FORTY YEARS RECORD OF THE WEATHER AT CLEVELAND, OHIO. BY G. A. HYDE, VOLUNTEER OBSERVER FOR U. S. WEATHER BUREAU. CI.EVKI.AND, OHIO: H1L.KS & COGOSHAI.L, PIONTERS. 1896. THE WEATHER AT CLEVELAND, OHIO. WHAT IT HAS BEEN FOR FORTY YEARS. SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. TEMPERATURE, RAIN-FALL, SNOW-FALL, SKY AND WIND. BY G. A. HYDE, VOLUNTEER OBSERVER FOR U. S. WEATHER BUREAU. April 1, 1896. The years, with us, roll on apace, And we make record of the race; Of Wind and Sky; of Rain and Snow; Of Heat and Cold; which all would know. FORTY YEARS of continued and systematic observations on the weather at Cleveland ought to contain a large amount of information of interest to the general resident public. To gratify those who are interested in the subject of this paper, the following data is presented . This data should be kept for comparison with the weather in the future, but there are several items to which the reader's attention is drawn for present consideration. Tempirature, high and low, weekly, monthly and yearly averages. Yearly average in decades, showing that there are no uniform deviations from_ normal. Beginning of the summer and winter in decades showing that there is no gradual change of seasons, as many suppose. The time of the beginning and ending of the seasons in this locality, which has never been determined before. Rain Fall. Attention is called to the unusual quantities per hour, day, week, month and year, and the period of no rain. Snow Fall. The exceptional fall for one day; the amounts per month and year and the marked difference in the totals for the months and seasons. Sky. The months and seasons that have the greatest and least cloudiness. Winds. 1 he prevailing directions at 7 a. m., 2 p. m., and 9 p. m., for month, season and year. Observations from which this summary was prepared were commenced May 1st, 1855, and continued until the present time. The hours of observation have been 7 a. m., 2 p. m., and 9 p. m., sun time. Temperatures were taken with Fahrenheit thermometer. A part of the maximum and minimum temperatures were furnished through the courtesy of Major W. B. Stockman, of the U. S. Weather Bureau, of this city. TEMPERATURES. The highest observed was 99 degrees, August 12th, 1881. The highest average for one day was 87.8 degrees, July 17th, 1887. The highest average for two consecutive days was 85.9 degrees, beginning July 16th, 1887. The highest average for three consecutive days was 84 degrees, beginning July 15th, 1887. The highest average for four consecutive days was 83.6 degrees, beginning June 24th, 1858. The highest average for five consecutive days was 83.3 degrees, beginning June 23d, 1858. The highest average for six consecutive days was 82.6 degrees, beginning June 22d, 1858. The highest average for seven consecutive days was 80.8 degrees, beginning June 22d, 1858. The highest average for fourteen consecutive days was 80.1 degrees, beginning June 20th, 1858. 2O65652 The highest average for one month was 76.7 degrees, beginning July 1st, 1868. The highest average for two months was 74.7 degrees, beginning June 16th, 1858. The highest average for three months was 72.7 degrees, beginning June 13th, 1868. The highest average for one year was 51.2 degrees, in 1894. The lowest observed was 20 degrees below zero, Jauuary 29th, 1873. The lowest average for one day was 10 degrees below zero, January 29th, 1873. The lowest average for two consecutive days was 7.2 degrees below zero, January 8th and 9th, 1856. The lowest average for three consecutive days was 4.1 degrees below zero, beginning January 8th, 1856. The lowest average for four consecutive days was 0.8 degrees below zero, beginning January 8th, 1856. The lowest average for five consecutive days was 1.9 degrees above zero, beginning December 28th, 1879. The lowest average for six consecutive days was 4.8 degrees a-bove zero, beginning December 27th, 1879. The lowest average for seven consecutive days was 5.7 degrees above zero, beginning January 18th, 1856. The lowest average for fourteen consecutive days was 7.3 degrees above zero, beginning February 4th, 1875. The lowest average for one month was 13.8 degrees above zero, beginning December 30th, 1856. The lowest average for two months was 15.9 degrees above zero, beginning December 24th, 1855. The lowest average for three months was 18.9 degrees above zero, beginning December 23d, 1855. The lowest average for one year was 45.70 degrees, in 1875. -6 WEEKLY AVERAGES. No. of Week of the Year. MAXIMUM. MINIMUM. 40 Years' Temp. Temp. Year. Temp. Year. 1 43.90 1890 9.60 1884 27.19 2 42.16 1890 9.71 1893 25.73 3 41.07 1894 9.26 1857 26.97 4 44.64 1864 13.07 1857 26.94 5 44.01 1890 13.31 1856 26.22 6 39.99 1887 3.97 1895 27.53 7 43.16 1867 6.96 1875 29.30 8 39.81 1857 12.50 1885 30.05 9 50.43 1861 17.02 1884 31.48 10 53.26 1878 16.90 1856 33.29 11 49.54 1868 21.03 1894 34.05 12 46.56 1865 15.47 1885 35.22 13 46.27 1875 2455 1856 38.34 14 55.90 1892 28.19 1881 42.50 15 56.23 1869 33.44 1885 45.92 16 64.34 1866 28.36 1875 48.32 17 61.10 1886 37.33 1874 50.10 18 68.57 1895 42.86 1890 52.64 19 67.60 1889 48.17 1885 56.61 20 70.19 1877 48.60 1888 57.45 21 71.11 1880 52.81 1883 61.21 22 74.60 1871 52.80 1889 63.15 23 73.96 1865 57.33 1869 64.78 24 76.34 1876 60.40 1855 67.23 25 78.10 1858 62.14 1881 69.35 26 81.21 1858 64.54 1892 71.45 27 77.79 1858 64.19 1892 72.24 28 78.39 1859 65.84 1865 72.26 29 79.00 1868 64.80 1871 71.56 30 78.43 1892 65.87 1871 72.02 31 79.70 1861 66.76 1891 71.59 32 80.36 1862 63.19 1884 71.40 33 74.94 1864 63.83 1879 69.16 34 74.94 1872 59.79 1866 68.58 35 74.04 1880 59.06 1885 66.68 WEEKLY AVERAGES. (CONTINUED ) No. of Week of the Year. MAXIMUM. MINIMUM. 40 Years' Temp. Temp. Year. Temp. Year. 36 77.74 1881 56.46 1883 67.00 37 74.96 1865 58.47 1879 64.62 38 70.37 1891 52.26 1875 61.46 39 74.00 1881 51.43 1893 58.85 40 69.36 1862 47.81 1876 56.80 41 68.01 1879 42.87 1876 53.54 42 63.96 1867 42.17 1869 51.61 43 58.99 1874- 35.76 1869 47.93 44 56.27 1860 38.97 1878 46.08 45 52.39 1874 32.40 1869 44.20 46 49.41 1879 28.71 1880 40.20 47 50.29 1883 16.50 1880 36.11 48 51.40 1864 24.53 1872 34.80 49 45.66 1879 22.21 1882 33.67 50 45.99 1862 19.54 1868 32.48 51 48.67 1877 15.26 1872 29.58 52 42.86 1875 12.54 1880 29.27 MONTHLY MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM. MAXIMUM. MINIMUM. MONTH. Temp. Day. Year. Temp. Day. Year. January, - - 70 22nd 1874 0-20" 29th 1873 February, - - 72 16th 1883 0-15 llth 1885 March, - - - 76 2nd 1861 0- 5 3d 1868 31st 1875 18th 1894 April, - - - 86 30th 1872 15 17th 1875 May, - - - 93 30th 1879 28 1st 1876 June, - - - 96 28th 1874 37 6th 1894 July, - - - 97 7th 1874 48 9th 1894 August, - - 99 12th 1881 45 31st 1890 September, 98 6th 1881 36 26th 1887 October, - - 88 1st 1877 24 25th 1889 26th 1887 November, 74 1st 1888 0- 4 26th 1857 December, 68 31st 1875 0-14 22d 1872 MONTHLY AVERAGES. MONTH. MAXIMUM. MINIMUM. 40 Years' Temp. Temp. Year. Temp. Year. January, - - 40.10 1880 14.73 1857 26.83 February, - - 37.55 1882 17.12 1885 28.73 March, - - - 43.58 1894 24.94 1856 34.50 April, - - - 53 HO 1878 37.83 1857 46.63 May, - - - 65.77 1880 51.55 1867 57.92 June, - - - 73.61 1865 64.24 1867 67.86 July, - - - 77.70 1868 67.98 1871 71.89 August, - - - 74.04 1862 65.42 1866 69.54 September, - - 71.65 1881 58.98 1883 6334 October, - - 58.83 1879 44.88 1869 51.93 November, - - 44.53 1859 31.91 1880 40.01 December, - - 42.17 1*89 20.99 1876 31.39 YEARLY AVERAGES. 1st DECADE. 2nd DECADE. 3rd DECADE. 4th DECADE. Year. Temp. Year. Temp. Year. Temp. Year. | Temp. 1855 48.38 1865 50.82 1875 45.70 1885 46.59 1856 46.31 1866 48.85 1876 4890 1886 48.66 1857 47.38 1867 49.06 1877 50.75 1887 49.42 1858 50.08 1868 47.20 1878 50.54 1888 48.22 1859 49.84 1869 48.00 1879 49.26 1889 50.01 1860 50.13 1870 49.55 1880 50.51 1890 50.74 1861 51.06 1871 49.23 1881 50.73 1891 50.47 1862 51.03 1872 47.80 1882 49.75 1892 48.93 1863 51.03 1873 47.93 1883 49.59 1893 49.14 1864 50.53 1874 49.76 1884 48.88 1894 51.20 Mean 49.58 Mean 48.82 Mean 49.46 Mean 49.34 Average temperature for forty years, 49.30 degrees. Dividing the year into two seasons, warm and cold, of six months duration each, the warm season begins April 26th and has an average temperature of 63.95 degrees; and the cold sea- son begins October 25th, and has an average of 34.89 degrees. Dividing the year into four seasons of Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter, Spring begins March 9th and continues 94 days and has an average of 48.67 degrees; Summer begins June llth, with a daily mean of 65.49 degrees, and ends Sep- tember 9th, with a daily mean of 66.38 degrees, a period of 91 days, and has an average of 70.04 degrees; Autumn begins September 10th and continues 89 days and has an average of 49.26 degrees; and Winter begins December 8th, with a daily mean of 32.03 degrees, and ends March 8th with a daily mean of 32.23 degrees, a period of 91 days, and has an average of 28.67 degrees. The highest average for 91 days of Summer was 72.68 degrees, beginning June 13, 1864, and the lowest average for 91 days of Summer was 68.05 degrees, beginning June 2, 1883. Taking the average for 40 years, the days of highest tem- perature are July 15th, 73.63 degrees; July 16th, 73.56 degrees and July 26th, 72.75 degrees; and the lowest are February 4th, 23.96 degrees, February 5th, 24.32 degrees, and January 9th and 10th each, 24.56 degrees. The earliest beginning of Summer was May 20th, 1887, and had an average temperature of 71.95 degrees. The latest beginning of Summer was June 26th, 1869, and had an average temperature of 69.65 degrees. The longest Summer season, that had the average temper- ature of the 40 summers (70.04 degrees) occurred in 1864, com- mencing May 16th and ending September 23d, a period of 131 days; and the shortest Summer season occurred in 1883, com- mencing July 2d and ending July 29th, a period of 28 days. -10 The highest average for 9t days of Winter was 36.03 degrees, beginning January 1st, 1890, and the lowest average for 91 days was 18.90 degrees, beginning December 23d, 1855. The earliest beginning of Winter was November 15, 1858, and had an average temperature of 31.09 degrees. The latest beginning of Winter was January -10th, 1876, and had an average temperature of 32.77 degrees. The longest Winter season, that had the average tempera- ture of the 40 winters (28.67 degrees) commenced October 22d, 1855, and ended April 13th, 1856, a period of 175 days; and the shortest Winter season commenced December 30th, 1881, and ended January llth, 1882, a period of 13 days. The time of beginning of Summers and Winters in decades and their average temperatures are as follows : SUMMER. WINTER. DECADE. Mo. and Day. Degree. Mo. and Day. Degree. First, - - - June 18th, 70.83 Dec. 8th, 29.14 Second, - - June 5th, 70.30 Dec. 8th, 27.36 Third, - - June llth, 69.84 Dec. 8th, 29.78 Fourth, - - June 10th, 69.54 Dec. 8th, 29.92 Average, - - June llth, 70.04 Dec. 8th, 28.67 1 j (INCLUDING MELTED SNOW.) The most rapid rain-fall in forty years was 0.85 inch, and fell in 10 minutes June 3d, 1891, being at the rate of 5.10 inches per hour. The greatest fall within one hour occurred August 15th, 1887, being 1.53 inches in 51 minutes, the most of which fell in 40 minutes. The greatest fall in 10 hours was 3.13 inches, September 12th and 13th, 1878. The greatest fall in one day, or 24 hours, was 4.67 inches, September 12th and 13th, 1878. The greatest fall in one Week was 6.49 inches, September 10th to 13th, inclusive, 1878. The greatest fall in one month was ' 10.33 inches, in June, 1855. The least fall in one month was 0.25 inch, in February, 1877. The greatest fall in one year was 49.66 inches, in 1878. The least fall in one year was 25.28 inches, in 1856. The average rain-fall and melted snow for 40 years is 38.08 inches. The longest period in which less than 0.01 inch of rain fell was 23 days, May 30th and June 21st, inclusive, 1864. The least rain-fall in 34 days was 0.13 inch, May 26th and June 28th, inclusive, 1864. The least rain-fall in 42 days was 0.42 inch, July 31st and September 10th, inclusive, 1881. The least rain-fall in 49 days was 0.52 inch, July 24th and September 10th, inclusive, 1881. The least rain-fall in 55 days was 0.79 inch, July 23d and September 15th, inclusive, 1881. 12 WEEKLY RAIN-FALL AND MELTED SNOW. WEEK OF YEAR. GREATEST FALL. LEA8T FALL. Av. 40Yrs. No. Ending. Inches. Year. Inches. Year. Inches. 1 January 7, 2.64 1874 0.02 1866 0.66 2 14, 1.96 1870 0.01 1894 0.54 3 21, 1.81 1864 0.02 1856 0.66 4 " 28, 1.77 1876 0.00 1892 0.51 5 February 4, 1.99 1878 0.03 1866 0.56 1882 6 11, 4.54 1887 0.02 1877 0.74 7 18, 1.80 1891 0.00 1875 0.68 8 25, 2.39 1874 0.52 1864 0.64 9 March 4, 1.99 1875 0.00 1886 0.55 1894 10 11, 1.84 1868 0.02 1858 0.56 11 18, 1.94 1878 o.oo 1889 0.59 12 25, 1.53 1859 0.03 1895 0.61 13 April 1, 1.98 1877 O.Oi) 1893 0.81 14 8, 2.09 1873 0.01 1877 0.59 15 15, 2.89 1859 0.00 1877 0.71 16 22, 2.55 1870 0.00 1886 0.64 1890 17 29, 2.08 1880 0.00 1888 0.57 1891 1892 18 May 6, 4.29 1892 0,00 1859 0.88 19 13, 2.71 18515 0.00 1871 0.68 1879 20 20, 5.58 1893 0.00 1885 0.87 21 27, 3.26 1883 0.00 1857 0.82 1881 22 June 3, 2.89 1891 0.00 1864 1.08 1873 1884 1895 23 10, 5.43 1881 0.00 1862 1.10 1864 1867 24 17, 5.14 1857 0.00 1860 0.71 1864 1884 -13 WEEKLY RAIN-FALL AND MELTED SNOW. (CONTINUED ) WEEK OF YEAR. GREATEST FALL. No. Ending. Inches. Year. 25 June 24, 5.15 1866 26 July 1, 3.07 1880 27 8, 2.95 1878 28 15, 3.23 1880 29 22, 4.71 1872 30 29, 3.29 1870 31 August 5, 3.15 1875 32 12, 2.43 1855 33 19, 2.61 1879 LEAST FALL. Av. 40 Yrs. Inches. Year. Inches. 0.00 1858 0.80 1861 1865 1872 1880 0.00 1871 0.90 1884 1886 1887 0.00 1855 0.85 1868 1886 1888 0.00 1859 0.79 1866 1868 0.00 1856 0.72 1864 1868 1878 1884 0.00 1859 0.78 1866 1871 1887 0.00 1870 0.78 1874 1877 0.00 1864 0.51 1870 1890 1894 0.00 1865 0.79 1874 1884 14- WEEKLY RAIN-FALL AND MELTED SNOW. (CONTINUED.) WEEK OF YEAR. GREATEST FALL. LEAST FALL. Av. 40 Yrs. No. Ending. Inches. Year. Inches. Year. Inches. 34 August 26, 2.92 1871 0.00 1855 0.60 1856 1873 1881 1888 1893 1894 35 Septem. 2, 4.27 1877 0.00 1856 0.88 1874 1875 1876 1889 1894 36 9, 3.47 1870 0.00 1871 0.89 1886 37 16, 6.49 1878 0.00 1857 1.00 1870 38 23, 3.14 1876 0.00 1858 0.76 1867 39 30, 2.66 1884 0.00 1867 0.85 1885 1891 1894 40 October 7, 2.26 1870 0.00 1866 0.77 1882 41 14, 3.25 1893 0.00 1865 0.75 1871 42 21, 2.57 1877 0.00 1874 0.64 1889 1894 43 28, 2.91 1878 0.05 1887 0.71 44 Novem. 4, 2.73 1861 0.00 1887 0.66 45 " 11, 3.48 1857 0.00 1865 087 1883 46 18, 2.43 1879 0.00 1865 0.88 15 WEEKLY RAIN-FALL AND MELTED SNOW. (CONCLUDED ) WEEK OF YEAR. GREATEST FALL. LEAST FALL. Av. 40 Yrs. No. Ending. Inches. Year. Inches. Year. Inches. 47 Novem. 25. 1.67 1862 0.02 1882 0.66 48 Decem. 2, 2.04 1869 0.06 1871 0.72 49 9, 2.28 1878 0.05 1881 0.64 50 16, 3.03 1873 0.01 1871 0.66 51 23, 1.93 1881 0.00 1894 0.60 52 31, 1.96 1862 0.06 1860 0.63 MONTHLY RAIN-FALL AND MELTED SNOW. \rnvTvr GREATEST FALL. LEAST FALL. jML\J *\ -L rl Inches. Year. Inches. Year. January, - - 6.15 1870 0.99 1872 February, - - 7.54 1887 0.25 1877 March, - - - 5.89 1877 0.62 1856 April, - - - 5.80 1860 0.98 1863 May, - - - 8.72 1892 0.75 1877 June, - - - 10.33 1855 0.34 1864 July, - - - 10.15 1870 0.45 1868 August, - - - 7.83 1871 0.28 1881 September, - - 9.25 1878 1.03 1871 October, - - 6.74 1890 0.74 1886 November, - - 5.39 1857 0.86 1865 December, - - 5.09 1873 1.43 1861 Year, - - - 49.66 1878 25.28 1856 Av. 40 Yrs. Inches. 2.54 2.63 2.84 2.72 3.84 4.01 3.52 3.09 3.79 3.05 3.28 2.75 3S.08 SNOW-FALL. The most remarkable snow-storm noted in this record of 40 years, occurred January 31st, 1878, between the hours of 4 a. m. and 9 p. m., in which time there fell 22 inches of snow, 18 inches of which fell between 8 a. m. and 4 p. m. 8 hours and 4 inches in twenty minutes. This snow melted produced 1.98 inches of water. 16 Of ordinary snow, about 10 inches will make one inch of water. December 16th, 1882, there fell 2.5 inches of snow, which made 0.07 inch of water, or at the rate, 37 inches of snow to make one inch of water. Of the first snow-fall of the season, the earliest occurred September 30th, 1888, and the latest November 29th, 1865. Of the last snow-fall of the season, the latest occurred May 9th, 1885, and the earliest, March 24th, 1878. The greatest total snow-fall for the season occurred during the winter of 1880-'81, showing depths for months as follows : November, 1880, 14.4 inches. December, 1880, 14.6 January, 1881, 20.9 February, 1881, 24.4 March, 1881, 23.2 April, 1881, 4.3 Total for the season, - 101.8 inches. The least total snow-fall for the season occurred during the winter of 1865-'6, showing depths per months as follows : November, 1865, 0.1 inch. December, 1865, 2.2 January, 1866, 6.1 February, 1866, - 4.9 March, 1866, 9.2 April, 1866, 0.1 Total for the season, - - 22.6 inches. -17- The snow-fall per month has been as follows : MONTH. GKEATEST. LEAST. 40 Years' Average. Inches. Year. Inches. Year. September, 0.2 1888 none 40 yrs. trace October, - - 5.6 1878 none 22 yrs. 0.8 November, 18.3 1874 none 1855 7.3 December, 36.4 1886 0.3 1889 10.3 January, - - 31.7 1878 1.7 1858 12.8 February, - - 24.4 1881 0.5 1877 10.5 March, - - 24.0 1877 1.1 1871 9.5 April, - - - 16.8 1857 none 8 yrs. 3.5 May, - - - 1.4 1875 none 35 yrs. 0.1 Season, - 54.8 18 CLOUDINESS OF THE SKY. In the following statement the varied average cloudiness of the sky is illustrated by a ratio, in which 0.0 stands for a clear sky, and 10.0 for the sky entirely obscured by clouds. Cloudiness for month, season and year : M n\TT17 MAXIMUM. MINIMUM. Average 1*1 ' J iM 111. Ratio. Year. Ratio. Year. Ratio. January, - - 8.8 1871 6.2 1857 7.6 1891 1864 1885 February, - - 8.5 1884 5.4 1877 7.2 March, - - 8.0 1870 5.0 1860 6.8 1876 April, - - - 7.3 1873 4.3 1877 6.0 May, - - - 7.3 1892 4.2 1880 5.4 June, - - - 7.1 1869 3.5 1864 5.0 July, - - - 6.7 1869 3.3 1890 4.6 1892 1894 August, - - 5.6 1875 3.2 1889 4.5 1879 1886 September, 7.5 1876 33 1891 5.1 1892 October, - - 7.6 1881 4.1 1871 6.2 1890 November, 9.4 1858 6.1 1893 7.6 December, 9.3 1879 5.5 1891 7.9 Spring, - - 7.0 1869 5.3 1877 6.1 Slimmer, - - 6.3 1869 3.6 1893 4.7 Autumn, - - 7.6 1876 5.1 1893 6.3 Winter, - - 8.3 1869-70 6.4 1891-2 7.6 1892-3 Year, - - - 6.9 1869 5.6 1856 6.2 19 In the following table is illustrated the average cloudiness of the sky at 7 a. m., 2 p. m. and 9 p. m., during the different months of the year and for the year MONTH. 7 A. M. 2 P. M. 9 P. M. January, - - 8.1 7.7 7.0 February, - - 7.7 7.3 6.6 March, - - 7.2 6.9 6.4 April, - - - 6.4 6.1 5.4 May, - - - 5.6 5.6 4.7 June, - - - 5.5 5.2 4.3 July, - - 4.9 4.9 4.0 August, - - 4.9 4.9 3.6 September, 5.5 5.5 4.4 October, - - 6.6 6.5 5.6 November, 7.9 7.7 7.0 December, 8.5 8.0 7.4 Year, - 6.6 6.4 5.5 20 WINDS. In the following table the amount or proportion of wind direc- tions are represented in lOOths. Mean for 40 years : t^ 00 00 IM i 1 to rH ^ o 00 rH o co i i t. t. o fc. O t^ to ^ Oi O .0 rH 10 to T)H * CO to co co cS Oi co ^ iO ^ CO co Oi co 5S co co Oi (M rH CO CO iO co 5 rH EH SN *# co co to CO t> 10 |> co rH ^ "* Oi r-i o co * PH to 10 iO iO z ^ ^ 5 iO + <* HH * J 3 En 1 tq o CS Oi (M iO t. "O N CO co CO t. H 1-1 O j Oi to t^ b- Oi t to OO 00 CO OO co 00 to co >o r* rH rH a PH' CO CO W co rH rH rH o rH rH rH rH co CO Oi CO Oi co CO rH S (M 00 o (M co rH 00 o 'M OO * t CO iO co co o co co OO CN oo (M 3 "* W co iO CO CO to co 00 to TtH t^ * oo IO rH co rH iO iO + ' c* ^ CO co * CO IO ^ co z CO co CO co g Oi rH rH rH t- Oi t- 00 iO IO TH .0 10 to t> to 00 fc Oi O * rH rH rH Oi l - OS to co CO *- * to o lO oo Month. Season. i o o. * bio C O. 9J c 3 1 3 6/3 S Summer, - September, October, - November, Autumn, - December, January, - February, - 0 iO iO 35 ic CO CO 10 o 10 ^ UJ -^ UJ 2 ^ ^ 2 CO CO to CO CO CO * CO ^ " a S CO Z Z CO co co to co to CO co to CO co CO co co to Z Z co UJ CO UJ iO UJ UJ CO UJ to UJ CO to UJ to to CO , co IM oo 10 . iO (N (N ^ a> JK oo "* "** CO SO g CO CO CO CO CO CO S s * CO CO * (A) ^ to CO CO co ^ to * * * ^ to Pn to to CO CO CO co co CO to 00 CO to CO CO ^ CO CO to UJ y> UJ co CO UJ CO UJ UJ CO UJ CO UJ UJ wo to UJ CO CO C/) CO co UJ CO S o CO IO iO oo co S S t^ 5? OS OO eg eo CO CO o o CO