lY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Y OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFOF /TO LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Y OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFOR LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFOR »RY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE I ARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE ARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA h ^ LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE !?r^fv^?5^v ^V/AlY^ .<:???^?s^-s. ^^3vC^^S^ i CAMP'S HIGIIEE GEOGPaPHY, TRErARED TO ACCOMPAXY MITCHELL'S SERIES OF OUTLINE MAPS, AND DESKJNED EOR GRAMMAR AND HIGH SCHOOLS. AND FOR THE niGIIER CLASSES OF DISTRICT SCHOOLS. BY DAVID N. CAMP, piuNcrrAi, OF Tin: conn, state xokmal school and state superintendent of common schools. HARTFOrir>: PUCLISIIED BY 0. D. CASE AND COMPANY; O^H I C A G- O : GEOEGE SIIEP.VrOOD & CO. 1804. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 18G2, by 0. D. CASE & CO., lu the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the District of Connecticut. CASE, LOCKAVOOD Sc CO., ELECTKOTYPEKS AND PKINTEKS, HAKTFORI>, CONN. PREFACE. The following work has been prepared for use in High Schools and Academies, and for the higher classes in District Schools. The lessons are arranged to accompany Mitchell's Scries of Outline Maps, but can be used independently, as the book is complete in itself. The maps are exact transcripts of thd^utline Maps reduced in size, and the key to the maps in tlie book is also a key to the larger maps. The map questions are prepared to test the pupil's knowledge of the most important things in map studies, after he has carefully studied the map with the key. The geographical definitions, it is believed, are exact, and sufficiently comprehensive ; and the lessons in descriptive geography include the more important facts relative to countries and cities, and are so arranged as to facilitate the comparison of different countries, and assist in generalization and classification. The cuts have been specially prepared for this work, and the subjects have been selected, not only as illustrations of the text, but as worthy of extended study by the pupil. The Outline Maps have been revised and improved so as to present to the eye, in a clear and distinct manner, the divisions of the earth's surface with the natural features of each. r-rr>>« J%*^^ A HINTS TO TEACHERS. In introducing tho study of Geography to a class of young pupils, their attcutiou should first bo directed to the school yard, or a portion of the road, or fields ; prominent objects should be pointed out, and their relative position and distance noted. The whole should then be represented on the blackboard, by the teacher. Thus would be conveyed to the child the idea of a map. This map should be copied on a slate, by each member of the class, and recited from as a lesson. Additions of surrounding fields, roads and prominent objects, should be made at successive lessons, till a map of the district, village, town, or city, is completed. Various natural features should be described when located, such as brooks, ponds, hills and islands ; the points of tlie compass indicated ; the boundaries, peculiarities, and general features of the wdiole taught orally, and by actual view of the same if possililc. By similar and successive steps, the geography of tlie county and state should bo taught, while an outline of the same is made upon the board and copied by the class. In the use of this book let the mathematical terms employed in geography be carefully explained with a globe or other apparatus, and the definitions be well learned and fully illustrated. In the study of the maps, the pupil should be taught to remember the various natural objects from their form and position, and not alone from the nimibers which mark them. In using the Outline Maps, the map shoidd, if convenient, be suspended on the north side of the room. In recitation, the pupils can name the objects as pointed out by the teacher, or can point them out as called Ijy the teacher, or some member of the class. Commencing with the upper left hand corner of each map, let the countries and natural bodies of land and water be learned and recited in their order, classified as follows : 1 Countries. 5 Capes, Peninsidas and Isthmuses. 2 Oceans, Seas, Gulfs and Bays. 6 Mountains and Deserts. 3 Straits, Channels and Sounds. 7 Lakes and Rivers. 4 Islands. 8 Cities and Towns, (not recited on Map No. 1.) Tlie pupil should become so familiar with each map, the natural features represented, the political divisions and the locality of places, as to recognize them at once without numbers or names. This attainment can be secured by a careful study of the map with the key in the geography, and by drawing the map on the slate or paper, putting down the parallels and meridians, and accurately filling up the outline with the natural and political divisions. The objects given in Roman letters should be learned first. HINTS TO TEACHERS. In the location and description of countries or other bodies of land, and bodies of water, it is well for the teacher to give a model to be followed by each member of the class. Thus in describing A Country or State. — Locate and bound. An Ocean, Sea, Gulf or Bay. — Give its direction from the nearest coast, and tell with Avhat bodies of water it is connected. A Strait, Channel or Sound. — State between what countries or islands it lies, and v\'hat bodies of water it connects. An Island. — Give its direction from some country or larger island, and what water surrounds it. A Cape. — Tell from what country or coast, and into what body of water it projects. A Peninsula. — Mention the body of land with which it is connected, and the bodies of water nearly surrounding it. An Isthmus. — Mention the countries it connects and the bodies of water it lies between. A Mountain. — Tell in what part of what country it is situated ; if a range of moun- tains, give the direction in which it extends. A Lake. — Tell in what part of what country it is, and give its outlet if any is named. A River. — Tell its source, direction, and into what body of water it flows. A City or Town. — Locate and tell whether a seaport or not. Each map is to be reviewed by promiscuous questions. A few of these have been given. But the teacher should multiply and vary them, as circumstances require. The questions on the maps are followed by a brief description of the countries repre- sented. The more important facts are given on each country. But a full description could not be given, without increasing the size and price of the book far beyond the wants of our schools. Tliis can much better be obtained from gazetteers, geographical dictionaries and cyclopedias, than from any text-book. For classes of advanced scholars, topical instruction will often be found the most beneficial. For this purpose, let a country be selected and a topic given to each member of the class. Each pupil should then consult reference books, such as cyclopedias and books of travel, and from all available sources obtain the information desired, and be prepared to stand by the map, before the class, and give a connected, intelligent account of the facts he has obtained, without questions or suggestions. The following list of topics is given to be varied to suit the size and capacities of the class : LIST OF TOPICS FOR ADVx\NCED CLASS. 1 Name of Country, Situation, Extent and Boundaries. 2 Coast, (indentations and projections.) 8 Rivers and Lakes, (water-sheds.) 4 Surface, (mountains, plains, plateaus, &c.) 5 Soil and Climate, (how varied and affected.) CONTENTS. 6 Productions, (animal, vegetable and mineral.) 7 Manufactures. 8 Commerce, (exports and imports.) 9 Cities and Towns, (capitals, seaports and manufacturing towns.) 10 Traveling Facilities, 11 Inhabitants,, (population, manners and customs.) 12 Government. ^ 13 Education and Eeligion. 14 History, (Colonial Possessions.) 15 Miscellaneous. (Natural curiosities, places and objects of interest, distin- guished persons, &c.) CONTENTS. Preface, .... Hints to Teachers, . Mathematical Definitions, Geographical Definitions. The Earth, Natural Divisions, Land, . Natural Divisions, V.'atkii, Description op Map.s, . . Hemispheres, Size, Motions and Circles of Earth, Latitude, .... Longitude, . . • . Zones, . . . • Maps, with Key and Questions. No. 1, The Word, No. 2, North America, No. S, British Provinces, No. 4, United States and Mexico, No. 5, South America, No. f), Europe, . . . Page. No. 7, Asia, Page. 126 4 No. 8, Africa, . . 142 7 No. 9, Oceanica, . 156 No. 10, The Physical World, • . 164 8 Descriptive Geography. 8 North America, . 29 9 British Provinces, . 3,5 10 United States and Mexico, . 49 10 South America, . . 86 11 Europe, . . . . . 103 n Asia, • 131 12 Africa, . . . . . 146 12 Oceanica, . 160 Physical Geography, • , 167 14 Land, . . . . 167 24 Water, • . 172 82 The Atmosphere, . . . 175 40 CJeographical Distribution of Plants, , 177 82 GeOORAPHICAL DlSTHIPrTTON OF Animals, 178 96 ' Vocabulary and Tables, . . . 180 HIGHER GKOGIIAPHY. N,o5^'^^--"'>' DEFINITIONS OF MATIIEJLVTICAL TERMS USED IN GEOGRAPHY* Q. What is a sphere ? A solid bounded by a surface every point of which is equally distant from a point within, called the center. Q. What is the diameter of a sphere? The distance from one side to the other through its center. Q. What is the circumference of a sphere ? The distance round it. Q. What is the axis of a sphere ? The straight line about which it revolves. Q. What are the poles ? The ends of the axis. A hemisphere is half a sphere. Q. What is a circle? A portion of a plane bounded by a curved line every point of which is equally distant from a point within, called the center. The bounding line is called the circumference. Note. In Geography, the term circle is sometimes ap- plied to the circumference. Q. What are great circles of a sphere ? Those which pass through its center. All which do not pass through the center are small circles. Q. What is an arc ? A portion of the circumference of a circle. Q. How are arcs measured ? Every circle is divided into 360 degrees, every degree into 60 minutes, every minute into 60 seconds, and these are used for the measurement of arcs. This les.«!On should be illustrated by a sphere or by figures on a blackboard. G E G K A P II I C A L DEFINITIONS. GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS 1. THE EARTH. Q What is Geography ? A description of the surface of the Earth. Q. AN^hat do we understand by " the Earth f The globe or world on which we live. Q. What is its form ? It is round or spherical, like a hall. Q. Of what does the surface of the earth consist ? Of land and water. 2. LAND. Q. What portion of the earth is land ? About one-fourth part — the other three parts are water. j Q. What are the principal divisions of land ? Continents and Islands. Q. What is a continent ? A very large extent of land, surrounded by water, as the Eastern Continent and Western Continent. Note. Divisions are somctimeg called continents, as Asia, Africa. Q. What is an island ? A portion of land less than a continent, entirely surrounded by water, as Australia. Q. What other natural divisions of land ? Peninsulas, Isthmuses, Capes and Prom- ontories. Note. These divisions are parts of continents or islands. Q. What is a peninsula ? A portion of land almost surrounded by water. Africa is a peninsula. Q. \\''hat is an isthmus ? A narrow neck of land connecting two large divisions of land, as the Isthmus of Darien. Q. Wliat is a cape ? A point of land extending into the sea, as the Cape of Good Hope. Q. What is a promontor}' 'i A high point of land extending into the sea. Q. How is the earth diversified ? By Mountains, Hills, Plains and Valleys. Q. What is a mountain ? A high elevation of land. A continuous elevation, or a number of mountains con- nected together, is called a chain or range of mountains, as the Andes. Note. The tops of the highest mountains are covered with ice and snow, even in the warmest regions of the earth. Q. What is a volcano ? It is a mountain sending forth fire and smoke, also lava or melted stones, from an opening at the top, called a crater. Note. Some volcanoes are constantly burning, while others are intermittent in their eruptions. Q. What is a hill ? An elevation of land not so high as a mountain. Q. What is a plain ? A level tract of land. Note. High and extended tracts of land are called Table Lands, or Plateaus. Q. What is a valley ? A portion of land situated between moun- tains or hills. Q. What is a desert ? A sandy, barren tract of land. Note. A fertile spot in a desert is called an oasis. Q. What is a shore, or coast ? A portion of land bordering on the water ; as the Atlantic coast — Long Island shore. GrEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. MOUNTAINS, HILLS, PLAINS AND VALLEYS. S. WATER. Q. How is the water divided ? Into Oceans, Seas, Archipelagoes, Gulfs, I>ays, Sounds, Channels, Straits, Lakes, and Rivers. Q. What is an ocean ? It is the largest extent of water, — as the Pacific ocean. Q. How many oceans are there ? Five. — The Northern, Southern, Pacific, Atlantic and Indian. They are all connected and form one vast body of salt water. Q. What is a sea ? A collection of salt water smaller than an ocean, and nearly surrounded by land. Q. What is an Archipelago V It is a sea containing many islands. Note. The term archipelago is also applied to groups of islands. Q. What are gulfs and bays V Portions of the sea or ocean, extending into the land. Q. What is a strait ? A narrow passage connecting two large bodies of water. Q. What is a channel ? A wide strait. Q. What is a sound ? A strait or channel that may be measured with lead and line. Q. What is a lake ? A body of water surrounded by land, ex- cept wliere it receives or discharges its waters. Note. The water of most lakes is fresh. Salt Lakes arc generally called seas,— as the Caspian. Q. What is a river ? A large stream of water, flowing from its source into larger streams or other bodies of water. Note 1. Small streams are called creeks, rivulets, brooks or rills. Note 2. The banks of a river are the land bordering on its sides. The right bank is that on the right hand side as you descend the stream, and the left bank is on the opposite side. 10 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. OCEAN BODIES OF LAND AND WATER. Q. How are rivers formed ? By a union of rivulets flowing from springs, issuing from high lands, or from lakes or ponds. Q. Where is the source of a river ? That place from which it begins to flow, as a spring or lake. Q. What is the mouth of a river ? The place where it discharges its waters. NoTF. The space occupied by the water of a river is called its bed or channeL 4. MAPS. Q. Describe a map. A map is a picture of a part or the whole of the earth's surface, as it would appear if viewed from a place above it. Not?:. See map of continent, &c., above. Q. What does a map represent ? The forms of Continents, Oceans, Islands, Lakes, Rivers, &c. Q. In what direction is the top of the map sup- posed to be ? North. Q. Tiic bottom of a map It South. Q. The right hand ? East. Q. The left hand ? West.' Q. What are these directions called ? The cardinal or chief points of the com- pass. 5. HEMISPHERES.* Q. What does the word Hemisphere signify ? Half of a globe or sphere. Q. How many Hemispheres are there ? Two, the Eastern and Western. NoTK. If we take an orange and cut it into halves and place these halves side by side, with their flat sur faces on the wall, they will represent the Hemispheres. Q. Which is the Eastern Hemisphere ? The one on the right hand. * See globe or map No. I GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS 11 Q. "What docs the map on the Eastern Hemisphere represent ? The Eastern side of the earth ; viz : Eu- rope, Asia, Africa, and a part of Oceanica, together with the Indian ocean, and parts of the Northern, Southern, Pacific and At- lantic oceans. Q. Which is the "Western Hemisphere ? The one on the left hand. Q. "What docs the map of the "\Yestern Hemisphere represent ? The Western half of the earth. It con- tains North and South America, and the remaining part of Oceanica ; also a part of the Northern, Southern, Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Q. "Which Hemisphere contains the most land ? The Eastern. Q. "Which the most water ? The Western. Q. For what is the Eastern Continent distin- guished ? For containing the most land, the highest mountains, and the greatest number of in- habitants. Q. For what is the "Western Continent noted ? For the number and magnitude of its lakes, its extended ranges of mountainSc, and the length of its rivers. 6. SIZE AND MOTIONS OF THE EARTH, EQUATOR AND CIRCLES. Note. The teacher should use a globe to illustrate this lesson. Q. What is the size of the Earth ? It is about 25,000 miles in circumference and nearly 8,000 in diameter. Note. The earth is not an exact sphere, the polar di- ameter being but 7,900 miles, while the equatorial is 7,926. Q. What is the axis of the Earth ? It is an imaginary line passing through its center, from north to south, upon which it turns. Q. What are the Poles ? The ends of the Earth's axis. The northern is called the north Pole, the southern the south Pole. Note. These are also imaginary. Q. AVhat motions has the Earth ? It has one on its axis, called the diurnal or daily motion, and one around the sun, called the annual or yearly motion. Note. The earth revolves or turns on its axis from west to east, once in twenty-four hours ; this causes day and night. It revolves around the sun once in 8655- days. This, with the inclination of its axis to the plane of its orbit, causes the different lengths of days and nights, and the change of the seasons. Note. Tne earth has other motions, which the pupil will learn about in the study of Astronomy. Q. What is the Equator ? An imaginary great circle of the earth situated at equal distances from the poles. Q. How does it divide the earth ? Into two equal parts called the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Q. How is the Equator represented on the map of the hemispheres ? By a line crossing it from east to west, and marked on its sides. Q. What are the Tropics ? Tavo imaginary small circles parallel to the equator and 23^° from it. The northern is called the Tropic of Can- cer, and the southern the Tropic of Capri- corn. Q. What are the Polar Circles ? Two imaginary small circles parallel to the tropics and 23i° from the poles. The northern is called the Arctic Circle, and the southern the Antarctic Circle. Questions on Globe or Map No. 1. Point out the North pole. South pole. Equator. Eastern hemis- phere. Western hemisphere. Northern hemisphere Southern hemisphere. Tropics. Polar circles. / 7. LATITUDE Q. Wh.at is Latitude ? 12 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. Distance from the equator either north or south. Q. How is Latitude represented '? By lines crossing the map from the right to the left, and numbered on its sides. Q. What are these lines called ? Parallels of Latitude, because they pass around tlie earth parallel with the equator. Q. What do the figures attached to the parallels of Latitude show? The number of degrees of Latitude. Q. Where do we begin to reckon the degrees of latitude ? At the Equator. Q. How many degrees between the equator and each of the poles? Ninety. Q. What is said of places either north or south of the equator ? Those north of the equator are in North Lititudo, and those sonth, arc in South Lat- itnde Q. What of places on the equator ? They have no Latitude. Q, W.iat is the length of each degree of latitude ? Sixty geographical miles, or sixty-nine and a quarter statute miles. Note. The geographical mile must be distinguished from the statute mile. The former may be longer or gliorter — the latter is always of the same length. Q. How then may we learn the distance of a place from the equator V By determining the number of degrees between it and the equator, and reducing them to miles. 8. LONGITUDE. Q. What is Longitude ? Distance east or west from some given meridian. Q. What arc Meridians ? Great circles of the earth, extending from pole to pole, cutting the equator at right an"-les. These circles, marked by lines ex- tending from the top to the bottom of the map, represent Longitude. Q. From what meridian do wc usually reckon Longitude ? That of Greenwich, in England, which is marked on the map, and is called the first meridian. Q. What is tlie custom of different nations in this respect ? To reckon Longitude from their capitals, — as the United States fromWashington city. Q. Where are the degrees of Longitude usually marked on the maps ? On the map of the world, they are marked on the equator; but on other maps they are usually placed at the top and bottom. Q. How many degrees of Longitude are there ? Beginning at the first meridian there are 180 degrees of East Longitude, and 180 de- grees of West. Q. How many degrees, then, around the earth ? Three hundred and sixty. Q. What Longitude have places on the first merid- ian ? No Longitude. Q. How can you tell whether the Longitude of a place be East or West V If the figures or degrees increase from left to right, the Longitude is East ; if they increase from right to left it is West. Q. What is the length of a degree of Longitude? It is sixty-nine and a quarter miles on the equator, but the degrees constantly lessen from the equator to the poles, where they cease to have any length.* 9. ZONES. Q. What are Zones ? Divisions of the earth's surface formed by the tro])ics and tlie polar circles. Note. The word Zone means a belt ; hence it is applied to these portions of the earth's surface, because they .'-nr rouud the earth like a belt. » Sec page 23, Table. GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 13 Q. How many Zones are there ? Five— The North Frigid; the South Frig- id ; the North Temperate ; the South Tera- perate, and the Torrid Zone. Q. Which is the North Frigid? That part of the earth whicli lies around the North Pole, within the Arctic Circle. Q. Which is the South Frigid? That part of the earth which lies around the South Pole, within the Antarctic Circle. Q. What is the cHniate of these Zones ? Tiicy are the coldest parts of the earth, heing covered with snow and ice nearly all the year. Hence they are called the Frigid Zones. Q. Do they produce any grain or fruits ? Neither grain nor esculent fruits are cul- tivated, and the trees are few and small. Q. What animals are found ? Only the most hardy kinds, as the white bear, musk ox, reindeer and seal. Q. What can you say of their inhabitants ? No inhabitants have been found in the South Frigid Zone. Those of the North Frigid Zone are few in number, and gener- ally uncivilized. Q. What part of the earth's surface is embraced by the North Temperate Zone? That part situated between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle. Q. What part by the South Temperate Zone? That part situated between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle. Q. What is the climate of the Temperate Zones ? Generally mild and pleasant, but in some parts variable. Q. What can you say of their productions ? They are numerous and important. — A.mong them are the various grains, such as wheat, rye, oats, Indian corn, cotton, rice, and the sugar cane ; also many other useful and beautiful productions of the vegetable kingdom. Q. What animals are found in great numbers and variety ? The domestic, — as the horse, ox, cow, sheep, goat, swine, &c. Q. What may be said of their minerals ? They are rich and abundant, embracing almost every variety. Q. For what is the North Temperate Zone more particularly distinguished ? For containing the most important coun- tries, the most powerful nations, and the lar- gest portion of the inhabitants of the earth. Q. How may the inhabitants of these Zones be characterized ? By their possessing fairer complexions, more regular features, stronger intellects, and greater energy of character, than the inhabitants of either of the other zones. Q. Where is the Torrid Zone situated? On both sides of the equator, between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. Q. What is its climate ? It is the warmest part of the earth. Snow and ice are here never seen, except on the tops of the highest mountains. For this reason it is called the Torrid Zone. Q. What are the productions of this Zone ? Tea, coffee, pepper, spice, cloves, nutmegs, rice, oranges, lemons, and various other fruits. Q. What animals are peculiar to this Zone ? The largest and most powerful in the world, — as the elephant, the lion, camelopard, rhi- noceros, tiger, hippopotamus, camel, IUNG10N DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY, 4. UNITED STATES. Square miles, 3,000,000. Population, 31,600,000. The United States comprise a large ter- ritory extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and occupying the central portion of North America. It has a shore line of over 12,600 miles on the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and the Gulf of Mexico. It may be divided physically into the Northern Lake region, the Atlantic slope, the Gulf region, tlic Pacific slope, and the Mississippi valley. It is well watered by numerous large rivers and lakes. Two long ranges of moun- tains traverse it, between which stretches the great valley of the Mississippi river and its branches. It possesses a healthful climate, fertile soil, unrivaled facilities for internal naviga- tion, and is one of the most productive countries in the world. The chief articles of cultivation are Indian corn, wheat, potatoes, oats, rye, cotton, rice, tobacco, and a great variety of fruits. The most useful minerals abound, such as gold, iron, copper, lead, coal, and lime. There are also quarries of granite, marble, freestone, and slate. The manufactures are very extensive, embracing a great variety of useful articles. Its commerce extends to all parts of the globe, and is second only to that of Great Britain. No other nation has so many steam and canal boats traversing its waters, or so many miles of telegraph lines and railroad, either finished, or in course of construction. 50 UNITED STATES. The inhabitants of the United States are chiefly of English descent. Some are of Dutch, Irish, and French extraction ; and about four millions are of the African race, residing mainly in the southern part. The people are distinguished for industry, enterprise and intelligence. Schools and colleges are very numerous, and there are few who may not enjoy the means of edu- cation. The prevailing religion is the Protestant, though all sects are tolerated by law. The government of the United States is a Federal Republic. Each State is inde- pendent in its local affairs, and chooses its own officers, but the defence of the country, matters relating to foreign commerce and the general concerns of the nation, are committed by the constitution to the General Government. The laws are made by Congress, which is composed of a Senate and House of Repre- sentatives. The Senate consists of two mem- bers from each state, chosen for six years. The representatives- are chosen by the peo- ple for two years. The President and Vice- President are elected for four years. In the organized territories, the people choose a legislature to make laws, but the governor is appointed by the President. The first settlement in the United States was made by the French, in Florida, in 1565 ; the second, by the English, in Virginia, in 1607. The colonies were subject to Great Bri- tain till 1776, when the colonists declared themselves free and independent. The war of the revolution continued seven years, and closed in 1783, when Great Britain acknowledged the independence of the United States. The states are divided into the Eastern. Middle, Southern, and Western States. EASTERN STATES. 1 Maine, 4 Massachusetts, 2 New Hampshire, 5 Rhode Island, 3 Vermont, 6 Connecticut. MIDDLE STATES. 7 New York, 9 Pennsylvania, 8 New Jersey, 10 Delaware. SOUTHERN 11 Maryland, 12 Dist. of Colum- 13 Virginia, [bia, 13^ West Virginia, 14 North Carolina, 15 South Carolina, STATES. 16 Georgia, 17 Florida, 18 Alabama, 19 Mississippi, 20 Louisiana, 21 Texas. WESTERN STATES. 22 Arkansas, 29 Michigan, 23 Missouri, 24 Tennessee, 25 Kentucky, 26 Ohio, . 27 Indiana, 28 Illinois, 30 Wisconsin, 31 Iowa, 32 California, 33 Minnesota, 35 Kansas, 39 Oreffon. 34 Nebraska, 36 Indian, 37 New Mexico, 38 Utah, 40 Washington, TERRITORIES. 41 Dakota, 42 Colorado, 43 Nevada, 44 Arizona, 45 Idaho. Questions. What do the United States comprise ? Describe the divisions. Surface. Climate. Soil, &c. What are the chief Vegetable productions ? Most useful minerals ? What can you say of the manufactures and commerce? Steam and canal boats? Telegraph lines and railroads? What is said of the inhabi- tants? For what are they distinguished? What U:;iTED STATES. 51 THE EASTERN STATES. is said of education ? "What is the prevailing reli- gion ? What is the government ? By whom are the laws made? Who compose the senate? How are the representatives chosen ? For how long are the president and vice-president elected ? How are the organized territories governed? Where and when were the earliest settlements made ? When were the colonies declared independent? How long did the revolutionary war continue? Name the Eastern States. Middle. Southern. Western. The territories. EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. The Eastern or New England States include Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Ehode Island, and Connec- ticut, and occupy the north-east portion of the United States. They were originally settled by the Puri- tans, at Plymouth, in 1620, New England is agreeably diversified in surface, has a variable but healthful climate, and has long been distinguished for the in- telligence, industry and enterprise of its citizens. QtESTioNs. How are the Eastern or New England States situated ? By whom and when were they set- tled ? What is said of the surface, climate, and people ? 1. MAINE. Square miles, 31,TGG. Population, 028,000. Maine, the largest of the New England states, has in general a level or undulating surface, a productive soil, and cold climate. It abounds with beautiful forests, lakes, and rivers, and its coast is bordered with numerous bays and islands. Agriculture and lumbering are the leading pursuits, but many of its inhabitants are engaged in manufactures, ship building and fishing. The principal products are grass, Indian corn, rye, oats, barley, potatoes, butter, cheese, maple sugar, and honey. 52 UNITED STATES. Largo quantities of lumber, lime, hay, and fish, are exported. AuCxUSTA, the capital, is situated on the Kennebec river, fifty miles from its mouth. Portland is the largest city in the state. It is built on an elevated site, has a good harbor, and considerable commerce. East, port, on the Passamaquoddy bay, is a place of some trade. Its harbor is remarkable for high tides. Bangor is a very flourisliing city upon the Penobscot river, and noted for its lumber. Bath, on the Kennebec, is well built and enjoys superior advantages for navigation, as the river here is seldom frozen in winter. Questions. Describe the surface, soil and climate of Maine. With what does it abound? Mention the chief pursuits of the people. Productions. Tiie exports. What is said of Augusta ? Portland ? Eastport ? Bangor ? Bath ? 2. NEW IIAMPSIITRE. Square miles, 9,280. Population, 826,000. New Hampshire has a hilly, and in some portions, a mountainovis surface. The climate is very healthful, and the soil varied, but generally better adapted to grazing than to cultivation. It has only eighteen miles of sea coast, and but little commerce. Agriculture and manufactures are the principal employments of the people. The staple productions are wheat, rye, oats, Indian corn, barley, butter, cheese, and maple sugar. Concord, the capital of the state, is a ftourishing town, located on the Merrimac river about sixty miles from Boston. Porlsmoiith is situated on both sides of the Piscataqua river, three miles from the Atlantic coast, and is the only seaport in the state. It has a fine harbor, a large navy yard, and some commerce. Manches- ter, on the Merrimac river, is the most important city in the state, and is noted for its manufactures. Nashua is an important manufacturing town. Questions. What can you say of the surface of New Hampshire ? Its climate and soil ? Sea coast ? Employments of the people ? Productions V What is said of Concord? Portsmouth? Mimchester? Nashua ? 3. VERMONT. Square miles, 10,212. Population, 315,000. Vermont takes its name from the Green Mountains, which render its surface broken and hilly. The climate is cold and changeable, but healthful. The soil is rich, affording good tillage and grazing. This state produces the various grains, po- UNITED STATES, 53 tatoes, maple sugar, butter, cheese, and large quantities of wool. Iron ore is abundant and there are extensive quarries of marble. It has no sea-coast, and its inhabitants are principally engaged in agriculture. MoNTPELiER, situated on the Onion river, IS the capital of the state, and a very plea- sant town. Burlington has a beautiful site on the east shore of lake Champlain, commanding a fine prospect. It is the largest town in the state, and is the seat of the University of Vermont. Brattleboro was the first town settled in Vermont. It has several manufactories. Questions. What is the surface of Vermont? Climate and soil ? Productions ? What is the chief pursuit? Describe Montpelier. Burlington. Brat- tleboro. 4. MASSACHUSETTS. Square miles, 7,800. Population, 1,231,000. Massachusetts is generally level, or slight- ly uneven in the eastern part ; the interior and western portions are hilly and rugged. The • climate resembles that of the other Eastern States, though the coast is subject to cold easterly winds. The soil is light in the eastern portion and rather sandy ; in the middle and western parts more fertile. The farms are highly cultivated, and produce wheat, Indian corn, rye, oats, fruits, butter, and cheese. Manufactures and commerce chiefly en- gage the attention of its inhabitants. In cotton and woolen manufactures, Massachu- setts is the first state in the Union. The whale, cod and other fisheries are very valuable. Massachusetts is also distinguished for the nximber and excellence of lier public scliools. Boston is the largest city in New Eng- land. It is situated at the head of Massa- chusetts Bay, and is noted for the wealth and refinement of its citizens, and its nu- merous scientific and literary institutions. It has a variety of manufactures, and an extensive commerce. The city has many fine building's. MANT3TACTURES. Charlestown is situated on a peninsula immediately north of Boston. It contains the Bunker Hill monument, and the United States Navy yard, which occupies an area of more than seventy acres. Loivell, on the Merrimac river, is an important manu- facturing city. Cotton and woolen goods are produced in great quantities. Spring-- field is one of the most important com- mercial cities on the Connecticut river. Worcester, Laiorence and Lynn arc impor- tant manufacturing places. Salem holds a high rank as a commercial city. Nfv 54- UNITED STATES, Bedford is extensively engaged in the whale fishery. Questions. Describe the surface of Massachusetts. What is said of its climate ? Soil ? Productions ? Manufactures and commerce ? Fisheries ? Public schools ? Boston ? Charlestown ? Lowell ? Spring- field ? Worcester, Lawrence and Lynn ? Salem and New Bedford ? 5. RHODE ISLAND. Square miles, 1,306. Population, 174,000. Rhode Island, in extent of territory, is the smallest state in the Union. The surface is undulating ; the soil, fertile on the coast, but barren in the interior, and the climate agreeable. The productions are grains, fruits, butter and cheese. This state is largely engaged in manufac- tures. It has considerable commerce. Providence, one of the capitals, is located on Providence river, and is the seat of Brown University. It has a great variety of manufactures and considerable commerce. Newport, the other capital, is built on the island of Rhode Island, which lies in Narragansett Bay. This island is a place of great resort in the summer season. Questions. What is said of the comparative size of Rhode Island ? Surface and soil ? Productions? Manufactures ? Commerce ? Describe Providence. Where is Newport situated ? 6. CONNECTICUT. Square miles, 4,674. Population, 460,000. Connecticut is, in general, undulating or hilly; the climate is agreeable, and the soil fertile, especially in the valley of the Con- necticut River. Large quantities of grass, potatoes, corn, butter, and cheese, are produced. There are several extensive quarries of granite and freestone. There are also mines of silver, lead, copper and iron. Its inhabitants are chiefly engaged in agriculture and manufactures- Hartford is situated on the west bank of the Connecticut river, fifty-three miles from its mouth. It is advantageously situated for trade and commerce, and largely engaged in manufactures. It contains Trinity Col- lege, the American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, a Retreat for the Insane, and a Hospital. New Haven is situated at the head of New Haven Bay. It is noted for its literary and educational institutions, of which Yale College is the most important. It is exten- sively engaged in manufactures and has con- siderable commerce. FRF.E ACADEMY, KORWICU. Neio London has a commodious harbor, and is largely engaged in the whale fisheries. Norwich, Middle loivn, Bridgeport and Water- hury are the remaining cities. Questions. Describe the surface, soil and climate of Connecticut. What are its productions ? Mines ? Principal employments of its inhabitants? Describe Hartford. New Haven. N'~ .v London. UNITED STATES. 55 HEW YOKK. CITY. MIDDLE STATES. The Middle States are situated south-west of New England. They embrace New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware ; and comprise a great variety of surface, climate and soil. This section is diversified by high and broken ranges of mountains, and numerous rivers and lakes. The Alleghany is the principal range of mountains. The chief rivers are the Hud- son, Delaware, Susquehanna and St. Law- rence. The Middle States possess superior facili- ties for commerce and trade. The eastern portion borders New England and the At- lantic, and the north-western, the great lakes, while tiie interior is traversed by nu- merous railroads and canals. Questions. How are the Middle States situated? Name them. What do they comprise ? How are they diversified ? What is said of commerce and trade ? 7. NEW YORK. Square miles, 47,000. Population, 8,880,000. New York is the most wealthy and popu- lous of the United States ; hence it is called the " Empire State." The eastern and northern parts are hilly and mountainous ; the western portion spreads out in table-lands, rising from Lake Ontario. The mountainous sections have a light soil ; the more level are usually very rich and fertile. The climate is healthful, but cold in the northern part. Agriculture is the chief pursuit. The commerce is larger than that of any otlier state and extends to all parts of the world, and the manufactures are extensive and constantly increasing. Wheat is the staple production. Indian corn, and other grains, with potatoes, apples, pears, peaches, maple-sugar, butter, cheese. 5G UNITED STATES. beeswax, and honey, are the other principal products. Iron, lead, limestone, and salt springs, abound; also mineral springs, the most noted of which are those at Saratoga^ Balls- ton and Avon. i ' ' >' • •''•■ ' ' The natural curiosities of this state are on a grand scale. Among them are the Falls of Niagara, on the Niagara river, which are nearly three quarters of a mile wide, and one hundred and sixty feet high. Two miles below the cataract, the river is spanned by a magnificent suspension bridge eight hundred feet long, and two hundred and thirty feet above the water, supported by four wire cables, nine and one-fourth inches in diameter. New York is distinguished for her great commercial advantages, and for her com- mon schools and other educational institu- tions. Albany, the capital, is situated on the Hudson river, and has a very large inland trade. The Erie Canal here unites with the Hudson. Great numbers of steamboats ply between this city and New York. Neiv York Citij^ situated on Manhattan island, is the largest and most important city in America, and is the center of trade for the Western Continent. In the extent of its commerce and the amount of its manufactures, it exceeds every other city in the New World. It has many costly and elegant buildings, and numerous literary and benevolent institutions. Broadway, its principal street, and one of the finest to be seen in any city, is eighty feet wide and about three miles in length. The city is sui)plied with water by means of the Croton aqueduct, which is more than forty miles lono;- Btvoklijn is on the western extremity of Long Island, opposite New York City, and is extensively engaged in commerce. It contains many fine buildings, and a large Navy Yard. Buffalo, on Lake Erie, carries on an extensive trade with the West. Its manufactures are important. It is largely engaged in the converting of wheat into flour. Its principal public buildings are a Court House, Jail, Market House, and sev- eral fine churches. Rodtesler is remark- able for its extensive manufacture of flour. Syracuse is noted as the seat of the most valuable salt manufactures in the United States. Troy, situated on both sides of the Hudson river at the head of steamboat nav- igation, contains numerous manufactories and has important facilities for commerce. Questions. "What rank has New York ? Describe its surface. Soil. Climate. What is said of agricul- ture? Commerce and manufactures ? Productions? Minerals and springs ? Natural curiosities ? Suspen- sion bridge ? For what is New York di.stinguished ? Describe Albany. NetN^ York City. Brooklyn. Buf- falo. Rochester. Syracuse. Tro}'. 8. NEW JERSEY. Square miles, 8,320. Population, 672,000. New Jersey is hilly in the northern part; in the soutliern, quite level. Its climate is mild, and the soil product- ive, except in the southern portion of the state, where it is sandy. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in agriculture and the raising of fruit. The finest apples, peaches and garden vegetables, are sent to New York, Philadelphia, and other markets. New Jersey is extensively engaged in manufactures. Its commerce is small. UNITED STATES. It has also valuable shad and oyster fish- eries. Iron ore and zinc are found abundantly in some portions of the state. Education is receiving increasing atten- tion. Trenton, the capital, is situated at the liead of tide water on the Delaware river. It is a pleasant city, and the place where General Washington captured the Hessians in 1776. Newark is the largest city in the state, and largely engaged in manufactures. It is ten miles west of New York City. Pat- erson, at the Passaic Falls, is also a very flourishing manufacturing town. Questions. What is said of the surface of New Jersey ? Its climate ? Soil ? Productions ? Man- ufactures ? Commerce ? Its fisheries ? Minerals ? Describe Trenton. Newark. Paterson. 9. PENNSYLVANIA. Square miles, 4G,000. Population, 2,906,000. Pennsylvania is a large and important state, distinguished for its mineral resources, manufactures, and internal improvements. Its eastern section is level or undulating, with a fertile soil and mild climate; the middle is mountainous, and subject to ex- tremes of heat and cold; and the western, hilly, but productive and agreeable. The people are largely interested in agri- culture, manufactures and mining. Wheat, Indian corn, orchard fruits, potatoes, butter, and wool, are the chief products. The farms are generally large and well conducted. The manufactures are very extensive, and comprise a great variety of articles. In the production of coal and iron, Pennsylvania surpasses any otlier state in the Union. Canals and railroads arc numerous, great- ly increasing the facilities of trade. This state was settled in 1681, by William Penn, aQuaker,whose kind and liberal treat- ment of the Indians secured peace to the settlers for seventy years. Harrisburg, the capital, is pleasantly located on the Susquehanna river. MPRCIIANTb K\CIIVNC;t, PIIILADLLPIII A. Philadelphia^ on the west bank of the Del- aware river, is, in size, the second city of the United States. It is laid out in squares, is remarkably neat, and is extensively engaged in trade, manufactures and commerce. Many of the public buildings are elegant. It has a mint for coining money, and a Navy Yard. Philadelphia is supplied with water by the Fairmount water-works, which con- vey the water of the Schuylkill river through the city in iron pipes. Erie has one of the largest and best har- bors on the lake. Lancaster is situated in the midst of a populous agricultural district, and has considerable trade. Pittsburgh is a very flourishing manufacturing town, at the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, and has a large inland trade. From its extensive manufactures of iron,it is called the "Birmingham of America." Pottsville 58 U N I T E D S T A T E S , TOF '-OnilH N ^TiTF- andWilkesbarre are situated in a coal re- gion. Questions. Describe Pennsylvania. What is said of the surface, soil, and climate ? Of the pursuits ? Productions ? Manufactures ? Minerals ? Canals and railroads? By whom was Pennsylvania settled ? What can you say of Harrisburg? Philadelphia? Erie? Lancaster ? Pittsburg ? Pottsville and Wilkesbarre ? 10. DELAWARE. Square miles, 2,120. Population, 112,000. Delaware is the smallest state in the Union except Rhode Island. It is generally level. Its soil is fertile in the northern part, but sandy in the central and southern portions. The climate resembles that of New Jer- sey. The principal pursuits are agriculture and manufactures. Wheat is the staple production. Apples and peaches are raised in great abundance, and of a fine quality. Dover, the capital of the state, is situated on Jones' Creek. Wilmington, its largest city, is located near the junction of Christiana and Brandywine Creeks. It lias considerable commerce, and is engaged extensively in manufactures. Questions. How does Delaware compare with the other states in size ? What is its surface and soil ? Its climate ? What are the chief pursuits ? Produc- tions ? Describe Dover. Wilmington. > SOUTHERN STATES. The Southern States are Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. They extend along the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico from Delaware Bay to the Rio Grande. The coast is level and sandy ; the interior is undulating and more fertile. The Alle- ghany mountains extend through the west- ern portions of Virginia and North and South Carolina. The inhabitants are mostly of English and French descent. Questions. Name the Southern States. What is said of their extent? Describe their surface and soil. What is said of the inhabitants ? UNITED STATES. 59 11. MARYLAND. Square miles, 11,124. Population, 687,000. Maryland comprises a small, well watered country lying on the shores of the Chesapeake bay -which divides the state into two parts. The shores are level, warm, and in sum- mer, unhealthy. The western portion is hilly, and the climate agreeable. The soil is productive and well adapted to the cultivation of grain and fruits. Wheat and tobacco are ^ raised in large quantities. Indian corn is an important product. Iron and coal are its most im- portant minerals. Coal is chiefly found in the western part. Agriculture and commerce are the principal pursuits of the people. This state was colonized by English Catholics under Lord Baltimore, in 1632. Under his wise administration the colony was very prosperous. Annapolis, the seat of gov- ernment, is situated three miles ""'^ from Chesapeake bay on the river Severn. Baltimore is situated on a branch of the Patapsco river, and is the largest city in the state. It has an extensive commerce, and a large trade in flour and tobacco. From the number and elegance of its monuments, it is called the " Monumental city." Easton and Cumberland are places of some import- ance. The latter has an extensive trade and several large flouring mills. Questions. What does Maryland comprise ? De- scribe its surface and climate. Soil. What are its principal productions ? Minerals ? Pursuits ? By whom was it colonized ? What is said of Annapolis ? Baltimore ? Easton and Cumberland ? 12. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Square miles, 60. Population, 75,000. The District of Columbia lies on the east bank of the Potomac, one hundred and fifty miles from its mouth, and belongs to the United States. Note. It formerly embraced a tract ten miles square, lying on both sides of the Potomac, and ceded by the states of Maryland and Virginia. The Virginia portion has been ceded back. SmITHSui^IaN I^STITLXIO^. Washington City, the capital of the nation, is located here. It was laid out un- der the direction of General Washington, whose name it bears, and became the seat of government in the year 1800. It con- tains the Capitol, President's House, Gen- eral Post Office, Patent Office, and other public buildings. The Capitol is built of white freestone and marble in the form of a cross. It is a magnificent building, surmounted with domes, and contains the Senate Chamber and Representatives' Hall. The President's House is also a hand- some building: of white freestone. It is 00 UNITED STATES. situated on an cmincnco about a mile and a half west of the Capitol, and is surrounded by beautiful grounds. South-west from the Capitol, on a gently rising ground, stands the Smithsonian In- stitution. It is a noble structure, four hundred and fifty feet long, and built of red sandstone, in the Norman style. Questions. Describe the District of Columbia. Washington City. "What can you say of the Capitol ? The President's House? Smithsonian Institution? 13. VIRGINIA. Square miles, 38,400. Population, 1,164,300. Virginia is low and level in the eastern part; the interior and northern parts are hilly and mountainous. The climate is warm in the lowlands, but mild and healthful in the elevated portions of the state. The soil is fertile in the valleys, but bar- ren on the mountains. Tobacco, Indian corn, wheat, and potatoes, are the chief productions. Gold, iron, lead, copper, and coal, are found; there arc also noted mineral springs. The Natural Bridge, over Cedar Creek, is, a solid rock covered with earth and trees, and crosses a chasm two hundred feet deep and sixty feet wide. Richmond, the capital of the state, has a fine site on the James river, one hundred and ten miles from the Chesapeake bay. Norfolk, on the river Elizabeth, has a very commodious harbor. It is the chief seaport of Virginia. Petersburg', on the Appomattox, is well situated for trade. Questions. "What is the surface of Virginia ? Cli- mate? Soil? "What are the productions ? Minerals? Describe the Natural Bridge. L,ichmond. Norfolk. Petersburg. 13i. WEST VIRGINIA. Square miles, 22,950. Population, 348,102. West Virginia is mostly hilly and broken in surface. The climate is temperate and healthful. The soil is very fertile in the western parts. The chief agricultural productions are Indian corn, wheat and tobacco. Large numbers of cattle and hogs are fattened for market. The minerals are coal, iron and salt. This state was incorporated by act of Con- gress in December, 1862. Wheklixg, on thcOhio river, has a large trade and extensive manufactures. The hills in the vicinity contain inexhaustible beds of coal. Questions. What is the surface of Wcsi. Virginia ? Climate? Soil? What is said of the productions? Minerals ? When incorporated V Describe Wheeling. 14. NORTH CAROLINA. Square miles, 50,704. Population, 992,000. North Carolina is level and sandy in the eastern part. The sea-coast abounds with swamps, and is bordered by sand bars. The interior is undulating and productive. The western portion is a broad table land which rises into the Alleghany mountains. Near the coast the climate is hot, but the elevated portions are cooler and more salu- brious. The chief articles of cultivation are In- dian corn, tobacco, sweet potatoes, wheat, oats, cotton, and rice. Its forests furnish large quantities of lumber, turpentine, tar, and rosin. It has valuable gold mines which are ex- UNITED STATES, CI tcnsivcly Avrought. Iron, copper and coal, arc also found. TURPENTINE DISTILLERY. Hicc, cotton, and naval stores, arc the principal exports. Raleigh, tlio capital, has an elevated and healthful situation, and is laid out with f^reat regularity. It contains a fine State House built of granite after the model of the Par- thenon. Wilmington is the largest town in the state. It is located on the Cape Fear river, thirty-five miles from its mouth, and has considerable commerce. Neivbern and Faij- etteville are also towns of considerable trade and commerce. Questions. What is the surface and soil of the eastern part of North Carolina? Of its interior? Western part ? What is the climate ? What are the chief productions ? What can you say of its gold mines? Other minerals ? Exports? Raleigh? Wil- mington? Newbern and Fayetteville ? 15. SOUTH CAROLINA. Square miles, 29,385. Population, 703,000. South. Carolina is level and marshy upon 4 the sea-coast. The interior and western portions are undulating. The soil is in many places sandy and un- productive, but much of it is rich and fer- tile, especially on the banks of the rivers. In the lowlands the climate is moist and unhealthful, — in the elevated districts, it is more temperate and agreeable. The inhabitants are mostly farmers or planters. Cotton, rice, Indian corn, sweet potatoes, wheat, oats, and tobacco, are the principal agricultural productions. There are several islands along the coast of this state and Georgia, which produce the finest cotton, called "Sea Island Cotton." The tropical fruits here begin to flourish, as oranges, lemons, figs, &c. South Carolina has few manufactures, but considerable commerce. Its exports of cotton and rice are extensive. Columbia, its capital, is pleasantly situated. Charleston, at the junction of the Ashley and Cooper rivers, is handsomely built. It has been the principal sea-port of the state. Camden, on the "Wateree river, is noted for the defeat of General Gates, by Lord Corn- wallis, in the Revolutionary War. A battle was also fought here between the Americans under General Greene, and the British un- der Lord Rawdon. Georgetown, situated on Winyaw bay, is a place of some trade. Questions. Describe the surface of South Carolina. Soil. Climate. What can you say of its productions ? Fruits? Manufactures and commerce? Columbia? Charleston ? Camden ? Georgetown ? 16. GEORGIA. Square miles, 58,000. Population, 1,057,000. Georgia is a large state, level on the coast, hilly in the interior, and mountainous in the north. 62 UNITED STATES. The Okefenokee Swamp extends from Florida into its southern part, and abounds with alligators and reptiles. Cotton, rice, sweet potatoes, and Indian corn, are the chief articles of cultivation, but large quantities of wheat, oats, sugar, tobacco, and fruits, are produced. The manufactures of Georgia are limited, but increasing in importance. Quite a num- ber of railroads are in operation. Considerable attention is paid to educa- tion. GATHERING COTTON. MiLLEDCxEviLLE, the Capital of the state, is regularly laid out at the h6ad of steam- boat navigation on the Oconee river. Savannah, is pleasantly located on a high bluff of the Savannah river, eighteen miles from its mouth, has considerable trade, and abounds with a flowering tree, called the "Pride of China." Augusta is a beautiful city, one hundred and seventy miles above Savannah, on the Savannah river. Colum- bus, Macon, Darien, and Atlanta, are also thriving towns. Questions. What can you say of the size and gen- eral features of Georgia V What of the Okefenokee Swamp ? Name the chief productions V What is said of manufactures and railroads ? Of education ? Describe Milledgeville. Savannah. Augusta. What other flourishing towns ? 17. FLORIDA. Square miles, 59,268. Population, 140,000. Florida is a peninsula on the extreme south of the United States, approaching within a degree and a half of the Torrid Zone. The southern portion is covered with marshes and shallow lakes, and is called "The Everglades." The northern and cen- tral portions are mostly level. The soil is generally sandy, but productive in many parts. The chief products are cotton, sugar cane, rice, tobacco, Indian corn, and sweet potatoes. Oranges, dates, figs, and other tropical fruits, abound, with a great variety of blos- soming plants. The forests yield abundantly cedar, and the live oak which is so much used in ship building. The white inhabitants are chiefly confined to the northern portions of the state. Tallahassee, the capital, is situated on the Appalachee bay. St. Augustine was the first town settled in the United States. It has a delightful cli- mate, and is embosomed in orange trees. Appal achicola, on the river of the same name, and Pensacola, on Pensacola bay, are both thriving places, and have consider- able trade. Key West is the most populous town in the state, and occupies an island of the same name, four miles long and a mile wide. It has a safe and capacious harbor, and its principal business is derived from salvages and other perquisites of wrecked vessels. UNITED STATES. 63 Questions. What can you say of the situation and surface of Florida ? Of its soil ? Productions ? Of its fruits ? Forests ? Where do the whites reside ? What is said of Tallaha.ssee ? St. Augustine ? Appa- lachicola ? Pensacola ? Key West ? 18. ALABAMA. Square miles, 50,722. Population, 964,000. Alabama is generally level, except in the northern part, where it is mountainous. The soil for the most part is productive, and in many places very rich. The climate is quite warm in the southern portion of the state. Snow and ice are occasionally seen in the mountainous districts. Agriculture principally engages the atten- tion of its inhabitants. Cotton and Indian corn are the great staples. Wheat, oats, sweet potatoes, rice, and tobacco, are also raised. It has some commerce and manufactures. Montgomery, the capital, is situated at the head of steamboat navigation on the Tuscaloosa river. Mobile is the largest city in the state, and its principal seaport. It is pleasantly situ- ated at the head of Mobile bay. Tusca- loosa^ Wetumpka and Hitnfsville, are flour- ishing towns, possessing considerable trade. Questions. What is said of the surface of Alaba- ma ? Soil and climate ? What are the productions ? What is said of commerce and manufactures ? Of Montgomery ? Mobile ? Wetumpka, Tuscaloosa and Huntsville ? 19. MISSISSIPPI. Square miles, 47,156. Population, 791,000. Mississippi slopes towards the south and west. The southern part is level ; the central and northern portions are undulat- ing, and diversified by occasional bluffs and ranges of hills. The western part of the i state, upon the Mississippi river, is marshy. I PRODUCTIONS AND EXPORTS. The climate is warm, and the soil gen- erally rich and highly productive. The inhabitants are chiefly devo^ted to the raising of cotton. Indian corn, rice and sugar, are also produced. Fruits, such as figs, peaches and bananas, are abundant. The plantations of Mississippi are gener- ally large, and often employ several hun^ dred negro slaves each. Its first settlers were of French descent, who founded the town of Natchez in 1716. Jackson is the capital of the state. It is pleasantly situated at the head of steam- boat navigation on the Pearl river. Natchez is one of the pleasantest cities in the western valley. It stands on a high bluff upon the Mississippi, three hundred feet above the surface of the river. Great numbers of steamboats stop here, and a large trade is carried on. Vicksburg- has a very picturesque site, on the bank of the Mississippi river, the land rising in terraces from the river. Columbus is situated on 64 UNITED STATES, the left bank of the Tombigbee river one hundred and eighty miles from Jackson. It is surrounded by an extensive planting district, and has an active business. Questions. What is said of the surface of Missis- sippi?- Climate? Soil? Productions? The plant- ations? First settlers ? Describe Jackson. Natchez. Vicksburs. Columbus. 20. LOUISIANA. Square miles, 41,255. Population, 708,000. Louisiana is remarkably level, and abounds with swamps and pine forests, which render much of its surface unfit for cultivation. The soil on either side of the Mississippi river is very fertile, producing, large crops of cotton, sugar, rice, Indian corn, and to- bacco. The tropical fruits are abundant. SUGAK PRESS, FRUITS, CANE AND COTTON. The climate, in summer, is excessively hot and often sickly. Agriculture is the leading pursuit, but commerce is very ex- tensive and important. Louisiana formerly belonged to the French, of whom it was purchased by the United States in 1803. Baton Rouge, the capital, is situated on the east bank of the Mississippi, one hundred and thirty-one miles above New Orleans. It stands on the first high bank which occurs in ascending the river, and is one of the healthiest towns in the southern portion of the Mississippi valley. New Orleans is situated on the east side of the Mississippi river about one hundred miles from its mouth. When the river is high, the surface of the water is several feet above the streets of the city, and is kept from overflowing by levees. This city is the great emporium of the south-western and western states, and its harbor is con- stantly crowded with sliips, steamboats and the various river craft of the West. Many of the public buildings and churches of New Orleans are large and costly struct- ures. The custom house, when completed, will be the largest in the Southern States. The benevolent institutions are extensive and well conducted. Natchitoches is pleasantly situated on Red river, about five hundred miles from New Orleans. It is a place of considerable trade, having regular steam communication with New Orleans. Shreveport is a thriving place on the right bank of the Red river, about six hundred and eighty miles by water above New Orleans. It is in the midst of an extensive planting region and advantageously situated for trade. Questions. What can you say of the surface o{ Louisiana? Soil? Productions? Climate? Agri- culture and Commerce? Of whom was this State UNITED STATES. 65 purchased V Describe Baton Rouge. New Orleans. Natchitoches. Shreveport. 21. TEXAS. Square miles, 237,504. Population, 604,000. Texas is the largest of the United States in extent of territory. It embraces ahnost every variety of surface within its limits. It is level in the south-east, undulating in the interior, and mountainous in the west and north west. The Great American Plain extends sixty miles within the bounds of Texas on the north. The climate is free from the extremes of both the torrid and temperate zones. The heats of summer arc much mitigated by the winds which blow steadily from the Gulf of Mexico during that season. The soil is varied, yet its general charac- ter is tliat of great fertility. Cotton, Indian corn and tobacco are the staple products. Sugar-cane is cultivated in the level coun- try. Oranges, lemons and other fruits grow well. Cayenne pepper is raised in large quantities. The minerals are gold, silver, salt, copper, and iron. An immense bed of gypsum traverses the north-west portion of the state. Bisons, wild horses and cattle roam the prairies in large herds. Texas formerly belonged to Mexico. It declared its independence in 1836, and in 1845 was annexed to the United States. Austin, the capital, is a flourishing town, situated on the Colorado. The river is navigable to this point during winter. The scenery around Austin is highly pictiir- esque. Galveston is situated on Galveston island. and is the principal seaport of Texas. It is rapidly increasing in population, and has considerable commerce. Houston is loca- ted on the Buffalo Bayou about two hun- dred miles from Austin. It is well situated for trade at the head of steam navigation, and is the principal shipping port for several adjacent counties. Matagorda is situated on a bay of the same name at the mouth of the Colorado River. It has considerable trade and is the depot for the produce of one of the richest valleys in the state. The sea-breeze renders this place a favorite summer residence of citizens from the interior. Questions.- What is said of the comparative size of Texas ? Surface ? Climate and soil V What are its productions? Minerals? What animals are found here ? When was it annexed to the United States ? Describe Austin. Galveston. Houston. Matagorda. Note on the SouTnERN States. A portion of the country is at war against the govern- ment as this work goes to press, (August, 1802.) The physical features of the states engaged will remain nearly the same, and any change which may take phice in the political condition of the people will be noted in the appendix. The commerce of the Southern States for the time, is nearly ceased. Means of communication with other na- tions or with the North, are nearly all cut off. The effects of the war on commerce, manufactures and agriculture, are seen in all the states, and must modify to some extent the descriptions given. The following states claim to have seceded from the Union : Alabama, MissofRi, Arkansas, North Carolina, Florida, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi, Virginia. These states claim to have united under the title of " The Confederate States of America." Their Congress was first held in Montgomery, and afterward removed to Richmond. 66 UNITED STATES. CIIlCAHl, ILL. WESTERN STATES. The "Western States are Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ar- kansas, Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minne- sota, Kansas, Oregon, and California. They comprise the greater portion of the valley of the Mississippi and its branches, and abound with extensive forests, vast prairies and majestic rivers. Two of these States lie on the Pacific. The climate is warmer than in states of the same latitude on the Atlantic coast. The Western States are rapidly filling up with emigrants from Europe and the older States. In some of the Western States, a great interest is manifested in the cause of edu- cation. Large appropriations have been made for instruction in public schools, and these schools have very much improved. Colleges and seminaries of learning have been established in important places. Questions. Name the Western States. What do they comprise? What is their climate? What is said of emigrants ? Education ? 22. ARKANSAS. Square miles, 52,198. Population, 435,000. Arkansas is marshy in the eastern part, and subject to inundations. The remain- ing parts are elevated and broken. In the low lands, the climate is unhealthful ; in the elevated districts, salubrious. Near the rivers the soil is generally fer- tile. Remote from them, it is sterile. The chief productions are live stock, In- dian corn, cotton, wheat, oats, tobacco, and sweet potatoes. It also produces fine fruits. There are numerous hot springs about fifty miles west of Little Rock, which are much resorted to by invalids. There is a fine cold spring so near one of these warm springs that a person can put one hand into UNITED STATES. 67 hot and the other into cold water at the same time. Little Rock, on the Arkansas river, is the capital and most important town of the state. Van Bureyi, on the Arkansas River, is a place of extensive commercial business and some manufactures. Questions. What is said of the surface of Arkan- sas? Climate? Soil? Productions? Describe the springs. Little Rock. Tan Buren. 23. MISSOURI. Square miles, 67,380. Population, 1,182,000. Missouri is agreeably diversified in sur- face ; the climate is subject to extremes of heat and cold ; and the soil is, in general, very productive. Agriculture and mining are the leading pursuits. The chief productions are Indian corn, wheat, hemp, flax, tobacco, oats, pota- toes, butter, and cheese. Great numbers of cattle are reared. Missouri abounds in mineral treasures. There are several small mountains composed almost entirely of iron ore. Lead is very abundant ; also coal, marble and freestone. Jefferson City, the capital of the state, occupies a high and commanding position on a bluff of the Missouri River. . St. Louis, the largest city, is situated on the Mississippi river, and possesses great facilities for trade and commerce. It con- tains many elegant buildings, and is rapidly increasing in wealth and importance. St. Charles, near the junction of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, has a pleasant location and considerable trade. Independence is the starting point in the trade with New Mexico and Utah. Questions. Describe the surface, climate and soil of Missouri. What are the chief pursuits? Pro- ducts ? Minerals ? Describe Jefferson City. St. Louis. St. Charles. Independence. 24. TENNESSEE. Square miles, 45,600. Population, 1,109,000. Tennessee is mountainous and rugged in the eastern part ; in the western, level or undulating. It is divided by the Cumber- land mountains into Esist and West Ten- nessee. It has a mild, agreeable climate, and in general, a fertile soil. Agriculture is the leading pursuit. Cotton, tobacco and In- dian corn, are the chief products. Oats, wheat and potatoes, are also cultivated. Immense numbers of swine and mules are raised in the state. Iron and coal are found in abundance. This state also abounds with numerous caves, from which nitrous earth is obtained for the manufacture of saltpetre. Fossil remains of gigantic antedeluvian animals have been discovered, particularly of the mastodon. Among the Enchanted mountains, so called, are found footprints of animals imbedded in limestone. Nashville has a pleasant site on the Cumberland river. It is the most wealthy and prosperous city of Tennessee, and is distinguished for its enterprising spirit, lite- rary taste, and polished society. Memphis, situated on the Mississippi river, is an important commercial town. Questions. Describe the surface of Tennessee. Climate and soil. Name the chief pursuit. Produc- tions. What is said of swine and mules ? Minerals^ Of caves? Fossils? Nashville? Memphis? 68 UNITED STATES. 25. KENTUCKY. Square miles, 37,680. Population, 1,155,000. Kentucky is mountainous in the eastern part. Along the Ohio river it is hilly. The remaining portions are undulating or level. It has an agreeable and healthful climate, and a very productive soil, adapted to the raising of various kinds of grain. Wheat, Indian corn, hemp, flax, and to- bacco, are the staple productions. Fruits of excellent quality abound. Horses and cattle are reared in great numbers. Limestone and coal are common, and salt springs are numerous, around which the bones of the mastodon have been fre- quently found. Agriculture is the main pursuit, although manufactures and commerce receive much attention. Kentucky abounds with n u m e r o u s caves, of which the " Mammoth Cave " is the most stupen- dous one known in the world. It has been explored for more than fifteen miles, and contains n u m e r o u s apart- ments, magnificent arches, and a navigable stream, abounding with eyeless fish. Kentucky was settled in 1767, by the re- nowned Daniel Boone, and a few followers. Frankfort, the seat of government, is beautifully situated on a plain that over- looks the Kentucky river. Louisville, the largest city of the state, rises gradually from the Ohio river, on MA.MMOfll CAVK which it is situated. It has broad and reg- ular streets, and is extensively engaged in commerce and manufactures. Lexington has a very pleasant site, and a number of excellent literary institutions. Questions. What is said of the surface of Kentucky? Climate and soil ? What are the chief productions ? What is said of the minerals ? Agriculture, manufac- tures and commerce ? What wonderful cave has Ken- tucky ? When was Kentucky settled, and by whom ? Describe Frankfort. Louisville. Lexington. 20. OHIO. Square mues, 39,964. Population, 2,339,000. Ohio has no mountains, but the interior is elevated about one thousand feet above the level of the sea. From this, the surface slopes to Lake Erie and the Ohio river. It has in general a fertile soil, and a mild climate. Its chief products are wheat and Indian corn, though oats, rye, buckwheat, and tobacco, and the fruits of the Middle States, are raised in abundance. Butter, cheese, and maple-sugar, are produced to some ex- tent. Large numbers of horses and cattle arc sent to the eastern markets. The great 'lakes, in connection with the rivers, canals and railroads of this state, afford abundant facilities for inland com- merce and manufactures, both of which are in a very flourishing condition. Iron and coal are found extensively. The state has made very liberal appropri- ations for her public schools, both for in- struction, and for libraries and apparatus. Ohio was settled in 1788, but it grew very slowly till 1810. Since that time it has in- creased rapidly in wealth and population. Columbus, the capital of the state, is finely situated on the east bank of the River Scioto. UNITED STATES, 09 It is surrounded by a rich and populous country and is a place of active business. STATE lU)lbL, LULL MISl S. The capitol is three hundred and eighty- four feet long, by one hundred and eighty- four wide, and is one of the finest buildings in the state. Tlie other principal edifices are the Ohio Lunatic Asylum, Institution for the Blind, Asylum for Deaf and Dumb, and the Penitentiary. Cmdnnati, the largest city in the state, and the "Queen City" of the west, is situ- ated on the Ohio, and rises by terraces from the river's brink. It has grown with great rapidity, and is distinguished for its wealth, and its Htcrary institutions, as well as for its manufactures and trade. Cleveland is a beautiful city situated on Lake Erie, pos- sessing great commercial facilities. It has one of the best harbors on the lake. San- duskjj, situated on Sandusky bay, and Toledo on the Maumee river, are both flourishing cities engaged in the commerce of the lakes. Dayton, Zanesville and Steubenville are thriving places and largely engaged in man- ufactures. Chilicothe and Lancaster arc also important towns. Questions. What is said of the surface of Ohio? Soil and climate? Name the chief products. What is said of horses and cattle ? Commerce and manu- factures ? Iron and coal ? Of education ? Its settle- ment and growth ? Describe Columbus. Cincinnati. Cleveland. Sandusky and Toledo. AYhat other im- portant towns ? ^ 27. INDIANA. Square miles, 83,800. Population, 1,850,000. Indiana is generally level except in the south-west, which is broken and rocky. The climate is mild, and the soil exceed- ingly fertile, especially on the river bottoms. The inhabitants are principally devoted to agricidture, though the state possesses facilities for manufactures which have been to some extent improved. Large quantities of Indian corn, wheat, oats, pork, and beef, are exported. Copper, iron, and coal, are the chief min- erals; salt springs are also found, and sev- eral interesting caves have been discovered and explored for many miles. This state has an extensive school fund, and common schools are rapidly increasing. Indianapolis, the seat of government, is pleasantly situated near the White river. It is the terminus of several railroads,which give it important facilities for trade. It has an ele- gant state-house and other public buildings. Nciv Albany is a flourishing city on the Ohio river, remarkable for its rapid growth and active trade. Steamboat building is carried on very extensively here. Madison is advantageously situated for trade, and has a considerable amount of capital cm- ployed in manufactures. La Fayette is pleasantly tituatcd on the Wabash and is the principal grain market in the state. Questions. AVhat is said of the surftice of Indiana ? Climate and soil ? Agriculture and manufactures ? Exports? Minerals? Common schools? Indian- apolis? New Albany? Madison? La Fayette? 70 UNITED STATES. 28. ILLINOIS. Square miles, 55,405. Population, 1,711,000. Illinois is principally a table land, sloping to tlie south and west. In climate, soil and productions, it resembles Indiana. Agriculture is the chief pursuit ; and In- dian corn, wheat and oats, with a variety of fruits and vegetables, are raised in the greatest abundance. The prairies afford fine pasture for horses, cattle and sheep, which are reared in great numbers. A large number of hogs are fatted for market. Lead, coal and iron abound. The lead mines of Galena are very profitable. Illinois has made ample provision for education, and has an extended system of internal improvements. Springfield, the capital, is a flourishing town near the center of the state. It is surrounded by rich and extensive prairies, which contain largo quantities of bitumin- ous coal. Chicago, on lake Michigan, is the largest city in tlie state. It has grown with re- markable rapidity, and is the center of a large and greatly increasing trade. It com- municates, by means of the chain of lakes and railroads, with the Atlantic cities, and by the Illinois and Michigan canal and by railroads, with the country west and south. Peoria is a flourishing city beautifully situated on the Illinois river, and has an extensive trade. Alton, Quincy and Rock Island on the Mississippi river, are rapidly increasing in population and importance. Galena is the center of mining operations for this state. Questions. What can you say of the surface of Illinois? Climate and soil? Agriculture and products ? Animals ? Minerals ? Education and internal improvements ? Springfield ? Chicago ? Peoria ? Alton, Quincy and Rock Island ? Galena ? 29. MICHIGAN. Square miles, 56,243. Population, 749,000. Michigan consists of two peninsulas, the northern lying between Lakes Superior and Michigan, and the southern between Lakes Huron, St. Clair and Erie, on the east, and Lake Michigan on the west. The northern peninsula is rugged, and in some parts, mountainous. The southern consists of an extensive undulating plain seldom broken. The northern part is cold, with a sterile soil. The southern is mild and very fertile. The staple products are wheat, Indian corn, oats, potat;»es, butter, maple-sugar, wool, and live stock. DKTROIT, MICH. The northern peninsula is very rich in copper. Iron, silver, lead, gypsum, and coal, are found. Michigan has an efficient common school system, and is doing much for the interests of education. Lansing, the capital, is situated on the Grand river, one hundred and fifty miles from Detroit. UNITED STATES. Yl Detroit, the principal city of the state, is situated on the west bank of Detroit river. It has great advantages for trade and com- merce. Monroe, on the river Raisin, is connected with the lake by a ship canal, and is the principal market for wheat pro- ducts in this part of the state. Ann Arbor, Adrian, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Grand Rapids, and Grand Haven, are important thriving towns, engaged in manufactures and trade. On the southern shores of Lake Superior are bluffs and precipices, towering to the height of three hundred feet, and over- hanging the water. They are called the "Pictured Rocks," because the waters have by their ceaseless surges worn them into various forms of grace and beauty. Questions. Of what does Michigan consist ? De- scribe the surface of Michigan. CHmate and soil. What are its staple products ? Minerals ? What is said of education ? Describe Lansing. Detroit. I^Ionroe. Other towns. The "Pictured Rocks." 30. WISCONSIN. Square miles, 53,924. Population, 775,000. Wisconsin has an undulating, and in some parts, a hilly surface, but no mountains. Its southern portion has a mild climate, and very productive soil. The northern section is more sterile. The chief productions are wheat, Indian corn, oats, potatoes, maple sugar, and live stock. Considerable quantities of rye, peas, barley, and buckwheat, are also raised. It is rich in lead and iron.. Copper, zinc, marble, and gypsum, are found to some ex- tent. Liberal appropriations have been made for the support of common schools. Madison, the capital, is pleasantly situ- ated on an isthmus between Tliird and Fourth lakes. The capitol is a fine lime- stone structure, surrounded by a public square. The city is well situated for busi- ness, and possesses many attractions to those seeking health and pleasure. Blilivaukee is located on the shore of Lake Michigan. The general appearance of the city is peculiar and striking from the color and superior quality of the bricks used in building. They are of a delicate and en- during cream color which is highly agree- able to the eye. It is the center of trade for a rich and rapidly improving country. It has an extensive water power employed in various manufactures. Its commerce is rapidly increasing. • Racine, situated on the west shore of Lake Michigan, has one of the best harbors on the lake. It is regularly laid out with wide streets, and contains a number of fine public buildings. Green Bay, La Crosse, Janesville, and Fond dii Lac, are flourishing towns. Questions. What is the surface of Wisconsin? Climate and soil ? What are the chief productions ? Minerals ? What is said of common schools ? Mad- ison? Milwaukee? Racine? Green Bay, &c.? 31. IOWA. Square miles, 50,914. Population, 675,000. Iowa is generally composed of rolling prairies crossed by rivers whose banks are skirted with wood. A small portion in the north-east is rugged and rocky. The soil is exceedingly fertile, the climate, agreeable and healthful. The staple pro- ductions are Indian corn, wheat and live stock. Its lead mines are very rich. Coal, iron, copper, and limestone, abound. 72 UNITED STATES. Agriculture and mining are the leading pursuits. Des Moines, the capital, became the seat of government in 1857. Dubuque is the central depot of the min- ing region of Iowa, and a place of active trade. Davenport is a flourishing city on the Mississippi at the foot of the upper rapids. Muscatine, Burlington, Council Bluff, and Iowa City are important towns. Questions. What is said of the surface of Iowa ? Soil? Chmate? Productions? Minerals? Pursuits? Dos Moines? Dubuque? Davenport? Other towns? 33. MINNESOTA. Square miles, 75,000. Population, 172,000. Minnesota abounds in lakes and ponds, and though there are no high mountains in the state, it is the most elevated tract of land between Hudson's Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, and from its central heights, sends its waters to every point of the compass. FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY. The agricultural productions are Indian corn, wheat and oats. Copper, lead and iron, are the principal minerals. Its unsettled portions abound in wild animals, among which the buffalo, elk, deer, and antelope, are found. St. Paul is a flourishing city situated on the Mississippi, nine miles below the falls of St. Anthony. It is at the head of steam- boat navigation and a place of active busi- ness. Its growth has been rapid. St. Anthony, situated at the Falls of St. Anthony, is an important place. It has an immense water power, which is being rap- idly improved for manufacturing purposes. Questions. What is said of Minnesota ? Its Cli- mate ? Soil? Productions? Minerals? Animals? St. Paul ? St. Anthony ? The climate is cold, especially in the Northern part. The soil is various, but generally fertile in the valleys of the rivers. 35. KANSAS. Square miles, 114,798. Population, 107,000. Kansas is a new state lying west of Mis- souri. The eastern part of the state is level or gently undulating; the western is hilly, and sometimes mountainous. It has numerous rivers. The Missouri forms its north-eastern boundary. The Kansas is the largest river principally with- in the territory, and is said to be navigable for 900 miles. The eastern portion and the valleys of the principal rivers are unrivaled in fer- tility. Its productions are, similar to those of Missouri. It has valuable forest trees and timber, consisting of oak, hickory, ash, cottonwood, and sugar-maple, on the river bottoms, and cedar, pine, and poplar, on the slopes of the mountains. UNITED STATES. 73 Kansas was erected into a territory in 1854, and ad- mitted as a state in 1861. ToPEKA is the capital. Leavenworth, Lecompton, and Lawrence, are the prin- cipal towns. Questions. How is Kansas situ- ated 1 "What is said of the surface ? Its rivers ? The soil ? Productions ? Forest trees ? History ? Towns fe-^^i ^istA-^je^ ^-^ 32. CALIFORNIA. Square miles, 155,980. Population, 380,000. California is the most western of the United States, and extends for seven hnn- dred miles on the shores of the Pacific. It has an undulating surface with numer- ous valleys, deep ravines and high mountains. The climate is warm and dry in summer, and wet in winter. In the valleys, the soil is very fertile. Barley, wheat, oats, potatoes, and fruits, are the chief products. In the southern parts, the fruits of tropical climates are produced. The rich deposits of gold make this one of the most important mineral regions in the world. Quicksilver is found in abund- ance. Copper, silver and platina have been discovered in various places. California was first colonized by the Span- iards. It became a province of Mexico, and was subject to revolutions and disturbances till by the treaty of peace of 1818, it became a part of the United States. The discovery of gold in 1847, was the principal cause of the early rapid growth of California, which gained for it admission into the Union as a state, in 1850. SVN UlANtlstO Sacramento is situated on the Sacramen- to river about one hundred and twenty miles from the ocean, and is extensively en- sraired in trade. It is accessible for steamers and sailing vessels of a large size, at all sea- sons of the year. Its streets are well laid out, crossing each other at right angles. S>an Francisco lies on the western side of a bay of the same name. It is regularly laid out, has a fine harbor, and considerable commerce. It is the natural market for the state, and one of the finest ports in the world. Stockton, near the San Joaquin river, is an important trading point for the southern mines, and Marysville, on the Feather river, for the northern mines. Questions. How is California situated? What is said of its surface? Climate? Soil? Produc- tions? Minerals? History? Describe Sacramento. San Francisco. Stockton and Marysvillc. 39. OREGON. Square miles, 100,000. Population, 52,000. Oregon lies north of California, on the Paci- fic Ocean. It is mostly hilly or mountainous. A part of it consists of elevated plateaus- 74 UNITED STATES. The climate is mild and healthy. The valleys are very productive. Wheat is the staple ; but oats, barley, turnips, and most of the fruits of the Middle States flourish. Gold and coal have been discovered in Oregon. The forests abound with wild animals, such as deer, black and grizzly bears, elks, foxes, wolves, and antelopes, and the rivers are well stocked with fish. Salem, the capital, is pleasantly situated on the Willamette, in the midst of a fertile country. CASCADES OF THE COLUMniA. Astoria^ on the Columbia, ten miles from its mouth, is the principal port of entry. Portland, at the head of ship navigation, on the Willamette River, is the largest and most commercial town in Oregon. Questions. Where is Oregon situated ? What is said of the surface ? Climate ? Soil ? Productions ? Minerals? Animals? Salem? Astoria? Portland? TERRITORIES. The Territories of the United.States com- prise that portion of the country not yet organized with state governments, and ad- mitted into the confederacy as states. They arc mostly thinly settled, or in a wild state. A portion have territorial governments, and send delegates to Congress. Some of them are rapidly increasing in population and wealth, and will soon be organized as states, and admitted into the Union. Questions. What constitutes the Territories ? What is their condition? 84. NEBRASKA. Square miles, 75,000 Population, 29,000. Nebraska includes a large tract of coun- try lying west of the Missouri River, and north of Kansas. The surface is principally a high prairie land. The climate is mild, and the soil, fertile, especially in the river bottoms. The timber trees are black walnut, oak, and lime trees. The principal wild animals are grizzly bears, buffaloes and beavers. A great number of fossils have been found in this territory. Omaha City is pleasantly situated on the west bank of the Missouri River. Questions. What dc^ Nebraska include ? What is said of its surface ?% Climate? Soil? Timber trees ? Wild Animals ? iFossils ? Omaha City ? 36. INDIAN TERRITORY. Square miles, 71,000. Indian Territory lies west of Arkansas, between Kansas and Texas. It is inhabited principally by Indians, many of whom removed from the Southern States east of the Mississippi. The Chero- kees, Choctaws, Creeks and Chickasaws are UNITED STATES. the most improved of the aborigines, and are advancing in civilization. There are good schools and churches among them. Questions. Where is Indian Territory? By whom is it principally inhabited ? What is said of the Chcrokees, &c. 87. NEW MEXICO. Square miles, 110,000. Population, 88,000. New Mexico is west of Texas, between Mexico and Colorado. This territory is principally a high table land traversed by broken ranges of moun-. tains, tlie most prominent of which is the Sierra Madre. Tiie soil is generally sterile, except in the valleys of the rivers, which are productive, yielding large crops of wheat, Indian corn oats and barley, and apples, peaches, melons, and grapes. The minerals are gold, silver, iron, copper, lead, coal, and gypsum. The inhabitants are Indians, Mexicans, and Americans. New Mexico is a part of the tract acquired from Mexico, by the treaty of 1848. Santa Fe, the capital, is situated on the Santa Fe River, a branch of the Rio Grande. The houses are principally built of adobes, or sun dried bricks. Each house usually forms a square with a court within, upon which nearly all tlie apartments open. This town is the great emporium of the overland trade from Missouri and Kan- sas. Questions. Where is New Mexico situated ? What is its surface? Soil? Minerals? Inhabit- ants ? When was New Mexico acquired ? Describe Santa Fe. 38. UTAH. Square miles, 106,000. Population, 40,000. TTtah Territory is situated west of the Rocky Mountains, and is wholly in the in- terior. The eastern part is diversified with hills, mountains and fertile valleys. The west- ern portion, known as the Great or Fre- mont Basin, is an elevated table land hem- med in by mountains, with its own system of rivers and lakes. The climate of the plateau, in mid-sum- mer, is dry and hot, with cool mornings and evenings. The winters are mild, and the temperature is generally more uniform than in the eastern states. WESTERN EMIGRATION. The greater part of the territory is barren and can not be cultivated with profit. Some of the valleys are fertile, and produce wheat, rye, oats, barley, and Indian corn. Gold has been discovered in considerable 76 UNITED STATES. quantities; and salt is collected from the lakes. The most extensive lake is the Great Salt Lake. It is about seventy miles long and thirty wide, with no visible outlet. The water is so salt, that no living thing can exist in it. The Utah lake, about thirty-five miles long, is a fresh water lake stored with fish. It is connected with Great Salt Lake by the Jordan River. The other principal lakes are the Pyramid, Humboldt and Ni- collet Lakes ; all of them Avithout any visi- ble outlet. Most of the civilized inhabitants of the territory are Mormons. They are settled in a well-watered fertile district east of the Great Salt Lake. Salt Lake City is situated near the east bank of the Jordan river. It was laid out in July, 1847. Fillmore City was the former capital. Questions. Where is Utah Territory ? What is said of the surface? Climate? Soil? Minerals? Great Salt Lake? Utah Lake? Other principal Lakes ? Inhabitants ? Salt Lake City ? 40. WASHINGTON. Square miles, 64,000. Population, 11,000. Washington Territory occupies the north- west portion of the United States, lying on the Pacific, with British America for its northern boundary. The surface, soil and productions are similar to those in Oregon. The climate is more variable. The highest peaks of the mountains are covered with perpetual snow. Coal has been found. Olympia, the capital, is situated at the head of Puget's Sound. FORT VANCOUVER. Questions. What does Washington Territory oc- cupy ? What is said of the surface, soil and produc- tions ? Climate ? What mineral is found ? Where is Olympia ? 41. DAKOTA. Square miles, .149,000. Population, 5,000. Dakota is a new territory lying west of Minnesota, and bounded north by British America. Its surface is broken by mountains and valleys. The valleys are quite fertile and productive. In the northern part the climate is cold, and the winters severe; in the southern part it is more mild. The products are Indian corn, wheat, oats, barley, and potatoes. Timber is scarce in some parts of the territory. Coal has been found in several places. There are numerous salt lakes in the northern part. Yancton is the capital. Questions. Where is Dakota ? What is said of its surface ? Soil ? Climate ? Productions ? Coal ? Salt lakes ? Yancton ? MEXICO, 77 42. COLORADO. Square miles, 100,000. Population, 34,000. Colorado lies between Kansas and Utah. Its surface is uneven, and, in some parts, mountainous. The Rocky Mountains pass through nearly the center of the territory. The valleys of most of the rivers are fer- tile, but much of the soil is unfitted for cultivation. Gold is produced in large quantities. Denver CIty is an important place, and has considerable trade. Questions. What is said of Colorado ? Its sur- face ? The Rocky Mountains ? The valleys ? Gold ? Denver City? 44. ARIZONA. Square miles, 120,000. Arizona is situated south of, Utah, be- tween New Mexico and California. It consists principally of a table land somewhat broken by mountains. It contains mines of gold and silver. Questions. "Where is Arizona situated? Of what does it consist ? What does it contain ? 43. NEVADA. Square miles, 80,000. Population, 7,000. Nevada is between Utah and California. Its surface is broken with mountains and valleys. Some of the latter are very fer- tile. The soil in the northern and western parts is sterile. Tlie climate is mild and generally healthy. Wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, and fruits, are the chief vegetable products. It contains rich silver mines. Carson City, the capital, is pleasantly situated in the Carson Valley. Questions. How is Nevada situated? What is said of its surface ? Soil ? Climate ? Productions ? Silver mines ? Carson City ? 45. IDAHO. Square miles, 205,000. Idaho is situated north of Utah, and in- cludes a complete section of the Rocky Mountains. The surface is broken and mountainous. This territory contains many gold mines, and has extensive forests of timber. Questions. Where is Idaho situated ? What does it include ? What is said of its surface? MIiks and forests ? 2. MEXICO. Square miles, 850,000. Population, 7,062,000. Mexico occupies the southern portion of North America, and comprises twenty-two states, one federal district, and five territo- ries. It has in general a very elevated though broken surface ; and is traversed by the Sierra Mad re, or the southern portion of the Rocky Mountains. The shores are low, hot, and unhealthy ; the table lands, mild and salubrious; the mountainous districts are cold. There are some barren tracts, but most of the soil is very fertile, producing the grains and fruits of the temperate zone, and, in the lowlands, the most valuable tropical products. Indian corn, wheat, sugar, coffee, tobacco, and the American aloe, or maguey plant, are the chief vegetable productions. Agriculture, manufactures and commerce, are all much neglected. The gold and silver mines of Mexico arc exceedingly rich, and constitute its chief re- source. Iron, copper andleadare abundant. The inhabitants consist of whites, Indians, and mixed races. The mass of them are ignorant and insubordinate. The Roman Catholic is the prevailing religion. 78 CENTRAL AMERICA. THE GREAT SQrAKE AND CATIIF.DUAL, MEXICO MEXICO, the capital, is a large and wealthy city, situated in a deliglitful valley, 7,000 feet above the level of the sea. It is regu- larly laid out, has spacious streets, and contains many costly cathedrals and other buildings. Guanajuato and Zacalecas are large cities, chiefly important for their rich silver mines, Puebla is a handsome city, con- taining a few manufactories. Vera Critz, the principal seaport and commercial town, is situated on tlie Gulf of Mexico. Questions. Where iR Mexico situated? What does it comprise? Describe its surface. Climate. Soil. What are its chief preductions ? What is said of agriculture, matiufoctures and commerce? Of mines ? The inhabitants ? Religion ? Describe the cit}-^ of Mexico. Gunajuato and Zacatecas. Puebla. Vera Cruz. » 3. BALIZE. Square miles, 15,000. Population, 11,000. Balize, or British Honduras, is situated east of Yucatan. Its shores are studded witli numerous small islands ; along the coast, the land is swampy, and in the inte- rior, wooded. The soil of the valleys is fertile. The climate is moist, but not unhealthful. The productions are sugar, cotton, coffee, and indigo. Mahoga- ny, logwood, and other dye-woods, are export- ed. It is a British Col- ony. Balize, the capital, is inhabited principal- ly by blacks, and has considerable trade. Questions. How is Balize situated ? What is said of its shores ? Soil ? Climate ? Productions ? To whom does it belong ? Describe Balize. 3. CENTRAL AMERICA.* Square miles, 2ni»,(iOO. Population, 2,1.50,000. Central America is the most southern por- tion of North America. It is a mountain- ous country, abounding with elevated plains and numerous volcanoes. The climate is extremely warm on the coast. In the inte- rior, it is temperate and salubrious, resemb- j ling perpetual spring. The soil is rich, and j yields choice fruits and other tropical pro- ducts in great abundance; mahogany is also found here in large quantities. The forests are very extensive and con- tain many kinds of trees fatal to animal life. Central America includes the five states of Guatimala, San Salvador, Honduras, Nic- aragua and Costa Rica. These were for a time associated in a confederation, similar to that of the United States, but this being * See Map and Key of North America. WEST INDIES. rn dissolved in 1839, the different states, though nominally republican, have since been in reality ruled by a succession of military des- pots. Attempts have been made to form other and partial confederations, whose du-^ ration, when formed, has been short. The population consists of three classes ; whites and Creoles; Mestizoes, or the de- scendants of whites and Indians; and abo- riginal natives. San Salvador is situated on a small stream which flows into the Pacific Ocean. It stands in a well watered vale, several thousand feet above tlie Pacific. It has greatly suffered by earthquakes, and was nearly destroyed by one in 1854. GuATiMALA, the capital of the state of Guatimala, is pleasantly situated in a rich and spacious plain. It contains ujDwards of sixty richly ornamented churches and several public offices. It has a flourisliing trade. Questions. How is Central America situated ? Wliat is said of its surface? Climate? Soil? Productions ? Forests ? What does it include ? Describe its gov- ernment. Population. San Sal- vador. Guatiinula. smallest are mere islets formed of coral reefs, and uninhabited. The winters are mild and pleasant. The heat of summer is extreme, though moder- ated by the mountains and sea-breezes. Some of these islands are well-watered by motmtain streams, and arc remarkably fertile, yielding cotton, sugar, maize, coffee, spices, medicinal plants, dye-stuffs, and a great vari- ety of fruits, as oranges, lemons, pine-apples, bread-fruit, tamarinds, and citrons. Cuba, Ilayti and Jamaica belong to this class. The forests abouTid with mahogany, cedar, and lignum-vitoe. The commerce is impor- tant and very flourishing. The West India Islands are divided into the Greater and Lesser Antilles, Caribbee and Bahamas. All of them are subject to various European powers, except Hayti. GREATER ANTILLES. WEST INDIES.* Square miles, 91,800. Population, 3,800,000. The West India Islands are a numerous group lying in the torrid zone, between North and South America. The larger islands are traversed by ranges of mountains; others contain isolated peaks, many of which arc volcanic; while the * See Map and Key of North America, THE EXCHANRK, HATAXA. Cuba is the largest of the West India Islands, and lies at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico. The northern part is generally level and has rich valleys and plains. The central 80 "WEST INDIES, and southern portions arc moro diversified and in some parts, mountainous. The productions are tobacco, cotton, su- gar, cofifee, and tropical fruits. Havana, the capital, is the most impor- tant city in the West Indies. It has a secure and commodious harbor. Matanzas is an important commercial town, and has a flourishing trade with the United States. Cuba belongs to Spain. Jamaica is about ninety miles south of Cuba. A chain of mountains crosses the island from east to west. Its productions arc the same as those of Cuba. The capital is Spanish Town. Kingston is the chief commercial city. The island belongs to Great Britain. Hayti, or St. Domingo, lies east of Cuba. Tlie center of the island is mountainous. The soil is fertile, the climate hot, and during most months of the year, unhealth- ful to foreigners. Coffee and cotton are the chief articles of export. Mahogany is abundant. Porto Rico lies east of Hayti. The sur- face is varied and well-watered. The soil is fertile, and the climate fine and salu- brious. The principal productions are sugar and coffee. St. Johns is the capital, and principal sea-port. This island belongs to Spain. The Lesser Antilles consist of a num- ber of small islands, which lie off the coast of South America. The Caribbee Islands lie between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, and extend from Porto Rico to South America. The northern are called the Leeward, arid the southern, the Windward Isles. The Bahamas lie nortli-cast of Cuba, and are supposed to number .about live hun- dred. Many of them arc simply coral rocks, not inhabited. The surface of most of the islands is level, and the soil sandy. The principal product is cotton. Indian corn, and the fruits and vegetables of trop- ical regions are produced on many of tlie islands. Salt is also exported. Nassau, the capital, is on the island of New Providence. These islands belong to Great Britain. Questions. Where are the West India Islands ? Describe their surface. Climate. Soil. What are their productions ? With what do the forests abound ? What is said of their commerce ? How are they di- vided ? To whom subject ? Which is the largest ? What is said of its surface ? What are its productions ? Describe Havana. Ma- tanzas. To whom does Cuba belong ? How is Jamaica situated? What is said of its mountains ? Productions ? What is its capital ? Its commercial city ? To whom does Jamaica belong V Where is Hayti? What is said of it? Its ex- ports ? Describe Porto Rico. Surface. Soil and Climate. What are its productions? Describe St. Johns. To whom does Porto Rico belong ? What are the Lesser Antilles ? AVhere are the Ca- ribbee Islands ? Where are the Bahamas ? What ai e many of them ? What is said of their surface and soil ? What are the products ? What is exported ? Describe Nassau. To whom do these islands be- long? UNITED STATES, 81 GENERAL QUESTIONS ON THE UNITED STATES. How arc the United States bounded? What states border on British America ? On the Atlantic Ocean ? Which are the Gulf States ? What states border on the Pacific ? What states are bounded on the west by the Mississippi River? What states have no sea coast? Where are the White Mountains ? Green Moun- tains ? Ozark Mountains ? Mention the principal peaks of the Rocky Mountains. Of the Cascade Mountains. Where is the St. Lawrence River ? In what direc- tion does it flow ? Describe the Connecticut River. The Hudson. Susquehanna. Potomac. Ohio. Sa- bine. What are the principal rivers flowing into the Gulf of Mexico ? Where does the Mississippi river rise ? What are its principal tributaries ? What rivers west of the Rocky Mountains ? Where is Lake Superior ? Lake Michigan ? Lake Champlain ? Lake Pontchartrain ? Great Salt Lake ? Where is Massachusetts Bay ? Chesapeake Bay ? Tampa Bay ? Mobile Bay ? Galveston Bay ? Gulf of Georgia? Florida Strait? Albemarle Sound? Long Island Sound ? Strait of Juan de Fuca ? Where is Nantucket ? Long Island ? Cape Cod ? Cape May ? Cape Charles ? Cape Hatteras ? Cape Mendocino ? Between what parallels of latitude are the United States? AVhat is the latitude of Albany? New York ? Philadelphia ? Washington V New Orleans ? Chicago ? San Francisco ? What longitude from Greenwich is AYashington ?* Boston ? Philadelphia ? St. Louis ? San Francisco ? Which of the United States are mostly mountain- ous ? Which states have a level surface ? What is the climate of the New England States ? Of Louis- iana ? Of Texas ? Of California ? What states produce corn ? Of what states is wheat a staple production ? Tobacco ? Cotton ? Rice ? Sugar ? What are the staple productions of Ohio? Kentucky? Texas? Iowa? In what states is iron found ? Coal ? Gold ? Sil- ver? Lead? Copper? Locate the principal gold mines in the United States ? Which state has the greatest amount of commerce ? Which are the principal manufacturing states? Which is the largest city in the United States? Which is the largest city in the Western State:-:? Which are the principal Atlantic sea ports ? What ports on the Gulf of Mexico ? On the great Lakes ? On the Pacific Ocean ? Through what waters would a vessel pass in going from St. Louis to New York ? What is the principal natural curiosity of the Middle States ? Of the Western States ? Of the Southern States. GENERAL QUESTIONS ON MEXICO AND THE WEST INDIES. How is Mexico Bounded ? What is its Capital ? What Mountains in Mexico ? Whaijii^olcano ? Bound Balize. Where is the river Santander ? Tula ? Grande ? Yaqui ? Lake Chapala ? What Gulf east of Mexico ? Where is the Bay of Campeachy ? Honduras ? Te- huantepec ? In what direction from Florida is Cuba ? The Ba- hamas? In what direction from Cuba is Hayti? Jamaica? In which direction is Cuba the longest ? Where is C^pe Catoche ? C^pe San Antonio ? Cape San Lucas ? '^ What is the latitude of Cuba ? The City of Mexi- co ? In what zone is Cuba ? In what zones is Mexi- co? What is the climate of Mexico? Of the West India Islands ? What are the productions of Mexico? Of the West India Islands ? Where is mahogany found ? Coffee? What minerals in Mexico? Describe Jamaica. The Bahamas. Who inhabit Mexico? Central America? What is said of the government of Mexico? Central America? West Indies ? Describe the city of Mexico. San Salvador. Havana. * The figures at the top of the Map mark the longitude from Greenwich. SOUTH AMERICA. SQUARE MILES, 6,500,000. P OPTJL A.T I ON^ 18,000,000. KEY TO MAI?* ^ O . 5 . STATES, CAPITALS AND CHIEF TOWNS. 1 New Granada, l Bogota, 2 Aspimvall, ;> Cartha- gena, 4 Santa 3farta, 5 Moiitpox, 6 Socorro, 7 Honda, S Popa>/aii, 9 Pauama. 2 Venezuela, l Caracas, 2 Coro, 3 Valencia, 4 La Guayra, 5 Cumana, 6 Bolivar City, T Trujillo, 8 Maracaybo. 3 Guiana, 1 Georgktown, 2 New Amsterdam, S Paramaribo, 4 Cayeune. 4 Brazil, 1 Rio Jankiho, 2 JIacapa, 3 Para, 4 Maranhani, o Parnnldba, fiAracnfi, 7 Pernambuco, 8 Baliia or St. Sa! vador, 9 Espirito Santo, 10 San Paulo, 11 Porto Alcr/rc, 12 7?;<> Grande, 13 Piania/iti7i.a,l4: Cnyab^, 15 Afatto Groso, 16 Barra, IT >Sa;t- 5 Paraguay, l Asscmptiov, 2 Concepcion, 3 C!o-»<- f/uaiy, 4 T7//a iiic-a, 5 Neanbucn. 6 Uruguay, l Montetideo, 2 Maldonado. 7 Argentine Republic, i Buenos Ayres, 2 Cor- rientes, S Cordova, 4 Mendoza, 5 Rioja, 6 Catamarca, T Tucuvian, 8 Santiac^o. 8 Patagonia. 9 Chili, 1 Santiago, 2 Copiapo, 3 ffnaxco, 4 Coquimbo, 5 Quillota, 6 Valparaiso, T Concepcion, 8 Valdivia, 9 Castro. 10 Bolivia, 1 Chuquisaca, 2 Za Pa.?, 3 Cochabam- ba, 4 Potosi, 5 Cobija. I 11 Peru, 1 Lima, 2, PaT/to, 3 Caxamarca, 4 ^r?*- ^'i7/o, 5 Cerro Pa.ico, 6 Callao, Y Huamanga, 8 Cuzco, 9 Arcqnipa, 10 Pnno, 11 Arica. I 12 Ecuador, l Quito, 2 TSarm, 3 Gnayquil, 4 iSJo- hawha, 5 Cucnca, 6 7.o;rj. [ OCE.' 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 VNS, SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Darien, Gulf of Venezuela, Gulf of Paria, Pinzo7i Bay, Bay of All Saints, Paranarfua Bay, Blanco Bay, St. Matthias Bat, Bay of St. George, Queen Adelaide's Archiprlano, Archipelago de Madrc dc U/.os, Gulf of Pcnas, Chonoa Archipelago, Gulf of Guaytecan, Concepcion Bay, Gulf of Guayaquil, Bay of Choco, Bay of Panama. STRAITS. 22 Maracaybo, 23 Magellan, 24 Le Maire. ISLANDS. 25 Curacoa, 26 Buen Ay re, 27 Margarita, 28 St. Vincent, 29 Barbadoea, 30 Grenada, 31 Tobago, 32 Trinidad, 33 Joannes, 34 Ifatnaracn, 35 Abrolhos, 36 St. Sebaafian, 84 S U T II A M E 11 1 C A . 37 Cananea, LAKES. 38 St. Catharina, 82 Maracaybo, 39 Falkland, 83 Patos, 40 South Gkorgian, 84 Mirim, 41 Staten Land, 85 Ibera, 42 Terra dkl Fukgo, 86 Coheguape, 43 Hkrmit, 87 Bcvedcro, 44 Wellington, 88 Porongos, 45 Chiloe, 89 TiTICACA, 46 Juan Fernanmz, 90 Reyks. 47 St. Felix, 48 Lobos, RIVERS. 49 Puna, 50 Quibo, 91 Magdalkna, 51 St. Anne. 92 Cauca, 93 94 Orinoco, Apure, ISTHMUS AND CAPES. 95 Jfcta, 52 Isthmus of Darien, 96 Giiaviare, 97 Caroni, 53 Gallinas, 54 Oravr/e, 98 M.HHequibo, 99 Demerara. 55 North, ' 100 Bprhicp.. 56 St. Roque, ' 57 Frio, 101 Surinam, 58 St. Antonio, 102 Marowyne, 59 Corrieutc-'i, 103 Oyapok, 104 Amazon, 60 Blanco, 61 Horn, 105 TrombetaSf 106 Aniba, 62 Pillar, 107 Negro, 63 Blanco, 64 San Lorenzo, 108 Branco, 65 San Fraiidnco. 109 Casniquiare^ 110 Uaupes, 111 Caqueta, MOUNTAINS AND DESLLTS. 112 PUTUMAYO, 113 Napo, 66 Parima, 114 Iluallaga, 67 Pacaraima, 115 L'CAYALE, 68 Acaray, 116 Javary, 69 Brazilian, / 117 Jut ay. 70 Vulcan, 118 Jurua, 71 Andes, 119 PURUS, 72 ACONfAGDA, 120 Madeira, 73 Gualateiri, ' " 121 Beni, 74 Illimani, 122 Mamork, 75 Sorata, 123 Guapai, 76 Chuquihamha, 124 Guapore, 77 Chimborazo, 125 TOPAJOS, 78 COTOPAXI, 126 Arinos, 79 Tolima, 127 Tres Barras, SO Geral, 128 XiNor, 81 Dfsert of At a cam a. 129 Para, SOUTH AMERICA 85 130 TOCANTINS, 145 Cut/aba, 131 Aragcat, 146 PiLCOMAYO, 132 Ji. das Mortes, 147 Vermkjo, 133 Gurupi, 148 Salado, 134 Maranham, 149 Tercero, 135 Parn'ahiba, 15) Salado, 136 St. Francisco, 151 Bulce, 137 Farahiba, 15-2 Colorado, 138 Rio de la Plata, 153 Rio Nkgro, 139 Uruguay, 154 Camarones, 140 Parana, 155 Port Desire, 141 Tine, 156 Chico, 142 P^ranaiba, 157 Santa Cruz, 143 Paraguay, 158 Biohio, 144 Tacuari, 159 Desaguadero. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. Bound South America. How many square miles has it ? Inhabitants ? "What is its latitude ? Long- itude ? In what zones does it lie ? How many states has South America ? Name them. The capital of each. Bound each state, \yhat states border on the Pacific Ocean ? The Atlantic Ocean ? The Caribbean Sea ? Which state has no sea coast ? What state entirely west of the Andes ? Which is the largest state in South America ? OCEANS, GULFS, BAYS, &c. What ocean east of South America? 1. West? 2. What sea north ? 3. What bay south of the Isthmus of Darien? 21. What gulf north? 4. What gulf north of Venezuela ? 5. What three bays on the coast of Brazil ? 7-9. What three bays on the At- lantic coast south of Brazil ? 10-12. What archipelagoes on the west coast of Patago- nia ? 13, 14, 16. What two gulfs on the west coast of Patagonia? 15, 17. What gulf on the coast of Ecu- ador? 19. What bay on the west coast of New Granada? 20. ISLANDS. What islands north of Venezuela? 25-32. What island at the mouth of the Amazon ? 33. What five islands near the coast of Brazil ? 34r-38. What islands east and south of Patagonia ? 39-43. What west ? 44, 45. West of Chili ? 46, 47. What island west of Peru ? 48. South of the Isthmus of Darien ? 50. CAPES. Which is the most northern cape ? 53. Which is the most eastern ? 56. Southern ? 61. Western ? 63. What four capes has Brazil ? 54-57. What two has the Argentine Republic ? 58, 59. What cape at the western extremity of Terra del Fuego ? 62. What two capes has Ecuador ? 64, 65. . MOUNT.AINS. What mountains between Guiana and Brazil ? 67, 68. In the south-eastern part of Brazil ? 69. What in the western ? 80. What chain of mountains ex- tends the whole length of South America ? 71. Men- tion the principal peaks. 72- 79. LAKES. What lake in Venezuela ? 82. What two lakes in the southern part of Brazil ? 83, 84. What lakes in the Argentine Republic ? 85, 87, 88. What lake in the southern part of Peru ? 89. RIVERS. What river in New Granada flows into the Carib- bean sea? 91. What river in Venezuela flows into the Atlantic ? 93. Which is the largest river in South America? 104. Mention its principal branches. 107, 115, 119, 120, 125, 128. What river flows into the Atlantic about 11° south latitude? 136. What at about 35° south latitude? 138. Mention its principal tributaries. 139, 140. 8r. SOUTH AMERICA, DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. South America is a vast triangular penin- sula, occupying the southern half of the west- ern continent. Its greatest length is 4800 miles, and its greatest breadth, 3230 miles, and it contains 6,500,000 square miles. It is naturally divided into three great sections, the eastern, or table lands of Bra- zil; the middle, or valley of the Amazon, La Plata and Orinoco ; and the western, or mountainous districts of the Andes. It is distinguished for its lofty moun- tains, majestic rivers and extensive plains. Though partly in the Torrid Zone, the cli- mate is not excessively hot, but usually mild and salubrious. The soil is much of it fertile. The elevated plains and mountain decliv- ities abound with the fruits and vegetables of tlic tomporatc zone, and the lower re- gions yield all the most valuable tropical products. The vegetation of this country is unsurpas- sed in its luxuriance and beauty. In many places winter is unknown, and the hills and valleys are clothed with constant verdure. The potato, maize, cocoa, vanilla, and many other useful plants, are found in their native state. The dense forests contain ex- cellent timber, and remain in their primitive grandeur, It is rich in mineral productions, among which are gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, and precious stones. The most ferocious animals of South America are the puma, jaguar and ocelot. The sloth, ant-eater, armadillo, tapir, and antelope, are numerous. The lama, alpaca, and vicuna are useful animals. A variety of monkeys is found, and birds of the most superb plumage. The condor, the largest bird of flight, inhabits the snowy solitudes of the Andes. SOUTH AMERICA. 87 Yultiires, harpies, eagles, toucans, orioles, and parrots, abound. There are numerous insects and reptiles. The serpents and alli- gators are of monstroiis size. The domestic animals were imported from Europe. They have multiplied so rapidly as to relapse into a wild state, and now roam the country in vast herds. South America was first visited by Co- lumbus in 1498. Soon after, the Spaniards and Portuguese conquered the native In- dians, and made numerous settlements. These settlements or provinces remained subject to Spain and Portugal until the present century, when they threw oflf the yoke and became republics. South America comprises the following divisions, viz.. New Granada, Venezuela, Guiana, Brazil, Paraguay, Uraguay, Argen- tine Republic, Patagonia, Chili, Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador. Questions. What is South America ? How divided ? For what distinguished ? What is the climate ? Soil ? What are the products of the diflfercnt sections? What is said of the vege- tation? AVhat ijlants are found in their native state ? What can you say of the Minerals ? Wild animals ? Domestic animals ? Of the discovery and settlement of South America ? What farther of the provinces? Name the divisions. 1. NEW GRAXADA. Square miles, 480,000. Population, 2,360,000. New Granada is traversed by three ranges of the Andes, and contains several lofty peaks. The scenery among these moun- tains is extremely grand and beautiful. The lower tracts are hot and unhcaltliy They abound with the most valuable tropical products. The elevated plains on which most of the inhabitants reside, are cool and salubrious. Cocoa, coffee, sugar, tobacco, indigo, hides, Brazil and dye woods, are the principal arti- cles of cultivation and commerce. It has rich mines of gold and silver, also precious stones. The country is in many parts so rugged as to render the construction of roads im- practicable. Travelers are carried in a chair by persons hired for that purpose, or on mules. Rope bridges, on which the inhabitants pass with ease, are thrown over the chasms. The Panama railroad, about fifty miles in length, extends across the isthmus from As- pinwall to Panama. Bogota, the capital, is a handsome town, situated in the interior, on an elevation, a mile and a half above the level of the sea. The streets are narrow but regular. CARTHAGKXA. Cartkagena has a fine harbor, and an ex- tensive trade. AspimvaU, on the north, and Panama, on the south side of the isthmus of Darien, are the principal ports. Questions. How many square miles has New Gra- 88 SOUTH AMERICA, nada ? What is the population ? Surface ? Climate ? What arc the chief articles of cultivation and com- merce ? In what is it rich ? What is said of roads and travelers ? Bridges ? Railroad ? Describe Bo- gota. Carthagena. Aspinwall and Panama. 2. VENEZUELA. Square miles, 426,000. Population, 1,400,000. Venezuela, in the iiorihcni part, is trav- ersed by the Andes. The southern portion comprises the vast fertile plains of the Ori- noco and its branches. The climate is extremely hot in the low- lands, but temperate in the higher regions. The soil is very rich, yielding large crops of sugar, tobacco, coffee, cotton, and the trop- ical fruits. The plains or llanos are covered with tall coarse grass, on which graze numerous herds of cattle, horses and mules. Caracas, the capital, is situated in a pleas- ant valley, and is subject to earthquakes. It was nearly destroyed in 1812, with 12,000 of its inhabitants. It has since been rebuilt. La Guayra has an important commerce. Valencia and CWw««a" arc places of some trade. The Island of Margarita belongs to Vene- zuela. Questions. What is the number of square miles in Venezuela ? The population ? What is said of the ■ surface ? The climate ? Soil and productions ? Plains? What animals are found in great numbers? Describe Caracas. La Guayra, Cumana, and An- gostura. What island belongs to Venezuela? 3. GUIANA. Square miles, 163,000. Population, 214,000. Gxiiana is a level, fertile country, belong- ing to the English, Dutch and French. It has two dry seasons and two wet seasons in a year. In the dry seasons the climate is agreeable. The principal productions are sugar, cof- fee and maize. Cayenne pepper and cloves are largely exported from Cayenne. The inhabitants consist of foreign resi- dents, aboriginal tribes and negroes; the latter constituting the majority. Georgetown, the capital of British Gui- ana, at the mouth of the Demerara river, is regnlarly built. Its streets are broad, mostly with canals in the middle, communicating with each other and the river. The low, swampy position of the city renders it un- healthy. Paramaribo, the capital of Dutch Guiana, has a fine harbor, and is the center of trade for the colony. Cayenne, the capital of French Guiana, is situated on an island, and is noted for its pepper. Questions. Mention the number of square miles in Guiana. The population. Describe Guiana. Its climate. Name its chief products. What is said of the inhabitants ? Georgetown ? Paramaribo ? Cay- enne? 4. BRAZIL. Square miles, 3,000,000. Population, 6,500,000. Brazil is an extensive country, comprising nearly the whole of the valley of the Ama- zon, and the country lying on the coast south of it as far as latitude 32°. It abounds with majestic rivers, extensive plains, and vast forests. A part of it con- tains low ranges of mountains. The climate is mild and salubrious in the elevated and southern sections, but hot and unhealthy near the equator. The soil is very fertile, and vegetation, exceedingly luxuriant. SOUTH AMERICA. 89 Its staple productions are coffee and sugar, but cotton, rice, tobacco, maize, wheat, gin- ger, and yams, arc found in great abundance. Oranges, lemons and bananas, grow luxuri- antly in some parts. It is also rich in mineral treasures, as gold, silver, diamonds, topaz, and other precious stones. Wild animals are very numerous, among which are enormous serpents, alligators, and birds of beautiful plumage. Immense herds of cattle, which are hunted for their hides and horns, graze on the plains. Horses and mules are numerous in the south. VIKW IS BAHIA. Agriculture is the leading pursuit. There are few manufactures. It has considerable commerce. Sugar, cotton, hides, horns, cof- fee, cabinet and dye woods, and gums, are among the chief exports. The government is a hereditary, constitutional monarchy. The inhabitants consist of Whites, Negroes, mixed races, and several savage tribes of In- dians. Labor in the fields and in the mines is performed principally by negro slaves. Free schools for teaching the rudiments of learning are established. The religion is Roman Catholic, but other religions are tolerated. Rio Janeiro, its capital, and the largest city in South America, has a very fine har- bor, an extended commerce, and several lit- erary institutions. It contains several public buildings, and is surrounded by varied and picturesque scenery. Para, Maranham, Pcmambuco and Bahia arc the other principal seaports. Questions. How many square miles has Brazil ? Inhabitants ? What does it comprise ? With what abound? What is the climate? Soil? Name the chief products. Minerals. What is said of wild an- imals ? Cattle ? Agriculture and manufac- tures? Commerce? Exports? Government? Inhabitants? Schools? Religion? Rio Jan- eiro ? What are the other principal seaports ? 5. PARAGUAY. Square miles, 84,000. Population, 300,000. Paraguay occupies the peninsula be- tween the Parana and Paraguay rivers. It is a small, level state, well watered and fertile. The climate is temperate and healthy, and the productions are various and valuable. Maize, rice, sugar, drugs, and tropical fruits abound; also matte, or Paraguay tea, used in South America as China tea is used in this country and in Europe. Large herds of wild cattle roam the plains, and birds of beautiful plumage live in the dense forests. Its inhabitants are chiefly civilized Indians, and descendants of Europeans, from Spain. They are generally intelligent and industri- ous. The government is a republic. The reli- gion, Roman Catholic. This state became independent in 1813, 90 SOUTH AMERICA. and soon after was governed by Dr. Francia, who ruled under the title of Dictator, until his death, in 1840. He very much improved the condition of the people, and secured to them peace and prosperity, while the neighboring republics were unsettled and distracted. Assumption, the capital, is finely situated, but poorly built, and has considerable trade. Foreigners are now admitted, and commerce with other nations is encouraged. Questions. Paraguay has how many square miles ? What is the population? Describe it. Name the chief products. What abound on its plains and in its forests ? AVhat is said of the inhabitants ? Gov- ernment ? Religion ? What can you say of its his- tory ? Of Assumption ? 6. URUGUAY. Square miles, 75,000. Population, 120,000. Uruguay is a small state lying between the river Uruguay and the Atlantic. The principal productions are wheat, maize and beans. Melons are raised in abundance. Hides, horns and tallow are its chief ex- ports. The government is republican. This republic, formerly known as the Banda Oriental, belonged to the United Provinces of Buenos Ayres. On account of its commercial facilities, Brazil laid claim to it ; but after a protracted war both parties assented to its independence. Montevideo, the capital, is situated on the Rio de la Plata, which is here eighty miles wide. It has a fine cathedral, a good harbor and an important trade. Questions. What is the number of square miles and the population of Uruguay ? Describe its situation. Surface, soil and climate. Mention its productions. Its exports. AVhat is its Government ? History ? Describe Montevideo. CATHEDRAL AT MONTKVIDEO. The surface is generally level, and the climate agreeable. The soil is fertile, but remains for the most part uncultivated. 7. ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. Square miles, 900,000. Population, 1,300,000. The Argentine Bepublie occu- pies a section drained by the waters of the Paraguay and Col- orado. The northern part is moun- tainous and barren. The central and southern portions are fertile, and consist principally of immense plains called Pampas. These have few trees and are covered with tall grass that affords fine pasture. The plains are extremely warm ; the coast and elevated tracts are cool. The climate is remarkable for its dryness. The productions are sugar, cotton, tobac- co, maize, wheat, and the various fruits of the temperate and torrid zones. SOUTH AMERICA. 91 It has rich mines of gold, silver, copper, iron, and coal. On the plains, are vast herds of horses and cattle, which are taken by the Indian vt^ith his lasso, a leathern thong. Deer, jagnar, and the American ostrich also abound. Wool, hides, horns, and tallow, are the chief articles of export. The government is nominally a republic, but the president, or director, possesses in reality the powers of a dictator. The religion is Roman Catholic. Educa- tion throughout the province is in a low state. This Republic became independent of Spain in 1816. It has taken, at different times, the names of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, the Argentine Re- public, and Buenos Ayres. Buenos Ayees, the capital, is strongly fortified, and has an extensive commerce, somewhat impeded by the difficulty of na^^ itratins: the La Plata. The houses are most- ly built of brick, and whitewashed. It con- tains fine public buildings, a good college well endowed, normal and other schools. Questions. Give the number of square miles in the Argentine Republic. Its population. Describe its situation. Surface. Climate. Name its products. Minerals. Animals. Articles of export. What is said of its Government ? Religion ? Education ? History ? Names ? Of Buenos Ajtcs ? Mendoza ? 8. PATAGONIA. Square miles, 350,000. Population, 120,000, natives of PATAGONIA. PCBLIC SQUARE AT MEXDOZA. Mendoza is well built and has an exten- sive trade with Chili, carried on by means of mules. Patagonia comprises the southern por- tion of the western continent, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean. The Andes pass through it, rendering its surface mountainous and rugged. The greater part of it is cold and barren, only a very small portion being under cultivation. Fish abound on the coast. It is thinly inhabited by independent tribes of Indians, who are said to be excellent horsemen. Questions. How many square miles and inhabit- 92 SOUTH AMERICA. ants has Pa(:a;j;oni;i V What does Patagonia comprise ? What is its surface and climate ? What abound on its coasts? Who inhabit it? 9. CHILI. Square miles, 170,000. Population, 1,200,000. Chillis a long, narrow tract of land, lying between the Andes and the ocean. It has a mountainous surface, is subject to violent earthquakes, and has several volcanoes con- stantly burning. COSTUMES OF THE CniLIANS. The climate is equable and very salubri- ous. Numerous mountain streams, which flow into the Pacific, fertilize the soil, espe- cially in the southern part, where it is pro- ductive; the northern part is barren. Fruits, grains, and vegetables, are abun- dantly raised, but the rearing of cattle is the most important branch of industry. Mines of gold, silver, and copper, are ex- tensively worked. Tlie Chilians are courteous, humane, and industrious. The general government is administered by a president elected for five years. He is assisted by a council of eight members. Tlic legislature consists of two houses, the Sen- ate and House of Deputies, The established religion is Roman Catho- lic. Other religions are tolerated, Chiloe and its adjacent islands, also those of Juan Fernandez, belong to Chili, Juan Fernandez is celebrated as the residence of Alexander Selkirk, a Scotch sailor. His adventure gave rise to the story of Robinson Crusoe. Santiago, the capital, is beautifully situ- ated. Valparaiso, its port, has a fine harbor, and an extensive trade with Europe, the United States and China. QuiUota has remarkably ricli mines of copper. Valdivia and Coquini- bo possess good harbors. Questions. What is the area of Chili ? Popula- tion ? Surface ? Its climate and soil ? What is said of fruits, grains, &c. ? The rearing of cattle ? Mines ? Chilians? Government? Religion? What islands belong to Chili? What can you say of Juan Fernan- dez? Santiago? Valparaiso? QuiUota? Valdivia and Coquimbo? 10. BOLIVIA. Square miles, 375,000. Population, 1,700,000. Bolivia is an extensive republic situated north of Chili and the Argentine Republic, and west of Brazil. The surface is mountainous and greatly elevated. The climate is generally temper- ate. Rye, maize, potatoes, cotton, rice, indigo, and cocoa, are the chief productions. This country is noted for its valuable mine?, of gold and silver. The silver mines of Po- tosi are the richest in the world. They were discovered by Hualpo, a Peruvian Indian, in 1540, while climbing a mountain in pursuit SOUTH AMERICA. 93 of some goats. Laying hold of a shrub to assist liis ascent, it was torn up by the roots, exposing the silver beneath. Bolivia was a Spanish province till 1825, when it achieved its independence under General Bolivar, from whom it derives its name. The constitution, which was drawn up for the new state by him, and adopted by con- gress in 1826, makes ample provision for personal and political liberty, securing reli- gious toleration and the freedom of the ])ress. The religion is Uoman Catholic. THE GRAND PLACE AT CnCQTISACA. • Chuquisaca, the capital, has a university and several fine buildings. Potosi is situated 13,000 feet above the level of the sea, in a region cold and barren, but rich in silver mines. Cochabamba has considerable trade in grain and fruits. Questions. What is the area of Bolivia ? Popula- tion ? What is said of its situation ? Surface ? Climate ? Productions ? For what is it noted ? Who discovered its mines? AThen and under whom did it become in- dependent ? What is said erf the government ? Jlo ligion ? Describe Chuquisaca. Potosi. Cochabamba. 11. PERU. Square miles, 400,000. Population, 2,300,000. Peru is an irregular country, traversed by two ranges of the Andes. On the coast the climate is very hot, and the soil arid. Tlie table lands have a cool climate and fertile soil. The chief productions are cotton, maize, sugar, coffee, and Peruvian bark. There are also rich mines of gold, silver, and mercury, or quicksilver. Agriculture and manufactures arc neg- lected. The country is almost destitute of roads and bridges. Transportation is carried on principally by means of lamas and mules. A railroad between Lima and Callao has been completed, and another from Arica to Tacna has been commenced. The native Peruvians were a peaceable race, who understood agriculture and the arts, and worshiped the sun. The present inhabitants are supposed to be about one-half Indians, one-fourth white per- sons, or Creoles, and the rest colored people of mixed breeds. The Peruvians achieved their independ- ence in 1824. They possess a good degree of enterprise, wealth and refinement. The government is popular and repre- sentative. The president is elected for six years. The dominant religion is Roman Catholic but other creeds are tolerated, - Lima, the capital, is a wealthy city, re- markable for its magnificent public build- 94 SOUTH AMERICA, N, OP.U - Ci: THE CONVENT OF SAN FRANCiScO, L».uA. ings. It lias several manufactories, and a large trade through the port of Callao. Cuzco, was the capital of the ancient Pe- ruvian empire, and the residence of the Peruvian Incas. It was founded by Manco Capac, the first Inca of Peru, in 1043,.- and contains numerous elegant palaces and tem- ples. In 1534 it was taken by the Span-, iards, under Pizarro, who cruelly put to^ death the reigning Incas, and pillaged the city. Questions. What number of square miles has Peru ? Inhabitants ? Describe its surface, climate and soil. What are its productions ? What is the Slate of agriculture and manufactures ? What is said of roads and bridges ? What can you say of its in- habitants? When did Peru become mdependent? What is said of the government ? Religion ? Lima ? Cuzco? 12. ECUADOR. Square miles, 240,000. Population, 620,000. Ecuador is situated on the coast of the Pacific, north of Peru, and directly under equator. It is remarkable for its lofty mountains, elevated plains and varied climate. Vegetation is luxuriant, and the forests are covered with perpetual green. All the tropical fruits abound. Cocoa, rice, pepper, sugnr-cane, Indian corn, cotton, wheat, and barley, are also produced. Earthquakes and violent tem- pests are frequent. Some of the most elevated peaks of the Andes are found in • this country ; among which are Mount Chimborazo and the vol- canoes Cotopaxi and Pichincha. The form of government is republican, with a president and vice-president as the head. The religion is Roman Catholic. Education is in a very backward state. CAl'liEDRAL AT GL'AVACiUIL. Quito, the capital, is a beautiful city, built on the side of a volcano, 8000 feet above the level of the sea. It is well built and has several handsome squares. Eleven snow- capped mountains may be seen from the city. SOUTH A xM ERIC A. 95 Guayaquil has a fine harbor and an ex- tensive commerce. It is well laid out and has some good public edifices; but it is mostly built of wood, on low ground, and is ill supplied with water. Questions. Number of square miles in Ecuador ? Population? Describe its situation. Surface. Veg- etation. Productions. To what is it subject ? What is said of its mountain peaks ? Government ? Reli- gion ? Education ? Describe Quito ? Guayaquil. GENERAL QUESTIONS ON SOUTH AMERICA. How is South America bounded ? What is its gen- eral form ? In which direction is it the longest ? What divisions border on the Caribbean Sea ? What on the Atlantic Ocean ? W^hat on the Pacific ? Which division has no sea coast ? Which is the largest di- vision ? Which is the smallest ? What range of mountains extends the whole length of South America ? Mention the principal peaks of the Andes. In what state are the highest peaks ? What other mountains in South America? WTiat states are mostly level ? Which are the three largest rivers of South Amer- ica ? In what direction does each flow ? Why are there no large rivers flowing into the Pacific ? What are the principal tributaries of the Orinoco ? Of the Amazon ? Of the La Plata ? Where is Lake Mara- caybo ? Lake Titacaca ? Into what does the river Dulce flow ? Where is the gulf of Darien ? The gulf of Vene- zuela ? The gulf of Guayaquil ? The bay of All Saints ? Blanco Bay ? The bay of St. George ? The bay of Panama ? Straits of Maracaybo ? Straits of Magellan ? Where is the island of Curacoa ? Trinidad ? Jo- annes? Where are the Falkland Islands? South Georgian ? Where is Terra del Fuego ? Chiloe ? Juan Fernandez ? Cape Gallinas ? Cape St. Roque ? Cape Frio ? Cape Horn ? Cape Blanco ? What is the latitude of Cape Gallinas? Cape Horn ? Of the island of Juan Fernandez ? Of the mouth of the Amazon ? Of the mouth of the Ori- noco ? Of the mouth of the La Plata ? Of Quito ? Rio Janeiro ? Buenos Ayres ? Lima ? What is the longitude from Greenwich of the Isth- mus of Darien ? Of Cape St Roque ? Of Bogota ? Of Rio Janeiro ? Chuquisaca ? The mouth of the Amazon ? The mouth of the Orinoco ? What countries of South America are crossed by the equator ? What by the Tropic of Capricorn ? In what zones is South America ? What countries are in the Torrid Zone ? What in the South Temperate Zone ? In which zone is vegetation most luxuriant ? What, besides distance from the Equator, affects the climate of the countries of South America ? Which division of South America has the coldest climate? In what divisions is the climate very warm ? What divisions have a temperate climate ? What are the seasons in Guiana ? What is the gen- eral character of the soil in the valleys of the north- ern and middle countries ? What are the vegetable productions of New Granada and Venezuela? In what country is ginger produced ? From what coun- try is Cayenne pepper exported ? In what countries are coffee and sugar found ? Cotton ? What country exports dye woods and gums ? In what countries are there large numbers of cattle ? Where is gold found? Silver? Copper? Mer- cury ? In what country are the richest silver mines ? Where are diamonds found? What is the govern- ment of Brazil ? Of most of the other countries ? What is the prevailing religion in South America ? Which is the largest city in South America ? What has it? How is Bogota situated? What are the principal sea ports in South America ? For what is Lima remarkable? What has Chuquisaca? What does Buenos Ayres contain ? How is Quito situated ? In what direction from New York is Rio Janeiro ? How would you sail from Buenos Ayres to San Fran- cisco, Cal. ? How is transportation carried on in Peru ? How do people travel in New Granada ? EUROPE. SQUABE MILES, 3,800,000. POPULATION, 276,000,000. KEY TO MAP NO . 6. COUNTRIES, CAPITALS, CHIEF TOWNS. 14 States of the Church, 6 Rome, 12 Bologna, 13 j Sey^7/e, 18 Cor- 19 ^Mt/a, 20 Pesth, 21 Debreczin. rfowa, 19 Badajos, 20 7(>/e(7o, 21 7 Turkey, 1 Constantinople, 2 Belgrade, 3 TFec^m, Salamanca, 22 Leon, 23 Valladolid, 4 Bucharest, 5 Brahilov, 6 Jassy, 24 Burgos, 25 Saragossa. 1 Silistria, 8 Shoomla, 9 Farwa, 18 Portugal, 1 Lisbon, 2 Braga, 3 Oporto, 4 Coim- 10 Adrianople, 11 Gallipoli, 12 bra, 5 Elvas, 6 Evora, 7 Setubal. Seres, 13 Salonica, 14 Larissa, 15 ^rte, 16 Yanina, 17 Scutari, 18 19 England, 1 London, 2 Newcastle, 3 5'b?-^-, 4 i/ie China Sea and the Strait of Malacca. It was for- merly an independent territory, but is now divided between European powers and the king of Siam. The British possessions embrace a section of country on the east and north of the Gulf of Martaban, the southern portion of Malacca, and the island of Singapore. Hue, the capital of the empire of Anam, is situated on the Hue river, ten miles from the China Sea. It is surrounded by walls mounting numerous cannon, and its for- tress is considered the strongest in Asia. Bangkok, the capital of Siam, is situated on both banks of the river Menam, twenty miles above its mouth. It has manufactures of tin and iron wares, and leather, and is one of the most commercial cities in Asia. MoNCHOBOO has recently become the cap- ital of the Burman Empire. Singapore, situated on the south side of the island of the same name, is one of the principal commercial emporiums of the east. It has an extensive trade with eastern and southern Asia, Great Britain, France, and the United States. The port is free to ves- sels of all kinds and from all nations. Questions. What is the extent of Farther India ' Population? How is Farther India situated ? What is said of its surface ? Soil ? Climate ? Productions ? Minerals ? What does it comprise ? Describe Anam. Burmah. Siam. Malacca. The British possessions. Hue. Bangkok. Mgnchoboo. Singapore. 8. HINDOSTAN. Square miles, 1,280,000. Population, 150,000,000. Hindostan comprises the great central peninsula of Southern Asia. It consists of a vast plain in the north, and high plateaus bounded by mountains in the south. Its soil is very fertile. The climate in the northern part is mild and agreeable. In the southern, it is op- pressively hot and often unhealthy. Rice, sugar, tobacco, opium, cotton, silk, indigo, and various kinds of grain and spices, arc the vegetable productions. The most delicious fruits grow spontaneously. One of the remarkable vegetable curiosi- ties of Hindostan, is the Banian, or Indian fig tree. Its limbs send downward to the earth numerous shoots, which take root and become large trunks. One tree will some times form a grove large enough to sliad^ several thousand persons. ASIA. 137 Its minerals are gold, iron, coal, diamonds, and other precious stones. The Hindoos have excelled in a few man- ufactures; the embroidered shawls of the province of Cashmere being unrivaled. The population is dense, and divided into castes, which never associate or intermarry with each other. In some districts, the in- habitants are intelligent and industrious, in others, ignorant and extremely degraded. PALACE OF THE KING, DELHI. Their religion is paganism. They wor- ship many thousands of deities — also the river Ganges, and various animals. The British Government has the control of the larger portion of the country. The British also possess Ceylon, a beau- tiful and fertile island, abounding with fruits and spices, and valuable for its pearl fisheries. Calcutta, the capital and largest city in Hindostan, has an extensive commerce, and is thronged with persons from all parts of the globe. Bombay, the capital of "Western British India, though inferior to Calcutta and Ma- dras, has an extensive commerce, and is the chief Indian port, connected with the estab- lishment of steam navigation between India and Great Britain. Madras is situated on a sandy shore on the eastern coast. It has no harbor, but is a place of extensive trade. Benares is a wealthy city, situated on the north bank of the Ganges. It is the holy city of the Hindoos, and contains numerous mosques and temples. It is famous for its trade in diamonds. Delhi was once tlie largest city in India. It is distinguished for its royal palace. Questions. How many square miles has Hindos- tan? Inhabitants? Where is it situated ? What is the surface of Hindostan ? What can you say of the soil? Climate? Productions V Banian tree? Min- erals? Manufactures? Population? Religion? Who control most of the country ? Describe Ceylon. Cal- cutta. Bombay. Madras. Benares. Delhi. 9. BELOOCHISTAN. Square miles, 160,000. Population, 2,000,000. Beloochistan lies west of Hindostan, and extends six hundred miles on the shore of the Arabian sea. It is a mountainous country, covered chiefly with barren wastes, and tliinly pop- ulated. The climate is various, being cold in the elevated parts, and excessively hot in the valleys. In the low and watered plains, rice, sugar-cane, cotton, indigo, and tobacco, are raised ; in other parts, wheat, barley, and fruits are the principal products. The government is despotic, and the re- ligion, Mohammedan. The inhabitants consist of Belochees and Brahoees. The Belochees are a warlike race, living by plunder. The Brahoees arc mild, peaceful, and subsist on their cattle. Kelat is the principal city and capital. i:)S ASIA. Questions. How many square miles has Beloo- rhistan ? Inhabitants ? Where is it situated ? De- scribe it. Climate. Productions. Government and religion. The inhabitants. Name its chief city. 10. AFGHANISTAN. Square miles, 800,000. Population, 5,000,000. Afghanistan lies directly north of Beloo- ohistan, wliicli it resembles in surface and soil. The summits of the mountains are often covered with snow, while the valleys ill summer are extremely hot. It is inhab- ited by various tribes, of which the Afghans are the chief, and of a brave character. Arts and manufactures are in a backward state Cabool, the capital, is beautifully situated on the Cabool river in a fertile plain, and has a delightful climate and active trade. Herat is important for its manufactures and trade. Questions. "What is the number of square miles in Afghanistan? Population? Describe Afghanistan. Its inhabitants. Arts and manufactures. Cabool. Herat. 11. PERSIA. Square miles, 450,000. Population, 10,000,000. Persia extends from the Caspian Sea to the Persian Gulf. It consists of an exten- sive central plateau, encircled by mountain- chains on three of its sides. These, with vast salt or sandy deserts, and long, arid valleys destitute of streams, are the mot-t striking characteristics of Persia. The climate is subject to extremes of heat and cold ; only in the valleys, is the soil fertile. Silk of the finest quality, grains, rice, tobacco, cotton, wines, and fruits, are the chief products. Agriculture receives comparatively little attention. The most elegant silks, shawls, carpets, and porcelain, are manufactured. MOSQUE OF SULTAN HUSSEIN, ISPAHAN. The Persians are a handsome, active and warlike people. Pastoral tribes or shepherds who frequent ly plunder the more fertile tracts, inhabit the mountainous districts. ASIA. 139 111 ancient times, Persia was one of the most powerful empires of the East, but its power and influence have been much re- duced. The sovereign is an absolute despot. Teheran, the capital, is strongly fortified, and has an unhealthy site. It has manufac- tures of carpets and iron goods. Ispahan is a populous city, with a beauti- ful situation. Reslul is a seaport on the Caspian Sea. Questions. Give the number of square miles in Persia. Inhabitants. Situation. Striknig character- istics. What is said of the cUmate and soil ? Chief products ? Agriculture and manufactures ? The Per- sians ? Pastoral tribes? Persia in ancient times? Government? Teheran? Ispahan? Reshd? 12. ARABIA. Square miles, 834,000. Population, 10,000,000. Arabia occupies a large peninsula in the south-west of Asia. It consists chiefly of broken mountains and sandy plains or deserts, interspersed with fertile spots; and is almost destitute of streams of water. The mountainous districts are temperate — the plains are excessively hot, and subject to a pestilential wind, called the Sirocco. In the fertile regions, coffee and fragrant spices are abundant. Dates, oranges, figs, and melons, grow spontaneously, and furn- ish the p3ople with much of their food. The Arabian horse is fleet and beautiful. The camel is the most useful animal. The Arabs are proud, active, intelligent and hos- pitable to their guests, but rob all whom they meet in the desert. The Arabs are Mohammedans, and pre- serve the patriarchal form of government. The Bedouins are a wandering tribe, who live in the deserts and dwell in tents. They subsist principally on vegetables, and the milk of their camels and asses. The pearl banks, in the Persian gulf, give employment to nearly thirty thousand men. Mecca, the birth-place of Mohammed, is considered a sacred city, and resorted to by vast numbers of pilgrims. Medina contains the tomb of Mohammed, inclosed by magnificent mosques. It is called the "City of the Prophet." Mocha is the center of trade with Europe, and exports large quantities of coffee. Muscat, a seaport on the Indian ocean, is the grand emporium of Eastern Arabia, and a key to the entrance of the Persian Gulf. Questions. How many square miles in Arabia? | Inhabitants ? Where is it situated ? Of what does it consist? What is the soil ? Climate? Name the t products. What is said of the horse ? Camel ? De- scribe the Arabs. What is their religion and govern- j ment ? What can you say of the Bedouins ? The ' pearl fisheries ? Mecca? Medina? Mocha? Muscat? j 13. TURKEY IN ASIA. Square miles, 538,000. Population, 16,000,000, Turkey in Asia extends from Arabia to the Black sea, and embraces A^sia Minor and Syria. 140 ASIA. It is remarkable for having been the seat of the most thrilling occurrences recorded m the Sacred Scriptures. MOSQUE OF OMAR. It is still an interesting country, and con- tains the ruins of the mighty Babylon, of Nineveh, Balbec, and Jerusalem. It consists of two plateaus and an exten- sive plain. The larger plateau occupies the whole of its northern portion, and has an elevation of from four to five thousand feet; tlie other includes Syria and Palestine, and lies to the east of the Mediterranean. The plain forms the lower basin of the Euphrates and Tigris. The soil and climate present many varie- ties. The river banks and valleys are very fertile, but in the south are vast arid plains, and but few productions. The summits of the mountains are covered with snow, while the valleys have a tropical climate, and pro- duce the fruits of Southern Asia. The chief products are grain, cotton, cof- fee, and tobacco. Asiatic Turkey was once the seat of pow- erful empires. It has been conquered by one nation after another, and is now subject to the Turks. The inhabitants are ignorant and barbar- ous. They comprise a motley assemblage of Jews, Arabs, Moors, Tartars, Greeks, Turks, Armenians, kc. Syria is a country of Asiatic Turkey, bounded soutli by Arabia, and west by the Mediterranean, and a large part of it is very productive. The southern part of Syria is called Palestine. Jerusalem, the capital of ancient Pales- tine, is celebrated as the "Holy City" of the Jews, and the scene of many important events recorded in Scripture. It retains few traces of its ancient grandeur, except the foundation stones of some of its walls, and the remains of arclies, acqueducts and sub- terranean passage ways. Smyrna is the most populous city of Tur- key, and has an extensive trade and com- merce. Damascus is celebrated for its anti- quity, and the fineness of its manufactures. A highly fertile and beautiful country sur- rounds it. Questions. How many square miles has Turkey in Asia ? Inhabitants ? What is its situation ? What does it embrace ? For what is it remarkable ? What is its surface ? Climate and soil ? What are its chief products ? Of what was it oTice the seat ? Describe the inhabitants. Syria. What can you say of JerU' salein ? Smyrna ? Damascus ? 15. GEORGIA. Square miles, 28,800. Population, 000,000. Georgia is usually employed to designate the whole territory claimed by the Russians, between the Black and Caspian Seas, and south of the Caucasus mountains. ASIA. 141 The central part is occupied bj a large and fertile valley, having a mild and health- ful climate. The soil in the valleys is very fertile, pro- ducing maize, hemp, flax, great quantities of wine and cotton, and also fine fruits. The natives are distinguished for their fine forms, and for the beauty of the women. The Georgians belong nominally to the Greek Church. TiFLis, the capital, is situated in a narrow valley on the Koor. It is the residence of the Russian governor, and is defended by walls and several forts. Questions. What is the extent of Georgia ? Popula- tion ? Where is it situated ? What is its surface ? Soil ? What are its productions V For what are the natives distinguished ? What is said of the religion ? Tiflis ? 16. INDEPENDENT TOORKISTAN. Square miles, 720,800. Population, 4,000,000. Independent Toorkistan extends from Chinese Tartary to the Caspian Sea, occu- pying the central portions of Asia. It has an elevated surface, a mild climate, and abounds with vast deserts. The southern part of Independent Toor- kistan is called Bokhara, and is far the most fertile and best cultivated section. It was formerly the seat of a powerful empire. The principal productions are cotton, silk, wool, maize, and fruits. Various independent roving tribes inhabit this country, some of whom subsist by agri- culture, but more on their flocks. They are generally Mohammedans. Bokhara, the capital of the Khanat of Bokhara, is situated in a flat country, em- bosomed among the hills, and is enclosed by earthern ramparts. It has long been famous as a seat of Mohammedan learning. Questions. How many square miles in Independent Toorkistan ? Inhabitants ? How is it situated ? What is the surface and climate ? What abound ? What can you say of Bokhara? What are the principal productions of Toorkistan ? Who inhabit it ? How do they live ? Describe the city of Bokhara ? GENERAL QUESTIONS ON ASIA. In what part of Asia is Siberia ? Hindostan ? Ara- bia ? What divisions lie south of Siberia ? Where are the Ural mountains ? Stanovoi ? Ghauts ? Hin- doo Koosh ? Elbrooz ? Himalaya ? Where is Mount Sinai ? Ararat ? Where is Lake Baikal? Lop Nor? Zurrah? Where is the river Obi ? What are its tributaries ? Where is the Amoor ? What are the principal rivers of China ? Where is the Irrawaddy ? Ganges ? In- dus ? Tigris ? Ural ? Where is cape Lopatka ? Cape Cambodia ? Cape Comorin ? Isthmus of Suez ? Nova Zembla ? For- mosa ? Singapore ? Ceylon ? Cyprus ? Where is the Gulf of Lena ? Gulf of Siam ? Gulf of Ormus? Sea of Kara? China Sea? Arabian Sea ? Dead Sea ? Caspian Sea ? Channel of Tar- tary ? Strait of Corea ? Strait of Malacca ? Strait of Dardanelles ? Channel of Bosporus ? What is the latitude of Calcutta ? Peking? Mecca? In what zones is Asia ? What division of Asia is crossed by the Arctic Circle ? What divisions by the Tropic of Cancer ? What is the climate of Siberia ? What are its minerals ? What is the most noted pro- duct of China ? How is Peking situated ? To what race do the Japanese belong ? What are the charac- teristics of the Mongol race ? For what is India dis- tinguished? What does Farther India comprise? How is Singapore situated ? What remarkable tree is found in Hindostan? In what have the Hindoos excelled ? What are the chief products of Persia ? The manufactures ? For what is Turkey remarkable ? What ruins does it contain ? By whom is Toorkistan inhabited ? How would you sail from New York to Calcutta ? From Calcutta to Constantinople ? Which of these three cities is the largest ? AFRICA. SQUARE MILES, 12,000,000. POPULATION", 60,000,000. KEY TO MAP NO. 8. COUNTRIES, CAPITALS AND CHIEF TOWNS 1 Morocco, 1 Morocco, 2 Rabat, 3 Mequinez, 4 Fez. 2 Algiers, l Algiers, 2 Oran, 3 Constant ine, 4 £o7ia. 3 Tunis, 1 Tunis, 2 Kairwan. 4 Beled el Jereed, i Tooggoort. 5 Tripoli, 1 Tripoli, 2 Mesurata. 1 Derne, 2 Bengazi. 6 Barca, 7 Egypt, 8 Nubia, 1 Cairo, 2 Alexandria, 3 Hosetta, 4 Bamietta, 5 Sioot. 1 New Dongola, 2 Khartoom, 8 /Sew- naar. 9 Abyssinia, l Gondar, 2 Massowah, 3 Antalo. 10 Adel and Ajan, l Berbera, 2 Zeyla. 11 Zanguebar, or Essawalul, i Magadoxo, 2 MombOfS. 12 Mozambique, l Mozambique, 2 Quilimane, 8 13 Zooloo Country. 14 Natal, l Pietermaritzbubg. 15 Kaflfraria. 16 Bosjesman's Country, l Kurrichane, 2 Lat- takoo. 17 Cape Colony, l Cape Town, 2 GrahairCs Town, 3 Georgetoum. 18 Hottentot. 19 Cimbebas. 20 Lower Guinea, l Loan go, 2 San Salvador, 3 St. PauVs de Loanda, 4 Nere Benguela. 21 Upper Guinea, l Coomassie, 2 Ahoiney, 3 Benin^ 4 Abbeokoota. 22 Liberia, l Monrovia. 23 Sierra Leone, l Freetown, 24 Senegambia, l Bathurst, 2 /S^f. ZoMt«, 3 Teem- boo. 25 Fezzan, 26 Soodan, 27 EtMopia. 1 MooRzooK, 2 Ziceela. 1 Kemmoo, 2 Sego, 3 Timbuctoo, 4 Saccatoo, 5 Kobbe, 6 Obeid, 7 BooDA, 8 Katunga, 9 Kano, 10 28 Madagascar, l Tananaritoo, 2 Tamatav, 3 i/izji* OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS AND BAT& 1 Indian Ocean, 2 Atlantic Ocean, 3 Mediterranean Sea, 4 Gulf of Cabes, 5 Gulf of Sidra, 6 Red Sea, V Gulf of Aden, 8 Delagoa Bay, 9 Algoa Bay, 10 St. Helena Bay, 11 Cruz Bay, 12 Walvisch Bay, 13 Great Fish Bay, 14 Gulf of Guinea, 15 Bight of Biafra^ 16 Bight of Benin, 17 Antongill Bay, 18 Bembatooka Bay. 144 AFRICA. STRAITS, CHANNELS AND SOUNDS. MOUNTAINS, DESERTS AND OASES. 19 Strait of Gibraltar, 20 Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, 61 Atlas, 62 Miltseen, 21 Mozambique Channel. 63 Kong, 64 Cameroon's, 65 Mts. of the Moon, 66 Abba Yaret, ISLANDS. 67 Kenia, 22 kbd-el- Curia, 23 Socotra, 24 Seychelles Islands^ 25 Amirante Islands, 26 Pemba, 27 Zanzibar, 28 Monfia, 29 Comoro, 30 Madagascar, 31 Mauritius, 32 Bourbon, 33 St. Helena, 34 Ascension, 35 Annobo7i, 36 Si. Iftomas^ 68 Kilirnandjaro, 69 Radama, 70 Red, 71 Lupata, 72 Snow, 73 Crystal, 74 Sahara Desert, 75 Libyan Desert, 76 Nubian Desert, 77 Desert of Challkhenga, 78 Oasis of Seewah, 79 Oasis of Tuat, 80 Oasis of Tibesti, 81 Oasis of Bilmah, 82 Oasis of Agadez. 37 Prince's, 38 Fernando Po, 39 Cape Verde Islands^ LAKES. 40 Canary Islands, 41 Madeira Islands, 83 Melgig, 84 Sibkah, 42 Azores Islands. 85 Tchad, 86 Fittre, 87 Dembea, ISTHMUS AND CAPE& 88 Ukerewe, 89 Nyassi, or Marati, 43 Isthmus op Suk:^ 90 Ngaini, 44 Bon, 91 Bebo. 45 GUARDAFOI, 46 Orftd, 47 Bassas, 48 Delgado, RIVERS. 49 Ambro, 92 Nile, 50 St. Mart, 93 White, 51 CORRIENTES, 94 Gojeb, 52 Agulhas, 95 Blue, 53 Good Hope, 96 Tacazze, 64 Cross, 97 Maine, 55 Frio, 98 JUBA, 56 Palmas, 99 Ozi, 57 Verde, 100 Sabaki, 58 Blanco, 101 Matoni, 59 BojadoTf 102 Zambezk, 60 I^oon. 103 Orangx, AFRICA. 145 104 Vaal, 112 Volta, 105 Benibaroughe, 113 tit. FauVs, 1U6 Coanza, 114 Rio Grande, 107 Ambriz, 115 Gambia, 108 Congo, 116 Senegal, 109 Umbre, 117 Yeoo, 110 Niger, 118 Shan/, 111 Chadda, 119 Mis.selad. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF AFRICA. Bound Africa. In what zones is it situated ? Point out its chief divisions on the map. What states bor- der on the Mediterranean Sea V On the Red ? On the Indian Ocean ? Atlantic? What states have no sea-coast ? What states are crossed by the Equator ? What by the Tropic of Cancer ? What by the Tropic of Capricorn ? OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. What ocean east of Africa? 1. West? 2. Wliat sea north ? 3. Between Africa and Asia ? 6. What gulfs north of Africa? 4, 5. What gulf north of Adel and Ajan ? 7. What bay south of Mozambique? 8. South of Cape Colony? 9. West? 10. West of Hottentot Country? 11. West of Lower Guinea? 13. What gulf south of Upper Guinea ? 14. What strait at the entrance of the Mediterranean Sea? 19. Red? 20. What channel between Mozambique and Madagas- car? 21. ISLANDS. What island at the entrance of the Gulf of Aden ? 23. AVhat large island south-east of Africa? 30. What two clusters of islands north-east of Madagas- car? 24, 25. What islands east? 31, 32. What islands between Madagascar and the continent ? 29. What islands in the Gulf of Guinea? 35-37. What island in the Atlantic Ocean between ten and twenty degrees south latitude ? 33. Between the Equator and ten degrees south latitude ? 34. What cluster of islands west of Senegambia? 39. South-west of Morocco? 40. Northwest? 41, 42. ISTHMUS AND C.VPES. What isthmus connects Africa with Asia ? 43. Which is the most northern cape of Africa? 44. Eastern? 45. Southern? 52. Western? 57. What capes on the eastern coast south of Cape Guardafui ? 40-48, 51. Which is the most northern cape of Madagascar ? 49. Southern ? 50. What capes on the coast of Cimbebas ? 54, 55. On the coast of Liberia? 56. On the western coast north of Cape Verde? 58-60. MOUNTAINS, DESERTS AND OASES. What mountains in the north of Africa ? 01. What mountains in the east? 66-08, 71. North of Ethi- opia ? 05. In Cape Colony ? 72. East of Lower Guinea? 73. North of Upper Guinea? 03. What mountains on the island of Madagascar ? 69, 70. What large desert north of Soodan ? 74. South of Barca? 75. In Nubia? 76. Mention the principal oases in the Desert of Sahara. 79 82. What desert in the southern part of Ethiopia ? 77. LAKES AND RIVERS. Which is the largest lake in Soodan ? 85. In Ethi- opia? 89. What river flows into the Mediterranean ? 92. What are its principal branches ? 93, 95, 96. What are the pi'incipal rivers flowing into the Indian Ocean ? 98 102. What river between Cape Colonj-^ and Hotten- tot Country? 103. What river forms the northern boundary of Cimbebas ? 105. What three rivers from Lower Guinea flow into the Atlantic ? 106 108. What large river from Soodan flows into the Gulf of Guinea ? 110. What rivers in Senegambia? 114-116. What rivers flow into Lake Tchad? 117, 118. What one into Lake Fittre ? 119. 146 xVFRICA. DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY, Africa is wholly surrounded by water, except where the Isthmus of Suez connects it witli Arabia. It has a coast line of upwards of fifteen thousand miles, but it is nowhere indented by any great gulf or bay, except by the Gulf of Guinea on the west coast. It is about 5000 miles in extreme length, and 4,800 in its greatest breadth, containing 12,000,000 square miles. It has three principal ranges of moun- tains, and numerous extensive deserts. The climate of most of Africa is exceed- ingly hot, and rain seldom falls. It is sub- ject to scorching winds. The well watered sections are exceedingly fertile, and yield the richest tropical pro- ducts. The deserts are barren tracts of dry, burning sand. It has ricli mines of gold ; and iron, cop- per and salt, are found in some parts. Africa contains a great variety of wild animals. The principal arc the lion, leo- pard, camelopard, elephant, rhinoceros, hip- popotamus, panther, hyena, zebra, and antelope. The most useful animals are the camel and the ass. The former requires little food, while it supplies the owner with milk. There is a great variety of birds, of which the ostrich is the largest, and dwells in the deserts. The vulture is next in size and very ferocious. Monkeys, insects, reptiles, and enormons serpents and alligators, are also very numer- ous. Northern Africa is chiefly inhabited by Europeans, who are generally Mohamme- AFRICA. 147 dans, and in various stages of civilization. Negroes inhabit the central and southern parts, most of whom are Pagans, and live in a barbarous state. Africa contained in ancient times, many wealthy and enlightened nations, and is distinguished for its antiquities. Qdestions. What is the position of Africa? What is said of its coast? What is the size of Africa? What is said of its mountains and deserts ? Climate ? Soil and productions? Minerals? Wild animals? Useful animals ? Birds ? Other animals ? By whom is Africa inhabited? What did Africa formerly con- tain ? BARBARY STATES. These states border on the Mediterranean Sea, and comprise the states of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and the districts of Barca and Belcd-el-Jerced. They arc tra- versed by the Atlas mountains, and contain elevated table lands. The climate is warm, the soil fertile, and the productions resemble those of southern Europe. Noxious animals and ferocious lions, pan- thers and hyenas, also serpents and scorpions of the most deadly venom, roam here. Agriculture is not well understood, and manufactures and commerceare very limited. The inhabitants are chiefly Moors, Jews, Berbers, and Arabs. 1. MOROCCO. Square miles, 222,000. Population, 8,500,000. Morocco, the ancient Mauritania, includes the kingdom of Morocco, Fez, and Tafilet. It yields an abundance of fruit and grain and is noted for the manufacture of morocco leather. Horses, cattle and sheep, are nu- merous. From the latter, wool of the finest quality is obtained in large quantities. Morocco, the capital, is situated in a fer- tile plain, and is surrounded by a wall thirty feet in height. The streets are nar- row, irregular and unpaved. It contains many elegant mosques. Fez was formerly an important city, but is now much decayed. It has a variety of manufactures of the common articles of clothing. It contains upwards of two hun- dred mosques. 2. ALGIERS. Square miles, 90,000. Population, 2,500,000. Algiers, formerly called Numidia, is a mountainous country lying on the Mediter- ranean, east of Morocco. A STUEET IN ALGIERS. It lias a very variable though salubrious climate, and a soil which is rendered fertile by irrigation. The principal productions are figs, pomegranates, oranges, lemons, and dates. It has extensive coral fisheries. It is now a French colonial province, un- der the supreme power of a governor-gen- 148 AFRICA, erai, appointed by the French Govern- ment. Algiers, the capital, is strongly fortified, and has some commerce. It is rapidly im- proving in its appearance. 3. TUNIS. ' Square miles, 70,000. Population, 2,500,000. Txinis, the ancient Carthage, lies next east of Algiers, and is the most fertile and i flourishing of the Barbary States. I Owing to the extortions of government, I agriculture is very much neglected. It is rich in mineral products. The government is nominally tributary to tlie Turkish sultan. Tunis, the capital, is about twelve miles from the ruins of Carthage, and one of the finest cities in Africa. It lias an extensive trade. 4. BELED EL JEREED. Square miles, 140,000. Population, 500,000. Beled el Jereed is a narrow but extensive tract of land, lying between the Atlas mountains and the Great Desert. The soil is generally sterile, but the country con- tains several oases fertile in dates. It is inhabited by nomadic tribes. 5. TRIPOLI. Square miles, 105,000. Population, 1,500,000. Tripoli is a barren and thinly populated state. ]\Iuch of its surface is a desert, but some of its plains are very fertile. On these rich crops of wheat, barley, millet, and In- dian corn, are grown. The government is an unlimited and bar- barous despotism. Tripoli, the capital, is situated on the i Mediterranean, and has a good harbor. 6. BARCA. Square miles, 35,000. Population, 300,000. Barca is a maritime country, east of Tri- poli. It is fertile along the coast, but the interior and southern part is desert. It has no permanent rivers, but numerous moun- tain torrents. It belongs to Tripoli.. Derne is the capital. Questions. Name the Barbary States. Give the square miles and population of each. What is said of their surface ? Climate, soil and productions ? Noxious animals ? Agriculture, manufactures and commerce ? Inhabitants ? Describe Morocco. Its productions and manufac- tures. Its animals. Its capital. Describe Fez. Algiers. Its climate and soil. Pro- ductions. Government. Its capital. Describe Tunis. Its agriculture. Minerals. Gov- ernment. Its capital. Describe Beled el Jereed. Describe Tripoli. Its government. Its capital. Describe Barca. Derne. 7. EGYPT. Square miles, 180,000. Population, 2,890,000. Egypt, a country in the north-eastern part of Africa, comprises the narrow valley of the Nile, with extensive deserts on either side. This valley, throughout its whole extent, is hemmed in on both sides by con- tinuous chains of hills. Those on the east side approach more closely to the river. The climate is remarkable for its uni- formity. In the upper part, rain is hardly known, but the Nile overflows its banks, leaving behind a rich loam, that annually yields two or three crops. AFRICA, 141> Rice, cotton, wheat, maize, barley, durra, a kind of grain, and fruits, grow in great luxuriance. Considerable attention is given to agri- culture, though the system of husbandry is probably the same now that it was thou- sands of years ago. THE SrilYNX AND PYRAMIDS. Much trade is carried on by means of caravans. Canals have been constructed, and a railroad extends from Alexandria to Cairo. ' Egypt is governed by a Pasha, sul)]cct to Turkey, who encourages education and the arts. The prevailing religion is the Mo- hammedan. j Egypt was anciently a wealthy and power- ; ful kingdom. Many stupendous ruins of ; its former glory still remain. Pyramids, j obelisks and catacombs are scattered over ] the country. Tlie largest pyramid is near Cairo. It is 500 feet high and covers eleven acres. The ruins of Thebes extend several miles, and are among the most magnificent in the world. Cairo, the capital, is the largest city in Africa, and the center of trade with Europe and Asia. The streets are narrow, crooked, ill-paved and unfit for the passage of car- riages. Alexandria was once renowned in the arts and sciences. It is the principal sea- port of Egypt and connected by means of steam vessels with the chief ports of the Mediterranean. Questions. What is the extent of Egypt ? Pop- uh^tion ? What does Egypt coinpriso ? Wliut is said of the valley of the Nile? AVhat is said of the climate? Soil? Productions? Agriculture and trade ? Government and religion V Wliat was Egypt anciently ? Describe the pyramid near Cairo. Iluins of Thebes. Cairo. Alexandi'ia. 8. NUBTA. Square miles, 800,000. ropul;i(ion, 500,000. Nubia is situated soutli of Egypt, on the shore of the Red Sea. It consists chiefly of mountains and sandy deserts. The cultivated portion occupies tlie narrow valley of the Nile, and yields cotton, barley, tobacco, and palm trees. The climate is hot and dry, but healthful. The Nubians belong to the Arabian and Ethiopian races. They are of a dark-brown complexion ; bold, frank, cheerful, and sim- ple in manners. Nubia is divided into petty kingdoms, subject to the pasha of Egypt. Magnificent ruins abound ; the principal one of which is the temple of Ipsambul, which is cut out of a solid rock. It is supposed to be 2000 years old, but is in a state of complete preservation. 150 AFRICA. TEMPLE OF IPSAMbCL. New Dongola, the capital, is important as a military depot and place of trade. Khartoom, the capital of a province of Nubia, is regularly built and very flourish- ing. Questions. How manj^ square miles has Nubia ? What is its population ? What is the surface of Nubia? Productions? Climate? Who inhabit it? IIow is it divided ? What is said of its ruins ? New Dongola ? Khartoom ? 9. ABYSSINIA. Square miles, 250,000. Population, 280,000. Abyssinia, comprised in the ancient Ethi- opia, is a country of East Africa, south of Nubia. It is a mountainous country, with an agreeable climate and fertile soil. Wheat, barley, oats, maize, rice, a small grain called teff, fruits, and honey, are the chief products. The minerals are iron ore, rock-salt and gold. Ivory and gold are the principal exports. The inhabitants are Jews, Arabs and Negroes. Their religion is a curious mixture of the Jewish and Pagan religions. The government is divided up among several petty states. GoNDAR, the capital city, is twenty miles from lake Dem- bea; it contains a ruined pal- ace and was formerly a royal residence, but is now a meanly built town. 3Iassoicah, the principal seaport town, is on a small island in the Red Sea. QrESTioNS. What is the extent of Aljyssinia ? Population ? IIow is Abyssinia situated ? What is the surface? CHmate and soil? What are the productions ? Minerals ? Exports ? What is said of the inhabitants ? The government ? Gon- dar ? Massowah ? EASTERN AFRICA. Eastern Africa comprises all the coast between Abyssinia and the Tropic of Cap- ricorn. In consequence of the excessive heat, numerous wild animals, and ferocious natives, it has been little explored. 10. ADEL AND AJ.VN. Adel and Ajan are iioted for their gold, ivory, frankincense and myrrh. Berbera is a seaport station on a bay of the gulf of Aden. An annual fair is iield here from October till April, at which from ten to twenty thousand people as- semble. Zeyla stands on a low sandy cape on the straits of Bab-el-Mandeb. AFRICA. 151 11. ZANGUEBAR. Zanguebar contains several independent states, and has a uumber of unimportant towns. The trade is cliiefly in the liands of the Arabs. Mag-adoxo is a maritime town, enclosed hj stone walls, and divided into two parts, one composed wholly of tombs. 12. MOZAMBIQUE. Mozambique nominally belongs to the Portuguese. Its trade consists })rincipally in gold and ivory. Mozambique, the residence of the Portu- guese Governor, is situated on an island near the coast. It has a good anchorage for ships. Questions. What docs Eastern Africa comprise? what has prevented its being explored? For what arc Adel and Ajan noted ? Describe Ber- bera. Zcjla. Describe Zanguebar. What is said of the trade ? Of Magadoxo ? What is said of Mozambique ? Describe Mozam- bique. SOUTHERN AFRICA. Southern Africa includes Zooloo Coun- try, Natal, Kuffraria, Bosjesman's Country, Cape Colony, and Hottentot Country. 13. ZOOLOO COUNTRY. This is a small extent of territory, and lies soutli of Mozambique. 14. NATAL. Natal, a colonial possession of Great Brit- ain, lies south of Zooloo Country. The surface is undulating, well watered, the soil generally fertile, and the climate healthy. Cotton and indigo grow wild. The other productions are coffee, sugar, wheat, and tobacco. Iron is abundant, and a superior kind of coal is found. PiETERMARiTZBURG, the Capital, is fifty miles inland. 15. KAFFRARIA. Kaffraria, a country in South-eastern Africa, is level near the coast; the western portion is varied. The soil is generally fer- tile. Tlie principal productions are maize, millet, and melons. The Kaffres are tall and well-formed. Their color is a dark gray. The men are chiefly engaged in war, and in the care of their cattle. 10. BOSJESMAN'S COUNTRY. Tliis country lies north-west of Natal and Kaffraria. The inhabitants, a race of Hottentots, are of small stature and of a savage disposition. 17. CAPE COLONY. Cape Colony, occupying the southern ex- tremity of Africa, consists of several plat- eaus and mountain ranges, rising one above another. The climate is changeable; the alterna- tions of heat and cold being frequently great and sudden. The soil is fertile on the coast, and pro- duces an abundance of grain, fruits, and 152 A F R I C A . good pasturage. Large herds of cattle arc kept by the farmers, or boors. Cape Colony belongs to Great Britain, ! and is inhabited by English, Dutch, and Hottentots. j Cape Town, the capital, is a fortified sea- ; port, regularly laid out with broad streets lined with shade trees. It has a royal CAPE TOWN AND TABLE MOUNT. observatory and other public buildings, and is visited annually by a large number of vessels. 18. HOTTENTOT COUNTRY. The Hottentots are stupid and degraded. The wild Hottentots, called Bushmen, are a miserable race, living like wild beasts, and subsisting on roots, insects, and reptiles. Questions. What does South Africa include ? What is said of the Zooloo Country. What is said of Natal ? Its surface, soil and cli- mate ? Productions? Minerals? Pietermaritzburg ? What is said of Kaffraria ? The KafFres ? What is said of Bosjesman's Country ? The inhab- itants ? What is said of Cape Colony ? Its climate ? Soil ? Cattle ? To whom does it belong ? Describe Cape Town. Describe the Hottentots. WESTERN AFRICA. Western Africa embraces the coast from the Tropic of Capricorn to tlie Great Des- ert. It is remarkable for its fertility, luxuriant vegeta- tion, and vast numbers of wild animals. It is inhabited by degraded Negroes, many of whom wor- ship reptiles. They are sub- ject to vindictive chiefs. Cimbebas, Lower and Up- per Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Senegambia, arc its divisions. 10. CIMBEBAS. Cimbebas lies north of Cape Colony, and is but little known. It is inhabited by an inoffensive farming com- munity, who reside chiefly in the intei-ior. 20. LOWER GUINEA. This is a fertile and thickly populated country, embracing a number of different states. The northern part is little known. Tlie central and southern portions belong to the Portuguese. The trade consists of ebony, palm-oil, and gold-dust. Its principal divisions arc Loango, Congo, Angola and Benguela. The palm tree is the most useful production. AFRICA, 1C3 21. UPPER GUINEA. This state is situated between the Kong iloiintains and the Gulf of Guinea, and contains several native kingdoms. It has a large trade in gold-dust and ivory. Most of its inhabitants are deeply degraded and ferocious. Thousands of human beings are sometimes sacrificed at the death of a king. The British, Dutch, and Danes, have sev- eral small garrisons on the coast. 22. LIBERIA. Square miles, 25,000. Population, 2-50,000. Liberia lies on the coast, west of Upper Guinea. It is well watered, and the soil is fertile, producing cotton, coffee, sugar-cane, dye-woods, and fruits. It was established by the American Col- onization Society in 1821, as a home for emancipated and free negroes. It is a republic, the government consist- ing of a president, vice-president, senate, and a house of representatives. ^loNROViA is the capital and principal town, and has a number of schools, churches, and a public library. 23. SIERRA LEONE. Square miles, 25,000. Population, 42,000. This is a small British settlement, made in 1787, for the purpose of putting a stop to the slave trade, and civilizing Africa. Freetown, the capital, is regularly built, and contains the government offices, bar- racks, and various schools. 24. SEXFAiAMBTA. This extensive region in Western Africa, includes all the countries lying on the Sen- egal and Gambia rivers. The climate is extremely hot, and the soil well watered and fertile. The principal productions arc palm-oil, ivory, gold-dust and gums. It is densely populated, anl trades in ivo- ry and gold-dust, with tlie I]nglish, French, and Portuguese, who have settlements on the coast. 25. FEZZAN. Fezzan is a kingdom of Africa, bounded on all sides by the Sahara, or Great Desert, except on the north. The northern part consists of ranges of mountains perfectly barren; in the south, sandy plains, destitute of vegetation, alter- nate with low hills and valleys, which con tain all the cultivated soil in the country. Tlie principal products are dates, figs, pomegranates and garden vegetables. It lias considerable trade, carried on by caravans. The country is governed by a chief with the rank of sultan. Questions. What docs Western Africa embrace ? For what is it remarkable ? By whom is it inhabited ? What are its principal divisions ? Describe Cimbebas. Describe Lower Guinea. To whom docs it belong? What is said of its trade ? What are its principal divisions. Describe Upper Guinea. What is said of its trade V Inhabitants ? How is Liberia situated ? What is said of its soi.' and productions ? When was it colonized V What is its government ? Describe Monrovia. Describe Sierra Leone. Freetown. 154 AFRICA What is said of Senegambia ? Climate ? Soil 'i Productions ? Trade ? How is Fezzan situated ? What is said of the sur; face and soil? Productions'? Trade? How is it governed ? CENTEAIi AFRICA. This section includes all the interior of Africa south of the Great Desert, embrac- ing Ethiopia and Soodan. 26. SOODAN. Soodan has been only partially explored. It is a large, fertile and populous tract, em- bracing the valley of the Niger, and abounds with valuable tropical prod\icts. It is divided into a large number of states, ruled by petty chiefs, called kings. The inhabitants are generally humane and in- dustrious. There are a number of large cities, of which Timbuctoo is the most important. 27. ETHIOPIA. This is a vast country in Central Africa, lying south of the Mountains of the Moon. It is for tiie most part an unexplored and unknown region. Recent travelers have represented the country as extremely po}»u- lous, containing regularly organized gov- ernments. Questions. AVhat docs Central Africa include? What is said of Soodan ? How is it divided ? What is said of the inhabitants ? Cities ? What is said of Ethiopia ? AFRICATf ISLANDS. 28. MADAGASCAR. This island is in the Indian Ocean about one hundred miles from Africa. It is 1,000 miles in length with an average breadth of 240 miles, having an area a little larger than France. It is low and level on the coast, and in the interior, mountainous. The heat in the low lands is often intense, and rains are nearly constant, rendering the climate of the coast very unhealthful, both to natives and Europeans. In the interior it is salu- brious. Its vegetable productions are rich and varied, containing many species of plants not found elsewhere. Cotton, sugar-cane, tobacco, hemp, and rice, are cultivated. Gmger, pepper, and indigo grow wild in the woods. It has also a variety of fruits, among which are the orange, peach, citron, and mulberry. The population appears to have sprung from different races, but lias a perfect unity of language. Thougli nearly in a barbarous condition, the people have manufactures of iron utensils and of cloths. The government is a monarchical des- potism. The religion is pagan. Tananarivoo, the capital, is near the cen- ter of the island. It is little known by Europeans, but is reported to be large, and to have manufactures of gold and silver chains, and of silk stuffs. Bourbon and Mauritius are fertile isl ands. Coffee and sugar are the chief pro- ducts. Bourbon has a volcano constantly burning. Seychelles and Amirante Islands are de- pendencies of Mauritius. Both produce cotton and cocoa-nuts. AFRICA, 155 Pemba, Zanzibar and Monfia are fertile islands belonging to Muscat. Socotra, an island in tlie Indian ocean, one hundred and twenty miles from cape Guardafui, is inhabited principally by the Bedouins. It produces aloes of the finest quality. It belongs to the Sultan of Ke- shin. The chief islands on the western coast, are the Azores, Madeira, Canary, and Cape Verde islands. Excepting the Cape Yerde islands, they have a mild healthful climate, a fertile soil, and produce wine and various kinds of grain and fruits in abundance. The island of St. Helena is noted as the place of Napoleon's exile and death. Questions. What is Madagascar ? Its size ? Surface ? Climate ? Productions ? What is said of the population ? Manufactures ? Government ? Religion ? Tananarivoo ? What is said of Bourbon and Mauritius ? Sey- chelles and Amirante ? Pemba, Zanzibar and Mon- fia? Socotra? What are the principal islands on the western coast? What is said of their climate, soil, and productions ? For what is St. Helena noted. GENERAL QUESTIONS ON AFRICA. How is Africa bounded? In which direction is it the longest ? With what other grand division is it connected? What states lie north of the Sahara Desert ? What states border on the Red Sea? What large state south of the Sahara Desert? AVhat coun- try occupies the greater part of Central Africa? What state extends farthest south ? East ? West ? Where are the Atlas Mountains ? The Mountains of the Moon? Snow Mountains? Crystal Moun- tains? Where is the Sahara Desert? Libyan Des- ert? Nubian Desert? What large river in Eastern Africa flowing north ? Where is the Zambeze ? Orange ? Coanga ? Congo ? Niger ? Senegal ? Gambia ? Where is Lake Tchad ? Lake Dembea ? Lake Nyassi ? Lake Ngami ? Where is the Gulf of Sidra? Gulf of Aden ? St. Helena Bay? Gulf of Guinea? Where is the Red Sea ? Mozambique Channel ? Where is Socotra ? Madagascar ? Zanzibar ? Mau- ritius? St. Helena? Ascension? Cape Verde Isl- ands ? Canary Islands ? Azores ? Cape Bon ? Cape Guardafui? CapePalmas? Cape Verde? What is the latitude of Cape Bon ? Cape of Good Hope ? Straits of Bab el Mandeb ? Between what meridians of longitude is Africa situated ? In what zone is the greater part of Africa ? What states in the North Temperate Zone ? In the South Temperate Zone ? What is the climate of the Barbary States ? Of Egypt ? Of Nubia ? Of Cape Colony ? Of Mada- gascar? What fruits grow in Northern Africa? What grains? What are the productions of Egj-pt? Of Liberia ? What animals are found in the Barbary States ? For what are Adel and Ajan noted ? What countries have a trade in ivory ? In what countries is gold found ? What other minerals in Africa ? What ruins in Egypt ? In Nubia? Describe Cairo. Alexandria. Cape Town. Monrovia. What is the character of the inhabitants of Western Africa? What is the government of Egypt ? OCEANICA. SQUARE MILES, 4,400,000. POPULATION, 23,500,000^ KEY TO MAP NO. 9. OCEANS AND SEAS. 33 Navigator Islands, 1 Pacific Ocean, 34 Central Archipelago, : 35 Mitchell's Islands, r 2 Indian Ockan, 3 China Sea, 36 De Peyster's Islands, 4 Coral Sea. 37 Tasweirs Islands, 38 Gilbert'' s Archipelago, , 39 Scarborough's Range, 40 Mulgrave Islands, ISLANDS. ^ 41 Radack Islands, 42 Caroline Islands, 1 Polynesia. 43 Ulalan, 5 BoNiN Islands, 44 Strong's, 6 Magellan's Archipelago, 46 Torre's, 7 Guadalnpe, 46 Mortlock Islands, 8 Anson's Archipelago, 47 Hall Islands, 9 Sandwich Islands, 48 Egoi Islands, 10 Oahu, 49 Pelew Islands, 11 Hawaii or Owhyhee, 60 St. Andrew's Islands, 12 Palmyras, 61 Ladrone Islands. 13 America Islands, 14 Christmas, 2 Australasia. 15 Marquesas Islands, 52 Australia. 16 Nookaheeva, 11 St. PauVs, 3 North Australia. 18 Easter, 19 Ducie, 4 New South Wales, l Brisbane, 2 Stdhit. 20 Pitcairn, 5 Victoria, 3 Melbourne, 4 Portland. 21 Gambler Islands., 22 Pearl Islands, 6 South Australia, 5 Adelaide. 23 Palliser Islands, 24 Society Islands, 7 West Australia, 6 Albany ^ 7 Freemantle, Perth. 8 25 Tahiti, 26 Austral Islands, 63 Melville, 27 Cook's Islands, 64 Arroo Islands, 28 Kermadec Islands, 65 New Guinea, 29 Friendly Islands, 66 Admiralty Islands, 30 Hapai Islands, 67 New Ireland, 31 Tonga Islands, 58 New Britain, 82 Feejee Islands, 9 69 LOUISIADK, 158 OOEANIOA. 60 New Georgia, STRAITS. 61 Solomon's Archipelago, 102 Malacca, 62 Rennel Islands, 103 SUNDA, 63 Hffinont, 104 Macassar, 64 New Hebrides, 105 Torres, 65 New Caledonia, 106 Bass, 66 Norfolk, 107 Cook's, 67 New Zealand, 108 FOTEAUX. 68 New Ulster, 69 New Munster, 70 New Leinstkr, 71 Chatham, 72 Van Diemen's Land, 1 Hobart Towh. CAPES. 8 Malaysia. 109 Engano, 73 Sumatra, 1 Acheen, 2 Padang, 3 Pa- 110 Rodney, lembang, 4 Bencoolen. 111 York, 74 Banca, 112 Flattery, 75 Java, 1 Batatia, 2 Samarang. 113 Townsend, 76 Borneo, 1 Borneo, 2 Banjermaaain, 3 114 Sandy, Sarawak. 115 Howe, 77 Celebes, 1 Macassar. 116 Chatham, 78 Sooloo Islandi, 117 Leeuwin, 79 Philippine Islands, 118 North West, 80 Luzon, 1 Manilla. 119 Leveque, 81 Samar, 120 Bougainville, 82 Mindoro, 121 Maria Van Diemen. 83 Palawan, 84 Mindanao, 85 Sangir, . 86 Spice Islands, MOUNTAINS. 87 Gilolo, 88 Timor, 122 Mount Ophir, 89 Flores, 123 Blue, 90 Sandalwood, 124 Australian Alps, 91 SUMBAWA, 125 Mount Kilauea. 92 Bally Islands, 93 Keeling. LAKK 126 TORRENS. f GULFS AND BATS. 94 Cambridge Gulf, 95 Gulf op Carpentaria, 96 Halifax Bay, RIVERS. 97 Botany Bay, 127 Lynd, 98 Spencer's Gulj", 128 Murray, 99 Shark's Bat, 129 Darling, 100 Bay of Islands, 130 Lachlan, 101 Bay of Plenty. 131 Swan. OCEANICA. 159 SANDWICH, OR HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 1 Nihau. 2 Kauhai. 3 Oahu, 1 Honolulu. 4 Molokai. 5 Maui, 2 Lahaina, 3 Wairuht. 6 Lanai. 7 Kahoolawe. 8 Hawaii, 4 Hilo, 5 Kaaka, 6 Kealakeakua. CAPES. 1 Koolatc, 2 KahaJca, 3 Hana, 4 Upola. MOUNTAINS. 6 Mauna Kea, 6 KiLAUEA, 7 Mauna Loa. QUESTIONS ON THE j\IAP OF OCEANICA. In what two oceans are the islands of Oceanica situated ? Which are the three grand divisions of Oceanica ? What part of Oceanica constitutes Malay- sia ? Australasia ? Polynesia ? ISLANDS. What are the principal islands in Polynesia? What archipelago is crossed by the equator? 34. What groups between the equator and ten degrees north latitude? 13, 39, 42. What two archipelagoes are crossed by the tropic of cancer ? 6, 8. What arc the principal groups in Polynesia south of the Equa- tor ? 15, 24, 2T, 29, 32, 33. Which is the largest island in Australasia? 52. What are the divisions of Australia? What large island north of Australia? 55. What south? 72. South-east ? 67. East ? fi5. What islands in Aus- tralasia east of New Guinea? 61. What three large islands in Malaysia are crossed by the equator? 73, 76, 77. What group of islands northeast of Borneo? 79. East of Celebes? 86. What large island south-east of Sumatra ? 75. SEAS, GTTLFS, BAYS, AND STRAITS. AVTiat sea west of the Philippine islands ? 3. What sea east of Australia ? 4. What gulf north of Australia? 95. What gulf on the south? 98. What two bays on the cast of Australia? 96, 97. What bay on the west ? 99. What bays on the north of New Zealand? 100, 101. AVhat strait north-east of Sumatra ? 102. Between Sumatra and Java? 103. Between Australia and New Guinea ? 105. Between Australia and Van Die- men's Land ? 106. Between the islands of New Zea- land? 107. CAPES, MOUNTAINS AND RIVERS. What cape north of the Philippine Islands ? 109. ■\Vhat cape at the northern point of Australia? 111. What capes on the east ? 112-114. Southwest ? 116, 117. What cape west? 118. What mountain in Sumatra? 122. What moun- tains in Australia ? 123, 124. What lake in Australia? 126. What rivers in Australia? 127, 128, 131. SANDWICH, OR HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Which is the largest of the Sandwich Islands ? 8. What are the other principal islands ? 1-7. Mention the principal towns of Hawaii. 4-6. Mountains. 5- 7. What two towns in Maui ? 2, 3. What town in Oahu? 1. Mention the principal capes of each of the four larger islands ? 1 -4. 160 C E A N I C A DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. OcEANiCA includes the islands lying in the Pacific and eastern portion of the Indian ocean, and is divided into Polynesia, Aus- tralasia and Malaysia. Questions. What does Oceanica include, and how is it divided ? 1. POLYNESIA. Square miles, 151,000. Population, 445,000. Polynesia includes a great number of islands in the Pacific ocean, lying on both sides of the equator. These islands are distributed into different groups, which are usually composed of one or more large islands and numerous smaller ones. They are all more or less of coral formation. The temperature, owing to the influence of the surrounding ocean, is mild and compara- tively uniform. The climate is delightful and salubrious. The soil is generally fertile, except on the mountains. The productions are bread- fruit, cocoa, banana, yams, sweet potatoes, and cotton, besides various fruits. There are several species of timber trees, especially sandal wood, and a few spices. The inhabitants consist of two races, one of Malay origin, and the other a variety of the negro race. A few years since they were all idolaters, and sunk in the lowest paganism. Through the efforts of mission- aries many of them have received Christian- ity and civilization. C E A N I C A . Ifil The Sandwich Islands are the most im- portant group of Polynesia, and form a kind of connecting link between America and China. The groxip consists of thirteen islands, seven of which are inhabited. The surface is mountainous. The islands are of volcanic origin. Several active vol- canoes still exist. European manners and arts have been adopted by the people, and a regular gov- ernment established. Churches and schools are common, and books and newspapers are printed in the language of the coun- try. Honolulu^ the principal town and seaport of the Sandwich Islands, is on the south side of the island of Oahu. Its harbor, capable of containing between seventy and eighty ships, is often visited by British and American vessels. Questions. What does Polynesia include ? What is said of these islands ? Climate ? Soil ? Produc- tions ? Trees ? Inhabitants ? Which is the most important group ? What is said of the surface ? Vol- canoes? Arts and government? Churches and schools ? Honolulu. 2. AUSTRALASIA. Square miles, 3,500,000, Population, 1,500,000. Australasia embraces Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Van Dieman's Land, New Hebrides, and New Britain, with nu- merous smaller islands. Australia is the largest island in the world, and on account of its vast extent is often called a continent. It lies between the Indian and Pacific oceans, south-east of Asia, and is about 2,400 miles in length from east to west, and nearly 2,000 in breadth from north to south. It is traversed by several ranges of moun- tains, though it is mostly level. It is subject to severe droughts of several months duration, which are sometimes fol- lowed by sudden and heavy rains. Not- withstanding these sudden changes, the climate, especially in the southern part, is salubrious. The soil on the coast and in the lowlands is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, flax, indigo, and tobacco, are the principal productions. Oranges, lemons, figs, bananas, pine-apples, olives, and peaches, thrive well. NATIVE NEW ZEALAND VILLAGE. The chief mineral is gold which, since its discovery in 1850, has been exported in large quantities. There are also rich de- posits of copper. Tin and iron are found to some extent. The aboriginal inhabitants are usually small, very ignorant, and live in the lowest state of degradation. The island is divided into New South Wales, North, West, and South Australia, and Vic- toria, and is claimed by Great Britain. 162 OCEANICA. THi: HA.MBOO TREK. The government consists of a legislative council, and a governor, appointed by the crown. Melbourne and Sydney are the principal cities and seaports, and are rapidly increas- ing in population and importance.. Van Diemen's Land is directly south of Australia. The interior is rugged and mountainous. The climate and produc- tions are similar to those of South Australia. This island was for a long time used by Great Britain as a penal colony. Papua, or New Gkiinea, is a large island, north of Australia, lying immediately south of the equator. It is supposed to be moun- tainous in the interior. The coast is lined with coral reefs. Little is known of the climate and productions. It is inhabited by negroes and Malays. New Zealand consists of a group of islands in the south Pacific ocean, be- longing to Great Britain. The two principal islands arc Xew Ulster and New Munstcr. Tlic surface is mountain- ous, the climate remark- ably healthful, and the soil fertile. The native plants, like those of other islands in the South Pacific, differ from vegetable forms in other parts of the world. European fruits and plants are cultivated. The inhabitants belong to the Malay race, and have been much im- proved, through the exertions of the mis- sionaries laboring among them. Questions. What does Australasia embrace ? De- scribe Australia. Its situation and size. Its sur- face. Climate. Soil. Productions. Minerals. In- habitants. How is the island divided ? What is said of the government ? Melbourne and Sydney ? How is Van Diemen's Land situated ? Describe It. New Guinea. Of what does New Zealand consist ? Describe its surface. Climate. SoiL Productions. Inhabitants. 3. MALAYSIA Square miles, 760,000. Population, 21,600,000. Malaysia, or the Malay Archipelago, in- cludes tiie moat important and extensive OCEANICA. 1G3 group of islands on the globe, the largest of which are Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Celebes. Malaysia embraces also the Sun- da, Philippine, and Spice Islands. The surface is generally mountainous in the interior. The climate is for the most part warm, and in some portions delightful. Tiie soil is very fertile, and yields an abundance of spices, gums, and delicious fruits. The interior of most of the islands is covered with thick jungles, containing for- est trees of great variety and gigantic size. One of the most useful is the bamboo tree. Tiie principal minerals are gold, tin, sil- ver, copper, iron, and coal. The inhabitants are chiefly of the Malay race, and dwell principally upon the coast. Their chief towns are in many instances built over the water. The Philippines belong to Spain. Pen- ang and a few other islands belong to Great Britain. Tlie north and north-west portions of Borneo and the Sooloo islands are under native rulers. The remainder of this vast Archipelago is under the control of the Dutch, and is frequently named the Dutch East Indies. VILLAGE OF WAROU. Manilla, the capital of the Spanish pos- sessions, and Batavia, the capital of the Dutch, are large and flourishing commer- cial cities. Questions. What does Malaysia comprise ? "What can you say of the surface ? Climate ? Soil and pro- ductions ? Forests ? Minerals ? Inhabitants ? How are the towns built ? To whom do the islands belong ? Describe Manilla and Batavia. GENERAL QUESTIONS ON OCEANICA. Which division of Oceanica is nearest America? Nearest Asia ? Which division contains the largest island ? On what island is Mount Ophir ? Mount Kilauea ? Where are the Blue Mountains ? Which is the largest river in Australia? What branches has it ? AVhere is the Gulf of Carpentaria ? Halifax Bay ? Botany Bay ? Spencer's Gulf? Bay of Islands ? Where is the Strait of Malacca? Strait of Sunda? Strait of Macassar ? Cook's Strait ? Where IS New Guinea ? Sumatra? Borneo? Java? Celebes? Where are the Philippine Isles? Sand- wich Islands ? Spice ? New Zealand ? Society Isl- ands? Cook's? Friendly? Caroline? What isl- ands are crossed by the Equator? What is the latitude of the Sandwich Islands ? Longitude ? In what zones is Oceanica ? What is the climate of Polynesia ? What are the productions ? Mention the principal town and seaport. What is the climate of Australia ? What minerals has it? THE PHYSICAL WORLD. KEY TO MAP NO. 10. HYDROGRAPHIC BASINS. 17 Mexican, 1 Arctic, 18 Sargossa Sea. 2 Atlantic, 3 Pacific, 4 Indian, 5 Continental. A GEOLOGY. 1 Granite, (unHtratiJied,) 2 Primary, or Metamorphic, 3 Silurian, PRINCIPAL VOLCANOES.* 4 Old Red Sandstone, 5 Carboniferous, 6 Hecla, 6 New Red Sandstone, *? Vksuvius, 7 Oolite, 8 Stromdoli, 8 Crktaceous, 9 ^TXA, 9 Tertiary, 10 Peak of Teneriffe, 10 Superficial. 11 COTOPAXI, 12 JoRULLO, IN Mexico, B RAIN. 1 Constant Rain, OCEAN CURRENTS. 1 Arctic, 2 Gulf Stream, 2 Periodical Rain, 3 Variable Rain, 4 Rainless District. 3 Caribbean, 4 North Atlantic, •» 5 Guinea, 6 Equatorial, C WINDS AND CALMS. •7 Brazil, 1 North Polar Winds, 8 South Atlantic, 2 South-westerly Currents, 9 Cape, v 3 Calms of Cancer, 10 South Connecting, 4 North-east Trade Winds, 11 Counter, 5 Variable Winds and Calms, 12 MOZAMBIQCE, 6 South-east Trade Winds, 13 Japan, 7 Calms of CAPBicffax, 14 Antarctic, 8 North-westerly Currents, 15 Oape Horn, 9 South Polar Winds, 16 Peruvian, 10 Monsoons. Note. The Temperature is indicated by Isothermal Lines crossing the Map east and west. * Volcanic regions are inarlied by small circles. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. Physical Geography treats of the solid mass of the earth, of the waters that partly cover it, of the atmosphere that surrounds both, and of the vegetables and animals by which all these are inhabited. Descriptive Geography has taught us that the surface of the earth is much diversified ; that the land consists of continents and isl- ands, mountains, plains and valleys; and the water of oceans, seas, lakes rivers, &g. 1. LAND. GEOLOGY. It has been found that there is an increase of heat as the earth is penetrated towards its center, and it is believed that the interior of the globe is in a fluid state, in consequence of the interior heat. It is also supposed that the solid land is only a crust formed by gradually cooling, and is less than a hun- dred miles in thickness. Men have been able to penetrate this crust only a few thousand feet, but in con- sequence of the inclination of the layers of solid rock which compose it, they have been able to determine the composition and order of succession of the materials which com- pose the earth's crust for several miles in thickness. There are in nature, about sixty simple substances or elements. The various minerals are composed of these elements alone or chemically combined. About four hundred mineral species are known, but many of these are quite rare. The most common minerals are quartz, feldspar, mica, hornblende, talc, serpentine, and limestone. These, and many others, some of them metals, are mechanically com- bined into rocks and earths, and constitute the earth's crust. The term Rock, in popular language, is applied only to the solid portions of the earth's crust, but in science, it extends to all the mineral portion of the earth. All Rocks are either — Stratified, or Unstratified. Igneous, Aqueous, or Metamorphic. Fossiliferous, or Non-fossiliferous. BTRATIFED. UNSTRATIFIED. STRATIFIED. Stratified Rocks are such as are arranged in distinct layers or strata, as sandstone. Unstratified Rocks are not arranged in layers, but are composed of minerals or broken pieces of other rocks in irregular masses, like granite. Igneous Rocks are such as are supposed to owe their origin to intense heat. When formed by melted matter cooled at great depths, they are called Plutonic Rocks. When the products of volcanoes are cooled at the surface, they are called Volcanic Rocks. 168 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. Aqueous Rocks are made up of small particles deposited in water, and are usual- ly stratified. Metamorphic Rocks arc Aqueous Rocks which have been changed in structure by heat, without being melted or entirely changed in form. They are usually found in connection with Igneous Rocks. Fossiliferous Rocks are such as contain the remains of animals or plants, many of which are different from any that now exist. These fossils seem to indicate that the earth long ago was inhabited by families or races of the animal and vegetable kingdoms whose remains were deposited with the sed- iment which now composes the Stratified Rocks. Many of these species of animals and plants have become extinct. Non-fossiliferous Rocks contain no fossils and are generally igneous and unstratified. The lowest Rocks arc the Granite Rocks, which are made up of quartz, feldspar and mica, mixed irregularly together, coarser or finer, as if the pieces had been broken up, half melted, and then cemented together under conditions of great heat and pres- sure. These are Plutonic Rocks, and are unstratified. Above the Granite come many series of Stratified Rocks. Of these Rocks, the lowest is known as the Primary or Metamorphic Formation, consisting of gneiss, which re- sembles granite, except that it is stratified, mica slate, hornblende slate, and mountain limestone. The Silurian series, which is the lowest of the Fossiliferous Rocks, follows, and above this series is the Old Red Sandstone, consisting of sandstone generally of a red color. The next series is the Carboniferous, or Coal-bearing, which consists of carbonifer- ous limestone, sandstone, and the coal measures, from which vast quantities of hard coal are obtained. Over this lies the New Red Sandstone, then the Oolite, the Cretaceous, or Chalky Formation, and lastly, the Tertiary, or upper series, which is made up of the clays, marls, sand and drift that we now see on or near the surface of the earth. Above these is the recent deposit of soil, or the Alluvium, which contains much de- cayed or decaying animal and vegetable matter. In addition to the Granite Rocks which seem to form the basis of all the others, there are Granite Veins penetrating the Stratified Rocks. There are also other Rocks of igneous origin found in connection with the Strati- fied Rocks. These are principally volcanic, and include Trap Rock, Basalt, Greenstone, the products of ancient volcanoes, and also the Lavas and other Rocks more recently ejected. The presence or absence of certain Rocks gives general character to a country, affect- ing its configuration, and also contributing to the fertility or sterility of its soil. The crust of the earth is still undergoing im- portant changes caused by igneous and aqueous forces. Questions. Of what does Physical Geography treat ? What has Descriptive Geography taught of the surface of the earth ? What is said of the heat of the earth ? In what state is the interior of the earth supposed to be ? What is said of the crust ? How far has the crust been penetrated ? How much of its composition is known ? How many simple elements are there ? How many species of minerals are known? Which are the most common minerals? How are they combined ? "What is meant by the term Rock ? PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 160 How are Rocks classified ? What are Stratified Rocks ? Unstratified Rocks? Igneous Rocks ? Plutonic Rocks ? Volcanic Rocks? Aqueous Rocks? Metamorphic Rocks? Fossiliferous Rocks? Non-fossilifcrous Rocks? Describe the Granite Rocks. What are the lowest Stratified Rocks ? Mention the succeeding series in their order. Describe Granite Veins. What other Un- stratified Rocks occur ? What is said of the effects of certain Rocks ? Of changes now taking place ? CONTINENTS AND ISLANDS. All the land on the globe is comprised in two great divisions, Continents and Islands. There is far more land in the Northern than in the Southern Hemisphere. If a great circle be drawn through the south of Asia and the coast of Peru, nearly all the land surface of the globe will be on the upper or northern side of this line. The land is arranged chiefly in two great masses called Continents. There is much doubt as to the mode by which these have arrived at their present form and condition. Many suppose there has been a succession of elevations and depressions, produced by tlie agency of the heat beneath. However this may be, they have undoubtedly passed through both sudden and gradual changes, with alternating periods of rest. The Continents present several notable resemblances and differences.* Both have their great mountain ranges running in the same direction as the greatest length of land; both are broad at the north, and terminate at the south in tapering rocky points. With two exceptions, the important peninsulas of both point southward, and have to the eastward an island or groups of islands. A large member of each is nearly isolated, and has a deep bend of its « See Map Is^o. 1. western coast to the interior. They differ in the direction of the land, — that of the Western stretching from north to south, and that of the Eastern from east to west, giving to the former great variety of zone, hence of climate and production, and to the latter great extent in the same climatic belt. The Western Continent is simple in its form, its edges mainly unindented by the sea, except on the eastern side, and its masses little broken by irregular or trans- verse mountains. The northern portion has more indentations than the southern. Its distinguishing characteristics are its lofty chain of mountains, uninterrupted from Beliring's Strait to the Magellan, its vast plains, and its system of inland waters. On the Eastern Continent, Africa is sim- ple in its structure ; but Europe is divided and re-divided by deep arms of the sea; and Asia, thovigh so extensive as to keep a vast mass entire, still has in the east and south, a succession of land-locked seas and broad indenting bays. Each of these divi- sions is traversed by mountains, secondary, to the main ranges, making comparatively small river basins. The marked feature of this Continent is its wide and elevated plat- eaus, which appear especially in Central Asia. Islands are either Continental, having at one time formed part of the neighboring main land, as the British Isles; or are Sandy accumulations deposited by the waves, as along the east coast of North America ; or are the products of Volcanic action, as the Azores; or are the work of the Coral in- sects, as many of those in the Pacific. The Continental Islands usually resemble the adjacent portions of the Continents in formation. 170 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. A few Volcanic Islands have been formed by submarine volcanic action, since the chris- tian era. Coral Islands, which consist of a circular sti'ip of coral enclosing a portion of shallow water, are called Atolls, and the water thus enclosed is called a Lagoon. Coral reefs, many miles in extent, are sometimes found surrounding Volcanic Islands. Questions. How is the land on the globe divided ? Which Hemisphere contains the most land ? How is the land arranged ? Describe the Continents. Which is the most simple in form ? What are the character- istics of the Western Continent ? Describe the East- ern Continent. What is its marked feature ? How are Islands divided ? What is said of the Continental Islands ? Volcanic Islands ? Coral Islands ? Coral Reefs ? MOUNTAINS AND VOLCANOES. Mountains sometimes occur singly, but they are usually found connected together, forming a Chain or Range of Mountains. A number of Mountain chains nearly re- lated to each other, extending in the same direction, constitutes a Mountain System. The great Mountain Systems of the two Continents correspond to the general out- line of the Continents. The principal Sys- tems of the Western Continent extend north and south, while those of the Eastern Continent extend east and west. On the Western Continent, the Rocky Mountain System in North America, and the System of the Andes in South America, constitute an almost- uninterrupted succes- sion of Mountain Chains extending from the Arctic Ocean to the southern point of the Continent. The California System consists of several ranges in North America west of the Rocky Mountains. The Appalachian System includes the Cumberland, Alleghany, Blue Ridge, Cats- kill, and other ranges extending from Ala- bama nearly to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, at a distance of from thirty to three hundred miles from the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. In South America, the Brazilian and Pari)7ia are distinct Systems on the eastern coast, of less height and extent than the Andes, and nearly parallel to the Atlantic coast. The Great Eastern System, consisting of nearly parallel ranges somewhat broken, ex- tends nearly across the Eastern Continent, including the Cantabrian, Pyrenees, Alps and Balkan Mountains of Europe, and the Taurus, Elburg, Hindoo Koosh, Himalaya, Kuenlun, and Peling of Asia. Another System, north of this, is com- posed of the Altai, Stanovoi and other ranges. The Scandinavian and Ural Mountains are distinct Systems running in an oblique direction from the principal Systems, while the Appenines, Ghauts and other ranges, may be considered as spurs from the main System. The principal mountain ranges of the Eastern Continent have a gradual slope to the north, and an abrupt descent to the south, while those of the Western Conti- nent have the gradual slope to the east, and the abrupt descent on the west. By Volcanic action is meant the influence exerted by the heated interior of the earth on its external covering. Its effects are known to us, — not only in the eruption of Volcanoes, but in Earthquakes, and all kin- dred phenomena, in emanations of gases and vapors from the earth, and in Geysers and Hot Springs. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 171 A Volcano, properly so called, exists only where a permanent connection is estab- lished between the interior of the earth and the atmosphere. The number of active Volcanoes is estimated at about three hun- dred, of which two-thirds are found around the shores or on the islands of the Pacific Ocean. THE CHATER OF ETNA. There are five principal Lines of Volca- noes : one from Patagonia to Oregon, which is divided into several volcanic spaces, with intervals entirely free ; one from the Aleu- tian Isles to Borneo; another in the East Indies, through Java and Sumatra; a fourth from Greece, through the Mediterranean, to the Azores; and the last from the West Indies, across Mexico, to the Sandwich Islands. The vents of Iceland seem to form a short chain by themselves; and besides these, there are some isolated or grouped Volca- noes on land, and probably many in the bed of the ocean. Stromboli is noted for its constant activity, — Hecla, for its violent eruptions, — Cotopaxi, for its great height, and Jorullo, in Mexico, for having been thrown up from a plain within a few months. Sudden and violent disturbances of the earth's crust are called Earthquakes, and occur usually within the region, though not in the immediate vicinity of Volcanoes. Some of the most destructive on record are those of Lisbon, in 1755, of Riobamba, in 1797, and those of Caracas and the Mis- sissippi valley, in 1812. Questions. How do Mountains occur? "What is a Mountain System ? To what do the Mountain Sys- tems correspond? Describe the principal Systems of the Western Continent. Of the Eastern Continent. What is peculiar to the Mountains of each Continent ? What is meant by Volcanic action ? How many Vol- canoes are now active ? Describe the principal Vol- canic regions. For what is Stromboli noted ? Hecla ? Cotopaxi ? Jorullo ? What are Earthquakes ? Men- tion some of the most destructive. PLATEAUS AND PLAINS. Plateaus are extensive elevated tracts of land with a surface generally level, though they may sometimes contain hills or moun- tain ridges. Plains are low tracts of land nearly level. The two Continents are not only character- ized by their Mountain Systems, but by their Plateaus and Plains. "While each Con- tinent contains both Plateaus and Plains, the Western Continent may be distinguished for its Plains, while the Eastern is distin- guished for its Plateaus. On the Western Continent, a Plateau extends along the base of the Rocky Moun- tains from the southern part of British America to the Isthmus of Panama. It includes the Utah basin, and the great 172 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Mexican Plateau, on which the city of Mex- ico is situated. Ill South America there are several ele- vated Plains connected with the Andes, the principal of which, the Plateau of Lake Tilicaca, is one of the highest Plateaus in America. The city of Potosi is situated on the southern end of this Plateau. The greater part of Central and Western Asia is one vast Plateau traversed by Moun- tain Chains. This great Plateau includes the great Desert of Gobi, and is also the source of most of the Asiatic Rivers. Tlie southern portion of Hindostan contains the Plateau of the Deccan, which is often the resort of the Europeans of Hindostan in the hot season. By ascending this Plateau, they may enjoy a temperate climate in the torrid zone. Tlie principal Plateau of Europe is that of Spain. North America has a Great Gentral Plain extending from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico. The northern part is drained by the waters which flow into Hud- son's Bay and the Arctic Ocean, and the southern part includes the great valley of the Mississippi and the basin of the Gulf of Mexico. There is also a narrow plain east of the Alleghany Mountains extending from Maryland to Florida. The lower part of this is swampy. ■ In South America a great Plain east of the Andes extends through nearly the whole length of this division. It branches off into the Plain of the Orinoco on the north-east, and the Plain of the La Plata in the south- ern part. A large part of the South American Plains are covered with grass, which grows luxuriantly during the rainy seasons afford- ing pasturage to vast herds of cattle. The principal Plains of the Eastern Con- tinent are the great Northern European Plains, which extend from the Bay of Biscay through the northern part of central Eu- rope to the Ural Mountains, and the North- ern Asiatic Plain which extends from the Ural Mountains to Behring's Strait. The European Plain has, most of it, a deep fer- tile soil, very productive. A part of it is still covered with extensive forests. The northern part of the Asiatic Plain is frozen to a great depth. The smaller Plains of Europe are found in northern Italy, Austria and Turkey. Plains of limited extent skirt the eastern and south-eastern shores of Asia and the lower part of the principal river basins. The principal Plains of Africa are the great Desert of Sahara, the narrow Plain of Egypt, known as the valley of the Nile, and the Plain of Gentral and Southern Africa, which has not yet been thoroughly explored. Questions. What are Plateaus ? Plains ? Which Continent is distinguished for its Plains ? Its Pla- teaus? Describe the Plateaus of North America. South America. Asia. Describe the Plains of North America. South ximerica. The Plains of Europe and Asia. Of Africa. 2. WATER. SPRINGS, LAKES, AND RIVERS. The Waters of the land are found in the form of Springs, Lakes, and Rivers. Springs are Hot or Cold, according to the depth of the reservoirs by which they are supplied. If these are above the stra- tum of invariable temperature, the heat of the water will only vary with the seasons ; if the water come from this stratum itself, it will be invariable ; if from below it, its PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 1Y3 temperature will be proportionate to the depth. Hot and Boiling Springs are very con- stant in their heat, and are more fre- quent in volcanic regions, though there are many examples of them remote from such places. Many mineral substances are dis- solved by both Hot and Cold Springs, whence the medicinal properties of their waters; especially are they often highly impregnated with common salt. The principal Mineral Springs in the United States are the Salt Springs of Syra- cuse and Salina in New York, and those on the Kanawha river in Virginia; also the Me- dicinal Springs of Saratoga, New York; and the Sulphur Springs of Virginia. Lakes are of four kinds; those having inlets and outlets, as the great American Lakes; those having neither inlets nor out- lets, found among mountains and fed by Springs, and in which the evaporation equals the supply ; those having outlets but no inlets, which are fed by Springs, and are the sources of Rivers; and those having inlets but no outlets, as the Caspian, Aral, and Dead Seas in Asia; Titicaca and the great Salt Lake, in America. These last, with their tributaries, form Continental Systems of Rivers, and their basins cover a vast extent of territory. Rivers are streams of water flowing over the land to some other body of water. They have their origin in Springs, Lakes, and in ice-covered mountains. The basin of a River is the entire country drained by it and its tributaries, and the elevation, whether great or small, which separates one such basin from another, is their water- shed. The velocity of a River depends on the form and slope of its bed, and the vol- ume and pressure of water in the upper part of its course. The Danube, Tigris and Indus are the most rapid of the large Rivers. Owing to the structure of the highland and mountain chains, most of the important Rivers flow in an easterly direction, and the next in size towards the south and north, while those flowing west are generally small. ^s^^.:'A^^^ sea ^CAIRO DELTA. The soil borne down by streams is depos- ited as their velocity diminishes, and if the lower courses be through a flat country, subject to inundation. Deltas are formed at their mouths, as in the Mississippi and Nile. Questions. How are the waters of the land found ? Describe Springs. Hot and Boiling Springs. Men- tion the principal Mineral Springs of the United States. Describe Lakes. Rivers. What is meant by the basin of a River ? Upon what does the veloc- ity of a River depend? In what direction do the largest Rivers flow ? How are Deltas formed ? THE OCEAN. The great mass of Waters, covering two- thirds of the earth's surface, receives the general name of Ocean. This contains from three to four per cent, of salts, is of a dark blue or green color, and of great depth. Of the five Oceans, the Pacific is 174 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. the largest, and is remarkable for its calm waters and many islands. The Indian, real- ly a branch of this, is noted for its periodical and violent winds. The Atlantic occupies a long and narrow trough between the two continents ; it is deep, almost unbroken by islands, traversed by well defined currents, and extends through all zones of climate. The Northern and Southern Oceans are within the Polar Circles, and are alike re- markable for their masses of ice and the icebergs which they send off to the warmer seas. The Basin of an Ocean includes not only the space actually occupied by its waters, but all the land drained by Rivers flowing into it. The Atlantic receives the waters of Western Europe, Northern and Western Africa, and of the greater part of America; the Northern Ocean, those of the great northern slope of the Eastern Continent, and the vast upper plain of North America; the Indian, those of Southern Asia and Eastern Africa; and the Pacific those of Eastern Asia and of America west of the mountains. The Ocean is characterized by three great movements. Waves, Tides, and Currents. Waves are the alternate elevations and depressions of the surface of a body of water, produced by a force acting unequally on that surface. There is no real onward motion, except in case of violent winds and over shoals. Tides are alternate risings and fallings of the water of the Ocean, occurring twice in twenty -four hours, and are owing to the united attraction of the sun and moon. The influence affects the whole mass of the water, and is thought to originate in the unbroken expanse of water about the Ant- arctic Circle, and to spread thence to all the Seas having ready communication with each otlier. In the open Ocean the rise of the Tide is small, being only two or three feet ; it varies on various shores, and when it enters narrow bays, or is forced around a head land, it sometimes rises to the hight of forty, fifty, and even seventy feet, as in Bristol, England, — St. Malo, France, — and in the Bay of Fundy. The Tidal Wave occupies about a day and a half in traveling from its great south- ern reservoir to the British Isles. It moves rapidly through deep Seas, and slowly through shallows, as in the Pacific, where its influence is hardly perceptible. Currents are like Rivers in the Ocean, effecting an interchange of the waters of one latitude with those of another. Tem- porary Currents are produced by violent winds or by Tides, as Hurlgate, in East River, near New York. Periodical Cur- rents are owing to periodical winds, as the Monsoons of the Indian Ocean. Constant Currents are the result of con- stant forces, of which the principal are, the heat of the sun, the salts of the sea, and the rotation of the earth. Direction is often given to them by the configuration of the land, and together they constitute a great system of Oceanic circulation. They seem, like the Tides, to have their source in the Southern Ocean ; a great stream known as the Antarctic Current, flowing thence northward toward South America, where it is divided ; a small part goes east, around Cape Horn, while the rest flows north along the western coast, and turning suddenly to the west, is lost in the Equatorial Current af the Pacific. This flows westward until it meets China, India, and the East India PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 175 Islands; a part makes its way among these and joins the Equatorial Current of the In- dian Ocean. Passing between Madagascar and the main land, it rounds Cape of Good Hope and turns northward along the coast of Africa, until off Guinea it flows westward in the Atlantic Equatorial. This, reaching Brazil, is divided ; one branch flowing south, then eastward to the Indian Ocean, is known as the Southern Connecting' Current; the other and principal branch goes round the point of Brazil, through the Caribbean Sea, sweeps round the Gulf of Mexico, and appears off the peninsula of Florida as the Gulf Stream. This great current flows along the United States coast, toward New- foundland, where, spreading, it goes east- ward, mingling with and warming the waters west of Europe. The British Isles divide it, a part of it going north to the Polar Sea, and a part, turning south, seems to appear again on the coast of Africa in the North African and Guinea Current, which completes the circuit of the North Atlantic by mingling with the Equatorial Current. Within this circuit of waters is an area matted over with gulf weed, known as the Sarg-ossa Sea. A stream originates in the ice masses around the North Pole, and coming south- ward past Labrador, divides, sending one Current inside the Gulf Stream to the Gulf of Mexico, and another, as an Under Cur- rent, to the Caribbean. On the eastern coast of Asia is the Japan Current, in many respects closely resembling the Gulf Stream of the Atlantic. Like that, it has a Cold Counter Current near the coast, and also sends a Return Current along the shores of California and Mexico, to mingle with the Pacific Equatorial. Questions. What is the Ocean? Describe the Pacific Ocean. Indian. Atlantic. Northern. South- ern. What is meant by the Basin of an Ocean? Describe the Hydrographic Systems of each Ocean. By what is the Ocean characterized? Describe Waves. Tides. Currents. The Antarctic Current. Equatorial Currents. Southern Connecting Current. The Gulf Stream. Guinea Current. Sargossa Sea. Japan Current 3. ATMOSPHERR TEMPERATURE AND WINDS. The Atmosphere is the fluid which we breathe, and which surrounds the earth to a height, probably of forty or fifty miles. It has weight and great elasticity, and is nearly colorless. The quantity of sensible Heat, as indi- cated by the thermometer, is called Temper- ature. The depth to which the solid earth is affected by Heat or Cold varies with the latitude ; at the equator it is about one foot; in the temperate zones, fifty or sixty feet; in the Polar regions, 800 or 400 feet. Be- low this the Heat increases regularly. In the ocean there is also a line of Invariable Temperature, (39°. 5,) found at the equator at a depth of 7,200 feet, in lat. 56°, at the surface, and in lat. 70°, 4,500 feet below it. The Temperature of water is far more equable than that of the land. The Atmos- phere receives its Sensible Heat chiefly by radiation from the earth. The Temperature of any place depends principally on its lati- tude, its elevation, the vicinity of the sea, and prevailing winds. Wind is air in motion. Whenever the equilibrium of the atmosphere is, for any cause, disturbed, there follows an exchange of place among its particles, until this equi- librium is restored. The Heat of the earth in the equatorial regions causes the rarefied I7G PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. air to rise, to supply the place of which other air rushes in from the north and south, the air which ascends flowing off to the Poles again, thus completing the circuit of the globe. The revolution of the earth on its axis gives a westward direction to the air from the Poles, and an eastward one to the returning currents. The force and constancy of these are greatly modified by the alternating land and water over which they flow. WATER SPOUTS. Within the Tropics, gentle winds blow constantly from the east, called the Trade Winds. These are in two bands or zones, between which is a zone of calms that is near but north of the equator, and shifts its position with the change of seasons. Out- side of these Trades are narrow belts of calms, north of the northern and south of the southern, of which the prevailing direc- tion of the winds is found to be from the west, as far as 60° or 70° of latitude, beyond which limits the courses of the winds are not accurately known. The westerly winds of the temperate zone are called the Return Trades. They are by no means constant, and their prevalence is determined only by careful and continued observation. There are certain Periodical Winds, such as the Morning and Evening Breezes on the sea/-coast; the Monsoons of the Indian Ocean, changing their course with the sea- sons; the Etesian Winds, blowing from the north in the Mediterranean in summer; and the cold Northers of Texas and Mexico. Winds are hot or cold, moist or dry, taking these characters from the countries over which they pass. Among the noted Hot Winds are the Simoon^ of Arabia, Syria, and Nubia, and the Sirocco^ of the Sahara Desert. Whirlivinds are produced by currents meeting each other obliquely. Hurricanes, are violent revolving Winds, which occur chiefly in the West Indies, the Indian Ocean, and Chinese waters. They spring up sud- denly, move rapidly over wide areas, and are more frequent in the Autumn. Water- spouts, caused by Whirlwinds near the sur- face of the water, are very common in the Mediterranean. Questions. What is the Atmosphere ? What is Temperature ? Upon what does the Temperature of a place depend ? What causes Wind ? What are the principal prevailing Winds? The most noted Hot Winds ? What are Whirlwinds ? Hurricanes ? Waterspouts ? MOISTURE AND CLIMATE. The Atmosphere is constantly receiving Moisture from the earth, by means of evap- oration. The capacity of the Air for con- taining this moisture depends on its tem- perature. It is said to be saturated^ or at PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 177 the Dew point, when it contains all its tem- perature will allow it to receive, and any above this quantity will be condensed and precipitated. It is often deposited, during still nights, on bodies which are cooler than the Dew point of Atmosphere at the time, and in this form is called Dew. Hoar-frost is frozen Dew. Mists and Fogs are masses of vapor near the earth, sufficiently condensed to be visi- ble, differing from Clouds only in position. When Clouds come in contact with air or vapor cooler than themselves, their moist- ure is condensed and falls to the earth in the form of Rain. Hail is frozen Rain, and Snoiv is frozen vapor. Rain is very unequally distributed; it is found that it decreases in quantity from the Equator to the Poles, and from the coasts to the interior of a continent; that the greatest number of rainy days occur in the temperate zones; that more Rain falls in mountainous than level dis- tricts, and more in the Northern than in the Southern Hemisphere ; and the same is true of the western coasts of the continents in the temperate zones, because the moist- ure is brought by westerly winds, which lose it before they reach the eastern shores. Rains are Periodical within the Tropics and wherever periodical winds prevail ; and are Frequent beyond the Tropics, where it may rain on any day of the year. Large Rainless Districts occur in Peru, Central America, and Mexico, and in Central Asia; the moisture brought from the sea by the winds being condensed by mountain ranges before they arrive at these districts. The annual fall of rain is estimated at 8.5 feet in the Torrid Zone, at 3.05 feet in the Tem- perate, and in the Frigid at 1.25 feet. 10 By the Snow Line is meant the limit on mountains above which tlie snow is perpet- ual. At and below this limit the snow and ice are melted or softened by the heat of summer, and here it is that Glaciers have their origin. These are large masses of ice and snow, which, becoming attached, are in time consolidated, and, increasing from year to year by additions from above, move slowly down valleys and gorges, until, reach- ing a milder temperature, they dissolve and form the sources of rivers. By Climate is meant the condition of the Atmosphere witli reference to heat and cold, moisture and dryness, healthiness and un- healthiness. It is affected, in all these par- ticulars, by the form and elevation of the land, the nature of the soil, and the neigh- borhood of bodies of water, and is by no means the same in similar latitudes. Lines passing through places which have the same mean temperature, are called Isothermal Lines. By tracing any one of these through- out its course, it will be found to pass over widely differing latitudes. Especially is this the case with those Isotherms which cross North America and the Atlantic Ocean. Questions. What is Dew? Frost? What are Mists and Fogs ? What is said of Rain ? Hail and Snow? Where are Rains Periodical? Frequent? Where are the Rainless Districts? What is the an- nual fall of Rain? What is meant by the Snow Line? What are Glaciers? What is Climate? What are Isothermal Lines ? 4. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS. The whole number of species of Plants on the globe is estimated at 130,000. They appear to have originally had their native regions adapted by soil and climate 178 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPfiY. for their growth and perfection, and to which they were principally confined. Nat- ural means and artificial agencies have dis- tributed many Plants over a large extent of country, and to a great distance from their native soil. The most important influences affecting vegetation are heat, light, and moisture. The most constant heat and the greatest amount of rain, we have already noticed, are found in the Torrid Zone. TORRID ZONE. In this zone vegetation exists in its great- est variety and luxuriance. The most gorgeous flowers, the most luscious fruits, and the hardest and heaviest timber are found in the Torrid Zone. In the Temperate Zones, the most im- portant grains are found; such as wheat, rye, maize, barley, oats; also the common grasses, and fruits, such as apples, pears, grapes and berries, and plants for clothing, as flax, hemp and cotton. This zone also contains majestic forests of the oak, hickory, chestnut, maple, pine, fir, and cedar. In the Frigid Zones vegetation is scanty, and, in some parts of these zones, ceases to exist. Barley and oats are produced on the borders of the Temperate Zone, but the principal Plants of the Frigid Zones are mosses, lichens, dwarf trees and shrubs. Besides the limitation of Plants by cli- mate, there are also local and restricted re- gions with plants peculiar to the locality. Thus Australia constitutes a botanical re- gion differing from all others. Countries in the same latitude differ essentially in their species of vegetation, but the most important productions of each zone are most widely distributed. Questions. What is the estimated number of species of Plants on the globe ? What is said of the native regions of Plants ? Of the distribution of Plants ? What are most important influences affect- ing vegetation ? What is said of the vegetation of the Torrid Zone ? Of the Temperate Zone ? Of the Frigid Zone ? Of local and restricted botanical re- gions ? 5. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION" OP ANIMALS. Animals are adapted to different climates and diverse circumstances, by variety in clothing and physical structure. In the Torrid Zone, quadrupeds are usually nearly naked, or furnished with a coat of short and thin hair ; in the Temperate Zone, they are covered with thick hair, or with wool ; while in the Frigid Zone, they are supplied with thick fur. It is in the Torrid Zone that Animal life is most abundantly developed. This zone contains the greatest variety of insects, rep- tiles and birds, as well as the largest quad- rupeds, such as the elephant, rhinoceros, camel, camelopard, tapir and hippopotamus. The most poisonous reptiles and insects, and the most savage beasts of prey are found in this zone. Among these may be mentioned the lion, tiger, elephant, puma, and hyena. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 1T9 Birds of the largest size and most beau- tiful plumage are found in this zone, such as the bird of paradise, the parrot tribe and the ostrich. The coral forming tribes are found chiefly in this zone. Here are also the largest monkeys. The Temperate Zones contain the great- est number of useful and domestic animals, such as the horse, ox, sheep and deer tribes. The chief beasts of prey are the lynx, wild cat, wolf, bear, fox, and weasel. The ani- mals of the Temperate Zones are, many of tliem, gregarious, or accustomed to collect in flocks or herds. Many of the birds are migratory, passing the summer in the north, and returning to warmer climes on the ap- proach of winter. The Frigid Zone contains few species of animals, and those the most hardy, such as the white bear, moose, reindeer, Arctic fox, seals, whales, and walruses. There are a few species of birds, such as eagles, gulls, cormorants, and petrels. Some Animals, like some species of plants, are confined to particular regions. The giraffe, gorilla, and some varieties of bab- oons and monkeys, are found only in Africa. The island of Madagascar has a large number of species peculiar to itself. Aus- tralia and many of the East Indian Islands have species found no where else. Austra- lia is distinguished for its marsupial quad- rupeds. In North America, the grizzly bear ai:d the American buffalo are found in large numbers, and in South America, the sloth, armadillo, vampire, and a species of mon- key peculiar to this continent. Questions. How are Animals adapted to different climates ? What is said of the clothing of Animals in different zones ? What Animals does the Torrid Zone contain? What kind of birds? Where are the coral tribes found ? What class of Animals does the Temperate Zone contain ? Mention the chief beasts of prey in the Temperate Zone? What is said of the Animals in the Frigid Zone ? Of Animals peculiar to particular regions ? Mention some of these Animals and their locality. GENERAL QUESTIONS ON PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. What is Physical Geography ? Of what is the earth's crust composed ? Mention the different kinds of Rocks. How are Igneous Rocks formed ? Aque- ous Rocks ? What are the principal Stratified Rocks ? Which Continent contains the most land? Give the principal characteristics of each Continent. What are the different kinds of Islands? What are the principal Mountain Systems of the Western Conti- nent? Of the Eastern Continent ? Where are the prin- cipal Volcanoes found ? Where is Hecla ? Vesuvius ? Etna ? Peak of Teneriffe ? Cotopaxi ? Describe the Plateaus of the Western Continent. Of the Eastern Continent. 'What are the most noted Plains of the Western Continent ? Of the Eastern ? What are the principal River Systems of the West- ern Continent ? Of the Eastern Continent ? What is meant by a Delta ? Point out on the map the dif- ferent Hydrographic Basins. What are Ocean Cur- rents ? Point out the Equatorial Currents. Describe the Gulf Stream. Sargossa Sea. Japan Current. Brazil Current. Mozambique Current. Cape Horn Current. What is the direction of the Peruvian Current ? Where are the Trade Winds found? Monsoons? What are the most noted Hot Winds ? Where do Hurricanes occur ? Where are the principal rainless districts ? Through what countries does the north Isotherm of YO degrees pass? Of 50 degrees? Of 32 degrees ? How many species of Plants are supposed to exist on the globe ? What kinds of Plants are found in the Torrid Zone ? Temperate Zones ? Frigid Zones ? What can j'ou say of the characteristics of the .Ani- mals of the Torrid Zone ? Of the Temperate Zones ? Of the Frigid Zones ? / PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY AND TABLES. Note. The following Pronouncing Vocabulary contains the names of the countries, states, cities, towns, oceans, gulfs, bays, seas, islands, peninsulas, capes, mountains, deserts, lakes, and rivers, found on the Outline Maps, or men- tioned in the Geography. Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World, a work prepared with great care and accuracy, has been adopted as the standard of pronunciation. The extent of countries, the population of cities and towns, the length of rivers, and the height of mountains. have been given wherever authority could be found for the same. In the population of cities and towns, the latest census taken has been followed. KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS. Fite, fir, fSlI, fat, — m^te, mSt, hSr, — pine, pit,— note, not, — tube, t&b, full. Vowels not marked, (excepting final e,) when ending a syllable that is accented, are long; when followed by a final consonant, they are short or obscure. L STATES AND COUNTRIES. North America. United States, u-ni'-ted states Vermont, vcr-mont'. States and Territories, Virginia, ver-jiii'-e-a. America, British, brit'-ish. Carolina, kar-o-li'-na. Washington, wash'-ing-tun. America, Russian, roo'-shan. Columbia,District of, ko-lum'-be-a. Wisconsin, wis-koi;'-sin. America, Central, sen'-tral. Alabama, al-a-ba'-ma. Balize, ba-lez'. Arkansas, ar-kan'-sas. South America. Canada, kan'-a-da. California, kal-e-for'-ne-a. Greenland, green'-land. Connecticut, kou-net'-e-kut. Argentine Republic, ar'-j en-teen. Labrador, lab'-ra-dor. Delaware, del'-a-war. Bolivia, bo-le'-ve-a. Mexico, mex'-e-ko. Florida, flor'-e-da. Brazil, bra-zil'. States of, Georgia, jor'-je-a. Chili, chil'-le. Chiapas, che-a'-p;ts. Illinois,. il-lin-oi'. Ecuador, ek-wa-dor'. Chihuahua, che-wd'-wa. Indiana, in-de-an'-a. Guiana, ghe-a'-ni. CiNALOA, sin-a-lo'-a. Indian, in'-de-an. New Granai/A, gri-na'-dA. CoAHUiLA, ko-a-we'-lL Iowa, I'-o-wa. Paraguay, pa-ra-gwa'. CoLiMA, ko-le'-ml. Kansas, kan'-sas. Patagonia, pa-ta-go'-ne-a. DuRANGO, doo-ran'-go. Kentucky, ken-tuk'-e. Peru, pe-roo'. Guanajuato, gwa-nd-hwa'to Louisiana, loo-e-ze-a'-na. Uruguay, oo-roo-gwa'. Guerrero, gher-ra'-ro. Maine, mine. Venezuela, ven-ez-we'-la. Jalisco, hd-lis'ko. Maryland, ma'-re-land. MiCHOACAN, me-cho'4-can. Massachusetts, mas^-sa-chu'- Europe. New Leon, nu le'-on. setts. Oajaca, wd-ha'-k3,. Michigan, mish'-e-gan. Austria, Ss'-tre-a. PuEBLA, pweb'-la. Minnesota, njin'^-ne-so'-ta. Baden, ba'-den. Queretaro, ka-ra'-ta-ro. Mississippi, mis-sis-sip'-pe. Bavaria, ba-va'-re-a. San Luis Potosi, s^n loo '-is Missouri, mis-soo'-re. Belgium, bel'-je-um. po-to'-se. Nebraska, ne-bras'-ka. Denmark, den'-mark. Sonora, so-no'-ra. New Hampshire, nu hamp'-shir. England, ing'-gland. Tabasco, t^-bas'-ko. New Jersey, nujer'-ze. France, frans. Tamaulipas, tS-maw'-le-pas. New York, nu york. Germany, jer'-ma-ne. Tehuantkpec, ta-wau-ta-pek'. Ohio, o-hl'-o. Greece, grfes. Vera Cruz, va'-ra kroos. Oregon, or'-e-gon. Hanover, han'-o-ver. Yucatan, yoo-ka-tan'. Pennsylvania, pen-sil-va'-ne-a Holland, hol'-land. Zacatecas, zak-a-ta'-kas. Rhode Island, rod I'-land. Ireland, Ire'-land. New Brunswick, nu bruns'-wik. Tennessee, ten-nes-se'. Italy, it'-a-le. Nova Scotia, no'-va sko- Texas, tex'-as. Lapland, lap'-land. she-a. Utah, yoo'-tE. MECKLBNBtTRG, mek'-lcn-burg. PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 181 MODENA, mod'-Sn-i. COREA, ko-re'-a. Bosjesman's, bos'-yes-manz) Naples, n&'-pl'z. Farther India, in'-de-a. Cape Colonic;, kip kol'-o-ue. Norway, nor'-wi. Georgia, ior'-je-a. nia-doo-stan'. Cimbebas, sim-ba'-bas. Parma, pir'-ma. Hindostan, Egypt, e'-jipt. Poland, po'-land. Japan, j4-p^n'. ESSAWAHIL, es-sl'-wa-heel. PORXnOAL, p6r'-tu-gal. Malacca, m^-lak'-ka. Ethiopia, e-the-o'-pe-a. Prussia, proo'-she-a. Mantchooria, man-choo'-rc-a Eezzan, f^z-zan'. Russia, roo'-she-a. Mongolia, mon-go'-le-a. Guinea, ghin'-ne. Sardinia, sir-din'-e-a. Persia, per'-she-a. Hottentot, hot'-ten-tot. Saxony, sax'-o-ne. SlAM, sl-am'. Kaffraria, kaf-fra'-re-a. Scotland, skot'-land. Siberia, sl-be'-re-a. Liberia, li-be'-re-a. Spain, spane. SOONGARIA, 60ong-ga'-rc-a. Madagascar, mad-a-gas'-kar. Sweden, swe'-den. Syria, sir'-e-a. Morocco, mo-rok'ko. Switzerland, swit'-zer-land. Tenasserim, ten-as'-se-rim. Mozambique, mo-zam-beek'. Turkey, tur'-ke. Thibet, tib'-et. Natal, na-tal'. Tuscany, tus'-k4-ne. TOORKISTAN, Independent, Nubia, nu'-be-a. Venice, ven'-is. toor-kis-tin'. Senegambia, sin-e-gam'be-a. Wales, wilz. Turkey, tur'-ke. Sierra Leone, se-er'-rale-6n'. WURTEMBURG, wur'-tem-berg. Asia Africa. Oceanlca. Afoanistan, &f-gJn^-is-tan'. Abyssinia, ab-is-sin'-e-a. Australasia, aus-tral-a'she-a. Akam, i-nani'. Ad EL, &-d&l'. Australia, aws-tra'-le-a. Arabia, a-ri'-be-a. Ajan, d-zhan'. Malaysia, ma-la'-shc-a. Beloochistak, bel-oo-kis-tdn'. Algiers, ill-jeerz'. New South Wales, nu south Avalz. BURMAH, bur'-raa. Barca, bar'-ka. Polynesia, pol-e-ne'she-a. China, chl'-na. Beled-el-Jereed, be-led'-el-jer- Victoria, vik-to'-re-a. Chinese Tartary, tar'-ta-re. eed'. II. CITIES AND TOWNS. Abbeville, acapulco, Adrian, Alton, Albany, Annapolis, Ann Arbor, Appalachicola, Arispe, Astoria, Atlanta, Augusta, Me., Augusta, Ga., Austin, Balize, Baltimore, Bangor, Batesville, Baton Rouge, Bath, Bathurst, Beaufort, Benecia, Boston, Bowling Green, Brantford, Brattleboro, Brockville, Brooklyn, Buffalo, Burlington, Vt., America. Burlington, Iowa Cairo, ab'-be-vil, Camden, i-k3,-poor-ko. 5,000 Campeachy, a' dre-an. 6,200 Cape Haytien, al'-tun, 6,300 Carlisle, Jl'-ba-ne, 62,300 Charleston, an-nap'o-lis. 4,500 Chicago, an 4r'-bor, 5,000 Chihuahua, ap-pe-la-che-ko'-la. 1,000 Chillicothe, 4-ris'-pa, "7,000 Cincinnati, as-to'-re-a. Ciudad Real, at-laii'-ta, 9,500 Cleveland, au-gus'-ta. 7,600 Coburg, au-gus'-ta. 12,400 COLIMA, Ss'-tin, 3,000 COLLINGWOOD, ba-leez', 8,000 Columbia, S. C, bal'-te-mftr. 212,400 Columbia, Tenn., ban'-gor, 16,400 Columbus, Ga., bates '-vil, 1,700 Columbus, 0., b§,'-toii roozh. 5,400 Columbus, Miss., bath. 8,000 Concord, b3,th'-urst, 2,000 Corpus Christi, bu'-fort, 2,000 Council Bluff, be-nish'-e-a, 2,000 Culiacan, bos'-tun, 1'7'7,800 Cumberland, bo'-ling green. 3,000 Darien, brant'-ford, 4,000 Dayton, brat'-t'l-bur-ro, 4,000 Des Moines, brok'-vil, 3,000 Davenport, brook'-lin, 266,600 Detroit, buf-fa-lo, 81,100 Dorchester, bur'-ling-tun, 7,700 Dover, bur'-ling-tun, 6,700 ki'-ro. kam'den, 14,300 kam-pe'-che. 18,000 ha'-te-en, 12,000 kar-lil'. 6, GOO charlz'-tun. 40,500 she-ka'-go, 137,000 che-wa'-wa, 15,000 chil-li-koth'-e. 7,600 sin^-sin-na'-te. 161,000 se-oo-did' re-41'. kleve'-land. 43,400 ko'-burg. 4,500 ko-le'-ma. kol'-ling-wood. ko-lum'-be-a. 8,000 ko-lum'-be-a. 2,500 ko-lum'-bus. 9,600 ko-Ium'-bus, 18,600 ko-lum'-bus, 3,300 kon'-kord. 10,800 kor'-pus kris'-te, 1,200 koun'-sil bluf, 6,000 koo-le-a-kan', 7,000 kum'-ber-land, 8,400 da'-re-en, 500 da'-tun, 20,400 de moia'. 3,500 dav'-en-port. ll,00o de-troit'. 45,600 dor'-ches-ter. do'-ver, 4,000 182 PRONOUNCING V C A P, U L A R Y. Dpbpqpb, du-book', 13,000 Liverpool, liv'-er-pool, Dunkirk, dun'-kirk. 4,400 London, lun'-dun. ■ 6,000 DURANGO, doo-raug'-go, 22,000 LORETO, lo-ra'-to. Eastox, Pa., fcs'-ton. 8,900 Louisville, loo'-is-vil, 69,700 Eastos, Md., fes'-ton. 1,500 Lowell, lo'-el. 36,800 Eastport, ^8t'-port, 4,200 Lunenburg, lu'-nen-burg, Edenton, i'-den-tun, 1,000 Lynchburg, linch'-burg. 6,800 Elmira, el-nii'-ra, 8,600 Macon, ma'-kon. 8,200 Erie, k'-TB, 9,400 Madison, lud.. inad'-i-sun, 8,100 Etanstille, ev'-ans-vil. 11,400 Madison City, Wis., mad'-i-sun. 6,600 Fatettetille, fa'-et-vil. 4,800 Manchester, nian'-ehes-ter, 20,000 Fillmore City, fil'-mor sit'-e. Marshall, niar'-shal, 4,000 Fond dc Lac, fond du lak'. 5,400 Marysvillk, ma'-riz-vil, 9,000 Fort Vancocter, Tan-koo'-ver, Matagorda, ni4-ta-gor'-da. 1,200 Frankfort, frank'-f'ort, 6,000 Matamokas, ma-ta-mo'-ras. 20,000 Fredericksburg, fred'-er-iks-burg. 5,(M)0 Matanzas, nia-tan'-zas. 46,0<"»O Frederickton, fred'-ei-ik-tuu, 6,000 Maysville, niaz'-vil. 7,000 Galena, ga-le'-iuK 8,100 Mazatlan, niAz-at-lan', 11,000 Galveston, gal'-vi's-tuu. 7, 3 00 Memphis, incm'-fis. 22,600 Gkougetovvn, S. C, jorj'-town. 1,600 Merida, mor'-e-d^. 40,000 i Georgetown, Ky., jorj'-to»'u. 2,1)00 Mexico, inex'-i-ko. 180,000 Goliad, go'-lc-ad, Michigan City, niish'-e-gan. 2,400 ; Grand Haven, grand lia'-ven. 800 MlLLED(;i' VJLLE, mil'-ej-vil. 3,500 Grand Rapids, grand rii'-pids. 8,n00 Milwaukee, niif-w4'-ke. 45,200 Green Bay, green hay, 2,500 Mobile, nio-bcel', 29,200 Guadalajara, gwa-da-lii-lia'-r5, 70,000 Monroe, nion-ro'. 3,500 Guanajuato, gwA-na-li\va'-to, 63,000 MoNTJ^BEv, Mex., mou-ti-ra'. 12,000 Halifax, hal'-e-liix, 28,000 MONTEREV, Cal., mon-t^i-riV, 2,000 Hamilton, U. C, ham'-il-tiin, 20,000 Montgomery, mout-goni'-er-e, 35,900 Harper's Ferry, hir'-per's fer'-re. 2,000 MONTPKLIKR, niont-peel -yer, 2,400 Harrisuurg, har'-ris-burg, 13,400 Montreal, niont-re-al'. 77,400 Hartford, hart'-ford, 29,100 MURFRKESliORO', niur'-fres-bur-o. 2,000 Havana, hi-van'-a. 200,000 Muscatine, mus^-ka-teen', 6,3o0 Helena, hel-i'-na. Nashua, nasli'-yu-a. 10,000 Holsteinburg, hol'-stlu-burg, Nashville, nasli'-vil, 16,900 Houston, hu'-ston, 6,000 Nassau, nas'-Sil, 7,000 Huntsville, hunts'-vil. 4,000 Natchez, natch '-ez. 6,600 Iowa City, i'-o-wa sit'-e, 5,200 NATCHITOCnES, natch-i-totch'-iz, 1,300 Independence, in-de-pen'-dens. 3,000 New Albany, al'-ba-ne. 12,400 Indianpaolis, in-de-an-ap'-o-lis, 1S,OOQ Newark, nu'-ark, 71,900 Jackson, Miss., jak'-sun. 3,500 New Bedford, nu bcd'-lbrd, 22,300 Jackson, Tcnn., jak'-sun, 2,500 Nkwbern, mi'-bcrn. 6,400 Jackson, Mich., jak'-sun, 4,500 New Guatemala, gwa-te-nia'-la. 50,000 1 Janesville, jans'-\al. 7,700 New Haven, uu ha'-ven. 39,200 Jalapa, ha-ia'-p;l. 10,000 New Hermiutt, nu hern' -hut, Jefferson City, jef-fer-sun sit'-e. 2,500 New London, lun'-dun, 10,100 Juliansiiaab, yoo^-le-ans-hab'. New Orleans, or'-leanz. 168,600 Kalamazoo, kal-a-ma-zoo'. 6,000 Newport, nu'-port. 10,500 Key West, ke west', 2,800 New York, nu york', 813,600 Kingston, U. C, kingz'-tun. 16,000 Niagara, ni-ag'-a-ra, 4,500 Kingston, W. I., kingz'-tun. 35,000 Norfolk, nor'-folk. 16,600 Knoxville, nox'-vil. 5,000 Oajaca, wil-h&'-ka, 2,500 La Crosse, la kros', 2,000 Ogdensburg, og'-dens-burg. 7,400 Lafayette, laf-i-yet', 9,400 Old Guatemala, gwa-te-nii\'-li, Lancaster, lan'-kas-tur, 17,600 Olympia, o-lim'-pe-a. 1,200 Lansing, laii'-sing. 3,000 Omaha, o-ra3. -ha, 1,800 La Paz, la^paz'. Oswego, os-we'-go. 16,800 Lawrence, li-rens, 17,600 Ottawa, ot'-ta-wa. 8,000 LEAVENWORXa, lev'-en-wurth. Pacific City, pa-?if -ik sit'-e. Leco.mpton, le-komp'-tun. Paducah, pa-du'-ka. 8,000 Lewistown, lu'-is-town. 8,000 Paterson, pat'-er-sun, 19,500 Lexington, Ky., lex'-ing-tun, 9,300 Pensacola, pen-sa-ko'-la. 3,600 Lexington, Mo., lex'-ing-tun. 4,000 Peoria, pe-o'-re-a. 14,400 LlCHTENAU, lik'-teh-naw. Petersburg, pe'-terz'-burg, 18,2jOO Liciitenfels, lik'-ten-fels. Philadelphia, fil-a-del'-fe-a, 665,500 Little Bock, lit'-tle rok, 8,800 PiCTON, pik'-tun. 1,500 ♦ PRONOITNCING VOCABULARY. 183 PiTTSDURG, pits'-burg, 49,200 Tallahassee, tal-la-has'-se, 1,000 Placer City, pla'-ser sit'-e, 6,000 Taos, ti'-os. 9,600 Plattsbcro, plats'-burg, 6,600 Tehuantepec, ti-wAn-ta-pSk', 8,000 Port au Prince, port prins. 20,000 Terre Haute, tSr'-re hot. 8,500 Portland, Me., p6rt'-laad, 26,300 Three Rivers, thre riv'-erz. • 6,500 Portland, Oregon, p6rt'-land, Toledo, to-le'-do. 13,700 Portsmouth, N. H., ports'-muth, 9,300 TOPEKA, to-pe'-ka. PoRTSMOuTU, Ohio, p6rts'-muth. 6,200 Toronto, to-ron'-to. 50,000 POTOSI, po-to'-se. 600 Trenton, tren'-tun, 17,200 POTTSTILLE, pots'-vil. 9,400 Troy, troi. 39,200 Prairie vv Cdikn, pri\'-re du sheen, 2,000 Tuscaloosa, tus-ka-loo'-sa. 3,900 Providence, prov'-i-dcns, 50,6U0 Upernavik, oo-per-na'-vik. Pieula, pweb'-la, 70,000 Utica, u'-te-ka, 22,500 PuKRTo Principe, pwer'-to preen'-se-pi, 45,000 Valladolid, T5l-y;\-do-lid', 18,000 Ql-EllEC, kwe-bek'. 42,000 Van Buren, vAn bu'-ren. 1,800 Qleretaro, ki-rA-ti'-ro, 30,000 Vera Cruz, va'-ra krooz. 8,200 QllNCY, quin'-se. 13,700 ViCKSBCRG, viks'-burg. 4,500 Racine, r4. Miako, me-4'-ko. 500,000 Yanina, y3,n'-ne-nS., 36,000 Mocha, mo'-k^. 7,000 Yaroslay, ya-ro-slav'. 35,000 Monchoboo, mon-cho-boo'. 4,000 i^ORK, york. 40,000 Mosul, mo'-sul, 40,000 Zurich, zu'-rik. 17,400 Muscat, mus-kat'. 40,000 Nagpoor, uag-poor'. 115,000 Asia. Nanking, n^n-king', 400,000 Okhotsk, o-kotsk'. 800 Aden, I'-den, 20,000 Omsk, Omsk, 11,500 Ahmedabad, A-med-i-bad', 100,000 Oojein, oo-jan', Aleppo, a-lep'-po. 75,000 Osaka, o-sa'-ki. 800,000 Amarapoora, Sm-a-ra-poo'-ri, Patna, pat'-na, 284,000 Amherst, am'-erst. 5,000 Peking, pe^-king'. 1,500,000 Amoy, 3,-moi,' 300,000 Peshawer, p&sh-ow'-er, 60,000 Amritseer, Sra-rit-seer', 115,000 Petra, pe'-tra, Ata, &^-va, 25,000 Petropualovski, pa-tro-pow-lov'-ske. 900 Bagdad, b&g-dad', 65,000 POONAH, poo'-na. 90,000 Bangkok, ban-kok', 60,000 Rangoon, r&ng^-goon', 20,000 Barnaul, bar-nowl', 10,000 Reshd, rSsht, 50,000 Baroda, bi-ro'-da, 100,000 Saghalien, si-g^-le'-en, PRONOI rNCING 180,000 VOCABULARY. 187 Saigon, 6l-gon', MOMBAS, moin'-bJs, 2,000 Samarcahd, 6a-mar-kdnd', 10,000 MONROVU, niou-ro' ve-a, 2,000 Sana, e&-ua'. 40,000 MOORZOOK, moor-zook', 3.5i)0 Shanghai, ehaug^-bl'. 190,000 Morocco, mo-rok'-ko. 100,000 ' Shkeraz, she-raz'. 30,000 Mozambique, mo-zaiu-beek', 4,0(i0 ' Singapore, 6ing^-g^-pore', 60,000 New Benguela, new beii-ga'-lii, ' Smyrna, emyr'-iia. 150,000 New Dongola, new doug-go-14, 4,00(1 ; Slrat, eoo^-rat'. 157,000 Obeid, o-bid'. 30,000 ', Tabreez, t4^-breez', 60,000 Oran, o-rau', 24,U0(» , Tashkend, Teentsin, tAsh-kend', 40,000 Pietermaritzburo, pe'-ter-iiii-iitz-burg, '2,00(1 teent^-seen'. QriLlMANE, kc-le-ma'-iiii. 2,01 (1 Teheran, teh'^-her-an', 60,000 Rabatt, ra'-bat', 27,000 TlKLlS, tif'-lis, 50,000 Rosetta, xo-zet'-ta. 4,01/0 Tobolsk, to-bolsk', 20,000 Saccatoo, sak-ka-too', 40,000 Tomsk, tomsk. 24,000 San Salvador, san sal-va-dor'. 20,000 Trebizond, treb'-e-zond^, 40,000 Sego, se'-go, . 30,000 Yakootsk, y^^-kootsk', 7,000 Sennaar, s5n-nar', 4,000 Tarkand, yar^-k^ud', 100,000 Sioot, se-oot', 20,000 Yeddo, yed'-do. 1,600,000 SOFALA, so-la'-la. Yekaterinboorg, ya-kS-ta-riu-boorg', Africa. 15,000 St. Locis, St. Paul de Loanda, Tamatav, Tananarivoo, sant loo'-is, da lo-an'-da, ta-ma-tav', ta-na-na^-re-voo', 12,000 12,000 Abbeokoota, ab-bc-o-koo'-tJ, 60,000 Teemboo, teem '-boo, 16,0(J0 Abomey, ab^-o-ma', 20,000 TlMBUCTOO, teem-buk'-too. 12,000 Alexandria, al-ex-aii'-dre-a. 60,000 Tooggoort, toog-goort'-. Algiers, 4l-jcerz', 95,000 Tripoli, trip'-o-le, 15,000 Angornou, Jii-gor-noo', 30,000 Tunis, tu'-uis, 130,000 Antalo, iu^tJi^bo; _ 8,000 Zeyla, z4'-U 500 Bat HIRST, batfi'-urst ^5n-gT^' 3,000 ZUEELA, zoo-e -la. Bexgazi, 6,000 Benin, ben-ecn', . 15,000 Oceanica. Rerbera, ber'-be-ra, 15,000 Bona, ko'-na. 10,000 ACHEEN, at-cheen'. 40,000 BOOPA, boo'-da, Adelaide, ad'-e- lad, 20,000 Cairo, kl'-ro. 250,000 Albany, Sl'-ba-ne, Cape Town, kap town, 23,000 Banjermassin, ban-yer-mAs-sin', 1,500 Constantine, kou^-stau-teen'. 28,000 Batavia, ba-ta'-ve-a. 120,000 Coomassie, koo-nias'-sc. 18,000 Bencoolen, beu-koo'-len. 6,000 Damietta, da'm-e-&t'-ta. 28,000 Borneo, bor'-ne-o. 22,000 Derne, der'-nfeli, 6,0u0 Brisbane, briz'-ban, 1,000 Fez, fez. 90,000 Freemantle, fre '-man-tl, Freetown, fre'-town, 18,000 HiLO, lil'-lo, Georgetown, jorj'towu, Hobart Town, ho'-bart-town. 26,000 Gondar, gou'-dar. 6,000 IIoNOLUHr, hon^-o-loo'-loo, 6,000 Graham's Town, gra'-hamz town. 6,000 Kaaha, ka-a-h&', Kairwan, kir'-wan. 60,000 Kealakeakua, ka-la-ki\-a-koo'-d, Kano, ka^-iio'. 30,000 Lahaina, la-hl'-na, Katcnga, ka-tuug'-g^, 18,00) Macassar, ma-kas'-sar, 20,000 Kemmoo, kem'-moo, Manilla, nia-ne'-la. 140,000 Khartoom, kar-toom', 18,000 Melbourne, mel'-burn, 60,000 Kobbe, kob'-be. 6,0(0 Padang, pa-dang', 22,000 KCRRICANE, kur-re-kS'-na, 16,000 Palembang, pa^-leni-b3ug', 25,000 Lattakoo, lat-ta-koo', Perth, pcrth, Loango, lo-aug'-go, 20,000 Portland, port'-iaud, Magadoxo, mag-a-dox'-o. 4,000 Samarang, sa-nia- rang', 50,000 Mananzart, ma-nAn-zi'-re^, Sarawak, sa-ra'-wiik', 12,000 Massowah, mis'-so-wa. 4,000 Sydney, Bid '-lie, 100,000 Meqcinez, m&k'-e-n5z\ 60,000 Wairukf, Ira^u'^ka, Mesurata, inei-oo-r4'-t^ 188 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. III. OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. Apen, Adriatic, A\OEA.S, Alhemarle, Algoa, All Saints, Anadiu, Antarctic, Antoxgil, Appalachee, AUAIilAN, Aral, Archipelago, Arctic, Atlantic, Azof, Bakein's, Baltic, Bengal, Benin, Bembatooka, BlAFRA, Biscay, Black, Blanco, Bonavista, Boothia, ]]OTANT, Bothnia, Brede, Bristol, BnRGAS, Cabes, California, Cambay, Cambridge, Campeachy, Carpentaria, Caribbean, Caspian, Chaleur, Charlotte, Chatham, Chesapeake, China, Cnoco, Chonos, conckpcion, Coral, Corea, Coronation, Corpus Christi, S'-don, or a'-d6n. ad-re-at'-ik. e-je'-an. al'-be-mirl. al-go'-a. all sants. ^ A-na-deer'. ant-ark'-tik. an-tou-zhccl'. ap-pa-la'-che. ar-a'-be-an. ar'-al. Ar-ke-pcl'-a-go. ark'-tik. at-lan'-tik. a'-zof. baf'-finz. bfil'-tik. bcu-giir. ben-een'. bem-ba-too'-ka. be-af'-ra. bis'-ka. blak. blan'-ko. bo-iia-vis'-ta. boo'-the-il. bot'-a-nc. both'-iie-i\. bra'-di\. bris'-tol. boor-giis'. k4b'-cs. kal-e-for'-ne-a. kam-bi\'. kam'-brij. kam-pe'-chc. kilr-peu-tiV-re-a. kilr-rib-be'an. kds'-pe-au. slia-loor'. shar'-lot, chat'-am. ches'-a-peek. chi'-na. cho'-ko. ko'-uos. kon-s&p-se-on'. kor'-al. ko-re'-a. kor-o-na'-shim. kor'-pus kris'-te. Critz, CUTCH, Darien, Dead, Delagoa, Delaware, Disco, Donegal, Eastern, English, Faxe, Finland, Forth, FUNDY, Galveston, Galttay, Genoa, Georgia, Great Fish, guatamala, Guayaquil, Guaytecas, Guinea, Halifax, Honduras, Hudson, Humboldt, Indian, Irish, Islands, Bay of, James's, Japan, JlJIGINSK, KaMTCHATKAj Kara, Lena, Lyons, Madre de Dios, Maracaybo, Marmora, Martaban, Massachusetts, Matagorda, Mediterranean, Manaar, Melville, Mexico, Mobile, Monterey, Murray, Narragansett, North, krooz. kutch. da-ri-on'. d6d. del-a-go'-a. del'-a-war. dis'-ko. don'-e-gal. ist'-ern. ing'-lish. faks'-i\. fin'-laud. forth. fun'-de. . gal'-ves-tun. gal'-wti. jeu'-o-a. jor'-je-a. grat fish. gwa-to-nii\'-la. gwT-A-keel'. gwT-ta'-kas. ghin'-ne. hal'-e-fax. hon-doo'-ras. hud'-sun. hum '-bolt. in'-de-an. I'-rish. I'-laiids. janiz'-ez. ja-pau'. je-Je-ghinsk'. kani-chat'-ka. W-rL la'-Hil. li'-onz. mi\'-dra di\ dc'-6s. ma-iii-kl'-bo. mar'-iiio-ra. mar^-ta-ban'. nias-sa-chu'-scts. mat-a-gor'-da. nied-i-ter-ra'- ma-na'. ne-an. mel'-vil. mcx'-i-co. iDo-beel'. mon-ta-ra'. mur'-re. nar-ra-gan'-set. north. Notre Dame, Obi, Okhotsk, Onega, Ormus, Pacific, Pamlico, Panama, Paranagua, Paria, Passamaquoddt, Pecheelee, Penas, Penjinsk, Penobscot, Pensacola, Persian, Pinzon, Placentia, Plenty, Prince of "Wales, Queen Adelaide's, Red, Riga, San Diego, San Francisco, Shark's, SlAM, SiDRA, Spencer, St. George's, St. Helena, St. Lawrence, St. Matthias, Tampa, Taranto, Teheskaya, Teiiuantepec, Tomsk, TONQUIN, Ungava, Venezuela, Victoria, Walvisch, White, Yeddo, Yellow, Yenisee, Yesso, Zuyder Zee, not'-r diim. o'-be. o'-kotsk. o-ne'-ga. or'-nius. pa-si f'-lk. pam'-le-ko. puii-a-ma'. pa-ra.-na'-gua. pil'-rc-il. pas-sa-ma- quod'-de. pi-che-le'. p6ii'-yas. pen-jinsk'. pc-nob'-skot. pen-sa-ko'-la. per'-shan. pin-zoii'. pla-.sen'-shi. picn'-tc. prins of wilz. ad'-e-lad. red. r6'-ga. R;\ii de-c\'-go. Si\n frau-sis'-ko. sharkz. 6l'-am. sid'-ra. spoil '-scr. jor'-jcs. hel-e'-na. siiit law'-rons. sant iiiat-tlii'-as. taiii'-pa. til'-ran to. ches-ki-a, ta wanta-pck'. tomsk. ton -keen', fm-g^'-va. v?'n-^zwe'-Ia. "vik-to'-re-a. ■wal'-vish. white, yed'-do. yel'-low. yon-e-ssV-e. yes'-so. zi-der-ze'. IV. STRAITS AND CHANNELS. Barel Mandkb, Bank, Barrow, Bass, Behrings, Bellisle, Bonifacio, Bosporus, bSb-61-man'-deb. bank. bar'-row. b&s. be'-ringz. bM-Tle'. bo-ne-fa'-cho. bos'-po-rus. Bristol, Canadian, Canso, Cattegat, Charlotte, Cook, Corea, Cu.MBERLAND, bris'-tol. ka-na'-de-an. kan'-so. kat'-te-gat. shar'-lot. kook. ko-re'-a. kum'-ber-land. Dardanelles. Davis, Dover, English, Florida, Formosa, FOVEAUX, Frobisheb, dar-da-nelz', da'-vis. do'-ver. ing'-lish. flor'-c-da. for-mo'-sa. fe-vo'. frob'-ish-er. PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 189 Gibraltar, je-brSl'-ter. Mozambique, mo-zam-beek'. Smith, smith. Hudson's, hud'-sunz. North, north. The Sound, sound. Juan de Fuca, ju'-an da fu'-kd. Northumberland, north-um'-ber- St. Mary's, sint ma'-riz. Lancaster, lan'-kas-ter. land. SUNDA, sun'-da. Le Maire, le mir. Norton, nor'-tun. Tartary, tar'-tar-re. Long Island, long T'-land. Ormus, or'-mus. Torres, tor'-res. Macassar, ma-kas'-sar. Otranto, o-tran'-to. Victoria, vik-to'-re-a. Magellan, ma-jel'-lan. Palk's, pawks. Wellington, wel'-ling-tun. Malacca, ma-lak'-ka. Perocse, pe-rooz'. Yenikale, ySn-e-ka'-la. Manaar, ma-nSr'. Prince Regent's, prins re'-gents. Yesso, yes'-so. Mklville, mel'-vil. Prince William, prins wil'-yum. Yucatan, yu-ka-tan'. Messina, mes-so'-nL Skager Rack, skag'-er rak. V. ISLANDS. North America. Shoomagins, shoo-m;V-gins. Bornholm, born'-holm. Sitka, sit'-ka. Candia, kan'-de-^. Anticosti, an-te-kos'-te. Southampton, south-amp'-tun. ' Cephalonia, sef-a-lo'-ne-i. Antilles, aii-teel'. The Three Marias, ma-ri'-as. Cerigo, cher'-e-go. kor'-fu. Bahama, ba-ha'-ma. TiBURN, ti'-burn. Corfu, Baring, ba'-ring. Tortugas, tor-too'-gas. Corsica, kor'-se-ka. Bermudas, ber-moo'-da. Vancouver's, van-koo'-verz. Cyclades, sik'-la-d^z. Boothia, boo'-thc-a. Victoria, vik-to'-re-a. Cyprus, si'-prus. Cape Breton, kap brit'-un. Dago, da -go. Caribbees, kar'-re-b^z. South America. Elba, el'-ba. Carmen, kar'-men. Falster, fal'-ster. Cerros, ser'-ros. Abrolhos, i-brol'-yose. Faroe, fa'-ro. COZUMEL, ko-zoo-mel'. Ballent, bal'-le-ne. FUNEN, fu'-nen. Cuba, ku'-ba. Barbadoes, bar-ba'-doz. Gothland, goth'-land. Cumberland, kum'-ber-land. BuEN Ayre, bwen Ir'-a. Great Britain, grat brit'-un. Disco, dis'-ko. Cananea, k3.-na-na'-4. Guernsey, ghurn'-ze. EspiRiTU Santo, Ss-pir'-e-too Chiloe, cheel-o-a'. Hebridez, heb'-rid-ez. sSn'-to. CuRACOA, kn-ra-so'-a. Iceland, ise'-land. Florida Keys, flor'-e-da keez. Falkland, fdlk'-land. Ionian, i-o'-ne-an. Greenland, green'-land. Gallipagos, gal-li-pa'-gos. Ireland, ire'-land. Georgian, jor'-je-an. Graham's Land, gra'-amz land. IVICA, e-ve'-sa. Great MANiTOi:LiNE,man-e-too'-lin. Grenada, gren-a'-da. Jersey, jer'-ze. Guanhani, gw^-ii^-h4'-ne. Hermit, her'-mit. Laaland, Id'-land. Hatti, h^'-te. Itamaraca, e-ta-ma-ra'-ca. LiPARI, lip-a'-rc, or Iceland, ise'-land. Joannes, jo-an'-nes. le'-p&-re. Jamaica, ja-mi'-ka. Juan Fernandez, ju'-an fer-nan'- Loffoden, lof'-fo-den. Kodiak, ko'-de-ak. dez. Mageroe, maj'-er-o. Long, long. LoBos, lo'-bos. Majorca, ma-jor'-ka. Magdalen, mag'-da-len. Margarita, mar-ga-re'-ta. Malta, mEl'-tl Manitouline, man-e-too'-lin. Puna, poo'-ml Man, man. Mansfield, maas'-feld. QuiBO, ke'-bo. Minorca, niin-or'-kS. Margarita, mar-ga-re'-ta. South Georgian, jor'-je-an. MiTYLENE, mit-e-le'-ne. Martha's Vinetard, mar'-thaz | Staten Land, stat'-en land. Negropont, neg'-ro-pont- vin'-jard. St. Anne, sant an. Oesel, e -sel. Melville, mel'-vil. St. Catharina, sknt ki\-ta-re'-na. Oland, o'-land. Nantucket, nan-tuk'-et. St. Felix, sant fe'-lix. Orkney, ork'-ne. Newfoundland, nu'-fund-land. St. Sebastian, sant se-bast'-yan. Rhodes, rodz. North Devon, north dev'-on. St. Vincent, sant vin'-sent. RUGEN, ru'-ghen. NUNNIVAK, noo-ne-vak'. Terra del Fuego, ter'-ra del fwa'-go Samos, sa'-mos. Orleans, or'-le-anz. Tobago, to-ba'-go. Sardinia, sar-din'-e-a. Porto Rico, p6r'-to re'-ko. Trinidad, trin-i-dad'. Scarpanto, skar-pan'-to. Pines, Isle of. pines. Wellington, wel'-ling-tun. SCILLY, sU'-le. Prince Edward, prins ed'-ward. SOROE, so'-ro. Prince William, prins wil'-yum. Europe. Spitzbergen, spitz-berj'-en. Queen Charlotte, shar'-lot. Stalimni, 8ta-liin'-ne. Rkvillagigedo, ra-veel'-yl-he- Aland, 3.'-land. Wight, wit. hi\'-do. Anglesea, ang'-g'l-se. Zante, zJn'-te. Santa Barbara, san'-t3, bar'-ba-r^ Azores, az'-6rs. Zealand, ze'-land. 190 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. Asia. Pemba, pem'-ba. Melville, mel'-vil. Prince's, prins'-ez. Mindanao, min-da-n^'-o. Andaman, an-da-man'. Seychelles, sa-shel'. MiNDORO, min-do'-ro. Bahrein, b3,-rane'. SoCOTRA, sok-o'-trL Mitchell's, mitch'-elz. Bp;nRiNGa, be'-ringz. St. Helena, sant hel-e'-na. MOLOKAI, mo-lo-kl'. Ceylon, se'-lon. St. Thomas, sant torn '-as. Mortlock, mort'-lok. Coralline, kor'-al-lin. Zanzibar, zan'-ze-bar. MULGRAVE, mul'-grav. Cyprus, si'-prus. Navigator, nav'-i-ga-tor. Fadievskoi, fa-de-&v'-skoi. Oceanica. New Britain, nu brit'-en. Formosa, for-mo'-sa. New Caledonia, nu kal-e-do'-ne-a. Hainan, hi-ndii.' Admiralty, ad'-nii-ral'-te. New Georgia, nu jor'-|e-3.. Hong Kong, hong kong'. America, a-mer'-e-ka. New Guinea, nu gliin'-e. Jl;nk Ceylon, junk se'-lon. Anson's, an'-sunz. New Hebrides, nu hcb'-re-dez. Kioosioo, ke-oo'-se-oo'. Aruoo, ar-roo'. New Ireland, nu Tre'-land. KiSHM, kish'-cm. Austral, aws'-traL New Leinster, nu lin'-ster. Koorile, koo'-ril. Australasia, aws-tral-a'-she-a. New Munster, nu nnm'-stcr. KOTELNOI, ko-tel-noi'. Australia, aws-tra'-le-a. New Ulster, nu ul'-ster. Laccadive, Ek'-ka-div. Bally, bal'-le. New Zealand, nu ze'-land. LlAGHOFF, le-ag'-hof. Banca, bank'-|cJ. Nihau, ne-ho\v'. Loo Ciioo, loo cboo'. BONIN, bo-nccn'. Nookaheeva, noo-ka-he'-va. Maliuve, mal'-div. Borneo, bor'-ne-o. Norfolk, nor'-fiik. New Sideria, nu si-be'-rc-a. Caroline, kar'-o-lin. Oahu, w^'-hoo. NiCOBAR, uik'-o-bar. Celebes, sM'-e-bes. Owhyee, o-wi'-he. NiPHON, ni-fon'. Central, sen'-traL Palawan, pa-la-wan'. Nova Zembla, no'-va zem'-bla. Chatham, chat'-am. Palliser, pal-li'-ser. Pknang, pe-nang'. Christmas, kiist'-mas. Palmyras, pal-ml'-ras. QUELPAERT, kwel'-part. Cook's, kooks. Pearl, purl. Saghalien, s^-gil-le'-en. De Peyster, dc pl'-ster. Pelew, pe-lew'. SlKOKF, se-kof. DUCIE, du'-sc. Philippine, fil'-ip-in. Singapore, sing-ga-pore'. Easter, is'-ter. PiTCAIRN, pit'-kirn. SOCOTRA, sok-o'-tra. Egmont, eg'-niont. Radack, nVdik'. Staten, stat'-cn. Egoi, e-goi'. Rennell, ren-nel'. Sumatra, 600-m3,'-tr&. Friendly, frend'-lc. Sandalwood, san'-dal-wood. TCHANTAR, cbUn'-td. Feejee, fe'-je. Sandwich, sand'-wich. Yesso, yes'-so. Flores, flo'-res. Sangir, san-gheer'. Gambier, gani'-bc-er. Samar, sa-inar'. Africa. Gilberts, gil'-bertz. Scarborough, skdr'-bur-ro. GiLOLO, je-lo'-lo. Society, so-si'-e-te. Ahd el Curia, abd hi koo-re'4. Guadalupe, gwa-da-loo'-pL Soloman's, sol'-o-munz. Amirante, am-e-rant'. Hall, lial. SOOLOO, soo-loo'. Annobon, an-no-bon'. Hapai, ha'-pT. Spice, spTs. Ascension, as-sen'-shun. Hawaii, ha-wa'-e. St. Andrew's, sint an'-drews. Azores, az'-orz. Java, ja'-va. St. Paul's, sant pawlz'. Bourbon, boor-bon'. Kahoolawe, kA-hoo-la'-we. Strong's, strongs. Canary, ka-na'-re. Kauhai, kow'-hi. Sumatra, soo-ina'-tra. Cape Verde, kap verd'. Keeling, keel'-ing. SUMBAWA, sooni-baw'-wa. Comoro, kom'-o-ro. Kermadec, ker-ma-dek'. Tahiti, ta-he'-te. Enderby, en'-der-be. Ladrones, lad-rouz'. Taswell's, tas'-wels. Fernando Po, fer-n^n'-do po'. Lanai, la'-nl. Timor, te'-mor. Kerguelen, kerg-e-len'. LOUISIADE, loo-e-ze-ad'. Tonga, ton'-ga. Madagascar, mad-a-gas'-kar. Luzon, loo-zon'. Torres, tor'-res. Madeira, ma-do'-ra. Magellan's, ma-jel'-lanz. Ulala!^, oo-la'-lan. Mascarentia, mas-ka-ren'-she-a Malaysia, mal-a'-she-a. Van Dieman's Land, v^u de'-manz Mauritius, mau-rish'-e-us. Marquesas, m3.r-ki'-sas. land. Monfia, mon-fe'-a. Maui, mow'-e. VL PENINSULAS, ISTHMUSES, AND CAPES. North America. Bauld, Brewster, Alaska, al-as'-kL California, Ann, an. Canaveral, Barrow, bar'-ro. Canso, Bathurst, bath'-urst. Catoche, bawld. bru'-ster. kal-e-for'-ne-a. kan-av'-e-ral. kan'-so. ka-to'-che. Charles, Chudleigh, Cod, Conception, Corrientes, Darien, chirlz. chud'-le. kod. kon-sep'-shun. kor-re-en'-tes. da-re''-en'. PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 191 Des Montes, Desconocida, Elizabeth, Farewell, Fear, Flattery, Florida, (xRAfllAS A Dios, Hatteras, Henlopen, Henry, Icy, labrador, Lookout, Malabar, May, Mendocino, MoRRO Hermoso, North, Nova Scotia, Orford, Falma, Prince of Wales, Race, Ray, Roman, Romanzoff, Roxo, Sable, San Antonio, Sa.N BlAS, San Lazaro, St. Lucas, •St. Mary, St. Lewis, Walsingham, Whittle, Yucatan, da mon'-ta. da^-kou-o-se'-da. e-liz'-a-bcth. fare-wel'. fear. flat'-ter-re. flor'-e-da. gra'-se-as 3. de'-6s. hat'-ter-as. hen-lo'-pen. hen'-ry. i'-se. lab'-ra-dor. look-out'. nial'a-bar. mi. men-do-se'-no. mor'-ro her- nio'-so. north. no-va sko'-she-a. or'-ford. pal'-ma. prins of wilz. ris. tL ro'-man. ro-man-zof. roks'-o. sa'-bl. s;\n 3,n-to'-ne-o. san bias', san 14z'-a-ro. sant loo'-kas. sant ma'-re. sint lu'-is. wal'-sing-ham. whit'-tle. yoo-ka-tdn'. South America. Blanco, Corrientes, Darien, Frio, blan'-ko. kor-re-en'-tes. da-re-eu'. fre'-o. Gallinas, Horn, North, Orange, Pillar, San Francisco, San Lorenzo, St. Antonio, St. Roque, gal-ye'-nas. horn. north. or'-anj. pil'-lar. fran-sis'-ko. lo-ren'-zo. an-to'-ne-o. rok. Europe. Clear, CORSO, Crimea, Finisterre, Gata, La Hogue, Land's End, Matapan, Naze, North, Ortegal, Palos, Passaro, San Martin, Spartivento, St. Vincent, Sviatoi, Teulada, Trafalgar, Wrath, Cambodia, Chelagskoi, COREA, cormorin, East, isolettk, Kamtchatka, Kraw, LOPATKA, Negrais, Northeast, kl^r. kor'-so. krim'-e-a, fin-is-tair'. ga'-tl la hog'. landz end'. mat-a-pdn'. niz. north. or-ta-gal', pa'-los. pas-sa'-ro. s4n mAr'-tin. spar-te-ven'-to. sint vin'-sent. sve'^-toi. t§-oo-la'-d4. traf-al-gar'. rath. Asia. kam-bo'-de-a. cho-lag-skoi'. ko-re'-a. kom'o-rin. ht. e-so-let'. kSm-ch4t'-ka. kraw. lo-pat'-ka. ne-grise'. north-^st'. Rasalhad, Romania, St. Thadqeus, Suez, Zelania, ris-al-h^d'. ro-ma'-ne-a. sant thad'-de-us. soo-6z'. ze-la'-ne-ai Africa. Ambro, Agulhas, Bassas, Bon, BOJADOR, Blanco, Corrientes, Cross, Delgado, Frio, Guardafui, Good Hope, Noon, Orfui, Palmas, St. Mary, Suez, Verde, am'-bro. il-gool'yas. bas'-sas. bou. boj-a-dor'. blan'-ko. kor-re-en'-tSs. kros. del-ga'-do. free'-o. gwar-da-fwe'. good hop'. noon. or'-fwe. pal'-mas. sant ma'-re. soo -ez'. vcrd. Oceanica, Bougainville, Chatham, Engano, Flattery, Howe, Hana, Kahaka, KOOLAU, Leeuwin, Leveque, boo-gan-vil'. chat'-am. Sn-ga'-no. flat'-ter-re. how. ha'-nj. ka-hil'-k^. koo'-lau. le'-win, or la' win. la-vak'. Maria Van DiEMAN,de'-nian. Northwest, north-west'. Rodney, rod'-ne. Sandy, san'-de. TowNSEND, town'-send. Upola, oo-pa'-la. York, york. VII. MOUNTAINS. North America. Alleghany, Arctic Highlands, Black Hills, Blue Ridge, Cascade, Mt. Hood, Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Ranier, Catskill, Coast, C0SIGUIN4, Cumberland, Mt. Fairweather, al-le-ga'-ne, ark'-tik high'-lands. blak hilz. blu'-rij, kas'-k^d. hood, s^nt hel'-enz. ra'-neer. kats'-kil, kost. ko-se-ghe'-n3,. kum'-ber-land. fdr'-weth-er. HEiani IN FEET. 4,200 6,470 14,000 3,800 14,000 Green, Katahdin, Ozark, Popocatapetl, Rocky, Mt. Brown, Fremont's Peak, Mt. Hooker, Long's Peak, Pike's Peak, Spanish Peak, Sierra Madre, Sierra Nevada, Mt. St. Elias, White, green, ka-ta'-din, o'-zark. po-po-kat-a-pet'-l, rok'-e. brown, fre-montz', hook'-er, longz, pikz, span'-ish. se-er'-ra ma'-dra. se-er'-ra na-va'-dJ. sint e-li-'as, white, 4,360 5,380 17,720 16,000 13,500 15,700 12,000 11,500 17,90't 6,230 192 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. South America. Catjcascs, kaw'-kil-sus, 1S,4'.)3 Dkmavend, dem-a-vend', 14,7011 ACAKAT, ak-a-ra'. Elbrooz, el'-brooz. Andes, au'-dez. Konjakofski, kon-ja-kof'-skl. Aconcagua, &-kon-kA'-gwX, 23,900 Ghauts, gawts, 8,000 Chimborazo, chim-bo-ra'-zo, 21,425 Himalaya, him-a-li'-a. Chuquibamba, choo-ke-bam'-ba. 21,000 Everett, ev'-er-et. Cotopaxi, ko-to-pax'-e, 18,870 KUNCHINGINGA, koon-chin-jing'-gS, 28,177 Gdalateiri, gwa^-l^-ti-e-re'. Hindoo Koosh, hin'-do koosh. Illimani, eer-ya-ma'-ne. 21,150 KniNGAN, king-gan'. SORATA, so-ra'-ti, 21,280 KUENLUN, kwen-looii'. 14,700 Brazilian, bra-zeel'-yan. Meling, nia-ling'. Geral, zha'-ral. Peling, pa-ling'. Pacaraima, pa-k^-ii'-mi. Ramleah, ram'-le-a. Sinai, si'-na, or si'-na-T, 7,500 Europe. Stanovoi, Taurcs, stii^-no-Yoi'. td'-rus, 13,100 Alps, ThIAN SHAN, te'-uu sh^n. Mount Blanc, blank, 15,800 Apennines, ap'-en-nlnz. Africa. Mt. Vesuviits, ve-soo'-ve-us. 3,950 AUYERGNE, o-vArn', 6,221 Abba Yaret, ab'-bil yi\'-rct, 15,000 Balkan, bal'-kJn, 10,000 Atlas, at'-las. Cantabrian, kan-ta'-bre-in, 11,000 Mt. Miltseen, milt-secn'. 11,400 Carpathian, k4r-pa'-the-an. 8,675 Cameroons, kam-er-oons'. 13,000 Caccascs, kaw'-ka-sus, 18,000 Crystal, krist'-al. Ceyennes, sa-venu', 5,820 Kong, kong, 4,000 Mt. Etna, ct'-na. 10,885 Liipata, loo-p&'-td. Grampian, gram'-pe-an. 4,370 Moon, moon. Mt. Hecla, hek'-la, 6,210 Kenia, ke'-nc-a, 20,000 Montserrat. mont-ser-rat', 3,300 KiLIMANDJARO, kir-e-nii\n^-j^-ro', 20,000 Ptrenees, pir'-en-eez. 11,425 Radama, ra'-d3.-md\ Scandinavian, skan-de-na'-ve-an. 8,720 Red, rfed. Sierra Morena, se er'-ra mo-ri'-nil, 4,000 Snow, 8D0. Sierra Netada, se-6r'-ri ui-va'-dd, 11,657 Ural, yoo'-ral, 5,300 Oceanica. Asia. Australian Alps, 6s-tri'-le-an, 12,000 Blue, blu, 3,380 Aldan, ai-dila', 4,260 Kilauea, ke-lau'-e-a. Altai, ai-ti', 12,210 Mauna Kea, mau'-na ke'-a. Ararat, &'-ra-rat. 17,000 Mauna Loa, mau'-na lo'-a. Beloob, be-loor', 20,000 Ophir, o'-fur. VIII. DESERTS AND OASES. South America. Atacama, a-t4-k&'-mJ. Asia. Akhap, Gobi, ko'-be. Great Salt, Sandy, grat salt, san'-de. Africa. Agadez, BiLMAH, S'-ga-dez. bil'-ma. Challehenga, Libyan, Nubian, Sahara, Seewah, Tibesti, Tdat, chil'-le-hen-gE. lib'-e-an. nu'-be-an. s^-ha'-ra. se'-wa. te^-bes-te'. too-at'. IX. LAKES. North America. Abbitibbee, Athabasca, Caniapuscaw, ab-be-tib'-e. ath-a-bas'-ka. kan^-e-ap'-us- kaw. Champlain, Chapala, Chesuncook, Deer, Erie, Georgian, sliam-plS,n'. chi-pi'-la. che-sun'-kook. deer. e'-re. jor'-je-an. Grand, Great Bear, Great Salt, Great Slate, Green, Huron, grdnd. bar. silt. sliv. grin. hu'-ruc. PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 193 Klamath, kl&m'-it, or kid- South America. Asia. math'. Little Slave, Slav. Betedero, bi-vi-diV-ro. Baikal, bl'-kal. Manitoba, man^-e-to'-ba. COLUGUAPE, ko-loo-gwd'-pi. Balkash, b&l-kish'. Michigan, mish'-e-g&n. Ibera, e-bi\'-ri. Koko Nor, k6-k6 nSr' * MiSTISSINNY, mis^-tis-sin'-ny. Maracaybo, mir-i-kl'-bo. Lop Nor, I6p n6r'. MOOSEHEAD, moose'-head. MiRIM, me-reeng'. Ooroomeeyah, oo-roo-me' -yL Nicaragua, nik-ar-3,'-g\vi. Patos, p&'-tos. PoYANG, po-ying'. Nicollet, nik-o-li'. Porongos, po-ron'-gos. Tchany, ch&'-ne. NlPISSINO, nip'-is-sing. Reyes, ri'-yos. Tontinghoo, ton^-ting-hoo. 1 1 NiTCHEGUON, nitch^-e-gwon'. Titicaca te-te-ka'-kd. Zaizan, zi-zdn'. Okechobee, o^'-ke-cho'-be. Zcrrah, zur'-ra. Ontario, on-ta'-re-o. EuroTse. Pontchartrain, pon-char-trin'. Africa; Pyramid, Rainy, Red, Saginaw, pir'-a-mid. ra'-ne. red. sag'-e-nd. CONSTANCB, Geneva, Ilmen, Ladoga, kon'-stanz. jen-e'-va. il-men', or il'-mea la-do '-gi. Debo, di'-bo. Dembea, dem'-be-a. Fittre, fit'-trL Maravi, md-r3.'-vc. SiMCOE, St. Clair, St. John, Superior, Terminos, sim'-ko. sant klir'. sant jon'. su-pe'-re-ur. ter'-me-nis. Maelar, Onega, Peipus, Platten See, Purus, mi'-lar. o-ne'-ga. pi'-e-poos. pUt'-teu si. poo'-roos. Melgig, m61-ghig'. Nqami, u'gA'-nie. Nyassi, ne-ds'se. SiBKAH, Bib'-ka. Tchad, chdd. Ukerewe, u-ka-ra'-we TULE, too'-le, or too'-li. Sego, si\'-go. Utah, yoo'-td. Vigo, ve'-go. Winnipeg, win'-e-peg. Wener, wa'-ner. Oceanica. Winnipegoos, wiu'-e-pe-goo8. Wetter, wet'-ter. Woods, woodz. Torrens, tor'-renz. X. RIVERS. Worth America. lENOTH Feather, feth'-er. IN UILE3. Flint, flint. 800 Abbitibbee, ab-be-tib'-e. 250 Gallatin, gal'-la-tin. ISO Alabama, al-a-bam'-a. 380 Gatineau, gd-te-no'. 400 Albany, Sl'-ba-ne, S40 Gila, heel'-a. 4m Alleghany, al-le-ga'-ne, 400 Grand, Mich., grand, 270 Altamahaw, il'-ta-ma-haw'. 140 Grande, Mex., grand. 800 Androscoggin, an-dros-kog'-in. 140 Great Fish, grit fish. Appalachicola, ap^-pa-lah-che-ko'-Ia, 100 Great Whale, grit whil. Arkansas, Sr-kan'-sas, 2,000 Great Pedee, grit p6'-d6, 300 Athabasca, ath-i-bas'-ka, 500 Green, Ky., green. 300 Balsas, bal'-sas. Harricanaw, har-re-ka'-nS, 270 Bear, bare, 400 Hudson, hud'-sun, 300 Big Horn, big horn, 400 Humboldt, hum'-bilt, 350 Big Sandy, big san'-dy, 80 Illinois, ir-lin-oi'. 400 Brazos, br4'-zos, 900 Iowa, I'-o-wa, 300 Canadian, ka-na'-de-an. 900 James, jimz, 500 Cape Fear, kip f^r, 300 Jefferson, jef'-fer-sun. Chattehooche, chat-ta-hoo'-che. 650 Kanawha, ki-naw'-wa, 400 Chowan, cho-wEn', 50 Kansas, kan'-sas, 1,000 Churchill, church'-il, •700 Kaskaskia, kas-kas'-ke-a, 300 Clarke's, klarkz, 650 Kennebec, ken-ne-bek'. 200 Colorado, Texas, kol-o-r&'-do, 900 Kentucky, ken-tuk'-e. 260 Colorado, Cal., kol-o-ra'-do, »1,200 Klamath, kld'-math, 250 Columbia, ko-lum'-be-a. 1,000 Koksak, kok'-sak. Connecticut, kon-net'-i-kut. 400 Lewis, lu'-is. 900 Cumberland, kum'-ber-land, 600 Mackenzie, mak-k§n'-ze, 900 Dm-aware, del'-a-ware, 300 Madawaska, mad-a-was'-ka. 210 Des Moines, de moin', 400 Madison, mad'-i-sun. Detroit, de-troit'. 25 Maumee, md-m^'. 100 East Main, ist mane', 400 Merrimac, mer'-ri-mak, 110 Miami, mi-i'-me. 150 11 * Including the Green. Minnesota, min-ne-so'-ta. 450 194 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. MiRAMlCHI, Mississippi, Missouri, Mobile, Mohawk, monongahela, Moose, Muskingum, Nebraska, Neches, Nelson, Neuse, Niagara, Nicollet, North Fork, Nueces, ocmulgee, Oconee, Ohio, Osage, Ottawa, Pascagoula, Peace, Pearl, Pecos, Penobscot, Potomac, Rappahannock, Red, Republican Fork, Rio Grande, Mex., Rio Virgen, Roanoke, Rock, Rupert, Sabine, Saco, Sacramento, Saguenat, Salmon, San Joaquin, Santander, Santee, Saskatchewan, Savannah, Scioto, Severn, Slave, Smoky Hill, SOREL, OR RlCHLIEU, South Fork, St. Clair, St. Croix, St. Francis, St. Francis, Miss., St. John's, Flor., St. John, St. Joseph's, St. Lawrence, St. Mary's, St. Maurice, Susquehanna, SUWANEE, Tar, Tennessee, Tombigbee, mir'^-a-me''-she', mis-sis-sip -pe, mis-soo'-re, mo-beel', nio'-hMc, mo-non-ga-h^'-la, moos, mus-king'-gum, ne-bras'-ka, netch'-ez, nel'-sun, nuse, nI-A.g'-a-ra, nik^-o-li\'. north fork, nwa'-ses, ok'-miil-gc, o-ko'-nfe, o-hl'-o, o'-saj, ot'-ta-wi, pas^-ka-goo'-la, pes, perl, pa'-kos, p6-nob'-skot, po-to'-mak, rap-pa-han'-nok, red, re-pub '-le-kan fork, ri'-o grand', re'-o vor'-hen. ro-an-6k', rok, roo'-pert, sa-been', saw'-ko, sak-ra-men'-to, s4g-a-na', sal'-mun. san-ho^-ii-keen', san-tan'-der,- sau-t6', sas-k&tch'-e-won, sa-van'-na, sl-o'-to, sev'-urn, Slav, smo'-ke hill', so'^-rel', south fork'. sint kli\r', kroi, fran'-sis. fran'-sis, jonz, jo'-zefs, liV-rens, ma'-riz, sant m^'-ris, sus-kwe-han'-na, su-wa'-ne. tar. ten-nes-se', tora-big'-be. 15 3,160 3,100 50 160 250 250 110 400 150 300 300 34 800 350 300 280 950 200 800 100 800 250 100 800 400 125 1,200 400 1,800 450 330 300 500 150 370 100 350 110 150 1,300 450 200 350 300 8-00 80 40 "75 450 250 450 250 750 100 400 400 800 450 Trinity, trin'-e-te, 550 Tula, too'-la, 200 Usumasinta, oo-soo-m3,-siii'-tll, 400 Wabash, w^'-bash, 550 Washitaw, wfch'-e-taw, 500 Wateree, w^-ter-e', 200 White, Ind., whit, 60 White, Ark., whit, 800 Willamette, wil-l&-met', 150 Wisconsin, wis-kon'-sin, 600 Yaqui, ya-ke', 400 Yazoo, yiVzoo', 290 Yellow Stone, yel'-low ston, 1,000 South America. Amazon, Aniba, Apure, Araguay, Arinos, Beni, BlOBIO, Berbice, Branco, Camarones, Caqueta, or Japura, Caroni, Cauca, Chico, Colorado, Cosiquare, or Cassiquiare, Cuyaba, Demerara, Desaguadero, DULCE. ESSEQUIBO, GUAPAI, GUAPORE, guaviare, gurapy, or gurtipi, huallaga, Javary, JUKUA, JUTAY, Madeira, Magdalena, Mamore, Maranham, or Miarim, Marowyne, Meta, Napo, Negro, Orinoco, Oyapok, Para, Paraguay, Parahiba, Parana, Paranaiba, Parima, Parnahiba, Pilcomayo, am -a-zon. 4,000 a-ne-ba'. &-poo'-ri. ar-&-gwl'. 1,000 S-re'-n6s, 700 bi-ne'. 1,000 be'-o-be'-o. 200 ber-bees', 200 bran'-ko. 120 kam-a-ro'-nez. kk-kk'-a, 1,200 ka-ro-ne'. 400 kow'-k&. 600 che'-ko, kor-o-ra'-do. 800 ko-se-ki\'-re. i;i0 k&s-se-ke-3,'-ra. koo-vtl'-bi\. d6m^-er-l'-ra, 180 des'-a-gwa-di'-ro, dool'-si. 180 Ss-se-ke'-bo, 450 gwa-pl', 650 gwa-po'-ra. 400 gwd-ve-a'-ra. 450 goo-roo-pe'. 250 hw^l-ya'-gtl. 500 hA-va-re', 450 hoo-roo'-a. hoo-ti'. TOO ma-da'-ra, * 1,800 mag-da-le'-na. 900 mk-mo-rk', 500 mar^-an-ham', 350 ma^-ro-win', 400 ma'-t^. 500 n&'-po. 500 na'-gro. 1,000 o-re-no'-ko. 1,600 o'-va-pok', 180 pa-ra', 200 pa-ra-gwa', or pS-rl-gwi , 1,600 pa-ra-e'-ba. 300 pa-ra-na'. 2,000 pa-ra-n^-e'-b§,. 500 pa-re'-ma. par-n4-e'-ba, 750 pil-ko-ml'-o. 1,000 * Including the Mamore. PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 195 Port Desire, port de-sir'. 200 Neva, PURDS, poo'-roos, 500 NiEMEN, PCTCMATO, poo-too-ml'-o, 700 Oder, ■Rio de la Plata, re'-o d^ U pW-t5., *2,500 Oka, Rio das Mortes, re'-o dAs mor'-tes. Onega, Rio Negro, Pat., re'-o na'-gro, 600 OOSA, Salado, (148,) sa-la'-do. 1,000 Petchora, Salado, (150,) sW&'-do, 400 Po, Santa Cruz, sin'-ta kroos, 200 Pripets, St. Francisco, fran-sis'-ko. 1,250 Pruth, Slrixam, soo-riu-am'. 300 Rhine, Taccari, ta-ku'-a-re. Rhone, Tap A JOS, t^-pa'-zhos. 500 Samara, T.:rcero, tcr-sa'-ro. Saone, TlETE, te-a'-ta, 500 Sate, TofANTINS, to-kan-t^ns', 1,000 Seine, Tres Barras, tres bar'-ras. Severn, Trombetas, trom-ba'-tas. Shannon, Uaupes, wow'-pes. Skelleftea, UCAYALE, oo-kT-a'-la, 500 Sookhona, Uruguay, oo'-roo-gwi. 800 Sura, Vermejo, ver-ma'-ho. 180 Steer, XiNGU, shin-goo', 1,300 Tagus, Terek, Europe. Thames, Theiss, BlELAIA, be-a^-li'-a, 500 Tiber, Bog, bog, 340 TORNEA, Bug, bug, 300 Umea, Danube, dan'-ube, 1,800 Ural, Dahl, dai. VlATKA, Desna, dSs'-nS, 600 Vistula, Dnieper, ne'-per, 1,230 Vitchegda, Dniester, nees'-ter, 500 Volga, Don, don, 1,000 Volkhov, Donets, do-n§ts'. 400 Wartha, DORDOGNE, dor-don', 220 Weser, DOURO, doo'-ro. 400 Drammen, drim'-men. Drate, drkv, 360 DUNA, du'-na, 400 Aldan, DWINA, dwi'-na, 830 Amga, Ebro, e'-bro. 840 Am 00, Elbe, elb. 550 Amoor, Garonne, ga-ron', 380 Anabara, Glommen, glom'-men, 280 Anadir, GUADALQUITEBj gaw-dal-kwiv'-CF, 280 Angara, GUADIANA, gwa-de-a'-nl. 880 Argoon, HUMBER, hum'-ber. 40 Attruck, IXDAL, in'-dal. 60 Brahmapootra, Kama, k§,'-nil, 1,400 Cambodia, Kem, kem. 100 Chenaub, Keni, ke'-ni. Euphrates, Khoper, ko'-per, 250 Ganges, Klar, kiar, 200 GODATERT, KOOBAN, koo'-bSn, S80 Helmund, Kooma, koo'-ml, 300 HoANG Ho, Loire, Iwilr, 640 HOANG KiANG, LULEA, loo'-Ie-a, 200 Indighirka, Man ITCH, ma-neetch', 800 Indus, Maritza, mS-rit'-za, 260 Irrawaddy, >[ecse, muz, 430 Irtish, -Mezene, mfez-in'. 450 ISHIM, MiNHO, meen'-yo, 130 khatanga, Kolyma, * Including the Paraguay. KOOR, na -Ta, ne'-men, o'-der, o'-ki, o-ni'-gi, oo'-sa, petch'-o-ri, po, prip'-6ts, priith, rin, ron, sa-ma-ra', son, sav, or sJ,v, san, or sSn, sev'-ern, shan'-nun, skel-lef-te-a, soo-ko'-ni, soo'-r^, sver, ta'-gus, ta-rek', temz, tis, tl'-ber, tor'-ne-a, oo'-mc-a, yoo'-ral, ve-at'-kd, vis'-tu-la, Te-cheg'-di, voI'-gA, vol-kov', war'-t4, we'-ser, Asia. ai-dsln', Sm'-ga, S-moo', a-moor', A-ua-deer', Sng-ga-rA', ar'-goon'. at'-truk. brah^-ma-poo'-tra, kam-bo'-de-a, che-naub', u-fra'-tez, gan'-j^z, go-da'-ver-e, hfel-mund', ho-ang' ho, ho-ang' ke-Sng, in'^-de-ghir'-kS, in'-dus, ir^-ra-wi'-de, ir'-tish, ish'-im, kd-tjn'-gi, ko-le-mi', koor, 40 400 550 650 250 200 900 3-iO 850 360 950 540 280 320 550 500 210 220 120 250 400 130 540 850 220 500 185 230 250 1,800 500 530 380 2,500 130 450 250 300 460 1,300 2,200 400 450 1,000 1,500 1,800 700 1,800 1,960 700 660 2,000 800 750 1,650 1,200 1,700 700 650 700 620 196 STATISTICAL TABLES. KiSTNAH, iist'-na, 600 Chadda, chad'-da. Lena, e'-na. 2,400 COANZA, io-an'-za, 600 Mahanuddy, m&-ha-nud'-de, 2.50 Congo, kong'-go, 240 Menam, ma^-nam', 800 Gambia, gam'-be-a, 1,000 Nerbddda, ner-bud'-d&j 620 Gojeb, ;o'-jeb^. Obi, o'-be. 2,000 Haines, lanz. Olenek, o-la-nfek'. 800 JUBA, zhoo'-bJ. * OOSOORI, oo^-soo-re'. 340 Matoni, m^-to'-ni. Pki Ho, pa h6. 170 Misselad, mis-se-lid' , Piasina, )e-a-se'-nS, 250 Niger, ni'-jer, 2,500 Salwin, sal'-win. Nile, ml, 1,800 Selenga, sa-lSng'-ga, 500 Orange, or'-inj, 1,000 Shilka, 3hil'-k4. Ozi, o'-ze. SiHON, si-hon', 900 Rio Grandk, re'-o grind'. SOONGARI, 30on-g&'-re, or soon- Sabaki, f ik-hk'-ke. ga-re', 800 Senegal, sen'-e-gal. 1,000 SuTLEj, sut'-lej, 950 Shary, sh&'-re. Chikiri, che-ke^-re', 450 St. Paul, sant pdl. 300 Tigris, ti'-gris. 1,150 Tacazze, td-kit'-si. ToBOL, to-bol'. 500 Umbre, oom'-brL TOONGOOSKA, 1 toong-goos'-kS. Vaal, vkl Ural, yoo'-ral. 1,800 Volta, rol'-til. 360 VlTlM, pit'-im. 900 White, ^ nhit. 1,200 Yana, yi'-na. 600 Yeoo, ya-oo'. 300 Yangtse Kiang, ydng^-tse ke-ang', 2,500 Za^beze, zam-ba'-ze Yarkand, rar^-kand', 500 Yenisei, ; rkD>-e-sk' -e. 2,500 Australia. Africa. Darling, < lar'-ling, 1,000 Lachlan, ak'-Mn, 400 Ambriz, am'-briz. Lynd, ind. Bembaroughe, bem-ba-roqj'. Murray, i mur'-ra. 1,400 Blue, blu, 800 Swan. swan. STATISTICAL TABLES. • RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. Total Miles Actual Total Miles Actu.%1 states. length of in length la STATES. length of in length in lines. 1,822.4 operation, state. lines. operation. 365.4 •state. Alabama, . . . 798.6 628.9 Mississippi, . 445.1 691.1 Arkansas, 701.3 38.5 38.5 Missouri, . 1,337.3 723.2 723.2 California, S08.8 22.5 22.5 New Hampshire, . 699.9 665.2 561.7 Connecticut, 820.7 665.6 599.3 New Jersey, 658.9 556.4 656.4 Delaware, 117.9 117.9 127.1 New York, . 3,610.6 2,756.4 2,779.8 Florida, 730.5 289.8 289.8 North Carolina, 1,020.2 770.2 703.2 Georgia, . 1,617.2 1,241.7 1,234.5 Ohio, .... 4,084.7 3,008.2 3,016.7 Illinois, 3,500.7 2,752.7 2,727.7 Oregon, . 300.0 Indiana, . 1,839.0 1,327.9 2,005.4 Pennsylvania, 3,995.1 3,081.1 2,787.1 Iowa, .... 1,806.8 395.3 395.3 Rhode Island, . . 86.9 63.6 100.9 Kentucky, 698.4 458.5 510.5 South Carolina, . 1,136.0 807.3 900.3 Louisiana, . 1,160.0 419.0 294.0 Tennessee, 1,434.4 1,062.3 977.5 Maine, 618.1 544.6 476.4 Texas, .... 2,667.0 2S4.5 284.5 Maryland & Dist. Col., 889.3 833.3 478.1 Vermont, . 588.5 637.9 561.1 Massachusetts, 1,507.3 1,428.3 1,391.1 Virginia, . . 2,058.5 1,525.7 1,755.7 Michigan, 1,747.8 1,132.8 796.9 Wisconsin, 2,224.3 826.0 876.0 Minnesota, 1,167.5 STATISTICAL TABLES. 197 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, FOR EVERY TWENTY YEARS, FROM 1800 TO 1860. STATES. 1800. 1820. 1840. 1860. STATES. 1800. 1820. 1S40. 1860. Alabama, 127,901 590,756 964,296 Minnesota, 162,022 Arkansas, 14,273 97,574 435,427 Mississippi, 8,S50| 75,448 375,651 791,395 California, 380,015 Missouri, 66,586 383,702 1,173,317 Connecticut, 251,002 275,202 309,978 460,151 New Hampshire, 183,762 244,161 284,574 326,072 Delaware, 64,273 72,749 78,U85 112,218 New Jersey, 211,949 277,575 373,306 672,031 Florida, 54,477 140,439 New York, 586,75 6 1,372,812 2,428,921 3,887,542 Georgia, 162,101 840,987 691,392 1,057,327 North Carolina, 478,103 638,829 753,419 992,667 Illinois, 55,211 476,183 1,711,753 Ohio, 45,365 581,434 1,519,467 2,339,599 Indiana, 4,875 147,178 685,866 1,350,479 Oregon, 52,464 Iowa, 43,112 674,948 Pennsylvania, 602,365|l,049,458 1,724,033 2,906,370 Kansas, 107,110 Rhode Island, 69,12 2 83,059 108,830 174,621 Kentucky, 220,955 564,317 779,828 1,155,713 South Carolina, 345,591 502,741 594,398 703,312 Louisiana, 153,407 352,411 709,433 Tennessee, 105,602 422,813 829,210 1,109,847 Maine, 151,719 298,335 501,793 628,276 Texas, 601,039 Maryland, 541,548 407,350 470,019 687,034 Vermont, 154,465 235,764 291,948 315,116 Massachusetts, 123,245 523,287 737,699 1,231,065 Virginia, 880,200 1,065,379 1,239,797 1,596,083 Michigan, 8,896 212,267 749,112 Wisconsin, 1 30,945 775,873 HISTORICAL TABLE OF THE UNITED STATES. ' STATES AND TERRITORIES. ■RTien settled. TVTiere settled. By whom settled. "When admitted into the Union. Virginia, 1607 Jamestown, . English, June 26th, 1788 New York, 1614 Albany, . Dutch, .... July 26th, 1788 Massachusetts, . 1620 Plymouth, . English, . . . February 6th, 1788 New Hampshire, 1624 Dover, English, .... June 21st, 1788 New Jersey, 1624 Bergen, Dutch and Danes, December 18th, 1TS7 II Delaware, 1627 Cape Henlopen, Swedes and Finns, December 7th , 1787 Connecticut, 1633 Windsor, Emigrants from Massachuset ts, January 9th, 1788 Maryland, 1624 St. Mary's, English April 28th, 1788 Rbode Island, 1636 Providence, . Roger Williams, . May 29th, 1790 North Carolina, 1663 Albemarle, . English, .... November 21st, 1789 II South Carolina, 1670 Port Royal, . Enslish, May 23d, 1788 Pennsylvania, 1682 Philadelphia, . English, . . , • , December 12th, 1787 II Georgia, 1733 Savannah, English, January 2d, 1788 Florida, . 1565 St. Augustine, . Spanish, .... March 3d, 1845 Maine, 1625 Bristol, English, March 5th, 1820 Wisconsin, 1669 Green Bay, French, .... May 29th, 1848 Michigan, . 1670 Detroit, French, . . . January 26th, 1837 Arkansas, 1685 Arkansas Post, . French, .... June 15th, 1836 Texas, 1690' San Antonio, Spanish, . . , December 29th, 1845 Indiana, , 1690 Vincennes, French, .... December 11th, 1816 Louisiana, . 1699 Abbeville, French, April 8th, 1812 Alabama, , 1711 Mobile, French, .... December 14th, 1819 Mississippi, . 1716 Natchez, French, December 10th, 1817 Illinois, . 1720 Kaskaskia, French, . . ~ . December 3d, 1818 Vermont, 1725 Fort Dummer, Emigrants from Massachusett s, March 4th, 1791 Tennessee, 1757 Fort London, . Emigrants from North CaroU Qa, June 1st, 1796 Missouri, 1764 St. Louis, French, .... August 10th, 1821 California, 1769 San Diego, Spanish, .... September 9th , 1850 Kentucky, . 1775 Boonesboro', Daniel Boone, . June 1st, 1792 Ohio, 1788 Marietta, . Emigrants from New Englanc November 29th, 1832 || Iowa, . 1833 Burlington, . Emigrants from New Englanc March 3d, 1845 Minnesota, 1865 St. Paul, . Emigrants from the East, May 11th, 1858 Oregon, 1839 Astoria, Emigrants from the East, . February 14th , 1859 Kansas, . Emigrants from the East, 1861 1 — - ' 198 STATISTICAL TABLES. ' COLLEGES AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS OF THE UNITED STATES. BOWDOIN, Brunswick, Me. Wesleyan Female, Macon, Ga Watertille, Waterville, Me. University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Ala. Dartmouth, Hanover, N. H. Florence Wesleyan, I'lorcnce, Ala. University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt. Howard, Marion, Ala. MinDLEBURY, Middlebury, Vt. Madison, Sharon, Miss. Norwich University, Norwich, Vt. University of Mississippi, Oxford, Miss. Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Mississippi, Clinton, Miss. Williams, Williamstown, Mass. Semple Broaddus, Centre Hill, Miss. Amherst, Amherst, Mass. University of Louisiana, New Orleans, La. Holy Cross, Worcester, Mass. Centenary, Jackson, La. TCETS, Medford, Mass. Washington, Washington Co. La. Brown University, Providence, R. L Dolbear's Commercial, New Orleans, La. Yale, New Haven, Conn. Aranama, Goliad, Texas. Trinity, Hartford, Conn. University of Nashville, Nashville, Tenn. Wesleyan University, Middlotown, Conn. Franklin, Near Nashville, Teim. COLITMBIA, New York, N. Y. East Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. Union, Schenectady, N. Y. Cumberland University, Lebanon, Tenn. Hamilton, Chnton, N. Y. Jackson, Columbia, Tenn. Maihson University, Hamilton, N. Y. Union, Murfreesboro', Tenn. HoBART Free, Geneva, N. Y. Greenville, Greenville, Tenn. University of City of N. York , New York, N. Y. Transylvania, . Lexington, Kv. University of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y. St. Joseph's, Bardstown, Ky. St. John's, Fordham, N. Y. Centre, Danville, Ky. College of New Jersey, Princeton, N. J. Georgetown, Georgetown, Kv. Rutgers, New Brunswick, N.J. Kentucky Military Institute, Franklin Springs Kv. Universityof Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Peun. Kentucky, Harrodsburg, Ky. Dickinson, Carlisle, Penn. Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. Jefferson, Canonsburg, Penn. Miami University, Oxford, Ohio. Washington, Washington, Penn. Franklin, New Athens, Ohio. Alleghany, Meadville, Penn. Western Reserve, Hudson, Ohio. Pennsylvania, Gettysburg, Penn. Kenyon, Gambler, Ohio. Lafayette, Easton, Penn. Denison, Granville, Ohio. Franklin and Marshall, Lancaster, Penn. Marietta, Marietta, Ohio. University at Lewisburg, Lewisburg, Penn. Oberlin, Oberlin, Ohio. Polytechnic, Philadelphia, Penn. Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio. Delaware, Newark, Del. Wittenberg, Springfield, Ohio. St. Mary's, Wilmington, Del. Urbana University, Urbana, Ohio. St. John's, Annapolis, Md. Antioch, Y'ellow Springs, Ohio. St. Charles's, Ellicott's Mills, Md. Indiana State University, Bloomington, Ind. Mount St. Mary's, Emmetsburg, Md. Hanover, South Hanover, Ind. St. James's, Washington Co. Md. Wabash, Crawfordsville, Ind. Washington, Chestertown, Md. Indiana Asbury University, Greencastle, Ind. Georgetown, Georgetown, D. C. Illinois, Jacksonville, 111. Columbian, Washington, D. C. Shurtleff, Upper Alton, HI. William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va. McKendree, Lebanon, HI. Hampden-Sidney, Prince Ed. Co., Va. Knox, Galesburg, III. Washington, Lexington, Va. University of Chicago, Chicago, 111. University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. St. Louis University, St. Louis, Mo. Randolph-Macon, Boydon, Va. Masonic, Lexington, Mo. Emory and Henrt, Washington Co. Va. University of State of Mo., Columbia, Mo. Bethany, Bethany, Va. St. Charles, St. Charles, Mo. Richmond, Richmond, Va. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Va. Wisconsin University, Madison, Wis. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C. Beloit, Beloit, Rock Co. , Wis. Davidson, Mecklenburg Co , N. C. Lawrence University, Appleton, Wis. Wake Forest, Forestvillc, N. C. Milwaukee Female, Milwaukee, Wis. Charleston, Charleston, s. c. Carroll, Waukesha Wis. Soi'Tii Carolina, Columbia, s. c. Racine, Racine, Wis. Franklin, Athens, Ga. Iowa State University, Iowa City, Iowa. Oglethorpe, Milledgeville, Ga. Iowa Wesleyan University, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa Emory, Oxford, Ga. Santa Clara, Near San Jose, Cal. Mercer University, Penfield, Ga. STATISTICAL TABLES, 199 THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS . Baxgor Theological Semisakt, Mktii. Gkx. Bib. Institute, GiLMANTO.N TheOL. SeMINART, N. Hampton Theol. Seminary, Theological Seminary, DiTixiTY School, Harv. Unit., Theological IxsTirrTioN, Theol. Dep., Yale College, Theol. Inst, of Connecticut, Bkukley Divinity School, Theol. Inst., Epis. Church, Union Theological Seminary, Theol. Seminary of Auburn, Hamilton Theol. Seminary, Rochester Theol. Seminary, Hartwich Seminary, Theol. Sem. Ass. Ref. Church, Th. Sem. Dutch Ref. Church, Th. Sem. Presbyterian Church, WiTTEMBURG Til. SEMINARY, German Reformed, Western Theol. Seminary, Theological School, Theological Seminary, Western Theological School, Th. Dep. Lewisbueg Univ., Bancjor, Me. Concord, N. H. Gilmanton, N. H. New Hampton, N. H. Andover, Mass. Cambridge, Mass. Newton, Mass. New Haven, Conn. East Windsor, Conn. iliddletown, Conn. New York, N.Y. New Yorli, N. Y. Auburn, N.Y. Hamilton, N.Y. Rochester, N.Y. Hartwich, N.Y. Newburg, N. Y. New Brunswick, N.J. Princeton, N.J. Gettysburg, Penn. Mercersburg, Penn. Alleghauv, Penn. Canonsburg, Penn. Pittsburg, Penn. Meadville, Penn. Lewisburg, Penn. St. Mary's Seminary, Epis. Theol. School of Va., Union Theological Seminary, Virginia Baptist Seminary, Theological Seminary, Theological Seminary, FuRMAN Theol. Seminary, Th. Sem. of Mercer Univ., Howard Th. Institution, Western Bap. Th. Institution, Danville Theol. Seminary, Southwest Theol. Seminary, Th. School Cumb. Univ., Th. Dep. St. Louis Univ., Lane Seminary, Theol. Dep. Kenyon Coll., Theol. Dep. West. Res. Coll., Granville Theol. Dep't, Oberlin Theol. Dep't, Th. Sem. Ass. Ref. Church, Wittenberg, Bibl. Dep. Ohio Wesl. Univ., New Albany Th. Seminary, Theological Seminary, Alton Theol. Seminary, Nashotah Theol. Seminary, Baltimore, Md. Fairfax Co., Va. Prince Ed. Co., Va. Richmond, Va. Columbia, S. C. Lexington, S. C. Pairfield Dist., s. c. Penfield, Ga. Marion, Ala. Georgetown, Kv. Danville, Ky. Maryville, Tcnn Lebanon, Tenn St. Louis, Mo. Cincinnati, Ohio. Gambler, Ohio. Hudson, Ohio. Granville, Ohio. Oberlin, Ohio. Oxford, Ohio. Springfield, Ohio. Delaware, Ohio. Hanover, Ind. Chicago. 111. Upper Alton, 111. Nashotah, Wis. MEDICAL SCHOOLS. Medical School op Maine, X. H. Medical School, Castleton Medical Coll., Med. Dep. Univ. Vermont, Vermont Medical Coll., Medical School, Harv. Univ., Berkshire Medical School, Medical Inst., Yale Coll., Coll. Phys. and Surg., N. York, Geneva Medical Coll., Med. Faculty, Univ. N. Y., Albany Medical Coll., Med. Dep., Univ. Penn., Jefferson Medical CoLl., Med. Dep., Penn. Coll., Philadelphia Coll. of Med., Med. School, Univ. Md., Washingto-n Med. Coll., Nat. Med. Coll., Columb. Coll., Med. Dep., Georgetown Coll., Brunswick, Me. Hanover, N. II. Castleton, Vt. Burlington, Vt. Woodstock, Vt. Boston, Mass. Pittsfield, Mass. New Haven, Conn. New York, N.Y. Geneva, N.Y. New York, N. -Y. Albany, N. Y. Philadelphia, Penn. Philadelphia, Penn. Philadelphia, Penn. Philadelphiaj Penn. Baltimore, Md. Baltimore, Md. Washington, D. C. Washington, D. C. Med. School, Univ. Va., Med. Dep., Hamp.-Sid. Coll., Winchester Med. Coll., Med. Coll. State of S. C., Med. Coll. of Georgia, Med. Dep., Univ. Louisiana, Med. Dep., Univ. Nashville, Med. Dep., East Ten.n. Univ., Med. Dep., Transylvania Univ. Med. Dep., Univ. Louisville, Med. Dep., West. Reserve Coll. Medical College of Ohio, West. Coll. Homeopathic Med, Starling Medical Coll., Rush Medical Coll., University of Michigan, St. Louis Medical Coll., Med. Dep. of Missouri Univ., Med. Dep. of State Univ., Med. Dep. State Univ., Charlottesville, Va. Richmond, Va. Winchester, Va. Charleston, S. C. Augusta, Ga. New Orleans, La. Nashville, Tcnn Knoxville, Tenn , Lexington, Kv. Louisville, Kv. , Cleveland, Ohio. Cincinnati, Ohio. , Cleveland, Ohio. Columbus, Ohio. Chicago, 111. Ann Arbor, Mich. St. Louis, Mo. Columbia, Mo. Keokuk, Iowa. Madison, Wis. LAW SCHOOLS. Dane Law School, H. Univ., Law School, Yale Coll., University of Albany, L.vw School, Columbia Coll., University of Pennsylvania, William and Maky College, Law School, Univ. of Va., North Carolina University, University of Louisiana, University of Louisville, Cambridge, Mass. New Haven, Conn. Albany, N.Y. New York, N.Y. Philadelphia, Penn. Williamsburg, Va. Charlottesville, Va. Chapel Hill, N. C. New Orleans, La. Louisville, Ky. Franklin Springs, Ky. Kentucky Military Inst., Cumberland University, Lebanon, Tenn, Law School, Cincin. Coll., Cincinnati, Ohio. Indiana State University, Bloomington, Ind. Indiana Asbury L'xiversity, Greencastle, Ind. Maynard L. S., Hamiltox Col., Clinton, N. Y. N. Y. State axd Natioxal L. S., Poughkeepsie, N. Y. L^xivERsiTY OF Mississippi, Oxford, Miss. L'xivERSiTY OF MICHIGAN, Ann Arbor, Mich- 200 STATISTICAL TABLES, NORMAL SCHOOLS. State State State State State State State State Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal School, School, School, School, School, School, School, School, Framingham, Westfield, Bridgewater, Salem, Bristol, New Britain, Albany, Trenton, Mass. Mass. Mass. Mass. R. L Conn. N. Y. N. J. State Normal School, Millersville, State Normal School, Edenboro, * Chester County Normal School, Westchester, * McNeelt Normal School, Hopedale, * S. W. Normal School, Lebanon, State Normal School, Ypsilanti, State Normal University, Bloomington, State Normal School, Winona, Penn. Penn. Penn. Ohio. Ohio. Mich. 111. Minn. TELEGRAPH LINES. LENGTH OF LINES OF LAND TELEGRAPH. America, (United States,) America, (British Provinces,) America, (other parts, and islands,^) Australia, Austria and Germany, . Bavaria and Saxony, Beloium, .... England, . . . France, .... . 35,000 India, , . 5,000 Italy, , 5,000 Prussia, , , 1,200 Russia, . , . 10,000 Switzerland, . 1,700 Rest of Europe, . 550 Other parts of the World, , 10,000 8,000 Total, . 6,000 2,500 4,000 5,000 1,500 1,400 500 96,350 lines of submarine telegraph, Dover and Calais, '. . . . . Dover and Ostend, ...... Holyhead and Howth, ...... England and Holland, ...... Port Patrick and Donaghadee, ..... Port Patrick and Donaghadee, (second cable,) Across the Soland, Isle of Wight, (England,) Across the Frith of Forth, (Scotland,) Denmark, across the Great Belt, .... Denmark, across the Little Belt, .... Denmark, across the Sound, . . . ... Petersburg to Cronstadt, ..... Italy and Corsica, . ...... Corsica and Sardinia, . . . ^ . . Messina to Reggio,. ...... Across the Danube at Shumla, .... Six cables across the mouth of the Danube at the Isle of Serpents, (each having one conductor,) ...... Varna and Balaklava, (across the Black Sea,) Balaklava and Eupatoria, ...... Across the Bosporus at Kandili, .... Across the Hoogly River, ...... Across the St. Lawrence, ..... Across the Straits of Northumberland, (Prince Edward's Island,) Across the Gut of Canso, (Nova Scotia,) Across the St. Lawrence at QuebeCj .... Across the Mississippi at Paduca, . . Small River Crossings, ... one mile lon< Miles. "Wires. Date. 25 4 1851 . 75 6 1852 65 1 1852 . 115 3 1853 13 6 1853 . 13 6 1853 3 4 1855 4 4 1854 15 3 1854 5 3 1854 12 3 1855 . 10 1 1856 65 6 1854 . 10 6 1854 5 1856 1 1855 ' and 6 1857 . 340 1855 60 1855 1 1856 2.51 . 74 1856 10.51 1856 3 1856 1 1855 1 1851 20 Total length of Submarine Cables, 955 * Private Institutions. ^ )F THE UNIVERS Return to desk from which borrowed. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 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