintain its allegiance to 
 the Union. In the Presidential campaign of 
 1856 he supported the candidacy of Hon. 
 Stephen A. Douglas, and held preferment as 
 one of the Presidential Electors from Kentucky, 
 in which State Breckenridge, the secession 
 candidate, was defeated. 
 
 While still a resident of his native State 
 Judge Trimble rendered the same valuable serv- 
 ice in another line, the building of the New 
 Orleans & Ohio Railroad through the State to 
 Tennessee. He was president of this corpor- 
 ation for a number of years, the line being now 
 a part of the Huntington system. He was the 
 owner of considerable Kentucky real-estate, 
 and his interests there were of wide extent. 
 
 Failing health, superinduced by asthma, 
 with which he was severely afflicted, finally 
 rendered it necessary for Judge Trimble to seek 
 a climatic change in order to secure relief. 
 With this object in view he came to Albuquer- 
 que in 1879, taking up his abode in the old 
 town, as the present city, originally known as 
 New Albuquerque, had not been more than 
 projected at that time, no railroad having 
 touched the locality as yet. Our subject was 
 a man of too energetic a nature to sit with 
 folded hands and he forthwith became prom- 
 inently identified with the Territory which he 
 had determined to make his home, bending 
 every effort to aid in its advancement and that 
 of the county and the new city which sprung 
 into being and enlisted his most lively interest. 
 In 1880 he prevailed upon his nephew, W. L. 
 Trimble, to locate at Albuquerque, and here 
 they have been associated in quite extensive 
 building enterprises, as well as in other im- 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 portant business undertakings. They conduct 
 the leading livery and transfer business of the 
 city, operating two large and finely equipped 
 stables. They have ever accorded tangible aid 
 to every public enterprise, and our honored 
 subject has given a helping hand to every 
 church organization in the town regardless of 
 denomination, having contributed liberally to 
 their maintenance. 
 
 Since taking up his residence here Judge 
 Trimble has used his influence in public affairs, 
 having strenuously favored the admission of 
 the Territory to Statehood, and having been a 
 member of the Constitutional Convention 
 which formulated a State constitution. Had 
 his admonition been heeded the Territory would 
 now (1895) have become the State of New 
 Mexico, and he still hopes to see the consum- 
 mation of his desires in this direction. 
 
 Our subject has a fine ranch of 200 acres, 
 located a few miles east of the city, and there 
 he spends a portion of his time. With one of 
 his old and cherished Kentucky horses he rides 
 about the city and its environs, viewing with 
 pleasure and satisfaction the wonderful growth 
 and development of the town whose inception 
 he witnessed and whose progress he has noted in 
 detail. In his fraternal relations he is identified 
 with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows 
 and the Masonic order, havingbecome a member 
 of the former in 1845 and the latter in 1847. 
 
 Judge Trimble has now reached the Psalm- 
 ist's span of threescore years and ten, and still 
 retains intact his mental powers and a wonder- 
 ful physical vigor. A man of broad mentality 
 and of conspicuous public experience, he has 
 ever retained that generous sympathy and 
 kindly nature which are so typical of the sons 
 of Kentucky, and it may well be said of him 
 that none knew him save to honor. 
 
 aHARLES W. KENNEDY, a promi- 
 nent coal-miner and business man of 
 New Mexico, residing at Albuquerque, 
 is a native of the State of Illinois, 
 having been born in Fulton county, on August 
 
 7, 1851. His father was born in Brown coun- 
 ty, Ohio, and when our subject was yet a child 
 the family removed from Illinois to Kansas, 
 where the father was intimately identified with 
 the stirring events and excitement which at- 
 tended the early history of that Territory in 
 the days leading up to its admission to the 
 Union. The father was a stanch supporter of 
 the cause of the Free-soil party, and he lent 
 effective aid in holding Kansas in line upon the 
 vexed questions of the day. When the late 
 Civil war was inaugurated and called for the 
 support of all patriotic men, he joined the 
 Union forces and was made Major of the 
 Twelfth Regiment of Kansas Volunteer In- 
 fantry, and in that distinguished office served 
 his country valiantly. The mother of our sub- 
 ject, nee Alzina Blandon, was a native of Illi- 
 nois, and her death occurred when Charles, 
 her only child, was but two years old. After 
 a lapse of some years the father consummated 
 a second marriage, of which three children 
 were born. The father lived to attain a ven- 
 erable age, dying in 1889, at the age of eighty- 
 one years. 
 
 In 1872 our subject came West to Color- 
 ado, where he engaged in furnishing ties for 
 the Santa Fe railroad, during the construction 
 of which he held large contracts, and followed 
 that line of enterprise until the road was com- 
 pleted. In 1 884 he became interested in the 
 coal-mining industry of New Mexico, securing 
 valuable holdings at Gallup. He has since 
 been prominently concerned in the develop- 
 ment of the extensive mines in that locality, 
 being now the vice-president and general man- 
 ager of the Crescent Coal Company, one of the 
 most prominent corporations of the sort in the 
 Territory. The company employs a large force 
 of operatives, and the output of the mines 
 reaches an average aggregate of 25,000 tons 
 per month. The coal is semi-bituminous in 
 composition and is of pronounced commercial 
 value. The mines operated by the company 
 are five in number and compose a part only of 
 those operated in the celebrated Gallup coal 
 fields. The supply is practically inexhaustible. 
 
5 52 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 The mines furnish supplies to the various lines 
 of railroad, and the company have a large 
 market for their products in California, and a 
 very considerable local trade throughout New 
 Mexico. 
 
 Mr. Kennedy is one of the charter members 
 of the Commercial Club, and he is esteemed as 
 one of the leading business men of the Terri- 
 tory, one whose success has been notable and 
 whose liberality has been pronounced. 
 
 Mr. Kennedy became a resident of Albu- 
 querque in 1882 and has since continued as 
 one of her active and progressive business 
 men, ever ready to accord assistance and lend 
 his influence to all measures and enterprises 
 tending to conserve the higher interests of the 
 city and the welfare of the public. He has 
 also been prominently concerned in stock-rais- 
 ing. In his political adherence he has long 
 been identified with the Democratic party, but 
 he now holds himself independent in his views. 
 
 On June 13, 1881, Mr. Kennedy was united 
 in marriage to Miss Marian E. Nees, and they 
 have one child, Mabel, who was born in Albu- 
 querque. 
 
 @EORGE B. BARBER. Success in 
 any calling is an indication of close 
 application, industry and faithfulness. 
 There are few professions more hon- 
 orable and few which offer better opportunities 
 than does that of the law for the display of 
 character, sterling worth and ability. Mr. 
 Barber is classed among the leading attorneys 
 of Lincoln, New Mexico, and is an able and just 
 advocate. His life record is as follows: 
 
 A native of Virginia, Mr. Barber was born 
 at Fredericksburg, on the 28th of May, 1854, 
 and when three years of age was taken by his 
 parents to what was known as the Northwest 
 Territory, the family locating in Mjlwaukee, 
 Wisconsin, of which city his father was one of 
 the founders. There George was reared to 
 manhood, the days of his boyhood and youth 
 being passed in an uneventful manner. He 
 acquired his literary education in Milwaukee, 
 
 passing through the ward and high schools of 
 that city, and subsequently studied civil en- 
 gineering, becoming quite proficient in that 
 line. Going to Dakota, he was engaged with 
 Senator Frank Pettigrew, on the survey of 
 Government lands in that Territory. There 
 sprang up a warm personal friendship between 
 the Senator and his assistant, and their high 
 regard for each other still continues. 
 
 The exposure of that life in the rigorous 
 climate of Dakota caused Mr. Barber's health 
 to become impaired, and in 1875 he came to 
 New Mexico with the hope that in its balmy 
 climate he might be benefited. He located 
 first in Colfax county, New Mexico, and on ac- 
 count of his health engaged in no business for 
 a year. In 1877 he moved to, and began sur- 
 veying in, Lincoln county, and has located for 
 settlers two-fifths of the choice land embraced 
 within the old boundaries of the county. De- 
 siring to enter the professional field of labor, 
 however, he began the study of law with Judge 
 Ira E. Leonard, of Lincoln, in 1880, and after 
 two years of close application and diligent re- 
 search he was admitted to the bar, on the 28th 
 of October, 1882, the present Governor Thorn- 
 ton being one of his examiners. The building 
 up of a practice by a young lawyer is generally 
 slow; but merit usually brings its reward; and 
 so in the course of time Mr. Barber began to 
 be recognized as an attorney of superior force 
 and ability. In 1892 he became District At- 
 torney for the counties of Lincoln, Chaves and 
 Eddy, in the Fifth Judicial District, and filled 
 that office until 1895, ranking as a hard and 
 effective prosecutor. As a lawyer he is noted 
 for his care, skill and faithfulness to his clients. 
 He devotes himself almost exclusively to his 
 profession, and while his comprehensive and 
 well trained mind and large experience and 
 knowledge of men fit him for doing any work 
 ably, it is as an advocate that he is most con- 
 spicuous, his appeals to court and jury being 
 often masterpieces of oratory. 
 
 His abilities, however, are by no means 
 limited to one line of endeavor. In 1885 he 
 organized the Three Rivers Land and Cattle 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 583 
 
 Company, but sold out there in 1889, since 
 which time he has been engaged in the cattle 
 business on his own account, on the west side 
 of the White Mountains. His interests are all 
 in Lincoln county, and his home in Lincoln is 
 the most beautiful residence in the place. He 
 is esteemed by his business associates and has 
 many warm personal friends. 
 
 ^ /'EFF N. MILLER, general manager of 
 the Pecos Valley railroad, living in 
 A J Eddy, New Mexico, was born in Troy, 
 Miami county, Ohio, May 6, 1857, and 
 attended the public schools of his native place 
 until eighteen years of age. When a youth of 
 eleven he took up the study of telegraphy, and 
 at the early age of thirteen he had mastered 
 the profession. He spent his vacation in work- 
 ing in the railroad office of Troy, and at twenty 
 years of age he left his old home for Jefferson, 
 Texas, where he occupied the position of cash- 
 ier for the Texas-Pacific Railroad Company. 
 He had served in that capacity only four 
 months, when he was promoted, becoming sec- 
 retary to the general superintendent of the 
 road at Marshall, Texas. He discharged the 
 duties of that position for two years, and then 
 became secretary in the service of the president 
 and vice-president of the road, which position 
 he occupied in all for thirteen years. During 
 that time he also discharged the duties of as- 
 sistant general manager, and his fidelity and 
 trustworthiness were above question, winning 
 him the commendation of his superior officers, 
 while his thorough reliability gained him the 
 respect of those over whom he had charge. 
 
 On the building of the Pecos Valley rail- 
 road, Mr. Miller was chosen as its general su- 
 perintendent, and in February, 1892, was 
 made general manager, which position he now 
 occupies with headquarters at Eddy. He is 
 also a director of the company, and every de- 
 tail is within his grasp. He has a keen and 
 comprehensive mind and quick intellect, which 
 enables him to readily understand a situation 
 
 and has been of great benefit to him in his 
 business career. 
 
 Mr. Miller has also been a promoter of va- 
 rious other enterprises which have advanced 
 the material welfare of the community. He is 
 now general manager of the Eddy Electric 
 Light & Ice Company, and general manager 
 of the Eddy Water Works. He was the dis- 
 coverer of the water which is three and a half 
 miles north of the city and superintended the 
 construction of the wells. He also had charge 
 of the construction of the seventy-five miles of 
 railroad between Eddy and Roswell. 
 
 On the 27th of September, 1882, was sol- 
 emnized the marriage of Mr. Miller and Miss 
 Nellie Crane, a native of Troy, Ohio, and a 
 most estimable lady, who in her new home has 
 won many friends. Mr. Miller is very promi- 
 nent in Masonic circles, being a Scottish-rite 
 Mason, having attained to the thirty-second 
 degree in Charleston, South Carolina. He is 
 also a member of Commandery No. 6, Knights 
 Templar, of Dallas, Texas; of Hella Temple, 
 of Dallas, and Trojan Lodge, Knights of Pyth- 
 ias, of Troy, Ohio. When a man follows with 
 indefatigable energy any pursuit for which his 
 tastes and inclinations fit him, he wins success, 
 and this Mr. Miller has done. He is a natural 
 railroad man, very quick to put into action his 
 convictions and a tireless worker. Pleasant 
 and agreeable, he has endeared himself to all 
 associates, and is highly regarded. 
 
 >-j*OHN FRANKLIN, District Attorney for 
 m Eddy and Chaves counties and a mem- 
 A J ber of the bar of Eddy, .New Mexico, 
 was born in Columbus, Mississippi, Oc- 
 tober 1 6, 1870, but spent his early boyhood in 
 Arkansas. His father, Dr. S. W. Franklin, 
 was also a native of Mississippi, and served as a 
 surgeon in the Civil war. In 1872 he removed 
 his family to Hot Springs, Arkansas, where he 
 now resides and practices his profession. The 
 ancestry of the family were closely identified 
 with the growth and history of New York city. 
 The great-grandfather of our subject owned 
 
HIST 'OR T OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 large landed interests there, and the place now 
 included in Franklin Square was a part of his 
 property, and was named in his honor. 
 
 The gentleman whose name introduces this 
 review was educated in the schools of Hot 
 Springs and in the University of Mississippi, 
 located in Oxford, where he pursued a four- 
 years course. He then entered the University 
 of Virginia, remaining in that institution for 
 seven months, when he went, in response to 
 an invitation, to deliver the annual address be- 
 fore the literary societies of the University of 
 Mississippi at Oxford, that State, in 1890. 
 From that place he went to New York city, 
 where he pursued the study of law in an attor- 
 ney's office for one year, and then came to the 
 West, being admitted to the bar in New Mex- 
 ico. After locating in Eddy he was elected 
 twice to the office of City Attorney, and in 
 1895 was appointed District Attorney. 
 
 aHARLES WILSON, a popular and 
 highly respected citizen of Roswell, 
 was born in the county of Kent, Eng- 
 land, on the gth of January, 1856. 
 His father was a merchant in the city of Lon- 
 don and one of the oldest established business 
 men in the world's metropolis. The son ac- 
 quired his education near that city, but re- 
 ceived no business training in his father's 
 store, his mercantile experience all having 
 come to him after he had found a home in the 
 New World. 
 
 In 1 88 1 Mr. Wilson bade adieu to home 
 and friends and sailed for America, taking up 
 his residence in Texas, where he was occupied 
 in sheep ranching until 1883. Mr. Wilson then 
 left the Lone Star State for Mexico, where he 
 was engaged in raising cotton. He followed 
 that industry for a year and a half and was 
 quite successful. He then returned to Texas 
 and again began raising sheep. He carried on 
 the business in Menard county, where he made 
 his home until 1889, when he sold his sheep 
 and property and removed to the Pecos Valley 
 in New Mexico. 
 
 On his arrival in Roswell Mr. Wilson en- 
 tered into partnership with Mr. Williamson 
 and formed the Pecos Valley Mercantile Com- 
 pany, conducting a good store until 1891, when 
 he sold this business to his partner and opened 
 a hardware store, in which he is now associ- 
 ated with his brother under the firm name of 
 Wilson Brothers. The junior member is Mr. 
 Frank Wilson, who came to Texas in 1887 
 and accompanied our subject to this Territory. 
 For ten years he followed the life of a sailor 
 and holds a Master's certificate of the English 
 Board of Trade. 
 
 Mr. Wilson was married in England just 
 before coming to Roswell. He is an honored 
 member of the Masonic fraternity, serving as 
 Master of the blue lodge in Roswell. 'His busi- 
 ness career is a creditable one. He has ever 
 followed an honorable business policy that 
 commands the admiration of all, and by his 
 straightforward dealing and courteous treat- 
 ment of his customers he has won a liberal 
 patronage, which he well merits, while his ex- 
 cellencies of character have gained him numer- 
 ous personal friends. 
 
 ICHARD C. TROEGER, prominent 
 as a factor in the development of the 
 mining interests of Sierra county, 
 whose impress has been beneficially 
 felt in all public affairs, is now the manager of 
 the Good Hope Bonanza Mining Company, 
 with headquarters at Hillsboro: the mine is lo- 
 cated near the town. Mr. Troeger first took 
 it as a prospect, and has since developed it 
 until it is now one of the rich-paying gold 
 mines of this locality. It also contains a small 
 quantity of silver and copper. Its production 
 has already reached the sum of $1,500,000, 
 and its supply seems inexhaustible. A good 
 mill is run in connection with the mine, which 
 has not only been an excellent source of income 
 to our subject, but has also promoted the ma- 
 terial welfare of the community. Mr. Troeger 
 is also connected with the Eloro mine, which 
 is now in the first stage of development, and 
 
HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 585 
 
 gives excellent indication of being a rich pro- 
 ducer, the yield already being valued at the 
 sum of $25,000. Of these mines Mr. Troeger 
 is sole manager and an extensive stockholder, 
 and throughout this locality he has the reputa- 
 tion of being one of the best informed and most 
 successful mining men of New Mexico. 
 
 On the 8th of January, 1860, in Wisconsin, 
 our subject was born. He is of German line- 
 age, and a son of Frederick William and Wil- 
 helmina (Colditz) Troeger, who emigrated 
 from the Fatherland to Wisconsin, but subse- 
 quently took up their residence in Chicago, 
 where they remained until 1876. In that year 
 they went to Kansas, where the father died in 
 1887, at the age of sixty-three years. 
 
 Our subject was the third in a family of 
 six children. During his early childhood he 
 was taken by his parents to Chicago, where he 
 acquired his literary education and served an 
 apprenticeship as civil engineer. Determining 
 to make a home in the South, he came to the 
 Territory of New Mexico in 1879, locating in 
 Las Vegas, where he worked at any pursuit 
 which would yield him an honest living. He 
 had only $i. 18 in his pocket at the time of his 
 arrival. For nine months he remained in Las 
 Vegas, and then went on a trip to Fort Win- 
 gate, after which he engaged in prospecting and 
 mining in the Magdalena mountains. In 1881 
 he came to the Black Range in Sierra county, 
 and is now one of the pioneer miners of this 
 section of the Territory. He first located at 
 Chloride, and then went to Kingston at the 
 time of the excitement there. He prospected, 
 made a location, and for a time had charge of 
 the Iron King mine. He also aided in survey- 
 ing the town of Kingston. 
 
 Subsequently, Mr. Troeger went East for 
 a short time, and on his return to New Mexico 
 established himself in Hillsboro, where he be- 
 came one of the owners of the Good Hope 
 Bonanza mine, which he has since operated, 
 meeting with success in his undertakings. He 
 now has a pleasant residence in Hillsboro, and 
 in addition to his mining properties is interest- 
 ed in several land enterprises, and has become 
 
 one of Sierra county's most prominent and in- 
 fluential citizens. In politics he is a stalwart 
 Republican, and is now chairman of the County 
 Republican Central Committee. He was also 
 chairman of the committee which arranged for 
 the splendid exhibit of Sierra county minerals 
 at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chi- 
 cago in 1893. He was the designer of the 
 Miners' Cabin, which was built of Sierra min- 
 erals, and attracted so much attention during 
 the fair; and to him is due the credit of the 
 interesting and successful exhibit of the county. 
 An award was given for the Miners' Cabin, and 
 he also received an award on his own private 
 collection of mineral specimens. 
 
 Mr. Troeger is a man of domestic tastes, 
 and in 1890 was happily married to Miss Katie 
 E. Lynch, a native of Darlington, Wisconsin. 
 Two bright boys have come to bless their 
 home, Richard Glenford and Roy Clinton. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Troeger have many warm friends, 
 and their home is noted for its hospitality. 
 Sierra county owes much of its prosperity and 
 progress to him, and he stands to-day among 
 its foremost citizens, honored and esteemed for 
 his well-spent life. 
 
 'ILLIAM H. WEED, one of the most 
 
 progressive and enterprising business 
 men of New Mexico, who has worked 
 his way upward from humble sur- 
 roundings to a position of wealth and afflu- 
 ence, was born in New York city, on the 22d 
 of May, 1823, and remained there until he had 
 attained his majority. The West, however, 
 proved to him a more attractive field of opera- 
 tion, and in 1846 he went to Independence, 
 Missouri, engaged in freighting from that place 
 to Santa Fe, New Mexico, until 1848, and that 
 year witnessed his arrival in St. Louis, where 
 he continued for about a year, going thence to 
 California. Starting from St. Joseph, Mis- 
 souri, he traveled by way of Fort Laramie and 
 the Humboldt river to the Pacific slope. This 
 was the time of the gold excitement in that 
 State, and he hoped to rapidly acquire a for- 
 
586 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 tune. He at first engaged in mining on the 
 north fork of the American river, but shortly 
 afterward engaged in merchandising in Sacra- 
 mento, where he remained until 1852. 
 
 In that year Mr. Weed went to the Isthmus 
 of Panama and engaged in the transportation 
 business from Panama to Cruces and Gorgona, 
 and owned boats on the Chagres river until 
 1854. In that year he again went to Cali- 
 fornia and once more resumed mining, but sub- 
 sequently engaged in trading for several years 
 through that State, Oregon and Washington, 
 and later through Arizona, New Mexico and 
 Texas : was trading and contracting most of 
 the time. He then went to the Pan-Handle 
 of Texas, where he embarked in merchandis- 
 ing in 1873. He also laid out the town of Mo- 
 beetie, was instrumental in securing the organi- 
 zation of the county, was elected at that time as 
 County Commissioner, and during his service 
 built the court-house. 
 
 Mr. Weed has resided in White Oaks since 
 March, 1882. He arrived here with $20,000 
 worth of goods and kept freight trains of goods 
 coming constantly. His store was called the 
 "big new store," for it was larger than any 
 other mercantile establishment in the locality. 
 From the beginning his enterprise was at- 
 tended with a phenomenal success, his sales 
 amounting to the immense sum of $326,000 
 the first year, while his trade extended through- 
 out the Pecos valley, and included Chaves and 
 Eddy counties. Mr. Weed purchased lumber 
 immediately on his arrival at this place, and on 
 the 1 5th of April had his store building com- 
 pleted and his goods in. His first year's trad- 
 ing amounted to $126,000 with Gross, Black- 
 well & Company, of Las Vegas. He owned 
 the freighting outfit which he used, and carried 
 on the largest business ever transacted in this 
 part of the Territory. 
 
 Mr. Weed has also been largely interested 
 in the promotion and development of mining 
 interests, and owns considerable mining prop- 
 erty in the vicinity of White Oaks. His prop- 
 erty of this character is quite extensive, and he 
 has varied business interests all over the Ter- 
 
 ritory, including a very fine store in San Pedro, 
 New Mexico, which he opened in 1889. He 
 has obtained an ample fortune through his own 
 exertions, and his career is an illustration of 
 the fact that persistent work and earnest ap- 
 plication is sure of its reward. He is widely 
 known in this section of the country, and his 
 honorable business career and many social 
 qualities have gained him a large circle of 
 friends. 
 
 ILLIAM G. URTON is a represent- 
 ative of the cattle interests of New 
 Mexico, and now makes his home 
 in the city of Roswell. He de- 
 scends from an old Southern family, his birth 
 having occurred in Hampshire county, Virginia, 
 on the 27th of January, 1843. His parents, 
 William and Martha Urton, for many years re- 
 sided in the Old Dominion. Under the parent- 
 al roof our subject spent the days of his child- 
 hood, in the public schools acquired his educa- 
 tion, and remained in the State of his nativity 
 until after he had attained his majority, when 
 he decided to seek a home in the West. He 
 was then a young man of twenty-five years. 
 Bidding adieu to his old-time friends, he start- 
 ed for Missouri, taking up his residence in Cass 
 county, where he remained until 1884. 
 
 That year witnessed the arrival of Mr. Ur- 
 ton in the Territory of New Mexico. He lo- 
 cated at Cedar Canyon, and has since been 
 identified with the cattle-raising interests of 
 this section. He was one of the organizers of 
 the Cass Land & Cattle Company, which was 
 formed in Missouri, but operates in New Mexi- 
 co. This company has its headquarters at 
 Cedar Canyon, on the Pecos river, and owns 
 4,000 acres of land in this vicinity, and about 
 25,000 head of cattle. For the past nine years 
 Mr. Urton has been its manager, and his su- 
 perior business and executive ability have 
 brought success to the undertaking. He fully 
 understands the needs and requirements of the 
 cattle business, and his efficient business man- 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 5*7 
 
 agement is demonstrated by the prosperity that 
 has attended his efforts. 
 
 On the 1 6th of March, 1875, Mr. Urton 
 was united in marriage with Miss Maria A. 
 Worrell, at Pleasant Hill, Missouri. The lady 
 is the cultured daughter of Jesse P. and Re- 
 becca (Cooley) Worrell, who emigrated to Mis- 
 souri in 1857. Their union has been blessed 
 with two sons, William Cooley and Benjamin 
 Worrell. Mr. Urton has lately removed into 
 the town of Roswell for the purpose of edu- 
 cating his sons. He has always taken an active 
 part in the upbuilding of the Territory, and is 
 pre-eminently a public-spirited man, ever found 
 in the front rank of every enterprise calculated 
 to promote the general welfare. Socially he 
 is connected with the Masonic fraternity, be- 
 longing to the blue lodge of Roswell. 
 
 <u 
 
 ILLIAM I. CHURCH, auditor, cash- 
 ier and general freight and passenger 
 agent of the Pecos Valley Railroad, 
 now living in Eddy, has throughout 
 his entire life been connected with the railroad 
 service. Personally, he is, in his business and 
 social relations, a most delightful companion, 
 courteous to all and at the same time a man 
 of force and keen tact. Quick to solve intri- 
 cate business problems and to judge their mer- 
 its accurately, he has justly won the responsi- 
 ble position which he is now filling in a most 
 creditable manner. 
 
 Mr. Church was born on the 15th of July, 
 1863, in Antioch, Monroe county, Ohio, and 
 acquired the greater part of his education in 
 Sabina, Ohio. In 1870 the family removed to 
 Ottawa, Kansas, but subsequently returned to 
 Sabina, where our subject learned telegraphy, 
 taking up the profession at a very early age. 
 When a youth of thirteen he was competent to 
 handle the office at Sabina, and in fact did so 
 for three months, while his uncle, who was 
 the regular operator, was away. He contin- 
 ued his residence in that place and his con- 
 nection with the railroad office for three years, 
 and then accepted a position at Washington 
 
 Court House, Ohio, where he remained for one 
 year, as freight clerk and operator. His prac- 
 tice during this time had made him very effi- 
 cient, and he was competent to fill a more im- 
 portant position. 
 
 In 1880 Mr. Church went to Galveston, 
 Texas, in the employ of the Western Union 
 Telegraph Company as an operator, in which 
 capacity he served for five years. He was 
 then promoted to the position of night mana- 
 ger of the office, and acceptably served as such 
 for seven years. It was about this time that 
 his friend, Mr. Miller, superintendent of the 
 Pecos Valley Railroad, wanting a competent 
 man in the auditor's and cashier's department, 
 offered the position to Mr. Church, who ac- 
 cepted it, acting as clerk in these departments 
 until August, 1894, when he was made general 
 freight and passenger agent. A year later the 
 duties of auditor and cashier were added, with 
 a corresponding increase in salary, and he now 
 has charge of a large and important branch of 
 the business of many. His rise has been rapid, 
 but he has been a hard worker and his promo- 
 tion has come to him as the reward of faithful 
 and meritorious service. 
 
 While in Galveston, Mr. Church was made 
 a Mason and took the Royal Arch degrees. He 
 also belongs to the Knights of Pythias frater- 
 nity. On the i6th of January, 1881, he was 
 joined in wedlock with Miss Mary Rinker, a 
 native of Galveston, Texas, and they have one 
 child, Ingram, born June 29, 1884. 
 
 *ir * ON. CHARLES METCALFE SHAN- 
 
 [\ NON, United States Collector of In- 
 1 ,r ternal Revenue for the district of 
 New Mexico and Arizona, was born 
 near Lexington, La Fayette county, Missouri, 
 August 7, 1851, and is of Irish descent. His 
 ancestors located in America previous to the 
 Revolutionary war. His grandfather and father 
 were both born in Kentucky. John Shannon, 
 our subject's father, was raised in his native 
 place, and was there married to Miss Elizabeth 
 Metcalfe, a native also of Kentucky and a 
 
588 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 descendant of an old and prominent Southern 
 family, her uncle having been one of Ken- 
 tucky's able Governors. After their marriage, 
 in 1838, Mr. and Mrs. Shannon moved to 
 Missouri. Six children were born to them in 
 that State, of whom three are now living. 
 The father was killed in a cyclone in 1879, at 
 the age of sixty-four years, and the mother 
 still survives, aged seventy-one years. 
 
 Charles M. Shannon, their fifth child in 
 order of birth, received his education in 
 Missouri and Kentucky. In 1871 he came to 
 New Mexico, where he taught school for a 
 short time, and afterward engaged in prospect- 
 ing and mining, becoming what might be call- 
 ed a mountaineer. In that occupation he not 
 only gained robust health, but a wide acquaint- 
 ance with the country and its resources. Mr. 
 Shannon is now largely interested in copper 
 mines near Clifton, Arizona. In company 
 with his brother, Baylor Shannon, he owns a 
 large stock ranch near Silver City, New 
 Mexico. 
 
 Mr. Shannon styles himself a born Demo- 
 crat, and, like most Southerners, is ardent in 
 his allegiance to his party, and has rehdered it 
 efficient aid at every opportunity. He has 
 served one term in the Arizona Legislature, 
 and in 1893 he received from President Cleve- 
 land the appointment to his present office, that 
 of United States Collector of Revenue for the 
 Territories of New Mexico and Arizona. He 
 is a member of the Democratic National Com- 
 mittee for Arizona. With Mr. Newman, our 
 subject owned and managed the newspaper 
 called the "34." It had worked so hard for 
 Democracy that the county was carried by 
 that party by thirty-four majority, the county 
 having been previously Republican for many 
 years, and in honor of the event they gave 
 their paper that name. Later, Mr. Shannon 
 was connected with the Lone Star, published 
 at El Paso, Texas, and from 1884 to 1887 
 edited the Southwest Sentinel, at Silver City, 
 New Mexico. In that way he wielded a wide 
 influence in behalf of his party. 
 
 Mr. Shannon was married at Dallas, Texas, 
 
 in 1885, to Miss Mollie Betterton, a native of 
 Virginia and a daughter of W. J. Betterton, 
 also a native of that State. The family have 
 long been residents of the South. In his 
 social relations, Mr. Shannon is a Knight 
 Templar Mason. 
 
 ILLIAM H. COSGROVE, who is 
 now serving as Receiver of Public 
 Moneys in the Roswell land office, 
 to which position he was appointed 
 in 1893, is a native of Missouri, his birth 
 having occurred in Jackson county, on the 28th 
 of November, 1843. His father settled at In- 
 dependence, Missouri, about the year 1836, 
 and was a blacksmith by trade. 
 
 Our subject acquired his education in In- 
 dependence, Missouri, and when sixteen years 
 of age left that place. Shortly afterward, how- 
 ever, he returned, making it his home until 
 about 1 86 1, when he went to Montana in 
 search of employment. He has traveled quite 
 extensively over this country, particularly the 
 region west of the Mississippi, and has gained 
 the wide knowlege and broader views that 
 travel and its attending experiences bring. 
 
 On coming to New Mexico in 1874 Mr. 
 Cosgrove located in Santa Fe, where he re- 
 mained for four years. He then came to the 
 ranch on which is now located the town of 
 Roswell, and assisted his brother who had 
 taken a contract to carry the mail from Las 
 Vegas, New Mexico, via Fort Stanton, to 
 Mesilla, New Mexico, a distance of about 425 
 miles. Over that Territory there were few 
 houses, no railroads and no towns. While thus 
 engaged Mr. Cosgrove established a store in 
 Roswell. He had acquired his capital through 
 industry and frugality, and now made a judi- 
 cious investment of it. 
 
 On the expiration of the mail contract, Mr. 
 Cosgrove went to the East, where he remained 
 for a year, and then returned to again enter 
 mercantile life. For a number of years he 
 carried on business alone, and then entered 
 into partnership with John W. Poe and J. S. 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 589 
 
 Lea, under the firm name of Poe, Lea & Cos- 
 grove. This firm carried on a successful busi- 
 ness until 1892, when the store was sold. Mr. 
 Cosgrove had formerly been appointed Post- 
 master of Roswell, which position he held for 
 nine consecutive years, discharging his duties in 
 a most creditable and painstaking manner. In 
 1893 he was appointed and has since accept- 
 ably served as receiver of public moneys in the 
 land office in Roswell. 
 
 On the 28th of April, 1884, in Roswell, 
 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Cosgrove 
 and Miss Sarah Tucker, of Jasper county, 
 Missouri. Two children grace this union, 
 Ella and Inez. Our subject is very prominent 
 in Masonic circles, being both a Knight Temp- 
 lar and Scottish Rite Mason. From the age 
 of sixteen years he has been dependent entirely 
 upon his own resources, and the success he has 
 achieved is the just reward of his own labors. 
 He has seen the rapid and steady rise of Ros- 
 well from an unincorporated town to one of 
 the thriving cities of the Territory, and has 
 ever borne his part in the work of development 
 and progress. He is a man of kindly disposi- 
 tion and pleasant manner who has won the 
 warm friendship of nearly all with whom he 
 has been brought in contact. 
 
 ICHARD F. BARNETT is one of the 
 prominent business men of Roswell, 
 New Mexico, and with a determined 
 will and resolute purpose carries for- 
 ward to successful completion whatever he un- 
 dertakes. He is. a promoter of the agricultural 
 and stock-raising interests of this section of the 
 Territory, and is a representative of that class 
 of citizens whose well directed efforts not only 
 benefit himself but have materially advanced 
 the welfare of the community. 
 
 Mr. Barnett is a native of Mississippi. He 
 was born in Leake county, November 19, 1860, 
 and during his early childhood accompanied his 
 parents to the Indian Territory, the family locat- 
 ing in the Cherokee Nation, where, having ar- 
 rived at years of maturity, our subject engaged 
 
 in stock dealing. Hearing such favorable ac- 
 counts of the Pecos valley he resolved to seek 
 a home in this region, where he arrived in the 
 spring of 1887. He took up his residence in 
 Roswell and resumed stock dealing. He also 
 opened a livery stable at the same place where 
 he now carries on business, and after two years 
 admitted to partnership James Sutherland. 
 This connection continued for five years, when 
 Mr. Sutherland sold his interest to J. H. De- 
 vine, who is now Mr. Barnett's partner in the 
 livery and feed business. His stable is well 
 equipped with horses and carriages, and his 
 earnest desire to please his customers and his 
 honorable dealing has secured to him a liberal 
 patronage. 
 
 Before the railroad was built from Eddy to 
 Roswell, in 1894, a distance of eighty-five 
 miles, the firm of Barnett, Devine & Company 
 owned a stable in the former town and ran a 
 daily stage line between the two places, also 
 carrying the mail for several years. For effi- 
 ciency, promptness and reliability the service 
 was unequaled anywhere in the Territory. This 
 firm now carries the mail and runs a stage line 
 between Roswell and Lincoln, the county seat 
 of Lincoln county, sixty-five miles west of Ros- 
 well. In this as in every other business rela- 
 tion Mr. Barnett shows a thorough knowledge 
 of his business and how it should be conducted, 
 and his well directed efforts are therefore 
 crowned with success. 
 
 Upon his good farm two miles east of the 
 town, Mr. Barnett is engaged in raising mules 
 and hogs, believing the latter to be one of New 
 Mexico's chief sources of income, for, as he 
 says, alfalfa is about all that is needed to raise 
 hogs, and alfalfa grows most abundantly, need- 
 ing little cultivation. He also has a forty acre 
 orchard of apple trees, including some fine 
 varieties, which yield luxuriantly. His landed 
 possessions aggregate about 1,200 acres in 
 Chaves county. He was one of the promoters, 
 and is a stockholder in the Pecos Valley Indus- 
 trial Company, with an organized capital of 
 three hundred thousand dollars, organized for 
 the purpose of constructing an irrigation ditch 
 
590 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 from the Pecos river, forty miles above Roswell, 
 and bringing under cultivation some ten thou- 
 sand acres of fine land. This movement is one 
 specially beneficial to the Pecos Valley, largely 
 promoting its fertility. As a stockholder in the 
 Roswell National Bank, he is a promoter of the 
 sound financial interests of the valley and is 
 widely recognized as one of the successful and 
 reliable business men of the Territory. He 
 has been the architect of his own fortunes and 
 has builded wisely and well. 
 
 The pleasant home of Mr. Barnett is gra- 
 ciously presided over by the lady who since 1891 
 has shared his name and fortunes. In her 
 maidenhood she was Miss Lizzie Higginbotham, 
 and the wedding was celebrated in Louisana. 
 They have two children, a son and daughter. 
 Mr. Barnett is a Knight Templar Mason, hold- 
 ing membership in the blue lodge, chapter and 
 commandery of Roswell. 
 
 aHARLES M. CREAMER, the leading 
 druggist of Santa Fe, was born in 
 Ohio, November 15, 1855 His 
 father, Joseph K. Creamer, was a 
 native of Germany and came to America when 
 seventeen years of age, locating in Ohio. He 
 was married there to Miss Ellen O'Shay, a na- 
 tive of Ireland. They subsequently moved to 
 Indiana, where Mr. Creamer was engaged in 
 coal-mining until i86r. In that year he en- 
 listed for service in the late war, entering Com- 
 pany F, Twenty-sixth Indiana Volunteer Infan- 
 try, served through the entire struggle, and re- 
 turned home at its close in broken health, and 
 died in 1872. His wife had departed this life 
 shortly after the birth of their second child. 
 
 At eight years of age Charles M. , the sub- 
 ject of this sketch, began to earn his own liv- 
 ing, and in the fullest sense of the word may 
 be called a self-taught man. In 1 872 he began 
 to learn the drug business in Louisville, Ken- 
 tucky, which occupation he has ever since fol- 
 lowed. September 17, 1880, Mr. Creamer 
 arrived in New Mexico, to accept the position 
 of clerk in the drug house of C. F. A. Fisher, 
 
 of the firm of Myer Brothers, of St. Louis, the 
 largest wholesale drug firm in the West. In 
 1883 he purchased a half interest in the busi- 
 ness in Santa Fe, and in the following year 
 became sole owner of the stock. Mr. Creamer 
 has been interested in various other enterprises, 
 but has made the drug business his leading oc- 
 cupation. 
 
 In political matters, he is an ardent Demo- 
 crat, and for eight years has been a member of 
 the Democratic county central committee, also 
 chairman of the board of County Commission- 
 ers. Since serving as chairman of the county 
 p central committee he has never lost a battle, 
 and it was under his management that the first 
 straight Democratic ticket in the county was 
 elected. He still takes a deep interest in poli- 
 tics, and has attended all the conventions of 
 his party in the Territory. 
 
 Mr. Creamer was married June 14, 1883, 
 to Miss Ella McCarr, of Springfield, Ohio. 
 They have one son, Charles M., born in Santa 
 Fe. He is now eight years of age, and has 
 served as Page in the Territorial Legislature, 
 having been the youngest page in that body. 
 The wife and mother died April 22, 1890. 
 May 8, 1891, Mr. Creamer was united in mar- 
 riage with Miss Augusta Schlacter, a native of 
 Switzerland. They have two children, Joseph 
 K. and Sophia Maria. The family are mem- 
 bers of the Catholic Church, and Mr. Creamer 
 is President of the local order of the Catholic 
 Knights of America, in which he has served as 
 a delegate to the national convention. 
 
 QRASTUS W. PARKER, superintend- 
 ent and part owner of the South 
 Homestake mine at White Oaks, is a 
 native of the Empire State. He was 
 born in Dansville, Livingston county, Septem- 
 ber 28, 1843, and is a son of James H. and 
 Cherrille (Wells) Parker. The ancestry on the 
 mother's side were noted and prominent New 
 York people. Her grandfather was agent for 
 the Holland Land Company, which owned 
 large tracts of land in New York, and he also 
 
HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 59 ' 
 
 served as Governor of Connecticut. When 
 our subject was three years of age the family 
 started for California, but the mother was taken 
 ill and this caused their location in St. Louis, 
 Missouri. 
 
 It was in the latter city that Erastus W. 
 acquired his education, in the common and high 
 schools there, and subsequently pursued his 
 studies in Center College, Boyle county, Ken- 
 tucky. From 1860 until September, 1862, he 
 was a midshipman in the United States Navy 
 and cruised along the Atlantic coast ; also made 
 one trip through the blue waters of the Med- 
 iterranean. In the latter part of 1862, he was 
 in the express business from St. Louis, Mis- 
 souri, to New Orleans, connected with Parker's 
 Express, on the Mississippi and tributaries, 
 and also from New York City to New Orleans, 
 on the Luwa Nawda Express line, by ocean. 
 He was agent of these companies until 1865, 
 when the business was sold to what is now the 
 Adams Express Company. 
 
 In 1866 Mr. Parker was united in marriage 
 with Miss Emmeline Brown, daughter of Judge 
 Morris Brown, a prominent attorney of New 
 York and one of the attorneys in the famous 
 "Tweed ring" case. Three sons have been 
 born to them: James H., a graduate of the 
 School of Mines of Golden, Colorado; Frank 
 W. , and Morris B., a graduate of the Mis- 
 souri School of Mines, at Rolla, that State. 
 
 Upon his marriage Mr. Parker purchased a 
 vineyard on Lake Keuka, in New York, fifty 
 miles north from Elmira, where he lived until 
 1872. At that time he entered into a connec- 
 tion with the National Express & Stage Com- 
 pany, operating in all the Southern States and 
 Territories. As superintendent he had entire 
 charge of the business, with headquarters at 
 St. Louis. The headquarters of the company 
 was at Atchison, Kansas. 
 
 In his official capacity Mr. Parker made 
 frequent trips over the company's routes and 
 while on a tour of inspection of the line from 
 Vinita in the Indian Territory to Las Vegas, 
 New Mexico, he became attracted toward 
 White Oaks. Such rich specimens of gold ore 
 
 were shown him that he concluded to investi- 
 gate for himself and see whether all was as re- 
 ported. He took a team and drove to the camp, 
 and being satisfied with what he saw he located 
 claims (1879) in the Jicarillas. He brought to 
 Lincoln county the first artesian-well outfit, in- 
 tending to operate it in placer mining. He 
 interested with him such men as Judge John 
 Hancock, of Austin, Texas, Erastus Wells, 
 Rolla Wells, Thomas Howard, John W. Harri- 
 son and E. S. Chester, of St. Louis, and J. W. 
 Parker, of Atchison, Kansas, who came with 
 him to White Oaks the following years. Be- 
 lieving that the South Homestake mine would 
 prove a profitable investment they concluded 
 to abandon the Jicarillas and operate the 
 former at White Oaks. Through C. Ewing 
 Patterson, an attorney at White Oaks, and our 
 subject, an option was obtained on this mine. 
 The company subsequently purchased it, erected 
 a stamp mill and equipped the mine with the 
 latest improved machinery and facilities. The 
 original owners were Erastus Wells, J. W. 
 Parker, E. S. Chester, T. W. Heman, William 
 Watson, C. Ewing Patterson, E. W. Parker 
 and John A. Wilson. The present owners are 
 Rolla Wells, son of Erastus Wells, who is now 
 deceased ; John W. Harrison and E. W. Parker. 
 Our subject lives in White Oaks and has 
 the general management of the entire mining 
 interests at this place, and has done much for 
 the development of the business in this section 
 of the Territory. He is deeply interested in 
 New Mexico's progress and improvement and 
 is a worthy adopted son of the Territory. 
 Fraternally he is connected with the Masonic 
 order, and is a social, genial gentleman who 
 has many friends. 
 
 * * ON. WILLIAM c. MCDONALD is 
 
 |r^ one of the pioneers of the town of 
 
 ^f White Oaks, Lincoln county, having 
 
 been identified with its progress and 
 
 upbuilding for fifteen years. He came here in 
 
 the spring of 1880 and found a largely unde- 
 
 veloped region. In a great measure it was 
 
59 2 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 still in its primitive condition, but his charac- 
 teristic energy has been largely devoted to its 
 upbuilding, and White Oaks owes not a little of 
 her advancement to his indefatigable efforts. 
 
 Mr. McDonald was born in New York, on 
 the 25th of July, 1858, and spent the days of 
 his boyhood and youth in the usual manner of 
 farmer lads. His elementary education, ac- 
 quired in the common schools, was supple- 
 mented by a course in Cazenovia Seminary. 
 He made his home at the place of his birth 
 and taught school for three years after com- 
 pleting his own education. At the same time 
 he took up the study of law, for it was his de- 
 sire to enter the legal profession. In the spring 
 of 1880 he bade adieu to friends and family and 
 started westward, thinking that on the broad 
 plains of the region beyond the Mississippi he 
 would have better opportunities for more rapid 
 advancement. He made his way to Fort 
 Scott, Kansas, where he had acquaintances 
 living, and remained there for a short time. 
 Court being in session at the time, he concluded 
 to undertake an examination for admission to 
 the bar, which he passed successfully and was 
 now an acknowledged lawyer. He had been 
 in Fort Scott only a short time when he heard 
 of the mining excitement at White Oaks, New 
 Mexico, and came to this place His capital 
 was very limited, but he had a knowledge of 
 surveying and civil engineering which now 
 came into good play in this region, which was 
 just being opened up to civilization. He car- 
 ried on business along those lines for ten years, 
 when in 1890 he accepted the position of man- 
 ager of the Carrizozo Cattle Company, an En- 
 glish syndicate, owning a very large ranch 
 eleven miles southwest of White Oaks. He 
 has since continued in this capacity, and his 
 long service well indicates his fidelity to duty, 
 his capable management and the confidence 
 and trust reposed in him. Although he has 
 never engaged in the practice of law, his 
 knowledge of it has proved beneficial in his 
 business interests. 
 
 Mr. McDonald is a leading and influential 
 citizen and was honored by an election to the 
 
 Twenty-ninth Territorial General Assembly, as 
 the representative from Lincoln county. On 
 the 3 ist of August, 1891, he led to the mar- 
 riage altar Mrs. Frances J. McCourt, and they 
 now have a bright and interesting little daugh- 
 ter, Frances, born August 13, 1892. 
 
 eDWARD H. HARLOW, division fore- 
 man for the Atlantic & Pacific Rail- 
 road Company, is located at Gallup, 
 one of the divisions of the road. He 
 is a native of Wisconsin, the birthplace of 
 many representative and sterling citizens whose 
 lives partake of the hardy ruggedness of the 
 northern climate, and to this class belongs our 
 subject. He was born in Janesville, Rock 
 county, on the ist of September, 1856, and is 
 a son of E. G. Harlow, a native of the Empire 
 State. His mother bore the maiden name of 
 Fannie Howe, and was also born in New 
 York. 
 
 Our subject began his education in the pub- 
 lic schools of Janesville, which he completed 
 in Trinity Church parish school of that place. 
 In 1873 he made his way to the metropolis of 
 the Northwest, Chicago, and served an ap- 
 prenticeship in the Northwestern railroad shops. 
 There his faithful service and efficiency won 
 him promotion and he at length became gang 
 foreman on the road. In 1887 he left Chicago, 
 going to Harvard, Illinois, where he was em- 
 ployed in the roundhouse as foreman, still in 
 the employ of the Northwestern Company. 
 His labors in that place were continued for 
 fifteen months, on the expiration of which 
 period he accepted the position of gang fore- 
 man at Topeka, Kansas, in the main shops of 
 the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. 
 He had been there only a short time when he 
 accepted the position of division foreman at 
 Wallace, New Mexico, for the same road, and 
 was promoted to the more responsible position 
 of general foreman at Raton. Going to Al- 
 buquerque, he was employed in the machine 
 shops, where his superior mechanical ability 
 soon won for him the position of shop foreman. 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 593 
 
 In 1893 he removed to Gallup and was made 
 division foreman, which position he is now ac- 
 ceptably filling. He is a thorough railroad 
 man, careful and painstaking, who in his work 
 carries out the motto, "Whatever is worth 
 doing at all is worth doing well." He believes 
 that neither.time nor expense should be spared 
 in securing perfection, and requires good work- 
 manship of those over whom he has charge. 
 
 Mr. Harlow has been twice married. He 
 wedded Miss Cynthia Lucas, who died and was 
 buried at Westville; and later he led to the 
 marriage altar Miss Annah Cummings, of Janes- 
 ville, Wisconsin. They now have two inter- 
 esting children: Philip Leon and Edward 
 George. 
 
 Mr. Harlow is a Mason, belonging to the 
 blue lodge at Gallup, and the chapter and com- 
 mandery at Albuquerque. He also holds mem- 
 bership in the Odd Fellows Society at Austin, 
 Illinois, and the Ancient Order of United 
 Workmen at Albuquerque. He is now Master 
 of the blue lodge at Gallup, and District Deputy 
 Grand Master of the Territory. His life has 
 been well and worthily spent, and character- 
 ized by a strict adherence to duty. As a busi- 
 ness man he is thoroughly reliable, and is a 
 gentleman of genuine worth whose many ex- 
 cellencies have won him high regard among 
 his business associates and other acquaintances. 
 
 >-j > UDGE N. B. LAUGHLIN. " No spe- 
 4 cies of writing seems more worthy of 
 A j cultivation than biography, " says Lang- 
 horn. It yields in point of interest 
 and profit to no other study, and the student of 
 human nature finds his greatest delight in ex- 
 amining into the life and history of a self-made 
 man, in analyzing those principles which have 
 made such a one pass many on the highway of 
 life and attain a position of prominence in the 
 community. The gentleman of whom we 
 write belongs to that class who have forced 
 aside the barriers that obstruct the way until 
 now he stands within that charmed circle, rich 
 in honor and wealth, a devoted son of his 
 
 38 
 
 adopted State. Judge Laughlin, of Santa Fe, 
 has gained his eminent position through indus- 
 try and ability, and to-day he is serving as As- 
 sociate Justice of the Supreme Court and Judge 
 of the First Judicial Court for the counties of 
 Santa Fe, Taos, Rio Arriba and San Juan. 
 
 A native of Illinois, he was born at Grand 
 Tower, Jackson county, on the 24th of July, 
 1844, and is descended from Scotch-Irish an- 
 cestors who in search of liberty sought a home 
 in the New World prior to the struggle for 
 American independence. His maternal great- 
 grandfather, Allen Henson, was an active par- 
 ticipant in the war of the Revolution, and, 
 serving in the command of General Nathaniel 
 Greene, participated in the battles of Brandy- 
 wine, Germantown and others of that time. 
 He also participated in the wars against the 
 Indians, and on three different occasions was 
 scalped by the red men! His family became 
 residents of east Tennessee in the early his- 
 tory of the State and were prominent in its 
 development. His son, George Washington 
 Greene Henson, the maternal grandfather of 
 Judge Laughlin, emigrated from Roane county, 
 Tennessee, to Illinois, locating on the east 
 bank of the Mississippi river in Jackson county, 
 in the early part of the present century. The 
 experiences of pioneer life then became familiar 
 to him, for this was at a time when the keel- 
 boat and flatboat were the only known means 
 of navigation on the Mississippi river, and the 
 wild Indians had full possession of all that part 
 of the country. Old Kaskaskia was at that 
 time the principal trading and business point 
 in southern Illinois, for these were Territorial 
 days; and it may be truly said of these pioneer 
 families of the great Mississippi river bottoms 
 and its dense and massive forests in their prime- 
 val days, that: 
 
 Oft did the harvest to the sickle yield; 
 
 Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke; 
 How jocund did they drive their team a-field ! 
 
 How bowed the woods beneath their sturdy stroke! 
 
 The Laughlins were also numbered among 
 the honored pioneers of that State, the Judge's 
 grandfather, Henry Laughlin, removing from 
 
594 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Kentucky to Randolph county, Illinois, about 
 1805. There on the ist of March, 1810, 
 Garland Laughlin, the father of our subject, 
 was born. With his parents he went to Jack- 
 son county, and after attaining his majority 
 engaged in farming and trading by flatboat, 
 making trips to New Orleans in the winter sea- 
 son, a distance of i, 100 miles. 
 
 In Jackson county, Illinois, was celebrated 
 his marriage to Miss Jane Henson, daughter of 
 G. W. G. Henson, and by their union were 
 born six children, of whom the Judge is the 
 fourth in order of birth. The mother died 
 in 1851, and in 1859 Garland Laughlin re- 
 moved to Randolph county, Arkansas, where 
 they resided during the late war, going then 
 to Perry county, Missouri, where his death 
 occurred in 1867. 
 
 Belonging to a Southern family and reared 
 among the institutions of the South, the Laugh- 
 lins were true to their teachings and training 
 and were represented in the late war by E. G. 
 Laughlin, the eldest brother of our subject, 
 who enlisted in the Confederate service in 1 86 1 , 
 as a member of Trigg's battery, of General 
 Hardee's division. This battery was one of 
 the first that opened fire at the battle of Shiloh, 
 and there he was wounded on the second day 
 of the engagement. He was afterward trans- 
 ferred to the Trans-Mississippi Department, 
 was again wounded at the battle of Pleasant 
 Hill, Louisiana, and was finally paroled at 
 Shreveport, that State, in June, 1865. The 
 following year he returned to Illinois and his 
 death occurred in Doniphan county, Missouri, 
 in 1878. 
 
 It is with pleasure that we turn our atten- 
 tion to the life record of Judge Laughlin, for 
 it is well worthy a place on the pages of his- 
 tory. He was given the name of Napoleon 
 Bonaparte in honor of an uncle of that name 
 and on account of the great admiration the 
 family had for the eminent French general. 
 With the name he seems to have acquired 
 some of the military tendencies of that com- 
 mander, for though only twenty years of age 
 at the time of the war he enlisted, in June, 
 
 1864, in the Confederate army as a member 
 of Company H, Fifteenth Missouri Cavalry, 
 which was commanded by Colonel Timothy 
 Reeves, doing provost duty at Jacksonport, 
 Arkansas, and thence accompanying General 
 Price on his last raid through Missouri and 
 Kansas. He participated in the battles of 
 Pilot Knob, Big Blue, West Port, and New- 
 tonia, Missouri; Dry Creek, Kansas, and at 
 the close of the war, in June, 1865, was paroled, 
 at Jacksonport, Arkansas. 
 
 Various things combined to prevent Judge 
 Laughlin from obtaining educational advan- 
 tages in his youth, ill health, the loss of his 
 mother at six years of age, the vicissitudes of 
 war and the want of public schools; and at 
 the age of twenty-three years he was unable to 
 read or write his name ! At this point in his 
 life, most young men would have succumbed 
 to the force of circumstances and the stern de- 
 cree of fate, that seemed at the time insur- 
 mountable. An orphan boy, with no means, 
 no education and worst of all with a heritage 
 of ill-health, so much so that he could perform 
 little manual labor, with such prospects for 
 the future, the prediction for his elegy well 
 might have been: 
 
 "A heart once pregnant with celestial fire; 
 * * * # * * 
 
 But knowledge to their eyes her ample page, 
 Rich with the spoils of time did ne'er unroll; 
 
 Chill penury repressed their noble rage, 
 And froze the genial current of the soul." 
 
 But such was not the case. The excitement 
 of the war being over, the innate self reliant 
 and ambitious spirit that had lain dormant, 
 strengthened and fertilized by rough experience 
 with the world, began to germinate and take 
 deep root. It was then that he began to con- 
 sider his circumstances. ' ' Dipped into the fu- 
 ture as far as human eyes could see," he saw 
 that an education was the pre-requisite for fu- 
 ture success. He attended a country school 
 for two winters and fed a farmer's stock for 
 his board; and afterward, with his small earn- 
 ings saved, he entered Bryant & Stratton's 
 Commercial College in St. Louis, and was 
 
HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 595 
 
 graduated there. Not satisfied with this edu- 
 cation, he entered the Missouri State Uni- 
 versity, and was graduated at that institution 
 in the regular course, with the degree of Bach- 
 elor of Philosophy, in the class of 1875, and 
 remained in the law department there one 
 year. During the six years he remained at 
 the university, he attended to the business of 
 the Students' Boarding Club in payment of 
 his board, and worked on farms and in stores 
 during vacations and holidays for money for 
 clothing, books and incidental expenses. 
 
 He located at Dallas, Texas, where he was 
 admitted to the bar in 1876. The untiring 
 perseverance and commendable ambition that 
 characterized his entire life, secured him his 
 education and made him a man of ripe scholar- 
 ship and broad general information. He suc- 
 cessfully engaged in the practice of law in 
 Dallas until 1879, when ill health forced him 
 to make a trip to the Rocky mountains, and on 
 horseback he traveled across the Llano Esta- 
 cado to Santa Fe, New Mexico, a distance of 
 about 1,000 miles, where he has since re- 
 mained. 
 
 The Judge spent the first three years of 
 his residence in New Mexico in mining camps, 
 where he was three times elected Recorder for 
 the district. In 1880 he was elected to the 
 ' lower house of the Territorial Legislature 
 and was again nominated to that position in 
 1882, but met defeat at that time. The same 
 year he was admitted to practice at the Santa 
 Fe bar, and was exclusively engaged in the 
 prosecution of his profession until appointed to 
 his present position. His retirement from of- 
 ficial life was only for a brief period, for men 
 of worth and ability were needed for office, and 
 in 1 886 he was again elected a member of the 
 upper house of the Legislature, and during 
 that session was nominated by the Governor 
 and confirmed as Attorney General .for the 
 Territory; but a misunderstanding arose be- 
 tween Judge Laughlin and the Governor con- 
 cerning the policy and management of certain 
 public institutions of the Territory. Both gen- 
 tlemen possessed decided opinions, and the 
 
 Governor, declined to issue the commission, 
 and Mr. Laughlin was deprived of the position 
 to which he had been lawfully appointed and 
 confirmed by he Governor and the Legislative 
 Council. In 1892 he was nominated by his 
 party for the upper house of the Legislature 
 but failed of election. In 1891 he was ap- 
 pointed by the Governor and confirmed by the 
 Legislative Council as a member of the board 
 of Penitentiary Commissioners for the manage- 
 ment of the New Mexico penitentiary, and was 
 again appointed in 1893, serving nearly four 
 years as a member and secretary of that board. 
 He resigned when appointed to his present 
 position, after earnest and effective labor that 
 largely secured the present high standing of 
 that public institution, which in point of per- 
 fection equals that of any State in the Union. 
 
 In July, 1894, Judge Laughlin was ap- 
 pointed by President Cleveland as Associate 
 Justice of the Supreme Court, and Judge of 
 the First Judicial District Court, and in this 
 position gives general satisfaction by the fair- 
 ness of his rulings, his respect and courtesy 
 toward the members of the profession, his 
 promptness and dispatch of business and in 
 his efforts to arrive at the truth and justice of 
 the cause at bar. As an Appellate Judge his 
 opinions are short, terse and directly to the is- 
 sues involved, his entire efforts being to inter- 
 pret the law without fear or favor to any one 
 or to any issue, and every ruling and decision 
 are made by him regardless of anything except 
 the law and the facts in that particular case. 
 His motto is, "Be just and fear not," and it 
 may be truthfully said of him that in all of his 
 public acts he lives up to it in letter and 
 spirit. 
 
 As a practitioner in the courts of New 
 Mexico, in both civil and criminal cases of 
 importance, Judge Laughlin has been very 
 successful; also in the United States Court 
 of Private Land Claims, wherein he secured 
 the confirmation of many large Spanish grants. 
 He has given much time and study to the his- 
 tory and research of Spanish and Mexican 
 jurisprudence on this subject and has been 
 
59 6 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 well repaid therefor. He has always en- 
 deavored to state clearly and positively a law 
 or a fact to a judge or jury, and has therefore 
 always retained the respect of the various 
 courts before whom he has practiced. 
 
 In 1883 Judge Laughlin was happily mar- 
 ried to Miss Katie Kimbrough, of Dallas, 
 Texas, an accomplished and talented lady, a 
 native of East Tennessee. By this union 
 there are two daughters, Ruth and Helen, 
 the delight and sunshine of the home. Mrs. 
 Laughlin descended from English ancestors 
 who settled in Virginia at an early day, where 
 they accumulated large estates and were 
 large slaveholders in ante-bellum days; but 
 their fortunes were swept away by the war, as 
 were the fortunes of thousands of others in that 
 sorely afflicted part of our common country; 
 and her people, like others, after the close of 
 the desperate conflict, sought the West in quest 
 of new fortunes, and to forget, if possible, 
 memories and treasures lost, never to be re- 
 gained. The Judge says he regards his mar- 
 riage as the most successful event of his life, 
 and he takes great pleasure in the comforts 
 and refinement of his home, caring little for 
 the social world beyond its walls. The so- 
 ciety of his accomplished wife and their daugh- 
 ters is his " haven of rest." 
 
 Judge Laughlin is and has been a life-long 
 Democrat, is thoroughly devoted to the prin- 
 ciples of "true Democracy," and has contrib- 
 uted much of his time and ability and of his 
 means to the succees of his party in all of the 
 Territory. He has always been faithful and 
 earnest in advocating its cause whenever and 
 wherever called for his aid, and in success or 
 in defeat says his party "has always treated 
 him well. " He is a devoted admirer of Grover 
 Cleveland, and of "true Democracy as ex- 
 pounded and practiced by him;" and he be- 
 lieves that Mr. Cleveland's unimpeachable in- 
 tegrity of character, his steadfastness of pur- 
 pose, his devotion to principles of his party, 
 his loyalty and patriotism to his country, will 
 serve to all the future and be pointed to as an 
 example and as one of the fathers of the Dem- 
 
 ocratic party; and will stand out in future his- 
 tory in bold relief as one of America's greatest 
 presidents and patriots and as one of the great- 
 est statesmen of his day and generation; and 
 that by his good judgment and courage he has 
 brought about many reforms in his party and 
 brought out many examples worthy to be em- 
 ulated and followed by the youth of this and 
 future generations. In the progressive and 
 successful career which has culminated in his 
 present eminent social and official position, 
 Judge Laughlin has won the admiration and 
 appreciation of a host of friends and the re- 
 spect and confidence of the community at 
 large, and has furnished to the struggling 
 youth of our country a most impressive and 
 encouraging example of what may be accom- 
 plished by industry, integrity and sobriety, a 
 will power and a determination to succeed in 
 the face of apparently insurmountable ob-. 
 stacles; and whatever he has acomplished it is 
 just to say has been by a devotion exclusively 
 to one thing, the profession of law, and poli- 
 tics as an incident only. He is now in the 
 prime of life, in the full vigor of manhood, 
 fully blessed with health, happiness and pros- 
 perity, and judging by the past his career of 
 usefulness has only begun. 
 
 *w "* ON. LUIS M. C. DE BACA, of So- 
 I'^k corro, New Mexico, is one of the 
 
 ^r wealthy and influential citizens of this 
 place. He was born in Santa Fe 
 county, New Mexico, August 19, 1834, and is 
 a representative of the distinguished Baca fam- 
 ily of this Territory. 
 
 Matthew Mauricio C. de Baca, his father 
 was born in Penya Blanca, Bernalillo coun- 
 ty, New Mexico, in the year 1784. He 
 married Guadalupe Montoya, who bore him 
 five children, of which number two are now 
 living. His life was passed as a farmer and 
 stock-raiser, and, like the majority of the fam- 
 ily of which he was a representative, he was 
 prosperous and wealthy. He died in 1854, in 
 the seventieth year of his age. His wife was 
 
HISTORY OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 597 
 
 fifty at the time of her death. They were de- 
 vout Catholics. 
 
 Their son, Luis M. C. , whose name graces 
 this article, was their first born. He was ed- 
 ucated at Santa Fe, Taos, New Mexico, and 
 Durango, old Mexico, and after completing his 
 schooling engaged in merchandising at Santa 
 Fe. There he was also for a number of years 
 agent for Jose Chavez. In 1875 he turned 
 his attention to the sheep industry, which was 
 at that time a very profitable business, and in- 
 vested largely in it both in New Mexico and in 
 California. He confined his operations in Cal- 
 ifornia to Monterey county, and became well 
 and favorably known there. At one time he 
 had as high as thirteen thousand sheep. His 
 annual sales of wool amounted to about 25,- 
 ooo pounds, netting him each year in the 
 neighborhood of $5,500. From time to time 
 he has acquired real estate in different parts of 
 the county in which he lives and is to-day 
 ranked with the heaviest taxpayers of Socorro 
 county. 
 
 Mr. Baca was married in 1854 to Miss Ra- 
 mona Armijo, daughter of General Armijo. 
 They had three children, all dying in infancy, 
 and in 1863 Mrs. Baca also departed this life. 
 In 1869 he wedded Miss Maria Ines Trujillo, 
 daughter of Jesus Trujillo, and the children of 
 this union, two in number, also died in in- 
 fancy, and soon after the mother died too. In 
 1888 Mr. Baca married for his third wife Mrs. 
 Tomasita Garcia de Baca. Mr. Baca has 
 reared and educated a young man by the name 
 of Maximiliano Torres, who is now nineteen 
 years of age. 
 
 Politically the subject of our sketch has all 
 his life been an ardent Republican. When the 
 great Civil war broke out he joined the Union 
 forces, was made a Major of the Third Mexi- 
 can Volunteer Militia, and in that capacity 
 rendered the Government valuable service, 
 participating in the engagements at Fort Craig, 
 El Canyon del Apache and at Valverde, and 
 thus aided in driving the Confederate forces 
 outside the boundaries of the Territory. His 
 service to the Government during that period 
 
 cannot be overestimated. He not only took 
 part in the above named engagements but also 
 he was efficient in organizing the regiments. 
 He raised seven companies for his own, the 
 Third Regiment, and two companies for the 
 Second Regiment, besides aiding in organizing 
 companies for other regiments. Throughout 
 his whole service he was alive with patriotic 
 zeal, and to his enthusiasm was due much of 
 the success which the Mexico forces attained. 
 Mr. Baca served two years as Indian agent at 
 Gila, where he successfully managed the Sioux, 
 and he also served two terms as Probate Judge 
 of Socorro county, being also a member of the 
 New Mexico bar. During his early experi- 
 ence as a stock man he met with many losses 
 from attacks by the Indians. In 1880 the 
 Apache Indians made a raid upon his herders 
 and killed eight men and stole no less than 
 10,000 sheep. For this loss he has filed claim 
 to the amount of $20,000 against the Govern- 
 ment. The claim, however, has never been 
 adjusted. Mr. Baca is now in his old age. 
 His life has been so conducted throughout that 
 he has won many friends, and he is justly en- 
 titled to the high esteem in which he is held. 
 Just at the time that the sketch of Mr. Baca 
 was going to press, the end of his life came, 
 and happened in the following manner: On 
 July 3Oth, 1895, a big washout occurred at 
 Socorro and his residence was partly destroyed; 
 and he moved up to Park City, three miles 
 west of Socorro; there he lived for two months, 
 after which time he commenced to fail, his 
 principal trouble being epilepsy, symptoms of 
 which he had shown for about one year. This 
 time it was accompanied by a terrible bloody 
 dysentery, which lasted for twenty-two days, 
 the last six days confining him to his bed. He 
 died, on October 16, 1895, at five o'clock, a. 
 m., praying, as a good Christian, the words of 
 the creed being his last words, and was buried 
 the next day, in the Catholic cemetery, ac- 
 companied by the Catholic Societies of the 
 Ladies of the Sacred Heart, and the Catholic 
 Knights of St. Michael. Speeches were made 
 at his grave, by the most distinguished citizens 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 of Socorro; as, Judge J. J. Trujillo, one of the 
 most distinguished orators in New Mexico; 
 Mr. J. M. Chavez, ex-county clerk; Hon. S. 
 C. Castillo, the acting school superintendent 
 of Socorro county, and Mrs. A. Cortesy, in be- 
 half of the Ladies of the Sacred Heart. 
 
 After the burial the family received reso- 
 lutions of condolence from both societies, as 
 follows: 
 
 IN MEMORY OF L. M. C. DE BACA. 
 
 Resolutions of condolence adopted by the 
 members of the Ladies of the League of the 
 Sacred Heart: 
 
 WHEREAS, the angel of death has extended 
 its wings on our society and has taken away 
 from our midst one of our most appreciated 
 brothers, we desire to express our sympathy 
 to the family of the deceased. 
 
 Resolved, That being the will of the Al- 
 mighty to remove from our midst our esteemed 
 brother, we submit ourselves to his will. 
 
 Resolved, That as we are sorry for its loss 
 we submit to the One who disposes of all. 
 
 Resolved, That in the death of our brother 
 we suffer an irreparable loss, and that we all 
 sincerely sympathize with his bereaved wife 
 and family in this hour of affliction. 
 
 Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions 
 be inserted in our official proceedings, and 
 another copy sent to the family of the de- 
 ceased. Respectfully, 
 
 JOSEFA ORTEZ, 
 EMILIA T. DE BACA, 
 CARTALA CORTESY. 
 
 Committee, 
 
 Similar resolutions were passed by the so- 
 ciety of Catholic Knights of St. Michael and 
 presented to the family. 
 
 ON. ALFRED B. ELLIOTT stands 
 in the front rank among the leading 
 members of the bar of New Mexico, 
 and is now successfully engaged in 
 practice in Hillsboro. Widely known and hon- 
 ored by his many acquaintances, we feel as- 
 sured that the record of his life will prove of 
 interest to many of our readers. 
 
 Mr. Elliott is a native of Rutherford county, 
 Tennessee, born on the 23d of July, 1830. He 
 
 has descended from Scotch-Irish ancestors 
 who early located in the South and became 
 influential and prominent citizens. His ma- 
 ternal grandfather, Samuel Bowman, was a 
 Major in the Revolutionary war. The pater- 
 nal grandfather of our subject was a native of 
 North Carolina, and when a young man pur- 
 chased a large tract of land in Tennessee. He 
 then returned to his native State to make 
 preparations for the removal of his family to 
 his new home, and while acting as Major of 
 militia in a field muster received a sunstroke 
 which terminated his life. He was a very large 
 man, weighing nearly 300 pounds. 
 
 His son, James Elliott, the father of our 
 subject, was the eldest of the family, and car- 
 ried out his father's intentions, removing with 
 his mother and other children to the new pur- 
 chase on Stone river, near Florence, Tennes- 
 see. The land was subdivided among the 
 heirs, and he became a prominent farmer of 
 that State, where he added to his possessions, 
 acquiring 900 acres of valuable land. He was 
 numbered among the honored pioneers and 
 leading citizens of that locality. By trade he 
 was a millwright, erected a number of mills 
 and did other work in that line, but was mostly 
 engaged in agricultural pursuits, and his in- 
 dustry and well directed efforts won him sig- 
 nal success. He married Miss Adaline Bow- 
 man. In the war of 1812 he faithfully de- 
 fended his country, serving under General 
 Jackson as a private. He was afterward 
 Captain of the militia. He died in the forty- 
 first year of his age, the date being October, 
 1836; and his widow for many years was 
 given a pension in recognition of his services, 
 while his son, Judge ElliotJ:, obtained a land 
 warrant for his mother on account of his 
 father's services. Mrs. Elliott survived her 
 husband for about fifty years, reaching the ad- 
 vanced age of eighty-three years, when she 
 died, March 9, 1886. She was one of the pio- 
 neer ladies of Rutherford county, Tennessee, 
 where she spent nearly her entire life. She 
 was a most estimable woman, greatly loved 
 throughout the entire community where she 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 599 
 
 had so long resided, and possessing great amia- 
 bility of character. She held membership in 
 the Presbyterian Church, and by her marriage 
 became the mother of nine children, of whom 
 only three are now living. 
 
 Alfred Bowman Elliott was the seventh 
 child. He acquired his early education in his 
 native town, later purchased his studies in 
 Irving College, and subsequently entered Union 
 University at Murfreesboro. In 1850 he re- 
 moved to Texas and took up the study of law 
 under his oldest brother, Samuel N. Elliott. 
 The following year he joined Captain Henry 
 McCulloch's company of Texas Rangers, the 
 Captain being a life-long friend of Samuel N. 
 Elliott, and did service on the frontier, fight- 
 ing the Comanche Indians. When this duty 
 was discharged Mr. Elliott returned to his na- 
 tive State and attended the Lebanon Law 
 School, and in July, 1852, he was licensed to 
 practice law. He afterward attended the same 
 law school another session, and then read law 
 in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, up to January I, 
 1854, when he entered upon the practice of 
 his profession in that city. He won success 
 at the bar, and thus continued his labors until 
 after the breaking out of the Civil war. Be- 
 ing a Union man and in the midst of those 
 who favored secession, he resolved to leave 
 that locality. 
 
 Accordingly the Judge removed to Cali- 
 fornia, and after some time spent in San Fran- 
 cisco and Sacramento, he went to Virginia 
 City, Nevada, where he continued his legal la- 
 bors from 1 86 1 until 1 870. The war being now 
 over and the country once more at peace, Mr. 
 Elliott returned to Rutherford county, Tennes- 
 see, and for some years was engaged in prose- 
 cuting war claims for loyal men who lost their 
 property during the sanguinary struggle. These 
 duties frequently called him to Washington, 
 District of Columbia. After a time he returned 
 to Virginia City, Nevada, where he was en- 
 gaged in his chosen business until 1884. He 
 also took a prominent part in political af- 
 fairs, and his recognized worth and ability 
 called him to public office, he being twice 
 
 elected a member of the Nevada Legislature, 
 serving as a member of the Territorial Legis- 
 lature of 1864 and of the State Legislature in 
 1867. 
 
 While in Virginia City, Nevada, Mr. El- 
 liott had been appointed by Governor Brown- 
 low to the position of District Judge, but de- 
 clined to accept the office, as his views were 
 not in accord with the Governor's administra- 
 tion. Prior to the war he had been a Whig, 
 and during that eventful period in our country's 
 history was a national Union man. After the 
 war he stood by President Andrew Johnson, 
 and has since associated with the Democracy, 
 but is very independent in his political views, 
 holding himself free to support whomsoever he 
 pleases, regardless of party affiliations. 
 
 In 1884 Judge Elliott arrived in Hillsboro, 
 New Mexico, where he has since resided, con- 
 tinuously engaged in the practice of law. He 
 stands high as a thoroughly read lawyer, is 
 distinguished for his ability in analyzing a case, 
 for untiring devotion to his clients' interests, 
 and for a quickness of perception that is un- 
 usual. As a speaker he is convincing, ready 
 and not easily surprised, and is noted for clear- 
 ness of statement and facility of logical and 
 concise expression. From a financial stand- 
 point his life has been a successful one, and in 
 addition to his practice he now has valuable 
 mining interests and a home at Hillsboro. He 
 is identified with the best interests of the town, 
 and is spoken of as one of the best and most 
 honorable citizens of the community. In re- 
 ligious belief he is a Presbyterian, is a pleasant 
 and agreeable gentleman, and his social man- 
 ner and upright life has won him popularity. 
 
 *y * ON. SIMON BOLIVAR NEWCOMB, 
 
 |r^ a prominent member of the bar of the 
 
 r Territory, was born in Wallace, Nova 
 
 Scotia, March 9, 1838. He is of 
 
 English ancestry, being the sixth in the direct 
 
 line of descent bearing the name of Simon 
 
 Newcomb. The father of Judge Newcomb, 
 
 Simon Newcomb, a native of Nova Scotia, was 
 
6oo 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 born in the year 1800. He married Miss 
 Phebe Huestis, a native of his own town. He 
 enjoyed superior educational advantages in his 
 youth, studied navigation, and was made cap- 
 tain of a vessel. He and his brother, Thomas, 
 both commanded ships, and both suffered 
 shipwreck. The former was lashed to the mast 
 for eight days, and at the end of that time was 
 rescued ! His brother endured thirteen days of 
 suffering, lashed to a mast, and was rescued at 
 the end of that time! After this disaster at 
 sea, Captain Newcomb embarked in mercantile 
 pursuits, and in 1839 removed to Texas. His 
 wife died there, and he was unfortunate in 
 business, losing all his property. He returned 
 to Canada and began life over again, first as a 
 school-teacher, and then as clerk of one of the 
 courts. 
 
 Judge Newcomb is the only child of his 
 parents, and after the death of his mother was 
 given to the care of his maternal grandfather. 
 His father was married a second time, and died 
 in 1870. The Judge received both his literary 
 and legal education in Canada, passed his law 
 examinations at Osgood Hall, and was admitted 
 to practice both as an attorney and barrister. 
 He devoted himself to his profession in Canada 
 from 1 86 1 to 1869, and then removed to 
 Toledo, Ohio. In 1867 he had been united in 
 marriage to Miss Alice McDonald, a native of 
 the Dominion of Canada. Two years later 
 she gave birth to her first child, and also gave 
 up her own life; the infant died and the Judge 
 was doubly bereft. At this time his cousin, 
 James Newcomb, was Secretary of State in 
 Texas; he invited our subject to come to the 
 Lone Star State, offering him the position of 
 chief clerk of the Land Office, which he ac- 
 cepted. In May, 1871, he was appointed 
 Judge of the El Paso District by Governor 
 Davis of Texas, and entered upon the dis- 
 charge of his duties at El Paso immediately 
 thereafter. This office he filled very accept- 
 ably for three years. He then practiced law 
 for a short time, and in April, 1875, came to 
 Las Cruces. Here for the past twenty years 
 he has been prominently identified with many 
 
 of the important legal cases in all of the courts 
 of the Territory. He is a man of much more 
 than ordinary ability, and of liberal attain- 
 ments. Politically he gives his undivided al- 
 legiance to the Republican party. In 1880 he 
 was elected a member of the Territorial Coun- 
 cil, and for eight years he served as District 
 Attorney; during a part of the latter term the 
 district included the counties of Lincoln, Grant 
 and Donna Ana, and his services were of great 
 value in the prosecution of the many criminals 
 who were apprehended. 
 
 Judge Newcomb was happily married in 
 November, 1884, to Miss Abbie J. Reed, a 
 native of Nova Scotia. Two daughters have 
 been born of this union, Bessie S. and Alice J. 
 Our subject is a prominent member of the Ma- 
 sonic order, being the oldest Grand Master in 
 his jurisdiction. He is a member of the blue 
 lodge, chapter and commandery, and has at- 
 tained the thirty-second degree of the Scottish 
 Rite. He has taken an active interest in de- 
 veloping the agricultural interests of New Mex- 
 ico, giving special attention to the growing of 
 small fruits, planting of orchards and vineyards; 
 also interested in the cattle business since 1 882. 
 A man of the strictest integrity, he is held in 
 the highest regard by the members of the bar 
 of the Territory, and by his fellow-citizens at 
 Las Cruces. 
 
 aOLONEL JOHN D. BRYAN, the 
 present Register of the United States 
 Land Office at Las Cruces, New 
 Mexico, is a native of Kentucky, 
 born in Lincoln county, and is fifty-eight years 
 of age. His grandfather, David Bryan, was 
 one of the brave pioneers who went with 
 Daniel Boone to Kentucky, settling on land 
 near Lexington. The father of the Colonel, 
 William H. Bryan, was born there in 1803, 
 and on reaching maturity wedded Miss Eliza- 
 beth Clark, a native of Virginia. He followed 
 farming and stock-raising throughout his entire 
 life, and passed away in 1861, at the age of 
 fifty-eight years. His wife survived him and 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 60 1 
 
 died in the seventy-second year of her age; 
 they were consistent members of the Christian 
 Church. They reared a family of seven chil- 
 dren who grew to maturity, four still living. 
 
 Colonel Bryan, their fifth child, was edu- 
 cated at Center College, in Danville, Ken- 
 tucky, at which he graduated in 1859. On 
 the breaking out of the Civil war he enrolled 
 his name with those of his people, becoming 
 a member of the Confederate army under 
 General Breckenridge, and participated in 
 some of the most hotly contested battles. At 
 Shiloh he was severely wounded by a ball in 
 the hip while bravely fighting, and for several 
 months was in the hospital; later he became a 
 member of the Sixth Confederate Cavalry and 
 was commissioned First Lieutenant, serving 
 under General Bragg in Tennessee; took part 
 in the battles of Stone river and Perryville, 
 and was with Morgan on his raid through Indi- 
 ana and Ohio, being at Greenville when that 
 brave commander was killed. With others 
 our prisoner was captured and held a prisoner 
 of war for ten months, at the end of which 
 time he succeeded in making his escape. He 
 was commissioned Lieutenant Colonel and was 
 raising a battalion of cavalry when General 
 Lee surrendered and the war closed. He was 
 a brave soldier and efficient officer, doing all in 
 his power for the cause which he had espoused. 
 
 When the war was over he returned to his 
 home and took up the study of law. In a 
 short time he was admitted to practice in the 
 courts of Bullitt, Simpson and Jefferson 
 counties, Kentucky, and in the first named 
 served for three years as Prosecuting Attorney. 
 In 1883 he left Jefferson county, coming to 
 Las Cruces, and successfully engaged in the 
 practice of his profession for a number of years, 
 both in the courts and in the land depart- 
 ment. On the 1 6th of February, 1894, 
 Colonel Bryan received from President Cleve- 
 land the appointment of Register of the 
 United States Land Office at Las Cruces, a 
 position he is now ably filling. His depart- 
 ment embraces the counties of Donna Ana, 
 Grant, Sierra, a large part of Socorro county 
 
 and a portion of Lincoln county. Since com- 
 ing to Las Cruces, the Colonel has become 
 fully identified with the country and has in- 
 vested largely in lands. He makes his home 
 in Las Cruces and has a ranch located between 
 that city and the College grounds, a valuable 
 tract of great promise. 
 
 In 1873 was celebrated the marriage of 
 Colonel Bryan and Miss Mary J. Bowman, of 
 Bullitt county, Kentucky. She is a daughter 
 of George W. Bowman, of that county, and 
 by her marriage to our subject has become the 
 mother of two sons, John B. and Joseph M., 
 both of whom are now students in the 
 Agricultural College. The family holds a high 
 position in social circles and are adherents of 
 the Catholic faith. 
 
 As will be inferred, Colonel Bryan is a 
 stanch Democrat, having always cast his bal- 
 lot with that party, and his influence and sup- 
 port are always given in its behalf. He is an 
 effective public speaker, and during political 
 campaigns his voice is often heard in support 
 of the men and measures of the Democracy. 
 He receives the confidence and esteem of all 
 who know him and is a man of the highest 
 reliability. 
 
 (D 
 
 AJOR W. H. H. LLEWELLYN 
 
 Among those who are leading repre- 
 sentatives of the mining interests of 
 New Mexico is this gentleman, now 
 residing in Las Cruces. Although his home is 
 now in the southern part of this great Union, 
 he was born in one of the far Northern States, 
 his birth having occurred in Green county, 
 Wisconsin, on the 9th of September, 1851. 
 The family is of Welsh origin, and was founded 
 in America by Dr. Joseph Llewellyn, the great- 
 grandfather of our subject, who emigrated from 
 Wales to Westmoreland county, Virginia. His 
 son, Joseph Llewellyn, the Major's grandfather, 
 was born in Washington county, Virginia, and 
 spent his entire business career as a practicing 
 physician. He served in the war of 1812, and 
 lived to the very advanced age of ninety-two 
 
602 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 years. His son, Joseph Llewellyn, was born 
 in Morgantown, West Virginia, in 1810. 
 
 The last named was the father of our sub- 
 ject. He became an architect and stair-builder. 
 He married Miss Louisa Fry, a native of 
 Watertown, Jefferson county, New York, and 
 a daughter of W. H. Fry, of Connecticut, who 
 served as a Lieutenant in the war of 1812, and 
 participated in the battle of Sackett's Harbor. 
 He was also the inventor of the pawl and 
 ratchet that in sawmills runs the log back to be 
 reset for another cut. Before the time of his 
 invention each log had to be run back by hand, 
 and his machine therefore proved of great bene- 
 fit in the sawmill trade. He was also at one 
 time proprietor of the old United States Hotel 
 at Watertown, New York. 
 
 In 1848 Joseph Llewellyn removed with his 
 family, then consisting of wife and three chil- 
 dren, to Monroe, Green county, Wisconsin, 
 and on the breaking out of the great Civil war 
 he offered his services to the Government, and 
 joined the Second Kansas Cavalry, in which 
 regiment he served throughout the whole of the 
 great struggle, valiantly defending the Union 
 cause. After the war he removed to Iowa and 
 subsequently removed to Wisner, Nebraska; he 
 now resides at Neligh, Nebraska, at the age of 
 eighty- five years. His wife departed this life 
 in 1874. They were members of the Baptist 
 Church, and had a large circle of warm friends. 
 Of the six children born to them, all are yet 
 living. 
 
 William Henry Harrison Llewellyn was the 
 fourth child of the family and was educated in 
 the common schools of Wisconsin, and at the 
 Tabor (Iowa) College. In 1866, when little 
 more than fifteen years of age, he left his home 
 and went to Montana, where he engaged in 
 prospecting for gold and had the honor of strik- 
 ing the first pick into the soil at Trinity Gulch. 
 He mined there for a year, meeting with good 
 success, and then sold this claim, after which 
 he engaged in mining in Deer Lodge county, 
 and in other places in the Territory of Mon- 
 tana for seven years. He had for his compan- 
 ions old and experienced miners, but the 
 
 knowledge of the young man often equaled 
 theirs, and in some cases proved better. He 
 left Montana and went to Omaha, Nebraska, 
 where he was engaged in various pursuits, in- 
 cluding land speculation. He was also for 
 three years collector of the McCormick Reaper 
 Company, and was then appointed special 
 agent of the department of justice under the 
 administration of President Hayes. 
 
 In the spring of 1881, Major Llewellyn 
 came to New Mexico as Indian agent for the 
 Mescalero Apache Indians, located in Lincoln 
 county, New Mexico. The following year he 
 was made agent for the Jicarilla tribe, which 
 was stationed in the northwest part of the Ter- 
 ritory, but in 1883 he removed them to the 
 Mescalero reservation. He held the position 
 of Indian agent for five years, and was signally 
 successful in that work. In 1885 he removed 
 to Las Cruces and formed a law partnership 
 with Colonel Rynerson and Wade. Subse- 
 quently he was for some years the Western 
 live-stock agent for the Santa Fe Railroad, 
 with headquarters at Denver, Colorado, con- 
 tinuing in that capacity for eight years, or un- 
 til the first of January, 1894. He then re- 
 signed his position with the railroad to take 
 charge of the Inter-Republic Gold & Silver 
 Mining & Milling Company, owning mines and 
 placers near Hillsboro, New Mexico. They 
 have 3,000 acres of placer-mining field and 
 gold-bearing quartz mines. Of this company 
 the Major is quite a heavy stockholder, and is 
 serving as president and manager. They are 
 now making a tunnel 2,700 feet long and are suc- 
 cessfully running a ten-stamp mill. The ore 
 yields from $8 to $10 of gold per ton and the 
 metal is very easily separated. The mines are 
 very valuable and it is expected will produce 
 good yields soon. The Major is also largely in- 
 terested in lands and extensively engaged in hor- 
 ticultural pursuits in the Mesilla valley. He 
 has a very nice home at Las Cruces, and the 
 residence is surrounded by thirteen acres of 
 land. The beautiful lawn and the house em- 
 bowered in trees forms a pretty picture which 
 adds to the -attractive appearance of this place. 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 603 
 
 Presiding there with grace and dignity is 
 the estimable wife of our subject, who in her 
 maidenhood was Miss I. M. Little, a native of 
 Ohio and a daughter of Isaac Little, of that 
 State. Their wedding was celebrated in 1886, 
 and has been blessed with an interesting fam- 
 ily of seven children, namely: Clinton B., 
 Morgan, Louise F. , Gladys, Ida May, William 
 and Stanley. 
 
 The Major is a prominent Republican, was 
 a delegate to the national convention of his 
 party in 1884, and is a member of the execu- 
 tive committee of the National Republican 
 League. He is thoroughly informed on the 
 issues of the day, and can give an intelligent 
 reason for the faith that is in him. Socially, 
 he is a Knight Templar Mason, and also be- 
 longs to the Independent Order of Odd Fel- 
 lows. He is a man of broad and varied ex- 
 perience, capable in business and an influential 
 citizen who well deserves mention in the his- 
 tory of the Territory. 
 
 >T J AMES MALONEY is a dealer in furni- 
 m ture, glassware, queensware, lamps, 
 
 n general hardware and undertaking sup- 
 plies. He is a worthy representative 
 of the commercial interests of Gallup, and a 
 prosperous business man who owes his success 
 entirely to his own well directed efforts. He 
 was born in Clinton, Hunterdon county, New 
 Jersey, March 9, 1851. The family removed 
 to Fall River, when he was only four years of 
 age, and thence to Jersey City, where they 
 lived five years. The father was forced into 
 Confederate service during the Civil war, went 
 to the front, as a member of the Sixth Louis- 
 iana Tigers, and as a carpenter in New Or- 
 leans, and died in 1864, from the effects of 
 hardships incurred. 
 
 On leaving his native State our subject 
 went to the White mountains of New Hamp- 
 shire, where he remained for nine years, work- 
 ing in the lumber business in the employ of 
 Joy, Henry & Baldwin, which firm furnished 
 supplies to railroads. Subsequently he went 
 
 to Minnesota, where he had charge of the 
 strong box, and was account-keeper for a con- 
 cern, furnishing supplies for a lumber camp. 
 Ten months of life on the western frontier sat- 
 isfied him, and he returned to the old Granite 
 State, where he continued until 1879. In 
 that year he removed to Colorado, where he 
 engaged in prospecting for gold. He spent 
 about $i, 100 during that trip, but met with no 
 success in his mining venture. He next en- 
 tered the employ of Charles Wells, contractor 
 on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, and 
 was afterward appointed time-keeper on ac- 
 count of his good penmanship and quick cal- 
 culation of figures, holding that position for 
 three months. 
 
 On the expiration of that period, Mr. Ma- 
 loney came to New Mexico for the purpose of 
 working on the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad, 
 but secured instead a position on the Santa Fe 
 road, where he remained for three months. 
 After a residence in Albuquerque for a short 
 time he came to Gallup, in 1881, but failed in 
 his endeavor to secure work at this place. 
 Some time afterward he obtained a position as 
 a miner in the mines, where a fall of rock in- 
 jured him, and forced him to abandon all work 
 for several months. Mr. Maloney next em- 
 barked in the saloon business, but was not 
 very successful in that enterprise, for he did 
 not like the trade. In consequence he sold out 
 and went to Albuquerque, where he secured a 
 position as fireman on the Atlantic & Pacific 
 Railroad, continuing in that work for five 
 months. Believing that trading with the In- 
 dians would prove a profitable business, he 
 opened a sort of trading post at Sanders, New 
 Mexico, where he remained for one year, and 
 then returned to Gallup. He engaged in pros- 
 pecting for coal, locating a mine and develop- 
 ing it as much as his means would allow. 
 When his funds were exhausted and he was 
 forced to seek other employment he obtained 
 a situation as section foreman, serving in that 
 capacity for a year. Mr. Maloney then once 
 more returned to the mine, and spent all that 
 he had in its development. Thus he worked 
 
604 
 
 HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 until he sold the mine to the Aztec Company. 
 He built the grade to the Catalpa mine and 
 acted as mine foreman for six months. The 
 succeeding year was passed in Gallup, where 
 he was a silent partner in a saloon. 
 
 Mr. Maloney, on embarking in the furni- 
 ture business, was associated with a partner, 
 but two years ago bought out his interest, and 
 has since been sole proprietor. He now has a 
 large and well selected stock of goods and en- 
 joys an excellent trade, which from the begin- 
 ning has been constantly increasing. He owns 
 the brick building in which his store is located, 
 the structure being 113 by 20 feet, and in ad- 
 dition has several other good buildings in Gal- 
 lup, which stand as monuments to his thrift and 
 enterprise. 
 
 He is now serving as Notary Public. He 
 arrived in Gallup with only $1.50 in his pock- 
 et, not knowing that he had this even, but ac- 
 cidentally finding it in an old vest! With this 
 as a nucleus he has gathered together a hand- 
 some competence, which is a just reward of his 
 labors. 
 
 The lady who now bears the name of Mrs. 
 Maloney was in her maidenhood Miss Sarah 
 Barney. They now have two children: Mave, 
 nine years of age; and James, three years old. 
 
 aHARLES W. GREENE. -There is 
 probably not a man in the Territory 
 of New Mexico, who has done more 
 for its upbuilding, promotion and 
 improvement during the past fifteen years 
 than this gentleman, who has truly been an 
 important factor in the work of public progress. 
 For some years connected with newspaper 
 circles of the Territory, through the columns of 
 his journals he has striven to advance its in- 
 terests and to aid in its material welfare. He 
 is by no means a man of local reputation. A 
 representative American citizen, he is known 
 throughout the nation and has been connected 
 with several large and important business en- 
 terprises. He has a reputation in commercial 
 life for thorough reliability, conscientious en- 
 
 deavor and commendable enterprise that com- 
 mands the respect and admiration of all. 
 
 Mr. Greene is a native of Providence, Rhode 
 Island, born March 14, 1839, and is a son of 
 Duty and Amy (Kenyon) Greene. The father 
 was a blacksmith and farmer. The family was 
 founded in America in 1642 by John Greene, a 
 native of Lancashire, England, among whose 
 descendants was numbered the noted Nathaniel 
 Greene of Revolutionary fame. Our subject 
 attended the public schools until thirteen years 
 of age. From that time to the present his life 
 has been one of constant activity, in a field as 
 large as the country, and of unusual variety. 
 He began by carrying papers, having pur- 
 chased a large route in his native city. A year 
 in the blacksmithing shop stimulated his 
 natural taste for mechanics and a year as as- 
 sistant bookkeeper in an iron store taught him 
 business methods. Between the ages of six- 
 teen and twenty-one years he had a practical 
 experience of farm life on his father's home 
 farm in northeastern Connecticut. Always 
 and everywhere the father inculcated the valu- 
 able lesson "that a man can do anything he 
 tries;" and to this may be largely due his readi- 
 ness in undertaking so many various employ- 
 ments. In the winters for three years of this 
 period he taught school. 
 
 On attaining his majority Mr. Greene went 
 to Pennsylvania, and was a teacher in the 
 schools of Bedford, for the season of 1 860-61. 
 He conducted a normal class in that place 
 during the summer of 1861, which he suspend- 
 ed in October to respond to the country's call 
 for troops, enlisting in Company B, Twelfth 
 Connecticut Infantry, as a private on Novem- 
 ber 1 1. After six months in the ranks he was 
 promoted to be Commissary Sergeant, and at 
 the end of another six months was detailed to 
 the railway service. Here his abilities won him 
 advancement step by step, until he was dis- 
 charged from his regiment to become superin- 
 tendent of the military railroads of the Gulf 
 Department under Captain E. A. Morse, assis- 
 tant quartermaster. Operations were con- 
 ducted on a very extensive scale, the railway 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 605 
 
 service including the management of shipyards, 
 sawmills, machine-shops and other business en- 
 terprises. There were over 3,000 men em- 
 ployed in these departments under Mr. Greene's 
 superintendency in 1863. In the winter of 
 
 1864 he went with General Canby on his expe- 
 dition to Mobile, where he was placed in 
 charge of the railway department including the 
 Mobile & Ohio and Mobile & Great Northern 
 Roads, with the expectation of building as the 
 armies should move from that place. The 
 war, however, soon closed. 
 
 As his country no longer needed his aid 
 Mr. Greene entered the service of the Mobile 
 & Ohio Railroad, and secured the transfer of 
 the northern division of the road to that com- 
 pany, conducting the negotiations for funds 
 and superintending the building of the road 
 from Corinth to Columbus. In the fall of 
 
 1865 he left the railway service, and began 
 business as a dealer in agricultural implements 
 in Columbus, Kentucky, introducing modern 
 and improved machines into the interior of the 
 South. Three successive failures of crops led 
 to hard times among the farmers and brought 
 embarrassment to the business in which Mr. 
 Greene was engaged. 
 
 Removing to Jackson, Tennessee, in 1869, 
 he there engaged in fruit farming. He be- 
 came Secretary of the West Tennessee Fair 
 Association, taking an active part in its organi- 
 zation and practically conducting it for three 
 years. This was one of the most successful 
 ever organized in the South, and proved an 
 important element in advancing agricultural in- 
 terests in that locality. In 1872 he founded 
 the American Farmers' Advocate, a publica- 
 tion which was widely circulated as the organ 
 of the National Agricultural Congress, which 
 was organized in the fall of 1872 in St. Louis, 
 when he was chosen as its Secretary. He 
 held this position three years, when what was 
 popularly known as the " farmers' movement " 
 was in active progress. Annual conventions 
 were held during that time at Indianapolis and 
 Atlanta. He took an active part in organizing 
 farmers' associations in different parts of the 
 
 country, and did much toward keeping the 
 agricultural interests abreast with the rapid 
 progress being made in other lines of en- 
 deavor. 
 
 In the summer of 1873 Mr. Greene re- 
 moved to Jacksonville, Illinois, with the ob- 
 ject of establishing the National Crop Re- 
 porter, upon plans suggested and partially for- 
 mulated by Professor Maury. The panic of 
 that year caused parties there to break their 
 engagements, and he transferred the business 
 to Indianapolis. Weekly summaries were fur- 
 nished to the associated press and given gen- 
 eral circulation. This was the first publication 
 to gather such reports, now so common. The 
 business depression which followed that year 
 made the work extremely difficult, and publi- 
 cation was suspended in July, 1874. Mr. 
 Greene was afterward employed as a commer- 
 cial writer on the Indianapolis papers until, in 
 1875, he was made State Centennial Agent to 
 assist in organizing the exhibit for the Centen- 
 nial celebration of America's independence. 
 An appropriation of $5,000, which the State 
 had made, was wholly inadequate for such an 
 exhibit. That the State made a creditable 
 exhibit Was due almost entirely to the labors 
 and efforts of our subject, who personally can- 
 vassed all but three counties in Indiana, de- 
 livering addresses and securing subscriptions to 
 the amount of $19,000. He had charge of the 
 Indiana State building during the exposition, 
 and spent the following fall and winter in gath- 
 ering exhibits for a permanent exposition, 
 which it was intended to establish in Philadel- 
 phia, going to that city in charge of the arti- 
 cles he had secured. He was soon chosen as 
 President of the Exhibitors' Association. When 
 Congress demanded the return of the $1,500,- 
 ooo which had been loaned the Centennial 
 Exposition Company, and which the Perma- 
 nent Exposition Company hoped would be 
 transferred to it, the latter decided to discon- 
 tinue. At the request of the exhibitors the 
 exposition was placed under the management 
 of Mr. Greene about the middle of June, arid 
 was conducted with such success that it was 
 
6o6 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 continued during the entire season. Owing to 
 a change in the directory he severed his con- 
 nection with the management in October, 
 1877, and returned to Indianapolis, where his 
 family was then living. For a year he was 
 connected with newspapers and other publica- 
 tions in that city. 
 
 In the autumn of 1878 he became identified 
 with the West, locating in Wichita, Kansas, 
 where, in connection with J. W. Robbins, an 
 afternoon daily paper, the Wichita Herald, 
 was established. Some months later he located 
 in Anthony, Kansas, where he published the 
 Anthony Journal until the winter of 1880. 
 During that year one of the hottest county- 
 seat wars that Kansas has ever known was 
 carried on between the cities of Anthony and 
 Harper, and Mr. Greene was chairman of the 
 county committee in behalf of Anthony. 
 Changes in the rules of the Land Department 
 by which land publications, from which the 
 paper derived its chief support, were discontin- 
 ued, influenced Mr. Greene to dispose of his 
 interest in Kansas. 
 
 He came to New Mexico, accepting the 
 management of the Santa Fe New Mexican, 
 published in Santa Fe and then owned by the 
 Santa Fe Railroad Company. It was a five- 
 column daily, doing a business of about $6,000 
 a year at the time that he assumed control, 
 but under his management the business had a 
 phenomenal increase to more than $60,000 
 annually. A job and bindery department was 
 added and the company secured the Territorial 
 printing. A change of railway management 
 made the service unsatisfactory and Mr. Greene 
 resigned in September, 1882. He next estab- 
 lished a weekly paper at Lake Valley, New 
 Mexico, called the Lake Valley Herald, and 
 another at Kingston, the Kingston Tribune, 
 but as the mines failed in that locality and 
 made business unprofitable both offices were 
 combined and removed to Deming, where the 
 Denning Tribune was established, its publica- 
 tion being continued for two years. A period 
 ot financial depression had settled down all 
 over the Territory and it involved much labor 
 
 with no profit. During the legislative session 
 of 1882-3, he was appointed a member of a 
 commission, in connection with General E. L. 
 Bartlett and Santiago Valdez, to compile the 
 laws of the Territory. Mr. Greene devoted a 
 year to this work, having practically entire 
 charge of the publication. He was also man- 
 ager of the " Tertio-Millennial " exposition at 
 Santa Fe in the fall of 1882. This was very 
 largely advertised, and the history of the Ter- 
 ritory was illustrated by tableaux. 
 
 During the time he was conducting the 
 weekly papers he devoted his energies largely 
 to studying the material resources of the Ter- 
 ritory, visited the principal mining districts, 
 and became thoroughly conversant with the 
 varied and extensive natural resources. New 
 Mexico owes to him a' debt of gratitude for his 
 untiring and indefatigable labors in her behalf. 
 He has studied and placed before the public 
 her resources, in many ways has secured emi- 
 gration to this Territory and has been actively 
 instrumental in the settlement of various sec- 
 tions, as well as bringing large capital invest- 
 ments. 
 
 In the fall of 1886 Mr. Greene removed his 
 printing office from Deming to El Paso, Texas, 
 and established a daily evening paper called 
 the Evening Tribune. In May, 1887, an in- 
 terest in mining was developed in St. Louis 
 and some of the Eastern cities, and, leaving 
 his paper in charge of his foreman, who after- 
 ward purchased ,it, our subject undertook the 
 promotion of mining enterprises, devoting near- 
 ly a year thereto. He was successful in found- 
 ing five companies, but finally joined with 
 others in the purchase of an option of the Iron 
 King mine, of Kingston, New Mexico, which 
 had been " fixed for sale," and in this way not 
 only lost everything that he had previously 
 made but found himself several thousand dol- 
 lars in debt! 
 
 On the ist of January, 1888, he went again 
 to El Paso, Texas, arriving with only $2 in his 
 pocket! Without yielding to discouragement, 
 he took heart and began anew. After working 
 on the force of the Tribune of that city for a 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 607 
 
 few months, he became a member of the staff 
 on the Santa Fe New Mexican, then owned by 
 Colonel Max Frost, and under the auspices of 
 the paper commenced a further study of the 
 Territory, continuing his investigations princi- 
 pally in the southeast portion. In 1888, in 
 association with Pat F. Garrett and Charles 
 B. Eddy, he undertook the promotion of the 
 Pecos Irrigation and Investment Company, 
 afterward merged into The Pecos Company. 
 He succeeded in enlisting the aid of Chicago 
 capitalists, secured the organization of the 
 company, and carried forward a successful 
 business, from which he realized a handsome 
 commission. He acted as manager of the com- 
 pany until J. J. Hagerman, one of the stock- 
 holders, assumed general control. Then Mr. 
 Greene opened an office in Chicago to promote 
 irrigation enterprises. He was the first to 
 make a special business of such brokerage. He 
 devoted nearly one year's time and about 
 $15,000 to the business before getting any 
 noticeable returns, but in 1891 the business 
 grew rapidly and attained large proportions in 
 
 1892. In 1891 he moved his office from Chi- 
 cago to New York, and spent a large part of 
 the following year in Europe, promoting the 
 interests of the Bear Valley Irrigation Com- 
 pany, at Redlands, California. He obtained 
 $2, 500,000 capital for the enterprise, but while 
 in Europe the mismanagement of the company 
 led to embarrassments. He went to California, 
 and assumed the presidency of the company, 
 taking direct management in the hope of sav- 
 ing for the shareholders an enterprise of the 
 highest merit. Complications within the direc- 
 tory, however, combined with the panic of 
 
 1893, made success impossible, and the com- 
 pany went into the hands of receivers in De- 
 cember, 1893. 
 
 Mr. Greene now returned to New Mexico, 
 taking personal charge of his-personal invest- 
 ments and undertakings in the Territory, but 
 the financial depression of the past two years 
 has largely affected that business, so that his 
 large holdings there have greatly depreciated 
 in value. In October, 1894, he made a con- 
 
 tract with the Bear River Irrigation Company 
 of Utah to undertake the sale of its lands, and 
 to this end established an office in Chicago, 
 where he is now located. He possesses supe- 
 rior powers as a manager, and his executive 
 ability is of a high order. He possesses inde- 
 fatigable energy, untiring perseverance, and a 
 determination that overcomes all obstacles and 
 difficulties. His life history most happily illus- 
 trates what may be attained by faithful and 
 continued effort in carrying out an honest pur- 
 pose. He has been a promoter of the agricul- 
 tural, the railway, the journalistic, the mining 
 and the irrigation interests of this country, and 
 has rendered valuable service to each and all 
 of these important lines of business. He is 
 pre-eminently a public-spirited man, thoroughly 
 American in thought and feeling. 
 
 Mr. Greene has been twice married. Dur- 
 ing the war he was married, in New Orleans, 
 November 11, 1863, to Miss Cordelia Titus, of 
 the Crescent City, who died November II, 
 1864. After the war, in Columbus, Kentucky, 
 he was again married, in October, 1866, his 
 second union being with Mrs. Orilla S. Reed. 
 He has four children: Albert D. ; Fannie A., 
 widow of Theodore W. Spencer, of Cincinnati, 
 Ohio; Charles W.; and Lillian, wife of W. T. 
 Gilmore, of Eddy, New Mexico. 
 
 His political support is given the Republican 
 party, but he has had no ambitions for political 
 preferment. 
 
 **w* ON. JUAN JOSE BACA, one of So- 
 
 lf\ corro's prominent merchants and one 
 
 [ _P of New Mexico's widely known native 
 
 sons, was born in Socorro, July 18, 
 
 1843, a descendant of Baltazar Baca, who 
 
 came from Spain to New Mexico in the early 
 
 settlement of the Territory. 
 
 Baltazar Baca was our subject's great-grand- 
 father. He aided in the conquest of this coun- 
 try and for service rendered received from the 
 king of Spain a land grant comprising some 
 five or six thousand acres located in what is 
 now Valencia county. Grandfather Juan Dio- 
 
6o8 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 nisio Baca was born on this property, as also 
 was Pedro A. Baca, the father of our subject. 
 They were all stock-raisers and men of ability 
 and influence in the Territory. In the work 
 of driving back the warlike Indians that so fre- 
 quently made raids on the frontier settlers, the 
 Bacas took an active part, serving officially in 
 the various campaigns against the red men. 
 Mr. Baca's father was also largely interested 
 in merchandising, and for nine terms, a period 
 of eighteen years, served as Judge of Probate 
 of the county, which at that time covered the 
 territory now embraced in the counties of Donna 
 Ana, Socorro, Lincoln, Chaves, Eddy, Grant, 
 Sierra and Valencia. He was a man of great 
 influence and had a character that was in every 
 way above reproach. 
 
 Juan Jose Baca was the fourth born in a 
 family of seven children, only three of whom 
 are now living. He received a Spanish edu- 
 cation, and in 1866 engaged in business for 
 himself as a raiser of sheep and cattle, in which 
 enterprise he has ever since been interested. 
 Early in life he also engaged in merchandising. 
 His first store was in San Pedro, where he re- 
 mained one year. Then he came to Socorro, 
 and here for twenty-eight years he has been a 
 prominent factor in business circles. Before 
 the building of the railroads he hauled all his 
 goods from St. Louis and Kansas City. The 
 first of these long and hazardous journeys he 
 made when he was a boy of only fourteen 
 years. Goods in those days were purchased 
 at St. Louis, shipped to Kansas City and from 
 there hauled by ox teams to New Mexico, the 
 trip to Kansas City and back occupying five 
 months. The teamsters camped wherever 
 night overtook them and were not infrequently 
 .subject to attack from the Indians. On one 
 of these trips, in 1867, when near Fort Dodge, 
 the merchandise train was attacked by Co- 
 manche Indians and three men were killed and a 
 number of horses and oxen driven off. The 
 merchants of to-day who ..do business by rail 
 and telegraph have little conception of the 
 dangers and hardships undergone by the brave 
 pioneers of New Mexico. Notwithstanding 
 
 the many hardships and difficulties which he 
 encountered, Mr. Baca prospered in his opera- 
 tions and is now the owner of a vast amount 
 of property, being rated as one of the rich men 
 of his county. He has erected a number of 
 buildings in Socorro, owns large tracts of land 
 and also has extensive mining interests. He 
 has a valuable coal mine, located sixteen 
 miles east of Socorro, the vein of which is four 
 and a half feet thick, the coal being bitumi- 
 nous and a good article. Mr. Baca helped to 
 organize the Mexican Coal Company, and has 
 been president of this organization since it was 
 formed. 
 
 When the Civil war was precipitated upon 
 the country Mr. Baca was a lad of only sixteen 
 years; but young as he was he volunteered his 
 service and was made a Second Lieutenant of 
 the Territorial militia. As such he participated 
 in the battle at Fort Craig. In 1881-2 he was 
 Probate Judge of the county. In 1883 he was 
 elected Mayor of the city of Socorro, and in 
 1889 was elected a member of the Territorial 
 Senate. While a member of that honorable 
 body he introduced the bill to establish a school 
 of mines at Socorro. As a result a fine build- 
 ing has recently been erected for the purpose 
 and soon a school will be opened, which will 
 be supplied with all modern improvements and 
 appliances and will be under the management 
 of competent instructors. In 1893 Mr. Baca 
 was appointed by Governor Prince as Major of 
 of the Territorial militia. This honorable po- 
 sition he now holds. Besides, he is now an 
 active member of the Board of Regents of the 
 School of Mines, having been appointed as 
 such officer three years ago by His Excellency 
 L. Bradford Prince, which appointment was 
 confirmed by the Senate of the Territory of 
 New Mexico. 
 
 Mr. Baca and his family are all strong ad- 
 herents to the. Catholic faith, and for nine 
 years he has been President of the Catholic 
 Knights of San Miguel. 
 
 March 4, 1866, Mr. Baca was united in 
 marriage to Miss Francisquita Miera, a native 
 of New Mexico and a daughter of Juan N. Mie- 
 
HISTORY OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 609 
 
 ra, a descendant of one of the first Spanish 
 families of the Territory. They have eleven 
 children, all born in Socorro. The eldest, 
 Guadalupe, is now the wife of Edward For- 
 tune. The eldest son, Felipe, is married and 
 settled in Socorro. Dominica is the wife 
 of Mr. Santa Cruz Castillo, of Socorro, New 
 Mexico, who is now the actual School Super- 
 intendent of the county. Salomon G. , also 
 married, is assisting his father in the store. 
 The other children are all at home, and are as 
 follows: Isabel, Nepomuceno, Emilio, Angel- 
 ina, Juan Jose, Jr., Paula and Lucas. 
 
 EON. NASARIO GONZALES, a de- 
 scendant of one of the oldest families 
 of New Mexico, a native of the Ter- 
 ritory, and for many years one of her 
 most successful merchants, ranchers and public 
 men, was born in Bernalillo, August 10, 1818. 
 Tradition relates that the ancestors of the fam- 
 ily came from Spain at the time of the con- 
 quest of the country. Our subject's great- 
 grandfather was Fernando Gonzales, his grand- 
 father Miguel Gonzales, and his father Miguel 
 Antonio Gonzales. They had large land pos- 
 sessions. His father married Lugorada Gar- 
 cia, a native of Santa Fe, and she was also 
 descended from an old and prominent family, 
 her grandfather Garcia having been a member 
 of the Parliamentary Assembly and a man of 
 intelligence and ability. Her father was 
 Nasario Garcia. Miguel and Lugorada Gon- 
 zales had eight children, of whom three sur- 
 vive. The father died at the age of seventy- 
 eight years, and the mother died at the age of 
 seventy years. 
 
 Nasario Gonzales, their eldest child, re- 
 ceived his education in private schools in his 
 native land, and also obtained a good Spanish 
 education. He married Maria Rita Baca, born 
 on her father's ranch at Cienega, New Mexico, 
 and she is also descended from one of the early 
 Spanish families. She is a daughter of Fran- 
 cisco Baca y Terras. A tract of land had been 
 granted to General Juan Pacz Huertado, which 
 
 t9 
 
 was handed down from father to son and by 
 purchase became the property of the Bacas. 
 Mrs. Gonzales inherited a portion of the tract, 
 and our subject afterward bought out the re- 
 maining heirs, and became the sole owner of 
 the estate. Still later he divided it among his 
 children. Mr. Gonzales farmed the property 
 many years, raised his family there, and still 
 resides on the place. During the war, when 
 wool was worth sixty cents a pound, Mr. Gon- 
 zales owned 14,000 sheep. He was also a 
 member of the mercantile firm of Perea & 
 Company, at that time the largest firm in New 
 Mexico. They owned several stores, one hav- 
 ing been located at Santa Fe, on the corner 
 where the Claire Hotel now stands. During 
 the Civil war, when the Territory was invaded 
 by the Confederate army, the stores were de- 
 stroyed, from which they lost about $150,000, 
 and they had many mule teams, which were 
 also taken. Mr. Gonzales has owned as many 
 as 1, 200 head of cattle at one time, and has 
 also acquired much valuable real estate in Santa 
 Fe. While on his ranch he planted an orchard 
 and some of his fruit was of such fine quality 
 that it was exhibited at the Centennial exhibi- 
 tion, to aid in displaying New Mexico's wonder- 
 ful productiveness in that direction. 
 
 Mr. Gonzales has been a life-long Demo- 
 crat, and during his history has been active 
 and prominent in the public offices of the Ter- 
 ritory. He served two terms in the Legisla- 
 ture, three terms as Commissioner of his coun- 
 ty, and has been influential with his fellow- 
 countrymen in all of the interests of New 
 Mexico. 
 
 Nasario and Maria Rita Baca de Gonzales 
 have had eight children, seven now living, 
 namely: Andres Clifas, now Mrs. Jerman 
 Pino; Manuela, was married, deceased at the 
 age of twenty-five years, and left five children; 
 Francisco B. ; Avelina, wife of Andres C. de 
 Baca, who is a descendant of one of the con- 
 querors of the country; Carlota, now Mrs. 
 Amado L. Baca, and Gertrudes, wife of Manuel 
 S. Rael. There are now fifty grandchildren 
 and two great-grandchildren. Mr. and Mrs. 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Gonzales, with their numerous family, are 
 members of the Catholic Church, and are 
 people of wide acquaintance and of high re- 
 spectability. 
 
 aAPTAIN SMITH H. SIMPSON, who 
 has won his title through honorable 
 service on the frontier, and is num- 
 bered among the pioneers of the Taos 
 valley, was born in New York city, May 8, 
 1836. His father, Charles Henry Simpson, 
 was also a native of the Eastern metropolis, 
 and there engaged in business as a commission 
 merchant. His wife was born in the city of 
 Philadelphia, and both parents died of cholera 
 in 1849, their remains being interred in one of 
 the cemeteries of New York. The paternal 
 grandfather of our subject was a Revolutionary 
 soldier, and was with Washington on the mem- 
 orable night when he crossed the icy waters of 
 the Delaware to win the victory that came to 
 the patriot army, at Trenton, New Jersey, the 
 following day. After the war he was granted 
 a pension in recognition of his services. His 
 wife was a Miss M. A. Williams, and they too 
 died and were buried in New York. 
 
 At the age of thirteen years the Captain 
 was apprenticed to James H. Chilton, a chem- 
 ist of his native city, but after three months' 
 service, as he did not like the business, he left 
 his employer and started out to make his own 
 way in the world. He first went to Philadel- 
 phia, thence to Pittsburg, and later to New 
 Orleans, where he engaged as clerk in the 
 Quartermaster's department in the supply navy 
 yard. He remained there until 1852, and on 
 leaving the Crescent City, he went to St. Louis, 
 Missouri, and subsequently to St. Joseph. 
 Here he met Upton T. Lendrum, chief clerk for 
 Major Samuel Dusenberry, Chief Quarter- 
 master for New Mexico. He was given the 
 position of second clerk in the Major's service 
 and came to this Territory, locating at Santa 
 Fe, where he continued to discharge the du- 
 ties of his position from September, 1853, un- 
 til October, 1854. 
 
 At the breaking out of the Ute war in 1855, 
 he enlisted as Commissary Sergeant for a pe- 
 riod of six months and served throughout the 
 campaign, being discharged in July, 1855. 
 From this time until August, 1857, he was con- 
 nected with the headquarters and ran a Gov- 
 ernment express, riding all over the West. In 
 September, 1857, he went to the city of Mex- 
 ico, where he remained until February, 1858. 
 Going to Brownsville, Texas, at that time, he 
 took a steamer for New Orleans, and shortly 
 afterward returned to his native city on a 
 visit. 
 
 While there Captain Simpson met an old 
 friend, A. W. Reynolds, of the United States 
 army, with whom he engaged as clerk, going 
 to Fort Snelling. He was afterward sent to 
 Leavenworth, Kansas, with a steamer laden 
 with supplies for the quartermaster's depart- 
 ment. Again coming to New Mexico, he 
 served as second clerk under Captain William 
 Van Bukleen, at Santa Fe, until 1859, but 
 continued his residence in that city until the 
 following year. During his trip to Taos in 
 1855, he was much impressed with the beauty 
 of the valley, its splendid advantages, natural 
 resources and invigorating atmosphere and 
 now determined to make it his home. Accord- 
 ingly he removed to a farm near Taos, where 
 he carried on agricultural pursuits and stock- 
 raising until 1862-3. In that year the Navajo- 
 Apache war broke out and he entered the serv- 
 ice as Captain of spies and scouts. He went 
 through the entire war, which continued until 
 1865, and was then ordered to Arizona, where 
 he was on duty until September, 1866. In 
 both the Northern and Southern armies dur- 
 ing the Civil war were many heroes, men 
 who faced danger and death for duty's sake; 
 but their service was never more arduous 
 than that of the men who were on the fron- 
 tier and had to face a foe more given to 
 wily than honorable warfare. Captain Simp- 
 son sustained a number of wounds in his 
 service against the Indians. 
 
 In September, 1866, the Captain was 
 mustered out at Albuquerque, and returned 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 6n 
 
 to the Taos country, where he again resumed 
 farming and stock-raising, continuing those 
 business interests until 1872, at which time he 
 engaged in the land-grant business, in loaning 
 money, etc. His interests are nearly all in 
 Taos county. He is connected with the Naci- 
 miento, Cebello, Chama, Los Luceros and 
 Aguajes grants, besides owning farms in the 
 valley and considerable stock. At the time 
 when Kit Carson, as Indian agent from 1859 to 
 62, was stationed at Taos, Captain Simpson 
 served as his confidential clerk, and was with 
 him in 1855 at the Lincoln, Saguache, Cocho- 
 tope and Arkansas river fights and through 
 the Navajo campaign in 1864. The last words 
 of that hero were, "Tell Simpson and Tom 
 Boggs that I wish to be buried at Taos." They 
 carried out his wishes, and through the efforts 
 of Captain Simpson a monument was erected 
 by the Carleton Grand Army Post, No. 3, of 
 Santa Fe, New Mexico, over his grave, while 
 each year the mound under which he lies is 
 decorated with beautiful flowers by the family 
 of Mr. Simpson, assisted by the citizens of 
 Taos. 
 
 In 1 867 was celebrated the marriage of 
 Miss Josefa Valdez, and to them were born 
 six children, Annie, Henry, Stefana, Maggie, 
 Rofelita and Samuel. The family is one of 
 prominence in the community, its members 
 holding a high position in social circles. Our 
 subject is the only member of the Grand Army 
 living in Taos county, and is a National mem- 
 ber from New Mexico. 
 
 His loyalty as a citizen has ever been 
 above question and he is a public-spirited 
 man, devoted to all that pertains to the welfare 
 and upbuilding of the community. He is of 
 a kindly disposition, pleasant and genial in 
 manner, and though of Northern birth posses- 
 ses that true and warmhearted hospitality for 
 which the citizens of the South are so justly 
 noted. He is especially courteous to the 
 strangers who visit Taos, taking great pains to 
 make their visit a pleasant one, and in show- 
 ing them the points of interest connected with 
 this historic old town. 
 
 EMETRIO CHAVEZ, a prominent 
 business man of Donna Ana county, 
 residing at Mesilla, is a native son of 
 the Territory of New Mexico. His 
 birth occurred in Valencia county, on the 22d 
 of December, 1851. He is of Spanish ances- 
 try, belonging to the distinguished old family 
 of that name, whose members were among the 
 first settlers of the Territory. His father, 
 Manuel Chavez, was born in Valencia county, 
 and was a farmer by occupation. He married 
 Miss Atanacia Lujan, a native of the same lo- 
 cality, and also a descendant of one of the 
 honored Spanish families. Demetrio was their 
 only child. His mother died when he was two 
 years of age, after which his father entered 
 college and became a priest, having charge of 
 several parishes in New Mexico. He was a 
 faithful laborer in the interests of the church, 
 in whose service he continued up to the time 
 of his death, which occurred in 1881, at the 
 age of fifty-six years. 
 
 The subject of this review was reared by 
 his grandmother until his ninth year, when he 
 was placed in St. Michael's College, of Santa 
 Fe, and took a full course, there pursuing his 
 studies until 1865. When his education was 
 completed he entered upon his business career 
 as a clerk in Albuquerque, whence he came to 
 Las Cruces and secured employment with Nes- 
 tor Armijo, with whom he was connected for .a 
 year and a half. During the succeeding five 
 years he was in the employ of Louis Rosen- 
 baum, and then came to Mesilla, where he se- 
 cured a clerkship with the firm of Reynolds & 
 Griggs. His service in that capacity continued 
 up to 1877, during which time he saved about 
 $500. He then started in business for himself, 
 investing what capital he had and going in debt 
 to the extent of $5,000, but from the beginning 
 he met with flattering success, and was able to 
 pay for his stock as his notes matured. As 
 time passed he continued to prosper and be- 
 came the owner of a large and paying business, 
 which he still conducts. His store rooms, 
 which cover an area of 75 x i 50 feet, are filled 
 with a well-selected stock of general merchan- 
 
6l2 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 disc, and his courteous treatment of his pa- 
 trons and his honorable dealing has enabled him 
 to secure and retain a very extensive trade. In 
 addition to his other property he owns several 
 hundred acres of land and a fine residence, all 
 of which he has acquired in a most honorable 
 and praiseworthy way, through strict attention 
 to business and capable management. 
 
 In his political associations, Mr. Chavez is 
 a Democrat, and on that ticket has been three 
 times elected Probate Judge of the county. He 
 was also elected and served for one term as 
 Treasurer of the county, and was re-nominated, 
 but fraud at the election kept him from the 
 position. By the appointment of Governor 
 Thornton he was made one of the regents of 
 the New Mexico College of Agriculture and 
 Mechanic Arts, and by the board of that insti- 
 tution was elected secretary and treasurer, a 
 position he is now satisfactorily filling. He is 
 a man of fine business talents and of the strict- 
 est reliability, while his well-spent life has gain- 
 ed him unqualified regard. 
 
 In 1 88 1 Mr. Chavez was united in marriage 
 with Miss Louisa Gunsales, who was born in 
 Mesilla. They have eight children: Manuel 
 R. , Maria A., Candelaria, Louisa, Josefa, Ade- 
 lina, Pomposa and Demetrio, all born in 
 Mesilla. The family are adherents of the 
 Catholic faith and are very highly esteemed. 
 
 D. SWOPE, M. D., a lead- 
 ing member of the medical profession, 
 located in Deming, New Mexico, is 
 a native of Kentucky. He was born 
 in Henderson, Henderson county, on the 5th 
 of November, 1864. The family to which he 
 belongs is of German lineage, and was early 
 established by ancestors who emigrated to Penn- 
 sylvania prior to the Revolution. His father, 
 Morgan Swope, was also born in Henderson 
 county, Kentucky, and both he and his father 
 were successful planters of that section. He 
 married Miss Louisa M. Flanders, a native of 
 St. Lawrence county, New York, and they 
 with their youngest son now reside in Deming, 
 
 where they have come for the benefit of the 
 climate, the father and son being affected with 
 lung trouble. 
 
 The Doctor, who is the eldest of their 
 family of three children, was educated in the 
 high school of his native town, and having de- 
 termined to make the pratice of medicine his 
 life work he entered the University of Louis- 
 ville, at which he was graduated in March, 
 1887, with the degree of M. D. He began the 
 practice of his chosen profession in Kentucky, 
 and in 1895 came to New Mexico. There is 
 a consumptive tendency in his family, and his 
 knowledge of the prevalence and contagious 
 nature of this disease in the Mississippi valley 
 has caused him to select this region as best suit- 
 ed to discourage the development of this dis- 
 ease. He therefore opened an office and began 
 practice in Deming, one of the most beautiful 
 and delightfully situated towns in New Mexico". 
 He formed a partnership with Dr. Carl Hagen, 
 and they have since built up a large practice, 
 coming from the best families of the community. 
 Their territory is extensive, having* sometimes 
 to attend patients as far as 100 miles distant. 
 Both members of the firm are practitioners of 
 skill and and ability, well worthy the liberal 
 patronage which has come to them. 
 
 December 26, 1889, Dr. Swope was mar- 
 ried to Miss Sudie L. Weaver, a native of 
 Henderson, Kentucky, and a daughter of Al- 
 bert Weaver, one of the old, prominent tobacco 
 dealers of that town. The Doctor and his 
 wife have many warm friends in this com- 
 munity, although their residence here is of 
 short duration, and their home is noted for its 
 true Southern hospitality. 
 
 The Doctor has had the honor of being 
 president of the Kentucky Medical Association: 
 is a member of the American Public Health 
 Association, and a member of the Kentucky 
 State Medical Society. He is engaged in gen- 
 eral practice, but h*as made the treatment of 
 lung diseases a special study, and has written 
 several valuable papers on this subject. To- 
 day he occupies a position in the front rank 
 among medical practitioners in this section of 
 
HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 6,3 
 
 New Mexico. He votes with the Democracy, 
 but gives little attention to political affairs, his 
 time and energies being devoted to his practice. 
 He has that true love of his profession without 
 which there can be no success in any work, 
 and is destined fo'r still greater prosperity in 
 the future. 
 
 BREDERICK PAUL MUELLER, who 
 was numbered among the successful 
 merchants of Taos, came to America 
 in 1852. He was a native of Berlin, 
 Prussia, born in 1826, and while in that coun- 
 try he acquired his education and served in the 
 army in accordance with the laws of the land. 
 His father was a Surgeon of the German army. 
 On coming to America, Frederick Paul 
 Mueller enlisted in the Western army and was 
 with Kit Carson on his expedition on the fron- 
 tier. He served for three years, and in 1855 
 engaged in merchandising in Taos, where he 
 remained up to the time of his death, which 
 occurred on the i6th of January, 1881. His 
 remains were interred in the American ceme- 
 tery near that place. He was a man of en- 
 terprise and superior business ability, and by 
 his well directed efforts acquired a handsome 
 property. He married Miss Theodore Bau- 
 bian, a native of Mora, New Mexico, and they 
 had three children, all of whom are yet living, 
 namely: Albert G. , Frederick P, and Eleanore 
 L. , who is now the wife of Vincent Mores. 
 The first named now carries on the business 
 which was established by his father, and is one 
 of the progressive and enterprising merchants 
 of Taos. He was born on the 9th of Septem- 
 ber, 1864, in Mora, New Mexico, and when a 
 child of six years was sent to St. Michael's Col- 
 lege, at Santa Fe, where he remained for about 
 five years. 
 
 After leaving school he entered upon his 
 business career as an employe of the firm of 
 Specleberg Brothers at Santa Fe. He served 
 as cashier in the store, also as salesman, ac- 
 ceptably filling those positions for four years. 
 Upon his father's death he and his brother 
 
 bought out his partner's interest, and in June, 
 1895, Albert became sole proprietor, while 
 Frederick went to old Mexico. The former now 
 has a large and well appointed establishment 
 and is doing a good business. In 1891 he was 
 made manager for the Springer Mercantile and 
 Banking Company, having charge of their in- 
 terests for twenty months. 
 
 In May, 1891, was celebrated the marriage 
 of Mr. Mueller and Miss Catherine Berry, of 
 Tres Piedras, Taos county, and a native of 
 White Plains, New York. They have two in- 
 teresting children, Mary T. and Harry Cecil. 
 In his business and social relations, Mr. Muel- 
 ler is a most delightful companion, courteous to 
 all and at the same time a man of force and 
 keen tact. He is now recognized as one of the 
 representative and prominent citizens of Taos, 
 and by those who know him is held in high es- 
 teem. 
 
 BRANK I. GIVEN, M. D., a success- 
 ful practicing physician of Hillsboro, 
 New Mexico, is a native of the far-off 
 State of Maine. He was born in the 
 town of Wales, on the 24th of April, 1861, 
 and comes of Scotch ancestry, who were early 
 settlers of Newcastle, Maine. His forefathers 
 were for many years seafaring men, principally 
 owners and masters of merchant ships. The 
 Doctor's father, Joseph M. Given, was born at 
 the family homestead in Wales, and inherited 
 the old farm on which the days of his child- 
 hood and youth were passed. He was joined 
 in wedlock with Miss Mary Ann Frost, a na- 
 tive of Monmouth, Maine. They have spent 
 their entire lives in the State of their nativity, 
 and both have attained to the age of fifty-five 
 years. Consistent members of the Methodist 
 Church, they are honored citizens of the town 
 in which they reside, and all who know them 
 hold them in high regard. The Doctor is their 
 only child. After attending the common 
 schools, he entered the Monmouth Academy, 
 and subsequently pursued his studies in the 
 Wesleyan Seminary. Wishing to enter the 
 
614 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 medical profession, he became a student in the 
 Maine Medical College, and the Bellevue Hos- 
 pital Medical College of New York city, grad- 
 uating at the latter institution on the i 5th of 
 April, 1886. He now had an excellent theo- 
 retical knowledge, and all that was needed was 
 experience to make him an able member of the 
 profession. He began practice in Auburn, 
 Maine, and afterward lived in Philadelphia for 
 some time, being connected with the Medical 
 Summary of that city. 
 
 On account of his wife's health the Doctor 
 determined to remove to the South. On the 
 ist of July, 1884, he had wedded Miss Hattie 
 W. Blake, of Monmouth, Maine. Her lungs 
 being somewhat affected, he resolved to see 
 whether the climate of New Mexico would not 
 prove beneficial, and on the loth of February, 
 1889, they arrived in Hillsboro. Here the 
 Doctor at once opened an office and began 
 practice. His wife was gradually benefited 
 by the change, and is now in the enjoyment of 
 good health. They have two children: Guy 
 Cumston, aged eight years; and Paul Joseph, 
 a little lad of three summers. 
 
 The Doctor has been very successful in his 
 practice, and has succeeded in building up a 
 large patronage. He is energetic and capable, 
 skilled both as a physician and surgeon, and 
 responds as readily to a call from the poor 
 where he knows that there will be no pecuni- 
 ary reward for his services as from the rich. 
 He has the true love of his work without which 
 there can be no success in business. He is yet 
 in the prime of life, and that to which he most 
 aspires is to enjoy many years of useful and 
 honorable service in the practice of his noble 
 calling. 
 
 The Doctor is a valued member of the 
 Knights of Pythias fraternity and the Inde- 
 pendent Order of Odd Fellows, while in poli- 
 tics-he is a Republican. He interests himself 
 in the well-being of Hillsboro, especially her 
 educational affairs, and is a member of the 
 School Board. He is a member of the Maine 
 Medical Association, also the American Medical 
 Association, and is a United States Pension 
 
 Examining Surgeon for the southwestern part 
 of the Territory of New Mexico. He and his 
 wife have a pleasant home in Hillsboro, and 
 are highly esteemed. 
 
 HOMAS CASAD, deceased, who was 
 numbered among the leading and in- 
 fluential citizens of Mesilla, was born 
 in Ohio in 1816, of French parentage. 
 His grandfather and his father were both early 
 settlers in the Buckeye State and resided near 
 Cleveland when the beautiful city of to-day 
 was little more than a village. Later they 
 removed to Illinois, where they were engaged 
 in coal-mining for a number of years. 
 
 The subject of this notice went to the 
 Prairie State, where he, too, carried on coal- 
 mining. In 1848 he was united in marriage 
 with Miss Sarah Van Winkle, a native of Illi- 
 nois and a daughter of Ormsby Van Winkle, 
 of that State. By a former marriage Mr. 
 Casad had three children. In 1864 he re- 
 moved with his family to Kansas City, and a 
 little later purchased 900 acres of land near 
 West Port, where he engaged in farming for a 
 period of five years. In 1 869 he sold out and 
 removed to Santa Ana, in Southern Califor- 
 nia, buying 2,000 acres of land there. On 
 this property he built three residences and im- 
 proved and farmed the place, engaging in the 
 cultivation of wheat and barley up to 1874. 
 In that year he again sold and came to Me- 
 silla. Here by purchase he became the owner 
 of 250 acres of land, on which Mrs. Casad and 
 her family still reside. He built a flouring 
 mill at Mesilla, but, not being satisfied with 
 the water power at this place, he removed the 
 machinery to Chamerino, where he built a 
 mill, operating the same up to the time of his 
 death. He also purchased a tract in the 
 Brazeto land grant, consisting of 11,000 acres 
 of land, and planted at his home in Mesilla a 
 fruit orchard, but was not permitted to live to 
 see the splendid fruit reach the perfection that 
 it has now attained, the orchard being one of 
 the finest and best in all New Mexico. He 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 6,5 
 
 was well known in business circles and was an 
 excellent example of the self-made American 
 citizen, whose success was due to his own en- 
 ergy and the high ideals which he kept con- 
 stantly before him. 
 
 Mr. Casad was an honored member of the 
 Masonic fraternity, serving as Past Master of 
 his lodge. In all the walks of life he was an 
 upright and honorable citizen, and in his fam- 
 ily he was kind, indulgent and faithful, his 
 death causing a vacancy in the household which 
 can never be filled. In politics he was a stal- 
 wart Republican, warmly advocating the prin- 
 ciples of the party of liberty, but he never 
 sought office, preferring to give his entire at- 
 tention to his business. He departed this life 
 on the 8th of October, 1885, at the age of 
 sixty-nine. His estimable wife has since care- 
 fully and systematically managed the property, 
 which is a fine estate. In addition to the ex- 
 tensive farm there is a twenty-acre apple or- 
 chard and a fifteen-acre peach orchard, while 
 the present yield is estimated at $6,000. 
 
 There were born to Mr. and Mrs. Casad 
 eleven children, of whom nine are living, 
 namely: Lenora, wife of R. J. White, a resi- 
 dent of Bakersfield, California; Jennie, wife of 
 N. D. Lane, of El Paso, Texas; Maud, wife of 
 W. M. Mandell, of Mesilla; Humboldt, who 
 manages the farm; Thomas, Alice and Jessie, 
 all at home; Gertrude, wife of J. F. Bennett, 
 a resident of Chihuahua; and Darwin, who 
 completes the family. They form an intelli- 
 gent and highly respected family, well deserv- 
 ing of mention in this volume. 
 
 EON. GEORGE CURRY, President 
 of the Legislative Council of New 
 Mexico, was born in Louisana April 
 3, 1862. His father, George Curry, 
 was a Kentuckian by birth, and his mother, 
 nee Clara Modden, was a native of Ireland. 
 After their marriage they continued to reside 
 in Louisiana, and were engaged in farming. 
 When the great Civil war was precipitated 
 upon the country, Mr. Curry took sides with 
 
 his people of the South, enrolling himself in 
 the Confederate army as a private soldier, par- 
 ticipated in many of the hard-fought battles of 
 the war, and for meritorious service was from 
 time to time promoted until at the close of the 
 struggle he held the commission of Lieutenant 
 Colonel of his regiment. After the close of 
 the war he returned to the peaceful vocations 
 of life, but in the great political excitement bf 
 1872 he was killed. His wife survived him, 
 and in 1874 removed with her family, consist- 
 ing of four sons and one daughter, to Dodge 
 county, Kansas, for the purpose of giving her 
 children a better opportunity for prosperity in 
 that young and rapidly growing portion of the 
 country. Three years later, in 1877, she died. 
 
 George Curry, the eldest child in the family, 
 was only ten years of age when his father was 
 murdered, and at the death of his mother he 
 was but fifteen years old. Previous to her 
 death he had rendered her all the assistance 
 in his power in the support of herself and the 
 family, having begun to earn his own living 
 when only twelve years of age, first as a farm 
 laborer, and afterward as clerk in the store of 
 R. M. Wright & Company. In speaking of the 
 advantages of his childhood Mr. Curry says: 
 "I never spent but six months in school in my 
 life, but as my mother was an educated woman 
 she helped me all she could." 
 
 Our subject remained with R. M. Wright 
 & Company until 1879, at which time he came 
 to New Mexico, receiving a clerkship in a post 
 trader's store. From 1882 to 1885 Mr. Curry 
 was employed by D. W. Stephens, a promi- 
 nent merchant of Raton; for the following year 
 he was manager of the mercantile business of 
 James J. Dolan & Company at Lincoln; and 
 about that time, his integrity and business 
 ability having brought him to the front in polit- 
 ical matters, he was appointed Deputy Treas- 
 urer of that county during the years of 1886-7. 
 In the following year he was elected County 
 Clerk and Recorder by a unanimous vote. In 
 1890 Mr. Curry was made Assessor of the coun- 
 ty; in 1892 he became Sheriff; in 1894 he be- 
 came a member of the mercantile company of 
 
6i6 
 
 HISTORY OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 William Riley & Company, at Picacho, where 
 he is still in business; and in the fall of 1894, 
 without having solicited the honor, he was 
 elected to the Territorial Senate, representing 
 the counties of Donna Ana, Grant, Chaves 
 and Eddy. Notwithstanding a number of the 
 counties are Republican, his popularity was 
 such that he carried every one, received the 
 largest majority in the district; and when the 
 Senate organized he was elected its President. 
 He is now filling that trying position with 
 marked executive ability, showing him to be a 
 level-headed, well informed and capable pre- 
 siding officer. At the close of his term as 
 President of the Thirty-first Territorial Senate, 
 Mr. Curry was very highly complimented by both 
 Democrats and Republicans, and was presented 
 with an expensive gold watch and chain by his 
 constituents. The citizens of Santa Fe, appre- 
 ciating the honorable and manly course taken 
 by him, prented him with a gold-headed cane. 
 Mr. Curry was married November 28, 1888, 
 to Miss Rebecca Sisneras, a native of New 
 Mexico and a descendant of one of the oldest 
 families of the Territory. They have three 
 children, Frank, Charles and George. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Curry have a good home at Picachc . 
 He is an active and prominent member of the 
 Knights of Pythias, and for several terms has 
 held the office of Chancelor Commander in 
 that order, to which he attributes much of his 
 experience as a parliamentarian. Mr. Curry 
 is a striking example of the self-made man, 
 who by his own unaided exertions has over- 
 come the great disadvantages of lack of educa- 
 tion- and means, and has become one of the 
 most prominent citizens of the Territory of his 
 adoption. He is genial, social and kindhearted, 
 has hosts of friends, and is deeply interested 
 in the growth and prosperty of New Mexico. 
 
 QAX L. KAHLER, the present ca- 
 pable Sheriff of Sierra county, New 
 Mexico, residing at Hillsboro, is a 
 native of Germany, born in 1815. 
 He acquired his education in his native land, 
 
 and at the age of fifteen bade adieu to friends 
 and country, preparatory to his emigration to 
 America. Crossing the Atlantic in 1873, he 
 located in Lincoln, Nebraska. He was but a 
 youth, yet he had resolved to win a fortune in 
 the land of the free, where all avenues of life 
 were open to young men of energy and deter- 
 mination, where wealth depends not upon in- 
 heritance, but comes as a result of earnest labor 
 and perseverance. 
 
 For six years Mr. Kahler was engaged in 
 clerking in various stores in Lincoln. Subse- 
 quently he removed to Bloomington, Franklin 
 county, where he embarked in business on his 
 own account, establishing a restaurant and con- 
 fectionery store. He has been a resident of New 
 Mexico since 1 88 1, becoming one of the pioneer 
 settlers of what is now Sierra county. He lo- 
 cated on the Rio Grande, near Las Palvinas, 
 where he was engaged in mining and farming. 
 Procuring land, he made many excellent im- 
 provements, and erected a number of buildings 
 thereon. He also located the Silver Cliff mine, 
 which he still owns, and he is now the owner 
 of the Bull of the Woods, the Bonanza and 
 other valuable gold mines, which have yielded 
 rich returns, and will continue to do so. They 
 have made good improvements on this mining 
 property, and have taken out considerable 
 gold. A car-load of ore from the Bull of the 
 Woods mine averages $63 of gold to the ton at 
 the Pueblo Sampling Works. The ore is mostly 
 gold-producing, but also yields both silver and 
 copper. 
 
 Mr. Kahler still owns his large and valuable 
 farm, on which he has planted many fruit-trees 
 and. seeded a portion of it to alfalfa. He has 
 made it one of the rich and fertile farms of the 
 Territory, and obtains a ready market for his 
 products in the mining camps in this county. 
 He also has a herd of thoroughbred Hereford 
 cattle. 
 
 On attaining his majority, Mr. Kahler iden- 
 tified himself with the Republican party, of 
 which he has since been a stalwart advocate, 
 and in 1894 was placed on the ticket as the 
 candidate for County Sheriff. He made a good 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 617 
 
 run, was triumphantly elected, and entered 
 upon the duties of his office. He is prompt 
 and fearless in the discharge of his duties, and 
 under his reign' peace and good order prevail 
 through the county; and there are only three 
 prisoners in the county jail. His name brings 
 a sense of security to the law-abiding citizen 
 and of fear to the offender. 
 
 Previous to his election to office, Mr. 
 Kahler had for four years been the popular 
 landlord of the Union Hotel of Hillsboro. He 
 has a wide and favorable acquaintance through- 
 out the county of Sierra, and is highly spoken 
 of as a reliable citizen. A man deserves not 
 credit for the success he has achieved, but for 
 the way he gains it and the disposition he 
 makes of it. Mr. Kahler has always pursued 
 an honorable, straightforward business policy, 
 and his life is an exemplary one. 
 
 Sp- * ON. W. E. DAME, one of the most 
 
 I'^^V popular citizens of Cerrillos, was born 
 
 J ,r in New Hampshire, April 21, 1858, of 
 
 Irish ancestry. They were among 
 
 the early pioneers of New England. His father, 
 
 Matthew Dame, was born in Derry, New 
 
 Hampshire. He married Mary S. Holcomb, 
 
 of the same place, and they had four 
 
 children. Matthew Dame was a farmer in his 
 
 native State, and his death occurred at the age 
 
 of fifty years. His wife departed this life at 
 
 the age of forty-five years. 
 
 W. E. Dame, only survivor of the family, 
 was educated in the public schools of Ports- 
 mouth, New Hampshire. He went to sea 
 when a boy, and for five years sailed to all 
 parts of the world, having been promoted to 
 the position of third mate. He came to New 
 Mexico in 1879, locating in the town where he 
 now resides, and became actively engaged in 
 prospecting and mining. Mr. Dame has had 
 all the experience of a miner, but with his 
 varied experience he acquired the knowledge 
 of the expert miner, and for some years had 
 charge of the Cerrillos Mining Company's prop- 
 erty, which contains large quantities of silver 
 
 ore. He is a man of bright intelligence, 
 prompt and energetic in all business dealings, 
 and is thoroughly informed in the affairs of the 
 Territory of New Mexico. This fact being 
 recognized by his fellow citizens, he was 
 elected to represent them in the Legislative 
 Assembly, and was chosen Speaker of the 
 House, in which position he gave very general 
 satisfaction, being perfectly impartial in his 
 rulings. To his credit it can be said that but 
 one of his rulings have been referred to the 
 House and reversed. At the close of the ses- 
 sion his constituents bestowed upon him, as a 
 mark of their appreciation, an expensive gold 
 watch; and the citizens of Santa Fe, appreci- 
 ating his manly course, gave him a handsome 
 cane. Many complimentary and congratula- 
 tory remarks were made with reference to him 
 from both sides of the House. 
 
 In 1886 Mr. Dame was united in marriage 
 with Miss Emma Perry, a native of Pennsyl- 
 vania. In his social relations, he is a member 
 of the Knights of Pythias and a Chapter and 
 Commandery Mason. Mr. Dame is also a 
 gifted sportsman, taking great delight in hunt- 
 ing and fishing, and many a bear and deer has 
 fallen at the crack of his unerring rifle. 
 
 ON. JOSEPH ARTHUR ANCHETA, 
 
 one of New Mexico's most eloquent 
 sons, and for a number of years one 
 of her prominent lawyers and legis- 
 lators, was born on the banks of the Rio 
 Grande river at Mesilla, Donna Ana county, 
 New Mexico, July 21, 1865. He is a son of 
 Nepomucena Ancheta, a refugee from old 
 Mexico during the Revolution of 1856. His 
 wife and children were killed and all his 
 property confiscated! After coming to this 
 Territory he became the owner of the Mullotos 
 mine, which in 1888 he sold to Haywood & 
 Hobart for $1,750,000. He also owned the 
 Pacific mine at Pinos Altos, which sold for 
 $141,000 in 1886, and on account of his 
 wealth he was called Golden Bull. He is now 
 retired from active life, residing on his property 
 
6i8 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 in Grant county. Mr. Ancheta was married 
 in this Territory to Miss Eulogia Vernal, and 
 they had three sons and four daughters. J. R. 
 Y. Ancheta was killed and robbed while on his 
 way to Silver City with bullion, February 28, 
 1877. Leonard Y. was a Justice of the Peace, 
 and while trying to quell a disturbance was 
 shot and killed. The daughters are: Tilly, 
 Rose, Lillian nnd Luz. 
 
 Joseph Arthur Ancheta attended Saint 
 Michael's College, leaving that institution in 
 1882 with a commercial diploma. He also 
 spent four years at Notre Dame University, 
 near South Bend, Indiana, graduating in the 
 scientific course, and he also received the 
 civil engineer's diploma and the degree of 
 Bachelor of Laws. Mr. Ancheta was admitted 
 to the bar in 1886, in the Supreme court 
 of the State of Indiana, and in Decem- 
 ber of the same year was also admit- 
 ted to the bar of New Mexico. He then re- 
 ceived the appointment of District Attorney of 
 the Third Judicial District, was next appointed 
 by the Republican party to represent his legis- 
 lative district in the Territorial Session of 
 1889, and became an ardent leader in behalf 
 of free schools and other important measures. 
 During one of the sessions he was sitting with 
 his back to a sash in a door and was shot, nine 
 buckshots entering his neck and shoulder! As 
 he sprang to his feet a ball whizzed by his ear! 
 He was carried to St. Vincent's Hospital, 
 where for some time his life was despaired of; 
 but owing to the able attention of Dr. Sloan 
 and the kind nursing of the Sisters he recover- 
 ed, for whom he now entertains the greatest 
 gratitude. While sick at the hospital his 
 mind was greatly harassed on account of the 
 bills which he wished to become law, and he 
 was approached by others to relinquish pledges 
 he held from other members to vote for these 
 bills. Mr. Ancheta became so excited that, in 
 spite of the attendant's efforts to keep him, he 
 put on his bloody clothes, as he could not pre- 
 vail on them to procure others, and went to 
 the Council. He made a strong speech in 
 favor of the passage of the bill. This great 
 
 effort started the wounds to bleed afresh, and 
 it was thought that he would surely die; but he 
 fell asleep and slept seven hours, and awoke 
 refreshed. He dates his rapid recovery from 
 that time. A reward of $30,000 was offered 
 by the Government for the discovery and ar- 
 rest of the perpetrators of the crime; but they 
 have not as yet been discovered. While he 
 was ill it was proposed to remove a portion of 
 the skull from the back of his head, and put in 
 its place a silver plate; but Mr. Ancheta would 
 not consent to the operation. 
 
 The bills for which he had made such 
 great effort passed, and he returned to Silver 
 City to resume his law practice. But his 
 county so highly esteemed his services that he 
 was re-elected to the Council, in which he is 
 now serving his second term. His seat was 
 claimed by another, but such had been his 
 services and such his majority that his polit- 
 ical opponents gave him his seat. Although 
 the last session of the Council has been a very 
 bitter one, Mr. Ancheta still holds his own 
 with the best of them, and is considered by 
 many as the most eloquent speaker in the 
 Legislative Council, and, what is better, is 
 considered honorable to the highest degree. 
 He is deserving of much credit for the manly 
 part he has taken in measures of such vital im- 
 portance to the Territory, of which he is so 
 gifted a son. He enjoys a good practice at 
 Silver City, where he owns much valuable 
 property. 
 
 aD. FRANZ, proprietor of the leading 
 hardware store of Santa Fe, was born 
 in Germany, in 1825, and received his 
 education in his native land. He 
 came to the Territory of New Mexico in 1846, 
 first working as a clerk in Albuquerque, later 
 became a member of the firm, and established 
 a branch house at Los Lunas, of which he be- 
 came proprietor. Mr. Franz continued to do 
 a successful business there until 1870, at which 
 time he sold his interest to Louis Huning, and 
 removed his family to St. Louis, for better ed- 
 
HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 619 
 
 ucational advantages. He opened a drug store 
 in that city, and later embarked in the whole- 
 sale grocery business, under the firm name of 
 Franz & Nasse. The firm is now known as 
 Fink & Nasse, Mr. Franz having retired from 
 the partnership. In 1880, when the railroad 
 was built to Sante Fe, he became a prominent 
 dealer in lumber and hardware, doing business 
 at Las Vegas, Albuquerque and Santa Fe; but 
 in 1882, he concentrated the entire business at 
 the latter place, where he has a large whole- 
 sale and retail hardware store. By close ap- 
 plication to business and a high regard for in- 
 tegrity, Mr. Franz has made a marked success 
 in life. At one time he owned a ranch near 
 Albuquerque, which he improved, and took 
 pleasure in showing New Mexico's productive 
 powers in the raising of grapes and a variety of 
 fruits. 
 
 In 1865, at Red Bird, Illinois, Mr. Franz 
 was united in marriage with Miss Sophia Diet- 
 zel, a native of Germany, and they have ten 
 children living. The oldest son, Ernest H., 
 is engaged in business at Luna, New Mexico. 
 Another son, Edward W. , who has been man- 
 ager of the hardware business since 1892, is a 
 native son of New Mexico, born at Los Lunas, 
 September 10, 1867, and was educated at the 
 Christian Brothers' College at St. Louis. When 
 sixteen years of age he entered the White 
 Hardware Company, and since that time his 
 life has been constantly devoted to the hard- 
 ware business. After remaining a year and a 
 half with that firm he spent three years with 
 his father at Santa Fe, for the following three 
 years he was head clerk in the store of Hors- 
 full & Cameron, at Waco, Texas, and, as stated, 
 came to Santa Fe in 1892, to take charge of 
 the business here. He is now fully identified 
 with the affairs of the city. 
 
 Mr. Franz was married June 8, 1893, to 
 Miss Margaret Leftwich, a native of New Or- 
 leans and a daughter of John A. Leftwich. 
 They have one daughter, Eugenia, born in 
 Santa Fe, and named in honor of her uncle, 
 Hon. Eugene A. Fisk. 
 
 E. D. Franz, the subject of this sketch, is 
 
 a Republican in his political views, is thor- 
 oughly informed upon the affairs of the county, 
 but gives his attention principally to his busi- 
 ness, and is spoken of at Santa Fe as one of her 
 best business men. The store has a wide and 
 favorable reputation throughout New Mexico. 
 
 HOMAS P. GABLE, Postmaster of 
 Sante Fe, and one of her most pub- 
 lic-spirited business men, was born in 
 Platte county, Missouri, March 11, 
 1851. He is of German ancestry, who were 
 early pioneers in Pennsylvania, where his father, 
 Barney Gable, was born in 1812. When a 
 young man the latter moved to Tennessee, and 
 was there married to Miss Mary Henderson, a 
 native of that State. Soon after they removed 
 to Platte county, Missouri, and in 1855 located 
 on a farm near Leavenworth, Kansas, where 
 they resided during all the early Kansas excite- 
 ment. Mr. Gable departed this life in 1865, 
 leaving a widow, three sons and a daughter. 
 The mother lived to the age of seventy-five 
 years. They were members of the Baptist 
 Church, and Mr. Gable was a Democrat in his 
 political views. 
 
 Thomas P. Gable, their fourth child, was 
 educated in the primitive district schools and 
 in the public schools of Leavenworth. After 
 his father's death he began to make his own 
 way in the world, and for six years was a clerk 
 in the Leavenworth postoffice. He then em- 
 barked in the manufacture of cigars, doing a 
 wholesale business in that line for about six 
 years, or until coming to New Mexico in 1881. 
 At Raton, this Territory, Mr. Gable was pro- 
 prietor of a hotel for three years. In 1884 he 
 came to Santa Fe to embark in the undertak- 
 ing and embalming business, which he has since 
 continued, and is now the leading undertaker 
 in the city. He has also been interested in 
 the stock business and mining, still continuing 
 the latter occupation. 
 
 In political matters Mr. Gable has been a 
 lifelong Democrat. In 1885 he received the 
 appointment of Warden of the penitentiary, 
 
620 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 serving in that position two years. In 1889 
 he was elected a member of the Legislative 
 Assembly, and had the honor of having aided 
 in framing and in the passage of the free-school 
 bill, thus accomplishing a work of lasting value 
 to the Territory. In 1894 President Cleve- 
 land appointed him Postmaster of Santa Fe, a 
 position which he is now filling to the fullest 
 satisfaction of the patrons of the office. He 
 has experienced and reliable assistants, and great 
 pains is taken to competently handle the mail 
 and obligingly expedite the business of the of- 
 fice. Since his residence in Santa Fe, Mr. 
 Gable has been interested in the improvement 
 and prosperity of the city, and has earned for 
 himself the reputation of being one of her most 
 progressive and liberal citizens. 
 
 He was married in 1875 to Miss Clara Mc- 
 Whirt, a native of Pennsylvania but reared 
 and educated in Leavenworth, Kansas. They 
 have three children: Willie May, now Mrs. 
 Adolph Fisher, residing in this city; Thomas 
 P., whe died of diphtheria in 1890, aged fifteen 
 years; and Sallie B., at home. Mr. Gable is 
 a member of the Masonic fraternity and of the 
 Odd Fellows, having passed all the chairs in 
 the latter, and is now serving his second term 
 as Noble Grand of the order. 
 
 HLFRED E. HOWELL, who is promi- 
 nently identified with the mercantile 
 interests of Socorro, is entitled to the 
 space that has been accorded him in 
 this history. He is a native of the State of 
 Arkansas, born at Dardanelle, April 5, 1850, 
 descended from English ancestry. His pater- 
 nal great-grandfather was James Howell, who 
 emigrated from England to the United States 
 and settled in Virginia, where his name was 
 widely known and highly respected. Jesse 
 Howell, his son, the grandfather of our subject, 
 was also a Virginian by birth. He married 
 Miss Nancy Amery, and they became the par- 
 ents of seven children. She died at the age of 
 forty-four years, and he lived to the age of 
 sixty-three years. Their son, Ames Amos How- 
 
 ell, the father of our subject, was born in 
 Hawkins county, Tennessee, August 10, 1818. 
 There he grew to maturity, and was united in 
 marriage to 'Miss Martha Grelston, who also 
 was a Tennesseean. They removed to Ar- 
 kansas, and Mr. Howell settled at Dardanelle, 
 where he embarked in mercantile trade and 
 where he still resides, an old and highly re- 
 spected citizen. He and his wife had a fam- 
 ily of thirteen children, eleven of whom are still 
 living. 
 
 Alfred E. Howell is the second-born of the 
 family. He received his education in the com- 
 mon schools and for one year was a student in 
 a college in Kentucky. Having decided taste 
 and aptitude for pharmacy, he gave his atten- 
 tion to the drug business, and in 1876 he 
 opened a drug store on his own account, in his 
 native town. A victim to asthma, he was 
 obliged to dispose of the business which four- 
 teen years' industry and ability had estab- 
 lished, and seek relief from the disease in a 
 change of climate. Accordingly he came to 
 New Mexico, and stopped at Las Vegas, where 
 he remained three months. At the end of that 
 time he came to Socorro, and purchased the 
 drug business of Dorsey & Woodyard, which 
 he has conducted with gratifying success. 
 He has found the climate all that could be de- 
 sired and is entirely free from his old tor- 
 mentor. 
 
 In 1 874, Mr. Howell was married to Miss 
 Phebe Bennett, a native of Lewisburg, Ar- 
 kansas. They are the parents of nine children, 
 six of whom are living: Sallie, Haynes A., 
 Russell B., Seth D., Freddy K. and Hazel. 
 In politics Mr. Howell supports the issues of 
 the Democratic party. He is a member of the 
 Masonic order, belonging both to the blue 
 lodge and chapter, and of the Knights of 
 Pythias. He takes a laudable interest in the 
 educational facilities that are being afforded 
 the youth of the county, and has frequently 
 served as a member of the Socorro School 
 Board. He is a man of the strictest integrity, 
 and he and his family are held in the highest 
 esteem by the people of the county. 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 621 
 
 HDOLPHE DIDIER, the vineyardist 
 and wine manufacturer of Belen, Va- 
 lencia county, New Mexico, is a native 
 of France, born in the town of Gap, 
 May 23, 1864, and is a son of French parents. 
 Mr. Didier was reared, educated and learn- 
 ed the wine business in his native land, and 
 since 1888 has been engaged in his present busi- 
 ness in New Mexico. His vineyard and winery 
 at Belen were started at an early date by a 
 gentleman by the name of Louis Huning. Un- 
 der Mr. Didier's able management, and with 
 the French methods which he has introduced, 
 he is conducting the enterprise on a paying 
 basis and has already established an enviable 
 reputation for the superiority of his product. 
 He grows seven varieties of grapes which he 
 uses in the manufacture of his wines, makes no 
 less than six different kinds of wine, and now 
 has in his cellars a portion of the vintage of 
 each season since 1888, all of which is very 
 fine in quality and recognized as far superior to 
 other wines manufactured in New Mexico. 
 His product meets with a ready sale through- 
 out this Territory, Colorado and Mexico. 
 
 Mr. Didier is a man cf family. He was 
 married in Albuquerque in 1886 to Miss Hor- 
 tence Martin, a native of France, and they 
 have three children, namely: Ernest, Meredez 
 and Mary, all born in Belen. The family are 
 all members of the Catholic Church, and, po- 
 litically, Mr. Didier affiliates with the Republi- 
 can party. 
 
 As a citizen and business man, Mr. Didier 
 is thoroughly reliable. He has made a wide 
 acquaintance in New Mexico and is popular 
 with his many friends. 
 
 OBERT H. COWAN, who is recog- 
 nized as one of the pioneers and rep- 
 resentative business men of the 
 thriving village of Springer, Colfax 
 county, and whose life is one whose record is 
 one of adventure and yet of earnest effort, is 
 particularly deserving of consideration in this 
 connection, since he has been prominently 
 
 identified with the interests of New Mexico for 
 a long term of years and has seen much of the 
 wild life which marked the earlier stages of the 
 Territory's development. 
 
 Our subject is a native of the Old Domin- 
 ion State, having been born on the I5th of 
 October, 1839, the son of John and Mary 
 (Graham) Cowan, the former of whom was a 
 native of bonny Scotland, whence he emigrated 
 to America when a young man, settling in the 
 State of Maryland, where he was united in 
 marriage to Mary Graham, who was also a na- 
 tive of Scotland. He was connected with the 
 coal-mining industries of Maryland and Virginia 
 and was a man of no little ability. They be- 
 came the parents of four daughters and three 
 sons, all of whom still survive. The mother 
 died when our subject was but two years of 
 age, while the father lived to attain the vener- 
 able age of seventy-four years. 
 
 Robert H. Cowan, the immediate subject 
 of this review, secured his educational disci- 
 pline in Maryland and in Wheeling, Virginia 
 (now West Virginia), but he had an alert men- 
 tality and a spirit for adventure, and became 
 anxious to try his mettle in the wild and excit- 
 ing life of the far West. Accordingly, when 
 he was nineteen years of age, he ran away from 
 home, in company with another lad from the 
 same neighborhood, setting forth on the i8th 
 of February, 1858. They made their way to 
 St. Louis, Missouri, where they remained four 
 weeks and then hired out to Colonel Saint 
 Vrain to assist in driving his ox teams across 
 the plains. There were fifty wagons in the 
 train, and the party in charge numbered in all 
 about fifty-five men, all of whom were well 
 armed and equipped. The train consumed 
 forty-nine days in making the trip from St. 
 Louis to Fort Garland, Colorado, and the free 
 and untrammeled life was greatly enjoyed by our 
 subject. They encountered many buffalo en 
 route and the exhilarating sport of hunting the 
 noble animals, now so nearly extinct, proved 
 an attractive diversion. Our subject remained 
 with the outfit at Fort Garland and for many 
 years continued in the employ of Colonel Saint 
 
622 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Vrain. During the latter part of the time 
 that he was thus associated he had charge of 
 the train, and in connection it is interesting to 
 note that he made in all thirteen round trips 
 across the plains from New Mexico to the Mis- 
 souri river. It is needless to say that within . 
 this period he was enabled to see much of the 
 dangers, the adventures and the wild life that 
 was so characteristic of the pioneer epoch in 
 the West. He was concerned in frequent con- 
 flicts with the Indians, who often made raids 
 on the train and stole the cattle and supplies. 
 In such cases Mr. Cowan and his men invari- 
 ably pursued the savages and usually succeeded 
 in recovering the stock. 
 
 After these experiences our subject for a 
 time engaged in trading with the Indians, and 
 later was in the employ of the Grant Company, 
 being in charge of some of the farms. Subse- 
 quently he became a contractor in the Govern- 
 ment mail service and for four years was en- 
 gaged in transferring the mail from Springer to 
 Elizabethtown and Taos and return. Within 
 this time his stage was twice "held up" by 
 the lawless highwaymen, with which this sec- 
 tion was so greatly infested at that period in 
 its history. On one of the occasions noted he 
 was compelled to surrender the express box, 
 which contained thirty-two ounces of gold dust. 
 The holders of the booty were afterward sur- 
 prised and killed by members of their own 
 party, who thus wished to secure to themselves 
 the reward which had been offered for the ap- 
 prehension of the miscreants. 
 
 It was in the year 1880 that Mr. Cowan 
 came to Springer, and shortly after his advent 
 in the then diminutive settlement he effected 
 the purchase of the business of the pioneer 
 liveryman of the place, and in this line of en- 
 terprise has ever since been engaged. He now 
 conducts the leading livery of the town and 
 has secured a representative patronage and at- 
 tained to a high measure of success by reason 
 of his fair and honorable methods and the 
 scrupulous care which he has given to meeting 
 the demands of the public. In 1886 his barn, 
 with its contents, was destroyed by fire, a 
 
 large quantity of hay and grain being burned, 
 in addition to fifty-two head of horses. Twenty- 
 two of the poor animals were the property of 
 our subject and represented a complete loss, 
 the building alone having been insured. In no 
 wise discouraged by his misfortune, Mr. Cowan 
 at once began the erection of his present fine 
 stone and iron building, which is of modern 
 architectural design, 45 x 1 20 feet in dimensions, 
 with truss roof, covered with iron, the entire 
 structure being as nearly fire-proof as possible. 
 The stable is considered to be one of the best, if 
 not the best, of the sort in the entire Territory, 
 and its conveniences and facilities are such as 
 are usually to be found only in the more metro- 
 politan establishments of the sort. In the 
 gable end of the building is a carved inscrip- 
 tion in the sandstone, the same bearing the 
 name of our subject and the date of the erec- 
 tion of the building. The stable is not only to 
 be admired from a utilitarian standpoint, but 
 also from that of attractiveness, since the 
 building is an ornament to the town and a 
 credit to the enterprising spirit of its proprie- 
 tor. The establishment is equipped with ex- 
 cellent driving horses and vehicles, and every 
 equipage turned out is sure to give satisfaction. 
 Mr. Cowan controls the business in this line in 
 Springer, and is known and honored as one of 
 her progressive and influential citizens. 
 
 In the year 1872 was consummated the 
 marriage of our subject to Miss Delafina 
 Padilla, a native of New Mexico and a daugh- 
 ter of Pedro Padilla, a representative of one 
 of the prominent old Spanish families of the 
 Territory, and noted as guide, trapper and In- 
 dian fighter. Mr. and Mrs. Cowan became 
 the parents of one daughter, Lucinda, who 
 married Frank Catlin and had two sons, 
 Robert and Frank. She died in the twenty- 
 second year of her age, and the two boys are 
 now being carefully reared by their grandfather, 
 our subject. 
 
 Few men now living in the Territory have 
 seen more of pioneer life than has Mr. Cowan, 
 who is yet a well preserved man, active and 
 vigorous and ever maintaining a lively interest 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 623 
 
 in the growth and development of the attrac- 
 tive village where he has so long resided. He 
 is highly esteemed in the community and is one 
 of the popular business men of Springer. 
 
 'ILLIAM L. McCLURE is one of 
 the leading merchants of Taos. He 
 has devoted his entire life to mer- 
 cantile interests and has made an 
 untarnished record and unspotted reputation 
 as a business man, upright, reliable and hon- 
 orable. In all places and under all circum- 
 stance, he is loyal to truth, honor and right, 
 justly valuing his own self-respect as infinitely 
 more to be preferred than wealth, fame or 
 position. 
 
 On the 6th of December, 1849, in Clayton, 
 Indiana, Mr. McClure was born. He is a son 
 of William P. McClure, who was of Scotch 
 descent, and was a native of Tennessee. Hav- 
 ing arrived at years of maturity he married 
 Frances J. Buchanan, a native of Kentucky, 
 and in 1850 the family removed from their 
 Indiana home to Iowa, locating in Mt. Pleas- 
 ant. After some years' residence there they 
 removed to Topeka, Kansas. 
 
 Our subject acquired his education-in Mt. 
 Pleasant, Iowa, gaining a good practical knowl- 
 edge that well fitted him for the cares and re- 
 sponsibilities of life. He left school at the age 
 of eighteen and with his text-books put aside 
 that freedom which characterizes one's school 
 days to assume the sterner duties that come 
 when one enters on a business career. He 
 began clerking in his father's store in Topeka, 
 Kansas. Mr. McClure, Sr. , was quite well-to- 
 do and was also engaged in the lumber busi- 
 ness, having yards in a number of places in 
 Kansas. In 1872 our subject assumed the 
 management of the lumber interests in Wichita, 
 and while thus engaged his father removed to 
 Trinidad, Colorado, and afterward to Taos, 
 New Mexico. In 1877 he left Wichita and 
 came directly to Taos, where he joined his 
 father in business, owning a half interest in a 
 general store. In 1879 he became sole pro- 
 
 prietor and has since carried on the business 
 alone. He has a well selected stock of goods, 
 laving studied the tastes of his customers, and 
 by his honorable dealing and courteous treat- 
 ment he has secured a liberal and well de- 
 served patronage. His father died in Decem- 
 ber, 1892, and was buried at Santa Fe; but 
 his mother is still living, her home being in 
 Las Vegas, New Mexico. 
 
 Mr. McClure was married in Pueblo, Colo- 
 rado, on the 2Oth of April, i8&2, the lady of 
 his choice being Miss Mary Traver, daughter 
 of A. J. Traver, of Pueblo. They have a 
 beautiful home, tastefully and richly furnished 
 and containing a very fine collection of curios, 
 in which Mrs. McClure is deeply interested. 
 Our subject joined the Masonic fraternity in 
 Wichita, and has taken the chapter degrees. 
 He has the confidence and respect of all who 
 know him and his well spent life has gained 
 him many friends. 
 
 R. ZENOS B. SAWYER has con- 
 tinued in the practice of medicine in 
 Gallup longer than any other physi- 
 cian of the place, having located 
 here in 1883, whither he removed from Albu- 
 querque. He is doing a large and lucrative 
 business, which is constantly increasing, for 
 his skill and ability have been demonstrated by 
 the success which has followed his labors. 
 
 The Doctor was born in Mentor, Ohio, on 
 the 1 3th of November, 1852, in which place 
 his father had located when it was a mere 
 hamlet and when the surrounding country was 
 an almost unbroken wilderness. There he en- 
 gaged in the practice of medicine until his 
 death. Our subject had good educational 
 privileges, attended the common schools of 
 Mentor and then entering Hiram College, 
 where he completed his literary course. In 
 1872 he entered Wooster University in Cleve- 
 land, Ohio, and on the completion of a three 
 years' course was graduated in the medical 
 department of that institution, in 1875. He 
 entered upon the practice of his profession in 
 
624 
 
 HISTORY OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 connection with his father in Mentor, but not 
 enjoying good health he removed to Colorado, 
 establishing an office in Georgetown. There he 
 remained for three years, when he went to Al- 
 buquerque, New Mexico. 
 
 The Doctor had been in that city only 
 three months when he was elected County 
 Physician. He also went through a smallpox 
 epidemic, treating in all 100 cases and meeting 
 with excellent success. After a year spent in 
 that city he came to Gallup in 1883, and is now 
 the oldest physician in years of continuous 
 practice here. In order to further perfect him- 
 self in his chosen calling, Dr. Sawyer in the 
 fall of 1895 went to Chicago, and took a post- 
 graduate course at the Polyclinic, making a 
 specialty of obstetrics and diseases of women 
 and children. He continues his studies and 
 investigations along the line of medical science 
 until to-day he stands as a most able represen- 
 tative of his profession and his business is a 
 profitable one. The Doctor now belongs to 
 Gallup Lodge, No. 13, Knights of Pythias, and 
 is also a member of the Grand Lodge of New 
 Mexico. Gallup numbers him among its lead- 
 ing citizens who is actively interested in the 
 welfare and development of the community, 
 and with pleasure we present to our readers the 
 record of his career. 
 
 QL. PIERCE is numbered among 
 New Mexico's pioneers, his resi- 
 dence in Chaves county now antedat- 
 ing that of any other citizen. Before 
 Roswell had an existence, when the valley was 
 an uncultivated and undeveloped tract, he took 
 up his residence within its borders and has 
 since been identified with all measures that 
 have been calculated to prove of public benefit 
 and to advance the interests of the community. 
 Mr. Pierce is a native of Illinois, his birth 
 having occurred in Lincoln, Logan county, on 
 the 13th of August, 1839. He was reared on 
 his father's farm until eighteen years of age, 
 when his parents removed to the town. There 
 he continued until the breaking out of the 
 
 Civil war, when, true to the principles to which 
 he had been educated, he responded to the 
 call for troops to aid in crushing out the rebel- 
 lion which threatened the life of the Union, 
 and became a member of Company B, Second 
 Illinois Cavalry. For four years he remained 
 with the army in the South as a valiant and 
 faithful soldier, and was then honorably dis- 
 charged, in October, 1865, being mustered out 
 in Springfield. 
 
 For two years Mr. Pierce continued his 
 residence in the State of his nativity and then 
 removed to Missouri, making his home in Bates 
 county for five years, during which time he 
 was employed as an engineer. In January, 
 1872, he left Missouri for Waco, Texas, where 
 he worked on a cattle range for a short time. 
 In the autumn of that year he arrived in New 
 Mexico, coming to this Territory as a cowboy. 
 He located in the valley which now contains 
 Roswell, but it was before the organization of 
 Chaves county. The valley, however, was an 
 excellent place for stock-raising, furnishing 
 fine pasturage, while the water supply was un- 
 limited. He purchased some cattle and formed 
 the company known as the Pierce & Paxson 
 Cattle Company, with which he was connected 
 until 1 88 1, when he sold his interest and lo- 
 cated in the town of Roswell, which had pre- 
 viously been established and which has since 
 been his home. He then turned his attention 
 to sheep-raising but followed this pursuit for 
 only a short time, when he again sold out and 
 became a member of the Pierce & Lea Cattle 
 Company, with which he is still connected. 
 
 In 1882 was consummated the marriage of 
 our subject and Mrs. Ella Calfee, a widow, 
 who had formerly been a resident of Missouri. 
 They now have one son, Milo L. , who was 
 born on the 6th of August, 1891. 
 
 Until 1892 Mr. Pierce was the owner of 
 480 acres of rich and valuable land near Ros- 
 well, all under a high state of cultivation, but 
 in that year sold out to the Pecos Irrigation 
 and Improvement Company. He now has 
 considerable valuable real-estate and is the 
 owner of town lots and business houses where 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 625 
 
 were once his sheep and cattle pens. He also 
 has a meat market in Roswell, and is doing 
 the largest business of the kind in the place. 
 He owes his success entirely to his own efforts, 
 and every dollar that he has has come to him 
 as the reward of his honest and persistent effort. 
 
 EON. A. GUSDORF. It is a pleasant 
 task to the student of human nature 
 to mark those qualities of personal 
 merit and character that enable their 
 possessors to outstrip in the race of life those 
 of their fellows whose start was seemingly as 
 favorable as their own. Entirely through his 
 own efforts our subject has worked his way 
 steadily upward. He belongs to that class of 
 worthy German-American citizens who having 
 sought homes in the New World have adapted 
 themselves to the altered surroundings and 
 customs, improved their opportunities and 
 through diligence and energy achieved success. 
 Mr. Gusdorf, who now follows merchan- 
 dising at the Ranches of Taos, in Taos county, 
 was born in Westphalia, Germany, and at the 
 age of fifteen crossed the Atlantic to the United 
 States, landing in New York in June, 1864. 
 He at once started for the Southwest, travel- 
 ing by rail to Hannibal, Missouri, thence by 
 steamer to Kansas City, and by the ruder and 
 rougher mode of stage traveling continued on 
 his way to Santa Fe. In this city he secured 
 a position in the employ of C. Staffenberger, 
 with whom he remained until 1868, when, with 
 the capital he had acquired through industry 
 and frugality he established a store at Punaska, 
 where he remained for three years. In 1871 
 he came to the Ranches, where he has since 
 continued. He owns the finest store in Taos 
 county, its modern equipments and well-select- 
 ed stock making it an establishment that would 
 grace many an Eastern city. His courteous 
 treatment and honorable dealing has secured 
 to him a liberal patronage, which is well de- 
 served. Located near his store he also has 
 the only steam flouring-mill in the county. 
 For a time he engaged in business in Taos, but 
 
 40 
 
 now gives his entire attention to his interests 
 nearer home. 
 
 Mr. Gusdorf is a very progressive citizen 
 and takes a deep and abiding interest in all 
 that pertains to the welfare of the community. 
 
 In 1872, through his instrumentality, a 
 postomce was established at the Ranches, and 
 from the beginning he has served as Postmaster. 
 He was also County Commissioner for one 
 term, and in 1886 was elected to the Terri- 
 torial Senate, where he discharged his duties 
 with such promptness and fidelity that he was 
 re-elected in 1888 for a second term. He 
 proved an able legislator, doing all in his power 
 to promote the best interests of the county. 
 He demonstrated the fact that fruit could be 
 profitably raised in this region, planting the 
 first orchard in the valley. His neighbors 
 laughed at him, but his orchard was soon bear- 
 ing, and he now has some of the finest speci- 
 mens of trees that can be found throughout 
 the West. 
 
 Returning to his old home in Prussia, Mr. 
 Gusdorf was united in marriage with Miss Ber- 
 tha Frazer, and they have three children: Elsie, 
 Corinne and Melvin Albert. 
 
 ICHARD L. YOUNG is a respected 
 member of the bar of New Mexico, 
 now serving as Prosecuting Attorney 
 of Donna Ana county, and possesses 
 to the fullest extent those qualities which go to 
 make up the successful advocate. His resi- 
 dence is in Las Cruces. 
 
 He was born in the State of Missouri on 
 the 1 6th of May, 1861, and is of English line- 
 age. His grandfather, William Yates Young, 
 was one of the pioneer settlers of Missouri, 
 locating there during the Territorial existence 
 of the State and even before the days of 
 steamboats. The waters yielded him his live- 
 lihood. He was a boatman on the Missouri 
 river, making many voyages in the pioneer 
 days to the city of New Orleans. He lived to 
 be seventy years of age, and his son (Richard 
 L. Young's father) was born at Franklin, Mis- 
 
626 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 souri, in 1819. He was reared and educated 
 in the State of his nativity and became one of 
 the prominent merchants of Franklin. He 
 was also extensively engaged in the purchase 
 and sale of hemp and tobacco, and was widely 
 and favorably known as a substantial and en- 
 terprising business man, thoroughly trust- 
 worthy and reliable. His death occurred in 
 1870 at the age of fifty-one years, and his 
 wife departed this life in 1880. They were 
 members of the South Methodist Church, and 
 their many excellencies of character won the 
 esteem of all with whom they were brought in 
 contact. Of their family of five sons and four 
 daughters all are yet living. 
 
 Richard L. Young is the fourth son. His 
 education was obtained in his native State, 
 and, choosing the profession of law as a life 
 work, he began studying under the guidance 
 of the law firm of Waddell & Brown, and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1888. Immediately he 
 entered upon the practice of his chosen pro- 
 fession in Missouri, where he continued his 
 home until 1893. He had made a trip to New 
 Mexico in 1888, and remained several months 
 looking over the country and prospecting for 
 gold. In 1889 he returned to Missouri, where 
 he engaged in law practice until 1893, when 
 he established a law office in Las Cruces. 
 Here he has since remained, and his business 
 career has been one of good success. 
 
 In connection with his chosen life work 
 Mr. Young has also entered the field of poli- 
 tics and has become quite prominent in the 
 ranks of the Democracy in this section of the 
 State. He is a man of ability, and was nomi- 
 nated by his party as a candidate for the Ter- 
 ritorial Legislature. He made a splendid and 
 highly honorable run for the office, but there 
 was doubt in regard to the result, and, not- 
 withstanding the canvassing board offered him 
 a certificate of election and the House would 
 have seated him, he declined the honor, feel- 
 ing that while any doubt existed as to the re- 
 turns he would prefer not to accept the posi- 
 tion. It was a dignified and honorable course 
 to pursue, and in this age, when so much is 
 
 said about corruption in politics, it is a pleas- 
 ant thing to find a gentleman who is possessed 
 of such high and praiseworthy character. His 
 manly course cannot fail to win the admiration 
 of the good men of all parties, and though he 
 has no legislative honors he has, what is far 
 better, his own self-respect and the approval 
 of his conscience. In February, 1895, ne was 
 appointed by Governor Thornton to the posi- 
 tion of Prosecuting Attorney of Donna Ana 
 county, and is now discharging the' duties of 
 that office in connection with his private law 
 practice. 
 
 Since coming to New Mexico Mr. Young 
 has taken a lively interest in the development 
 of the mineral resources of the State and is 
 the owner of what will probably become very 
 valuable mining property. He is a stockholder 
 in, and vice-president and manager of, the Vir- 
 ginia Sage Mining Company, which owns gold 
 mines which are now being operated. They 
 are located near the Old Abe and other rich 
 mines, and their property is believed to be as 
 good gold-mining property as any to be found 
 in this locality. The ore already taken out 
 yields $5 to $12 per ton in gold. This tunnel 
 is now 262 feet, but the work already done has 
 been in search of the main lead, and the indi- 
 cations are that they have now reached it. 
 The company, therefore, is expecting large re- 
 sults. 
 
 In 1 888 Mr. Young was happily married to 
 Miss Susan C. Leedy, a native of Missouri and 
 a daughter of Josiah Leedy, of the State of 
 Virginia. They have one son, Gonnald Wad- 
 dell. Mr. Young is an active worker in the 
 ranks of the Democracy, and his voice and in- 
 fluence are untiringly given to the support of 
 his party. He is a member of the Territorial 
 Central Democratic Committee, also the Coun- 
 ty Central Democratic Committee, and his 
 valued services in the ranks of his party are 
 appreciated. He belongs to the Masonic fra- 
 ternity and is a man of sterling worth, while as 
 an energetic, upright and conscientious lawyer 
 he is destined to occupy a very prominent po- 
 sition at the bar of New Mexico. 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 627 
 
 ON. ANASTACIO BARELA, one of 
 New Mexico's most gifted native sons, 
 was born in Mesilla, on the 25th of 
 October, 1871, and is of Spanish an- 
 cestry. His father, Don, Manuel Barela, was 
 born near the old town of Albuquerque, New 
 Mexico, in 1850, and the grandfather, Anas- 
 tacio Barela, was a native of the same place. 
 Both did a large and remunerative freighting 
 business, hauling freight from Kansas City by 
 team to New Mexico. The father was a man 
 of courage, superior intelligence and useful- 
 ness, and served his county as Probate Judge, 
 filling the office with credit to himself and 
 satisfaction to all concerned. He married 
 Rafaela J. Garcia, a native of New Mexico, 
 and a representative of the noted New Mexico 
 family of that name. In 1859 they removed 
 to Mesilla, where lived an uncle of our subject, 
 Mariano Barela, who was the owner of between 
 thirteen and fourteen thousand acres of land. 
 He was also a gentleman of much influence 
 and ability, and was for sixteen years Sheriff 
 of Donna Ana county. At his death he left 
 his large estate to his nephew, Anastacio, who 
 is now sole owner and manager of this large 
 property, and is evincing all the ability and in- 
 tegrity of his honored uncle. 
 
 In 1880 Mr. Barela of this sketch was sent 
 to school in Springfield, Illinois, where he re- 
 mained for three years. He then entered St. 
 Michael's College at Santa Fe, where he pur- 
 sued his studies for five years, and was then 
 graduated with the class of 1888. In 1891 he 
 entered the Georgetown Law School, in that 
 suburb of Washington, District of Columbia, 
 but had only pursued his studies in that insti- 
 tution for a year when the death of his esteem- 
 ed uncle occurred, and he was obliged to re- 
 turn to his home to take charge of the large 
 estate left to him. He is now a wealthy young 
 man, but is entirely free from bombastic pride 
 or ostentation, and his genuine worth has won 
 him many friends. 
 
 In 1892 Mr. Barela was appointed chief 
 deputy Collector of Donna Ana county, and 
 subsequently was elected a member of the Ter- 
 
 ritorial Legislature. He received the appoint- 
 ment of Clerk of the Third Judicial District 
 Court, and in 1894 was nominated by the Re- 
 publican party for Clerk of the Probate Court. 
 It is believed that he was elected to this posi- 
 tion, and the case is now being contested in 
 the courts. He has been prominent in public 
 affairs, and is conceded to be one of New Mex- 
 ico's most prominent sons. He is now a young 
 man of only twenty-five years, but has already 
 made for himself a brilliant and honorable re- 
 cord, while the future holds forth great prom- 
 ises to him. In manner he is pleasant and 
 genial, and has gained a host of warm friends. 
 
 >YUDGE GIDEON D. BANTZ, one of 
 m the Associate Justices of the Supreme 
 at 1 Court and presiding Judge of the Third 
 District of New Mexico, resides at Sil- 
 ver City. He stands at the head of his pro- 
 fession in this Territory, having few equals and 
 no superiors, either at the bar or on the bench. 
 He was born in St. Louis, Missouri, Septem- 
 ber 19, 1854, and descended from German an- 
 cestors who in 1690 left the Fatherland and 
 crossed the briny deep to Maryland. His 
 father, A. S. Bantz, was born in that State, 
 and married Miss Isabella Porter, also a na- 
 tive of Maryland. He followed mercantile 
 pursuits and carried on a successful business. 
 In an early day he removed to St. Louis, 
 where he reared his family, but subsequently 
 he returned to his native State, where his 
 death occurred at the age of sixty-five years. 
 His widow still survives him, and is now in the 
 sixty-fifth year of her age. They had two 
 sons and two daughters, and the latter are 
 both living, but the brother of our subject has 
 passed away. 
 
 The Judge is the eldest of the family. He 
 acquired his early education in his native city 
 and determining to take up the study of law 
 and fit himself for the legal profession, he be- 
 came a student in the office of Krum & Medill, 
 prominent attorneys of St. Louis. He was 
 afterward graduated in the law department of 
 
628 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 the Washington University, with the class of 
 June, 1877. For several years thereafter he 
 was connected with the publication of law 
 journals, and in 1886 he came to Silver City, 
 New Mexico, where he has now for nine years 
 been successfully engaged in the practice of 
 his chosen profession. He is an able advocate, 
 a forcible, earnest speaker, and his painstaking 
 preparation of cases and his devotion to his 
 clients' interests have won him a liberal pat- 
 ronage. 
 
 In February, 1895, Mr. Bantz was ap- 
 pointed to his present position as Associate 
 Justice of the Supreme Court by President 
 Cleveland and entered upon the duties of the 
 office on the ist of March. It is his aim to be 
 absolutely impartial and no personal feelings 
 are allowed to interfere with the even-handed 
 administration of justice. He has thus won 
 "golden opinions from all sorts of people," 
 and the appointment is one that is pleasing to 
 the general public. The Judge has always 
 been an active and ardent Democrat, and since 
 coming to New Mexico has been an earnest 
 worker in the interests of his party. 
 
 In 1 884 Judge Bantz was united in marriage 
 with Miss Laura McGee, a native of Kentucky, 
 and they now have one daughter, Lucile. The 
 father is a member of the fraternity of the 
 Knights of Pythias, but gives his entire time 
 and attention to matters pertaining to the law. 
 
 VATTELL A. OVERBAY, Sheriff of 
 Union county, New Mexico, occupies 
 a position of importance and respon- 
 sibility, and is without doubt the 
 right man in the right place. It is appropriate 
 that in this connection some personal mention 
 be accorded him, and the following facts have 
 been gleaned for publication. 
 
 Near the town of Schulenburg, in Fayette 
 county, Texas, September 9, 1859, Vattell A. 
 Overbay was born. Dr. Henry Overbay, his 
 father, a native of the State of Georgia, had 
 removed to Texas some years previous to that 
 date and had there married Miss Nina Hender- 
 
 son. She was born in Texas, daughter of T. 
 J. Henderson, and in that State passed her life 
 and died, her death occurring in 1869, at the 
 age of thirty years. Their union was blessed 
 in the birth of six children, four of whom are 
 now living, V. A. being the second in order of 
 birth. Dr. Overbay died at Schulenburg, in 
 the year 1875. For twenty years he was an 
 active and successful medical practitioner, and 
 during this time acquired a large amount of 
 property in Texas. 
 
 The subject of our sketch was reared in 
 Texas at a time when educational advantages 
 there were not of the best. On attaining his 
 majority in 1880, he left home and embarked 
 in the stock business, his first location being 
 at Dodge City, Kansas. The following year 
 he took up his abode in New Mexico, and in 
 this Territory he has maintained his residence 
 ever since and has given his attention chiefly to 
 the cattle business. For five years he has 
 worked for the Prairie Cattle Company and 
 for some time was foreman of one of the outfits 
 belonging to the Dubuque Cattle Company. 
 In 1886 he took a band of 2,500 cattle to 
 Wyoming. After his marriage, which impor- 
 tant event occurred in 1886, he and his wife 
 settled down on a farm, and a year later he 
 took a land claim twenty-five miles south of 
 Clayton, where he erected buildings and made 
 other improvements and where he engaged in 
 raising stock on his own account, continuing 
 thus occupied until his election to office. 
 
 Politically, Mr. Overbay has always been 
 a stanch Democrat. In 1894 he was placed 
 in nomination by the Democratic party for the 
 office of County Sheriff, was duly elected and 
 has entered upon the discharge of his impor- 
 tant duties as such. During his experience in 
 the stock business he was all over this part of 
 the Territory and is probably as familiar with 
 every phase of the country as" any other man 
 in the county. This familiarity with the county, 
 together with his more than ordinary nerve and 
 courage, renders him especially fitted for the 
 duties of Sheriff. Union county has new and 
 substantial buildings. The Sheriff and hisfam- 
 
HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 629 
 
 ily reside in the jail, where he has charge of 
 the county prisoners, and he has his office in 
 the court-house. 
 
 January 25, 1886, Mr. Overbay was united 
 in marriage to Miss Nievasitas Bargas, a na- 
 tive of New Mexico and a descendant of one of 
 the old families of the Territory. To them 
 have been born six children, only two of whom 
 are now living, Albert and Eliza. 
 
 *y ' INO GARCIA is a young man of 
 
 C marked ability, now officially serving 
 I ^ as County Assessor of Union county, 
 New Mexico. He is numbered among 
 the native sons of the Territory, his birth hav- 
 ing occurred in Los Alamos, on the 23d of 
 September, 1 869. He is a worthy descendant 
 of the noted family of Garcia that has been 
 connected with the history of this Territory 
 since the time of the conquest. The family 
 originated in Spain, and, having crossed the 
 Atlantic to the New World, located first at 
 Jemes. The paternal grandfather, Vicent 
 Garcia, was a prominent citizen and stockman. 
 The father, Jose Manuel Garcia, was born at 
 Jemes, and having arrived at years of matur- 
 ity married Miss Maria Montanya, who also 
 was born in the Territory. In his early life he 
 was engaged in freighting from Kansas City, 
 and many times crossed the plains when it was 
 a hazardous undertaking to make the trip. He 
 had various encounters with the Indians, and 
 on several occasions narrowly escaped with his 
 life. The route lay across an uninhabited re- 
 gion, through which the savages roamed at 
 pleasure, killing and plundering the white set- 
 tlers as they wished. Mr. Garcia afterward 
 turned his attention to stock-raising and now 
 devotes his time and energies to that pursuit. 
 In the family were eight children, six of whom 
 are living, and the family residence is at Tram- 
 peras. The parents and children are members 
 of the Catholic Church, and are people of 
 prominence in the community. 
 
 Lino Garcia is the eldest child and was ed- 
 ucated in St. Mary's College, of Mora, New 
 
 Mexico, where he pursued his studies for three 
 years, completing his education in Las Vegas. 
 He entered upon his business career as a mer- 
 chant in Tramperas, and not only engaged in 
 that undertaking there, but also served as 
 Postmaster. In his political views he has al- 
 ways been a Democrat, manifesting a deep in- 
 terest in all that is calculated to promote the 
 growth and insure the success of his party. In 
 the fall of 1894 he was elected Assessor of the 
 county, and his personal popularity is indicated 
 by the fact that he received a larger majority 
 than any candidate on the ticket, a fitting 
 compliment to his integrity and ability. This 
 office he is now filling in a most acceptable 
 manner, and no word of condemnation has 
 been heard concerning his political record. 
 
 In 1892 Mr. Garcia led to the marriage al- 
 tar Miss Placinda Vigil, a descendant of one 
 of the prominent families of the Territory. 
 They had one child, Amelia, and in 1893 the 
 mother departed this life. The following year 
 Mr. Garcia was again married, his second 
 union being with Miss Isadora Garcia, a sec- 
 ond cousin. He has a farm at Tramperas, 
 where he resides when not in office, but is now 
 an esteemed citizen of Louis. He is an intelli- 
 gent and capable young man, a creditable son 
 of the Territory, and the future probably holds 
 higher honors for him. His career reflects 
 credit upon the honored family whose name 
 he bears, and no one is more worthy of high 
 regard than this progressive, enterprising and 
 wide-awake young man. 
 
 >-r* E. NICHOLS, one of San Marcial's 
 
 most successful business men, who 
 
 / 1 came to the town in 1882, is a native of 
 
 the State of Maine, born at Vassalboro, 
 
 on the 6th of July, 1854. 
 
 In both his paternal and maternal lines the 
 family is of old English ancestry, who early 
 became prominent settlers of New England, 
 and for some generations have resided on the 
 old homestead at Vassalboro, where our sub- 
 ject's father, Stephen Nichols, was born April 
 
630 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 30, 1831. He married Miss Louisa Hobby, a 
 daughter of John and Phoebe (Cook) Hobby, a 
 granddaughter of Pennington Hobby and a 
 great-granddaughter of Reverend William Hob- 
 by, a Quaker minister who also emigrated from 
 England to the Pine Tree State and became 
 the progenitor of the family of that name in 
 the New World. Pennington Hobby wedded 
 a daughter of D. Sylvester Gardiner, who re- 
 mained loyal to his king during the Revolu- 
 tionary war and when that struggle -was over 
 his property was confiscated. He was the 
 founder of the Gardiner family in America. 
 Mr. Nichols' parents still reside on the old 
 homestead in Maine. They hold a member- 
 ship in the Society of Friends and are very 
 worthy and highly respected citizens of the 
 community in which they have spent the whole 
 of their lives. They are successful farming 
 people, and all of their four children with the 
 exception of our subject still reside in Maine. 
 John E. Nichols, whose name introduces 
 this review, is the eldest child of the family and 
 was educated in the Oak Grove Seminary at 
 Vassalboro, after which he taught school for 
 several terms. He also engaged in clerking 
 and bookkeeping in the East. In 1876 he 
 came West, spending a portion of the time in 
 Indian Territory, Texas and Colorado, engaged 
 in the occupations of clerking and bookkeeping, 
 and was also in the quartermaster's department 
 of the United States army, until 1881, at which 
 time he arrived in San Marcial. Here he 
 erected a barber shop, which he has since car- 
 ried on with most excellent success; but in 1893, 
 while on a visit to his relatives, his building, 
 together with others in the town, was destroyed 
 by fire. He at once rebuilt, however, and 
 now has such a shop, with bath-rooms and of- 
 fice, as would do credit to any city. He also 
 has rooms to rent, which are very pleasant and 
 always occupied. In connection with his other 
 business interests, Mr. Nichols represents sev- 
 eral of the best insurance companies in the 
 county, doing an extensive business in that 
 line, and is agent for considerable town prop- 
 erty. In 1887 he erected his pleasant resi- 
 
 dence, which is surrounded by beautiful shade 
 trees of his own planting, and there he and 
 his worthy wife delight to entertain their many 
 friends. 
 
 In 1885 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. 
 Nichols and Miss Annie Clifford, a native of 
 the city of New Orleans, and a daughter of 
 Captain James Clifford, of the United States 
 army, who has rendered the Government much 
 valuable service throughout the Southwest. 
 The union of Mr. and Mrs. Nichols has been 
 blessed with three children, all born at their 
 home in San Marcial. Their names are: 
 Louisa, John E., Jr., and James Stephen. 
 
 With the Masonic fraternity Mr. Nichols is 
 connected, being at the present time Treasurer 
 of the Lodge at San Marcial. In politics he is 
 a Republican, and takes an active and com- 
 mendable interest in all that pertains to the 
 wellbeing of his town. He gives his business 
 his close attention and is numbered among 
 San Marcial's most reliable and highly es- 
 teemed business men, while fortunate would it 
 indeed be for his town had she any more such 
 worthy and enterprising citizens. 
 
 HOMAS WILLIS COLLIER, of Ra- 
 ton, New Mexico, was born in Car- 
 rollton, Ohio, April 22, 1844, of 
 American parentage and English lin- 
 eage. He was educated in the public schools 
 of Cadiz, Ohio. His father was publisher of 
 the Cadiz Republican, and Thomas began to 
 set type for that paper when only seven years 
 of age, and since that time, almost without ex- 
 ception, he has devoted his life to the news- 
 paper business, and is now one of the most 
 capable newspaper men in the Territory of 
 New Mexico. He enlisted as a private in the 
 Sixteenth Ohio Regiment of Infantry April 19, 
 1 86 1, under the first call for troops for three 
 months. At the expiration of that term of 
 service he enlisted in the Eightieth Ohio Infan- 
 try for three years, or during the war. Mr. 
 Collier served until September, 1864, when he 
 was mustered out with his regiment, having 
 
HISTORT OF NB W MEXICO. 
 
 631 
 
 filled the positions of First Sergeant, Second 
 Lieutenant, First Lieutenant, Adjutant and 
 Captain of Company A. 
 
 In September, 1866, Mr. Collier purchased 
 the Coshocton (Ohio) Age, which he conducted 
 until April, 1881, and in November of the same 
 year purchased the Columbus Sunday Herald, 
 publishing that paper one year. From 1869 
 to 1 88 1 he served as Postmaster of Coshocton. 
 In November, 1882, he removed to Raton, 
 New Mexico, where he has engaged in the 
 mercantile business for three years. In 1885 
 he went to Santa Fe, New Mexico, to publish 
 the Sante Fe Daily and Weekly for two years, 
 returning to Raton in 1885, and since that 
 time has published the Raton Range, one of 
 the oldest newspapers in New Mexico. 
 
 Captain Collier was married April 14, 1864, 
 to Miss Kate Renhart, a native of New Phila- 
 delphia, Ohio. They have one daughter, 
 Minnie W., at home. In 1882 Captain Collier 
 assisted in organizing Sedgwick Post, No. 2, 
 Department of New Mexico, Grand Army of 
 the Republic, and for three years was its Post 
 Commander. In 1895, at the Twelfth Annual 
 Encampment, he was unanimously elected 
 Department Commander of New Mexico, 
 Grand Army of the Republic. He has always 
 been an active member of this patriotic organi- 
 zation, and has served as a member of Depart- 
 ment and National Councils of Administration 
 and Assistant Adjutant General of the Depart- 
 ment. The family reside in a pleasant home 
 of their own in the city of Raton. 
 
 aHARLES F. HUNT, Sheriff of Ber- 
 nalillo county, New Mexico, has been 
 a resident of this Territory for more 
 than twenty years. During this time 
 he has acquired the Spanish language, speak- 
 ing it as fluently as the English, and has be- 
 come thoroughly identified with New Mexico 
 and her interests. 
 
 Mr. Hunt is a native of Missouri, born May 
 ii, 1857, and is descended from English and 
 Scotch ancestors, who were among the early 
 
 settlers of Virginia. His father, Jonathan Hunt, 
 was born in Kentucky, and his mother, nee 
 Jane Kelso, in Indiana. After their marriage 
 they resided in Indiana for a number of years 
 and from there went to Missouri. She died in 
 1893, at the age of seventy-four years. An 
 earnest Christian, a devoted member of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, a faithful wife 
 and an indulgent and loving mother, her mem- 
 ory will long be treasured. Jonathan Hunt 
 was a merchant for many years. He is still 
 living, having attained his seventy-ninth year. 
 During the war he was a strong Union man. 
 He became identified with the Republican party 
 when it was first formed and he has remained 
 a stanch adherent to its principles ever since. 
 It was at the age of seventeen years that the 
 subject of our sketch, Charles F. Hunt, came 
 to New Mexico, and it was not in pursuit of 
 health that he came hither, for at that time he 
 weighed no less than 175 pounds and was the 
 picture of health. He came out West to make 
 his own way in the world and grow up with the 
 country. His pleasant home, happy family, 
 and the prominent position to which he has 
 attained are all evidences of the fact that he 
 has succeeded in this. On his arrival here he 
 first engaged in stock-raising, a profitable busi- 
 ness, as his stock was kept on the free ranges 
 of the country. Several years later he formed 
 the acquaintance of Judge William D. Lee, 
 Judge of the District Court, from whom he re- 
 ceived the appointment of Clerk of the Court. 
 This position he filled in a most satisfactory 
 manner for four and a half years. In 1894 
 Mr. Hunt was the choice of the Republican 
 party for Sheriff of Bernalillo county, was duly 
 elected, and has since entered upon the duties 
 of his office. His service thus far has been 
 characterized by prompt and nervy action and 
 he gives promise of becoming one of the 
 best sheriffs this county has ever had. Not 
 one of the prisoners arrested have so far been 
 able to make an escape. Mr. Hunt has what 
 few men possess, namely, a commanding per- 
 sonal appearance, and this, together with his 
 many most estimable qualities, have gained for 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 him a popularity which is as wide as his ac- 
 quaintance. 
 
 Mr. Hunt's relation with Judge Lee did not 
 end with his term of service as Clerk of the 
 Court, for in 1879 he married the Judge's beau- 
 tiful and interesting daughter, Miss Rosa. They 
 have a commodious and attractive home at 
 No. 803 Tigeras road, Albuquerque, and their 
 family is composed of five children, all natives 
 of New Mexico, Ralph Lee, Mabel, Charles 
 V. , Margaret and Rosa. 
 
 EON. FRANK A. HUBBELL, County 
 Assessor of Bernalillo county, New 
 Mexico, is a native son of the Terri- 
 tory and is descended from an ances- 
 try in which he has reason to take pride, his 
 forefathers having figured prominently in his- 
 tory. 
 
 Sandiago L. Hubbell, his father, was a 
 United States soldier in the Mexican war and 
 came to New Mexico in 1848, where he 
 was soon afterward made the first Sheriff of 
 Valencia county. He was for some years en- 
 gaged in Government contracts, purchased 
 large droves of cattle in Mexico and brought 
 them to New Mexico, selling them here; and 
 he was also extensively engaged in freighting 
 in the time when it was most profitable, haul- 
 ing goods from Kansas City. At one time he 
 owned a train of forty-eight wagons, with four 
 yoke of oxen to a wagon, and so large was the 
 train that it was in little or no danger from 
 attacks of the Indians who frequently molested 
 smaller parties. When the Civil war broke 
 out he organized a company and was made its 
 captain. Later in life he was a merchant and 
 farmer. He died February 5, 1885, aged 
 sixty-four years. He was descended from the 
 English and traced his ancestry back through 
 the early settlers of New England to Richard 
 I. In New Mexico he married Miss Juliana 
 Gutierrez, the daughter of Juan N. Guti- 
 errez, a descendant of the Spanish conquer- 
 ors of Mexico and a representative of one of 
 New Mexico's most distinguished families. 
 
 Her mother was a daughter of Francisco 
 Chaves de Jobiel, of Las Padillas, one of the 
 wealthiest men in the Territory. They had 
 twelve children, of whom five sons and two 
 daughters are living. The mother is now 
 sixty-two years of age. 
 
 Frank A. Hubbell was the eighth born in 
 this family, his birth occurring in Bernalillo 
 county, October 10, 1862. He was educated 
 at St. Michael's College at Santa Fe, and after 
 leaving college engaged in the mercantile busi- 
 ness at St. John's, Arizona. While there he 
 served as Deputy County Sheriff, and he also 
 became largely interested in sheep-raising, a 
 business which he has continued ever since. 
 For several years past he has resided at Albu- 
 querque, where now, in addition to his other 
 business, he is largely interested in real-estate 
 transactions. 
 
 September 15, 1888, Mr. Hubbell married 
 Miss Trimada Garcea, daughter of Juan and 
 Libada (Landavazo) Garcea, and their union 
 has been blessed in the birth of four sons, 
 namely: James L. , John A., Frank A., and 
 Romand G. 
 
 Mr. Hubbell has been a Republican all his 
 life, has rendered his party much active serv- 
 ice and has been honored by it with official 
 preferment. In 1890 he was elected a mem- 
 ber of the Territorial Legislature and in 1892 
 a member of the Territorial Senate. In 1894 
 he was elected to his present position, that of 
 County Assessor. He has in both public and 
 private life shown himself to be a capable, 
 honorable and upright citizen and as such is 
 deserving of the high respect which is accorded 
 him. 
 
 @W. GUYER, editor of the Clayton 
 News, was born in Cooper county, 
 Missouri, February 10, 1857. He was 
 reared to farm life, attending winter 
 sessions of the public schools of that county 
 until 1876, when he passed a creditable exam- 
 ination before Superintendent O. F. Arnold, 
 and began teaching, an occupation which he 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 633 
 
 has since followed with the exception of one 
 year. In 1877-8 he attended Clarksburg Col- 
 lege, taking a thorough course in the sciences, 
 mathematics and Latin and German. Mr. 
 Guyer then taught in the country and city pub- 
 lic schools until 1885, from that time until 
 1892 taught in the schools of Texas, and in the 
 latter year was called to the charge of the pub- 
 lic schools of Clayton. 
 
 In 1890 Mr. Guyer wrote "The Secret of 
 National Decay from Egypt to America," and, 
 not being able to place it satisfactorily with 
 publishing companies, he took charge of the 
 Union County Democrat in the summer of 
 1893. With the aid of his thirteen-year-old 
 daughter and eleven-year-old son, he published 
 and edited the Democrat and "The Secret of 
 National Decay from Egypt to America." The 
 Democrat plant then passed into the hands of 
 a company, and the name of the paper was 
 changed to La Union del Pueblo, edited by the 
 People's Party central committee. The plant 
 was subsequently leased by the editor of the 
 News, and the name again changed, from La 
 Union del Pueblo to the Clayton News, which 
 is printed one half in English and one-half in 
 Spanish. It is the only partly Spanish paper 
 published in Union county, and has a large 
 circulation. Professor Lotten, of Yale Uni- 
 versity, who has reviewed ' ' The Secret of Na- 
 tional Decay from Egypt to America," says of 
 it: " Mr. Guyer has undertaken to teach Bib- 
 lical truth in a very practical and novel way." 
 The Rocky Mountain Daily News says of it: 
 "The most remarkable addition to the litera- 
 ture of unrest is G. W. Guyer's ' Secret of Na- 
 tional Decay from Egypt to America,' pub- 
 lished by the Union Publishing Company of 
 Clayton. The author begins with the land 
 question, and fearlessly arraigns one after an- 
 other of our public institutions. The author 
 quotes not copiously, for the limits of his 
 volume do not permit of that, but with effect. 
 It is a book for the student of social conditions, 
 and no matter how widely the reader may differ 
 from the author, he will certainly find some- 
 thing new in his theories." No attempt has 
 
 yet been made to put this work on the market. 
 Mr. Guyer is also the author of the following 
 volumes: "The Secret of National Progress," 
 "Language Lessons," "Shall We Grade Our 
 Country Schools?" and "How to Teach Frac- 
 tions. " He has also written many articles for 
 educational journals. 
 
 B. BARINGER, editor, pub- 
 lisher and owner of the Raton Re- 
 porter, founded the paper in April, 
 1890, and continued it as a weekly 
 until January, 1894, at which time he began 
 its issue every other day, and it is claimed by 
 good authority that it is the only paper in the 
 United States published in that way. The 
 Reporter is the organ of the Democratic party 
 in Northeastern New Mexico, and its editor 
 makes it a power in behalf of Democracy, as 
 well as in behalf of the growth and prosperity 
 of the county. 
 
 Mr. Baringer was born in Troy, New York, 
 December 7, 1859, a son of Gotlieb B. and 
 Mary Margaret (Seebald) Baringer, natives of 
 Germany. They came to the United States 
 as early as 1840. The father was a watch- 
 maker, and also a minister of the Moravian 
 persuasion, being a man of integrity and worth. 
 They were married in New York, and were the 
 parents of nine children, of whom seven are 
 still living. The father departed this life in 
 1889, at the age of fifty-seven years, and his 
 wife still survives, aged sixty-one years. 
 
 George B., their third child, received his 
 education in the public schools of Virginia and 
 at Washington, District of Columbia. He 
 learned the watchmaker's trade under the in- 
 structions of his father, and continued in the 
 watch and jewelry business until the organiza- 
 tion of the Reporter. Mr. Baringer came to 
 Raton in 1882, having followed the jewelry 
 business here for eight years, and is well and 
 favorably known as a valuable business man. 
 He is a stanch Democrat in politics, and, as an 
 alternate delegate for New Mexico, attended 
 the national convention in Chicago and took a 
 
6 34 
 
 HIS TORT Of NE W MEXICO. 
 
 prominent part in securing the nomination of 
 Mr. Cleveland for President. Mr. Baringer 
 is a member of the Knights of Pythias, and is 
 Past Grand Chancellor of the order in the Ter- 
 ritory of New Mexico. 
 
 HSTAAB, one of New Mexico's promi- 
 nent merchants successfully engaged 
 in business in Santa Fe, was born in 
 Westphalia, Germany, on the ajth of 
 February, 1839, and comes of a family of 
 German merchants. He was educated in his 
 native land and learned the mercantile busi- 
 ness, after which he emigrated to America in 
 1858, landing at New York. He then con- 
 tinued his journey to Santa Fe, New Mexico, 
 where he formed a partnership with his brother, 
 L. Staab, and in 1859 they established them- 
 selves in business in Santa Fe. They were 
 then young men with limited capital and had 
 to begin operations on a small scale, but they 
 were active and enterprising, and their abili- 
 ties, both natural and acquired, from the first 
 won them success. Their trade constantly 
 grew and at length assumed extensive propor- 
 tions. In 1862 they began the wholesale busi- 
 ness, and prosperity attended their efforts in 
 so high a degree that in 1869 they discontinued 
 the retail department and became the proprie- 
 tors of the only exclusively wholesale house in 
 the Territory. They have used the best 
 methods to build up a trade, and their patron- 
 age was not long confined to the boundaries of 
 New Mexico, but soon extended far beyond 
 the borders of the Territory into Colorado and 
 Arizona and into the State of Chihuahua, 
 Mexico. 
 
 In 1884 L. Staab died, and the subject of 
 this review bought out his brother's interest in 
 the business and became sole owner and man- 
 ager. For thirty-six years he has been con- 
 nected with the mercantile interests of Santa 
 Fe, and is not only one of the oldest business 
 men, but is also one of the wealthiest, in the 
 city, and he has not a dollar that he has not 
 himself honestly earned. His life has been 
 
 one of great business activity, and it has se- 
 cured for him the reward justly due to such 
 enterprising and capable efforts. Through the 
 legitimate channels of trade he has guided his 
 bark to the harbor of success. As his wealth 
 has increased he has made judicious invest- 
 ments in real estate, 'and is now the possessor 
 of much valuable and desirable property, both 
 in city and country. In 1880 he erected the 
 fine brick building in which he now carries his 
 fine stock of dry goods. 
 
 In 1884 Mr. Staab built his present brick 
 residence, a palatial home, the finest in the 
 city, surrounded by beautiful and well kept 
 grounds, which indicate his artistic and refined 
 taste. This magnificent home, which would 
 be a credit to any city in the United States, 
 stands as a monument to his own enterprise. 
 
 In 1869 he was united in marriage with 
 Miss Julia Schuster, a native of Germany, and 
 by their union were born seven children, name- 
 ly: Anna A., who is now the wife of Louis 
 Ilfeld, and resides at Albuquerque, New Mex- 
 ico; Delia A., wife of Louis Baer, also of that 
 city; Bertha A., Arthur A., Julius A., and Ed- 
 ward A. , all yet under the parental roof and 
 all graduates of the Swarthmore College, of 
 Delaware county, Pennsylvania. A family 
 noted for culture and refinement, they occupy 
 a most enviable position in social circles. 
 
 Although Mr. Staab's business life has been 
 such as to demand the greater part of his time 
 and attention, he has always taken a deep in- 
 terest in public affairs, especially in those things 
 pertaining to the welfare of the city, and is an 
 active and influential Republican. He has 
 often been urged to accept positions of high 
 honor and trust, but has always declined. He 
 has been deeply interested in the rebuilding of 
 the Territorial capitol at Santa Fe, was ap- 
 pointed by Governor Thornton a member of 
 the capitol building commission, and the active 
 part he has taken for the promotion of the 
 work has caused him to be elected secretary 
 of the board. Mr. Staab has made a good 
 business record and enjoys the esteem and has 
 won the golden opinions of a wide circle of 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 635 
 
 friends not only in New Mexico but also in all 
 of the commercial cities (jf the United States, 
 and the house of which he is the founder and 
 head stands at the top as an honorable and re- 
 liable concern. 
 
 eLWIN THEODORE WEBBER, of 
 Santa Fe, was born in Maine, Feb- 
 ruary 12, 1844. His ancestors came 
 from Germany early in the Colonial 
 days, and his father, Isaac Webber, was born 
 in Maine. His brother was a prominent poli- 
 tician and a friend and co-worker with Hon. 
 James G. Blaine. Isaac Webber married Miss 
 Joanna Churchill, a native also of Maine, and 
 there were born to them seven children. In 
 1854 the family moved to Wisconsin, where 
 they improved a farm, and later located in 
 Denver, the father dying there in 1887, at the 
 age of sixty-seven years. His widow still 
 survives, and is now seventy-two years old. 
 She is a devout Christian woman. Hon. D. 
 C. Webber, the youngest of their children, is 
 an ex-member of the Colorado Legislature and 
 now Police Judge of Denver. 
 
 E. T. Webber, the second child in order of 
 birth, was educated at Beaver Dam and Fox 
 Lake, Wisconsin. In the spring of 1861, 
 when a little past seventeen years of age, he 
 enlisted for service in the late war, entering 
 the Third Wisconsin Volunteer Cavalry. He 
 was with General Price, and in an expedition 
 against Quantrell one of the regiments of his 
 company was annihilated and two horses were 
 shot under Mr. Webber. He enlisted as a 
 private, and was promoted to Commissary 
 Sergeant. He remained in service until the 
 close of the war, having had many narrow es- 
 capes, but came out without a scratch. 
 
 After the close of the struggle our subject 
 went to Mexico, thence through Texas to St. 
 Joseph, Missouri, and in 1865, with a mule 
 team, crossed the plains to Denver. He en- 
 gaged in mining in Colorado, but, not meeting 
 with the hoped-for success, he removed to 
 southern Colorado; but still Dame Fortune re- 
 
 fused to smile upon him. Mr. Webber next 
 engaged in railroading, also aided in building 
 the Union Pacific Road, and then, having ac- 
 quired a little means, he engaged in the Texas 
 cattle trade, buying and driving to Kansas and 
 Iowa. He camped out with his stock during 
 the long journeys, having carried his opera- 
 tions to Nevada and Idaho, and accumulated 
 considerable money. Mr. Webber sold his 
 cattle when they were high, and engaged in 
 the sheep business in Wyoming, continuing 
 that occupation successfully for eight years. 
 His next business venture was investing in real 
 estate in Denver, and later in real estate and 
 mining property in New Mexico. In 1890 Mr. 
 Webber arrived in Santa Fe, purchased one of 
 the best located lots in the city, and at a large 
 expense erected the Claire Hotel, one of the 
 most substantial and best buildings in the city. 
 It is 68 x 83 feet, three stories and a basement, 
 of pressed brick, and is furnished throughout 
 in the most modern style. The hotel fronts 
 on the Plaza. It was erected at a cost of 
 about $65,000, and is a credit to its owner and 
 a greatly needed improvement to the city. Mr. 
 Webber is also one of the owners of the Lin- 
 coln Lucky Gold and Silver mine at San Pedro, 
 which is very valuable property. 
 
 In 1872 our subject was united in marriage 
 with Miss Ella Dunn, a native of Maine, but 
 raised in the State of Minnesota, a daughter of 
 Samuel Dunn. They have two children, 
 Claire and Flora. The former is now a very 
 promising young man, not yet out of school, 
 and the latter a bright and interesting little 
 girl. Mr. Webber is an enthusiastic bimetal- 
 list, is a leader of the Freethinkers, and is a 
 liberal and progressive business man. 
 
 @RANT RIVENBURG, one of the en- 
 terprising business men of Santa Fe, 
 was born in Pennsylvania in 1851, a 
 son of Richard and Mary (Burdick) 
 Rivenburg. In 1857 the family moved to Illi- 
 nois, locating on a farm, and remained there 
 for a number of years. They now reside in 
 
6 3 6 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Peabody, Kansas. They were the parents of 
 five children, four of whom still survive. 
 
 Grant Rivenburg, the fourth child in order 
 of birth, received his education in the public 
 schools of Illinois, and remained on the farm 
 with his father until twenty-six years of age. 
 He then began farming on his own account in 
 Kansas, remaining there until 1881. In that 
 year he came to New Mexico and embarked in 
 gardening and fruit culture, also furnishing the 
 city with its supply of ice. Mr. Rivenburg was 
 one of the organizers of the Electric Light 
 Company, of which he served as manager for 
 a number of years; also aided in organizing 
 and was president two years of the Santa Fe 
 Building & Loan Association. The company 
 has erected many attractive homes in the city. 
 Mr. Rivenburg has also been chosen one of 
 the directors of the Santa Fe Driving Park As- 
 sociation, in which he is associated with many 
 of the most energetic and public-spirited busi- 
 ness men of Santa Fe. He is ever ready to 
 aid in all enterprises which have for their ob- 
 ject the improvement and upbuilding of the 
 city. 
 
 Mr. Rivenburg was married in 1878, to 
 Miss Ida Bacon, a native of Iowa and a 
 daughter of George Bacon, also of that State. 
 They have one son, Raymond B., born in 
 Santa Fe. Mrs. Rivenburg, like her husband, 
 has been interested in the improvement of the 
 city, and has the honor of being the president 
 of the Woman's Board of Trade. Our subject 
 is a member of the Masonic fraternity and of 
 the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Polit- 
 ically, he affiliates with the Republican party. 
 
 aHARLES J. RAND. The various 
 lines of business activity have their in- 
 terests, and men who represent the 
 enterprise and progress which cause 
 the prosperous advancement of any pursuit, 
 and chief among this class is Mr. Rand, one of 
 New Mexico's pioneers in the mining interests. 
 He now resides in Baldy, Colfax county, and 
 has been connected with the Territory since 
 
 1863. He is a native of New Hempshire.born 
 in 1840, and is a son of John B. Rand, a na- 
 tive of Scotland, who in his early manhood 
 emigrated to the United States, locating in 
 Maryland. Subsequently he removed to Man- 
 chester, New Hampshire, where he married 
 Miss Ellen Sever) a native of Chester, New 
 Hampshire. They had a family of four chil- 
 dren, of whom two are now living. Mr. Rand 
 was a merchant and land-owner and reached 
 the ripe old age of eighty-three years; but the 
 mother died when only forty years of age, 
 Charles J. being at that time yet a child. 
 
 Mr. Rand of this review acquired his edu- 
 cation in the schools of Manchester, his native 
 town, and when only fourteen years of age 
 went to California by way of the isthmus of 
 Panama, attracted by the discovery of gold on 
 the Pacific slope. His first mining experience 
 was on the north fork of Feather river, where 
 he took out considerable gold, while on one 
 occasion two of the company took out fifty 
 ounces in one day. After exhausting that mine 
 they engaged in prospecting and resumed min- 
 ing at Aklama Hill, where they remained for 
 eighteen months, and Mr. Rand's share of the 
 profits was $6,000. Subsequently he engaged 
 in prospecting and mining at various places until 
 1861, when he went to Marysville, to Sacra- 
 mento and San Francisco. He then went on a 
 trip to the southern portion of California, 
 working in different localities until 1863, when 
 he found himself at Fort Union, New Mexico, 
 having traveled a part of the distance with a 
 column of United States soldiers. He now 
 turned his attention to a very different line of 
 business, purchasing a ranch and engaging in 
 the cultivation of grain and vegetables, which 
 at that time brought high prices, being in great 
 demand by the emigrants traveling westward. 
 Corn brought fourteen cents per pound, pota- 
 toes ten cents per pound, $60 per ton and 
 other things equally high, so that his farming 
 venture proved a very profitable one; but after 
 he had followed this pursuit for some time the 
 Merino mines were discovered and Mr. Rand's 
 desire to engage in gold-mining returned. He 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 637 
 
 began prospecting and for some time was en- 
 gaged in placer mining. Subsequently he en- 
 gaged in lead mining, discovering and operating 
 the Montezuma mine, from which he took out 
 about $3,000 per month, with little outlay of 
 money for supplies and the help of only two men. 
 He continued in the operation of this mine for 
 eight years and then sold it for $8,000. It 
 has always been a profitable one and is still 
 being worked, a fifteen-stamp mill having been 
 erected at that place. The assay of the ore 
 of the mine yielded from $50 to $150 per ton. 
 On disposing of the lead mine he became 
 interested in the Legal Tender mine, which he 
 operated in the same way and also found it a 
 profitable undertaking. As his financial re- 
 sources were increased he has extended his 
 business operations to other lines of enterprise 
 and became largely interested in merchandis- 
 ing, having stores at Baldy, Elizabethtown and 
 Taos. He continued in that line of business 
 for about seven years, then sold out and began 
 cattle-raising, which has also proved a profit- 
 able investment. He had as high as 2,000 
 head of cattle at one time, but the business fell 
 off, and in 1891 here turned to gold-mining, in 
 which he has always been successful. He is 
 now the owner of Discord or the Hidden 
 Treasure mine, which he has since operated in 
 the same manner that he did the others. It is 
 a very rich mine, yielding as high as $1,114 to 
 the ton. He runs the mine with an overshot 
 water wheel of 125 horse-power, operating it 
 to the full capacity of his arastra both night 
 and day and employing fifteen men. Mr. Rand 
 has several other prospects on the same min- 
 ing belt. The gold is quite coarse and he has 
 taken out a nugget that has weighed six ounces, 
 and others have taken out equally large ones. 
 In addition to his mining property, he has a 640- 
 acre ranch, on which he has built a good resi- 
 dence, where he makes his home. He pur- 
 chased 100 head of imported Kentucky Dur- 
 ham cattle, has also engaged in the breeding 
 of Clydesdale horses, and in this way has done 
 his share toward improving the stock of the 
 county. 
 
 In 1874 Mr. Rand was united in marriage 
 with Miss Juniata Herrera, a native of New 
 Mexico and of Spanish descent, belonging to 
 one of the early and prominent families of the 
 Territory. They now have five children, all 
 born in the Territory, namely: Laura E., 
 Alfonzo, Joseph D., Nettie L. and John B. 
 Mr. Rand and his family are all members of the 
 Catholic Church. He is in politics a Demo- 
 crat, but has never sought office, in fact has 
 frequently declined political preferment, al- 
 though he has served as Justice of the Peace 
 and School Commissioner. He desires rather 
 to give his attention to his business interests, 
 in which he has been greatly prospered. He is 
 a noble representative of American chivalry 
 and liberal culture, a broadminded man whose 
 excellencies of character have won him the 
 highest esteem of all with whom he has been 
 brought in contact. 
 
 (D 
 
 ANUEL M. SALAZAR, ex-County 
 Clerk of Colfax county, New Mex- 
 ico, is numbered among the native 
 sons of the Territory, his birth hav- 
 ing occurred in San Miguel county on the loth 
 of December, 1854. 
 
 His ancestors emigrated from Spain at the 
 time of the conquest of the country and aided 
 in building the first church in this Territory, it 
 being one of the oldest houses of worship in 
 the entire country. The edifice still stands at 
 Santa Fe, a monument to the zeal and Chris- 
 tian faith of its founders. The original pro- 
 genitor of the family was an officer in the Span- 
 ish army, and belonged to the nobility of his 
 native land. Our subject is of the fifth gener- 
 ation born in New Mexico. His grandfather, 
 Juan Jose Salazar, was born in Bernalillo, at 
 a place then called Watch, but now known by 
 the same name as the county. He married 
 Marie Ritta Martinez, also a descendant of one 
 of the first settlers of the Territory. A very 
 prominent and influential citizen, he served 
 for a number of years as Alcalde, which office 
 was at that time almost equivalent to that of 
 
6 3 8 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 kingship. His son, Thomas Salazar, the 
 father of our subject, was born in San Miguel 
 in 1835, and married Margarita Sandoval, a 
 native of Santa Fe and a descendant of the 
 prominent family of Delgado. The father was 
 a farmer and stock-raiser, and when the Civil 
 war came on and the Territory was invaded 
 by the Confederates, he, true to the cause of 
 his country, offered his services to the United 
 States Government and held the rank of Lieu- 
 tenant in the Union army. He participated 
 in all the engagements which resulted in the 
 Confederates being driven from this Territory, 
 and in recognition of his service the Govern- 
 ment now grants him a pension. He is an 
 honored man, always true to what he believes 
 is right, and the confidence and regard of the 
 community is his. He and his estimable wife 
 still reside in Springer, in the enjoyment of 
 good health and the confidence of many friends. 
 
 Manuel M. Salazar is an only child. He 
 was educated at the Christian Brothers' Col- 
 lege at Santa Fe, and entered upon his busi- 
 ness career as a clerk in a dry-goods store. He 
 was employed in (hat capacity for a number of 
 years at Sapello, after which he engaged in 
 teaching school at Royato for five years. He 
 afterwards was appointed Deputy County 
 Clerk of Colfax county, and in 1884 was elected 
 County Clerk, a position which he ably filled 
 for ten years, being elected for five consecu- 
 tive terms and twice without opposition. Dur- 
 ing the same time he was also clerk of the Pro- 
 bate Court. What higher testimonial of his 
 efficient service, his personal popularity, and 
 the confidence reposed in him by his friends 
 than his long retention in this office and his 
 election without opposition? In politics he 
 has been a lifelong Democrat, and has taken 
 an active part in political affairs, doing all in 
 his power to promote the growth and insure 
 the success of Democracy. 
 
 In 1882 Mr. Salazar came to Springer and 
 erected a commodious brick dwelling, in which 
 he and his family have since resided. On the 
 2/th of October, 1881, he was united in mar- 
 riage with Miss Fannie W. Warder, a native 
 
 of New Mexico and a daughter of L. F. War- 
 der, a pioneer of this Territory. The children 
 of the family are: Thomas A. ; Delfina, who 
 died at the age of nine years; Inez; Paco, who 
 died at the age of fourteen months; and Man- 
 uel. Mr. Salazar and his wife are devout 
 members of the Catholic Church, and none of 
 their ancestors in New Mexico have ever 
 swerved from their faith in this religion. He 
 is an intelligent, careful and honorable citizen, 
 public-spirited and progressive, and takes an 
 active interest in everything that pertains to 
 the welfare of the community and its upbuild- 
 ing. He was one of the organizers of the wa- 
 ter-works and the electric-light company, and 
 owns a fifth interest in the plant. He has also 
 for a number of years been interested in the 
 stock business and a fair degree of prosperity 
 has attended his business ventures. He has 
 steadily worked his way upward, overcoming 
 the difficulties and obstacles in his path, and 
 to-day is the possessor of a handsome compe- 
 tence. 
 
 (D 
 
 ARION LITTRELL, who is serving 
 as Sheriff of Colfax county, New 
 Mexico, has been a resident of this 
 Territory since 1873. A native of 
 Arkansas, he was born on the ist of February, 
 1855, and is a descendant of Southern ances- 
 try. His father, John Littrell, removed from 
 the State of Alabama to Carroll county, Ar- 
 kansas, and was there united in marriage with 
 Marinda Howard. They reared a family of five 
 sons and five daughters. When the great 
 Civil war broke out the father identified him- 
 self with the cause of the Union, loyally sup- 
 porting the Government, and three of his sons 
 donned the blue and went to the defense of 
 the cause which the old flag represented. His 
 outspoken position on behalf of the Govern- 
 ment made him many enemies among the peo- 
 ple who were identified with the Southern 
 cause, and he was taken from his home by bush- 
 whackers and murdered. He never faltered in 
 support of any principle, bravely defending 
 
HISTORr OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 639 
 
 what he believed to be right. Their eldest 
 son, Joseph, was killed in the army, and the 
 other members of the family were obliged to 
 flee into Missouri to save their lives. Their 
 property was confiscated by the Southern army 
 and thus they were left almost penniless. 
 
 At the early age of fourteen years Marion 
 Littrell was thrown upon his own resources, 
 and whatever success he has achieved in life is 
 due entirely to his own efforts. He is in the 
 broadest sense of the term a self-made man. 
 It was in 1869 that he went to Texas and en- 
 gaged in herding cattle. Four years later, in 
 1873, he brought a drove of cattle to Colfax 
 county, New Mexico, and for eleven years 
 served in the capacity of foreman for the Max- 
 well Company, having charge at one time of 
 as many as 25,000 head of cattle. He is 
 recognized as a straightforward business man 
 and his long continuance with one company 
 indicates his fidelity to duty. 
 
 Mr. Littrell's political support is unswerv- 
 ingly given to the Republican party and its 
 principles, and he does all in his power to pro- 
 mote its growth and insure its success. He 
 has held the office of special Deputy Sheriff, 
 and in 1894 was nominated for the office of 
 Sheriff of Colfax county, and won the election 
 by a majority of 494, although the county has 
 usually gone Democratic. After the election 
 he came to Springer and entered upon the 
 duties of his office, which he is now capably 
 discharging. Like his father and brothers he 
 is fearless and determined in the discharge of 
 his duties and his name causes terror to evil 
 doers, at the same time bringing a sense of 
 security and protection to law abiding citizens. 
 
 Mr. Littrell's success in business is the 
 reward of his own perseverance, energy 
 and enterprise, and he is now the owner of 
 some property in Raton and a ranch of 1,780 
 acres, which he owns in partnership and which 
 is now being improved. 
 
 Our subject is a man of intelligence and 
 ability and is highly spoken of in the commun- 
 ity where he makes his home, his excellencies 
 of character and his genuine worth winning 
 
 him the esteem and good will of all with whom 
 he has been brought in contact. 
 
 In 1 879 Mr. Littrell was united in marriage 
 with Miss Carrie Sexton and their family num- 
 bers four interesting children, -Violet May, 
 Ollie, Roy and Cornelia, all born in Colfax 
 county. 
 
 >jOSEPH B. SCHROEDER. In con- 
 sidering the life histories of the repre- 
 / J sentative citizens of the little city of 
 Raton, Colfax county, New Mexico, 
 there is signal consistency in directing specific 
 attention to the genealogy and career of the 
 honored gentleman whose name initiates this 
 paragraph, since he holds precedence as the 
 leading and pioneer druggist of the town, to 
 whose development and progress he has contri- 
 buted a due quota. 
 
 A native of the State of Missouri, Mr. 
 Schroeder was born in the city of Saint Louis, 
 on the 7th of October, 1857, the son of An- 
 thony and Mary A. (Ruhle) Schroeder, both of 
 whom were born in Germany, whence they 
 were brought by their parents to America while 
 still in childhood years. Both were reared to 
 maturity in Saint Louis, and there was event- 
 ually consummated their marriage. The father 
 of our subject was a shoemaker by trade, and 
 this vocation he followed until the time of his 
 death, which occurred in the forty-ninth year 
 of his age. His widow still survives, and has 
 attained the venerable age of seventy-six years 
 (1895). They became the parents of six chil- 
 dren, of whom four still survive. 
 
 Joseph B. Schroeder, the immediate sub- 
 ject of this sketch, was the fifth child in order 
 of birth, and he was reared in his native city, 
 where he received an excellent common-school 
 education, after which he entered a drugstore, 
 and devoted himself to acquiring a thorough 
 knowledge of pharmacy. He continued to be 
 associated with this line of business in Saint 
 Louis until 1881, when he came to Raton, 
 where he commenced business for himself by 
 opening a somewhat modest drug store in a 
 
640 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 small building located on Second street. A 
 liberal and representative patronage was at 
 once accorded him, and within a year his busi- 
 ness had increased to such proportions that it 
 became imperative that he should seek more 
 commodious store accommodations, in which 
 his stock might be increased to an extent com- 
 mensurate with the demands placed upon the 
 establishment. Accordingly he removed to his 
 present eligible location, on the corner of First 
 and Mimbres streets, where he has successfully 
 continued the enterprise for the past fourteen 
 years. In his finely appointed salesrooms he 
 carries a select and comprehensive stock of 
 drugs, chemicals, proprietary remedies, patent 
 medicines and all such sundries as are usually 
 to be found in first-class pharmacies. As the 
 pioneer druggist of the city, and as a capable 
 and honorable man, our subject has gained and 
 holds the confidence and esteem of the people 
 of the community, who render him that dis- 
 tinctive support which has made his establish- 
 ment the most important concern of the sort 
 in the town. 
 
 Mr. Schroeder has given very close atten- 
 tion to his business affairs, and to the exclusion 
 of nearly all extraneous interests, and still there 
 is no business man in the place who has been 
 more zealous in lending his influence and sup- 
 port to all measures and enterprises which have 
 been projected and carried forward for the 
 benefit of the public and the development and 
 progress of the city. He has acquired valuable 
 local real estate, and has made improvements 
 thereon in the way of erecting attractive dwell- 
 ing-houses, and he is now (1895) completing 
 for himself one of the handsomest residences 
 in the town. The same is located on a most 
 eligible site in the upper part of the town, 
 overlooking much of the business and residence 
 portion, and affording an exceptionally beauti- 
 ful view of the valley and of the distant moun- 
 tain scenery. A more attractive location could 
 not have-been secured, and our subject is to be 
 felicitated upon the judgment and good taste 
 which have been brought to bear in securing to 
 him so delightful a home. 
 
 On the 26th of February, 1883, was con- 
 summated the marriage of Mr. Schroeder and 
 Miss Clara E. Ainsworth. She is a native of 
 the State of Illinois, being the daughter of 
 Thomas Ainsworth, who was one of the honor- 
 ed residents of that State, and being a woman 
 of innate refinement and gracious presence. Mr. 
 and Mrs.' Schroeder became the parents of four 
 children, one of whom died in infancy. The 
 surviving children, all of whom were born in 
 Raton, are: Robert Chester, Mary Josephine, 
 and Mildred. 
 
 In politics our subject supports the prin- 
 ciples and policies of the Republican party, 
 but he has never been in any sense a seeker 
 of political or official preferment, finding that 
 his business affairs have demanded his entire 
 attention. In his fraternal relations he is prom- 
 inently identified with the Masonic order, 
 having advanced to the Knights Templar 
 degree. 
 
 ON. J. H. CRIST, one of the leading 
 members of the Democracy in New 
 Mexico, and District Attorney for the 
 First Judicial District of the Territory, 
 was born in New Bloomfield, Perry county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the 3d of April, 1856. His 
 grandfather, Jacob Crist, located at that place 
 in an early day, and his descendants have re- 
 sided there. His son, Jacob Crist, Jr., father 
 of our subject, was born at the old home place 
 in 1818, and became a fine German scholar, 
 who did much translating from the German, 
 and was a fluent and forcible writer. He was 
 a faithful and earnest worker in the Lutheran 
 Church, and was a most radical Prohibition- 
 ist. He wrote six hundred poems in English, 
 and versified the whole of the psalms. He 
 was united in marriage with Miss Mary A. 
 Tressler, also a native of Perry county, Penn- 
 sylvania, and a daughter of Jacob Tressler, 
 who was of German descent, and was one of a 
 family of eleven sons, all of whom had large 
 families, he becoming the father of sixteen 
 children. Mrs. Crist died in December, 1879, 
 
HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 641 
 
 at the age of seventy-nine years, but Jacob 
 Crist is still living, on the old home place. 
 They became the parents of seven children, of 
 whom Jacob H., of this sketch, was the sixth 
 in order of birth. 
 
 This well known attorney of Santa Fe ac- 
 quired his education in the city of Plymouth, 
 Pennsylvania, and was graduated at the Penn- 
 sylvania University in the class of 1877. Sub- 
 sequently he was admitted to the bar in the 
 office of Hon. Charles Gibbons, of Philadel- 
 phia, where he entered upon the practice of 
 law, continuing his labors there until 1882. 
 Thinking to enter upon a broader field of labor 
 in the West he removed to Silverton, Colorado, 
 coming thence in 1885 to New Mexico, where 
 he embarked in coal-mining, in the northern 
 part of the Territory. He owns some property 
 there, valued at $300,000, but the title has 
 been in litigation for several years. He oper- 
 ated a mine at Durango for three years, and in 
 1889 came to Santa Fe, where he purchased 
 The Sun, a Democratic paper. The succeeding 
 four years of his life were devoted to journalistic 
 work in connection with the practice of law; 
 but in January, 1894, he sold the paper and in 
 June of the same year received an appointment 
 from the Governor of the Territory as Attorney 
 of the First Judicial District to fill a vacancy, 
 and when that term had expired was re-ap- 
 pointed for a full term. 
 
 Prompt and faithful in the discharge of all 
 duties devolving upon him, he is proving a 
 most able and competent officer. He possesses 
 superior ability as a lawyer, is quick to grasp 
 all the details of the case, and at the same time 
 does not for an instant lose sight of the more 
 important points on which the decision of 
 every case finally turns. 
 
 On the 1 8th of November, 1878, Mr. Crist 
 was joined in wedlock with Miss Isabella Van 
 Dito, a daughter of Sherry Van Dito, who 
 came to this country from France with Stephen 
 Girard. They were refugees from the French 
 Revolution. The maternal grandfather of 
 Mrs. Crist, Mr. Kreutzer, was a Polander, and 
 held the office of gun-maker under the king. 
 
 41 
 
 Mr. Crist now has in his possession the old let- 
 ter conferring upon him that office. He was 
 also a brother of the great composer. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Crist have two children, Elizabeth 
 Robertson and Edward Sponsler. The mother 
 is a member of the PresByterian Church, and 
 Mr. Crist contributes liberally to its support, 
 and is a member of its choir. 
 
 While residing in Durango, Mr. Crist or- 
 ganized the public-school system, and was 
 superintendent of instruction there. He is a 
 member of the Bar Association of New Mexico, 
 and is the chairman of the Democratic Central 
 Committee of the Territory. He is a leader in 
 the councils of his party, and has had much to 
 do with shaping the politics of New Mexico. 
 He is a public-spirited and progressive citizen, 
 deeply interested in all that pertains to the 
 welfare of the State, and has a wide acquaint- 
 ance and a host of warm friends. 
 
 aC. BLODGETT a well-known resi- 
 dent of Eddy, is now general manager 
 of the Pecos Valley Land and Water 
 Company. He claims Massachusetts 
 as the State of his nativity, his birth having 
 occurred there on the 7th of August, 1861. 
 He acquired a good education, which was com- 
 pleted in the Boston high school, and during 
 the greater part of his life he has been con- 
 nected with railroad work. In 1885 he went 
 to Mexico as secretary for D. B. Robinson, 
 general manager of the Mexican Central Rail- 
 road. In 1886 he left the land of Montezuma, 
 removing to Albuquerque, New Mexico, serv- 
 ing in the same capacity, and when the Colo- 
 rado Midland Road was established he secured 
 a similar position in connection with it. In 
 1889 he came to Eddy, entering the employ of 
 Charles B. Eddy. The duties of assistant 
 general manager were faithfully and efficiently 
 discharged by him from 1890 until 1893, when 
 his superior officer resigned, and Mr. Blodgett 
 was promoted to the position of general mana- 
 ger. He has thoroughly mastered every de- 
 tail of the business connected with the office, 
 
642 
 
 HISTORT Of N W MEXICO. 
 
 and his fidelity to duty has won him the high 
 commendation of the railroad officials. He 
 had formerly served as secretary under Thomas 
 Nickerson, president of the Santa Fe Road. 
 .He is a young man of worth and ability, and 
 is a popular and highly esteemed citizen of 
 Eddy. 
 
 aAPTAIN GEORGE W. COOK, of 
 Raton, New Mexico, came to the 
 Territory in 1873, and is one of her 
 most respected and successful citizens. 
 He was born in Clermont county, Ohio, on 
 the loth of June, 1830, and on the paternal 
 side has descended from Scotch ancestors who 
 settled in Pennsylvania previous to the war of 
 the Revolution. His father, James Cook, was 
 a pioneer of Ohio, and in that State married 
 Miss Susan Moyer, who was born in Pennsyl- 
 vania, of German lineage. They became the 
 parents of eleven children, but only three are 
 now living. The ancestors of the family were 
 noted for longevity and strength of constitu- 
 tion, but the Captain's father died at the age 
 of sixty-five, his demise resulting from a 
 cancer. His wife is still living, at the ripe old 
 age of ninety-three years, her home being in 
 Ohio, and throughout life she has been a mem- 
 ber of the Christian Church. 
 
 The Captain was the fourth child of the 
 family. He was sent to the little primitive 
 log schoolhouse in his native town, and when 
 not in school worked upon the home farm, un- 
 til eighteen years of age, at which time he 
 started out to make his own living. His first 
 service was at railroad building in Shelby 
 county, Indiana, where he contracted to work 
 for $13 per month, but after working two 
 weeks the contract fell through with and he 
 began to learn the cabinet-maker's trade. He 
 diligently applied himself to that task and so 
 rapidly acquired a knowledge of the business 
 that he was taken into partnership and suc- 
 cessfully followed the trade at Shelbyville, In- 
 diana, until August, 1862. 
 
 The Civil war was then in progress and it 
 
 was seen that it was to be no holiday affair. 
 The Union forces had met with serious re- 
 verses and both sides seemed determined to 
 continue the battle until victory was achieved. 
 It was now a serious thing to enlist, for the 
 service meant danger and perhaps death. 
 Some of Captain Cook's acquaintances insinu- 
 ated that he was disloyal, but their opinions 
 were far from the truth. When affairs had 
 reached such a pass that he felt the country 
 needed the support of all her loyal citizens he 
 joined Company K, One Hundred and Twenty- 
 fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and entered 
 heart and soul into the service. His enthusi- 
 asm and courage inspired others to follow his 
 example and he was made one of the officers 
 of the company. As Captain he first led his 
 company into battle at Champion Hills, where 
 the company distinguished itself for valiant 
 service. He was also in the thickest of the 
 fight at Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge, 
 the several engagements which led up to the 
 capture of Atlanta, and in the charge at Kene- 
 saw mountain, where his regiment lost 147 men, 
 while his own company lost seventeen men, 
 and he was twice slightly wounded. After the 
 capture of Atlanta, in which he participated, 
 he went with Sherman on the famous march to 
 the sea, and through the Atlanta campaign, 
 participating in the battle of Bentonville* one 
 of the last engagements of the war. They re- 
 mained for some time at Savannah, and were 
 within ten miles of Johnston's army at the 
 time of its surrender. They then marched to 
 Richmond and on to Washington, where they 
 participated in the grand review of the victori- 
 ous army that saved the Union. Captain 
 Cook's Company was known as one of the best 
 drilled, disciplined and effective in the regi- 
 ment, and its example and influence was of 
 great benefit. In recognition of Captain 
 Cook's valor and meritorous conduct, he was 
 commissioned by the President as Brevet Ma- 
 jor. He had served his country faithfully and 
 well, making an excellent war record, and 
 when his services were no longer needed was 
 mustered out, at Chicago. He then returned 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 643 
 
 to his home, feeling that he had done no more 
 than his duty and grateful to know that his 
 services had been appreciated. 
 
 Immediately after the close of the war 
 Captain Cook engaged in merchandising in 
 Catlin, Illinois, but soon after sold out and re- 
 moved to Jackson county, Missouri, where he 
 purchased a farm of 160 acres within seven 
 miles of Kansas City. He made a success of 
 that undertaking and carried on agricultural 
 pursuits from 1867 until 1873, when he sold 
 the property for $33 per acre. Some years 
 later, during the real-estate boom, it sold for 
 $750 per acre, owing to its proximity to Kan- 
 sas City. In 1873, on the Kansas City Rail- 
 road, he journeyed to within five miles of Las 
 Animas, the terminus of the road, whence he 
 proceeded with teams to the farm which he 
 now owns, four miles east of Raton. His 
 business efforts here have prospered and he is 
 to-day the owner of 1,600 acres of land, con- 
 stituting one of the best improved farms in the 
 Territory of New Mexico. In 1880, soon 
 after the founding of Raton, he removed to 
 this place, invested in .city property, and en- 
 gaged in building up the town, being one of 
 the most important acquisitions to the ranks of 
 its progressive residents. He now owns much 
 valuable property, including both residence 
 and business houses, and the rents therefrom 
 yield to him a handsome income. He is the 
 largest taxpayer in this city. 
 
 Captain Cook was married in 1851 to Miss 
 Isabella Crosby, a native of Kentucky, and 
 seven children came to bless their home, of 
 whom five are living: Laura, now the wife of 
 Ambrose Maxwell, resides in Raton and has 
 seven children. James N., who is married 
 and has five children, makes his home on 
 the ranch. Fannie L. , who became the wife 
 of James Freeman, had one son, and died 
 at the age of thirty years. Arthur is mar- 
 ried and resides on the ranch; he had two 
 children, but one is now deceased. There 
 are twelve living grandchildren and one great- 
 grandchild. Mrs. Cook is still living in the 
 .enjoyment of good health, and has been a 
 
 faithful wife and companion of the Captain 
 for forty years. They are members of the 
 Methodist Church of Raton, and are held in 
 the highest regard by all who know them. 
 The Captain has served as Steward and is 
 now one of the church trustees, and has been 
 an active worker in its interests. 
 
 He was reared as a Democrat, but his ma- 
 ture judgment advocated the principles of the 
 Republican party and since the days of the 
 war he has been one of its stanch advocates. 
 In the fall election of 1894 he was made the 
 candidate for Representative to the Territorial 
 Legislature, was fairly elected and his certifi- 
 ate of election given him, but nevertheless he 
 was counted out by the Democrats; it was an 
 nefarious piece of party corruption. The 
 Captain takes an active interest in the work of 
 the Grand Army of the Republic, and has 
 served as Commander of Sedgwick Post. He 
 has given his support to every public enter- 
 prise calculated to prove of benefit to the 
 Territory and is one of New Mexico's well 
 known and highly respected citizens. He is 
 now enjoying a well earned prosperity and the 
 regard which crowns a well spent and honor- 
 able life. 
 
 VALENTINE SCHICK, who is inter- 
 ested in mining and is the present 
 proprietor of the Cerrillos House, of 
 Cerrillos, New Mexico, was born in 
 Prussia, on the 2Oth of October, 1845, and 
 when only three years of age was brought by 
 his parents to America. His father, Jacob 
 Schick, was engaged in an uprising in that 
 country and escaped to America in order to 
 save his life. He at length succeeded in get- 
 ting away and took up his residence in Buffalo, 
 New York, whence he afterward went to Ra- 
 cine, Wisconsin, being there engaged in the 
 bakery and confectionery business. In 1857 
 he removed with his family to Lawrence, Kan- 
 sas, and the following year went to California. 
 He was at Virginia City, Nevada, before that 
 town was founded, and also spent some time 
 
644 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 in Santa Barbara, California, where he engaged 
 in the manufacture of brick. In 1865 he 
 turned his face eastward and took up his resi- 
 dence in Iowa, where he was engaged in the 
 lumber and mercantile business. His death 
 occurred in 1893, at the age of seventy-two 
 years. 
 
 The subject of this review lost his mother 
 during his infancy, when the family were resid- 
 ing at Lawrence, Kansas, and when only thir- 
 teen years of age he ran away from home, 
 prompted <by a spirit of discontent often mani- 
 fested in boys about that time of life. He 
 worked on farms in Missouri until after the 
 breaking out of the Civil war. During the sec- 
 ond year of that struggle, when only seventeen 
 years of age, he responded to the President's 
 call for troops to aid in the preservation of the 
 Union, and enlisted in Company H, Twenty- 
 sixth Missouri Volunteer Infantry, as a mem- 
 ber of the Third Brigade and Fifteenth Army 
 Corps. He had been in the service only four- 
 teen days when he participated in the battle of 
 luka. It was an exciting experience for a boy 
 so young, but he proved that he possessed the 
 true spirit of a valiant soldier. He then par- 
 ticipated in the engagements of Corinth, Ox- 
 ford and Memphis, and the following spring 
 went on the Yazoo Pass expedition. He later 
 took part in the siege of Vicksburg, subse- 
 quently went to Memphis, and on to Chatta- 
 nooga, participating in the campaign under 
 General Grant. He was in the battle of Mis- 
 sion Ridge, where the Union forces won a 
 glorious victory. The following year, after a 
 winter spent in Alabama, Mr. Schick served 
 with his command in all of the battles and en- 
 gagements that led up to the capture of At- 
 lanta, and then went with General Sherman 
 on the memorable march to the sea. He was 
 at the surrender of Johnston's army, and then 
 went to Richmond and on to V/ashington, 
 where he participated in the grand review of 
 the victorious Union army. He was mustered 
 out at St. Louis and returned to what he sup- 
 posed must be his home, but found no home 
 there. 
 
 In consequence Mr. Schick joined a com- 
 pany and crossed the plains to New Mexico. 
 He was left to spend the winter on the site of 
 the present town of Las Animas, to care for 
 some stock there. Kit Carson was of the 
 party that started on this expedition. In the 
 spring our subject entered the employ of 
 Thomas Boggs, another noted pioneer, and 
 was supplied with a number of ponies, which 
 he used in planting about 200 acres of grain, 
 the first ever sown in that section of the Ter- 
 ritory. Later he returned to Independence, 
 Missouri, and that season was engaged with 
 the State deputies in hunting bushwhackers. 
 The following spring he went up the Missouri 
 river to Fort Benton, Montana, and later to 
 Helena, where for five years he was engaged 
 in mining. In 1870 his family, who had 
 learned of his whereabouts and who had not 
 seen him for twelve years, wrote to him to 
 "come home." This he at once did, and as 
 the result of his enterprise and industry he was 
 enabled to take with him $5,000. In 1871, 
 after visiting his parents, he returned to Mon- 
 tana, and afterward was in Iowa, and in the 
 Black Hills region at the time of the excite- 
 ment there. His mining operations in that lo- 
 cality were unsuccessful, so he returned to the 
 States, and in 1880 he came to Santa Fe, New 
 Mexico, with the San Pedro & Canyon del 
 Agua Company. He was its assistant mana- 
 ger and had charge of the works at San Pedro, 
 looking after both the mines and the sawmill. 
 In 1882 he removed to Albuquerque, and con- 
 tinued in the sawmill business on the Chillilo 
 grant for five years. He then again spent a 
 year in Albuquerque, and once more went to 
 San Pedro, where he engaged in the transpor- 
 tation and livery business until 1893. The 
 following year he came to his present location. 
 
 In 1871 Mr. Schick was united in marriage 
 with Miss Jennie Angel, a native of Osceola, 
 Iowa, and they have a daughter, Blanche, who 
 is now the wife A. H. Rogers. After a happy 
 married life of five years, the wife and mother 
 died, of consumption. She had been a faithful 
 helpmeet to her husband and her loss was a 
 
HISTORY OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 6 45 
 
 source of deep regret. In 1879 he was again 
 married, his second union being with Miss 
 Alice Long, of Adaville, Iowa. They had five 
 children, but only two are living, Jacob and 
 Ruth. Mrs. Schick died in 1892, and the home 
 was again left desolate. 
 
 Our subject is a man of much experience 
 and intelligence. He is familiar with the his- 
 tory of New Mexico from an early day and 
 has been prominently identified with the de- 
 velopment and upbuilding of several sections 
 of this Territory. In politics he is a Republi- 
 can, and while residing in San Pedro was 
 twice elected to the office of Justice of the 
 Peace, receiving the support of both parties. 
 He is still largely interested in valuable mining 
 property in the southern part of Santa Fe coun- 
 ty and in the northeastern part of Bernalillo 
 county. The yield of these mines is gold and 
 silver. His mine which he calls the Erie yields 
 thirty-six ounces of silver to fifty-two parts of 
 lead and $10 in gold per ton. He is now suc- 
 cessfully operating this mine. The Montezuma 
 mine yields $14 in gold and nineteen ounces in 
 silver, and is 1 50 feet wide. The Home Stake 
 mine yields $3.40 in gold, two ounces in sil- 
 ver, and is 300 feet wide. Mr. Schick expects 
 soon to put a large force to work in his mines, 
 and their development will make them valua- 
 ble property. 
 
 The experiences of his life have been in- 
 teresting and many times exciting and danger- 
 ous. During the late war he was a most 
 valiant soldier, always faithful to his duty and 
 to the cause under whose banner he enlisted. 
 In all the relations of life he has ever been 
 found true and faithful, and the success which 
 has come to him in business life is the reward 
 of honest endeavor. 
 
 EON. THOMAS D. BURNS, one of 
 the most prominent citizens of New 
 Mexico, residing in Tierra Amarilla, 
 has been prominently connected with 
 the history of the Territory for many years. 
 He has always been engaged in agricultural or 
 
 commercial pursuits, yet his life has been 
 marked by many thrilling incidents connected 
 with the history of the Southwest. 
 
 A native of county Waterford, Ireland, he 
 was born in 1844, and is a son of William and 
 Mary Burns, who were natives of the Emerald 
 Isle, and crossed the Atlantic to the United 
 States during the childhood of our subject, 
 locating in New York city, where they re- 
 mained about five years. In 1859 they re- 
 moved to White Water, Wisconsin, where the 
 mother died in 1882. Two years later the 
 father came to New Mexico, and died in 1890 
 at the home of his son Thomas, his remains 
 being interred in White Water by the side of 
 his wife. 
 
 In 1860 Thomas D. Burns left his Wiscon- 
 sin home to seek his fortune beyond the 
 Mississippi, prompted by a desire for adventure 
 and wealth. His parents opposed his leaving 
 home, so he went without their knowledge, 
 starting with a cash capital of $5 for Pike's 
 Peak. He paid his fare to Janesville and 
 thence proceeded on foot to Omaha. At the 
 former place with the little money he had, he 
 purchased some pamphlets concerning the 
 treatment of horses, determining to sell these 
 along the road and thus pay the expenses of 
 the journey. As meal-time came on he would 
 exchange one of these books for a meal, some- 
 times sold one for twenty-five cents a copy, 
 and on one occasion finding a man with a sick 
 horse he sold him a book for $5. Upon reach- 
 ing Omaha, he had a capital of $14, and with 
 it paid his transportation to Pike's Peak. The 
 party with which he traveled frequently camp- 
 ed with the Indians, but was never molested. 
 
 Arriving at Denver, Mr. Burns heard that 
 there were mines at Boulder and proceeded to 
 that place, where he made the acquaintance of 
 a Mr. Pell, whom he told that he wanted to 
 get a mine. The miner tried to dissuade him 
 from the idea, but he would not be dissuaded. 
 That night he slept in Pell's cabin on a bed of 
 boughs, and in the morning his host gave him 
 a pick and showed him a lead ; but the boy re- 
 sponded that it was a mine, not a lead, that he 
 
6 4 6 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 wanted. Mr. Pell, seeing that the young trav- 
 eler did not realize what he was asking for, 
 thought to teach him a lesson, and smiling 
 told him that if he would dig down ten feet he 
 would find what he coveted. Mr. Burns began 
 the work. After three hours his hands were 
 blistered and drops of blood began to appear 
 upon them. Then he remembered the incredu- 
 lous smile on Mr. Pell's face, saw how he had 
 been fooled, gave up the attempt to become 
 wealthy in that way, and thus ended his min- 
 ing experiences forever. It was a valuable 
 lesson to the boy just starting out in life, as it 
 taught him that wealth came not for the ask- 
 ing, but as the result of earnest, persistent 
 labor. 
 
 Mr. Burns returned to Boulder and to Den- 
 ver, and in the latter city was employed for a 
 year in the wholesale grocery house of J. Jack- 
 son & Company, when the firm was burned 
 out. About this time he secured the appoint- 
 ment of United States Marshal and was sent to 
 Fort Lyons to take charge of the sutler's store 
 at that point, for the Government thought 
 that the party in charge was assisting the Con- 
 federacy. The stock was valued at $500,000. 
 He also had to examine all freight wagons to 
 see that there was no contraband goods. Mr. 
 Burns later went to Fort Union, and issued 
 commissary stores for a year, when he was re- 
 lieved by Lieutenant Taylor. During this 
 time he had saved about $700, and through 
 the friendship of the chief commander of the 
 garrison was given letters of credit without his 
 asking for them, which enabled him to pur- 
 chase a stock of goods at Santa Fe and open 
 a store at Conejos, Colorado. He prospered 
 from the beginning. About six months later 
 the commander of the garrison gave him a con- 
 tract for purchasing beef for the army and on 
 that deal he cleared $5,000. He also bought 
 more cattle on his own account and cleared 
 $3,500; but his next venture ruined him. 
 He was given another Government contract, 
 for 700 head of cattle, which he bought at 
 Denver for $33 per head. He started back 
 with them but they broke the corral and 
 
 he lost about 100 head. He then pro- 
 ceeded on the way to Fort Union, but in a 
 snowstorm lost about 200 head more, and was 
 so delayed that when he reached his destina- 
 tion the contract had been supplied by an- 
 other and he was forced to sell the cattle as 
 well as he could. He not only lost all that he 
 had made, but even found himself $6,000 in 
 debt! To pay this off he sold his mercantile 
 stock and gave notes to his creditors with the 
 promise that if they would let him alone for a 
 time he would pay off every cent; which he 
 eventually did. 
 
 With an old mule his only possession, Mr. 
 Burns started for Denver, for the purpose of 
 buying goods to exchange for sheep. He secured 
 $6,000 worth of goods on credit, but the Mex- 
 ican with whom he was to trade did not keep 
 his part of the contract, and Mr. Burns was 
 left with the stock on his hands. In conse- 
 quence he opened a store in what is now Park 
 View, and a year later removed to Tierra Am- 
 arilla, but twelve months later opened a branch 
 store in Park View. Subsequently he closed 
 his store in Tierra Amarilla, and is now carry- 
 ing on the store in Park View, besides one at 
 Chama, which he opened in 1880, carrying in 
 each from $10,000 to $20,000 worth of stock. 
 He is now doing a very extensive and pros- 
 perous business, which yields to him a hand- 
 some income. His stores are connected by 
 telephone. His beautiful residence is located 
 at Tierra Amarilla. 
 
 About a year after locating in this place, 
 Mr. Burns wrote to Santa Fe for a copy of the 
 Spanish land grant which had been made to 
 Francisco Martinez and companions. He be- 
 gan to purchase of the companions, but found 
 that the title could only be perfected in the 
 name of Martinez. He afterward bought 
 direct from the heirs, purchasing 42,000 acres 
 in one month. He subsequently sold that en- 
 tire tract. In his ranches he now has 15,000 
 acres on the Chama grant, 3,000 acres on 
 the Tierra Amarilla grant and 2,000 acres in 
 Colorado, on which is the famous Trimble 
 Springs. 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 647 
 
 During the Ute troubles in New Mexico, 
 Mr. Burns displayed a courage that resulted 
 not only in benefit to himself but also to many 
 settlers. It was largely due to him that the 
 Indians did not override the country and kill 
 the inhabitants. He raised the first militia 
 company here, going to Santa Fe to secure 
 muskets and a commission to equip his forces. 
 In his councils with the chiefs he prevented 
 the slaughter of many settlers in Colorado. 
 He told the Indians that those people were 
 friends of his, and if they killed the white men 
 he would lead a company against them and 
 annihilate their tribe. 
 
 In 1866, through the influence of Mr. 
 Burns, a post was established by General Pope 
 about a mile from Park View, camp Plumer, 
 afterwards changed to Fort Lowell. The 
 general advised Mr. Burns to kill the Indians 
 who had been unruly, but the Captain was too 
 well acquainted with the savage nature to make 
 a move like this, knowing that it would cost 
 the lives of many settlers and many millions of 
 dollars. The post was maintained until 1872 
 and served to subdue the treacherous savages. 
 At Green river there was a superstition among 
 the Indians that on a certain day all the dead 
 of their number would be resurrected and that 
 the United States would give them white 
 powder, ten times stronger than the black, 
 with which they would kill off all the white 
 people and the Mexicans. The Utes there- 
 fore began to steal and drive off all the cattle 
 belonging to the settlers. Burns, who in the 
 meantime had gone to Santa Fe on business, 
 at the solicitation of the people, went to Gen- 
 eral Gordon Granger, who promised to send 
 troops at once and take the cattle from 
 the Indians. When the troops at length 
 arrived they were ill supplied with ra- 
 tions for so long a march; so Mr. Burns 
 offered the commander the necessary food, 
 saying that the Government might repay him 
 if it saw fit. The only battle fought with the 
 Utes in which Mr. Burns took part occurred 
 about a half mile from his store at Park View. 
 In his dealings with the Indians he was always 
 
 honest, and they also understood that what- 
 ever he said to them he would carry out in 
 action. He never showed cowardice or fear 
 and won their respect and friendship. 
 
 In addition to its other business interests, 
 Mr. Burns began buying sheep in 1878, and is 
 now the possessor of 40,000 head, the largest 
 band owned by any one man in the Territory. 
 He also has several thousand head of cattle, 
 although the Navajos and Apaches have stolen 
 thousands in time past. He cuts from 600 to 
 1,000 tons of hay annually, which is used in 
 fattening the sheep in the winter for the early 
 spring markets. He is a practical, enterpris- 
 ing and progressive business man, and his suc- 
 cess is due entirely to his own efforts. 
 
 Mr. Burns married Miss Josephine Galle- 
 gos, a native of Abiquiu, New Mexico, and a 
 daughter of the Hon. J. Pablo Gallegos, who 
 for many years was a member of the Territor- 
 ial Legislature. Mrs. Burns is a beautiful and 
 accomplished lady, presiding over her home 
 with that gentle dignity which indicates cul- 
 ture and good breeding. Their three children 
 Emma, Margaret and Thomas were edu- 
 cated at Notre Dame, the two former having 
 graduated at that famous institution, while the 
 son has pursued there a seven-years course. 
 Their home in Tierra Amarilla is a large one- 
 story dwelling, built after the style of the best 
 residences of old Mexico. The grounds are 
 nicely kept and the home commands a fine 
 view, with a forest of pine on one side and the 
 beautiful Tierra Amarilla valley, surrounded by 
 high hluffs, on the other. Mr. and Mrs. Burns 
 delight in entertaining, and their home during 
 the summer is generally filled with guests. 
 Many years ago, when General Phil. Sheridan 
 was on an inspecting tour in New Mexico, he 
 met the subject, and both being of tne same 
 jolly Irish stock they became warm friends, 
 and Mr. Burns and his wife became frequent 
 visitors at the latter's home in Chicago. 
 
 Mr. Burns is not a politician, but has 
 served as County Commissioner for two terms, 
 and has been twice elected to the Senate, 
 where he served as a special committee, with 
 
6 4 8 
 
 HISTORY OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 Pedro Perea and Judge N. B. Laughlin, on an 
 investigation of the penitentiary. Our subject 
 was the principal actor, and it has been said 
 that no such report has ever been made on any 
 institution in the Territory. He is widely rec- 
 ognized as one of the most prominent men in 
 the locality. His early hardships served to 
 develop and strengthen his character, and he 
 is a fearless, courteous, honorable gentleman, 
 held in the highest regard by all. 
 
 aAPTAIN DILLIARD H. CLARK.- 
 Among those whose lives have been 
 devoted to the military service of the 
 nation and whose fidelity to duty is 
 above question, is numbered the gentleman 
 whose name introduces this review. 
 
 He was born in Powell county, Kentucky, 
 on the 2/th of July, 1847, an d the days of his 
 childhood and youth were passed in his native 
 State. When he had attained his majority he 
 received an appointment to represent his dis- 
 trict at the West Point Military Academy and 
 entered that celebrated institution in 1869, 
 pursuing the regular four-years' course and 
 graduating with the class of 1873. Immedi- 
 ately afterward he came to the West to serve 
 on the frontier. 
 
 Captain Clark has been stationed at every 
 post in New Mexico, and has been engaged in 
 the arduous duties connected with Indian war- 
 fare. When he arrived in this Territory in 
 1873 he was sent to Fort Craig and then to 
 Fort Seldon, where he remained until he was 
 transferred to Fort Stanton. After a short 
 residence at the last named place his health 
 began failing and he was forced to take a trip 
 to Europe, where he remained for two years. 
 Being benefited by his travels he then re- 
 turned to his native land and was sent to Fort 
 Union. While at Fort Stanton in 1880 he was 
 appointed Regimental Quartermaster of the 
 Fifteenth United States Infantry by General 
 George P. Buell, and at the same time was 
 Post Quartermaster. The Captain was sta- 
 tioned at Fort Ojo Caliente at the time when 
 
 the notorious Indian chief, Victoria, attempted 
 to make his escape from the reservation, and 
 was sent in pursuit of the wily warrior. Cap- 
 tain Clark has performed service in other lines, 
 having partly built Fort Lewis in Colorado, 
 served as Quartermaster at Fort Randall and 
 Fort Buford, Dakota, while for three years he 
 served as professor of military science and 
 tactics at the Kentucky State College. 
 
 In June, 1891, on account of ill health, the 
 Captain was retired from the United States 
 army on three-quarters pay, and came to the 
 Pecos valley, where he has since been engaged 
 in surveying and civil engineering. He also 
 represents the Lea Cattle Company at this 
 place and other individual property owners. 
 In 1874 he located what is now known as Blue 
 Water Ranch, one of the best and most valua- 
 ble ranches in the Territory. He is numbered 
 among the pioneers of New Mexico, and his 
 life has been a varied and interesting. one, com- 
 bining the experiences of frontier military 
 service, of European travel and ranch life on 
 the frontier. 
 
 aAPTAIN SAMUEL W. SHERFEY, 
 the County Superintendent of Schools 
 of Donna Ana county, New Mexico, 
 now residing in Mesilla, was born in 
 Perrysville, Indiana, on the loth of January, 
 1838, and is of German descent. His great- 
 grandfather, Jacob Sherfey, was a native of 
 Germany and emigrated to Pennsylvania in the 
 early history of the State. He settled on a 
 new farm, which he improved, and there the 
 grandfather and the father of the Captain were 
 born. The Sherfey peach orchard became a 
 part of the famous battle-ground of Gettys- 
 burg, and was still owned by a member of the 
 Sherfey family when that sanguinary struggle 
 occurred. The Captain's father was born about 
 1797, and wedded Miss Mary McNeal, daugh- 
 ter of John R. McNeal, of Virginia, and later 
 of Maryland. In 1833 Mr. Sherfey removed 
 with his family to Indiana, where he followed 
 milling all his life. They had seven children, 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 649 
 
 of whom only three survive. The father died 
 in the sixty-third year of his age, and his es- 
 timable wife departed this life in her seventy- 
 ninth year. 
 
 The Captain, their sixth child, was edu- 
 cated in the common schools and had partially 
 completed the collegiate course when President 
 Lincoln issued his call for volunteers. Aroused 
 by a spirit of patriotism, he offered his services 
 to the Government, enlisting as a private sol- 
 dier, in which capacity he served for one year. 
 A second time he entered the service as an offi- 
 cer, and continued as one of the " boys in blue " 
 through the succeeding three years, during 
 which time he attained to.the rank of Captain 
 of cavalry. He still has in his possession a 
 musket ball, with which he was wounded on 
 the 3Oth of August, 1862. At.this time, when 
 he was Lieutenant, a musket ball from a Con- 
 federate skirmish line struck his trunk-key 
 which was in his pocket and split the ball; it 
 lodged itself on the key and drove it into his 
 purse, where some silver coins stopped further 
 passage and probably saved his life. Captain 
 Sherfey still has the key and ball as a memento 
 of the great Civil War. He was a valiant sol- 
 dier, fearlessly leading his men in the thickest 
 of the fight, and when the war was over he re- 
 ceived an honorable discharge. 
 
 The Captain then returned to his home and 
 engaged in the pursuit of merchandising, 
 which he successfully followed for nearly eleven 
 years at Greencastle, Indiana, and later at 
 Brazil, same State. Here his health failed 
 him and it was predicted that consumption 
 would terminate his life; so in 1877 he removed 
 to New Mexico, locating in the beautiful and 
 famous valley of Mesilla. He found in its 
 healthful climate the restorative that was 
 needed and in a short time was again himself. 
 
 Early in 1880 the Captain was appointed 
 by President Hayes to the position of Receiver 
 of Public Moneys in the United States Land 
 Office at Mesilla, in which capacity he capably 
 and acceptably served for six years. For 
 some time thereafter he devoted his entire at- 
 tention to the management of an apiary, being 
 
 the pioneer in bee-keeping in the Territory. In 
 1892 he received unsolicited the nomination of 
 his party for the office of Superintendent of 
 Schools, and was the only Republican elected 
 on the county ticket, a fact which well indi- 
 cates his personal popularity and the con- 
 fidence reposed in him. He is now serving a 
 second term. He travels over the country, 
 visiting the schools throughout a territory one 
 hundred miles in length by seventy-five in 
 width. In visiting the mountainous portions 
 he sometimes travels on one trip as much as 
 300 miles, building up schools and also Sunday- 
 schools in the new settlements. Some one re- 
 marked of Captain Sherfey that when he left 
 Indiana "he had to turn round three times to 
 see whether he made a shadow," but now he 
 is hale and hearty, the picture of health and a 
 living example of the efficacy of the New 
 Mexico climate. 
 
 In 1868 Captain Sherfey was happily 
 united in marriage with Miss Kate Herron, a 
 native of Montgomery county, Indiana, and a 
 daughter of Samuel Herron, a native of Ohio. 
 The Captain is a member of Temple Lodge, F. 
 & A. M., of Greencastle, Indiana, also be- 
 longs to the Grand Army of the Republic, and 
 is Past Vice-Commander of the post at Las 
 Cruces. He is a valued, progressive and pub- 
 lic-spirited citizen, taking a deep interest in 
 educational affairs, and doing all in his power 
 to improve the school interests of his adopted 
 county. 
 
 *-|-* EVIN W. STEWART, who is^carry- 
 | ing on general merchandising at White 
 [^j^ Oaks, is a worthy representative of 
 commercial interests and is a popular 
 and highly respected man, well deserving of 
 representation in the history of his adopted 
 Territory. He was born in Baltimore, Mary- 
 land, July 1 6, 1849, and on his father's side is 
 of Scotch descent. The family to which his 
 mother belonged was founded in Maryland at 
 a very early day, she being born in Dorchester 
 
650 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 county. His father, Washington L. E. Stew- 
 art, a descendant of the Scotch Stuarts and 
 Holland Stansbraughs, who emigrated to 
 Maryland in the early days, was reared in 
 Georgetown and Baltimore, Maryland, and in 
 Washington, District of Columbia, and 'for 
 some time was connected with Levin Jones, a 
 ship-chandler of the Oriole City. There he 
 married Harriet J. Wheeler. They continued 
 their residence in Baltimore until 1855, when 
 they removed to St. Louis. 
 
 Our subject was at that time about six 
 years of age. Under the paternal roof he was 
 reared to manhood and acquired his education, 
 after which he entered upon his business 
 career, securing a clerical position. He con- 
 tinued in office work until January, 1883, when 
 he determined to try his fortune in the South- 
 west and made his way to El Paso, Texas. 
 From there he accomplished the journey on 
 horseback to White Oaks, traveling through 
 the Sacramento mountains, and stopping there 
 for a short time. While in the mountains he 
 became acquainted with William Robinson, 
 who induced him to come to White Oaks. 
 Shortly after his arrival here Mr. Stewart, with 
 A. J. Bond, established a grocery store on a 
 small scale, and on the ist of January, 1887, 
 removed to his present place of business. On 
 the 3 ist of December, 1889, he bought out his 
 partner. He has since been alone in business, 
 and is to-day numbered among the leading 
 merchants of White Oaks, having a well ap- 
 pointed general mercantile establishment. He 
 carries a large and well assorted stock of goods, 
 and has a business which is proving a profita- 
 ble one. 
 
 In St. Louis, 1874, Mr. Stewart was united 
 in marriage with Miss Luella Vandervort. The 
 name is well known in that city in connection 
 with the steamboat business. They now have 
 two children, a son and daughter: Eugene L. 
 and Mabel. From the time he entered upon 
 business life up to the present his life has been 
 an honorable one. He is careful, sagacious 
 and enterprising, and the success of his life is 
 due to no inherited fortune nor to any happy 
 
 succession of advantageous circumstances, but 
 to his own sturdy will, steady application, 
 tireless industry and sterling integrity. 
 
 aOSME HERRERA, Superintendent 
 of Schools for Santa Fe county, was 
 born in Sante Fe in September, 1858, 
 and is descended from one of the early 
 and noted families of the Territory. His father, 
 Serafin Herrera, was a veteran of the Union 
 army in the late war. 
 
 Our subject received his education princi- 
 pally in St. Michael's College in Santa Fe, 
 after which he learned and followed the black- 
 smith's trade a number of years, having owned 
 shops at different places. He now has a forty- 
 acre fruit farm on the Rio Grande, near Ho- 
 bart, where he is successfully raising a variety 
 of fruits, but his principal attention is given to 
 the raising of apples. Being a scholarly man 
 and interested in educational matters, he was 
 elected County Superintendent of Schools in 
 1894, a position which he is now creditably fill- 
 ing. He has twice visited the schools of the 
 county, has organized a number of new schools, 
 and has given the public-school interests of 
 the county valuable assistance. 
 
 Mr. Herrera was married February 28, 
 1885, to Miss Louisa Sales, a native of Santa 
 Fe and also a descendant of one of the promi- 
 nent old families of the Territory. To this 
 union have been born three children Jose- 
 phine, Amarita and Albert. The family are 
 members of the Catholic Church. In political 
 matters, Mr. Herrera is a life-long Democrat. 
 He is thoroughly informed on educational mat- 
 ters in the Territory and is an energetic and 
 capable officer. 
 
 >Y* AMES A - HARLAN, superintendent of 
 bridge and water service of the Rio 
 n% J Grande Division of the Santa Fe Rail- 
 road, with headquarters at Rincon, is 
 a native of Pennsylvania. He was born on 
 the ijth of December, 1848, descending from 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 65' 
 
 Scotch-Irish ancestors, who crossed the Atlan- 
 tic to the New World prior to the war of the 
 Revolution. Intermarriage into a Holland 
 family has brought the blood of the Scotch, 
 the Irish and the Dutch into the veins of those 
 who bear the name of Harlan, and some of the 
 most worthy characteristics of these races are 
 possessed by our subject. The family became 
 prominent in American history and to various 
 walks of life has furnished prominent represen- 
 tatives, including Chief Justice Harlan and 
 Surgeon D. Harlan, who was medical director 
 of the United States army during the Civil 
 war. 
 
 The father of our subject, Stephen Porter 
 Harlan, was born in Cecil county, Maryland, 
 in 1822, and by occupation was a farmer. In 
 1 860 he removed to Pennsylvania, where he 
 spent his remaining days, passing away in the 
 sixty-seventh year of his age. He had mar- 
 ried Miss Sarah Hanna, a native of the Key- 
 stone State, who was born in 1824, and also 
 descended from Scotch-Irish ancestors, the 
 family being founded on American soil during 
 colonial days. Mr. and Mrs. Harlan became 
 the parents of seven children, who are yet liv- 
 ing, while five have passed away. They were 
 members of the old-school Baptist Church, 
 and their noble and consistent lives won them 
 the respect of all with whom they were brought 
 in contact. The mother died in the sixty-fifth 
 year of her age. 
 
 Mr. Harlan, whose name heads this review, 
 was the second child of the family. He was 
 educated in the public schools of his native 
 State and learned the carpenter's trade in his 
 youth, after which he worked in the oil regions 
 of Pennsylvania for a time. On leaving the 
 State of his nativity he removed to Michigan 
 and accepted the position of superintendent of 
 construction for the Elk Rapids Iron Company, 
 in which capacity he acceptably served for five 
 years. On the expiration of that period he 
 became identified with the South. In 1883 he 
 arrived in New Mexico and worked for the 
 Santa Fe Railroad Company as a carpenter for 
 ten days, when his abilities were recognized 
 
 and he was made foreman of a gang of men, 
 continuing in that capacity for six months. He 
 then again won promotion, this time being ad- 
 vanced to the important position which he yet 
 fills to the entire satisfaction of the com- 
 pany and with satisfaction to himself. He 
 has charge of all the bridge work on the road 
 extending south from Albuquerque, and his 
 careful attention to his duties, his thorough- 
 ness and his excellent knowledge of the needs 
 and requirements and the best way to supply 
 these has led to his long continuance with the 
 company and secured him the unqualified ap- 
 proval of his superior officers. 
 
 In 1888 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. 
 Harlan and Miss Lulu Melick, a native of 
 Lyons, Iowa, and to them has been born a 
 son, Jacob Melick. Mr. Harlan's political in- 
 terests are usually with the Democracy, but he 
 is in no wise a partisan, and at local elections 
 where no issue is involved he votes entirely re- 
 gardless of party ties. His life is an example 
 of what perseverance, combined with a high 
 order of executive ability and untiring energy, 
 can do. When these qualitres are combined 
 with true American self-reliance, it is the pride 
 and boast of our Republican institutions that 
 they give to every man an opportunity dem- 
 onstrating what is in him. Thus, by force of 
 character and close attention to business, Mr. 
 Harlan has steadily worked his way upward 
 and has not only gained success in business 
 but has also won the respect and esteem of all 
 who know him, and his friends are many. 
 
 aH. McLENATHEN is the senior 
 member of the firm of McLenathen & 
 Tracy, real-estate dealers and insur- 
 ance agents of Eddy, New Mexico. 
 He was born at Upper Jay, Essex county, New 
 York, on the 24th of September, 1853, and 
 upon a farm spent his childhood and youth, 
 his labors in the fields being alternated by at- 
 tendance at the country schools of the neigh- 
 borhood, where he remained until eighteen 
 years of age. He then entered the academy 
 
652 
 
 HIS TORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 at Elizabethtown, the county seat of his native 
 county, where he was graduated at the age of 
 twenty-one. Not long afterward he took up 
 the study of law, becoming a student in the 
 Albany Law School in 1876, and completing 
 the prescribed course in 1877. 
 
 Desiring a change of climate Mr. McLen- 
 athen followed the star of empire westward, 
 taking up his residence in Denver in 1880. 
 For a year and a half he was engaged there in 
 mining, and in the autumn of 1882 went to 
 Seattle, Washington, where he remained until 
 1883. Going to California, he was engaged in 
 the real-estate business at Berkeley, near 
 Oakland, until the fall of 1888, and his deal- 
 ings were crowned with a high degree of pros- 
 perity that comes through honorable effort, 
 well directed energies, capable management 
 and perseverance. In November, 1888, he 
 removed to El Paso, Texas. 
 
 On his arrival in Eddy in 1889 Mr. Mc- 
 Lenathen began handling the property of the 
 Pecos Valley Town Company, including city 
 lots and valley lands, probably selling two- 
 thirds of all the property which had been dis- 
 posed of by the company in Eddy up to the 
 time they changed their plan of operations. 
 The firm bought one tract west of town for 
 $2,000, divided it into lots, a portion of which 
 they sold for $1,800, and then disposed of the 
 remainder for $10,000, in one year after mak- 
 ing the purchase. 
 
 The operations of McLenathen & Tracy in 
 real estate have been extensive and varied, and 
 no one is more familiar with land values or 
 more capable of conducting a prosperous busi- 
 ness in this line than our subject. As a busi- 
 ness man he has the entire confidence of the 
 public and justly merits the esteem in which 
 he is held. The firm of which he is the senior 
 member is the only fire insurance firm in Eddy, 
 and they do a large business. 
 
 The home life of Mr. McLenathen has 
 been a happy one and his domestic ties are the 
 strongest that he acknowledges. He was mar- 
 ried in Berkeley, California, October 29, 1883, 
 to Miss Ida Roscoe, a native of Essex county, 
 
 New York. They have one child, a son, born 
 October 10, 1892. Their pleasant home is 
 located at La Huerta, adjoining Eddy, and is 
 noted for its hospitality. There Mr. McLen- 
 athen has a five-acre tract of rich land under a 
 high state of cultivation. 
 
 Mr. McLenathen has been an important 
 factor in public affairs, and has given his sup- 
 port to all that tends to promote the social, 
 educational and material welfare of the com- 
 munity. He was one of the committee ap- 
 pointed by Governor Prince to organize Eddy 
 county, and after the organization was effected 
 served as County Commissioner for two years. 
 He also aided in the organization of the first 
 school here, has ever been a warm friend of 
 the cause, and is now serving as Treasurer of 
 the School Board.- He is also the present 
 Town Treasurer, and is secretary of the Eddy 
 Club, which has one of the finest club houses 
 to be found in the West. A native of the 
 Empire State, he has traveled across the con- 
 tinent to the Pacific and is now identified with 
 the South. He is a man of broad experience, 
 of liberal views, a highminded gentleman 
 whom to know is to honor. In manner he is 
 pleasant and genial, and his friends are many. 
 
 aOLONEL R. G. HEAD resides at 
 Watrous, where he has one of the 
 finest and best paying ranches in the 
 Territory of New Mexico. His in- 
 terests have always been allied with those of 
 the South. He was born in the State of Mis- 
 souri, on the 6th of April, 1848, and is de- 
 scended from Scotch-Irish ancestry that 
 settled in Virginia in Colonial days. There 
 several generations of the family were born 
 and later its representatives removed to Mary- 
 land and subsequently to New York, Kentucky 
 and finally to Missouri. The Colonel's grand- 
 father was Richard Grafton Head, and his 
 father, the Colonel himself and now his little 
 son have all borne the same name. The father 
 of our subject was born in Frederick county, 
 Maryland, in 1798, and when eight years of 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 653 
 
 age removed with his parents to Kentucky, 
 where he was reared to manhood. In that 
 State he married Miss Harriet Rouse, a native 
 ot Kentucky, descended from Holland Dutch 
 ancestry. Soon afterward the young couple 
 went to Salem county, Missouri, becoming 
 honored pioneer settlers of that State. They 
 had a family of twelve children, of whom seven 
 are now living. In 1885 they removed to 
 Texas, where the father died in the eighty-fifth 
 year of his age, while the mother's death oc- 
 curred in her fiftieth year. 
 
 Colonel Head was the tenth of the family, 
 and was reared on a farm in Caldwell county, 
 Texas, where he received very meager educa- 
 tional privileges, for the public-school system 
 of that State was not then developed. He is 
 in the fullest sense of the term a self-educated 
 as well as self-made man, but he has ever made 
 the most of his opportunities and privileges, 
 and is to-day a man of broad general informa- 
 tion, having the appearance of one who has 
 been trained in the best educational institu- 
 tions of our land. He was but thirteen years 
 of age when the great Civil war broke out, and 
 at the age of sixteen, as soon as his services 
 would be accepted, he enlisted in Company 
 B, DeWitt's battalion of Texas Cadets, and 
 was subsequently transferred to the Twenty- 
 Sixth Texas Cavalry, with which he served 
 until the close of the war. He participated 
 in several hotly contested battles and his 
 bravery and gallantry on the field of battle 
 were highly commended and from time to time 
 won him promotion until he held the rank of 
 Colonel of his regiment. His was a brilliant 
 military career for one so young. He spared 
 not himself and yet never needlessly exposed his 
 men, and displayed a wisdom far beyond his 
 years in war maneuvers and tactics. He had 
 several narrow escapes and was at one time 
 surrounded and captured, but succeeded in 
 getting away and returned to his command as 
 eager to serve in the cause of his people as 
 when he first donned the gray. 
 
 The war having ended Colonel Head return- 
 ed to the old home farm, where he worked for 
 
 a year. In 1867 he formed a business connec- 
 tion with Colonel John J. Myers, a large cattle 
 owner and dealer, with, whom he was asso- 
 ciated for seven years, driving large herds of 
 cattle to California and other parts of the 
 West. During the last five years he had en- 
 tire charge of the business, which he capably 
 and successfully managed. In 1875 he ac- 
 cepted the management of the cattle business 
 of the firm of Ellison, Deweese & Bishop, a 
 prominent Texas company, who handled 50,000 
 head of cattle annually. In 1878 the firm 
 dissolved partnership, and Colonel Head and 
 Colonel Bishop continued in the business up 
 to 1883, at which time they sold out and 
 Colonel Head became the manager of the in- 
 terests of the Prairie Cattle Company in Colo- 
 rado and New Mexico. This company was 
 formed of Scotch capitalists, doing the largest 
 business in their line throughout the West, and 
 Colonel Head received a salary of $20,000 per 
 annum. He began his labors in connection 
 with cattle dealing in early life, receiving as 
 compensation for his services only $12 per 
 month; but as time passed he demonstrated 
 his excellent ability through valuable experi- 
 ence and was at length enabled to command 
 the salary mentioned above. During this time 
 he had branched out in other lines of business 
 for himself, and at the conclusion of his connec- 
 tion with the Prairie Cattle Company he loca- 
 ted at Watrous, where in company with others 
 he purchased the Campbell & Austin ranch. 
 Subsequently Colonel Head bought out the 
 interests of his partners and organized a stock 
 company capitalized for $160,000, and owning 
 7,000 acres of fine farm land, 1,200 acres be- 
 ing under irrigation, while 600 acres is planted 
 in alfalfa, yielding annually 2,400 tons of hay. 
 During the entire summer a gang of hands is 
 kept at work cutting hay, and as soon as the 
 last acre is cut the first one is again ready 
 for the mower. There is a palatial two-story 
 adobe residence upon the property, with walls 
 three feet thick, built on such an ample plan 
 that the smallest rooms are 18 x 22 feet. The 
 aesthetic side of one's nature is contented with 
 
654 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 the sight of the beautiful grounds, comprising 
 a well kept lawn with its fine trees and flow- 
 ers; and in addition there are a large and excel- 
 lent orchard and beautiful lake covering four- 
 teen acres, in which there is an abundance of 
 fish of various kinds desirable for table use. 
 The lake is also supplied with boats, and row- 
 ing, fishing and swimming may there be en- 
 joyed. There is also a large garden contain- 
 ing vegetables and small fruits. In seeing this 
 place one cannot avoid a sense of pleasure, on 
 account of its beauties and the perfection of 
 all its appointments. 
 
 The Colonel feeds each winter on his farm 
 1,000 head of cattle, which he has ready for 
 the spring market, and by the fine quality of- 
 meat he is enabled to command the highest 
 market price. 
 
 On the 1 8th of July, 1873, Colonel Head 
 was united in marriage with Miss Martha J. 
 Marks, the lady who has since been the part- 
 ner of his joys and sorrows. There have come 
 to bless their home three children Etta M., 
 Margaret A. and Richard Grafton, Jr. 
 
 Colonel Head has always been a Democrat 
 in his political views, yet is liberal and thinks 
 for himself. He is a genial, hospitable gentle- 
 man, the doors of his magnificent home being 
 ever open for the reception of the many friends 
 of the family. He gives his entire time and 
 attention to his business, declining all official 
 honors, except when he was appointed by Gov- 
 ernor Thornton a member of the cattle sani- 
 tary board, a position which he is eminently 
 qualified to fill. His home, however, is the 
 most congenial place on earth to him, and he 
 likes best the sociability of his own fireside. 
 The noblest gift of genius is the capacity to 
 work; to him who has this possession all other 
 things are possible. Out of the deprivations and 
 economies of early life has come the toughened 
 mental and moral fiber that gives to ripened 
 manhood its chief honor and greatest power. 
 Such an experience has been that of Col. Head, 
 and this honorable and honored, popular and 
 genial gentleman exerts an influence in the 
 community that is far-reaching and permanent. 
 
 Sr ' ON. A. L. CHRISTY is a prominent 
 l^\ attorney at law of Las Cruces. He 
 
 ^r is a young man, but his position is by 
 no means measured by his years. 
 His decade of professional life in this city has 
 gained him such eminence, and his practice 
 has extended over so wide a field, that it 
 seerns scarcely necessary to say of him that he 
 ranks among the best known lawyers in this 
 section of the Territory. 
 
 The record of his career is as follows: A 
 native of Indiana, he was born in Clayton, 
 Hendricks county, on the 3ist of October, 
 1 86 1, and is descended from one of the old 
 Southern families. His grandfather, Richard 
 Christy, was a native of North Carolina, and 
 from that State emigrated to Indiana, taking 
 up his residence in Hendricks county at a very 
 early day in its history. Only twelve men 
 had previously located within its borders, and 
 he became an important factor in its develop- 
 ment and upbuilding. From the wild land he 
 developed a fine farm, continuing its cultiva- 
 tion throughout the remainder of his life. He 
 was a man of industry and integrity, respected 
 by all who knew him, and at the age of eighty 
 years he was called to his final rest. 
 
 Andrew J. Christy, the father of our sub- 
 ject, was born in Hendricks county in the year 
 1827, and was reared amid the wild scenes of 
 frontier life. Having arrived at years of ma- 
 turity, he was joined in wedlock with Miss Ary 
 Rynerson, a sister of the late Colonel Ryner- 
 son, of Las Cruces. They became the parents 
 of a family of eight children, and were resi- 
 dents of Indiana until 1880, when they left 
 their old home and took up their residence in 
 Kansas. There the father died nine years 
 later, passing away in 1889, in the sixty- 
 third year of his age. His widow still survives 
 him and is yet living at her home in Kansas. 
 They were both members of the Baptist Church, 
 and Mrs. Christy was a daughter of Rev. John 
 Rynerson, a prominent minister of that church 
 organization. 
 
 Our subject, the sixth in order of birth in 
 their family, acquired his literary education in 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 655 
 
 the public schools, and determining to take up 
 the study of law as a life work he began his 
 study in Independence, Kansas, prosecuting 
 his researches in this line under the direction 
 of his uncle, Colonel Rynerson, of Las Cruces. 
 On the ist of April, 1882, he arrived in this 
 city, and in March, 1885, was admitted to the 
 bar. Immediately after he began practice, 
 and from the beginning he has met with suc- 
 cess. In 1889 he was appointed by the Dis- 
 trict Judge as Clerk of the District Court, a po- 
 sition which he filled in a most satisfactory 
 manner for a period of five years. He is now 
 devoting his energies almost exclusively to his 
 practice and is meeting with good success in 
 his undertakings. He has a thorough knowl- 
 edge of law and is never at a loss to quote an 
 authority or show a precedent. He is a wise 
 counselor and able advocate, and is deservedly 
 prominent in the ranks of his chosen profes- 
 sion. He varies his legal business to a degree 
 by fruit-raising and now has a good bearing 
 orchard of peaches, apples and pears, together 
 with a four-acre vineyard. The fruit which 
 he raises is of excellent variety and fine flavor. 
 Around his home are good fruit trees and shade 
 trees, and he now has one of the most de- 
 lightful and pleasant residences in this section 
 of New Mexico. 
 
 In 1889 Mr. Christy was first called to 
 public office, and on his retirement from that 
 position was nominated in 1894 as candidate 
 for the Territorial Legislature. He has been 
 a life-long Republican, an active worker for 
 the party and a recognized leader in its ranks. 
 He was elected to office by a good majority, 
 although a strong Democratic leader was 
 placed against him. On the eighth day of the 
 session of the Legislature, he succeeded in se- 
 curing his seat, while other prominent Repub- 
 licans who were elected were denied their 
 rights by the Democratic Secretary of the 
 Territory. Mr. Christy was recognized as one 
 of the most able representatives of the As- 
 sembly, giving a hearty support to all meas- 
 ures which he believed would advance the 
 best interests of the people at large. 
 
 In 1890 was celebrated the marriage of 
 our subject and Miss Sophia French, and to 
 them has been born a daughter, Sophia. Our 
 subject has also been prominently connected 
 with the educational interests of the Territory. 
 In his early life he was a successful school- 
 teacher in Indiana and Kansas. He also 
 taught for two terms after coming to Las 
 Cruces, and was the teacher during the second 
 term of school ever held in the county of 
 Donna Ana, this being the first public school 
 of the Territory. He is deeply interested in 
 everything that pertains to the public good, 
 and is a successful legal practitioner and in- 
 fluential Republican, and a highly esteemed 
 citizen. 
 
 R. JAMES H. BAILEY, an expert 
 horticulturist, is the proprietor of the 
 Sena Vista fruit and nursery ranch, 
 which is pleasantly located in the 
 beautiful Mesilla valley, three miles west of 
 Las Cruces. This is one of the finest fruit- 
 producing regions in the United States, and all 
 varieties of fruits, superior in size, quality and 
 flavor attest the care and supervision of the 
 owner. On the ranch is a twenty-nine-acre 
 apple orchard, containing apples of almost 
 every variety, especially those best adapted 
 for preservation through the winter. Most of 
 the trees are six years old, very large and 
 thrifty, and give excellent indication of fine 
 crops. On his property the Doctor also has a 
 nice nursery of young fruit trees and also has 
 corn growing upon the place, some of it twelve 
 feet high, which well indicates the richness 
 and fertility of the soil in this locality. He has 
 peach-trees upon the place which have grown 
 six feet in one season, and also has some apri- 
 cots upon the place, but has budded them to 
 plums, and the buds are doing finely. The 
 Doctor thoroughly understands his business, 
 and his care and supervision, combined with 
 the natural advantages of soil and climate, 
 have made him the owner of one of the finest 
 orchards in this section of the Territory. 
 
656 
 
 HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Dr. Bailey is a native of Kentucky. He 
 was born March 27, 1836, and comes from an 
 old Virginian family who had its representatives 
 in the patriot army during the Revolutionary 
 war. His grandfather, Joshua Richards, fought 
 for independence under General Gates. His 
 paternal grandfather, Lewis Bailey, went to 
 Kentucky with Daniel Boone and was killed 
 by the Indians. His son, who also bore the 
 name of Lewis, was born in Kentucky, in 1796, 
 and having arrived at years of maturity mar- 
 ried Miss Nancy Richards, a native of Ken- 
 tucky. In 1848 they removed to Illinois, 
 where Mr. Bailey carried on a successful busi- 
 ness, and in the seventy-sixth year of his age, 
 while on his way to Carlinville, was waylaid 
 and murdered for his money. His wife had 
 died in the fiftieth year of her age. Both were 
 members of the Missionary Baptist Church, 
 and were highly esteemed people. Their family 
 numbered seven sons and three daughters, and 
 with one exception all are yet living. 
 
 The Doctor was the fourth child of the 
 family. His elementary education, acquired 
 in the common schools, was supplemented by 
 study in the State Normal College, and he ob- 
 tained his medical education in the Pennsyl- 
 vania Eclectic College in Philadelphia. In 1865 
 he removed to Kansas, where he engaged in 
 the practice of medicine for eleven years, or 
 until 1876, when, on account of his wife's 
 health, he removed to California. 
 
 The Doctor was married in 1860, the lady 
 of his choice being Miss Susan Parish, who for 
 twenty-one years traveled life's journey by his 
 side, a faithful companion and helpmeet. She 
 was benefited to a degree by the removal to 
 the Pacific slope, but departed this life in 1 88 1 . 
 In the family were two sons and three daugh- 
 ters, namely: Charles E., who is engaged in 
 business in New York; Maggie, now the wife 
 of J. H. Graham, a resident of El Paso, 
 Texas; Harry, who is engaged in business 
 with his father; Myrtle and Sadie, who are also 
 at home. 
 
 Soon after the death of his wife, Dr. 
 Bailey left California, and in 1882 he came to 
 
 New Mexico, bringing with him an invalid 
 brother, who was badly afflicted with asthma 
 and other bronchial troubles. This was Dr. 
 C. A. Bailey, who had graduated in the same 
 college as his brother, Dr. James. In the beau- 
 tiful Mesilla valley he recovered his health, but 
 later died of congestion of the lungs. 
 
 The subject of this review successfully en- 
 gaged in the practice of the medical profession 
 in the Mesilla valley until 1893, when, believ- 
 ing that the cultivation of fruit would prove a 
 very profitable business, he abandoned his pro- 
 fession and has since given his time and atten- 
 tion to horticulture. The success that has 
 attended his efforts is an evidence of his sa- 
 gacity. 
 
 He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, 
 and in his political views is a stalwart Repub- 
 lican. He manifested his loyality to the Gov- 
 ernment during the Civil war by entering the 
 service as a member of the United States navy, 
 doing duty on the Mississippi river. He took 
 part in the capture of Memphis, fought in the 
 siege of Vicksburg and participated in the Yazoo 
 Pass expedition. He has ever been a loyal 
 and devoted citizen, true to the best interests 
 of his town, State and nation. His life has 
 been an honorable and upright one, and his 
 many excellencies of character have gained 
 for him the high regard in which he is held. 
 
 aOL. ALBERT J. FOUNTAIN has 
 been for more than twenty years a 
 resident of New Mexico, and is one of 
 the most distinguished members of 
 the bar in the Territory. He was born on 
 Staten Island, New York, October 23, 1838, 
 and is of French Huguenot descent. His earli- 
 est ancestors in this country were a part of 
 York's colony, and settled on a grant of land 
 from the government on Staten Island. S. J. 
 Fountain, father of our subject, was born on 
 Staten Island, and there married Miss Cather- 
 ine Fountain. Seven children have been born 
 of this union, five of whom are living. Albert 
 J. received his education in the public schools 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 657 
 
 of New York, where he made an admirable 
 record. He won as a prize a scholarship in 
 the New York Academy, and in the academy 
 he won a prize that entitled him to a scholar- 
 ship in Columbia College. While at Colum- 
 bia he stood at the head of his classes, but on 
 account of failing health was sent on a tour 
 around the world with a tutor and five other 
 students. This trip proved a most eventful 
 one, and written up in detail would furnish a 
 most attractive volume for any boy's library. 
 After traveling through Europe, the Nile coun- 
 try and the Holy Land the company returned 
 to Rome. Here the tutor was deserted, the 
 students running away to The Hague, where 
 they applied to the American minister for 
 transportation home. He obtained passage 
 for them to Liverpool and sent them to the 
 American consul with the request that he se- 
 cure passage for them to America. The youths 
 changed their mind, however; slipped away 
 from the consul and shipped on board an East 
 Indiaman bound for Calcutta. At Cape Town 
 they left the vessel, intending to make t^heir 
 way up into the continent, but fortunately for 
 them they were captured and returned to the 
 ship. When they arrived in Calcutta they 
 took passage again, shipping on board a 
 schooner bound for Hongkong. This vessel 
 turned out to be an opium smuggler's craft, 
 and was captured by the Chinese and sent to 
 Wau Poa. Thence the young Americans were 
 sent to Canton, where a demand was made 
 for them by the United States consul general. 
 They were surrendered and sent by this official 
 to San Francisco. Young Fountain's com- 
 panions returned to New York, but he re- 
 mained in California and was engaged in lit- 
 erary work on several of the Pacific coast news- 
 papers. He was sent by the Sacramento 
 Union to Nicaragua as correspondent at the 
 time of the Walker Filibuster expedition, and 
 was acting in this capacity when he was ar- 
 rested by Walker and was sentenced to be shot 
 for having communicated to his paper the true 
 object of the expedition, which had been or- 
 ganized in the interest of slave-holders. He 
 
 42 
 
 was aided in making his escape and took refuge 
 on one of the Nicaragua Company's boats, 
 where he was disguised as a female by the lady 
 passengers, and so succeeded in making his 
 way back to San Francisco. 
 
 In California he resumed his studies for 
 the law under the direction of N. Greene Cur- 
 tis. He had just been admitted to the bar 
 when the war broke out between the North 
 and the South. In August, 1861, he enlisted 
 in the First California Volunteer Infantry, of 
 which he was commissioned First Lieutenant. 
 He marched across the deserts of California, 
 Arizona and New Mexico, his company being 
 in advance of the column. At Apache Pass 
 they were attacked by Cochise, chief of the 
 Chihuahua tribe. There were 1,200 Indians 
 and Col. Fountain had 1 10 men. There was 
 a struggle of two days between these unevenly 
 balanced forces, resulting in the defeat of the 
 Indians. In 1863 the Colonel was sent to 
 Fort McRae to open that road, which was then 
 beset with hostile Indians. He accomplished 
 the work, returning in August, 1864. He had 
 a number of severe conflicts with the savages 
 and received some wounds, but was never dis- 
 abled. He was mustered out of the service in 
 August, 1864. He was soon afterward ap- 
 pointed Captain of Cavalry by Governor Carl- 
 ton and ordered to recruit a company of scouts 
 and guides to aid the regular troops in fighting 
 the Navajos. Early in 1865, while thus en- 
 gaged, he was in a desperate encounter with 
 the Apache Indians, in which he was wounded 
 and left on the field for dead. He was brought 
 off during the night, however, and sent to El 
 Paso to recover. When he had fully regained 
 his strength he was made custom-house officer 
 at El Paso, but obtained leave of absence for 
 the purpose of organizing the artillery of 
 Juarez's army, of which he was appointed 
 Colonel. After the taking of Chihuahua he 
 returned to his duties at El Paso. He was 
 then appointed by General Sheridan one of 
 the judges of election under the reconstruc- 
 tion act of Congress, and was subsequently 
 made Assessor and Collector of Internal Reve- 
 
658 
 
 HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 nue for the Western district of Texas. In 
 1868 he was elected a member of the Senate 
 of the State of Texas, representing thirty-two 
 counties in the western part of the Lone Star 
 State. Upon the election of Lieutenant Gen- 
 eral Flanegan to the United States Senate 
 Col. Fountain became President of the Sen- 
 ate. He was appointed Brigadier General of 
 the State Guards by Governor Davis, and or- 
 ganized this body in the western part of the 
 State. When a member of the Senate he 
 drafted the State Ranger bill and secured its 
 passage. In 1875 he returned to New Mex- 
 ico and resumed the practice of his profession. 
 He organized, in 1878, the first company of 
 militia in southwest New Mexico, and was ap- 
 pointed Captain. He participated in the first 
 campaign against Chief Victoria, which was 
 known as the Victoria war. He also organ- 
 ized the First Battalion of New Mexico cav- 
 alry, and was commissioned by Governor Shel- 
 don Major of this body. It was at this time 
 that lawlessness was rife in southwestern New 
 Mexico, and the Government was compelled 
 to evoke the aid of the militia to protect the 
 life and property of settlers. Governor Shel- 
 don gave Col. Fountain instructions to break 
 up the ring of bandits, and several were killed 
 and a number sent to the penitentiary. In 
 recognition of this service Col. Fountain was 
 appointed by Governor Sheldon to the office of 
 Colonel of the First Regiment of New Mexico 
 cavalry. In command of this body he par- 
 ticipated in the campaign against Geronirno in 
 1885. In 1884 he was appointed under Presi- 
 dent Cleveland special counsel for the Gov- 
 ernment in the prosecution in the land-fraud 
 cases. He acted as assistant to Col. Smith, 
 United States Attorney, and served in this 
 capacity four years. In 1888 he was elected 
 a member of the Territorial Legislature, rep- 
 resenting Donna Ana and Lincoln counties. 
 He was made Speaker of the House. In 1889 
 he was appointed Associate United States At- 
 torney for New Mexico by President Harrison, 
 and served during his administration. He is 
 attorney for the South New Mexico Stock As- 
 
 sociation, and has had much to do with min- 
 ing claims. 
 
 He secured, in 1894, the conviction of 
 twenty live-stock thieves, who were sent to 
 the penitentiary. Appreciating his many serv- 
 ices in the establishment of law and order 
 throughout the Territory, the citizens of New 
 Mexico presented Col. Fountain with an elab- 
 orate silver service of beautiful design and rare 
 workmanship. 
 
 Our worthy subject was united in marriage 
 in 1862 with Marian Perez, a beautiful Spanish 
 woman, the daughter of Col. Abeno Perez. 
 They are the paren|s of six children: Albert J., 
 Jr., a lawyer by profession, resides at Mesilla; 
 Thomas A. J. is foreman of the Angus (N. M.) 
 Cattle Company; John J. is engaged in mer- 
 cantile pursuits in Las Cruces; Maranita is the 
 wife of Charles Closon and lives in Sierra 
 county; and Maggie K. and Henry are at home 
 with their parents. 
 
 Col. Fountain's life has been one of re- 
 markably varied experience. He is a man of 
 extraordinary courage, not easily turned from 
 his purpose, and stanch and true in his friend- 
 ships. He is held in the highest regard by a 
 large circle of acquaintances. 
 
 ^-r*OSEPH C. LEA is one of the esteemed 
 
 e and popular residents of Roswell, and 
 
 / J one of the honored pioneers of the Pecos 
 
 valley. He has watched the entire 
 
 growth and development of this region, has 
 
 seen its wild lands transformed into rich fields 
 
 and profitable cattle ranches, has watched the 
 
 upbuilding of village and town, and has ever 
 
 borne his part in the work of progress. 
 
 Captain Lea was born in Cleveland, Ten- 
 nessee, on the 8th of November, 1841, and is 
 a son of Pleasant and Lucy Lee, nee Cala- 
 way. The parents were also natives of the 
 same State and the father was a physician. 
 The Captain is a descendant of one of three 
 brothers, natives of England, who in early 
 Colonial days crossed the Atlantic to the New 
 World. They changed the orthography of the 
 
HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 659 
 
 name, one branch using the spelling Leigh, and 
 another Lee. Among his descendants is num- 
 bered General R. E. Lee, the brave and fa- 
 mous war veteran. The other brother used 
 the spelling that has descended to the Captain's 
 family. 
 
 Dr. Lea removed with his family to Mis- 
 souri when his son was eight years of age and 
 located the present town of Lees Summit in 
 that State. There the Captain acquired his 
 education. He had completed the common- 
 school course and was just about to enter on a 
 college course, when the war broke out and he 
 joined the Confederate service. He became a 
 member of the Sixth Missouri Brigade, Mar- 
 maduke's division, as a private and served until 
 the close of the war, when he retired from 
 the army with a Captain's commission, which 
 he had received from General Kirby Smith about 
 the middle of his service. He was brave and 
 fearless in defense of what he believed to be 
 right, and led his men in several gallant charges. 
 
 When the war was over, Captain Lea went 
 to Georgia and in connection with three others, 
 secured the contract for the rebuilding of the 
 Central Railroad in that State, which had been 
 destroyed during the war. On the completion 
 of this undertaking he removed to Louisiana 
 and engaged in cotton-planting for a period of 
 two years. His next removal made him a resi- 
 dent of Mississippi, where he lived for three 
 years, coming thence to New Mexico in 1875. 
 He first located in Colfax county, but in 1877 
 arrived in the Pecos valley, where he engaged 
 in cattle dealing and also established a small 
 mercantile store. 
 
 This was a wild and undeveloped region at 
 that time, the Captain being one of the first 
 settlers in the valley. Roswell was then a cat- 
 tle ranch 200 miles from the railroad, and the 
 most far-sighted could not have imagined that 
 within a few years this would be a populous 
 region with nearly all of the industries, busi- 
 ness enterprises and conveniences known to the 
 older East. In 1879 the Captain organized the 
 Lea Cattle Company, of which he was elected 
 president and in which position he served until 
 
 1892, when he disposed of all his cattle inter- 
 ests. The company at one time owned more 
 than 22,000 acres of land. 
 
 Our subject has prospered in his undertak- 
 ings, and by his diligence, perseverance and en- 
 terprise has won a handsome property, having 
 to-day probably more land than any other man 
 in this part of the Territory. He has served 
 as County Commissioner of Lincoln county for 
 a number of terms, and is now a member of 
 the board of regents of the New Mexico Mili- 
 tary Institute of Roswell. 
 
 **w~* A. SKELLY, the present obliging 
 f and capable Postmaster of Silver 
 ^J^ City, who for the past eight years 
 has been numbered among her suc- 
 cessful business men, is a native of Iowa. He 
 was born in Hopeville, Clark county, on the 
 5th of September, 1861, and is of Scotch- 
 Irish and English ancestry, the family having 
 been founded on American soil during Colo- 
 nial days, while its members served as soldiers 
 of the Revolution, valiantly aiding in the 
 cause of independence. A. J. Skelly, the 
 father of our subject, was born in Indiana in 
 1830 and was reared at Lincoln, Logan county, 
 Illinois, where he married. The eldest son 
 was born in Lincoln, removed to Iowa, Clark 
 county, in 1859, and enlisted from Iowa. The 
 second son, Lote Addison, was born in Clark 
 county, Iowa, September 5, 1861. The family 
 returned to Lincoln, Illinois, where A. J. 
 Skelly, the father, died. He married Miss 
 Jennie R. Bushnell, a native of the State of 
 Illinois and a descendant of a New York 
 family of English origin. When the Civil war 
 was inaugurated he enlisted in Company B, 
 Sixth Iowa Infantry, and after faithfully serv- 
 ing for three years his health became so im- 
 paired that he was honorably discharged. He 
 then returned to his home, where he died, at 
 the age of thirty-five years, leaving a widow 
 and their three sons. Mrs. Skelly is still liv- 
 ing and has now reached the age of sixty- 
 
66o 
 
 If IS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 three. One of the sons is now in New Mexico 
 and another in California. 
 
 The second son is the gentleman whose 
 name introduces this sketch. He was educa- 
 ted in Davenport, Iowa, and at the early age 
 of seven years began to earn his own living by 
 running errands and doing other work as he 
 could. When a lad of ten he went to the 
 Soldiers' Orphans' Home at Davenport, Iowa, 
 where he spent four years, going thence to 
 Wichita, Kansas, in which State he engaged 
 in cattle-herding for a year. His mother hav- 
 ing again married and removed to Atlantic, 
 Iowa, he returned to that place, and for a year 
 worked for R. M. Cross in the bakery busi- 
 ness. During the excitement attending the 
 discovery of gold in the Black Hills, he went 
 to that place, where he remained three 
 months, when he joined his parents, who had 
 removed to Wahoo, Nebraska. He was there 
 engaged in driving a stage and in conducting a 
 confectionery establishment for seven years. 
 In 1886 he became a resident of Placerville, 
 California, where he learned photography, 
 carrying on that line of business in California 
 and Arizona. In 1887 he established an art 
 gallery in Silver City, New Mexico, the busi- 
 ness proving a profitable one. His excellent 
 workmanship and his artistic taste have brought 
 to him a liberal patronage, which is steadily and 
 constantly increasing. In addition to his gal- 
 lery he owns a valuable block of buildings on 
 the northeast corner of Broadway and Main 
 streets. He also has a nice residence in the 
 city. 
 
 In June, 1889, Mr. Skelly was happily 
 united in marriage with Miss Ella B. Carvil, 
 a native of Nova Scotia, and to them have been 
 born three interesting children, all sons, 
 namely: Addison E., George F. and Bland E. 
 
 Mr. Skelly is an active Democrat, warmly 
 advocating the principles of his party, and 
 socially is a prominent member of the Knights 
 of Pythias fraternity. He has represented his 
 local lodge in the Grand Lodge for seven 
 years, and is Grand Prelate of the Grand 
 Lodge of New Mexico. In March, 1894, he 
 
 was appointed by President Cleveland to the 
 office of Postmaster of Silver City. He has 
 fitted up one of his own buildings as an office, 
 purchasing new boxes and an entire new out- 
 fit, giving to the town an office of which it 
 may be justly proud. His faithful discharge 
 of the duties connected therewith have met 
 the commendation of the postoffice depart- 
 ment at Washington and of the patrons of the 
 office here. He is an enterprising, progres- 
 sive business man and certainly deserves great 
 credit for his success in life. He is in the 
 truest sense a self-made man and his pros- 
 perity has been secured through indefatigable 
 energy, steadfastness of purpose and integrity. 
 
 V^\ ATHANIEL BELL has attained to 
 m an honorable place among New 
 r Mexico's successful business men by 
 energy, enterprise and a strict adher- 
 ence to correct business principles. From an 
 early age he has been dependent entirely upon 
 his own resources, and obstacles and difficul- 
 ties lay iu his path, but he overcame these by 
 persistent effort and has reached the goal of 
 success. He is now a prominent miner and 
 merchant of Pinos Altos, and is numbered 
 among the pioneers of New Mexico of 1869. 
 
 Mr. Bell was born in Antrim, Ireland, in 
 1842, and when a year old was taken by his 
 parents to Wisconsin. There he was reared 
 on a farm amidst the scenes of frontier life, and 
 through the summer months aided in the labors 
 of the field, while in the winter season he 
 conned his lessons in the primitive log school- 
 house. At the age of thirteen he engaged in 
 the battle of life on his own account, and in 
 1860 crossed the plains to California, driving 
 an ox team. Though the party was frequently 
 harassed by Indians he reached his destination 
 safely, locating on Bald Hills, in Shasta county, 
 where he was engaged in mining for three 
 years. He there took out some gold and after- 
 ward went to Humboldt, Nevada, at the time 
 of the gold excitement there. He located a 
 claim, but soon after sold it and removed to 
 
HISTORT OF NE W MEXICO. 
 
 66 1 
 
 Silver City, Idaho, where he engaged both in 
 placer and quartz mining, meeting with most 
 excellent success, gaining a fortune within a 
 short time. The country was then full of 
 ' ' road agents;" so he shipped his gold, amount- 
 ing to $158,000, to San Francisco; but before 
 he became ready to draw it the company 
 failed, and he lost all that he had saved. He 
 had with him some fine specimens which he 
 was taking to New York, valued at $12,000, 
 and this was all that was left to him. 
 
 On his return from New York, Mr. Bell 
 stopped at his old home in Wisconsin, where 
 he remained for a year. He then came to 
 New Mexico, and engaged in placer and quartz 
 mining, again making money. In 1 869 he ar- 
 rived in Silver City, where he operated the first 
 stamp mill of the place, it being owned by Mr. 
 Bremen. He was paid $10 per day for his 
 services and made for his employer consider- 
 able money. In 1873 he came to Pinos Altos 
 and formed a partnership with T. Stephens, 
 operating stamp mills and steam arastras; but 
 not being able at that time to purchase the 
 property they wished they built a sawmill and 
 also engaged in merchandising, continuing 
 operations in those lines for two years. In 
 1885 they purchased considerable mining prop- 
 erty, including the Minnie Grande, the Mogul, 
 the Ohio and Pacific mines. They also pur- 
 chased the ten-stamp mill, which they are now 
 operating. The Ohio yields an average of $10 
 of gold to the ton; the Pacific, $24; the Grande 
 $16; and the Cap Woman, $8. The cost of 
 extracting ore from the Ohio is $1.65 per ton; 
 from the Pacific $3.50; from the Grande, $3; 
 and the cost of milling the ore is $1.27 per 
 ton. The firm of which our subject is a mem- 
 ber has greatly prospered in its mining and 
 mercantile business, and its members have ac- 
 quired much valuable property in the town, 
 have erected various buildings, have numerous 
 fields of corn and richly bearing orchards and 
 vineyards which grow luxuriantly at this high 
 altitude without irrigation. The town is lo- 
 cated at the top of the divide, about 7,000 
 feet above the sea level. 
 
 Mr. Bell is a man of much intelligence and 
 experience in the handling of ores and is rated 
 as one of the most successful miners and busi- 
 ness men in the Territory. He stands at the 
 head of gold mining and milling in New Mex- 
 ico, and is recognized as authority on gold 
 mines, and in the reduction of gold ores 
 throughout the Territory. It is to him and 
 his former partner, Troilous Stephens, de- 
 ceased, that the town of Pinos Altos is indebt- 
 ed for its present growth and prosperity. The 
 firm of Bell & Stephens has done more to 
 make the Pinos Altos mining district the largest 
 gold-producing district in New Mexico than all 
 other causes combined. The above firm, by 
 their energy, industry, good business manage- 
 ment and superior knowledge of mining, has 
 attained a high degree of success and to-day 
 they own and operate the largest gold mines in 
 New Mexico. 
 
 In 1886 Mr. Bell wedded Miss Sue Wool- 
 fork, a native of Wisconsin, and they have two 
 sons, Golden and George, both born at Pinos 
 Altos. 
 
 In politics he has always been a Republi- 
 can, but has never been a politician in the 
 sense of office-seeking. He, however, served 
 as Postmaster for seven years, when he re- 
 fused longer to act in that capacity. He is 
 highly esteemed throughout the county as one 
 of her most reliable and honorable citizens. 
 
 pcroft Ubrtrv 
 
 ROILOUS STEPHENS, deceased, 
 was a highly esteemed resident of 
 Pinos Altos, and one of Grant county's 
 most successful merchants and mine- 
 owners. He was the junior member of the 
 prominent and widely known firm of Bell & 
 Stephens, and for twenty years was actively 
 connected with the business interests of this 
 locality. He was born near Mackinaw, Taze- 
 well county, Illinois, on the 28th of October, 
 1835, and was reared on his father's farm. He 
 acquired a limited education in the district 
 schools of the neighborhood, and learned the 
 potter's trade of his father, Captain Paris 
 
662 
 
 HIS TORT Of NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Stephens, who was one of the early pioneers 
 of central Illinois. 
 
 In 1860 the subject of this review left his 
 native State and on horseback traveled to 
 Nemaha, Nebraska, where he worked at his 
 trade for a time, but subsequently abandoned 
 it in order to devote his energies to farming. 
 In 1863 he made arrangements to go with a 
 wagon train from Nemaha to Denver, Colo- 
 rado, but illness prevented the contemplated 
 trip. It proved very fortunate that this was 
 the case. After waiting three days for his re- 
 covery, the train left without him, and all but 
 two of that train met their fate at the hands of 
 hostile Indians. Being possessed of great 
 energy and indomitable will, after his recovery 
 he made the dangerous trip to Denver com- 
 paratively alone. 
 
 While a resident of Nebraska, Mr. Stephens 
 formed the acquaintance of Mrs. Sarah Crocker, 
 and on the 9th of ' October, 1 864, they were 
 united in marriage. Three sons were born to 
 them: Charles, now twenty-nine years of age; 
 Bert, aged sixteen; and Frank, a youth of 
 fourteen. The two last named are now attend- 
 ing the New Mexico College at Las Cruces. 
 
 In August, 1 874, accompanied by his family, 
 Mr. Stephens traveled by wagon to New Mexico, 
 locating at Pinos Altos, where he resided until 
 his death. Soon after his arrival he formed a 
 partnership with Nathaniel Bell, and they be- 
 gan business on a small scale, but the firm of 
 Bell & Stephens became one of the leading and 
 most substantial mining and mercantile com- 
 panies of the Southwest. The partnership 
 continued between them with mutual pleasure 
 and profit for twenty years, no disagreement 
 ever arising between them. Each had his de- 
 partment to manage and direct, and both work- 
 ed hard and faithfully for the common interest. 
 For years their families had occupied a double 
 house, and their relations there have been as 
 kindly and pleasant as those of the members 
 of the firm. 
 
 Mr. Stephens died of apoplexy on the 8th 
 of September, 1894, at the age of fifty-eight 
 years, ten months and ten days, leaving a 
 
 widow and three sons to mourn his loss. He 
 was a man of excellent taste, devoted to his 
 home and family, and doing all in his power to 
 advance their interests. He was kind, benevo- 
 lent and charitable, giving freely and exten- 
 sively to those less fortunate than himself, yet 
 his charity was always unostentatious, few 
 knowing of it except the recipients of his 
 bounty. His word was as good as his bond, 
 for his integrity was above question. He was 
 a valued member of Isaac F. Tiffany Lodge, 
 No. 13, I. O. O. F., of Silver City, and his 
 comrades all had for him the highest regard. 
 He was never known to overreach a man in 
 business or to deceive one who placed confi- 
 dence in him, and by a blameless life he left 
 to his family the priceless heritage of an un- 
 tarnished name. His death filled the entire 
 county with deep sorrow, and out of respect 
 to the deceased and his family during the funeral 
 services the stores in Pinos Altos and Silver 
 City were closed. The Odd Fellows attended 
 the services as a lodge, and the funeral was the 
 largest ever seen in the county, for his circle 
 of friends was almost limitless. The sym- 
 pathy of the entire community was extended 
 to the family in their great bereavement, and 
 the county felt that it had lost one of its best 
 and most useful citizens, after whose record 
 may be written the words, " Well done." 
 
 >-jOHN BECKER. While biography in 
 J all ages and climes has been an inter- 
 A J esting study, it is of especial interest 
 in this free America of ours, where a 
 young man has nothing save his own lack of 
 will to bar him from a successful career. Many 
 a youth from foreign shores has landed here 
 without money or influential friends and has 
 worked his way up to a position of promi- 
 nence and wealth. The life of John Becker 
 furnishes a fitting illustration of this fact. He 
 came to the United States without financial 
 resources, and as the result of his earnest 
 efforts and his strong determination to win 
 success he stands to-day as one of the most 
 
HIS TORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 663 
 
 honored and the most substantial business 
 men of Belen, New Mexico, and has earned 
 for himself a position among the representative 
 citizens of the Territory. 
 
 Mr. Becker was born on the 28th of May, 
 1850, in the province of Hanover, Germany, 
 where his father, also named John, held a 
 small government office. Our subject received 
 his educational training in his native province, 
 and was subsequently employed for five years 
 in a mercantile establishment, where he ac- 
 quired a valuable knowledge in regard to 
 business methods and the details of that line 
 of industrial enterprise. In the year 1866 the 
 province of Hanover was annexed to Prussia, 
 and as he was reluctant to serve in the Prussian 
 army, Mr. Becker forthwith determined to 
 seek his fortunes in the New World. He 
 accordingly bade farewell to home and friends 
 and set sail for New York, arriving there in 
 the fall of 1869. His initial efforts were made 
 in modest lines of occupation, but showed his 
 self-reliant spirit and his determination to 
 make his own way according to the principles 
 of honest labor and absolute integrity. He 
 worked at sawing wood and at such other oc- 
 cupations as would enable him to be self-sus- 
 taining, having no false pride and yet main- 
 taining at all times that sturdy independence 
 which has ever been an intrinsic attribute of 
 his character. He was not long content, how- 
 ever, to simply secure a subsistence, but was 
 determined to make his efforts progressive in 
 the results secured. Accordingly in 1871 we 
 find the young man setting his face toward the 
 West, where he believed better opportunities 
 were to be afforded to one in his situation, and 
 in due time he arrived in New Mexico, locat- 
 ing at Los Lunas, where he secured employ- 
 ment in the mercantile establishment of Louis 
 Huning, receiving at the beginning a salary of 
 thirty dollars per month. He was energetic, 
 faithful and careful, and so proved his value 
 to his employer that at the end of four months 
 his salary was increased to fifty dollars. He 
 held this position for a period of two years 
 and was then placed in charge of Mr. Hun- 
 
 ing's branch store at Belen, continuing to be 
 thus employed for five years, and proving 
 conclusively that he was well deserving of 
 the trust and confidence reposed in him. 
 
 Having been frugal and having conserved 
 his resources with a view to eventually entering 
 business for himself, Mr. Becker was enabled 
 to realize his ambition at the expiration of the 
 period noted. In 1878 he erected a small store 
 which is now a part of his present large 
 establishment and in this opened business 
 upon a modest scale. He had gained a dis- 
 tinctive popularity within the time of his resi- 
 dence in Belen, and this circumstance secured 
 him a good patronage from the start. The 
 business increased in extent very rapidly, and 
 from time to time he was compelled to add to 
 his facilities by adding to the original building, 
 and thereby increasing the accommodations of 
 his quarters. At the present time his buildings 
 cover several acres of ground, and the business 
 represents an extensive enterprise in the 
 handling of general merchandise, comprising 
 every line essential to meeting the demands of 
 a large and representative patronage. The 
 establishment also makes a specialty of han- 
 dling all the produce raised by its customers. 
 In the year 1886 Mr. Becker furnished to 
 Belen an improvement which has important 
 bearing upon the commercial prosperity of the 
 place, and which furnishes valuable accommo- 
 dations to the residents of a large section con- 
 tiguous to the little city. He erected a full 
 roller-process flouring mill, which is equipped 
 with the latest improved machinery and acces- 
 sories, and is operated by steam power. The 
 mill has a capacity for turning out one hundred 
 barrels of flour per diem, and in this connec- 
 tion the proprietor has provided large storage 
 capacity for grain, feed and wool. Mr. Becker 
 has unlimited confidence in the still greater 
 advancement of this section of the Territory, 
 and he has signalized the same by purchasing 
 a large amount of real estate in Belen and 
 tracts of land in the vicinity. His enterprise 
 does not stop here, for he is rapidly making 
 improvements upon his properties, and is aid- 
 
66 4 
 
 HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ing in every possible way in the substantial up- 
 building of the town and in furthering its 
 growth along normal and conservative lines. A 
 unique improvement which he has made upon 
 his land is in the construction of a large fish- 
 pond, which he has stocked with black bass 
 and other fish. Here he has erected a boat- 
 house, and has provided excellent facilities for 
 fishing and for recreation when he seeks a 
 diversion from the manifold cares of his busi- 
 ness. This section of the Territory has justly 
 acquired a high reputation for its excellent 
 vineyards, and the annual product reaches a 
 large average, the industry being one which is 
 destined to be very important .and valuable. 
 With this Mr. Becker is also concerned, in that 
 he purchases large quantities of grapes each 
 year, and manufactures them into wine of 
 most superior order. His wine cellars have a 
 storage capacity of i , 300 gallons, and here he 
 thoroughly matures the stock before placing it 
 on the market. In his vaults are to be found 
 products for each year ranging back to the 
 vintage of 1889. 
 
 Mr. Becker is a man of much intellectuality 
 and is thoroughly in touch with the affairs of 
 the day. He is conversant with the German, 
 English and Spanish languages and is also pro- 
 ficient as a telegraphist, having a private 
 telegraph line connecting with an instrument 
 in his office, and being thus enabled to person- 
 ally transmit his orders or other messages to any 
 part of the Union, a convenience which he 
 finds of much value in his business. He also 
 does his own banking, buying and selling ex- 
 change and offering accommodations which 
 are duly appreciated by other business men of 
 the town. 
 
 The foregoing paragraphs detail somewhat 
 in regard to the career of a capable and hon- 
 orable business man, but there is a signal con- 
 sistency in referring to the social phases of the 
 life of Mr. Becker. He is unassuming in his de- 
 meanor, is ever courteous and obliging, loyal 
 to his friends and imbued with a lively human 
 sympathy and a charity which implies some- 
 thing more tangible than the mere word. He 
 
 has been thoroughly interested in the welfare 
 of Belen and no man stands higher in public 
 estimation in the promising little city. 
 
 On the 2d of November, 1877, Mr. Becker 
 was united in marriage to Miss Anna Vielst'ch, 
 who is a native of Germany. Their six in- 
 teresting children, all of whom were born in 
 Belen, are by name as follows: Hans, Louie, 
 Anna, Gustave, Lucy and Bernhart. The 
 family are adherents of the Lutheran Church, 
 to which our subject has been a liberal con- 
 tributor. The home is one in which are ob- 
 served the refined courtesies of social life, and 
 within its hospitable walls is ever assured a 
 genuine welcome. 
 
 By honest effort Mr. Becker has made his 
 own way in the world, has attained to a high 
 degree of success and is justly entitled to the 
 maximum enjoyment of his well-earned pros- 
 perity. 
 
 HNTONIO JOSEPH is a name that is 
 prominently connected with the his- 
 tory of New Mexico, and its wearer 
 is recognized as one of the prominent 
 and influential citizens of the Territory. He 
 is numbered among its favorite as well as its 
 native sons, and his birth occurred in the city 
 of Taos, Taos county, August 25, 1846. His 
 parents, Peter and Maria A. Joseph, removed 
 from St. Louis, Missouri, to Taos in 1840, 
 and opened the first general mercantile estab- 
 lishment in that place. Their store and build- 
 ings were destroyed by Indians on the igth of 
 January, 1848, and Mrs. Joseph and her son 
 Antonio, then a child of two years, were 
 carried off into captivity and held by the red 
 men until rescued by Colonel Sterling Price 
 and his troops. 
 
 The subject of this review acquired his 
 early education at Lux's Academy in Taos, 
 and subsequently attended for two years the 
 school conducted by Bishop Lamy in Santa 
 Fe, New Mexico. Afterward he was a student 
 in Webster College, of St. Louis county, Mis- 
 souri, for four years, and completed the com- 
 
HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 665 
 
 mercial course at Bryant and Stratton's Busi- 
 ness College of St. Louis. 
 
 On the 2 1st of January, 1862, Mr. Joseph 
 lost his father, whose death occurred in Taos, 
 and, being the eldest son of the family, he 
 took charge of the mercantile business, which 
 he has since continued. He now owns a well- 
 appointed establishment, containing a large 
 and complete stock of goods and has an exten- 
 sive trade. In 1880 Mr. Joseph removed to 
 Ojo Caliente, New Mexico, where he still re- 
 sides, and conducts there a large sanitarium. 
 At this place are located the famous hot 
 springs of New Mexico, noted for their won- 
 derful medicinal qualities. No advantages, 
 however, were there for people who wished to 
 use the water until within late years; but now 
 the hot springs and the sanitarium, of which 
 Mr. Joseph is proprietor, have become known 
 throughout the country and thousands of in- 
 valids are annually cured there. He does 
 everything possible for the entertainment, 
 comfort and convenience of his guests, and in 
 addition he has constructed a public bath- 
 house at the springs, where the poor are al- 
 lowed bathing privileges free of charge. 
 
 On the nth of March, 1881, in Wayland, 
 Clark county, Missouri, Mr. Joseph was united 
 in marriage with Miss Elizabeth M. Foree. 
 Two children have been born to them, but 
 only one is now living. 
 
 His fellow citizens, appreciating his worth 
 and ability, have frequently called Mr. Joseph 
 to public office. He has served as County 
 Judge of Taos county for six years, has served 
 as Senator in the Territorial Legislature for a 
 similar period, and by the General Assembly 
 was elected to the Forty-ninth Congress, 
 where he remained for ten years. His politi- 
 cal record is a most honorable one, marked 
 by fidelity to the best interests of the Terri- 
 tory, and his wise legislation has been of ma- 
 terial benefit to New Mexico in many ways. 
 Socially, Mr. Joseph is a member in good 
 standing in Montezuma Lodge, F. & A. M., 
 of Santa Fe, and is a member of the Catholic 
 Church, but holds liberal religious views. He 
 
 has traveled extensively in America, visiting 
 every State in the Union, and has also visited 
 Canada and Mexico. He is a broad-minded, 
 honorable man, whose public and private life 
 are alike above reproach, and New Mexico 
 has reason to be proud of this native son of 
 the Territory. 
 
 * * ON. ANTONIO JOSE LUNA. It 
 
 j ^\ has certainly not been uninteresting 
 ^r in this connection to note in greater 
 or less detail the varying nationality 
 and the more salient points which have char- 
 acterized the careers of those whose life his- 
 tories have here been taken under review, but 
 there has been most congruously a more par- 
 ticular interest attaching to the lives and deeds 
 of those who have either personally or by an- 
 cestral association been identified with those 
 noble old Spanish families who first opened the 
 gates of civilization and progress in the now 
 favored Territory of New Mexico. 
 
 The honored gentleman to whom this me- 
 moir is dedicated was one of New Mexico's 
 most talented and distinguished sons, and was 
 a direct descendant of Don Domingo Luna, 
 who was a member of one of the aristocratic 
 families of Spain, whence he came to New 
 Mexico at the time of the Spanish conquest of 
 this Territory. He settled at Los Lunas, 
 where had been given a large grant of land by 
 the Spanish government, said tract having been 
 designated as the San Clemente grant, and 
 containing about 110,000 acres. Here Don 
 Domingo Luna lived and died, and in the Ter- 
 ritory his posterity have ever since maintained 
 positions of trust and honor. His son, En- 
 rique Luna, father of our subject, was born on 
 the paternal homestead mentioned, became an 
 extensive stock-raiser and lived to attafti the 
 venerable age of ninety-one years. He be- 
 came the father of twelve children, all of whom 
 have now passed away. 
 
 Hon. Antonio Jose Luna was born at Los 
 Lunas in the year 1808. He received a 
 thorough education according to the Spanish 
 
666 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 code, and, like his progenitors, became largely 
 interested in stock-raising. It is recorded that 
 at one time he owned a flock of sheep com- 
 prising 45,000 head, and that his income from 
 this source reached an average annual aggre- 
 gate of $25,000. He made several profitable 
 trips to California, whither he drove large 
 flocks of sheep, which he disposed of at ex- 
 cellent profit, eventually acquiring a considera- 
 ble portion of the extensive tract comprising 
 the original ancestral grant. His heirs at the 
 present time own about one-fifth of that rich 
 and valuable domain. 
 
 He stood high in the estimation of his fel- 
 low men, being recognized as a man of marked 
 intellectual power, sound judgment and inflexi- 
 ble integrity of character. He was withal ever 
 animated by the most generous impulses, was 
 broad and charitable in his views and his coun- 
 sel was held in supreme regard by the people 
 of the community. For many years he faith- 
 fully served in the important and exacting po- 
 sition as Judge of Probate of his county. 
 
 The marriage of the honored subject of this 
 review was solemnized when he was united 
 with Miss Isabella Baca, who was born at 
 Belen, Valencia county, being the daughter of 
 Juan Cruz Baca, a representative of the very 
 distinguished family of that name in New 
 Mexico. They became the parents of nine 
 children, and of these the eldest, Jesus M. , 
 lived to attain the age of fifty-two years. He 
 was one of the respected and prominent citi- 
 zens, having held various positions of trust and 
 honor in the county. He had married, but 
 upon his death he left no family. The daughter, 
 Luz, married Jose M. Romero, and her death 
 occurred in the forty-first year of her age; she 
 left three children. Another of .the sons, Tran- 
 quilino, was a man of signal ability and attained 
 to high positions of public trust and confidence. 
 He was Delegate for the Territory in the United 
 States Congress, and most efficiently repre- 
 sented the interests of New Mexico in that ca- 
 pacity. He departed this life at the age of 
 forty-three years, leaving one son, Maxirniliano 
 Luna, who is now Sheriff of the county. The 
 
 next son of our subject was Solomon, who is 
 now one of the prominent citizens of the Ter- 
 ritory, individual reference being made to his 
 career on another page of this volume. The 
 daughter, Eloisa, is the wife of A. M. Bergere, 
 whose sketch also appears in this work. 
 
 In 1880, the year before his death, Judge 
 Luna erected in Los Lunas a commodious 
 residence of pleasing architectural design, and 
 in this beautiful home, to whose building he 
 had devoted so much care and thought, the 
 beloved companion of his life still resides and 
 pays devoted homage to the memory of the 
 one who has gone before. Mrs. Luna has now 
 attained the venerable age of seventy-six years, 
 and to her is accorded the deepest filial solici- 
 tude and affection by her children and chil- 
 dren's children, while she is held in the highest 
 esteem of a large circle of devoted friends. 
 
 Judge Luna departed this life on the 2Oth 
 of December, 1881, at the age of seventy-three 
 years. His life record had been one notable 
 in the degree of prosperity attained, in its abso- 
 lute integrity of purpose and in its kindly sym- 
 pathy and true generosity, and his death was 
 very deeply lamented far outside the sacred 
 precincts of the home, far outside the environ- 
 ments of the immediate locality in which he 
 had lived, and extending into all sections of 
 the Territory of which he had been an honor- 
 able and an honored son. 
 
 EON. SOLOMON LUNA. In noting 
 the life history of the representative 
 citizens and distinguished native sons 
 of New Mexico, there is imperative 
 necessity that particular recognition be ac- 
 corded the gentleman whose name initiates 
 this review. He is the third son of Hon. An- 
 tonio Jose Luna and Isabella (Baca) Luna, 
 concerning whom more specific mention is 
 made elsewhere in this volume. 
 
 Solomon Luna has practically retained a 
 permanent residence in the place of his na- 
 tivity, having been born at Los Lunas on the 
 
HISTORT OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 667 
 
 1 8th day of October, 1858. In his early youth 
 he was granted exceptional educational advant- 
 ages, having completed his literary discipline 
 at St. Louis University, Missouri. Following 
 out that line of industrial enterprise to which 
 his illustrious ancestors in New Mexico had de- 
 voted their attention for many years, he be- 
 came prominently and extensively concerned 
 in stock-raising, and has made this his princi- 
 pal vocation in life. His operations are con- 
 ducted upon a very extensive scale, as he raises 
 large numbers of both sheep and cattle. 
 
 In his political relations Mr. Luna has been 
 very prominently identified with the Republi- 
 can party, and is recognized as one of the rep- 
 resentatives of his party in the Territory. He 
 has always maintained a lively interest and an 
 active participation in the deliberations of the 
 political body to which he belongs, and has 
 done much to advance its affairs and to aid its 
 success in the county of Valencia. Recog- 
 nized as a man of broad mentality, marked 
 executive ability and unswerving integrity of 
 purpose, it came but in natural sequence that 
 he should be called upon to serve in con- 
 spicuous positions of trust and responsibility. 
 In 1885 he was elected County Clerk of Va- 
 lencia county, and in 1892 he was elected to 
 the shrievalty of that county, proving a most 
 capable Sheriff and so administering affairs as 
 to conserve the ends of justice and to bring 
 malefactors to their just deserts as amenable 
 to the laws of the Territory. In 1894 Mr. 
 Luna became the incumbent as Collector of 
 the county, an office in which he has brought 
 to bear a marked capacity and which he is now 
 filling most acceptably. In each of these offices 
 he has shown himself to be a prompt, reliable 
 and capable executive, one thoroughly de- 
 serving of the honors bestowed. 
 
 Reverting to the domestic chapters in the 
 life history of our subject we find that in 1881 
 was consummated his marriage to Miss Ade- 
 lada Otero, a daughter of Manuel R. Otero, a 
 representative of the old and distinguished 
 family of that name in New Mexico. Her 
 grandfather, Hon. Antonio Otero, served as 
 
 the first district Judge of the Second Judicial 
 district. 
 
 Mr. Luna is the fortunate inheritor of a 
 valuable patrimony coming from the extensive 
 estate granted to his ancestors many years ago. 
 He has in Los Lunas a magnificent residence, 
 in which are dispensed a welcome and hospi- 
 tality of a cultured and refined home. He 
 holds in no light estimation the respect and 
 esteem which are accorded him by his fellow 
 citizens, though these are but the direct result 
 of his own honorable and upright life. Such 
 men honor and are honored by the Territory 
 of which they are native sons. 
 
 EON. ALEXANDER READ, residing 
 at Park View, Rio Arriba county, was 
 born in Santa Fe, August 15, 1850, 
 the eldest son of Francis M. and 
 Ignacia (Cano) Read. For a complete history 
 of the ancestors of his family, see the history 
 of his brothers, Benjamin M. and Larkin G. 
 Read, in this book. 
 
 Alexander, like his brothers, received his 
 education in St. Michael's College, completing 
 his course there in 1868. He was but five 
 years of age when his father died, and, being 
 the eldest of the three little boys, he realized 
 more the loss of his father, and began very 
 early in life to help his mother earn their sup- 
 port. He first worked for the Union Tele- 
 graph Company, repairing their line, after 
 which he obtained the position of brakeman on 
 the Kansas Pacific Railroad, and next, for seven 
 years, served as interpreter for the Indian De- 
 partment. During that time he also read law, 
 and was admitted to practice in 1884, soon 
 acquiring a large and lucrative practice. In 
 1884 Mr. Read was elected County Clerk, two 
 years afterward became County Assessor, and 
 was next elected to represent his district in the 
 Territorial House of Representatives, a posi- 
 tion which he filled most creditably for two 
 terms. During his service in the Assembly he 
 aided in the passage of the first free-school law 
 of the Territory, and has had the honor of be- 
 
 
668 
 
 HIST OR T OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ing the first Superintendent of Schools in his 
 county. He is now filling the arduous position 
 of interpreter of the Legislative Assembly. Mr. 
 Read now resides on a ranch at Park View, 
 where he has a beautiful residence. 
 
 He was married in 1874 to Miss Perfecta 
 Madrid, a daughter of Felipe Madrid, one of 
 New Mexico's prominent citizens. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Read have four children, all born in this 
 Territory, namely: Cru-z B., Felipe M., Ellen 
 
 and William F. Religiously, the family ad- 
 here to the Catholic faith, and in politics Mr. 
 Read has been a life-long Republican. He is 
 a citizen of ability and worth, and, like his 
 brothers, takes a deep interest in all that per- 
 tains to the improvement and upbuilding of 
 the country of his birth, and in which, by his 
 own efforts, he has attained his present en- 
 viable position as one of her representative 
 citizens. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Earliest Traditions 3 
 
 First Explorations 3 
 
 /"Coronado 4 
 
 \ Espejo 11 
 
 T Onyate 15 
 
 (Superstition and Revolution .... 19 
 
 Revolution of 1680 21 
 
 Vargas 22 
 
 Marquis de la Nava 24 
 
 Alencastre 25 
 
 Cachupin 26 
 
 Friction between the Church and 
 
 State 29 
 
 First Anglo-Americans 31 
 
 Pursley and Pike 31 
 
 Mexican Independence 33 
 
 First Caravan from Missouri. ... 36 
 
 United States Occupation 38-44 
 
 Summary from 1823 to 1846 38 
 
 Insurrections during the period 
 
 from 1823 to 1846 39 
 
 Texas' Disastrous Expedition.. . 40 
 Santa Fe Trail and Commerce. . 42 
 Mexican War, Kearny, Doni- 
 
 phan , Cooke, etc 44 
 
 Organization of New Mexico 
 
 Territory 48 
 
 First Legislature 53 
 
 Survey of Public Lands 56 
 
 Indian Affairs 1864-84 58 
 
 Slavery 59 
 
 Confederate Invasion 60 
 
 Acts of Congress 63 
 
 General Summary 64 
 
 Codification of Laws 67 
 
 " State " of New Mexico 67 
 
 Census 67 
 
 Governors of New Mexico 68 
 
 Domestic Customs 70 
 
 Bench and Bar 72 
 
 Territorial Officers 77-88 
 
 Judge Benedict and His Peculiar 
 Sentence of Jose Maria Mar- 
 tin 79 
 
 Other Judges 80 
 
 The Legal Bar 83 
 
 Land Court 88 
 
 Bar Association 92 
 
 Catholic 96 
 
 Episcopal 101 
 
 Presbyterian 103 
 
 Methodist 104 
 
 Congregational 105 
 
 Baptist 106 
 
 Southern Methodist 107 
 
 Hebrews 107 
 
 Mormons 107 
 
 Pueblo Indians.. ..107 
 
 Educational 108 
 
 Resources, Products and Prog- 
 ress 123 
 
 Topographical 123 
 
 Elevations above Sea Level. .124 
 
 Fruits 126 
 
 Beautiful 127 
 
 Historical 129 
 
 Plants 132 
 
 Cany aigre 133 
 
 Live Stock 135 
 
 Agriculture 136 
 
 Vegetables . .? 138 
 
 Sunshine 139 
 
 Mineral Resources 139 
 
 Gems 141 
 
 Manufactories 143 
 
 Railroads 143 
 
 BY COUNTIES. 
 
 Union 144 
 
 Colfax 146 
 
 Mora 151 
 
 San Miguel 154 
 
 Guadaloupe 157 
 
 Taos 159 
 
 Rio Arriba 162 
 
 San Juan 166 
 
 Santa Fe 170 
 
 Bern alillo 175 
 
 Valencia 178 
 
 Socorro 181 
 
 Sierra 186 
 
 Grant 188 
 
 Donna Ana 195 
 
 Lincoln 199 
 
 Chaves 202 
 
 Eddy 204 
 
 United States Land Laws 208 
 
 Ritch's Eloquent Appeal 209 
 
 CITIES AND PRINCIPAL TOWNS. 
 
 Santa Fe.. 210 
 
 Albuquerque 213 
 
 Las Vegas 214 
 
 Raton 219 
 
 Watrous 221 
 
 Folsom 223 
 
 Clayton 223 
 
 Silver City 224 
 
 White Oaks 225 
 
 Wagon Mound 225 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 A 
 
 Abernathy, H. J 278 
 
 Abeyta, Abram 279 
 
 Abeytia, A. C 454 
 
 Adler. A. M 372 
 
 Ancheta, J. A 617 
 
 Anderson Brothers 511 
 
 Armijo, Melquiades 461 
 
 Armijo, Nestor 501 
 
 Armijo, N. T 232 
 
 Ascarate, S. P 473 
 
 Atkins, F. H 399 
 
 Atlantic & Pacific Railroad.. ..344 
 
 Baca, Elf ego 433 
 
 Baca, Juan J 607 
 
 Baca, Santiago 249 
 
 Bail, John D 531 
 
 Bailey, James H 655 
 
 Bank of Geo. D. Bowman & Son. .510 
 
 Bantz, G. D 627 
 
 Barber, George B 582 
 
 Barela, Anastacio 627 
 
 Barringer, G. B 633 
 
 Barnett, R. F 589 
 
 Becker, F. A 462 
 
 Becker, John 662 
 
 Bell, Nathaniel 660 
 
 Bennett, Cornelius 538 
 
 Bergere, A. M 456 
 
 Bergmann, E. H 421 
 
 Billings, G. F 505 
 
 Black, Robert 536 
 
 Blodgett, C. C 641 
 
 Blood, Fred 458 
 
 Blueher, Herman 446 
 
 Boatwright, D. H 384 
 
 Boggs, T. O 419 
 
 Bolich, N. A 536 
 
 Bonem, Herman 310 
 
 Born, Fred 415 
 
 Bowman, G. D 510 
 
 Bristol, Warren 250 
 
 Brockmeier, H 394 
 
 Brown, C. T 477 
 
 Browne, E. L 351 
 
 Broyles, J. N 348 
 
 Brunelli, Modesto 368 
 
 Bryan, John D 600 
 
 Bryan, R. W. D 392 
 
 Bull, Thomas J 558 
 
 Bullis, John L 568 
 
 Burgess, T. H 239 
 
 Burns, T. B. 645 
 
 Bursum, H. 460 
 
 Bushnell, G. A 416 
 
 Cahoon, E. A 508 
 
 Cantou, F. P 387 
 
 Carruth, J. A 485 
 
 
670 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Cartwright, H. B 337 
 
 Cartwright, W. J 381 
 
 Casad, Thomas 614 
 
 Castillo, S. C 267 
 
 Chapelle, P. L 229 
 
 Chaves, Amado 254 
 
 Chaves, E. V 285 
 
 Chaves, J. F 257 
 
 Chavez, Demetrio 611 
 
 Chavez, Jacobo 470 
 
 Childers, T. N 518 
 
 Childers, W. B 512 
 
 Christy, A. L 654 
 
 Church, W. 1 587 
 
 Clark, D. H 648 
 
 Clark, John S 362 
 
 Clements, S. A 487 
 
 Collier, N. C 294 
 
 Collier, T. W 630 
 
 Cone, John W 498 
 
 Conklin, C. M 503 
 
 Cook, George W 642 
 
 Cooney, Michael 401 
 
 Coors, H. G 430 
 
 Corbett, John 534 
 
 Cory, James 468 
 
 Cosgrove, Wm. H 588 
 
 Cowan, R. H 621 
 
 Creamer, C. M 590 
 
 Crist, J. H 640 
 
 Cronin, M . .428 
 
 Cruickshank, C. G 283 
 
 Cummings, E. S 439 
 
 Curry, George 552 
 
 Curry, George 615 
 
 D 
 
 Dame, W. E 617 
 
 Day, S. H 340 
 
 De Baca, L. M. C 596 
 
 De Baca, M. C 272 
 
 Defouri, J. H 230 
 
 Delgado, Pedro 261 
 
 Diaz, J. M 382 
 
 Didier, Adolphe 621 
 
 Dodson, F. B 507 
 
 Dougherty, H. M 467 
 
 Downs, Francis 375 
 
 Dudrow, C. W 425 
 
 Dwyer, J. W 226 
 
 Dyson, S. A 493 
 
 Easley, C. F 259 
 
 Easterday, G. S 287 
 
 Eaton, E. W 268 
 
 Eaton, N. P 461 
 
 Eggert, William 429 
 
 Eklund, Carl 493 
 
 Eldodt, Samuel 420 
 
 Elliott, A. B 598 
 
 Ervien, R. P 494 
 
 Evans, J. W 359 
 
 Everitt, Arthur 438 
 
 Fall, A. B 503 
 
 Fanning, P. P 410 
 
 Fergusson, H. B 265 
 
 Field, Seaman 545 
 
 Fiske, E. A 305 
 
 Forsythe, B; F 490 
 
 Fort, L. C 245 
 
 Fountain, A. J 656 
 
 Fox, F. C 457 
 
 Franklin, John 583 
 
 Franz, E. D 618 
 
 First Nat. Bank of Las Vegas. .330 
 
 Gable, T. P 619 
 
 Garcia, Lino 629 
 
 Garcia, Marcelino 320 
 
 Gerdes, J. H 566 
 
 Gibson, E. J 411 
 
 Gilbert, Bartlett 520 
 
 Gillett, H. S 542 
 
 Given, F. 1 613 
 
 Goebel, Oscar 464 
 
 Goebel, W. H 379 
 
 Gonzales, Adelaide 312 
 
 Gonzales, Nasario '. . .609 
 
 Gonzales, Patricio 269 
 
 Gonzales y Baca, F 428 
 
 Gostling, Charles R 301 
 
 Graaf, Julius 433 
 
 Graham, A. R 549 
 
 Grande, C. A 439 
 
 Grant, A. A 409 
 
 Gray, Isaac H 554 
 
 Gray, S. T 579 
 
 Green, Richard. .". 506 
 
 Greene, C. W 604 
 
 Greenleaf, R. H 391 
 
 Gross, Blackwell & Company. . .436 
 
 Griffin, W. W 319 
 
 Griggs, J. E 509 
 
 Grunsfeld, Albert 474 
 
 Grunsfeld, E. A 325 
 
 Gusdorf , A 625 
 
 Gutierrez, A. C 331 
 
 Guyer, G. W 632 
 
 H 
 
 Hadley, O. A 297 
 
 Hadley, W. C 288 
 
 Hall, R. P 349 
 
 Hall, T. C 541 
 
 Hamblin, E. L 453 
 
 Hamilton, H. B 281 
 
 Hanna, S. G 458 
 
 Harlan, J. A 650 
 
 Harllee, A. H 556 
 
 Harlow, E. H 592 
 
 Harris, H. V -. 442 
 
 Harrison, G. W 276 
 
 Harsch, Adolph 436 
 
 Hartman, G. W 397 
 
 Hayward, T. W 434 
 
 Head, R. G 652 
 
 Herrera, Cosme 650 
 
 Herron, J. B 491 
 
 Herzog, Leon 558 
 
 Hewitt, John Y 513 
 
 Hill, A. P 363 
 
 Hill, J. M 451 
 
 Hill, John 431 
 
 Hilton, A. H 449 
 
 Hines, Lemuel 405 
 
 Hinman, O. C 534 
 
 Hobart, E. F 423 
 
 Hodgin, C. E 229 
 
 Hofmeister, L. H 361 
 
 Holland, J. S 314 
 
 Hope, W. G 263 
 
 Hopewell, W. S 497 
 
 Howell, A. E 620 
 
 Hubbell, F. A 632 
 
 Hudson Hot Springs 549 
 
 Hudson, J. R 426 
 
 Hudson, Richard 546 
 
 Huning, Franz 471 
 
 Huning, Louis 350 
 
 Hunt, Charles F 631 
 
 Jackson, W. L 524 
 
 Jaffa, Nathan 569 
 
 Jaffa-Prager Company 568 
 
 James, J. W " 571 
 
 Jelfs, John 414 
 
 Jennings, W. L 355 
 
 Joseph, Antonio 664 
 
 Joyner, W. T 573 
 
 K 
 
 Kahler, M. L 616 
 
 Keegan, J. J 578 
 
 Keith, C. A 572 
 
 Kendall, A. L 302 
 
 Kennedy, C. W 581 
 
 Kennon, Lewis 567 
 
 King, Israel 533 
 
 Kinsinger, J. W 469 
 
 Kline, Seneca T 486 
 
 Kohlhousen, C. B 388 
 
 Korber, J 443 
 
 Kremis, W. H 406 
 
 Kronig, William 306 
 
 Laird, A. B 517 
 
 Lane, W. G 499 
 
 Laughlin, N. B 593 
 
 Lea, J. C 658 
 
 Lee, Wm. D 264 
 
 Leeson, J. J 478 
 
 Lesperance, P 488 
 
 Letton, R. P 412 
 
 Lewis, C. W 441 
 
 Liebert, Aloys 537 
 
 Link, B. T 519 
 
 Littrell, Marion 638 
 
 Livingston, J. K 560 
 
 Llewellyn, W. H. H 601 
 
 Loewenstein, Leo. 360 
 
 Long, E. V 255 
 
 Lucas, James A 515 
 
 Ludemann, George 430 
 
 Lumpkins, J. H 4% 
 
 Luna, A. J 665 
 
 Luna, Maximiliano 284 
 
 Luna, Solomon 666 
 
 Luna, Tranquilino 284 
 
 Lyon, Charles 318 
 
 M 
 
 Maher, Martin 522 
 
 Maloney, James 603 
 
 Manzanares, F. A 289 
 
 Martin, John K 489 
 
 Martinez, Felix 529 
 
 Matheson, J. F 458 
 
 Mathews, J. B 574 
 
 Mausard, Charles 440 
 
 Maxwell, Theodore 554 
 
 McAuliffe, T. F 371 
 
 McClellan, W. M 417 
 
 McClintock, A 515 
 
 McClure, Wm. L 623 
 
 McCrea, S. P 525 
 
 McCuistion, O. W 380 
 
 McDonald, W. C 591 
 
 McFie, John R 500 
 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 671 
 
 McGarvey, B. F 367 
 
 McGinn, Hugh 566 
 
 McGrorty, J. P 527 
 
 McLenathen, C. H 651 
 
 McMartin, M. A 333 
 
 McQuillin, Joseph 450 
 
 McShooler, T. W 365 
 
 Meek, Samuel C 476 
 
 Mickey, H. P 309 
 
 Miller, J. N 583 
 
 Miller, Lorion 254 
 
 Mills, T. B 377 
 
 Mitchell, F. H 364 
 
 Mitchell, T. E 492 
 
 Montfort, H. A 447 
 
 Montgomery, J 455 
 
 Montoya, E 346 
 
 Moreno, Prisiliano 304 
 
 Morrison, A. L 427 
 
 Morrison, Arthur 316 
 
 Mueller, F. P 613 
 
 Murphy, J. J . 413 
 
 Myers, R. B 446 
 
 N 
 
 Nance, C. H 366 
 
 Neher, George K 438 
 
 Neustadt, Simon 468 
 
 Newcomb, S. B 599 
 
 Newsham, R. V 528 
 
 Nichols, J. E 629 
 
 Nickle, R. A 557 
 
 O 
 
 Olney, F. E 274 
 
 Ortiz, Ambrosio 424 
 
 Ortiz y Salazar, A 341 
 
 Otero, M. A 247 
 
 Otto, Christian 495 
 
 Overbay, V. A 628 
 
 Pace, George J 407 
 
 Paden, M. G 572 
 
 Palace Hotel 506 
 
 Parker, E. W 590 
 
 Parker, F. W 548 
 
 Partridge, N. H 301 
 
 Patty, Saban 386 
 
 Pearce, J. F 263 
 
 Pecos Valley Land & Water Co..641 
 
 Perez, Detnetrio 271 
 
 Pierce, M. L 624 
 
 Poe, John W 481 
 
 Pope, William H 385 
 
 Prager, Wm. S 570 
 
 Pratt, F. G 445 
 
 Preisser, Aloys 543 
 
 Prince, L. Bradford 241 
 
 R 
 
 Rand, C. G 636 
 
 Raynolds, J 330-395 
 
 Read, Alexander 667 
 
 Read, B. M 338 
 
 Read, L. G 335 
 
 Rivenburg, Grant 635 
 
 Richardson, G. A 561 
 
 Robins, Win. M 540 
 
 Romero, Atanasio 358 
 
 Romero, B. A 374 
 
 Romero, Boleslo 282 
 
 Romero, Hilario 343 
 
 Romero, Trinid?d 295 
 
 Renault, Theodore 358 
 
 Rosenthal, N. L, 432 
 
 Saint, J. E 277 
 
 Salazar, M. M 637 
 
 Sanchez, Pedro 465 
 
 Santistevan, Juan D. R 577 
 
 Sawyer, Z. B 623 
 
 Schick, Valentine 643 
 
 Schmidt, J. J 373 
 
 Schober, Gottfried 380 
 
 Scholle, Frederick 463 
 
 Schroeder, J. B 639 
 
 Segura, Jose 426 
 
 Sena, Jose D 501 
 
 Sena, M. F 502 
 
 Seninger, John 366 
 
 Sever, Abraham 383 
 
 Shannon, C. M 587 
 
 Shaw, A. A 280 
 
 Sherfey, S. W 648 
 
 Shuler, J. J 332 
 
 Simpier, A 444 
 
 Simpson, S. H 610 
 
 Skelly, L. A 659 
 
 Slack, John C 320 
 
 Sloan, J. H 321 
 
 Smith, Hugh H 370 
 
 Smith, J. E 452 
 
 Smith, Ollin E 353 
 
 Smith, Orlando 361 
 
 Smith, Thomas 237 
 
 Southwest Brewing & Ice Com- 
 pany 443 
 
 Sowers, George H 521 
 
 Spiess, Charles A 375 
 
 Sporleder, C. H 323 
 
 Springer Cement Company 301 
 
 Staab, A 634 
 
 Stanley, H. H 520 
 
 Stapp, Wm. B 398 
 
 Stephens, Troilous 661 
 
 Stephenson, H. F 369 
 
 Stewart, L. W 649 
 
 Stoffel, E. E 440 
 
 Stone, E. T 543 
 
 Story, A. M 551 
 
 Stuy vesant, J. P 356 
 
 Swope, S. D 612 
 
 Talle, P. P 313 
 
 Tamme, Charles 326 
 
 Terrell, E. A 389 
 
 Thompson, W. A 317 
 
 Thornton, Wm. T 233 
 
 Toombs, O. T 310 
 
 Tracy, F. G 574 
 
 Trimble, L,. S 579 
 
 Troeger, R. C 584 
 
 U 
 
 Ulrick, George L 544 
 
 Urton, Wm. G 586 
 
 Valdes, Manuel 424 
 
 Valverde, Paz 300 
 
 Varela, Gregorio 480 
 
 Veeder, J. D. W 270 
 
 Victoria, Sister 110 
 
 Victory, J. P 345 
 
 W 
 
 Walker, James H .260 
 
 Walker, J. D 568 
 
 Warren, H. L, 273 
 
 Water & Improvement Company .340 
 
 Watrous, J. B 298 
 
 Webber, E. T 635 
 
 Weed, W. H 585 
 
 Wells, A. G 342 
 
 Wheelock, J. M 448 
 
 Whitcomb, A. M 341 
 
 White, W. A. 357 
 
 Whiteman, Wm. H 291 
 
 Whiting, Calvin 356 
 
 Whiting, H. R 286 
 
 Whitmore, A. H 266 
 
 Wilkerson, T. N 394 
 
 Willcox, W. H 322 
 
 Williams, J. F 506 
 
 Williams, Joseph 303 
 
 Wilson, Charles 584 
 
 Wilson, Francis.. 451 
 
 Windsor, Antonio 422 
 
 Winters, D. C 479 
 
 Wise, A. A 435 
 
 Wood, G. N 550 
 
 Wooster, H. S 311 
 
 Wright, F. J 535 
 
 Wroth, James H 318 
 
 Young, R. L, 625 
 
 Yrisarri, J 453 
 
 Zirhut, M. C 386 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Baca, Elfego 433 
 
 Baca, Santiago 249 
 
 Cartwright, H. B 337 
 
 Chaves, J. F 257 
 
 Cooney, J. C., Tomb of 403 
 
 Cooney, Michael 401 
 
 Field, Seaman 545 
 
 Fiske, E. A 305 
 
 Grant, A. A . .409 
 
 Hamilton, H. B 281 
 
 Hewitt, John Y 513 
 
 Hillsborough 187 
 
 Hopewell, W. S 497 
 
 Laughlin, N. B 593 
 
 Manzanares, F. A 289 
 
 Martinez, Felix 529 
 
 McClellan, Mrs. L. M 417 
 
 McClellan, W. M 417 
 
 Mills, T. B 377 
 
 Pecos Valley 124, 158 
 
 Poe, John W 481 
 
 Pope, W. H 385 
 
 Richardson, G. A 561 
 
 Roswell Buildings and Park.. .204 
 
 Sanchez, Pedro, Residence 465 
 
 Santa Fe Cathedral and San 
 
 Miguel Church 96 
 
 Santa Fe Institution of Sisters 
 of Loretto and Sisters' Hos- 
 pital 109 
 
 Santistevan, Juan 577 
 
 Sloan, J. H 321 
 
 Smith, Ollin E 353 
 
 Stephenson, H. F 369 
 
 Talle, P. P 313 
 
 Thornton, Wm. T 233 
 
 Victory, J. P 345 
 
 Warren, H. L 273 
 
 White Oaks, Scenes in and about. 225