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 ll^BERT 
 
GUIDE 
 
 READING THE HEBREW TEXT; 
 
 USE OF BEGINNERS. 
 
 BY THE 
 
 REV. W. H. VIBBERT, M.A., 
 
 PROFE880B OP HEBREW IN THE BERKELEY DIVINITY SCHOOL. 
 
 WAEREN F. DRAPER, PUBLISHER, 
 
 IIAZN STREET. 
 
 1872. 
 
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, by 
 
 WARREN F. DRAPER, 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 cu)^ a "^ ^ac.^^ao^ 
 
 ':*... 
 
 
 andoveb: 
 
 PBIHTED BY WARRKK V. DRAPBB. 
 
 PBE88, BAND, AVBBT, & 00. 
 

 CONTENTS. 
 
 Introduction, . > v 
 
 1. The Alphabet, 9 
 
 Exercises I. II., 13 
 
 2. The Vowels: 
 
 I. 1. Long Vowels, 14 
 
 Exercises III. -VII., 15 
 
 3. Quiescent Letters, 18 
 
 Exercise VIII., 19 
 
 5. Coincidence of Cholem with the Diacritic Point of U3, 20 
 
 Exercises IX. X., 20 
 
 n. Short Vowels, 22 
 
 Exercise XL-XIIL, 22 
 
 3. Sh'va : 
 
 Simple Sh'va, 25 
 
 Compound Sh'va, 27 
 
 Exercises XIV. XV., . 27 
 
 4. Syllables, . . 29 
 
 Exercise XVL, 30 
 
 5. Dagesh Lene and Forte, 30 
 
 Exercises XVIL XVIII., ... . . . 31 
 
 6. Pattach Furtive, 32 
 
 Exercise XIX., 33 
 
 7. Mappik, Makkef, and Metheg, 84 
 
 8. Kamets and Kamets-Chatoof, 35 
 
 Exercises XX. XXI., 36 
 
 9. Vav and Yothe as Consonants, 38 
 
 Exercise XXII., 39 
 
 iU 
 
 /* etnooo 
 
IV CONTENTS. 
 
 10. The Accent, 40 
 
 Exercise XXIIL, 42 
 
 11. K'ri and K'theev, 42 
 
 Directions to the Student for the use of the Chrestomathy, . - 44 
 
 Genesis, Chapters I., II., III., XL., 55 
 
 Appendix : 
 
 I. Formation of the Verb, 45 
 
 Formation of Conjugational Stems, 55 
 
 Formation of Infinitive Absolute, 56 
 
 Formation of Infinitive Construct, 56 
 
 Formation of Future Tenses, 56 
 
 Formation of Imperatives, ...... 56 
 
 Formation of Participles, 56 
 
 II. Characteristics of the Verb : 
 
 1. Characteristics of the Tenses, 57 
 
 2. Characteristics of the Conjugations : 
 
 (A) Future Tense, 57 
 
 Table of Vowels under Future Prefixes, . . " . 58 
 
 (B) Preterite Tense, 59 
 
 3. Characteristics of the Persons, 59 
 
 4. Characteristics of Numbers, .. . . . . .59 
 
 5. Characteristics of Infinitives and Imperatives, . . 59 
 
 6. Characteristics of Participles, . . . . . .59 
 
 in. Characteristics of the Noun,- ... . . . . 60 
 
 IV. Characteristics of the Pronominal Suffixes, . . .60 
 
 Table of Nominal Forms, 61 
 
 Forms for Parsing, 62 
 
 To find Words in the Lexicon, 63 
 
 Tabular View of the Characteristics of the Verb, . . . .66 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Two reasons will account for the appearance of tliis ele- 
 mentary work. In the first place, ability to read the Hebrew 
 text of the Old Testament is now a requisite for admission 
 to many of our Theological Seminaries; particularly is it 
 required of the candidates for admission to the Berkeley 
 Divinity School, for whom this treatise is especially pre- 
 pared. In many cases happily becoming less every day, 
 from the increasing interest in Hebrew the student fruit- 
 lessly seeks for some one capable of instructing him in the 
 rudiments of the language, and the task of learning to read 
 the text with the help of a Grammar alone seems a difficult 
 one. And it is indeed difficult, because the Grammars do 
 not treat this matter in sufficient detail, or illustrate it with 
 enough examples. In fact, they do not seem to appreciate 
 the beginner's chief trouble, and so do not provide for it. 
 And yet ten years' experience in teaching this language 
 demonstrates that the fluent reading of the text is one of the 
 greatest difficulties which the learner has to encounter, and 
 which indeed is rarely thoroughly overcome. It is not 
 strange that (1) the unaccustomed forms of the letters ; 
 (2) the method of reading from right to left, backward as 
 it were ; (3) the vowels above, below, and in the line, thus 
 
vi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 making virtually three lines to be carried in the eye at once ; 
 (4) the vocal and silent sh'vas ; (5) the doubtful vowels, etc., 
 in view of all these things, it is not strange that the reading 
 of the text seems to the beginner an arduous task. And yet 
 if it is not perfectly acquired, the student, as he goes on, 
 finds his troubles much increased from his inability to rec- 
 ognize and pronounce at once the printed forms of words. 
 
 2. To meet this difficulty is the second reason for the 
 publication of this little book. A thoroughly elementary 
 Grammar, with exercises by way of illustrating each subject 
 presented, was sought for in vain. Most of the Grammars 
 merely give the general principles or abstract rules, with 
 few or no examples to illustrate them. Kaliscli^s Grammar, 
 however (published in England), is constructed on the plan 
 of illustrating the principles with exercises, and so seems to 
 meet the want alluded to better than any other ; but the 
 elementary points are not as fully illustrated in detail as 
 seems desirable. The expense of this Grammar also puts it 
 beyond the reach of most theological students. 
 
 The aim of this work is to give the student all that is 
 needful to enable him to read the text of the Old Testament, 
 keeping rigorously to the plan of stating clearly and pre- 
 cisely everything that is essential to this purpose. This 
 work is not a Hebrew Grammar^ but it is a guide and a 
 help to the reading of the text of the Hebrew Bible. One 
 thing is given at a time, with exercises for practice, so that 
 each point may be perfectly comprehended. It is hoped 
 that the book is so constructed as to enable the learner to 
 read the Hebrew text without the services of the living 
 ceacher. The author has taken nothing for granted on the 
 
INTRODUCTION. vii 
 
 part of the student. By a systematic and progressive plan of 
 arrangement, which he must follow closely and steadily, 
 he is led on from section to section. No section must he 
 begun until the preceding one is thoroughly mastered. Noth- 
 ing at all is gained by haste or skimming. The exercises 
 imder each section are to be written, not merely once or 
 twice, but many times over, until perfect familiarity with the 
 forms and sounds of the characters and signs is acquired. 
 
 The exercises should always be read aloud, over and over 
 again, until each word can be pronounced at sight, without 
 stammering or hesitation. Fluency of reading will only be 
 the result of constant practice. 
 
 In order to write the English words in Hebrew characters 
 the student will be careful to note how each consonant and 
 vowel is represented. The equivalents herein adopted differ 
 somewhat from those which are commonly made use of; 
 e.g. Tsara is usually represented by e", which might be pro- 
 nounced like e in mete. It is here represented by a as in 
 fate, and so is not liable to be pronounced grave, a, or short, a, 
 or like ee. 
 
 In giving the pronunciation of the names of the conso- 
 nants, of the vowels, and of the other signs affecting the 
 text, phonetic spelling has been adopted, which, tliough 
 looking awkward to a scholar, will prevent wrong pronun- 
 ciation on the part of the learner. Wherever ch occurs, it 
 is always hard, as in chasm, cholem. The book is labelled 
 " for beginners," but it is hoped that the advanced scholar 
 will not be able to charge it with inaccuracy or lack of 
 perspicuity. 
 
 How far we have succeeded in enabling the student to 
 
Viii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 read fluently the text of the Hebrew Bible must be ascer- 
 tained by 2i. faithful and regular use of the book itself. May 
 it, in its humble way, so have assisted him in laying the 
 foundations of his Hebrew learning, that he may more easily 
 advance in the prosecution of so sacred a study. 
 
 MIDDLXTOW27, Epiphany, 1872. 
 
GUIDE 
 
 TO 
 
 EEADING THE HEBREW TEXT. 
 
 1. THE ALPHABET. 
 
 Hebrew is written and read from right to 
 left. The letters, which are twenty-two in 
 number, are exclusively consonants, though 
 some of them have also the power of vowels. 
 These letters, with their respective names and 
 sounds, are given on page 11. 
 
 It will be noticed that two of them, namely, 
 alef and ayin, are represented by no English 
 equivalent. Ahlef is usually likened to the 
 spiritus lenis (') of the Greeks, or to the silent 
 Ji in our word hour. Hence practically it has 
 710 sound. 
 
 The true sound of aym which was proba- 
 bly similar to the Arabic Ain is said to be 
 unpronounceable by our organs of speech. It 
 is represented in the Septuagint sometimes by 
 7, sometimes by the spiritus asper^ sometimes 
 by the spiritus lenis. Attempts of grammarians 
 
10 GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 
 
 to exhibit its power by, g, cli, % gn, rg, etc., 
 merely show the impossibility of adequately 
 representing it. In the midst of such difficulty 
 and uncertainty of designating its pronunci- 
 ation, the method of passing it over altogether 
 as having no sound has been adopted, after 
 the example of the German universities, and 
 on the authority of many grammarians. 
 
 In the last column of the Table on the op-^ 
 posite page the similar letters are placed side 
 by side, in order that the student, at a glance, 
 may note both their points of resemblance and 
 of difference. 
 
 At the bottom of the same column are given 
 the five letters (called dilatabiles) w^hich are 
 used in manuscripts and old editions of the 
 Bible in order to avoid the blank space which 
 would otherwise occasionally remain in the 
 line, from the fact that no Avord is ever allowed 
 to be divided at the end of a line. Such di- 
 vision is now avoided in modern printing by 
 judicious spacing. 
 
 Note 1. The names of the letters are monosyllabic, except 
 those of ahlef, geemel, dahleth^ zayin, lahmeth^ sahmek, ay in, and 
 tsahthay. 
 
 Note 2. The learner can acquire familiarity with the forms and 
 sounds of these letters only by writing them down, and uttering the 
 sound of each as often as he writes it. This practice must be per- 
 sisted in until each consonant can be recognized with facility, and 
 pronounced readily and without the slightest hesitation. 
 
GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 
 
 11 
 
 Form. 
 
 Sound. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Equivalent 
 in this book. 
 
 Similarity 
 of Shape. 
 
 1 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Scarcely audible 
 breathing. 
 
 Ah'-lef 
 
 N 
 
 5 3 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 n 
 
 b 
 
 V (bh) 
 
 Bayth 
 
 b 
 
 V 
 
 D 5 
 
 
 5or:i 
 
 jj. always hard, 
 & as in go 
 
 Gee'-mel 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 "1 
 n 
 
 d 
 
 th as in those 
 n as in he 
 
 ^Dali'-letli 
 Hay 
 
 d 
 th 
 h 
 
 1 T "^ 
 
 n n - 
 
 
 T 
 
 V 
 
 z 
 
 Vahv 
 
 Za'-yin 
 
 V 
 
 z 
 
 17 V 
 
 
 n 
 
 p"U as in Ger- 
 ^^ man, ?iac/i 
 
 Chayth 
 
 ch 
 
 52 -J 
 
 
 "J 
 
 t 
 
 Tayth 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 y 
 
 Yothe 
 
 J 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 3orD 
 
 k 
 
 Kaf 
 
 k 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 Lah'-meth 
 
 1 
 
 Y 2 y 
 
 n 
 
 12 
 
 m 
 
 Maim 
 
 m 
 
 
 1 
 
 : 
 
 n 
 
 Noon 
 
 n 
 
 t3 C 
 
 
 D 
 
 S as in 30 
 
 Sah'-mek 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 3? 
 
 No sound 
 
 A'-yin 
 
 
 Dilated. 
 
 "i 
 
 
 P 
 
 f (Ph) 
 
 Pay 
 
 P 
 
 f 
 
 ^< 
 
 Y 
 
 2 
 
 tS as in nets 
 
 Tsah'-</^ay 
 
 ts 
 
 S i 
 
 
 P 
 
 k 
 
 Kofe 
 
 k 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 r 
 
 Eaysh 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 sh 
 
 Sheen 
 
 sh 
 
 
 
 '-^ 
 
 S like D 
 
 Seen 
 
 s 
 
 t= 
 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 t 
 
 tn as in thin 
 
 Tahv 
 
 t 
 
 th 
 
 r-1 
 
12 GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 
 
 Rem. 1. These characters are Chaldee, not Hebrew. The proper 
 Hebrew letters are found only on monuments and coins. 
 
 Rem. 2. In writing these characters, observe that the horizontal 
 strokes are heavy, while the perpendicular ones are light. 
 
 Rem. 3. The letters and their sounds are first to be thoroughly 
 learnt, and afterwards their names should be acquired. 
 
 2. It will be noted that each of the letters k, 
 s, t til, and V have two equivalents in Hebrew. 
 The learner will therefore carefully note that 
 when the following Hebrew letters are intended 
 to be expressed, the English equivalents in the 
 Exercises are printed in italics. 
 
 p, k; D, s; L}, t; "7, th; D, v. 
 
 3. As certain of the letters closely resemble 
 each other, the beginner must take care not to 
 confound n with D ; '^ with D ; "7 with "i ; 1 with 
 "j ; n with n ; n with n ; n with n ; 1 with n ; 
 1 with ^] ^ with t; T with : ; 1 with ]; D with 12 ; 
 D with D ; :? with ^1 ; y with y ; "d with 'cT. 
 
 What is the difference in form between 
 Dahleth and final Kaf? between Zayin and 
 final Noon ? Hay and Chayth ? Vahv and final 
 Noon? Chayth and Tahv? Bayth and Kaf? 
 Hay and Tahv ? Geemel and Noon ? Samek 
 and final Maim? Dahleth and Eaysh? Ayin and 
 final Tsah^Aay ? Vahv and YotliQ ? Vahv and 
 Raysh ? Ayin and Tsa/Aay ? Sheen and Seen ? 
 
 Rem. The dot over u and b is called the Diacritical Point. 
 
 4. When Kaf, Maim, Noon, Pay, or Tsah^Aay 
 
GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. I3 
 
 occur at the end of words, they are written as 
 in the column headed '' Final." 
 
 5. In Hebrew the letters and words follow 
 each other from right to left Thus our word 
 MOUTH, written Hebrew-wise, would be htuom. 
 
 Note. th must be represented by i or n, not by ni3 ; sh by d , 
 never by T\o ; ts by 22, never by Dtn . 
 
 EXERCISE I. 
 
 Write in Hebrew characters the following 
 consonants : 
 
 [When either m, n, k, f, or ts occurs at the end of words in this 
 and other Exercises, take care to give it its " final " form.] 
 
 B, r, sh, th, 1, h, y, m, ts, v, ch, p, n, r, f, th, t, 
 k, sh, z, g, ts, V, k, s, d, r, h, ts final, k, m, s, th, 
 ch, th, r, b, h, n, v, 1, y, t, sh, g, t, k, d, s, n final, 
 z, m, p, ts, y, b, th, m final, h, s, g, r, f final, d, 
 th, t, 1, k final, y, z, v, b, s, t, g, h, k, f, p, th, k, 
 V, n, r, b, ts, th, ch, h, g, t, z, d, s, 1, n, f, th, m, 
 s, k, ch, V, k, ptr, yms, yhn, mth, mrk, Ik, hbrvs, 
 thslns, lyh, ^^m, th^n, mss, dkf, tschy, shpl, prf, 
 rtsv, shrg, chshl, hshm, hlk, btsm, yhvh, mshp^, 
 Wlikh, gzl, gthl, myth, ythvm, kmn, kmv, Imnk, 
 k\m, krv, sprts, bchn, rchf, shlf, brk, srh, vrhm, 
 vksh^', ytschk, ysrl, dn, krch, shmn, jhth, rchl, 
 shd, l^n, blhn, b^n, srg, yA^shn, ktn, inzmr, 
 mktl, sn. 
 
 Note. This Exercise should be written many times, until 
 perfect familiarity with the forms and sounds is acquired. 
 
14 GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 
 
 EXERCISE II. 
 
 "Write the English equivalents for the con- 
 sonants in Genesis i., see p. 45, passing over i^ 
 and "$ when they occur, as having no sound. 
 Practice both writing and pronouncing the 
 consonants in this chapter until any and every 
 letter can be pronounced at sight. 
 
 Note. The learner ought not to go on to the following exer- 
 cises until he is as thoroughly familiar with the forms and sounds 
 of the letters of the Hebrew alphabet as he is with his own ABC. 
 
 2. THE VOWELS. 
 
 I. The Long Vowels. 
 
 1. For convenience and simplicity we may 
 divide the vowels into two classes, viz. five long 
 and five short. The long vowels are : 
 
 Kah'-mets _., 
 
 Sounded as ] 
 
 a in father, 
 
 Represented ' 
 
 a 
 
 Tsay'-ray _ or '^_., 
 
 a in fate, 
 
 a 
 
 Chee'-rek V' 
 
 ee in feet, 
 
 ee 
 
 Cho'-lem i or 1, 
 
 in over, 
 
 
 
 Shoo'-rek ^ 
 
 00 in fool. 
 
 00 
 
 Note. The horizontal line represents the consonant to which 
 the vowel belongs ; - means, therefore, that the vowel , stands 
 beneath the consonant; - that the vowel stands over the consonant. 
 Ch should be pronounced hard, as in chasm, 
 
 2. The vowels are mostly pronounced after 
 the consonant under which they stand, e.g. 
 2 = ba ; *^2 = ba : !a = ma ; "^3 = kee. 
 
GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 15 
 
 When cJiolem [defectively written 1) follows a 
 consonant it is placed over it, e.g. 2 = bo; 
 S^ = po ; n's = dor. 
 
 Cholem (/^^% written S) and Shoorek 1, stand 
 in the line with the other consonants, e.g. Dip = 
 A;om; n^p=:A;oom. 
 
 EXERCISE ni. 
 
 Pronounce, and write in English letters the 
 following Hebrew syllables. 
 
 [As alef and ayin have no sound, they may, for the sake of con- 
 venience, be represented by a dash (thus DX may be written -am; 
 &<2^ = matsa-; sib5 = -asoo; b^*^ = ma-al, etc.), or they may be 
 left unexpressed.] 
 
 ^5, 'S, 'IB, 'T, IT, s, 15, >?., in, ^Ti, n, b, a 
 ^n, h, ">-!, 3,o, a, 13, ia, a, ^a, 'O, i, a, i'p, 
 ^, n, ^n, in, % i\ "h, x, n, ^a, ip, 12, y, 'j, 
 3, is, ip, ^?., -, ^ffl, i3, 3, ^?, ID, o, ^3, v., ^?, 
 T, ^n, a, ro, -o, 'o, \3, 13, 7, i, ii, ix, ^0, ^V., 
 ^i,in,^V, la, ^E,ri., ^, ia, i, ^p, in, ^^ i\ ^2, 
 13, b, 3, ii, i3, 1!:, in, 3, 'P., S -1, iy, y, >?, ii, 
 iV, -, ^3, n, ia, o, 1!?, ^!j., 1, a, i3, ^5, ^b, p, 
 'T, ^B, %v, N, T, v., ^i, in, ^n, ^n, ^1, \ ip, ^3, 
 b, v.- in, B, ia, ti, s<, n i% 10, ^-1, ia, to, n, 
 .15, 13, n, ^2, 'V, !?, i3, n, 1-), 7, 3, ^a, 
 
16 GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 
 
 EXERCISE IV. 
 
 Pronounce and write in English letters the 
 following Hebrew words. 
 
 Vs, nri., nti, nin, c^^, d'^, n^, nip, fip^,:^^, 
 ^n, b'^?, DID, Di, 113, Yi\ n\ nin, t23\>^, nis^., "jb, 
 
 T5, Y^i^^ ^n^ '^^' ^'% ^v '^^-^ ^'l' -'^'^' ^^P' ^??' 
 D^,, -ii\ mb, n^?., ^3, ]5, 1^^, t'D, i^p, iri, nin, 
 
 w, ^1T, ni'i, n:?, t?, nn, nn, i^wx, V^s, di3, 
 nicv, ^n, ^in, y^n, ^j'i, qn, w, y'lp^ i^^ "^'^^ 
 
 Tto, 73, ^2, T3, q^D, r^, nrj, T5, ni\D, '^^o?, 
 nn., -liw^, nin, d^^d, ^j'^d, td, ^*V, ^b, d*^?, ^^i^., 
 Y^t3, 2v, b^s, Yi*N, 15, TT, ni3, p'^n, nn, d:^^, 
 ^in, D'^p, Yp, ^?., t:,ri, nis, :ii'M, J^-'t, ni:a, :;i, Y^p, 
 Gin, pn, Y^., "?\ =ii\ ^'is:, p'^n, ^ir:, qi, i::i^, 
 .niD, nn, "j^n. Tip, is, ts, qiD, 5:,b, rb, Tj, 
 
 EXERCISE V. 
 
 Pronounce the following Hebrew words. 
 
 phto , n^^js , pbs , i^n , b^as? , irii2 , Vmtri , 
 Dni\ "i!?i3, Vs;, n'^^-^., .vm, ini?, y?.i")> n^^^in, 
 
GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 17 
 
 fi^n^, -)^2L>^, b^B^^, CO/?, p?3, ]"9?., lin"^? , Tr-h ^fh 
 im, 0^7. , nni;?, |i^D, iin^D, j'^'id, noin, 3Dn, 
 THS, i'^3\ T^nn, DS/n, li^n, c^n'^ri,, toVt:^^, 
 
 \ii, nsi, ]^?\ p^53n, ci^b, "i^ta, nntii^, ^d^s, 
 11?.' p:*^, qro, 1153, \rii3., ]7i5, n^n;^, iniD, n^t};, 
 ]Dp, i7to, -inD, mi2, by^,, p3i\ -[iiiib, in/?, 
 yjb, Vop, -dn/"^., n^pi\ "jb;, D'n^^, p?2, pn^^, 
 Vb^^, li!;3?, ^123^^, nd^\ nVn, n^'j^\ t'i"i% c^ir, 
 
 T ' t't T T T XT .... T 
 
 Note. The learner will practice upon each of these Exercises 
 until each word can be pronounced at sight. 
 
 EXERCISE VI. 
 
 Write in Hebrew characters the following 
 syllables and words, taking care to write from 
 right to left. 
 
 Ba, da, ^ee, so, la, mee, noo, ga, shoo, M, bee, 
 cho, hoo, tha, lo, see, no, pa, ^o, yee, zoo, ma, 
 tsa, ya, ho, fa, va, chee, ta, lee, koo, ro, ^a, go, ya, 
 sha, dee, ha, yo, na, moo, la, yoo, kee, tso, fee, 
 z'a, vee, loo, ko, sa, no, roo, ko, sha, cha, tee, ^a, 
 sho, ban, bon, loon, dag, kol, dan, bath, vav, 
 tseets, shoom, geesh, yaz, cheel, man, keer, gol, 
 chath, tsoor, zak, yam, mots, meets, ^ath, yoi^A, 
 
18 GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 
 
 dar, nats, loog, pool, bal, bos, seen, Mts, lool, 
 dath, chak, hon, raA^, reev^ poth, book, laz, 
 cheesh, bor, ^oo^;, choA:, lEv, dar, moo^, seer, 
 sok, tal, yath, A^am, moosh, yool, :?of, yaz, ^iav, 
 ^^on, &^oo^^, mam, noon, Nach, ^iam, rash, :?o^A, 
 sheen, 3?ar, roor, tar, do^, han, pook, gan, been, 
 shoo^, booz, ^ool, pats, neef, yom. 
 
 EXERCISE VII. 
 
 Write in Hebrew characters the following 
 words. 
 
 Kathooi;, tashai;, banoo, yachal, taree^A, 
 tafook, nakoom, harats, yashai;, shaleem, 
 bohoo, k'^tol, cha^Aash, maleets, neesan, tohoo, 
 barak, shalom, yalak, A^oloth, yaytoom, A^omah, 
 reeshon, ra/^eem, basar, yothar, hafeei;, holee^A, 
 yameem, yonaZ?, yaMr, kaleel, naml, nosas, 
 haneef, zathan, zakoor, sheeranoo, taZ^eemoo, 
 marachoA:, holee^Ao, ra^Mfoo, yonaA:eem, oom- 
 noth, yaA^eemoo, tofafoth, yozam^A, koka'?;eem, 
 hararee, yoyaree?;, yochanan, bamotha, saree- 
 geem, sookathee, sheerathanoo, tosheemnee. 
 
 3. When & is unprovided with a vowxl sign, 
 and follows any long vowel, it merely serves to 
 prolong the sound of such vowel : e.g. ^^}3 = 
 bara ; NSn = tatsa ; &^^s = bo ; ^^ip^ = A^aree ; 
 ix-l*c:D = nasoo. 
 
GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. I9 
 
 n may serve the same pmpose, when it 
 stands at the end of a word^ after _ , _. , 1 
 [or _ 2. IL], e.g. n^S = gala, n^,^ = gala, nb^ 
 = galo. 
 
 We have already seen that \ having no 
 vowel of its own, after ^ or _ siinply serves to 
 make the prolonged sound of the vowel Tsara 
 or Cheerek; and that 1, with no vowel under 
 it, or immediately preceding it, loses its con- 
 sonantal power entirely, and becomes a mere 
 holder of the vowel L . These letters therefore 
 quiesce or rest in the following vowels : 
 
 j in any vowel; 
 
 n in _., ., __, _; 
 
 1 in "1 or i ; 
 
 ^ in \^ or \ (or V. 2. IL Obs. 3). 
 
 4. But when either of these letters is pro- 
 vided with a vowel sign, it must be regarded 
 as a consonant; e.g. in niDwX, ^5, as it has a 
 vowel under it, must be a consonant; so in "jn, 
 n must be a consonant; so in nil, 1^.;;, 1';2, 
 the Vav and YotliQ are consonants, (cf. 9, 1.) 
 
 EXERCISE VIII. 
 
 Pronounce the following w^ords ; and in each 
 case state whether the wV, n, 1, or '^ is quiescent 
 or not. 
 
 &^^n, Kin, ns, ^i, hsd, ^^sq, ^h, is'i^, i^s, nwNfn 
 
20 GUIDE TO HEADING THE HEBREW TEXT. 
 
 ^mb, m'l, ntip, w>^'2D, '^n^t, n^i:n, ^^, tdNfi, 
 
 ^:)Ni\ wVn\ DwXYZ!, &iri\ HwVS, QwVp, wVDwVD, ri3?^&, 
 
 T t T .t .. Ix T - 
 
 PNlT, v^i:^ tDwNn, nir!>^-i, :iwV'm, imn, n\>(D, n*-^,w>^s, 
 nw>{:aL:, w\'^n&^, isin^, -::':, n^ss, nis, n^vs, nfi^'ib, 
 
 X T T X X ' X X 
 
 ni?., riij], vvnp, nw\nn, wN^2i/3, wviiph, ^n^^^s, nsj!?^, 
 nin, p*^^, pDi\ ^r, n'v:, v\>^\ i^^nwv, nn, n^n, 
 
 T X ' X XX X I'X XX XX XX 
 
 &iiD, Nin\ nnp, p'^^n, "inw\\ nwsnp, r^Lr^ii, D\vn, 
 
 x< X X x'x X X 
 
 fi<i^D, n^ir:, wH'^nb, J^ni\ Dwsb wn, in*3, n^^';^:, 
 
 XX XXX 'x 
 
 t X X 
 
 5. (a) When Cholem (without l) follows to, or 
 precedes 'j: , it coincides with the diacritical point 
 of these letters, the single dot serving both as 
 the vowel o, and as determining the sound of 
 , so that d3 = bosh, for toiD ; nto = som, 
 for cto . 
 
 (b) If Cholem (defectively written) follows ri , 
 or precedes to, it is written over the opposite 
 arm ; so that I'd = shoth ; rr^V = :?osa. 
 
 EXERCISE IX. 
 
 Write in Hebrew characters the following 
 words (o in every instance to be written 
 defectively, i.e. with the simple 1 ). 
 
 Chosan, choshan, yosha'y, sholam, chasof, 
 
GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 21 
 
 tafos, shofa^, sorok, mosliak, shores, shorats, 
 shalosh, shokav, A^osh^, nosa^{, noshai^, sho3?al, 
 3?osah, :?oshar, toshee^, sokar, yashom, shomam, 
 sonawV, nashos, sho3?ar, soraf, yashoA^, shokan, 
 noshaAj, goshee, soraA^, moshamli, koshal, sokak, 
 yoshana, parosh, shot^ee, meeshor, shokakah, 
 doshash, tasho^nah, boshashoo, yaAjoshtee. 
 
 EXERCISE X. 
 
 Pronounce and write in English characters 
 the following words. 
 
 Note. When not preceded by a vowel T2J = osh ; ia = os. 
 When W has no vowel under it to = so; ttJ = sho, except at the end 
 of words, when it is os. 
 
 D';i:, Tdi, wn;^,, y6, tiip\ %^, "ym, pnto, "i^ti 
 b'^n, n';D3?, ^f^, "nti, ^^D^ t^^, hwi, -isb', m, 
 m^, *dns, dnb, tdnb, bnn, n';2:\ bb-:, biiis, 
 D^pv m^, n^b, rbTd, nbwx, Db^, ^(bn, ^iiin, 
 ^b5, ^t\ nnb, nnb', nb\ nnb, |teb, \3q3?, 
 'd^b, nrpb, ]db, tibi, '^b::?, bbp, 'ijipn, Dwvb, 
 r]-dn, piri;;, pti3, tdT, ci^n, d'u:;, Dqiri, bniri, 
 yds, biTip, niDiri, r\m, ^m, ^m, ^"zt^^, Tip, 
 Sit\, ndn, piri;^, nziD, to:?, 
 
 WoTE. The student should not go on to the following Exercises 
 until he has perfectly mastered the principles already presented. 
 Thoroughness cannot be too often or too strongly insisted upon. 
 
22 GUIDE TO BEADING THE HEBREW TEXT. 
 
 11. The short vowels are : 
 
 Sounded as Eepresented by 
 
 Pat'-tach 
 
 a in dash, 
 
 a 
 
 Seg'-ol - 
 
 e in met, 
 
 e 
 
 Chee'-rek .. 
 
 i in pin, 
 
 i 
 
 Ka'-mets Cha-toof .. 
 
 in hot. 
 
 
 
 Kib'-boots 
 
 ii in full. 
 
 u 
 
 Rem. 1. Cheerek, -, and Kibboots, -, in open ( 4. 2) or in 
 accented syllables are, however, long. 
 
 Rem. 2. Kamets (broad a) and Kamets Chatoof (short o) have 
 the same form ; the rule for distinguishing the one from the other 
 will be given further on ( 8). 
 
 Rem. 3. Segol sometimes quiesces in 'i, and hence assumes the 
 form '^. 
 
 Rem. 4. Pattach and Segol at the end of words quiesce with H; 
 e.g. rra = ma ; iiia = se. 
 
 EXERCISE XI. 
 
 Pronounce and write in English characters 
 the following syllables. 
 
 Note. In this Exercise - is short o. 
 
 Dn, ], '^, B5, q;, H 2n, h\, h%, 15, 'in, nn 
 ht, CN, hv, |3, >^, qx, yi, '^x, ns, n?, c:, t3, 
 Vs, t\, p:, in, -ip,, en, -T, a,-;, jn, pn, h'o, -iS, 
 n3, on, 3?, Dx, qb, np., sp, cp, Vj, ap_; ^3, 
 3n, pn, p^ |3, D3, riN, pn, a?, q^ 3n, iV, i?, 
 no, 12, y-i., m, ^a, n\ ya, -?, i3_, tda, ^i, 
 oa, 35, 31, i^, Y3, 3p, qr, ^, on, 12, yn- ="*> 
 
GUIDE f HEADING THE HEBREW TEXT. 23 
 
 np_, Dn, po, qb, titi, np, i^., ^t, 3ti, ^, i^. 
 n^ q^ ^n, pwv, p., nib., !:p_, p:, on, n;!:, pq 
 >x, ^^_, :\3, DD, n^., n53, ^n, ^^., n?, ^5, T, ip 
 n?, 2x6, in, -op,, 1^ n-^., bi2, pn, ;^3, n.s, no 
 I'o, tn, pn, np, ^s, V^., nn, 2V, :j>?., ^i?., en 
 nn, Y^.,b\, in,^D,nti,-j:s,rii5,^5, ", ^n, op 
 
 .ns, ]t?, pn, 1?, 3n, n^ 
 
 EXERCISE XII. 
 
 Pronounce and write in English characters 
 the following words. 
 
 Note. In this Exercise the student will pay no attention to 
 this mark, - ; but write and pronounce the word as if it were absent 
 altogether ; e.g. nsb^a = malkah. - herein is not short o. 
 
 3?^_2, Y>'5 c?i), mp., DT, ii::^p, HM, inisj 
 n5"j:t), i2S_p^, DwN^D, n?^, :pd^ iii-j?^, ^bdwv, ^tD,3?, 
 ^pnr, DEpn, ^b}n, 'inb, npb, rr^wN^,, HwVT, Vldp*;, 
 npm, Y^n, -)pn^ D^nri,r|t3p, tdnb' , rT^-ins? , it?;, 
 q?s?, in^, bV^w>5^, "n^"!?, ^^5, DwVd, 'r|^;n, npt, 
 np3i\ i^n^ qi^^n, np_S HwVT, np\ niii\ ^2ri\ 
 ib'^Vr^n, i^_V,!), ^03, Q^n^.?5, m-j:?, !:t3n?, Vobtp, 
 tobs^., nnds, 12:5, 'd3?-)S, ii2.\ nrnp, ^sb?, 
 itDipiT, rihp^^, bxop'q, ni-)??., is-is, bip^ l?.bns, 
 
24 GUIDE Tt) EEADING THE HEBREW TEXT. 
 
 nNr.n^_, r\ir\i2, nspb, ^j'pm, ^Vv?n, riiDVGt]^, bp_bp, 
 -)jj;n, -ji-j^t], ji^Qix, pni, n'^-ip, dm'm, nn^nsp 
 dd5, "i?.-i?, ^D^D, ns;;, n-i3u:p, nn-j, zr^'^, 
 DD-13, -i?n?nn, -^"DOri, Dnb, ^jp!:^, ]3n;, nnpip 
 
 nri\D\, ^3S^t]2, i:pt3p^, pnnn, n-^by, i-)?D, rpV^ 
 
 EXERCISE XIII. 
 
 Write in Hebrew characters the following 
 syllables and words. 
 
 Dag, min, gath, pen, kaf, pach, dam, chok, 
 shath, kol, gan, ya^A, ziv, bin, ken bun, del, 
 zum, di^;, dun, him, hul, sal, dath, har, gel, yiz, 
 yish, path, yesh, nir, ^e\, fi^ak, i^im, &^ish, ::'Im, 
 3?am, 3?un, 3?il, Tav, tsin, rats, she^;, gesh, ri^, 
 ne-fesh, me-lek, ga^Ml, M^al, A^o^Aesh, lahem, 
 bakem, re-gel, morag, chaleZ?, de-rek, tafen, 
 tsimda, koi^no, shooshan, shakav, shomrah, 
 tiA^^ol, tamak, toA^^al, ke-let?, dalyoo, botsrah, 
 hushkav, muA^rach, tachmo^A, mikneh, yigleh, 
 yayin, parash, mosheh, yavan, me-lach, le-chem, 
 natsal, choshek, mukdash, sifra, malkee, ym- 
 tan, gu^Alo, chet?ron, rishpa, nistar, nafshee, 
 birkath, chufshee, baten, kilyoth, yirbeh, bil- 
 
GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 25 
 
 v^v, tachteka, i^elytoshee, mazlag, mishmeretli, 
 mishpachto, horMitem, shimshon, yisclia^, shik- 
 mee, honchal, kurbal, haftsar, chofzee, polpal, 
 biltee, i^ethkem, wXosifka, slioi;ranee, siksakta, 
 hothdaslinah, timsliolnah, hithrachatstee, tith- 
 chalchal, tithmogagnali. 
 
 3. THE SH'YA. 
 
 1. Every consonant which standing at the 
 beginning or in the middle of a word has no 
 vowel, and is not a quiescent letter ( 2, 3), is 
 provided with a sign to indicate the absence of 
 a vowel. 
 
 2. A consonant at the end of a word does 
 not take this sign, unless it be preceded by 
 another vowelless letter. 
 
 Exc. Final Kaph ("|), however, when it has no vowel, always 
 takes the sign. 
 
 3. This sign has the form of our colon, _, 
 and is placed under a letter, thus ?, and is 
 called simple Sh^va, 
 
 4. Simple ShVa may be either vocal or silent 
 
 (a) It is always vocal under the first letter of 
 a word; e.g. b'M2P = tfmol. 
 
 (b) It is always silent under the last letter 
 of a word ; e.g. DJ^ = mt 
 
 (c) Both sKvas under the two final letters of 
 a word are silent ; e.g. nj^t^p = A^a^alt. 
 
26 GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 
 
 (d) In the middle of a word it is sometimes 
 vocal, sometimes silent. 
 
 (1.) If preceded by an unaccented short 
 vowel it is silent, 
 
 (2.) It is, however, vocal if preceded by 
 
 (a) an unaccented long vowel ; 
 
 (b) another shVa ; 
 
 (c) Dagesh Forte ( 5, 2, 3) ; 
 
 (d) Metheg ( 7, 3) ; 
 
 (e) *Vav conversive, i; 
 (/) the ^Article, n ; or, 
 
 (g) if it stands between two similar 
 letters, 
 
 Note. * These occur only at the beginning of words ; e.g. ^'n'^'\ 
 is to be read vS-y'-hee, not vay-hee ; TiD";?! =z ha-y'-so<A, not 
 hay-so^^. 
 
 {e) If two Sh\^as occur in the middle of a 
 word, the first is silent, the second is sounded. 
 
 5. The sound of vocal ShVa is that of the 
 very short e in mystery^ or in catechism. Fix 
 the lips to pronounce a consonant, e.g. b, p, 
 or t, open the mouth, gently exhale the breath, 
 and the sound of ShH^a is produced. It is, in 
 fact, just enough of a sound to get a letter out 
 of the mouth. Plane, in Hebrew, would be 
 written "j^S ; kree = ^^^^ ; bloom = D'l^^ . 
 
 Rem. 1. VoccU Sh'va in the exercises is represented thus (') ; e.g. 
 ^3 = B'ka. Silent Sh'va (the mere syllable divider) is not designated 
 in the exercises; e.g. yimlok must be written t^'^^t' ^^^? would 
 be expressed by niktav. 
 
GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 27 
 
 Rem. 2. It may simplify the matter of determining vocal from 
 silent Sh'va in the middle of a word, to remember that after an un- 
 accented short vowel, or an accented long one, Sh'va is generally 
 silent ; in other cases it is almost always vocal. 
 
 Rem. 3. An aspirate ( 5, 1) without Dagesh Lene ( 5, 1) shows 
 that the preceding Sh'va is vocal. 
 
 6. The compound ShVas (which are chiefly 
 used with the guttural letters, viz. wvnns?) are : 
 
 Cha'-tef Pattach, _. , very short a, as in Germany, 
 Cha'-tef Seg'-ol, -, very short e, as in imbecile, 
 Cha-tef Ka'-mets,., very short 6, as in ivory. 
 
 These compound Sh'vas are always vocal ; and 
 will be represented in the exercises by a small 
 a, 6, or written above the line ; e.g., ns^*^n = 
 ch^eefah ; '^nn^ = boch^ree ; pTri.^. = yech^zak. 
 
 EXERCISE XIV. 
 
 Write in Hebrew characters the following 
 words, taking care to put in the silent as well 
 as the vocal ShVas. 
 
 B'na, b'yai^A, ryom,rmeeno,rka,k^shor,m'leets, 
 s'kan, ri;oosh, d'mr, Tehee, y'foth, z^man, vlo, 
 g'^Aol, v^gam, N^mor, loch^lee, s'neh, ^jHhen, teis'^- 
 laf, h^yah, s^^niats, mi^Ayan, yitschaA^, shor'reem, 
 hal'loo, lom'theem, birchathee, daltha, zilpah, 
 bilhah, himleek, shulchan, hay'wVor, la5?^mo^A, 
 ch^om, shalachtee, Zja^alt, nard, yisrafi^al, nim- 
 r'tsoo, y'hovah, shomrah, N*^choz, ^^enoAJ, n'tsor, 
 barakt, yard, rai;t, hin'noo, vayVarek, biltee, 
 
28 GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 
 
 narkah, yaPkee, Vsov^vee, :?amorali, vay'thav, 
 k'tlia2;teev, ya?;k, merchaZ?, molkee, muA^tar, 
 siksakt, yaft, li4i^Arosh, t^ethom, ch^nok, chHh'd- 
 slieem, rom'moo, m'sho^'feem, sho^^^oo, sartem, 
 yir'wsoo, jikr^voo, tashA^, v'hitliA;a]^alt y'hish- 
 tach^veetha. 
 
 EXERCISE XV. 
 
 Pronounce the following words ; also state 
 which of the Sh'vas occurring in each word are 
 vocal, and which silent ; and for what reasons. 
 
 ^3dio, ^in, ipfi?, r^2, ^^jr, n^j?, ty^, >'i5, ^r;^ 
 
 nntDips, c^-)t]j, "'^?."r.i^^ '^?^' ^^np/t^^.n^ ^kv^..^ 
 
 nwN^nwVi, wVT, '^nn'i, nVop;, ^tHuX, "i^nnn, ninnNi, 
 rn;, nd*;, ^-V.^ nb'^M, n^nnis, tpdp, nDn-]i, 
 
 '^pN;^, n-)?, T5p, n;;nV, ninn, nbwsin:!:, nV^, 
 wsd^n, ni^nt], 5rn-):a, ^^'jp% '^iddd, ^rd\ ^dhdwX, 
 
 n\Vt;rt]ri, boston ,:n";2:?;V, nn^^.i, Vmh, ^n*;, ^7^:, 
 VPV-y '^^n, \]^_, '^Da, np-isnn, na>N:, nin^, t^.ws, 
 
GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 29 
 
 Dn^pwV, iisn*;, wsrd, noin, 'cb;ri3, nwxn'i, '^ipb^,, 
 CjOws;,, )b^}h ^^^.^.5^ bi, ninnd':, VdwV, '^pri, 
 
 4. SYLLABLES. 
 
 1. Every syllable, and therefore every word, 
 must begin with a consonant The conjunction 
 ) 1= a7i6?, prefixed to words, whose first letter is 
 vowelless, or is a labial, n, t), or D, is the sole 
 exception to this rule ; e.g. T^p^ , Vdd^ . 
 
 2. Ope7i syllables are those which end in a 
 vowel sound ; e.g. "^Dij = a-nee. 
 
 3. Closed or shut syllables are those which 
 e7id in a consonant ; DjP . 
 
 4. Long vowels stand regularly in open sylla- 
 bles; ^DD^oilD. 
 
 5. Short vowels stand regularly in shut sylla- 
 bles; cnpn. 
 
 6. An accent ( 7, 3- 10) may reverse rules 
 4 and 5, and allow a fo/i^' vowel to stand in a 
 sA?/^ syllable, or a sAor^ vowel in an open one ; 
 e.g. 1w\n'' = yi-r'oo, nd^b = la-msh-ta. 
 
 7. In reading Hebrew, Vocal ShVa may be 
 regarded as forming a sort of open syllable. 
 nb'Jp = M/'-la. 
 
 T ;'IT 
 
 8. No syllable can contain more than a sin- 
 
30 GUIDE TO BEADING THE HEBREW TEXT. 
 
 gle vowel. Two concurring vowels, as, e.g. in 
 our word '' lion," never occur. See Eule 1. 
 
 EXERCISE XVI. 
 
 Divide each word in Exercises V., X., XIL, 
 and XV. into its component syllables ; give the 
 reason why each syllable is open or closed; and 
 also whether the syllable has its proper vowel, 
 together with the reason for it. 
 
 5. DAGESH. 
 
 1. The dot in n, E, S, % 5, 2 is called the 
 Dagesh Lene, and serves to give to these 
 letters, called aspirates their hard sound, e.g. 
 D = ph, or f, while E = p ; n = th, while n = t. 
 
 2. A Dagesh Forte is a simple dot which 
 may be placed in the bosom of any letter, 
 except the gutturals, viz. wS, Ji, n, 3?, and some- 
 times "). 
 
 3. Its effect is to double the letter in which 
 it stands ; e.g. Vipp. = M^^al, d^n = hug-gash. 
 Kab-ba^A must be written ^55, not 1M?. 
 
 4. It is never found in a vowelless final letter 
 of a word, except in riw>? and nn3. 
 
 5. It is very rarely found in the first letter 
 of a word. 
 
 6. When it occurs in an aspirate, n, S, i, X 5, 3, 
 it not only doubles it, but also gives it the hard 
 
GUIDE TO BEADING THE HEBREW TEXT. 31 
 
 sound ; hence it is both forte and lene; e.g. 1?.'^, 
 the dot in ^ is, of course, lene, but the dot in n 
 makes the letter b, and also doubles it, so that 
 the word is pronounced dab-bar. 
 
 7. The Dagesh in an aspirate can easily be 
 determined. If a vowel sound precede it, it 
 must be Dagesh Forte ; if a silent Sh'va precede, 
 it is Dagesh Lene ; e.g. igD , the Dagesh in D 
 must be forte. In ^S, nriS;^ and nVop^ the Da- 
 gesh is lene, 
 
 8. Double Vav (i) has the same form as 
 Shoo-rek (^). When the preceding letter has 
 a vowel, T = double v ; otherwise it is oo ; e.g. 
 nip; = Mv-vam ; but Dip = A^oom. 
 
 9. In regard to syllabication, the letter in 
 which Dagesh Forte stands, closes one syllable, 
 and also begins another. 
 
 EXERCISE XVII. 
 
 Write in Hebrew characters the following 
 words. 
 
 Eabbeem, kallah, nittach, nuggash, kuUee, 
 yittan, yiA^sh'rennee, botteem, kavvan, koUoo, 
 tsivvah, Myyam, mall'koo, milla, g'malleem, 
 t'fillah, subb'ko, mishsh'tha, y'shaddam, koUah, 
 hithpalla^, M^ttWn^ himmala^, shammah, tig- 
 g'shee, rthittee, hinnennee, hasseh, tittammam, 
 vatt'fair^amo, kossoo, nittattem, y'koonnennoo, 
 yadd'Mnnah, hmnabbeetha, vattissabbee. 
 
32 GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 
 
 EXERCISE XVIII. 
 
 Divide each word into its component sylla- 
 bles. If Sli'va occurs, state why it is vocal 
 or silent. In the aspirates, state whether 
 Dagesh is lene or forte. And when they have 
 no Dagesh, give reason for its omission. 
 
 ^nHn, '^izyi, npB'M, "lEDt;, I'Vn, mp^, n^n, ifi< 
 
 r\tyn, iT";i, Q^lils, c-^^.'i-jj^, csrn, ^^^^^,, ^^.'^^^^ 
 
 nVd, nVs, n?~, Qpnnn, n^i.::?, \tn, i^.^,?, '^t:^^, 
 
 r^^bn, ^Vp.'^i, p^*^:??, -nfij., /wN5;i>x, n^^nn, -nwv, 
 '^j-^/D;,, idlj'^i, 'its, ^31>si., HupD^^n, nTn, &i:2:;n, 
 ^^"1:12:?, 137':p, ^7.?^.^ inrd, r^m, in^wv, nr?*;-, 
 ^^Buin, n^>v, rrdn, pp^D, jV>v, y?jj>Ni., ^"^D3^n^, 
 nrip^wv, tdnn, i2in, id^.V^^l ^rii, nDDn^j, cnni, 
 D25n, ^\SDn, n--nni, nsn, "P/t^'^n, :\'^t3wH, ^?.rc';i, 
 
 6. PATTACH FURTIVE. 
 
 1. When Pattach is written under either of 
 the gutturals M , n , or :? , standing at the end 
 of a word, it is called furtive, and is pro- 
 
GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 33 
 
 nounced before the guttural, instead of after it ; 
 e.g. ni") = rooach, not rooclia. 
 
 2. If a final vowelless letter follow the gut- 
 tural pointed with Pattach, the Pattach in this 
 case is also furtive, e.g. ^r^^] = yiachd, not yi- 
 chad. Forms of this sort are, however, com- 
 paratively rare. 
 
 {a) In order to pronounce the furtive Pat- 
 tach, lay the stress of voice on the vowel 
 preceding the guttural, and just touch the 
 Pattach ; somewhat as a in the English words 
 trial, vial, etc. 
 
 [b) *' Analogous to this Pattach is our use of 
 a furtive Q before r, after long e, T, u ; e.g. here 
 (sounded he^r ), fire (fi^r), pure (puer)." 
 
 3. Pattach Furtive never forms an additional 
 syllable; e.g. in nil, the syllable is closed, and 
 the Pattach is simply w^edged in between the 
 ^ and the n. 
 
 EXERCISE XIX. 
 
 Examples for pronunciation. 
 
 ?inT, nn;, n^n, tt'-q, rihn^, niptp, i^n, nb 
 n'^5, ^'in, ?2?;d, n:, n^D, n'^D53, ?is, n'^rin, nsTp, 
 
 T\ph:^, v^hdh^, ?23n, nns>N|, m^Dw^, n"bp, r2ri, 
 
34 GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 
 
 7. MAPPIK, MAKKEF, AN6 METHEG. 
 
 1. Mappik is a dot in a final n , and serves 
 to show that it is a consonant, and not a mere 
 quiescent letter. Thus, in n^:, n is a conso- 
 nant, and closes the syllable. In n53, n is a 
 quiescent, and merely prolongs the sound of 
 Kamets, while the syllable is open, 
 
 (a) Mappik cannot be confounded with Ca- 
 ge sh Forte, as the latter never occurs in gut- 
 turals or final letters. * 
 
 2. Makkef is a short horizontal bar (or hy- 
 phen) between two or more words ; e.g. '(^"''n';^ , 
 
 (a) "WTien words are so connected, only the 
 last word has an accent, and the vowel in the 
 final syllable of the words preceding the Mak- 
 kef is generally short, 
 
 3. Metheg is a small perpendicular line (,) 
 placed on the left of the vowel which stands in 
 the second syllable before the tone. 
 
 (a) Its usual position is by the vowel of the 
 antepenult It can never occur in the tilt or 
 penult; e.g. ^^Oj?^, Tb??^^ 
 
 (b) Its force is that of a secondary accent, 
 analogous to that on the first syllable of our 
 words, undertake, animdtion, 
 
 [c] Polysyllabic words sometimes have two 
 or more Methegs ; e.g. ^in^liD'^b . 
 
 [d] A vowel with Metheg is usually long. 
 
GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 35 
 
 8. KAMETS AND KAMETS-CHATOOF. 
 
 The surest guide for distinguishing between 
 long a and short o (both represented by one 
 sign, viz. ) is the grammatical derivation of a 
 word. 
 
 For the beginner, the following rules will 
 serve as a guide. 
 
 1. The sign _ is short o in a closed unaccented 
 syllable. 
 
 2. The sign _. is short o in an open syllable 
 only when followed by Kamets-Chatoof or by 
 Chatef-Kamets. 
 
 3. Or, to express the rules in a different 
 way, the sign - is short o when followed by, 
 
 (1) Dagesh Forte : '^Di = ronnee ; 
 
 (2) Makkef: -!?D = kol ; 
 
 (3) Kamets-Chatoof: '^i:Q:?n = ho3?omi{Aee : 
 
 (4) Chatef-Kamets : ^nn2 = boch^'ree ; 
 
 ^ ' t:it ' 
 
 (5) ShVa, without an intervening Metheg : 
 
 nn^d = shomrah ; or, 
 
 (6) When it stands in a closed final sylla- 
 
 ble, with the accent on the penult: 
 DjP*1 = vayyaZ^om. 
 
 Rem. 1. Case (5) is the only one which causes any perplexity. 
 It is necessary to determine whether the syllable in which stands 
 is open or closed ; to discover this we must know whether the ShVa 
 is vocal or silent. To tell whether the Sh'va is vocal or silent 
 (unless it is followed by an undageshed aspirate, 5, 1) we must 
 know whether the preceding vowel is long or short, which is the 
 very point in question. 
 
36 GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 
 
 But a general practical rule is to regard the when followed 
 by without an intervening Metheg as short 6 ; e.g. "^blpi^ = k6t\ee, 
 while sibi:;? = ^-a/'loo. 
 
 A Dagesh Forte between the and the of course determines 
 the sound as short 6, even though the be accompanied by Metheg ; 
 e.g. ?];? := rozz'ka. 
 
 Rem. 2. Metheg also commonly stands by the Kamets-Chatoof 
 when it is followed by another Kamets-Chatoof or by Chatef-Kamets 
 (Cases 3 and 4). It is only when is followed by that the 
 Metheg is of use to determine the sound as a. 
 
 4. The first _ in the two anomalous words 
 U^i^'lP and D'^dnD is short o. Pronounce kotlm- 
 
 r'lT T It 
 
 sheem, shorasheem. 
 
 5. In all other cases besides those above 
 mentioned, is long a ; viz. in open syllables, 
 whether accented or not, whether they have a 
 quiescent letter or not, and in accented syllables 
 whether they be closed or followed by Dagesh 
 Forte. 
 
 EXERCISE XX. 
 
 Write in Hebrew characters the following 
 words. 
 
 Note. Be careful to insert Metheg and silent ShVa in their 
 proper places. 
 
 ToA^^al, botoeem, vayya'rom, bottakem, sham, 
 ronnoo, h63?^ma^A, lak, gofreeth, y'chonka, chon- 
 nanoo, N'ozna, halakta, habbotteem, kol-d'mr, 
 kal, koihkoth, shalosh, koshrah, kash'rah, yish- 
 morkem, yasho^, p6:?olkem, yoomath, vayya- 
 moth, ^ioklah, haggamal kol-basar, kov^lo, 
 Z?o^oi;ka, shofk'ka, m'miiirak. 
 
GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 37 
 
 EXERCISE XXL 
 
 Pronounce and write in English characters 
 the following words. Give the reason, in each 
 case why the sign _ is long a or short o. 
 
 Note. The accent is on the last syllable, except where other- 
 wise marked by ' . 
 
 -pn, ^53"^3, ^^h'y, n^b, 3d'i, nd\ q^-^b 
 
 T T T TjlT *; ... jT .fr ' T 
 
 ^:d-i3, 'idF\ nsb^, n^bt), no, ^n-jp, w\252, n"^!:^, 
 
 ;iT 't:t tit "ZiT T ';tMt tt ~:t 
 
 nnn.^^, ''^^^^n, Did::?, inss, "^ri^, d'^d'^, n:iM, \^n, 
 
 t T; IT . .. , T T ; T ; -r r; "^ J t " * 
 
 TJT 'rciT tt:t 't: /-r'jr T;'t.t 
 
 ^DDD'i, ^pn^n, n^3D% ti-i.^, npd:?, npu::?, .v: ):?% 
 
 ;iT- * ;:t ;: 'tx' t: t 'rriT t t';- 
 
 ;tj t^:':t iT;-r 'T tt;|t t tt t 
 
 z\>i2:j?, DiD^bs:^, tj^'j:, n^i^D, "j^nowv, 'i'^ip'52, ^bpa, 
 -ii2:pt], D-'-^Vm, D-fi<^, ^03, "I'^ri, "^^rnwy, niDns, 
 
 T r; f X r;lT '^ ? ~ t * r; (t ; t ' 
 
 nnroin, nn^n, wsnd, ijniws:, DTd^ nnrn, nnnn, 
 
 t;;x jx jx jt} "''I XXX ; 
 
 ^"3Dp , iip^ip, ^P^'2^, nnii:, c^n, n^3:pn, n^^, 
 
 .;'|T 't ;'t ''xr: TJT >x ; x it XX 
 
 q^'^'i, nd3\ ti^*'^, n^^bn, nnns, q^dDwS^^, n'Ji^, 
 
 'xx XX- xT~ 'tt; rTliT '.'ITIT ':' 
 
 onini, 'HTd, D3:d, -p^5, nistdn, ^DDp , u^'2'^v>, 
 
 X T- I ..T 'x X X ; ."It T:'|T .* : t'it 
 
 ^DDp , ddV^'S, n^uin, ^n^nnwN, nss^j, '^nD\ nsh, 
 
 x'lT '.' ; T r; X ~ X ' ; T ; .' t ;It xt t t 
 
38 GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 
 
 niVo, nVpN, DDHN, n>sn, iVa, np^nn, ns, ^aii, 
 xan, ^n^^^, np^^, v^-n, n^yoi, ^^m, i&tta, ^pna, 
 
 .nmna, mha, ^3-^00% 
 
 T -r r: IT T : T T ' / T T ; ' 
 
 9. YAY AND YOTHE AS CONSONANTS. 
 
 1. (a) Whenever Yav is preceded by any 
 other vowel than Shoorek, Kibboots, or Cho- 
 lem; or whenever Tothe is preceded by any 
 other vowel than Cheerek, Tsara, or Segol ; or 
 
 (b) whenever they receive Dagesh Forte ; or 
 
 (c) have a vowel or vocal ShVa ; or (d) stand 
 at the beginning of a word, they are treated as 
 consonants, viz. v or y ; thus 1_ = av, as in 11; 
 1 = av, as in 15 ; 1_. = av, as in 15 ; 1_ = ev, as 
 in iViD ; 1- = IV, as in ri ; l*^- (like I.) = av, as 
 in 1*^33 , pronounced banav. 
 
 Thus *^_ or ^^_ = al,* as in aisle (not like ai in 
 pail)^ "^yi = tsarai ; *^'l = oy, sounded not like 
 oy in boy, but more like oee, e.g. ^^15 = goee ; 
 ^1 = ooy, like uoy in biioi/, i.e. ooee ; e.g. ^^b^ = 
 galooee. 
 
 As the forms in which Tothe takes Dagesh 
 Forte cause the beginner some perplexity, the 
 pronunciation of some of these forms is here 
 given. 
 
 * Whenever ai occurs in this section, it is always to be so 
 pronounced. 
 
GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 39 
 
 'i^,, = eeyee, e.g. D'^^S = tsee-yeem. 
 
 n^- = eeyah, n^2 = tsee-yah. 
 
 V^ = eeyo, p^S = tsee-yon. 
 
 n;i_. = eeyeh, n^2 = tsee-yeli. 
 
 ^'_ = eeyoo, "jl'^ = tsee-yoon. 
 
 ^^- = aiyee, D**n = chal-yeem. 
 
 ^^_ = alyai, ^Vl..= chal-yal. 
 
 n^_. = aiyah, n^n = chal-yah. 
 
 '^^___ = alyo, ni-n = chai-yoth. 
 
 'i^. = ooyo, rii'=^5b^ = malkoo-yoth. 
 
 2. (a) When the full form for Cholem (l) has 
 a vowel T^^tZer it, it is to be read ov, and not 
 simple ; e.g. nib = lovah, not lo-ah. 
 
 (b) If the preceding letter has a vowel or 
 vocal ShVa, i is to be read vo ; e.g. ]i^ = 5'avon, 
 not 3?aon, for two vowels can never thus concur. 
 
 EXERCISE XXII. 
 
 Pronounce the following words. 
 State whether 1 or \ whenever either of them 
 occurs, is a consonant or a quiescent, and why? 
 
 *)\v, n\^, n\x, n\^, ^\s^, c^\v, n^^nn^?, V^ri^^^i 
 vr^'io, '^DiD, n^n, n^i, vh:^, n^V^i, nispn, ni\s\ 
 
 T ~ ~~ T~ TT "I '**~ * 
 
 nbri, n^n, niV^i, ts, p^j, n^i-:, is, rr^T?;,, 
 ^Vi^-, iro, iD^i, ^IDD, ^Ij^, niniDD, n'^iD, r^^t], 
 n^^::?, n^^sp, n^^Dis, niis, '^iD-d, n^p;:, w, 2^";!^, 
 ^13?, n^'S ni^s, mwN^^, nr:^n, n^, m^::?, li*:?, 
 
40 GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 
 
 rs, ^bn, rVn, n?Ti, ^^d, ^-, n-:'c:, iVo, i^ri, 
 nin, n_in, '^'^d, ^d'^wNi, ^^s::, '^i.x, -^rr^, n'^l, ^in, 
 ^v/::, "^s?, ^'^n, "^an, ^^2:, \n,r::i^n, ni'Dn, c^|-3, 
 ^Dn-, TiVii^, in^i, m-^d, 1"^^% r]i% i^r>', rb^D, 
 fi<iiY.i, I2:2p^'i, ts?!!, i::;:!' n-c'i^i, ^*R, i^;, nvn, 
 ni^p.,-^"!!, rpi;,, rr'rj, n'ld, "^ip, n^!?, i^ds, vn^, 
 nin, n^D, nip, nin, ?p, lip, :?i3, nin, ^ip, "in, 
 .cn^nDi>-:2^, ni^:?, inij^, rni:sp , 'I'^ni^n, rjin\ 
 
 10. ACCENT. 
 
 1. In addition to the vowel points, Dagesh, 
 Mappik, Metheg, etc., Hebrew words in the 
 Bible are furnished with accents, which indi- 
 cate either (1) the tone-syllable, or (2) the 
 syntactical relation which each word of a 
 sentence bears to the rest. 
 
 2. The following is a list of the various 
 forms of the accents, with their names. 
 
 1. - Sillook. 
 
 2. - Athnach. 
 
 3. -^ Merka, 
 
 4. - Tifchiih. 
 
 5. Zakef Katon. 
 
 6. - Zakef Gathol. 
 
 7. Segliolta. 
 
 8. - TVeer. 
 
 9. - R'veea. 
 
 10. - Pashta. 
 
 11. - Zarka. 
 
 12. - Y'theev. 
 
 13. - Geresh. 
 
 14. - Double Geresh. 
 
 15. - Great T'lishii. 
 16.-1 Little T'lisha. 
 
 17. - Kama Fiira. 
 
 18. - Pazer. 
 
 19. I P'seek. 
 
 20. - Moonach. 
 
 21. - Kadma. 
 
 22. - Double Merka, 
 
 23. - Mahpak. 
 
 24. - Shalsheleth. 
 
 25. - Darga. 
 
 26. - Y'rach. 
 
GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 41 
 
 3. These forms, except the first two, need 
 not now be learnt. It suffices to remember, 
 that if there be but one accent on a word, it 
 generally denotes the tone syllable, i.e. the 
 syllable upon which the stress of voice is to be 
 laid. If there be two different accents on a 
 word, the second one marks the tone ; but if 
 both accents be alike, then the first marks it. 
 
 4. Monosyllables, unless followed by Metheg, 
 have the tone. In most words, the ultimate 
 syllable has the tone ; e.g. pT, ^?.it]. In words 
 that have ^ in the ult, the tone is on the penidt; 
 e.g. T^h = melek. The tone is also on the pe- 
 nult in w^ords preceded by i ; 2'011 = vayya'shov. 
 
 5. The tone can only be on the ult or penult, 
 never on the antepenult. 
 
 6. The mark : called Sof-Psook always sepa- 
 rates the verses, and takes the place of our 
 period. The Athnach _ stands about the mid- 
 dle of the verse, and divides it into two clauses. 
 [In poetry the Merka serves the same purpose]. 
 
 7. The syllables that have Sillook (which 
 occurs only under the last w^ord of a verse, 
 immediately preceding Sof-Psook) or Athnach 
 are said to be '' in pause." Hence the vowel 
 of such syllables is usually lengthened ; e.g. 
 221 in pause becomes 3Dn. 
 
 8. The Sillook _ can never be confounded 
 with Metheg _ , as the former stands only under 
 
42 GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 
 
 the last word of a verse, and then always under 
 the tone-syllable, w^hile Metheg never stands un- 
 der the tone-syllable. 
 
 EXERCISE XXIII. 
 
 State upon which syllable the stress of voice 
 is to be laid in each word of the first chapter 
 of Genesis ; and for what reasons. 
 
 11. K'REE AND K'THEEr. 
 
 1. K'ree means marginal reading, K'theet? 
 means the text A star * or circle over a word 
 in the text directs the attention to the foot of 
 the page. 
 
 2. The vowels under the consonants of the 
 word in the text belong to the conso7iants in the 
 margin, not to the word in the text. Thus, in 
 Jer. xlii. 6, the text has iDwS, the margin has 
 IDPi:*^, therefore ^jwV is to be pronounced l3n3wNi. 
 The proper vowels for IDX would be ^3wX ; cf. 
 1 Sam. V. 6 ; 2 Kings xvii. 16. 
 
 3. If a w^ord in the text has no vowels, it is 
 regarded as superfluous ; e.g. Jer. li. 3. 
 
 - 4. When vowels alone are found in the 
 text, the consonants to which they belong are 
 printed in the margin. Thus, in Judges xx. 
 13, JL stands in the text; in the margin we 
 have ^21 ; cf. 2 Sam. viii. 3 ; 2 Kings xix. 31, 37. 
 5. There are a few standing K'rees which are 
 
GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT. 43 
 
 unnoticed in the margin ; e.g. ^^t] [in the Penta- 
 teuch] should always be pronounced Hee, not 
 Heev. "i^O'i^"; = yissakar. The Jews super- 
 stitiously refrain from pronouncing the Divine 
 Name mn\ but always pronounce it ^^Aonal, 
 whose vowels it is pointed with. However, we 
 usually read it as it is pointed, and pronounce 
 it Jehovah. If '^yi^_ precede it, it is pointed 
 miT' , which a Jew would pronounce 4oheem. 
 
44 GUIDE TO READING THE HEBREW TEXT.. 
 
 DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT. 
 
 Note. The following chapters are . inserted for practice in 
 reading the text, and in applying the foregoing rules. These 
 "directions" will indicate to the student the several points to 
 which attention should be paid. 
 
 1. Practice reading these chapters aloud, 
 until they can be read with accuracy and ease. 
 
 2. Divide each word into its component syl- 
 lables, and give the rule for each syllable. 4. 
 
 3. Give rule for the use of each vowel that 
 occurs. 4, 4-7. 
 
 4. Distinguish the vocal and silent ShVas. 
 
 5. In case of each ShVa, state why it is 
 vocal or silent. 3. 
 
 6. Distinguish Dagesh Lene from Dagesh 
 Forte. 5. 
 
 7. l^ote final letters and dilated letters. 
 
 8. Note the quiescent letters. 2, 3-4. 
 
 9. Select the words in which Mappik occurs. 
 
 10. Select the words in which Pattach Fur- 
 tive occurs. 6. 
 
 11. Find instances in which Cholem coin- 
 cides with the diacritical point of z. 2, 5. 
 
 12. Find the words in which Kamets-Chatoof 
 occurs. 8. 
 
GENESIS. 
 
 CAPUT I. i< 
 
 1 V T T : 1 VI T T ; : \- t - ; a- v: jtt (.- : 
 
 DSi^^^ nni Dinn ^HB'bv rim) iriii iih nn^"i 
 
 - j: a : J-- : - Jv t : t ;t :it 
 
 -''n^i n\^^ M-^ D^n^v^^ n:o^^^1 :Q^?5n ^:s-by nsmD 3 
 
 :i- A J- : c- v: v ;- -it- ; : - .w -: 
 I ; v: J-: a ^ t v ;J- v: :s i 
 
 IT V ; lv(. :i- v;v :i- t :at tIjt 
 
 V2 ^^-^Dro ^n^i D^OT Tjin^ ypn ^-t' o^i^^^ -^?^^^^^ e 
 
 I ; : - J- -AT - J J : - k- t ; : v: v j- 
 
 '^n^') W^b bv^ '^m u^6r\ pDi Tp^b nnnD ^^^ 
 
 :\- - )a'tit j--- cv -: |j'- - ) TIT -J- V -: 
 
 npb-^n^i :Dny-^-T^i d^d^ Tp^b rrh^ t^np^i :p 8 
 
 Iv; :i- '.'):' :i- -at t -k-tst ;) v: st): li- 
 -<- It- v: V j- I* ; 
 
 :p-^T1 nm^n n^-ini ih^ :D)p^'b^ bhwn 
 
 ||-- ;|- A- T -- (.V T|-' : TV I J T V * - T - 
 
 D^?^^ ^^p D^r^n nipobi v"^^^ '^^^'^ ''"i^^^ ^'^T'"' "^ 
 
 A- - jtIt \ J-I: ; 1 vv T T < v; t): 
 
46 GENESIS CAP. 1. .!* n^m^G 
 
 11 Y^^n ^^ir\ D^rh^ novsi^i :Dto-''3 u^^rh^ ^^n^i 
 
 V J-- V V 1 V T T - 1 1" -ri- I VAT T - (. :- 
 
 13 v^-ht uv ^p2'^rT\ yyi'^rv^ :Dto"^D u^rb^ ^si^i 
 
 r : ; Iv ^ :i- v;v '.-i- i t* v: :; 
 
 - T - - )j- : ' <' : v: v j- 
 
 -; J : : <t : t;at- Ij- c- ) )" :-: 
 
 itt nwnb D^bc^S"! ypn^ Knl^^Db i^ni :a'^:iz;i q^d^^i 
 
 I.- T : - T - - |j- : : < t : i- t : (, t : 
 
 16 rin^;::)n '^c^^-n^^ a^-Hb^ m'^^ :]D-^"^^1 V"^^n"by 
 
 C : - ) : V v: -j Ir- :!- ) vat t 
 
 < T - V : - vj/ : V : t - < - - v a- : - 
 
 jt ]) r t I - (, : t: vjv : v : ) It- 
 
 18 Sfc^D^i :v"^^^n-by T^^nb o^o^^n ypn^ u^rh^ 
 
 ... 1 VI7 T - ^- T : -AT T - - Ij- : t' 
 
 :; )v A - )j" (. T I r- : - : i t : j- 
 
 19 D : 'y^nn Dv npb-^-1^1 nny-^-i^i : d1ld-^3 u^rh^ 
 
 I- : J I v^ :i- VJV :i- i ^- v: 
 
 5 n^n i^DJ vni;:^ o^bn ^)r\^^ u^rb^ idni"^! 
 
 AT - VJV 1 VI. V J : : v: v j- 
 
 jT-i- VJV T J" : A- : - (. 
 
 n:3 niy"^^ n^i Dh^^ob D^ibn li:")^ hi)^ n^b'in 
 
 It T I < T : V I- ; :it v -; v v it 
 
GENESIS CAP. 1. .s nvBs-ia 47 
 
 A I.- v: >T ; VST . I C' v: :; : 
 
 1 VI T T :) .1 ^t: V <: : j: 
 
 V J- r . ) )vc :!- v;v -ri- -<i4 
 
 t!:^?:)ni nrons r(:^^b hn ^^2 v'^^n ^^1J^^ ^D-^rh^ 
 
 V y.T ;t : T : t- v<v 1 vtt v: 
 -- V v: -J li" -ri- -^T : I v r.- :i-: 
 
 V )'. T ;i- : T : T : - v : t : 1 v t t 
 
 ... .. j_ I (. v: :;-- a- ; ^t t-:it 
 
 r\)vyi d^n r\n2 'iiti up^ots U2b)i2 ui^ n^v: 
 
 r- IT V ;v T T : 1 vt t t : t : - - t - 
 
 abas labas D-iJ<n-nN i n^fh^A in^'t : V'-\iin-bv 27 
 
 v;v: : ~ : .ttit v < v; t; - 1 vit t 
 
 DHsX Ti-irv:an^ ^13 nzp:) nri 1^^5 ^^"i3 u^rh^ 28 
 
 T Jvjt;- it ;tt ^t)--: jtt a jt t (. v: 
 
 I vut V ; : :/ : ;: v: vt v - v; 
 
 u ~ T : - T - I J : T - <- : : t a-.. .- : 
 
 V t -t v: V J- 1 VIT T - v;v it 
 
 T v: I VTT T J-: - V -: -V -J" V J" T 
 
 irhzivh ^^^^ D^b y-ii o vynsD '\2-1m yvn 
 
 IT : T : ^v ; r ;v t -at -j- It.- : ; v -; 1;,-t 
 
 J-' J : - T - I T : I V T T J-- T : 
 
 AT : T : V (.- I v;V T V T - VJV V ": 1 VTT 
 
48 GEN-ESIS CAP. ]. 2. ,^ ,ik tl^^CH^S 
 
 *. * : T T jv -: T V v: :< lr* :i- 
 
 3 Cap. II. 3 
 
 J- v: <-:- IT T : t : I vut: ;- t - ;. \:- 
 
 ^ji^2wr\ ara r\2m n^v ^m )D2^bD ^]j^2m 
 
 : - J- : - AT T JV -: ;, : - : : - 
 
 3 Dv-n^< brt^ TTu^] :ntv ^i^>^ iD^^b^'b^r^ 
 
 J V v: )v<t:- it t ).' -: ;. : - : t 
 
 V -; : - : T ' - T < J" A f)~:~ ; - 
 
 4 D^Dc^n nnbin nb^ d :r\mb D^rh^ ^^2 
 
 ' y- J - s: I vj- I -:i- {,- v: ;t7 
 
 vix U2^rh^ n'ln^ ryitv avs D^'i2n2 vi^cni 
 
 I .; (.' v: )T : > -: : at :it : 1 v(.t t : 
 
 t: I vtt jv.r vv< vT - - J- . J : it t : 
 
 v: <t : : at : vjv ^vt - v ; 
 
 JV- :i- ;.-: it t-:it v (.-:i- )- jt t : ) vtt 
 
 T : V - IT T-;iT ; : t v Kt: : I vat t I 
 
 J- : u -: J- " T t-:jt I T T ttit 
 
 8 D^1b ni.T yi^^i :n^n m^b on.xn ^n-^i ct^h 
 
 ;/ v: ST : "" IT- v;v : utit ; ;i- a*- 
 
 9 nbi^^i i^v:-^ '^m Di^n'D^ 6^ um Dip^ pV2 ?ii 
 
 - : ITT ): - i.TT|T V T VJT- v)av lv(.": ])- 
 
 Dtoi n^'^Db -ion: vy-^D nbi^^n-p brh^ nin-' 
 
 J : (>v : - : ;t ; v I > t t t -;jt I v: <t : 
 
 :yn| Dto nynn yyi jin TjinD D^^nn yyi ^^^^?o^ 
 
GEIs^ESIS CAP. 2- .3 tr^Ci^^n 49 
 
 mil -tSd-^ hwr2) nn-a^ npmb ]iii^ ^^^^^ hnji ^ 
 
 Ut; -t T |a-- V K: - : I % J** tt: 
 
 2tiDn ion ]W'B -inxn Die? : d^i2?>-i nyait^^ u 
 
 - J I A u viT ; r T ;tt ;- : 
 
 p^^n DHTi iDH-n iz;-!!!:^^^ n^^inn V"i^"b n>: 12 
 
 I vnx i--:\ ITT- u V -: t :i- I vjv t < 
 
 "iniin-ciz^i luriwn p^<l nViDn u^ 3to ^^inn 13 
 
 <T t - I" : I 1 v;v T (.- - J I A ^. - 
 
 nniini ^1^'^5 r^'oip rhnn >^)n bp^n '^^^bwn 
 CD-I^^^"^^5 D'nb^^ nin^ np^i :nnD ^s:in ^y^nnn ito 
 
 ATT IT V (. v: n : \^- it; ; (,- ;,t 
 
 o^Hb^^ niiT iii^i :nn:oi2:^^i niDyb ni-p3 -inn:!^! 16 
 
 v: JT : -:- it; t : tT : t : I v I-: j- 
 1 .... ,.. ; T Kt- I r- ; a utit 
 
 nto ^^^^ Tib2^ ors "^3 i:i?2D b^^n ^b yii Dto 
 
 ; ^v )): 1 -: ) \ ^ a-.- (.- ; tt j 
 
 n^^n nvn Dto"^^"^ u^rb^ r^T\^ \ry^^\ in^i^n is 
 
 UTI7 ; v: ;/ 1 v: jt : v - it 
 
 I v: T : '. i:v: .-(, .; vv:iv a-; 
 
 ^D^i T^^mT\ nlV'Ss HNi rrmr\ n^n-^D rycn!^r\ 
 
 -T- - T - I J T ; VT - <-- T T T-:iT 
 
 iT T IT s t):- V -: .-A Ti:* - (, : t - jt 
 
 -bb niibc* Divsn ss'-ip'i :toi^ j<in n^n e'dj a 
 
 T : T 7 IT t): - I ; ; u - v;v 
 
 T T : Av T - J- - ; : - T - I J : t : - 
 
 >T : - $ v: T : i:v: vs.- ;t t i 
 
 ni^3 "i":iD^i vnyb^?D hn.s np^i ]i;:^^^i D-^^5^-Sy 
 
 U T ) '. '- T : - ) |at - U T IT I- 
 
50 GE2i"ESIS CAP. 2. 3. .3 .i rr^C^^n 
 
 I );-T V -: >T - V s- v: t : I . t iv : - 
 
 23 n^^T Di^n n:2^'^i :D-l^^-b^5 ^^53^'l nmb ui^n 
 
 J TTIT V - IT TIT V T U* * I " AT : (.T T IT 
 
 r\ki^ vNip^ h^'h ^imr2 '^tz) ^mvr^ oyy cy^n 
 
 T j--Jt' : A- T : u T - T-;r* v v< -- - 
 
 v: t- T V T-;i- I" - I tjt:i\ (.- r 
 
 .: < :i'- 17 V JT T ; ct : : : ) j- t : a 
 
 iw^^n-^ ^b) )r\m) ui^n D^^ny 
 
 IT : (. ; A : : u t it 
 
 J Cap. III. JJ 
 
 6< nin^ iTi^y ntz:^^^ n^ii^^n n'^n b'^D uhv n^n m:ir\] 
 
 JT : CT T ): . VT - J-- T JT T TT": 
 
 ^b D'rib^ n:2.s-^3 n^x ni'^^n-^^^ h2^') u^^nb^ 
 
 J v: J- T r I -< T 'JT V V - A- v: 
 
 ; : A7 T - V (.T -IT V )- l|T- J r- (. : i 
 
 3 n?D%\ 'hn-T]in3 ii::^^: ran nsroi iSr^'j i^n-vy 
 
 J- T It- J i: jv -: I t j- : \- kt- m" 
 
 4 nro.\*^i :(-in?:)n-|ED i3 mr\ ^b) ^i^:^ hz^D ^b wrh^ 
 
 V J - I I . : I V A (. : ) : . : i < /; 
 
 v: -J-- < I I . ; I I AT IT V ;T T - 
 
 D^'Hb^5^ cn^^ni D'':i^y =)npD:i ^^b^ DDbD^5 br^ 
 
 I- V :r Av -I- U; : : v jv : t -; : 
 
 6 ^2^ bb^d? yvn bto ^2 nmn ^^r\) :yii Dto yT 
 
 ^: T-:i-: I t j- t it vj-- itt ; c- :i 
 
 c : i;--- : -: I --T <t : v; - -it j t-:i- 
 
 7 '^:i^y n^npsm :^2^5'^^ nr^y n(^\^^b-D;i ]nm ^25<ni 
 
 J-- T : l-T - I- - ;,T iT : - I s- - A- 
 
 wv^) n':^r\ nby hsn^i dh D^Ty ^d ^y-i^i uh:^ 
 
 J .1 T : J- -: : :'i- a- ;. .. i- j- :j v - : 
 
GEi^ESIS CAP. 3. .3 D'^rs^-ia 51 
 
 Tj^nnp a^-1^^? np] b)p'r\^ -liipi^.^i, :r\yn unb s 
 
 -^TTiT V c- v: ;t : >t): Iit - I ; J ; ; v: 
 
 j-r -IT )at- K- T ;l: )i v v - tiv- t v ;- 
 
 T : IT T tv T - ; : : \ y sv - ) t I -: tat 
 
 'h'n:r\2 ^)n ^"ir^y nnn: niz;^^ hmn D-l^5^ n^t^'^i 12 
 
 ; T :|T J- -T TJ-T JV - T IT AT T IT V C" 
 
 n^rnr^ nmb w^rh^ nln^ "i:::^5'^i ih^^) vvnnD 13 
 
 J - (.T -IT ;i- V: ST : V - I- IT U" T I ' 
 
 ^r2^'') :b2^^ ^:^^wn mn ni'^n n?o^ni r\^m u 
 
 I" IT V~ ;t T - T IT V - A' T 
 
 T - < T T J- T J- T T - V J- v: T : 
 
 ;t t : ) jl: I : - a-.-t - j-- i. t : - t 
 
 n^'^n ry\ ti:^2 n^m 1 htvNI iri^^n ^r2''b3 b^m na 
 
 T -it |j- I : I" T JT : iiv- ) : t \- 
 
 ^:iDwr\ nr\i^i m^^ ri^w^ ^)n ny-^.i rni "nyni 1^31 
 
 ;v : (.T - : jl: I : < at :- Ij- J-: . ) ; 
 
 ;j-- : V ;- <T .- - T JT -IT V )r-T 
 
 ^p] ^6j^^?^n T]^\yb^jii Dp3 nbn Di^y? Tjihrii 
 
 ) V : I J : T : - T J- - T JT T : ;it t : 
 
 mip bpan i6 'cab Tj^n^iv -^m pn-p %iip,\ 
 ^n^ b^2 nii3r'n jaays TiniDiia riD-it<n ninN 
 
 J- : (. TV-: I I T : ) V -: I- t t-:it <t -; 
 
52 GEN-ESIS CAP 3. 40. .fa .5 tT^rrs^in 
 
 V ; V t.T ; - IT : ) <^r - J- : - ^- :-: I h: )iv- 
 
 ); ( <- vv - J I V- <-: IV T - 
 
 \T T V ; T - JT T I- T : )AT \ T (.V 
 
 5 nn-Ti ^in ^3 nin in^^^ diz:^ di^h ^^p^) :2wr\ 
 
 ;t:it ; ;j- AT- ;. ; ; ;-ttit stI;-- i t 
 
 T : IT T ; 
 
 ; : T i : : st t : v: t : it t ; 
 
 )< v; JT : V J- |- : i. 
 
 -?B I nnyi yni Dto nynb i3?bD in^2 hn bn^n 
 
 Iv JT-: ATT J -(.-T V- J : TT T T IT 
 
 IT : ;-T (.- T : '-I- 1j-- -< )-t: t j- : 
 
 23 n^bn^^n-as i2vb pvm iD^rh^ nin^ ^nnbm 
 
 T t-:jt V -;i- I va- |- ^- v: n : y- : - :i- 
 
 vlv* I- : AT TIT V v(.t:i- it K" \ Jv -: 
 
 D iD^m vy T]nn-n^< nDi;!:?b 
 
 r -I- 1 r- ) vr.- V : 
 
 f2 Cap. XL. D 
 
 s^ Dn!iD-nb?o npc^n 1^5Co^ n-^^^n D^'^D'in nn^^ ^n-'i 
 
 .IV );: 
 
 J... (^- ,_ |j ): -it: ):):: cv i -:i- av it: 
 
 3 ur\^ ]m iD^Dl^^n ni:^ byi dp^ot nt:^ bv vd'^')D 
 
 T I r IT ;- (.-: ) : -- J- -< at -it 
 
 n^\N u\pD ^r(Dn r\^2'b^ D^n^^n nt:^ n^3 'it^r22 
 
 )- 
 
 tT \j- V s- T - - J- I : IT ; T K- 
 
GEXESis CAP. 40. ,J2 n^ffi^'in 53 
 
 uh:^ n6n 'i?obn^i :^:2^r22 u^r2^ rn^i nm mm n 
 
 V : -: : -I it . : (.- t ) : r- ^t vjt :- 
 
 Lv ; A -: I J : : (. t v 7 :J-: -; < 
 
 - I - ; : c- -: ): -: Jvjv : v -.- v it: 
 
 iD^m a:ini nt)^ ^i^) npss nor D^^b^5 ^d^i e 
 
 r-:i i.T : T :j |va- K-- ;;. -; s t- 
 
 a -; ; >- : : s v -: : - j- : v - : - 
 
 uhn T^^ n?3v^^i :d1^"i D^n d^^b yno nb^^^ s 
 
 J -: T J ; I - I - ^' T ): ; - ;i - a i- 
 
 D^ri^^^b i^^ibn nbr D^b^5 n?::^^"^i 1ni< ]\^^ inbi iJ^^n 
 
 (. -: V );/: - - - s- - :- r ^t ; - : 
 
 JT : ]v\,: IT T : Ivcv " ' : ' ~:i- v J- Ja- .- 
 
 T ^,v : : - )' : ' t jt : it - - : < : a -it 
 
 <- : viT 'T-riT V u-viT a-t: c :~ ) : i*t-: 
 
 I :- I;- - ^ - V Ir-viT :- j v t 
 
 D^D^ r\dh^ D^h^n hS^:^' )r\r\B ni nbr '6 no^^'n 12 
 
 ; T V ) : -JT - V : a : ;,. ! v <- 
 
 Tn^^n^ Tib^TD^ nyiD ^^t^^ u^t^ mb^ 1 ilys ion 13 
 
 J : i- -:i- ) V V : - <T t v j : j : r- 
 
 nm ])i^^in iDBm^ )^'2 nyns-oD nn:i ^:i3-^y 
 
 ;v -: I -IT T ; - t: ;- <t-it: 'a-.-- 
 
 Jt - j- V -:i- ): -j- :-: v )|--; - t c- t 
 
 ^jnxaim n'^-is-':'^^ ''jnism ion ^nsy w-n-'E^yi 
 
 (.- 1 r :- V -:-:: vat i.- t ;t t i- t : 
 
 ns-DJi D^Dyn v-ia --nDiiii ^iir-'S in-in n^sn-p 
 
 -; A-: 'IT 1 .%-. : - J\ r iv- ; ) 
 
64 GENESIS CAP. 40. .72 ti^rs^^n 
 
 t" IT ~ V I - ^' ) 7 i' T : J- 7 I 
 
 mm ^bhro b^^-n^^ rpv'b^ 'i^^^) ins Dto ^2 
 
 ) :i~ ;/ ) :viT J I- - r ; - ^t : 
 
 bvr2 "pDn-in Dnj< ^dn niym net? ni:;ya nns 
 
 ;-' c ) jT r- I t: a-.- j-- -;i- i. : - 
 
 18 uHDn hpbp l:hns ni np^^h r|pr jy;^! r^i^^^'n 
 
 19 -n^5 nyiD ^5^^ D^b^ r\^b^ i niy^ idh d^d^ r\^b^ 
 -n^ rjisjn "^p^?! yy-'?y T]nix n^ni -^^^yp ^p*N'-) 
 
 vjv \ < ; - J- J- :i- livT" I.) :iT : 
 
 J- J V T " AT7 -: T : (.v : -; :- 
 
 21 2m :vi2V T|in2 u^^i^n ^^ ^^-rn^) u^pmn 
 
 viT- ITT-: J J : ^- IT ;- ;j v: ) : -- 
 
 S- T I : II- CVT ;/- T ;v-:|- '^T T r IT )- y": 
 
 22 
 23 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 In compliance with the wishes of some of my students, I have here 
 added a few pages containing some rules for the formation of the 
 regular verb, together with the characteristics of the various parts 
 of the verb, of the noun, and of the suffixes. 
 
 I. FORMATION OF THE REGULAR VERB. 
 
 1. The STEM of the verb is the third masc. sing. pret. Kal, and 
 consists of three radical letters. The second radical is pointed with 
 , the vowel of action, the first radical receiving pretonic Kamets. 
 (Green, 82, 1.) b'j_]^ . 
 
 Intransitive verbs take - or - with the second radical. 
 
 From the stem are next formed the six conjugationcd stems : viz. 
 
 (1) NiPHAL by prefixing Nun ( 5) to the stem blip, b^pa which 
 (Green, 61, 1) becomes bispp. 
 
 (2) PiEL, by doubling the middle radical by Dagesh Forte (thus 
 doubling or increasing the force of the verb), and pointing the first 
 radical with -,* and the second with -. bisp. 
 
 (3) PuAL, by doubling the middle radical, and pointing the first 
 radical with - , and the second with -. bisp. 
 
 (4) HiPHiL, by prefixing n to the stem (in order to pronounce 
 the vowel more strongly), and pointing it with -,^ also placing ^- 
 with the second radical, b'^iipn. 
 
 (o) HoPHAL, by prefixing n pointed with - (or - ) to the stem. 
 
 (6) HiTHPAEL, by prefixing TT\ (the reflexive pronoun) to the 
 original form of the Piel ; viz. Vi^p . b'jprri . 
 
 * Contrary to the analogy of all the other forms of these Conjugations in 
 Hebrew, as well as to aU the forms of these Conjugations in each of the kindred 
 languages. 
 
56 APPENDIX. 
 
 2. From each of these seven stems is formed an Infinitive 
 absolute, 
 
 {a) In the Kal by changing the last vowel to i . ^ii3|5 . 
 
 (h) In the Niphal (sometimes by changing the last vowel of its 
 stem to - , e.g. ^bpp ) generally by prefixing n (a relic of "{n ) to 
 the stem, assimilating the 3 and representing it by Dagesh Forte 
 (ba;rri), inserting pretonic - under the first radical (bajSin), and 
 changing the ult. vowel of the stem to Cholem ; e.g. ^bjsn . 
 
 (c) In the Piel and Pual, by changing the ult. vowel of the stems 
 to - , and in the Piel by placing the original vowel of its stem, (viz. 
 Pattach), under the first radical ; e.g. bisp, ^taj?. 
 
 {d) In the Hiphil and Hophal, by changing the ult. vowel of the 
 stems to Tsara (-), and in the Hiphil by restoring the original 
 vowel, i.e. - , to the prefix n ; e.g, ^"^^pn , bwpn . 
 
 (e) In the Hithpael, by changing the ult. vowel of the stem to 
 Cholem ; e.g. biflj^nn . 
 
 Remark. It will be noted, therefore, that Cholem in the ult, 
 usually marks the Infinitive absolute, 
 
 3. From each Infinitive absolute is next formed an Infinitive 
 construct, 
 
 (a) In the Kal by rejecting the pretonic Kamets. 
 
 (b) In the Niphal by changing - to -. 
 
 (c) In all the other Conjugations by changing the ult. vowel so 
 as to correspond with the ult. vowel of its conjugational stem. 
 
 4. From each Infinitive construct is formed a Future ; by pre- 
 fixing the personal preformatives ^, n , fi< , 3 , dropping the Ji of the 
 Inf. in Niph., Hiph., Hoph., and Hithpael, and giving its vowel to 
 the personal prefix. 
 
 These prefixes, abstractly considered, are of course pointed with 
 Sh^va. 
 
 0. From the second person of the Jussive Future (Green, 97, 2) 
 in all cases are formed the Imperatives, by simply dropping the 
 personal prefix n (which is superfluous in the Imp.) and restoring 
 the h if it originally stood in the Infinitive construct. 
 
 The Pual and Hophal being pure passives, have no Imperative. 
 
 6. The participles (being verbal nouns) are mostly formed from 
 the Infinitive construct, 
 
 (a) In the Kal, however, the arbitrary forms h'qp bsiMjD are used. 
 
 (b) In the Niphal the form biaps (formed after the analogy of the 
 participles of intransitive verbs, i.e. from the conjugational stem) is 
 used. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 57 
 
 (c) In the other Conjugations a is prefixed to the Infinitive, the 
 rt is dropped, the ^ taking its vowel instead of -, and the last 
 vowel of the Infinitive, if short, is lengthened. 
 
 Tabular View of the Regular Verb, to illustrate these rules. 
 
 
 Kal. 
 
 Niphal. 
 
 Piel. 
 
 Pual. 
 
 Hiphil. 
 
 Hophal. 
 
 Hithpael, 
 
 Stems 
 
 b-jj? 
 
 ^^P? 
 
 b-J|5 
 
 bl3p 
 
 b^-jpn 
 
 ^gph 
 
 ^4?pnn 
 
 Inf. abs. 
 
 bvjj^ 
 
 Vjjsn 
 
 iil? 
 
 ^t.p 
 
 ^^pr? 
 
 ^jpn 
 
 btapnn 
 
 Inf. con. 
 
 ibp[ 
 
 ^"Ji?n 
 
 ^'^P 
 
 ^1?;^ 
 
 ^^^Pl! 
 
 ^'^Pv 
 
 Isiaprrj 
 
 Futures 
 
 ^-Jp'j 
 
 ^^i?"! 
 
 ^"^P1 
 
 ^'^l?': 
 
 ^""'^Fpi 
 
 ^^Pr 
 
 ^jpn"^ 
 
 Impera. 
 
 v^l? 
 
 Vj]5rj 
 
 ^'^P 
 
 
 ^'^pn 
 
 
 V-jprri 
 
 Particip. 
 
 ^^p 
 
 ^*l^l? 
 
 ^^P? 
 
 ^^PP 
 
 ^"^1^^ 
 
 ^^p^ 
 
 b-Jp^ 
 
 ^'^PP'? 
 
 For the explanation of the personal affixes of the Perfect or 
 Preterite, and of the prefixes of the Future, cf. Green, 85, 1. a., 
 and for the vowel changes, cf. 85, 2. a. 
 
 II CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VERB. 
 
 In looking at a form of the verb, having removed its suffixes, 
 first determine its tense or mode. 
 
 1. Characteristics of the Tenses. 
 The Future may be known by its prefix 5, n, 'i, 5<. 
 The Perfect has affixes, but no personal prefixes. 
 
 Rem. The Imperative also takes affixes, but cannot be mistaken 
 for the Perfect, as the vowels under the first radical in the Kal and 
 Piel, and under the fn in Hiph., and Hith., differ ; while in the Niph. 
 the Imper. takes the prefix n, the Perf. having 3. 
 
 2. CONJUGATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS. 
 
 (a) If a verb be in the Future^ the vowel under the prefix marks 
 the Conjugation. 
 
 This vowel in the regular verb, in the Kal and Niphal is - , in 
 Piel and Pual invariably -, in Hiphil - , in Hophal- or -r- , in Hith- 
 pael, n-r . 
 
 The Niphal may be distinguished from Kal, by the ~ under the 
 first Radical immediately after the prefix, bbfj^ bw^'i . The Piel 
 from the Pual by the vowels under the first radical. 
 
58 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 As these vowels under the prefixes are, in the various classes of 
 verbs, liable to mutations caused by the presence of weak letters, 
 etc., the following table may be found useful in most cases, not only 
 for determining in what conjugation the future tense of a verb is 
 found, but also to what class it belongs, thus serving the student as 
 guide for tracing out the root. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Kal. 
 
 Niphal. 
 
 Piel. 
 
 Pual. 
 
 Hiphil. 
 
 Hophal. 
 
 Hithpael. 
 
 Reg. Verb, 
 
 t(-)' 
 
 t(-)' 
 
 -(-) 
 
 -(-)" 
 
 
 t(-) 
 
 n-T 
 
 5 guttural, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ guttural. 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fi<b 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :!D 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 D guttural. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ND 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f^!: 
 
 (ap;e.) 
 \ form. / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ '^_ 
 
 
 
 
 i(v) 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^V 
 
 t(--) 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 ^(t) 
 
 
 15 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 1 
 
 
 These occur only under s. The other vowels in brackets occur only in 
 exceptional forms. Where no vowels are printed the vowels are the same as 
 in the Regular Verb. 
 
 It will be be observed that the vowel under the prefixes of the 
 
 Future varies chiefly in the Kal, Hiphil, and Hophal Conjugations. 
 
 To illustrate the method of using this table, take n"ia1"i : the vowel 
 
APPENDIX. 59 
 
 with the prefix is i ; referring to the table we find that the conjuga- 
 tion is Hiphil, and, casting the eye to the left hand column, that it 
 is a 'B verb ; ^^^ is therefore the root. 
 
 Or, take d^p"^ . The vowel of the prefix is - , therefore, by the 
 table, the form is in the Kal or Hiphil conjugations, and the verb 
 belono-s to the class SS or 15 . The vowel '^- or - under the radical, 
 will readily distinguish the Hiphil from the Kal in these classes 
 of verbs; e.g. Kal D^ip!;, Hiphil fi'^p^; Kal nb^, Hiphil sg;". 
 
 (b) If the verb (having an affix) be in the Preterite, 
 
 3 prefixed marks the Niphal, 
 
 Dagesh Forte in the middle Radical marks the Piel and Piicd, 
 Exc. Verbs 3) guttural, of course omit the Dagesh, but lengthen 
 the vowel under the first Radical to - in the Piel, and to 
 in the Pual ; e.g. Piel ^^a , Pual hvi . Verbs 12) double the 
 third Radical, which form verbs 55) borrow. 
 
 n prefixed marks the Hiphil and HophaL 
 
 nil prefixed marks the Hithpael. 
 
 3. Characteristics of the Person. 
 
 Preterite Tense. Affix i- or ^a denotes the 1st person. 
 Affix tn , Dn , "in denotes the 2d person. 
 Affix n- or Ji denotes the 3d person. 
 Future Tense. Prefix ^ or 3 denotes the 1st person. 
 Prefix n denotes the 2d person. 
 Prefix *> (or n) denotes the 3d person. 
 
 4. Characteristics of Number. 
 Affixes hi, 1, ^, ^ denote the P/z/rZ. 
 
 5. Characteristics of the Infinitive and Imperative. 
 
 Infinitives and Imperatives have the conjugation denoted as in 
 the Preterite, except the Niphal, which takes the prefix n and also 
 Dagesh Forte in the first Radical, except in verbs B guttural. 
 
 6. Characteristics of the Participles. 
 
 Niphal Participle begins with 5 ; all the rest (except Kal) with 
 , and the conjugation is denoted as in the Future, i.e. by the vowel 
 accompanying the prefix. 
 
60 APPENDIX. 
 
 m. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NOUN. 
 JVIasculine. 
 Singular, 
 Absolute has no characteristic termination. 
 
 Construct is like the Absolute ; except in case there is a mutable 
 vowel in the Absolute it is generally shortened or rejected. 
 Note. Kamets and Tsara rarely occur in the construct. 
 Nouns in In- make their Construct in n . 
 Nouns in "i- make their Construct in i-. 
 
 Plural. 
 Absolute ends in D*"- (rarely in 'p- or '^-). 
 
 Note. Some masculines make their plural in tA (of. Green 
 200 a.). 
 
 Segholates insert - before d''- ; e.g. D'^3^^ . 
 Construct ends in ^ . 
 
 Feminine. 
 Singular. 
 Absolute ends in M_ or n_. (rarely in 8<- , n- , n). 
 Construct ends in r- (or n-). 
 
 Plural. 
 Absolute, m" is substituted for the ending of the Singular. 
 Segholates insert - before this ending ni . 
 
 Construct also ends in Ki , before which Segholates revert to their 
 original monosyllabic form. 
 
 Duals make their Absolute in n"^- , their Construct in "^ . Before 
 d";- feminines in n- become n- . 
 
 IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRONOMINAL SUTFIXES. 
 
 First Person is indicated by "^ or 3 . 
 
 Second Person is indicated by "j . 
 
 Third Person is indicated by H- , 1 5 ? o^ 1 
 
 Note. "^ inserted between a noun and its suffix shows that the 
 noun is in the plural number ; in the first person singular this *^ 
 coincides with the characteristic of the suffix. 
 
 If the characteristics as here given are thoroughly committed to 
 memory, it is believed that, in most cases, the student will, with his 
 previous study of the Grammar, be able to analyze a word at sight. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 TERMINATIONS OF NOMINAL FORMS. 
 
 61 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Dual. 
 
 Absolute. 
 
 Construct. 
 
 Absolute. 
 
 Construct.' 
 
 Absolute. 
 
 Construct. 
 
 No charac- 
 teristic 
 ending. 
 
 Like 
 Absolute. 
 
 V 
 
 
 n% 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 in 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sesrho- 
 lates. 
 
 Like 
 Absolute. 
 
 
 1_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 in^ 
 
 - 
 
 - ni 
 
 ni 
 
 n^^n- 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 tn_ 
 
 n- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . No 
 Construct. 
 
 No Plural. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Segho- 
 V, lates. 
 
 n^orn_ 
 
 ni__. 
 
 ni 
 
 
 
 * These terminations are very rare. 
 
 t Nouns in n are not treated as Segholates. 
 
 This Table gives the usual endings of the Noun according to its 
 different Numbers, Genders, and States. Through these endings 
 the noun may be traced back to its Absolute Singular. 
 
 N.B. The Masculine Plural termination is added to the Abso- 
 lute Singular. The Feminine Plural ending m" is substituted for 
 the Feminine Singular termination. 
 
 Before making use of the Table all suffixes and prefixes must be 
 removed from the noun. Note, that all nouns which occur with a 
 suffix are in the Construct State. 
 
 The Construct Sing. Masc. and the Construct Plural Fem. may 
 often be distinguished from the Absolute by the brevity of the vowels. 
 Kamets seldom, and Tsara infrequently occur in the Construct. 
 
62 APPENDIX. 
 
 Form for parsing a Verb. First analyze the form, taking off 
 Suffixes, Vav Conv., Prep., etc. Then give Root ; Synopsis of the 
 seven Conjugations ; Tense ; Person ; Number ; Gender ; Conju- 
 gation; Syntax. 
 
 Form for parsing a Noun. Analyze ; give the Abs. Sing.; Abs. 
 and Const. Sing, and Plural ; Case ; Number ; State ; Syntax. 
 
 For Suffixes. Number ; Person ; Gender ; Case. 
 
 YoT Participles. Give Stem; Synopsis of Conj. ; Conj.; Abs. 
 and Const., Sing, and Plural ; Number ; State ; Syntax. 
 
 For the convenience of the student the characteristics of the 
 various forms of the Verb and Noun, as given in detail above, are 
 summed up in the Tabular Views on p. 61 and pp. QQ, 67. The 
 method of using the Tabular View of the Verb is indicated on 
 pp. 58, 59 (cf. Table there given). 
 
 "With the Table open before him, the student can not only deter- 
 mine the tense, conjugation, etc., of almost any verb he meets with 
 in the Hebrew Bible, but is also guided to the root for which he 
 is to consult his lexicon. The Table serves for all classes of verbs ; 
 irregularities, anomalies, etc., being, of course excepted. 
 
 The Table of Nominal Forms (p. 61) while giving the endings 
 for gender, number, and state, may also serve to indicate the form 
 which is to sought for in the lexicon. 
 
APPENDIX. 53 
 
 TO FIND WORDS IN THE LEXICON. 
 
 In addition to the Tables of Verbal and Nominal Characteristics, 
 the following rules will supply the student with the necessary infor- 
 mation for finding words in the Lexicon. 
 
 I. Nouns. Reject from the word all prefixes (e.g. a , 3 , b , a , n , 
 
 123, 1), all suffixes, and plural or dual terminations. 
 
 II. Verbs. 1. All verbal roots are tri-literal. To obtain this 
 
 root, 
 
 (A) Reject from the heginning of the form, (1) all personal 
 prefixes, 'i , n , 3 , 5< ; (2) all conjugational preformatives, 
 D, n, nh; (3) the participial prefix, ^; (4) the prefix 
 prepositions, S , S , b , ^ ; (5) the article [sometimes prefixed 
 to the participle] and interrogative particle, n ; (6) the 
 relative, t ; and (7) 1 copulative or conversive. 
 
 (B) Reject from the eyid of the form all personal affixes 
 (si-, n, !, 1, en, "iPi, ^5), suffixes, and paragogic letters. 
 
 (C) Reject all inserted letters, as i , ''t > ''t > ''- 
 
 2. If after the form is thus divested of its servile letters, three 
 
 letters be left, they are the root. 
 
 3. If but two letters are left, then the verb is defective, and 
 
 wants, (1) an initial *i or 5 ; (2) a medial 1 or *i ; (3) final 
 n (very seldom i^) ; or the second radical must be doubled. 
 
 A knowledge of the Paradigms of the verbs will enable 
 the student to determine generally the Class to which the 
 verb before him must belong. Dagesh Forte, however, in 
 the first of the remaining radicals generally denotes the 
 absence of initial 3 (rarely ^). 
 
 Vav (t , 1 , or ^i) after the personal or conjugational prefix 
 usually represents initial *^ . 
 
 The inserted vowel (i , *i , or '^-) often serve to indicate 
 1:? or ^'J verbs. 
 
 If after rejection, as in (A), (B), (C), *^ remains as the 
 third radical, the verb is nb. 
 
 Dagesh Forte in the second of the remaining radicals 
 will frequently point out an sr:? verb. 
 
 4. If but one letter is left, prefix 3 (rarely '^) and add ti. 
 
 N.B. When i Conversive of the Future is removed, the 
 prefix that follows it must also be removed with it. 
 
64 APPENDIX. 
 
 The following mnemonic lines by Tregelles may be found of use 
 
 " The servile letters cast away, 
 And if behind three letters stay 
 You'll have the root without delay. 
 But if you have not letters three, 
 The root will then defective be. 
 Perhaps the root you seek is one 
 Which drops initial Tothe or Noon: 
 A medial Tothe or Vav may show 
 The letters three you want to know: 
 Perhaps the letter which stands second. 
 To make the three, must twice be reckoned: 
 Or, finally, perhaps you may 
 Require to add a final Hay." 
 
APPPENDIX. 
 
 
 
 ji 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 s' 
 
 tj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ts 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 1. X 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 n'S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 tl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C"| 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Z 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 ns 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /^^ 
 
 
 Oi 
 
 P* 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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JUST PUBLISHED 
 
 A 
 
 HARMONY OF THE POUR GOSPELS 
 
 ACCORDING TO THE TEXT OF TISCHERDORF; WITH A COLLATION OF THE 
 
 TEXTUS RECEPTUS, AND OF THE TEXTS OF GRIESBACH, LACHMANN, 
 
 AND TREGELLES. 
 
 BY 
 
 FREDERIC GARDINER, D.D., 
 
 PROFESSOR IN THE BERKELEY DIVINITY SCHOOL, AUTHOR OP "A COMMENTARY ON THK 
 EPISTLE OP ST. JUDE," "A HARMONY OP THE GOSPELS IN ENGLISH," ETC. 
 
 8vo. pp. Ivi and 268. Price, $2.50. 
 
 The distinctive features of this Harmony are, 
 
 1. A critical text. viz. the text of Tischendorf s eighth or last edition, embodying 
 the latest results of textual criticism. To obtain the final portions of this edition 
 the publication of this work has been delayed several months. The readings of 
 the textus receptus, where they differ from Tischendorfs text, are given in full in 
 the margin; the variations being designated by a different type. The texts of 
 Griesbach, Lachman, and Tregelles are carefully collated. The relative value of 
 readings as estimated by Griesbach are noted, and original authorities cited in 
 important cases. 
 
 2. All distinct quotations from the Old Testament are given in full in the 
 margin, according to Tischendorf s edition of the LXX., together with the var. 
 led. of the Alexandrian text and of the Codex Sinaiiicus, and of the several other 
 versions named in the title. 
 
 3. A choice selection of parallel references has been placed in the margin, chiefly 
 to point out similar language or incidents in other parts of the Gospels, or passages 
 in the Old Testament, on which the language of the Gospels may be founded. 
 
 4. Brief notes relating to matters of harmony have been placed at the bottom 
 of the page. 
 
 5. Special care has been devoted to the chronological order of the Gospel 
 narratives. 
 
 6. The columns are so arranged on the page as to combine the greatest clearness 
 consistent with the least cost. The columns are never interwoven on the page. 
 
 7. A synoptical table is given of the arrangement adopted by several harmonists, 
 showing at a glance the general agreement on the main points of chronology, and 
 the points of difference where difference occurs. This is a new feature in thi:' 
 work, and will be found very useful to the student. 
 
 WARREN F. DRAPER, Publisher, 
 
 Andover, Mass. 
 
 31 
 
A 
 
 HARMONY OF THE FOUR GOSPELS 
 IN ENGLISH, 
 
 ACCORDING TO THE AUTHORIZED VERSION; CORRECTED BY THE BEST 
 CRITICAL EDITIONS OF THE ORIGINAL. 
 
 By FREDERIC GARDINER, D.D., 
 
 ERKKLEY DIVlNITr SCHOOL; AUTHOR OF 
 GOSPELS IN GREEK," ETC. 
 
 8vo. pp. xliv and 287. Price, $2.00. 
 
 PROFESSOR IN THE BERKELEY DIVlNITr SCHOOL; AUTHOR OF "A HARMONY OF THE 
 GOSPELS IN GREEK," ETC. 
 
 This Harmony is a reproduction in English of the author's " Harmony of the 
 Four Gospels " in Greek. Being intended for English readers, so much of the 
 Introduction and of the notes as require a knowledge of Greek, is omitted. Other 
 notes have been abridged in many cases. 
 
 DIATESSARON. 
 
 THE 
 
 LIFE OF OUR LORD; 
 
 IN 
 
 The Words of the Gospels. 
 
 By FREDERIC GARDINER, D.D., 
 
 PK0FES80B IIT THE BEEKELET DIVISITT SCHOOL, AUTHOR OF "A HAEMOITY OF THE QOSPBLS Ilf 
 GREEK," ETC. ETC. 
 
 16mo. pp.259. Price, $1.00. 
 
 This work combines in one continuous narrative the events of the life of Christ 
 as recorded by all the evangelists. His genealogy, conversations, discourses, 
 parables, miracles, his trial, death, resurrection, and ascension, are placed in the 
 order of their occurrence ; and in the foot-notes references are made to passages in 
 the Old Testament relating to Christ or quoted by him. 
 
 The life of our Lord has been of late years presented in such a multitude of 
 forms, colored with the views and theories of such a multitude of minds, that it is 
 hoped the present effort to present that life in the exact form of the inspired record, 
 without addition or abatement, may tend to the increase of the real knowledge of 
 the life of the Saviour of mankind. 
 
 The work is specially adapted for use in the family and in Sabbath-schools and 
 Bible-classes. 
 
 W. F. mtATEB, rublisher, 
 
 AudoTer, mass* 
 82 
 
M EDIAT IO N . 
 THE FUNCTION OF THOUGHT 
 
 16mo. Small Pica Type. pp. idl3. Price, $1.'^5. 
 
 This volume forms one part or chapter of a larger proposed work under the title of 
 *' Thoughts on Mediation ; or, the Relation of Christ to the World." The author 
 reasons that as Christ and his apostles claim the reasonableness of his doctrine, 
 and appeal to the honest conviction of men for its acceptance, we may justly inquire 
 for the solution of this problem ; or, that the truths evolved by the doctrine of 
 Mediation will throw strong lights on everything touched by them, and give new 
 signiticance to all Ave conceived before. 
 
 The author proposes in this volume to show the base which exists in the normal 
 constitution of humanity for the doctrine of Mediation ; and also that this base is 
 as wide and as universal as the whole scope of human thought. He proceeds with 
 a profound and suggestive discussion of the function of thought in man as distin- 
 guishing him from all other animals, not only in degree but in kind. These specific 
 functions are classed as, I. That of Language. II. Proportion, or the relation of 
 forms, subdivided under three heads, Pure Mathematics, Applied Science, and 
 Art. III. Jurisprudence or Law. In all which man is not only superior, but 
 essentially ditferent from all the animals. By language he has general ideas, 
 society; through proportion he has form, beauty, art, mathematics; from law, 
 order, government, morals. 
 
 A MEMORIAL 
 
 OP 
 
 SAMUEL HARVEY TAYLOR. 
 
 COMPILED BY HIS LAST CLASS. 
 
 8vo. pp.127. Pica Type. Tinted paper; cloth, bevelled, gilt edges. Published 
 by Subscription. Price, $1.75. 
 
 This elegant litle volume is a tribute of affection and respect to the late Princi- 
 pal of Phillips Academy, by his last Senior Class. It contains the Address by 
 Professor Park, at the Funeral of Dr. Taylor ; the Selection from the Scrijjturcs 
 read on the occasion by Prof J. L. Taylor ; a Sermon by Prof J. W. Churchill, 
 preached at the Chapel of the Theological Seminary on the Sabbath following ; 
 Resolutions of the Members of the Academy and the Alumni, with some account 
 of the Funeral Services, and Reminiscences by a former pupil. A beautiful Pho- 
 tograph, cabinet size, the last one taken of Dr. Taylor, precedes the title. 
 
 A few copies only are for sale. 
 
 AN ADDRESS, 
 
 DELIVERED AT THE 
 
 FUNERAL OF SAMUEL HARVEY TAYLOR, LL.D. 
 
 BY EDWARDS A. PARK. 
 From the Bibliotheca Sacra for April. 8vo. pp. 33. Paper covers. Price, 2.5 cents. 
 
 W. p. DRAPER, Publisher, 
 
 Andover. Mass, 
 8S 
 
LATELY PUBLISHED 
 
 CLASSICAL STUDY : Its Usefulness illustrated by Selections from the 
 Writings of Eminent Scholars. Edited, with an Introduction, by Samuel 
 H. Taylor, LL.D., Principal of Phillips Academy. 12mo. pp. 415. 
 Cloth extra, Price, $2.00. 
 
 Professor J. It. Boise, of the Unioersity qf Chicago, thus writes in the March number of 
 the Illinois Teacher: "The selection of essays made by Dr. Taylo/ is eminently judicious, 
 and presents the views of many leading writers, both in Europe and in this country. The 
 Introduction, containing about thirty pages, gives, first, a concise and clear sketch of tlia 
 history of the controversy un the value of classical studies; and then, several reasons why 
 the highest benelits of classical study are seldom reached in this country. On this latter 
 point, we know of no one better qualitied by education and long experience as a teacher 
 to speak wisely. This collection of essays reminds us of one feature in the whole con- 
 troversy with which we have often been struck : the readiness of classical men to concede 
 an honorable position to scientitic studies. There have been few exceptions to this rule; 
 whereas, scientitic men have not unfrequently demanded for their favorite pursuits the 
 entire Held, to the exclusion of everything else; at least, to the entire exclusion of the 
 
 ancient languages To all who desire the best collection of essays in our language ou 
 
 classical study, the work of Dr. Taylor will be very welcome. It should have a conspicuous 
 place in every school-library, and in the private library of every educator in our land." 
 
 In another connection Prof. Boise adds : " Not the least valuable part of the volume is 
 the Introduction, in which Dr. Taylor so ably, clearly, and fairly balances the arguments 
 on the two sides. The conception of the entire work was a happy thought, and is carried 
 out with that good judgment which 1 long ago learned to expect from him." 
 
 Dr. McCosh, President of Princeton College writes : " I value exceedingly ;your admirable 
 work. The selection seems to me to be judicious, and the general impression left by the 
 
 grusal is excellent. The work is fitted to do much good. 1 wish it were known in Great 
 ritain, where there is a strong anti-classical reaction " 
 
 Professor Coodwin, of Harvard University, in a note to the Author, thus expresses his 
 appreciation of the work : " You have done an excellent and a most timely service; and I 
 am sure it will do good in counteracting much r.f the ignorant and nonsensical talk which 
 we hear about the classics. The most ignorant form in which the opposition to the classics 
 appears is when it uses such essays as those of Farrar's as arguments against our system of 
 clasi^ical study in America; as if it could be afiected by such arguments, even allowing 
 them to be good over against the English system." 
 
 Professor George B. Jewett, in a letter to Dr. Taylor, speaks of the work thus: " Most 
 effectually have you, by your own pen and by the writings of others, met and refuted, in 
 this volume the numerous objections to classical study which that groundless prejudice is 
 constantly reiterating; most nobly have you illustrated the value of the pursuit. At first 
 the plan of your work seemed to me to involve much of unavoidable repetition, without 
 securing a corresponding depth of impression. But a careful reading of the book has 
 convinced me of the peculiar excellence of your plan, and, in fact, that it leaves nothing 
 to be regretted, unless, perhaps, that the space occupied by your own pen is so greatly 
 disproportionate to that which you have awarded to others. So far is the bock from 
 becoming wearisome by its repetitions, that it is quite kaleidoscopic in the variety and 
 fascination of the views which it presents. It must carry conviction to all who will read it 
 candidly, and who are capable cf appreciating its multiform proofs and illustrations. It 
 cannot fail to give a fresh impulse to the cause it so ably adv cates. It will serve as a 
 repository of facts and arguments from which inexhaustible supplies may be drawn for 
 the defense and vindication of this sorely abused department of study. For furnishing 
 this storehouse you are entitled to the thanks of all who are striving to promote the in- 
 terest of sound learning.'' 
 
 President Aiken of Union College says: " It more than meets my expectation, and I am 
 sure will render a valuable and timely service to the cause of good learning. It will prove 
 a rich storehouse of arguments and illustrations for those who believe in the old ways." 
 
 " We think Dr. Taylor has made a good fight, and that opponents will have much to do 
 to sustain the onset, if they are not completely unhorsed." Philadelphia Paper. 
 
 "We commend the book as a valuable collection of essays on the higher methods ol 
 mental training." American Presbyterian. 
 
 " We are glad that our friend. Dr. Taylor, the learned and eminent Principal of what we 
 conceive to be, c.n the whole, the best training school in New England, has thought it wise 
 to bring together into a comely volume, a series of more than twenty testimonies and 
 arguments, from some of the ablest thinkers of the age, in favor of the thorough critical 
 and continuous study of the Greek and Roman classics prefaced by an apt and convincing 
 discussion of his own. Dr. Taylor thus has gathered together some of the ripest thoughts 
 and most valuable suggestions cf Mr. Principal Jones, Prof. Thiersch, Hugh 8. Legare, 
 Dr. Whewell, John Stuart Mill, Prof. Noah Porter, Joseph Payne, Prof. B. B. Edwards, 
 Prof. John Conington, Wm Howard Gardiner, Esq., Prof. Pillans, Dr. Geo. B. Loring, 
 *^rof. Sellar, Pres. McCosh, Prof. E. D. Sanborn, Prof Masson, Hon. P. H. Sears, Pres. 
 Felton, Pres. Brown, Prof. D'Arcy W. Thompson, Prof. Goldwin Smith, and Prof. L. 
 ':ampbe!l. There is a charm in being able to note so readily the different moving of so 
 many minds upon one such subject as this; as well as great signitioance and force in th 
 rerdict in which such a jury agree." Congrcgationalist. 
 
 WARREN F. DRAPER, Publisher, 
 
 26 ANDOVER, in ASS. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS WORKS 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 W^RREDSr F. DR-A.FER, 
 
 ANOOVER, MASS. 
 
 These Books 'will be seut) post-paid, ou receipt of the price affixed. 
 
 CLASSICAL STUDY : Its Usefulness illustrated by Selections from the Writings 
 
 of Eminent Scholars. Edited, with an Introduction, by Samuel H. Taylor, 
 
 LL.D., Principal of Phillips Academy. 12mo. pp. 415. Cloth extra. $2.00 
 
 This work is desigued to present the true objects of Classical Study, and the advantages 
 of it when properly conducted ; also to correct the objections which have been raised 
 against the study. It consists of extracts from some of the best critics on classical educa- 
 tion in Germany, England, Scotland, and our own country ; the writers themselves being 
 presidents of colleges, professors in colleges and theological seminaries, statesmen, lawyers, 
 etc. In the volume therefore will be found the carefully-framed opinions of many or the 
 best minds of the time. No one line of thought has been taken ; the subject has been 
 viewed from almost every point. The work therefore contains a fuller discussion of the 
 advantages of classical study than has before been accessible. The need of such a volume 
 is widely felt among the friends of sound learning. Every student as he commences his 
 classical course should understand what he is to aim at and what he is to gain by the study. 
 
 *nKTAIAOT nOIHMA NOT0ETIKON. PHOCYLIDIS POEMA ADMONI- 
 
 TORIUM. Recognovit Brevibusque Notis Instruxit. J. B. Feuling, Ph.D., 
 
 A.O.S.S., Professor Philologiae Compar. in Univer. Wisconsinensi. Editio 
 
 Prima Americana. 16mo. pp. 32. Paper, 30 cents; gilt edges, 40 cents. 
 
 " Warren F. Draper, of Andover, publishes Prof. J. B. Feuling's Phocylidis Poema 
 Admonitorium, with a double introduction and a few notes, all in Latin; the poem itself, 
 however, is in the original Greek, and is a collection of moral sentences after the manner 
 of rhocylides, in hexameter verse, which was probably compiled some eight centuries after 
 the poet's death, though nobody knows when. Scaliger thought it quite as good as anything 
 the old Milesian ever wrote, and very likely it is ; but in language it differs from the gen- 
 uine hexameter of the Ionian school of poets to which Theognis and Solon belonged. The 
 main introduction of the editor relates chiefly to classical studies in America, and the late 
 convention " in urbe quam vocant Poughkeepsie," to which, by anticipation, he dedicates 
 liis little book. His notes are valuable for the citations from Theognis, Epictetus, Simplicius, 
 Sophocles, Euripides, Epicharneus, Terence, Cicero, Sallust, Horace, and Ovid; some of 
 which are rare, and all 2i^^s,itQ." Springfield Republican. 
 
 THE THEOLOGY OF THE GREEK POETS. By W. S. Tyler, WiHiston 
 Professor of Greek in Amherst College. 12mo. pp. 365. Cloth, bevelled. $1.75 
 
 " Professor Tyler has here produced a work which is an honor to American literature. 
 It is well fitted to be a classic in our Colleges and Theological Seminaries. It furnishes 
 admirable illustrations of the truth of both natural and revealed theology, and suggests 
 original methods for the defence of these truths." BMiotheca Sacra. 
 
 " The aim of the author is to detect the analogies between the myths of the Greek drama 
 and epic, and the truths of revelation. The care of the scholar and the enthusiasm of 
 the poet have been given to the work." Independent. 
 
 " Prof Tyler has done good service to the cause of truth in showing that the Iliad and 
 Odyssey, as well as the dramas of Aeschylus and the tragedies of Sophocles, express ideas 
 and sentiments very much like those we find in contemporary Scriptures." Hours at Home. 
 
 LECTURES ON PASTORAL THEOLOGY. By Enoch Pond, D.D., Pro- 
 fessor in Bangor Theological Seminary. Second Ed. 12mo. pp. 395. $1.75 
 
 " This volume is an excellent and practical treatise upon pastoral duty, and is heartily 
 commended to all who are entering upon or engaged in the holy oflSce of the Christian 
 ministry." Neio York Observer. 
 
 " Though especially adapted to Congregational churches and ministers,they will be found 
 of use to all ; for they are wise and prudent. All the special relations and duties of the 
 ministry are fully and clearly discussed." ^mericara Presbyterian Theological Jieview. 
 
 i 
 
Bocks Published by W. F. Draper. 
 
 Goodrich, Bible History of Prayer. By C. A. Goodrich. 1 2ma 
 
 pp, 384. $1.25 
 
 " The aim of this little volume is to embody an account of the delightful and 
 successful intercourse of believers with heaven for some four thousand years. The 
 author has indulged a good deal in narrative, opening and explaining the circum- 
 stances which gave birth to the several prayers. 
 
 " The author does not aim to write a treatise on prayer, or to comment on all the 
 v-eferences to prayer in chronological order, but to dwell on its nature and im- 
 portance, and make suggestions on the most important allusions to prayer, as 
 indicated all along for four thousand years. He explains the circumstances con- 
 nected wi:h the prayers of these holy men." Religious Union. 
 
 Hebrevj English Psalter. D^Vnn *ist3. The Book of Psalms, in 
 Hebrew and English, arranged in parallelism. 16mo. pp.194. $1.50 
 
 " The neat little volume which bears the above title may be briefly characterized 
 as a happy idea beautifully executed. The Hebrew Text of the Psalms is divided 
 according to the poetical pause-points of the verses, so that it appears in lines as 
 sung by the Jewish cantillators. The Hebrew text according to Hahn, with Rosen- 
 miiller's arrangement, in parallel clauses, occupies one column, and the English 
 text of the Common Version another ; the two standing side by side, so that, as 
 far as the idioms of the tAvo languages admit, the corresponding Hebrew and Eng- 
 lish clauses stand opposite to each other. In the few cases where the different or- 
 der followed in the version makes such a parallelism impossible, it is indicated by 
 braces enclosing the translation. 
 
 " The preacher in expounding to his congregation one of the Psalms of David, 
 will find it very convenient to have the original by the side of the English version. 
 For private reading and meditation, also, such an arrangement will be found very 
 pleasant and profitable. We feel confident that this little volume will be a favor- 
 ite with Hebrew scholars ; and that, when they have once become habituated to it, 
 it will be, to many of them, a vade mecum." Bibliotheca Sacra. 
 
 " To the devout scholar who loves to see these sacred songs of the temple worship 
 written as they were chanted, and desires to possess a correct arrangement of the 
 alphabetical Psalms, this little book is invaluable." Watchman and Re/lector. 
 
 " The book is compact, well-printed, and every way adapted to its purpose." 
 Lutheran and Missionary. 
 
 " A happy design, and beautifully executed in its typography." Boston Review. 
 
 "A handsome edition of the book of Psalms, which will be quite a favorite with 
 clergymen and theological students." New Englander. 
 
 "A very convenient and admirable manual, and we beg leave to thank our 
 Andover friend for it." Presbyterian Quarterly. 
 
 " This beautifully printed work will be very popular with biblical scholars. It 
 is portable, and to one who has become measurably acquainted with the original, 
 it must be a valuable vade mecum." Methodist Quairterly. 
 
 " We have here a beautifully clear and eye-comforting edition of the Hebrew 
 Psalter, according to Hahn's text, but arranged in verse mostly according to 
 
 Rosenmiiller Every lover of the Hebrew will desire and be grateful for so 
 
 agreeable a help to his studies and devotions." Congregationalist. 
 
 " The volume is beautifully printed, of convenient size for use, and of admirable 
 adaptation to the service of those whose Hebrew has become a dim reminiscence." 
 No/th American Review. 
 
 Hebrew Psalter. D^bnn "nSO. Liber Psalmorum. Text according 
 to Hahn. 32mo. Morocco, pp. 177. $1.00 
 
 This is the smallest pocket edition, and is altogether the most convenient He- 
 Drew Psalter ever published in this country. It is printed in very clear type. 
 
 " To those who read Hebrew this little volume will be a perfect diamond. We 
 have seen nothing for many a day which has pleased our fancy more. The paper 
 is excellent, the printing remarkably clear and distinct, and the general appearance 
 of the boo/clet like a gera of the first water which it is." Christian Secretary. 
 
 H 
 
RECENT PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 hightfoot, St, PauVs Epistle to the Galatians, A Revised 
 
 Text, with Introduction, Notes, and Dissertations. By J. B. Light. 
 FOOT, D.D., Hulsean Professor of Divinity, and Fellow of Trinity 
 College, Cambridge. 8vo. pp. 402. Uniform in style with Ellicott 
 Henderson and Murphy. $3.00 
 
 " This work aims to be, and in some respects is, more complete than any other 
 treatise upon the Epistle in the English language. Great labor and learning are 
 expended upon collateral discussions. Indeed, the commentary on the text forms 
 the smaller part of the volume, invested as it is with elaborate dissertations and 
 detached notes, before and after and between. 
 
 " The commentary is learned without display. It bears marks throughout of 
 wide and scholarly research held in strict subordination to the purpose of exposi- 
 tion. All theories except those which deserve a consideration are left out of the 
 account. Perhaps the collateral dissertations might have been similarly com- 
 pressed. It is independent. Few commentaries bear more clearly the tokens of 
 freedom from constraint. The author apparently does not swerve from his course 
 either to agree with or diflfer from any other writer. He decides for himseii apon 
 
 the text, after a revision by Westcott for his use And this leads us to say 
 
 that it is largely marked by a manly insight. He reaches his results less by that 
 process of exclusion which so characterizes Ellicott, and more by a direct appre- 
 hension ; and he often holds them, perhaps, with more of an instinctive certainty 
 than Alford It is spiritual and evangelical." Congregational Review. 
 
 " For a scholar's use Dr. Lightfoot's Commentary is invaluable. He and Bishop 
 Ellicott worthily supplement each other. The Revised Text is one of the best 
 recent contributions to a complete text to the Greek New Testament, and the criti- 
 cisms on the text are concise and to the point," etc. Am. Presbyterian Review. 
 
 " Taken as a whole, we venture to say that this is the most complete and ex- 
 haustive commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians that has yet appeared, Ellicott's 
 not excepted." Christian Intelligencer. 
 
 Beubelt, The Scripture Doctrine of the Person of Christ. 
 
 By J. A. Reubelt, D.D., Professor in Indiana University, Bloom- 
 higton, Ind., based on the German of W. F. Gess. 12mo. pp. 456. 
 Cloth, $2.00 
 
 " As a whole, this treatise may be briefly characterized as an earnest and able 
 effort to present the true and consistent doctrine of the Scriptures respecting the 
 person of Christ, and to reconcile the varying confessional statements and views of 
 different denominations, by carefully comparing them with the language of the 
 Scriptures themselves. The investigation is conducted in a devout, candid and 
 tiiith-loving spirit, combined with accurate scholarship and thorough study of the 
 subject." Lutheran Observer. 
 
 " The translator has executed his task with admirable skill. While preserving 
 the integrity of the original as to its line of thought and argument, he has clothed 
 it in excellent English." Christian Intelligencer. 
 
 " Those who hold the doctrine of eternal generation will here find a valuable aid 
 in divestino: their views of its customary crudeness, and sublimating, as far as may 
 be. the inherent contradiction that lies in the two words. We are content with 
 that view of the phrase, " only-begotten Son," which regards it as setting forth by 
 a human relationship (as usual) everywhere significant, but especially so to a Jew, 
 the unity of nature, possession, purpose, interest, and sympathy which characteriz 
 the Father and the Son." Congregational Review. 
 
 "Though the style of thought is peculiar, and though the opinions are often 
 new, and sometimes such as may not command immediate assent, or even com- 
 mand assent at all, yet there is an awakening power in the book, and the drift of il 
 IS right." Congregationalist. 
 
 WARREN P. DRAPER, Publisher, 
 34 Andover, Mass. 
 
Bociks FuhUshed by W, F. Draper. 
 
 Winer. A Grammar of the Idiom of the New Testam^ent : 
 
 prepared as a Solid Basis for the Interpretation of the New Tes- 
 tament. By Dr. George Benedict Winer. Seventh edition, 
 enlarged and improved. By Dr. Gottlieb Lunemann, Pro- 
 fessor of Theology at the University of Gottingen. Revised and 
 Authorized Translation. 8vo. pp. 744. 
 
 Cloth, $5.00 ; sheep, $6.00 ; half goat, $6.75 
 
 "After his death a seventh edition of his Grammar was pubhshed in 1 866, under 
 the editorial care of Dr. Liinemann. This editor incorporated into this edition 
 the numerous manuscript notes which Winer had prepared for it. * Without alter- 
 ing the general distribution of matter as it appeared in the sixth edition, he 
 [Winer] constantly improved the book in details, by additions of greater or less 
 extent in more than three hundred and forty places, by erasures and reconstruc- 
 tions, by the multiplication of parallel passages from biblical and from profane 
 literature, by a more precise definition of thoughts and expressions,' etc. Professor 
 Liinemann has added to the seventh edition not only these improvements, but also 
 improvements of his own ; and has thus made the seventh edition more full, as 
 well as more accurate, than either of the preceding. 
 
 " The first edition of Winer's Grammar was translated into English by Professors 
 Stuart and Robinson in 1825 ; the fourth edition by Professors Agnew and Ebbeke 
 in 1839 ; the sixth edition, translated by Professor Masson, was published at Edin- 
 burgh, and his translation of the sixth is the basis of Professor Thayer's transla- 
 tion of the seventh [LUnemann's] edition. Professor Thayer, however, has intro- 
 duced numerous and important corrections of Masson's translation, and has made 
 the present edition of the Grammar decidedly superior to any of the preceding 
 translations. He has made it especially convenient for the uses of an English 
 student, by noting on the outer margin of the pages the paging of the sixth and 
 seventh German editions, and also of Professor Masson's translation. Thus the 
 reader of a commentary which refers to the pages of either of those volumes, may 
 easily find the reference by consulting the margin of this volume. Great care has 
 also been bestowed on the indexes of the present volume, which are now very 
 accurate and complete. One of the indexes, that of passages in the New Testa- 
 ment explained or cited occupies sixty pages, and notes distinctively not only the 
 texts which are merely cited, but also those which are commented upon. For this, 
 much credit is due to Professor G. W. Warren, of the Baptist Theological Sem- 
 inary in Chicago. The three indexes fill eighty -five pages, and largely augment 
 the value and richness of the volume. The typographical execution of the book 
 also deserves praise ; so far as we have examined it, we have been surprised at its 
 correctness in places where the types are apt to err." BibUotheca Sacra. 
 
 " The work of the American editor is done in a thorough and scholarly man- 
 ner." Congregational Quarterly. 
 
 " While nothing has been done by either the American or German editor to alter 
 the character and plan of the work as Winer left it after the labor of a life, noth- 
 ing has been left undone to correct and complete it, and provide for its more ex- 
 tended usefulness," Princeton Review. 
 
 " The whole appearance of the work as it now stands indicates a careful and 
 thorough scholarship. A critical comparison of several pages with the original 
 confirms the impression made by a general examination of the book. In its pres- 
 ent form, this translation may now be recommended as worthy of a place in the 
 library of every minister who desires to study the New Testament with the aid of 
 the best critical helps." Theological Eclectic. 
 
 " Great pains also have been taken to secure typographical accuracy, an ex- 
 tremely difficult thing in a work of this kind. We rejoice that so invaluable a 
 work has thus been made as nearly perfect as we can hope ever to have it. It is a 
 work that can hardly fail to facilitate and increase the reverent and accurate study 
 of the Word of God." American Presbyterian Review. 
 
 27 
 
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