NOTES ON THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 
 S^HREE SIXTEENTH-CENTURY 
 ENGLISH BOOKS CONNECTED 
 WITH LONDON HOSPITALS^ 
 
 BY 
 
 SIR D'ARCyI POWER, K.B.E., F.R.C.S. (Eng.), F.S.A. 
 
 READ BEFORE THE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY 
 MARCH 21, 1921 
 
 LONDON 
 
 REPRINTED BY THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 
 
 FROM THE SOCIETY'S TRANSACTIONS (THE LIBRARY) 
 
 1921
 
 Zhc ILfbrarp 
 
 ■zujy 
 
 nzi 
 
 Fourth Series ^ September 1921 
 
 Vol.11. No. 2 ^ ^ 
 
 NOTES ON THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THREE SIX- 
 TEENTH-CENTURY ENGLISH BOOKS CON- 
 NECTED WITH LONDON HOSPITALS 
 
 By sir D'ARCY POWER, K.B.E., F.R.C.S. (Eng.), F.S.A.i 
 
 THE middle of the sixteenth century witnessed a revolu- 
 tion in the treatment of the sick poor in London, and 
 produced a number of books written by men who had 
 the interest of surgery at heart and who strove to raise 
 their calling from a trade to a profession. Vicary, Gale, 
 Clowes, Banester, Read, and Maister Peter Lowe wrote 
 books which are still a joy to read. Their language is 
 charming, their invective is fierce, their poetry is vile, but 
 they give so lively a picture of the times in which they 
 lived that many a profitable hour may still be spent in 
 their company. 
 
 The object of the Bibliographical Society, however, is 
 Bibliography, so I leave this band of writers and will ask 
 you to consider three books whose history has not yet been 
 completely elucidated. 
 
 ' Read before the Bibliographical Society of London, 21 March 1921. 
 
 F
 
 74 Notes on the Bibliography of three Sixteenth-century 
 
 (i) The Order of the Hospitalls 
 
 I will begin with this little duodecimo, the title-page of 
 which runs : 
 
 THE ORDER | Of the Hospitalls of K. Henry | the viiith and K. Ed-| 
 ward the vith, 
 
 /St. Bartholomew's. 
 Christ's. 
 Bridewell. 
 ,St. Thomas's. 
 
 By the Maior, Cominaltie, and Ci-|tizens of London, Governours of | the 
 Possessions, Revenues and j Goods of the sayd Hospitalls, | 1557. 
 
 The book is in black letter and has neither the name nor 
 the place of the printer. The copy here shown has been 
 re-backed and re-labelled, but the leather covering the sides 
 is original. The edges of the leaves and the edges of the 
 leather binding are gilded, and there is marbled paper at 
 each end of the volume. 
 
 The book itself consists of 57 leaves and 113 pages. The 
 paper is of good quality, but it is badly discoloured throughout. 
 Written in the bold hand of a clerk on the reverse of the 
 title-page is the inscription : ' To the Right Worp^V S*". 
 ' Humphry Edwin Kn*. and Alderman, Governor of Christ's 
 ' Hosp*^' The book was also in the possession of a Governor 
 of St. Bartholomew's Hospital in 1809. It contains his 
 summons to attend at the Blue-coat School on St. Matthew's 
 Day and go ' from thence to Christ Church to hear a sermon 
 ' and afterwards to hear the Oration in the great Hall 
 ' according to ancient Custom. 
 
 * NB. It is particularly requested that you take a Green 
 * Staff, as a Governor of this Hospital, upon entering the 
 ' Great Hall '. 
 
 In spite of the date and the type I have always thought 
 there was something wrong about the book, and I felt about 
 it as the undergraduate did when he wrote :
 
 English Books connected with London Hospitals 75 
 
 * I do not like thee, Dr. Fell, 
 
 The reason why I cannot tell; 
 
 But this I know, and know full well, 
 
 I do not like thee, Dr. Fell.' 
 So I have brought it here this afternoon for your inspection 
 with such facts as I have been able to gather, that you may 
 sit in judgement upon it, and, I fear, damn it as an impostor. 
 The book contains the rules which the citizens of London 
 desired should govern the Charities which had been placed 
 under their control after the upheaval in the middle of the 
 sixteenth century. It declares how many governors shall be 
 elected ; the manner in which they shall be chosen ; the 
 length of time they shall serve and the charge to be given to 
 them ; the manner of conducting the Courts and of appoint- 
 ing the Officers ; the duties of the Officers, and many other 
 details, serviceable and necessary at the time, but of no interest 
 to us at present. 
 
 The first notice of the Orders occurs in the Repertories 
 at the Guildhall, where, under the date 1557, 28th Sept., 
 4 & 5 Ph. & Mary, it appears that the ' Court of Aldermen 
 ' agreed that all the articles and ordinances then read con- 
 
 * cerning the government and ordering of the Poor in West 
 
 * Smithfield and the hospitals of the City, lately devised by 
 ' S[i]r Martin Bowes and S[i]r Rowland Hill, knights, and 
 
 * diverse other aldermen and commoners of this city being 
 
 * Governours and Surveyors at that present of the said house 
 
 * should be entered of record and from thenceforth put in 
 
 * due execution '. 
 
 The Order is headed ' Offley, Maior ', and Sir Thomas 
 Offley was Mayor in 1556-7. 
 
 The * Memoranda, References, and Documents relating to 
 The Royal Hospitals of the City of London ', compiled by 
 Mr. James Francis Firth, the Town Clerk, and issued by the 
 Court of Common Council in 1836, state that* these articles 
 
 F2
 
 76 Notes on the Bibliography of three Sixteenth-century 
 
 ' and ordinances do not appear to be entered of record but 
 ' were printed in 1557 under the title " The Order of the 
 'Hospitalls", etc' There is no doubt that the Orders were 
 duly made in 1557, and it is a little remarkable that they 
 should never have been transcribed in the archives of the 
 City. They were certainly circulated to the four Royal 
 Hospitals, for there is plenty of evidence to show that they 
 were known to, and acted on, by the governing bodies of 
 these charities. 
 
 The next notice of the Orders is in Strype's edition of 
 Stow's Survey (Lond. 1754, vol. i, p. 195), where it is stated 
 that the Orders ' were printed in a little book in the time of 
 Mr. Goodfellow, Towne Clerk '. This is amplified by 
 Gough (British Topography, Lond. 1780, vol. i, p. 639) as 
 follows : ' the Order of the Hospitalism etc., since reprinted 
 ' in the old character and size at the expence of Mr. Secretary 
 ^ Pepys. O.' Mr. Bernard Kettle, of the Guildhall Library, 
 tells me that O. is William Oldys, the antiquary (1696-1761). 
 The statement that a reprint was made at the expense of 
 Mr. Secretary Pepys is repeated by Ames in Herbert's edition 
 (p. 1596), and by Lowndes (p. 1124). I also find in Lowndes 
 that the book has fetched the following prices at sales : 
 Nassau, pt. i, 2469, £1. iSs. ; Strettell, 1057, 5/. ; Towneley, 
 pt. i, 563, ys. 6d. ; Inglis, 1076, Ss. 
 
 It is generally assumed, therefore, that there are two editions 
 of the Orders, the one printed in 1557 ; the other, a facsimile 
 printed at a much later date. I have examined the various 
 copies of the book which are accessible to see in what respects 
 they agree or differ, taking my own as a standard. The 
 British Museum and the Bodleian Libraries have each two 
 copies ; the Guildhall Library, the Society of Antiquaries, 
 Christ's Hospital, the Pepysian Library at Cambridge, the 
 Medico-Chirurgical Society at Bristol, and the Surgeon- 
 General's Library at Washington have one copy apiece.
 
 English Books connected with London Hospitals 77 
 
 Sir William Osier's library has this copy, which Lady Osier 
 
 kindly allows me to show you, and I have a copy. Twelve 
 
 copies of the book are thus available for comparison, and 
 
 I have particulars of all of them. They are printed on similar 
 
 paper, and in every case the paper is discoloured as it is in these 
 
 two copies. In each case there are three vertical chain lines 
 
 on a page, but it is only in my own copy and in the two 
 
 copies in the Bodleian that there is any watermark. In my 
 
 own copy there is a device on the third fly-leaf in front and 
 
 in the last fly-leaf at the end. It is in the nature of a shield 
 
 with a double border. Miss Anderson has kindly examined 
 
 the two copies in the Bodleian and she writes : ' The volumes 
 
 seem to me to agree in watermarks. On one page I think 
 
 I trace come, and in the corresponding leaf of the gathering 
 
 NY, the intermediate letters are in the binding and I could 
 
 not distinguish them. The more common watermark is 
 
 something like a horn on an ornamental shield but, as it is 
 
 everywhere close in to the binding, and besides cut at the 
 
 top, it is not very easy to be definite. Ordinarily the pages 
 
 have three vertical lines each. 8° Rawl. 586* has on the 
 
 second flyleaf at the beginning as watermark a portion of 
 
 a fleur-de-lys enclosed in a shield — the upper portion is cut 
 
 away ; the end flyleaf has as watermark a crown over a 
 
 shield, but the shield is almost entirely cut away as is also 
 
 part of the crown. 
 
 ' 8° Rawl. 586** has on flyleaf two, what seems to be the 
 
 remains of ("J but the top line of the T is cut away. All 
 
 the watermarks are close into the binding and have been 
 cut by the binder.' None of the other copies that I have 
 examined have any watermarks. 
 
 Nearly every copy has an inscription similar to the one 
 I show you. It is written in a bold text hand, is on the reverse 
 of the title-page, and states that the book has been presented
 
 78 Notes on the Bibliography of three Sixteenth- century 
 
 to an alderman or Governor of Christ's Hospital about the 
 end of the seventeenth century. 
 
 All the copies that I have seen appear to me to be part of 
 one issue, which was put into circulation at the end of the 
 seventeenth century. It is probable, therefore, that they are 
 all examples of what Oldys called the Pepys reprint. I have 
 not found a single example of any earlier edition. It seems 
 almost certain that no edition was printed in 1557, but that 
 the Christ's Hospital authorities printed directly from a 
 manuscript copy, possibly, as tradition states, at the expense 
 of Mr. Samuel Pepys. Moreover, the manuscript from which 
 the book was printed had only recently come into the posses- 
 sion of the Blue-coat School, for the Order beginning 'OiHey, 
 Maior ', is signed ' Goodfellow ', whereas if it had been 
 printed from the original it would have been signed ' Black- 
 well '. William Blackwell was Town Clerk from 1541 to 
 1570; John Goodfellow was Town Clerk from 1690 to 1700. 
 The book was printed, therefore, between 1690 and 1700. 
 This is corroborated by the inscription in my copy, which 
 shows that it belonged to Sir Humphry Edwin. Edwin was 
 a Skinner and a Barber-Surgeon who was alderman of the 
 Tower Ward. He was Master of the Barber-Surgeons Com- 
 pany in 1686, and served the office of Sheriff in the same 
 year. He was knighted in 1687 and was Mayor in 1697. 
 
 Having thus fixed the approximate date I set to work to 
 discover whether there was any special reason for printing 
 The Order of the Hospitalls at the end of the seventeenth 
 century when they had remained so long in manuscript. 
 I found that in 168 1 the Court of Aldermen made a determined 
 effort to regain their ancient jurisdiction over the four Royal 
 Hospitals, which had practically lapsed from disuse. On 
 14 February 1681 'a reference was made to the presidents of 
 ' the four hospitals and four aldermen to inquire into and 
 ' examine the ancient method of managing the hospitals and
 
 English Books connected with London Hospitals 79 
 
 ' appointing governors '. The result of the inquiry was to 
 show conclusively that the Court of Aldermen had jurisdiction 
 over the Hospitals, but it was found difficult to enforce it — 
 St. Bartholomew's Hospital proving especially refractory — and 
 the dispute dragged on for several years. 
 
 On 28 October 1690 ' the Clerk of Christ's Hospital was 
 ' ordered by that da}- seven-night to deliver an account in 
 ' writing how, and in what manner, the Governors of that 
 
 * Hospital were anciently nominated and appointed, and 
 ' when and how the same came to be altered '. On 10 March 
 1 690-1, the Committee reported that ' by an act of Common 
 
 * Council 5th of August, 4th and 5th Ph. & Mar. it was 
 
 * ordained that the Lord Mayor for the time being and such 
 ' of the Aldermen, commonalty and citizens as should be 
 ' appointed by the Mayor and Court of Aldermen for the time 
 ' being to be governors of the possessions, etc., and their 
 ' successors for evermore (and gave authority to them to make 
 
 * statutes and ordinances for well governing the hospitals, and 
 
 * to nominate, appoint, make, create, and ordain such and so 
 ' many officers, ministers, and governors under them in the 
 ' said hospitals as shall be thought meet by their discretions, to 
 ' the intent the poor therein may be well and honestly pro- 
 
 * vided for). 
 
 ' That pursuant to that act certain ordinances were made 
 ' by the Court of Aldermen for the government of the 
 
 * hospitals and how the governors should be chosen . . . accord- 
 
 * ing to which Order the new governors were presented to 
 ' and approved by the Court of Aldermen till the year 161 5. 
 ' That although the entry of confirmation of new governors 
 ^ by the Court of Aldermen was omitted for many years . . . 
 
 * the Mayor and Aldermen were summoned.' 
 
 The result of the inquiry which evidently turned upon 
 the consideration of the * Order of the Hospitalls ' was satis- 
 factory, for ' The Committee did not find any authority for
 
 8o Notes on the Bibliography of three Sixteenth- century 
 
 ' altering the way of election or for electing other than 
 
 * citizens for the presidents and governors of the hospitals or 
 
 * any or either of them. The report was well liked, approved 
 
 * and ordered to be entered on the Repertory.' This appears 
 to have settled the matter, for the Court of Aldermen resumed 
 its authority and the hospitals acquiesced. 
 
 The printing of The Order of the Hospitalls seems to 
 be the immediate outcome of this struggle. It must have 
 been necessary for all the governors of the hospitals who took 
 an active interest in them to study the Orders, which had 
 hitherto existed only in manuscript. A new copy was there- 
 fore obtained from the Guildhall and its authenticity was 
 guaranteed by the signature of the Town Clerk. It was 
 printed and a sufficient number of copies were struck oiT for 
 the use of the governors. The edition was of a considerable 
 size. It was not put on sale, but a copy was probably given to 
 each governor and to each member of the Court of Aldermen. 
 
 The conditions which led to the active interference of 
 Mr. Pepys in the affairs of the Blue-coat School at the end of 
 the seventeenth century are well known, and are clearly set 
 out by the Bishop of Worcester in his Annals of Christ's 
 Hospital. The school passed through a difficult period 
 during the Treasurership of Nathaniel Hawes from 1683 to 
 1699, when there was a general relaxation of discipline. 
 Mr. Pepys, with his accustomed energy, set himself to improve 
 the administration, having already obtained a voice in the 
 management by securing a grant of public money for the 
 newly estabHshed Mathematical School. This school was 
 originally intended to train officers for the King's ships and, 
 as Secretary of the Admiralty, Pepys was directly interested 
 in its success. It is quite possible, therefore, that Pepys paid 
 for the printing of The Order of the Hospitalls, though I am 
 informed that there is no documentary evidence of the fact 
 in the Christ's Hospital records.
 
 English Books connected with London Hospitals 8i 
 
 The name of the printer is not given, but a few years 
 later Mr. Edward Brewster bought and gave to the use of 
 the Blue-coat School a book called Synopsis Algehraica. In 
 1708 it was reported that, the first impression being now 
 almost spent, the Committee of Christ's Hospital ordered 
 Mr. Newton and Mr. Button, the master of the new Mathe- 
 matical School, to revise and correct the book, and translate 
 it into English, in order to have the same reprinted and made 
 of more general and public use. It was hoped that ' the 
 ' advantage arising therefrom may defray the charge of the 
 ' impression '. 
 
 The Committee ordered 750 copies in Latin and 1,000 in 
 English. Samuel Cobb, the undermaster, received ten guineas 
 for his translation, and it was arranged to sell the book to 
 three specified booksellers at is. 6d. a copy in sheets. 
 
 I thought that this information might help to elucidate the 
 publisher of The Order of the Hospitalls, so I visited the 
 British Museum and obtained ' A Synopsis of Algebra being 
 
 * the posthumous work of Joannes Alexander of Bern in 
 
 * Swisserland to which is added an Appendix by Humphry 
 ' Button. For the use of the two mathematicall Schools in 
 
 * Christ's Hospital, London. Bone from the Latin by Samm. 
 ' Cobb M.A. London. Printed for the Hospital by J. Barber 
 
 * and are to be sold by S. Keble and B. Tooke in Fleet St. 
 ' and B. Midwinter in St. Paul's Churchyard. MBCCIX.' 
 
 The Appendix has on the title-page : ' London, Printed 
 by J. Barber, Printer to the said Hospital. MBCCIX.' 
 It appears from this that the Blue-coat School had its own 
 printer twenty years after the publication of The Order of 
 the Hospitalls. I looked through the volume, but could find 
 no paper mark, and I am not sufficiently skilled to say whether 
 the type used in printing The Order of the Hospitalls bears any 
 relation to that used by J. Barber. 
 
 The Order of the Hospitalls is reprinted in full both in the
 
 82 Notes on the Bibliography of three Sixteenth-century 
 
 1837 and 1863 editions of Memoranda, References and Docu- 
 ments relating to the Royal Hospitals : it is summarized in 
 Sir Norman Moore's History of St. Bartholomew's Hospital. 
 
 (ii) Ficary's Anatomy of Man 
 
 The second book to which I wish to draw your attention is 
 Vicary's Anatomy of Man, as there is also a Httle bibUographical 
 difficulty connected with it. The first edition of which we 
 have certain knowledge is a izmo which was entered at 
 Stationers' Hall in 1577 with the following heading : 
 
 Tricesimo die Januarii (1577) 
 
 Lycensed unto him. ' A brief e Traytise 
 Henry Bamforde ■ of the Anatomye of Man's Bodye.' xiid and 
 
 a copie. 
 
 The title-page, which has an ornamental border, reads : 
 
 A profitable Trea-jtise of the Anatomic | of mans body : | Compyled by that 
 excel-|lent Chirurgion, M, Tho-|mas Vicary, Esquire, Seriaunt | Chirurgion 
 to King Henry the | eyght, to king Edward the .vj. to | Queene Mary, and to 
 our most | gracious Soueraigne Lady | Queene Elizabeth, and also | cheefe 
 
 Chirurgion of .S. | Bartholomewes 
 corrected, and published by the 
 
 Hospital. I Which work is newly reuyued, 
 Chirurgions of the same | Hospital now 
 beeing. | An. 1577. | H Imprinted at London, by | Henry Bamforde. 
 
 This title-page makes two definite statements : first, that 
 the book was compiled, not written by Thomas Vicary ; 
 secondly, that it was revived, i.e. revised, after his death by 
 the surgeons who had been his colleagues at St. Bartholomew's 
 Hospital. Clearly, therefore, the book was attributed to 
 Vicary by those who had first-hand knowledge of his work. 
 There must have been some previous copy from which this 
 edition was revised, and Aikin, in his Biographical Memoirs 
 of Medicine in Great Britain, published in 1780, says of 
 Vicary : ' the name of this person deserves recording as the 
 * author of the first anatomical work written in the English 
 ' language. . . . The title of his work is " A Treasure for English-
 
 English Books connected with London Hospitals 83 
 
 * men containing the Anatomie of Man's Body ", printed 
 ' London 1548 '. No trace of this book has been found in 
 spite of a diligent search by many persons extending over 
 many years. 
 
 Dr. Frank Payne made a critical examination of the book 
 as it was revised in 1577 (the British Medical Journal, 1896, 
 vol. i), and showed conclusively that it was an abridgement of 
 a manuscript which was then in his possession, and which 
 I have seen, the work of an English surgeon whose personality 
 is clearly displayed though his name is not given, and it is in the 
 English language. The date of composition is given in the text 
 as the year of our Lord 1392, but the manuscript itself was 
 probably written about a century later. Vicary's Anatomy is 
 practically a compilation from this manuscript. He omits 
 a great deal and abbreviates a great deal, for his treatise is 
 not more than half as long as his copy. The quotations from 
 ancient writers are given very loosely and inaccurately by 
 Vicary, but they are the same as those given fully in the manu- 
 script. Dr. Payne therefore came to the conclusion that 
 Vicary was in possession of a copy of this treatise, of which 
 he made an abridgement using the same words, sometimes 
 not understanding them, and brought it out as his own ; or 
 alternatively, as one does not like to think of Vicary as an 
 actual literary impostor and there is another possibility, that 
 Vicary did not profess to be the author. 'The only 
 ' authentically known printed edition was brought out,' says 
 Dr. Payne, 'fifteen years after his death by his colleagues 
 ' at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and they may have found 
 a manuscript tract which they regarded as Vicary's, though 
 he had never laid claim to it or pubHshed it as his. In 
 any case the real author or compiler was our anonymous 
 friend of the fourteenth century, about whom I wish I knew 
 more. His book is, I think, interesting as an example of the 
 medical language of the time. Vicary's book is not really an
 
 84 Notes on the Bibliography of three Sixteenth-century 
 
 ' example of the language of his time, his nomenclature being 
 ' quite out of date, though the spelling and diction are 
 ' modernized.' I am glad to be able to take the matter a step 
 backwards and so clear my predecessor, Vicary, of the sus- 
 picion of literary forgery, and, at the same time, show that 
 there is some truth in both Dr. Payne's hypotheses. 
 
 John Halle, a distinguished surgeon, who lived at Maid- 
 stone from his birth in 1529 to his death in 1568, was a younger 
 contemporary of Vicary and one of his personal friends. 
 In 1565 Halle produced an edition of Lanf rank's Surgery, and 
 he thus describes his treatment of the work of that great 
 Italian surgeon, who died in 1306 : ' I dedicate this excellent 
 compendious worke, called " Chirurgia parua Lanfranci ", 
 . . . which was translated out of Frenche into the olde 
 Saxony englishe, about twoo hundred yeres past. Which 
 I haue nowe not only reduced to our vsuall speache, by 
 changyng or newe translating suche wordes, as nowe be 
 inueterate, and growne out of knowledge by processe of 
 tyme, but also conferred my labours in this behalf with 
 other copies both in Frenche and latin ; namely with 
 maister Bacter, for his latine copie and Symon Hudie for his 
 french copie, and other English copies ; of the which I had 
 one of John Chamber, and another of John Yates both very 
 auncient, with other mo : whose good helpe hath not a 
 httle farthered me in these things, to the intent that it 
 might perfectly come forth to a publique profite which to 
 doe I was constrcigned, not only because I would not truste 
 too muche to myne owne rude iudgement : but also that 
 by the authoritie of dyuers men of knowledge, this excellent 
 worke (as it is worthy) may the more effectually be alowed 
 and accepted.' 
 
 Halle also takes back the story of Vicary's Anatomy to a time 
 antecedent to the edition of 1577, for he says in the prologue 
 to his first treatise of Anatomy, which is dated 1565, that he ^
 
 'English Books connected with London Hospitals 85 
 
 is somewhat encouraged to publish it ' by the example of 
 'good maister Vicarie, late Sargeante chyrurgien to the 
 * queenes highness ; who was the firste that euer wrote a 
 ' treatyse of Anatomye in English (to the profite of his 
 ' brethren chirurgiens and the helpe of younge studientes) 
 ' as farre as I can learne '. 
 
 In 1588 John Read, an energetic surgeon living at Gloucester, 
 published a treatise on Fistula which had been written by 
 John of Arderne in 1376, and, as in the case of Vicary and 
 Halle, he used a fifteenth-century English translation, though 
 he also had an earlier Latin version before him, because he 
 inserts a few lines which had been accidentally omitted in the 
 English version. 
 
 Several deductions can be made from these facts. There 
 is no doubt that Vicary compiled his treatise on anatomy and 
 issued it with the full knowledge that it 'was already out of 
 date, because he thought it would be useful to the students 
 of the United Company of Barbers and Surgeons, which had 
 been founded in 1540. There is little doubt that he pursued 
 and perhaps originated the plan which Halle imitated. He 
 borrowed a manuscript and copied it with such alterations as 
 his limited knowledge of anatomy allowed. He did not know, 
 or did not think it worth while to incorporate, the work of 
 Vesalius or even of Geminus, who was one of his colleagues, 
 as surgeon to King Edward the Sixth. Halle did his com- 
 pilation more thoroughly, for he compared several manuscripts ; 
 Vicary condensed and compiled from a single manuscript ; 
 Read merely copied his original without change. The 
 surgeons at this time seemed to have been in the same frame 
 of mind as the Oxford graduates in the early Tractarian days, 
 when Pusey and Newman set their pupils to work to edit the 
 Fathers of the Church. 
 
 Vicary's Anatomy^ however, served its purpose, for it re- 
 mained in print until 1651, and the following editions 
 appeared :
 
 86 Notes on the Bibliography of three Sixteenth-century 
 
 Edition. 
 (i) During the lifetime of Vicary. 
 (2) 1577 in i2mo 
 
 (3) 1586 
 
 (4) 1587 
 
 (5) 1596 
 
 (6) 1599 
 
 (7) 161 3 
 
 (8) 1626 
 
 (9) 1633 
 (10) 1641 
 
 4to 
 
 Called 6thly. 
 „ 7thly. 
 „ 8thly. 
 „ 9thly. 
 
 i2mo 
 Svo 
 
 Publisher or Printer. 
 ? Publisher. 
 Henry Bamforde. 
 J, Windet for John Perin. 
 George Robinson for John Perin. 
 T. Creede. 
 T. Creede. 
 Thomas Creede. 
 B. Alsop and T. Fauucet. 
 Bar, Alsop & Tho. Fawcet. 
 B. Alsop and T. Fawcet. 
 T. Fawcet. Sold by J. Nuthall. 
 N. Truebner & Co. 
 
 (11) 1651 
 
 (12) 1888 ,, 
 
 The title-page in the 1586 and subsequent editions until 
 1 64 1 runs : 
 
 The I Englishe-lmans Treasvre, | or Treasor For | Englishmen ; | With 
 the true Anatomye of Mans | Body, Compiled by that excellent | chirurgion 
 Maister Thomas Vicary | Esquire Sergeant Chirurgion to King | Henry the 8. 
 To King Edward the 6. | To Queene Mary. And to our | Soueraigne Lady 
 Queene | Elizabeth. | And also cheefe Chirurgion to S. Bartholo-[mewes 
 hospitaU. I Whereunto are annexed many secrets appertaining to Chirur-j 
 gery, with diuers excellent approued Remedies for all diseases the | which are 
 in man or woman, with emplasters of speciall cure | with other potions and 
 drinkes approued in Phisike. | Also the rare treasor of the English Bathes. 
 Written by J William Turner, Doctor in Phisicke. | Gathered and set forth 
 for the benefit of his friendes and I countrimen in England by William Bremer, 
 Practi-jtioner in Phisicke and Chirurgery. | (Ornament.) | At London, | 
 ^ Imprinted by lohn Windet for lohn Perin | dwelling in Paules Church-yard 
 at the signe of the Angell, | and are there to be sold. | 1586. 
 
 This title-page — except for the change of the printer's 
 name and the date — remained until the 161 3 edition, when a 
 section was added of ' Oynments and Plaisters ; | with 
 ' especiall and approved remedies for the Plague, and | Pesti- 
 * lent Fever, which never came to light before this | present ; 
 ' By W. B. Practitioner in Physicke | and Chyrurgerie '. 
 
 W. B. was W. Boraston of Salop. This edition was further 
 enriched by a whole plate engraving of a skeleton moralizing 
 with a tomb in the background and ' Sic transit gloria Mundi ' 
 as a legend. The 1641 edition also has a plate of the distribu- 
 tion of the veins.
 
 English Books connected with London Hospitals 87 
 
 The book had really fulfilled its purpose, but it was thought 
 worth while to publish it once again in a smaller form and 
 with an altered title. Accordingly in 165 1 this i2mo appeared 
 with the title-page in red and black inside a ruled border. 
 
 The I Surgions | Directorie | for | Young Practitioners, | in [respect of ?] 
 Wounds, and Cures, &c., | shewing the Excellencie of divers Secrets | belonging 
 to that noble Art and | Mysterie. | Very usefull in these Times upon any | 
 sodaine Accidents. | And may well serve, | As a Noble Exercise for Gentle- 
 women, and others ; who desire Science in | Medicine and Surgery, for a ] 
 generall good | 
 
 Divided into X Parts. | (Whose Contents follow in the next Page.) Written 
 by T. Vicary Esquire, Chyrurgion | to Hen 8. Edw 6. Q Mary. Q. Eliz. | 
 
 London, [ Printed by T. Fawcet dwelling in Shoo-jLane, at the Signe of 
 the Dolphin. 1651 | And are to be sold by J. Nuthall at his Shop in | Flete- 
 street at the signe of Hercules Fillers. 
 
 The edition of 1888 is pubhshed by the Early English Text 
 Society, and was edited by Dr. F. J. Furnivall and his son 
 Percy Furnivall, using the text of the 1577 edition. 
 
 The Englishman's Treasure thus had a long career, but it 
 probably owed its sale to the number of receipts it contained 
 and not to the Anatomy, which was long out of date when the 
 book first appeared. Indeed as showing how little attention 
 was paid by the successive editors it may be noted that the 
 mistranslation which appears on page 44 of the 1586 edition 
 is unchanged in the 165 1 edition [p. 66]. The passage runs : 
 ' The seconde portion of the guttes is called jejunium, for 
 ' he is evermore emptie, for to him lyeth evermore the chest 
 ' of the Gal beating him sore, and draweth forth of him al 
 ' the drosse, and cleanseth him cleane.' This is a misreading 
 of the manuscript, which has * Biting him sore ', referring to 
 the supposed irritant properties of the bile. 
 
 I feel that I have done my duty to Thomas Vicary by 
 showing that he was not a purloiner of other men's brains, 
 but that the Anatomy was issued originally as part of a scheme 
 to go back to old writers at a time when surgery was just
 
 88 Notes on the Bibliography of three Sixteenth-century 
 
 beginning to take a new lease of life after the dead period of 
 the Wars of the Roses. 
 
 (iii) The Ordre of the Hospital of S. Bartholomewes in West- 
 Smythfielde in London. 
 
 The third book I wish to speak about is a small book of 
 Orders issued in 1552 for the government of St. Bartholo- 
 mew's Hospital. The title-page reads : 
 
 The Ordre of | the Hospital of .S. Bar-|tholomewes in West-lSmythfielde 
 in I London, | U i. Epist. John, ii Chap. | He that sayeth he walketh in the 
 lyght, and hateth his brother, came neuer as yet in the lyght. But | he that 
 loueth his brother, he dwel-jleth in the lyght. [ Londini ( Anno | 1552. 
 
 It presents few points of bibliographical interest, but, such 
 as they are, it is as well to place them on record. The colophon 
 of the 1552 edition states that the book was 'imprinted at 
 ' London by Ry|charde Grafton, Printer to the | Kynges 
 ' maiestie. } Cum priuilegio ad imprimen-|dum solum '. 
 Bound up with it is a pamphlet containing the ' Orders taken 
 ' and Enacted for Orphans with their porcions. Anno. 
 ' MDLI ' ; an Order about Carts and another on Dues for 
 Tythes. 
 
 Strype, in his edition of Stow, says that it was reprinted in 
 1580, but this appears to be an error. It was certainly reprinted 
 as a quarto in 1652 under the title ' Orders and Ordinances 
 ' for the better government of the Hospitall of Bartholomew 
 ' the lesse '. ' As also Orders enacted for Orphans and their 
 ' portions MDLXXX. Together with a Briefe Discourse of 
 ' the laudable Customes of London. London, Printed by 
 * James Flesher, Printer to that Honourable City 1652.' This 
 reprint is abridged, as the prayers are omitted, since the Church 
 of England was in abeyance during the Commonwealth. 
 The abridged reprint appears in full in Strype's edition of 
 Stow (Lond. 1720. Vol. ii. Book 6, Appendix, p. 51). In 
 1884 Mr. Morrant Baker — a surgeon to St. Bartholomew's
 
 English Books connected with London Hospitals 89 
 
 Hospital — reprinted the 1652 edition with a prefatory note 
 in The St. Bartholomew's Hospital Reports (vol. xx, 1884). 
 In 1885 he caused some separate copies to be struck off in 
 quarto and prefixed a typo-etching of an engraving of the 
 Hospital in 1720. This reprint is in special type and has the 
 ornaments copied from the 1652 edition The ornament on 
 page 35 has been inadvertently transposed by the printer. 
 In 1885 Mr. Morrant Baker issued privately an abstract of 
 The Orders and Ordinances in a quarto volume with the 
 heading ' The Two foundations of St. Bartholomew's Hos- 
 pital A. D. 1 123 and A. D. 1546'. This volume has an 
 engraving of Rahere's tomb copied from that in the Vetusta 
 Monumenta and bears the imprint of Smith, Elder & Co. 
 Fourteen copies were struck off in folio size. 
 
 The 1552 edition was reprinted in full by Dr. F. J. Furnivall 
 and Mr. Percy Furnivall as an appendix to their edition of 
 Vicary's Anatomy in the Early English Text Society's Publica- 
 tions, Lond. 1888. An abstract of the 1552 edition is also 
 given by Sir Norman Moore in his History of St. Bartholomew'' s 
 Hospital (vol. ii, 191 8, p. 164). The copy of this little book 
 now in the British Museum belonged, says Sir Norman 
 Moore, to King Edward VI. It is mentioned by J. G. 
 Nichols, Literary Remains of King Edward Vl^ Roxburghe 
 Club, 1857. The volume, when Mr. Nichols wrote, seems 
 to have had its original binding stamped with ' E. vi. R.' 
 and roses and crowns. This was no doubt decayed, as the 
 book now has a modern binding. Sir Norman Moore further 
 notes that ' on the title-page of " The Ordre " is written 
 
 * Y. 24. 2, which may perhaps be the pressmark of the Royal 
 ' Library '. 
 
 The preface of the 1552 edition gives the following account 
 of the genesis of the book. It states that in five years, after 
 the foundation of the Hospital, ' there haue bene healed of 
 
 * the Pocques, Fistules, filthie Blaynes and Sores, to the
 
 go Notes on the Bibliography of three Sixteenth-century 
 
 * nombre of .viij. hundred, and thence saufe deliuered, that 
 ' other hauyng nede myghte entre in their roume ; Beside 
 ' eyght skore and .xii. that haue there forsaken this life, in 
 ' their intolerable miseries and griefes, whiche elles might 
 
 * haue died, and stowcke in the iyes & noses of the Citie, 
 ' if thys place had not vouchedsaufe to become a poompe 
 
 * alone, to ease a commune abhorryng '. The citizens that had 
 the care of the Hospital were exclaimed against even in the 
 pulpits, as if they had wronged this charity by the mistaken 
 supposition that this Hospital should have made a general 
 sweep of all the poor and afflicted, and so for their care the 
 governors were rewarded with nothing but open detraction. 
 
 Upon this slander so widely spread * It is thought good to 
 ' the Lord Mayour of thys Citie of London, as chief patrone 
 ' and gouvernour of this Hospitall, in the name of the Citie, to 
 ' publishe at this present the ofhciers and ordres by hym 
 ' appoincted and from time to tyme practysed and vsed by 
 ' twelue of the Citizeins moste auncient, in their courses, . . . 
 ' partly for the staye and redresse of such slaundre and partly 
 ' for that it myght be an open wytness, and knowledge vnto 
 ' all men, howe thynges are administred there & by whom ', 
 and likewise to excite all well-disposed persons more and more 
 to bestow their charity here. 
 
 The Orders are quite interesting and must have been 
 extremely well thought out, for with a few minor changes 
 and necessary additions they regulate the working of the 
 Hospital to this day. Each officer of the Hospital still receives 
 a Charge or definition of his duties when he is first appointed, 
 and each Charge, in the case of the subordinate officials, con- 
 cludes with the words : ' This is your charge and office with 
 
 * the which ye have to do and not with any other thing, 
 ' neither with any other office in this house. But if you shall 
 ' perceive at any time any thing done by any officer or other 
 
 * person of this house that shall be unprofitable thereunto,
 
 English Books connected with London Hospitals 91 
 
 or that may be occasion of any disorder, or shall engender 
 
 slander to the same that ye then declare it to the Treasurer 
 
 or Almoners or to one of them and no farther to meddle 
 
 therein.' I received this injunction so frequently in the 
 
 course of my service at the Hospital that I was quite pleased 
 
 to be told, when I reached the highest ranks, that it was part 
 
 of my duty to see that the affairs of the Hospital were well 
 
 (iidered and managed. 
 
 The 1552 edition of the Orders contains the daily service, 
 which is omitted in all the reissues except Dr. Furnivall's. 
 The regulations order ' A daily seruice for the poore. At 
 
 * the Houre of eyght of the Clocke in the mornyng, and 
 
 * .iiij. of the clock at the afternoone, throughout the whole 
 
 * yeare, there shal a bel be rong the space of halfe a quarter 
 
 * of an houre, and immediately upon the seassyng of the 
 
 * bell, (the poore liyng in their beddes that cannot aryse ; & 
 
 * kneling on their knees that can aryse in euery warde, as 
 
 * their beddes stande,) they shal by course, as many as can 
 
 * rede, begyn these praiers folowyng. And after that the 
 
 * partie, whose course it shalbe, hath begon, all the rest in 
 
 * the warde shal folow and aunswere, vpon paine to be dis- 
 ' missed out of the house. And thryse in the weke, that is to 
 ■* saie, Sondaie, Wedensdaie and Fridaie, they shal saie the 
 
 * letany in maner and forme as it is [at] thende of this booke. 
 
 * The minister shal begyn and the rest shal folowe.' 
 
 The morning service was of considerable length. It began 
 with the Lord's Prayer and responses ; two psalms ; an 
 anthem ; a third psalm ; the lesson ; the Benedicite ; the 
 Kyrie ; the Creed ; more responses and prayers for the King, 
 the Governors of the Hospital, and the sick poor themselves. 
 
 The afternoon prayers were no shorter ; they consisted 
 of the Lord's Prayer and responses ; the 86th and the 96th 
 psalm ; the lesson and the 57th psalm with the Kyrie and 
 
 * all the suffrages and Collectes vsed in the mornyng praier '. 
 
 G2
 
 92 Notes on the Bibliogyaphy of three Sixteenth-century 
 
 There was also ' The Euensong praier at .vii. of the clock at 
 nyght', consisting of the Lord's Prayer, responses, the izist 
 psalm, and a collect. The day's prayers ended with the words : 
 ' God saue our souereigne lorde the kyng, al the Gouernours 
 ' of this house & the holie chirche vniversal and graunt vs peace 
 ' in Christ and grace for euer. Amen ! ' 
 
 These prayers must have taken up a considerable portion 
 of each day, and the minister and his staff were not overpaid, 
 as appears from the entry, ' To the ministers of the churche 
 ' within the Hospitall that is to saie to a Vicare, a clerck & 
 ' a sextein . . . xxiii.l. vi.s. viii.d.' Although the prayers 
 were omitted in editions subsequent to the original, all the 
 reissues contain a passport which was in common form and 
 was given to every patient of the Hospital who came from 
 a distance to enable him to get home safely and without 
 molestation from the authorities. It runs : 
 
 A PASSEPORT to be deliuered to the Poore. To all Maiours, Bailiefs, 
 Constables &c. Know ye, that A.B,, taileur, borne in the towne of S.T. in 
 the countie of Northampton, beyng cured of his disease in the Hospital of 
 St. Bartholomews in West smithfield in London, and from thence deliured the 
 ,xiii. daie of August, in the syxt yeare of the Reigne, &c. hath charge by vs, 
 A.B.C, the gouernours of the same, to repaire within days next ensuyng 
 the date herof, to his sayd place of natiuitie, or to Westhandfield the place of 
 his last abode, and there to exhibite this present passeport to the head officer, 
 or officers, in either of the places appointed, that they male take further order 
 for his demeanour. 
 
 Sir Norman Moore (op, cit., vol. ii, p. 182) says * the 
 
 * carriers to Northamptonshire started from the Ram in 
 
 * Smithfield and the proximity of this Inn to the Hospital 
 
 * gate may explain why that county chances to be mentioned 
 ' in the passport '. 
 
 There is one Order which is of especial interest, for to it 
 we owe the unbroken series of records which are in the 
 possession of the Hospital. It is : 
 
 An Order for the saufe kepyng of the euidences and writeinges apperteining 
 to the Hospitall. There shall one fayre and substanciall chest be prouided and
 
 English Books connected with London Hospitals 93 
 
 the same be set in the moste conuenient and surest place of the house the 
 which shal haue .iii. seueral lockes and iii keyes, whereof the President alwaies 
 to haue one, & the Treasourer one and a Commoner appointed by the whole 
 house to haue the thirde. And it shal not be laufull to any of the Goucrnours 
 to haue any specialtie, euidence or writyng out of the said chest, neither any 
 other persone, to cary any of them out of the house (no, though it be for the 
 affaires of the said house) but onlic a copie therof which shalbe taken in the 
 presence of the .iii. persones aboue named, that haue the keyes & the original 
 forthwith to be locked up agayne. 
 
 The books were ordered to be kept by ' The Renter Clerk '. 
 They were a Repertory, a book of Survey, a book of Ac- 
 counts, and a Journal. 
 
 And first you shall note that before euery of these Bookes ye must haue 
 a Calendre, into the whiche ye may entre, by order of letters of the A. B.C. 
 all proper names & matters that shall be conteyned in every of them. And 
 for the better accomplishyng hereof, ye shall, with your penne, in the heade of 
 the lefe, nombre the pages of euery lefe, in euery of these bookes, and then 
 addyng in your Calendre the nowbre of the page where the name or matter is 
 entred in your boke, the reader without any difhcultie may tourne to the same. 
 
 The Vse of the first boke called a Repertory. Into this booke shall ye first 
 entre the foundacion of this Hospital, and also al dedes, obligacions, acquitaunces 
 and other specialties ; vsyng alwaies in the margent of the sayde booke to note 
 in a fewe Englyshe wordes, the somme and content of euerye article of these 
 wrytynges that shall appiere noteworthie ; and the same notes particularly 
 to enter into their seueral and propre places of your calendre, accordyng to the 
 order of the A.B.C. 
 
 In the book of the Survey were to be entered all matters 
 connected with the property of the Hospital and the cost of 
 repairs, &c. 
 
 The Vse of the third booke, called a Booke of Accomptes, was to contain 
 all the Accomptes (being allowed by the auditours). And for the ready fyndyng 
 of euery matter conteined in euery accompt, ye shal in the margent of this 
 boke, vse as is aforesaid, to note dyuers generall wordes, Accomptes^ prouisi«ns, 
 liueries, giftes, legacies, revvardes, agreementes, Surrenders, Bargaynes, Sutes, 
 recoueries, pencions, Fees, &c. Addyng to euery of these, beyng placed in your 
 calender, the lefe wher euery of them is mewcioned in any of the accomptes 
 conteined in this booke, that at a woorde may be sene what hath bene done in 
 all these thynges, from the first Treasaurour to the last. And in the cndc ye 
 shall manifestly declare the names and sirenames of so many diseased persones 
 as that yearc haue bene cured and deliuered out of this house, and also the
 
 94 English Books connected with London Hospitals 
 
 names and sirenames of so many as that yeare haue died in the house. The 
 names and sirenames also of as many as then shall remaine sycke and diseased 
 in thys house together with the name of the shier where-in eche was borne & 
 their faculties, exercise, or occupacions. 
 
 The Use of the .iiii. boke called a lournall. This Booke must also haue 
 a Calender ; & it shal alwaies be brought furthe at suche tyme as the President 
 and moste parte of the Gouernours shall sit within this Hospitall for the generall 
 aflFaires of the same. And into this booke shall ye entre all suche orders & decrees, 
 as from tyme to tyme shall by the sayde Gouernours or greatest part of them 
 be decreed and ordeined. And in the margent thereof ye shall do as before is 
 assigned ... in few words set furth the somme of euery decree, order &c. 
 conteyned therein. And chiefely ye shall vse the generall woordes before 
 described in the booke of accomptes, that by the enteraunce of them into your 
 calender euery matter may easilie and readylie be founde. And ye shall not 
 fayle, but in fyue dayes next after the enteraunce of any thyng into this booke, 
 to enter the same by a generall worde in to the Calendre, that as wel whe« 
 you are absent, as present, the gouernours may without difficultie be satisfied 
 of that they seke for therein. 
 
 These admirable orders were carried out by the successive 
 Clerks to the Hospital, with the result that Sir Norman Moore 
 has lately been able to write a very complete history of the 
 Hospital. 
 
 I cannot conclude this paper without expressing my thanks 
 for the kindly assistance which I have received from 
 Mr. Owen T. Morshead, Pepysian Librarian, of Magdalene 
 College, Cambridge ; Mr. A. Henderson, F.S,A. (Scot.), of 
 the University Library, Glasgow ; Lieut. -Col. Fielding H. 
 Garrison, of the Surgeon-General's Library, Washington ; to 
 Miss Anderson, who spent much time at the Bodleian for me 
 when I was too busy to go there myself ; to my old friend and 
 former teacher Mr. W. Hatchett Jackson, the Radcliffe 
 Librarian at Oxford; and to Mr. Bernard Kettle, of the 
 Guildhall Library.
 
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