jmrm^imDiii) '::\U]r\'U]A T HAj I. iij Ji ^/V//^.^y^ \A } //th^y/J^ EI The Me The Tei Julius ( Hamlet. As You Henry 1 Macbetl Henry 1 Midsuin Richard Richard Much A Antony Romeo Othello. Twelfth The Wi Copiously In the to adapt tl (expurgat€ illustratioi IN MEMOmAM John 3v/ett [)• ^ell. Vol. : aim text and Each of Shakespeare's plays is complete in one volume, and is preceded by an introduction containing the *' History of the Play," the " Sources of the Plot," and ♦'Critical Comments on the Play." Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York. B^" Haepeb «fe Brotuers will send any of the above works by mail, postage pre- paid, to any part of the United States, on receipt of the price. INTERESTma BOOKS FOE* BOYS AND GIELS. THE BOY TRAVELLERS IN THE FAR EAST: Part I. Adventures of Two Youths in a Journey to Japan and China. By Thomas W. Knox. Copiously Illustrated. 8vo, Cloth, $3 00. Part II. Adventures of Two Youths in a Journey to Siam and Java. 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With six Illustrations. 16mo, Cloth, 90 cents. MISS MOORE. By Georgiana M. Ceaik. Illustrated. 16mo, Cloth, 90 cts. Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York. 1^" Habper & Brothers will send any of the above works by mail, postage pre- paid, to any part of the United States, on receipt of the price. Habpebs' Graded Abitiwetj'cs SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC COMPRISING FOUR YEARS OF ORAL AND WRITTEN WORK IN THE ELEMENTS OF NUMBERS NEAV YORK HARPER & BROTHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE 1883 ^A.f Copyright, 1882, by Harper & Brothers. All rights reserved. PREFACE. This is the second of a series of two books embracing a com- plete course in arithmetic both oral and written, for schools be- low the high-school grade. The first 276 pages comprise a brief course in the rudiments of arithmetic, inckiding, in their order, integers, decimals, prop- erties of numbers, fractions, compound numbers, measurements, and percentage; and closing with outlines for reviews and exami- nations. The subjects of this brief course are those essential to prepa- ration for business, or for advanced study; and they are as fully treated as the average age and advancement of pupils in such a course will justif}^ Oral and written work are combined throughout the brief course. Every method of computation is introduced by- simple problems that contain only small numbers, and can be solved orally. These are followed by similar problems that contain larger numbers, and require written solutions. The arrangement of the matter conforms to the synthetic or inductive method of instruction ; every principle and process of computation, and every essential fact or principle being devel- oped by inductive questions. The definitions, principles, and rules are simple, clear, concise, and comprehensive. All rules for computations are based upon principles previously deduced by inductive questioning ; and the number of definitions, principles, and rules is reduced to tbe mmimura. 4 PREFACE, Incomplete forms of the elementary combinations are given in tables, which tlie pupil is required to copy, complete, and memorize. The oral exercises in adding, subtracting, multiplying, and di- viding in series, and the written exercises in forming combina- tions at sight, secure accuracy and rapidity in the use of numbers. The problems in written work are ample for all needed drill and practice. They furnish copious illustrations of methods and processes, and abundant exercise in the application of these meth- ods and processes to business computations in the various occupa- tions, trades, and professions. Pages 277-364 comprise matter strictly supplementary to the subjects in the brief course. They contain articles on methods of proof, general principles of division and fractions, short meth- ods of computations, converse reductions; price, quantity, and cost ; longitude and time ; compound numbers, the metric sys- tem, percentage, proportion, involution, and evolution ; measure- ments, and forms of business paper. The arrangement of this supplement is such, that the study of the several subjects may immediately follow the study of the same subjects in the body of the book ; or the supplement may be taken up in course, after the study of the body of the book is completed. The book contains as much work in the theory and practice of numbers as can profitably be done in four school years of eight to ten months each, — the brief course occupying three years, and the supplement one year. Two editions of this book are published — one with answers to the problems, and the other without answers. The work is submitted to the public, with the confident belief that it contains all the essentials of a model text-book. CONTENTS. Integers 7-110 Notation and numeration . . 7 Addition 17 Subtraction ........ 83 Multiplication 50 Division 74 Sixteen general problems . . 101 Decimals 111-140 Notation and numeration . .111 Reduction 119 Addition 121 Subtraction 123 Multiplication 126 Division 180 Properties of Numbers 141-152 Factors and divisors. . 141 1 Multiples 146 Cancellation 150 Fractions 153-188 Notation and numeration . .153 Reductions 156 Addition 166 Subtraction 169 Multiplication 172 Division 179 Compound Numbers 189-210 Measures 189 I Time . 204 Weights 202 1 Enumeration or counting . . 207 Measurements Rectangles, triangles, trapezoids 211 The circle 219 Rectangular solids 222 Business measurements Measures of surface . Measures of volume . 211-236 . . 225 . . 225 . . 226 Measures of farm products 230 CONTENTS. Percentage . 237-268 Notation 237 The five general cases . . . 239 Profit and loss 246 Commission 247 Insurance 249 Taxes 250 Customs or duties .... 251 Stocks 252 Partnership 254 Interest 257 Blackboard Outlines 269-276 SUPPLEIVIENT 277-364 Methods of proof . . . .277 Principles of division . . 279 Principles of fractions . . . 280 Short methods 281 Converse reductions .... 284 Price, quantity, and cost . . 288 Compound numbers .... 293 Longitude and time .... 299 Metric measures and weights . 302 Interest . 306 Business papers 314 Discount 315 Compound interest .... 320 Partial payments 322 Bonds 327 Equation of payments . . . 329 Exchange 330 Ratio and proportion . . . 333 Powers and roots 342 Measurements 352 Forms of business papers . . 360 Tax, interest, and coin tables. 363 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. CHAPTER I. INTEGERS. SECTION I. NOTATION AND NUMERATION. 1 . Arithmetic is tlie science of numbers and the art of using them. S. A tiiiit is a single thing or one. One apple, one dollar, one dozen, one hundred, are units. 3. A miniber is a unit, or two or more units. One, fifteen, forty-six apples, two hundred pounds, are numbers. 4. The iiiiit of a ntirriber is a single thing or one, of the kind expressed by the number. The unit of fifteen is one ; of forty apples, one apple ; of two hun- dred twenty-five pounds, one pound. 5. An integer is a number that expresses whole or undivided things. Integers are also called tvJiole nunibet^s, 6. Ten figures are used in writing numbers. They are 0123456789 a. The naught is often called cipher or zero, h. The other figures are called digits. 8 SECOJUD BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 7. To express an integer not greater than nine, only oiiu figure is used, 8. To express an integer greater than nine, two or more figures are used. 3B&&&3&&03 {{{(au{{4 Ten ones one ten. 9. Ten ones taken together are a ten. Ten is written 10 Two tens are written 20 Three tens " " 30 Four tens " " 40 Five tens " " 50 Six tens are written 60 Seven tens are " 70 Eight tens " " 80 Nine tens " " 90 10, When an integer is expressed by two figures, the left-hand figure expresses the tens, and the right-hand fig- ure the ones. 1 ten and 6 ones are written 16 3 tens and 5 ones, written 35 17 tens and ones, written 70 5 tens " 8 " " 58 I 9 tens " 1 one, " 91 / ///// ////'i Ten tens are one hundred. 11. Ten tens taken together are a hundred. One hundred is written 100 Two hundred is written 200 Three hundred '* " 300 Four hundred " " 400 Five hundred " " 500 Six hundred is written 600 Seven hundred " " 700 Eight hundred " " 800 Nine hundred " " 900 INTEGERS.— NOTATION AND NUMERATION 9 1 S. When an integer is expressed by three figures, the left-hand figure expresses hundreds ; the middle figure, tens ; and the right-hand figure, ones, 2 hundreds, 4 tens, 3 ones are two hundred forty-three, written 243 4 hundreds, 6 tens, 2 ones are four hundred sixty-two, " 462 6 hundreds, 7 tens, ones are six hundred seventy, " 670 8 hundred?, tens, 4 ones are eight hundred four, " 804 9 hundreds, 1 ten, 2 ones are nine hundred twelve, " 912 EXEECISES. A. Write and read the numbers expressed by 6 hundreds 5 tens and 1 one. " ones. " 8 " u 3 u " 5 " 1 hundred 2 tens and 4 ones. 2 hundreds 2 " " 4 " o « 3 " " 4 *' 4 " 4 " « 4 " 6 " 3 " " 7 " JB. Eead 12 64 61 99 80 76 28 17 O. Write in words 130 216 952 305 427 745 810 685 13 71 20 59 94 47 611 193 308 572 821 450 734 206 Z>. Express by figures i. Eighty-two. Jf. Forty. ^. Twenty-seven. 5. Sixty-nine. 3. Ninety-three. 6. Fifty-five. 10. One hundred seventeen. 11. Two hundred ninety-one. 12. Four hundred sixty-three. 13. Six hundred seventy-six. IJf.. Three hundred thirty-eight. 15. Seven hundred fifty-two. 16. Eight hundred twenty-four. 17. Nine hundred forty-five. 18. Five hundred eighty-nine. A 2 7, Seventy-nine. 8, Fourteen. 9, Thirty-seven. 19. Nine hundred. 20. Five hundred sixty. 21. Three hundred ten. 22. Six hundred ninety. 23. Eight hundred forty. 2Jf.. Six hundred six. 25. Seven hundred two. 26. Five hundred seven. 27. Four hundred nine. 10 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. lillliil Ten hundreds are one thousand. 13. Ten hundreds taken together are a thousand. One thousand is written 1,000 Two thousand, 2,000 Three thousand, 3,000 Four thousand, 4,000 Five thousand, 5,000 Six thousand, 6,000 Seven thousand, 7,000 Eight thousand, 8,000 Nine thousand, 9,000 14. Ten thousands taken together are a ten-thousand. Ten ten-thousands taken together are a hundred-thou- sand. One ten- thousand is written 10,000 Two ten-thousands are twenty thousand, written 20,000 Eight ten-thousands are eighty thousand, " 80,000 One hundred-thousand is written 100,000 Five hundred-thousands are written 500,000 15. When an integer is expressed by more than three figures, the figure at the left of hundreds expresses thou- sands', the figure at the left of thousands expresses ten- thousands ; and the figure at the left of ten - thousands expresses hundred-thousands. 1 6. Every three figures in an integer, 8 7 4, 235 counting from the right, are a period* | * • i • • Periods of figures are separated by com- I * s s S S mas. A ^ % * 5 o The first or right-hand period consists of ones^ tens, and INTEGERS.— NOTATION AND NUMERATION 11 hundreds ; and the second period of 07ies of tliousands, tens of thousands, and hundreds of thousands. Eighteen thousand five hundred thirty-six is written 18,536 Thirty-two thousand eight Forty-seven thousand two hundred " Sixty thousand four hundred twenty " Two hundred forty thousand " Four hundred eight thousand five hundred " Five hundred thousand three hundred two " Six hundred fifty-two thousand ten " Eight hundred fifty thousand sixty-one " EXEECISES. 809,051 40,269 660,020 A. Eead 8,000 26,506 574,000 5,400 37,081 629,005 2,560 93,274 700,044 J5. Express by words 6,014 3,405 4,009 33,000 80,900 90,209 19,040 855,480 300,070 530,240 902,105 20,007 32,008 47,200 60,420 240,000 408,500 500,302 652,010 850,061 100,905 50,041 482,070 404,040 40,040 876,543 C. Express by figures 1. Five thousand ; sixty thousand ; two hundred thou- sand ; seven hundred sixty-five thousand. ^. Nine thousand eight hundred; two thousand six; seventy-two thousand four hundred ; seven hundred forty- seven thousand two hundred. 3. Eifty thousand twenty ; seven hundred ten thou- sand ; eight thousand fifty. Jf.. Eight hundred one thousand four ; two hundred thousand six hundred forty ; four thousand fifty-six. 5. Sixty-three thousand four; six thousand eight hun- dred nineteen ; three hundred thirty thousand seventy. 12 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC, 6. One hundred five thousand four hundred seventy; seven thousand two hundred forty ; nineteen thousand three hundred one ; fifty-six thousand eleven. 7. Five hundred forty thousand seventy-two ; one thou- sand nine hundred three ; nine hundred fifty-seven thou- sand five hundred three. 8. Nine hundred thousand six hundred ; six hundred eighty thousand five ; three hundred sixty-five thousand two hundred ninety-four. 9. One thousand ten; fifty thousand three hundred sixty-seven; four hundred sixty thousand twenty; eight hundred three thousand. 10. Five hundred thousand three hundred eighty-four ; twelve thousand nineteen ; nine hundred nine thousand nine hundred nine. 1 7, The third period of figures expresses ones of mill- ions, tens of millions, and hundreds of millions ; and the fourth period expresses ones of billions, tens of billions, and hundreds of billions. Two million five thousand eighty is written 2,005,080 Thirty-four billion three hundred twenty- four thousand five hundred eighty-six " " 34,000,324,586 Forty million forty-four thousand twelve " " 40,044,012 One hundred twenty-nine million three hun- dred seventeen thousand-five hundred " " 129,317,500 Seven hundred fifty million two hundred thousand seventy " " 750,200,070 Nine hundred three billion fifty million five hundred ninety-four thousand " " 903,050,594,000 Four billion six hundred million seven hundred eighty-six " " 4,600,000,786 18. In any period the right-hand figure expresses ones, the second figure expresses tens, and the third figure ex- presses hundreds. INTEGERS.—NOTATION AND NUMERATION. 13 19. The order of a unit takes its name from the place it occupies. A digit written in the first place, expresses units of the first order; in the second place, it expresses units of the second order; in the third place, units of the third order; in the fourth place, units of the fourth order; and so on. 50. A digit, in any place except the first, expresses two values — simple and local. 51. The simple value of a digit is the value ex- pressed by its name. SS. The local value of a digit is the value given to it by the place it occupies. o5 a .2 73 CO -9 S .2 CO J i O ■4J CO CO 1 M ^ Names of Units, rrt .2 ... 'Ti L - 1 - - 7,887 600,954 $ 4,718.8.5 $5,109.32 $ 9,800.25 7,538 432,798 28,569.09 84.69 16,000.10 6,852 759,890 1,296.52 730 44,999.87 3,929 635,428 54,903.28 8.05 65,874.08 4,387 970,325 4,925 6,043.17 3.75 25 $ $ 7,444.15 8,110 5 6 68,974 478 1,325,086 1,368,122,097 13.64 9 764,572 4,513,265,928 98,525.23 808 3,426,515 9,157,934,684 .09 2,491 1,812,328 1,369,668,624 400.45 6 25,680,087 7,117,944,958 22,776 374 7,548,766 461,371,480 18,106.30 9,466 6,754,645 804,875,333 78,003.14 $ B 26 SECOND BOOK JN ARITHMETIC. Oval Work, — E. 1, Alva paid 21 cents for a knife, and 18 cents for a ball. How much did both cost him ? Both cost him the sum of 21 cents and 18 cents; 21 cents and 10 cents are 31 cents, and 8 cents are 39 cents. Hence, both cost him 39 cents. 2. Helen paid 63 cents for butter, and 31 cents for cheese. How much did her purchases amount to ? 3, A lady paid 48 dollars for a book-case, and 12 dol- lars for a table. How much did she pay for both ? Jf.. Enos gave $ .45 for a sled, and $ .18 to have it painted. How much did the sled cost him ? 6. A merchant sold one cloak for $28, and another for $27. How much did he receive for both ? 6. Lucy paid $ .38 for a pair of gloves, and $ .25 for a comb. How much did she pay for all ? 7. A coal dealer bought 90 tons, 73 tons, and 85 tons of coal. How many tons did he buy ? 8. Upon a steamboat are 85 men, 64 women, and 13 children. How many persons are on the boat ? 9. How many horses ar^ 41 horses, 98 horses, and 11 horses ? 10. $34 + $27-f-$45=how many dollars? 11. 56 sheep + 18 sheep + 47 sheep = how many sheep? m. What is the sum of 44, 37, 16, and 7 ? 13. The parts are 59, 34, 83, and 12. Find the amount. Written Work. — Fi 1. What is the sum of 123 pounds, 103 pounds, and 3,140 pounds ? 2. What is the amount of $96.12, $132.07, $98.76, $72.38, and $115.25 ? 3. Add $7.28, $241.09, $ .42, $ .96, and $44.52. Jf. A miller bought 1,284 bushels of wheat, and 859 bushels of corn. How many bushels of grain did he buy ? INTEGERS.— ADDITION. 27 5. The four quarters of an ox weighed 142 pounds, 137 pounds, 181 pounds, and 184 pounds. What was their total weight ? 6. In five days a dairyman made 37 pounds, 42 pounds, 34 pounds, 55 pounds, and 43 pounds of butter. How many pounds of butter did he make in the five days ? 7. I sold a wash-stand for $6.50, a bureau for $11.63, and an easy-chair for $8.25. How much did I receive for them ? 8. One week a railroad company bought 154 cords, 115 cords, 180 cords, 145 cords, 94 cords, and 269 cords of wood. How many cords were bought that week ? 9. A merchant gained $218 on a lot of goods that cost him $463. For how much did he sell the goods ? 10. Three men. A, B, and C, buy a machine-shop, A fur- nishing $2,163 of the purchase money, B $3,085, and C $1,236. How much does the shop cost ? 11. A lumberman drove seven rafts of logs down Pe- nobscot Eiver to Bangor. In the *first raft were 1,276 logs, in the second 859, in the third 1,009, in the fourth 793, in the fifth 1,318, in the sixth 925, and in the seventh 1,158. How many logs were in all the rafts ? 12. I bought a village lot for $325, and paid $22.63 for taxes. For how much must I sell it, to gain $72.37? 46, EuLE FOR Addition of Integees. I. Write the numhers so that units of the same order may he in the same column. II. Add the units of the lowest order ^ write the ones of the sum, in the result^ and add the t&ns of the sum with the units of the next order. III. So proceed with the units of each order ^ and write the entire sum of the units of the highest order. 28 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC, Pkoblems. A. 1. Add 346, 5,279, and 8,165. ^. What is the sum of 376, 128, 593, and 842 ? 3. $2,317, $954, $1,683, $75, and $381 amount to how many dollars? 4.. Find the sum of 56, 1,642, 485, 691, 3,482, and 22,849. 5. What is the amount of $.93, $.25, $.81, $.19, $ .44, $ .75, and $ .50 ? 6. Add 720, 4,813, 1,327, 504, and 6,732. Wkitten Pkocess. Making the Computation. 720 6, 13, 16 ; write 6 (add 1). 4^813 4, 6, 7, 9; write 9. 1,32 7 12, 15, 23, 30 ; write (add 3). gQJ^^ 9, 10, 14; write 14. 6 732 Result, 14,096. lJf.,096 7. A lady paid $25 for a bureau, $42 for 6 chairs, $65 for a sofa, $57 for three tables, and $35 for a bedstead. How much did her purchases amount to ? 8. One forenoon a street car made 5 trips, carrying 54 passengers the fii-st trip, 48 the second, 63 the third, 62 the fourth, and 49 the fifth. How many passengers did the car carry that forenoon ? 9. A fruit grower sold 74 barrels of russet apples, 56 barrels of greenings, and 152 barrels of pippins. How many barrels of apples did he sell ? 10. How many rods of fence will it take to inclose a field that is 43 rods long and 24 rods wide ? 11. In nine days I travel 60 miles, 110 miles, 35 miles, 69 miles, 86 miles, 94 miles, 115 miles, 25 miles, and 100 miles. How many miles do I travel ? INTEGERS.— ADDITION. 29 12. A store on the first floor of a building rents for $1,365 a year, the offices on the second floor rent for $762, and a photograph room on the third floor rents for $278. How much is the whole rent of the building ? 13. A produce dealer bought 720 bushels, 145 bushels, and 1,124 bushels of oats. How many bushels of oats did he buy ? Oral Work* — S, 1. In an orchard are 20 pear-trees, 10 more apple-trees than pear-trees, 15 plum-trees, and 6 more cherry-trees than plum-trees. How many trees are in the orchard? 2. A Swede came to America when he was 11 years old ; 14 years afterward he married ; 6 years later his wife died, and she has been dead 13 years. What is his age ? S. In a park are an elm 40 feet high, an oak 50 feet higher than the elm, and a pine 60 feet higher than the oak. What is the height of each tree ? ^. A nurseryman sold 60 pear-trees to one farmer, 30 to another, and 17 to another. How many pear-trees did he sell? 5. A farmer has 14 cattle, 11 horses, and 23 sheep. How many head of live stock has he ? 6. In building a bridge it took 64 days to do the mason work, 46 days the wood work, and 18 days the grading. How many days did it take to build the bridge ? 7. I paid 84 cents for fruit, and 66 cents for candies. How much did I pay for all ? 8. James paid 25 cents for a slate, and 37 cents for a reader. How many cents did he pay for both ? 9. A lady taught a summer term of 65 days, and a winter term of 76 days. How many days did she teach in the year ? 30 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 10. My COWS give 49 quarts of milk in the morning, and 67 quarts in the evening. How many quarts do they give in a day ? 11, Orson found 28 plums under one tree, and 94 plums under another. How many plums did he find ? 1%. A steamship landed in New York with 45 first-class, 16 second-class, and 72 steerage passengers. How many passengers did she bring ? 13, Louise is 15 years old, her mother is 27 years older than she, and her grandmother is 35 years older than her mother. How old is her grandmother ? 7^. A farmer has 28 acres of woodland, 40 acres of pasture, 30 acres of meadow, 16 acres in wheat, 3 acres in potatoes, 4 acres in corn, 20 acres in oats, 2 acres in root crops, and 1 acre in yard and garden. How many acres are there in his farm? Written Work.-^C. 1, A real-estate agent sold two houses for $1,830 each, a city lot for $2,210, and a farm for $12,125. How much did the sales amount to ? ^. C has $4,258, B has $328 more than C, A has $529 more than B, and D has as much as B, C, and A. How much money have the four men ? 3. What is the sum of thirty-five million eight hundred seventy-six thousand one hundred twenty, three hundred ninety-six thousand four hundred ninety-one, and five hun- dred forty-three thousand six hundred seven ? ^. A man bought three houses, paying for them $1,804, $1,602, and $2,355. He sold them for $2,395 above cost. How much did he receive for them? 5. A fruit dealer paid $15.45 for oranges, $20.34 for lemons, $27.59 for pine-apples, and $16.72 for cocoa-nuts. How much did the fruit cost him ? INTEGERS.— ADDITION. 31 6. A man paid $3,256 for a farm, $1,217 for the live stock, $557 for farming implements, $373 for the crops on the ground, and $439 for repairs. How much was^his total outlay ? 7. A contractor received $14,100 for building a hotel, $885 for building a livery stable, $2,637 for building a house, and $3,233 for building a warehouse. How much did he receive for the four jobs ? 8. Monday I deposited $52.18 in the bank, Tuesday $68.47, Wednesday $45.52, Thursday $78.77, Friday $80.16, and Saturday $119.82. What was the amount of my de- posits for the week ? 9. One month a grocer received $486.69 for sugars, $390.25 for teas, $166.50 for fruits, and $1,767 for other goods. What was the amount of his sales for the month ? 10. Find the sum of 15 million 9 thousand 17, 9 mill- ion 508, 675 thousand 899, and 245 million 326 thou- sand 8. 11. North America contains 8,593,000 square miles. South America 7,362,000 square miles, Europe 3,825,000 square miles, Asia 17,300,000 square miles, and Africa 11,557,000 square miles. How many square miles are there in these five continents? 12. In seven piles of wood, measuring 364 cords, 729 cords, 95 cords, 832 cords, 723 cords, 407 cords, and 634 cords, are how many cords ? 13. A butcher bought five oxen, which weighed 1,120 pounds, 1,312 pounds, 1,250 pounds, 1,547 pounds, and 1,420 pounds. What was the total weight ? U. What is the sum of $1,328,654, $6,863, $11,496, $2,000,342, $658, $9,891, $78,620, $1,060,909, $5,683, $22,408, $23,684,901, $846, $29, and $4,803? 32 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 15. A mercliant tailor paid $315.Y8 for broadcloths, $282.25 for cassimeres, $106.45 for vestings, $24.90 for linings, and $14.04 for thread, silk, and buttons. How much did he paj out for stock ? 16. What is the amount of $58.48, $368, $37.28, $9.99, $48.06, $768.04, $362.22, and $8.37? 17. A druggist pays $1,335 a year for rent, $2,447 for clerk hire, $292.25 for fuel, $259.19 for gas, $875 for freight and cartage, and $1,936 for other expenses. How- much are his yearly expenses ? 18. A merchant's cash sales Monday were $98.19, Tues- day $132, Wednesday $198.07, Thursday $272.63, Friday $115.01, and Saturday $295. What was the amount of his cash sales for the week ? 19. A farmer raised 1,286 bushels of wheat, 229 bush- els of corn, 144 bushels of buckwheat, 683 bushels of oats, 257 bushels of rye, and 599 bushels of barley. How many bushels of grain did he raise ? 20. A owes B $901.32, C $321.09, D $288.58, E $124.15, F $150.75, and G $50.90. How much does he owe ? 21. What is the sum of ninety-nine thousand ninety- nine, twenty-seven million five hundred, forty-two million two thousand five, four hundred eight thousand ninety-six, and five thousand four hundred thirty-seven ? 22. Find the amount of nine hundred seven million eight hundred five thousand seventy-four, one thousand nine hundred fifty, twenty-four million twenty-four, seven million eight hundred nineteen thousand, six hundred twelve, and one hundred fifty-seven. Note 1. — For outlines of addition for review, see page 269. Note 2. — Teachers who prefer that, decimals should be studied in con- nection with integers, will now require their pupils to study addition of decimals, pages 121, 122. SECTION III. SUBTRACTION. Oral Work.— ^7. 1, On a tree were 8 peaches, but Laura picked 5 of them. How many peaches were left on the tree ? There vrere left on the tree 8 peaches less 5 peaches, -which are 3 peaches. 2. James has 7 rabbits ; 4 of them are gray, and the others are white. How many white rabbits has he ? 3. A man bought 9 pounds of butter, and in a week his family used all but 3 pounds of it. How many pounds of butter were used ? J/.. If a factory girl earns $12 in a week, and pays $3 for board, how much money has she left ? 5.* I paid $13 for a silver cake basket, and $4 less for a set of tea-spoons. How much did the spoons cost me ? 6. A boy bought a water-melon for 15 cents, and a bunch of grapes for 6 cents. How much more did he pay for the melon than for the grapes ? 7. A farmer having 16 cow^s, sold 7 of them. How many did he keep ? 8, Nelson is 17 years old ; how old was he 9 years ago ? 9, There are 6 passengers in a street car which has seats for 18 passengers. How many seats are vacant ? 48. A. From every tenth number, from 11 to 91 in- clusive. 1. Subtract 1. ^. Subtract 2. 3. Subtract 8. Jf. Subtract 4. 5. Subtract 5. 6. Subtract 6. 7. Subtract 7. 8. Subtract 8. B 2 9. Subtract 9. 10. Subtract 10. 34 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 3. From every tenth number, from 12 to 92 inclusive, 1. Subtract 1. 3. Subtract 3. 6. Subtract 6. 9. Subtract 9, 2. Subtract 2. Jf. Subtract 4. 7. Subtract 1. 10. Subtract 10. 5. Subtract 5. 8. Subtract 8. C From every tenth number, from 13 to 93 inclusive. 1, Subtract 1. S, Subtract 3. 6. Subtract 6. 9. Subtract 9, 2. Subtract 2. Jf. Subtract 4. 7. Subtract 1. 10. Subtract 10. 5. Subtract 5. 8. Subtract 8. 49. Stibtraction is the process of taking one of two like numbers from the other. a. That one of the two numbers from which the other is to be taken is the minuend, 6. The number to be taken from the minuend is the «m5- trahend, c. The number obtained by subtracting is the difference or remainder. Exercises. 1. Subtract 7 books from 11 books. ^. Subtract 9 pins from 15 pins. 3. What is the difference between 13 horses and 4 horses ? J/.. Take 8 leaves from 17 leaves. What is the remainder 1 5. If you subtract 6 cents from 15 cents, what is the remainder ? 6. The minuend is 14, and the subtrahend is 5. What is the difference ? 7. A cook having 16 eggs, used 9. How many had she left? " 8. In question 7, which number is the minuend ? Which is the subtrahend ? Which is the remainder ? 9. In a garden is one vase worth $19, and another worth $14. What is the difference in their values ? INTEGERS.— 8UBTRA CTION. 35 10. In going 12 miles, I walked 5 miles, and rode the remainder of the distance. How many miles did I ride ? 11. The minuend is $ .25, and the subtrahend is % .15. What is the difference ? 50, A. From every tenth number, from 14 to 94 in- clusive, 1. Subtract 1. 2. Subtract 2. 3. Subtract 3. Jf.. Subtract 4. 5. Subtract 5. Subtract 6. Subtract 7. Subtract 8. 9. Subtract 9. 10. Subtract 10. J5. From every tenth number, from 15 to 95 inclusive, 1. Subtract 1. 3. Subtract 3. 6. Subtract 6. 9. Subtract 9. 2. Subtract 2. ^. Subtract 4. 7. Subtract Y. 10. Subtract 10. 5. Subtract 5. 8. Subtract 8. 51. The sign of subtraction is a short, horizontal line, — . It is read mimis or less ; minus means less. 25 — 16 may be read "25 minus 16," or "25 less 16." A. Read these exercises : Jf. $31.10-$9.75 = $21.35 5. 32 men — 25 men = 7 men. 6. 50 pounds— 32 pounds=:18 pounds. Written Work. — S. Write each of these exercises, using the proper signs : 23-9 = 14 $182 — $37i=$145 $.87 — $.31 = $. 56 1. 14: from 21 leaves 7. ^.15 guns less 9 guns equal 6 guns. 3. 2^ men minus 16 men equal 7 men. 4. $525 less $500 are $25. 5. 48 miles from 60 miles equal 12 miles. ^.15 rods taken from 145 rods leave 130 rods. C. Copy and complete these exercises : 1. 19- 4 = 3. 17-9 = 2. 41—21 = 4. $19-$4 = S. 41 lemons— 21 lemons= ^.17 books — 9 books = 7. 36 yards- ^ 5 yards = 25 fishes — 17 fishes = 9. 40 cars — 31 cars= 10. 32 bricks— 8 bricks = 11. 51 steps— 40 steps = 12. 100 cents— 90 cents = bricks, steps, cents.. 13. 43 dollars — 30 dollars = dollars. 86 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. Oral Work. — 5S. A. From every tenth number, from 16 to 96 inclusive, 1. Subtract 1. I 3. Subtract 3. 6. Subtract 6. 9. Subtract 9. 2. Subtract 2. Jf. Subtract 4. 7. Subtract 7. 10. Subtract 10. 5. Subtract 5. 8. Subtract 8. 3. From every tenth number, from lY to 97 inclusive. 1. Subtract 1. 2. Subtract 2 3. Subtract 3. J/,. Subtract 4. 5. Subtract 5. 6. Subtract 6. 7. Subtract 7. 8. Subtract 8. 9. Subtract 9. 10. Subtract 10. Written Work. — 53. Copy, complete, learn, and recite the Table of Primary Combinations in Subtraction. 2 — 1 = 3-1 = 4-1 = 5-1 = 6-1 = 6-5 = 6-2 = 3 — 2 = 7-1 = 7-6 = 4-3 = 4 — 2 = 8-1 = 5 — 4 = 5 — 2 = 5-3 = 6—4 = 7-2 = 8-7 = 9 — 1 = 6-3 = 7-5 = 8-2 = 9-8 = 10 — 1 = 10-9 = 10-2 = 10-8 = 10-3 = 10-7 = 7-3 = 7-4 = 11-2 = 11—9 = 11—3 = 11-8 = 8-6 = 8-3 = 8-5 = 8-4 = 12-3 = 12 — 9 = 9 — 2 = 9-7 = 9 — 3 = 9-6 = 9—4 = 9-5 = 10 — 4 = 11—4 = 12—4 = 13-4 = 10 — 6 = 11-7 = 12 — 8 = 13 — 9 = 10-5 = 11-5 = 12-5 = 13 — 5 = 14 — 5 = 14-9 = 14 — 6 = 11 — 6 = 15-6 = 15 — 9 = 12-7r^ 12-6 = 16-7 = 13-8 = 13-6 = 13-7 = 14 — 8 = 15-7c= 16-9 = 17-8 = 14-7 = 15-^^ 16-8 = 17-9= 18-9 = INTEGERS.-^SUBTRACTION. 37 54. Exercises in Subtraction at Sight. M 1 4 7 10 2 5 8 3 6 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 8 4 9 5 10 6 11 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 S 10 3 11 3 12 3 m: 9 12 5 8 11 4 7 10 13 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Ml 12 6 10 14 - 7 11 5 9 13 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Mj 10 14 9 13 8 12 7 1.1 6 _6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 M!l 16 9 12 15 8 11 14 7 10 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 _7 R<12 16 10 14 8 11 15 13 9 17 ~^A 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 _8 M^ 14 17 10 13 16 12 9 18 15 _9 9 9 _9 9 9 9 9 9 Note. — The preceding exercises are to be written upon the board, and used in class drill daily, until every pupil can give, at sight, the difference of any two of the numbers. Oral Work. — ^5. A. From every tenth nnmber, from 18 to 98 inclusive, 1. Subtract 1. 2. Subtract 2. 3. Subtract 3. Jf. Subtract 4. 5. Subtract 5. 6. Subtract 6. 7. Subtract 7. 8. Subtract 8. 9. Subtract 9. 10. Subtract 10. 38 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. S. From every tenth number, from 19 to 99 inclusive, 1. Subtract 1. ^. Subtract 2. 3. Subtract 3. 4" Subtract 4. 5. Subtract 5. 6. Subtract 6. 7. Subtract 7. 8. Subtract 8. 9. Subtract 9. 10. Subtract 10. C From every tenth number, from 10 to 100 inclusive, 1. Subtract 1. 2. Subtract 2. 3. Subtract 3. 4-. Subtract 4. 5. Subtract 5. 6. Subtract 6. 7. Subtract 7. 8. Subtract 8. 9. Subtract 9. 10. Subtract 10. 56. 1. From 9 take 7 ; take 5 ; take 2. ^. From 14 take 6 ; take 10 ; take 5. From 18 take 10 ; take 8 ; take 0. S. 6. 6. take 7 ; take 11. take 9 ; take 6. from 15 ; from 12. from 7 ; from 10. from 17 ; from 13. from 15 ; from 13. from 7 ; from 14. From 11 take 3 From 16 take 7 Take 6 from 11 7. Take 3 from 12 8. Take 8 from 15 9. Take 9 from 19 10. Take 7 from 15 How many are 11. 32-25? 20-13? 47-6? 21-9? 30-23? 1^. 17 minus 9 ? 25 minus 18 ? 34- 7 ? 15- 6 ? 13. 28 less 18? 45 less 8? 16 less 11? 43 less 35? 50 less 41 ? Find the value of each of these expressions : U. Apples: 21-7; 18-10; 26-8; 32-20. 15. Oranges : 38 less 29 ; 62 less 55 ; 48 less 7; 24 less 10. 16. Lemons : 52 minus 40 ; 31 minus 27 ; 23 minus 9 ; 16 minus 7. 17. Figs : 14 from 23 ; 9 from 30 ; 12 from 18 ; 48 from 56. 18. Peaches : 15 from 31 ; 12 from 29 ; 20 from 45. INTEGERS,— 8 UB TRA (JTION. 39 ^1. A. (a) 75 pears, 36 dollars, 115, 283 dollars, 491 pears. 1. What number in line (a) can be subtracted from 283 dollars? Why? ^. What number from 491 pears ? Why ? What num- ber from 115 ? Why ? S. Ones can be subtracted from what only ? ^. Tens must be subtracted from what ? Hundreds, from what ? 5. Subtract 10 from 50 ; 100 from 500 ; 1,000 from 5,000 ; 10,000 from 50,000. 6. Take $ .04 from $ .09 ; $ .40 from $ .90 ; $40 from $90 ; $400 from $900 ; $4,000 from $9,000. 7. From 10 subtract 7 ; from 100 subtract 70 ; from 1,000 subtract 700 ; from 10,000 subtract 7,000. 8. From $ .20 subtract $ .04 ; from $2 subtract $ .40. 9. From $20 subtract $4 ; from $200 subtract $40. -B. 1, 30 is 2 tens and how many ones ? ^. 37 is 2 tens and how many ones ? 3. 54 is 40 and how many ? 4" 300 is 2 hundreds and how many tens ? 5. 370 is 2 hundreds and how many tens ? 6. 268 is 25 tens and how many ones ? 7., 1,000 is 9 hundreds, 9 tens, and how many ones? 8. 10,000 is ones, 10 ten^, and how many hundreds and thousands ? 9. 420 is 300 and how many ? 10. 423 is 410 and how many ? 11. 900 is 800 and how many tens ? 12. 905 is 890 and how many ? 40 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. Process. ^0^3 75 Minaeud. ^,869 Subtrahend. 3 7.506 Difference. 58. Principle of Subtraction. Units of any order can he svhtracted from units of the same order only. Written Wovh. — 59, Ex. What is the difference be- tween 40,375 and 2,869 % Explanation. — I write the subtra- hend under the minuend — ones under ones, tens under tens, and so on — and draw a horizontal line below the subtrahend. Since 9 ones can not be taken from 5 ones, I take from the 7 tens 1 ten (= 10 ones), and unite it with the 5 ones, making 15 ones ; then, 9 ones from 15 ones leave 6 ones, which I write in the result. 6 tens from the remaining 6 tens of the minuend leave 0, which I write in tens' place in the result. Since 8 hundreds can not be taken from 3 hundreds, and there are thousands in the minuend, I take from the 4 ten-thousands 1 ten-thousand (=10 thousands); from these 10 thousands I take 1 thousand (= 10 hundreds), and unite it with the 3 hundreds, making 13 hundreds ; then, 8 hundreds from 13 hundreds leave 5 hundreds, which I write in the result. 2 thousands from the remaining 9 thousands leave 7 thousands, which I write in the result. Since there are ten-thousands in the subtrahend, I write the re- maining 3 ten-thousands of the minuend in the result. The entire result, 37,506, is the required difference. Problems. JL 1 2 3 4 5 6 584 725 680 805 943 1,308 152 314 244 431 576 1,245 635 pins 412 pins M $57,698 43,257 8 3,544 soldiers 2,836 soldiers 12 $6,750.02 2,945.04 9 7,953 shingles 5,468 shingles 13 $42,301.00 5,174.56 59,700 pounds. 43,708 pounds 14- $16,065.00 10,438.25 INTEGERS,— 8UBTRA CTION. 41 Oral Work, — Exercises to be solved at sight B From Take From Take 1. 2. 13. u. S. From 87 50 15. From 25 cents 15 cents -^. Take 60 20 16. Take 13 cents 6 cents 5. 6. 17. 18. 7. From 99 73 19. From 65 cents 50 cents 8. Take 62 41 20. Take 37 cents 25 cents 9. 10. 21. 22. 11. From 78 48 23. From 100 cents 75 cents 12, Take 57 43 21 Take 87 cents 31 cents € Minuends. Subtrahends. Minuends. Subtrahends. 1. 2. 5. 6. 3. Minuends 44 hats 34 hats 7. 57 coats 43 coats 4- Subtrahends 16 hats 9 hats ^.36 coats 19 coats 9. 10. 13. U- 11. Minuends 84 tons 69 tons 15. 64 pens 55 pens 12. Subtrahends 78 tons 45 tons 16. 39 pens 24 pens 17. 18. 21. 22. 19. Minuends $2.00 $.50 23. $10.00 $5.00 20. Subtrahends $ .75 $.37 2Jf. $ 2.50 $ .50 jD. 1. A man bought a cow for $30, and paid all but How much did he pay ? He paid the difference between $30 and $10, which is $20. 2. Julia had 100 cents, but she paid 20 cents for some paper. How many cents had she left ? S. 60 gallons of syrup have been drawn from a hogshead that contained 80 gallons. How many gallons are left ? ^. A fisherman caught 110 pounds of fish, and sold 70 pounds. How many pounds had he left ? 42 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 5. A man having $63 paid $20 for a harness. How many dollars had he left ? 6. Of the 75 pupils in a school 40 are girls. How many pupils are boys \ 7. A girl having 79 chickens, sold 30 of them. How many chickens had she left ? 8. A gentleman paid $87. for a sleigh, and $60 less for a robe. How much did the robe cost him ? 9. A paper-box maker having 72 sheets of straw-board, used 60 of them. How many sheets had he left ? 10. I buy potatoes at 90 cents a busliel, and sell them at 108 cents. How much do I gain on a bushel ? Written Work. B 1 1 i i 348,794 2,174,943 84,125,8(5o 167,065,149 127,586 480,765 9,632,486 39,999 5 6 7 8 9 104,021 $9,004 50,096 $123.45 1,000,000 99,034 2,876 13,188 109.86 31,276 ion 1? !^ 7,408,215 300,300,333 $18,123.05 $386.00 59,326 47,008,296 3,109.86 .21 $ $ Oral Work. — F. 1. A merchant tailor used 15 yards of broadcloth from a piece containing 39 yards. How many yards were left in the piece ? There was left the difference between 39 yards and 15 yards. 10 yards from 39 yards leave 29 yards, and 5 yards from 29 yards leave 24 yards. %. A shoe dealer having 48 pairs of ladies' shoes, sold 25 pairs. How many pairs had he left ? INTEGERS.— 8UBTRA CTION. 4B 3. I own a farm of 69 acres, and 58 acres of it are cleared land. How many acres are woodland ? ^. A cooper made 53 apple barrels in a week, and sold 44 of them. How many barrels had he left ? 5. A fruit dealer bought 72 crates of peaches. After Belling 56 crates, how many crates had he yet to sell ? 6. A wood dealer sold 83 cords of oak wood, and 57 cords of pine. How many more cords of oak than pine wood did he sell ? 7. A butcher killed one calf that weighed 91 pounds, and another that weighed 26 pounds less. How much did the lighter calf weigh ? 8. A man owing $75, gave his note for $47, and paid the balance in cash. How much cash did he pay ? 9. I exchanged a horse worth $84, for a gold watch and $19 in money. How much did the watch cost me ? 10. 111 swallows are how many more than 28 swallows? 11. 108 robins — 99 robins are how many robins ? 12. 56 cents are how many less than 100 cents? Written Work. — G. 1. How many tons are 52,719 tons --24,112 tons? 2. A fruit dealer, having 1,247 baskets of peaches, sold 965 baskets. How many baskets had he left ? 3. A man whose income is $2,250 a year, expends $1,473. How much does he save ? Jf.. A dealer bought horses for $4,960, and sold them for $6,424. How much did he gain ? 5. In a certain city are 16,447 children, of whom 11,096 attend school. How many do not attend school ? 6. A man having $17,974 in the bank, drew out $8,598. How much money had he left on deposit ? 44 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 7, In November a mercliant's sales amounted to $2,928.93, and in December to $3,743.69. How much less were the November sales than those of December ? 8, A gentleman's income last year was fifteen thou- sand four hundred thirty-one dollars, and his expenses were nine thousand three hundred fifty dollars nineteen cents. How much did he save ? 9, One year the value of my farm products was $4,307, and my farm expenses were $2,427. How much were my profits ? 10. A ship builder received $19,000 for a brig that cost him $16,728. How much was his gain ? 11. A miller in St. Louis has 36,500 barrels of fiour. How many barrels will he have in store, after shipping 21,987 barrels to New Orleans ? W. A broker sold Government bonds for $328,700 that cost him $281,908. How much did he gain ? 13. How many acres are 1,367 acres — 1,108 acres? IJi,. How many cords are 22,197 cords — 20,174 cords ? 15. 103,035 feet - 83,616 feet r:. how many feet ? 16. A load of hay and the wagon weighed 2,481 pounds, and the wagon weighed 812 pounds. What was the weight of the hay ? 17. At a city election one candidate for mayor received 52,918 votes, and the other candidate 28,434 votes. What was the majority of the successful candidate ? 18. The Island of Cuba contains 43,220 square miles, and the State of Ohio 41,060 square miles. How much larger is Cuba than Ohio ? 19. The live weight of ten beeves was 9,742 pounds, and the dressed weight was 6,495 pounds. How much was the shrinkao:e ? INTEGERS.— 8UBTRA CTION. 45 60. Etjle for Subteaction of Integees. I. Write the subtrahend under the minuend — ones un- der ones^ tens under tens^ and so on. II. Beginning at the right ^ subtract the units of each order in the subtrahend from the units of the same order in the minuend^ and write the difference in the result. III. When there are more units of any order in the subtrahend than of the same order in the minuend^ add Vd to the units of the minuend before subtracting y then^ consider the units of the next higher order in the minu- end 1 less. Problems. A. From Take From Take 1. 9,426 8,563. ^. 9,111,525,202 527,029 2. $400,385 $27,690. 5. $6,000.07 $375.68 S. 69,504,300 609,572. 6. $22,025.15 $19,936.93 B. Ex. Subtract 2,869 Making the Computation. from 40,375 9 from 15, 6; write 6. Process. 6 from 6, 0; write 0. U0,S75 8 from 13, 5; write 5. 2 from 9, 7; write 7. 2,869 Write 3. 37,506 Result, 37,506. Subtract eacli number in column I from the numbers on the same line in columns II, III, IV ; the numbers in column II from those in columns III and IV ; the num- bers in column III from those in column IV. i- 6. 7-12. 13-18. 19-24. I. 77 160 80 1.75 II. 463 1,098 515 25-30. $.05 $8.91 III. 645 2,150 9,100 $4,759 $64.07 IV. 48,100 10,360 100,125 $98,467 $180.63 46 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. SI, What is the difference between nine thousand nine- teen and seven thousand twenty-one ? 32, From fifteen million two thousand four take eighteen. 33, From 100 thousand 82 take 1 thousand 9. 3^. The greater of two numbers is 11,419, and the less is 7,255. What is the difference ? Oral Work. — C. 1, A merchant pays one clerk $35 a month, and another $9 less. How much are the monthly wages of the second clerk ? 2, From a board fifteen feet long, a carpenter cut off a piece nine feet long. What was the length of the part left? 3, A gentleman paid $22 for a lawn mower, and after using it one season, sold it for $9 less than cost. How much did he receive for it ? ^. .If you start from New York and travel north 90 miles, and then south 50 miles, how far will you be from New York? 6. An ice harvester housed 97 tons of ice one week, and 27 tons less the following week. How many tons did he house the second week ? 6, Mark had 60 cents, and Thomas had 46. Mark spent as many cents as Thomas earned, and he then had 51 cents. How many cents did Thomas then have ? 7, Peter husked 35 bushels of corn Monday, and 62 bushels Monday and Tuesday. How many more bushels did he husk Monday than Tuesday ? Written Work. — D. 1. Oliver Goldsmith died in the year 1774, at the age of 46. In what year was he born ? 2. A man died in the year 1799, aged 67 years. In what year was he born ? INTEGERS.— SUBTRA CTION. 47 How many years elapsed S. From the settlement of St. Augustine in 1565, to tlie settlement of :N"ew York in 1613 ? " ^. Between the settlement of St. Augustine, and the settlement of Plymouth in 1620 ? 5. From the settlement of St. Augustine to the Dec- laration of Independence in 1776 ? 6. From the settlement of Plymouth until the discov- ery of gold in California in 1818 ? 7. From the discovery of America to the present year ? 8. The taxes on a town are $11,000 ; of this amount $5,680 are county and state tax. What is the town tax ? 9. The receipts of a machine-shop for a year are $33,296, and the running expenses are $22,535. What are the net earnings for the year % 10. Mount Sorata, a peak of the Andes, is 21,286 feet high, and 5,506 feet higher than Mont Blanc, the highest peak of the Alps. How high is Mont Blanc ? 11. A contractor delivered 50,000 rifles for the army, but only 41,715 of them were accepted. How many of them were condemned as imperfect ? 12. The minuend is one hundred twenty-five million three hundred sixty -five thousand nine hundred forty- eight, and the subtrahend is eight million seven hundred thousand nine hundred sixty-six. What is the remainder ? IS. 26,957,229 bushels of salt, less 11,094,227 bushels are how many bushels ? U. A is worth $25,864; B is worth $1,350 less than A ; C $965 less than B ; and D $7,393 less than C. How much is D worth % Note.— For outlines of subtraction for review, see page 269. 48 SECOND BOOK IK ARITHMETIC. Review Problems. Oral Work L From 40 + 8 + 16 + 9 + 7 + 8 + 11 take 20 + 10 + 25 + 7. 2, From 13 + 10 + 5 + 12 + 7+9 take ^^Q-^-Q^^^, 3. From 250 take 75 + 10 + 25 + 50. ^. From 175-45 take 25 + 25 + 9 + 9. 6. A boj who had 45 doves, sold 20, and afterward bouglit 17 more. How many doves had he then ? 6, A bell maker melted together 25 pounds of tin and 6 pounds of copper. He used 4 pounds of the bell-metal for call-bells, 8 pounds for hand-bells, and the remainder for sleigh-bells. How many pounds did he use for sleigh-bells ? '^. A man owing $120, paid $49 one day, and $28 the next day. How much did he then owe ? 8. Luther had $ .23, and earned $ .44. He then spent $ .27, and lost $ .05. How many cents had he left ? 9. Jasper has 15 peaches in a basket, 4 in his pockets, and 3 in his hand. If he gives 5 peaches to Ann, and 7 to Jane, how many peaches will he then have ? 10. A boy gave a dollar bill to pay for a slate that cost $ .36, a writing-book that cost $ .20, and some ink that cost $ .15. How much change should he receive ? Written Work. — 1. A father and his two sons earned $2,395 in a year, the elder son earning $709, and the younger son $531. How much did the father earn ? 2. On a certain day 93,825 persons entered the city of New York. Of this number 26,759 came by railroads, 60,048 by steamboats, and the others by steamships and sailing vessels from foreign countries. How many arrived from foreign countries ? INTEGERS.—SUBTRA CTION. 49 5, A dealer paid $25,267 for horses, his expenses in taking them to market were $6,485, and he sold them for $37,496. How much were his profits ? ^. From the sum of thirty-six million five, one hun- dred five thousand seven hundred one, and nine million nine thousand ninety, subtract the sum of ninety-six thou- sand three hundred, and forty-two thousand nine. 6, A woman received $439 for early vegetables, and $218 for poultry. The expense of raising the vegetables was $124, and of the poultry $84. What were her profits ? 6. A speculator at one time gained $6,760, and then lost $3,400 ; at another time he gained $3,650, and then lost $3,954. How much did he gain in all? 7. January 1, A had property worth $10^350.75, but he owed $1,050.31. During the year he earnsd $1,156, and expended $975.25, and his property increased $550. How much was he worth at the end of the year \ 8. A grocer purchased 370 hogsheads of sugar weigh- ing 372,960 pounds, and sold 195 hogsheads weighing 196,725 pounds. How many hogsheads had he left, and what was their weight ? 9. In ^YQ weeks 415,678 tons of coal were carried to Philadelphia by the Eeading Railroad, 234,509 tons of which were carried in the first four weeks. How many tons were carried the fifth week ? 10. On the first of January an edition of 11,000 copies of a book was published. In January 996 copies were sold, in February 1,025, in March 2,363, in April 1,808, in May 845, and in June 2,471. How many copies remained unsold, July 1 ? Note.— Teachers who prefer that decimals should be studied in connec tion with integers, will now require their pupils to study subtraction oJ decimals, pages 123-125. SECTION IV. MULTIPLICATION. Oral Work. — 61. A. 1, A wagon has 4 wheels. How many wheels have 3 wagons? Three -wagons have the sum of 4 -wheels, and 4 -wheels, and 4 wheels, vrhich is 12 -wheels. Or, Three -wagons have 3 times 4 -wheels, which are 12 -wheels. 2, How many wlieels have 4 wagons ? S, How many feet have 5 horses ? .^. How many hands have 2 men ? 3 men ? 4 men ? 5, How many cherries are there in 2 clusters of 3 cherries each ? In 3 clusters ? In 4 clusters ? ^. How many cents are 3 5-cent pieces ? Are 5 5-cent pieces ? How many are 7. 3 cherries and 3 cherries, or 2 times 3 cherries ? 8, 4 boxes and 4 boxes, or 2 times 4 boxes ? P. 3 hats, and 3 hats, and 3 hats, and 3 hats, or 4 times 3 hats? 10. 4 mats, and 4 mats, and 4 mats, or 3 times 4 mats ? IL % .02, and $ .02, and $ .02, and $ .02, and $ .02, or 5 times 2 cents? 1^. 5 dimes and 5 dimes, or 2 times 5 dimes ? IS. 5 times $3, or 3 times $5 ? 5 times 4 men, or 4 times 5 men? JK. i. How many are 2 + 2? 2 + 2 + 2? 2 + 2 + 2 + 2? 2. How many are two 2's ? Three 2's ? Four 2's ? S. How many are 2 times 2 ? 3 times 2 ? 4 times 2 ? Add Subtract Jf.. By 2's, from to 20. 5. By 2's, from 20 to 0. 6. By 3's, from to 30. 7. By 3's, from 30 to 0. INTEGERS.-^MULTIPLICA TION. 51 05. Multiplication is the process of finding the sum of one of two numbers taken as many times as tliere are ones in the other. a» The number to be taken is the multiplicand, b. The number that shows how many times the multipHcand is to be taken is the multiplier. c. The multiplicand and multiplier are factors, d. The number obtained by multiplying is the product. Multiplication may also be defined — a short process of add- ing equal numbers. Exercises. A. 1 times 8 are 56. ' 1, Which of these numbers is the multiplicand? ^. Which is the multiplier ? Which is the product ? 3. Which are the factors ? Jf. What is the product of the factors 10 and Y ? 6, What is the product of 6 times 8 loaves of bread ? 6. The factors are 5, 4, and 7. What is the product ? 7, The multiplicand is 8, and the multiplier is 5. What is the product ? IB. In a garden are 5 rows of fruit-trees, and in each row are 7 trees. How many trees are in the garden ? First Solution. — In the garden are 7 trees + 7 trees -|- 7 trees -j- 7 trees, -f- 7 trees, which are 35 trees. Or, Second Solution. — ^In the garden are 5 times 7 trees, "which are 35 trees. 7 trees, the multiplicand in the second solution, is one of the equal parts in the first solution. 5, the multiplier in the second solution, is the number of equal parts in the first solution. 35 trees, the product in the second solution, is th^ sum in the first solution. 52 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 63. Add 1. By 4's, from to 40. 3. By 5's, from to 3€>. 5. By 6's, from to 60. Subtract 2, By 4's, from 40 to 0. Jf. By 5's, from -50 to 0. 6, By 6's, from 60 to 0. 64. The sign of multiplication is an oblique cross, X- I^ is ^^^^ ti7nes^ or midtijplied hy, 5x8 may be read ** 5 times 8," or " 5 multiplied by 8." A. Read these exercises : 1, '7x12= 84 ^. 4x25 = 100 7. 8x5x6 = 10x9 8. 2X6X12 = 3X8X6 3. 9x63= 567 Jf. 144x25 = 3,600 10. 5. 3X8 = 4X 6 6. 3x4x5 = 60 16x14 = 4x7x8 6X9X4=2X3X6X6 Written Work. B. Write each of these exercises, using the proper signs : Jf. $2.25 multiplied by 5 are $11.25. 5. The product of 2, 3, 4, and 5 is 120. 6. 4 times $ .63 are $2.52. 1. 5 times 25 are 125. 2. 15 times 4 quarts are 60 quarts. 3. 3 times 7 equal 21. C Copy and complete 1. 4X 9 = 2. 9x 4 = 5, 8x 7 = ^. 5X10X2 = 6. 6x7 melons = melons. ^. lOx 4 apples = apples. Oral Work. Z>. Add 1. By 7's, from to 70. 3. By 8's, from to 80. 5. By 9's, from to 90. 7. 4applesxl0= apples. 8. 3x2x5 balls = balls. 9. 4x$20 = $ 10. 8X$.05=$ 11. $1.50X2=$ 12. $5.10X3 = $ Subtract 2. By 7's, from 70 to 0. Jf. By 8's, from 80 to 0. 6. By 9's, from 90 to 0. Written Work.-^S. Copy, complete, learn, and recite the INTEGERS.— MUL TIPLICA TION, 53 Table of Peimaky Combinations in Multiplication. 1X1 = 2X2 = 3X3 = 4x4 = 2X1 = 3X2 = 4X3 = 5X4 = 3x1 = 4x2 = 5X3 = 6X4 = 4X1 = 5X2 = 6X3 = 7x4 = 5X1 = 6X2 = 7x3 = 8X4 = 6X1 = 7x2 = 8X3 = 9X4 = 7x1 = 8X1 = 9X1 = 8X2 = 9X2 = 7x7 = 9X3 = Qx^= 7x6 = 5X5 = 6X5 = 7x5 = 8X8 = 8x7 = 8X6 = 8X5 = 9X9 = 9x7 = 9X6 = 9X5 = 9x9 = 06. Exercises in Multiplication at Sight. . S 2 8 3 6 4 5 7 1 5 3 2 7 9 8 1 6 4 3 1 9 7 8 5 4 6 3 2 4 9 2 7 1 6 5 4 8 3 5 4 6 2 9 1 8 5 3 7 6 8 5 6 2 7 3 9 1 4 7 3 9 1 6 2 5 8 4 7 8 6 1 5 3 9 2 4 8 7 9 Note. — The preceding exercises are to be written upon the board, and used in class drill daily, until every pupil can give, at sight, the product of the numbers expressed by any two digits. 54: SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 67. A number is either concrete or abstract. 68. A concrete number is a number whose unit is named. 69. An abstract number is a number whose unit is not named. a. 5 apples, 70 days, $658 are concrete numbers. b. One, sixty-five, 19, 432 are abstract numbers. a. Three, seven, four books, nine men. b. 13 boys, 50, 72 hours, 365 days, 10,243. 1, In line a which numbers are abstract ? Which are concrete '^ Why ? ^. In line b which numbers are concrete? Which are abstract ? Why ? 3. What is the unit of each number in line a ? In line b ? Is it abstract or concrete ? Exercises. Oral Work, — 1. Five weeks are how many days ? £, How many hills of corn are there in 8 rows of 10 hills each ? In 5 rows of 7 hills each ? S. 5X 8=: How many? 4. 3x50=:how many ? How much must be paid for 5. Multiply 15 by 4. 6, Multiply 9 by 100. 7. 8 oranges, at 5 cents apiece ? 8, 4 readers, at $.50 apiece? 9. 2 coats, at 15 dollars each? 10. 100 sheep, at $3 a head? 11. In each of these ten exercises, which number is the multiplicand ? Is it an abstract or a concrete number ? 12. In which of these exercises is the product an ab- stract number? 13. In which exercises is it a concrete number ? INTEGERS.— MUL TIPLICA TIOK 55 In each of the ten exercises, H. Which number is the multiplier? 15. Is it abstract or concrete? The multiplie?' is always considered an abstract number. What is the product 16. Of 4 times 3 ? 17. Of 3 times 4 ? 18. Of 5 times 9 ? 19. Of 9 times 5 ? 21. Of 15x50? Of 50 X 15 ? In written work, either factor may be used as the multiplier. 70. Peinciple I. The multijplicand and jproduct are lihe numbers. Case I. The multiplier a digit. 71. 1. Multiply 20 by 4. 4 times 2 tens or 20 are 8 tens or 80. Multiply i. 30, 50, 70, and 40 by 4. 5. 13, 24, 51, and 32 by 5. 6. 17, 47, 77, and 87 by 7. 7. 25, 75, 19, and 69 by 9. 2. Multiply 32 by 3. 3 times 2 are 6, 3 times 30 are 90, and 90+6 are 96. 3. Multiply 53 by 5. 5 times 3 are 15, 5 times 50 are 250, and 250 + 15 are 265. 8. $36 by 7, 4, 3, and 9. 9. $ .25 by 8, 5, 7, and 3. 10. 48 pounds by 3, 6, and 8. 11. 54 yards by 4, 7, and 9. 7^. A. 1. If a man can cut 8 acres of grass with a reaper in one day, how many acres can he cut in 3 days ? In 3 days he can cut 3 times as many acres as in .one day, and 3 times 8 acres are 24 acres. 2. How much will 4 saddles cost, at $9 apiece ? 3. A shipper of Western beef ships 4 car loads a day. How many car loads does he ship in 7 days ? Jp. If 8 bushels of apples will make a barrel of cider, how many bushels will make 9 barrels ? 5. How much are 3 acres of hay worth, at $20 an acre ? 56 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 6. How many yards are there in three pieces of carpet- ing of 60 yards each ? 7. How many gallons of molasses are there in 5 casks of 40 gallons each ? JB* 1. How much will 4 pounds of raisins cost, at 22 cents a pound ? ^. How many yards are there in 3 pieces of linen, each piece containing 42 yards ? 3. At $35 apiece, how much will 2 cutters cost ? ^. If 32 quarts of milk are used in a hotel daily, how many quarts are used in 5 days ? In a week ? In 9 days ? 5. How many hours are there in 3 days ? In 8 days ? 6. How much will 7 bushels of potatoes cost, at $ .44 a bushel ? At $ .56 ? At $ .63 ? 7. At 25 bushels to the acre, how many bushels of wheat can be raised on 5 acres ? On 6 acres ? On 8 acres ? C. 1, 4 times 2, plus 4 times 20 equal 4 times what number ? ^. 3 times 2, plus 3 times 40 equal 3 times what number ? 8. 2 times $5 + 2 times $30 = 2 times how many dollars ? 4^. 5 times 2 quarts + 5 times 30 quarts = 5 times how many quarts ? 5. In finding 9 times 32 quarts, what is the first step ? The second? The third? 6. In multiplying $16 by 9, how many steps are there, and what are they ? Give the steps, in order, in multiplying 7. 24 hours by 3 ; by 4 ; by 7. 8. In finding 7 times $ .44 ; 7 times $ .56 ; 7 times $ .63. 9. In finding the product of 25 bushels multiplied by 5; by 6; by 8. INTEGERS.— MUL TIFLICA TION. 57 Written Work.— 7^. Ex. Multiply 473 by 9. Explanation. —I write the multiplier under the Process. ones of the multiplicand, and begin at the right / 7 ? to multiply. "^ 9 times 3 ones are 27 ones, or 7 ones and 2 tens. I ^ write the 7 ones for the ones of the product ; — the Jf,^^ 5 7 2 tens are a part of the tens of the product. 9 times 7 tens plus the 2 tens are 65 tens, or 5 tens and 6 hun- dreds. I write the 5 tens for the tens of the product ; — the 6 hundreds are a part of the hundreds of the product. 9 times 4 hundreds plus the 6 hundreds are 42 hundreds, or 2 hun- dreds and 4 thousands, which I write for the hundreds and thousands of the product. The result, 4,257, is the required product. Pkoblems. A 1 Multiply 246 by 3 7 2 543 7 3 3,269 5 8 4 9,624 8 5 18,932 4 6 9 10 $491 $5,427 8 6 $7,057 4 $108.94 5 $1,962.40 9 II 20,356 yards 7 12 13 257,008 feet 108,094 pounds 3 2 14 40,007 tons 9 B, 1. A carriage maker sold 7 covered carriages, at $325 each. How much did he receive for them ? ^. A railroad company bought 6 locomotives, at $12,675 each. How much did they cost ? 3. In one week a newsboy sold 246 papers, at 5 cents each. How much did he receive for them ? Jf. How much will 244 pairs of boots cost, at $-4 a pair ? 5. How many pounds are there in 3 barrels of salt, each barrel containing 280 pounds ? C2 58 SECONB BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 6. A mile is 5,280 feet. 8 miles are how many feet ? 7. What will be the cost of building a horse railroad 4 miles long, at $12,768 a mile? 8. How many gallons are 8 times 27,645 gallons ? 9. How many pounds are 5 times 32,051 pounds ? 10. What is the product of 6 times 1,026,348 ? 11. How much will a laborer earn in 6 months, at $17.50 a month ? At $18.75 a month ? 12. How much will 7 tons of coal cost, at $6.34 a ton ? Case II. The multiplier a digit with a cipher or ciphers on the right. Oral Work. 74, How much is 1. 10 times 5 barrels? 2. 100 times 5 barrels? ^.10 times 25 peaches? J/.. 100 times 25 peaches? What is the product 5. Of 5 multiplied by 10? 6. Of 5 multiplied by 100? 7. Of 25 multiplied by 10? 8. Of 25 multiplied by 100? Annexing a cipher to a number multiplies the number by 10, Hence, 75. Principle II. Each removal of a number one jpldce to the left multijplies the number hy 10. 1. At the rate of 4 bushels an hour, how many bush- els of potatoes can a man dig in 10 hours ? How many- bushels in 10 days of 10 hours each ? 2. In measuring depths at sea, 6 feet are a fathom. How many feet are 10 fathoms ? Are 100 fathoms ? 3. When the street-car fare is 5 cents, how much will 10 rides cost ? How much will 100 rides cost ? J/.. If a joiner can make 8 window-frames in a week, how many can he make in 10 weeks ? INTEGERS.— MUL TIPLICATION. 59 5. How much will 10 barrels of beef cost, at $23 a barrel? At $27 a barrel? 6. A field of 10 acres of wheat yielded 36 bushels to the acre. What was the total yield ? 7. How many barrels of flour will a teamster draw at 86 loads, if he draws 10 barrels at a load ? 8. 32 quarts are a bushel. How many quarts are 10 bushels ? Are 100 bushels ? Are 1,000 bushels ? 9. A box of 8 by 12 window-glass contains 75 panes. How many panes of glass are there in 10 boxes ? In 100 boxes ? In 1,000 boxes ? 10. There are 98 pounds of flour in a half-barrel. How many pounds are there in 1,000 half -barrels ? 11. "What is the cost of 10,000 sewing-machines, at $24 apiece ? How is a number multiplied 12. By 10? Why? 13. By 10 X 10, or 100 ? Why ? U. By 10 X 100, or 1,000 ? Why ? i5. By 10,000? By 100,000? By 1,000,000? Why? 76. How much is 1. 3 times 5 barrels? 2. 30 times 5 barrels? 3. 300 times 5 barrels ? Jf.. 3 times 25 peaches? 5. 30 times 25 peaches? 6. 300 times 25 peaches? What is the product of 7. 5 multiplied by 3 ? 8. 5 multiplied by 30 ? 9. 5 multiplied by 300 ? 10. 25 multiplied by 3 ? 11. 25 multiplied by 30? 12. 25 multiplied by 300? 13. At 9 cents a box, how much must I pay for 4 boxes of table salt ? How much for 40 boxes ? IJf. At the rate of 7 miles an hour, how many miles will a boat sail in 10 hours ? In 60 hours ? 60 SECOND BOOK IiV ARITHMETIC. 15, If 16 poles are required for a mile of telegraph line, how many poles will be required for 10 miles? How many for 30 miles ? For 100 miles ? For 300 miles ? 16, 4 peeks are a bushel. How many pecks are 10 bushels? 50 bushels? 100 bushels? 500 bushels? 1,000 bushels ? 5,000 bushels ? 17, How much will 9,000 cords of wood cost, at $5 a cord? Written Worlc. Process. 291 60 17,1^60 11'7. Ex. Multiply 291 by 60. Explanation. — Since 60 is 10 times 6, I multiply 291 by 6, and to the product an- nex a cipher. Pkoblems. In each of the next eight problems, write the product without writing the factors. 1. 100 times 75 = 2, 1,000 times 75 = S, 100 times 392 = .4. 1,000 times 1,839 = 5. 6. 7. 8, 392x10,000 = 2,893X10,000 = 478x1,000,000 = 1,000,000X58,054 = 9 10 II 667 80 682 400 1,908 7,000 \2 6,947 90,000 17,398 700,000 [4 90,086 5,000,000 15, What is the product of 30 times 254? 16, Multiply 249 by 4,000. By 4,000,000. 17, What is the product of 600 X -972? Of 600,000x972? 18, Find the product of the factors 90,000 and 2,165. INTEGERS.^MULTIPLICA TION. 61 ^ 19. How many bushels of oats will 800 horses eat in a year, allowing 183 bushels for each horse ? W. A tea merchant bought 700 chests of tea, each con- taining 42 pounds. How many pounds of tea did he buy? 21. How many gallons are there in a cargo of 7,000 barrels of kerosene, of 42 gallons each ? 22. In 214 barrels of fish, containing 200 pounds each, are how many pounds ? 23. Sixty minutes are one hour. How many minutes are twenty-four hours, or one day ? Find the cost 2J,.. Of 300 hogsheads of molasses, @ $65. 25. Of 125 barrels of pork, @ $20. 26. Of 176 acres of land, @ $50. 27. Of 70 bushels of wheat, @ $1.25. 28. Of 500 bushels of corn, @ $ .70. 29. Of 18 piano-fortes, at $270 each. 30. Of 150 chairs, at $ .65 each. 31. Of 600 sheep, at $4.25 a head. Case III. The multiplier two or more digits. Of'ol Work. — 78. A* 1. At 8 cents apiece, how much will 4 cocoa-nuts cost? How much will 20 cost? How much will 24 cost ? 2. A cooper made 9 barrels a day for 32 days. How many barrels did he make in 2 days ? How many in 30 days ? How many in the 32 days ? 3. At 6 cents for the use of 1 dollar for a year, how much must I pay for the use of 7 dollars? How much for the use of 30 dollars ? For the use of 37 dollars ? 62 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. How much is the cost ^. Of 84 pairs of boots, at $5 a pair ? 6, Of 69 yards of cassimere, at $2 a yard ? 6, Of 98 miles of railroad fare, at $ .03 a mile ? 7. Of 54 reams of book paper, at $7 a ream ? 8. What is the product, when the multiplicand is ones ? 9, When it is tens? | 10. Hundreds? | 11, Thousands? J5, 1, 5 times 25, plus 10 times 25 are how many times 25? ^. Then, how is 25 multiplied by 15 ? 3, How is any number multiplied by 15 ? 4'. 2 times any number, plus 20 times the same number are how many times the number ? 6, Then, how is any number multiplied by 22 ? 6, 5 times any number, plus YO times the same number are how many times the number ? 7. Then, how is any number multiplied by 75 ? How is any number multiplied 8, By 36 ? a By 84 ? 10, By 17? 11. By 91 ? 12. By 215? 13. Bv 975 ? i^. By 4,215? 15. By 2,047 ? 79. Principle III. The product resulting from mul- tijplying one nurriber hy the ones^ tens^ hundreds, etc., of another, is the sum of the several products. These several products are called partial products, 1. 7 times 13,5284-40 times 13,528 + 2,000 times 13,528 are how many times 13,528 ? 2. 7 + 40 + 2,000 times 13,528 are how many times 13,528 ? INTEGERS.— MUL TIPLICA TION. 63 Written Work.— 80. Ex. Multiply 13,528 by 2,047. Full Process. Common Process. 13,628 13,528 9Jf696^ 7time8l3,528= 91^,696 6Jfll20= 40 times 13,528= * 5 Jf. 1 1 2 Partial products. 27066000= 2,000 times 13.528= 27066 A. 27,691,816= 2,04T times 13,528 = 27,691,816 Explanation. — Writing the factors with the ones of the multi- plier under the ones of the multiplicand, I multiply first by 7 ones, next by 4 tens or 40, and then — as there are no hundreds — by 2 thousands or 2,000, and write the first figure of each par- tial product under the figure of the multiplier used to obtain it. I then add the partial products, and obtain 27,691,816, the re- quired product. Problems. 1 i ill 74 281 2,976 426 4,306 23 54 81 315 284 6 7 8 9 10 13,008 50,028 4,765 29,872 8,009 472 974 807 5,008 6,003 a. Multiplying any number hy produces 0. h. Multiplying hy any number produces 0. 11, What is the product of 58 times 15Y? 12, 73 X 593 .= how many ? Multiply 17,248 by 9,005. 13, What is the product of 4,293 multiplied by 2,726 ? i^. 308 times 203 times 69 yards are how many yards ? 16. A load of 74 bushels of oats, weighing 32 pounds to the bushel, weighs how many pounds ? 64 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC, 16, In a barrel containing 87 dozens of eggs, are how many eggs ? 17, A lioe factory that makes 1,396 hoes per week, makes how many hoes in a year, or 52 weeks ? 18, A certain daily newspaper office uses 217 reams of paper per day. How many reams does it use in the 308 business days of a year ? 19, If one mile of telegraph wire weighs 489 pounds, what will be the weight of the wire for a line of telegraph 138 miles long ? J5 1 ^ i 1 1 $31,075 $310.75 $50.44 $243.75 $1,274.09 36 36 705 215 8,047 6, A wholesale dealer sold 80 watches, at $75 each. How much did he receive for them ? 7, The yearly wages of 307 men in a coal mine are $736 each. What is the amount of their wages for the year? 8, What is the value of 132 ounces of gold, at $16 an ounce ? 9, One year the repairs on a canal 203 miles long, cost $382.75 per mile. What was the total expense ? 10, What is the value of the 735 horses of a city horse- car line, at $149 each ? 11, One week a butcher bought 356 lambs, at $3.56 a head. How much did they cost him ? 1^2, At $ .18 a gallon, what is the cost of a barrel of kerosene containing 42 gallons? 13, How much will 28 bushels of turnips cost, at $ .31 a bushel ? INTEGERS.^MUL TIPLICA TION. 65 How much must I pay H. For 369 pounds of wool, @ $ .64? 15. For 32 yards of body-Brussels carpeting, @ $2.19 ? 16. For 23 rolls of paper-hangings, @ $ .27? 17. A milkman sells 219 quarts a day, at % .05 a quart. How much do his sales amount to in a year ? Case IY. Each factor a digit or digits, with a ci- pher or ciphers on the right. Oral Work. — 81o Ao Find the cost 1. Of a turkey that weighs 10 pounds, at $ .20 a pound. 2. Of 50 pounds of sugar, at $ .10 a pound. 3. Of 30 pounds of chickens, at $ .20 a pound. Jf. Of 20 pounds of salmon, at $ .30. 6. Of 30 barrels of apples, at 150 cents, or $1.50. 6. Of 200 acres of land, at $10. At $20. At $50. 7. A barrel of pork weighs 200 pounds. What is the weight of 3 barrels ? Of 30 barrels ? Of 300 barrels ? 8. There are 160 acres in a quarter-section of govern- ment land. How many acres are in 4 quarter-sections? In 40 quarter-sections ? 9. How many pounds of butter are there in 40 fifty- pound tubs ? In 400 fifty-pound tubs ? 10. One year a grocer sold 80 thirty-pound tin cans of maple sugar. How many pounds of sugar did he sell ? 1^, How many are What is the product 1. 3 times 20 windows ? ^. Of 3 times 20, or 20 times 3 ? S. 10 times 3 times 20 boards? J,.. Of 30 times 20 ? 5. 4 times 200 bricks ? ^ Of 4 times 200, or 200 7. 10 times 4 times 200 shin- times 4 ? gles? 8. Of 40 and 200? 9. 100 times 3 times 50 rails? 10. Of 50 and 300? 66 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. How many ciphers are on the right of both factors, and how many are on the right of the product 11. In questions 1 and 2 ? I 13. In questions 5 and 6 ? 12. In questions 3 and 4? | IJf. In questions 7 and 8? 15. In questions 9 and 10? 82. Principle TV. There are at least as mam,y ciphers on the right of a product^ as there are on the right of the factors which jproduce it Written Work.— Ex. Multiply 7,200 by 160. Explanation.— Writing the factors with the right-hand digit of the multiplier under the right-hand digit of the multiplicand, I mul- tiply the 72 hundreds of the multiplicand by the 16 tens of the multiplier, and obtain 1,152. To this I annex three ciphers — one for the cipher on the right of the multi- plier, and two for the two ciphers on the right of the multiplicand. The result, 1,152,000, is the required product. Pkocess. 7,200 160 4,32 72 1,152,000 2400 1,760 39 Problems. 3 4 270 1,920 960 650,000 428,000 720 480 7000 9906432 789600 8 4893700 536000 9 596802 307020 10. One month a rolling-mill made 5,800 bars of rail- road iron, each bar weighing 402 pounds. How much did the whole weigh ? 11. At the rate of 1,400 words an hour, how many words can be sent over a telegraph line in 30 hours ? INTEGERS.— MUL TTPLICA TION. 67 12, How much, will a yearly salary of $1,700 amount to in 12 years ? 13. How mucli will it cost to fence 800 miles of rail- road, at $150 a mile ? H,. If a rope-maker can spin 19,240 feet of rope in a week, liow many feet can lie spin in 50 weeks ? 15. A barge was loaded with 600 bales of hay, weighing 290 pounds •€ach. What was the weight of the load ? 16. How many grape-vines will be required for a vine- yard of 40 acres, allowing 1,280 vines to the acre ? 17. A nursery-man sold 2,800 young apple-trees, at $ .17 apiece. How much did he receive for them ? 18. How much will 50 bushels of peaches cost, at $2.50 a bushel ? 19. How much must be paid for transporting 450 tons of freight from New York to St. Louis, at $27.50 a ton? W. In a barrel of beef are 200 pounds. How many pounds are there in 37 barrels ? 21. A planter raised 94 acres of cotton, which yielded 460 pounds to the acre. What was the total yield ? M. In a ream of paper are 480 sheets. How many sheets are there in 260 reams ? 23. Eequired the cost of building a line of telegraph 680 miles long, at $1,250 a mile. ^4" A manufacturer of reapers and mowers sold in one year 2,500 machines, at $130 each. How much did he receive for them ? 25. The factors are three hundred ninety-seven thou- sand five hundred, and nine thousand eight hundred. What is the product ? 68 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 83. Rules for Multiplication of Integers. I. The multiplier a digit. 1. Write the inultijplier under the ones of the multi- pliccmd, 2. Beginning at the right, multiply the units of each order in the multiplicand by the multiplier j in the prod- uct write the ones of each result, a/ad add the tens to the next result, II. The multiplier a digit, with a cipher or ciphers on the right. 1. Write the factors — the digit of the multiplier under the ones of the multiplicand. 2. Multiply the multiplicand hy the digit of the multi- plier, and to the product annex the ciphers. When the digit is 1 — i.e., when the multiplier is 10, 100, 1,000, etc., —perform the process m^entaUy. III. The multiplier two or more digits. 1. Write the multiplier under the multiplicand — ones under ones, tens under tens, and so on, 2. Beginning at the right, multiply the multiplicand hy the ones, tens, hundreds, etc, of the multiplier, place the right-hand figure of each partial product under the figure of the multiplier used to obtain it, and add the partial products, IV. Each factor a digit or digits, with a cipher or ciphers on the right. 1. Write the factors — the right-hand digit of the multi- plier under the right-hand digit of the multiplicand, 2. Omitting the ciphers on the right of the factors, mul- tiply as in Case III ; and to the product thus obtained annex the ciphers. INTEGERS.-'MUL TIPLICA TION. 69 Peoblems. A. L ^ 1 ^ t 1,026,348 1,327 2,076 175,941 9,654 6 246 382 400,000 21,800 6 2 ?. i '^ 64 68,000 49,500 1,850 53,276 70,000 73 400 63,000 5,002 Ex. Multiply 654 by 9. Process, Making the Computation. 65 Jf, 9 4's are 36; write 6 (add 3). Q 9 5's and 3 are 48; write 8 (add 4). 9 6's and 4 are 58; write 58. 6^886 Result, 5,886. 11, An excursion train of 9 cars lias 84 passengers in each car. How many passengers are on the train ? 12, Every mile of a road 4 rods wide contains 8 acres. How many acres are there in 168 miles of such a road ? 13, If 290 pounds of cheese are made from the milk of one cow, how many pounds can be made from the milk of 470 cows ? H. If a miller grinds 1 50 barrels of flour in a day, how many barrels will he grind in 56 days ? 15, How many tons of iron will be required for 359 miles of railroad, at 97 tons to the mile ? 16, How much will 282 street-cars cost, at $825 each ? 17, One season a steamboat on the Hudson made 234 trips, and the average number of persons carried per trip was 108. How many persons did the boat carry during the season? 18, How many feet of lumber can be cut from 1,000 logs, each log making 642 feet? 70 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 4 Oral Work. — B. 1. Ten kits of mackerel of twenty- five pounds each are how many pounds? One hundred kits are how many pounds ? ^. A furrier sold 4 muffs at $30 apiece. How much did he receive for them ? S. How much must I pay for 5 pounds of beefsteak, at 16 cents a pound ? ^. How many pounds of butter are there in 3 four-gal- lon jars of 32 pounds each ? 5. How many miles will a steamboat run in 24 hours, if she runs 8 miles an hour ? 6. How much will 40 silk hat^- cost, at $6 apiece ? 7. Six spoons are a set. How many sjDOons are seventy- five sets ? 8. What is the cost of 20 paper-weights, at $ .60 each ? Written Work, — C. Multiply t 7,945 and 70,087 by 7. ^. 4,670 and 37,500 by 40. 3. 4,386 by 9 ; by 800 ; by 3,764. 4. 89,760 by 787 ; by 20,960. 7 8 Multiplicands, 6,597 892,367 84,720 967,008 Multipliers, 9 1,000 326,000 30,854 Find the product of the factors 9. 3,156, 592, and 8. 10. $5,120, 786, and 25. 11. 98, $1.63, 39, and 9. 12. 47, 3,400, and $697.48. 13. 90,876, 3,008, 90, and 45. U. $897.28, 500, 17, 36, and 24. 15. If 245 pounds of charcoal are used in making 1 ton of gunpowder, how many pounds are used in making 1,056 tons? 16. A common clock strikes 156 times every day. How many times does it strike in a year ? 17. A hotel keeper bought 23 barrels of eggs, each bar- rel containing 83 dozen. How many eggs did he buy ? INTEGERS.— M UL TIPLICA TION. 71 18. A mail agent made 225 round trips each year for 13 years, over a railroad 108 miles long. How many miles did lie travel ? 19. 24 sheets of paper are a quire, and 20 quires are a ream. How many sheets are there in 45 reams ? W. How many buttons are there in 7 dozen packages, each package containing 10 cards, and each card 3 dozen buttons 1 '21. A shoe dealer bought 45 cases of ladies' French kid boots, each case containing 12 pairs, at $3 a pair. What was the amount of the purchase ? 2%. A Pennsylvania oil well flowed 237 days, at the rate of 345 barrels of oil per day. How much oil did it yield ? 23. A manufacturer sold 319 sets of chairs, at % .65 apiece. How much did he receive for them \ Note. — For outlines of multiplication for review, see page 270. Eeview Problems. Oral Work. — 1. A man built a fence in 10 days, build- ing 32 rods each day. What was the length of the fence ? 2. How far will an express train run in 9 hours, run- ning 34 miles an hour ? 3. A steamboat plies between two places that are 50 miles apart. How many miles does she run in 12 trips ? ^. If a house rents for $60 a month, how much does the rent amount to in 10 months ? 5. A merchant bought 5 pieces of cambric, of 44 yards each, at 10 cents a yard. How much did it cost him ? 6. A fruit dealer bought 20 crates of peaches for $48, and sold them at $3 a crate. How much was his gain ? 7. Mabel bought 10 yards of calico at 13 cents a yard, and 8 yards of ribbon at 20 cents a yard. How much did her purchases amount to ? 72 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 8. 8 fields, of 80 acres each, contain how many acres ? 9, In a flouring mill are 8 pairs of millstones, and each pair will grind 100 bushels of wheat per day. How many bushels of grain can the mill grind in a week ? 10. A hatter bought 8 silk hats for $40, and sold them at $6 apiece. How much did he gain ? Written Work, — 1. How many square miles are there in 25 townships of 36 square miles each ? ^. In a factory are 10 lines of shafting; one of them weighs 882 pounds, and the other 9 weigh 462 pounds each. What is their total weight ? S. If you have $127 when you are 16 years old, and you save $39 each year until you are 21, how much mon- ey will you then have ? ^. A book-keeper's wages are $56 a month, and his expenses for a year, or 12 months, are $608. How much does he save in a year ? 5. A Government surveyor receives $150 a month, and expends $68. How much does he save in a year? 6. How many pickets will be required for the fence that encloses a lot 198 feet long, and 143 feet wide, allow- ing 3 pickets to the foot ? 7. How much must I pay for 25 thousand feet of wal- nut lumber, at $41.81 per thousand ? 8. At $6 per week, how much will 36 boarders pay for board in one year, or 52 weeks ? 9. A stock train consists of 17 cars, each car contain- ing 179 sheep. How much do all the sheep weigh, their average weight being 95 pounds ? 10. A merchant bought 37 cases of prints, each case containing 12 pieces of 42 yards each. How many yards of print did he buy ? INTEGERS.— MULTIPLIC A TION. 73 11. If I buy 40 horses at $120 each, and sell all of them for $5,000, how much do I gain ? 12. A farmer raised 2 fields of potatoes. The first field, of 5 acres, yielded 102 bushels to the acre ; and the second field, of 8 acres, yielded 119 bushels to the acre. How many bushels of potatoes did he raise ? 13. A manufacturer pays 125 workmen $39 a month each. How much do their wages amount to in a year ? H. A farmer who raised 1,221 bushels of oats, kept 85 bushels for seed, and enough to winter 9 horses, allowing 50 bushels to each horse, and sold the balance. How many bushels did he sell ? 15. Of 5 hogsheads of sugar, billed at 1,125 pounds each, the first was 72 pounds short, the second 56 pounds, the third 38 pounds, the fourth 112 pounds, and the fifth 47 pounds. How many pounds were in the 5 hogsheads ? 16. A merchant bought 24 sets of crockery of 45 pieces each, 29 sets of 37 pieces each, and 36 sets of 80 pieces each. How many sets did he buy ? How many pieces ? 17. A drover bought 69 cattle, at $28.75 a head. He sold 27 of them, at $37.75 a head ; and the remainder, at $36.50 a head. Did he gain or lose, and how much? 18. A provision dealer bought 806 barrels of fish, at $16.50 a barrel ; and sold the lot at $1,847 more than cost. How much did he receive for it ? 19. An agent sold 3 farms. For the first he received $675, for the second twice as much as for the first, and for the third 4 times as much as for the first and second. How much did he receive for the second? For the third? For the 3 farms? Note. — Teachers who prefer that decimals should be studied in connec- tion with integers, will now require their pupils to study multipliqation of decimals, pages 126-129. D SECTION V. DIVISION. Oral Work. — 84. How many How many times 1. Are 2- 2 ? 2, Can 2 be taken from 2 ? 3, Are 4-2-2 ? ^. Can 2 be taken from 4 ? 5. Are 6 — 2 — 2 — 2? 6. Can 2be taken from 6? 7. Are 8-2 — 2-2-2? 8. Can 2 be taken from 8? 9, 4 is how many 2's ? How many times 2 ? 10. 6 is how many 2's? How many times 2 ? ii. 8 is how many 2's ? How many times 2 ? i^. How many times is 2 contained in 4 ? In 6 ? In 8 ? 85. To divide a number is to separate it into equal parts. When any number is divided Into two equal parts, one of the parts is one half of the number ; Into three equal parts, one of the parts is one third of the number ; Into four equal parts, one of the parts is one fourth of the number ; Into fi^e equal parts, one of the parts is one fifth of the number ; Into six equal parts, one of the parts is one sixth of the number ; and so on. Divide i. 2 into 2 equal parts. 2, 4 into 2 equal parts. 5. 6 into 2 equal parts. Jf.. 8 into 2 equal parts. 6. 3 into 3 equal parts. ^.12 into 3 equal parts. 7. 21 into 3 equal parts. 8. 8 into 4 equal parts. ^.24 into 4 equal parts. 10. 15 into 5 equal parts. 11. 40 into 5 equal parts. 12. 42 into 6 equal parts. INTEGERS.— DIVISION. 75 86. The equal parts into which any number is divided, are commonly 0.2^^^ fractional jparts^ ore fractions. Halves, thirds, fourths, and fifths are written a. To find one half of a number : — Divide the number by 2, h. To find one third of a number : — Divide the number by S, €. To find one fourth of a number : — Divide the number by 4* d. To find one fifth of a number : — Divide the number by 5. How much is 5. 1 third of 21? 9, ^of 6? 6. 1 fourth of 8? 10. |of 12? 7. 1 fourth of 24? 11. |of 16? 8. 1 fifth of 15? 12. I of 40? 1. 1 half of 2 ? 2. 1 half of 4 ? S. 1 half of 8 ? U. 1 third of 3? IS. i of 54 ? U. I of 80 ? 15. 1 of 72 ? 16. I of 42 ? 87. A. 1. When 2 quarts of milk cost 12 cents, how much does 1 quart cost % 1 quart costs 1 half as much as 2 quarts, and 1 half of 12 cents is 6 cents. 2. 2 pounds of crackers cost 16 cents. How much does 1 pound cost % 3. I paid $12 for 6 barrels of potatoes. What was the price per barrel ? If,. If a steam-engine in a factory burns 27 tons of coal in 3 days, how many tons does it burn in 1 day ? 5. In a garden are 20 trees in 4 equal rows. How many- trees are in each row ? 6. If I feed my chickens 1 bushel, or 32 quarts, of corn in 4 days, how many quarts will I feed them in a day ? 7. If I divide 25 almonds equally among 5 children^ how many almonds shall I give to each child ? 76 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. IB. 1. At 2 cents apiece, how many peaches can I buy for 8 cents ? First Solution. — At 2 cents apiece, I can buy as many peaches for 8 cents as the times 2 cents can be taken from 8 cents. 2 cents from 8 cents leave 6 cents, 2 cents from 6 cents leave 4 cents, 2 cents from 4 cents leave 2 cents, and 2 cents from 2 cents leave 0. Since 2 cents can be taken from 8 cents 4 times, I can buy 4 peaches. Or, Second Solution. — At 1 cent apiece, for 8 cents I can buy 8 peaches; and at 2 cents apiece, for 8 cents I can buy 1 half of 8 peaches, Tvhich is 4 peaches. ^. How many boys' suits can be made from 18 yards of cloth, allowing o yards for a suit ? S, How many days will 20 pounds of flour last a family that uses 4 pounds a day ? 4'. How much shall I receive for 24 pairs of hosv% at the rate of 4 pairs for a dollar ? 5. If I drive my horse 5 miles an hour, how many hours will it take me to drive him 15 miles ? 88. Division is the process of separating a number into equal parts. a. The number to be separated into equal parts is the dividend, b. The number that expresses how many equal parts the dividend is to be separated into, is the divisor » c. The number obtained by dividing is the quotient. When the numbers to be used for dividend and divisor are like numbers, the process of division is a short method of subtraction. EXEECISES. A, 1. The dividend is 54 and the divisor is 6. What is the quotient? ^. What is the quotient of 63 divided by 7? S. If 32 yards of carpeting be divided into breadths of 6 yards each, how many yards will there be of the remnant ? INTEGERS.-^DIVISION. 77 4'. 56 loaves of bread are liow many times 8 loaves ? 5. How many times can you take 5 cents from 38 cents, and how many cents will remain ? 6. Divide $40 into 8 equal parts. 7. Which number is the dividend, which the divisor, and which the quotient, in exercise 2 ? In exercise 4 ? In exercise 6 ? 8. In which of the exercises 1-6 is there no remainder ? 9. What kind of a number is the quotient, in exercise 2 ? In exercise 4 ? In exercise 6 ? B. Divide by 2 every second number 1, From 2 to 20. ^. From 20 to 2. Thus, 2 in 2 once, 2 iii 4 2 times, and so ou. 2 in 20 10 times, 2 in 18 9 times, aud so on. Divide by 3 every third number 5. From 3 to 30. 6. From 30 to 3. Divide into 2 equal parts every second number S. From 2 to 20. 4. From 20 to 2. Tbns, 1 half of 2 is 1, 1 half of 4 is 2, and so on. 1 half of 20 is 10, 1 half of 18 is 9, and so on. Divide into 3 equal parts every third number 7. From 3 to 30. 8. From 30 to 3. 89. The sign of division is a short horizontal line with a dot above, and a dot below it, -7-. It is read di- vided hy. Division is also expressed by writing the dividend above, and the divisor below, a horizontal line. 72 '72-^6 and — are each read *"72 divided by 6." Read 1. 99^9 = 11 2, 567^81=7 3. $513^3 = $171 4. 81-^9=z:27^3 ^•t- 78 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. Written Work. — A» Use the proper sign, and write 1. The quotient of 18 divided by 3 is 6. ^. 1 fourth of 60 quarts is 15 quarts. 3. 42 divided by 6 equals 7. ^. $11.25 divided by 5 equals $2.25. 5. 78 bushels divided by 6 equals 13 bushels. 6, Dividend, 120 ; divisor, 12 ; quotient, 10. jB. Copy and complete 1. 86-^-9= 5. 45 melons-T-5 = ^.56 — 8= 6. 36 pears-r-4 = S, 42^6= 7. 36 apples-r-4 = 4. 10-^1= 8. 72 cherries 4- 8 = Oral Work. — 90, A. Divide by 4 every fourth number 1. From 4 to 40. melons pears apples cherries 2. From 40 to 4. Divide by 5 every fifth number 5. Fi-om 5 to 50. 6. From 50 to 5. Divide by 6 every sixth number 9. From 6 to 60. 10. From 60 to 6. 9. $80-^4=$ 10. $.40-^5=$ 11. $1.50^3 = $ 12. $12.40-T-2=$ Divide into 4 equal parts every fourth number S. From 4 to 40. Jf.. From 40 to 4. ; divide into 5 equal parts every fifth number 7. From 5 to 50. 8. From 50 to 5. Divide into 6 equal parts every sixth number 11. From 6 to 60. 12. From 60 to 6. S. I divided, equally, 12 plums between 2 girls, 12 pears among 3 girls, 12 peaches among 4 boys, and 12 apples among 6 boys. 1. Each girl had what part of the 12 plums ? Of the 12 pears ? 2. Each girl had how many plums ? How many pears ? 3. Each boy had what part of the 12 peaches ? Of the 12 apples? INTEGERS.—DIVISION. 79 Jf,. Each boy had how many peaches ? How many apples ? 5. If 9 curtains cost $36, w^hat part of $36 does 1 cur- tain cost ? How many dollars does 1 curtain cost ? 6. One seventh of a farm of 70 acres is woodland. How many acres are woodland ? 7. Five boys gathered forty quarts of chestnuts, which they shared equally. How many quarts had each boy ? 8. How many hours must a man work each day, to do 80 hours' work in 8 days ? In 10 days ? 9. $ .45 for 9 quarts of currants is how much a quart ? 10, $56 for 8 weeks' board is how much a week ? How much a day? 11, 100 bushels of wheat from 10 acres are how many bushels to the acre ? 91. A. Copy, complete, learn, and recite the Table of Primary Combinations in Division. 24-2 = 12-4-3 = 24-f-8 = 40-^8 = 3^3 = 12-^4 = 24-^4 = 42-^6 = 4^2 = 14-4-2 = 24-^6 = 42-4-7 = 4-^4 = 14-4-7 = 25-^5 = 45-4-5 = 5^5 = 15-4-3 = 27^3 = 45-^9 = 6^2 = 15-^5 = 27-4-9 = 48-4-6 = 6 — 3 = 16-4-2 = 28-4-4 = 48-T-8 = 6-^6 = 16-4-8 = 28-~7 = 49-4-7 = 7-^7 = 16-f-4 = 30^5 = 54-^6 = 8-^2 = 18^2 = 30-^-6 = 54-4-9 = 8-h4 = l8-^9 = 32-4-4 = 56^7 = 8-8 = 18-4-3 = 32-4-8 = 56-^8 = 9-T-3 = 18-r-6 = 35^5 = 63-4-7 = 9-^9 = 20-4-4 = 35-^-7 = 63^9 = 10-^2 = 20^5 = 36^4 = 64-4-8 = 10-4-5 = 21^3 = 36^9 = 72^8 = 12-2 = 21-^-7 = 36-^6 = 72-4-9 = 12-4-6 = 24^3 = 40^5 = 81-^9 = 80 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. B. Copy, complete, leam, and recite the Table of Equal Parts. ^oi 2 is I of 12 is I of 24 is 1 of 40 is •J^ of 3 is 1 of 12 is \ of 24 is 1 of 42 is 1^ of 4 is 1 of 14 is 1 of 24 is \ of 42 is ^ of 4 is \ of 14 is \ of 25 is j of 45 is 1 of 5 is j of 15 is I of 27 is I of 45 is 1^ of 6 is \ of 15 is I of 27 is I of 48 is i of 6 is |of 16 is 1 of 28 is . 1 of 48 is ^ of 6 is 1 of 16 is 4- of 28 is \ of 49 is ^ of 7 is ^ of 16 is j of 30 is j of 54 is i- of 8 is 1 of 18 is I of 30 is ^ of 54 is 1 of 8 is |of 18 is \ of 32 is \ of 56 is ■J of 8 is 1 of 18 is i of 32 is i of 56 is 1 of 9 is \ of 18 is \ of 35 is 4^ of 63 is 1 of 9 is 1 of 20 is 1 of 35 is i of 63 is i of 10 is \ of 20 is J of 36 is -J of 64 is \ of 10 is 1 of 21 is \ of 36 is I of 72 is I of 12 is 1 of 21 is \ of 36 is i of 72 is 1 of 12 is -J- of 24 is ^ of 40 is I of 81 is OS. Divide by 7 every seventh number 1. From 7 to 70. 2. From 70 to 7. Divide by 8 every eighth number 5. From 8 to 80. 6, From 80 to 8. Divide by 9 every ninth number 9. From 9 to 90. 10. From 90 to 9. Divide into 7 equal parts every seventh number 3. From 7 to 70. ^ From 70 to 7. Divide into 8 equal parts every eighth number 7. From 8 to 80. 8. From 80 to 8. Divide into 9 equal parts every ninth number 11. From 9 to 90. 12. From 90 to 9. INTEGERS.— Dl VISION. 81 93, Exercises in Division at Sight. 2) 6 12 18 4 10 16 2 8 14 20 3) 9 15 21 6 18 12 24 3 30 27 4)16 8 40 12 24 32 20 36 4 28 5)45 15 35 40 10 20 50 30 25 5 6)24 30 42 36 48 12 54 18 6 60 7^56 28 49 21 VO 35 42 7 63 14 8)80 48 16 bQ 32 40 24 72 64 8 9)72 36 54 9 63 81 45 27 18 90 Note. — The preceding exercises are to be written upon the board, and used in class drill daily, until every pupil can give, at sight, the result in any one of the exercises. Oral Work, — 94. A. 1. How many five-dollar bills will pay for a cow tliat costs forty dollars ? '2. At the rate of 4 quarts an hour, in how many hours will a boy pick 32 quarts of strawberries % 40 quarts ? S. Last winter Eliza attended school 50 days — 5 days each week. How many weeks did she attend school ? ^. A carpenter built a house in 54 days. How many weeks was he in building it ? 5. When rice is 7 cents a pound, how many pounds can be bought for 35 cents ? 6. At the rate of 9 plums for a cent, how much must I pay for 36 plums ? For 54 plums ? -B, 1. $80 for 10 stoves is how much for 1 stove ? 2. 70 cents for 7 slates is how much for 1 slate ? D2 82 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC, S, A blacksmith used 32 nails in setting 8 horseshoes. How many nails did he use for each shoe ? ^. In an orchard are 90 peach-trees in 9 equal rows. How many trees are there in a row ? 5. A woman bought a sewing-machine for $36, and paid for it in 6 equal payments. How much was each payment ? 6, One man can do a certain piece of work in 45 days. In how many days can 5 men do the same work ? 95. Factor or Division Table. 32 is 8 times 4, or 4 times 8. 35 is 7 times 5, or 6 times 7. 4 6 8 9 10 12 14 15 16 20 21 24 25 27 28 30 s 2 times 2. s 3 times 2, or 2 times 3. s 4 times 2, or 2 times 4. s 3 times 3. s 5 times 2, or 2 times 5. \ 6 times 2, or 2 times 6 ; \ 4 times 3, or 3 times 4. s 7 times 2, or 2 times 7. s 5 times 3, or 3 times 5. s 8 times 2, or 2 times 8, or 4 times 4. j 9 times 2, or 2 times 9 ; ( 6 times 3, or 3 times 6. j 10 times 2, or 2 times 10; ( 5 times 4, or 4 times 5. s 7 times 3, or 3 times 7. j 8 times 3, or 3 times 8 ; ( 6 times 4, or 4 times 6. s 5 times 5. s 9 times 3, or 3 times 9. s 7 times 4, or 4 times 7. \ 10 times 3, or 3 times 10 ; ' 6 times 5, or 5 times 6. 40 is 36 is 9 times 4, or 4 times 9, or 6 times 6. 10 times 4, or 4 times 10; 8 times 5, or 5 times 8. 42 is 6 times 7, or 7 times 6. 45 is 9 times 5, or 5 times 9. 48 is 8 times 6, or 6 times 8. 49 is 7 times 7. 50 is 10 times 5, or 5 times 10. 54 is 9 times 6, or 6 times 9. 56 is 8 times 7, or 7 times 8. 60 is 10 times 6, or 6 times 10. 63 is 9 times 7, or 7 times 9. 64 is 8 times 8. 70 is 10 times 7, or 7 times 10. 72 is 9 times 8, or 8 times 9. 80 is 10 times 8, or 8 times 10, 81 is 9 times 9. 90 is 10 times 9, or 9 times 10. 100 is 10 times 10. Note. — The numbers in this table are to be written upon the board, and used In class drill daily, until every pupil can give, at sight, the factors of any number in the table. INTEGERS.— DIVISION, 83 1, Divide 72 feet by 9 feet. 1 foot is contained in 72 feet 72 times ; and 9 feet are con- tained in 72 feet 1 ninth of 72 times, -which is 8 times. Find 7. 1 seventh of 35 cents. 8. 1 fifth of 30 quarts. 9. 1 fourth of 40 pounds. 10. 1 eighth of $40. 11, 1 tenth of 80. Divide ^.32 nails by 4 nails. S. 90 trees by 10 trees. Jf.. 45 days by 9 days. 5. $36 by $6. 6, 70 by" 7. 12. In which of the preceding exercises are the quo- tients abstract numbers? 13. In which are the quotients concrete numbers ? Pkinciple I. The dividend and quotient are always like members. The divisor must always he regarded as an abstract number, "What is the quotient of U. $36 divided by $4 ? 15. $120 divided by $30? 16. $.75 divided by $.15? 17. 150 cents divided by 25 cents? 18. $5 divided by $ .20 ? 19. $25 divided by $.50? 20. $2.40 divided by $ .08 ? 21. $12.50 divided by $1.25? If the given divisor is cents, and the dividend dollars, or dol- lars and cents, reduce the dividend to cents before dividing. Case I. Tlie divisor ending with a digit. 96, A. 1. A boy earned 80 cents in 4 days. How much did he earn in 1 day ? In one day he earned 1 fourth as much as in four days ; and 1 fourth of 80 cents is 20 cents. 2. $90 for 3 cows is how much for 1 cow ? 3. 120 hours of work in 10 days is how many hours per day? ^. 128 cents for 4 ducks is how much for 1 duck ? 84 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 6. A fanner received $140 for wood, at $7 a cord. How many cords did he sell ? At $1 a cord, for $140 he would sell 140 cords ; aiid at $7 a cord, for $140 he sold 1 seventh of 140 cords, which is 20 cords. 6. If a factory girl can weave 180 yards of carpeting in 6 days, liow many yards can she weave in a day ? 7. A teacher paid $3.60 for writing-books, at $.09 apiece. How many books did she buy ? 8. How many suits of clothes can be made from 84 yards of cloth, allowing 4 yards to a suit ? 9. A farm of 405 acres is to be divided equally among 5 heirs. How many acres will each heir receive ? -B. 1. If a boy can gather 96 bushels of apples in 6 days, how many bushels can he gather in 1 day ? He can gatlier 1 sixth as many bushels in one day as in six days ; I. e., 1 sixth of 96 bushels. 96 bushels are 60 bushels plus 36 bushels; 1 sixth of 60 bushels is 10 bushels ; 1 sixth of 36 bushels is 6 bushels ; and 10 bushels plus 6 bushels are 16 bushels. ^. A merchant sold 144 spoons in sets of 6 spoons each. How many sets of spoons did he sell ? 3. How many cars will be required to transport 280 tons of coal, at 8 tons to the car ? 4^. A farmer put up 272 gallons of cider in 8 casks. How many gallons did he put into each cask ? 5. A gardener received $4.95 for radishes, at $.05 a bunch. How many bunches did he sell ? 6. $276 for 4 acres is how much for 1 acre ? 7. A printer uses 8 sheets of paper in making a book of 384 pages. How many pages of the book does 1 sheet make? 8. If 9 pounds of crushed sugar cost $1.35, how much does 1 pound cost ? INTEGERS.— DIVISION. 85 9, 184 yards for 8 silk dresses is how many yards for 1 dress ? 10, 1,080 bushels of oats from 20 acres is how many bushels from an acre ? a 1, 1 fourth of 80, plus 1 fourth of 8 is 1 fourth of what number ? ^. 60 divided by 3, plus 9 divided by 3 equals what number divided by 3 ? S, \ of 140, plus I of 28 equals \ of what number ? ^. 80-^8, plus 48-^8 equals what number divided by 8 ? Into what two parts will you separate the dividend, 5. In finding!- of 180? 6. \ of $2.22 ? 7. \oi 168 pails? 8. \ of 384 brooms? 9. In dividing 130 by 2? 10. $275 by $5? 11. 864 yards by 9 yards ? 12. 546 pens by 7 pens ? J>. What is each partial dividend, and what each re- mainder, in dividing 1. 215 soldiers into 8 squads? 2. $4.32 into 5 equal parts? S. 531 acres by 6 acres? ^. 372 pounds by 9 pounds? In problem 1, of what order of units is 5. The first partial dividend ? 6. The first quotient ? 7. The first remainder? 8. The second partial dividend ? 9. The second quotient ? 10. The second remainder? Note. — Ask similar questions on each of the problems 2, 3, 4. When a quotient contains two or more orders of units, the part of the dividend used to obtain the units of any order is a par- tial dividend. Written Work.— 97. Ex. Divide 936 by 3. The divisor is commonly written at ^. . q\ o o /^ ^. ■■, -, XI 1 rx p.-u J- -J J -XT- 1- X Divisor, J ) i' J O Dividend. the left 01 the dividend, with a short / vertical curve between them. 312 Quotient. 8 3 cents) 639 cents 5) 2,055 4) 1,648 86 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 6 7 8 9 8) 1,648 2)840 papers 6) 1,260 bricks Y tons) 3,542 tons 98. Ex. Divide 36,824 by 8. Fikst Process. Explanation. — 1 eighth of 36 thou- 8\3 6^82 Jf,(Jt,^6 3 sand, the first partial dividend, is 4 q (p thousand and a remainder ; and I write 4 for the thousands of the quo- Jf, 8 tient. 4 thousand times 8 are 32 thou- / g sand, the part of 36 thousand divided ; 82 thousand from 36 thousand leaves ^ ^ 4 thousand, the part of 36 thousand 2 L undivided; and 4 thousand ( = 40 hundred ), plus the 8 hundred of the given dividend is 48 hundred, the g^^^^ p^^^^^ second partial dividend. 1 eighth of 48 hundred is 6 hundred; ^ ^ 36^8^ j, and I write 6 for the hundreds of the L 60 3 quotient. 6 hundred times 8 are 48 hundred, the partial dividend used; and as hundreds remain undivided, the 2 tens of the given dividend is the third partial dividend. 1 eighth of 2 tens is tens ; and I write for the tens of the quo- tient. The 2 tens (=20) undivided, plus the 4 ones of the given dividend, is 24 ones, the fourth partial dividend. 1 eighth of 24 is 3 ; and I write 3 for the ones of the quotient. 3 times 8 are 24, the partial dividend used; and there is no remainder. The result, 4,603, is the required quotient. In the first process, the result of each step is written. This process is called long division. In the second process, only the final result or quotient is writ- ten. This process is called short division. Long division may be used with any divisor, large or small ; short division should be used whenever the divisor is expressed by one figure. INTEGERS.— DIVISION. 87 99, The steps, in finding the units of each order in a quotient, are Ist. Dividing f to find the number of units. 2d. Multiplying, to find the part of the dividend divided. M. Subtracting, to find the part of the dividend undivided. 4:th. Annexing to the remainder the units of the next lower order of the dividend, to form the next partial dividend. Note. — In long division both divisor and i_ 2 quotient may be written at the right of the fiBacisc 273 dividend; or the quotient may be written over — — 25)6825 the dividend, and the divisor at the left, as here — - ' 50 shown (1,2). In 1, the factors of each partial ^ Ysk dividend used are brought near together, and — ^ 175 no space is occupied at the left of the dividend. 75 In 2, the place in which each figure of the quo- — 7_5 tient stands determines its local value. Problems. Solve the first 14 of the following problems by long division, and then by short division. 1. If 4 tons of coal are used each day in an iron found- ery, how many days will 3,284 tons last ? ^. How many days will it take a girl to braid 1,203 straw hats, if she braids 3 hats each day ? 3. A city fire department bought 3 fire-engines for $14,064. What was the cost of each ? Jf,. Six men owning a coal bed, sold it to nine others for $39,150. How much did each seller receive, and how much did each buyer pay ? 5. If you buy a store for $3,624, and pay for it in 3 equal yearly payments, how much will you pay each year ? 6. A plantation of 1,845 acres was divided equally among 9 heirs. How many acres did each heir receive ? 7. A business block of T stores cost $8,652. How much did each store cost ? 88 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 8. An iron founder received $12.55 for castings, at $ .05 a pound. How many pounds did he sell ? 9. An estate of $32,184 was shared equally among 4 heirs. What was the share of one heir ? 10. $4,627 is the cost of how many tons of coal, at $7 a ton? At $1 a ton $4,627 is the cost of Process. 4,627 tons; and at $7 a ton $^,^^7= Jt.,627 tons. $4,627 is the cost of 1 seventh z»^/v of 4,627 tons, which is 661 7) ^^6^7_tons. tons. 661 tons. 11. A boatman carried 5,688 barrels of Onondaga salt to IS'ew York, in 6 loads. How many barrels did he take in each load ? 12. In how many days will a cooper make 2,712 barrels, if he makes 8 barrels each day % IS. If a teamster draws 5 loads of freight daily, in how many days will he draw 1,215 loads ? i^. How many miles must I drive my horse each day, to drive 222 miles in 6 days ? 15. My front fence is 10 rods long, and it cost me $130. How much did it cost per rod ? 16. A stable keeper pays $576 for the hay to winter 32 horses. What does the hay for one horse cost ? 17. 10,304 pounds of corn are how many bushels of 56 pounds each % 18. How many cars, each carrying 48 passengers, will be required to carry 384 passengers ? 19. If the cost of constructing 42 miles of railroad is $2,032,632, what is the cost of constructing 1 mile ? W. In how many days can a paper-mill make 10,080 reams of note paper, if it makes 96 reams a day ? INTEGERS,— DIVISION-. 89 ^1. A manufacturer, having 1,096 ounces of silver, made from it as many coffee urns as possible, each weighing 45 ounces, and a salver of the silver that he had left. How much did the salver weigh ? 2^. A miller packed 13,475 pounds of flour in sacks, putting 49 pounds into each. How many sacks did he fill? 23. How much must a man earn in each of the 313 working days of a year, to earn $1,252 ? 2^. A butcher paid $11,616 for 352 beeves. What was the cost per head ? 25. Into how many farms, of 156 acres each, can 798 acres of land be divided ? 26. A telegraph line 441 miles long was constructed at a cost of $443,205. What was the cost per mile ? 27. A forwarder ships 93,000 barrels of flour from St. Paul to Pittsburgh, in cargoes of 5,136 barrels each. How many full cargoes does he ship ? 28. How many bales, of 396 pounds each, can be made from 84,000 pounds of cotton? 29. At what price per head must I sell 105 sheep, to receive $563.85 ? 30. A stationer paid $228 for gold pens, at $1.90 apiece. How many pens did he buy ? 31. For how many months must I rent a house, at $23.50 per month, to cancel a debt of $423 ? 32. A chair maker received $172.50 for chairs, at $7.50 a set. How many sets did he sell ? 33. The salary of the President of the United States is $50,000 a year. How much is that a day ? ^^. If the directors of a railroad company appropriate $30,000 for the purchase of passenger cars, at $1,875 each, how many cars can be bought with the appropriation ? 90 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 35. 1,405,169 ^2,376= how many? 36. One year a manufacturer received $2,009 for gloves, at the rate of $12.25 per dozen pairs. How many dozen pairs did he sell ? 37. A grocer paid $5,166 for sugar, at $30.75 per box. How many boxes did he buy ? 38. How many steamboat bells, each weighing 649 pounds, can be made from 15,576 pounds of bell-metal ? 39. Divide 919,734,140 by 22,705. Jfi. What is the quotient of 18,382,959-^56J217? Case II. The divisor ending with a cipher or ciphers* Oral Work. What is the quotient 7. Of 50 divided by 10? 100. A. How much is 1. i^jj- of 50 figures ? 2. -^ of 500 figures ? 8. y^ of 500 figures ? ^ yVof 250 letters? 5. ^of 2,500 letters? 6. yfo of 2,500 letters? 8. Of 500 divided by 10? 9. Of 500 divided by 100? 10. Of 250 divided by 10? 11. Of 2,500 divided by 10? 12. Of 2,500 divided by 100? J5. 1. In the number 25,000, what value is expressed by the 5 ? What vakie will be expressed by the 5, 2. If it be removed one place to the right ? 3. If it be removed two places to the right ? Jf. If it be removed three places to the right ? Note.— Ask questions similar to the last four concerning the 2 in this number, then concerning the 25. How is the number 25,000 affected 6. By removing one cipher from the right ? 6. By removing two ciphers from the right ? 7. By removing three ciphers from the right ? INTEGERS.— DIVISION. 91 PRmciPLE II. Each removal of a number one place to the right divides the number by 10. 101. A. What is the quotient 1. Of $.50 divided by $.10? 2. Of $5 divided by $.10? 3. Of $5 divided by 100 cents? How much is 7. -JL- of $.50, or 50 cents? ^ of $5, or 500 cents? Tk-of$5? ^. Of $2.50 divided by $.10? 5. Of $25 divided by $.10? 6. Of $25 divided by 100 cents? 9. 10. -^ of $2.50, or 250 cents? 11. ^of $25? 12. y^o of $25? a. To change dollars to cents : — Multiply by 100. h. To change dollars and cents to cents : — Omit the dollar mark and the decimal point. What is the quotient of 19. $7.20-4-10? 20. $72.50-4-10? 21. $725,404-10? IS. $7-4-10? 16. $74-100? U. $72-r-10? 17. $72-4-100? 15. $7254-10? 18. $725-^100? a. To divide a number expressing dollars by 10 : — Place a decimal point before the ones. h. To divide a number expressing dollars by 100 : — Place a decimal point before the tens. J5. 1, A farmer sowed 30 bushels of plaster on a field of 10 acres. How many bushels did he sow to the acre ? 2. In a regiment are 900 soldiers, in companies of 100 each. How many companies are in the regiment ? S. How much is 1 tenth of 720 boxes of figs ? i J+. $40 by 10. Divide-] 5. $27 by 10. ( 6. $150 by 10. 7. $21.50 by 10. 10. $275 by 100. 8. $15.80 by 10. 11. |830 by 100. 9. $134.20 by 10. 12. $506 by 100. IS. A wheelwright received $60 for wagon wheels, at a set. How many sets did he sell ? i^. A housekeeper paid one dollar for strawberries, at 10 cents a quart. How many quarts did she buy ? 92 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 15. I have 84 lionrs' work to do. If I work 10 hours a day, how many full days shall I work, and how many hours shall I work the last day ? 16. At $ .10 apiece, how many pine-apples can I buy for % .47, and how much money will I have left ? 17. $1.50 for 10 melons is how much for 1 melon? 18. $15 for 10 days' work is how much a day ? 19. $84 for 100 straw hats is how much for one hat ? W. $6,250 for 100 acres of land is how much an acre ? ^1. A plasterer earned $36.50 in 10 days. How much was that per day ? Written Work. 103. Ex. Divide 2,764 by 10, and by 100. Explanation. — I Processes. S;\So^ ^.76J,^10 = 276\J, = 276,^ one figure from ^ J 6 J,. -r- 100 = 27 \ 6 Jf. = 2 7 j%\ the right; and by 100, by cutting off two figures from the right. The figures of the dividend not cut off express the integers of the quotient, and those cut off express the part of the dividend remaining undivided. This remainder, written over the divisor, expresses the fractional part of the quotient. The results, 276^^ and 27^*^, are the quotients required. What is the divisor, what figures express the integers of the quotient, and what figures the fractional part, 1. When you cut off one figure from the right of a number ? 2. When you cut off two figures from the right ? 3. When you cut off three figures from the right ? Jf.. When you cut off four figures ? Five figures ? Six figures ? 6. When you cut off any number of figures ? Divide 1. 647,500 by 100. 2. 1,627,000 by 1,000. 3. 76,275 by 1,000. INTEGERS.—DIVISIOS. Peoblems. 93 Jf. 324,700,000 by 10,000. 5. 725,000,000 by 100,000. 6, 32,967,816 by 10,000. 7. 10 cost 143. 10. 100 cost $375. 11. 100 cost $1,850. 12. 1,000 cost 1 ™*^\P^^^^^. 1. The dividend is 144, and the divisor is 8. What is the quotient ? ^. 360 bushels of oats will fill how many 3-bushel bags ? c^. 96 panes of glass for 8 windows, are how many- panes for 1 window ? 4-. The divisor is 7, and the quotient is 14. What is the dividend ? 5. The divisor is 8, and the quotient is 6f . What is the dividend ? What is the dividend 6. If the divisor is 8 miles, and the quotient is 15 ? 7. If the divisor is 12 dozen, and the quotient is 9^^? How much money must I have, that I may divide it 8. Among 16 persons, and give each person $10 ? 9. Among 16 persons, and give each person $10|^? 10. The dividend is $2.25, and the quotient is 25. What is the divisor ? 11. The dividend is 147 hours, and the quotient is 21 hours. What is the divisor ? Problem XIV. The divisor and dividend given; to jmd the quotient. Problem XV. The divisor and quotient given ; to find the dividend. Problem XVI. The dividend and quotient given; to find the divisor. Written Work. — l. The parts are 954, 3,420, 75, 3,659, 251, 8,000, 11,756, 8, 9,999, 730, and 28,028. What is the sum? 2. The minuend is 9,000,001, and the subtrahend is 365,497. What is the difference ? 3. Take $324.09 from $1,000. What is the remainder ? GENERAL PROBLEMS IN INTEGERS. 105 ^. The multiplicand is 72,394, and the multiplier is 3,600. What is the product ? 6. The sum of two numbers is 31,654, and one of the numbers is 2,870. What is the other number ? 6. What number is that, the factors of which are 93,268 and 50 ? 7. The quotient is 94, and the divisor is 317. What is the dividend ? 8. The divisor is $25.50, and the dividend is $1,810.50. What is the quotient ? 9. 8,400 + 9 + 55,374+ 286 + 6,857 +2,002+ how many = 100,000? 10, $25,408~$18,976=how many times $24? 11. 36 X 25 X 300 x 46 is 50 times what number ? 12, The minuend is 875,004, and the remainder 208,365. What is the subtrahend ? 13. From what number must $964.87 be taken, to leave $215.13? i^. By what number must 23,040 be divided, to ob- tain 36 ? 15. Dividing a certain number by 70,000, 1 obtain Q% for the integer of the quotient, and 60,000 for a final remain- der. What is the number divided ? 16, 100 + 67 + 229 + 80 + 924=: I of what number? i7. 527 X 55 X 9 - 253,974 = 3 times how much ? 18. 17,984^281 = 28 +how many? 19. 809 times the quotient of $525.75 ^$21.03 is how much more than 5,000 ? 20. What number is that to which if 267 be added, from the sum 438 be subtracted, the remainder be multiplied by 6, and the product be divided by 12, the quotient will be 491? E2 SECTION VII. GENERAL REVIEW PROBLEMS IN INTEGERS. Oral Work. — 1. How mucli can a boy earn in 5 days, at $ .31 a day ? 2. Find the cost of 10 yards of calico, at 13 cents a yard ; and 8 yards of ribbon, at 20 cents a yard. 3. At ten cents a pound, how much will a grocer pay for 5 barrels of crackers of 41 pounds each ? ^. A fruiterer bought 48 boxes of lemons, at $2 a box, and sold them all for $125. How much did he gain ? 5. How many pews are there in a church that seats 300 persons, 5 persons in a pew ? 6. If I owe $54, $21, and $15, and I pay all but $25, how much do I pay ? 7. If 5 cords of wood are worth 15 dollars, how much are 7 cords worth ? S. A butcher killed 8 sheep, the total weight of which was 720 pounds. What was their average weight ? 9. A dealer sells melons at 10 cents, 13 cents, 15 cents, and 18 cents apiece, according to size. What is the average price ? 10, If the attendance at school Monday is 38, Tuesday 43, Wednesday 39, Thursday 40, and Friday 45, what is the average attendance for the week ? Written Work. — 1. A salary of $1,000 per year is how much per month ? How much per week ? 2. A grain buyer receives an order for 12,500 bushels of wheat, and he has only 7,645 bushels in store. How many bushels must he purchase to fill the order ? S. At $6 a week for board, how much are the receipts from 45 boarders in 26 weeks ? EUVIIJW PROBLEMS IN INTEGERS. 107 ^. One week a fruit dealer bought 123 barrels, 1,075 barrels, 3,550 barrels, 1,805 barrels, 987 barrels, and 562 bar- rels of apples. How many barrels of apples did he buy ? 6, A ship and cargo are valued at $130,480.50, and the cargo is worth $55,297.50. What is the value of the ship ? 6. How many bales will 1,072,512 pounds of cotton make, allowing 400 pounds to the bale ? 7. If I travel west from Philadelphia 8 hours, at the rate of 34 miles an hour, and then travel east 176 miles, how f a-r will I be from Philadelphia ? 8. In building a bam I used 7 thousand feet of lumber, that cost me $15 a thousand ; and I paid $139 for other materials and labor. How much did the barn cost me ? 9. In a factory 432,740 yards of cassimere were made in 308 days. How many yards were made daily ? 10. In the manufacture of this cloth 616,000 pounds of wool were used. How many pounds were used daily ? 11, If 1,071,399 yards of cotton cloth are made from 357,133 pounds of cotton, how many yards of cloth are made from one pound of cotton ? m. Three men buy a lot of land for $6,000, and build a store upon it at a cost of $7,281. How many dollars does each man pay ? 13, A coal dealer bought 1,050 tons of coal, receiving 2,240 pounds for a ton, and sold it at 2,000 pounds for a ton. How many tons did he sell ? lit.. What is the average weight of 8 bales of cotton which weigh respectively 385, 367, 418, 374, 396, 405, 373, and 402 pounds ? 15. I buy real-estate for $16,575, agreeing to pay for it in yearly payments of $1,200 each. How many payments will I make, and how much will be the last payment ? 108 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 16. In June a dairyman made 355 pounds, 424 pounds, 391 pounds, and 330 pounds of butter ; and packed it in tubs of 50 pounds each. How many tubs did he fill ? Oral Work. — B. 1. Ira's age is 6 years, and Paul's is 20. In how many years will Paul be twice as old as Ira ? 2. In a certain school are 50 boys, and 4 times as many girls lacking 17. How many pupils are in the school ? 3. If 11 apples cost $ .07, how many apples can I buy for $ .28 ? ^. If 6 bananas cost $ .42, what do 15 bananas cost ? 5. How many tons of hay at 6 dollars a ton, will pay for 8 yards of cloth at $3 a yard ? 6. A wood dealer sold to three persons 12 cords, 10 cords, and 36 cords of wood, and had 29 cords left. How many cords had he at first ? 7. From a stock of 100 thousand shingles, 53 thousand were sold to one builder, and 31 thousand to another. How many shingles were unsold ? 8. A merchant has 74 yards of cloth in three pieces, one of which contains 29 yards, and another 32 yards. How many yards are there in the third piece? 9. In how many days will 8 men do as much work as 12 men can do in 10 days ? 10. In how many weeks will 14 cattle eat as much as 6 cattle will eat in 7 weeks ? 11. A man has a job of work that he can do in 192 days. If he employs 5 men to assist him, in how many days will the work be completed ? 12. If 15 men can clear an acre of ground in 8 days, in how many days can 12 men clear it ? 13. If a stage coach runs 54 miles in 9 hours, in how many hours will it run 96 miles ? RFVIBW PROBLEMS IN INTEGERS. 109 Written Work. — 1. A farmer had 3 flocks of sheep, the first containing 184, the second 218, and the third 65. He sold 114 from the first flock, 189 from the second, and 48 from the third. How many sheep had he then ? ^. A grocer bought two tubs of maple sugar — one weighing 67 and the other 93 pounds — at $ .15 a pound, and sold it at $ .18 a pound. How much did he gain? 3. I bought a farm wagon for $92, and a family car- riage for $172 ; and paid for them with l)eef, at $12 a hundred pounds. How many hundred pounds of beef did it take ? 4-. Find the cost of 115 pounds of hams, at $ .11 a pound ; and 43 pounds of bacon, at $ .13 a pound. 6. A fruit dealer having 2,468 barrels of apples, sold 1,382 barrels for $4,146, and the remainder for $4,344. How much did he receive per barrel for each of the two lots? 6. A farmer sold his farm of 36 acres at $40 per acre, and invested the proceeds in Western lands at $2.25 per acre. How many acres did he buy ? 7. A drover bought cattle at $49.63 per head, and sold them at $63.50 per head, thereby gaining $1,511.83. How many head of cattle did he buy ? 8. Last year a bank teller received a salary of $1,250, and his personal expenses were $753. He bought a vil- lage lot for $225, and paid $149 for improvements upon it. How much of his year's salary had he left ? 9. I bought a stock of goods for $15,284, paying $2,684 cash, and the balance in monthly payments of $1,575 each. How many monthly payments did I make ? 10. 52 ladies and 39 gentlemen went on an excursion, and their expenses, which were $3 each, were paid by the gentlemen. How much did each gentleman pay ? 110 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 11, A young man worked a year at $26 a month. He paid $13 a month for board, and his other expenses were $100. How much money did he save ? 12, A merchant bought 16 pieces of dress flannels, of 43 yards each. After selling 155 yards, how many dress patterns of 13 yards each had he ? IS. A man contracted to deliver at a steamboat landing 5,000 cords of wood. He delivered 76 cords each day for 35 days, and 54 cords each day for 24 days. How many cords were yet to be delivered ? llf,, A captain, mate, and 12 sailors captured a prize of $2,240 ; the captain took 14 shares, the mate 6 shares, and each of the sailors 1 share. How much did each receive ? 15, A farm-house is worth $2,450 ; the farm is worth 12 times as much, less $600 ; and the stock is worth twice as much as the house. How much are house, stock, and farm worth ? 16, I paid $48 an acre for a wood lot of 60 acres. I sold the wood for $2,378, and the land for $18 an acre. Did I gain or lose, and how much ? 17, A clothier invested $3,000 in business. The first year he gained $756, and the second year he lost $1,652. The next three years his average yearly gain was $748. How much was he worth at the end of the five years ? 18, Monday morning Mr. D. had in bank $5,878.50. During the week he drew checks for $360.25, $145, and $75.50 ; and deposited $1,250, $750, $1,000, and $1,500. What was his balance in bank at the close of the week ? 19, A farmer's wheat crop brought him $650, his barley $205, his corn $97, and his oats $150. He paid a farm hand $13 per month for 9 months, paid $250 for fertil- izers, and $65.75 for utensils and repairs. How much did he clear from his farm that year ? CHAPTER II. DECIMALS. SECTION I. NOTATION AND NUMERATION. 108, A. One tenth is one of the ten equal parts into which the unit one is divided. ten tenths. A figure at the right of ones expresses tenths. Tenths are written 1 tenth, .1 4 tenths, .4 7 tenths, .7 2 tenths, .2 5 tenths, .5 8 tenths, .8 3 tenths, .3 6 tenths, .6 9 tenths, .9 JB. Dividing each of the 10 tenths of a 1 into 10 equal parts divides the 1 into 10 times 10, or 100 equal parts. One hundredth is 1 tenth of 1 tenth. / r/'// / /777 One tenth is ten hundredths. A figure at the right of tenths expresses hundredths. 112 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. Hundredths are written 1 hundredth, .01 2 hundredths, .02 3 hundredths, .03 4 hundredths, .04 5 hundredths, .05 6 hundredths, .06 1 hundredths, .07 8 hundredths, .08 9 hundredths, .09 C. Dividing each of the 100 hundredths of a 1 into 10 equal parts divides the 1 into 10 times 100, or 1,000 equal parts. One thousandth is 1 tenth of 1 hundredth. One hundredth is ten thousandths. A figure at the right of hundredths expresses thousandths. Thousandths are written 1 thousandth, .001 2 thousandths, .002 3 thousandths, .003 4 thousandths, .004 5 thousandths, .005 6 thousandths, .006 7 thousandths, .007 8 thousandths, .008 9 thousandths, .009 109. A decimal unit is one of the equal decimal parts into which the unit 1 is divided. 1 tenth, 1 hundredth, 1 thousandth, 1 ten-thousandth, and so on, are decimal units. 110. A deci^nal is a number that expresses one or more decimal units. 7 tenths, 36 hundredths, 258 thousandths are decimals. a. A number consisting of an integer and a decimal is a mixed nufnber ; as 8 and 25 hundredths. b. The period or point ( . ) placed before tenths is the decimal "point. It is read mid. 4.5 is read '*4 and 5 tenths." 111. Tenths and hundredths are read together as hun- dredths ; and tenths, hundredths, and thousandths are read together as thousandths. DECIMALS.'-NOTATION AND NUMERATION. 113 Exercises. A* Write and read the numbers expressed by 1, 8 tenths ; 3 tenths ; 6 tenths ; 2 ones and 5 tenths. ^. 1 tenth and 1 hundredth, or 11 hundredths. S, 3 ones and 27 hundredths ; 18 and 2 hundredths. Jf,, 4 tenths 5 hundredths and 6 thousandths, or 456 thousandths. 5, 8 tens 3 tenths and 5 thousandths. 6, 50 and 16 thousandths ; 87 and 87 thousandths. 7. 500 and 4 thousandths ; 504 thousandths. 8. 9,000 and 9 thousandths ; 101,000 and 101 thousandths. Write in words ^. .5; 6.4; 40.6; .03; 3.27; .009. 5. 298.02; .063; .175; 19.02. 6, 80.001; 9.018; 300.300. B. Kead 1. .9; 5.2; .07; 8.05; 50.5. 2. .08; .83; 200.09; .002; .901. 8. 4.023; 6.400; .365; 500.5. C, Express by figures i. Five tenths ; nine hundredths ; thirteen hundredths. 2. Forty-eight hundredths ; two thousandths ; fifty-one thousandths. 3, Eighty thousandths ; six hundred five thousandths. ^. Three and nine tenths ; twenty - five and fifty - two hundredths ; sixty-two and ninety-five thousandths. 6. Seven and seven hundredths; one and eleven hun- dredths ; five and three hundred seventy-six thousandths. 113. A decimal expressed by one figure two figures three figures four figures five figures six fip'ures tenths, hundredths, thousandths, ten-thousandths,- hundred-thousandths, millionths, 1 tenth, 1 hundredth, 1 thousandth, 1 ten-thousandth, 1 hundred-thousandth, 1 milHonth. And similarly for any greater number of decimal figures. 114 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC, 113. Orders of units at equal distances to the right and left of ones have corresponding names, as shown in the DIAGRAM OF DECIMAL NOTATION. 98765-4 32 1. 23466789 \ ^\j # / / # / # ■" ^'' y s^^' ^■'' w ^/ How many decimal figures are required to express 1. Hundredths? I S, Tenths? 5. Ten-thousandths? 2. Thousandths? | 4. Millionths? 6. Ten-raillionths? 7. Hundred-thousandths? S. Hundred-millionths ? What is the name of a decimal expressed 9, By three figures ? I 10, By five figures ? | 11. By two figures ? 12, By one figure? IS. By four figures! 14. By six figures ? How many figures are required to express 15. Tens? Tenths? 16. Hundreds? Hundredths? 17. Millions? Millionths? 18. Thousands? Thousandths? 19. Ten-millions? Ten-millionths ? 20. Hundred-thousands? Hundred-thousandths ? 21. Hundred-millions? Hundred-millionths ? 22. Ten-thousands? Ten-thousandths ? "What place, counting from ones, is the place 23. Of thousands? SO. 24. Of ten-thousandths? SI. 25. Of millions? S2. 26. Of hundredths? SS. 27. Of thousandths? SJ^. 28. Of ten-millions ? 35. 29. Of hundreds? 36. 37. Of millionths? Of hundred-thousandths ? Of hundred-millions? Of hundred-millionths ? Of tens ? Of tenths ? Of ten-thousands ? Of ten-millionths ? Of hundred-thousands ? DECIMALS.—NOTATION AND NUMERATION. 115 Of what order of units, integral or decimal, S8, Are hundreds ? 39. Are hundredths ? J^O, Are millions ? Ji-l. Are thousandths ? 4^. Are thousands ? ^. Express by figures 1, 5 ten - thousandths ; 62 ten - thousandths ; 207 ten- thousandths ; 13 and 59 ten-thousandths. ^. Five hundred seventeen and three thousand six hun- dred forty-seven ten-thousandths. 116 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 3, Five thousand eighteen hundred-thousandths. ^. Two thousand sixteen ten-thousandths. 5. One hundred fifteen ten-thousandths. 6. 97 thousand and 18 ten - thousandths ; 12 hundred- thousandths ; 600 thousand and 284 hundred-thousandths. 7. Six hundred thousand two hundred four millionths. 8. One hundred ninety-seven ten-millionths. 9. Five hundred ninety-one millionths. 10, Two hundred seven thousand fifty-six ten-millionths. 11, 46 million 274 thousand 508 hundred-millionths. 12, 17 and 1,425 hundred-millionths. 13, Ninety million and forty-one ten-millionths. H, Thirty-four million seventeen hundred-millionths. no. Rule for Decimal Notation. Write the decimal point, and after it the figures that express the units of each order, 117. Rule foe Decimal Numeration. Eead the decimal as an integer^ and give to it the name of its lowest order. Exercises in Decimal Notation and Numeration. Write and read the numbers expressed by 1, 9 thousandths ; 23 thousandths ; 35 and 7 tenths ; 4 and 276 thousandths. 2, 9 and 18 ten -thousandths ; 55 and 5 hundredths; 2,987 ten-thousandths ; 4 and 68,001 ten-millionths. 3, 400,000 and 4 hundred-thousandths. ^. 1 thousand and 20 thousand 84 hundred-thousandths ; 7 thousand 17 and 4 millionths. 5, 78 thousand and 219 millionths ; 106,204 hundred- millionths ; 6 and 49 hundred-millionths. DECIMALS.^NOTATION AND NUMERATION. 117 Express by figures 6. Forty -one tliousand thirty -six and two hundred seventy-three thousandths. 7. Fourteen hundred-thousandths. 8. Forty-four and forty-four hundred-thousandths. 9. Two hundred six thousand four hundred seventy and three tenths. 10, 50 million and 50 thousand 5 hundred 12 hundred- thousandths. 11, 101 million 101 thousand 101 and 1 million 1 thou- sand 1 hundred-millionths. 1^, Sixty-one million thirty-two thousand eight hun- dred seventy -six and two million eight hundred fifty thousand forty-one ten-millionths. 13, One hundred seventy -two and eight tenths; six hundred twenty-four hundred-thousandths. H„ One hundred fifty-two million six hundred fifty and fifty million forty thousand thirty-six hundred-millionths. 15. Sixty-five thousand and seven ten-thousandths. 16, Thirty and six thousand eight ten-thousandths. 118. Currency is the money used in trade and commerce. The currency of the United States is a decimal cur- rency. It is sometimes called Federal Money, 119, The money units in common use are the dollar^ the ce7it., and the mill, a. A cent is 1 hundredth of a dollar ; and A mill is 1 tenth of a cent, or 1 thousandth of a dollar. Hence, 10 mills are 1 cent. 100 cents " 1 dollar. Write 1 mill, $.001. 5 dollars 5Q cents 8 mills, $5,568. " 6 mills, $ .006. 20 dollars 20 cents 1 mill, $20,201. " 10 cents 5 mills, $.105. 1 dollars 4 cents 3 mills, $7,043. 118 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC, % .0006 is 6 tenths of a mill ; $ .0085 is 8 and 5 tentlis mills. $ .2943 is 29 cents 4 and 3 tenths mills. $15.65425 is 15 dollars 65 cents 4 and 25 hundredths mills. b. Write cents as hundredths^ and mills as thousandths^ of a dollar. c. Mead decimal parts of a dollar less than mills as decimals of a mill. 1^0. Halves, fourths, and eighths of a cent are exten- sively used in business computations. i cent or $.00 J is 5 mills or $.005 i ' - l.ooj - 2.5 " " $.0025 ' " I.OOf " 7.5 *' ** $.0075 ' '' $.00J- ** 1.25 ** " $.00125 ' ** $.00f *' 3.75 " " $.00375 ' ** $.00f '' 6.25 " " $.00625 ' " $.00^ '* 8.75 *' " $.00875 Exercises. Copy and read Write 1. $.225 I $300,567 7. 8 mills; 15 cents 6 mills. ^. $.007 5. $12,108 8. 83 dollars 12 cents 5 mills. S. $5,151 6. $90,025 9. 400 dollars 8 cents 1 mill. Write in decimal form and read 10. 12J cents; 6^ cents; 18f cents. 11. 65f cents ; 85f cents ; 2| cents ; -J cent. Write the decimal parts less than cents in fractional form, and read 12. % .375 ; $ .2025 ; $1.09125 ; $10.00625 ; $105.56875. IS. Seventy-five dollars thirty-seven and 1 half cents. H. One thousand dollars one cent one mill. 15. Nine dollars nine and one eighth cents. 16. Fifteen dollars forty -three cents seven and five tenths mills ; four dollars three and one eighth cents. 17. Twelve and one half cents; thirty -one aijd one fourth cents. SECTIO]^ II. REDUCTION. ISl. deduction is the process of changing num- l:4ers from given to required units, without changing their values. Changing tenths to hundredths or thousandths ; thousandths to hundredths, tenths, or ones ; dollars to cents or mills ; mills or cents to dollars, are examples of reduction. The same values are expressed i. By .5, .50, and .500. .^. By .6300, .630, and .63. 2. By 2, 2.0, and 2.00. 5. By 9.00, 9.0, and 9. S. By 7.3, 7.30, and 7.300. 6. By 3.400, 3.40, and 3.4. 1.33. Keduction of decimals is based upon the following Pkinciple. Annexing decimal ciphers to a numher^ or removing decimal ciphers from the right of a number^ does not change its value, Reduce i. .7 to hundredths. ^. .025 to millionths. 3. 62 to ten-thousandths. 4. .930 to hundredths. How are hundredths j 9. To thousandths ? reduced ( 10. To ten-millionths ? 5. .003000 to thousandths. 6. 800 hundredths to ones. 7. 75 tenths to ones. 8. 368 hundredths to ones. 11. To tenths? 12. To ones? 13. How are tenths, hundred-thousandths, thousandths, ones, and ten-thousandths reduced to millionths ? Reduce IJf. 5.3 to thousandths. 15. .07 to millionths. 16. 18.602 to ten-thousandths. Reduce to the same decimal unit 17. 1.2, 4.37, 192, and .0004. 18. 30.251, .0089, and 3.000004. 19. 6.0108, 57.8, 234, and 2.34. 120 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC, 1^3, The same values are expressed Jf. By 200 cents and $2. 5. By 675 cents and $6.75. 6, By 953 mills and 95.3 cents. 1. By $5, $5.00, and 500 cents. 2. By $5, $5,000, and 5,000 mills. 8, By $ .37, $ .370, and 370 mills. 7. By 4,621 mills, 462.1 cents, and $4,621. 8. By 15 mills, 1.5 cents, and $ .015. 9. By $31.25 and 3,125 cents. Hence, In decimal currency, a. To reduce dollars to cents: — Annex two ciphers, b. To reduce dollars to mills : — Annex three ciphers, c. To reduce cents to mills : — Annex one cipher. d. To reduce dollars and cents to cents ; or dollars, cents, and mills to mills: — Remove the dollar mark and the deci- mal point, e. To reduce dollars and cents to mills: — Annex one cipher , and remove the decimal point. f. To reduce cents to dollars : — Point off two decimal places^ and prefix the dollar mark. g. To reduce mills to cents : — Point off one decimal place. h. To reduce mills to dollars : — Point off three decimal places, and prefix the dollar m.ark. Reduce 1. 93 dollars to cents. 8. 57 cents to mills. 5. 218 dollars to mills. 7. $ .40 to mills. 9. $3 to cents ; to mills. 11. $3.40 to mills. Reduce to mills 18. $.09; $.83. H. $.213; $.605. 15, $7; $32; $.082. 2. 86,000 cents to dollars. ^. 359 mills to cents. 6. 9,274 mills to dollars. 8. 6,000 cents to dollars. 10. 3,219 mills to cents. 12. 3,219 mills to dollars. Reduce to dollars 19. 300 cents. 20. 4,275 cents. 21. 2,047 mills. Reduce to cents 16. $4; $15. n. $3.27; $10.50. 18. 875 mills. SECTION III. ADDITION. 1^4. The principles for addition of integers^ page 23, apply equally to addition of decimals. Written Work.-— En. What is the sum of 7.4875, 836.5, .34, 85.075, and 973? Explanation. — I write the numbers so that units of the same order stand in the same column. I begin at the right and add as in integers, and place a decimal point in the result under the decimal points in the parts. Always place the decimal point in the result, when the tenths of the result are written. Peoblems. Process. 7. .lp875 836. .5 .3k 85. .075 973 1,902. J^0%5 .967 .125 tons 800.1 $121.10 .00054 1.25 tons 9.6Q 38.47 953.5 12.5 tons 2,064.25 92.86 7.375 .0125 tons 167.4 582.79 6.75 .00125 tons 6 7 283 810.04 5 8 \ 7.28 $.58 $2,000 47.25 days 241.09 .145 5.75 5.00695 days .42 .0275 48.01 193.9 days .96 .5625 .495 5.876 days 44.52 .095 359.17 9.00005 days 9. A silversmith used 4.75 ounces of silver in making vases, 8.65 ounces in making goblets, and 10.6 ounces in making napkin rings. How much silver did he use ? F 122 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 10. A family used .732 of a ton of coal in February, .824 of a ton in March, .688 of a ton in April, and .595 of a ton in May. How many tons of coal did they use ? 11. In four meadows containing 11.25 acres, 6.75 acres, 13.33 acres, and 8.Y2 acres, are how many acres ? 12. A boy sold 3.75 bushels, 5.625 bushels, 9.5 bushels, and 6.25 bushels of pears. How many bushels did he sell? 13. A seedsman sold to five farmers 2.25 bushels, 1 bush- el, 3.5 bushels, 4.75 bushels, and 3.225 bushels of grass seed. How many bushels did he sell ? IJf,. Find the sum of two hundred and four hundredths, five thousand one hundred eight and seven thousand three millionths, one hundred thirteen thousand seven hundred six and two thousand five hundred four ten-thousandths, and ten and fifty-five millionths. 15. By selling a horse for $183.75, I lost $24.50. For how much should I have sold him, to gain $39.70 ? 16. A mechanic earned $56.25 in January, $45.63 in February, $67.50 in March, $65.87^ in April, and $75 in May. How much did he earn in the five months ? 17. A lady bought 3 dozen buttons for $1.08, 2 yards of ribbon for $ .37^, 6 yards of muslin for $1.18f , some needles for $ .31^, a belt for $ .75, and a dress for $10.62|-. How much did her purchases amount to ? 18. A grocer bought six hogsheads of molasses, contain- ing 117.5 gallons, 124 gallons, 129.3175 gallons, 104.75 gallons, 130.0625 gallons, and 131.5625 gallons. How many gallons of molasses did he buy ? 19. What is the sum of 967 thousandths, 54 hundred- thousandths, 953 and 5 tenths, 7 and 375 thousandths, 1,000 and 1 ten-thousandth, 6 and 75 hundredths, 8 and 80,808 hundred-thousandths, and 483 ? SECTION lY. SUBTRACTION. 1^5. The principle for subtraction of integers^ page 40, applies equally to subtraction of decimals, Ex. Subtract 16.78 from 38.25; 23.51 from 257.M2; and 93.1875 from 130.5. Processes. Explanation. — I , 2 3 write the numbers _ _ _ in each example so S 8 .2 5 ^57AJp^ ISO, 5 that units of the 16.78 2 3.51 93.1875 "^Z'u^LZ ^^^ 233.632 37.3125 orders in the minuend. I Ibegin at the right and subtract, as in integers, and place a deci- mal point in the result under the decimal point in the minuend and subtrahend. In the third process, I suppose three decimal ciphers to be an- nexed to the minuend, when I perform the subtraction. Always place the decimal point in the result, when the tenths of the result are written. Problems. 1^34 5 325.48 87.006 1.03045 374 20,000.2875 199.56 9.84 .0009 .125 482.52006 $250.35 $.104 $100,000 $1,000 $50 187.50 .087 5.875 .065 2.875 11. From a piece of linen containing 43.5 yards, a clerk sold 26.8 yards. How many yards remained? 12. 362.413 miles- 81.0064 miles = how many miles? 124 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 13. At night the snow was 11.37 inches deep, and in the morning it was 13.03 inches deep. How much snow fell during the night ? IJf.. Of a railroad 240.475 miles long, 168.025 miles are double track. How many miles are single track ? 15. From a barrel of kerosene containing 42 gallons, 31.25 gallons were drawn. How many gallons remained? 16. Two men built 134 rods of stone fence, one of them building 65.87 rods. How many rods did the other build? 17. From a 5-pound box of starch, a grocer sold 2.0625 pounds. How many pounds remained in the box ? 18. From ninety-five and eight thousand five ten-thou- sandths take ten and forty-four hundredths. 19. A tree 79.95 feet high broke off 4.7 feet above the ground. What was the length of the part broken off ? W. A silver dollar weighs 412.5 grains, and contains 41.25 grains of copper. How much pure silver does it contain ? 21. From eight hundred sixty and four hundredths take nineteen and nine thousand fifty-four hundred-thousandths. 22. A cubic foot of gold weighs 1,203.625 pounds, and a cubic foot of iron 450.4375 pounds. How much more does the gold weigh than the iron ? 23. If wheat is worth $1.18f per bushel in Milwaukee and $1.87^ in ]N"ew York, how much is added to its value by transportation ? 2J,,. In a cistern that will hold 320.5 barrels, are 192.8125 barrels of water. How much more water will the cistern hold? 25. Mr. Brown exchanged a silver watch worth $18.75, for a gold watch worth $80, paying the difference in money. How much money did he pay '^ DECIMALS.— SUBTRACTION. 125 ^6. A merchant sold a piece of damaged cloth that cost him $94.37, at a loss of $26.75. For how much did he sell it ? ^7. A vessel sailed from Portland, Me., for Mobile, with a cargo of 1,438.275 tons of ice, and 561.895 tons of it melted on the voyage. How much more ice reached Mo- bile than melted on the voyage ? ^8, A merchant bought a jar of butter for $15.37|-, pay- ing $6.87^ in cloth, $4.62|- in groceries, and the balance in money. How much money did he pay ? ^9. A farmer raised 32.25 bushels of timothy-grass seed. He sowed 4.03125 bushels, and sold 12.125 bushels. How many bushels had he left ? 30. A laborer received $6 for his week's work. He paid $1.62-1- for flour, $ .85 for tea, $ .75 for sugar, and $ .37| for butter. How much money had he left ? 31. From an ice-house containing 500 tons of ice, a deal- er sold 18.263 tons, 15.967 tons, 17.4 tons, and 16.48 tons. How much ice was left in the ice-house ? 32. From a cask containing 37.175 gallons of alcohol, a druggist drew at different times .125 of a gallon, 1.5 gallons, .25 of a gallon, and .75 of a gallon. How many gallons remained in the cask ? 33. A butcher killed an ox that cost him $63.37. He retailed the meat for $61.96, sold the tallow for $6.08, and the hide for $8.55. How much were his profits ? 3Jf. C has 53.843 acres of land in one field, 75.364 acres in another, and 15.527 acres in a third. How much must he purchase of a neighbor, to have a farm of 200 acres ? 35. B invests $1,750.25 in oats, $786.37-1- in corn, and $2,648.62^ in wheat. He sells the oats for $2,022.45, the corn for $831.50, and the wheat for $2,331.30. Does he gain or lose, and how much, on the oats ? On the corn ? On the wheat ? On the three investments ? SECTION V. MULTIPLICATION. ISO. The methods of written work in multiplication of decimals are based upon the following Principle. There must he as many decimal places in the product as there are in hoth factors, Ex. 1. The factors are .24 and 39. What is the product? Explanation. — I write the First Process. Second Process. factors and multiply as in o i o g integers ; and, since one qq 6> i factor is an integer, and ^ *^ '^ ^ there are two decimal ^16 16 6 places in the other factor, ry q ^ n I point off two decimal * ^ figures in the product. 9.36 9.3 6 When one factor is an integer, the product has the same number of decimal places as the otlier factor, Ex. 2. Multiply 5.63 by .8. Pj^ocess. Explanation.— I write the numbers and multiply S 63 as in integers; and, since there are three decimal * ^ places in the factors, I point off three decimal fig- l£ ures in the product. ^..S 0^ Problems. 12 3 4 5 210.735 634.04 .19125 250,375 47,232 9 76 108 .07 7.38 6 7 8 9 10 $194.17 $310.75 $5,044 $24,960 $74,809 18 n 236 7.5 .25 17.05 12 13 14 15 Multiply 4.29 9432.6 $647.89 $296.07 5.01234 by .27 55.55 20.009 65.33 .8007 DECIMALS.—MUL TIPLICA TION. 127 16. How many feet is it across a street 5 rods wide ? (1 rod is 16.5 feet.) 17. How many bushels of oats are there in 4 bins, each bin containing 20.75 bnshels ? 18. How many days are there in 10.7 years ? 19. What is the weight of 47 reams of printing-paper, each ream weighing 38.125 pounds ? ^20. Of 37 thousand feet of lumber, @ 28.25? xy-i X • *^i. Of 29 rolls of wall paper, @ 44c.? the value 1 ^^' ^^ ^^^ P^^'^^' ""^ ^^^^'' ® ^^- ' ^^. Of 148 yards of broadcloth, @ $3.87|-? ^21^. Of 55.3 acres of land, @ $118 ? 25. If one ton of lead ore yields .765 of a ton of lead, 372.084 tons of ore will yield how many tons of lead ? 26. How many tons of flax can be raised on .85 of an acre of land, if 1.8764 tons are raised on one acre ? 27. If .35 of a pound of butter is made from 1 gallon of milk, how many pounds of butter can be made from 2,245.5 gallons of milk? 28. If 22.73 gallons of brine are required for 1 bushel of salt, how many gallons are required for 83.25 bushels ? 1^7. Ex. Multiply .75 by .003. Process Explanation. — I write the numbers and multi- ply as in integers ; and, since there are five deci- . 7 5 mal places in the factors, I prefix two decimal 0'^ ciphers to the product of 75 and 3, thus making '- the number of decimal places in the product .00226 equal to the number in both factors. When there are not as many figures in the written result as there are decimal places in the factors^ supply the deficiency by prefixing decimal ciphers. Problems. J[ 2 3 4 5 .0854 .084 .00393 .00049 .06052 .032 .07 .006 .057 .066 128 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 6. How much grass seed will be required for .05 of an acre, at the rate of .3 of a bushel to the acre ? 7. How far will a locomotive run in .25 of a minute, at the rate of .36 of a mile per minute ? 8. How much will .375 of a pound of bicarbonate of soda cost, at $ .18| a pound ? 9. Find the cost of 15.5 yards of tape, at $ .OOJ a yard. 10, A cook used .09 of .31 of a gallon of molasses. How much molasses did she use ? 11. Multiply 32 ten-thousandths by 7 hundredths. 138. Ex. Multiply 35.827 by 10, by 100, by 1,000, and by 100,000. Processes. 35,827x 10= 358.270= 358.27 35.827X 100= 3,582.700= 3,582.7 35.827X 1,000= 35,827.000= 35,827 35.827x100,000 = 3,582,700.000=3,582,700 Each removal of * the decimal point in a number one place to the rights multiplies the number by 10. (See S5.) Problems. Multiply 5. $ .0625 by 100. 6. $37.81i by 10,000. 1. 53.78 by 10. 3. 6.8794 by 100. 2. $2.31 by 10. Jf. 59.6043 by 1,000. 7. What is the total length of 1,000 bars of railroad iron, each bar being .00062 of a mile long? i 8. Of 1,000 fat cattle, @ $42.69}. Find the cost I 9. Of 100 days' board, @ 75c. ( 10. Of 10,000 quart bottles, @ 7^0. 139. Rule for Multiplication of Decevials. I. Write the numhers and Tnultiply as in integers. II. Point off as many decimal figures m the jp7vduct as there are decimal jplaces in hoth factors. DECIMAL8.---MULTIPLICA TION. 129 Problems. i. Multiply 172.84 by 50. 2. Multiply $2.73 by 8,600, ^.Multiply .12815 by 93.7. 4. Multiply $.84|-by .946. 5. Multiply .0062 by .0008. 6. 400,000 X. 00004 =how many? 7. 397,654 X 380.07 =how many? 8. $100,000 x5.875 = how many? 9. 2,500 X. 25 rrr how many? 10, .000007 x7,000,000 = how many? 11. How much silk will be required for 9 yards of rib- bon, if .085 of a pound is required for one yard ? 12. How many yards are there in 25 pieces of tapestry carpeting, each piece containing 62.75 yards ? IS. How many rods of stone fence will a man lay in 128 days, if he lays 3.69 rods each day? i^. If a rolling-mill makes 94.2 tons of iron per day, how many tons will it make in 164.25 days ? 15. If 3.75 gallons of cider can be made from one bushel of apples, how much cider can be made from 38.5 bushels ? Find the cost 16. Of .84 of a ton of plaster, at $4.25 a ton. 17. Of 15,000 bushels of wheat, at $1.06| a bushel. 18. Of 18.4 tons of straw, at $3.12^ a ton. 19. Of 7 pieces of lace, 39 yards each, at $ .37|- a yard. 20. How much is the freight on .456 of a ton of goods from New York to Toledo, by railroad, at $28.60 a ton ? 21. What is the value of a million pins, at one-ten-thou- sandth of a dollar each % 22. I bought 2.5 yards of broadcloth, at $3.75 f 1 yard of cashmere for $ .87|- ; 26 yards of calico, at $ .12|- ; and 14 yards of muslin, at $ .35. What was the cost of the whole ? 2S. A mechanic earns $2.75 per day, and his expenses . are $1.40 per day. How much does he save in a week ? 21^.. I bought 42.5 gallons of linseed-oil for $37.18f, and sold it at $1.12|- per gallon. How much did I gain ? r2 SECTION VI. DIVISION. 130. The methods of written work in division of deci- mals are based upon the following Peinciple. There must he ds many decimal places in the quotient as the numher of decimal places in the divi- dend exceeds the number in the dvvisor, Ex. Divide 1,947.15 by 9. ^^^^ Explanation.— I divide as in integers; and, n i rf since there are two decimal places in the ) ^ "^ 7,lo dividend and none in the divisor, I point 2 16,35 off two decimal places in the quotient. When the dimsor is an integer, the quotient has the same number of decimal places as the dividend. Problems. 2 3 4 39).897( 55)33.440( 105)7.89285( 9). 396 5. My horse eats .324 of a ton of hay in 9 weeks. How much hay does he eat in a week ? 6. If a boarding -house keeper uses 2.1875 barrels of flour in a week, how much flour does she use in a day ? 7. A fruit dealer sold 686 boxes of oranges for $1,543.50. What was the price per box ? 8. A gentleman bought a parlor carpet containing 43 yards, for $96.75. How much did he pay per yard ? 9. If 55 peach baskets hold 34.375 bushels, how much does each basket hold ? DECIMALS.— DIVISION. 131 131. Ex. Divide 15.695 by 7.3. Peocess. Explanation.— I divide as in integers ; 7.3)15.6 9 5 (^2.15 and, since there are three decimal 1^6 places in the dividend and one deci- 10 9 mal place in the divisor, I point off ^ ^ two decimal places in the quotient, ' "^ and I have 2.15, the required quo- 36 5 tient. ^ ^ 5 Note. — To secure accuracy in pointing off decimal figures in the quo- tient, many teachers prefer the following method : 1. Before beginning to divide, cut off, by a line, as many 7.3) 15.6\95{2.15 places to the right of the decimal point in the dividend as 1^^ there are decimal places in the divisor, as shown in the ex- 10 9 ample in the margin. 7 3 2. In dividing, write the decimal point in the result wfien 365 all the orders to the left of the line have been v^ed. ^^^ Peoblems. 1, How many times is 16.54 contained in 611.98 ? ^. What is tlie quotient of .3264 divided by .0034 ? 3. If one barrel of flonr is made from 4.5 bushels of wheat, how many barrels will be made from 67.5 bushels ? 4^. How many sheets of Russia iron weighing 3.31 pounds each, will a workman use in making 76.13 pounds of stove- pipe? 5. If one overcoat is made from 3.25 yards of cloth, how many overcoats can be made from 61.75 yards ? 6. How many casks, each holding 41.315 gallons, will be required, to hold 11,278.995 gallons of alcohol? 7. 15.9392 tons of iron ore will make how many loads, each weighing .9376 of a ton? 8. A carriage ironer paid $24.72^ for bar st^el, at $ .07| a pound. How many pounds of steel did he buy ? 9. If an acre of land produces 1.92 tons of hay, how much land will produce .9024 of a ton ? 132 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. Process. 13^. Ex. 1. Divide 18.24 by 6.4. Explanation. — I divide as in integers; and when all the figures expressing ^-^ ) ^ ^'^ k ( ^'O ^ the dividend have been used, I form 12 8 a new partial dividend, — by annex- f: f f ing a cipher to the remainder, — and t> 4 4. continue the division. 612 Counting the cipher annexed to form 3 2 the last partial dividend as a decimal '^2 place of the given dividend, I point off two decimal places in the quotient. The result, 2.85, is the required quotient. a. When there is a remainder after all the orders of the dividend have been used, form a new partial dividend by annexing a cipher^ and continue the division. b. Decimal ciphers annexed to form a partial dividend, must be counted as decimal plaices of the given dividend. 6.U)18.2\U{S.85 Note.— Proceeding as directed in Note, page 131, the l^S decimal point is placed in the quotient before writing the 5UU first decimal figure. SIS sso Problems. s^o 7. .7854-4-. 56 = 8. .7854-r-.056 = 9. .7854-r-.0056 = X 7854^5.6= 4' 7.854-5.6 = 2. 785.4-^5.6zz: 5. .7854-f-5.6 = S. 78.54^5.6= 6: .7854-7-56 = 10. Divide 76.94 by 4.9. 76.94. -^ 19 = 15. 702 j^^ ; or 76. 9 J,. -^ ^.9 = 15.702^. When the division does not terminate, or wh£n it has been carried a» far as is desirable, express the remainder fractionally, as a part of ths quotient; or, write + after the quotient. Divide, carrying the division to three decimal places, 11. 1.264 by 3. | 12. 3,156.293 by 25.17. | 13. $650 by 313. U. A baker paid $103.60 for 21.25 cords of wood. How much did he pay per cord? 15. A manufacturer made 25 sets of table-spoons that weighed 231 ounces. How much did one set weigh ? DECIMALS.— DIVISION. 133 16. If .38 of a bushel of grass seed will seed one acre of land, 15.39 bushels will seed how many acres ? 17. An Iowa farmer raised 3,045 bushels of corn from 56 acres. How much was the yield to the acre ? 18. A bookseller sold 25 arithmetics for $8.43. How much did he receive apiece for them ? 19. Divide an estate of $31,723.25 equally among 7 heirs. Process. 133. Ex. Divide 42 by .56. .66)4.2.00(75 Explanation. — Since there are two deci- 3 9 2 mal places in the divisor and none in 2 8 the dividend, I annex two decimal ci- 6) q n phers to the dividend before dividing. '^ " ^ There must be at least as many decimal places in tJhe dividend as in the divisor, before beginning to divide. Problems. 1. Divide 5,463.9 by 42.02. 2. $875 -f- $3.12|- = how many ? 3. A farmer exchanged 15 bushels of wheat for flour, receiving 1 sack of flour for every 1.25 bushels of wheat. How many sacks of flour did he receive % Jf,. If a factory girl weaves 6.25 yards of sheetings in an hour, in how many hours can she weave 40 yards ? 6. When the price of rice is $ .06|- a pound, how many pounds can be bought for $3.50 ? 6. A stationer sold .875 of a gallon of ink, in bottles holding .0625 of a gallon each. How many bottles of ink did he sell? 7. A druggist puts up 23 gallons of cologne in 736 bottles. How much cologne does each bottle contain ? 134: SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 134. Ex. Divide .002 by .08. Process. Explanation. — After dividing, I find that ,08). 0^ there are five decimal places in the dividend ^ iT^T^ used, and two in the divisor. T therefore .0 Jo point off three decimal places in the result. Note. — The process is more readily performed by the .08) .00\s method given in Note, page 131. .OS 5 Problems. 1. Divide .897 by 39. 2. .27 by 4.32. S. .7 by 112. .4, .0016 by .612. 5. .07 by 12.8. ^. 2 by 53.1. ^7. .1537 by 29. 8, Divide $8 into 200 equal parts. 9. If .Y505 of an ounce of gold-leaf will cover 79 square f eet^ how much gold-leaf will gild one square foot ? 10. $2,471^ for 275 lemons is how much apiece ? 135. Ex. 1. Divide 582.7 by 10, by 100, by 1,000, and by 100,000. 58^.7- 682.7- 682.7 682.7 Processes. 10z=r.68.27 100= 6.827 1,000= .6827 100,000= .006821 Each removal of a decimal point in a number otic place to the left divides the number by 10. Ex. 2. Divide 3,725.4 by 700. Explanation. — Since 700=7 times 100, 1 Process. divide the dividend by 100, and obtain ^y f) n\ '^^\(p Pi J 37.254; and this result I divide by 7, and ^ ^^ )0_r\^jD^ obtain 5.322, the required result. 6.822 Problems. 1. Divide 537.8 by 10. Jf.. $.75 — 100 = 2. Divide 62.5 by 50. 5. $437.50^1,000 = 3. Divide 5,960.43 by 900. 6. $30,943.20-^$15,000 = 7. 434.5 acres of land were divided equally among 10 persons. How much land had each person ? DECIMALS.—DIVISION, 135 8. An Ohio fanner raised 2,175 bushels of corn from 40 acres of land. How mnch was the yield to the acre ? 9, In how many months will a man whose wages are $100 per month, earn $937.50 ? 10. A railroad 200 miles long was constructed, at a cost of $8,263,860.50. What was the cost per mile ? 136. Rule foe Division of Decimals. I. Annex decimal ciphers to the dividend^ when neces- sary^ and divide as in integers, 11. Point off as many decimal figures in the quotient as the nuniber of decimal places in the dividend exceeds the number in the divisor. a. Count decimal ciphers annexed to form a partial dividend, as deci^ mat places of the given dividend. b. It is necessary to annex decimal ciphers to the dividend 1. When it has a less number of decimal places than the divisor. 2. When the dividend, considered as an integer, is less than the dimsor considered as an integer. 3. When there is a remainder after all the orders of the dividend have been used. Problems. 1. .1632 divided by 3.4=how many ? ^. How many times is .0753 contained in 1,385.52 ? S. What is the quotient of 5 divided by 64 ? 4-. Divide 90.5 into 14,480 equal parts. 5. 639 cords -^ 11. 25= how many cords? 6. 15.39 bushels are how many times .38 of a bushel ? 7. How many pounds of wool will be required for 264 yards of cloth, at the rate of 1 pound for .625 of a yard? 8. If in an hour 18.75 barrels of water run into a cis- tern that holds 204 barrels, in how many hours will the cistern be filled ? 136 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC, 9, In what time will a railroad train run 16 miles, if it runs at the rate of 31.25 miles an hour? 10. I raised 147 bushels of oats on 2.24 acres of land. At what rate did the land yield per acre ? 11. If one gallon of sap makes .18 of a pound of maple sugar, how many gallons of sap will make 112.59 pounds of sugar ? 12. If 1 bushel of charcoal is made from .0196 of a cord of wood, how many bushels can be made from 5.831 cords ? 13. $564.37^ for 105 sheep is how much a head ? H. $35 buys how many pounds of sugar, at $.12J? 16. $172.50 buys how many lounges, at $7.50? 16. $59.06|- for 31.5 gallons is how much per gallon? 17. $1.87^ buys how many bushels of plums, at $2.50 a bushel ? 18. At $ .56 a yard, $24.36 buys how many yards of muslin ? 19. How many goblets, each weighing 7.5 ounces, can be made from 176 ounces of silver? W. 815,105 pounds of hay are how many tons of 2,000 pounds each, and how many pounds over ? 21. 124.2 tons of coal will make how many full car loads of 9.5 tons each? 22. 134 bushels of wheat will pay for how many sheep, at 2.5 bushels for 1 sheep? 23. I sold .95 of an acre of land in building-lots of .125 of an acre each. How many lots did I sell ? 2 If.. A baker has 834.25 pounds of lard, and he uses 23.75 pounds daily^. How many full days will the lard last him, and how many pounds over ? DECIMALS.— DIVISION. 137 Accounts and Bills. 137. A debt is money, goods, or services due from one party to another. a, A debtor is a person from whom a debt is due. b, A creditor is a person to whom a debt is due. 138. A hill of goods is a written statement given by the seller to the buyer, containing the date of the pur- chase ; the names of buyer and seller ; a list of the goods bought, with their prices ; and the total amount or cost. a. An item is each particular in a bill. &• Extending an item is finding the cost of the item. c, The footing is the total cost of all the items in a bill. 139. An account fin business transactions, is a writ- ten statement of debits and credits between two parties. a. The balance of an account is the difference between the sums of the debits and credits. b. When a bill or account is paid, the party to whom the payment is made should write at the bottom of the same, Received payment, or Paid, followed by his name. Problems. Extend the items, and find the footings in the following bills : 1' Buflalo, ^€me //, /<^(^^. Mr. QyZtlnut QA^e^6^n^a7t SSouad^: o^ B. F. Brown & Co. 4 /lafiez^ ^atc/en <^ , / €0. ^a^n <^ea, 'f.'fO / ^M//ot<. ^a^4e^, S5 S^ec (/ ^ay^nerU, tty Q^iTiotc/. Put the following narrations of business transactions into bills of proper forms : S, Philadelphia, December 6, 1882, Charles Eoberts & Co. sold to Mrs. Eliza Williams, for cash, 2 doz. silver ta- ble forks, at $37.50 per dozen ; 1 dozen silver table-spoons for $33 ; 3 sets of silver tea-spoons, at $9.25 per set ; and 1 silver cake basket for $37.50. ^. Albany, N. T., JSTovember 1, 1882, Joseph Daniels bought of James Eiley & Co. 15.5 tons of stove coal, at $4.75; 19 tons of grate coal, at $5.12^; and 14 cords of wood, at $5.25. 5, Springfield, December 24, 1881, Jones & Bogart sold to Lyman A. Moore, on account, 1 piece of Lonsdale cot- ton, 42 yards, at $ .12^ ; 5 yards of French broadcloth, at $4.75 ; 16 yards of Merrimac prints, at $ .09 ; 8 yards of Irish linen, at $.68f ; and 12 yards of Hamburg edging, at $ .37i. Note. — For outlines of decimals for review, see page 271. DECIMALS.— REVIEW. 139 General Eeview Problems in Decimals. 1, Multiply twelve thousandths by twelve hundredths, and divide the product by six ten-thousandths. ^. From nine hundred and nine ten-thousandths sub- tract nine hundred nine ten-thousandths, and divide the remainder by nine hundred thousandths. 3. What is the quotient of .01 divided by 12.8? Jf,. If a clerk wishes to save $100 a year out of a salary of $900, how much can he spend per week ? 6. If 105.6 tons of rails are required for 1 mile of rail- road track, how many tons are required for 137.55 miles? 6. How much is the freight on a cargo of 25,380 bush- els of wheat, from Chicago to Buffalo, at $ .044 P^r bushel? 7. A half-dime a day is how much a year ? 8. 31 laborers received $1,046.25 for working 22.5 days. What were the average daily wages ? 9. When tomatoes are worth $3 a bushel, what part of a bushel can be bought for $ .3T-J ? 10. I sowed 2.736 quarts of clover seed in my orchard, at the rate of 5.76 quarts to the acre. How much land is there in my orchard ? 11. The taxes paid in a certain school-district one year were as follows: By A, $38.75; B, $10.50; C, $132.50; D, $6 ; E, $58.75 ; F, $2.50 ; Glass Manufactory, $1,057.50 ; H $30 ; I, $1.50 ; J, $8.60 ; K, $141.80 ; L, $3.75 ; M, $530 ' I^ational Bank, $1,515 ; O, $137.60; P,$6.70; Q, $199.60 Eailroad Company, $895 ; S, $9.60 ; T, $3.50 ; U, $266.75 y, $176.25 ; and W, $2.75. What was the amount ? 12. A housekeeper uses .375 of a pound of sugar to a jar of fruit. If she has 25 pounds of sugar, how many jars can she put up, and how much sugar will she have left ? 140 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. IS. A farmer raised 823.3 bushels of oats on 15 acres, and 466.45 bushels on 7 acres. What was the average yield per acre from the two pieces of land ? i^. 25 miles of a railroad 57.36 miles long cost $13,758.40 per mile, 17 miles cost $16,521.72 per mile, and the re- mainder cost $18,125.12^ per mile. What was the aver- age cost per mile of the entire road ? 15. A laborer earns $1.31J per day, his wife $ .62J, and each of 3 children $ .37^. What are the earnings of the family per week ? 16. If 100 sheep cost $437.50, what is the price per head ? • 17. How many bushels of onions can be raised on 3.27 acres, at the rate of 415 bushels to the acre ? 18. How many tons of broom-corn can be raised from .85 of an acre, if 1,876 tons can be raised from one acre \ 19. The owner of a shcooner sold .3125 of her to the captain. What part of the vessel did he still own ? W. A contractor built a house for $3,725. The mate- rials cost him $2,641.37J, and he paid $1,796.50 for labor. Did he make or lose money, and how much ? ^1. What is the cost of 32.5 bushels of oats, at $ .56J? ^2. To-day Mary Morton bought of me 15 yards of dress silk, at $1.75 ; 3 yards of satin, at $1.87i ; ^ yards of French lace, at $.81^; and 12 yards of gingham, at $ .28. Make out the bill. 23. On the 1st day of May last, Andrew Erwin bought of Potter & Co., of Philadelphia, 6 pairs of calf boots, @ $4.50 ; 8 pairs of kip boots, @ $3.62|- ; 4 pairs of ladies' kid boots, @ $2.75 ; and 12 pairs of ladies' cloth boots, @ $2.12|-. Make out and receipt the bill. CHAPTER III. PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS. SECTION I. FACTORS AND DIVISORS. 140. The integral factors of a number are those integers of which the number is the product. One integer is exactly divisible by another when the quotient is an integer. 141, A composite number is a number that has other integral factors besides itself and 1. 14^. A prime number is a number that has no integral factors besides itself and 1. a, A prifue factor is a factor that is a prime number. &. An even number is a number that is exactly divisible by 2. c. An odd number is a number that is not exactly divisi- ble by 2. Oral Work. — 1. JSTame all the composite numbers between 30 and 75, and tell why they are composite. ^. Name all the prime numbers from 1 to 50. 3. What integers less than the number 20 are even? Why? 4^. What integers between 30 and 50 are odd? Why? 143. Factoring is the process of finding the integral factors of a number. An exact divisor of a number is any integral factor of that number. A. What are the integral factors 1. Of 21? I 2, Of 35? I 3, Of 18? I Jf, Of 29? | 5, Of 63? 142 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. What numbers are exact divisors 6. Of 15? 7. Of 27? 8. Of 35? 9. Of 24 ? 10. Of 56 ? ii. Of 45 ? i^. Of 11 ? i5. Of 49 ? >4. Of 95 ? 15. Of 64? i^. Of 75 ? i7. Of 108? What are the prime factors i^QC_!nn pie, 400. lb X^O -JfUU Problems. Find a common multiple 1. Of 9 and 16. 2. Of 17 and 22. 3. Of 5, 12, and 19. i. Of 8, 13, and 50. 5. Of 10, 11, 3, and 31. 6. Of 6, 29, and 67. Case II. Least common multiple. Oral Work. — 154. What number is a multiple, and what is the least number that is a multiple, of 1. 2 and 6 ? 2. 3 and 6 ? 3. 4 and 6 ? Jf. 6 and 9 ? 5. 4 and 10? 6. 6 and 8 ? 7. 2, 4, and 12? 8. 2, 6, and 5 ? P. 3, 12, and 10? 10. 20 and 30? 11. 10 and 25? 12. 3, 4, 6, and 8 ? 155. The least coinmon multiple of two or more numbers is the least integer of which each of the given numbers is an integral factor. 1. What number is a common multiple of 8 and 12 ? 2. What are the prime factors of 8 ? Of 12 ? 3. What number is a common multiple of all the prime factors of 8 and 12 ? 4^. What number is the least common multiple of 8 and 12 ? 150. Principle. The least comynon multiple of two or more numhers is a multiple of all the prime factors of eoAih of those numbers^ and of no other prime faxitors. 148 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC, Written Work. — Ex. Find the least common multi- ple of 20, 48, and 56. Explanation.— I first separate Process. each of the numbers into its 6) n -^ o o r prime factors. ^^0 = ^X^X0 Then, comparing separately the 1^8=^^x2x2x^x3 prime factors of 20 and 48 66 = 2x2x2x7 "''IV^^.lf^'JTl^,^ 56x5x2x3=1,680 — the greatest given number, ' — I find that in the prime fac- tors of 56 I have all the prime factors of 20 but 5, and all the prime factors of 48 but 2 and 3 ; and I write tiiese prime factors and 56 in a line, as factors of the required least common multiple. Multiplying these factors together, I obtain 1,680, which is the least common multiple of the given numbers. Problems. What is the least common multiple of L 24 and 66 ? 2, 15 and 100? S, 8, 12, and 48? i. 6, 15, and 90? 5. 9, 21,27, and 63? 6. 32, 56, 96, and 72? 7. 36, 18, and 24? 8. 115, 30, and 75? 9. 54, 72, and 126? 10, 75,225, and 400? IL 16, 81, 49, and 25? 12. 216, 132, and 1,728? 157. Ex. Find the least common multiple of 6, 24, 96, 15, and 60. Explanation. — I write the Process. numbers in a line, in or- v^ -v^ ^ # /, ^ q ^ der, from least to greatest. ^ "^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ Since 6 and 15 are factors 6 = 2x2x3x5 of 60, and 24 is a factor of 9 6 = 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 X 3 96, I strike out the num- • bers 6, 15, and 24, and find 96 X 5 ■= 1^,80 the least common multiple of the remaining numbers 60 and 96. This least common multiple, 480, is the least common multiple of all the given numbers. Wlien any of the given numbers are factors of other given numbers, omit those numbers tliat are factors,and ftnid tJie least comnion mul- tiple of the oVier nuTribers. PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS.— MULTIPLES. 149 158. Rules foe Multiples. I. To find a common multiple:— Multiply the numbers together. II. To find the least common miiltiple:— 1. Separate the miriibers into their prime factors. 2. Multiply together the largest given number and those prime factors of the other given numbers not found among the factors of this largest number. Problems. Find a common multiple 1. Of 50 and 81. 2. Of 3, 8, and 70. 8. Of 20 and 67. Jf. Of 135 and 318. Find the least common multiple 5. Of the first nine integers. 6. Of 5, 51, 10, 34, and 85. 7. Of9,60,45,72,15,35,18,andl2. 8. Of 21,35,7, 100,15, 28, and 125. 9. What is the least sum of money with whicli I can purchase melons at 45 cents each, or plums at 27 cents a peck, or peaches at 90 cents a basket, or oranges at 36 cents a dozen? 10. D can pick 40 bushels of apples in a day,E 48 bush- els, and F 64 bushels. What is the least number of bush- els that will make a number of full days' work for any one of the three men ? 11. A can walk round a mile course in 12 minutes, B in 16 minutes, and C in 20 minutes. If they all start to- gether, and walk till they are again together, how many minutes will each walk? How many miles will each walk? 12. What is the least number of gallons of petroleum that will fill, some exact number of times, any one of five casks that hold respectively 34, 54, 68, 108, and 238 gallons ? SECTION III. CANCELLATION. Oral WorJc. — 159. What factor will remain, if I re- move or strike out L From 21 the factor 7 ? The factor 3 ? ^. From 18 the factor 3 ? The factor 6 ? The factor 2 ? S, What is the quotient of 75 divided by 15 ? ^. Of i of 75 divided by i of 15 ? 5. Of I of 75 divided by | of 15 ? 6. What factors are common to 15 and 75 ? 7. If I strike out from 75 all the factors of 15, what factors will remain ? Divide (5. 4 X 6 by 4 X 3 9, 8 X 7 by 2 X T, 10. 5X12 by 10X6. 111. 9X8 by 3x12. 12. 6 X 9 X 8 by 8 X 6 X 3. 13. 4xl0x7xl2by4xl0xl2. H. 3x9 or 27 by 2 X 9 or 18. 15. 7 X 2 X 6 by 2 X 7. 16. If I omit all the common factors from 60 (the divi- dend), and 24 (the divisor), what factor of the dividend will remain ? What factor of the divisor will remain ? 17. If from the number 28 I strike out the factor 7, what is the result? What has been done to the num- ber? 18. The dividend is 64 and the divisor is 16 ; what is the quotient ? Strike out the common factor 8 from divi- dend and divisor ; what is the quotient ? 160. Cancellation is the process of omitting or strik- ing out equal factors from the dividend and divisor. The solution of problems requiring both multiplication and divis- ion, may often be shortened by cancellation. PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS.— CANCELLATION. 151 161. Principle I. Cancelling a factor from a num- ber divides the number by that factor, Pkinciple II. Cancelling a common factxrr from divi- dend and divisor does not change the value of the quotient. Written TFoi^A?.— Ex. 1. Divide 6 x 9 x 20 by 6 x 4. First Process. 5 Explanation. — In divi- dend and divisor are the common factors 6 and 4 (20 = 5x4). I cancel these factors, and I have remaining the factors 1, 9, and 5 1 1 of the dividend, and 1 and 1 of the divisor. I multiply together the remaining factors of the dividend, and also the remaining factors of the divisor, and obtain 45 for a new dividend and 1 for a new divisor; and completing the division, I have 45, the quotient required. The work is commonly written as shown in the second process. Second Process. 5 Ex. 2. Divide 16x21 VX8. Process, ^ S >^x^^ ^ 6 by Ex. 3. Divide 8x25x45 by 15x24x2. Process. :m.x :^x 2 ^ ^ a. Cancelling any factor or number leaves 1 in the place of the factor or number cancelled. h. When all tlie other factors of either dimdend or divisor are can- celled, write the 1. In all other cases omit it. Pkoblems. 1, 72 by 3 X 8. Divide \ 2. 5x5x5 by 25. S. 10x12 by 5x6. Jf, 14x16x18 by 7x8x9. 5. 240x99 by 80x33. 6, 20x32x44 by 5X6X11. 152 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC, 7, What is the quotient of 35 x 17 divided by 5 x 7 ? 8, What is the quotient of 8 x 5 x 3 x 6-^9.x 10 x 4 ? 9, What is the quotient of 7 X 12 x 6 x 16-f-72 x 32 ? 10 n [2 13 Divide 975 1365 5 x28x5 5x9x5x7 by 13x15 13x15 175 175 14 [3 16 Divide 200 X 24 X 36 7800 27 X 55 X 96x84 by 144x60 390x4x3 33x132x28x15 17, The factors of a dividend are 4, 15, and 27 ; and of a divisor, 3, 3, 4, and 45. What is the quotient ? 18, The dividend is 24x9x15x21, and the divisor is 6 X 7 X 36 X 108. What is the quotient ? 19, How much coffee, at 30 cents a pound, must be given in exchange for 6 pounds of butter, at 40 cents a pound ? W. A farmer exchanged 360 sheep, valued at $2.75 per head, for cows at $45 each. How many cows did he buy? ^1, How many bushels of turnips, at $ .25 per bushel, will pay for 36 pounds of tea at $ .75 per pound ? ^^. If a boat sails 24 miles in 4 hours, how many miles will it sail in 2 x 8 hours ? ^3. How many tons of hay at $20 a ton, are worth as much as 60 bushels of wheat at $2 a bushel ? ^^. If a laborer can earn $64 in 30 days, how much can he earn in 35 days ? ^5. If 12 men can do a piece of work in 30 days, in what time can 9 men do the same work ? ^6, If 12 men can do a piece of work in 30 days, work- ing 10 hours a day, in what time can 15 men do the same, working 8 hours a day ? ^ NoTB.~For outlines of properties of numbers for review, see page 271. CHAPTER IV. FRACTIONS. SECTION I. NOTATION AND NUMERATION. 1 OS. 1. What is the name of one of the parts, when any thing or a one is divided into two equal parts % 4. Into eight equal parts ? 5. Into ten equal parts ? 2. Into three equal parts ? S. Into five equal parts? 6. Into any number of equal parts ? . Any thing or a one is how many 7. Halves?! 9, Eighths? iii. Sixths? \1S. Fourths? \15. Tenths? 8. Fifths? \lO. Thirds? \l2, Ninths?|i4. Sevenths? I i(5. Twelfths? "When any thing or a one is divided into nine eqnal parts, 17. What is the name of the parts ? 18. Of one part ? 19. Of four parts \ 20. Of two parts? 21. Of five parts? 22. Of seven parts ? 23. Of three parts ? 163. Fractional parts are parts obtained by divid- ing any thing or a one into any number of equal parts. Halves, fifths, eighths, twelfths are fractional parts. 164. A fractional unit is one of the equal frac- tional parts into which a thing or the unit 1 is divided. 1 half, 1 fifth, 1 eighth, 1 twelfth are fractional units. 165. K fraction is a number that expresses one or more fractional units. 1 sixth, 5 eighths, 9 tenths are fractions. A fraction is expressed by two numbers, written one under the other, with a horizontal line between them, thus - 1 eighth, ^ ; 3 eighths, f ; 1 fifteenth) 1^ ; 11 fifteenths, \\. G2 154 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC, 1, What numbers express the fraction five eighths ? What is 5. The fractional unit ? 6. The number of fractional units? 7. The value of the fraction ? AYliich number determines 2. The size of the parts ? S. The number of the parts ? U, The value of one part? 166. The terms of a fraction are the two numbers used to^xpress it. 167. The denominator is that term which names the parts expressed by the fraction. It is written helow the horizontal line. 168. The numerator is that term which numbers the parts expressed by the fraction. It is written ahc/oe the horizontal line. a. The terms of the fraction 4 are 4 and 5 ; the denominator is 5 ; and the numerator is 4. h. The denominator shows the size of the parts ; and the numera- tor shows the number of parts expressed by the fraction. 1 69. The numerator of any fraction is a dividend, the denominator is a divisor, and the value expressed by the fraction is the quotient. •^ expresses the quotient of 9 divided by 16. A. Read each of the fractions given below, and name i. The terras; J^. The fractional unit; 6, The dividend; 2, The numerator; 5. The number of frac- 7. The divisor; and S, The denominator; tional units; 8, The quotient. I i tV ^ ii ^ ¥ « J5. The fraction f expresses 2 of the 3 equal parts into which 1 is divided; or 1 of the 3 equal parts into which 2 is divided. What is expressed i. By the fraction | ? 5. By | ? 2, By the number | ? ^. By |^ i What do you understand 5. By 3^? 1 ^- By A of a pound? 6. Byi? U. By -^ of a dozen? FRACTIONS.— NOTATIOJSf AND NUMERATION 155 C 1, Wliicli of tlie fractions in the margin express a value equal to 1 ? Why ? ^. Which express less than 1 ? Why 1 3, Which express more than 1 ? Why ? 1 5 Iff _7^ 1. 5. 236 1^ 16 1,728 236 15T I ¥ 1 f'O, A proper fraction is a fraction that expresses less than 1. 171, An improper fraction is a fraction that ex- presses 1 or more than 1. a, f , ^ are proper fractions ; f , ^ are improper fractions. 6, The numerator of a proper fraction is alicays a less number than the denominator; the numerator of an improper fraction is never a less number than the denominator, 1 7S. A 7nixed number is a number that is expressed by an integer and a decimal, or by an integer and a fraction. a. 17.4, 3.65; 12|, 5y^^ are mixed numbers, b. In reading a mixed number, read and between the integer and the fraction, c. Decimal units, as well as fractional units, are equal parts of a thing, or of the unit 1. Hence, 1. Decimal parts are fractional parts; and 2, Decimals are also called decimal fractions, 1, Which of the numbers in the margin are - proper fractions, and why ? ^. Which are improper fractions, and why ? 3. Which are mixed numbers, and why ? i f T¥ f A ^ What is the unit ^ Jf.. Of 315? 5. Of $89 ? 6. Ofi? 7. Of 4? 12. Of ^ of an acre ? 13. Of i of a yard ? IJf. Of 3i dozen ? 8. Of 37 bushels? 9. Of 45 pounds? 10. Of f of a bushel \ 11, Of I of a pound ? [ 16. Of 1 6f miles ? If^. The tmit of a fraction is one^ of the kind expressed by the fraction. What is the unit of each of the numbers in the maro'ln ? 28 iV A M H 3f weeks. 413 i I 1% 15-^ 18f gallons. 156 8EC0ND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 174. To analyze a fraction is to name and de- scribe all its parts, its kind, and its value. Ex. Analyze the fraction f of a mile. Analysis. — The terms of this fraction are 3 and 4, because they are the two numbers used to express it; the denominator is 4, because it names the parts expressed by the fraction ; and the mim^rator is 3, because it numbers the parts expressed by the fraction. The unit of the fraction is 1 mile, because it is the one divided to form the fraction ; and the fractional unit is i, because it is 1 of the 4 equal parts into which 1 mile is divided. The fraction is proper, because it expresses less than 1 ; and its xalue is f of a mile, because f expresses the quotient of the nu- merator 3 divided by the denominator 4. Analyze j i. 4- of a wfefek. the fractions ( ^. A of a foot. I Si. 5. f. 6.^, 7. ^. SECTION II. REDUCTIONS. Case I. Fractions to lowest terms. Oral Work. — 175. 1. 1 is how many fifths? How many fifteenths? How many sixtieths? ^. f^ are how many fifteenths? How many fifths? How many ones? 3, How is the fraction -f^ reduced to halves ? Jf., How is the fraction -^-^ reduced to sixtieths? To thirtieths ? To fifteenths ? 6, Dividing the terms of a fraction by any number, has what effect upon the value of the fraction ? Which expresses the greater value, ^. iorf? I 7. for A? | <^. |^, ^f , or | ? 176. A f faction is in its lowest terins^ when its terms have no common factor. FRA CTIONS.—RED UCTIONS. 157 i. Reduce the fraction -/^ to its lowest terms. I divide the terms 8 and 28 by the common factor 4, and ob- tain ^ ; and, since the terms 2 and 7 liave no common factor, the lowest terms of the fraction ^^ are |-. Reduce to lowest terms 14- 4- A- 6. -H- 5. If 5. H- 7. *f- 9. If. 12. yy- of a lemon are how many eighths of a lemon? How many fourths? How many halves? 13. Reduce the fractions %% and $i| to lowest terms. IJf. James has f of an apple, and Charles has -f^. "Which has the greater fraction ? 16. Is %^-Q more or less than $/q-, and how much ? 16. In five successive Vv^eeks a family uses -!-§-, |-|, -|, ^-, and ^ oi 2i bushel of apples. In which week do they use the most ? 177, Principle I. The value of changed^ iy dividing its terms hy any Written Work. — Ex. Reduce l^f Explanation.— I first divide 105 and 175 — the terms of the given fraction — by the common factor 5, and obtain f 1. I then divide 21 and 35 — the terms of this frac- tion — by the common factor 7, and obtain f . Since the terms 3 and 5 have no com- mon factor, the lowest terms of the frac- tion i^f are f . The result may be obtained at one division, 105 and 175 by 35, their greatest common Peoblems. "What are the lowest terms of a fraction is not common factor. to lowest terms. First Process. 105-^5 _3J.-^7 _S 175^5 ~ 55-f-7~5 Second Process. 101^1^5 . by dividing the terms factor. 3. M? •4. It? 5. ft? e. H? if? 7. 9- 1%? 10. J^? 11. ^? 12. -1^? IS. ,%? ijf. ,J4I? 15- ■ms'- 158 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. Reduce to lowest terms 16. \^^ of a yard. 1^' Mfl of a day. 18. $3-Vjand$-j^. i^' Um of a pound. 21. |g]|P of a ton. Case II. Fractions to other fractions having given denominators. Oral Work. — 178. What fraction expresses the re- sult, when each of 2 halves is divided into 1. 2 equal parts? I S. 7 equal parts? 2. 3 equal parts? | 4. 5 equal parts? Multiply the terms of the fraction 5. 6. 10 equal parts? 8 equal parts? I l>y 3. §by4. 9.^ 10. i by 6, ^by 8. 11. {% by 9. 12. U by 5. 13. 11 if by 10. f*by7. By what number must you multiply the terms, to change 15. "I to twentieths? 16. 4 to forty-eighths? 17. ■?■ and ^ to thirty-fifths? 18. -g- and -yy to ninety-ninths? To reduce a fraction to another fraction having a larger de- nominator : — Divide the required denominator hy the given denominator^ and multiply the terms of the given fraction by the quotient, 19. Reduce the fraction -^ to twenty-eighths. 7, the denominator of ^, is contained in 28, the required de- nominator, 4 times ; hence, I multiply the terms of f by 4, and obtain ■^. W. Eeduce A to 30ths. To 60ths. To 120ths. 21. ^ to fourths. To 16ths. 2J^. f and \ to 54tlis. 22. -I to fortieths. To 64ths. 25. ^ and ^V to 60tlis. 23. -f- to forty-seconds. '27. \28. \29. Which is the greater number, 26. -J, -J, and I to 12ths. •| of an hour, or ^\ of an hour? -^ of a bushel, or f of a bushel ? -^-^ of an acre, or f\j- of an acre ? 1 79. Principle II. The value expressed hy a fraction is not changed, hy multiplying its terms hy any number. FRACT10N8.~RED UCT10N8. 159 Written Work. — Ex. Eeduce the fraction | to 125tlis. Explanation. — Dividing 125, the re- quired denominator, by S, the given de- Process. nominator, I obtain 25, the number by - ^ ^ ^ _, which the terms of the fraction f must 1 /j o -r- o ^=^ Jq o be multiplied to reduce it to 12oths. I _ then multiply the terms 3 and 5 by 25, |x ^^- J|_ and obtain ^^^, the required result. Pkoblems. 1, Keduce |- to a fraction having 468 for a denominator. ^. Seven eighths are how many one hundred sixtieths ? i S. ^^ to eooths. Reduce \ Jf. -i^io 275ths. ( 5, -J- to QOOths. P. ||-to801sts. ia|i|-toll84ths. ii. 3%-tol'728ths. a|-to297ths. 7. y\to285ths. <5.^^toll52ds. 1^, A has $1^, B has $-|, and C has $f . Which of the three persons has the most money ? 13. A grocer has fV ^^ ^ barrel of pulverized sugar, ^ of a barrel of granulated, and y^^^- of a barrel of crushed. Of which kind has he the most ? Case III. Dissimilar fractions to similar fractions. 1 80, Similar fractions are fractions that have the same fractional unit. 181, Dissimilar fractions are fractions that have different fractional units. a, f , f are similar fractions ; f , f , f, L i are dissimilar fractions. &. Similar fractions have like denominators. c. A common denominator is the denominator of each of two or more similar fractions. Oral Work. — 1, Which of the fractions in the margin are similar fractions ? Why ? 2, Which are dissimilar fractions ? Why ? 3. Which have a common denominator ? i JL 3 2 27 7? ¥> ¥• h i, h f • 4 6 3 3 ¥5 T? ¥? T* T? TTJ "S"? TO"* ^. Which can be reduced to eighteenths ? Why ? 160 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC, 5. The denominators of fractions that can be reduced to fifteenths, must be factors of what number ? What fractions can be reduced 6\ To 28ths ? Why ? | 7. To 40ths ? Why ? | <^. To 48ths ? Why ? What similar fractions are equal in value 9. To I and f? 1 10, Tofand^? 1 11, To^and^? 1 12, To J, f and |? The product of all the denominators of two or more frac- tions is a common denominator of the fractions. Hence, 182, A common denominator of two or more similar fractions is a common multiple of all their denominators, 1. Reduce \ and \ to similar fractions. Since the given denominators 7 and 9 are factors of 63, sev- enths and ninths can be reduced to sixty-thirds. Multiplying the terms of ^ by 9, and the terms of J^ by 7, I obtain the similar fractions ^ and -g-^. Reduce to similar fractions 2. The fractions \ and f. S, The fractions f and -^-^, 4. + and J. 5. \, \, and f ^. h i and f r. I, I, and f. Written Work.—l 83, Ex. Reduce |, ^, and f to similar fractions. Explanation. —Since 3x2x9 = 54, thirds, halves, and ninths can be reduced to fifty-fourths. I therefore multiply the terms of each fraction by the denominators of the other fractions. The results, ff , ||, and fj are similar fractions. Problems. Process. 2^X2X9 _ 3X2X9 ' 1X3X9 _ 2X3X9 ' 36 ''5k ^27_ ' 5U 5X3X2 __50 9X3X2 5k 1, Reduce to similar fractions ^, |-, and -|. 6. I, ^, and -^V ^•iii.A.andi. ^.A,iA,f,iandA. ^.fand^V 4.i,|,l andf. S, -^ and i|. 5, I, 4, -I, and ^. 9. Reduce f, f, J^, and f to fractions of equal value having a common denominator. FRA CTI0XS.-REDUCTI0N-8, 161 10, The denominators of several dissimilar fractions are 13, 3, 10, 5, and 12. What is the denominator of the similar fractions of equal value ? 11. Keduce |, y^^, f , |, and | to fractions having a com- mon fractional unit. Case IV. Dissimilar fractions to least similar frac- tions. 184. Least similar fractions are fractions that have the greatest common fractional unit possible. The least common denominator is the denominator of least similar fractions. Oral Work. — What number is a common denominator 1. Of land 1? 2, Of i-and^? Of - 6. Of I! I! and I? S. Of land ^? Jf. Of land i? "What number is a common denominator, and what num- ber is the least common denominator 7. Of i-andi? 8. Of I and I? 9. Of i and 10 ' .2 11. Ofi,i, and^i,-? 12. Ofi,TV,andyV? 10. Offand-I 185. The least common denominator of two or more similar fractions is the least common multiple of all their denominators. By what number must you multiply the terms 1. Of \ and yV? ^^ reduce the fractions to 24th8 ? 2. Of -|, yV? ^^^ tV> ^^ reduce the fractions to 36ths ? S. Of Y^-g-, |- , ^^o", and -i , to reduce the fractions to 60ths ? ^. Of f , y\, and W^ to reduce to least similar fractions ? 5. Of y\, W^ y%, and -J-, to reduce to least similar fractions ? 6. Eeduce f and -| to least similar fractions. Since 12 is the least common multiple of the denominators 4 and 6, the fractions can be reduced to twelfths. Since 12 equals 4 times 3 or 6 times 2, 1 reduce | to twelfths by multiplying its terms by 3, and f to twelfths by multiplying its terms by 2 ; and I obtain the least similar fractions ^ and ^. 162 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. Eeduce to least similar fractions 7. Tlie fractions ^ and 3^. 8. The fractions f and -^. 9. f and f I 11. -gV, i^, and ^. 10. -^ and ^V I ^^. f , iV, and H- Written Work. — 186. Ex. Eeduce the dissimilar fractions f , ^, and ^ to least similar fractions. Explanation. — I first find the least com- mon multiple of the given denominators —9, 15, 18— to be 90. I next divide this 90 by the given denomina- tors 9, 15, 18, and ob- tain 10, 6, 5. I then multiply the terms of | by 10, the terms of ^^ by 6, and the terms of } J by 5 ; 9 3 1 15 5 5 18 6 9. Process. 3x3x5 x2 = 90 90^ 9=10 90-^15= 6 90^18= 6 Hence, -» — » — : 9 15 18 U XIO _ UO 9 X10~ 90 2_X 6 _1S 15X 6 ~ 90 1J.X 5 _55 18X 5 ~ 90 ,1*0 11 55^ 90' 90^ 90' Reduce to least similar fractions 5. if, I, and |. 6. f , i, and H. ^. A, H, i and iJ. ^' i H, h H, and i and obtain |J, Jf , and f J, the least similar fractions required. Problems. fi. T^andA. 2. ^% and VV- S. ^, i, and f . U. hh andf. 9, Reduce f, ^, -j^, and f to equivalent fractions hav- ing the least common denominator. 10, What is the fractional unit of the least similar frac- tions to which f , f , ^, and -^ can be reduced ? Case V. Improper fractions to integers or mixed numbers. Oral Work. — 18*To 1. ^-^ are how many ones? Since 8 eighths are 1, 59 eighths are as many I's as the times 8 eighths are contained in 59 eighths. 1 eighth is con- tained in 59 eighths 59 times, and 8 eighths are contained in 59 eighths 1 eighth of 59 times, which is 7f times. FRA CTIONS.—RED UCTI0N8, 163 How many I's 2. Arel2foniths? S. Are 36 sixths? Jf. Are 28 sevenths? 5, Are 24 thirds? 6. Are 54 ninths ? 7. Are 55 fifths? 10. Are -3^? I 9. Are-V-? Reduce to a mixed number i^. The fraction ^~, 15. The fraction ^-. 8. How many I's are ^ \ Reduce to an integer 11. The fraction -S/. 12. The fraction ■^. IS. The fraction -i^. i6'. The fraction ^^. 17. How is an improper fraction reduced to an integer or a mixed number ? When the denominator is a factor of the numerator, the 'calue of the fraction is an integer. Written Work. — 188. Ex. Reduce -%^- to an inte- ger or a mixed number. Explanation. — Since the numer- Process. ator of a fraction is a dividend, 593 ^ i^ q o _^oq ^ 1 R 4rt and the denominator is a divi- ^^ ~ * *^ sor, I divide the numerator 593 by the denominator 32, and obtain the mixed number 18^. Problems. Reduce to integers or mixed numbers 2 5|_8. 5. W- ^. w. IS, 35|lg^ 17. ^. 2. ^^. 6. mK 10, ^^^, 11 ^¥^. IS, H^. S. -1^. 7. H^. 11. ^^. 15, 12AA, 19, loj^. J,. W. 2f and 4f. 7. 25^+1^ 2. ^ and ^^. 5. 5-J and 3f 8. tV+I + 1? S. 1 1, and i. 6. f +|+i. 9. ^V + 8iio ? 13. ^ of a yard + fj of a yard + -^ of a yard + ff of a yard + :^ of a yard + f of a yard + -^^ of a yard = how many yards ? 14.. Add 60^ miles, Y5|- miles, and 110^ miles. IS. Add $4|-, $23, $6|, $^, and ISSty^r- 168 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC, 194. Rule for Addition of Fe actions. Reduce dissimilar to similar fractions, add the numer- ators^ and under the sum write the common denominator, a, Beduce fractions to lowest terms, before reducing to similar frac- tions. b. In aU final results, reduce fractions to lowest terms, and improper fractions to integers or mixed numbers. Problems. 1, f of an acre of blackberries, ^ of an acre of rasp- berries, and f of an acre of strawberries are how many acres of berries ? ^. A stable keeper bought two loads of straw, weighing 1-^jy tons, and |-J of a ton. How much straw did he buy ? ^' tV+I + f = ^^0^^' '"any ? 6. Add ^^ ^V hh •'^"^ H- ■*. A-1- H +lli =^^ow many ? 7. Add I 3%, |i> and if S, 3f + 5|-+64 = how many ? 8. Add 10^^, H, 27^^' and U^V 9, A clerk expended -^ of his salary in travel, ^ of it for board, f for clothing, and -^ for other purposes. What pai-t of his salary did he expend ? 10. A lady paid %j\ for sewing silk, S^V for buttons, $y^ for ribbon, $f for a silver thimble, and 8|- for a pair of scissors. How much did her purchases amount to ? 11, How much wood is there in -^^ of a cord, 3 J cords, ly^ cords, and -||- of a cord ? ArlH i ^^- A' *' ^' ^"^ ^- ^^- '^+' ^^' ^A, i and H. ^^^ I i^. ff, ^. and W. i5. 19|, ^, 65^, A, and 23. 16, From A to B is 27-^ miles, from B to C 30 miles, from C to D 51^ miles, and from D to E 32yVo miles. What is the distance from A to E ? 17, In three pieces of carpeting that contain 3T-| yards, 49|- yards, and 50|- yards are how many yards ? SECTION IV. SUBTRACTION. Oral Work.— 195. 1. Subtract yV from -^■^, 2. How is one of two similar fractions subtracted from tlie other ? 3. What similar fractions are equal to i and | ? "What is the difference between ^ and f ? Between f and |- ? Subtract 4. ^ from |. 5. J from f . ^. I- from 4. 7. -5^* from |. 6*. 4 from I". 9. -J from ^. What is the difference between 10, Hand A? ii. 5^ and 2 ? i^. 3f and f ? TFAe/i ^^e subtrahend is a mixed number, subtract the fraction first How much is 13. 2iand 7i? U, 5|and 9|? i5. SyVand 4:-^} 16, 8^ less 3-5^? ir. 12|-less 5|-? -If? ^^. From 9^ take 5|. ^i. From 243^take 15|. i<9. 7J- ^^. The minuend is 6^- and the subtrahend is 4f . What is the remainder ? (6i = 5 + f .) ^J. Ethan gathered \\ of a bushel of walnuts, and sold ^ of a bushel. What part of a bushel had he left ? ^Jf,. Jennie paid f of the yearly cost of Our Young People^ and her brother Edgar paid the balance. What part of the cost did Edgar pay ? 25. One week A worked 5yV days and B Sf days. Which worked the longer ? How much the longer ? How much money shall I have left 26. Of $1|, after paying $-/^ for a slate ? 27. Of $7, after paying $5^ for a pair of boots ? 28. Of $8^, after paying my grocer $6| ? 29. I owe $5|. If I pay $-g-, how much shall I then owe ? 30. Anna will be 13 years old -| of a year hence. What How old was she 2f years ago ? H is her age now 170 - SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 31. A woman having 2| gallons of boiled cider, used all but 1-|- gallons. How much cider did she use ? 32. Can I of a day be subtracted from | of a day ? Why ? 33. Can | of a mile be subtracted from %\ ? Why ? Written Work 196. Ex. 1. Subtract f from 1 3 FmsT Process. 15 16' 65 'so' U8 _ 'so ' Explanation.— Fifths can not be di- rectly subtracted from sixteenths. I therefore reduce the given fractions -}f and f to the similar fractions |J and ||. Then, subtracting the numerator 48 from the numerator 65, 1 obtain 17; and, since the fractions are eightieths, I write J^ for the required difference. Ex. 2. What is the difference between 7| and 4|? .11 so Second Process. IS S _ 65—hS __ 17 Explanation. — 7| equal 7^, and 4| Process. equal 4|f . But f^, the fractional part of the subtrahend, is more than J^, the fractional part of the minuend. I therefore take 1 of the 7, and unite its value, |§, with the J^, thus changing the form of the minuend to 6f^, Then, subtracting 4|f from 6f^, I obtain 2}§, the required differ- ence. Problems. P S3 ^ %6 From ^. if 2. ^ 9. Take h From Find the difference between 5. A and 3^. 6. AandH- 7. if and H. 8. Jandifi. 62 and the subtrahend is i^. Take 4. i A. The minuend is What is the remainder? 10. tI of a mile minus |-||-J of a mile equals what part of a mile ? Subtract 11. 75^ from 99. 12. 40^ from 103. IS. g^fromlOS^;^. U. 7^^ from 16^0. IS. 45^from45f ifi.ff from 194. 17. 15f|from21-^. 18. SSfl from 99yio' 19. 235f|from532f|. FR ACTIO NS.—S UBTRACTIO N. 171 197. EuLE FOR Subtraction- of Fractions. Rediice dissimilar to similar fractions^ suhtract the numerator of the subtrahend from the numerator of the m^inuend^ and under the difference write the common denominator. See remarks under Rule for Addition of Fractions, page 168. Problems. Find the remainder in eacli of these six problems : 1' m- 2. U- S. 1-1% minus -||. i. 30 minus y\ft^. 5, 87-1^1 less 59. 6. 543V less 27^. 7. From ^^ of a cord of wood a teamster took ||- of a cord. How much wood remained ? 8. A farmer bought |^ of* a ton of plaster, and sowed -^^ of a ton on his clover field. What part of a ton had he left ? 9. 4:^^ is how much greater than \ ? 10. 17-5^ is how much less than 25y\ ? 11. What is the difference between f ^ and -f^ ? 12. If I have $5 1 and pay out $|^, how much money have I left? 13. Frank walked IS^yg- miles, and Harry walked as far lacking 2^ miles. How far did Harry walk ? IJf.. 37f yards of white flannel shrank If yards in dye- ing. How much did the cloth then measure ? Find the difference between each two numbers following : 15. 17. 19. 21. 23. 1Q-JL5 172 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 25, From a lot containing ^ of an acre of land I sold ■^ of an acre to one man, and ^ of an acre to another. How much land had I left ? 26, If f be taken from a certain number, the remainder is ^, What is the number ? 27, If 5 be added to each term of f , is the value of the fraction increased or diminished ? How much ? 28, From the sum of f and 3|- subtract tlie difference between 4^ and ^\. 29, What is the sum of f and fj ? What is their dif- ference ? What is the sum of their sum and difference ? SECTION V. MULTIPLICATION. Oral Work.—\9^. A. How much is 1. 4 times f? 2, 3 times ^? 8, 1 times -| ? ^.11 times f? How much is Multiply 5. 3^ by 2 ; by 3. 6. ^hy b ; by 9. 7. 4A by 5 ; by 9. 8. 9J- by 3 ; by 6. 13. 4 times ^ of a pound ? H. 8 times -f of a bushel ? What is the product of 9, 5| multiplied by 10? 10, Z^ multiplied by 8 ? 11, ^ multiplied by 6 ? 12, 7-Jv multiplied by 4 ? i^. 5 times 7^ miles ? i7. 12 times $5f? 18. 10 times 21 yards? 15. 1 times f of a gallon ? 7P. How much do 6 bushels of apples cost, at $f a bushel ? 6 bushels cost 6 times as much as 1 bushel, or 6 times $| ; and 6 times $| are ^^-, or f 3f . 20, How much' do 12 ducks cost, at %^ apiece ? 21, How many acres of corn will 4 men hoe in a day, if they average f of an acre each ? FRA CTIONS.—MULTIPLICA TION. VIZ 2^2. In how many minutes can I drive my horse 5 miles, if I drive at the rate of a mile in 7f minutes ? How much money will buy 23. 15 barrels of XXX flour, at $7^^ a barrel ? 2]^. 12 apples, at f of a cent apiece ? * 25. 100 clothes-pins, at |- of a cent apiece ? 26. 7 yards of bleached muslin, at $^^ per yard ? 27. 1 dozen boxes of layer raisins, at $lyV P^^ t)Ox ? jB. 1. How do 3 fourths of a number compare with 1 fourth of it ? 3 fourths of any number are 3 times 1 fourth of the niunber. 2. How do you find J of any number? 3. How do you find f of any number? How much is Multiply 4. i- of 20? 9. 18 by f. 5. I of 20? 10. 11 by ^. 6. I of 25? 11. 8 by -3^. 7. I of $9? 12. 12 by f. 8. -I of $.16? 13. 12 by 5f. 19. Multiply 32 pounds by | ; How much is 20. 3^ of 32 yards of ribbon ? ^^. ^i. f of 50 pounds of nails ? 2S. 22. -I of 57 feet of gas pipe? 23. f of 34 days' work? Find the product of U. 3 multiplied by 2^. 15. 8 multiplied by 4f. i^. 9 multiplied by 3|. i7. IIJL times 10. 18. 2f times 7. i. e.^ find | of 32 pounds. 6f times 10 dozen eggs? V^ times 5 bushels of oats? 26. $15 multiplied by 3|^? 27. $ .08 multiplied by 5^^? (7, i. How much will § of a yard of linen cost, at $ .60 a yard ? 3 eighths of a yard will cost 3 times as much as 1 eighth of a yard, or 3 times 1 eighth of 60 cents. 1 eighth of 60 cents is 7 J cents, and 3 times 7^ cents are 22^ cents. 2. At $8 a ton, how much does f of a ton cost ? 174 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 3. A tailor used -f of 3 yards of silk serge in lining a coat. How many yards of serge did he use ? ^. At 10 cents a yard for silk braid, how much will 2 yards cost? How much will ^ yard cost? How much will 2|^ yards cost ? 6. I burned 12 thousand feet of gas in my store in the summer, and 3| times as much in the winter. How many thousand feet did I burn in the winter ? 6, A hotel in one month used 20 pounds of coffee, and 8f times as much sugar. How much sugar was used ? 7, Twe sevenths of tlie 49 children in a district attend school. How many children attend school? 8, A and B bought a mowing machine for $145, A pay- of the cost, and B -^7. How much did each pay ? mg A 2>. What fraction is equal to i. I of 9 tenths ? ^. fof 9 tenths? How much is 7. I of 2^ bushels? (2i = 8. I of If pounds? 9. ^ of 6| yards ? 10. I of lo| gallons? 4of|i? Multiply 6. M by i 11. I of 12|| rods? 12. I of 27^ miles? 13. fof 42ifeet? (42i = 40 + 2i) H. f of 15f weeks? a. The word of between two numbers, the first or both of which are fractions, signifies multiplication. &. A compound fraction is two or more numbers connected by the word of, the first, at least, of the numbers being a fraction. JE. 1. \ is how many twentieths ? How much is J of ^ ? Then, how much is |- of -^ ? 2. How much is f of |? | ^. J of |? U. | of |? | 5. | of |? 6. How much is f of 4. ? 2 thirds of 4 sevenths are 2 times as much as 1 third of 4 sevenths. 4 sevenths are 12 twenty-firsts ; 1 third of 12 twen- ty-firsts is 4 tw^enty-firsts, and 2 times 4 twenty-firsts are 8 twenty-firsts. FRA CTIONS.^MULTIPLICA TION, 175 Multiply How much is What is the product of S. i by -A. P. |byf m 14 by 2i. ii. 2| times f ? i^. 1| times -5^? i^. fof 2f? U^ A of If ^ 15, f multiplied by ^V? 16, ^ multiplied by |? 17, fxf? ia f xfxi? 18, Ifxf? ^0. IxAxf? -p- f ^^. f of $2| ? ^5. 2-1 times f of a yard ? T J ^^. I of 7f barrels? ^^. l| times 2} yards? ^is I ^^' ^ ^^* ^^3 ^^^^" • ^^- f X i^j- of 6| pounds ? I ^^. 44- times f of a mile ? ^<^. 6f times 2 J bushels ? 199. The general method of written work in multi- plication of fractions is based upon the following Principle. The product of ttvo fractions equals the product of their numerators divided hy the product of their denominators. Written Work. — Ex. 1. What is the product of f and f ? Explanation.— I multiply 2 and 4— the numerators of the fractions — together for the numerator of the product; and 3 and 5 — the denominators of the frac- tions — together for the denominator of the product. Problems. Find the product in each of the next twelve problems. Process. 35 3X5 IS 3. 1 xH= 4. If of 11= 5.fiof-||= 8.mxm= Ex. 2. Find the product of | x f X |f. I cancel all factors common to both nu- merators and denominators, before multi- plying. mioffof| = ^^•Ax|xii= i^.|ofi|xH= IS IS. Howmucliisfxf Xfi? U. How much is-^ X i| X ■^^? 15. What number equals f offxiofil? ^^- Ax 1-^X1^=: how much? 17. 1i times f of f of ■^XU= what number? ^^- f|X^Vxiof^=:howmany? 176 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 19, What is the product of f of 6| times 8 ? 6§n:^, and 8=:f Hence, I of 6§ X 8 = 1 of ^ X f 20, Multiply 3^times^ by 16. | ^i. Multiply^ by 15 times 32-^. ^'2, What part of a melon is f of f of |- of W of a melon ? 23, A man who owned ^ of a factory, sold -§j of his share. What part of the factory did he sell ? ^^. Find the cost of |-J- of a yard of silk, at $2| a yard. 25. I planted ^^ of 3 acres to potatoes, and 13^^ times as mnch to corn. How many acres did I plant to corn ? 26, If a man can paint 44 rods of picket-fence in a day, how many rods can he paint in 17:^ days ? 300. Ex. Multiply 133^^ by 8. Processes. Explanation. — I mul- - tiply t\ and 13, sep- ^xj^i$_. y^_ arately, by 8 ; then, ^^ v>?— 10 1 adding the results, I ^^ x<5- lu j^, 8 105-h the re- ISj^j x8= 10 5 ^j quired product. The work is commonly written as shown in the second process. When the multiplicand is a mixed number and the multiplier an inte- ger, multiply the fractional and integral parts separately, and then add the products. ,-. 1^. T Problems. Multiply 1. -^ by 17. 3. i| by 13. 5, -,^ by 1,000. 7, 34^ by 7. ^. 14 by 12. 4' U by 36. 6. -^ by 588. S, 875f by 53. 9. How many bnshels of peaches are there in 75 bas- kets, each basket containing -j^ of a bushel ? 10, A house painter's wages are $lf per day. How much do his wages amount to in a month, or 26 days ? 11, How many days' work can 54 men do in -5^ of a day ? 12, How much will it cost to keep my horse a year, or 52 weeks, at $2^ per week ? FRACTIONS.— MUL TIPLICA TION. 177 128x5 = 6^0 128x5%=725i 301, Ex. What is the product Peocessps. of 128 multiplied by 5f? • i 2 Explanation. — I multiply 128 by f and by 5 separate- ly; then, adding the partial products, I have 725J, the required product. The work is commonly written as shown in the second process. When the multiplicand is an integer and tlie multiplier a mixed num- ber, multiply hy the fractional and integral parts separately, and then add the products. Problems. 128 H 86i eit^o 725i Multiply 1. 44 by -^. 2, 98 by t|. S. 57 by -^. 5. $9 by 3|-. 1 7. 4,765 by 13^. Jf.. 23 by 1^. 6. $3.50 by 7|. | 8. 13,672 by 28^. 9. I bought 300 pounds of nails, and used ^ of them in building a barn. How many pounds of nails did I use ? 10. An ox weighed 1,172 pounds, and, when killed, the beef weighed W as much. How much did the beef weigh ? Find the cost of 11. 81|- pounds of sugar, @ 12^. 12. 37| bushels of oats, @ 44^^. 13. 72| barrels of oil, @ $5.31. IJf. 67-1^ tons of iron, @ $62,50. ^O^. Rule for Multiplication of Fractions. I. B educe mixed ^lumbers to irrvproj[)er fractions^ and integers to the form of fractions. II. Midtiply all the numerators together for the nu- merator^ and all the denominators together for the denom- inator^ of the product. Problems. 1. What is the value of ^ of -/^ of If of |^ of $34 ? 2. How much can a dress-maker save in 5^ days, if she saves %i a day ? H 2 178 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. Find the cost 3. Of f of a yard of oil-cloth, at %% a yard. J/.. Of I- of a bushel of clover seed, at $7tV per bushel. 5. Of %Q^ yards of flannel, at $ .12^ per yard. 6. Of 125f pounds of mutton, at 6| cents a pound. 7, Of a lot of goods that cost f of | of 6 times $18 8. Multiply i of I of 1^ by A of |^. 9, A carpenter built 15 lengths of board fence, and each length was f f of a rod long. How long was the fence ? 10. Suppose a coat costs f of $12|-, and a hat costs § as much ; how much is paid for the hat ? 11. If 4 barrels of apples cost $4|, how much will 6 bar- rels cost? 12. At the rate of 13^ miles per hour, bow many miles will a steamboat run in 2f hours ? 13. What is ^ of the sum of |^, ^, and -^ ? H. Find the cost of f of a dozen eggs, at %-^ per dozen ; and ^ of a barrel of flour, at $11 per barrel. 15. From f of | take § of §. 16. A man who owned f of a ship, sold f of his share. What part of the ship did he then own ? 17. How much more will f of a yard of cloth cost, at $4.50 per yard, than f of a yard, at $3.75 per yard? ; 18. I bought 10 pounds of sugar, ©11^^ cents ; and 5 pounds of tea, @ 87|- cents. How much did I expend ? 19. How much will a turkey, weighing 8^ pounds, cost, at $^ a pound? W. From 12 pieces of cloth of 40 J yards each, a mer- chant tailor made 48 suits, using 5f yards of cloth for each suit. How much cloth had he left? SECTION VL DIVISION, Oral Work.—20S.A. Divide 1. f by 4. 6, {% by 2. 2. -^ by 3. 7. If by 7. S. 2^ by 8. <5*. M by 5. 4. 2|by 7. P. 15i|by 5. 5, 7f by 11. i^ 27f by 3. 16. Divide 2^^ pounds into 11 cqnal parts — i. e., find ^ of 2-j^ pounds. What is the quotient of It 51i^ divided by 10? 12, 2ll divided by 8 ? 13, 30yV divided by 14? U. 22| divided by 6 ? 15, 216f divided by 50? ( 17, 3|- dozen by 6. Divide ] 18, 2^ bushels by 8. ( 19, 7| gallons by 10. 20. $ibyl2. ^i. ^of amileby5. 22, 2i yards by 12. 23. 1 ton by 10. ^y,.$liby4. '2S. 6| feet by 5. B. 1. 1 chicken costs 1 sixth as much as 6 chickens, or 1 sixth of $2 1 J and 1 sixth of |2f is 1 sixth of $^^, which is $|. ^. $1^ for 8 yards of muslin is how much for 1 yard ? S. If 11 persons eat 9|- pounds (or ^ pounds) of butter in a week, how much butter does 1 person eat ? ^. I bought 4 pounds of fresh fish for $f (or $f|). How much wa^ the fish per pound ^ 5. Julia picked |- of a bushel of strawberries in 4 hours. How many berries did she pick in an hour ^ 6. $2f for 7 bushels of oats is how much per bushel ? 7. $2^ per dozen for photographs is how much apiece ? 8. How many weeks will 35f pounds of butter last a family that uses 4 pounds per week ? 9. lYf yards for 8 coats is how much for 1 coat ? 180 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. €• 1. 4 is 4 of what number ? 4 is 1 fifth of 5 times 4 ; and 5 times 4 are 20. What is the number of which 5. 12 is ^? ^. Hisi? 7. S^is^? a His I? 10. 4 is f of what number ? 4 is 2 fifths of 5 times 1 half of 4 ; 1 half of 4 is 2, and 5 times 2 are 10. What is the number of which 11. 6 is I? I 13. 46 is I? I 15. 3|is|? 17. 22is|? 12. 9 is I? I U. 24 is |? | 16. ^ is -^? 18. 35 is |? iP. $2 for \ of a barrel of flour is how much for 1 baiTel ? 20. $ .12^ for ^ quire of paper is how much for a quire ? ^i. After paying $f for railroad fare, I had ^ of my money left. How much money had I at first ? 22. 7| yards are ^ of the distance across a bridge. Wliat is the length of the bridge ? 23. $ .16 for ^ of a pound of figs is how much for 1 pound ? 2Jf.. $16 for 1^ of a ton of hay is how much for 1 ton ? 25. 6 days are f of how many days ? 26. 9 bushels of plums are | of how many bushels ? 2>. 1. What is the quotient of 5 divided by f ? 5 is 15 thirds; 1 third is contained in 15 thirds 15 times» and 2 thirds are contained in 15 thirds 1 half of 15 times, -which is 7 J times. Divide What is the quotient of Divide 2. 4 by f. 6. 3 divided by |? 10. Q by If. 8. 2 by |. 7. 10 divided by |? 11. lb by 3f. 4. 5 by |. 8. 4 divided by |? i^. 10 by 2f. 5. 5 by J. 9. 8 divided by 2| (or f) ? i^. 9 by l^. To what must 12 be reduced, before it can be divided U. By I? I 15. By I? I 16. By ^^ | ^7. By A? | 18. By A? FRA CTIONS.— DIVISION. 181 19, To what must any integer be reduced, before it can be divided by a fraction ? W, At $-^ apiece, how many hats will $2 buy ? ^1. At $^ a bushel, how many bushels of lime will $5 buy ? ^^. How many yards of cambric can I buy for $4, at $f a yard ? ^3. In how many days will a horse eat 9 bushels of oats, if he eats f of a bushel daily ? ^4^. How many scarfs, each 2|- yards long, can be made from 18 yards of lace ? ^5, How many hours will it take you to walk 20 miles, if you walk 2f miles an hour ? ^6. In how many days can a man mow 15 acres, if he mows If acres per day ? JEJ, 1. Eeduce f and f to thirty-fifths. ^. Divide 14 thirty-fifths by 15 thirty-fifths. To what fractional unit are the given fractions reduced, T d* 'd ] ^' ^^^^^^^^^ ^y fifths? Divide 8. Fourths by ninths ? 5, Fourths by eighths? 6, Twelfths by eighths? ^'o by 1. 9, ^ by f . 10. A by f . 11' Abyi 12. i by |. 13. fbyf U^ fbyf. 19. f by 3i. 20. I- by If. 21. 6|by 16f. ^^. 2i by H. 15. 5| by i i(5. 4f by f . 17. 4i by ,;V 1<5. iby2i. 23. How many hours must a boy work to earn $f , if he earns %^ an hour ? ^^. In how many days will a hotel use -| of a barrel of sweet-potatoes, if it uses -|- of a barrel daily ? 25. How many pounds of mixed candies can I buy for |- of a dollar, at ^ of a dollar per pound ? 26. A woman received $7|- for chickens, at $f apiece. How many chickens did she sell ? 182 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC, 27, At the rate of 1 pound of cheese for f of a pound of hone J, how many pounds of cheese must a grocer give in excliange for 4f pounds of honey ? 28, If a cook uses ^\ pounds of soda in a month, in what part of a month will she use ^ of a pound \ 29, A wood sawyer sawed and split 12^- cords of wood in 6^ days. How many cords did he average per day ? 30, A hop grower picked 7|- tons of hops, from a yard which averaged IJ tons to the acre. How many acres were there in the hop-yard ? ^04. The process of dividing by a fraction is based upon the following Petnciple. Mtiltqyhjing a number hy the denominator of a fraction and dividing the product hy the numerator ^ di/vides the number by the fraction, A fraction is inverted, by interchanging the places of its terms. Hence, To divide by a fraction : — Invert the divisor, and proceed as in multi- plication. WriUen Work.—E X. Divide ^ by || -. First Process. Second Process. T2 ' 16~~ 13 15~ 180 ~ 9 4 5_ _^15 _^ v**^ — ^ 13 ' 16 T^^^t^ 9 Problems. r^. Hbyf. ^.To^TftrobyT^^. 7. H by f Divide \2. ^hy |. 5.^hY^. (3f=^.) ^-iiVbyf U. •Hbyi2A. ^. 5fbyf. (5f-3^.) 9.Ho^y^. CIO, 7Aby6A. 13. lOibyief. 16. 20f by8|. Divide^ 11, 16f bylO^. U. ^ by 4f . 17. 40|by5i ^12. 31 by lOf. 15. 13 {¥)byVi. 1 8. 25 by T^. 19, If j2^ of a bushel of mortar covers 1 square yard of wall, how many square yards will 5^ bushels cover ? FRACTIONS.— DIVISION, 183 W, I paid $|f for 8| quarts of strawberries. What was the price per quart ? 21, In how many days, of 9^ hours each, can a man per- form 738-j^ hours' work ? 305. Ex. Divide 2,786|- by 6. Explanation. — Dividing the integer by 6, I obtain 464, with a remainder of 2f , or Y-. Then dividing the J^ by 6, 1 obtain |^, which with the 464 makes 464JJ, the required quotient. When the dividend is a large mixed number and tJie divisor an integer^ divide the integi^al part as in integers, and the remainder as in fractions. Pkocess. 6) 2786i Divide by 7. Problems. 2, -^ bv 5 S, fi by 16. i. m\ by 25. 5. 2|- by 8. 6, 8f by 37. 10. 2,506| by 12. 11. 2,000f by 20. 12. 5,678^ by 27. 7. 151 by 18. 8. 41-1 by 9. 9. 400yV by 23. -^ 13. If f of a ton of hay can be bought for $15, what part of a ton can be bought for $1 ? i^. A butcher packed |- of a ton of beef in 8 barrels. How much did he put into each barrel ? 15. I bought 9 cakes of maple sugar that weighed 4| pounds. How much did each cake weigh 1 16. A broom maker used 22|- pounds of broom-corn for 72 brooms. How much broom-corn did he use for 1 broom ? 17. $27f for 18 turkeys is how much for 1 turkey ? 18. What is the average weight of 11 men, whose united weight is 1,758|- pounds? S06. Ex. Divide 31 by |. 31 ^ Divide 1. 12by|. 2. 9 by f . 3. ISSby^Sj.. Problems. I 62 by If. 5. 18 by 10^. 6. 80 by 21 7. 625 by 6i 8. 8 by 2f . 9. $41 by f. Process. 31 9 _ rr9__ ciQ6 1^7—7— ^^7 10. 16 hours by 7|. 11. 28 yards by 5f . 12. 84 dozens by 1^. 184 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 13. A shoe dealer paid $15 for a case of overshoes, at $1 a pair. How many pairs of shoes were in the case ? IJf. How many yards of silk w^ill $24 buy, at $^ a yard ? 15. A stick of timber 24 feet long can be cut into how many blocks, each f of a foot long ? 16. A yield of 93 bushels of wheat from 4J acres, is how many bushels to the acre ? 17. A lawyer's clerk wrote 36 pages in 6f hours. How many pages did he write in 1 hour ? 18. How many steps of 2|- feet each will a soldier take, in marching a mile, or 5,280 feet ? 19. $423 for the rent of a house 18|^ months, is how much per month ? W. $1,500 for 2,707J feet of sewer pipe is how much a foot ? ^ 207, EuLE FOR Division of Fractions. I. Reduce mixed numhers to improper fractions^ and integers to the form of fractions. II. Invert the divisor^ and proceed a^ in multiplication. Problems. Divide l.^hy^. 2. 29 by ^. 3. 200^ by 5. Jf.. 360 by 12f . 8. 3^ by 45|. 5. fJbvlS^^g-. 6. l,81lVVby^. 9. A seamstress used f of a yard of linen in making 9 collars. How much linen did she use for each collar ? 10. 7 men harvested 22|- acres of wheat in a day. How many acres was that for each man ? 11. How many quarts of oysters can be bought for $11, at $f a quart ? 12. A teamster draws 3f cords of stone at 15 loads. How many cords does he draw at each load ? FRACTIONS.-DIVISION. 185 13. How much candy will $| pay for, at $ | a pound ? IJf. At $5| a bushel, liow much clover seed will %\^ buy ? 75. 12 tea-spoons weigh -^oi 2i pound. How much does 1 spoon weigh ? 16. If in 1 day a carpenter can build 4f rods of picket- fence, in how many days can he build 33 rods ? 17. $1^ will pay for how much tea, at $| a pound ? 18. A mechanic whose wages are $2|^ a day, receives $12 at the end of the week. How many days has he worked ? 19. In how many minutes will a locomotive run 22|- miles, running at the rate of -j^ of a mile per minute ? W. When 14| quarts of vinegar cost $f f, how much does 1 quart cost? 21. If a farm hand breaks ^ of an acre of fallow in a day, in how many days can he break 13|-f acres ? 22. %1^ for 12|^ pounds of rice is how much for 1 pound ? 23. How many tons of coal must 2 men load per hour, to load 23 3?3- tons in 9f hours ? 2^. -^ of 2| -^ I of 8f rr: what number ? 25. Divide | of 3| by 7|- times 15. 26. Find the quotient of 15|- times 4|-^24|- times | of 7f . 27. Divide 2| times lf| hj^oi-^ of 2-^. A complex fraction has a fraction or a mixed number in one or both terms. What is the vakie of Simplify the complex fractions 24| • 18 SO. 1^. Divide the sum of 9| x ^^ and A of 2^ x 75 by their difference. Note.— For outlines of fractions for review, see page 272. SECTION VII. GENERAL REVIEW PROBLEMS IN FRACTIONS. Oral Work.—L Add 18^ and 7f . 2. I sold m J horse for $25 more^ than I paid for him, and gained \ of his cost. For how much did I sell him ? 3, If -^ of $30 is the cost of 5 bushels of tomatoes, what is the cost of 6 bushels ? ^. A gentleman paid $362^ for a pair of horses. How much did each horse cost him ? 5. 144 is -^^ of 10 times what number ? • 6, One week a mechanic lost ^ of his time. How many days did he work ? 7. I of 27 is what part of 54 ? 8. |- of 18 is f of what number ? 9. 48 is 2 times \ of what number ? 10, A owns f of an iron mine, B owns f of it, and C the remainder. What part of the mine does C own ? 11, A man owning f of a boat, sold f of his share for $10. What was the value of the boat, at the same rate ? 12, A fruit grower sold 9 bushels of plums, and had \ of his plums left. How many bushels of plums did he raise ? IS. $15 are f of the monthly rent of a house. How much is that a year ? IJf.. If 2 boxes of lemons cost $5^, how many boxes can be bought for $161? 15. James hoed a piece of corn in 5|- days, hoeing f of an acre each day. How many acres were in the piece ? 16. Emma is f as old as her mother, her mother is ^ as old as her grandmother, and her grandmother is 70 years old. How old is Emma ? REVIEW PROBLEMS IN FRACTIONS. 187 Written Work.—l. Change ^ to 85tlis ; to 153ds. 2, Keduce to mixed numbers ^W~? ^w^^ and ^f J|^. 3. Reduce ^^ |^, and f to similar fractions. ^. The sum of three numbers is 35 7^^, and two of them are 25 6f and ^. What is the third number ? 5, The minuend is lOSf, and the remainder is 21f. What is the subtrahend ? 6. The quotient is 335, and the divisor is 23^^. What is the dividend ? 7. The dividend is -^ of If, and the divisor is | of 87f . What is the quotient ? 8, If 13f dozens of eggs cost $3fJ, how much will 11| dozen cost ? ^. How many pounds of butter, at 18|- cents, will pay for 15|- pounds of sugar, at 10|- cents ? 10. F sold f of his land, then bought 37f acres, and then had 112^ acres. How much land had he at first ? 11. Divide I of i of 42f by i of -| of 27. 12. I owned f of a fruit farm, and sold f of my part for $3,405. What was the whole farm worth ? 13. If |- of a yard of silk is worth $|-, what is the value of 16|^ yards ? H. A grocer, after selling -|-, f , -f^^ and ^ of a hogshead of sugar, had 102 pounds left. How many pounds did the hogshead contain at first ? 15. A saleswoman earns $|- a day, and her expenses are $3|- a week. How much money will she save in 52 weeks ? 16. How much will f of 3^ tons of coal cost, at f of $8| per ton ? 17. Reduce if, ^V^, iff, ||f |, and W^ to lowest terms. 18. If 4 be subtracted from both terms of the fraction ■5^, is its value increased or diminished ? How much ? 188 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 19. What fraction added to ^ of 10|- times -^^ equals 1 ? W. The product of four factors is 207f , and three of them are 10^, 116|f, and 3§. What is the fourth factor? Find the sum, the difference, and the product of 21. f and f. I 22. -J and 2|. | 23. -^ and f | 2J,. b\ and 7f 25. What part of 19f is IS^V? 26, Eeduce to similar fractions 17|-, | of -^j and 12. ^7. Bought 3 crocks of butter weighing 25^, 29f , and 27i pounds. The empty crocks weigh Sy^j ^f , and T|- pounds. How many yards of muslin will pay for the but- ter, at tlie rate of 1^ yards per pound ? 28. Find the difference between -^ of 18| and | of 17f. 29. Of a 50-acre farm ^ was planted to corn, f of the remainder to potatoes, and the balance was sown to wheat. How many acres were there of each kind of crop ? 30. A makes a boot in f of a day, and B makes one in f of a day. How many boots can the two men make in a day ? 31. I paid 12 cents a pound for a live turkey that weighed llf pounds, and the waste in dressing was f of its weight. How much a pound did the dressed turkey cost me ? 32. B w^alked 3f miles per hour for 7^ hours, and A walked 4^ miles per hour for 3-^ hours. Which walked the greater distance ? How much the greater ? 33. If a man can earn $31.25 in 26 days, working 10 hours a day, how much can he earn in 19 days, working 12 hours a day? ^^ i of 1^ 3 If.. Divide the product of 9 times -| and ^ -^ by their sum. "^ T "" ¥ 35. A merchant paid out ^ of his money, then ^ of what remained, and then -i- of f of what then remained. What part of his money had he left ? CHAPTER V. COMPOUND NUMBERS. SECTION I. MEASURES OF EXTENSION AND CAPACITY. S08. A simple number is a number that expresses units of the same kind. A simple number may be either abstract or concrete. 309. A denom^inate number is a concrete num- ber that expresses measure, weight, or money value. SIO. A compound nu^riber is a number that ex- presses units of different kinds or denominations. a, 38, 49 apples, 25 bushels, $363 are simple numbers. h, VI yards, 40 days, 271 pounds, $362 are denominate numbers. c, 3 feet 5 inches, 7 gallons 2 quarts 1 pint, 81 pounds 6 ounces are compound numbers. "Which of the numbers in the margin 1. Are simple numbers ? 2. Are denominate numbers ? 51 yards; 36 men; 12 acres. 125 trees; 21 dozen; 258 sheep. 5 bushels 3 pecks; 13 miles 215 rods. S. Are compound numbers? 18 days 6 hours 30 minutes. 311. The quantity of all articles bought and sold is determined by measuring^ weighing, or counting them. 313. Linear or line ineasures are the measures used in measuring distances, — as length, width, thickness. 190 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. The denominations are the mile (mi.), the rod (rd.), the yard (yd.), i\iQ foot (ft.), and the inch (in.). Table of Linear Measures. 12 in. are 1 ft. 8 ft. *♦ 1 yd. ^ or 5.5 yd., or | .^ , , 16i or 16.5 ft. f 320 rd., or ) 1,760 yd., or [• << 1 mi. 6,280 ft ) In measuring goods sold by the yard in length, 4^ or 4.5 in. are 1 eighth. Vm\ " ^ 1- (quarter). 4 qr. '* 1 yd. SI 3. A surface is a figure that has length and width. The area of a figure is the extent of its surface. a, A surface 1 inch long and 1 inch wide is a square inch; b, A surface 1 foot long and 1 foot wide is a square foot; c, A surface 1 yard long and 1 yard wide is a square yard; etc. 314. Surface measures are the measures used in computing the area of surfaces, — such as land, lumber, flooring, and plastering. The denominations are the square mile (sq. mi.), the acre (a.), tlie square rod (sq. rd.), the square yard (sq. yd.), the square foot (sq. ft.), and the square inch (sq. in.). Table of Square Measures. 144 sq. in. are 1 sq. ft. 9 sq. ft. *' 1 sq. yd. 30i or 30.25 sq. yd. ♦* 1 sq. rd. 160 sq. rd. " 1 A. 640 A. *♦ 1 sq. mi. In surveys of Government lands 160 A. are 1 qr. sec, (section). 320 A. " 1 half sec. 640 A. *' 1 sec. (or 1 sq. mi.). 36 sec. " 1 Tp. (township). 215. A solid or body is a portion of matter or of space that has length, width, and thickness. a, A solid whose surfaces are each 1 inch square is a cubic inch; b, A solid whose surfaces are each 1 foot square is a cubic foot; c, A solid whose surfaces are eachl yard square is a ctibic yard. COMPOUND NUMBERS.— MEASURES. 191 310, Solid measures are the measures used in com- puting the solid contents of bodies, — such as timber, wood, stone, and earth ; — and the capacity of bins, boxes, etc. The denominations are the cord (cd.), the cubic yard (cu. yd.), the cubic foot (cu. ft.), and the cubic inch (cu. in.). Table of Cubic Measures. f »• C>n public works, a cubic yard of earth is a standard load. b. A pile of wood or of rough stone 8 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 4 feet high is 1 cord. 317. Liquid measures are the measures used in measuring water, oil, milk, molasses, wines, and other liquids. The denominations are the gallon (gal.), the quart (qt.), the pint (pt.), and the gill (gi.). 318. Dry measures are the measures used in meas- uring grain, seeds, fruits, berries, most kinds of vegetables, lime, charcoal, and some other articles. The denominations are the bushel (bu.), the peck (pk.), the quart, and the pint. 1,728 cu. in. are 1 cu. ft. 27 cu. ft. *' 1 cu. yd. 128 cu. ft. " 1 cd. Table of Liquid Measures. 4 gi. are 1 pt. 2 pt. " 1 qt. 4 qt. " 1 gal. Table of Dry Measures. 2 pt. are 1 qt. 8 qt. " 1 pk. 4 pk. *' 1 bu. Case I. Reduction Descending. $J19. Seduction Descending is the process of changing a number to another of less unit value. Changing rods to yards, feet, or inches is Reduction Descending. Oral Work. — 1. How many inches are 9 ft. ? ^. How many inches are 9 ft. 6 in. ? S. Keduce 2 yards 1 foot 8 inches to inches. 2 yards are 2 times 3 feet, or 6 feet ; and 2 yards 1 foot are 6 feet plus 1 foot, or 7 feet. 7 feet are 7 times 12 inches, or 84 inches ; and 7 feet 8 inches are 84 inches plus 8 inches, or 92 inches. Hence, 2 yards 1 foot 8 inches are 92 inches. 192 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. Jf., How many rods are 3 mi. ? 5. Are 3 mi. 40 rd. ? Reduce 8, 1 A. 40 sq. rd. to square rods. P. 12 gal. 2 qt. to pints. 10, 9 bu. 2 pk. to half-pecks. 6. Change 6 yards to feet. 7. Change 6 feet to inches. 11, 2 bu. 1 pk. 3 qt. to quarts. 12, 2 cu. yd. 8 cu. ft. to cubic feet. 13, 4 yd. 2 ft. to inches. IJf,, 5 gal. 1 qt. of catsup will fill how many quart bot- tles ? How many pint bottles ? 15, How many quart boxes will 2 bu. 2 pk. 5 qt. of strawberries fill? 16, A dealer sold 3 bu. 4 qt. of chestnuts by the pint. How many pints did he sell ? Reduction Descending is performed hy multiplication. Written WorA\—220. Ex. Eeduce 17 yd. 1 ft. 5 in. to inches. Explanation. —1 yard is 3 feet, 17 Process. yards are 17 times 8 feet, and 17 yards 1 J yci, 1 ft, 5 in, 1 foot are 17 times 3 feet, plus 1 foot, o or 52 feet. — ^ 1 foot is 12 inches, 52 feet are 52 times 12 ^ ^ f^' inches, and 52 feet 5 inches are 52 times 1 2 12 inches, plus 5 inches, or 629 inches. Q 2 9 in Hence, 17 yd. 1 ft. 5 in. = 629 in. In Reduction Descending, the true multiplicand is commonly used as a multiplier, and the true multiplier as a multiplicand. Peoblems. 1, Eeduce 5 mi. 187 rd. 2 yd. 1 ft. 9 in. to inches. ^. Reduce 25 sq. rd. 3 sq. yd. 8 sq. ft. to square inches Reduce to units of the lowest denomination named S. 63 rd. 4 yd. 2 ft. i, 84 sq. rd. 4 sq. ft. 5. 275 bu. 3 pk. 7 qt. 6, 5 cu. yd. 848 cu. in. 7. 42 yd. 3 qr. to inches. 8. 34^ sq. mi. to square rods. 9. 4.375 sq. mi. to acres. 10. 7| cd. to cubic feet. (5. 124 inclies to yards. Change .| ^. 35 yards to rods. (7. 103 pints to gallons. COMPOUND NUMBERS.— MEASURES. 193 Case II. Reduction Ascending. S^l. Heduction Ascending is the process of changing a number to another of greater nnit value. Changing feet to yards, rods, or miles is Reduction Ascending. Oral Work. — 1, 72 inches are how many feet ? ^. 72 inches are how many yards ? 3. 96 inches are how many yards and feet ? ^. Eeduce 207 inches to yards. 1 inch is ^^ of a foot, and 207 inches are ^/ feet, or 17 feet 3 inches ; 1 foot is l of a yard, and 17 feet are y yards, or 5 yards 2 feet ; and 5 yards 2 feet plus 3 inches are 5 yards 2 feet 3 inches. 8. 150 cubic feet to cords. 9. 1,000 rods to miles. 10. 320 pints to bushels. 11. 100 cubic feet are how many cubic yards ? 12. A well that is 40 feet deep is how many rods deep ? 13. If you buy 1 pint of milk a day, how many quarts will you buy in 60 days ? How many gallons ? Reduction Ascending is performed by division. Written Work 3^^. Ex. Keduce 1,532 ft. to units of higher denominations. Explanation.— I Process. divide 1,532 feet 3\ 1,532 ft. bLoftetTl 6.6)510yd.^ft.{92rd.J,yd. yard, and obtain ^9 5 510 yards 2 feet. Tr q I divide the 510 1 i n yards of this re- 1 l.U suit by 5.5, the ^.^ number of yards ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ -, , -j ^ /*. inlrod,andob- Hence, 1,532 ft. = 92 rd. A yd. 2ft. tain 92 rods 4 yards. To this result I annex 2 feet, the first remainder, and I have 92 rods 4 yards 2 feet, the required result, I 194 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC, Problems. 1. How many feet and inches are 925 inches ? 2. How many miles and rods are 2,000 rods ? 3. How many square miles are 312,000 square rods ? Reduce 8. 3,236 A. to sq. mi. 9. 185,520 cu. in. to cu. yd. 10, 334,976 sq. in. to sq. rd. 11, 4,713,256 cu. in. to cd. ^ 4, 297 sq. ft. to sq. yd. 5. 398 yd. to rods. 6. 17,283 qt. to bushels. ^ 7. 1,535 pt. to gallons. 12, 3,825 quarts of wheat are how many bushels ? 13, 2,469 cubic feet of wood are how many cords ? H, 1,727 pints of milk are how many gallons ? ^^3. Rules for Reductions of Compound Numbees. I. For Reduction Descending. 1. Multiply the ^mits of the highest denomination given, hy that number of the next lower denomination which equals 1 of this higher, and to the product add the units of the lower denomination, 2, In like manner, reduce this result to units of the next lower denomination; and so continue until the given number is reduced to units of the required denomination, II. For Reduction Ascending. 1. Divide the given numher hy that number of the same denomination which equals 1 of the next higher ; writing the quotient as units of the higher denomination, and the remainder as units of the denomination divided. 2. In like manner, reduce this quotient to units of the next higher denomination; and so continue until the given 7iumber is reduced to units of the required denomination, 3. Write the last quotient and the several remainders in their order, for the required result. COMPOUND NUMBERS.-^MEASURES. 195 Problems. 1, How many tiles, each 1 foot long, will be required for 1 mi. 68 rd. 2 yd. of tile-drain ? ^. 7 bu. 3 pk. 6 qt. of chestnuts are how many pints ? 3. How many rods of fence will it take to inclose a tract of land 2 mi. 45 rd. long and -|- mi. wide ? ^. How many hills of corn are there in a 10-acre field, if there is a hill on every square yard ? 5. How many acres are there in an orchard of 6,386 peach-trees, each tree occupying 1 square rod of land ? 6. One year a fruit grower had a crop of 305 quarts of cherries. How many bushels had he ? 7. A perfumer put up 10 gallons of cologne in bottles that held 1 gill each. How many bottles did he fill \ 8. How many pint papers of seed-corn are equal to 7 bu. 3 pk. 5 qt. 1 pt. ? 9. Christmas week a grocer sold 365 quart cans of oys- ters. How many gallons of oysters did he sell ? 10. A seedsman put up 353 pint papers of marrowfat peas. How many bushels did he put up ? Case IH. Addition. Oral Work.—fi^4:. i. The sum of 9 in., 5 in., 11 in., 7 in., 3 in., and 10 in. is how many inches ? How many feet and inches ? How many yards, feet, and inches ? ^, The sum of 7 ft., 12 ft., 1 ft., 6 ft., and 8 ft. is how many rods, yards, and feet ? 3. Add 7 gal. 3 qt. and 2 gal. 2 qt. 1 pt. 4- What is the sum of 3 pk. 5 qt. and 2 pk. 7 qt. ? 5 quarts plus 7 quarts are 12 quarts, or 1 peck 4 quarts ; this 1 peck plus the 3 pecks and 2 pecks are 6 pecks, or 1 bushel 2 pecks ; and 1 bushel 2 pecks plus 4 quarts are 1 bu. 2 pk. 4 qt. 196 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 5, Add 2 yd. 1 ft., 1 yd. 2 ft., and 5 yd. 2 ft. 6, What is the sum of 5 sq. yd. 7 sq. ft., 2 sq. yd. 5 sq. ft., and 4 sq. yd. 8 sq. ft. ? 7. 4 yd. + 2 yd. + 13 yd. + 8 yd. + 3 yd. — how many rd., yd., ft., and in. \ 8. In 3 hours a butcher drove an ox 1 mi. 200 rd., 1 mi. 160 rd., and 2 mi. 40 rd. How far was the ox driven ? WriUen Work ^^5. Ex. Add 4 yd. 2 ft. 3 in., 1 yd. 1 ft. 9 in., 2 yd. 1 ft, 2 ft. 11 in., and 5 yd. 5 in. Explanation.— I write the parts with Process. units of like denominations in the / /7 ^ -fi q ' same columns, and begin at the right -^ V^' -^Z^* *^ ^^' to add. 119 The sum of the inches is 28, or 2 feet ^10 4 inches ; and I write the 4 inches in 2 11 the result. i^ ^ The sum of the 2 feet and the feet in the given numbers is 8, or 2 yards 2 feet ; 2 rd, 3 yd. 2 ft. ^ in. and I write the 2 feet in the result. The sum of the 2 yards and the yards in the given numbers is 14, or 2 rods 3 yards, which I write in the result. The entire result, 2 rd. 3 yd. 2 ft. 4 in., is tb5 required sum. Note.— Compare this process and explanation with the process and ex- planation on page 23. Sd6. The processes of addition^ subtraction^ multipli- cation^ and division of compound nuinbers are similar to those employed in integers. Hence^ special rules for these processes are unnecessary. Problems. I 2 3 21 gal. 3 qt. Opt. 9 A. 96 sq.rd. 29 cu.yd.16 cu.ft. 525 cu.in. 17 1 1 11 44 10 " 14 368 126 1 8 108 9 968 43 2 10 56 15 3 874 COMPOUND NUMBERS.-'MEASURES. 197 ( Jf. 4 yd. 2 ft. 4 in., 3 yd. 1 ft. 8 in., 5 yd. 2 ft. 6 in. Add \ 5. 20 gal. 2 qt., 15 gal. 1 qt., and 14 gal. 3 gi. ( 6. 13 bu. + 12 bu. 3 pk. + lO bu. 2 qt. + 36 bu. 2 pk. 2 qt. 7. In three piles of wood containing 5 cd. 60 cu. ft., 6 cd. 96 cii. ft., and 9 cd. 68 cu. ft., are how many cords ? 8. In four days a telegraph company put up 1 mi. 14 rd. 3 yd., 318 rd. 5 yd., 1 ml. 39 rd. 4 yd., and 1 mi. 67 rd. of wire. How much wire did they put up in the four days ?^ 9. A farmer raised 751 bu. 3 pk. of wheat, 135 bu. 1 pk. 6 qt. of rye, 640 bu. 2 pk. of corn, and 514 bu. 4 qt. of oats. How much grain did he raise ? 10, A painter used 5 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. of raw oil, and 3 gal. 2 qt. 1 pt. of boiled oil. How much oil did he use ? 11. There are 35 sq. yd. 5 sq. ft. of plastering in the ceil- ing of a room, 22 sq. yd. 2 sq. ft. in each of the two side walls, and 17 sq. yd. 7 sq. ft. in each of the two end walls. How much plastering is there in the room ? Case IV. Subtraction. Oral Work.— ^^7. Subtract 1. 3 in. from 4 ft. 8 in. 2. 1 ft. from 4 ft. 8 in. 3. 1 ft. 3 in, from 4 ft. 8 in. i. Y sq. ft. from 1 sq. yd. 5, 1 5 cu. ft. from 3 cu. yd. 6. 120 sq. rd. from 5 A 7. Take 10 rd. 5 yd. from 25 rd. 2 yd. 5 yards can not be taken from 2 yards. But 25 rods 2 yards are 24 rods 7^ yards ; 5 yards from 7^ yards leave 2^ yards ; 10 rods from 24 rods leave 14 rods; and 14 rods plus 2^ yards (2 yards 1 foot 6 inches) are 14 rods 2 yards 1 foot 6 inches. What is the difference between 8. 6 ft. and 4 ft. 7 in.? a 10 yd. and 2 ft. 9 in.? 10, 4 qt. and 2 qt. 3 gi. ? 11. 3 qt. 1 pt and 1 gal. ? 12. 4 cu. yd. and 13 cu. ft. 28 cu.in.? 13. 12 sq. yd. 3 sq. ft. and 5 sq. ft. ? H. 6 sq. ft. and 4 sq. ft. 36 sq. in.? 15. ibu. and^pk.? 198 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC, 16, All of a 10-acre lot but 3 A. 75 sq. rd. is meadow. How many acres are meadow ? 1^, From a barrel containing 30 gal. of turpentine, 14 gal. 3 qt. were drawn. How many gallons were left ? 18, On a city lot 30 ft. 6 in. wide, stands a house 19 ft. 10 in. wide. How much wider is the lot than the house ? Written Work. — ^^8. Ex. What is the difference between 8 yd. 1 ft. 11 in. and 3 yd. 2 ft. 5 in.? Explanation.— I write the units of the subtrahend under units of like denomi- process. nations of the minuend, and begin at g y^^ ^ fi^ ^j[ l^i, the right to subtract. ^9 /T 5 inches from 11 inches leave 6 inches, ; ; — which I write in the result. J^ yd, ^2 ft, 6 in, 2 feet can not be subtracted from 1 foot ; but the 8 yards 1 foot of the minuend are 7 yards 4 feet; and 2 feet from 4 feet leave 2 feet, which I write in the result. 3 yards from the remaining 7 yards of the minuend leave 4 yards, which I write in the result. The entire result, 4 yards 2 feet 6 inches, is the required difference. Note.— Compare this process and explanation with the process and ex- planation on page 40. Pkoblems. 1 1 From 5 mi. 220 rd. 4 yd. 2 ft. 5 in. 9 sq. rd. 4 sq. yd. Subtract 2 264 3 2 8 _3 5 S, From 1 rd. take 1 in. | J^, From 8 bu. 3 pk. 2 qt. take 4 bu. 7 qt. 5. From 90 cu. yd. subtract 39 cu. yd. 18 cu. ft. 966 cu. in. ^.113 cd. of wood have been drawn from a wood yard containing 200 cd. How much wood remains in the yard ? 7. Last year 23 mi. 19-4 rd. 2 yd. of gas pipe were in use in a certain city, and now 25 mi. 49 rd. 1 ft. are in use. How much pipe has been laid during the year ? 8, In a 20-gallon can are 5 gal. 2 qt. 1 pt. of kerosene. How much more kerosene will the can hold ? COMPOUND NUMBERS.— MEASURES. 199 Case V. Multiplication. Oral Worlc. — S3d. 1. 7 times 9 inches are how many inches ? How many feet ? ^. 7 times 12 cubic feet are how many cubic yards ? Multiply j ' 5. 20 A. 16 sq. rd. by 10. 6. 1 yd. 3 qr. by 8. 3. 2 mi. 15 rd. by 4. Jf. 5 cd. 20 cu. ft. by 3. 7. 9 times 3 quarts 1 pint are how many gallons, quarts, and pints ? 9 times 1 pint are 9 pints, or 4 quarts 1 pint ; and 9 times 3 quarts plus 4 quarts 1 pint are 31 quarts 1 pint, or 7 gallons 3 quarts 1 pint. 8. How much is 20 times 9 rd. 5 yd. ? 9. How much is 5 times 2 sq. yd. 8 sq. ft. ? 10. My horse eats 2 bu. 2 pk. 2 qt. of oats in a week. How many bushels does he eat in 4 weeks ? 11, If a farm hand can mow 2 A. 40 sq. rd. of grass in a day, how many acres can he mow m a week ? Written Work.—^^O. Ex. Multiply 5 mi. 72 rd. 8 ft. by 8. Explanation. — I write the Process multiplier under the low- 5 mi. 72 rd. S ft. est denomination of the g multiplicand, and begin at the right to multiply. Jf. 1 mi. 2 5 9 rd. 1 J^ft. 6 in. 8 times 8 feet are 64 feet, or 3 rods 14J feet (14 ft. 6 in.); and I write 14 feet 6 inches in the result. 8 times 72 rods, plus the 3 rods of the first partial product are 579 rods, or 1 mile 259 rods ; and I write 259 rods in the result. 8 times 5 miles, plus the 1 mile of the second partial product are 41 miles, which I write in the result. The entire result, 41 miles 259 rods 14 feet 6 inches, is the required product. Note. — Compare this process and explanation with the process and ex- planation on page 57. 200 SECOND BOOK JX ARITHMETIC, Problems. Multiply 1. 50 bu. 6 qt. by 17. 2. 9 mi. 6 in. by 122. 3. 129 cu. in. by 384. Jf. 36 A. 90 sq. rd. 16 sq. ft. 4 sq. in. by 8. 5. 32 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. by 7. 6, 3 mi. 280 rd. 2 ft. by 219. 7. How many cords of wood can a team draw at 18 loads, if it draws 1 cd. 44 cu. ft. at each load ? 8. How many bushels of potatoes will a family use in a year, at the rate of 3 bu. 5 qt. per month ? 9. How much land is there in 38 building lots, each lot containing 5 sq. rd. 24 sq. yd. ? 10. Some track hands with a hand-car pass, 4 times each day, over the road between two railroad stations 5 mi. 213 rd. 1 yd. 2 ft. apart. How far do they travel in 26 days ? Case VI. Division. Oral TVork.—231. 1. Find 1 half of 6 mi. 40 rd. U. 1 third of 16 sq. yd. 5. 1 ninth of 20 cu. yd. 2, 1 sixth of 2 ft. (or 24 in.). 5. 1 sixth of 1 4 ft. (or 1 2 ft. + 2 ft.). 6. Divide 23 gallons 3 quarts into 5 equal parts. 1 fifth of 23 gallons is 4 gallons, and 3 gallons remainder ; this 3 gaUons plus the 3 quarts of the given number aie 15 quarts ; 1 fifth of 15 quarts is 3 quarts ; and 4 gallons plus 3 quarts are 4 gallons 3 quarts. 7. Divide 40 sq. yd. 6 sq. ft. into 3 equal parts. 8. Divide 21 cu. yd. 13 cu. ft. by 4. | P. 3 bu. 3 pk. by 8. 10. If a stone-mason lays 27 cu. yd. 16 cu. ft. of stone in 5 days, how much does he lay per day ? 11. A yacht sailed 59 mi. 20 rd. in 7 hours. What was her average hourly distance ? 12. If 7 men can mow 22 A. 29 sq. rd. of grass in a day, how much can 1 man mow ? IS. How many barrels, each holding 2 bu. 3 pk., will be required to hold 11 bushels of apples ? COMPOUND NUMBERS.— MEASURES. 201 Written Work.- p^^^^^^ d3S. Ex. Divide 76 ^v/v^ 7-,- 7 , . . , , ^ 6)76 sg.rd. 10 so. yd. m. rd. Id sq. yd. by 6. >' ^ ^--^ Exp.a™.-I write ^ ^ ^^. ^^. ^^ *- 156.15 rd. 320 A. 172.4 acres? ) 13-16. 330 feet lono*, and containing:) -, , -, j ^ o^- r.. 0.-.0 1 o * V 111 yd. 2,80o sq. ft. 311f square yards? j .^ ' 4 -?7. The area of a blackboard 3|- ft. wide is 37f sq. ft. What is its length ? 18. A board 8 inches wide contains 8^ square feet. What is its length ? 19. 18f square yards of oil-cloth cover the floor of a room 10|- feet wide. How many feet long is the room? 20. A contractor received $247.50 for flagging a court- yard 30 feet long, at $2.75 per square yard. What was the width of the yard ? 349. A triangle is a figure bounded by three straight lines, and having three angles. a. A right-angled triangle has one right angle. (See Fig. 6.) b. An obtuse-angled triangle has one ob- tuse angle. (See Fig. 7.) c. An acute-angled triangle has three acute angles. (See Fig. 8.) d. The base of a triangle is the side on which it is supposed to stand. e. The vertex is the point opposite to the base. /. The altitude is the perpendicular height of the vertex above the base. _, Figure 8. The base of each of the triangles, Figures 6, 7, 8, is the side a b ; the vertex of each is the point c ; and the altitude of each is the perpendicular height of the vertex above the base. 216 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC, Case III. To find the area, the base, or the altitude of a triangle. ^50. Ex. 1. The altitude of a triangle is 37 inclies, and the base is 16 inches. What is the area ? The diagonal m n in Figure 9 divides the paral- lelogram into two equal triangles. Hence, Figure 9. The number of units in the Process. area of a triangle equals one 16 X 37 sq. in, ^ half the product of the num- 2 —^^o sq. m. hers expressing its base and altitude, Ex. 2. The area of a triangle is 2 sq. yd. 3 sq. ft. 92 sq. in., and its altitude is 1 yd. 2 in. What is the length of its base? ^ Process. 2 sq. yd. 3 sq. ft. 9 2 sq. in. = 3,116 sq. in. ; and 1 yd. 2 in. =3 8. in. 3 , 1 1 6 sq. in. =z 3 , 1 1 6 in. long and 1 in. wide ; 3,116in.-T-38 = 82in.; and 82 in. x2=^164in. = 13ft. 8 in. Problems. Given ; Area, to find 6. 178 sq. in. ; base, 24 in. ; altitude. 7. 2,86lisq.in.; base, 8 ft. 1 in.; altitude. 8. 298f sq. yd.; base, 128 ft.; altitude. 9. 12 sq. yd.; altitude, 9 ft; base. 10. 12A.56sq.vd.; altitude, 70|-rd.; base. Case IV. To find the area of a parallelogram. S51. Ex. The base of a parallelogram is | 1 123 feet, and its altitude is 96 feet. What \ \ is its area ? I \ I \ Tlie area of the parallelogram abed equals the area of the rectangle e f c d. Hence, Find the area of a triangle, the base being and the altitude 1. 42 in., 54 in. 2. 96 ft., 96 ft. 3. 18 ft. 6 in., 24 ft. 3 in. Jf, 59 ft. 8 in., 13i yd. 5. 141 rd., 56 rd. Process. Figure 10. 96 X 123 sq.ft. = 11,808 sq.ft. ME A S UREMENTS.-^TRAPEZOID S. 217 The number of units in the area of a parallelogram equals the product of the numbers expressing its length and the perpendicu- lar distance between its sides. Pkoblems. Find the areas of the following parallelograms : Base. Altitude. Base. Altitude. 1. 18 inches; 15 inches. ^. 17 ft. 10 in.; 8 ft. 4 in. 2. 23 feet; 25 feet. 5, 5 yd. 2 ft. ; 1 ft. 3 in. S, 231 yards; 155 yards. 6, 32| ft. ; 15.75 ft. Case V. To find the area of a trapezoid. ^5^. A trapezoid is a figure that has four sides, two of which are parallel. The altitude of a trapezoid is the perpendicular distance between its parallel sides. In Figure 11 a b c d i^ o. trapezoid, and e ^ or/^ is its altitude. Ex. 1. The two parallel sides of a ^^ ^ , trapezoid are 24 and 18 inches, and the j / altitude is 15 inches. What is the area ? / The area of the trapezoid abed equals the ^ ^ area of the rectangle efg h. Hence, Figure ii. Process. 18 in. + 2 k in. ^ . . i -t r rn t - ore ^ — - — =21zn.; and 15x2 1 sq.tn. — 3 15 sq.m. The njimber of units in the area of a trapezoid equals the prod- uct of the two numbers that express one half the sum of the two parallel sides and the perpendicular distance between them. Ex. 2. The area of a trapezoid is 7 sq. ft. 99 sq. in., and the parallel sides are 32 and 50 inches long. How far apart are they ? Process. 7 sq. ft. 99 sq. in = 1,10 7 sq. in. ; 82 in.^ 50 in. ^ ^^ .^, ^^^ 1^107 in. ^1,1^27 in. 2 K 218 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC, Pkoblems. Find tlie areas of the following trapezoids : Parallel sides. Distance apart. 1. 10 in., and 27 in.; 13 in. 40 yd., and 22 yd. ; 25 yd. Parallel ends. Distance between Jf, i ft., and 5 rd. ; 40 rd. 5. 13 ft., and 17 ft.; 9} yd. 3. 63mi.,andl.35mi.; 300 rd. | G, 10 ft., and 2^ ft.; 14ft.8in. ^5*1. EuLEs FOR Measueements of Rectangles, Tri- angles, AND Trapezoids. I. To find the area of a rectangle :— Multiply the length hj the icidth. II. To find either dimension of a rectangle :— Divide the area hy the given dimension. III. To find the area of a triangle :— 3ftdtij[>ly the hase hy the altitude^ and divide the prod- uct hy ^. IV. To find the area of a parallelogram :— Multiply the hase hy the perpendicular distance he- tioeen the sides, V. To find the area of a trapezoid :— Mxdtiply one half the sum of the parallel sides hy the perpendicular distance hetween tliem. Problems. /. In a farm 225 rods long and 145 rods wide are liow many acres ? ^. How many yards of carpeting f yd. wide will carpet a parlor 26 ft. long and 21|- ft. wide ? S. The area of tlie floor of a school room 6|^ yd. wide is 83^ sq. yd. What are its dimensions, in feet and inches ? ^. The parallel sides of a trapezoid are 44 and 32 yards, and the distance between them is 20 feet. What is the area, in square yards % MEASUREMENTS.— THE CIRCLE. 219 6, A building lot lias a froi\tage of 121 ft., and its area is 4,719 sq. yd. What is its otlier dimension ? 6. The base of a triangle is 10 ft. 10 in., and its alti- tude is 9 ft. 2 in. What is its area ? 7. Find the base of a triangle whose altitude is 50 feet and area 115 square yards. 8. S bought 33|- acres of land for $225 per acre, and laid it out into lots 5 by 8^rods, which he sold at $100 each. How much did he gain by the transaction ? 9. The area of a meadow in the form of a trapezoid is 3 A. 68.8 sq. rd., and its parallel sides are 21 and 38|- rd. What is its altitude ? 10. How many feet of boards are tliere in the four sides of a barn 30 by 40 feet, 16 feet high to the eaves, and 24^ feet high to the gable peaks ? SECTIO]^^ II. THE CIRCLE. 954. A circle is a surface bounded by a curved line, every part of which is equally distant from a point within, called the centre. a. The circumference of a circle is the hne that bounds it. b. An arc of a circle is any part of its circumference. c. The diameter of a circle is the distance across it through its centre. d. The radius of a circle is a straight line that joins its centre and circumference. The radius of a circle is equal to one half of its diameter. Figure 12 is a circle ; a, b, c, d is its circumference ; a, b, c and d c are arcs ; o is its centre ; a c is its diameter ; and a o, b o^ c o, ot d o is a radius. 220 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. Case I. To find the circumference or tlie diameter of a circle. ^^5. The circumference of a circle is about 3| times its diameter. Hence, For ordinary purposes, — Estimate tlie circumference of a circle at 3f times the diameter. Where greater accuracy is required — as in circles more than 100 feet in diameter: — Estimate the circumference at S^^j^ times the ^^^'^^'•- * Process. Ex. 1. The diame- g ft, 3 in. = 63 in. ter of a carriage wheel 3^ x 63 in. = 198 in. = 16 ft. 6 in. is 5 ft. 3 in. What is its circumference ? ^^ ^ c.^^^^^'nr-^ . ^9 ft. 8 in. = 356 in. Ex. 2. The cir- 3^^ i^_^ 3^ = 113^\ in.= 9 ft. 5^j in. cumf erence of the top of a cistern is 29 ft. 8 in. "What is the diameter ? Problems. Find the circumference 1. Of a circle 8 ft. in diameter. I <5. Of a tank 11 ft. in diameter. 2. Of a log 32 in. through. j ^. Of a globe 13 in. in diameter. "5. Of a circle 359 inches in circumference. Find the J 6. Of a wheel 16 feet 6 inches in circumference, diameter 7. Of a mound 534.5 yards in circumference. ^8. Of a clock dial 16^ inches in circumference. Case II. To find the area of a circle. ^56. Any circle may be sup- posed to be divided into equal tri- angles, the bases forming the cir- cumference of the circle, and the altitudes being the radius of the pj^^^.^ ^3 circle. Hence, The number of units in the area of a circle equals the product of the numbers expressing the radius and one half the circumference. MEASUREMENTS.— THE CIRCLE. 221 Ex. What is the area of a circle 20 feet in diameter ? Full Solution. 3^ X 20 ft. = 62 f ft., circumference, i of 62^ ft. = 3 !§■ ft., ^ of circumference. ^ of 2 ft. —10 ft., radius. 10 X Sl^ sq.ft. ~314f sq.ft., area. PROBLEMS. 1. What is the area of a circle 113 feet in diameter? 2. Of a barrel head 16 inches in diameter ? 3. Of a disc of 15 inches radius ? 4^. Of a lake 721 rods in circumference ? 5. Of a race-course 1 mile in circumference ? 6. Of a circle 1,000 yards in circumference ? Q57. Rules fok Measueements of Circles. I. To find the circumference :— IfuUiply the diameter ly 3^, II. To find the diameter:— Divide the cirGitmference hy 3^. III. To find the area :— Multijply one half of the cii'cumference hy the radius. Pkoblems. 1. What is the difference between the perimeter of a square 19|- miles on each side, and the circumference of the largest circle that can be inscribed in it ? 2. The perimeter of a square and the circumference of a circle are each 100 feet. Find the difference in their areas. Find the area 3. Of the bottom of a ER. water tank 18 ft. in diameter. 4-. Of a circular pond 93 rods in circumference. 6. Of a barrel head 16 inches in diameter. SECTION III. RECTANGULAR SOLIDS. 258. A rectangular solid is a body bounded by six rectangles. 959. A cube is a rectangular solid whose sides are equal squares. The solid contents of a body, and the ca- pacity of a portion of space are also called cubic contents and volume. Case I. To find the cubic contents of a rectangular solid. If you place 5 rows of 8 cubic blocks each, side by side, how many blocks do you use 1. For 2 of the rows ? 2. For 3 of the rows? Figare 14. Figure 15. S. For 4 of the rows ? Jf. For the 5 rows, or the layer ? If you place 3 layers in a pile, how many blocks do you use 5. For 2 of the layers? | 6. For the 3 layers? How many cubic inches are there in a block of wood 7, 8 inches long, 5 inches wide, and 1 inch thick ? 8, 8 inches long, 5 inches wide, and 2 inches thick ? 9, 8 inches long, 5 inches wide, and 3 inches thick ? 10, What are the dimensions, in inches, of a cubic foot ? What are the dimensions of a cubic yard, 11. Expressed in feet ? | 12. Expressed in inches ? How many cubic inches are there in a body that is 12 inches long, 12 inches wide, and 13. 1 inch thick ? IJ^. 3 inches thick? 15. 5 inches thick ? 16. 8 inches thick ? 17. 10 inches thick? IS. 12 inches thick? MEASUREMENTS.— RECTANGULAR SOLIDS. 223 cubic inches. the cubic feet. >- volume - cubic yards. is cubic rods. , cubic miles. S60. Ex. Find the cubic contents of a block of wood 18 inches long, 13 inches wide, and 9 inches thick. Since the block is 18 inches long and 13 Process, inches wide, the 9 X 13 X 18 cic. in.— '2 ^1 06 cu. in. contents of a por- tion 1 inch thick are 13 times 18 cubic inches ; and the contents of the entire block are 9 times 13 times 18 cubic inches. Hence, The number of units in the cubic contents of a rectangular solid equals the product of the numbers expressing its three dimensions, 1. In inches," When the 2. In feet, dimensions ■{ 3. In yards, are given 4. In rods, . 5. In miles, , Note.— For manner of reading the following problems, see note, page 214. Problems. What are the cnbic contents of a body 1- 5. 14 feet long, 11 feet wide, and ) (37 feet. 8.2 feet. 13 7.5 feet deep? ) \ feet. 6-10, 27 inches long, 16 inches wide, ) j 5.21 inches. 4.25 inch- and 12 inches high? ) ( es. 2.9 inches. ll-'W. 576 ft. by 125 ft. by 87 ft. ? ^ 72 yd. 61 yd. 45 yd. Case II. To find any one dimension of a rectangu- lar solid. 261. Ex. The capacity of a bin 16 feet wide and 7^ feet deep is 2,280 cubic feet. What is its length ? The capacity of Phocess. a portion of ^ ._ ^ vn/-v ^ the bin 1 foot 7ix 16 cu.ft.=zl20 cu. ft. long is 7i times 2, ^80 cu. ft. = 2,280 ft. by 1ft. by 1ft. 16 cubic feet. 2,2 8 ft. -^ 1 20 ^ 19 ft. 2,280 cubic feet is the capacity of a bin 2,280 feet long, 1 foot wide, and 1 foot deep ; and ^-^ of 2,280 feet is the length of a bin 16 feet wide and 7| feet deep. Hence, 224 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. The number of units in any one of the three dimensions of a rectangular solidy equals the quotient obtained hj dividing the number expressing the cubic contents by the product of the num- bers expressing the other two dimensions. Problems. What is tlie third dimension of a body 1- 5, 4 in. wide and 5 in. liii^li, and ) j 5.6 in. wide. V^Jin. liigli. containing 1,280 cu. in.? f ( 1 cu. ft. e^lO. 12 ft. high and 4 ft. thick, and ) j 8 ft.bigli. 6.375 ft.tliick. containing 6,000 cu. ft.? [ ( 200 cu. yd. 11-15, 4 yd. deep and 12.3 yd. wide, ) j 3J in. deep. 3^- ft. wide. and containing 190.8 cu. ft.? f ( 8 J cu. yd. 16, 56 ft. long and 8 ft. high, and containing 12.25 cd.? 36^. EuLEs FOR Measureme5»ts of Eectangular Solids. I. To find the cubic contents :— MuUi])ly the lengthy %i^icUh,, and thickness together, II. To find one dimension :— Divide the cubic cmitents by the jproduct of the two given dimensions. Problems. 1, How many loads of earth must be removed, in dig- ging a cellar 21 ft. long, 18 ft. wide, and 6 ft. deep ? ^, How many cords of wood are there in a pile 45 ft. long, 4 ft. wide, and 7 ft. high ? 3. How many half -inch cubes can be put into a box, the inside measurements of which are 12 by 6 by 3 inches ? Jf. If 100,000 bricks, each 2 by 4 by 8 inches, are piled together, how many cubic yards are there in the pile 'i 6. A mow of hay 25.5 ft. wide, and 12 ft. 5 in. high contains 422J- cu. yd. llow many feet long is it ? SECTION lY. MEASUREMENTS APPLIED TO BUSINESS AFFAIRS. 303. Yolume is measured by the units given in the following Table of Standard Units for Measures of Volume. 1 cubic foot is 1,728 cu. in. 1 cubic yard " 27 cu. ft. 1 bushel — even or stricken measure " 2,150.42 cu. in. 1 bushel — heaped measure ** 2,688 " " 1 gallon — liquid measure " 231 " " 1 gallon — dry measure (4 peck) " 268.8 " " S64. In business transactions, quantities and values are associated with certain units suited to the various departments of business. In estimating materials and labor, mechanics, artizans, engineers, and laborers use the following units : I. For measures of surface. 1. The square foot^ — for stone - cutting, flagging, lumber, sawed timber, and masonry. In estimating quantity and cost of matched lumber, .25 is added to the surface measure. 2. The square yard^ — for painting, plastering, ceil- ing, paving, bricklaying, and masonry. 3. The square^ of 100 square feet, — for flooring, roof- ing, and bricklaying. a. Shingles are estimated to average 4 inches wide across the butt. 9 shingles laid 4 inches to the weather cover 1 square foot. &. 1,000 shingles laid 4 inches to the weather, without waste, cover 111 square feet. Allowing for w^aste and imperfections, 1,000 shingles are estimated to cover a square. c. In estimating by the square yard and by the square, the wall is supposed to be 12 inches or IJ bricks thick. K2 226 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 4. The bunch of lath, — 100 pieces, each 4 feet long. A bunch of lath covers 5 square yards of surface. II. For measures of volume. 1. The ctiJbic foot^ — for bricklaying, masonry, and hewn timber. 2. The cubic yard^ — for masonry, excavations, and embankments. a. On public works a cubic yard of earth is a standard load. b. In computing the cubic contents of walls, of foundations, and of buildings, the length of each wall is measured on the outside. The wall at each comer is thus measured twice. 3. The barrel f of 31^ gallons ; and 4. The hogshead^ of 63 gallons, — for the capacity of cisterns and reservoirs. u. The barrels and hogsheads used for commercial purposes are not fixed measures, — a barrel containing from 30 to 40 gallons, and a hogshead from 60 to 125 gallons. h. In the kerosene trade 42 gallons are a barrel. 5. The perch of stone,— 16J cubic feet. There is no standard perch of masonry. Architects and build- ers in different sections of the country estimate the perch vari- ously, the range being from 22 to 27 cubic feet. The perch of 24| cubic feet — 16| feet long, IJ feet thick, and 1 foot high — is more extensively adopted than any other. 6. The brick. Bricks are made of different sizes, as follows : Common brick, 8x4x2 in. Maine " 7ix3|x2|" NorthRiver *' 8x3ix2^** Philadelphia and ) 8ix4^x2| Baltimore brick, J * » s Milwaukee " a, 27 common bricks piled solid, or 22J laid in mortar, are esti- mated as a cubic foot. b. Bricklaying is also estimated by tJie tJwusand, by actual count, or by measure in the wall. BUSINESS MEASUREMENTS. 227 fi&5. Allowances or Deductions. In painting, plastering, ceiling, bricklaying, and mason- ry, the following deductions are made : 1. Materials^ — for openings in walls (doors and win- dows). 2. Labor f — for ^ the openings, and ^ the corners (by special contract only). a. Materials are commonly estimated by solid measures ; and the work, by either solid or surface measures. h. In the lumber trade a square foot is called a hoard foot; and a cubic foot is called a timber foot. c. Lumber 1 inch thick or less is sold by surface measure ; if more than 1 inch thick, it is computed at this thickness. d. The average width of a tapering board is one half the sum of the widths of the two ends ; or, it is the width of the board at one half the distance between the ends. e. In writing dimensions, the accent mark (') is often used instead of the abbreviation in. Thus, 6 in. = 6'. ^ /, Per C or @ C means per hundred; and per M or @ M means per thousand. Problems. 1, 568.5 gallons liqnid measure are how many cubic inches less than the same number of gallons dry measure ? ^. If 8 gallons of water are in a tub that will hold 1 bush- el of wheat, how much more water will the tub hold ? 3. A tank that will hold 15,000 gallons of oil will hold how many bushels of potatoes ? J,.. A roofer used 840 sheets of 16' by 24' tin in roofing a house. What was the area of the roof ? How many squares of roofing were covered ? 6, The floor of a public hall 44 x 75 feet contains how many squares of flooring ? How many feet of flooring 1^ inches thick will be required for the floor ? 228 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 6. How many elates will be required for 11.52 squares of roofing, allowing 3 slates to cover a square foot ? 7. How many bunches, of 500 sliingles each, will cover a roof, each side of which is 67.5 ft. long and 25 ft. wide ? 8. How much will it cost to lath and plaster a room 36 ft. by 24 ft. by 12 ft., at $ .30 per square yard ? 9. A plasterer lathed a room 14 ft. by 20 ft., and 11 ft. 6 in. high. How many bunches of lath did he use ? 10, How many square yards are there in the four walls and ceiling of a church 70 ft. long, 30 ft. wide, and 20 ft. high ? 11. What will be the expense of ceiling the sales room of a store 24 ft. by 87 ft. 6 in., at $1.00 per square yard ? 12, Tlie grade of a portion of street 126 ft. long and 60 ft. wide, is to be raised 1 ft. 8 in. How many cubic yards of earth will be required ? 13. At $.81i a sq. yd., how much will it cost to pave a street J mi. long and 49 J ft. wide ? H. A box of glass contains 50 sq. ft. How many panes are there in a box of 9 x 16 glass I 15. How many boxes of 12 x 20 glass will be required to glaze 32 windows, each requiring 3 ft. by 6 ft. 8 in. of glass? 16. A stone-cutter dressed the tops, front side, and two ends of three stone steps 8x11 in. and 4 ft. 8 in. long ; and of a broad step of the same length and height and 2 ft. 9 in. wide. How much did he receive for the work, at $ .21 per sq. ft. ? 17. A school-house 24 x 32 feet on the ground, the side walls 16 feet high, and the gable peaks 9 feet higher than tlie side walls, was painted three coats, at 31^ cents per s(|uare yard. Allowing for one half of 8 windows each ?> X C)^ feet, what was the cost of the job ? BUSINESS MEASUREMENTS, 229 18. How many cubic yards of earth must be removed, in digging a cellar 52 ft. x 28 ft. x 8 ft. ? 19. How many wagon loads of earth will be removed, in digging a ditch 2,000 ft. long, 4 ft. wide, and 18 in. deep? W. A breakwater at the entrance to a harbor is 1,400 ft. long, 13 ft. wide, and 20 ft. high. How many cubic yards of masonry does it contain ? '21. In digging a cellar 45 ft. long and 6 ft. deep, 270 loads of earth were removed. How wide was the cellar ? 22. How many hogsheads of water will fill a cistern 10 ft. 6 in. long, 8 ft. 3 in. wide, and 7 ft. deep ? 23. A rectangular cistern 12 ft. long, 10 ft. wide, and 9 ft. deep will hold how many barrels of water ? 2Ji,. How much lumber is there in 5 boards, each 14 ft. long, 15' wide at one end, and 8' wide at the other ? 25. How many common bricks will make a pile 12 feet long, 9 feet wide, and 5 feet high ? 26. The sills of a 30 by 40-foot barn are 9' by 13'. How many feet of timber do they contain ? 27. A pile of rough stone 47 feet x 14 feet x 5.5 feet contains how many perches ? How many cords ? 28. Find the cost of calcimining the walls and ceiling of a room 18 by 15 by 10^ feet, at 15-|- cents per square yard. 29. In a stick of timber 12' by 18' and 30 ft. long, are how many feet of timber ? How many feet of lumber ? 30. How many common bricks, laid flatwise, will be re- quired for a sidewalk 100 ft. 4 in. long and 4 ft. wide ? 31. At $9.50 per M for materials and labor, and allow- ing .025 for openings, how much must I pay for the brick- ^ work in the walls of a square-roofed house 48 ft. long, 25 ft. wide, and 18 ft. high, the walls being 12J' thick ? 230 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 32. How many cubic yards of earth must be removed, to grade down l\ A,oi ground 1 ft. 4 in. ? 33. At $ .lOJ per sq. ft., what will it cost to flag a walk 2 ft. wide surrounding a grass plat 20 ft. square ? SJf,. How many perches of stone are required for ston ing a well 30 feet deep, the diameter of the excavation being 6 ft., and of the w^ell hole 3 ft. ? 35. In a stock of 12 boards 16 ft. long and 10 in. wide, are how many feet of lumber ? 36. A 4-inch plank 18 ft. long and 16' wide contains how many feet of lumber ? 37. A stick of ship timber 25 ft. long, 1 ft. 2' wide, and 10' thick contains how many timber feet ? 38. A stick of timber 48 ft. long and 10 in. square con- tains how many board feet ? 39. In 18 pieces of studding, each 15 ft. long and 2' by 4', are how many feet of lumber ? Ji.0. A man used 7 cd. of stone in building a wall 4 ft. high and 2 ft. thick. "What was the length of the wall ? Jf,l. At $15 per M, how much must I pay for 2^inch plank for a 4-foot walk on the street sides of a corner lot 4 rd. by 7 rd. 12 ft. 6\ the walk to be placed 2 ft. ^' from the fence ? III. Units for farm products. 1. A bushel of grain, seed, fruit, vegetables, and root crops. A cubic foot is .8 of a bushel €1)611 measure; it is also a small frac- tion more than .64 of a bushel lieaped measure. Hence, To find the capacity, in bushels, of any granary, bin, box, cask, or other portion of space. I. Even measure, — Multiply the contents in cubic feet by .8. IT. Heaped measure, — Multiply the contents in cubic feet by .6^. BUSimJSS 3£EASURE3IENTS. 231 a. The even husliel is the unit of measure for wheat and other kinds of grain ; and for seeds and small fruits, — such as clover seed, berries, plums, cherries, etc. h. The heaped bushel is the unit of measure for coal, lime, and corn in the ear ; and for large fruits, root crops, and garden veg- etables,— such as apples, peaches, potatoes, turnips, tomatoes, snap beans, green peas, etc. 2. A ton of hay. Farmers estimate the volume of hav tliat will weigh a ton, by the following units : 550 cu. ft. of clover or meadow hay loose, or in loads, or on scaffolds. 450 cu. ft. of meadow hay in bays, or mows. 270 cu. ft., or 10 cu. yd., well settled in large mows or stacks. Problems. There, are how many bushels Ji.2, Of wheat, in a freight-car 33 ft. long and S ft. wide, the wheat being 2 ft. 4|-' deep in the car ? Jf3, Of potatoes, in a bin 5 ft. by 16 ft. and 20 ft. deep ? U' Of coal, in a wagon box 10 ft. 6' x 3 ft. 4^ x 1 ft. 3', the box being even full ? JiS. Of corn in the ear, in a crib 100 ft. long, 12 ft. high, 7 ft. wide at the bottom, and 10 ft. wide at the top ? Jf6. In three bins— (r^^) of wheat, 6 ft. by 8 ft. by 4|- ft. ; (b) of oats, 6 ft. by 9J ft. by 4|- ft. ; and {e) of shelled corn, 6 ft. by 6 ft. by 4^ ft. ? How many tons are there J^7. Of old hay, in a mow 40 ft. x 25 ft. x 18 ft. ? J^8, In a load of hay 15 ft. by 8 ft. 4^ by 7 ft. W ? Jt9. Of clover hay, on a scaffold over a barn floor, 30 ft. long, 12 ft. wide, and 9 ft. high to the peak of the roof ? Note.— For outlines of measurements for review, see page 273. SECTION V. GENERAL REVIEW PROBLEMS IN MEASUREMENTS. 1- Jf. A field 72 rods long and 21 rods wide [ 43 J rd. long. contains how many square rods? S 37.7 rd. wide. 5— 8, A carpet 7^ yards long and 4|- yards ) Gf yd. long. wide contains bow many square yards? [ 5.625 yd. wide. 9-12, A ceiling 87.3 feet X 21.55 feet contains ) 34yV ft. by bow many square yards? j 25.5 ft. "W hat are the cubic contents of a body 13-17, 5 yd. long, 5 ft. wide, and 5' bigb ? ) 8J- yd. ; 8} ft. ; 8|-'. 18-22, \i ft. 8' by 5 ft. 6' by 4 ft. 2'? ) l\ ft. ; 4|- ft. ; ^^^ ft. 23, A girl covered a box, 4' by 7' by 9^', with gilt paper. How many square inches of paper did she use ? 2Ji„ The base of the Great Pyramid of Cheops is 763 ft. square. How many acres does it cover ? 25. What is the difference between a figure that contains •J- of a square foot, and one that is ^ of a foot square ? 26. How many persons can be seated in a hall 120 ft. long and 64 ft. 6' wide, allowing 5 persons to 2 square yards ? 27. How much will it cost me to carpet a parlor 15 ft. 9' by 22 ft. 6', with tapestry carpeting f yd. wide, at $ .95 a yard, running measure ? 28. At $1.12|- per sq. yd., how much must I pay for oil- cloth for the hall of my house, which is 2f by 8|- yd. ? 29. The ceiling of a room is 18 feet long, and its area is 288 sq. ft. What is its width ? 30. What is the length of a carpet for a flight of stairs of 18 steps, each 10|- in. wide and 7^ in. high ? 31. What must be the width of a board 16 feet long, to contain 12 square feet? REVIEW PROBLEMS IN MEASUREMENTS, 233 32, "What length of a board 8 in. wide will make a box cover 2 ft. 8 in. square ? 33. A certain rectangular tract of land 32 rods wide contains 120 acres. What is its length ? 3Ji.. If 64 yd. of carpeting f yd. wide will carpet a room 24 ft. long, what is the width of the room ? 35. A window curtain 3 ft. 3 in. wide contains 2 sq. yd. 2 sq. ft. 84 sq. in. "What is its length ? 36. How many pickets 3 in. wide, and placed 3 in. apart, will be required for a fence around a lot 16 rd. long and 15 rd. wide ? 37. What is the area of the two gables of a barn 32 ft. wide, the ridge being 9 ft. higher than the plates ? 38. What are the contents of a triangular piece of land, fhe longest side of which is 141 rods, and the perpendic- ular distance to the angle opposite 56 rods ? 39. The area of a triangle is 108 sq. ft., and its altitude is 9 ft. What is the length of its base ? Jfi. At the side of a staircase is a triangular piece of wall 18 ft. long and 13 ft. high. What is its area, in square yards? Ji.1. Find the area of a cubical block whose edge meas- ures 10 inches. ^2. A 100 -acre farm is a trapezoid, the two parallel sides of which are 64.7 rd. and 135.3 rd. How far apart are these two sides ? 43. A lot of land lying between two parallel streets 3 rods apart, measures 200 ft. on one street and 160 feet on the other. How many sq. rd. does it contain ? Jt^J^. Find the cost, at $28 per M, of l|-incli matched flooring for a two-story house 32 by 24 ft., making the customary allowance for matched lumber. 234 SECOND BOOK IX ARITHMETIC. ^5. Find the area of a field 40 rd. long, 15 rd. wide at one end, and \ rd. wide at the other. Jfi. What is the volume of a space 22.5 ft. by 6.4 ft. by 3.25 ft. ? ^7. Find the cubic contents of a marble slab 6 ft. long, 2 ft. G' wide, and 3^' thick. JiS, In a school room 32 ft. long, 24 ft. wide, and 12 ft. 6' high are 60 pupils, each breathing 12 J cu. ft. of air per hour. In wliat time will they breathe as much air as the room contains ? Ji9, In digging a mill-race 120 rd. long and 30 ft. wide, 5,500 cu. yd. of earth were removed. What was the depth of the race ? 50, A pile of 4-foot wood 24 rods long contains 100 cords. What is its height ? 51, How many more bushels of barley than of com in the ear, can be stored in a bin 12f ft. long, 8 ft. wide, and 5.5 ft. deep? 52. How many sheets of roofing tin, each covering 14' by 22', will cover 3.5 squares of roof ? 53. At $ .25 per sq. yd. for plastering, and $ .50 per roll for paper-hanging, what will it cost to plaster and paper a room 18 ft. by 16 ft. by 9.5 ft., the paper being \ yd. wide, and 9 yd. in a roll ; and making allowance, in papering, for 2 windows, each 3 ft. by 6 ft., and 3 doors, each 3 ft. 6' by 7 ft. 6'? 5J^. A sewer 2f mi. long, 5 ft. wide, and 12 ft. deep, cost $6,468. What did it cost per cubic yard ? 55. Find the cost of digging a cellar 27 ft. by 19 ft. by 7 ft., at $ .18 per cubic yard. 56. A rock excavation 20 ft. long, 10 ft. wide, and 9 ft. deep will hold how many barrels of water ? REVIEW PROBLEMS IN MEASUREMENTS. 235 57. What depth of rain-fall upon a roof 30 by 40 feet will fill an 80-hogshead cistern ? 58. How many bricks are in the walls of a church 60 ft. long, 40 ft. wide, the side walls 28 ft. high, the gable peaks 46 ft. 6^ high, and the walls 1 ft. thick ; allowances being made for one half of the openings, which are {a) one door-way 7 ft. by 12 ft., (b) two door-ways each 8 ft. 2^ by 8 ft. 6^, {c) ten windows each 3 ft. by 8 ft. 6^, and {d) ten windows each 3 ft. by 7 ft. 6'? 59. Allowing 221- bricks to make a cubic foot of brick wall, what part of the wall consists of mortar ? 60. At 33^^ per sq. yd. for labor, and $7.50 per M for brick, what will a contractor receive for a brick pave- ment in a court 3 rd. long and 40 ft. wide, the brick being laid flatwise ? 61. At $ .93f per perch for the stone, and $1.25 per cubic yard for the mason work, what is the cost of a par- tition wall between the cellars of two stores, the wall being 72 ft. long, 8 ft. high, and 18' thick, and 1 perch of stone making 22 cubic feet of masonry ? 62. Find the cost of 9 pieces of floor joists 13 ft. long and 2' by 9', at $14.50 per M. 63. How many tons are there in a stack of hay 22 ft. by 35 ft. on the ground, 12 ft. high to the slope, and the ridge of the roof -shaped top — which extends lengthwise, — 15 ft. higher than the sides ? 6"^. How much 1^' flooring will be required for a school room 32 ft. by 48 ft., and a class room -J as long and J as wide ? 65. At $16.25 per M, what must I pay for 8 boards 18 feet long, 14 inches wide at one end, and tapering to a point ? 236 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 66. I -am building a carriage - house 19 by 28 feet. How mucli will the 2-inch plank for the floor cost me, at $17.50 per M ? 67. A wagon box is 9 ft. 9' long, 3 ft. 4' wide, and 2 ft. 2' deep, inside measurements. IIow many bushels of wheat will it hold, if filled even full ? IIow many bushels of potatoes ? 68. A cellar, 21.5 ft. by 29.5 ft. has a cement floor. How much did it cost, at $1.15 per sq. yd. ? 69. "What is the value of a stick of ship timber 32 ft. long and 16' by 20^ at $18 per C ? 70. At $1.1 8f per perch for stone and labor, what will be the cost of the two abutments of a bridge, each 24 ft. long, 11 ft. wide at the bottom, 7 ft. wide at the top, and 15 ft. high? 71. A farmer built a stone fence 72 rd. long, 3 ft. 6' high, 2 ft.' thick at the bottom, and 1 ft. thick at the top. How many cords of stone did he use ? 72. A mow of hay 1 rd. square at the ends and 33 ft. long, contains how many tons ? 73. A coal-house 15 ft. by 8 ft. by 7i ft. will store how many bushels of coal ? 74. At 40^ per bunch for lath, and 22^ per square yard for lathing and plastering, what will it cost to lath and plaster this room, making the customary allowance for openings ? 75. What must be the length of a bin 6^ ft. wide and 4|- ft. deep, to contain 2^ times as much as a bin 7 ft. long, 5 ft. wide, and 3f ft. deep ? 76. A packing-box made of 1-inch lumber is 2 ft. 4J' wide and 1 ft. 6^' deep, inside measurement ; and its ca- pacity is 12 cu. ft. 587.1 cu. in. What are the outside dimensions of the box ? CHAPTEK VII. PERCENTAGE. SECTION I. NOTATION. 960* The term per cent means by the hundred. 1 per cent is one of every hundred, or one hundredth. 6 per cent is 6 of every hundred, or 6 hundredths. 16| per cent is 16| of every hundred, or 16| hundredths. A. How many hundredths of a number 1. Is 1 per cent of it ? «5. 5 per cent ? 2. Are 3 per cent of it ? Jj.. ^ per cent ? ^ . 8 per cent ? ^.10 per cent? -♦. sw.'o o per k:^u\) ui. II "i j^. i pt;i ctui ? u. ±kj per ce What fractional part of a number, in its lowest terms, 7. Is 20 per cent of it ? 10. GJ per cent ? IS. 100 per c( /. IS 20 per cent of it? 8. Is 25 per cent of it? 9. Is 50 per cent of it ? B. ^. iof 10. ej per cent . 11. 121 per cent? 12. 331 per cent " i. "What per cent of any number 'it? 7. 4- of it? i^. T^ofit? 8. I of it? 9. fof it? 10. -5^ of it? 11. tVof it? — .. — ^ — , 13. 100 per cent? H. 140 per cent? 15. 1 1 6f per cent ? o. f of it? ^. iof it? 5. I of it? ^. I of it? C 1. What decimal part of a number is ^ per cent of it \ 2. J per cent ? 5. f per cent ? ^. |- per cent * • in •J- per cent ? -jiy-per cent ? is 1 of it ? 17. 14 of it? 18. A- of it? IP. it of it? 20. yVo of it? 21. The whole of it? *. What fractional part of a nnmlipr is i per Cent of it? 12. ^ig-of it? 13. T^of it? i^. A of it? 15. -5^ of it? 16. -/^of it? number is ^ 9. iper cent? i(?. ^ per cent ? yV per cent ? ii. -|- per cent ? i^. f per cent ? i^. |- per cent ? i^. f per cent? 367. The conunercial sign^ %^ signifies per cent. 15^ signifies 15 hundredths, and is read "15 per cent." 238 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. Per cent may be applied to any number. 40 per cent of 1 bushel = .40 bu. = yV(> t>u. = f bu. 14^" •' "365 days = .145, or ^Vif of 365 days. 7 *' ** " $85.42 = .07, or -j^^ of $85.42. 16| " " '' 93} = .161, or ■i^%, or J of 93}. 125^ is 1.25, or f. I 12J^ is .12|-, or .125, or -J. 308^ is 3.08, or |-J. | {^ is .25^, or .OOJ, or .0025. Hence, 968. I. To expirees per cent decimally^ two decimal fig- ures are required. II. To express 100 per cent or more^ an integer or a mixed decimal number is required, III. To express parts of 1 per cent^ either decimal fig- ures^ or fractions at the right of hundredths^ are required. i^ or .5^ is .00^ or .005. i^ or .20^ is .00^ or .002. 1^ or .375^ is .oof or .00375. ifo or .33^^ is .00^. Write j 8 per cent 5 per cent 40 per cent 33 per cent, decimally ( 3 per cent 10 per cent 14 per cent 65 per cent. Eeadandwrite ( 12^ 10^ 56,^ IG^fo 31.25^ 200^ decimally ( 9^ 90,^ 64,^ 18.7^ 114^ J^ ^-^. Eead as per cent .07 .30 .19 1.37 2.038 .44| .08^. S09. JPercentage is tlie process of finding any num- ber of hundredths of a number. In this process three elements are considered, viz., the per ce7itj the hase, and the percentage. 370. The i^^r cent is the decimal that expresses the number of hundredths of the base to be found. 27 1 . The base is the number the hundredths of which are to be found. S73. The 2^^^(^^^^tage is the result obtained by find- ing the required number of hundredths of the base. 27tl. The amount is the base plus the percentage. $874, The difference is the base minus the percentage. SECTION II. How miicli is 3- 7. 1 per cent "" '500? 8-12. 4 per cent 150? 13-17. 5 per cent ^of- 70? 18-22. 8 per cent 36? 23-27. 6 per cent . .325? i S3. 5fo of 140 cd. of wood. Find •< S4-. Sfo of 250 yd. of sheetings. ( 55. 3^ of 50 thousand shingles. •25, 59-67. The base is ■{ 60, [ and the per cent is THE FIVE GENERAL CASES OF PERCENTAGE. Case I. Base and per cent given, to find percentage. Oral Work.— 275. 1. Howmucli is 1% of 50 bushels? 7 per cent of a number is 7 times 1 hundredth of it ; 1 hun- dredth of 50 bushels is .5 of a bushel, and 7 times .5 of a bushel are 3.5 bushels. 2. 15^ of 80 boxes of raisins are how many boxes? 15 per cent of a number is 15 himdredths, or 3 twentieths, of it ; and 3 twentieths of 80 boxes of raisins are 12 boxes. Plow much is 28-32. 25fo ^ r 400 acres? 33-37. 12^fo 75 melons? 38-42. 50^ lof-^ 120 horses? 43-4.7. 66f^ 9 days? 48-52. SO fo J l 5.5 dollars? 56. 12ifo of $75. 57. SOfo of 190 mi. 58. Qi^ of 240 bu. ^ ' / What is the .7.5 J (33i.)P«'''=''"*^g'=- ^T0« The inrcentage is the product of the base multiplied hy the per cent. Problems. Written Work. — 1. 8% of a flock of 475 sheep are black. How many black sheep are in the flock ? 2. At a school of 125 pupils, the average daily attend- ance is SSfo of the whole number. What is the daily at- tendance ? 3. From a cask of 44 gallons of oil, 7^fo leaked out. How much oil leaked out ? 240 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. Jf.. 62^^ of a townsliip of Western land is prairie. How many acres of land in the townsliip are prairie ? 5. A farmer raised 9,875 bnshels of grain, 12Y/o of wliieli was barley. How many bushels of barley did he raise ? 6. llf^ of an army of 63,000 men are riflemen. How many men are riflemen ? 7. A dealer bought 6,250 tons of coal, 33^ of which was Lehigh, 46^ Lackawanna, and the balance Pittston. How many tons of each kind of coal did he buy ? 8. A man thrashed 6,319 bushels of oats for 12}^ of them. How many bushels of oats did he receive ? Case IL Percentage and base given, to find per cent. Oral Work. — 077. 1. 3 is what per cent of 15 ? 3 is 3 fifteenths or 1 fifth of 15. Since 15 is 100 per cent of itself 1 fifth of 15 is 1 fifth of 100 per cent, or 20 per cent. '2. What per cent of 18 is 9 ? S. Of 25 is 10? 7. Of 2 is I? U, Of 46 is V? 8. Of i is I? 5. Of 120 is 12 ? 9. Of $72 are $6 ? 6. Of 22.5 is n\% 10, Of $52 are $13 \ 15. Of 6 bn. 1 pk. are 1 bu. 3 pk. ? 17-25. The base is Uj [ ^^^ the per- centage is What per cent 11. Of 500 bu. are 50 bn. ? 12. Of 75 gal. are 15 gal.? IS. Of 30 mo. are 10 rao.? U. Of 380 ft. are 19 ft.? 16. Of f h. is I h. ? ^•^* ] What is the 2,5*) percent? 37 8, The per cent is the quotient of the percentage divided by the base. Peoblems. Written Work, — 1. $15 per acre for the use of gar- den land vahied at $250 per acre, is what % on the value of the land ? 2. 25 bushels of oats are what % of 5,000 bushels ? PER CENT A GE.— GENERAL CASES. 241 3, A farmer harvested 270 bushels of potatoes from 18 bushels of seed. The seed was what % of the yield ? 4, The yield was what % of the seed ? 5, A sheep grower sold 95 sheep from a flock of 475. What fo of the flock did he sell ? 6, $119 are what % of $340 ? 7, A house, worth $7,500, rents for $600 a year. What % on its value does it rent for ? S. A fruit grower transplanted 250 peach-trees, and 45 of them died. What % of them died ? 9. 975 acres of a Southern plantation of 12,350 acres are marsh. What % of the plantation is marsh ? 10. A fruit dealer bought a cargo of 85,744 oranges, and lost 5,359 of them. What % of the cargo did he lose ? Case III. Percentage and per cent given, to find base. Oral Work. — S79, 1. 21 is 6 per cent of what number? 21 is 6 per cent of 100 times 1 sixth of 21 ; 1 sixth of 21 is 3.5; and 100 times 3.5 are 350. ^. 75 is 10 per cent of what number ? Since 10 per cent of any number is 1 tenth of the nimiber, 75 is 10 per cent, or 1 tenth, of 10 times 75, or 750. What is the number of which s. 5. 6. 10 is 40^? 12 is 10^? 9 is 33^-^? 8 is 25,^? 7. 4is8|^? 8: 2iisl6f^? P. -J is 50^ ? 10. I is 75^? 11. $60 are 120^? 12. -J mi. is 175^? r 7.5, J and the 18-26. The percentage is •< 42, >■ per cent ( 2i, ) is 280o The base is the quotient of the percentage divided by the per cent. 13. 30 lb. are 5^ ? U. 13 da. are 26^? 15. 25 T. are 62^^? 16. I rd. is .3^ ? 17. 71 gal. are 2j^? 6.] 8. V What is the base? 242 SJECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC, Problems. Written Work.—l, A merchant vessel has 169 tons of hides on board, which are 13^ of the whole cargo. How many tons are there in the cargo ? 2. The distance between two stations on a railroad is 11.5 miles, and this is 12|^^ of the whole length of the road. What is the length of the road ? 3. A gentleman sold his house and lot for 18^ above cost, and made $500. How much did the property cost ? 4'. Monday my sales amounted to $237.50, which was 12|-^ of my sales for the week. How much were my sales for the week? 5, A grocer sold 10 sacks of coffee, which was ^fo of his whole stock. How many sacks of coffee had he ? 6, This year a planter sold his cotton at 9 cents a pound, which was 80^ of the price he received last year. At what price did he sell his crop last year ? 7, A certain school closed its winter term with 115 pupils, which was 92^ of the number with which the term began. With how many pupils did it begin ? 8, 7.5 sq. rd. of land are 6% of how many square rods ? 9, $ .30^ are 120^ of how much money ? 10. i lb. of tea is 7^% of a package of how many pounds ? Case IV. Base and per cent g^iven, to find amount or difference. Oral Work. — 381. 1. The base is 25, and the per cent is 20. What is the amount ? 2. What is the difference ? For the amount — 25 plus 20 per cent of 25 is 120 per cent of 25, or 6 fifths of 25, which is 30. For the difference.— 25 minus 20 per cent of 25 is 80 per cent of 25, or 4 fifths of 25, which is 20. PERCENTAGE.— GENERAL CASES. 243 What is tlie amount, and what is the difference, J. When the base is 60, and the per cent is 15 ? ^. The base being 14 mo., and the per cent 25 ? 5. The per cent being 33^, and the base 27 cu. ft. ? 6. If the base is $6.4, and the per cent is 6;|- ? 7. When -J yd. is the base, and 8-|^ the per cent ? 8-2S. Given, J hk' ( and the ) oa! (. to find j amount, the base / i 05 \ P^^ ^^^^ / 1 40 ' \ ^^^^ f '^l<^9^ II. ; — - — = multiplicand. Hence, IL = base. multiplier per cent Product , , ^,^ Parentage III. —-7: 7 = multiplier. Hence, III. ; —per cent. multiplicand base SECTION III. SPECIAL APPLICATIONS OF THE FIVE GENERAL CASES. I. PROFIT AND LOSS. ^86, Profit is the sum above cost for which goods are sold. 387. Loss is the sum below cost for which goods are sold. In computations in profit and loss, a. Costz=z base; \ &. Profit or loss = percentage ; c. Selling price = amount or difference. Problems. 1, 10% profit on $2.50 cost, is how much profit ? ^. 8^ loss on $7.25 cost, is how much loss ? 3. I bought vinegar at $ .16 a gallon, and sold it at a profit of 56^^. How much did I gain on a gallon? ^. A man sold a city lot that cost him $160, at an advance of 212^^. How much did he gain ? 6. I bought a carriage for $187.50, and sold it at a loss of 12|-^. How much did I lose ? 6. If a milliner sells ribbon that cost $ .31} a yard, at a profit of 20^, how much does she gain on a yard ? 7. Cost, $ .40 ; profit, 62^^. What is the selling price ? 8. Cost, $1.20 ; loss, 33^^. What is the selling price ? 9. The bread made from a barrel of flour weighs A.0% more than the flour. How many pounds does it weigh ? 10. A grocer sold tea that cost him $ .78 a pound, at a loss of 15^. At what price per pound did he sell it ? 11. Mark silk that cost $2.60 per yard, to sell at 20^ loss. FEBCENTAGE.^GENERAL CASES. 2-17 1£. Mark silk that cost $2.60 per yard, to sell at 25% gain. 13. Mark gold pens that cost $1.25, to sell at 60% profit. 14-. Mark kid gloves that cost $ .93f , to sell at 9ifo loss. 15. $ .87i profit on $10.50 cost, is what per cent? 16. $ .02|- loss on $ .15 cost, is what per cent ? 17. A flour dealer bought flour for $6.56 a barrel, and sold it for $7.31. What % did he make ? 18. What ^ do I make, by selling eggs at f of their cost ? 19. If kerosene is bought at f of the market price, and sold at 10^ below the market price, what % is lost ? W. I sell for $5 what cost me $4.25. What ^ do I gain ? 21. I sell for $ .30 what cost me $ .37^. What ^ do I lose? 22. A jeweler sold a watch for $112.50, w^hich was 15^ advance on the cost. How much was the cost ? 23. A gentleman sold a horse and harness for $187.50, which was 10^ less than cost. How much was the cost ? 2^. $ .90, the retail price of a book, is 4:0% above the wholesale price. What is the wholesale price ? II. COMMISSION. 388. An agent is a person authorized to transact business for another. S89. A commission-merchant is a merchant who buys or sells goods or other property as an agent for others. 390. Cofumission is a percentage paid to an agent for transacting business. In computations in commission, a. Sum expended or collected hy agent ^=z base; h. Commission == percentage ; c. Sum collected or expended^ plus commission = amoimt. 248 SECOND BOOK IX ARITHMETIC. Problems. 1. 5% on $415 collections, is how much commission ? ^. 2^% on $8,362-j%- invested, is how much commis- sion ? 3. A real-estate agent sold a house and lot for $2,275. How much was his commission, at 2% ? ^. How much commission will an auctioneer receive for selling a stock of goods for $1,975, at Sfo ? 5. An agent buys 8,040 lb. of wool, at $ .37|- a pound. How much is his commission, at 2^% ? 6. I sold 15,000 yards of sheetings, at $.11^. How much was my commission, at 1^% ? 7. $29.80 for collecting $238.40, is at what per cent? 8. $56.33 for investing $2,319, is at what per cent ? 9. $1,390 for investment after deducting 5% commis- sion, is how much for investment ? How much for com- mission ? 10. $12,400 includes investment, and commission at S^%, What is the investment ? What is the commission ? 11, A druggist sent his broker or agent $2,630 with which to buy goods, after deducting his commission of 2^fo' How much did the broker expend for goods ? 12, A wool buyer receives $5,600 with which to pur- chase wool, less 2% commission on the money paid out. How much money will he expend for wool ? 13. A broker received $6,500 with which to buy hops, at $ .31;|- a pound, after deducting his commission of i%. How many pounds of hops did he buy ? On what amount ( 1^. Is $41. 70 the commission, at 15^? of sales ( 15. Is $450.30 the commission, at 7|-^? 16. A collector received $123.75 for collecting bills, at 6% commission. How much money did he collect ? PERCENT AGE.-^QENERAL CASES. 249 III. INSURANCE. ^91« Insurance is a secnrity against loss or damage. Insurance is of various kinds, — as Jire insurance, marine in- surance, life iyisurance, health insurance, accident insurance. ^9^. Valuation is the sum contracted to be paid to the party insm'ed, for property destroyed or damaged. 393. JPremiiim is the sum paid for the insurance. ^94. A policy is a written contract between the in- surer and the insured. In computations in insurance, a. Valuation =^ base ; \ h. Premium z=. percentage. Problems. 1. 4:% on $2,250 valuation, is how much premium? ^. '\% on $6,287 valuation, is how much premium? 3. What premium must a grocer pay for a policy of insurance of $1,950 on his stock of goods, at IJ^? Jf. At \% a year, what premium do I pay yearly for an insurance of $3,750 on my house ? 5. What is the annual premium for insuring a steam saw-mill for $2,250, at 3|^? 6. Find the premium on a cargo of flour, shipped from New York to Liverpool, insured for $9,000, at ^%. 7. An ocean steamship is insured for $97,500, at ^% a voyage. What is the premium per voyage ? At what ( 8. Is $31.25 the premium on $12,500 valuation ? per cent ( 9. Is $97.50 the premium on $6,500 valuation? 10. A shipper paid $37.50 for an insurance of $7,500 on a cargo of produce. What % premium did he pay ? 11. An agent took a risk of $2,500 on a stock of stoves, and received $50 premium. What was the per cent ? L2 250 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 1^, At f ^, $9.50 is the premium on what valuation ? 13, A premium of $28.12J, at |^, is on what valuation ? 14" An agent received $9.75 for insuring a barn and its contents, at ^%. What was the valuation of the property ? IV. TAXES. 995. Taxes are sums of money levied upon persons and property, to meet public expenses. A property tax is a tax on personal property and real- estate ; a poll tax is a tax on the person. In computations in taxes, a. Valuation = base ; | b. Tax =z percentage. Problems. 1, Find the tax on property valued at $2,875, at 1.3^. ^. What is the tax on $932 of valuation, at Afd 3. $3.57 tax on $277-^^% valuation, is at what per cent ? 4. The tax on $3,200 is $12. What is the per cent ? 5. The taxable property in an incorporated village is valued at $500,000, and a tax of $1,875 is voted for school purposes. What is the per cent of the tax ? 6. In the same village A's property is assessed at $1,250, B's at $1,500, C's at $2,250, D's at $750, and E's at $4,250. Allowing 5^ for collector's fees, how much tax has each one to pay ? 7. My tax is $15.25, at lyf^-^- Wliat is the valuation ? 8. What is the assessed value of a farm that is taxed $23.37|, at 2|- mills on the dollar? 9. The capital of a glass factory is owned by 8 part- ners, whose shares are $3,300, $450, $1,200, $2,250, $750, $1,800, $600, and $900 ; and repairs are made that cost $225. At what per cent must the capital be taxed, to pay for the repairs ? How much must each partner pay ? FERVENT AQE.—QENERAL CASES. 251 V. CUSTOMS OR DUTIES. ^96. Customs or duties are taxes levied on im- ported goods and otlier property, for the support of the General Government. a, Imports are goods and other property brought into a country. b, A custom-house is an office at which duties are collected. c, A port of entry is a seaport in which a custom-house is situated. SOT, A tariff is a list or schedule of the legal rates of duties on imports. 398, Duties are of two kinds, ad valorem and specific. a. Ad valor evfi duties are duties on the net cost of im- ports, at the place where they are purchased. &. Specific duties are duties on the number or quantity. ^99. Tare^ leakage^ and breakage are deductions made, on certain kinds of goods, before specific duties are computed. a. Tare is a deduction for the weight of the box, cask, bag, or case that contains the goods. h. Leakage is a deduction for waste of liquors in casks or barrels. c. Breakage is a deduction for loss of liquors in bottles. 300. Gross weight is the weight without deductions. 301. JS'et weight is the weight less the deductions. 30^. An invoice is a WTitten list of merchandise, with prices and charges annexed. A manifest is a complete invoice of a ship's cargo. 303. In computations in duties, a. Net value = base; \ h. Duty — 'percentage. 252 SECOND BOOK IX ARITHMETIC, Rules for Computing Duties. I. For ad valorem duties : — Mnltijply the net value of the imports hj the tariff per cent of duty. II. For specific duties: — Multiply the tariff rate of duty on a unit hy the net number of units. Problems. 1. The gross weight of 225 boxes of raisins is 33^ lb. per box, and the tare is 25^. What are the duties, at 2J^ per lb. ? ^. What are the duties on 316 boxes of lemons, invoiced at $3.45 per box, at 20^ ad valorem ? 3. What are the duties on 25 pieces of Binissels carpet- ing of 65 yd. each, invoiced at $.43| per yd., the tariff rates being $.44 per yd. specific and 35^ ad valorem ? ^. A sugar refiner imports 72 hlid. of W. I. sugar, gross weight 975 lb. each, tare 12J^ invoice price 6^^ per lb. The tariff rates are 2^ per lb. specific and 25^ ad valorem. What are the custom-house charges ? VI. STOCKS. 304. Stock is the money or other property invested in the business of a corporation. 305. A share of stock is one of the equal parts into which the stock of a corporation is divided. The original value of a share is commonly $100. 306. The par value of stock is 100 per cent. 307. The marUet value of stock is the sum for which it will sell. a. Stock is at par, when its market value is 100 per cent; h. Stock is above par, when its market value is above 100 per cent; and c. Stock is heloiv par, when its market value is below 100 per cent. PERCENTAGE.— GENERAL CASES. 25^ 308. Premium is the excess above 100 per cent in the value of stock that is above par. 309. Discount is the deficiency below 100 per cent in the value of stock that is below par. 310. A stock-broker is an agent who buys and sells stocks for others. 311. IBrokerage is the commission paid to stock- brokers. In computations in stocks, a. Par value =: base; | b. Premium or discount :=z percentage ; c. Market value — amount or difference. Pkoblems. What is the market j 1, That sells at 7f ^^ premium ? value of stock | 2. That sells at 16^ discount ? V rl f Ti i ^' l^^d^hmi on 7 shares of stock, at 5-J^ above par. ( Jf. Discount on 35 shares of stock, at ^-}-^fo below par. 5. If Western Union Telegraph stock is at a premium of 15^, how much must be paid for 75 shares ? 6. $8,982^^ buys how much stock, at 103^ ; i. e.^ at Z\% premium ? 7. $2,346,871- buys how much stock, at 93|-; i. e.^ at . How many months and tenths of a month «^. Arel mo. 21 da.? 4. Are 10 mo. 6 da.? ^. Are2 mo. 15 da.? ^. Are 6 mo. 18 da.? 7. Are 1 yr. 3 mo. 12 da.? 8. Are 2 yr. 1 mo. 27 da. ? M. At 6^ per annum, what is the interest of $1 5. Are 7 mo. 25 da. ? ^. Are 11 mo. 29 da.? 9. Are 1 yr. 8 mo. 13 da.? 10. Are 3 vr. 28 da.? i. For 2 mo. 15 da.? 2. For 3 mo. 3 da. ? 7. Of 8. Of 5. For 7 mo. 25 da.? ^. For 5 mo. 17 da.? .^. For 1 mo. 21 da.? Jf. For 4 mo. 10 da.? ) for 6 mo. 3 da. ? 1 10. Of $1 for 1 yr. 3 mo. 12 da. ? for 10 mo. 18 da. ? 1 11. Of $10 for 1 yr. 2 mo. 6 da. ? 9. Of $9 for 7 mo. 17 da. ? 1 i^. Of $5 for 4 yr. 4 mo. 20 da. ? At any rate of interest, how is the interest of any prin- cipal found 13. For 3 days? | U. For 1 day ? | 15. For any number of days? 3^0. j V. Int. for 3 da. = .1 of int. for 1 mo. Formulas. ( VI. Int. for da. nr .1 of int. for 1 mo. x i the No. of da. Written Work.— Ex. What is the interest of $169.75 for 2 yr. 3 mo. 10 da., at 8^? Second Process. 2 yr. 3 mo. 10 da. = 2 7.3^ mo. $169.75 Prin. .0 8 Rate of int. $13.5800 Int.forlyr. 2 7.3^- 12) $37 1.187 $30,932 Iiit.for?Ii^yr. First Process. 2 yr.. 3 mo. 10 da. — 27.3^ mo. $16 9.75 Prin. . 8 Rate of int. 12)$13.5800 Int.forlyr. $1.13^ Int. fori mo. 2 7.3^ No. of mo. Required Int. $30.93'. The second process avoids complicated computations in fractions. 262 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. Problems. . 1. How mucli interest will I have to pay, at 7^, on a loan of $1,296 for 9 mo. 15 da. ? ^. What is the interest of $716.25 for 1 yr. 24 da., at 6^? 3, Find the interest of $936 for 3 yr. 2 mo. 29 da., at 10%, ^. What is the interest of $718 for 1 yr. 14 da., at 6^? 5. If I borrow $819 for 20 days, at 8^, how much inter- est must I pay ? 6, What is the interest of $483.70, from Nov. 23, 1882, toDec.8, 1883, at 7^? 330. Rules foe Interest. I. To find the interest for 1 year:— Multijplij the jprincijpal hy the rate of interest II. To find the interest for 2 or more years :— Multiply the interest for 1 year hy the number of years. III. To find the interest for any other time :— MuUijply the interest for 1 year hy the time expressed in months and tenths of a months and divide the product hy m, IV. To find the amount:— Add the interest to the principal. a. In computations, carry the partial results to four decimal places. b. In final results, if the mills are 5 or more, call them 1 cent; and if they are less than 5, reject them. 331. All computations of interest come under this General Formula. Principal X rate of interest x time = interest. PER CEN TA G E.—IN TER ES T. 263 'for 5 yr., 2 yr. 9 mo., I yr. 7 mo. 21 da., II mo. 13 da., 3 yr. 28 da.. at 10^? mi li^per mo. ? atj 7^? Peoblems. What is the interest 1- 25. Of $387.50 26- 60. Of 1293 61- 76. Of $7,461.13 76-100. Of $12,009.08 101-126. Of $4,731.87 ^ What is the amount 126-13Jf.. Of $82.44 1 f 7 mo. 10 da., 136-US. Of $316.90 \^ov\ 2 yr. 11 mo., lJi.Ji.-162. Of $2,054 J U yr. 3 mo. 27 da.,, 163. A contractor, while building a church, borrowed $13,080 for Y mo. 15 da., at %. How much interest did he pay? 161i.. Find the amount of $180 for 2 yr. 2 mo. 20 da., at 6^. 165. At %% a month, how much will a banker receive for the use of $100 for 2 yr. 5 mo. 10 da. ? 156. A mortgage for $375 has been running 4 yr. 4 mo. 15 da. How much interest has accrued on it, at 8^? 157. What is the interest of $873.60, from Feb. 10, 1881, to Oct. 10, 1882, at 10^? 158. A note for $1,824.75, dated Oct. 8, 1881, was paid Dec. 23, 1882, with %% interest. What amount was paid ? 159. /i'/J'/Z^-. New York, JwZ2/ 1, 18S2. This note was paid Nov. 17, 1882, with 7^ interest. What was the amount? 160. What is the discount on a bill of goods amounting to $237.50, at 30 days, 2^^ off for cash? 264 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 161, Draw your note for $956, bearing date Boston, Oct. 9, 1882, payable to James Fields, or bearer, and due June 15, 1883, with interest. 16^, Compute the interest on this note, at 6^. 163, Draw your note for $250, bearing date Chicago, Jan. 14, 1882, payable to Thomas Clark, or order, and due in 1 year, with 10% interest after 3 months. Find the amount due to-day on this note. 16Jt„ A debt of $1,000 due Mar. 2, 1881, was paid Apr. 17, 1882, with interest at S%, What was the amount ? 165, At the date last named, a payment of $350 was made. How much was due June 26, 1883 'f 166, Memorandum :— Note for $1,824, dated Philadel- phia, Oct. 10, 1881. Payment made of $550, Apr. 25, 1882. What was due Jan. 2, 1883, interest at 6^? 167, ^'f .650. St. Louis, Mo., A'ov. 19, 18S0. oic/et, o/c^x^een c^unc^iec^ ^c/iCy ^ouata, lotm tnieted^, /oi va/ue Indorsements :—Z\m^ 17,1882, $225; Oct. 24, 1882, $475. How much was due on settlement, Mar. 3, 1883, interest at 6^? 168, A wholesale merchant sold a bill of goods amount- ing to $3,1263^^0-, on a credit of 3 months; and for cash down, he deducted or discounted 5% from the amount of the bill. How much did he receive for the goods ? 169. An invoice of fancy goods, at retail prices, amounts to $920 ; and the discounts are 25^ off from the amount of the invoice, and Sfo off from the balance, for cash. What is the cash cost of the goods? For outlines of percentage for reyiew, see page 275. PER CENT A GE.—RE VIE W. 265 General Eeview Peoblems in Percentage. 1, At an election, the successful candidate received 11,480 votes, and the defeated candidate 87|-^ of the same number. How many votes did both candidates receive ? ^. A farmer divided 225 acres of land among his 3 sons, giving 81 acres to the first, Y6.5 acres to the second, and the remainder to the third. What % of the whole number of acres did each receive ? 3, What is the difference between 33^ and 25|-^ of 480 miles ? ^. A merchant sold goods at 33^^ above cost, and re- ceived $ ,45 a yard for them. How much did they cost him per yard ? 5. I sold 2 stones for $24 apiece ; on one of them I made 20^, and on the other I lost 20^. What was my gain or loss on both ? 6. If 10^ is lost by selling boards at $7.20 per M, what % would be gained by selling them at $ .90 per C ? 7. At what price per pound must I sell tea that cost * $ .75, to make a profit of 20^ ? 8. A commission-merchant received $157.75 for sell- ing flour, his commission being 2|- per cent. For how much was the flour sold ? 9. A lawyer collected $950, and charged 1^^% com- mission. What were his fees, and what was the sum to be remitted ? 10, If a tax of $387.75 is paid by an assessment of f of 1^, what is the assessed valuation ? 11. The cost of building a school-house is $935 ; the assessed valuation of the district is $34,750, and A owns a farm assessed at $9,475. How much is his tax ? M 266 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 12, A merchant's store is insured for $7,850, at \% ; and his goods for $12,375, at \%, What premium does he pay ? IS, A steamship was insured for $87,500, the premium being $1,968.75. What was the per cent ? lit,. If I sell railroad stock which cost me $2,500, at a loss of 8 J^, how much do I receive for it ? 15, How much are 5 shares of bank stock worth at 118 ? 16, An account of $45.50 has been due 2 yr. 6 mo. How much interest has accrued on it, at 6^ ? 17, What is the interest of $735 from April 9, 1882, to July 15, 1884, at 6 per cent ? 18, How much will a debt of $385.50, contracted Feb. 15, 1882, amount to Jan. 3, 1884, on interest at 1%\ 19, If you save $150 of your salary each year, and put your savings at interest, at 10^, at the end of each year, how much will your savings amount to in 10 years ? W, After spending 25;^^ of my capital, and 25^ of the remainder, I had $675. What capital had I at first ? 21, A merchant bought cassimere, at auction, at 28^^ below the manufacturer's price, paying $1.25 a yard for it. He retailed it at 22^ above manufacturer's price. At what price did he retail it ? 22, I sell coal at the same price per net ton (2,000 lb.) as I pay for it per gross ton (2,240 lb.). What per cent profit do I make? 23, A market -man sells eggs at J cent apiece above cost, and makes 25^. What do the eggs cost him apiece ? At what price per dozen does he sell them ? 2Jf.. The premiums paid for insuring four stores in a block are $147, $97.50, $153.75, and $107.25 ; and the rate is 1^%. What amount is insured on each store ? PER CENT A GE.—RE VIE W. 267 25. A commission-mercliaiit in Milwaukee received from an Oswego miller $1,000, to buy wheat, after deducting his commission at 2%. The merchant paid $1.06^ per bushel. How many bushels did he buy? 26. If I invest $2,500 in bank-stock, and sell it at an advance of 6^, for how much do I sell it ? 27. I buy stock at 5 per cent discount, and sell it at 3 per cent premium, gaining $180. How much did I invest ? 28. Dec. 15, 1877, a farmer mortgaged his farm for $4,850 ; and Sept. 15, 1881, he paid the mortgage, with 6^ interest. What amount did he pay ? 29. A note for $754.19, dated Jan. 10, 1881, was paid Dec. 14, 1882, with 6^ interest. What amount was paid ? 30. What sum must be paid to cancel a debt of $219.16, which has been due 1 yr. 6 mo. 14 da., at the legal rate of interest in this State ? 31. A man who owned f of a ship, sold 40^ of his share. What part of the ship did he then own ? 32. A grain dealer bought wheat at $1.25 per bushel, and sold it at a profit of 20^, making $50 by the transac- tion. How many bushels did he buy? 33. A merchant sells goods at retail at Z0% above cost, and at wholesale at 12^ less than retail price. What is his gain per cent on goods sold at wholesale ? J^. A man 27 years of age took out a life-insurance policy for $8,000 for the benefit of his wife, at the annual rate of $21.70 per $1,000 ; his death occurred at the age of f33. How much did the widow receive more than had been paid in annual premiums? 35, I sold 375 100-pound sacks of Kio coffee, at $ .17^ a pound, and my commission amounted to $80.27. What per cent commission did I receive ? 268 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. 36. A man sold his liouse for $2,500, payable in one year, with interest at Q%. At the end of 6 months he received a payment of $1,600. Wliat was due him at the end of the year ? 37. How much will you gain, if you buy 45 shares of telegraph stock at 27^ discount — or 27% below par — and sell it at 12^ discount ? 38. If goods are bought at J of their value, and sold for 10% more than their value, what is the gain per cent ? 39. A merchant bought a hogshead of molasses, and lost J of it by leakage ; he sold the remainder at 20^ advance on its cost. What per cent did he lose on the investment ? 4,0. A note for $850, at 6^ interest, was given Sept. 15, 1880. April 23, 1881, a payment of $290 was made ; and Jan. 3, 1882, a payment of $345. How much was due Sept. 29, 1882 ? Ji,l. A druggist buys perfumery at -J- off from retail price. What %o does he make by selling it at the retail price ? ^. A man can hire a farm of 97 acres for $500 per annum, or he can buy it for $70 an acre. If money is worth 6^, which is the cheaper for him, and how much the cheaper? J^S. A farmer bought 80 sheep, at $4.20 a head, giving his note payable in 6 months, at 7^. At the end of the 6 months he sold the sheep at $5.25 a head, and paid the note. How much did he get for the keeping of the sheep ? ^^. If wool that costs $ .60 per pound, shrinks 45^ in cleansing, at what price per pound must it be sold, to gain 33^^ on the cost ? BLACKBOARD OUTLINES. FOR REVIEWS AND EXAMINATIONS. Notation and Numeration. I. Terms. 1. Arithmetic, 2. A unit. 3. A numher. 4. Unit of a number. 5. An integer. Whole numbers. 6. Cipher or zero. Y. Digits, . 8. Periods of figures. 9. Order of a unit. 10. Values expressed hy figures. 11. Simple value. 12. Local value. 13. Notation. 14. Numeration, 15. Dollar m,arlc. 16. Decimal point. TT T> O- Fa^wes of orders from right to left. II. Principles, i ^ Tr ; ^ j x i j^* * • z.^ ( 2. Values of orders from left to right. fC a. Dollar mark. 1. For expressing money. < b. Decimal point. Vc Less than 10 cents. 2. For notation. 3. For numeration. I. Terms. ' 1, Like numbers. 2. Unlike numbers. 3. Addition. 4. Parts. ~ 5. /Swm or amount. Addition, II. Signs. III. Principles. \ IV. Rule. j 1. Of addition, i 2. Of equality. 1. Pa7'is = the whole. 2. What units can be added. I, II, III. I. Terms. 1. Subtraction. 2. Minuend. 3. Subtrahend. 4. Difference or remainder Subtraction. II. Sign. III. Principle. IV. Rule. Steps I, II, III. 270 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. I. Terms. - II. Sign. Multiplication. 1. Multiplication. Multiplication is addition. 2. Multiplicand. 8. Multipliei'. 4. Factors. 5. Product. Partial products. 6. A concrete number. Y. An abstract numbtr. III. Important Facts. IV. Principles. ' 1. Multiplier an abstract numh€i\ 2. Either factor for midtipliei\ 3. Annexing to a numbei'. L 4. One factor 0. ' 1. Product concrete or abstract. 2. Removing a number to tlie left. 3. Multiplying by ones^ tenSj hundredsy etc. . 4. Number of 0^8 on right of product. y. Cases and Rules. ' I. 77i€ multiplier a digit. 2. Ciphers on the right of multiplier. 3. The multiplier two or more digits. . 4. Ciphers on the right of both factors. I. Terms. Division. 1. To divide. 2. I&actional parts. Halves, thirds, and so on. 3. Division. Division is subtraction. 4. Long division. 5. Short division. 6. Dividend. Partial dividend. 7. Divisor. 8. Quotient. 9. Average of numbers. II. Signs. 1st; 2d. III. Important Facts. IV. Principles, >i 1. Divisor an abstract number. 2. Steps in division. 3. How to change dollars and cents to cents. 4. Wlien to change dividend to cents. ^ 5. How to divide dollars by 10 or 100. 1. Quotient like dividend. 2. Removing a number to the right. V. Cases and Bulks. \ ^- ^I'T'' ««'%»«''« ^i*- ( 2. Ciphers on right of divisor. BLACKBOARD OUTLINES. 271 Decimals. X. Terms. 1. A decimal unit. 2. A decimal. 3. A mixed member. 4. The decimal point. 5. Currency. ^ 6. Money units. Y. Reduction. 8. A debt. 9. A debtor. 10. A creditor. \l. A billofgoo4s. 12. An item. 13. Extending an item. 14. The footing of a bill 15. ^4n account. 16. The balance of an account. 1 7. Receipting a bill. 11. Important Facts. IIL Principles. IV. Processes AND Rules. ' 1. How to write cents and mills. 2. How to read cents and mills. 3. Removal of decimal point to the Hght. . 4. Removal of decimal point to the left. (I. Notation, \: 2. Reduction. 2d. Removing decimal ciphers. 1st. Lower to higher units. d. Higher to lower units, j 1st. Annexing decimal ciphers. 3. Addition. 4. Subtraction. 5. Multiplication. Number of decimal places in product. 1 6. Division. Number of decimal places in quotient. 1. To reduce decimal currency, — 8 processes. 2. How to add decimal numbers. 3. How to subtract decimal numbers. 4. Ride for multiplication. Less decimal places in product than in factors. 6. Rule for division. When annex decimal ciphers to dividend. Properties of Numbers. I. Terms. 1. Integral factors. G. Factoring. An integer is exactly 1. An exact divisor. divisible. 8. A common divisor. 2. A composite number. 9. The greatest common divisor. 3. A prime number. 10. A multiple. A prime factor. 11. A common multiple. 4. An even numbe7\ 12. The least common multiple. 6. An odd number. 13. Cancellation. 272 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC. II. Principles. III. Rules. 1. The greatest commo?i divisor the product of what? 2. The least common multiple a multiple of wliat ? 3. Cancelling a factor from a number. 4. Cancelling a common factor. When the factor 1 remains. 1 . For finding prime factor's. 2. For finding greatest common divisor. 3. For finding midtiples; 1, S. I. Terms. Fractions, 1. 2. Fractional parts. A fractional unit. 10. A compound fraction^. The word of 3. 4. 5. 6. A fraction. TJie terms. Lowest terms. The denominator. The numerator. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. A complex fraction. The unit of a fraction. To analyze a fraction. Similar fractions. Least similar fractions. 7. 8. 9. A proper fraction. An improper fraction. A mixed number. 16. 17. 18. Dissimilar fractions. Common denominator. Least common deiiominator. Decimal fractions. 19. A fraction is inve^'ted. IT Important Fapt's ^ ^' ^^^^^'^ <^^^^^^^^l(>^ ^ ^^^^^^^^''^ ^^^l^P^^- * ( 2. Least common denominator least common multiple. III. Principles. IV. Cases AND Rules. rl. Dividing terms by a common factor. I 2. Multiplying terms by any number. I 3. What the product of two fractions equals. L 4. Tlie process of dividing by a fraction. " 1. Fractions to lowest terms. 2. Fractions to given fractional units. 3. Dissimilar to similar fractions. 4. Dissimilar to least similar fractions. 5. Fractions to integers or mixed numbers. C. Integers or mixed numbers to improper fractions. Use of each case in reduction. Steps 1, 2. Steps 1, 2. Steps 1, 2. Steps 1, 2. Reductions of 7. Addition. 8. SvI)traction 9. Multiplication, '-10. Division. BLACKBOARD OUTLINES. 273 Compound Numbers. I. Terms. '1, A simple number. 2. A denominate number. 3. A compound number. 4. A surface. 5. Area. Square inch ; foot ; yard. 6. A solid or body. Cubic inch ; foot ; yard. ^1. Weight II. Tables of Measures. III. Important Facts. - 8. Linear measures. 9. Surface measui'es. 10. Solid measures. 1 1 . Liquid measures. 12. Dry measures. 13. Avoirdupois weights. 14. Time. 15. Reduction descending. 16. Reduction ascending. 5. Dry. 6. Avoirdiipois weight. 1. Time. 8. Counting. 1. Linear or line. 2. Surface. 3. Solid. L4. Liquid. 1 . ^010 quantities of articles are determined. . 2. Process used iji reduction descending. 3. Process used in reduction ascending. 4. Special 7'ules omitted, and why. 5. Leap-years, how deter mhied. 6. A month, in business transactions. VL lY. Cases. /; //; ///; IV; V; '1. Rule for reduction descending. 2. Rule for reduction ascending. 3. How to add, subtract, multiply, and divide compound numbers. 4. How to divide by a compound number. ^ 5. How to find difference in time between datesi V. Processes and Rules. Measurements. I Terms. ^ 1. Dimensions. 2. A line. 3. A surface. 4. A body. 5. Extension. 6. An angle. 7. A right anpte. 8. An acute angle. 9. An obtuse angle. 10. Perpendlcidar line 11. A parallelogram. ^11. A rectangle. 13. ^ square. 14. Altitude of parallelogram. 15. Diagonal of. 16. Perhnete)' of. Vl. A triangle. 18. ^ right-angled. 19. -4w obtuse-angled. 20. ^?i acute-angled. 21. ^ase o/ triangle. 22. Fi'j'^^'x o/. 23. Altitude of. M2 24. -4 trapezoid. 25. Altitude of. 26. ^ drc/«?. 27. Circumfei'ence of. 28. ^rc o/. 29. Diameter of. 30. Radius of. 31. ^ rectangular solid. 2>2.A cube. 33. (7w62c contents or volume. 274 SECOND BOOK IN ARITHMETIC, 2. F cost •< 1 ft. ( 400 lb. arc J T., ) of ( 400 lb. ) ( ^ of ) of ( 1 T Since Hence, 16. Rule. Multiply by the unit of the aliquot part, and divide the product by the number of aliquot parts in the unit. Problems. What is the product of h 3J times 582? I 3. 491x500? I 5. 2.015x2,500? ^. 25 times IjYSS? | 4. 364xU? I ^.7.14x165? How much must I pay 7. For 12| bu. of chestnuts, at $3.25 a bushel ? (13^= J of lOO) 8, For 83 J A. of land, at $75 an acre ? (^J = iV of 1,000) P. For 198 bar. of apples, at $3.33j a barrel? 10, For 1 grt. gro. of clothes-pins, at Ij cents a dozen? 11, For 625 bu. of potatoes, at $.75 per bushel? 12, For 376 bu. of corn, at $1.12^ a bushel? Case III. The multiplier 9, 99, or any number ex- pressed by 9's. 10—1=9; 100—1=99; and so on. Consequently, 10 times any num- ber, less the number, is 9 times the number; 100 times any num- ber, less the number, is 99 times the number ; and so on. Hence, m. Rule. Annex as many O^s to the multiplicand as there are 9^s in the multiplier,, and subtract the midtip)licand from this result. Problems. Jf. 80,207 by 99,999. 5. 227,641 by 999,999. ( 3. 16,971 by 9,999. 6. 26,942,781 by 99,999. i 1. 7,496 by 99. Multiply \ 2. 6,842 by 999. SHORT METHODS OF COMPUTATION. 283 Case IV. The divisor a composite number. IS. Ex. Divide 2,905 by 35. ^ J. ROCESS Explanation.— Since 35 is 5 times 7, ^^g ^ ber. I therefore divide 2, 905 by 5 and 2,905-^5 — 581 the result by 7, and obtain 83, the re- 581-^1 — 88 quired result. Hence, Rule. Divide successively hy any set of factors of the number. Problems. i. 40,600 by the factors of 56. Divide H-\'^^^\^^- S, 179,412 by 48. . 4, 27,030 by 5.4. 5, 1,720.32 by 168. 6, 100.625 by 1.25. 7, 87,444 by 2,520. Case V. The divisor an aliquot part. C 3^ is ^ of 10, ) any [ 3J 3 times \ as many c 10. Since •< 25 is ^ of 100, [• number •< 25 4 times [• times as \ 100. ( 500 is J of 1,000, ) contains ( 500 2 times ) it contains ( 1,000. C 1 bu. is 4 times 8 qt. , \ the ( 1 bu. is 4 times \ the ( 8 qt. Since \ 1 doz. is 3 times 4, [• cost \ 1 doz. is 3 times [• cost \ 4. (IT. is 5 times 4001b.,) of ( 1 T. is 5 times ) of (4001b, 19. Rule. Divide hy the unit of the aliquot part, and multiply the quotient hy the numher of aliquot parts in the unit. Peoblems. What is the quotient of 1, 4,280-r-2i-? I S, 66,000-^333j? 2, 13,450-^500? I U. 119-f-16f? 5. $478.50-^121? 6. $35.48-r-$.20? Tj,. -. r 7. Of 1 box of oranges, at $56.75 for 25 boxes. , ^^ \8. Of 1 yard of muslin, at $1.40j for 12^ yards, tne cost I <^ Qf 1 ^^^ Qf g^g^l^ at $8.12i for 250 pounds. i(9. $4.25 \ is the ^ yards of cloth, \ ($1.25? 11, $13.18i \ value of \ pounds of butter, >• at -j $.20? 12. $9,641 ) how many ( barrels of beef, ) ( $16.66§ [284] § 5. CONVERSE REDUCTIONS. 20* Converse operations are those arithmetical proc- esses that are the reverse of each other. a* Subtraction is the reverse of addition ; hence, Addition and subtraction are converse operations. b. Division is the reverse of multiplication ; hence, Multiplication and division are converse operations. Case I. A decimal to a fraction. 21» Any decimal may be written in two forms. 7 tenths is .7 or ^^ ; 59 thousands is .059, or ^SSir ; 3 ten-thou- sandths is .0003, or yjjj^jy. In the decimal form, the unit is indicated by the position of the decimal point. In the fractional form, it is expressed by the denominator, which is 1 with as many ciphers an- nexed as there are decimal places in the decimal. Ex. 1. Express .125 in fractional form. Process. Explanation. — I write the number without 225 =z — — z= -^ the decimal point for a numerator, and * ^^^^ ^^ under it I write its denominator, 1,000. Ex. 2. Reduce .083^ to the Process. fractional form. '083i-^f^,=f^ = l Rule. Write the given number without the decimal poi7it for a numerator, and under it write its denominator. Pboblems. U, .1625=. what fraction? 5. .00064 = what fraction ? 6. .06875= what fraction? 1. Reduce .375 to a fraction. 2. Reduce .9125 to a fraction. S. Reduce .85 to a fraction. 7. Reduce 18.75 to a mixed fractional number. 8. .00016 of a mile = w^hat fractional part of a mile ? 9. .02f of a week is Avhat fractional part of a week ? 10, Reduce $.16| to the fraction of a dollar. CONVERSE REDUCTIONS. 285 Case II. A fraction to a decimal. 22» Annexing decimal ciphers to the numerator of a fraction does not change its value. Ex. Reduce \\ to the decimal form. Peocess. Explanation.— I first reduce the nu- n __ ii-oooo _ Qg'^g merator 11 to ten-thousandths, by an- ^^ ^^ nexing four decimal ciphers. I then reduce J-^ff^, the fraction thus formed, to a decimal, by dividing its numerator 11.0000 by its denominator 16. The result, .6875, is the required decimal. Rule. Aiinex a decwial cipher or ciphers to the iimnerator^ and divide the number thus formed by the denominator. When the decimal does not terminate : — Write a fraction after the decimal figures ; or Carry the quotient to any desired number of decimal places, and annex the sign + to it, to show that the division is incomplete. Thus,J = .3i; TT = -45A; § = -666+; f = .42857+. Problems. 1. Reduce -^V ^^ ^ decimal. 2. Reduce 4-| to a decimal. 3. What decimal equals -fi • Jf-. Change y^'U'o ^^ ^ decimal. 5. Reduce 18| and ^■^-^J to mixed decimal numbers. 6. 4 of a day is what decimal of a day ? 7. Reduce 19y\ yards to a mixed decimal number. Case III. A denominate decimal to a compound number. 23, Ex. Reduce .75 of a yard to a compound number. Explanation.— To reduce .75 of a Process. yard to feet, I multiply by 3, and 75 yd X3 — 2 25 ft obtain 2.25 feet. o - j- i q q nn - To reduce the .25 of a foot to inch- -^^ /t'X2' A geographical degree is 1 of the 360 equal parts of a geographical circle. Angles are at a centre, and degrees are parts of a circumference. Hence, angles are not degrees. COMPOUND NU3fBBRS. 297 dS* The measure of an angle at the centre of a circle is that part of the circumference included between the sides of the angle. Since circles may be great or small, the degrees in their circum- ferences will be correspondingly great or small. An angle of 1 degree is constant; while the measure of the angle — i.e., 1 de- gree in a circumference — varies with every change in the cir- cumference of a circle. SO* Circular and angular measures are used 1. By surveyors, in determining the directions or bearings of land boundaries and other lines. 2. By navigators, in determining the position and course of vessels at sea. S. By geogj^aphers and astronomers, in determining lati- tude and longitude ; in determining the position and motion of the heavenly bodies ; and in computing difference in time. The denominations of circular and angular measures are {1.) For surveyors and astronomers, — the circumference, the quad- rant (quad.), the degree (°), the minute ('), and the second C) ; and {2.) For astronomers, — the circle, the sign (S.), the degree, the min- ute, and the second. Surveyors and Navigators' Measures. 60" are V. 60' " 1°. 90° ''1 quad. 4 quad. ** 1 circumference. Astronomers' Measures. 60" are V. 60' ♦< 1°. 30° *' 1 S. 12 S. " 1 Circle. III. Weights. 87* Avoirdupois tveights. Denominations in common nse : of ^ ^.^' r. . ^ T i ^' °^ '??* !■ at the New York State Salt Works. S80 lb. (5 bu.) ♦' 1 bar. <' ) 100 lb. "1 cental of grain. 100 lb. ♦< 1 cask of nails or raisins. N 2 298 SUPPLEMENT. 58. Table of Avoirdupois Pounds in a Bushel, As fixed by statutes in the States named. Barley Beans Buckwheat. . Clover seed . . ludian corn . , Oats Potatoes. . . . , Rye , Timothy seed Wheat 50 40 45 O Q 52 56 56 28 60 56 32 54 60 56 60 4848 48 6060 60 4050 52 6060 60 5256 56 323235 60|60|60 5456 56 45|4o45 60'60'60 48 60 52 60 56 100 to 3 bu. 60 56 45 60 46 46 .56 30 32 56 56 60!60 ^ L* ,>^ 1.2 I ;z; [Jzj l:z; jo io ^^ > |^' ^ 48'40 47 46 45 48 _l_ 48 48 48 60 50 50 481 64|60; 54 56 58; 30 30 32 60;60 5656 44 60 60 |42^48 60,60 46 42 42 160 60 60 56|56,56^56'56!56 32 34 32J ^1^ 32 36.32 |60| |60|6060 56 56 56 56!56.56 X , , , , 1^ 60 60 60 60 60 60 S9* Troy tveigJUs are the weights used in weighing the precious metals and jewels, and in philosophical experi- ments. The denominations are the pound, the ouTice, the pennyweight (pwt.), and the grain (gr.). 24 gr. are 1 pwt. 20 pwt. *♦ 1 oz. 12 cz. '* 1 lb. GO* Apothecaries^ iveighfs and measures are weights and measures used by physicians in prescribing, and apoth- ecaries in mixing, medicines. The denominations are the pound, the ounce (oz. or I ), the dram (dr. or 3 ), the scruple (sc. or 3), and the grain. Apothecaries' Weights. 20 gr. are 1 sc. or 3 3 9 ♦' 1 dr. or 3 8 3 ''1 oz. or I 12 z Ml ii,_ Apothecaries' Fliiid Measures. CO minims (or drops) are 1 fluid drachm. 8 fluid drachms " 1 fluid ounce. 16 fluid ounces " 1 pint. 8 pints << 1 gallon. 61» The Government standard units of the money, measures, and weights now in use, and from which the other denominations in the respective tables are deter- mined, are given on the following page. LONGITUDE AND TIME. 299 TABLES. United States Money, Lines, Surfaces, and Solids, Liquid Measure, Dry Measure, Troy Weight, Avoirdupois Weight, Dollar, Yard, Gallon, Bushel, Pound, Pound, For ordinary purposes, 2150.4 cubic inches are called a bushel. IV. COMPAEATIVE YaLUES. VALUBS. .800 silver, .100 alloy. 3 feet, or 36 inches. 231 cubic inches. 2,150.42 cubic inches. 5,760 grains. 7,000 Troy grains. I. Of measures of capacity. DENOMINATIONS. 1 gal., Iqt, 1 pt, DENOMINATIONS. n. Of weights. \\^^'' \ 1 oz.. LIQUID MEASURE. 231 cu. in., 57.75 " " 28.875 " " TROY WEIGHT. 5,760 gr., 480 " DRY MEASURE. 268.8 cu. in. (.5 pk.) 67.2 " " 33.6 " " AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 7,000 gr. 437.5 '' a. Multiplying the number of cubic inches 231 268.8 in a liquid gallon by 7, and the number *^ g in a dry gallon by 6, we find that 7 liquid — '- — - gallons contain 4.2 cubic inches more Ijol? 1,612.8 than 6 dry gallons. Hence, in ordinary computations, it is suf- ficiently accurate to estimate 7 liquid gal. = 6 dry gal. b. Multiplying the number of grains in a pound Troy by 175, and the number in a pound avoirdupois by 144, we have 5,760 X 175 = 7,000 x 144. Hence, 175 pounds Troy =144 pounds avoirdupois. § 8. LONGITUDE AND TIME. 03 • The earth revolves east on its axis once in 24 hours, and the sun appears to pass west round the earth in the same time. That is, the sun appears to pass west over 15° in 1 hour, over 15' in 1 minute, and over 15" in 1 second. Hence, The relative po8ition to the sun, of any place on the earth, deter- mines the time at that place. A difference of 15° in longitude makes a difference of 1 h. in time. 4. 15' (« a a 1 min. ♦* 44 15" •* " " Isec. " 300 SUPPLEMENT. 64. Longitude is reckoned east or west from a given meridian. The meridian selected for this purpose is called the prime tneridian. The meridian generally used is that which passes through the Astronomical Observatory, Greenwich, England. Some nations also reckon longitude from the capital of their own country. 63 • Longitude^ from Greenicichy of H important cities. Cities. Longitudes. Cities. Longitudes. Washington, 77° 0' 15" W. Berlin, 13° 23' 45" E. Philadelphia, 75° 10' W. ! Canton, 113° 14' E. New York, 74° 3' W. Cincinnati, 84° 39' 21" W. Boston, 71° 3'30"W. 1 Chicago, 87" 37' 45" W. London, 5' 38" W. I New Orleans, 90° 2' 30" W. Paris, 2° 20' E. St. Louis, 90° 15' 15" W. Rome (Italy), 12° 27' E. San Francisco, 122° 26' 45" W. Case I. Difference in time given, to find difference in longitude. 00. Ex. The difference in time between Washington and London is 5 h. V min. 46 sec. What is the difference in longitude ? Process. h. 7 min. 1^.6 sec. 15 Explanation. — Every second of difference in time makes 15" of difference in longi- tude ; every minute of difference in time, 15' of difference in longitude ; and every hour of difference in time, 15° of differ- 76'° 55-' gQ'f ence in longitude. Since either factor may be used as the multiplier, I multiply 5 h. 7 min. 4G sec. by 15, and obtain 76° 56' 30", the required difference in longitude. Rule. Multiply the difference in time by 15. The product will be the difference in longitude. a. Mid-day, or any other given time, occurs sooner at any place east, and later at any place west of a given point. Hence, b. Time-pieces are faster at any place east, and slower at any place west, of a given point, than they are at that point. LONGITUDE AND TIME. 301 Pkoblems. Find the difference in longitude between two places, the difference in time being 1, 32 min. \ 3. 6 min. 20 sec. I 5. 1 h. 8 min. 30 sec. 2. 54 sec. I ^.28 min. 45 sec. | ^. 8 h. 12 mm. 27 sec. Find the longitude of a place whose time, compared with Greenwich time, is 7. 13 min. 20 sec. slow. 8. 1 b. 10 rain. fast. 9. 6 h. 40 min. 12 sec. slow. Washington time, is 10. 2 h. fast. 11. 24 min. 52 sec. slow. 12. 9 h. 9 min. 9 sec. fast. Case II. Difference in longitude given, to find dif- ference in time. 67. Ex. The difference in longitude between Washing- ton and London is 76° 56' 30". What is the difference in time ? Explanation.— Every 15"^ of differ- Process. ence in longitude makes 1 li. of .r\>yfionf^p onff difference in time; every 15' of J-^ ) J^ '^^> ^^ difference in longitude, 1 min. of 5 h. ? min. Jf. u nee. difference in time ; and every 15" of difference in longitude, 1 sec. of difference in time. I there- fore divide TB"" 56' 30" by 15, and obtain 5 h. 7 min. 46 sec, the required difference in longitude. Rule. iJlvskle the difference in longitude by 15. The quotient Avill be the difference in time. Pkoblems. Find the difference in time between 1. Washington and Paris. 2. Philadelphia and Rome. 3. London and New Orleans. Ji.. St. Louis and Canton. 5. Cincinnati and Berlin. 6. Greenwich and Washino^ton. 7-10. Noon at ) (New York,) find the (Boston. 11-H. 1 h. 30 min. a.m. at) (Chicago, S time at (San Francisco. [302] § 9. METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASURES AND WEIGHTS. 68. A meter is a measure of length. 69* The metric system employs the meter as the uni- form standard unit of all measures, — whether of length, area, volume, weight, or money value. 70. A metric number is a number by which units of suc- cessive denominations of measure, weight, or money value, are expressed in the decimal scale, or scale of 10. Standard Units. 71* The tneter, the liter, and the gram are the three standard units of the metric system. a. The meter is the nnit of measures of length. It is 39.37+ inches long (or about 39i inches). b. The liter is the unit of measures of volume. It is a cube whose edge is one tenth of a meter, or 3.937 inches. c. The grafn is the unit of weight. It is the weight of a cube whose edge is one hundredth of a meter, or .3937 of an inch. 72, Surfaces and volumes are simply the squares and cubes of the measures of length. The ar is another name for the square decameter, or 100 square meters of land ; the ster is another name for the cubic meter of fire-wood ; and the tonneau is another name for the weight of a cubic meter of w^ater. Hence, 73* Every possible dimension (length, area, volume), ca?^ he measured with the meter; every p)ossible capacity icith the liter ; and every possible iveight with tlie gram. Multiples and Divisors of the Standard Units. 74. The names of the multiples of the standard units are formed, by placing before the names of the standard units the Greek prefixes deha, liehto, Mlo. METRIC MEASURES AND WEIGHTS. 303 The names of the divisors of the standard units are formed by placing before the names of the standard units the Latin prefixes deci, centif fnilli, a. Deka signifies 10; hekto, 100; and kilo, 1,000. b. Deci signifies .1 ; centi, .01 ; and milli, .001. 7^0 Spelling, Pronunciation, and Abbreviations of THE Metric Units. Multiple Prefixes. Spell- Pronun- Abbre- ing. ciation. viation. Deka deka D. Hekto hekto H. Kilo kilo K. Myria miria M. Standard Units. Pronun- ciation. meeter leeter gram ar Spell- ing. meter liter gram ar ster tonneaH Abbre- viation. m. 1. St. Divisor Prefixes. Promin- Abbre- ciation. viation. dese d. sente c. mill m. Spell- ing. deei centi milli In writing metric numbers, the names of the places used correspond in meaning to the English names of the same places used in writing mixed decimal numbers. Thus, o '^. -^^ g.S M o o ^ 0. CO 02 02 ;-i -^ ^ fl O f^ O o ^ -«-9 w ^ Tli Si-B i §§ a a Extension. — 7 6 Volume, — 7 6 76. All the multi- ples and divisors of metric numbers are in the scale of 10; they may be written as here showm. These numbers may be read, giving name to each unit ; thus, 7 Km. 6 Hm. 5 Dm. 4 m. 3 dm. 2 cm. 1 mm. ; etc. In the same manner read 1. The numbers above, expressing volume. 2. The numbers above, expressing weight. Weight. - bo bo 7 6 CQ ^3 O a a 1 meters 4. 3 2 1 liters 4. 3 2 bO a 1 grams 6 5 4 3 2 J mm. 7 6 5 4 3 2cm. .1 7 6 5 4 3dm. .21 7 6 5 4m. .321 7 6 5Dm. .4321 7 6Hm. .54321 304 'S: UP PL EM EN T. Any one of these numbers may be expressed in units of any one of its denominations, and read as ones and decimals of that de- nomination. For example, The numbers expressing extension may be read in the denom- ination of the standard unit (the meter), thus: 7,654 and 321 thousandths meters. Again, — this number may be expressed, either as millime- ters, centimeters, decimeters, meters, dekameters, hekto- meters, or kilometers, and read accordingly. ° ^ 7^™- .654321 77. In measuring and tveighing, Measure all dimeiwions in meters^ all capacities i?i liters, and all toeights in grams, icsing decimals only, 7S» In computations^ use 1. Ar and hectar for area of land ; 2. Square meter, square kilometer, square decimeter, and square centimeter for other areas ; 3. Ster for solidity of wood ; Jf, Cubic meter, cubic decimeter, and cubic centimeter, for other volumes ; 5. Tonneau for the weight of articles now estimated by the ton. 70. Metric Unit Equivalents. A meter is ^J- of a yard, or a little more than 39.37 inches. A liter is about .9 of a dry quart, or 1^^ liquid quarts, A gram is about ^ of an avoirdupois ounce. A kilogram or kilo is about 2.2 pounds. An ar is 3.95 square rods, A ster is 35.32 cubic feet. A tonneati is 2,204.6 pounds. SO. The successive units of any number expressing metric measure or weight are in the scale of 10. Multiples of any metric, unit are expressed as integers, and divisors as deci- mals ; and the metric number is written and read as other integers and decimals. Hence, metric tables are unnecessary. METRIC MEASURES AND WEIGHTS. 305 SI* Rule for Metric Notatiois^. Write the metric number the same as any other numher in the decimal scale, loith the addition of the symbol indicating the unit in which it is to be read, 82. Rule for Metric Numeration. Head the number as a number in the decimal scale, giving to it the denomination indicated by its symbol. Or, Head the units of each place separately, beginning at the left, and calling thousands kilo, hundreds hekto, te7is deka, tenths deci, hundredths centi, and thousandths milli. Exercises. Ji. 9548"^-. 263 5. 95""\48263 6, 954^'"-.8263 IS. 52^^78149 IJf. 527^^8149 15. 527^^-8M49 Write 16. 8 kilometers 7 hektometers 3 dekameters 5 meters. 17. b meters 9 centimeters 4 dekameters 2 millimeters. 18. Twenty-eight thousand four hundred sixteen and five ten-thousandths centimeters. 19. Six liters six deciliters six centiliters six milliliters. 20.^ Three kiloliters four liters five and seven tenths de- ciliters. 21. Forty-one and five thousand one hundred sixty-five ten-thousandths kiloliters. 22. Thirty-seven and twenty-nine hundredths hektograms. 23. 3,869 and 218 thousandths kilograms. 21/,. Nine kilograms twenty-two grams three and forty- six hundredths decigrams. S3* Metric numbers are added, subtracted, midtiplied, and divided in the same nnanner as other decimal numbers. Hence, special rules for these processes are unnecessary. Read 1. gKm. gHm. ^Dm. 4™. gd.n. gem. 2mm. 2. 5KI. gHl. 3DI. 51. 2^11. 401. gml. 3. ^Kg. gHg. |Dg. 9ff. 4dg. ^cg. 3mg. 7. g54Dm. gm. 10. 139^\4528 8. 1394^528 11. 139^^1\528 9. 13"\94528 12. 5,278M4c ) [306] § 10. INTEREST. 1. Legal Interest. 84. Legal rate of interest is the rate allowed by law. Sti, Usury is any rate of interest greater than the legal rate. In most States, a party receiving usury is liable to a penalty. 86. Legal Rates of Interest. states. Rates %. 1 states. Rates %. states. Rates %. Alabama 8 1 Kentucky 6 N.C. 6 to 8 Arizona 10 to any Louisiana 5 to 8 Ohio 6 to 8 Arkansas 6 to 10 Maine 6 to any Oregon 8 to 10 California 7 to aiy Maryland 6 Penn. 6 Colorado 10 to any Mass. 6 to any R I. 6 to any Conn. 6 to any Michigan 7 to 10 S. C. 7 Dakota 7 to 12 Minnesota 7 to 10 Tennessee 6 Delaware G Mississippi 6 to 10 Texas 8 to 12 D. C. 6 to 10 Missouri 6 to 10 Utah 10 to any Florida 8 to any Montana 10 to any Vermont 6 Georgia 7 to 8 Nebraska 7 to 10 Virginia 6 Idaho 10 to 18 Nevada 10 to any Wash. T. 10 to any Illinois 6 to 8 N. H. 6 V/. Va. 6 Indiana 6 to 8 N.J. 6 Wisconsin 7 to 10 Iowa 6 to 10 New Mex. 6 to any Wyoming 12 to any Kansas 7 to 12 New York 6 a. If no rate of interest is specified in written obligations involv- ing interest, the legal rate is always understood. b. The legal rate in any State in which two rates are given in this table, is the less of the two rates, unless a higher rate is specified. Any rate not exceeding the higher rate given is legal, if stipu- lated in writing. II. Six Per Cent Method. 87* At Vlfo per annum, the rate per month is 1^ ; At 6^ per annum {^ of 12^), the rate per month is ^^. INTEREST. 307 Rule. I. To find the per cent : — Divide the time expressed in months hy 2, II. To find the interest : — Multiply the principal hy the per cent. Or, since at 12^ per annum the rate per month is 1^, — Divide the principal hy ^, and midtiply the quotient hy .01 of the time expressed in months. Problems. At 6^ per annum, what is the per cent i, .^. For 6 mo. ? For 9 mo.? 3. For 8 mo. 12 da.? Jf. For 5 mo. 18 da.? 5. For 1 yr. 6 mo. ? 6. For 3 y r. 1 mo. 15 da. ? 7. For 2 vr. 29 da.? At %fo per annum, what is the interest 8-11. Of $250 12-15. Of $1,913.50 16-19. Of $629.37 20-23. Of $12,078 for 4 mo. 9 da. ? 5 yr. 7^ mo. ? 4 yr. 20 da. ? 12 yr. 11 mo. 11 da.? Short Method for Days or for Months and Days. r for 12 mo. (1 yr.) is .06 At 6^ per annum, J ''60 da. (^ yr. or 2 mo.) '* .01 the per cent 6 '' (iV of 60 da.) 1 " (^ of 6 da.) .001 .000^ or i i. e. , the per cent is 6X)Vo of the number of days. Hence, SS* Rule. Divide the number of days hy GfiOO, and multiply the principal hy this result. Or, Multiply the principal hy a fraction whose numerator is the number of days, and whose denominator is 6,000. Problems. At 6^, what is the interest of 1. $753 for 20 da.? 2. $18,720 for 75 da.? 3. $2,869.25 for 33 da.? 4. $158.3li for 12 da.? At 6^, what is the interest of 5. $10,000 for 3 da.? 6. $500 for 18 da.? 7. $21,315 for 93 da.? 8. $50,000 for 1 da. ? 308 SUPPLEMENT. Find the interest of 9. $240 for 2 mo. 11 da. 10. $476 for 6 mo. 15 da. 11. $853.25 for 3 mo. 3 da. 12. $2,681.39 for 8 mo. 10 da. Find the interest of 13. $350.75 for 90 da. IJf. $12,097 for 3 mo. 9 da. 15. $972 for 8 mo. 12 da. 16. $2,345.50 for 4 mo. 21 da. III. The Six General Cases of Interest. 89* The per cent may be regarded as the product of the numbers expressing rate of interest and time (see 3^3, h.) ; L e., Per cent = rate of interest x timej in years. 00, The terms used in interest correspond to the terms used in percentage, as sliown below. Terms used in interest. Terms used in percentage. Principal is base; Rate of interest is per cent; Interest is percentage ; A mou nt { principal + interest) is amount {base -^percentage) ; Difference ( principal — interest) is difference {base —percentagt) Considering the terms used in interest as interchangeable with those used in percentage — as given above, — The six general cases of interest are readily deduced from the five general cases of percentage. Case I. Principal, rate of interest, and time given, to lind interest. 01. In percentage, base xj^er cent — the percentage. Hence, Formula. — Interest n^principal xper cent. This case has been fully considered on pages 257-264 Case II. Interest, rate of interest, and time given, to lind principal. 02* In percentage, the percentage -^per cent — base. Hence. Formula. — Principal z=iinterest-r-per cent. Ex. $136.95 is the interest on what sum of money for 2 yr. 9 mo., at 6^ ? INTEREST. ^ 309 Explanation.— $136.95, Process. the interest, is the per- ^n os> -ion m centao-e-and 165 the ^ V^'d mo.=z33 mo, = .165,per cent; per cent on $1 for 2 yr. $1^6,95^.165^ $830, principal 9 mo., is the per cent. I therefore divide $136.95, the interest or percentage, by .165, the ,per cent, and obtain $830, the base, which is the required principal. Problems. Find the principal, the interest of which 1. Is $50.75, at 5^, for 2 yr. 6 mo. 2. Is $1,748.50, at 8^, for 2 yr. 9 mo. 6 da. 3. At 6^, for 6 mo. 10 da., is $300. ^. At seven per cent per annum, is five cents a day. 5. For 2 yr. 4 mo. 12 da., at 6^, is $313. 6. At 4^ for 3 yr. 6 mo., is $5.11. Case III. Principal, rate of interest, and time given, to find amount. 95. In percentage, base x (i-f^:>er cent) =iamoimt. Hence, Formula. — Amount =z principal x {l-\-per cent). This case has been presented on pages 242, 243. Case IV. Amount, rate of interest, and time given, to find principal. 04z* In percentage, amount -r- {l-\-per cent) — base. Hence, YoRUUL A. — Principal— amount-^ [l-f-per cent). Ex. What sura of money, at interest 2 yr. 9 mo., at 6^, will amount to $966.95 ? Explanation. — Process. $966.95, the ^ g mo. =33 mo. = .165, per cent; amount of the i , i /- ^ t -/ ^ r * Ji required princi- 1 ■\- J65 = 1 . IbO, ami. of 1 ; pal for 2 yr. 9 $966 .95 -^ 1 . 165 = $830, principal. mo. , at 6^ per an- num, is the amount ; and 1.165, the amount of 1 + the per cent on 1 for 2 yr. 9 mo., is the amount of 1 for the given time at the given rate. I therefore divide $966.95, the given amount, by 1.165 or by 1 plus the per cent, and obtain $830, the base, which is the required principal. 310 . SUPPLEMENT. Problems. What principal will amount i. To $500.55 in 6 mo., at 7^? 2, To $356 in 1 yr. 4 mo., at 6^? 3, To 1720.60 in 2 yr., at 8^? i. To $135 in 10 yr.,at 10^? 5. To $1,660.10 in 1 yr. 25 da., at 4^? 6, To $461.12 in 1 yr. 11 mo. 18 da., at 5^? Case V. Principal, interest, and time griven, to find rate of interest. Od* In percentage, The percentage-^ {base xper cent at 1^) =per cent. Hence, Formula. — Bate of int€rest=interest-h{principal xper cent at 1^). Ex. At what rate of interest will $400 gain $60, in 2 yr. 6 mo.? Explanation.— Process. $400, the prin- ^ ^ ^, ^^- cipal, multi- ^ ^^- ^ ^o.=2i yr. = .025,per cent at 1^ ; plied by .025, $Jf00x,025=$10; the per cent on qqx ^^^^-^A^e^, $1 for 2 yr. 6 ^ lo^ lO' ^ mo. at 1^, is $10. Since $10 is tlie interest at 1^ for the given time, $1 is the interest at -^ oil'fo, and $60 must be the interest at 60 times ^ of 1^, or fj^, or 6^, which is the required rate of interest. Problems. Find the rate at which the interest 1. Of $36.50 for 4 yr. 5 mo. 26 da. is $7,373. 2. Of $278 for 3 yr. 5 mo. 12 da. is $47.95f S, Of $311.50 for 1 yr. 4 mo. is $24.92. ^. Of $57.92 for 3 yr. 7 mo. 9 da. is $12.54. 5. Of $273.51 for 2 yr. 20 da. is $50.23. 6. Of $1,950 for 5 yr. 4 mo. is : INTEREST. 311 Case VI. Principal, interest, and rate of interest given, to find time. 06* Per cent— rate of interest X time ; and Interests principal x rate of interest X time. Hence, Formula. — Time — inter est -r- {principal x rate of interest). Ex. In what time will $400 gain $60, at 6^? Explanation.— $400, the prin- Process. cipal, multiphed by .06, the tl.on^ n^-tP/ • rate of interest, is $24, the ^^ ^-^^^ ^ '^^ - ^"^-^^ interest on the principal for -^ yr. = ^|- yr. — 2 yr. 6 mo. 1 year. If $1 were the inter- est for 1 year, $60 would be the interest for 60 years. But since $24 is the interest for 1 year, $60 is the interest for ^ of 60 years, which is fj years, or 2 J years, or 2 yr. 6 mo., the re- quired time. Problems. ' 1. Will $125 gain $13.29 interest, at 6^? 2. Will $150 gain $18.75, at 5^? 3. At 4 J^, will $100 gain $100? i. Will any sum double itself, at 1^ a month? 5. At 10^, will $15,000 lose $750? . 6. Will $340.25 gain $20.84, at 7^? Problems in the Six General Cases of Interest. 1. The interest on a note at 9^, for 1 yr. 8 mo., is $42. For what sum was the note given ? 2. May 5, I borrow $1,725 in Detroit, Mich., and pay it Nov. 15, with interest. How much do I pay ? S. A note for $600.50 and interest is dated, Cleveland, O., July 26, 1881. What amount is due Jan. 26, 1884? i. What is the semi-annual interest of a mortgage for $4,375, on a house in Baltimore, Md.? 5. Sept. 3, 1884, a Kansas farmer pays $1,477.59, the amount of a mortgage on his farm, dated April 7, 1882. For what sum was the mortgage given? In what time 312 SUPPLEMENT. 6. What sum must be put at interest, at 6^, that a boy 15 yr. 4 mo. old may receive $2,010. when 21 years old? 7. In 4 years I am to receive $800. What sum should I receive now to cancel the claim, money being worth 5^ ? 8. A man in Pittsburgh, Pa., paid $134.40 for the in- terest on a mortgage of $420. How long had the mortgage run? 9. A young lady had $1,600 at interest, at 6^, until it amounted to $2,000. What was the time ? 10. I paid $4.60 interest on a loan of $276, for 2 mo. 15 da. What rate of interest did I pay ? 11. A lady whose expenses are $1 a day, has $9,125 in money. At what rate must she loan it, that the interest will pay her expenses ? 12. A South Carolina planter paid $22.40 interest on a loan for 9 mo. 18 da. What was the loan ? 13. I received $98.28 interest for 1 yr. 8 mo. 24 da. on a loan, at 7^. What was the sum loaned ? 14. Oct. 31, 1882, a San Francisco lawyer collected a debt of $840, which had been due since May 29, 1880. What was the amount collected ? 15. Philadelphia, Jan. 28, 1882, I paid $1,698.50, the amount of a note dated Sept. 18, 1878. For what sum was the note given ? 16. April 4 of this year a Denver, Col., merchant paid a note dated June 27 of last year, for $3,650 and interest. What amount did he pay ? 17. A Missouri lumberman paid $103.68 interest, at the highest legal rate, for a loan of $684. Whaf was the time ? 18. I bought a pair of horses for $450, and sold them at 20^ advance, receiving in payment a note due in 1 yr. 3 mo. 15 da., at 6^ interest. Eight months afterward I sold the note for $550. What rate of interest did I receive on the note ? If the note was paid at maturity, what rate of inter^ est did the buyer of the note receive on his investment ? INTEREST. 313 IV. Exact Interest. 07* In computing interest for months and days by the methods given on pages 257-264, 30 days are regarded as a month, and 360 days as a year. Consequently, the interest for months and days, found by these methods, is -^^ or i^ part of itself too great, for a common year ; and -^^ or -^ part of itself too great, for a leap-year. Hence, 98. Rule. I. Compute the interest for months and days by the general rule. II. Prom the result subtract j^j of itself, if the year is a common year; or /^ of itself if the year is a leap-year. ^rk T^ r, ' S Prin.x rate X time in yr, and Vlfm roRMULA. — Axact interest z:^ i o/?r^7 o/^i?^z ^ ( booths or oboths of a year. Peoblems. What is the exact interest 1. Of $84.25 for 10 mo., at the rate in Illinois? 2. Of $400 for 2 mo. 9 da., at the rate in Indiana ? 5. Of $3,225 for 1 yr. 7 mo. 19 da., at the rate in Con- necticut ? 4. Of $1,852.60 for 2 yr. 3 mo. 12 da., at the rate in Ken- tucky ? 6. Of $7,325 for 3 yr. 2 mo. 20 da., at the rate in Virginia ? 6. Of $32,782.52 for 4 yr. 4 mo. 10 da., at the rate in Massachusetts ? 7. Of $22,064.60 for 4 mo. 15 da., at the rate in New Jersey ? 5. Of $8,673 for 20 days, at the rate in Pennsylvania? 9. Of $15,000 for 1 day, at the rate in ]S"ew York ? 10. Of $2,000 from' Nov. 15, 1880, to April 1, 1881, at 5fo ? 11. Of $6,500 from March 1, 1882, to Aug. 10 of the pres- ent year ? 12. Of $9,355.25 from April 4 to July 7, at 1f^ ? O [314] § 11. BUSINESS PAPER. 100. Business paper consists of written or printed doc- uments, used as representatives of money value. The principal classes of business paper are notes, oi'ders, drafts, and receipts. (For forms, see pages 360-362.) 101. An indorsement of any business paper is a writing upon it, that 1. Assigns or transfers ownership; or 2. Gives security for the fulfilment of the obligation; or 3. Acknowledges a partial payment. An mdorsement is usually written on the back of the paper. 102. Negotiable paper is any business paper that may be transferred, with or without indorsement. 103. A 2y^oniissory note is a paper that acknowledges a debt, and promises payment at a specified time, uncondi- tionally. 1. The maker of a note is the person who signs it. 2. The ijayee is the person to whom the note is payable. 3. The indorser is the party who writes his name upon the back of the note, as security for its payment. 4. Days of grace are three days allowed after the time named in the note has expired, before the note is legally due. 5. Maturity is the last day of grace. a» When the third day of grace falls on Sunday or on a legal holi- day, the note matures on the second day of grace. b. The banks of Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, Pennsylvania, and Washington City charge interest for the day on which a note is discounted, and the day on which it matures, — making the in- terest period practically one day longer than in other States. 6. The face of a note is the sum to be paid at its maturity. The face of a note on interest is the amount of principal and in- terest. [315] § IS. DISCOUNT. 104. Discount is a deduction from a selling price, or from an account, or from any obligation before it is due. 10 5. The 2>re«eiif ivortli or proceeds of an obligation is its face minus the discount. Discount is of three kinds, commercial discount, bank discount, and true discount, I. Commercial Discount. 100* Coniniercial discount is a percentage deducted from the list price of goods, or from the gross amount of bills or other obligations, without regard to time. a. Per cent offh another name for commercial discount. b. The proceeds or net value of -a bill is the gross amount minus the percentage. 107* Ex. Bought a bill of goods amounting to $487 at list prices, 15^ off. What was the net value of the goods ? Peocess. $48 7 X .lo zzz $73.05, commercial discount; and $Jf.87~$7S.05=z$4.13,95, net value ; Or, 1 — .15 — .85, net rale; and $ ^8 7 y,. 8 5 ^$4 IS, 9 5, net value. lOS* In computations in commercial discount, a. Invoice price or amount of ohliffation=zbase ; b. Per cent off=zper cent ; c. Commercial discount =zpercentage. 100 • j I. Obligation X^ off = commercial discount. Formulas. ( II. Obligation — commercial discount =zproceeds. Or, III., Obligation X net rate ^= proceeds or net value. Problems. What is the commercial discount on a bill of goods 1. Invoiced at $300, sold on 3 mo., 2^^ off for cash ? 2. Invoiced at $1,250, sold on 4 mo., 5^ off for cash ? 316 SUPPLEMENT. 3. For $862.50, sold on 90 da., Sj^ off for cash ? Jf. For $219. V5, sold on 60 da., l^'jC off for cash? Find the j 5. A book, the Hst price being $2.50, 30;^ off. cost of ( ^. A box of glass, hst price $8.90, 60^ and 25^ off. 7. 1 gross of fruit cans, at $1.50 per doz., 40;^ and bresent worth=true discountj or percentage. The process of finding the present worth is therefore the same as Case IV, p. 300. Hence, 121. Formulas. \ ^'/^^^'^^ wor th = amount ^{1-^ per cent). ( //. Discount = amount — present worth. Ex. Find the true discount, at 6^, on $375.70 due in 8 mo. Explanation.— $375. 70, the sum Process. due in 8 mo., is the amount or S mo. = .O^^per cent ; an I face ; and 1.04, the amount of i ^ ^QJ^ = 1 .o\, amt. of 1 ; 1 plus the rate on 1 ^S7 5 .1 -^ 1 .0 J, = %S6 1.25 ; S'ercent %S1 5 .1 ^ %S6 1.25 ^%H.U5. I therefore divide $375.70, the sum to be discounted, by 1.04 or 1 plus the per cent, and obtain $361.25, the present worth. I then subtract $361.25, the present worth, from $375.70, the sum to be discounted, and obtain $14.45, the required true discount. Problems. 1. What is the true discount on $100, due in 2 mo., at 6^? 2. On $854 due in 7 mo. 15 da., at 10^? S. On $69.50 due in 1 yr. 6 mo., at 7;^? ^. On $732.25 due in 4 mo. 20 da., at 6^? ' 5. Of $1,000 due in 2 yr., at 5^^? What is the J 6. Of $3,500 due in 8 mo. 21 da., at 6,^? present worth I 7. Of $1,275 due in lyr. 10 mo. 12 da., at 10^? I 8. Of $91.42 due in 8 mo. 20 da., at 6^? DISCOUNT, 319 Find the true discount, and the present worth, 9. Of $925 due in 1 yr. 8 mo., discounted at 6^. 10. Of $2,992.54 due in 7 mo., discounted at 4^^. 11. Of $600 due in 4 yr., discounted at 5^. 12. Of $560 due in 1 yr. 6 mo., discounted at V^. Problems in Discount. 1. What is the net cash cost of a bill of goods amount- ing to $957.60, on 4 months time, 5^ off for cash ? 2. At 6^ per annum, what is the discount for the present payment of a note for $1,375.70, due in 9 months ? 3. What will be the proceeds of a note for $4,500, due in 6 months, discounted at a bank in San Francisco ? 4. A broker buys a 6 months note, at 8^ discount, and pays $2,250 for it. What is the face of the note ? 5. Bought a bill of goods amounting to $1,890, on 8 months ; and cashed it at a discount of 10^ off for 30 days, and a further discount of 5^ for cash. What was the net cash cost of the goods ? 6. A Western dealer buys carriages in New Haven, Conn., amounting to $4,440, on 4 months, or 5^ off for cash. How much will he make by borrowing the money at a New Haven bank, and cashing the bill ? 7. For what sum must I draw my note, at 4 months, to borrow $2,685 at a bank in Baltimore ? 8. An immigrant buys a Kansas farm for $950 ; terms $500 cash, balance in 2 years without interest. In 8 months he pays the balance, less 9^ discount. How much does he pay ? 9. Jan. 9 I took a note for $344 due in 9 months with interest. March 19a bank in St. Paul, Minn., discounted the note for me. How much did I realize from the note ? 10. What is the difference between discounting a bill of goods at 25^ and 10^ off, and discounting the same bill at 10^ and 25^ off? [320] § 13. COMPOUND INTEREST. Interest is sometimes made payable annually, semi - an- nually, or quarterly, with the agreement between parties concerned that, if not paid when due, it is to be added to the principal, and the two are to form a new principal. 122* Compound interest is the interest on a principal formed by adding interest to a former principal. Hence, I. 77ie amount of the princi2:>al for the first interest term (i. e., for 1 yr., 6 mo., etc.) is the princijml for the second in- terest term ; the amount of this principal for the second inter- est term is the principal for the third interest term ; and so on. XL The final amount^ minus the first principal^ is the com- pound interest for the ichole time, Ex. What is the compound interest of $372.50 for 2 years, at 6^. Explanation.— Since the amount Process. of any interest term is the prod- i, 3 J 2, 50 Prin. uct of the principal multiplied i' OR 7 _l * by 1 plus the rate, I multiply llil^L ^ '^ '*'^^^- the principal, $372.50, by 1.06, $894.85 { }'; -^t /or 'J^."^ and obtain $394.85, the amount 1 06 1 -^ rate for 1 year. I multiply tliis '- amount by 1.06, as before, and %U18.5U Ami. for 2 yr. obtain $418.54, the amount for 872.50 Prin. 2 years. Then subtracting the - -^. Subtracting $185, 1^:0/^65 = 1.0J,65, amt. of 1. the payment, from %S40 x 1.0465 = %879.06, amt. this amount, I ob- %879. 06 - $185 = $694. 06, Tieic pnn. *tain a remainder 11 mo. 16 da. = 11.5^ 7no.= .057^, per cent. of $694.06 for a l+.057i = 1.057lamt.of 1. new principal. ^^94.06 x 1.057^ = $734.08, amt. $30, the second ^734,08- $30 - $704.08, hal. due. payment, made Nov. 3, 1881, did not exceed the interest due ; and I next find the amount of $694.06, from Jan. 19, 1881, to Jan. 5, 1882, which is $734.08. Subtractini^ from this amount $30, the payment made Nov. 3^ lySl, I have $704.08, the required amount due Jan. 5, 1882. PARTIAL PAY3fENTS, 323 Condensed Form of Written Work. Dates. ) yr. 4 mo. 10 da. 19 5 Interest Periods. 9mo. 9da.= 9.3 mo. 11 16 =11. Ci mo. 1.0465 1.0571 Principals. $840 694.06 704.08 $879.06 734.08 Pay'ts. $185 30 Problems. 1. A store was sold in Indianapolis, Ind., for $4,750; payments, $2,100 cash, $1,200 in one year, and the balance in two years. How much was the last payment ? 2, Memorandum: — Nov. 26, 1880, gave a note for $1,780, at 6^. June 25, 1881, paid $160 ; Nov. 1, 1881, paid $525. How much was due March 11, 1882 ? S. On a note for $450, dated Louisville, Ky., April 15, 1881, $200 was paid Jan. 24, 1882. What amount was due Nov. 8, 1882? ^. A mortgage for $12,500, dated Detroit, Mich., Oct. 31, 1879, bears the following Indorsements :— May 28, 1880, $900; Jan. 1, 1881, : July 14, 1881, $375; Nov. 29, 1881, $745 ; Aug. 11,1882, What amount was due Jan. 22, 1883 ? B, S765 Springfield, Mass., March. lU^ 1880. (y/i c/e7nand, Qy ht07?7Me ^o ha7/ io Q/noniad 077ietdon, oi otc^et, (Reverb c^ctnc/ied ^ixi7j=/tve Q^JoCuztd, wUn tntete^t, Joi value te-^ Indorsements :— Oct. 31, 1881, $50; June 11, 1882, $285. Find the balance due, Sept. 25, 1882. 6> ^j> ^QQ Washington, D.C., Btc. 5, 1881. ^Tie 'ueaz a/let e/ale, ti/e hionif'de lo ha7/ ^o ^^^otae Q2). 'crai^?net, /ot va/ue tecetvec/. Mo^tk^cm, ^/ati ^ ^o. Indorsements: — July 2, 1882, $350; Nov. 8, 1882, $675. W^hat was the balance due March 18, 1883? 324 SUPPLEMENT. 126. When settlements are made within a year after interest commences, the computations of interest are often made by the II. Mercantile Rule for Partial Payments. I. Compute the interest on the principal for the lohole time, II. Coynpute the interest on each payment, from its date to the time of settleme^it, III. Subtract tJie amount of the payments from tJie amount of the principal. In making computations by this rule, exact interest for daj^s is commonly considered. Problems. 1. If I borrow $1,250 for 1 yr., at 6^^, and pay $625 in 5 mo., how much do I owe at the end of the year? 2. On a mortgage for $3,125, dated July 5, 1880, a payment of $1,450 was made April 23, 1881. What amount was due Jan. 17, 1882? S. June 7, 1881, 1 borrowed $8,000, at 4-J^. Jan. 28, 1882, I paid $3,500; and Aug. 14, 1882, $2,750. How much was due Feb. 3, 1883? III. Annual Interest. 127* In some States, a written obligation containing the words " with interest annually," or " with annual interest," is a legal contract on the part of the maker of the obligation, to pay sim- ple interest on the principal at the end of each year, whether the principal, or any part of it, is due or not. If the maker fails to pay the interest at the end of each year, the law allows to the holder, in the nature of damages, simple interest on the unpaid yearly interests, until they are paid ; but it does not allow inter- est on these interests. 128. Annual interest is simple interest upon the prin- cipal, and upon each year's interest of the principal, due and unpaid. PARTIAL PAYMENTS. 325 120 • Ex. 1. A note for $850, with interest annually, was taken up at the end of 5 years. How much interest had accrued ? Full Solution. Interest due on principal at the end of each year^ $850 x .06z=$-51 1 yr.^s int. draws simple int. for Jf yr. -f 3 yr.-\-2 yr. -{-lyr.^iz 10 yr. 10 yr.at 6fc — 10x.06 = .Q>0 — per cent. Simple int. on 1 ijr.h int. for 10 yr., $51 x .60 = $ 80.60 Interest on p)Tincipal for 5 yr., $850 x .06 x 5=z 255 Total interest, $285.60 Ex. 2. What is the interest of $350 for 4 yr. 8 mo. 12 da., interest payable annually ? Full Solution. Interest due on principal at the end of each year, $350 x .06:=$21 1 yr.^s int. draics simple int. for 3 yr. 8 mo. 12 da.-\-2 yr. 8 mo. 12 da. + l yr. 8 mo. 12 da.-\-8 mo. 12 da.=8 yr. 9 mo. 18 da, 8 yr. 9 mo. 18 da. at 6fo = 105.6 mo. = .528, per ciiit. Simple int. on 1 yr.^s int. for 8 yr. 9 mo. 18 da., $21 X. 528 = $11.09 Jf yr. 8 mo. 12 da. =56. 4- mo. = .282, per cent. Int. on prin.for 4 yr. 8 mo. 12 da., $350 x .282 = $98.70 Total interest, $109.79 Hence, when interest is payable annually, the total interest of any sum of money for any given time is made up of I. The interest on the principal for t/ie ivhole time ; II. The simple interest on one year'^s int&i^est for the sum of the periods of time the several yearly interests remain U7i- paid. Problems. At 6^, interest payable annually, find the interest of 1. $800 for 5 years. 2. $241 for 4 yr. 2 mo. 3. $124 fov 6 yr. 8 mo. If. $172 for 3 yr. 3 mo. 3 da. 5. $387.50 for 5 yr. 4 mo. 15 da. 6. $574.45 for 3 yr. 9 mo. 14 da. 7. $96.84 from Nov. 27, 1880, to July 10, 1884. 8. $1,000.40 from April 1, 1880, to July 10, 1885. 326 SUPPLEMENT. At 6^, interest payable annually, what is the amount 9, Of a note for $600, which has run 4 yr. 3 mo. 15 da. ? 10. Of a mortgage of $2,000, for 2 yr. 7 mo. 20 da. ? 11. Of $520 from Oct. 10, 1882, to the present day? IV. Special State Law^s for Partial Payments. ISO* Vermont. When notes, bills, or other obligations draw annual interest, and any part or the whole of this interest remains unpaid, — /. Payments draw interest to the end of the yearly interest terms in which they are made. II. The amount of any payment or payments made in any in- terest terms is applied 1st. — To cancel interest due on unpaid yearly interests ; 2d. — To cancel unpaid yearly interests ; 3d. — To cancel the principal. The last balance must be computed to the date of settlement. 13T* New Hampshire. Payments not exceeding interest due at the end of the year., and made expressly on account of interest accruing hut not yet due, do not draw interest. At the end of the year they must be applied to the payment of the interest then accrued. In all other respects the law is the same as in Vermont. 132, Connecticut. /. W/fcn a year'^s interest or more has accrued at the time of a payment, or when any payment is less than the interest due, and also in case of the last payment, the interest is computed by the U. S. Court Rule. II. When less than a year'^s interest has accrued at the time of any payment, except the last, the amount of the payment from its date to the end of the full year is deducted from the amount of the principal for the full year ; the remainder is the 7ietv principal for the next interest tenn. Note. — Pupils in any of these three States should be required to solve all the problems in partial payments (page 323) by the special law for their State. [327] § 15. BONDS. 133. A bonil is a written obligation from one party, securing to another the payment of a given sum, at or be- fore a specified time, with interest payable annually, semi- annually, or quarterly. a. Bonds are issued for the purpose of borrowing money. b. The principal bonds bought and sold by brokers are govern- ment, state, city, and railroad bonds. United States securities or government bonds are desig- nated as registei'ed bonds and coupon bonds. 134:. A registered bond is one that is recorded on the books of tbe Treasury Department at Washington, as the property of a certain person. 13S* A coupon is an interest certificate attached to a bond. 136. A coupon bond is a bond to Avhich coupons are attached. "When the interest on a coupon bond is paid, a coupon is detached, by the holder, and given up as a receipt. Bonds are usually named from the authority that issued them and the rate of interest they bear. Virginia 6's are bonds bearing 6^ interest, issued by the State of Virginia. Brokerage is ^^ to |^ of the par value of stocks and bonds. List of the Principal U. S. Bonds outstanding Jan. 1, 1882. Names of Bonds, When Redeemable. Rates of Interest. Interest Payable. Four-and-a-halfs of 1891 After Sept. 1, 1891. 'iifo Quarterly. Fours of 1907 After July 1, 1907. H Quarterly. Three-and-a-halfs At option of Gov't. 3if» U. S. Pacific KR. cur- ) rency sixes ) j July 1, 1892, and ) ( July 2, 1894. f 6^ Semi-annually. Currency sixes 1895 to 1899. 6^ Semi-annually. 328 S UPPL EM EN T. 137* In compu- tations in bonds IS CO a« Par ?;a/i«e or face of bond — tetf ; b. Rate of premium or discount z=i per cent ; c. Market value = amount or difference. Hence, /. Market xalue=fa^ of bond x\^'^_ '.^^ %^^Zur!!^: '''' „ ^ ^, -, , . , i\-\- rate of premium, or II. Fa^ ofbona = marlc t «'«'«« H- ] j _ ^^^ ofdmount. III. Rate of premium = (market valite —face) -r- face. IV. Rate of discount = (face — market value) -^face. ' Problems. Find the market value of the following securities: 1. Of Panama RR. 500-dollar bonds, at 67, brokerage ^^. 2. Of Government 4^8 of 1907, at 118|, brokerage -J^. How many 100-dollar bonds can be bought 3. For $21,535, of Tenn. 5's, at 91, brokerage J^ ? Jf, For $3,944, of K J. Central RR, at 115f, brokerage li^ 9 For $21,540, of Central Pacific RR, at 89f, brokerage 6. For $7,048, of Mich. 7's, at 110, brokerage ^fo ? Which is the better investment, and how much the better, — 7. Michigan 7's of '90, at 115; or Missouri 6's, at 112 ? 8. Georgia sevens, at 119; or Virginia sixes, at 116 ? P. 5^ bonds, at 102 ; or S^fo bonds, at 87| ? 10. Government fours, at 102 ; or four-and-a-half s, at 113 ? 11. How much will 3 1,000-dollar Government four-and-a- half s cost, at S^fo premium ? 12. A capitalist invested $20,352 in New York City bonds, at 4^ discount. What amount in b®nds did he receive ? 13. Currency 6's at 105, will pay what ^ on investment? 14' I invest $20,500 in Virginia sixes, at 111. The annua] interest is what per cent on the investment? [329] § 16. EQUATION OF PAYMENTS. 139 • Equation of payments is the process of finding the time for paying, in one sum, several debt3 due at differ- ent times, without loss to debtor or creditor. a. The ter^n of credit is the time that must elapse be- fore a debt matures. b. The equated time is the time for paying, in one sum, several debts due at different times. 14z0, Ex. Find the equated time for the payment of $300 due in 2 mo., $500 due in 4 mo., and $200 due in 6 mo. Full Solution. Int. of $800 for 2 mo. = int. of $1 for 300 x 2 mo., or 600 mo, " " 500 '* 4 " == '' " 1 " SOO X 4- '' " 2,000 " " " 200 '' 6 '' — " " 1 " 200 X ^ " " 1,200 " " ''$lfidb '' ? '' rr " " i '' 1 thousandth of 3,800 " 8,800 mo. -r- 1^000 =i 3.8 mo. = 3 mo. 2 J/, da., equated time. Hence, Rule. Multiply each tenn of credit by the numher expressing the payment; and divide the sum of the products by the number expressing the sum of the pay7nents. The result will be in the same denomination of time as the given terms of credit. Problems. 1. Find the equated time for the payment of $200 due in 3 mo., $240 due in ^^ mo., and $320 due in 5 mo. 2. I owe $425 due to-day, $150 due in 6 months, and $275 due in 9 months, and I wish to give one note due at the equated time. On w^hat date must the note be made pay- able? 3. Jan. 1, a merchant owes the sums $ 700 due Mar. 15. named in the margin, and he gives his 250 " Apr. 1. note for the entire amount payable in 825 " Apr. 15. one sum, at the equated time. When 1,000 " May 10. does the note mature ? 1,425 " June 1. [330] § 17. EXCHANGE. 141. Exchange is a transaction in wliich a party in one place pays money to a party in another place, by an order upon a third party, and without the transmission of money. a. Domestic or inland exchange relates to remittances made between places in the same country. b. Foreign exchange relates to remittances made between places in different countries. 14i2* A draft or hill of exchange is a written order for money, drawn in one place and payable in another. Example. — A party in Cleveland, -wishing to pay a creditor in New York, buys at a Cleveland bank a draft on a New York bank, payable to the order of the party in New York. The Cleveland party sends this draft to his creditor in New York, and the latter indorses it, presents it to the New York bank, and receives the face of the draft in money. 14:3. A sight draft is a draft payable at sight, i, e., when presented. 14:4:. A time draft is a draft payable at a future time named in it. a. Grace is allowed on time drafts, but not on sight drafts. b. Time drafts are subject to bank discount for the term of credit given. C. Any creditor may give a draft, or draw on a debtor. Note. — See forms of drafts, page 3G2. 14S. The parties to a transaction in exchange are the drawer or iiiaker, the buyer or remitter^ the drawee, and \hiQ payee, 1. The drawer or payer is the party who signs or issues the draft. 2. The buyer or remitter is the party who purchases the draft. S, The drawee is the party pn whom the draft is drawn. EXCHANGE, 331 4. The payee is the party to whose order the draft is made payable. The maker and remitter, or the remitter and payee, may be the same party ; in either of which cases there will be but three parties to the transaction. 14:6. An acceptance is a w^'itten promise of the drawee to pay the draft at maturity. A drawee accepts a draft, by writing across its face Accepted, fol- lowed by his name. This acceptance makes him responsible for the payment of the draft at maturity. 14:7 • The balance of trade between places or countries is the difference between the amounts due to and from each place or country by the other. Example.— St. Louis owes New York $12,375,090, and New York owes St. Louis $10,500,000. The balance of trade between the two cities is $1,825,000 against St. Louis and in favor of New York. In this case, in St. Louis, exchange on New York is at a premium ; and in New York, exchange on St. Louis is at a dis- count. Drafts are bought at par, at a premium^ or at a discount. 148. Bate of exchange is the difference between the face of a draft and its cost. The rate of exchange is affected by the condition of the balance of trade between the two places concerned. In computations in exchange a. Face of draft = base. b. Mate of exchange ^= per cent. c. Premium or discount =1 per- centage. d. Cost of draft = < Amount or difference. e. JF'ace minus bank discount = proceeds of time draft. Hence, a7i7/ prohlem in exchange comes under one or more of the cases in percentage. \ I. Face x\{ + '■"'' "f ^«'«»'«"^ «'• I = Cost. jL4:U. J ( i — 7'ate of discount, ) Formulas, t ^^ ^^^^ -^ -j ^ + ^''^^^ ^^' premiuin, or ) ^^^^^^ ^ * ' \l — rate of discount, ) 332 SUPPLEMENT. Problems. Find the cost of a sight draft Jf. For $631, at 2^^ discount. 5. For 6389, at 15^ discount. 6. For §2, 750, at l^fo discount. 1. For $250, at ^fo premium. 2. For $456.50, at 2|^ premium. 3. For $1,325 at 15^ premium. Find the face of a sight draft which cost 7. $116.44, at Iki premium. I 9, $835.63, at ^^o discount. 8, $1,000, at i^ premium. 1 10, $3,521, at 2|;^ discount. Find the cost of a draft 11, For $500, at 60 da., premium at -J^^, interest 4^. 12, For $1,732, at 30 da., premium ^^ interest 6^. 13, For $2,000, at 10 da., discount i^, interest 1^ per mo. H. How much will it cost me to make a remittance of $1,750 from Boston to Charleston, exchange on Charleston being at 98|^ {i. e., at 1|^^ discount) ? 15, How much must a man in St. Louis pay for a sight draft on Boston for $532, exchange being 102^^? 16, A merchant in Burlington, Iowa, wishing to remit to a creditor in Philadelphia, buys a draft at |^ premium, and pays $2,460 for it. What is the face of the draft ? 17, A lawyer in Wheeling, W. Va., having $745.50 be- longing to a client in Denver, purchases a sight draft with it on a Denver broker, at 103. What is the face of the draft? 18, What must I pay in Cincinnati for a draft on New York for $2,400, payable 60 days after sight, exchange on New York being 100|? On a time drafts compute both the discount and the rate of exchange, on the face of the draft. 19, A San Francisco banker sold a draft on New York for $6,117, payable 30 days after date, when exchange on New York was at 3^ premium. What was the face of the draft ? 20, A broker in Boston pays $1,352.62 for a draft payable at Columbus, Ohio, 30 days after sight, at 98|^. What is the face of the draft ? [333] § 18. RATIO AND PROPORTION. I. Ratio. ISO, Ratio is the relative value of two like numbers, expressed by the quotient of the first divided by the second. The ratio of 13 to 4 is 3 (12-^4=3); of $34 to $6 is 4. Ratio is always expressed by an abstract number. 1^1. The terms of a ratio are the numbers whose val- ues are compared. a. The antecedent is the first term. b. Tlie consequent is the second term. C. In expressing the ratio of 13 to 4, 13 and 4 are the terms of the ratio, 13 is the antecedent, and 4 is the consequent, d. The terms of a ratio are called a couplet, ltj2» The sign of ratio is the colon (:), written between the terms. It is read "the ratio of." 13 : 4 is read ''the ratio of 13 to 4." Ratio may also be expressed in the form of a fraction, the antece- dent being written for the numerator, and the consequent for the denominator. Thus, 13:4 = ^^-. Exercises. Read Express, in both forms, the ratio 11. Of $.48 to $.00. X^. Of $9 to $15. 13. Of 28 yd. to 4 yd. U. Of 5 lb. to 621 lb. i. 32 : 8=134. I 2. ^=,4.. \ 7. Of 12 to 4. 5. 56 men: 7 men = 8. j ^. Of 49 to 7. ^. 7 men : 56 men=r|. . ^ Of 5 to 30. 5. 40 bn. : 16 bu.rr:2|-. | 10. Of 9 to 72. 6. 16 bu. : 40 bn.r^f. | 15. Of 1,756.25 mi. to 28.1 mi. IS 3* A simple ratio is a ratio that has but one ante- cedent and one consequent. 1S4» A compound ratio is the ratio of the products of the like terms of two or more simple ratios. The simple ratio of 16 : 4 is ^£-, or 4; *' '' 9:3"§, or3; ''compound '' " -j g ! 3 |- is i;|- x §, or 4 x 3, or 13. 334 SUPPLEMENT. 155. Rules for Finding Ratios. I. To find a simple ratio : — Dimde the antecedent by the consequent. II. To find a compound ratio : — Dimde the product of the antecedents of all the simple ratios by the product of all the consequents. If the terms of a ratio are denominate numbers, reduce them to the same denomination. Find the ratio Problems. 1. Of 45 to 15. Jf, Of 12 h. to 16 li. 2. Of 14 to 112. 5, Of $1.25 to $6.25. 3. Of 29 to 8. 6. Of iVi yd. to 2^ yd, Find the unknown number in each of the following ex pressions : ConseqiieDtg. 7, 3.5 mo. : 24.5 mo. 8, 35 da. : 4 da. 9 h. 9, 1 gall qt. : 10 gal. Antecedent. 10. 1,275 11. $300 12. — rd. Consequent. 425 $- 5 ft. Ratio. ' Antecedei .75 13 r 5: 66 . 30: Ratio. = 90 Which is the greater, the ratio U, Of 16 to 24, or the ratio of 28 to 84 ? 15, Of 4 ft. to 3 yd., or the ratio of 96 rd. to 1 mi. ? 16, The antecedents of a compound ratio are 12, 4, and 8; and the consequents are 36, 11, and 21. What is the compound ratio ? 17, Compound the ratios 5 : 8, 72 : 3, 30 : 5. 18, The antecedents are ^\, f , and f ; and the consequents are |, 6, and |^. What is the compound ratio ? II. Simple Proportion. 156. Proportion is an equality of ratios. 157* Simple proportion is an equality of two simple ratios. Since the ratio of 15 to 3 equals the ratio of 10 to 2, these two ratios form the proportion, 15 : 3: :10 : 2. RATIO AND PROPORTIOK 335 138 • The si^n of proportion is the double coloii (::), written between the ratios. It is read " as " or " equals." a. The proportion 15 : 3: :10 : 2 is read *' 15 is to 3 as 10 is to 2,'* or "the ratio of 15 to 3 equals the ratio of 10 to 2." b. Proportion may also be expressed by the sign of equality. Thus, 15:3=10:2. Id9» Four numbers are required to express a simple proportion. a. The extretnes of a proportion are the first and fourth terms. h* The means of a proportion are the second and third terms. Writing the proportion 12 : 4: :15 : 5 in the fractional form, and re- ducing the expressions to similar fractions — keeping the factors separate — we have 12 . . 15_12X5 . . 15X4 4**5 4X5* ' 5X4 The factors 12 and 5 of the first numerator are the extremes of the given proportion; the factors 15 and 4 of the second numerator are the means ; and the products of these two sets of factors are equal. Hence, 160, Peinciple. — The product of the extremes equals the prodiict of the means. Applying General Problems XIV, XV, XVI, page 104, to this Principle, we have the following f _ Extreme X extreme . . I I. ■— — — = the other mean. 161. Formulas. J ''*^''- ™^«« j ^^ Mean X mean ^, . II. -: = the oilier extreme. L either extreme The solution of a proportion is the process of finding one of its terms, when the other three are given. Problems. Find the unknown term in each of these 20 proportions : 1. 6: 30:: 7: -. 2. 1: 3::4: — . ^.6: 8:: — :12. ^. 4: -:: 3: 9. 5. — : 10:: 18: 5. 6. 9: — :: 3:5. 336 SUPPLEMENT. 7. '12 9 8, 18 24 9. 5 9 10. 10 — 11. — 21 12. 40 — 13. 12.5 5 16 — 24 — — 8. 21 14. 35 15. 8 5.3. 27 "~ 1 11 lOi 8f : : — : 7. 15. — A : : A: A. 16. $.16 $.48 : :-qt.: 3 qt. 17. 10 lb. —lb. : : 15: 6. 18. — oz. 12 oz. : : $4: $9. 19. 21 — : : 9 yd. 3 yd. 20. 12mi. : 2 mi. : : 19: — 162. From the preceding problems it will be seen that The first term of a proportion is greater or less than the second^ according as the third term is greater or less than the fourth. 103* In any problem in simple proportion three terms are given, and a fourth term is required. a. Two of the three given terms are like numbers; and the ratio of these two terms equals the ratio of the other known term and the required term. b. To tnake a statement in proportion, is to arrange the three given terms, so that two of them form one ratio ; the remaining term and the required term, another ratio ; and the ratios, a pro- portion. Ex. If 16 acres of land produce 424 bushels of wheat, 27 acres will produce how many bushels ? Process. 16 A.:27 A. :: 42i bu.:-bu, S3 27 X 0^ hu. HSlhu. x& 715^ hu. Explanation. — 16 acres aud 37 acres form the first ratio, and 424 bushels and — bushels form the second ratio. Since 16 acres are less than 27 acres, 424 bushels — produced from 16 acres — must be less than the number of bushels produced from 27 acres. I there- fore write 424 bushels for the first term of the second ratio, or the third term of the proportion; and, since this term is less than the required term, I write 16 acres — the less of the two given like numbers — for the antecedent of the first ratio, and 27 acres for the consequent. Solving the proportion, I have 715J bushels, the required term. RATIO AND PROPORTION. 337 If 424 bushels are made tlie consequent of the second ratio, 16 acres must be the consequent of the first ratio, and the required number of bushels will be the third term. Thus, 27A.:16A.::— bu.:424bu. 16 4z. Rule for Simple Peoportioit. I. For the third term : — Write the number that is of the same kind as the required term. II. For the first ratio : — Write the other tioo numbers, the greater for the second term, when the required term is to be greater than the third term; and the less for the second term, when the required term is to be less than the third term, III. To find the fourth or required term : — Multiply the second and third terms together, and divide the product by the first term. a. When necessary, reduce the terms of the first ratio to the same denomination, before solving the proportion. b. Cancel all like factors from the given extreme and either m.ean. Problems. Find the cost 1. Of 32 bu. of lime, at $14.25 for 57 bu. 2. Of 9i lb. of beef, at 1 1.7 8^ for 12f lb. S. Of 11 yd. of broadcloth, when 6 yd. cost 130.75. Jf.. Of a barrel of flour, when 23 pounds cost $1.15. 5. Of 27 rm. 6 quires of paper, at $13.87^ for 11 rm. 2 quires. e. Of 9f cd. of wood, if 15.75 cd. cost $94.50. 7. Of 7 centals of wheat, @ $1.15 a bushel. 8. Of 3.25 tons of hay, when 2.9 tons cost $24.65. 9. Of 44| gal. of milk, if 53 gal. 3 qt. cost $2.68. 10. If a carriage wheel makes 802 revolutions in running 3 mi. 60 rd. 12 ft., how many revolutions will it make in run- ning 25 mi. 15 rd. 12 ft. ? 11. If 475 yards of sheetings are made from 209 pounds of cotton, how many yards of sheetings can be made from 645 pounds of cotton ? P 338 SUPPLEMENT. 12, If an ocean steamer runs 2,337 mi. in 10 da. 6 h., how many miles will she run in 5 da. 9 h. ? 13. The interest on a certain sum of money for 4 mo. 13 da. is $139.59. What is the interest on the same sum for 5 mo. 18 da.? IJf. How high is a church spire whose shadow is 119 ft. long, when a flag-staff 45 ft. high casts a shadow 56 J ft. long ? 15. If there are 16 lb. of oxygen in 18 lb. of water, how much oxygen is there in 75 lb. of water ? 16. If 2\\ qt. of milk are required for 5| lb. of cheese, how many quarts will be required for 10.5 lb. ? 17. What is the cost of J of an acre of land, at the rate of $187.50 for -J of an acre ? 18. The liabilities of a bankrupt merchant are $18,900, and his assets are $8,344. How much will a creditor receive on a debt of $2,250 ? 19. How much will .87^ of a barrel of apples cost, at $1 for f of a barrel ? W. If 5| cd. of limestone will produce 450.56 bu. of lime, how many cords of stone will be required to produce l,663f bu. of lime ? 21. Bought 16 pieces of merino, each piece containing 42^ yd., at the rate of $36.45 for 27 yd. What did it cost ? 22. I borrowed of a friend $675 for 8 months ; afterward I lent him $450. How long must he keep the loan, to balance the favor ? 23. If 8i tons of coal cost $46.75, what will 4 tons cost ? 2Jf. At $5 for I yd. of cloth, what is the value of 16^ yd. ? 25. If a bird can fly 9| miles in \ of an hour, how far can it fly in 9^ hours, at the same rate ? 26. If 8 men mow a meadow in 5 days, in how many days will 3 men mow it ? 27. If 300 sheep require 150 A. 156 sq. rd. of pasture, how many acres will 850 sheep require ? 28. If 156 pocket-knives cost $168, how much will 57 cost ? RATIO AND PROPORTION. 339 III. Compound Peopoetion, 16S, Compound I^roportion is an equality of a com- pound and a simple ratio, or of two compound ratios. 4:8) (4:8) (6:12) are compound ^2 . 3 p: 10 : 5, and I j2 : 3 i •• ( 8 : 2 f proportions. 10 6* A compound ratio is reduced to a simple one, by- multiplying all the antecedents together for a new antece- dent, and all the consequents together for a new consequent. (See 155,) Hence, the principle {160) applies equally to compound proportion. Peoblems. Find the unknown term in each of the following propor- tions : 4: 12 }::3,- • 9:18 12:3 2. 3:4 }- ::54; 4:5 -$10: $.06, ^^ ^' dbu? &Q >• : : 1 oz. : — oz. }::: ~:21 ^ 6, 48:1.6 > ::8i:2iio. 1.5:. 2 ) 12:3 ) ^. j28: — • 4:25 f ••( 20:5. 167* Ex. If 6 weavers weave 81 yards of cassimere in 9 hours, how many yards will 10 weavers weave in 8 hours ? Explanation. — Process. quired term is ^ y^eavers : 1 weavers ) ..^^ , ._^ yards, I write 81 9 hours : 8 hours ) " ^ " ^ yards for the first term S of the second ratio, or ^ ^ the third term of the ^ r( a a -^ i proportion. ^Ij^lU^lljlil = U yd. The required number of J6f x J9^ yards depends upon the % number of weavers, and the number of hours. I therefore arrange the other given numbers in pairs, as the terms of the compound ratio. Thus, 6 weavers weave 81 yards, 10 weavers will weave more; hence, 6 weavers : 10 weavers; and in 9 hours they weave 81 yards, in 8 hours they will weave less ; hence 9 hours : 8 hours. Having made the statement, I solve the proportion, and obtain 120 yards, the required term. 340 SUPPLEMENT. 168. Rule for Compound Proportion. I. For the third term : — Write the number that is of the same kifid as the required term, 11. For the compound ratio : — Write each two of the given numbers that are of the same kind, as a couplet, writing the greater of the two for the second term, when t/te required term is to be greater than the third term ; and the less of the two for the second term, when the required term is to be less than the third term, III. To find the fourth or required term : — Multiply all the second and third terms together^ and divide the product hy the product of the first terms. Adapt remarks a, b, after rule for simple proportion, 104:^ to ap- ply to compound proportion. Note.— In solving problems, many teachers write ^ ^ V^* '^ V^' ^ V^' the second and third terms on the right of a % fHi vertical line, and the first terms on the left — ry as here shown— in preference to writing them above and below a horizontal line. / U5 8 120 yd. Problems. 1. If the floor of a room 13 ft. 6 in. by 18 ft. cost $12.16, what is the cost of the floor of a room 15 ft. 9 in. by 16 ft. 6 in.? 2. If a cistern-pump factory, running 10 hours per day, makes 3,060 pumps in 27 days, how many pumps will the same factory make in 63 days, running 12|^ hours per day? 3. I paid $675 for a building lot 3f rd. front by 11 rd. deep. Afterward I bought another lot 3^ rd. front by 13|^ rd. deep, at the same rate. How much did I pay for the second lot ? 4. A pile of gypsum stone, 1,225 ft. long, 12 ft. wide, and 4 ft. high, was drawn to a plaster mill by 10 teams in 21 days. At the same rate, how many days will it take 8 teams to draw a pile 1,607 ft. long, 16 ft. wide, and 5 ft. high? RATIO AND PROPORTION. 341 5. If $93.87 is the interest of $360 for 3 yr. 8 mo. 21 da., $13.02 is the interest of what principal for 1 yr. 6 mo. 18 da.? 6. In building a tight board fence 1 mi. long and 11 ft. high, around a fair ground, 480 8 -inch boards were used. How many 10-inch boards will be required to build a fence 2,730 yd. long and 8 ft. high? 7. If 5 men make 150 pairs of boots in 6 days, how many pairs will 3 men make in 4 days ? 8. An investment of $800 gains $70 in 15 months. At the same rate, how much will an investment of $356 gain in 8 months ? 9. If 2,100 ft. of ij-inch flooring is required for the floors of a certain house, how much 1^-inch flooring will be re- quired for the floors of another house 2^ times as long and 1^ times as wide ? 10. Four railroad passengers rode 36 mi., 60 mi,, 72 mi., and 96 mi. respectively. They paid in proportion to the distances they rode, and the sum of their fares was $9.24. How much did each man pay ? 11. The capacity of a bin 24 ft. long, 4 ft. 6' wide, and 4 ft. 8' deep is 405 bushels. What is the capacity of a bin 10^ ft. long, 6 ft. w^ide, and 5 ft. deep ? 12. If 3 men dig 453 bushels of potatoes in a week, how many bushels can 2 men dig in 5 days ? 13. If three men can lay a sidewalk 240 ft. long and 6 ft; wide, in 15 days, in how many days can 5 men lay a walk 180 ft. long and 4 ft. wide ? H. A pile of 4-foot wood 244 feet long and 5 feet high, was sold for $152.50. What was the price per cord ? (8 ft. by 4 ft. by 4 ft. =lcd.) 15. If in 16 days of 9 hours each, 9 bricklayers lay a wall 96 ft. long, 21 ft. high, and 1|- ft. thick, in how many days of Hi hours each can 12 bricklayers lay a wall 126 ft. long, 28 ft. high, and l^ ft. thick ? [342] § 19. POWERS AND ROOTS. I. Involution. 169* A power is the- product of equal factors. a. The second power or square is the product of two equal factors. b. The third power or cube is the product of three equal factors. c. The second power or square of 4 is 16 (=4x4); and the third power or cube of 4 is 64 (= 4 x 4 x 4). 170* Involution is the process of finding powers. 17 1» The sign of involution is an index or exponent , which is a small figure placed at the right of, and above, a number. An exponent shows the required power of a number. Thus, 2P signifies the square of 21 ; 3.5* signifies the cube of 3.5. 172. Complete and learn the following table : Numbers. Squares. Cubea 1 S S 4 5 6 7 8 9 Numbers. Squares. Cubea .1 .2 .3 .k .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 Problems. Find the following (J ^J,' indicated powers: j * \ ^ [S. 12^ 7. iW 10, .17^ 8. (1)^ 11, 20.16^ 9. (15§)^ 12, (l.03y i. 901' 5. 218' 6. 139' II. Evolution. 17 3 • A root of a number is one of the equal factors that produce the number. a. The square root of a number is one of the two equal fac- tors that produce the number. b. The cuhe root of a number is one of the three equal factors that produce the number. C. The square root of 64 is 8 (64 = 8 x 8) ; and the cube root of 64 is 4 (64 = 4 x 4 x 4). POWERS AND R0 0T8. 343 174, Evolution is tlie process of finding roots. 17 d* The sign of evolution is -y/; it is called the radical sign, a. ^/ placed before a number, indicates that tlie square root of the number is to be found. b. -^ placed before a number, indicates that the cube root of the number is to be found. C. V^5 indicates that the square root of 25 is to be found ; and -^64 indicates that the cube root of 64 is to be found. d# A perfect power is a number whose exact root can be found ; an imperfect power is a number whose exact root can not be found. III. Extractio:n^ op the Square Root. 176* Extraction of the square root is the process of finding one of the two equal factors that produce a number. The least and the greatest integer that can be expressed by one figure are, respectively, 1 and 9 ; and by two figures 10 and 99. The least and the greatest decimal that can be expressed by one figure are, respectively, .1 and .9; and by two figures, .01 and .99. The squares of tliese numbers are 1'=: 1 10' rr: 100 .l' =r: .01 .01' = .0001 9^=81 99' =9,801 .9' = .81 .99' = .9801 Comparing these numbers with their squares, we see that 1. The square of an integer j one figure ) is expressed j one or two figures, expressed by -j ^^^^ fig^^res j by ( three or four figures. 2. The square of a decimal , , C one fi2:ure ) is expressed ( two figures, expressed by •{ ^ ,, ^ J- f ■< . J^ ^ "^ ( two ngures ) by ( four figures. and so on, of greater numbers. Hence, 17 7 » Principle I. The square of any integer is expressed hy twice as many figures as the integer, or one less than twice as many ; and the square of any decimal is expressed hy ticice as many decimal figures as the decimal. From this principle it is evident that tlie number of two-figure periods in a number equals the number of places in its square root. 344 SUPPLEMENT. Squaring the integers 2, 20, and 25; and 9, 90, and 99; and the decimals .9, .25, and .99, we have 2'= 4 9'= 81 .9' =.81 20' = 400 90' = 8,100 .25' = .0625 25' = 625 99*^ = 9,801 .99' = .9801 Separating the squares into two-figure periods, and comparing the numbers with their squares, we see that 1. The square of the left-hand digit is wholly in the left-hand period. And 2, The square of the left-hand digit is the greatest square in the left-hand period. Hence, 178. Principle II. The square of the left-hand order of units of a number is wholly in the left-hand period of the power, and is the greatest square i?i that period, 179. To determine the parts that make up the square of a number, we will square 56 by different processes. 56=^50-f 6; and 56' = 56x56, or 50 -f 6 multiplied by 50 + 6. PIRST PROCBSS. 8BC0ND PROCESS. THIRD PROCESS. 56= 50 + 6=: 50-{-6 56=. 50-^6= 50-\-6 300 -{•86= (50x6) + 6' 280 =2,500 + 800 =50^+ {50x6) 8, 186 = 2, 500 + 600 + 86 = 50' -\- 2 X (50x6) + 6' In the first process 56 is squared by the common method of mul- tiplication. In the second process the products of the units of the different orders are written separately. In the third process the factors that make up the different parts of the product are kept separate, the multiplications and additions being indicated only. This third process fully illustrates 180, Principle III. The square of a number regarded as tens and ones equals the square of the tens, plus two times the product of the tens and ones, plus the square of the ones. The several steps, in their order, in extraction of the square root;, are based on the three principles now given. POWERS AND ROOTS. 345 181. Ex. 1. Extract the square root of 3,136. Explanation. — Separating the number into periods of two figures each, I find that the root will be ex- pressed by two figures. I write 25, the greatest square in the left-hand period, un- Process. 2x50 = 100 2x50-^6 = 106 S1'S6\56 25 6S6 636 der the period; and 5, the square root of 25,for the tens of the root. Subtracting 25 from 31, 'and to the remainder annexing the next period, I have 636. This number is made up of two times the product of the tens and the ones of the root, plus the square of the ones ; i. e.,ot 2 x 50 x ones + ones ^. Dividing 636 by 100 (= 2 x 50) regarded as a trial divisor, I obtain 6, which I write for the ones of the root ; and since 100 = 2x5 tens, and 636 = 2x5 tens x the ones, + the square of the ones, I also add 6 to 100, the trial divisor, making 106, the complete di- visor. Multiplying this complete divisor by 6, the ones of the root, I have, 1st, — 6x6, or the square of the ones; and 2d, — 6 x 100, or two times the product of the tens and the ones. The product, 636, is the same as the dividend; and 56 is the square root required. In extraction of the square root, only two periods of figures are considered in connection. Hence, In obtaining any figure of the root except the first, the figure or figures of the root already found are regarded as tens, and the figure sought as ones ; ^. e. , each succeeding figure of the root is found in the same manner as the second figure of a root ex- pressed by two figures. (See the solution of Ex. 2.) Ex. 2. Extract the square root of 56,192.'7025. Full Process. 5' 61' 92,70' 25 \ 237. 05 ± 2x20=Jf0 161 2x20-^S=ks\l29 2x2S0=Jf60 8292 2x230+7=^67 ^269 iSX 2370= U7U0 \^X 2-3700= U7 WO ^x2S700+5=47m P2 237025 ^37025 Common Process. 5' 61' 92,70' 25 A 161 129 3292 3269 237025 237025 237.05 ^ J^67 i7Jf05 346 SUPPLEMENT. Ex. 3. Extract the square 1289 _ V^89 _17 root of Iff. ^ ^^^^"'- V 6¥5 '-^/^5^J5 182* Rule for Extraction of Square Root. I. To determine the number of figures in the root : — Separate the number into periods of two figures each, begin- ning at 07ies in an integer^ and counting from ones in a decimaL II. To find the first figure of the root: — 1. Find the root of the greatest square in the left-hand period, and write it for the first figure of the root. 2. Subtract this square from the first period; and to the remainder annex the next period for a dividend, III. To find the second figure of the root: — 1. Double the root already found, considered as tens, for a trial divisor, by which divide the dividend ; icrite the re- sult for the second figure of the root, and also iri the place of ones in the trial divisor, thus forming the complete divisor, 2. Multiply the complete divisor by the secoiid figure of the root ; subtract the product from the dividend ; and to the remainder annex the next period for a dividend, IV. To find the succeeding figures of the root: — Proceed with tJie second, and with each succeeding divi- dend, in the same manner as with the first. a. If any dividend is less than the divisor: — Wnte a cipher in the root, aiid also on the, right of the diciwr; and annex the next period to the dividend, for a new dividend. b. If there is a remainder after all the periods have been used : — Annex periods of decimal ciphers, and extend the work to any re- quired degree of exactness. C. When the given number is an imperfect power: — Wnte + after tlie root, to indicate that the root is not exact. d. If the right-hand decimal period contains hut one figure: — Annex a decimal cipher. e. To extract the square root of a mixed fractional number :-^JFVrsf reduce it to a mixed decimal number, or to an improper fraction. POWERS AND ROOTS. 347 Problems. Extract the square root of | Find the value of 10. Vfif . 11. ^231114. 12. Vs. I 13. V'J'S. 1. 2,916. 4. .0784. 7. '/56.25. 2. 782,169. 5. .186624. y^€itnid or a right cone is one whose axis is perpendicular to its base. C. The altitude of a pyramid or a cone is the perpendicular height of it» vertex above its base. d. The slant height of a pyramid is the distance from the ver- tex to the middle of one side of its base. e. The slant height of a cone is the distance from its vertex to the circumference of its base. Case I. To find the area of a prism, cylinder, pyra- mid, or cone, 200* The entire surface of a prism consists of its bases and its sides. And The entire surface of a cylinder consists of its bases and its curved surface (which is equal to a parallelogram whose two dimensions are the length and circumference of the cylinder). Ex. 1. What is the area of a prism 8 feet long and 14 inches square ? Full Solution. 2 X IJfX IJfSq. in, — 39 2 sq. in., area of the bases. J^X Hx 9 6 sq.in. — 5,3 7 6 sq. in., area of the four sides. Total area, 5,7 68 sq. in. = Jf. sq. yd. ^ sq.ft. 8 sq. in. Ex. 2. What is the area of a cylinder 8 feet long and 14 inches in diameter? Full Solution. 8^ X lJ^in.:= JfJf in., circumference. 2 X -^^^ X ^^ sq. in. = 3 08 sq. in., area of the bases. ^^ X 9 6 sq.in. = 4-1^ ^ -i- sq. in., area of curved surface. Total area, Jf,5 3 2 sq. in.=3sq. yd. Jf sq.ft. 68 sq. in. The number of units in the entire area of a 2)risni or a cylinder is equal to the sum of the units in its bases, plus the U7iits in its lateral surface. MEASUREMENTS. 355 20 !• The entire surface of a pyramid consists of its base and its lateral surfaces. And The entire surface of a cone consists of its base and its lateral surface (which is equal to a triangle whose base is the periphery of the base of the cone, and whose altitude is its slant height). ^ ° ^ Process. Ex. 1. The slant j ^ 7 sq. in. = 4.9 sq. in., area of base. height of a pyra- ^ ^^_x^_^ ^ ^^^ sq.in.,area of the i sides. mid IS 16 inches, ^ —--^ ^ . *^ and the base is ^nhre area, 27S sq.in. 1 inches square. What is the area ? Ex. 2. The periphery of the base of a cone is 60 inches, and the slant height is 2 feet. How many square inches are there on the surface of the cone ? Process. 60 in. -^ S-f — ~Y^', diameter of base, (i of^f =:) ^0^- X ^-^^ =^ 286-/J sq. in., area oj base. — — ^^ "''' '"' = 720 sq. in., area of curved surface. Entire surface of cone, 1,300 /j sq. in. The number of units in the entire surface of a pyramid or a cone is equal to the sum of the units in its base, plus the wiits in its lateral surface. Problems. Required, • 1. The surface of a prism 1 ft. 9 in. long, and 8 in. square. 2. The area of a stick of timber 50 ft. long, and 7 by 10 in. 3. The curved surface of a granite column 18 inches in diameter and 20 feet high. Jf.. The outer surface of an open tank 8 feet in diameter and 6 feet deep. 5. The square yards on the surface of a conical spire 8 ft. 4' in diameter at the base, and 72 ft. 6' high. 356 SUPPLEMENT. Find the lateral surface 6. Of an octagonal (or eight-sided) spire 6 ft. on a side at the base, and 33 ft. high. 7. Of a hexagonal (or six-sided) prism whose faces are each 3 ft. by ^'. 8. Of a log 28 ft. long and 17' in diameter. Required, the entire area 9. Of a cone, the periphery being 40 inches, and the slant height 3 feet. 10, Of an octagonal spire, each side of the base measuring 5 ft., and the slant height 37 ft. 4 in. 11, Of a cone, the diameter of the base being 1 If inches, and the slant height 2 feet 6 inches. 12, Of a pyramid, the slant height being 27 inches, and the base 11 inches square. Case II. To find the volume of a prism, cylinder, pyramid, or cone. 202. The volume in a portion of a prism or of a cylinder 1 foot long, equals the number of square units in either base; the volume of a portion of the same prism or cylinder 4, 5, or 6 feet long is 4, 5, or 6 times as much as the volume of a portion of the same prism or cylinder 1 foot long. Ex. The area of the ^ , n 1 I Process. base ot a hexagonal prism is 78 sq. ft., and 19 ft. 6 in. ^ 19.5 ft, its length is 19 ft. 6 in. ^p^^ ^ 7^ ^y^p ^ i^^21 cu. ft. What is its volume ? I. The number of units in the volume of a prism or a cyl- inder is equal to the product of the number of units in the base, midtijMed by the number of units in the length, II. The volume of a pyramid is one third as much as the volume of a prism that has the same base and altitude. And III. The volume of a cone is 07ie third as much as the vol- time of a cylinder that has the same base and cdtitude. ME A S UR EMEN TS. 367 Ex. 1. Tlie area of the base of an octagonal pyramid is 35 sq. ft., and its altitude is 15 ft. 4 in. What is its volume ? Ex. 2. What Process. are the cubic 15i x S5 cu.ft. ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ of pyramid, contents of a ^^ cone 6 ft. in di- Process. ameter at the Sfx6ft.=l8Yft', circumference of base. base, and 10 §x(^ofl8f sq.ft.) = ^8f sq.ft., area of base. ft. Sin. hish? 10§ x 28 f cu.ft. ^^^j, ., , . o — ^ ^^—z=zl00\ cu.ft., wlume of cone. Problems. Required, 1. The volume of a cylindrical shaft of marble 2 ft. 3 in. in diameter, and 16 ft. 9 in. high. 2. The cubic contents of a stick of timber 24 ft. long, the bases being right-angled triangles, the two shorter sides of each of which are 1 8 in. S. The capacity of a tube 8 ft. long and 4 in. in diameter. U. The contents, in gallons, of a cistern 5 feet in diame- ter, and 6 ft. deep. 5. What are the cubical contents of a shaft 29 ft. long, and 9' in diameter ? 6. What length of wire -^ of an inch in diameter can be drawn from a cubic foot of brass ? 7. How many tons of hay can be stored in a loft under a four-sided roof 30 ft. square and 10 ft. high to the peak? In Case I, page 356, 8. Find the volume of the cone, problem 9. , P. Find the volume of the pyramid, problem 12. 10. In a stack of hay 19 ft. in diameter and 17 ft. high, with a conical top 17 ft. high, are how many tons? 11. A cistern 6i ft. in diameter, and 8 ft. deep, contains how many gallons ? How many barrels ? 12. A rectangular cistern 12 ft. long, 10 ft. wide, and 9 ft. deep will hold how many barrels of water ? 358 SUPPLEMENT. Case III. To find the area, and the volume of a sphere. 203, A sphere or a globe is a solid bounded by a curved surface, every part of which is equally distant from the point within, called its centre. 204, A hemisphere is one half of a sphere. Figure lo. 205* I. The area of a sphere is ^ times as much as the area of a circle of the same diameter, II. The volume of a sphere is two thirds as much as the volume of a cylinder whose diameter and altitude are^ each^ equal to the diameter of the sphere. Ex. Find the area and the volume of a 13-inch globe. Full Solution. 3^ X IS in. r=z JfO^ in.y circumference of IS-inch cylinder. i of IS- 6^, and ^ ofi0f = 20f. 64^ X 20 f sq. in. = IS 2f^ sq. in.y area of base of cylinder, Jf, X 1 S2j-^ sq, in. = 5314^ sq. in., area of y lobe. IS X lS2'^^cu.in. — 1^726^j cu. in., volume of cylinder. § of 1 ,7 26 -f J cu. in. = fl50^^ cu. in., volume of globe, ^ . ^ Pkoblems. Kequired, 1. The area and the vohime of a 15-inch school-globe. 2. The area of a 2-inch ivory ball. S. The volume of a 10-inch foot-ball. Jf. The area of a hemisphere 12 inches in diameter. 5. The volume of the earth, the diameter being 7,911 miles. 6. What is the area, and what is the volume, of the largest globe that can be turned from a block of mahogany which is a 10-inch cube? III. Dimensions, Areas, and Volumes of Similar Sur- faces AND Similar Solids. 206* Shnilar surfaces and similar solids are such as are of the same form, without regard to size. ME A S UR EMEN T S, 359 _, - (2 inches, is 4 square inches. The area of a square ) ^ . i • n^ • i, , . 1 . •< 5 inches, is 25 square inches, whose side is \ a - \. - n a • u ( 8 inches, is 64 square inches. The areas of squares and other similar surfaces are to each other as the squares of their sides. m 1 c 1 ( 2 inches, is 8 cubic inches. Ihe vohime or a cube ) . , . , • . , T J • -{5 inches, is 125 cubic inches, whose edp;e is ] - ^ - , . . , ( 8 inches, is 512 cubic inches. The volumes of cubes and other similar solids are to each other as the cubes of their edges. Problems. 1. A tract of Government land 160 rods square is a quarter- section. What is the length of one side of a square tract that contains 36,000 acres ? 2. If a 6-inch cube of iron weighs 60.5 pounds, what is the weight of a 3-foot cube ? 3. What is the circumference of a circle whose area is 3 times the area of a circle 20 inches in diameter? Jf.. The surface of a globe 1 foot in diameter is 3.1416 square feet. What is the surface of a globe of 5 feet in diameter ? Of a globe of 6 inches in diameter ? 5. Find the circumference of a globe whose volume is 64 times the volume of a globe V inches in diameter. 6. If the volume of a pyramid 20 ft. high is 4,600 cu. ft., what is the volume of a similar pyramid 100 ft. high ? 7. The diameter of the base of a certain cone is 24 feet ; and from the top part i of its volume is cut off, by a plane parallel to its base. What is the diameter of the base of the part cut off? A ball 6 inches in diameter weighs 32 pounds; 8. What is the weight of a ball 3 inches in diameter? 9. What is the diameter of a ball that weighs 500 pounds ? 10. A certain watering-trough, 5 feet long, holds 12 pail- f uls. What is the capacity of a similar trough 8 feet long ? [360] § 31. FORMS OF BUSINESS PAPER. NoTK.— Substitute other words for the words in Italics, as occasion may requlra I. Promissory Notes. On Demand. t^S^Mf Chicago, Sept. 15, 1882. On demand I promise to" pay to Joseph Young, or order, Two Hun- dred Thirty-five and ^q-q Dollars, with interest, for value received. Jai. T. Bryant. Time, without Interest. $60 Detroit, Dec. 1, 1882. Six months after date, I promise to pay to John Smith, or order, at his office, Sixty Dollars, for value received. p^^^ j^^^ Time, with Interest. $56^^ Cleveland, Oct. 3, 1882. Ninety days after date, I promise to pay to Wm. Brown, or bearer, Fifty -six and /^V Dollars, with interest, for value received. David Greene. Bankable Note. %lflOO Boston, June 21, 1882. Two months after date, I promise to pay to the order of Edward Eliot, at the Fourth National Bank, One Tlwusand Dollars, for value received. ^^^^^ Hudson. Joint Note. %290 St. Louis, Jan. 20, 1882. Sixty days after date, we promise to pay to Henry W. Raymond, or order, Two Hundred Ninety Dollars, for value received. Davis & Williams. Merchandise Note. $750 Milwaukee, Feb. Jf, 1882. On the first day of August next, I promise to pay to Ray & Mitchsll, or order, at their mills in this City, Seven Hundred Fifty Dollars, in No. 1 wJieat, at the market price when due, for value received. Edwd. Denton. FORMS OF BUSINESS PAPERS. 361 Judgment Note. $iOO Pittsburgh, March 17, 1882. One year after date, I promise to pay to Joseph Home & Co., Four Hundred Dollars, with interest, for value received. And I do hereby authorize any attorney of any Court of Record in Pennsylvania or elsewhere, at any time after the above promissory note becomes due and remains unpaid, to confess judgment for the above sum, with release of errors. Witness my hand and seal, the date above written. ,^j.^ Witness present, Abel N. Brown. ] L.S. >■ Chas. Clark. ^ ^-^ ^ II. Due -Bills. Payable in Money. $15 Buffalo, July 1, 1883. Due Sylvia J. Eastman Fifteen Dollars, one day after date, for value received. ^^^^ Stoneman. Payable in Merchandise. $^^ -f-Q-u Portland, Nov. 29, 1882. Due W. J. Hunt, or bearer, Ninety-six Dollars and Fifty Cents, pay- able in goods from our store. Johnson, Luce & Co. III. Orders. Payable in Money. , , -, , ^ Hartford, May 17, 1882. Mr. Peter Cooper, j ^ u , Please pay to Henry H. Rice Ten Dollars, on my account. Oliver Turner. Payable in Merchandise. Burlington, March 18, 1882. A. J. Mason & Co., Please pay to Andrew Adams, or bearer. Sixteen Dollars and Twenty five Cents ($16y%^^), merchandise, and charge to my account. B. F. Baker. Bank Check. $210^^0^ Springfield, Sept. 1, 1882. THIR33 T>r^TI01S^AL. BANK. Pay to E. A. Hubbard, or order, Two Hundred Ten and //^r Dollars. Wood cfc Harrison. Q 362 SUPPLEMENT. IV. Drafts. Sight Draft. $Jf93-fjl>^ Omaha, Neb., Aug. U, 1882. At sight, without grace, pay to the order of Day & Martin, Four Hundred Niuety-three and 7% Dollars, value received, and charge to our acc't. p^^^^ ^ j^^^^ To C. C. Gould, St. Paul, Minn. Time Draft. $000 Denver, Col, Feb. 10, 1882. Ten days after date pay to Edicard Newton, or order. Nine Hundred Dollars, for value received, and charge to acc't of To C. S. Griggs d: Co., G. W. Sumner. Chicago, Til. Time Draft, collectible through a Bank. $3,500 Philadelphia, Jan. ">, 1882. Ten days after sight, pay to the order ol George II. Logan, at the Chemical Bank, Three Thousand Five Hundred Dollars, and charge to acc't of TJiomas IlunUr, To D. Appleton d; Co., 716 Filbert Street. New York City. V. Receipts. In Full of all Demands. J ^ ^ T% Albany, June 27, 1882. Received of E. H. Hansom & Co., Ninety -seven and 7% Dollars, in full of all demands. s^ 2^. Gray. By Agent or Clerk,-in Full of Accounts. ZZZ-L Received, Cincinnati, January 20, 1882, of Wm. T. Harris, Five Hundred Dollars, in full of accounts to date. David Pickering, per Henry Wood, For Note on Account. $89 6^^ New York, May 4, 1882. Received of Anson Bichniond of Troy, his note at three months, dated 2d inst., for Three Hundred Ninety-six and //^ Dollars, on account. W. & B. Douglas, 87 John St [363] \ 33. TAX, COMPOUND INTEREST, AND COIN TABLES. I. Tax Table. (Rate of valuation, 1^ mills on a dolUr, or .15% of assured valus Ltion.) Prop. Tax. Prop. Tax. Prop. Tax. 1 Prop. Tax. $1 $.0015 $10 $.015 $100 $ .15 $1,000 $1.50 2 .0030 20 .030 200 .30 2,000 3.00 3 .0045 30 .045 300 .45 3,000 4.50 4 .0060 40 .060 400 .60 4,000 6.00 5 .0075 50 .075 500 .75 5,000 7.50 6 .0090 60 .090 600 .90 6,000 9.00 7 .0105 70 .105 700 1.05 7,000 10.50 8 .0120 80 .120 800 1.20 8,000 12.00 9 .0135 90 .135 900 1.35 9,000 13.50 Ex. By tlie above table, find the tax of ^f^^w $5,000, a person who is assessed on $5,642 ; and « " uo\ who pays for 3 polls, at $.62^ each. 5 poUs] Total tax, XL Compound Interest Table, Sliowing the amount of $1 at 2i, 3, 31-, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 per cent compound interest for any number of years from 1 to 20 Years. 2X per ct. 3 per cent. 3% per ct. 4 per cent. 5 per cent. 6 per cent. T per cent. 8 per cent. 1 1.025000 1.030000 1.035000 1.040000 1.050000 1.060000 1.070000 1.080000 2 1.050625 1.060900 1.071225 1.081600 1.102500 1.123600 1.144900 1.166400 3 1.076891 1.092727 1.108718 1.124864 1.157625 1.191016 1.225043 1.259712 4 1.103813 1.125509 1.147523 1.169859 1.215506 1.262477 1.310796 1.360489 5 1.131408 1.159274 1.187686 1.216653 1.276282 1.338226 1.402552 1.469328 6 1.159698 1.194052 1.229255 1.265319 1.340096 1.418519 1.500730 1.586874 7 1.188686 1.229874 1.272279 1 .315932 1.407100 1.503630 1.605782 1.713824 8 1.218403 1.266770 1.316809 1.368569 1.477455 1.593848 1.718186 1.850930 9 1.248863 1.304773 1.362897 1.423312 1.551328 1.689479 1.838459 1.999005 10 1.280085 1.343916 1.410599 1.480244 1.628885 1.790848 1.967151 2.158925 11 1.312087 1.384234 1.459970 1.539454 1.710339 1.898299 2.104852 2.331639 12 1.314889 1.425761 1.511069 1.601032 1.795856 2.012197 2.252192 2.518170 13 1.378511 1.468534 1.563956 1.665074 1.885649 2.132928 2.409845 2.719624 14 1.412974 1.512590 1.618695 1.731676 1.979932 2.260904 2.578534 2.937194 15 1.448298 1.557967 1.675349 1.800944 2.078928 2.396558 2.759032 3.172169 16 1.484506 1.604706 1.733986 1.872981 2.182875 2.540352 2.952164 3.425943 17 1.521618 1.652848 1.794676 1.947901 2.292018 2.69^773 3.158815 3.700018 18 1 559659 1.702433 1.857489 2.025817 2.406619 2.854339 3.379932 3.996020 19 1.598650 1.753506 1.922501 2.106849 2.526950 3.025600 3.616528 4.315701 20 1 .638616 1.806111 1.989789 2.191138 2.653298 3.207136 3.869085 4.660957 364 SUPPLEMENT. Use the compound interest table on page 363 as follows : I. To find the amount of any given principal for years -.—Multiply the amount of $1 for the given number of years at tlie given rate ^, by the number expressing tlie principal. II. To find the compound interest '.^Subtract the principal from the amount. When there are months and days in the given time i—Find the sim^ pie interest on the amount for the montJis and days, and add it to the amount for the years. The sum will be t?ie amount for the whole time. III. Estimate of Values of Foreign Coins. As proclaimed by the Secretary of the Treasury, January 2, 1882. Country. Monetary Unit. Standard. Value 1 u. s. Money. Austria Florin Silver $ .10,6 .19,3 .82,3 .54,6 1.00 .91,2 .93,2 .26,8 .82,3 .04,9 .19,3 AMM .19,3 .23,8 .96,5 .39 .19,3 .88,7 1.00 .89,4 .40,2 .26,8 .82,3 1.08 .65,8 1.00 .19,3 .26,8 .19,3 .74,3 .04,4 .82.3 .19,3 Belffiiiin . . .... Franc Boliviano Gold and silver.... Silver Bolivia Brazil Milreis of 1,000 reis .... Dollar Gold British Possess, in N. A... Chili . . Gold Peso Gold and silver Gold and silver.... Gold Cuba Peso Denmark Ecuador Crown Peso Silver EervDt Piaster Gold Gold and silver .... Gold France Franc Pound sterling Great Britain Greece Drachma Gold and silver Gold German Empire . . Mark Hayti Gourde Gold and silver .... Silver India Rupee of 16 annas Lira Italy Gold and silver .... Silver Japan Liberia Yen Dollar Gold Mexico Dollar Silver Gold and silver.... Gold Silver Netherlands Florin Norway Crown Peru Sol Portugal Milreis of 1,000 reis.... Rouble of 100 copecks. Dollar Gold Russia Silver Gold Sandwich Islands Spain Peseta of 100 centimes. Crown Gold and silver Gold Sweden Switzerland Tripoh Franc Gold and silver.... Silver Mahbub of 20 piasters. Piaster Turkey Gold U. S. of Colombia Venezuela Peso Bolivar Silver Gold and silver [365] ANSWERS TO WRITTEN PROBLEMS. In most of the answers expressing United States money, ivhen the mills are 5 or more, they are regarded as 1 cent ; and when less than 5, they are rejected. INTEGERS. Addition. Art. 39. A. 1—19. 2—19. 3—2^. ^_15. 5—14. 6—19. 7—26. $. A. i— 738. ;?— 3,801. 5—16,345. 4—76,992. 5—75,728. (7- $3,928. 7— $32,562. 5— $28,228. 5— $544.70. i^— $17,661.60. /i— 142,492 yd. i^^— 771,024 ft. i5— 216,188 lb. 74—360,063 T. B. i— $2,275. <^— $76,050. 5— $12.30. 4— $976. 5— 840 1b. 6— 42,240 ft. 7— $51,072. 5— 221,160 gal. £>— 160,255 lb. i6>— 6,158,088. 77- $105; $112.50. 7;?— $44.38. Art. 77. 7—7,500. -^—75,000. 5—39,200. 4—1,839,000. 5—3,920,000. 6—28,930,000. 7—478,000,000. <9— 58,0.54,000,000. 9—45,360. i^— 272, 800. 77—13, 356, 000. 7 J"- 625, 230, 000. 75—1 2, 1 78, 600, 000. i4— 450,430,000,000. 75—7,620. 76— 996,000; 996,000,000. 77—583,200; 583,200,000. 75—194,850,000. 79—146,400 bushels. ^(9—29,400 lb. ;^7— 294,000 gallons. :e^— 42,800 lb. eS— 1,440 min. ^4— $19,500. I?5— $2,500. ;^6— $8,800. ;^7— $87.50. -^5— $350. ;^9— $4,860. 59-197.50. 57— $2,550. Art. 80. A. 7—1,702. ^—15,174. 5—241,056. 4—134,190. 5—1,222,904. 6—6,139,776. 7—48,727,272. 5—3,845,355. 9—149,598,976. i(9— 48,078,027. 77—9,106. 7;?— 43,289; 155,318,240. 75—11,702,718. i4— 4,314,156 yd. 75—2,368 lb. i6— 1,044 eggs. 77—72,592 axes. 75—66,836 rm. 79—67,482 lb. B. 7— $1,118,700. ;^— $11,187. 5— $35, 560. 20. 4— $52, 406. 25. 5— $10, 252, 602. 23. 6— $6, 000. 7— $225,952. 5— $2,112. 9— $77,698.25. 79— $109,515. 77— $1,267.36. i^— $7.56. 75— $8.68. i4— $236.16. 75— $70.08. 76— $6.21. 77— $3,996.75. Art. 82. 7—403,200. ^—68,640. 5—259,200. 4—1,248,000,000.' 5—308,160,000. 6—3,360,000. 7—7,822,118,707,200. 5—2,623,023,200,000. 9—183,230,150,040. 79— 2,331,6001b. 77— 42,000 words. 7^— $20,400. i5— $120,000. 74—962,000 feet. 75—174,000 lb. 76—51,200 poles. 77— $476. 75— $125. 79— $12,375. ^9—7,400 lb. f7— 43,240 lb. ^^—124,800 sheets. ^5— $850,000. ^4- $325,000. ;^5— 3,895,500,000. Art. 83. A. 7—6,158,088. f— 326,442. 5—793,032. 4—70,376,400,000. 5—210,457,200. 6—4,480.000. 7—4,234,000. 5—19,800,000. 9—116,550,000. 79—266,486,552. 77—756 wagons. 7^*- 1,344 A. 75—136,300 lb. 74—8,400 barrels. 75—34,823 T. 76— $232,650. AjVSWUBS to written problems. 367 i7— 25,273 persons. ^^—642,000 ft. C. i— 55,615; 490,609. ^—186,800 1,500,000. — 30,240 buttons, ^i— $1,620. ^^—81,765 bar. ^«?— $1,244.10. Bevieio. i— 900 sq. mi. ;^— 5,040 lb. ^—$322. ^—$64. 5- 6—2,046 pickets. 7— $1,045.25. ^—$11,232. P— 289,085 pounds, i^— 18,648 yd. ii— $200. i^— 1,462 bu. i^— $58,500. i^— 686 bu jr5— 5,3001b. i6— 89 sets; 5,033 pieces. i7— $568. 50 gain, i^— $15,146. 19— B, $1,350; C, $8,100; All, $10,125. Division. Art. 97. i— 232. ^-212. _$5.37. 30— 12^) pens, ^i— 18 mo. ^^—23 sets. ^^—$136.99. ^4—16 cars. 35—mi^i-,\. 36—1Q4: dozen pairs. «?7— 168 boxes. 38—24: bells. .55—40,508. .4^—327. Art. 102. i— 6,475. .^—1,627. 3—1^^-^^-^. ^—32,470. 5—7,250. 6— 3,2963:VVo'o- 7— $4.30. 5— $.08. 9— $26.25. iC*— $3.75. ii— $18.50. 12—%.m. i.?— 18 horses, $7 left, i^— 375 bonds. i5— 583 freight-cars. Art. 104. i— 15 steam-tugs. ^—192 thousand ft. ,5-7 payments ; last payment, $156,750. .4— 157ff bu. 5—98 full reams. 6—48 organs. 7— 43 chests. 5— 24 hours. 5— 86^Wo- 10—in^ii^% ii— 22||tf||. i^-365,482#oHf(fo- 13-12mro- i^-2,102|ffif. i5-143ifaif^. 16—10^. 17— $26. i^*— Quotient, 2,102 ; rem., 39,875. i5— 376 horses. Art. 105. A. i— 831. .^—912,566. ,5- 2,421f f. ^—8,769. 5—372-,^^%. 6_399iioo 7_i^450. ^_l,143ff|. 5— l,941fff. ii— 546| ; 409 1 ; 468f. if— 4,122; 2,748; 2,061. i.?— 125 ; 327. i^— If §§ ; Slfilt; nUl i5— $1.01; $4.03; $19.70. 16—Qj%%; 320x1^; 436ii|. i7— 162. i5— $152.60. i9— 288. f^— 108. 21-41^. 22—lQ^%. 23—51{^. ^^_|4.84. ^5-4,400. ^6- 961|t^^. ^7-9,236. f— 2,460.40072. Subtraction. Art. 125. i— 125.92. ;^— 77.166. .^—1.02955. >^— 373.875. 5—19,517.76744. (>— $62.85. 7—$ .017. ^—$94,125. ^—$.935. iO— $47,125. ii— 16.7 yd. i-^— 281.4066 mi. i^— 1.66 in. 14—72A5 miles. i5— 10.75 gallons. i6— 68.13 rd. i7— 2.9375 lb. i<^— 85.3605. i9— 75.25 feet. ^0—S71.25 grains. ;^i— 840.94946. j^^?_753.1875 lb. ^J— $.68|. ;^^— 127.6875 barrels. ;g'5— $61.25. ^6—^Q7.Q2. ^7—314.485 tons, f^— $3,875. <^9— 16.09375 bushels. ^^_|2.40. ^i— 431.89T. ,?^— 34.55 gal. 33—$lS.22. J^— 55.266 A. ,^5— $272.20, gain on oats; $45,125, gain on corn; $317,325, loss on wheat ; neither gain nor loss on all. Multiplication. Art. 126. i— 1,896.615. ^—48,187.04. «^— 20.655. ^—17,526.25. 5—348,572.16. 6— $3,495.06. 7— $73,337. <9— $37,830. 5— $6,240. i^— $1,275,493.45. ii— 1.1583. i^— 523,980.93. 13— $12,963.63. i.4— $19,342.25. i5— 4.013380638. i6— 82.5 ft. i7— 83 bu. i<5— 3,907.5 days (2 leap-years). i£>— 1,791.875 lb. -^C*— $1,045.25. ^i_|12.76. -^^—$7.50. f J— $573.50. -^4— $6,525.40. ^5— 284. 64426 T. ^6—1.59494 T. ;^7— 785.925 lb. ^,§—1,892.2725 gal. Art. 127. i— .0027328. j^— .00588. ,?— .00002358. .4— .00002793. 5_. 00399432. 6— .015 bushel. 7— .09 mile. ^—$.07. 5- $.08. i^_.0279 gal. ii— .000224. Art. 128. i— 537.8. ^—$23.10. ^—687.94. 4—59,604.3. 5— $6.25. e— $378,125. 7— .62 mi. ^—$42,697.50. £'—$75. it*- $712.50. Art. 129. i— 8,642. ^—$23,478. ^—12.007655. 4—$ .80. 5— .00000496. 6—16. 7—151,136,355.78. — 9.375 mo. iC*- $41,319.30. Art. 136. j'— .048. ^—18,400. 5— .078125. 4— .00625. 5— 56.8cd. 6—40.5 times. 7—422.4 lb. 5—10.88 li. 5— .512 h. it*- 65.625 bu. ii— 625.5 gallons. i-^— 297.5 bushels. i5— S5.375. i^— 280 lb. i5— 23 lounges. i6— $1,875. i7— .75 bu. i5— 43.5 yd. 19—2^ gob- lets, 3.5 oz. rem. ^6>— 407 T. ; 1,105 lb. over. 1^^-13 full car loads, 7 T. over. £2—5S sheep, 1.5 bushels rem. S3— 7 lots, .075 A. rem. ^.4—35 da., 3 lb. over. Art. 139. ^—$6.13. ^—$173.25. 4— $244.50. 5— $40.44. RevieiD. 1—2 A. ^—99,990. 5— .00078125. 4— $15.38+. 5— 14,525.28 T. 6— $1,142.10. 7— $18.25. 5— $1.50 for each. 9— .125 bu. i6>— .475 A. ii— $5,234.90. i^— 66 cans ; 25 pounds left. i5— 58.625 bushels, i^— $15,746.71. i5— $18,375. i6'— $4,375. i7— 1,357.05 bushels. i5— 1.5946 T. iP— .6875 of the vessel, ^t*— Lost $712,875. ^i— $18.28+. ;^^— $40.11. ^5— $92.50. PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS. Factors and Divisors. Art. 144. i— 3, 3, 5, 7. 2—2, 2, 109. 5—3, 5, 37. 4—863. 5—3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3. 6—2, 3, 3, 53. 7—2, 3, 11, 43. 5—3, 3, 5, 7, 31. Art. 145. 1—2, 2. ^—2, 2, 2, 2, 2. 5—2, 2, 2, 3. 4— 2, 2, 2, 5. 5—3, 5. 6—2, 2. Art. 149. i— 32. ^—240. 5—28. .^—51. 5—351. 6—15. 7—72. 5—28. P— 14. iP— 405.- Art. 150. i— 14. ^—4. 5—28. 4—18. 5—9. 6—6. 7—5. 5—450. 9—20 rd. 10—2 bu. at a load ; 600 loads of wheat ; 433 loads of corn ; 392 loads of barley ; 893 loads of oats. 11—40 yd. ; 65 rooms. 12 — 136 suits. Multiples. Art. 153. i— 144. ^—374. 5—1,140. 4—5,200. 5—10,230. 6—11,658. Art. 156. i— 264. ^—300. 5—48. 4—90. 5—189. 6—2,016. 7—72. 5—3,450. 9—1,512. i^— 3,600. ii— 1,587,600. i^— 19,008. Q 2 370 ANSWERS TO WRITTEN PROBLEMS. Art. 158. i— 4,050. ;e— 1,680. 5—1,340. 4—42,930. 5—2,520. e— 510. 7—2,520. <5— 10,500. 9— $5.40. i^— 960 bu. ii— 240 min- utes ; A, 20 miles ; B, 15 miles ; C, 12 miles, i^— 12,852 gal. Cancellation. Art. 161. i— 3. 2—b. 3 — 4. 4— 8. 5—9. 6—851. 7—17. 8—2. 9—^\. 10—5. 11-7. 12—4:, 13—9, U—20. i5— IJ. 16—Qj\. 17—1. 18— i. 19—S lb. 20—22 cows, ^i— 108bu. ^^—96 mi. 23— QT. ^4— $74.67. ;^5— 40da. fo— 30da. FRACTIOiSTS. Reductions. Art. 177. i— J. 2—i. 3—i. 4-1 ^-l 6-i. 7-1 8-jS. 9-j\. 10-^, ll-\l 12-ii, 13-j\. U-\\. i5-i|f . 16-i yard. i7— f da. i<^— $} ; $t. 19—1 lb. 20— P^. 21. il of a tou. Art. 179. i-m- 2-\ii 3-^\. 4— /tV ^-j?2-. e-m. ^-ill. 8—^'h%' ^-IM. ^^-A%. ^i-rWj. i^-C. iJ-Crushed. Art. 183. l-i^, li, f|. ^--If, i|. ^-m, «i. -^-T^, 1%, a'tf, iViT. ^-ifii. mi HM, jm. e-Aw, iWWy, Am. 7- A«A, ^VA, A'b%, AYt7, ill*. ^-AWA, iim^, /iWifir, i^5V*, i%mh Hii^' 9-i'^% tm, ^^, ^ttfr. i^. 23,400. ii. ,^^^, mn> -ii^h^ ^\%> mU' Art. 180. i-ff, H. ^-H, {^. ^-iJ, A, M. -^-A, fi if. ^-ff, i!> i5. e-it, A> H. ^-A%, iia iijs, im. ^-"H* ff, fi ll> if. ^-f?. ^, ii IS. i^-T^W. Art. 188. i— 176. ^—18. .5-266. 4— 18^. 5— llf|. 6— 233i|. 7_58f. S—4A. 9—lOii. i^— 378. ^i— 41^. i-?— 62^^. i^- 4,402. i^_276f. i5— 180f 16—151. i7— 168f. 18— So^. 19— Q25. S0—4SS^. 21—19i T. ^^— 586f bushels. ^,5— $488i. ^4— $362f . ^5— $945|. Art. 190. 1—^i^. 2—^. 3-^^. 4-Vi-. ^— ^IF- 6-^, 7_i|7. 8—^. 9—^^. 10— U%- 11—^' ^^—HV- i3—Hi^' ■-'- 16—^l^K 17-iU- ^S-HV' 19-H^' Addition. Art. 193. l—^\. 2—m 3—lj\%. 4— 7^. 5— 9f|. 6-1^^. 7-26-m. 8-lU- 9-SiU- ^^-246fi. ll-4Sj\. 12-lS^. 13-4^ yd. i4-246f^ mi. i5-|90iU' Art. 194. 1—m A. 2-2^^ T. 3-2^^. 4-2^. 5-16||. e—2\^. 7— 3f . ^—59^. P— Entire salary. 10—%2f^. 11— 5j^^ cd. -^^-3^^. i^-liM. U-^im- i^-109ii. i6- 140^ miles. Z7-137ff yd. Subtraction. Art. 190. 1—U- ^—U- ^—ts- 4— A- ^— At- 6-iWc. 7-^h' ^-rh- 9-^. 10-iU% miles. ii-23f. 12-62j\. 13-98^. U-^m- -^5-J. ^6-18ifJ. ^^-^A^- 18-Q5mi' 19-297^i^. ANSWFES TO WRITTEN PROBLEMS. 371 Art. 197. i-M. -^-iff. S-m^ 4-mm' ^-^SH. 6-26HI|. 7-Tl,r cd. ^-MT. 9-3ff. i^-7|||-. 11-^^^. i^-$4^. i^-lSHfnii. i^-35Myd. i5-^^. i^-^Vir. ^7'-14f;-. i5-6^. 19-l^i^. 20-1^. 21— i^. 22-^%. ^^-llSfi. ^^-105,^. 25—i^^K, 26-^\. ^7-Iiicreased i ^5-3ff. 29-1^^; ^; 1^ Multiplication. Art. 199. l—Ul ^—tts- ^—{i- 4—^M- 12-1. 13-^. U-^. IS—i-^. 16-i^. 17-n. 18-1. 19-421 20—11. ^i— 348i 22— ii of a melon. 23-^ of the factory. 24—$l^~is- ^^—U A. ^6—801 rd. Art. 200. 1—2^. 2—llj\. S—l^. 4—^4. 5—370. ^— S^V 7— 238f. 5— 46,405f. 9—42j\h\i. i^— $35|. ii— 37fda. 12— $112^\. Art. 201. i— 41 2— 90. 3—2^. 4—^lU' 5— $33|. 6— $25.81J. 7—63,2791 ^_385,228if. 5— 262^ lb. i^— 805f lb. 11— $9.76. 12—$1Q. 551 jr^_|386. 741. i^— $4, 21 6. 40f . Art. 202. i— |6f. ^—$4^. 3—$j\. 4— $6^. 5— $8.33i. e— $7.38ff. 7— $56^. 8—ii-^. 9—U^ rd. i^— $3ff. ii— $71 12-dQj% mi. IS-U. U-^m- ^^-iU' ^^-tV ^7-12.06}. i A- -?^— Diminished /^. 19-i. 2o-ii^\%%. 21-1^; A; A. ^^-3A; iff; m. ^^_1^;_2_;||. ^^-12f|; 2/^; 37^. 25-m' ^^-^W> A^, ^^^ 372 ANSWERS TO WRITTEN PROBLEMS. ;^7— 79|| yd. 28— i}. S9—21^ acres to corn ; 21 f acres to pota- toes ; 7| acres to wheat. 30— d^ boots. 31— Ul^. 32— B; 14^ mi. 33—$27A0^. 34-m. 35— i^^. COMPOUND NUMBERS. Reduction. Art. 220. i— 353,91 9 in. ;^— 985,140 sq. in. ^—1,053 J feet. >^— 22,873 sq. ft. 5—8,831 qt. 6—234,128 cu. in. 7—1,539 in. 5—3,500,800 sq. rd. 5—2,800 A. iO— 976 cu^ft. Art. 222. i— 77 ft. 1 in. S—Q mi. 80 rd. 3—^ sq. mi. 30 A. .4—33 sq. yd. 5—72 rd. 2 yd. 6—540 bu. 3 qt. 7—191 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. 5—5 sq. mi. 36 A. 5—3 cu. yd. 26 cu. ft. 624 cu. in. 10—% sq. rd. 16 sq. yd. 4 sq. ft. 32 sq. in. ii— 21 cd. 39 cu. ft. 1,000 cubic inches, i^— 119 bu. 2 pk. 1 qt. i.^— 19 cd. 37 cu. ft. i^— 215 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. Art. 223. i— 6,408 tiles. ;^— 508 pt. ^—1,930 rd. 4— 48,400 hills. 5—39 acres 146 square rods. 6—9 bu. 2 pk. 1 qt. 7—320 bottles. 5—507 pt. papers. 5—91 gal. 1 qt. i^— 5 bu. 2 pk. 1 pt. Addition. Art. 226. i— 208 gal. 3 qt. <^— 39 A. 144 sq. rd. 5—55 cu. yd. 16 cu. ft. 1,007 cu. in. ^—14 yd. 6 in. 5—49 gal. 3 qt. 3 gi. 6—81 bu. 1 pk. 4 quarts. 7—21 cd. 96 cu. ft. 5—4 mi. 120 rd. 1 yd. 5_2,041 bu. 3 pk. 2 qt. 10—^ gal. 2 qt. ii— 115 sq. yd. 5 sq. ft. Subtraction. Art. 228. i— 2 miles 276 rods 2 feet 9 inches. 2 — 5 sq. rd. 29 sq. yd. 2 sq. ft. 36 sq. in. 5—5 yards 1 foot 5 inches. ^_4 bu. 2 pk. 3 qt. 5—50 cu. yd. 8 cu. ft. 762 cu. in. 6—87 cords. 7—1 ml 174 rd. 3 yd. 2 ft. 6 in. 5—14 gal. 1 qt. 1 pt. Multiplication. Art. 230. i— 853 bu. 6 qt. ;^— 1,098 mi. 3 rd. 3 yd. 2 ft. 6 in. 5—1 cu. yd. 1 cu. ft. 1,152 cu. in. ^—292 A. 80 sq, rd. 14 sq. yd. 2 sq. ft. 32 sq. in. 5—230 gal. 1 pt. 6—848 mi. 226 rd. 3 yd. 7—24 cd. 24 cu. ft. 5—37 bu. 3 pk. 4 qt. 5—1 A. 60 sq. rd. 4 sq. yd. 4 sq. ft. 72 sq. in. iO— 589 mi. 103 rd. 2 yd. 2 ft. 6 in. Division. Art. 232. 1—1 mi. 259 rd. 2 yd. 2 ft. lOf in. 2—2 sq. mi. 365 A. 119 sq. rd. 17 sq. yd. 2 sq. ft. 82f sq. in. 5—3 cu. yd. 3 cu. ft. 288 cu. in. ^—43 rd. 4 yd. 2 ft. If in. 5—21 A. m sq. rd. 136 sq. ft. 46|- sq. in. 6—1,340^^5 cu. in. 7—6 kegs. 5—2. 5—2 rd. 2 -yd. 2 ft. 10—12 cu. yd. 12 cu. ft. ii— 65 bags, i^— 60 sq. rd. Art. 234. i— 9,683 lb. <^— 412 oz. 5—34 bar. 147 lb. ^—20 bar. 63 lb. 7 oz. 5—58 T. 10 cwt. 3 lb. 9 oz. 6—1,785 lb. 12 oz. 7—60 T. 472 lb. 8 oz. 5—281 lb. 3} oz. 5—47 lb. 2 oz. i^— 41,716 packages, ii— 26 T. 812 lb. 8 oz. 12—^ T. 8 cwt. 46 lb. i5— 36 lb. 12 oz. i^_53 T. 875 lb. i5— 1 T. 1,825 lb. i6— 360 da. i7— 33 lb. 14 oz. Art. 235. 1—1 wk. 3 da. 3 h. 14 min. 35 sec. ^—5 wk. 5—8,784 h. ^—31,556,929 sec. 5—1,047 da. 17 h. 54 min. 6—7 wk. 5 da. 3 h. 4 min. 51 sec. 7—12 da. 6 h. 40 min. 5—329 yr. 119 da. 22 h. 12 min. 5—267,120 min. ^6*— 11 da. 13 h. 46 min. 40 sec. ii— 5 jr. 4 da. i^— 39 h. 20 min. i5— 8 da. 1 h. 15 min. i4— 4 da. 7 h. 30 min. Art. 236. i— 84 yr. 3 mo. ^— Feb. 22, 1732. 5—1 yr. 9 mo. 27 da. ^-—4 mo. 24 da. 6—4 yr. 1 mo. 14 da. ANSWBES TO WRITTEN PROBLEMS. 373 Art. 237. i— 498 doz. ^—3,739 sheets. 3—2 grt. gro. 2 gro. 10 doz. 8. 4 — 11 rm. 1 quire 15 sheets. 5 — 25 rm. 18 quires 16 sheets. 6 — 15 grt. gro. 1 gro. 4 doz. 7 — 480 sheets. 8 — 8,540 clothes-pins. 9 — 10|- doz. pairs. 10 — 5 gro. Review, i— 31 bu. 1 pk. 2 qt. 1 pt. ^—2 gallons, .f— 250 days. 4— lOgal. Ipt. 5— 84bu. 8pk. 4qt. 5— 15,0001b. 7— 24 rd. 1 yd. 1 ft. ^—1 A. 97 sq. rd. 218 sq. ft. 86 sq. in. 5— $245. 10—2 cd. 96 cu. ft. ii— 59 bar. 75 lb. 1^—Q quires 12 sheets. ^^—285 bu. i^— 1,277 cu. yd. 21 cu. ft. i5— 81 mi. 120 rd. i6— 86 A. 187.25 sq. rd. i7— 12 da. i<^— 204 T. 1,050 lb. MEASUREMENTS. Rectangles, Triangles, and Trapezoids. Art. 247. i— 824 sq. rd. ^—80,100 sq. yd. ^—2,175.5 sq. ft. 4—808.052 sq. in. 5—11 sq. ft. 40| sq. in. 6—8,904.5 square rods. 7—1^449.6 sq. yd. 8—7 sq. ft. P— 80,174 sq. ft. i6'— 1,389.625 sq. mi. 11—21 sq. rd. 26 sq. yd. 18 sq. ft. 72 sq. in. i^— 6,400 sq. ft. i^— 800 A. Art. 248. i— 86 rods. ^—22 rods. — 112 ft. ^i— $30.37^. 4^— 501.0 bu. ^_l,024bu. 44— 280bu. .^—6,528 bu. .^C— 502.2 bu. .^7— 66| T. ^-l^T. 45-2f|T. Revieio. i— 1,512 square rods, j^— 918f sq. rd. .^—2,714.4 sq. rd. ^_1, 649.375 sq. rd. 5— 35| sq. yd. 6— 31f sq. yd. 7— 42^^^ sq. yd. ^__37isq.yd. 9— 209.035 sq. yd. i^— 82.80 +sq. yd. ii— 247.35 sq. yd. i^— 97.9801 + sq. yd. i^— 31icu.ft. i^— 51fV cu. ft. i5— 51y»5 cu. ft. i6— 85/4 cu. ft. i7— 140^5^5^ cu. ft. i^— 290^^^^ cu. ft. i5— 171| cu. ft. ;^^_255.^4^ cu. ft. ^i— 15i^V cu. ft. 22— in^ cu. ft. ;^^— 265 sq. in. ^^—13.3656 + A. 1^5—36 sq. in. 1*^—2,150 persons. ^7— $49.87^. S8—%m.'^(). 29— IQ ft. .^^—8^- yards. 31—9 in. 32—10 ft. 8 in. ^^— OOOrd. ^^— 18ft. .^5— 6 ft. 4 in. .?(?— 2,046 pickets. ^7— 288 sq.ft. ^5_o4 A. 108 sq. rd. 39— 24 it. ^— 13 sq. yd. 4^— 4 sq. ft. 24 sq. in. ^— 160rd. .^<9— 32y\sq.rd. 44— $67.20. 45— 310sq.rd. 46— 468 cu. ft. 47_4 cu. ft. 108 cu. in. 4^— 12| hours. 49—2 ft. 6 in. 5^— 8^^ ^eet. Sl-Sdl^hu. 5^— 163^^ sheets. 5^— $32.50. 54— $.21. 55— $23.94. S6— 427m bar. 57— 6it in. 5.9—134,744 bricks. S9—^ of the wall. 60— $140 M. 61— $76.82. 62—$2M. 6^— 55^ T. (?4— 3,360 ft. 65— $1.36|. 66— $18.62. 67— 56^ bushels ; 45^^ bushels. 6 I^Olf. 12— A, $647.92; B, $161.98; C, $323.96; D, $809.90. Interest. Art. 325. i— $28.02. ^—$16.05; $337.05. ^—$58.62}. ^—$147.06. 5— $182.47. 6— $4,312.50. 7— $2,655. 5— $78.41. Art. 327. i— $14.28. ^—$3.13. ^—$54.53. ^—$272.09. 5— $301.61. 6— $3,523.35. 7— $2,759.32. ^—$294. P— $60.55. Art. 329. i— $71.82. ^—$45.84. .?— $303.94. 4— $44.76. 5— $3.64. 6— $35.27. Art. 331. i— $193.75. ;^— $106.56. 5— $63.61. ^—$36.92. 5— $119.26. 6— $135.63. 7— $74.59. <9— $44.53. 9— $25.84. i^— $83.48. ii— $87.19. i^— $47.95. IS— $2S.6S. i^— $16.61. i5— $53.67. i6— $290.63. i7— $159.84. i<§— $95.42. i^— $55.38. ^^—$178.90. ^i— $116.25. ^^—$63.94. -^^—$38.17. ^4— $22.15. ^5— $71 . 56. ^6— $146. 50. ^7— $80.58. ^^(5— $87.90. >^7— $48.35. .4^— $28.86. ^—$16.75. 50— $54.11. 57— $3,730.57. 5;^— $2,051.81. 55— $1,224.87. 5^— $710.88, 55— $2,296.37. 56— $2,611.40. 57— $1,436.27. 55— $857.41. 55_|497.62. 6?(?— $1,607.46. 6^i— $1,678.75. 6^— $923.31. 65— $551.19. 6^— $319.90. 6*5— $1033.37. 66— $5,595.85. 67— $3,077.72 65— $1,837.30. 69— $1,066.32. 70— $3,444.56. 7i— $2,238.34. 7^— $1,231.09. 75— $734.92. 7.^— $426.53. 75— $1,377.82. 76— $6,004.54. 77— $3,302.50. 75— $1,971.49. 75— $1,144.20. 56— $3, 696. 1 3. 5i— $4, 203. 18. 5-^— $2, 31 1 . 75. 55— $1 , 380. 04. 54— $800.94. 55— $2,587.29. 56— $2,702.04. 57— $1,486.12. 55— $887.17. 55>— $514.89. i>6— $1,663.26. 5i— $9,006.81. 92— %4:, 953. 75. 55— $2, 957,24. 5^— $1 , 71 6. 30. 55— $5, 544. 19. 56— $3,602.72. 57— $1,981.50. 55— $1,182.89. 55— $686.52. 100— $2, 21 7. 68. 101— %2, 365. 94. 102— %\, 301 . 26. 755- $776. 82. i^^_|4r,0. 84. i55— $1 , 456. 36. i66— $1 , 656. 1 5. i67— $910. 88. ^^^—1543. 77. 765- $315.59. 776- $1,019.46. iii- $1,064.67. n2—%T^^n. 57. ii5— $349. 57. ii^— $202. 88. ii5— $655. 36. ii6— $3, 548. 90. ii7— $1 , 951 . 90. ii5— $1 ,165. 22. ii5— $676. 26. i;?0— $2,184.55. i;^i— $1,419.56. i^^— $780.76. 7^*5- $466.09. i^.^— $270.51. it'5— $873.82. ii'6— $85.08. i^7— $95.06. i^5— $88.17. ij^5— $85.97. 155- $99.27. i5i— $90.09. i5^— $85.46. i55— $96.87. i5^— $88.99. i55— $327.07. 756— $365.43. 757— $338.94. 755— $330.46. 755— $381.60. 7^6>— $346.29. 7^7- $328.52. 7^— $372.36. 7^5- $342.09. 744— $2.12. 745— $2.37. 746— $2.20. 7^7- $2.14. 7^— $2.47. i^_|2.24. 755— $2.13. 757— $2.41. 75^— $2.22. 755— $654. 75^— $204. 755— $22. 756— $131.25. 757— $145.60. 755— $1,957.04. 755— $219.15. 765— $5.94. 76;^— $39.20. 76^- $1,090. 765— $810.55. 766— $1 , 388. 16. 767— $1 , 164. 46. 765— $2, 970. 18. 765— $669. 30. Review. 7—21,525 votes. ^— 1st, 36^; 2cl, 34^; 3d, 30^. 5—36 mi. ^_|.333^ 5— Loss, $2. 6—12^%. 7—$ .90. 5— $6,310. 5~$118.75, fees; $831.25, remitted. 75— $44,314.29. 77— $254.94. 7;^— $120.75. 13—21^. 7^— $2,287.50. 75— $590. 76— $6.83. 77— $99.96. 75— $436.32. 75— $2,175. 20— $1,200. 21— $2.1Sl. 22—12%. 23—2(1^ apiece ; 30^ a dozen. ^4— $9,800 ; $6,500 ; $10,250 ; $7,150. ;^5— 922.722 + bushels. ^6— $2,650. -^7— $2,250. ^5— $5,941.25. ;^9_|841.42. 57—^ of the ship. 5^—200 bushels. 55— 14f^. ^^_|6,958.40. 55— li^. 56— $1,004.25. 57— $675. 55—230%. 55—10^. 45— $282.49. ^7—50^. 42— \X is $92.60 per amium cheaper for him to buy the farm. ANSWERS TO WRITTEN PROBLEMS. 377 SUPPLEMENT. METHODS OF PKOOF. Art. 5. i— 354,455. ^—5,084.4751. S—m-. ^—$18,330.63. 5—227,933. 6—75.7917. 7—iii^. ^—3,121,788. 9—167.18091. i{?— $4,426.98f. ii— fffff. i^— 68. i^— 69^^. i^- 5.242 + . i5— 6.42 + . i6'— 36.4. 17—4:11 SHORT METHODS. Art. 12. i— 308,520. ^—4,557,168. .^-202,875,372. 4— 18,438. 5—86,922. 6—1,282.68. 7—2,800.28. 5— .00030848. Art. 10. i— 1,940. ^—43,375. ,^—245,500. 4—455. 5—5,037.5. 6—119. 7— $40.62i. 5— $6,250. 9— $660. i^~$1.80. ^i— $468.75. i^— $423. Art. 17. i— 742,104. ^—6,835,158. .^—169,693,029. 4—8,020,619,793. 5—227, 640, 772, 359. 6—2, 694, 251, 157, 219. Art. 18. i— 725. ^—66. .^— 3,737|. 4-5,005f. 5—10.24. 6-80.5. 7— 34iV Art. 19. i— 1,712. ;^— 26^^. .f— 198. 4—7.14. 5— $38.28. 6— $1,774. 7— $2.27. ^—$.1127. 5— $65. i^— 3.4 yd. ii— 65 lb. 15 oz. i^— 578.46 bar. CONVERSE REDUCTIONS. Art. 21. i— f. ^-|f. 3—U. ^-ii 5-^^. 6-3^0- 7-m. 8-^i^rm. 5— AV wk. 10-% Art. 22. i— .35. ;^— .40625. .^-.2727+. 4— -0004. 5— 18.75; 7.075. 6— .555 + . 7— 19.3636+. Art. 23. 1—19 hours 12 minutes. 2—1 foot 10^ inches. .^—70 rd. 4—21 bu. 3 pk. 4 qt. 5—2 qt. 1 pt. IJ gi. 6—2.5344 square inches. 7_273 da. 18 h. ^—13 cwt. 1 qr. 9-i- lb. Art. 24. -?— .921875 bu. <^— .90625 gal. <^— .625 gro. 4— .8282+rd. 5— .6625 ream. 6— .10175 T. 7— .66 da. — $64.35. Art. 33. i— 429 bar. ^—183.76 T. S—4i yd. 4—3,057 pickets. 5— 385 1b. 6— 85,432 bricks. 7— 15,690 ft. ^—2,784 lb. 5— 4,680 lb. Art. 34. i— $7.06}. ^—$56.25. .^—$4.50. 4— $2.25. 5— $11.50. €—$7.50. 7— $18.75. ^—$13. 5— $27.50. 378 ANSWERS TO WRITTEN PROBLEMS, Art. 35. 4—$SA9l 5—26 gallons 1 quart. ^—$87,425. 7— | cd. 5— 111.61|. 5— $2.25. 10—^1.85. ii— $41.58. i^— 100 M feet, i^— $125. i^— $55.78^. iJ— lO^Mft. i6'— 3 T. 1,875 lb. i7— $158.77. 18— Q2^\h. 19—$/S2}. ^0— $262.60. ^i— 5,750 feet. ;^^— $72. ;^^— $902. ^^—$32.85. ;^5— 13 cwt. 1 qr. 21^% 1^. LONGITUDE AND TIME. Art. 66. i-8°. ;^— 13'30". 5—1° 20'. ^—7° 11' 15". 5— 17° 7' 30". 6— 123° 6' 45". 7— 3°20'W. ^— 17°30'E. 5—100^ 3' W. i^— 30° E. 11—6° 13' W. i^— 137° 17' 15 " E. Art. 67* 1 — 5 hours 17 minutes 21 seconds. 2—6 h. 50 min. 28 sec. 5— 5 h. 59 min. 47yV sec. ^— 10 h. 26 min. 3 sec. .5— 6 h. 32 min. 12| sec. 6—6 h. 8 min. 1 sec. 7—11 min. 58 sec. P.M. 8—8 h. 46 min. 25 sec. A.M. 9 — 1 hour 6 min. 17 sec. P.M. 10—9 hours 40 min. 44 sec. A.M. 11 — 7 hours 41 min. 58 sec. A.M. 12 — 4 hours 16 min. 25 sec. A.M. 13—8 h. 36 min. 17 sec. A.M. U—6 h. 10 min. 44 sec. A.M. INTEREST. Art. 87. 1-^%. 2-4:\%. S-^%. 4-2t%. 5-9%. 6—18i%. 7— 12|f^. ^— $5.37i. 9— $84.37J. i^— $60.83. ii— $44.21. i<^— $41.14. iJ— $645.81. i^— $465.62. i5— $338.37. i6— $13.53. i7— $212.41. i<5— $153.15. i^?— $111.29. ;^^— $259.68. ^i— $4,076.33. ;^^— $2, 938. 98. 23— $2, 135. 79. Art. 88. i— $2.51. ^—$234. 5— $15.78. 4— $.32. 5— $5. 6— $1.50. 7— $330.38. 5— $8.33. 5— $2.84. 76^— $15.47. ii— $13.23. i^— $111.72. i.?— $5.26. i-^— $199.60. i5— $40.82. 16— $66.12. Art. 92. i— $406. ;^— $7,899.85. 5— $10,000. ^—$257.14. 5— $2,204.23. 6— $36.50. Art. 94. i— $483.62. ;e— $329.96. ,^—$621.21. .4— $67.50. 5— $1,592. 6— $419.84. Art. 95. l—4i%. 2—6%. 3—6%. 4—8.3^. 5-9%. 6—Z\%. Art. 96. 1—1 yr. 9 mo. 8 da. 2—2 yr. 6 mo. 3—22 yr. 2 mo. 20 da. ^—8 yr. 4 mo. 5—6 mo. 6—10 mo. 15 da. PllOBLEMS IN THE SiX GE1^^ERAL CaSES OF INTEREST. 1- ;^— $63.73. ^—$90,075. 4— $131.25. 5— $1,264.64. 6— $1,500. 7— $666.67. ,?— 5yr.4mo. S>— 4yr. 2mo. 10—8fr. 11—4%. i^— $400. i^— $810. i4— $982.43. i5— $1,413.45. i6— $8,930.85. i7— 1 yr. 6 mo. 6 da. i— $2.47. i^— $37.26. i^— $166.86. DISCOUNT. Art. 109. i— $6.75. ;^— $62.50. 5-$28.03. .4— $4.67, 5— $1.75. 6— $2.67. 7— $10.26. ^-$26.68. 9— $25.56 ; $826.44. i^— $38.91; $938.92. ii— $20,621; $1,479. 87i. i^— $78.50; $2,376.50. Art. 118. i— $6.46. ^—$3.82. 5— $4.92. 4— $24.94. 5- 6— $596.70. 7— $814.87. 5— $8,428.25. 9— $416.99. it^— $7.75; $492.25. ii— $7.44; $842.86. i^— $239.17; $9,760.83. i.?— $17.50; $1,232.50. ANSWERS TO WRITTEN PROBLEMS. 379 Art. 121. i— $1.04. .^—$50.87. ^-$6.64. .^—$17.05. 5— $908.75. 6— $3,346.08. 7—11,073.68. 5— $87.58. S>— $84.47; $840.53. i6'— $77.61; $2,914.93. ii— $100.17; $499.83. i^-$53.48; $506.52. Problems m Discount, i— $909.72. ^—$59.87. «?— $4,345.38. .4— $2,345.38. 5— $1,615.95. 6— $135.53. 7— $2,740.17. <5— $401.79. 10— ^o differenoe. COMPOUND INTEKEST. Art. 122. ^-$743. 73. ;^— $722.88. .?— $32.83. 4— $30.32. 5— $927.17. 6— $422.91. 7— $314.39. ^—$146.58. 5— $63.22. iC— $33.64. ii— $72.92. i^— $108.24. Art. 123. ' i— $280.81. PAKTIAL PAYMENTS. Art. 125. i— $1,705.54. ;^— $1,218.15. .^—$283.75. 4— $11,990.22. 5— $542.12. 6— $1,643.92. Art. 126. i— $678,121 ^—$1,898.70. ^—$2,128.12. Art. 129. i— $268.80. ^—$66.03. 5— $58.08. 4— $35.96. 5— $141.53. 6— $158.92. 7— $22.72. 5— $357.61. 5— $769.98. i^— $2,333.07. BONDS. Art. 138. i— $337.50. ;^— $118.25. 5—236 bonds. 4—34 bonds. 5—240 bonds. 6—64 bonds. 7— Mich. 7's, fff^. 8— Geo. 7's, fll^. 9— 5's, ^^%. 10— 4^% ^%%. ii— $3,247.50. i^— $21,200. i^— 5f^. U—^^N^fc. EQUATION OF PAYMENTS. Art, 14:0. 1—4 mo. ^—3 mo. 29%a. after to-day. — 8,505 feet 380 ANSWERS TO WRITTEN PROBLEMS. i^— $1.26; $2.10; $2.52; $3.36. ii— 253 J bushels. 13—4:\ da. U—iL 15— 20-is da. POWERS AND ROOTS. Art. 182. i— 54. ^—763. 5—5,453. ^_.28. J— .432. 6—U. 7—7.5. 5—60.709. 5— .017. 10— n. 21—3711 i^— 2.8284+. i«?— 8.83176+. i^— 96.5 ft. i5— 111.75 yd. 16— dl in. i7— 96 ft. ; 336 ft. i— 338. 1 + cu. in. 10— 23 tons 1,624 pounds. 11—1,836.734 + gal. ; 58 bar. 9.734 + gal. 1^—256 bar. 14.96 + gal. Art. 205. 1—4: sq. ft. 131? sq. in. ; 1 cu. ft. 39f cu. in. <^— 12| sq. in. 5— 523.8+cu. in. 4— 2 sq. f t. 51 f sq. in. 5— 104,991,450, 477^^ cu. ml 6—3141 sq. in. ; 523^ cu. in. 5—33. Art. 206. 1—U miles. ;^— 13,068 pounds. 5— 108.86f- inches. ^_78.54 sq. ft.; 113.0976 sq. in. 5—88 inches. 6—575,000 cu. ft. 7_15.118 + ft. 8—4: lb. 9—16 in. 16>— 49.152 pailfuls. ABBOTTSV ILLUSTRATED HISTORIES. BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORIES. By Jacob Abbott and John S. C. Abbott. The Volumes of this Series are print- ed and bound uniformly, and are embellished with numerous Engravings. 16mo, Cloth, $1 00 each. A series of volumes containing severally full accounts of the lives of the most distinguished sovereigns, in the various ages of the world, from the earliest periods to the present day. Each volume contains the life of a single individual, and constitutes a distinct and independent work. For the convenience of buyers these popular Histories have been divid- ed into six series, as follows : (Each series inclosed iu a neat Box. Volumes may be had separately.) 4. Later British Kings and Queens. Richard III. Mary Qceen of Scots. Elizabeth. Charles I. Charles II. 5. Queens and Heroines. 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