THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES o. r x PRACTICAL SHORTHAND A COMPLETE AND SYSTEMATIC EXPOSITION OF PHONOGRAPHY, BASED ON THE PITMANIC ALPHABET FOR USE IN SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES 1904 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1893, by THE PRACTICAL TEXT BOOK COMPANY, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. (o /p PREFACE. The great number of books that have appeared within the last few years on the Pitmanic systems of shorthand is some evidence of the widespread protest against the old order of arrangement. While these books present few radical changes, they all show certain tendencies which are the direct result of the impetus given to shorthand study and practice by the re-arrangement of the old forms into a practically new alpha- bet by Isaac Pitman, and the many invaluable expedi- ents first introduced by Mr. Graham. The most marked ten- dency is that toward a happy medium between the cumbersome w outlines of the former author, and the extremely abbreviated ^ reporting methods of the latter, which is seen in the practical > work of the active reporters of the country. Although short- | hand is the result of slow growth and the workings of many minds rather than the product of any one mind, none deserve the honors paid them by stenographers more than do these two men for the good they have done the English speaking people 5* in furthering the study and uses of shorthand. We have endeavored to make a complete book, mechanic- * ally as nearly perfect as possible, scientifically accurate in all its technical statements of principles, and at the same time, to present those principles so plainly as to smooth the way to an i easy and progressive mastery of the science, from its simplest 3 elements to the most complex forms used by expert writers. This book is the result of many years' actual experience in teaching and reporting. We are confident its simple and direct .methods will make better stenographers, eifect a great saving of time and effort on the part of both teacher and stu- dent, and render quite unnecessary the enormous outlay of study and blind practice required by the older books. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE. LESSON I, THE CONSONANT ALPHABET, LESSON - - II, OUTLINES OF WORDS, LESSON III, THE VOWEL ALPHABET LESSON - - IV, CIRCLES AND LOOPS, ... - LESSON V, WORD SIGNS, LESSON - - VI, DIPHTHONGS, LESSON VII, PETOIDS, LESSON - VIII, THE LETTER H, LESSPN IX, AR, RAY, LAY, EL, ISH, SHAY, Es AND ZEE, LESSON - - X, BRIEF SIGNS FOR W AND Y, 60 LESSON XI, INITIAL HOOKS, - 68 LESSON - XII, SPECIAL VOCALIZATION, 75 LESSON - XIII, ENLARGED INITIAL HOOKS, 81 LESSON XIV, TERMINAL HOOKS FOR F. V. AND N, 85 LESSON - - XV, TERMINAL HOOKS FOR SHUN AND TIVE, 92 LESSON - - XVI, THE ESHUN HOOK, - - 96 LESSON - XVII, THE SHADED M, 99 LESSON XVIII, THE LENGTHENING PRINCIPLE, 102 LESSON XIX, THE HALVING PRINCIPLE, - 106 LESSON XX, PREFIXES, - 120 LESSON XXI, AFFIXES, - - 127 LESSON - XXII, THE ENLARGED WEH AND YEH, 133 LESSON XXIII, OMISSION OF LETTERS, 136 LESSON - XXIV, RECAPITULATION OF SPECIAL PRINCIPLES, 141 LESSON - XXV, IMPLICATION OF WORDS, 145 LESSON - XXVI, OPTIONAL PRINCIPLES, - - 148 LESSON XXVII, PHRASING, 149 LESSON XXVIII, PHRASE LIST, 153 LESSON - XXIX, REPORTING LIST, ------ IGO WORDS DISTINGUISHED, -- 169 How TO FORM CONTRACTIONS, - - 171 METHOD OF PRACTICE, - - - - - - - - -171 READING NOTES, ..-. 173 ADVANCED READING EXERCISES, 175-194 FAC-SIMILE NOTES OF PROMINENT REPORTERS, - 195-200 TRANSCRIPTS, 201 CHAPTER ON PHONETICS, -----_.. 230 GLOSSARY, -------. = ._ 238 INTRODUCTORY. The teacher will have constant occasion to observe the necessity for absolute accuracy in shorthand, and he cannot too strongly impress upon the minds of all who contemplate its study, the importance of learning to think and to observe accurately, for accurate thinking and close observation are the foundation of all skill. It is deplorable that the majority of candidates for the study of shorthand are handicapped with very slovenly mental habits, due to faulty elementary training. This naturally results in careless methods of writing. The ordinary degree of accuracy which will answer for the every- day affairs of life will not suffice for the purposes of shorthand, where exactness is essential. The law has made an extra- ordinary degree of carelessness, ia many fields of labor, a crime, and punishes it as such ; this is evidenced by the frequency with which one meets the phrase " criminal negligence." It is quite possible for a shorthand writer to become criminally careless. Many young people have been so accustomed to careless habits of reading and writing that it is hard for them to realize what scientific precision is. When once the habit of accuracy is formed, it is as easy to be accurate as it is to be slovenly. Owing to the exigencies of rapid work and the consequent inability to make the characters with precision, there is another principle which must be borne in mind while pursuing the vi PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. study of any art, and that is the law of ease. To insist upon an absolutely perfect and almost artistic formation of the signs, and at the same time to cultivate a boldness of stroke and confident ease and freedom of movement is the ideal, which, perhaps cannot be reached. But the teacher must inspire in his pupils a sense of ease and confidence. Facility of execu- tion comes from within outwards. The ideal form must be fixed in the mind before it can be transferred to paper ; and the law of ease must work hand in hand with the law of accur- acy. The signs -should be made as nearly like the printed forms in the book as possible. Absolute accuracy is a desirable thing, but it must not be secured at too great a sacrifice of ease. It must be attempted, but it cannot be attained at first, for it is a result of long practice, and not a thing with which we can hope to start. Ease and accuracy, then, must be cultivated all the way through, for it is the ease of writing which gives speed, and accuracy which gives legibility. The student' should study notes taken in actual reporting, and the teacher should write much for him in an easy, facile manner, that the pupil may know exactly how it is done, and be inspired by the spirit of fast writing. Definite instructions will be found with reference to the best representation of such terminations as fer, ver ; fen, ven ; ten, den ; tel, del ; tary, tory, etc., mention of which has unfor- tunately been overlooked in other books. These terminations are important, and unless definite instructions are given, the student is in doubt as to which of the different outlines that may be used for their expression is preferable. The engraved illustrations are of the highest quality the most skilled engravers can produce, and are entirely free from the blurs and indistinct lines that mar and disfigure the pages of almost every shorthand book hitherto published. The glossary is an interesting feature of the book, and will be of special value to young writers. We have endeavored PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. vn to compile a list of the most frequently recurring words, the formation of the correct outlines of which might be difficult for the beginner. Our plan of giving the nomenclature of the words instead of the engraved outlines, compels a valuable mental effort on the part of the student which would otherwise be lost. Each lesson is divided into three parts : (i) a statement of the principles, (2) a transcribing or reading exercise, and (3) a writing exercise. Each part should be studied in its proper order, and this order resolutely adhered to throughout the book. If the writing exercise is attempted before the statement of principles has been carefully studied and thoroughly mastered, and before the reading exercise has been accurately transcribed, the student will become confused and lose much valuable time. With a clear understanding of these principles and their illustrations as given in the reading exercises, writing becomes easy and fascinating. VITI PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. CONSONANTS. Character. Name. Sound as in Character. \ - - Pee - - cape / V. .-.'... Bee - - - /;ake / ^. . . . Et- - - /ar V. ... Vee - - t'im iX I - - - Ar - - - arm ' > . \ ''-.'- Way - - week - - - Tee - - - wha - - - Dee - - - heed . . . Ith - - - Thee - - - brea/ie / ... Es - - - - ask ) - - - Zee - - - aero Name. Sound as in - Chay - - - church - Jay - - - judt/e - Ish - - - sAall - Zhay - - - iwual - Lay - - - lake - Yay - - - i/es - Kay - - - ma/;e - Gay - - - yo - Em - - - come - En - - ?tear - Ing - - sung - Ray - - reach - Hay - - - Aouse VOWELS. - e as in eel a as iu ale a as in ah a i as in o iwe is in oo as in old cool tasin it 6 as in met a as in at o as in u as in <><> as in on up foot DIPHTHONGS. t as in <>i as in ow as in ew as in time oil owl dew PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. LESSON I. THE CONSONANT ALPHABET. i. As phonography is based upon phonetic spelling some slight knowledge of the nature of sounds is necessary, but sufficient explanations will be made from time to time, and especially when we come to the vowel alphabet, to enable the student to spell phonetically. A full analysis of the sounds of our language is given in the Appendix, to which the student is referred when in doubt as to any question of phonetics. The first duty of the student is to learn thoroughly the consonant alphabet which is given below, and also upon the page opposite. The student will be assisted in committing to memory the alphabet by observing the underlying principles given in " Remarks on the Consonant Alphabet." (p. 1 1.) These prin- ciples should be clearly understood, and the reasons for things should be sought for in shorthand as in all other studies. Knowledge of principles will assist efforts at memorizing by showing the student that phonography is not only an art but a science, governed by law at every step, and not an arbitrary arrangement of characters eluding the memory for want of connecting principles. 10 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. The consonants are represented by simple lines called strokes or stems, and are, owing to their nature and mutual relations, (See Sec. 4) divided into three groups as follows : A \ui JL JL .../.. P b V V^_ t ( d ( ch ) j ) k J ' g J i \ f ~"V th th s z sh zh c x 1 r ray ill 11 llg w y h STATEMENT OF PRINCIPLES. 2. The Direction of the consonant stems is determined by certain definite rules, which are important as controlling the position of certain vowels, explained later on. Particular attention should be given to the direction of sk, /, ray and ch. All stems are written downward or from left to right, with the following exceptions : (a) The sign for sh is always written downward when standing alone ; when joined to other stems it may be written upward or downward to suit convenience. When written down- ward it is called Ish ; when written upward it is called Shay : Ish Ish-Kay Shay-Lay Ef-Shay Ef-Ish (b) The sign for / is always written upward when standing alone ; when joined with other stems, it is sometimes written downward in accordance with principles stated in a subse- quent chapter. It is called L,ay when written upward and El when written downward ; thus, Lay Lay-Em El-Em Lay-Kay El-Kay PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 11 (c) The straight sign for r (called Ray) is always written upward, and is thus distinguished from ch (Chay) which is invariably written downward. When standing alone they are distinguished from each other by the difference in slope, Chay inclining at an angle of about thirty degrees, and Ray at an angle of about sixty degrees from a perpendicular line ; thus, Chay Ray Ray-Chay Chay-Ray Ray-Tee Chay-Tee (d) The sign for h (Hay) is always written upward. 3. The consonant stems should be made about an eighth of an inch in length ; this enables them to be easily distin- guished from the lengthened strokes on the one hand, and the halved characters on the other, which are explained hereafter. The beginner is apt to make them too long. The length given in the engraved exercises of this" book is a good standard for actual work. The light strokes should be made very light, and the shaded ones just heavy enough to distinguish them from the corresponding light stems. REMARKS ON THE CONSONANT ALPHABET. 4. The student may follow whatever method he deems best in committing to memory the alphabet. While he can- not safely depart from precise rules, yet he must exercise his own independence of thought and bent of mind, if he would achieve results most rapidly. The following underlying princi- ples will be interesting and helpful to the thoughtful student : The idea which lies at the basis of the Pitmanic systems of short- hand conies from a natural principle. Every elementary line is based upon a natural relationship between the line and the sound, as, for instance, a light line should and does represent a whispering sound, a heavy or shaded line should represent a sub-vocal or heavy sound ; short and abrupt sounds should be represented by short straight strokes, while continuing sounds should be represented by curved strokes, etc. 12 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. As will be seen from a study of the sounds of the consonant alpha- bet, they are naturally divided into three groups. The first group, called ABRUPTS, consists of eight straight, mated stems, representing the cognate letters, p, b, t, d, ch, j, k, and g hard, thus : These letters are represented by short abrupt strokes because they represent the shortest sounds in the language. The straight line can be written in only these four directions with sufficient distinctness to insure certainty in reading, and the light lines naturally stand for the light sounds or aspirants, and the shaded lines indicate the heavy sounds or sub-vocals. So it becomes natural to represent p with a light line, and b with a heavy line, because p is a whispered sound, while b is a sub-vocal or has an undertone. The letters forming this group are always written downward except Kay and Gay, which are, of course, always written from left to right. (c) The second group called CONTINUANTS, consists of eight curved, mated stems, representing the cognate letters, f, v, th, th, s, z, sh, and zh, thus : These are curved characters because they represent flowing or con- tinuable sounds. Half of them are made light because they represent whispering or aspirant sounds, while the other half are shaded because they represent heavy sounds or sub-vocals. (d) At the risk of repeating somewhat, and to sum up, we have, then, the following principles : Cognate letters have the same sign; the shaded stroke represents the heavy sound, while the light stroke represents the light sound. There is no difference between the sound of p and the sound of b except a slight undertone, and this undertone is represented in shorthand by shading the stroke. So, there is no difference between the sound of the word, pay and the sound of bay except this undertone. By pronouncing the words slowly the student will see how closely related are the sounds of p and b ; and the same is true of all the cognate letters. So, too, with the sounds represented by th in thin and th in then. It requires no knowledge of phonetics to distingush these sounds ; the one is a whis- pered utterance, while the other is a vocal, \yhispered sounds called Spirants, are represented in shorthand by light lines, while those letters which have a slight undertone, called sub-vocals, are indicated by shaded strokes. (e) The third group consists of eight opposing stems ; that is, not mated, but rather correlative, one suggests the other. They are called coalescents, because they blend easily with other sounds : ({) The letter x does not appear in the alphabet because it is not an elementary sound, but composed of the sounds of k and s, as will be seen by pronouncing slowly the word lax (lacks). PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 18 (g) The letter h occupies an anomalous position in any language, and its history in comparative philology is very interesting. It does not occur frequently in shorthand, and is provided with a special stem. ORIGIN AND NATURE OP THE CONSONANT SIGNS. 5. The consonant alphabet is derived from the circum- ference of a circle and its diameter written in four directions, as shown by the following diagrams : 6. These diameters divide the circumference of the cir- cle into eight parts or arcs, giving us the curved consonant signs. The radii furnish us with the straight stems, with the 'exception of Hay and Ray. By observing that every curved stem is a quarter of a circle, and every straight stem is a radius, the student need have no difficulty in determining the slope of the stroke or the exact amount of the curvature. 7. The Names of the consonant signs must be early fixed in the mind. They are given at the left in the following exercise, which is designed as a copy or model for practice, and should be repeatedly copied with a free, steady and uniform motion of the hand. They should not be drawn with labored slowness nor made in nervous haste, but with an easy flowing style. While accuracy of outline is important, the endeavor to acquire it should not be carried to such an extreme as to develop a nervous, trembling, hesitating movement. As the slant or angle of inclination of sloping stems is of such importance in making notes perfectly legible, we have arranged the alphabet into four groups with reference to their direction, as follows : Left oblique. Perpendicular. Right oblique. . Horizontal. 14 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 8. The grouping of the consonants together in this man- ner is to furnish a standard by which a student may test the accuracy of his outlines at a glance. For example, the first group must be made at such an incline that a stroke exactly half way between a vertical and a horizontal, will cover the straight strokes and touch the points of the curves; thus, \\v The other groups may be tested in a similar manner, using the stroke Tee for the perpendiculars ; the stroke Chay for the right obliques ; and the stroke Kay for the horizontals. Hay and Ray should be slanted a trifle more than Chay. 9. To impress these characters thoroughly on the memory and at the same time to acquire ease and precision in their execution, it is necessary to write them over and over again. The following method of practice is recommended. Write the names of the first group at the left edge of the note book or paper, then write across the page the signs representing the letters at the margin, at the same time repeating aloud their names. The characters should be made small, neat, and uni- form in size. Make the light strokes like hairs, and shade the heavy ones just enough, and no more than is necessary, to distinguish them from the others. Practice the signs in this manner until you have filled at least a page, and write the other groups similarly. Then commence again with the first group and repeat the process until you are just as familar with the entire series as you are with their longhand equivalents. v> Pee Bee - Ef Vee ~-i Ar Way .JSSSS^SSSSXS^^ PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 15 \ 10. Remarks. Phonography is best written on ruled paper with single red lines. Double lines are confusing to some, and are of no special advantage. Either pen or pencil may be used, though the pen is preferable. None but the best writing materials should be used, even in the most elementary practice. The pen should be new, and have a smooth, fine point. The paper should not be too highly glazed or calen- dered, but of a good quality, and of a velvety surface, so that the pen will not slip too easily over it, but can be more readily guided at will by the hand. The ink should be fresh, free from dust and other impurities, and flow freely. No effort at speed should be made at the outset. Perfection and delicacy of outline -should be the chief aim of the beginner, rather than rapidity of writing. Painful accuracy, however, should be avoided, lest it beget a confused mental state, with resulting hesitation and lack of confidence, which are the bane of young writers. The hand should be trained to move with confident ease and freedom; accuracy of outline will come with the movement. If each stroke be given its proper direction, shad- ing, length and position, the writing will be legible and accu- rate. Elegance of form may come in later on with the attain- ment of manual skill, and there is a certain elegance and grace in the writing of every expert, though to the unpracticed eye it may not appear. The curved strokes must not be finished up with a quick nervous motion or jerk of the pen, thus forming a little flourish or twist at the end, but should be made with a uniform and steady movement. In making the shaded curved characters, the shade should be made in the middle only, gradually tapering to a fine line. Stenographers differ as to the best method of holding the pen. It should, however, be held in a more upright position than is required in longhand, for greater convenience in making the characters sloping to the left. If held between the first and second fingers this up- right position is insured, although some freedom of movemen* 16 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. is thus sacrificed. The elbow should be thrown out a little from the body, so that the backward aud perpendicular strokes may be made more easily. The hand should glide along on the nails of the third and fourth fingers, strictly avoiding con- tact of the wrist with the paper. Let the muscles of the left fore-arm sustain the weight resulting from the forward pres- sure of the body, thus leaving the right hand and wrist per- fectly free. The Writing .Exercises found in this book will afford ample practice on the principles under each head, and the student should avoid writing any words except those found in the exercises until he has mastered all the principles. Very little is gained in attempting to write unfamiliar matter until the principles are well understood. LESSON II. OUTLINES OF WORDS. ii. Phonography, as the derivation of the word suggests, is a method of rep resenting the sounds of a language, without ref- erence to the current spelling. The phonetic principle is made use of to secure brevity and a uniform basis for a system of writing. All silent letters are ignored and only the sounded ele- ments of language are expressed. The sounded consonants making up a word are first written, and form what is called the outline of the word. The sounded vowels are afterwards inserted. The consonants forming the outline must be joined without lifting the pen, and in accordance with the follow- ing principles. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 17 12. L,et the first downward or upward stroke fall upon the line of writing, the following stroke or strokes falling below the line if need be ; as, Pee-Tee En-Jay Chay-Tee Kay-Er Kay-En-Dee Hay-Tee Lay-Hay 13. A straight stem when repeated is simply lengthened; as, V \ _ / \ \ / Pee-Pee Bee-Bee Tee-lee Uliay-Chay Kay-Kay 14. Curved stems are repeated as shown below. They must not be lengthened to repeat the letter : V Em-Em En-En Ef-Vee Lay-Lay Ar-Ar 15. When light and heavy straight strokes of the same direction are joined they must gradually blend, and not be united with a pause, or abrupt movement of the pen ; thus, Pee-Bee Tee-Dee Dee-Tee Kay-Gay 1 6. An angle must be made between the stems Ef and En, Vee and En, Ef and Ing, Lay and Em, for reasons which will become apparent hereafter ; thus, El-En Vee-Eu Ef-Ing Vee-Ing Lay-Em 1 7. No angle, however, is required in the following combi- nations. They should be made with a single sweep of the pen, the first stroke flowing into the second in such a manner that 18 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. the point of junction may not be observable. These combina- tions furnish a good manual drill for the student. They seem difficult at first, but with the proper movement of the hand they become the easiest and swiftest type of phonographic outline. \ \ -4 I \ A v_ v ---- / V^x \_>- V^^ ^ \ - A - Pee-Eu Bee-En El-En El-Ing Dee-Ef Pee-Es Bee-Es Ef-Kay Lay-Ar Ef-Shay Lay-Es Lay-Way Lay-Shay Shay-Lay Lay-Ish 1 8. The beginner must bear in mind that in shorthand, words are spelled just as they are ordinarily sounded ; hence, a double consonant is not repeated. The outline of the word funny would be Ef-En ; of dummy would be Dee-Em ; of shell or shallow would be Shay-Lay. NOTE : It may not be too early in the study of shorthand to say a word about movement, and it may be that the student needs no hint in this direction ; but a free, easy and uniform movement of the hand is very necessary for rapid writing. The forms must not only be so famil- iar that no effort of the mind is required to recall them, but the hand must be trained to move like an automaton. If the student does not possess a full control of his hand, he should aim at the outset to acquire it. What is called the purely finger movement should be discouraged, and a combined movement of the fore-arm, hand and fingers should be aimed at. Constant practice on phonographic forms will drill those muscles of the hand which are brought into play in shorthand writing. 19. The Reading Exercises throughout this book contain no outline which need be changed even by the most advanced writer, and the student may have no fear of learning anything to be subsequently unlearned. 20. The following Reading Exercise should be read over several times, and the signs called by their proper names ; as, Pee-Kay, Kay-Pee, Kay-Tee, Tee-Em, etc. Be careful to call the upward stroke for / Lay, and the downward stroke for / El. Do not allow the upward stroke for sh to be called PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 19 anything but Shay. Be equally exact in the naming of all outlines throughout the study. READING EXERCISE. JA.. ....U 20 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. WRITING EXERCISE. 21. The following outlines are not to be memorized as words, but the exercise is designed simply as a drill on the consonant alphabet, and in the formation of outlines. The names of the stems, it will be observed, commence with capitals. There are certain principles determining when to use L,ay or El and Ar or Ray which are treated of in a subsequent lesson, but for the present the student may write these stems as they are indicated by their names. When the outline is not given write these stems in the most convenient direction. After this exercise has been neatly written it should be read over and all errors noted and corrected. It is not enough to notice an error, but it must be corrected immediately. (a) Tick, Tee-Kay ; tug, Tee-Gay ; dock, dike, Dee-Kay ; pity, Pee-Tee ; cub, Kay-Bee ; keep, Kay-Pee ; check, Chay-Kay ; babe, Bee- Bee ; cake, Kay-Kay ; rate, Ray-Tee ; rode, Ray-Dee ; patch, Pee-Chay ; deep, Dee-Pee ; ditch, Dee-Chay ; pop, Pee-Pee ; tidy, Tee-Dee ; diary, Dee-Ray ; duty, Dee-Tee ; cheap, Chay-Pee ; cherry, Chay-Ray ; chum, Chay-Em ; adage, Dee-Jay ; Dutch, Dee-Chay ; gaiety, Gay-Tee ; gap, Gay-Pee ; catch, Kay-Chay ; ahead, Hay-Dee ; beak, Bee-Kay ; job, Jay- Bee ; page, Pee-Jay ; joke, Jay-Kay ; tub, tube, Tee-Bee ; touch, teach, Tee-Chay ; pitch, Pee-Chay ; judge, Jay-Jay ; keg, Kay-Gay ; reap, Ray- Pee ; robe, Ray-Bee ; ridge, Ray-Jay ; reach, Ray-Chay ; haughty, Hay- Tee ; bag, Bee-Gay. (b) Tame, Tee-Em ; dumb, Dee-Em ; chime, Chay-Em ; comb, Kay- Em ; fury, Ef-Ray ; vary, Vre-Ray ; thick, Ith-Kay ; thatch, Ith-Chay ; ship, Ish-Pee ; shake, Ish-Kay ; sheaf, Ish-Ef ; bath, Bee-Ith ; bathe, Bee- Thee ; fife, Ef-Ef; gem, Jay-Em ; fare, fire, Ef-Ar ; veer, Vee-Ar ; name, En-Em ; lash, Lay-Shay ; faith, Ef-Ith ; Nash, En-Ish ; knave, En-Vee ; mail, Em-Lay ; harsh, Ar-Ish ; dare, Dee-Ar ; game, Gay-Em ; ink, Ing-Kay. (c) Veto, Vee-Tee ; thorough, Ith-Ray ; aside, Es-Dee ; chamois, Ish- Em ; asthma, Es-Em ; awning, En-Ing ; avail, Vee-El ; valley, Vee-Lay ; /ninny, En-En; lily, Lay-Lay ; error, Ar-Ar ; many, money, Em-En; among, Em-Ing ; shell, shallow, Shay-Lay ; penny, Pee-En ; seeth, Es- Ith ; also, lassie, Lay-Es ; leeway, Lay-Way ; lower, Lay-Ar ; mazy, Em- Zee ; massy, Em-Es ; funny, Ef-En ; honey, Hay-En ; heavy, Hay-Vee ; holy, Hay-Lay ; Emily, Em-Lay ; Lehigh, Lay-Hay ; early, Ar-Lay ; PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 21 awoke, Way-Kay ; rally, Ray-Lay ; ferry, Ef-Ray ; hurry, Hay-Ray ; knock. En-Kay ; maim, Em-Em ; fish, Ef-Shay. (d ) Dogma, Dee-Gay-Em ; notary, En-Tee-Ray ; injury, En-Jay- Ray ; miller, Em-Lay- Ar ; polish, Pee-L,ay-Shay ; alarm, Lay-Ar-Em ; caloric, Kay-Lay-Ar-Kay ; bulfinch, Bee-Lay-Ef-En-Chay ; avenue, Vee- En ; evade, Vee-Dee ; equity, Kay-Tee ; militia, Em-L,ay-Ish ; Toledo, Tee-L,ay-Dee ; Marietta, Em-Ray-Tee ; catholic, Kay-Ith-Lay-Kay ; comic, Kay-Em-Kay ; marriage, Em-Ray-Jay ; demolish, Dee-Em-Lay-Shay. Determine the outlines for the following words, bearing in mind that words are spelled by sound in shorthand, and only the sounded let- ters are written. (e) (Words of one stem). Aid, may, edge, etch, alley, icy, eighty, ache, yea, easy, Ohio, gnaw, ode, oak. (f) (Words of two stems). Talk, chalk, item, chime, data, top, ink, fame, move, mouth, sheep, faith, palm, shock, chip, dish, ditch, joke, peak, calm, tithe, fetch, latch, match, page, peg, keep, deck, peach, dock, dodge. (g) (Words of three stems). Baggage, Canada, Chicago, Jacob, revenue, abolish, damage, foliage, dominoe, deputy, alarm, marriage. LESSON III THE VOWEL ALPHABET. 22. We have thus far presented only the consonant ele- ments of language. For the complete representation of speech, vowels are necessary. The stenographer in active practice, whether in the office receiving dictation or in the court room in verbatim reporting, relies almost solely on the outlines of words, vowels being only occasionally inserted for greater legibility. The reporter and the amanuensis use almost identically the same outlines, varying only in the degree of skill in forming them, and differing in familiarity with steno- graphic material and the use of special expedients. There is, therefore, in actual practice no such distinction as corresponding 22 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. and reporting styles. The term Corresponding Style lias been used to indicate the fully vocalized outlines while Report- ing Style has been applied to partially vocalized outlines. Be- cause the reporter relies largely upon consonant outlines, the beginner must not entertain the notion that vowels are unnec- essary or unimportant. Whoever wishes to arrive at even ordinary speed must be willing to go through a course of thorough drill on the vowels until they are as familiar as ordinary letters. They are quite as important as the con- sonants. 23. There are twelve distinct vowel sounds in our lan- guage, and phonography has provided them with twelve dis- tinct signs. 24. The Signs for the vowels are dots and dashes placed in three positions beside the consonant stroke to which they belong. The following table will indicate clearly the position and character of these dots and dashes. The letter Tee is used only to indicate the position of the vowel. e as in a as in a as in a as in o as in oo as in eel ale ah awe old pool \ - t as in - as in a as in o as in u as in oo as in it met at on up foot 25. Phonetic Spelling. As noted in Sec. n, sounded letters only are written. To illustrate, gnaw in shorthand would be spelled n-aw; etch would be spelled e-ch ; ache would become a-k. The ordinary spelling of a word has nothing to do with the phonographic manner of writing it. If the student is unfamiliar with phonetics, and is in doubt as to the exact sounds composing a word, let him pronounce slowly the word to be written, and then pronounce separately the sounds com- posing the word. In other words, let him spell the word by PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 23 sound, or separate the word into its constituent sounds. In that manner the sounded elements only are likely to be writ- ten. (See Chapter on Phonetics.) 26. As shown in the foregoing table, a heavy dot in the first position, or opposite the beginning of a stem, represents the long sound of e, or e as in the words key, lea, see. A heavy dot in the second position, or opposite the middle of a stroke, represents the long sound of a, or a as in pay, may. A heavy dot in the third position, or opposite the end of a stroke, represents the Italian sound of a, or a as in ah, arm. A light dot in the first position indicates the short sound of /, or i as in it. A light dot in the second position indicates the short sound of e, or e as in met. A light dot in the third position represents the short sound of a, or a as in at. In like manner the heavy and light dashes represent the sounds as indicated in the foregoing table. 27. The Placing of vowels to stems is governed by cer- tain principles given below. They are inserted always after the consonant outline has been made. 28. Reading. The order of reading consonants and vowels is the same as in longhand. Read that first which comes first, or read from left to right, and from above down- ward. In other words, if a vowel is placed at the left of a stroke it is read before it ; if it is placed at the right of a stroke it is read after it. If a vowel occurs above a horizontal stem, as Kay or Em, it is read before the stem. If it is found below a horizontal stroke it is read after the stroke. Besides the following illustrations see the Reading Exercise connected with this lesson. _:l L _...< (-.. ^ ._-_ aid day oath though egg go 29. The Position of a vowel is reckoned from the begin- ning of a stem. The stems which are made upward (L,ay, 24 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. Ray, Shay and Hay) commence on or near the line of writ- ing, and a first-place vowel would accordingly be written at the beginning of the stem; as, law raw ill lay shawl hoe 30. When vowels occur between two consonant strokes they are written in accordance with the following principles : I. All first-place vowels are written beside the first stem; as, ___________ V ....... U ...... ......... L .._._TT_ ..... beam dim chalk dock mill lock II. Second-place vowels are written beside the first con- sonant when long ; beside the second consonant when short ; thus, pore purr bale bell cake keg bake beck III. All third-place vowels are written beside the second consonant ; thus, rack bar doom cap pack lack REMARK. The object of the first and third rules is to avoid the placing of vowels in angles. This secures greater legibility in the reading of certain, words. For instance, if the word pack be written thus -\; - by placing the third-place light vowel in the angle, it might be read for pick, the vowel being mistaken for a light first-place belonging to Kay. Hence the reason for the third rule. The object of the second rule is to distinguish more surely between the light and heavy vowels when imperfectly made, as a hea\y vowel would then not be found immediately preceding a second stem, nor would a light second-place vowel be found after the PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 25 first stem. The student will bear in mind these rules have reference to vowels occurring only between stems. 31. The following illustrations will show the learner the difference between certain vowel sounds which an untrained ear may at first confuse. -v^- pa paw far for pnll pool luck look 32. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between the sound of the heavy third-place dot and the sound of the light first-place dash. The heavy third-place dot does not occur very often, and it is always represented by a, as in ah, far, calm, and is a longer, heavier sound than the short sound of o, as in doll, represented by a light first-place dash> When the sound is represented by a, in common orthography use the heavy dot third-place; when it is represented by o, use the light first-place dash. calm balm doll fop shock 33. The consonant r has a peculiar power of modifying any vowel sound immediately preceding it, which gives rise to some difficulties for the beginner, especially with a preceding r, as in air, dare, there. As the sound of this vowel in most parts of the country more nearly approaches the short sound of a (as in a/), pupils will rightly use the third-place light dot. Pupils from England and the eastern parts of the country give it a more open sound approaching long a (as in ale), and will represent it by the heavy second place dot; and it is thus generally represented throughout this book. 34. In such words as,jftr,fur, berry, bury, some teachers adopt the plan of vocalizing with a light second-place dash when the sound is represented in longhand by , and when 26 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. the sound is represented by any other vowel than u the light second-place dot is used. Other teachers follow the sound as they conceive it to be, and use the sign which most nearly represents it. fur burr fir per myrr 35. Beginners must bear in mind that words are written as they are sounded, not as they are spelled. Double conso- nants are not repeated. To illustrate with the word funny; the double consonant is not repeated, and the final y has the sound of short i. Caution : Place vowels exactly where they belong. Avoid placing them midway between two positions so that it is impossible when reading them to tell for what position they were intended. THE RULE OF POSITION FOR WORDS. 36. There are three positions for the consonant outlines, corresponding with the vowel positions. An outline is said to be in the first position when its first perpendicular or inclined stroke is half a consonant length above the line of writing ; it is in the second position when its first perpendicular or inclined stroke rests on the line of writing ; and it is in the third posi- tion when its first perpendicular or inclined stroke is written through the line of writing. When the outline consists wholly of horizontal characters, it must be written nearly the height of a consonant stroke above the line of writing for the first position ; on the line for the second position, and a slight distance below the line for the third position. 37. The Accented Vowel of a word determines its position. If the accented vowel is first place, the outline of the word is written in the first position ; if the accented vowel is second-place, the outline is written in the second position ; PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 27 if the accented vowel is third-place, the outline is written in the third position. This rule secures greater legibility, for if the vowel be omitted, it would not be difficult to determine it by the position of the outline. NOTE. An exception to this rule is found in a few drivatives where legibility requires them to follow the position of the primitive, without regard to the rule of position. PUNCTUATION. 38. The marks of punctuation used in Phonography are as follows : Perlod -Y-- Laughter -~<- Dash ...^r..... , Paragraph jf Ot I, ? / "~" Interrogation ...... ____________ .L ___ Exclamation ........ L_ ApPlaUSO Doubt _____ GL Hissing Hyphen 39. Very little use is made of punctuation in phonographic writing. The period, the dash, and the indication of capitals are the only ones frequently used, as the reporter has no time to indicate the minor pauses. At times, however, the comma, colon, and semi-colon are used when the reporting is not too rapid, and a correct interpretation of the meaning of the speaker in transcribing would demand it. When the reporter has not time to insert even the period, it is indicated by leaving in the notes a considerable space, to correspond with the pauses of the speaker's voice. Many writers are in the constant habit of indicating a semi-colon in the same manner. The length of the space thus left will vary according to the relative size of one's char- acters, but if the reporter writes as large a " hand " as the engraved exercises herewith, the space left should be about three-quarters of an inch. If the signs for the interrogation and exclamation marks are made in the ordinary way they might be mistaken for shorthand characters, hence, it is best to use the cross instead of the dot in making them. The Dash is made double to avoid its being mistaken for Kay. 28 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 40. Emphasis is indicated by the sign used for capitali- zation or by the usual underscoring sign used in longhand. 41. Initials of proper names are best written in long hand. If there is not time for this, such characters should be selected as will indicate the common and not the phonetic initial, as Pee not Ef should be used as an initial for Philip. When practicable it is best to write proper names in both short and long hand, especially if the name be an uncommon one. The stenographic characters do not indicate the spelling of a name, but what is quite as important, they give its pronun- ciation, which the spelling does not give. Proper names when written in shorthand should be fully vocalized. The following alphabet may be used in reporting when there is not sufficient time to write the initial in longhand : . \ )' I : ^.. .. .^ v ./. ABCDEF G H IJ ,^.r..^._^_. ,_\..-^ .j..~.x;x..-~ ./.)_ K L M N P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 42. 6" and R are very likely to be misread, and the char- acter for 6" should invariably be written in longhand. 43. Importance of the Reading Exercises. Ample attention should be given to the following and all subsequent engraved Reading Exercises, for they are fully as important as the Writing Exercises which follow each lesson. They should not be hurried through but read leisurely and thoroughly, and also transcribed into longhand. No amount of mental quickness will compensate for lack of thorough drill in reading. The following exercise is designed as a drill on the vowels, and the student will remember that when they occur between stems, all first-place vowels belong to or are written after the first stem ; second-place vowels belong to the first stem when they are long, and to the second stem when they are short ; and that all third-place vowels belong to the second stem. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. READING EXERCISE. /\ |. /*C ^ J~ )"> ).(_ ^ _. P UPWARD jSTROffE'S _* << X 5V^" /^" I- I i I* V__ ' F^N _ M>, _ k~\ i U ?_.CT_.5C-V" ^r . way V. i j ^v away v -^-, s- s- your p f 6 yes, yours V ever have, Ste_J^_ however several o is, his / o as, has ^ / think ; thank, thousand Is his, is as, his is, his has O as his, as has, has his, has as , O J? first ( (they, them, PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 39 65. When two or more words have the same sign, as hope, party, or is and his, the context will readily enable the writer to distinguish between them. 66. The plural number and the possessive case of nouns is indicated by adding Iss to the word sign ; as, _____________ v N parties things homes subjects 67. The third person of the singular number and the perfect participles of verbs are expressed by the addition of Iss, Ses, or Stey ; as, _JL_ .......... L _______ ^ ...... ^i*L_ ...... - ........ takes thinks influences influenced commonest 68. Iss and Ses are also used to add self and selves to pro- nouns; as, myself himself herself yourselves ourselves 69. Ses 1 may also represent is as, and his has ; and Ses 2 is used for as is, and as his. 70. Derivatives from the words of this list may be formed by writing the character representing the derivatives, either joined or disjoined to the word signs ; as, uncommon commoner commonly happier subjected NOTE. Sometimes when words are written in full it is necessary to disjoin a letter to form the suffix, as, cautiously. In phonographic nomenclature the colon is used to indicate that the stems are to be dis- joined. 40 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. WRITING EXERCISE. 71. Word Signs. Advantage, allow, along, am, any, are, as. as has, at, away, be, because, by, charge, charged, come, common, com- monest, commonly, country, do, dollar, each, ever, fact, few, first, for, give, given, had, has, has as, have, hear, her, here, him, his, hope, how- ever, if, in, influence, is, is his, it, its, it is, kingdom, know, language, large, long, may, me, much, my, never, no, our, out, next, own, see, sev- eral, she, shall, so, subject take, time, thank, them, these, they, thing, think, this, those, thousand, thus, to be, together, up, us, use (noun), use (verb), usual, usually, was, way, which, whole, why, will, wish, yes, your. Derivatives. Hopes, parties, subjects, times, takes, its, it is, itself, does, advantages, kingdoms, countries, country's, comes, gives, facts, thinks, thanks, thousands, this is, this has, themselves, sees, uses (noun), uses (verb), wishes, hers, herself, ourselves, myself, himself, knows, owns, influences, influenced, language, yours, yourself, yourselves. Sentences. i. It may be seen at any time in my niece's home. 2. Several think it will be given away. 3. Why will she use her influence for them in this way? 4. Joseph will this day take the last stage for home. 5. They will come out here together. 6. Her influence will do much for them. 7. Your income will be large. 8. Which are to to be given away? 9. She may think so. lo. Are they home? II. Will they go our way? 12. Why do they buy so many? 13. Will they allow it to be given away? 14. If she is here she will have her own way. 15. Such things are common enough in this country. 16. She uses our language in her own way. 17. It is usual for them to be een together. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 41 * LESSON VI. DIPHTHONGS. 72. A diphthong is the union in one syllable of two eowels both of which are sounded- There are four diph- thongs in English, and they are found in the words by, oil, bow, few, 73. In shorthand they are. represented by the following angular marks : v t'asin 01 as in owasiu eioasiii time oil owl dew 74. The placing of these diphthong signs to consonant outlines is governed by the same rules as given for vowels. The direction of these signs, unlike the dash signs for the vowels, is never changed to correspond with the direction of the consonant signs : J v _.; .J A / ""\ i< < tie my coy toy mew due 75. The sound of u immediately preceded by an r, as in rude, bruise, etc., is not properly a diphthong, but a vowel, and the third-place heavy dash is used to represent it. 76. The sound of uo in buoy may be represented by shading the character for ow ; thus, \. _buoy. VA 77. There are a few words in which two vowel signs are required to be written to one stroke, in which case the vowel 42 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. which is sounded next to the consonant should be placed nearer thereto ; as, T \ A - - ..... c idea genii payee Ohio 78. When convenient the diphthong signs may be joined ; as, iota eyed bow cue SECOND LIST OF WORD SIGNS. 79. In the following list a few word signs involving the halving principle are placed out of their logical order that we may avail ourselves of their use in the Reading and Writing Exercises which follow. X I, high aye how he new, knew now ^ v/" \P - ( ( - I will, highly higher highest not that without \ \ So f / \ 1 Saturday speak expect-ed-ation special-ty business satisfy-ed suggest-ed-ion satisfactory single similar some consume United States necessary 80. I-Tick. A small initial tick in the direction of the Pee, Chay or Ray, joined to the following word, is used to represent the pronoun // thus, Z ............ ....1 ....... I will I am I do I think 1 know I shall PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. READING EXERCISE. 43 "V v^-f ^.t:t.&.^.^.^^-% ^.^...^..W^..^..^.-^.-^.. >> ^ >-* A rxf ' X c tfe ^ >i / ^^^ x X .^- | I /* x / I -- , % *^p" y^ ^ .. .. C- 1- --^--I-CA > - 44 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. WRITING EXERCISE. 81. (a) Pie, pies, vie, vies, die, dice, sigh, high, alley, arise (Arsj, sign, sky, Silas, styles, cite, sight, side, nice, nicer (Ens- Ray), nicest, ice, eyes, spice, chime, rhyme (Ar-Em), slices, sliced, enticed, piety, lyre (Lay-Ar), abide, desire (Dees-Ar), deny, tyro (Tee-Ray), virus (Vee-Rays), dignify, terrify. (d) Boys, coy, poise, toys, toil (Tee-Lay), voyage, enjoys, oil, spoil (Spec-Lay), soil, alloy, decoy, noise, noised, noises, ahoy, hoist, hoists, envoy, joist, voice, voices, Savoy. (c) Bow, vow, vows, mouse, sour (Iss-Ar), cow, stout, thou, Dow, owl, cowl (Kay-Lay), vouch, conch, scow, endow, south, house, arouse (Ars), aroused (Ar-Stey), ounce. (d) Pews, views, sue, accuse, accused, accuses, yews, Jews, cube, dnpe, fuje, effuse, effuses, effused, fume, lure (Lay-Ar), hue, muse, ruse (Rays), suit, stew, nephew, puny, refuse (Ray-Efs), sinew, venue, ensue, rescue (Rays-Kay), bureau (Bee-Ray), obtuse, Mayhew. (e) Unite, Tioga, Cayuga, occupy. (/) Tower (Tee-Ar), shower (Ish-Ar), Ohio, idea, iota, ivy. (g) Word Signs. Aye, eye, he, highly, how, knew, new, now, that, high, higher, highest, speak, expect, special, suggest, satisfy, Saturday, expected, expectation, satisfied, suggestion, single, United States, neces- sary, similar, business, some, consume. LESSON VII. PETOID WORD SIQN5. 82. A Petoid is a quarter length Pee ; Tetoid, a quarter length Tee, and so with the other straight stems. Hence, the following word signs are called Petoids. These names are convenient in referring to these signs; as, Betoid 1 , for instance, is the name of the word sign for all. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 45 83. They are also called vowel word signs, as they are the vowel signs, written in changed directions, for the respec- tive words. The signs for of and all are in the first position because their vowels are first-place vowels. As the vowel signs, when not written beside a consonant stroke, can be written conveniently in but two positions, all the first-place vowels, when used as word signs, are retained in their proper positions, while the second and third-place vowel signs are written on the line. Hence, the reason for the positions of the word signs composing this group. In actual work these signs are a trifle longer than one-quarter of a stem, but care should be used not to make them too long, as they might be mistaken for half sized characters, explained later on. (Third List.) VOWEL WORD SIGNS. of all to two too or already awe but oh on ought should who-m owe a-n and the 84. All the above word signs should be written down- ward with the exception of on and should, which should gen- erally be written upward. 85. The Tick. The is joined as a final tick, sloping upward or downward in the direction of Pee, Chay, or Ray. It is preferable, however, to select the tick which when joined makes the sharpest angle. It should not be used as an initial tick. When the cannot be conveniently expressed by the tick the dot sign should be used. 46 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. I *-/ /O ,-JL ~.. which the in the is the it is the may the should the who the as the (/ . _V of the all the but the owe the on the ought the 86. When this tick follows the Stey loop, it should not cross the stem, but should be made as illustrated below: post the cast the master the just the 87. A-An-And Tick. A small horizontal or perpendic- ular tick is used to express a, an, and: ] ^ .t * Z_ T . and do and in and is and since a check a boy 88. For ease and certainty of reading this tick should be made initially only, although it is sometimes used as a final tick, where an initial joining is impracticable, and when used as a final tick, Ketoid should be used rather than Tetoid, as in the phrase, Because a stop was necessary. Some writers, however, prefer to make it initial only, using the dot sign for a, an, and, when it cannot be joined initially, and this practice we strongly recommend. 89. When the tick for he stands alone or begins a phrase it must rest on the line, and is generally written downward to distinguish it from should. It is sometimes made final, in which case the context must distinguish it from the. The initial tick for / is always in the first position. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 47 90. These ticks have no position of their own, but take the position of the words to which they are joined, with the exception of and the, and a, which, when standing alone, should have the first stroke rest upon the line of writing. They are thus distinguished from and should, and but, in which phrases the second stroke falls upon the line of writing; as, ....... ....-?..... .......... -7. ........ - .......... rt..- ...... - ..... -, ____ .................. _ .......... V .......... Jf ................... f. and the and should and but and a and I said he he said I said 91. Phrasing. The student may learn at this point that simple words are frequently joined into phrases. Not being accustomed to join words in longhand writing, phrasing may seem awkward at first, but the practice soon becomes one of the most fascinating features of shorthand, as it increases both speed and legibility. Something more will be said upon this subject later on ; for the present it is enough to know that only those words which belong to the same grammatical phrase should be joined. In other words, if a pause inter- venes between the words, they should not be phrased. Some- times the same words are joined in a phrase which at other times would be separated. The following will illustrate the method of joining word signs into phrases : it may do they in these in this in those 92. Word signs are sometimes vocalized when phrased to secure very clear distinctions ; as, ..... UN ............ U ......... ..U ......... .7^?. ....... 7C. it may take me take him give me give him 93. The circle Iss is often joined to add is, his, as, has or us. Some judgment must be exercised, however, in join- ing the circle to add these words, as they sometimes conflict. 48 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. Thus, ~~ ^ may stand for gives, give his or give us- When the context is not likely to determine which is meant, the signs must be disjoined and the stem Es must be used for us. 94. The first word of a phrase generally determines its position. Thus phrases beginning with / or any first position word sign, must commence above the line. Phrases begin- ning with he must commence on the line. Phrases commenc- ing with how must begin under the line, as will be seen by the accompanying Reading Exercise. 95. Prefixes and Affixes will be fully treated in a sub- sequent chapter. A few occur so frequently it is deemed best to present them at this point, that we may have a greater variety of words to draw from in the illustration of subsequent principles. CON or COM is expressed by a light dot at the beginning of a word ; as, _i ____ 1 __________ \. conscious committee compose (a) The reporter generally implies con, com or cog by writing the remainder of the word under the preceding word; as, I will concede. 96. Ing is expressed by a light dot at the end of a word ; as, doing seeing talking 97. When it is desirable to distinguish ing from ings the dot may be repeated for ings. There is nothing to prevent the writer from using the stroke for Ings, if he so desires, and, PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 49 indeed, it should be used when this affix forms part of a noun, or when it follows the iss circle ; thus, doings misgivings sayings etchings causing 98. -ing the. The affix ing and an immediately follow- ing the is expressed by disjoining the tick for the, and writing it in the place of the ing dot ; thus, U ^ \ \ r / V- / / taking the showing the posting the subjecting the selling the 99. -ing-a-an-and. The affix ing and an immediately following a, an or and is expresssed by disjoining the tick for a-n-d, and writing it in the place of the dot for ing ; thus, *-" ( 1 x__ _ singing a-n-d thinking a-u-d giving a-n-d 100. When / occurs between two words closely related it may be joined by a straight tick, that is, in the direction of Tee or Kay. It will not conflict with the a-tick, but it. must be Ketoid or Tetoid to distinguish it from the he-tick which is always slanting : If. If. . CLO of 1 T~-, 1 T~ so I said so he said as I said as he said 101. In accordance with a principle stated later on, to a may be represented by Tetoid under the line and to the by Petoid under the line. Retoid under the line represents how. to the to a how 50 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. READING EXERCISE. 9 p \\ \ v...^'.'./.'......j .I.-.^T. i i ._. ..../_................ /.y? L_/...(...-P _______ .(*_. f>...fT^..f... . ,5__ /-TICK. A ....1.._1.4...77._t J. ( ...?..1A..^.^..^ J.. A. -i.. +.. *...*. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 51 WRITING EXERCISE. 102. (a) Of, all, to, two, too, or, already, but, oh, owe, on, ought, should, who, whom, a, an, and, the. (b) Up the, hope, by the, be the, to be the, subject the, take the, time the, at the, it is the, do the, had the, each the, which the, much the, because the, give the, if the, or the, ever the, have the, think the, thank the, that is the, this is the, see the, so the, use the, was the, is the, as the, wish the, shall the, hear the, are the, here is the, may the, in the, know the, own the, influence the, why the. (c) Save the, sing the, wishes the, stop the, back the, knows the, post the, stole the. (d) And do, and may, and say, andjthink, and several, and give, and of, and or, and already, and but, and owe, and on, and ought, and should, and who, and a, and the, a thing, a way, a book, an hour, an oar, an advantage. (e) Doing the, thinking the, showing the, asking the, wishing the, hoping the, composing the, comparing the, committing the, confessing the, buying a, oiling a, seeing a, reaching a, hearing a. (f ) It may, which may, they may, each may, much may, she may, will do, will be, will have, will think, give them, give this, give that, give those, give him, give me, give my, take them, take him, own them, see him, charge him, know them, hear me, hear them, in them, by me, by them, it is, it was, shall be, by me, shall have, if they, shall do. Commence the following phrases above the line : I hope, I shall, I do, I had, I take, I charge, I come, I give, I think, I thank, I see, I say, I was, I use, I will, I hear, I am, I know, I never. Commence on the line of writing : He hopes, he takes, he charges, he conies, he gives, he thinks, he has, he shall, he will, he may, he knows, who may, who will. Commence under the line : How it, how do, how much, how easy, how are, how many. (g) i. It may be ready (Ray-Dee) in time for the next mail (Em- Say). 2. Give my best wishes to the boys. 3. It was of some advan- tage to us all. 4. I hope you will use your influence for them. 5. I shall take charge of these things for some time to come. 6. This may 52 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. seem to be too large. 7. I hope they will soon take .- ^vantage of it. 8. I know it will be given away. 9. I will give them to him in time for the first mail (Em-Lay). 10. The study of this language is new to us and takes up much of our time. n. Now they will see life (Lay-Ef) as it is in a large city. 12. It will be of much advantage to them 13. They will not allow him to go away just now. 14. This is no reason why they should charge so much. 15. It is not so cheap as it seems at first, 16. I think it will last a long time. 17. I have seen many changes since I came here last season. 18. I will look (Lay-Kay) for them early (Ar-Lay) in the day. 19. I saw them pass by in a new buggy. 20. I have not said all I desire (Dees-Ar) to say on this subject. 21. He may not know how to use them to advantage. 22. I see no reason why you should change your way of thinking. 23. I will allow him so much for his house. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 53 LESSON VIII. THE LETTER H. 103. The letter h represents only a whispered utterance, a slight blowing or expulsion of the breath, and hence is called an aspirate. To aspirate a vowel is to sound h before it. The sound of h is most frequently represented by writing a light dot before the vowel or diphthong which follows it ; as, hate homely hall whist NOTE. In the combination wh, this method of representing h is not phonetic, but follows the method of the common orthography. (See Appendix). 104. Uses of the Hay Stroke. It may be stated as a general rule that Hay is used only when it is necessary to afford a position for a vowel, as in writing the words, hoe, hay, Hugh, etc. Specific rules may be given as follows : (a) Use Hay when it is the only consonant stroke in the word, as haw, haste, house. (b) Use Hay when h follows an initial vowel, as ahead. (c) Use Hay in words of two or more syllables when initial h forms a syllable with a following vowel, as haughty, hasten, but not homely . (d) The Name of the h-dot is Heh. NOTE. The letter h usually proves troublesome to beginners, especially if they attempt to write general matter before they have learned all the principles, and yet to the practiced writer it is easy of representation. Some writers provide a small tick written in the direc- tion of Chay for the aspirate, but which is generally discarded by the active reporter or the amanuensis. We regard this use of the tick at any time of doubtful utility, as the two methods given above are ample for all purposes. Ticks are so frequently used for such words as /, he, the, and the oid word signs, that it is not well to extend its use to the letter h. Experience and observation will soon teach the student to quickly and surely determine when to use the dot and when the stem. 54 READING EXERCISE. ........ 1 .......... a ....... ........ ^ ........ } r... .<<^3L ^k woo as iii wooed c irf as in wit c we as in wet wa as in wag wo as in wot or watch 3 wu as in won 3 woo as in wood YEH SERIES. U ye as in yeast u l/a as in Yale u I/a as in yacht n i/a as in yawl i/o as in yoke n i/oo as in youth u i/ as in yit o- ye as Iii yet u i/a as in yap j/oasiiiyon n l/u as in young j/u as iu yul PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 63 125. A small right angle is used to indicate the sound of w coalescing with the long sound of z, as in the following words : __1 _ X _J wide wife white THE STEMS WAY AND YAY. 126. The following rules will determine the correct use of Way and Yay. The Stem Way must be used as follows : (a) When it is the only consonant stroke in the word, as in woe, etc. (b) When initial w is followed by the sound of s; as, v.._._x waste wisely wasp whisky (c) When w follows an initial vowel ; as i awake awhile await 127. The stem Yay is used in all words in which Yay is the only consonant stem, and also when it follows an initial vowel; as, >*- /"* yea yeast oyer (Fourth List.) THE WEH WORD SIGNS. 128. The following word signs should now be learned: D u n _ ?_..., .....V..... n we were what would ye yet beyond you with year yesterday 64 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. L c^ while well we are where aware we may we will with our work when one 129. Wem in the first position is also a sign for with me or with my ; and in the second position it is used for with him. When, in phrases, it is necessary to distinguish with me from with him, it may be done by inserting the vowel ; as, with me with him 130. Wen in the first position is a sign for with no or we know, and may be distinguished from when by vocalizing. (Fifth List.) CONTRACTIONS. 131. The student will see the origin of the following signs : anything anywhere nowhere wherever whenever forever something disadvantage become familiar-ity acknowledge refer :L_ ..... _> ........ _JL__._ ..... \ _______ 2} represent notwith- neverthe- nothing peculiar-ity irregular-ity standing less 3 regular-ity knowledge into unto always also PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 65 132. Derivatives from the above words are formed by writing the disjoined letter suggesting the derivative near the end of the last stroke of the sign. Thus the disjoined Lay would represent ly in the words regularly, irregularly, newly, peculiarly, familiarly, etc. So, En-Ef-Em would stand for unfamiliar. 133. The w-hook is used to represent we, were, with in phrases ; as, we receive Q 1 we refer were referred were nowhere n n ^ we represent we enjoy we always r we also were also were unsatisfactory RECAPITULATION. 134. The following is a synopsis of the uses of the strokes Es, Hay, Way and Yay, and their respective brief signs, Iss, Heh, Weh and Yeh. I. From the rules given under each one of the above letters, it is seen that a brief sign is always read before a vowel; thus, - x- M _..- __ , _______ ;:l ____ if ____ ! sack head while yacht II. Hence, when these letters are preceded by a vowel, to read the vowel first, the stroke must be employed ; thus, ask ahead awhile oyer III. A brief sign being small cannot have three positions for the vowels ; hence, when one of these letters is the only sounded consonant in a word, the stroke must be used ; thus. _) _ <<_ ___ >t ____ . ace hoe weigh yea 66 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. READING EXERCISE- ^^^ __ Sentences ....... _J^_J!!I!jLxfJl-_~;Ba3^^ I /i / -T v^ > XT' _ V.^_./J-.-A<,... _ LjzC ____ 1.L ^^^^ -/ / PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 67 WRITING EXERCISE. 135- (a) Woe, woo, weighs, wise, west, waist, wasp, wayside. (b) Weight, wit, wet, wad, wade, weed, wood, web, witch, watch, wage, wedge, week, wig, wag, wake, woke, wave, weave, waver, weaver, waif, woof, wash, wed, wing, wax, waxed, waxes, waxen ; sweet, Swede, sweat, sweep, swayed, assuage, switch, unswitch, Ipswitch, bewitch, sweetly, sweetest, wettest, Webster. (c) Wail, wall, wolf, willow, Welch, William, wallet, walrus, war, wire, wore, weary, wearied, wearisome, worth, worthy, unworthy, worm, warm, worship, win, wine, wane, won, wince, winch, Winchester, Windsor, willow, welladay, wigwam, wamus, swore, swear, swell, swale, swallow, swim, swing, (Iss-Wuh-Ing), window, windy, quince, queen, twine, twain, twin, twinge, Quincy, quench, Edwin. (d) Whale, whence, whiff, whilst, whimsy, whirl, whistle, whoop, wheat, wheeze, whig, whim, whine, whist, wheel-barrow,- whip, whim- sical, whinney, whoa, whew. (e) Yates, yell, yawl, yellow, young, yawn, yon, yore, yarrow, Yale, yoke, youth, Yankee. (f ) Tweak, twitch, quail, quell, squeal, s.quall, twist, quest, inquest, bequest, equipage, maniac, ammonia, opiate, anterior, interior, odium, copious, various, obvious, notorious, serious, piteous, Victoria, Samaria, Tokio, equipoise, acquit, equip, equity, quick, quickest, quake. (g) Quiet, quietest, twice, wight, white, wipe, wife, wives. (h) I While we are well aware of his familiarity with this science, we think his knowledge lacks thoroughness. 2. The social advantages of large cities are of much use to him who would make the most of life. 3. The peace aud quiet of the country are, however, conducive to a life of study. 4. This quiet and peace may be had in a city in an attic room far out of the reach of the noise of daily life. 5. Theory without facts is not science, and knowledge is of no use without the power of thinking and doing. 6. It is said that knowledge is power, but it is not so until our thinking makes it of use to us. 7. Many waste much time in half mastering a language or a science which they will never use. 8. Study is itself of some use, but books should at times give way to society, and society should at times give way to books. 68 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. LESSON XI. INITIAL HOOKS. 136. The sounds of / and r immediately following other consonants (in such words as plea, clay, pray, prow, settle and paper) occur so frequently, and they combine so closely with the immediately preceding consonant that they seem to become a single elementary sound. Such a union of / or r with a foregoing consonant is represented by a small initial hook. 137. L-Hook. The sound of / immediately following any other consonant than Es, Zee, Ar, Lay, El, Ing, Way and Hay, is indicated by a small initial hook on the circle side of the consonant which it follows. The hook is made large on Em, En and Ray, to distinguish it from the w-hook heretofore explained. The following illustration shows all the 1-hook stems : pi 138. Shl is always written upward and never stands alone, in order that it may not conflict with s/ien, to be subse- quently explained. It has its hook at the bottom, and is thus distinguished from shr. 139. Observe that though the hooks are made first, they are read after the stems to which they are attached. 140 Obviousl}' there is no advantage to be gained from the use of the 1-hook on Es, Zee, Ar, Lay, El, Ing, Way and bl tl dl C chl C jl J kl Kl fl vl thl thl shl ml nl rl PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 69 Hay, as the combination is either of rare occurrence, or it may be more easily expressed otherwise ; as, ...r.. .......... _l_r^ ..... eiilrC ; sale Carlyle kingly wail hill 141. R=Hook. The close combination of r with a pre- ceding consonant is indicated by reversing the 1-hook sign. In other words, the r-hook is written on the lower and left hand side of stems in the following manner : & ...... :\__JL_.l ...... I ..... ;_._.__. _.<-. ..^._.!^......1_J_ pr br tr dr chr jr kr gir fr vr thr thr shr zhr mr nr 142. Ray and Yay, and the consonants which do not take the 1-hook are exempt also from the use of the r-hook. Mer and Ner are shaded to distinguish them from Wem and Wen. No confusion will result from shading Mer and Ner, as Ing does not take an initial hook : Mer Ner Wem Wen Ing-Ar Ing-El 143. In order to preserve analogy of form and utilize all the stenographic material to the best advantage, the stems Es, Zee, Ar and Way do not take the r-hook ; the brief and more facile form for these letters being preferable for their expres- sion in conjunction with a following r. Hence, fr, vr, thr and thr cannot be mistaken for Ar, Way, Es and Zee with a hook attached. These stems do not take initial hooks ; thus, J c -r- p l ^s ' loafej mover author clothier error worthy razor baser 70 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 144. The 1 and r-hook signs, when used initially, are intended to represent the close connection of L or R with a preceding consonant ; and when used finally, to represent the same combinations with an obscure vowel intervening. These double consonants are vocalized in the same manner as simple strokes, the vowel being read before or after both ; thus, play able frame evil table labor eager 145. Names. The 1 and r-hook signs are called Pel, Bel, Tel, Chel ; Per, Ber, Ter, Der, Cher, etc. By these names they are distinguished from Pee-Lay, Bee-L,ay, etc., when the consonant stroke for each letter must be written in full. 146. The joining of certain consonants to the 1 and r-hook signs renders it impossible to make a perfect hook. In such cases the hook is implied by slightly retracing the stroke by which the 1 or r-hook is joined ; thus, Baker reply joker couple cudgel 147 In some cases the two strokes are better than the hooked stems ; as, ..rather than. . ^ ... dimmer tamer farmer dimmer tamer farmer 148. The student must not continue until the following list of word-signs has been thoroughly memorized : PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. (Sixth List.) 71 INITIAL HOOK WORD SIGNS. comply people apply belong believe J) either their, there, they are other -through \ _ it will. tell, till at all, until call, equal-ly difflcult-y calculate-d-ion appear, proper principal, principle - practice, practical liberty J pleasure measure -sure-ly Mr., mere, remark more humor near, nor, in our manner * brother, number-ed 1 n internal < = ' owi V o feel, fill, follow V. fail, for all attract n doctor 1 direct-ed, dear f during ^> t \ surprise .y.-:\_.. express x> suppress / y danger 77" larger correct only ^_^/ annual t-' s/ real-ly rule accuracy ' \ form-ed ^j influential \ \ probable, probability Ov ' \ ^ over )... A. every, very favor 72 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. SPECIAL PRINCIPLES. 149. One of the most important principles in shorthand writing is obtained from the use of the hooks to add words which frequently occur, and which are generally spoken rapidly. (a) The 1-hook is made use of to add all and will ; thus, by all to all of all it will who will which will they will (b) The r-hook adds are or our to simple consonant word signs ; thus, at our of our to our In our or our which are much are (c) Were may be added to a straight stem word sign by the r-hook, but when so added the sign is placed in the third position; as, it were which were but were who were 150. Derivations from the above list are formed by add- ing the consonant representing the derivative. For peopled, write a disjoined Dee close to the sign for people. Endanger is expressed by joining the stem En to the word sign for danger; careless, by joining L,ays ; remarkable, by adding Bel ; fully, by vocalizing Fel, etc. NOTE. The same sign is used for till as until. Till is a colloquial- ism though sometimes used by good writers. The student should not be encouraged in its use. If the business man inadvertently uses the word " till," he desires to see it written out " until." This same remark will apply to many other words as " don't," etc. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. READING EXERCISE. 73 74 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. WRITING EXERCISE. 151. (a) Plea, please, pleased, pleases, applause, apples, blaze, blows, huddle, addle, idle, evil, fly, flow, flew, Ethel, clay, glee, eagle, ogle, cloy, try, tree, utter, outer, attar, Troy, prows, prim, prime, trim, drum, dream, tram, break, brick, broke, bridge, trick, trip, track, trap, tribe, grim, group, groom, grime, crawl, grudge, grace, praised, braced, priest, grazed, graced, plume, plum, bloom, bleak, black, clique, clock, clack, flame, gleam, claim, blithe, fluid, flag, cling, frame, freely, thrill, thresh. (b) Table, dapple, dabble, tipple, pedal, employ, imply, maple, noble, cable, couple, goggle, chapel, payable, humble, bible, regal, likely, lable, liable, Biddle, bottle, battle, oracle, feeble, allowable, total, title, bevel, labor, leper, lodger, ledger, rigor, vigor, vigorous, paper, pauper, piper, pepper, dipper, deeper, dapper, degree, sugar, (Shay-Ger) shaker, quicker, tinner, tenner, dinner, Tucker, editor, angry, hungry, Hum- phrey, Schaffer, fisher, fishery, leisure, roomer, (Rav-Mer) rumor, armor, minor, tenor, lover, lever. (c) Penal, kennel, tunnel, channel, rural, spiral, floral, final, finally, animal, enamel, camel, relic, relax, relapse, unlatch, unlock, unlike. (d) Briber, bridger, Blakely, blackly, bluishly, freshly, freckle, prickly, plural, flannel, broker, grammar, treasure, bribery, overdraw, overflow; blacker, frugal, travel, agreeable. (e) Word Signs. Comply, people, apply, belong, believe, feel, tell, till, until, call, equal, equally, difficult, difficulty, proper, principle, principal, practice, surprise, express, liberty, remember, member, num- ber, brother, doctor, dear, during, danger, carry, care, accuracy, form, from, over, every, very, favor, either, their, there, other, through, sure, pleasure, measure, Mr. mere, remark, more, near, nor, manner, capable, influential, probable, probability, only, annual, real, really, relate, re- lated, rule. (f ) By all, at all, each will, which will, much will, if all, for all, of all, all will, or all, already all, but all, owe all, on all, ought all, should all, who will \, by our, at our, which are, of our, all our, to our, or our, already our, but our, owe our, on our, ought our, should our, who are ; to ours, by ours, to ourselves, by ourselves ; it were, which were, who were. Books. Some one has said that a real love for study is given to the few not to the many. Most people, however, have a love for books and PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 75 a desire for knowledge, but not a love of study. We all of us waste much time on worthless books. They should be few and well chosen ; the more select the more enjoyable. Consider what you have in the smallest chosen library ; a company of the wise and witty of all ages and all countries. " The fish decays first at the head," is a common saying among those who live by the Sea of Azov. It is so with those who read too much or too fast. How to read is a heavier task (than) many take it to be. Books should be read slowly and with care, never hurriedly. We should read only those books which will teach us to think for ourselves. We should not allow the author to do all our thinking for us. The trouble with most of us is that we do not stop to think. The power of thinking will be of immense advantage to us in all our work through life. Of course it is utterly wrong to read a book merely for the sake of saying we have read it. The first step is to have an earnest desire to know what lies in a book. Books are a guide in youth and a solace in age. When we are weary of the living we may repair to them, for they have no deceit, no design. They make us heirs of the life of past ages. It was said a thousand years ago that " they are life's best business. He who would rob me of my books would take away all the joy of my life, nay, I will say all desire of living." They are messages from large souls whom we have never seen, and who, perhaps, live thousands of miles away. They are always ready to teach or to amuse us. They are the win- dows, says Beecher, out of which the soul looks. They are the masters who teach us without rods or ferules, and expose our weaknesses with- out shaming us. They never laugh at our mistakes. They teach us how to live and how to die. Some talk of past times ; others of the present ; and others of the life to come. For all these services they ask nothing but a small corner where they may repose in peace. LESSON Xll. SPECIAL VOCALIZATION. 152. To avoid long and inconvenient outlines a peculiar scheme of vocalization is resorted to in order to indicate a dis- tinct vowel coming between the 1 or r-hook and the stroke to which it is attached. In most cases the word is sufficiently legible without vocalization, but where it is desired to indicate the vowel, it is done as follows ; 76 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 153. The dot vowels are indicated by a small circle written before the stroke if the vowel is long, and after the stroke if the vowel is short ; thus, dark feel fill term 154. When a dash vowel occurs between the stem and the hook, it is indicated by striking the dash through the stroke ; thus, 3* V-H _ c ij^ V false course fool Inform 155. When a diphthong intervenes, it may be written through or at the end of the stroke ; as, cure require trefoil qualify REMARKS ON SPECIAL VOCALIZATION. 156. The student must not use this principle indiscrimi- nately. It applies to comparatively few words, the general rule being to use the stroke for L or R when a vowel intervenes between it and the preceding consonant, especially in small words; as in bell toil chill mail vail mar veer (a) The stroke must be used when L or R is the last con- sonant in a word and immediately preceded and followed by vowels. Also when two vowels intervene between L or R and a preceding consonant; as in, pillow borrow tallow tower jewel vial PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 77 (b) It may be stated as a principle of wide though not universal application that when the accent falls upon a vowel occurring between the sound of a consonant and the sound of / or r, the sound of the latter should be represented by a stroke rather than a hook, unless the resulting outline would be inconveniently long or difficult ; as, bulk barrack America CIRCLES AND HOOKS COMBINED. 157. When the sound of s immediately precedes an 1-hook sign, it is indicated by writing the circle distinctly within the hook. When thus written within an 1-hook it presents the appearance of an ellipse or slightly flattened cip cle. The student need not endeavor to make it round. -P I ____ _. /? sable settle saddle satchel civil classical 158. The Names of these triple consonants thus formed are Iss-Pel, Iss-Bel, etc. As a group they are called the Iss- Pel series. NOTE. The loops for si and str and the large circle ses are never prefixed to an 1-hook sign, as it is plainly impracticable. 159. The circle is prefixed to an r-hook stem by turning the hook into a small circle. In other words, if the circle is made on the r-hook side of a straight stem, it implies the presence of the r-hook; thus, spray stream scream seeker 78 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. N 1 60. If preceded by no other stroke, Stey may be pre- fixed to the straight r-hook stems by writing the loop on the left or r-hook side ; thus, \ 2a .-.-^___ stupor stutter stitcher stagger va) Many stenographers prefer to use two stems for the above class of words, writing Stee-Per for stupor instead of Steyper. (b) In a few instances the large circle is prefixed to an r-hook stem ; as, 1 sister disaster 1 6 1 . When the Sper stems are preceded by strokes in the same direction, it is only necessary to turn the circle on the left or under side to indicate the addition of the r-hook ; thus, prosper destroy execrable 162. When Iss-Ker or Iss-Ger is preceded by any other straight stroke the circle is turned on the right side of the preceding stroke, and the Kay or Gay continued from the point where the circle is completed. This is a peculiar joining, but as there is no other way to indicate the r-hook in this connection, it must be made use of for this purpose ; as in U- t- subscribe descry disagree (a) This plan is also used for the expression of Sper, fol- lowing j, as in / Jasper. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND, 79 (b) The expression of r may safely be omitted from this class of words, thus securing an easier outline ; as, subscribe prescribe disgrace 163. In all other cases when Iss preceding an r-hook sign occurs in the middle of a word, it must be written dis- tinctly within the hook ; as in 1 ^ extra lisper pastry gastric 164. The iss circle is not prefixed to any of the curved r-hook combinations except Ner when used initially ; thus, saner summer safer (a) When these combinations are preceded by other strokes, it is allowable to write the circle within the hook ; as, hemisphere passover 165. T may be omitted in such words as boastful, trust- ful, as is further shown in Section 297. 80 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. READING EXERCISE- L. i b-^- " - i_-- -- o--- r ,.^.^ ^ /. t fc W- 84 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. WRITING EXERCISE. 173. (a) Trial, control, trail, abler, Blair, teller, settler, sabler, sad- dler, tattler, babbler, bibler, clear, color, choler, collar, scholar, liberal, illiberal, Charles, jocular, juggler, straggler, quibbler, jumbler, implore, deplore, shiugler, scrambler, fuller, valor, April, pastoral, corporal, flourish, mackerel, pickerel, pectoral, cobbler, nibbler, stickler, toler- able, immoral. (b) Unstriug, unstrung, unsprung, itisuppressible, inseparable, insuperable, unscrew, unsecure, unscrupulous, inscribe, unceremonious, unsurmised, unseemly, unsolicitous, unsalable, insular, insoluble, unset- tle, unsaddle, uncivil, Jamieson, eleemosynary, Thompson, arsenic, masonic, Williamson, Wilson. (c) At least one million young people of this country who are going to the common schools are at this hour seeking or wishing for the advantages of the higher schools. Many of them, says Horace Greeley, write me on the subject, asking me to show them the way whereby they may accomplish their purpose. Some desire to pursue a college course, and are willing to go in debt for a thousand dollars or more wherewith to pay their way. I cannot but think that this is a mis- take. True, they may win, but the odds are not in their favor. One does not feel like working with energy while paying for a dead horse. But what shall he do ? In the first place he must choose that pursuit for which he has the most liking, and master all its processes. If he has a taste for commercial life he should try that, first possessing him- self of some knowledge of bookkeeping. If he likes farming he should go at that, giving all his spare hours to its (careful) study. Successful farming requires as (careful) study as any other business. In any pursuit he should always have access to good books. They may be had iu nearly every neighborhood in the United States. If he is unable to borrow them from the village preacher or doctor or lawyer, he will have to purchase a few choice works, but a few dollars per year will be an ample outlay. A course of reading for the sake of knowledge will com- mence with the sciences chemistry, geology, etc. and should engross the spare hours of a full year at least. Read slowly and (carefully) from the title page to the close. When the author is not clear, or you fail to follow him, stop and give an hour to a page, or until you are sure of the author's sense. Geography will require far less time. When these sciences are fully rnaster(ed) you will see the knowledge thus won will be a key to unlock quickly and easily the treasures of the other sciences. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 85 The studious youth will easily select other works. It is a difficult task to make out a list of books suitable for young people, with all their varying tastes and capacities, but one good book will always lead to another. LESSON XIV. TERMINAL HOOKS. 1 74. The primary consonants are still further modified bv the addition of small terminal hooks to indicate a following f, v or n. These hooks may be used to advantage in the middle of words as well as at the end. 175. The F or V-Hook. A small final hook on the 1-hook side of straight stems indicates an added f or v . The follow- ing will illustrate all the f-hook stems and their names : Pef Bef TefDefChef Jef Kef Gef Ref Hef (a) This hook is attached only to the straight stems. 176. When the sound of s immediately follows forv and is represented by the circle, it must be written distinctly within the hook ; as, puffs heaves arrives staves drives (a) It is obvious that the loops Stey and Ster and tfye large circle cannot be written with or joined to the f-hook. NOTE. No embarrassment will result from the employment of this 'hook for both f and v, as the connected sense will determine whether for v is meant. Some teachers advise the shading of the hook to dis- tinguish f from v, but this is wholly unneccessary in actual practice. This hook is also used by some writers on the curved stems by making it long and narrow, as in writing the word thief t but the occasion for its use is very rare. 80 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. THE N-HooK. 177. A small final hook on the r-hook side of any straight stroke, or on the concave side of a curved stroke, indicates an added n. All stems take the n-hook without exception. The following illustrations will show the n-hook stems and their names : _!_-* JL J ^ J/~ --r=>-..'__^._. Pen Ben Ten Den Chen Jen Ken Gen Fen Ven (i (j si_ V- _! $/. (^- _ s) s~~^.... ^ * Then Then Esen Zen Shen Zhen Len Arn Men Nen Ingn Wayn Yayn Hayn Ren 178. The f and n-hooks are read after the strokes to which they are attached, or any vowel written beside the stroke ; as, c^ 1 V brief clean drive refrain cliff finish 179 The circles and loops are written on the n-hook side of straight stems to indicate the addition of ns, nst, nstr, and nses; as, chains turns chanced glanced chances glances 1 80. Iss or ses combined with the n-hook on straight strokes must be considered as final. The addition of another stem nullifies the n-hook. _______________ J ....... _ ______________ I.. ....... _JL ______ i _________ ^ _____ Dens Dees-Ter Tens Tees-Kay Pens_ _ ............ c-A ..... . ..... .} ............. ^.....tttrt-.-.u'-. ___ shun shone ashen session (b) When Shun is preceded by two vowels, the stroke Ish with the n-hook is used for its expression ; this is to distin- guish between such words as, -L,, ............. U ..... , .......... L,.- -U- continuation contention ' attenuation attention PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 93 (c) The Shun hook should not be used in derivatives of words ending in sh ; as, admonition diminution 192. The Tive Hook. The syllable live occurring after straight strokes is represented by a large hook on the n-hook side ; as, ' active sedative receptive speculative 193. When the syllable live follows a curved stem, it is best represented by the stroke Tee with the f-hook ; as, native motive votive 194. The Name of this hook is Tive. 195. Shun and Tive may be used in the middle of words ; as, activity auctioneer comparatively visionary 196. Iss and Stey may be added to Shun and Tive hooks by writing the circle or loop distinctly within the hook ; as, \- missions lotions captives prohibitionist 94 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. READING EXERCISE. '' -' _ ^ _ }_ _^ v^"" b-r-^ r/?- < } * 16 ^ ^* PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 95 WRITING EXERCISE. X 97- ( a ) Nation, notion, mission, motion, emotion, lotion, oration, potion, passion, option, compassion, tuition, commutation, edition, addition, condition, sedition, action, auction, caution, connection, con- cussion, cushion, ration, Russian, station, section, version, aversion, collision, completion, oppression, creation, abrasion. (b) Adoption, petition, optician, education, occupation, caption, quotation, fiction, affection, affliction, location, election, eruption, inac- tion, attraction, illustration, mansion, friction, deception, veneration, discussion, co-operation, stationary, optional, auctioneer, occasional, educational, visionary. (c) Ovations, confessions, allusions, notions, suppressions, revis- ions, prohibitionist, elocutionist, abolitionist. (d) Ocean, commission, session, ashen, extenuation. THE POWER OF APPLICATION AND ATTENTION. (e) It was said of Mary Lyon that she surpassed all women of her time not in superior mental faculties, but in her power to bring all her powers to work together. The books tell us of Dr. Johnson, whose mental concentration while reading was shown by the contortions of his face, and that his power of acquiring knowledge was proportioned to his power of attention. Dr. Livingston learned to study among the clang of looms and the noise of machinery. He had such a power of concentration that he could keep his attention on any subject he chose while the yells of savages and the roar of lions were in his ears, these are, it is true, extreme cases, but we may all increase our power of atten- tion by a little planning and controlling. If we try to think of one subject five minutes, we perceive ourselves running off on to a dozen that we do not wish to think of. The boy in his study of geography mingles cities and rivers with base balls and hoops in a grotesque and comical confusion, as would appear if his inner consciousness could be laid open to view. The girl as she pores over her grammar mingles nouns and verbs with dresses and bonnets. How many of us can keep our thoughts on one subject for a half hour. We waste half our time and strength in bringing our rambling thoughts back to their work. Is there a way to break ourselves of this useless roaming of the mind ? Is it possible for any person with an average strength of will to become master of his own reasoning powers. Let him sit down to some study that requires a full play of the powers of abstraction and attention. The 96 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. first time he finds himself roving he should say to his erratic mind, " Back to your place." He should bring his eyes and ears into subjec- tion to this one purpose of controlling his mind. The hasty reading of too many works of imagination is almost sure to weaken our power of fixing the attention, and the same may be said of the careless reading of weighty authors. The power of earnest thought and severe study is soon lost without unceasing drill. LESSON XVI. THE ESHUN HOOK. 198. The phonetic syllable "shun" occurring after the sound of s is expressed by continuing the circle into a small hook on the opposite side of the stroke ; thus, recision incision condensation compensation 199. The Name of this device is the Eshun hook. 200. The Eshun hook is vocalized by writing first place vowels before the hook, and second-place vowels after the hook. This makes sufficient distinction, as third-place vowels never occur before the Eshon hook. (a) It will be noted that if the circle, as in such words as condensation and compensation given above, is turned on the n side, the sound of n is added, but the position for the vowels remains the same. 20 1. To an f-hook the syllable shun may be added by repeating the hook ; thus, _ !V C U7i - W devotion diffusion profusion revision PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 97 (a) This expedient, however, is rarely used, as it is generally preferable to use the stroke Kf or Vee with the large hook ; thus, devotion diffusion profusion revision 202. This repetition of the hook for shun may be vocal- ized only by placing the vowel after the hook as in the examples given on the opposite page. 203. The derivatives may be written thus : devotional professional conversational transitional 204. The circle Iss may be added also to the Eshun hook ; as, accusations physicians possessions (Eighth List) THK ESHUN HOOK WORD SIGNS. 205. The following word signs must now be learned: \ opposition o JL..V...y.. ^Session "> specification _e acquisition i accession -.Nf> investigation _ -t . . ----- accusation / / justification \ \ - - ------ generalization ------- ^ ------ objection, objective --------- -N^ -------- civilization ------ \t.-.o ------ subjection, subjective _ /\ /\ representation realization --- X_V>_/1O_ representative 98 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. READING EXERCISE. r7..X-*--V. < . *....IUk.|...:WX \ l^j^/Xi.o^.i/ll. I -C | J-...f..(/.. :\:.J...r-V:):\, ... c ..-z..(.r>./.7|.:^.. / ' SJ ^^v ' '' ' x^,.^... .A.,^...^..Vl., f ^ J? 0-^/-"\ ^ >. '. _?-_<' \.. \Xl.. /..../. . - _.-Hi-<. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 99 WRITING EXERCISE. 206. (a) Apposition, supposition, decision, transition, procession, precision, persuasion, compensation, condensation, causation, excision, accession, accusation, recision, succession, physician, incision, authoriza tion, conversation, associations, decisions, depositions, relaxation, inde- cision, moralization, polarization, crystallization, dispensation, transi- tional, conversational. (b) Word Signs. Opposition, position, possession, acquisition, accession, accusation, generalization, justification, civilization, realiza- tion, specification, objection, objective, subjective, representation, rep resentative. LESSON XVII. THE SHADED EM. 207. The stem Km may be shaded to indicate the addition of p or b; thus, hemp stamp impugn embarrass ambition 208. The shaded Em is called Emp when it represents mp, and Emb, when it represents mb. It never takes an initial hook, and hence, it cannot be mistaken for Mer. It may take a final hook as illustrated above. 209. The mp or mb represented by this stem cannot be separated by a vowel. A vowel placed beside it must be read before or after the two consonants according as it is written before or after the stem. 210. P may be omitted when it occurs before the sound of /, sh or k, as this class of words is legible without the ex- pression of p. (See line 7 of the Reading Exercise.) 211. The use of Emp secures a distinction between cer- tain words which otherwise would have the same outline, as 100 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. embarrass (Emb-Rays) and embrace (Em-Bers); imply (Em-Pel) and impale (Ninth List.) IMP WORD SIGNS. 212. Let the student improvise sentences containing the following and preceding word signs, for practice : important improvement impossible simple somebody example may have been 213. Derivatives from the above list are formed in the usual way. Simpler may be written, Iss-Emp-Ray, and simplest Iss-Emp-Stey. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. READING EXERCISE. ^A.U---U;.- U -A, ^--^ 101 6 V* 7 ^ 9 f t.t n ' /7 . r - v x, .v. 102 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. WRITING EXERCISE. 214. (a) Imp, stamp, hump, pump, pomp, pompous, bump, dump, damp, champ, jump, camp, scamp, vamp, thump, shampoo, limp, lamp, lump, romp, ramp, swamp, empire, umpire, impost, imposed, impish , clamp, cramp, plump, primp, trump, tramp, shrimp, sympathy, glimpse, wampum, stampede, slump, campaign, imperial (Emp-Rel), impetus, impious, imposition, imposing, dampen, lampoon. (b) Imbue, emboss, embossed, Jumbo, gumbo, ambush, limbo, ambi- tious, ambulance, ambuscade, embellish, embezzle, embalm, embody > embank, humbug. (c) Fee is omitted in the following words acccording to section 210. Assumption, exemption, co-emption, pre-emption, presumption, Hamp- ton, Hampshire, symptom, empty, temptation, Simpson, Sampson, gumption. (d) Word Signs. Important, improvement, impossible, simple, simplicity, rimpler, simplest, somebody, example, may have been. LESSON XVIII. LENGTHENING PRINCIPLE. 215. [Lengthening any curved stroke (except Ing and Emp) adds the syllable ter, der or ther ; as, center feeder smoother later 2 1 6. Lengthening Ing adds the sound of ker or ger ; thus, anchor drinker winker 217. Lengthening Emp or Emb adds er ; thus, timber jumper ember PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 103 2 1 8. Vocalization. Vowels are written by the side of lengthened characters precisely the same as if they were single lengths, and they are read before the added syllable ter, der ther or er, as will be seen by the preceding examples. 219. The added syllable is read after all vowels, but before a final hook, circle or loop ; as, modern enters lantern 2 20. The lengthening principle must not be used when the word ends with a final vowel, but an r-hook sign must be used instead ; as, angry entry sundries watery leathery 221. Straight stems, when preceded by any other stroke, may be lengthened to add ter; thus, liberator conductor quarter lubricator 222. The Names of the lengthened strokes are formed by adding ter, der, ther or er to the name of the single stem, as Peether, Beether, Efter, L,ayter, Ember, Inger, etc. 223. Shelter, unlike Shel, may be written standing alone for the words shelter and shoulder. 224. Special Vocalization. A vowel or diphthong occur- ring in the added syllable may be expressed by writing it through the stem, or by the special use of the small circle explained in Section 153. entire adventure 104 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 225. Any word sign or outline ending without a hook or circle may be lengthened to add the word there, their or they are; as, by their may there will there value their back there (Tenth List.) DOUBLE LENGTH WORD SIGNS. 226. Practice the following word signs until they are thoroughly learned : neither entire i another matter rather further farther whether longer PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. READING EXERCISE. 105 77. 106 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. WRITING EXERCISE. 227. (a) Fighter, fetter, fatter, fitter, voter, invader, theatre, aster, Esther, caster, shouter, shatter, shutter ; fodder, feeder, gender, engender, tender, ladder, Leider, candor, gander, render, squander, moulder ; father, feather, mother, Mather, panther, neither, loiter, elder, Luther, alder, Arthur, rather, water, highwater, diameter, cylinder, surrender, insu- lator, legislator, northerly, stockholder, disorder, fender, lantern, smoother, dissenter, yonder, sunder, central, eccentric, swelter. (b) Simper, ember, chamber, Sumpter, timber, bumper, tamper, dumper, stamper, romper, primper, plumper, limber, lumber, pumper, hamper, scamper, slumber, somber, Chamberlain. (c) Injector, alligator, quarter, educator, lubricator, supporter (Spee- Rayter), elector, inspector, Jupiter, proprietor, liberator, typewriter. (d) Word Signs. Another, entire, farther, longer, matter, rather, whether, up there, hope their, by their, be there, to be there, subject their, do their, had, there, come there, if there, for there, ever there, have their, however there, think their, thank their, though their, see their, so there, use their, was there, wish their, shall there, will there, hear their, may there, in there, know their, why their, away there, sing their, fill their, value their, over there, wherever there, whenever there, through their, when they are, think there is, when there is, ask their right there. LESSON XIX. THE HALVING PRINCIPLE. 228. We now come to the last general principle of con- traction used in shorthand, and it is a most interesting and important one. The letters / and d recur with such fre- quency as to require some other and briefer expedient for their expression than the stroke. Of the stenographic material yet invented there still remains the device of making stems half PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 107 their ordinary length. This expedient is utilized for the pur- pose of expressing t or d, and it may be used at the begin- ning, middle, or end of words, as illustrated below. By this means short and easy outlines are afforded for a vast number of words, which otherwise would be written with long and ungainly outlines. 229. Halving any stem with or without an initial or final hook, adds / or d; thus, -* * v vrrr "VC Cr... fate plate plant aptly remotely left 230. The context must be largely depended upon in determining whether t or whether d is added. This is not dim- cult, however, as the intelligent pupil will readily understand that, " This is a colt day," is intended for " This is a cold day." 231. With the four liquids, /, m, n, and r a distinction may be made by shading the halved characters to add d and writing them light to add /. As Way, Yay, Ing and Emp without a hook are never halved, there will be no conflict with these stems ; thus, o j-' *~* ^ f~* -->- 3 "** .- art hard might made night need light lied (a) The shortened characters shaded to add d, take neither initial nor final hooks, hence we have derived from the stems Mer, Ner, Way, Yay, Ing and Emp the following char- acters : e^. . *^ ~"b r, -2. .. ... . .^ _ Mert Nert Waynd Yeld Ingnd Empend (b) The foregoing do not conflict with the followin char icters which are made light to express t or d: ,._ <^ ^ ~i. . . .. (7 ,O>. ....... /o Wemt-d Went-d Arnt-d Lent-d Nent-d Ment-d 108 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 232. Half lengths are read precisely the same as full lengths with respect to vowels and hooks ; the / or d denoted by halving is read after final hooks, but before a final circle or loop ; as, \ t j- bright contrived contents cautioned 233. The Names of the half lengths are formed by add- ing the syllables et or ed to the sound of the full length, or by adding / or d to the name of the full length. The names of the shortened characters should be thoroughly learned. No difficulty will be experienced in this direction if the student associates the name of the full length with t or d. Thus, the half length of Tee is Tet, of Dee is Det, of Es is Est, of Pel is Pelt or Plet, of Spel is Splet, of Blen is Blent or Blend. In the naming of consonant outlines a single syllable indicates a single stem, and each and every syllable indicates a separate and distinct stem whether hooked or plain, half or full sized. Thus, Grent is the name of the outline for grant ; while the two syllables Ger-Net is the name which correctly represents the word garnet ; and the three syllables Ger- En-Tee is the name of the outline for guarantee. 234. If the context is not a sufficient distinction to deter- mine whether t or d is added, as might happen in rare instances, absolute accuracy may be secured by writing a long- hand t or d as the case requires under the halved character. Thus, pate may be distinguished from paid by writing a long- hand t under Pet for the former word and d under Pet for the latter word. It is no discredit to a stenographer to see an occasional longhand t or d scattered through his notes for this purpose. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 109 SOME USES OF THE HALVING PRINCIPLE. 235. The termination n/ preceded by Kay, Gay, Ef, Vee or Lay should be expressed by Ret instead of Ard in order to secure a more distinct junction, and thus render the two stems perfectly legible. :;-^ ____ ^ ....... C ........ ;. : jy ........ ^ card geared fired veered lard 236. The ed of the past tense of regular verbs should, when the present tense is represented by a full length, be expressed by halving ; thus, ......... , .......... <-. ........ Z ......... v- ......... j ..... valued cared cheered provoked cited 237. It is often advantageous to disjoin the stroke Dee to express this syllable, especially following perpendicular strokes and to form the past tense of certain word signs ; as, -- T I ......... \ ........ -i .......... 'i .......... V treated dreaded astonished established subjected It is, however, only occasionally necessary to make any distinction between the present and past tense and perfect par- ticiple of regular verbs as the words are made sufficiently legi- ble by using the present tense ; as, regard-ed demand-ed controll-ed resent-ed 238. The terminations tary, tory are generally expressed by the consonants Tee-Ray, the Tee being usually indicated by halving the preceding stroke ; thus, j/ _____________ !/ ........ ; ........... r_ ________ territory directory secretary Inventory 110 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 239. The terminations tel, del when preceded by the straight stroke Kay or Gay, or any of the curved consonants, are best expressed by the halving principle, followed by Lay or El ; thus, * T. ^ * f ...... / middle needle cattle fatal vital (a) When the terminations tel and del are preceded by any of the straight strokes except Kay and Gay, as in the fol- lowing words, use Tee or Dee with an 1-hook : Bottle, battle, beadle, puddle, paddle, total, title, chattel, etc. 240. It is allowable in a few instances, where it would be inconvenient to use any other form, to strike Est upwards ; as, visionist excursionist opinionist * (a) According to Sec. 196, the Stey loop may be written within the Shun hook to add the syllable est in preference to the form given above. (b) Following an n-hook Est should be written down- ward rather than upward, that it may not conflict with Isht, as the following comparison will show : finest finished vainest vanished 241. The terminations ten, den may be expressed by the use of the halving principle and the stroke En, or by the stroke Tee or Dee with the n-hook. The latter is preferable for the PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. Ill expression of den, (as golden, gladden, Sheldon, Dry den, redden, etc); the former for the expression o>iten; thus, flatten fountain forgotten maintain (a) After Pee, Bee, Tee, Dee and Em, ten and den must be expressed by the strokes Tee and Dee with the n-hook in accordance with Sec. 243 f. 242. When the sound of / or d occurs in such a connec- tion that a stroke cannot be conveniently shortened and joined, the following stroke may be disjoined in order to show the half length; as, critic emphatic escheat aptness EXCEPTIONS TO THE USE OF THE HALVING PRINCIPLE. 243. There are certain almost obvious restrictions in the use of the halving principle, and in some cases t and d must be expressed by the stroke, as in the following cases : (a) When / or d is followed by a final vowel ; as, pity window flighty entry (b) When two concurrent vowels intervene between / or d and a preceding consonant ; as, poet quiet fluid duet 112 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. (c) When Ray is the only consonant preceding final / or d; as, right ride rate raid (d) When a vowel intervenes between final / or d and a consonant which is preceded by an initial vowel ; as in n -i unite allowed acute abed (e) When a vowel precedes and follows I/ay, En or Ray the halving principle must not be used to indicate a final d. The object of this rule is to distinguish between such word as, married marred solid sold renewed ruined (f) A consonant stroke joined to another without a dis- tinct angle should not be shortened ; as, effect liked divide kicked donate 244. The following word signs are perhaps more difficult than any heretofore presented. They are, however, invalua- ble and the student must not shirk the labor of thoroughly memorizing them : PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. (Eleventh List.) HALF LENGTH WORD SIGNS. 118 put, about immediate-ly ^ > made _-*_under, hund- cannot, kind account meiit red-th ) is it /A has it, as it -* ^ want r* will not ~^* went used J f* wished Q told, till it we will not C little J2^ let \ toward "^ are not ~ world called, equalled t/* we are not iS?. were not f* concealed valued mind r.. seldom *~"~"VT "* xrs_. t am n ot, may not v read, Lord -^ heard _ particular-ly we may not hard ^" opportunity k/ word <\ .0, spirit -^ separate-d it will not c _ according-ly xj might s~\ cared we are not met 114 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. acknowledged afterward forward inconsistent indiscriminate-ion Ji 7 y_. indispensable intelligence intelligent intelligible interest _1 onward practicable-ility transcript understand understood 245. Derivatives from the foregoing word signs are expressed by joining or disjoining the necessary stroke, as Lay disjoined for intelligently, inconsistently, indiscriminately. Spir- itualism is written Sprets-Km ; Spiritualist, Spret-Stey ; Spiritualistic, Sprets-Kay ; and in analogy with the foregoing the student will easily learn to make the derivative forms of other words. 246. Did not, do not and had not, when joined in phrases beginning with / or you, may be distinguished when neces- sary by inserting the vowel ; but usually they are written as follows : 1 I did not * I do not I had not you did not you do not you had not 247. For the sake of unmistakable distinction between can and cannot, which sometimes conflict in phrases, write can unusually long and cannot unusually short. Especial atten- tion and practice should be given these words. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 115 248. The young writer must not forget that a word sign should be vocalized in obscure phrases, or when used in unwonted connections ; as, If this Kind be 'rue If this account be trae 249. Every writer will instinctively fall into methods of his own of making nice distinctions whenever he thinks it necessary, such for instance, as writing Net- El for natural, and Net with disjoined Lay for naturally. While in all such cases the grammatical construction with the context will determine which is meant, yet nice differences may be made by varying the outline to secure ease and prompt reading. 250. Skillful writers make use of the halving principle to a very great extent to indicate the addition of it, had, would. and other words explained hereafter: I / ._, y. ,yi It had they had she had which had such had it would they would she would which would such would 251. An n-hook may be attached to a character thus halved to add not ; as, _ / / \|0 It had not they had not she had not which had not such had not It would not they would not she would not which would not such would not (a) When it is added by halving, the shortened character is retained in its position. 116 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. READING EXERCISE. X" \' \ 1' f / v - <. 4 D \ _ . v . I-. ... .. f J' J" J *J L" i- ^ r 3 ^ v " Vi A I" 'T*- "/*- V " X s PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. READING EXERCISE. *) ' . 1-.. ..<.... .<* 117 1$. SO k. T n- . ,. ^ r- ~ .X: -- ft 118 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. WRITING EXERCISE. 252. (a) Cut, caught, ached, cat, act, Kate, cute, coat, kite, quit, quote, quoit, gate, goat, gout, get, got, cheat, chat, etched, jut, jot, jute, dot, dote, doubt, debt, date, tight, taught, toot, taut, butt, boot, bight, boat, bought, habit, bet, bait, beat, pat, pit, pate, apt, aped, pout, fight, fate, aft, fought, feet, vat, vote, thought, iced, oust, shut, sheet, shout, shot, shoot. (b) Pad, paid, pod, pied, pawed, bid, bad, bode, Boyd, bouyed, bud, bowed, tied, tweed, towed, deed, died, Dowd, dead, chide, chewed, joyed, aged, edged, Jude, keyed, kid, code, cud, guyed, goad, feed, fed, fade, fad, vied, void, viewed, thawed, thud, eased, oozed, shod, showed, shade. (c) Light, lied ; lit, lid ; oiled, hilt ; halt, hauled ; late, laid ; Holt, hold ; hurt, herd ; heart, hard ; art, erred ; meat, mead ; mit, mid ; tnate, made ; moat, mode ; neat, need ; naught, gnawed ; night, hind ; mute, mewed ; note, node ; aunt, hand ; slit, slide ; salt, sold ; sort, seared ; smote, seemed ; sent, send ; snout, sound ; knit, end. (d) Sipped, sapped, supped, spot, spite, spout, sobbed, cited, stout, stayed, sect, sacked, soft, sift, saved, seethed, soothed, seized, pits, pates, pouts, beads, buds, Todd's, tides, chides, Jude's, codes, cuds, fights, fates, fades, shouts, shades. (e) Willed, walled, wailed, wilt, welt, wart, wired, warred, went, wont, wind, wind, wild, wield. (f ) Plot, plight, plied, played, plods, plowed, bleeds, blights, hob- bled, huddled, addled, idled, cloyed, Clyde, cleat, glade, glad, gloat, glut, fleet, flight, float, flood, field, failed, fooled, flute, athlete, prate, prod, prude, bright, brought, bride, broad, board, bird, treat, trod, tread, dread, dared, dried, drought, creed, court, curt, cart, greet, grit, great, grade, freed, fried, fraught, freight, fret, throat, thread. (g) Pinned, pined, pound, pond, happened, compound, point, pant, pint, bent, bunt, bind, combined, tint, tent, taint, contend, con- tent, tinned, toned, tuned, dined, dunned, dint, dent, daunt, chant, jaunt, chained, joined, cant, canned, Kent, coined, gained, faint, font, fount, find, found, fund, vent, vaunt, thinned, assigned, assent, shunned, offend, commissioned, lend, lint, land, island, highland, arraigned, blind, bland, blunt, grind, grand, craned, cleaned, cleft, ground, pruned, brunt, brand, print, aground, surround, around. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 119 (h) Cautioned, cushioned, conditioned, occasioned, fashioned, motioned, sanctioned, stationed, quotient, ancient, patient (i) Splits, supplied, seclude, secret, spread, sobered, stride, street, strides, second, summoned, concerned, sprained, secrets, separates, rifts, rafts, clouds, creeds, screeds, sacred, cements, consonant. (j) Aptly, optic, potash, potato, deadly, detach, beautify, butler, bitter, batter, bottom, cotton, cattle, cuttle, cottage, fatal, agitate, indicate, notify. (k) Cured, marred, moored, feared, afford, lard, lured, lowered, geared, paged, baked, backed, packed, appetite, pitched, poached, touched, attached, matched, armed, rigid, orbit (Ar-Bet), robbed, (Ray- Bed), limit, loved, left, lived, refute, rushed, budged,, bathed, bullet, ballot, billet, ticket, ditched, tucked, tempt, debate, daubed, dodged, checked, chipped, Egypt, mocked, nagged, method, mild, mold, mart, invert, insured, slurred, immured, defraud, retreat, repent, pyramid, radical, periodical, remotely, indicter, president, precedent. (1) Ascertained, legitimate, fortified, rectitude, fortunate, captured, detached, deduct, detect, abdicate, abduct, actuated, affidavit, evident, estimate, esteemed, ultimate, latitude, redeemed, retained, modified, mitigate, midnight, sentiment, verdict, gratitude, gratified, cultivate, intend, intent, indent, chartered, protect, indicate. (m) Treated, dated, deeded, freighted, situated, doubted, founded, dreaded, fainted, attended, sounded, rested, requested, vested, slighted, slatted, sledded. (n) Territory, auditory, predatory, laboratory, voluntary, secondary, directory, delatory, dedicatory, supplicatory, expiatory, adulatory, mid- dle, metal, fatal, needle, cuttle, cattle, muddle, vital, scuttle, fiddle ; preparatory, elementary, derogatory, defamitory, hereditary, observa- tory, salutatory, respiratory, refractory, dormitory, inventory, nugatory, peremptory, lavatory, finest, vainest, thinnest, meanest, leanest, van- ished, varnished, finished; elocutionist, fashionist, visionist, flatten, maintain, curtain, shorten, wanton, emphatic, methodic, critic, olden, escheat, attitude, awaited. (o) Pity, duty, body, needy, windy, equity, gaiety, cruet, poet, riot, quiet, triad, Jewett ; rod, red, wrought, Reid, wrote, rood, rude, allayed, arrayed, allowed, married, marred, tarried, tarred, select, afflict, vacate, locked, deflect, locate, aggregate, affect. 120 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. (p) Word Signs and Phrases. About, according, according^ account, after, am not, are not, is it, as not, astonished, astonish, astonishment, called, cannot, cared, could, did not, do not, equaled, established, establishment, gentleman, gentlemen, God, good, great, had not, has it, has not, heard, if it, immediately, in order, is it, is not, it will not, kind, let, let us, Lord, made, may not, might, mind, nature, naturally, not, opportunity, particularly, put, quite, read, somewhat, spirit, that, thought, throughout, till it, told, toward, under, used, val- ued, want we are not, we will not, were not; will not, wished, without, word, world. LESSON XX. PREFIX SIGNS. 253. A few prefix signs have already been presented. A more complete list is now given, most of which are sug- gestive of the prefix and easy of application, but will require considerable study and practice. The student is reminded that study and practice should go hand in hand ; both should be carried on simultaneously. The Reading Exer- cises should be dwelt upon until every word is familiar, and they should be carefully copied if necessary to impress the forms upon the mind. The Writing Exercises should be each written over several times. A thorough review should be taken from time to time, especially if anything has been slighted or omitted. 254. Con, Com, Cog, are best represented by writing the latter part of the word under or clos to the preceding word; thus, In this connection they compose give control their cognomen 255. When it is not convenient to so indicate the prefix by writing the latter part of the word under the preceding word, PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 121 it may be expressed by a dot written at the beginning of the remainder of the word ; as, V \ . L compile compare comment cognate conduct (a) When a line of writing begins with a prefix it is nec- cessary to use the con-dot, unless the writer uses the device adopted by some reporters of writing the latter part of the word very close to the left hand marginal line to indicate the prefix. If there is no marginal line, then very close to the left edge of the paper. The dot should be used for thz expression of con, com, cog, only in cases where it is very convenient, as where a word is isolated, and there is no convenient preceding outline to indicate it by proximity. (b) When the, a or / is the next word immediately pre- ceding one beginning with a con-dot, the ticks may be dis- joined and written in place of the con-dot ; as, JL jL and contained the contents I concede 256. When con, com, cog, or accom occurs in the middle of a word it is implied by writing the latter part of the word under or very close to the first syllable ; as, _J \0 _b\ V J '< decompose discontent misconstrue recognize reconcile (a) The prefix may safely be omitted in many words, such as inconsistent, incomplete, inconvenience, inconsequence, misconduct. It may also be omitted without loss of legibility, when a word begins with a backward In-hook, as, inconsidera- tion, inconsolable, unconcern, etc. (b) COM, in the following words is expressed by Kay- Em: Comity, commissary, commiserate, commotion, comrade. 122 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. Conrad may be written Ken-Ray-Dee, and commerce Kay-Mers. Conic should be written Ken- Kay. (c) Concern, occurring in concomitant and concomitance is written with two light dots, one above the other, at the beginning of the remainder of the word ; thus, 1 1 concomitant concomitance 257. Accom is expressed by the stroke Kay disjoined ; thus, JbL. I^.._ accommodation accompany accomplish 258. Contra, Contro, Contri, Counter, are expressed by a small tick written before the remainder of the word ; as, _JL _ ^ .V .1 contradict controvert contribution counterfeit 259. For, fore is expressed by Ef, either joined or dis- joined : forward foreseen forewarn foreswear (a) In the following words the prefix should be repre- sented by Per : forget, forgot-ten, forgive-n, foretell, forgave, forego. (b) The word forenoon should be written Ef-Ray-Nen, to more surely distinguish it from afternoon. 260. Intro, Inter, Enter, Anti, Ante are expressed by Net, either joined or disjoined ; as, 1 _.^ J' _^ .Jl_ U introduce intercourse entertain interpret anticipate PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 123 261 . Magna, Magne, Magni are expressed by Em written over the remainder of the word ; as, magnitude maguauimious magnesia magnetism 262. Circum, Self are expressed by a small circle written before the remainder of the word ; as, Circumscribe self-improvement self-made 263. Self-Con, Self-Contra are expressed by writing the small circle in the place of the con-dot ; as, O r_ L self-conceit self-contradict 264. When any one of the above prefixes is preceded by a syllable, as in, en or un, such syllable may be expressed by the proper letter or letters joined to or written near the pre- fix ; as, L,. ^L \ -> disencumber uncontradict unaccomplished (a) The advanced writer may safely join many prefixes, but When joined they should be placed on the line ; as, self-sacrifice unselfish 265. Inre, Unre are expressed by Ner ; thus, unrecompense in response in receipt 124 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 266. Word signs are sometimes used as prefix signs ; thus, N^ _ I _ s* ..^^.. almost undertake understand afterward 267. With, when a prefix, is expressed by the stem Thee joined to the remainder of the word ; thus, V i I withdraw withheld withstand 268. Trans is expressed by Ters, the n being omitted ; thus, 3 Lv f I transpose transcribe . translate transport Other prefixes found in the language are expressed by the proper phonographic outline. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. READING EXERCISE. 125 \. J v , c V. V c- ~ 126 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. WRITING EXERCISE. 269. (a) In conversation, in construction, in comparison, in contribu- ting, in reconciling, was content, was composed, it contained, may conduce, will compel, will comprise, will consecrate, they combat, a new contrivance, I am conscious, your committee, will con- cede, it may consume, we will confer, this conception, their concern, in concert, her consent, this conclave, do you commence, my commission, was condemned, it was continued, I will confess, it will conflict, it should conform, we shall confront, do not confuse, will you concede, I will consent, did he confess, you will confer, it will consume, a little conceit , in that confederation, we congratulate, the present configura- tion, they will conciliate, he was convicted, this is condensed, I will compare, take the communion, he was compassionate, easily con- geals, very combative, this commission, somewhat cumbersome; com- pile, cognate, cognizant, cognomen, concede, conceit, concentrate, con- ceal, confederation, convicted, condensed, compare, commune, compas- sionate, congeal, combative, cumbersome, concord, concur, concussion, condensation, condolence, concoct. (b) Decompose, misconduct, discomfit, disconnection, incommode, incompressible, irreconciliation, recognition, reconsider, recommit, misconstrue, noncontagious, noncommission, unconquerable, recum- bent, accommodation, accomplish, preconceived, unconcerned. (c) Contradiction, controvert, contribution, contraband, contradis- tinction, contribute, controversy, counterfeit, counterpane, countersign, countermand, counterpoise. (d) Forewarn, foreseen, foreswear, foreknowledge, forecast, fore- close, forefather, forefinger, forego, forehead, foreland, foresee, fore- sight, forebode. Use Per for the prefix in the following words : forget, forgive, foretell. (e) Intercede, interlard, interlink, interlude, intermeddle, intermit, intermingle, intermittant, interpreter, interrogate, introduce, inter- course, entertain, intervene, interrupt. (f ) Magnetism, Magna Charta, magnitude, magnetic, magnificent magnify. (g) Circumvention, circumspect, circumnavigate, circumference, circumscribe ; selfish, self-improvement, self-knowledge, self-made, eelf-important, self-conceit, self-contradict, self-denial, self-esteem, self- evident, self-same. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND 12? (h) Unrecompensed, in response, in receipt, in reply, in writing, in reference, in regard, unreasonable, in respect. (i) Almost, undertake, afterward, understood, after- thought, there- after, therefore, overcharge, overhaste, overreach, overdraw, overcloud, overdo. (j) Withdraw, withstand, withhold, withheld. (k) Transfer, transpose, translate, transcend. MR. L/EiyAND B. CASE, Detroit, Michigan. DEAR SIR : Can you recommend to me some young man capable of doing light reporting, etc., who is also a good typewriter operator ? I have a class of work that I desire such a person for, viz : Justice Court, Police Court, dictation, testimony before commissioners, and such work. He must be of correct habits, steady, and not lazy. If you can recommend such a person please put him in communication with me and oblige. I have no terms to offer I will say what I will pay when I see my man, or know what he is capable of doing. My present force consists of two assistants Mr. Atkinson, who reports in one of my courts, and Miss Johnson (whom you have met) , who does my copy- ing and general office reporting. Yours very truly, HENRY F. WALCH. LESSON XXI. AFFIXES. 270. Ble, Bly, are expressed by a joined Bee, when Bel cannot be conveniently used ; thus, I. _ \j . __ > ___ \ \ sensibly attainable accountable 271. Bleness, Fulness, Someness are expressed by a small circle at the end of the preceding part or the word; thus, feebleness carefulness irksomeness 128 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 272. Lessness is denoted by a large circle written at the end of the preceding part of the word ; thus, carelessness thoughtlessness _73 Fore, Far, terminating a word is expressed by a joined Ef ; thus, v . . 3 it would not / x it ought to have Tef 1 it would have Tef 3 it ought to have had Teft 1 it would have had Teft 3 it will have Telf 2 Joint stock Jed^Stee-Kay just as Jayses 2 iust at present. Jays 2 -Tee-Pers just after Jays 2 -Fet just before Jays 2 -Bef just now Jays 2 -En-Petoid Last day L,ays 3 -Dee last night L,ays 3 -Net last will and testament Lays*-I/ay- Tees-Ment last hour L,ays 3 -Ar learned counsel Len 2 -Kay less than Lays-In 2 May be Enib 2 may have been n Emben 1 might there Emther 1 much will Chel 3 must be true Ems 2 -Bee-Ter more and more Mer 2 -Mer more or less Mer 2 -I/ays more than once Meru 2 -Ens Mr. President Mer'-Pers My dear Sir Emders^Ray N Next day Eus 2 -Dee no, sir Ens 2 no other Enther 3 nor will Nerl 1 no less Nels 12 no one Nen 3 nothing else En-Ith 2 -Els nothing less En-Ith 2 Lays nothing less than En-Ith^-Lays-In o Of all Pletoid 1 of our Pretoid 1 of it Vet 1 of their Veether 1 of what Pentoid 1 on all Cheltoid 1 on our Chertoid 1 on either hand Thrend 1 on the other hand Thrend 2 on the one hand Wenend 2 on every hand Vrend 2 on his part Retoid'-Spret once or twice Wens 2 -Tees or not Tentoid 1 ought to have Jeftoid 1 over it Vert 1 our own Arn 3 Please state to the jury Pels 2 -Stet- Jer point of view Pent^Vee R Right of way Ray l -Tef- Way right side of Ray^Iss-Def right or wrong Ret^Ray-Ing real estate ReP-Stet PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 157 Say to you Es 2 -Yuh said to you Iss-Des 2 -Yuh Sec. of State Skret 2 -Stet Sec. of War Skret 2 -Wer seem to be Semb 1 set off Iss-Tef 1 set forth Iss-Tef 2 shall have been Ish 2 -Ben shall it 1st 2 shall not Ish 2 -Net so far Es 2 -Ef some time Smet 1 southeastern quarter Iss-Thes 2 - Kayter so far as you know Es 2 -Efs-En step by step Steh-Pee 2 -Steh such a one Iss-Chen 2 such are Iss-Cher 2 such ought to have Iss-Chef 1 such have Iss-Chef 2 such would have Iss-Chef 3 such ought to have had Iss-Cheft 1 such have had Iss Cheft 2 such would have had Iss-Cheft* such were Iss-Cher 3 such would not Iss-Chent 3 Take it Tee 2 -Ket that there Theether 1 they have. Thef 2 they have had Thef 2 -Dee they ought Thet 1 they would Thet 3 they ought not Thent 1 they would not Thent" they ought to have had Theft 1 they would have had Theft 3 they are all to have Threlf 2 there ought Thret 1 there would Thert 3 there will have Threlf - the other Theether 2 the other one Theethern 2 to become Bee 3 -Kay to be done Ben 3 to have Peftoid 2 to all Pletoid- to our Pretoid 2 to ourselves Pretoid 2 -Ses u Upon it Pent 2 upon what Pent 1 up there Peether 2 upon there Pen 2 -Ther (tick) up stairs Peesters 2 w Was there Zeether 2 we are of Werf x we can Klen 1 we cannot Klent 1 we could Klet 1 we gave Weh-Gef 1 we know Wen 1 we may be Wemb 1 we may have been Wemben 1 we mean Wemen 1 we meant Wement 1 we might Wemt 1 we were ) -^ , we would } Enlarged weh 1 were we Enlarged weh 2 what we Enlarged wuh 1 would we Enlarged wuh 2 which are Cher 2 which are had Chert 3 which were Cher 3 which ought Chet 1 which it Chet 2 which would Chet 3 which ought to have Chef 1 which have Chef 2 which would have Chef 3 which ought not Chent 1 which would not Chent 3 which ought to have had Cheft 1 which would have had Cheft 3 158 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. WRITING EXERCISE. 344. After all, as early as possible, as long as, as large as, as mucb as, of all, all of, about as much, about as difficult, it will not be, it is the, it is a, and it is the, and it is a, it is your, it is that, it is that which, it is his, it is not, it is not that, it can, it cannot, it cannot be, it can be, it may, it may have, it must, it must be, it must not, it must not be, it can have, it cannot have. (b) Which is, which is your, which is that, which can, which can- not, which must, which must be, which must not be, and which was, and which was not, which cannot give, which can give, which you, which you may, which you will, which you can, which must probably, which may probably, and which must have been, which is not, which the, which he did, which should be, which should not be ; do you, do you know, do you not know, do you not know that, do you think, do you think, do you have, do you go, do you remember, do you make, do you mean, does your, does it, do they, does not it; they may, they may have, they may have been, they must, they must be, they must not be, they must have been, and they must not be. (c) They have, they have not, they have not been, they should not have, they should not have been, they have not, they have not become, and they have been, they have not done ; there was, there was not, and there was not, there has never been, there can never be, there is, there is nothing, and there cannot be, and there could not be, and there could not have been ; this is, this is the, this is the way, this is the best, this is the best way ; this was, this was not, this cannot be, this could not be, was it, wasn't it, was done, wasn't done, wasn't your, isn't your, did you, did you come, did you go, did you think, did you know, did you know them, did you know that, did you know that they, did you have, did they, did your, did you understand. (d) You will, you will be, you will do, you will have, you will probably, you will be there, you will not be, you will never be, you should, you should not, you should not be, you should never be, you are, you are doing, you may, you may have, you may think, you must, you must be, you must not, you may not, you may not be, you cannot be ; we are, we are very, we are very sure, we are probably, we are doing, we are thinking, we are having, we are sure, we are pleased, we are cer- tain, we are certain that you will, we shall, we shall be, we shall have, we shall not have, we shall go, we shall do, we shall ask ; we will, we will be, we will have, we will have your, we will have them, we will have that, we will forward, we will forward them, we will ship, we will ship PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 159 them, we will ask, we will do, we limit, we always, we also, we mean, we learn, we laugh, we must, we must not, we must be, we refer, we receive, we render, we rejoice, we reply, we mean to be, we must also, we must consider, we never, we knew, we require, we recommend, we resolved, we will observe, we are well aware. (e) What are, what are you, what are you going, what can be, what will, what will it, when we think, when they were, I am, I may, I may have, I may come, I must, I must be, I must not be, I will, I will do, I will have, I will think, I will write, I will write you, I will write him, I will ask, I will ask them, I can, I can be, I can have, I shall, I shall not, I shall not be, I shall never be, I was, I was not, I was not thinking, I didn't, I didn't think, I did not do, I did not have, I don't, I don't know, I don't know that, I don't know them, I don't object, I think, I think it is, I think it likely, I think so, I think that, I thank,! thank you, I should think, I should not think, I should judge, I should not judge, I became, I should become, I suppose, I take pleas- ure, I take your, I say you are, I shall be there, I remember, I said, I received, I ought, I ought not, I ought to have. (f ) He may, he can, he must, he must be, he must not, he may, he had not, he did not, he would not, he said, he took, he believed, he could not, he cannot, he can, he referred, he represented, he gave, he was, he became, he expected, he hoped, he tiled. (g) And the, and he, and but. and they, and should, and I, and ought, but he, but he became, but he did, but the payment, or you, and you, and would, and what, or what, of \vhat, to what, as to, as to the, as the, as he, as he thinks. (h) We were, we would, were we, what we, what would, would we, with you, were you, what you, would you, you would, you were you were not, you were in, you would be, you were to be, we \\ere doing, we were having, we were thinking. (i) Estimated cost, distinguished citizens, District of Columbia, very important, maintain your part, City of New York, National Bank, Secretary of War, Secretary of State, step by step, ten thousand dol- lars, one million, in all probability, there is certainly, by his own state- ments, it appears to me, a near as you can. ( j) From time to timt, from hour to hour, from day to day, from year to year, year after year, day after day, over and above, farther and farther, better and betl at wider and wider. 160 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. LESSON XXIX. REPORTING LIST. 345. The following list of word signs contains nearly all the more common words of the language which require a special sign: They occur frequently in any kind of literature, and the forms given to them are brief and easy, while the full outlines of many of them would be awkward and cumbersome. Their careful study will furnish an invalu- able shorthand discipline, enabling the writer to reach a much greater speed with them than without, and they render notes more legible by furnishing absolute distinctions between words which would otherwise conflict. Another great value in their study lies in the ability which it gives the student to form, in analogy with them, short forms for many similiar words. We have preferred to use the nomenclature rather than the engraved outlines in the following list, because there is a positive advantage to be gained from the use of it which is not compensated for by having the engraved form before the eye. When a student learns a list by con- tinued copying from the engraved outline, he is apt to do so mechani- cally and thoughtlessly, while if he had only the name of the outline before him, he must make a mental image of the character and then transfer it to paper. This slight mental effort will tend to fix the character in the nrnd much more surely than the thoughtless copying of engraved forms. We now speak only with reference to learning word- signs, for the copying of engraved matter will tend to fix accuracy, and establish a legible hand as nothing else will. There is a difference between unthinking, mechanical copying and a wise and thoughtful imitation of a perfect copy. He should practice unremittingly on each outline until it can be made automatically and without the slightest effort at recalling. They are not difficult to learn when proceeded with properly, although they may seem difficult at first. A few should be taken at a time and perfectly learned by copying each form over and over again, and practicing on them in short improvised sentences until the student is familiar with their appearance in connected reading, and until they can be read without stumbling. The practice of composing short sentences in which they occur, and the reading and re-reading of these sentences is of great benefit. It is well to analyze phcnographically the PRACTICAL SHORTHAND, 161 word to determine what the full outline is, and then observe what part of the full outline is taken to form the contraction. The contraction will generally be found to be the accented syllable of the word, or some part of the outline which is suggestive of the word. The making of an outline over and over again, repeating its name aloud as it is made, is one of the surest and most satisfactory ways of growing familiar with phonographic outlines. Take, for instance, the word agitate; to the average student the sound of this word suggests no outline whatever, but after it is practiced upon for a short time only, the sound of the word will instantly suggest the outline, Jet-Tec. The memory, when drilled in a particular line, will improve very rap- idly, and after a short discipline in the study of this list the student will be surprised himself at the ease and facility with which he retains phonographic outlines, for he will be able to remember any outline after seeing it once only. The figures i, 2, 3 denote the respective positions of the character The figure 4 is used sometimes to indicate the position of a word placed under a line to imply a preceding to. The colon is used to indicate that the following stem is to be disjoined. The dagger is used to indicate that one outline intersects another as in the word sign for notwithstanding. The position of the derivative word generally follows that of the primitive, no matter what may be the accented vowel; as, repute, reputation; active, activity. Absurd-ity Bees 2 -Ard abuudant-ce Bend 2 abrupt Bee 2 -Ray-Pet abstract Bees 3 -Ter accept-ed-ation Iss-Pet 3 acceptable Iss-Pet 3 -Bel accident-al Iss-Dent 2 accurate Kret 3 accuracy Ker 3 acquaint-ed-auce Kay 2 -Net adjouru-ment Jern 3 addition-al Deeshun" administer Dees 3 -Ter adjust-ed-ment Jayst 2 admit-ed-ance Dee 1 -Met admonish-ed-tion Dee '-Men advance-ed Def 3 advancement Dees 3 -Ment adventure Def 3 -Enter advertise-d Dee 3 advertisement Dee 3 -Ment advice Vees l advise Vees ' affect-ed Ef 3 affection-ate Efshun 3 agent Jay 2 -Net agency Jay 2 -Es aggregate-d-ion Ger 2 -Gay agriculture Ger 2 -Kel ah Hay 2 along Ing 3 America Em 2 -Kay American Em 2 -Ken amouut-ed Ment 2 angel Jel 2 angelic Jel 2 -Kay annihilate En l -JCet anniversary Vers 2 -Ray PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. annual Nel 3 anterior Net 3 anticipate-d Euts 1 -Pet anticipation Euts-Pee 1 appear Per 1 appearance Prens 1 appliance Pleus 3 applicable Pel 3 -Bel applicant Plent 3 application Pelshuu 3 apply Pel 3 apprehend Prend 3 apprehension -ive Pren 3 approve-al Pref 3 approximate-ed-ion Per 1 -Kays- Met arbitrary- ation Ar 3 -Bet architect-ure-ural Ar 2 -Ket aristocracy-crat Ars ;! -Tee arrive-d Ref 1 artificial Ret : -Ef assignment Es : -Ment assist-ed-auce Es 2 -Stey attain Ten 3 attainment Tee 3 -Merit atonement Tee 2 -Ment attract-ed Ter 3 attraction Tershun* attractive Tref 8 auspicious Es^Pee authority- tative Thret 1 average Vee 3 -Jay averse Vers* aversion Vershun 3 avert-ed Vert 3 avocation Veeshuu 3 avoid-ed-ance Ved 1 awful Deftoid 1 B Bachelor Chler* bauk-rupt Bee 3 -Ing baptize-ist-isui Bee 2 -Pee beauty-iful Bet 2 began Gen 3 begin Gen 1 begun Gen 2 behalf Bee 2 -Ef behind Bend 1 belief Blef 2 believe-d Bel 2 belong-ed Bel 1 bounty-iful Bent 3 brethren Bren 3 build.built Belt 1 Calculate-ed Kel 3 California Clef 1 -Ray Catholic Kay-Ith 2 certain-ty Iss-Ret 2 certificate Iss-Ret 2 -F chair Cher 2 challenge-d Chel 2 -Jay chamber Chay 2 -Ber change-d Chay 2 chapter Chay 3 -Pet character Ker 2 -Kay characteristic Ker 2 -Kay-Stey charge-d Chay 3 charity-able Chert 3 cheer-ed Cher 1 cheerful-ly Cherf l child Cheld 1 children Chel 2 Christian Kren 1 circumstauce-tial Iss-Tens 3 citizen Iss-Ten 1 clerk, color Kler 2 collateral Kay 2 -Later collect-or-tion Kel 2 -Kay combine-ation Ben 1 commence-d-ment Ens 2 commercial Kay 2 -Mer complete-d Plet 1 completion Pelshun 1 comply Pel 1 comprehend-ed Prend 2 comprehension-sive-ible Pren 2 conditiou-al Deeshun 2 couserve-ative Iss-Ref 2 consist-ed Ses-Tee 1 consistency Ses-Ten 1 conspicuous Iss-Pee^Kays constituent Stey-Tent 1 constitute-d Stey-Tet 1 construct-ed Iss-Ter 2 construction Stershuu 2 contract-ed Ter 2 -Ket contraction Tershun 2 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 168 contractive Tref 2 correct-ed-ion Ker 1 couut-ed-enauce Kent 3 cover-ing Kef 2 cross-examiue-tion Kers 2 -Men curious Kers 3 D Danger Jer 2 dangerous Jers 2 dark Der 3 darken Dren 3 darkness Drens 3 December Dees 2 -Em defendant Dee 2 defense Def 2 deficieut-cy Dee 2 -Shay deform-ity Dee 2 -Fer degree Ger 1 delight-ed Diet 1 deliuquent-cy Dleu 1 deliver-ed Del 2 designate-d-tiou Dees 2 -Gay demoralize Dee 2 -Em-Lays demoralization Dee 2 -Em-Lays- Eshun denomiuate-d-tion Den 1 depravity Dee 3 -Pref derivation Dref * derivative Dref 1 derive Dref 1 describe-d Iss-Ker 1 description Iss-Kershun 1 determine-ation Dee 2 -Treu detest-ed-ation Det 2 -Stee develope-d-meut Def 2 -Pee direct-ed Der 2 direction Dershun 2 director Der 2 -Ter directory Der 2 -Ter distinct-ion Dee^Stey distinctiye Dee 2 -Stey-Vee distinguish-ed Dee 2 -Stey-Ing diguity-fied Dee 2 -Gay dilapidate-d-tion Del 2 -Pet disinterested Dees 2 -Nets-Tet distribute-d-ion Dee'-Ster district Dees 1 District of Columbia Dees'-Kel divine-inity Def l devolve-d Def 2 -Vee doctor Der 1 dollar Dee 1 duration Dershun 3 dyspepsia-tic Dees 2 -Pee-Pee Effect-ed Ef 2 -Kay efficient-cy Ef 2 -Shay electric-ity El 2 -Kay England Ingend 1 English Ing 1 Englishman Ingen 1 entertainment Net-Tee 2 -Meut enthusiasm-tic Eu-ith 3 -Ses envelope-d En-Vee 2 -Pee equivalent Kef 1 especial-ly Es 2 -Pee eternal-ity Tren 2 evening Veil 1 evidence Ved 2 exact-ly-ness Sket 3 exaction Skayshun 3 exaggerate Iss-jert 2 exaggeratory Iss-jert 2 -Ray exaggeration Iss-Jershun 2 examine-ation Iss-Men 2 examined Iss-Mend 2 example Iss-Emp 3 exasperate-d-ation Ses-Pee 3 exceeding-ly Iss-Dee 1 except-ed Iss-Pet 2 exception-al Iss-Peeshun 2 exclude-d Iss-Klet 2 exclusive Skels : Vee 2 exclusion Skelshun 2 excuse-able Skays 3 executor Kay 2 -Iss-Kayter executrix Kays 2 -Kay exhibit-ed Iss-Bet 1 exhibition Iss-Beeshun 1 exist-ed Ses-Tee 2 existence Ses-Tens 2 expand-ed Spend 3 expanse Speus 3 expansion-ive Spen 3 expect-ed-tation Iss-Pee 2 expedient Spet 1 expedition Kays-Pet 1 expense Speus 2 164 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. expensive Spen 2 experience Sprens 2 experienced Spreust 2 explain-ed Splen a explanatory Splen 2 -Tee-Ray explicit Spels * explore-d-ion Spier 2 express Spers 2 expressed Sper 2 -Stey expression Spershun 2 exquisite Skays 1 extend-ed Stend 2 extension-ive Sten 1 external Iss-Tren 1 extinction Kay-Iss-Tee 2 extract Iss-Ter 3 extraction Iss-Tershun 3 extractive Iss-Tref 3 extraordinary Iss-Ter 2 -Ard extravagant Stref 3 extreme Iss-Ter 2 extremity Iss-Ter 2 -Tee Fact Ef 2 fail Pel 2 failed Feld 2 failure Fler 1 fall Fel 1 false Fels l falsification Fels 1 -Eshun family Mel 3 fashion Efshun 3 favorite Ef 2 -Vert feature Fet 1 February Ef 2 -Bee feel Fel 1 fiction Efshuu 1 fill Fell finance-ial Fen 2 -En follow Fel 1 follower Fler 1 fool Fel 3 forge Ef 2 -Jay forger Ef 2 -Jer forui-ed Fer 1 conform Con-dotiFer 1 deform Dee 1 -Fer inform En 1 -Fer perform Per 2 -Fer reform Rayi-Fer transform Ters 2 -Fer uniform En-Fer 3 formal Fer 1 -Lay formation Fershun 1 former-ly Fer J -Ar formless Fer 1 -Lays fortune-ate Fret 1 forth Ef 2 -Ith found-ed-ation Fend 3 fraction Fershun :l frank Fer 3 -Kay Franklin Fer 3 -Klen frantic Fret 3 -Kay free Fer 2 frequency Frent 1 fuller Fler 2 fruition Fershun 3 furnish-ed-iture Fren 2 future-ity Fet 3 G Generalize Jens 2 generalized Jeu 2 -Stey generalization jens 2 -Eshuu gentile Jet 2 -El gentile Jay 2 -Net generation jayshuu 2 geography Jay 2 -Ger glory Gel 2 glorification Gel 2 -Efshun glorious Gels 2 govern-ed-meut Gef 2 governor Gef 2 -Ray gracious Ger 2 -Ish grand-eur Grend 3 gravity-ate-iou Ger 2 -Vet Great Britain Gret 2 -Bret guilt-y Glet 1 H Half Ef 3 halve Vee 3 handwriting Nert 3 happy Pee 3 happiest Pee 3 -Stey happiness Pens 3 hazard-ed-ous Zee 2 -Ard henceforth Ens 2 -Ef hereafter Reft- PRACTICAL SHORTHAND 165 heretofore Ret 2 -Ef hesitate-d-ion Zed 2 history-leal Est'-Ray holy Hay 3 horticulture Art^Kel hundred-th End 2 hypocrisy Pee 1 -Ker hypocrite-ical Pee J -Kret I Idle-ness Del 1 identical Ded 2 -Kel identification Dent 2 -Efshun ignorance Nerns 1 illegal-ity El 2 -Gel imagine-ary-ation Jen 3 immoral Merl 1 immortal -ity Mert 1 impassioned Emp 3 -Shund impatient Emp 2 -Shunt impenetrable-ility Empent 2 iincompetent En-Pent- indefatigable End-Fet 2 indenmify-ity Ned 1 -Em indenture End 2 -Ent iudependent-ce End-Pend 2 indiguant-ion-ity End'-Gay individual Ned^Ved individuality End J :Ved indulge End-Jay 2 infer En-Ef 2 inference En-Efs 2 inferior-ity En-Ef 1 infinite Neft 1 infinitude Neft^Dee information Enshun 1 inhabit-ed-ant En-Bet 2 inquiry En^Wer insecurity In-Scret 3 insignificant Ens J -Gay integrity Net 2 -Gret intellect-ual-ality Net 1 -Ket iustinct-ive Enst 1 intelligible Net-jay 2 intemperate Net J -Emp instruct-ive Ins-Ter 2 instruction Ins-Tershun 2 instructor Ins-Ter 2 -Ter intercession Nets 2 -Eshun interior Net 1 internal Ter 1 interpret-ed-ion Net-Pret 2 intrinsic Entern 1 introduction Net-Deeshun 2 irrelevancy Ar 2 -Lay-Ven irresistible Ar 2 -Ses-Tee irresponsible Ar 2 -Spen January Jay 2 -En Jehovah Jef 1 judicial Jed 1 -Ish judiciary Jed^Sher judicious jed^Shay junior jer 3 jurisdiction jers 2 -Eshun jury Jer 3 justice Jay 2 -Stey justify-iable Jays 2 -Ef justification Jays 2 -Eshun Large Jay 3 larger Jer 3 largest Jayst 3 length Ing 3 lengthy Ing 3 -Ith lengthen Ingen 3 lengthened Ingend 3 liberty Ber 1 little Let 1 long Ing 3 longer Inger 3 M Magnificent-cy Em 1 -Gay market Mert 2 majority Etn^Jert malicious Mel-Ish 1 malignant-ce Mel 1 -Gay manager Em-jer 3 madufacture-ed-ory Em-En-Ef 2 Massachusetts Ems 3 -Chay meanwhile Em 1 -Nel Mediterranean Med-Tren 2 memory-andum Eni-Eni 2 measure Zher 3 mental-ity Ment 2 mention Emshun 2 166 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. mentioned Emshund mercy-fill Mer 2 messenger Em-Iss-Jer 2 million Mel 1 minute Ment 1 moral-ity Merl 2 mortal-ity Mert 2 metropolitan Emter-Pel 2 minority Em-Nert 1 misfortune Ems-Fret 1 mortgage Mer-Gay 1 mortgagee Mer-Gay-Jay 2 movement Ment 3 N Necessary En-Ses 2 neglect-ful En-Gay 2 negligent-ce En-Gel 2 New Jersey En-Jay 2 New York En 2 -Yay New York City En 2 -Yays New York State Eu 2 -Yay-Stev north Ner 1 northern Nern 1 North America Ner '-Em nothing En-Ith- November En-Vee 2 o Obligation Belshun 2 obligatory Bel 2 -Get observe-d-ation Bees 2 -Ray omnipotent-ce Men-Pee - only Nel 2 opposition Pees^Eshun oppression Pershun 3 order-ed Arder 1 ordinary Ard 1 organ Gen 1 organic Gen 1 -Kay organism Gey ' -Sem organization Gens'-Eshun organize Gens 1 organized Genst 1 original Ray '-Jen overwhelm-ed Ver 2 -El owner Ner 3 Parallel Prel 2 parliament Prel 3 parliamentarian prelen* party Pee 3 patent Pet 3 patentable Pet 3 -Bel passenger Pee 3 -Iss-Jer pecuniary-ily Pee 2 -Ken Pennsylvania Pees 2 -Vee perfect Pref 1 perfected Pref l Ket perfection Pershun perform-ed-ance Per 2 -Fer permanent-ance Per 2 -Meu pernicious Pren 1 perpendicular-ly Per 2 -Pen perpetual-ate-iou Pee 2 -Ray-Pet philanthropy-ic-ist FeP-Euter Philadelphia Flet 2 -Ef plaintiff Plent* platform Plet 2 -Fer plenty-iful Plent 2 popular-ity Pee 1 -Pee position Pees^Eshun possess-ed Pee-Ses- possession Pees 3 -1C shun possible- ity Pees l possibilities Pee-Ses 1 poverty Pef l power Pee 3 -Ray powerful Pee 3 -Ref practicable-ility Per 3 -Ket practice-ical Per 3 practiced Per 3 -Stey predominate-ed-ioii-auce Pred 1 - Men prejudice-d-cial Per 2 -Jed preliminary Prel 1 prepare-ed-ation-itory Per 2 -Pee- Ray present Pers 2 present-ed-ation Pers 2 -Net pretentiou Per 2 -Ten pretty Pret 2 prodigious Pred'-Jay product Per 2 -Dee production Per 2 -Deeshun professor Pref 2 proficient-cy Per 2 -Ef-Shay PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 167 profit-ed-able Preft 1 prominent-ce Per 1 -Men promulgate-d-ion Mel 2 proof Pref 2 proper Per 1 property Per 1 -Pee proportion-ed Per 2 -Peeshuu propriety Per 1 (voc. with I) prospect-ed-ous Pers 1 -Pee prove Pref 2 providen t-ce Preft 1 public-ish-ation Pee 2 -Bee pulpit Pel 2 :Pet punctual-ity Pee 3 -Ing punish-ed-meut Pen 2 Quality Klet 1 qualification Kel-Efshun a question-ed Ken 2 questionable Ken 2 -Bee questioner Ken 2 -Ar Rational Rayshun 3 rapid-ity Ray 2 -Pet ratification Ret 2 -Efshun real-ity Rel 1 realize Rels 1 recollect-ed-tion Ray 2 -Kel-Kay reflect-ed-ion Ray 2 -Ef-Kay reform Ray^Fer reformation Rayshun 2 relate-d-ion ReP relative Reltive 2 relevancy ReP-Ven religion Jen 1 religious jays 1 reluctant-ce Rel 2 -Ket repeat-d-ion Ray 1 -Pet republic-ish-ed-ation Ray *-Pee-Bec republican Ray 2 -Pee-Ben repute-d-ion Ray 3 -Pet reserve-d-ation Rays 2 -Ray resignation Rays 2 -Gay respect-ed-ful-fu'lly Rays 2 -Pee respectable Rays 2 -Pee-Bel respective Rays 2 -Pef reveal Ref J revelation Layshun 2 revolution Layshun 3 revolve-d Ref 1 rnle-d ReP ruler ReP-Ray Sanguine Iss-Iugen 2 sanguinary Iss-Ingen 2 -Ray satisfy-ed-actory Iss-Tee 3 satisfaction Iss-Teeshun 3 Savior Iss-Vee 2 scale SkeP scholar Skier 1 scientific Es J -Net scripture-al Sker 1 security Skret 3 September Spet-Em 2 share Sher 3 signature Iss-Gay l -Net significance-ation Iss-Gens 1 significant Iss-Gay 1 signify-ed Iss-Gay 1 similar-ity Iss-Em J singular-ity Iss-Gler 1 situated Iss-Tet 1 situation Iss-Teeshun 1 skill SkeP skillful Sklef 1 somebody Iss-Emb 2 South America Iss-Ith 2 -Em south-east Iss-Thee 2 -Stey south-eastern Iss-Thes 2 -Ren south-west Iss-Wayst 2 south-western Iss-Ways 2 -Ren southern Iss-Then 2 speak Spec 1 special-ity Spec 3 spoken Spen l spontaneous-ity Spent 1 standard Stet 2 -Ard strange-ness Stren 2 stranger Iss-Ter 2 -Jer strength Ster 2 -Ith strengthen Ster 2 -Then stupendous Stey-Pend 2 stupid-ity Stey-Pet 3 sublime-ity Iss-Bel 1 subordinate-ive-ion Iss-Bee 1 substantial-ity Iss-Bee 2 -Stee sufficient-cy Iss-Ef 2 -Shay 168 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. suggest-ed-ive Iss-Jay 2 stiperintend-ed-etit-ence Sprent 2 superior-ity Iss-Spee 1 superlative Sprel- supernatural Spren 3 supplication Spelshun 2 supply Spel 2 suppress Spers 3 surprise Spers 1 suspension-ive Ses-Pen 2 suspicious Ses-Pee 1 swindle Iss-Way * -Del Take Tee 2 take it Tee 2 -Ket mistake Ems-Tee 2 overtake Vert l - Kay partake Pret 2 -Kay retake Art 2 -Kay undertake .End-Tee 2 taken Ken 2 tend-ed-ency Tend 2 thankful Thef 3 technical-ity Tee 2 -Kay telegram Tel 2 -Em telegraph-er-ic Tel 2 -Ger temperate Tee 2 -Emp temperament Tee 2 -Enip-Ment temperature Tee 2 -Emper tenement Tee 2 -Ment terminate-d-ion Ter 2 -Men testify-ed Tees 2 -Ef testimony Tees 2 -Em testimonial Tees 2 -Em-Nel Texas Tee 2 -Ses texture Tee-Ster 2 thousand Ith 3 time Tee 1 tolerate-d-ion Tier 2 took Tee 3 tragedy Ter 2 -jed tragic Ter 2 -Jay transient Ter 2 -En-Shent tranquil-lity Terming transfer-red Ters 2 -Ef trial Trial 1 tuition Teeshun 1 twelve-th Tlef 2 u United States En-Ses 1 uniform-ity En 2 -Fer unimportant En^Emp unimproved En 2 -Emp universe Vers 2 universal Vers 2 -Lay university Ver 3 -Iss-Tee unless Nels 1 unsecured Ins-Kret 3 useful-ness Esef 3 Valid-ity Vee 2 -Eld vegitate-ed-ion Vee 2 -Jet vengeance Vee 2 -jens Virginia Vee'-jay version Vershun 2 virtue Vert 2 vice versa Vee 2 :Ver vocation Veeshun 2 void-ed-ance Ved 1 w Warrant-ed-able Wernt 1 will-ing-ingness Lay 2 will (noun) Wei 1 woman Weman 2 women Wemen 1 wonder-ful-ly Wender 2 work Wer 2 workman Wern 2 workmen Wern 2 workingman Wer 2 Ingen workingmen Wer 2 -Ingen worship Wer 2 -Ish Yield-ed Yeld 1 year-s Yeh l yealy Yeh 1 -El yes Yay : yes sir Yays 2 yesterday Yeh 2 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 169 WORDS DISTINGUISHED. 346. There are many words which are capable of being represented by the same phonographic outline, but to avoid confusion and delay in reading, they should be distinguished by some difference of outline or position. The following is a partial list of such words, some of which the student has already learned, but they are here gathered in a con- venient form for study, and when these distinctions are made thoroughly familiar the student will be able to form distinctions for himself when occasion requires. Special Spec 3 especial Es 2 -Pee provide Pref J -Dee private Per 1 -Vet pursue Pee 3 -Ray-Es oppress Pers 3 peruse Pee 3 -Rays proportion Per 2 -Peeshun appropriation Per 2 -Pershun purport Pee 2 -Ray-Pret appropriate Per 2 -Pret prepare-d-ation Per 2 -Pee-Ray Prussian Pershun 2 Persian Pee 2 -Ray-Ishn Parisan Pee 1 -Rayshun portion Pee 2 -Rayshun apportion Pee 3 -Rayshun perfection Pershun 1 operation Pershun 2 oppression Pershun 3 proffer Pref^Ray prefer Pref 2 -Ray approver Pref 3 -Ray partner Pret 2 -Ner part owner Pret 3 -Ner (voc.) spread Spret 2 separate Spret 2 (voc.) support Spec 2 -Ret power, pure Pee 3 -Ray poor Pee 3 -Ar appeal Pee^L/ay compel Pee 2 -Lay comply Pel 1 apply Pel 3 prohibition Per^Beeshun probation Per 2 -Beeshuu approbation Per 3 -Beeshun pertain Pee 2 -Ret-En appertain Per^-Ten patient Peeshunt 2 passionate Peeshun 3 -Tee perhaps, propose Per^-Pees purpose Pee 2 -Pees protect Pret 2 -Kay product Per 2 -Dee perdition Per'-Deeshuu production Per 2 -Deeshun protection Pret 2 -Kayshun persecute prosecute Pee 2 -Rays-Ket Pers^Ket persecution prosecution Pee 2 -Rays-Kayshuu Pers 1 -Kayshun completion Pelshun 1 complexion Pelshun 2 application Pelshun 3 compilation Pee^Lay-Shun prompt Per 1 -Met permit Per 2 -Met promote Per 3 -Met traitor Ter 2 -Ter trader Tred 2 -Ar 170 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. breath Ber 2 -Ith birth Bee-Ray-"Ith situation Steeshun 1 station Steeshun 2 satisfaction Steeshun 3 extension Sten 2 extenuation steu 2 -Ishn turn Tee 2 -Ren train Treu 2 attainable Ten 3 Bee tenable Tee 2 -En-Bel terrible Tee 2 -Ray-Bel trouble Ter 2 -Bel strife Stref 1 starve Stey 3 -Ref transfer Ters 2 Ef transform Ters 2 -Fer disease Deeses 1 decease Dees'-Es device advice Vees 1 daughter Dee 1 -Ter deter, editor Dee 2 -Ter doubter Det 3 -Ar auditor Det 1 -Ar duration Dersnun 3 adoration Dee 2 Rayshun distribute Deester 2 -(Bet) disturbed Dee 2 -Ster-Bet destine Dee 2 -Sten destiny Deest 2 En unavoidable En-Ved^Bel inevitable En-Vet 2 -Bel instead of Ens 2 -Def inside of Ens 1 -Def (voc.) collision Kelshun 1 calculation Kelshun 3 coalition Kay : -Layshun collusion Kay 3 -L,ayshun accordance Kred 1 credence Ker-Dens 2 expert Kays 2 -Pret export Kays 2 -Pret (voc) expired Kays-Pee J -Ard column KeP-Em claim-Kel 2 -Em God Ged 1 guide Gay-Dee 1 good Ged 2 greatly Gret 2 -Lay gradually Gred 3 -Lay favorite Ef 2 -Vert favored Ver 3 effect Ef 2 -Kay affect Ef 3 -Kay from Fer 1 firm Fer 2 -Em farm Ef 3 -Ar-Em finally Ef'-Nel finely Fen 1 :Lay valuable Vel 3 Bel available Vee 2 -Lay-Bel theory Ith x -Ray thorough Ith 2 -Ray through Ther 3 therefore Ther 2 -Ef therefor Ther 2 :Ef ascend Es 2 -End assigned Esnd 1 unsociable Ins-Ish 2 -Bel insatiable Ens 2 -Shay-Bel embarrass Emb 3 -Rays embrace Em 2 -Bers renewed Ray 3 En-Dee ruined Ray 3 -Ned repeat Ray 1 -Pet rapid Ray 2 -Pet repute Ray 3 -Pet diminish Dee 1 Men dominate Dee 2 Men admonish Dee 3 Men alcohol El 2 -Kay-El alkali EPKel migrate Em^Gret immigrate Em^Gret (voc.) emigrate Em 2 Gret Mrs. Em-Iss-Es 2 Misses Emses 1 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 171 HOW TO FORM CONTRACTIONS. 347. In the reporting of technical matter many new, and often long and clumsy outlines will be encountered, and the reporter should, if possible, read up on the subject to become somewhat familiar with the vernacular, and to construct easy outlines for frequently recurring words and phrases. Special contractions when familiarized in connection with certain kinds of subject matter might thus be allowable, which would not be safe in general reporting. In the formation of a contraction regard must be had to legibility, brevity, and convenience of forming derivatives. Merd, for instance, would be a legible, brief and conven- ient outline for hemorrhoid in reporting medical matter, because it may be properly vocalized, and the derivative, hemorrhoidal, is easily formed by adding Lay. The word or phrase which it is proposed to contract must first be correctly analyzed, and then such parts selected as will be most suggestive, or most easily made. The shorthand initials may be used for a phrase of frequent occurrence, but these shorthand initials must be thoroughly learned as word signs ; as, Ar-Kav, for Roman Cath- olic; Jay -En, for Jesus of Nazareth. A more frequent method is the employment of two or more suggestive stems for the phrase ; as, Spee- Kel, for spinal column ; Ems-Enter for Michigan Central. METHOD OF PRACTICE. 348. The student should enter upon the practice and study of shorthand with enthusiasm. He cannot become too interested or too enthusiastic, and his mind must run in a groove until the whole theory and practice is mastered. There is one thing about short- hand which cannot be said of any other science, unless perhaps it be arithmetic, and that is, that it is a complete science, and the end of its study may be reached in a comparatively short time. It does not require a very long time to master all the principles, but there is hardly any limit to manual dexterity. The mind must deal constantly with short- hand characters ; it must think in outlines all during the progress of the study. The student need have no fear that it will narrow his mind ; on the contrary, it will strengthen and intensify it. His ear becomes more acute, his intelligence more on the qui vive to -watch ideas and their orderly marshalling. While listening to a conversation, a sermon, or a speech, he should follow in his mind the shorthand characters for every word uttered, tracing a mental image of the same, or tracing on the thumb the shorthand forms. The larger part of the student's early prac- 172 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. tice should be copying engraved exercises. The continued copying of well written matter will advance one much more surely and quickly than the careless writing of many volumes of new matter without any attempt at correcting and improving forms. Every time an error is detected and corrected the student may feel sure he has made some progress. Or, if he is so well disciplined as to write correctly from the start, he will save himself much unnecessary labor, and his progress will be sure. The secret of expertness in shorthand is the same as in every other line of manual or mental skill. It lies in perfect familiarity with the subject matter and this familiarity is reached only by wise and intelli- gent practice. Great skill is reached in any kind of manual craft only by constant and thoughtful practice, a practice which is always on the alert to avoid errors, and to detect and correct them when once made. The pianist, in acquiring delicacy of touch, the painter in acquiring a mastery over the technique of his art, attains it only by long continued practice. Haphazard and unthinking practice is productive of more harm than good. One short selection, it matters little what, if practiced upon unremittingly until every outline can be made correctly, easily and swiftly will advance the student much more than days and days of writing from a too rapid dictation on new matter. The correct outlines of the selection should be determined before it is practiced upon, and then it should be gone over and over again until every phrase is im- proved upon to the utmost, and the writing is as legible as longhand. The student will find in beginning to read shorthand that certain words will conflict unless made with extreme accuracy, and the young writer must guard against some very common faults of outline, such as sloping an upright letter, as Tee or Dee, or making an inclined letter upright, such as Pee or Bee. Thus, " it was " will conflict with " which was " unless the proper slope be given to the which, or it be made per- fectly upright. The upright letter should be made perfectly upright, and the inclined letter should be given its due slope. The student should also guard against lapsing into careless habits of shading. Give all the shaded characters their proper shading. It is too important and distinctive a feature of shorthand to be disregarded. Plain distinctions should be made between the rounded curves of the brief Ways and the Petoid word signs with a final tick. Thus, " of the " is mistaken for "what." The making of an En the shape of an Ef, and all similiar deviations from the ideal form will cause infinite trouble in reading unless corrected by constant practice. We have seen notes which were marvels of illegibility solely because of slight abberations from the PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 173 standard forms, and we have seen these same students continue in their old way of reproducing mistake after mistake in their practice, think- ing it conscientious practice, and wondering why their progress was unsatisfactory. Such practice is utterly worthless. Neither should the student endeavor to draw his notes accurately, for absolutely painful copper-plate notes is the abomination of abominations, as they preclude the possibility of any degree of speed. Speed must be attained, as well as legibility, and the two must go hand in hand. 'The shorthand writer will meet with all sorts of awkward expres- sions which puzzle him to read unless he is careful to make proper dis- tinctions in his notes, and his judgment must be constantly exercised in his notes, and his judgment must be constantly exercised in determin- ing whether he will describe the exact words of the speaker or will change the words or vary the construction without changing the exact ideas intended by the speaker. How far he can do this will depend upon circumstances. In reporting a trial at law the exact words of the wit- ness should generally be transcribed. It is not for the stenographer to put a construction upon the words of the witness. Manifest errors and repetitions should, of course, be eliminated. Sometimes the tones of the speaker's voice will express more than his words, and when peculiar meanings are brought out by the speaker by emphasis or inflection, and can be denoted in print by underscoring or other marks, they should be so employed in transcribing. READING. 349. From the very nature and character of shorthand writing, it follows that the reading of shorthand notes is not as easy a matter as reading print, and the student can acquire skill in reading shorthand only in one way, and that is by a vast amount of practice in the reading of shorthand. Of course, the more nearly the shorthand outlines resemble the perfect forms of the engraved characters, the easier will the reading become, and to make easy reading the student should strive to make accurate notes. As soon as the learner begins dictation he should make it a rule to read over everything he writes. Time spent on reading shorthand is never wasted, though the student is too prone to think so. He should not allow himself to read hastily or carelessly, but carefully and accurately at every step, and with the utmost painstaking over the smallest and seemingly most unimportant and readily supplied ticks. This habit should be resolutely adhered to throughout his whole study, for it will save much useless labor. It is not judicious and 174 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. beneficial practice for a student to write page after page from rapid dictation which he knows he cannot read easily, and is fearful lest he cannot read at all, but he should write slowly and with a confident feel- ing of his ability to read his notes fluently. Shorthand is always legible when well written, though easy reading requires some experience. Both engraved shorthand and notes of actual work should be used in reading practice. It may almost be said that the reading of shorthand is an art in itself, and can be mastered in no other way than by much practice iu reading. The mind must be on the alert to watch the meaning. It is a mark of a high order of reporting to follow all the ideas closely, and to take the liberty of arranging the language in grammatical form, if not the thoughts in logical order. The ability to read shorthand rapidly tends to increase speed in writing by removing the hesitation which arises from lack of confidence in reading notes. Going over the same ground in any kind of labor is of the utmost importance. Carlyle says, " The old Romans plowed their fields fourteen times because fourteen times were better than thirteen." And it is so in shorthand ; the reading of a pa_ge of well-written shorthand notes fourteen times is better than the reading of it once or the reading of it thirteen times. This applies to the reading of one's own notes as well as to engraved exercises. We cannot too often reiterate the great value of much practice in reading shorthand notes, for it gives that intimate acquaintance with shorthand forms which produces speed. The ability to make the proper outlines instantly and without any hesitation in writing is the result of familiar- ity with shorthand material, and reading becomes valuable as an aid to speed in writing because it brings this familiarity. It is comparatively an easy matter to learn to write one hundred words a minute, but to go be- yond that, to add another hundred words per minute, requires an outlay of patient study and practice which should not be lightly estimated. Every writer will pass through a stage of practice when an unaccountable hesitation will possess him, and seems the only barrier to speed. The outlines are tolerably familiar, but the mind becomes at times balky. Here, again, increased familiarity with forms and outlines is the only remedy, and further practice and reading the only means of obtaining it. The student should not halt or pause after making an outline, but should go on with the next outline without perceptible loss of time. The hand should move over the paper with a perfectly steady, uniform motion, and with a certain rythm which has been called the balancing movement of the hand, similar to the movement of the body of a swift skater or bicycle rider. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 175 A JUST JUDGE. 176 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. --fc-t^ 1 -^- * -tr~7 iVL v X ^_._! '/ ' \ ( c /-^->- k 7 JS-sJL.tL PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 177 --? _ /^ e I - v J. V^ o _So t 178 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. .LIZl BUSINESS AND OFFICIAL LETTERS. /T >r\ > V ^^v V^A; '; V __________ ..... L ^ f \ ..- ..... ........ _, -K PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 179 180 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND, PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 181 J i vi. ^-/.. f A I * .I.... r\.l...l/..V / -^S * ^^ JS~ PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 183 184 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. SOCIAL LETTERS. / U \ x-> ' y -^-H^ X/ ' .i^^rvJVi \^ i^JJi^i s*- J ,^^-ov -// ^ ^^ VI .L V 188 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. ^.^r^.L^l --X.J- ^^J-vAr- v *l \j / /--j>^l ........ .=~V.L ....... ~^ c \ \ r _j9i ______ I Vc . / No "/- -VI - Ax PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 189 : JL .Yl..,/ i ""7J > ^r c~ ^.^^^,l.^.I.LC.^..^v. * s i THE MAGIC OF MODERN SCIENCE. u .O-. VI "-^A/ ^L r\..- c ^> jf-.^.^.s-^ vr. V k L x:. 192 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. <-rfi* ;'- / ; v.L^ \ Y../.U.: /*~-4s . . o ...... P. 3. - JL-. ff\ _-<-^ . _\ j..c.x .-^-..-f-^C-'j: _./-:.. W^. ^..f. I.A^^rx I .. 1^ -- 1 C ^ x^ ;.^ltJ:>..^V ! .SL---cfc.,\ai" v//15. C. BLAINE. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. ELEMENTARY SCIENCE IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 193 u ri~Y /-i_ -\. 194 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. =^X -*-9- v r _^ L^.^^..:i^...V^4.:r. f ^n >^/u^ \>~ PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. FACSIMILE NOTES BY A. R. BAILEY. 195 ^ I / ~7 ^ ^ >fV/.? 3 ^ y\ I 1 -, and is gener- ally represented by u and hence is called the short sound of u. It has for substitutes e, i, o, oo, and ou, as in son, blood, young, etc. There are two distinct shades of this sound which have given rise to endless dispute among phoneticians, and the sound of this vowel in but, flood, earn, etc. is called a neutral vowel, "because of the virtual absence in its utterance of a positive determining position of the organs, it being rather the product of their different position in breathing and the form towards which vowels excessively slighted in pronounciation tend." 372. U medial (ij). This is the sound of u as heard in pull, full, etc. It has a sound midway between u long and u short, and hence is called a medial sound of u. It is often represented by the letter o as in wolf, foot, etc. The Century Dictionary has called this the real short sound of u. aud the so-called short sound is in fact a neutral vowel. DIPHTHONGS. 373. A Diphthong is the union of two vowels sounded in the same syllable.. There are six diphthongs in English and four diphthongal sounds; as, oi, oy; ou, ow; i and u. In the utterance of a diphthong neither vowel has its usual sound, but both are so blended as to form one syllable. 374. Oi, oy, as in oil and boy represents a perfect diphthong. It is composed of the sounds of broad a and short i uttered in rapid succession. 375. Ou, ow, as in out, cow, form a distinct diphthong. 376. I. The so-called long sound of * is a blending of the sound of a and e. The sound is sometimes represented by the sound of y as in rhyme. 377. What is called u long has a distinct y sound preceding the sound of oo, and is hence a diphthong. It has a substitute as ew in new. 378. A digraph is the use of two letters to rspresent one sound, as ea in mean. 379. A Triphthong is a union of three vowels in the same syllable, two of which are silent : as, eau in beauty, iew in view. 380. Consonants are divided into two great classes, spirants and subvocals. 381. Spirants are consonant sounds produced by the breath pas- sing over the partly closed organs of speech, resulting in a fricative or rustling utterance like the sounds of p and / in the syllables per, ter. They are mere whispers, having no vocal tone. S and h are examples of pure spirants. They are also called aspirates or sibilants. 382. The Subvocals are the consonants which have an undertone or sort of murmer in the throat or nasal passages. They are heard in the first letters of bay, day, woe. 234 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 383. Cognate Letters are those which are made by the same organs of speech held in the same position, one being a sub vocal and the other a spirant. Thus, p is a cognate of b. The following are cognate letters: p, b; t, d; ch, j; k (c hard) g; f, v; th, th\ s, z; sh, zh ; wh, w. NOTE: C 1 soft is equivalent to , g soft to j, and chard to k, as seen in the following words : cent, George, cat. DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING THE CONSONANT SOUNDS. 384. p. The sound of p is made by closing the lips and forcing them abruptly apart with the breath. The result will be a whispered utter- ance. b. The sound of b is made in the same manner as p but in connec- tion with the undertone or sub-vocal. The undertone or murmur in the air passages must cease as soon as the lips are opened. t. Place the tip of the tongue against the roof of the mouth and force it suddenly away with the breath. d. As this letter is the cognate of / it is made in the same manner with the addition of the sub-vocal. ch. Close the teeth and suddenly force them apart with the breath. In making this sound it will be seen that the breath is deliberately held for an instant. j. (And g soft as in George) is made like that of ch in connection with the sub-vocal. k. (And c as in cat) is made by blocking the air passage from the mouth to the throat with the tongue, or closing the palate and suddenly forcing out the breath. g. The cognate of k is made in the same manner in connection with the subvocal. f . Place the upper teeth upon the lower lip, and let the breath pass between them. v. Its cognate is made in the same manner in connection with the subvocal. th. Place the tongue loosely against the upper teeth and emit the breath with sufficient force to produce a rustling sound. th. The heavy sound represented by th is made in the same manner as the above, in connection with the subvocal. 385. 36. L, r, n, and m are called Liquids because their sounds unite smoothly with other consonants. I. Place the tip of the tongue against the roof of the mouth, make the undertone or nasal murmur by letting the breath escape on both sides of the tongue. Or try to pronounce the word lo without sounding theo. r. Try to pronounce the word ray without sounding the a. NOTE: The letter r has a peculiar power of influencing and modifying the sound of the vowel preceding it. For instance, the sound of u in hut is distinctly different from u in hurt. PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 235 m. Close the lips and emit the subvocal through the upper nasal passages. n. Place the tip of the tongue against the roof of the mouth and emit the undertone through the nasal passages. ng. Close the palate (or prevent all breath from escaping through the mouth) and emit the undertone through the nose ; or, separate the sound of ng from si in sing. , NOTE: Observe that this is an elementary sound and differs from the two distinct sounds represented by ng in the word singe. y. Place the sides of the tongue against the upper back teeth, leaving the tip free, and emit the subvocal. w. Try to pronounce the word way without sounding a. s. (And c soft as in cent.) Place the tip of the tongue looselj against the closed teeth and emit the breath with a slight force. Z. This sound is made in the same manner with the subvocal. sh. Close the teeth, bring the middle of the tongue against the roof of the mouth, and emit the breath with a slight force. Or, try to pronounce the' word show without sounding the o. zh. As this is the cognate of sh it is made in the same manner in connection with the undertone or subvocal. wh. The vowel sound represented by wh is made by contracting the lips to a round position, and abruptly relaxing them while the breath is rushing out. 386. Mutes and Semivowels. Consonants are naturally divided into two classes, called mutes and semivowels. This division is founded on the fact that the organs of speech are more closely connected in pronouncing the one class than the other. A mute or close consonant admits of no escape of breath while the organs are in contact. A semi- vowel, as its name implies, does admit of the escape of breath while the organs are in contact. The mutes or pure consonants are p, b. t, d, k, g hard, and c hard. The semivowels are c soft, f, v, th, th, s, z, sh, zh t I, r, m, n, ng and wh. The four semivowels /, m, n and r are called liquids. (Century Dictionary) S and z are sometimes called sibilants. The teacher may require the student to point out the mutes and semivowels in the following words: teach, make, permit, relative, student, game. SYLLABICATION. 387. Syllabication is the correct division of a word into its con- stituent syllables in writing and printing. The division of words into syllables is founded on correct pronun- ciation, that is, the letters of a word must be arranged into syllables exactly as they are heard when correctly pronounced. But this rule is not always a reliable guide. The breaking of a word at the end of a line in writing and printing is not dependent on any real principles, but largely a matter of conventional usage, and it is sometimes difficult to determine where to divide a word. Printers have established the custom 236 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. of making ure and ing a syllable in such words as rag-ing and junct-ure, instead of ra-ging aud junc-ture, which is a plain violation of true pro- nunciation. It is largely a matter of taste. 388. Derivatives are generally divided between the primitive parts and terminations: as, fear-less. Compound words should be divided into the simple words which compose them. The student may exercise his skill and taste in separat- ing the following words into proper syllables: Farmer, worthy, cornice, juncture, opportunity, aerial, laborious, ratan, regret, transmit, result, return. ACCENT. 389. Accent is an increased stress or force of voice on a particular syllable. As the very nature of accent implies a comparison of syllables, monosyllables cannot be accented, but every word of more than one sylla- ble has one of its syllables accented, and the accent, of course, falls upon the vowel. Words of three or more syllables have frequently two accents, viz: a primary or principal accent, and a secondary or lighter accent. The primary accent is indicated in dictionaries with an accent mark. The secondary accent is indicated by a lighter mark or by a double accent mark. In unaccented syllables, when a vowel is followed by r, the vowel has frequently an obscure sound as of u in but. This obscure sound is exemplified in the following words, tender, mayor, martyr, abundant, republican, pronounced, tendur, mayur, abundunt, republicun. This seems to be the latest teaching of the authorities as exemplified in the Cent Die. (p. xviii). $ut it seems to us better to preserve the vowel's own sound in all cases if possible. We think great care should be taken in pronunciation not to run these accented vowels into this sound if it can be avoided, and we see no reason why it cannot be. The custom of so-called good speakers is not always a safe guide, for great speakers are likely to have some favorite lapsus linguae. It is well here to recall words of Walker, written a hundred years ago: "There is scarcely any- thing more distinguishes a person of mean or good education than the pronunciation of the unaccented vowels. When the vowels are under the accent, the learned and the ignorant, with very few exceptions, pro- nounce them in the same manner, but the unaccented vowels in the mouth of the former have a distinct, open and specific sound, while the latter often totally sink them, or change them into some other sound. Those therefore who wish to pronounce elegantly, must be particularly attentive to the unaccented vowels, as a neat pronunciation of these forms one of the greatest beauties of speaking." 390. Words are either primitive or derivative. A primitive word is one that is not derived from another word and which can be reduced to no fewer letters without destroying or changing its meaning: as, bring, kind, be. A derivative word is one formed from a primitive, generally by the addition of a prefix or suffix : as, unkind, brought, was. When the meaning of a word is entirely changed by the addition of PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 237 a prefix or suffix it is, notwithstanding the addition, a primitive word: as, reproof, in which the meaning of re nor proof is retained. In accordance with the specific directions which have been given for the production of the elementary sounds, let the student separate the following words into their elementary sounds, pronouncing each separately. SPELLED. PRONOUNCED. SPEIyl^ED. PRONOUNCED. me, m-e, shun, sh-u-ii, bay, b-a, bright, b-r-I-t, calm, c-a-m, thoroughfares, th-u-r-6-f-a-r-z, paw, P-a sail, s-a-1, oak, 6-k, castle, k-a-s-1, cool, k-g-1, thistle, th-i-s-1, it, I-t, success, s-u-k-s-e-s, met, m-e-t, plum, p-l-u-m, at, a-t, plume, p-l-ii-m, not, n-o-t, raised, r-a-z-d, up, full, u-p, f-9-1, possessed, illness, p-o-s-T'-s-t, i-1-n-e-s. shrine, sh-r-i-n, funny, f-u-n-I, thin, th-i-n, lily, l-i-l-I, month, ui-ii-ii-lli. massy, m-a-s-i, stretched, s-t-r-e-ch-t, duty, d-u-t-I, mouth, m-ou-th, teach, t-e-ch, mouths, m-ou-th-z, china, ch-I-n-a, whisps, wh-i-s-p-s, theme, th-e-m, ghosts, worlds, g-o-s-t-s, w-ft-r-1-d-z, wring, sing, r-I-ng, s-i-ng, sixth, s-i-k-s-th, cherry, ch-e-r-y. Analyze in a similar manner, the following words : Ache, oak, eke, key, caw, easy, gnaw, check, ship, calm, tithe, loth, loathe, damage, quell, choir, dilate, priest, shrink, gifts, still, lax, box, fox, extra, deputy, interest, compliment, church, exchange, embezzlement, illustrate, tem- pest, syllable, avoirdupoise. 238 PRACTICAL S GLOSSARY. 391. A list of of several hundred frequently recurring words wit their outlines, for convenient reference. Abandon Ben 3 -Den abate Bee 2 -Tee abode Bee 2 -Dee abominable Bee ^Men-Bee abomination Bee^Men-Eshun abrupt-ness Bee-Ray-Pet absorb Bees 2 -Ray-Bee abstemious Bees ^Tee-Ems abstract Bee 3 -Ster absurd-ity Bees 2 -Ard accountant Kent 3 -Ent accumulate Kay 3 -Em-Let acid Es 3 -Dee ascetic acid Est 3 -Kays-Dee actuary Ket 3 -Ray actor Kay-Ter 3 adjacent Jays 2 -Net adhesion Deeshun 1 adversary Def 2 -Rays-Ray aesthetic Es 2 -Thet : Kay agriculture Ger 2 -Kel (Ter) ah Hay 3 alien Len 2 (voc.) altitude Let 2 -Tee-Dee ambiguity Emb 2 -Gay-Tee anatomy En-.Tee 2 -Em ancestor En-Esster 3 ancient En-Ishnt 2 annihilate En 1 -Let antecedent Nets-Dent 2 apparatus Per 2 -Tees arbitrary Ar 3 -Bet (Ray) architect Ar 2 -Ket (w. s.) artist Ray 3 -Teest ascertain Es 2 -Ret-En assault Es^Let assets Es 2 -Tees asylum Es 2 -Lay-Em Atlantic Ocean Tee 2 -Lent-Kay- shun atmosphere Tee 2 -Ems-Fer attorney Ter 2 -En audacity Dees 1 -Tee audience Dens 1 auspicious Es^Pee (w. s.) avail Vee 2 -El avarice Vee 3 -Rays avocation Vee 3 -Kayshun B Balance Blens 3 bankrupt-cy Bee 3 -Ing-Ray-Pet baptise-d Bee 2 -Pee (w. s.) baptism Bee 2 -Pees-Em barometer Ber 2 -Emter barometrical Ber 2 Emter-Kel Benjamin Ben 2 -Jay-Men barrack Bee 3 -Ray-Kay benefactor Ben 2 -Ef-Kayter benefactress Ben 2 -Ef-Kay-Terf beneficent Ben 2 -Efs-Net beneficial Ben 2 -Ef-Shel beneficiary Ben 2 -Ef-Sher benevolent Ben 2 -Vee-Lent between Bet 1 -Wen biography Bee^Ger-Ef belladonna Bee 2 -Lay-Dee-En belligerent Bel 2 -Jrent bequeath Bee^Kay-Ith biennial Bee^Nel bombastic Bee 3 -Embs-Kay PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 239 brilliant Ber 2 -Lent Buffalo Bee 2 -Pel bulletin Bee 2 -Lay-Ten bouyant Bee ^En-Tee c Calendar KeP-Ender California Kief l -Ray (En) captain Kay 2 -Pet (w. s.) casual Kays 3 -Lay catalogue Ket 3 -Lay-Gay catastrophe Ket-Ster 3 -El -ategory Ket 3 -Ger centrifugal Sent-Ef 2 -Gel centripetal Sent-Pee 2 -Tel certificate Iss-Ret 2 -Ef challenge Chel 2 -Jay (w. s.) character Ker 2 -Kay (Ter) characteristic Ker 2 -Kayst characterize Ker 2 -Kaj'S characterizes Ker 2 -Kayses chattels Chay 3 -Tels chemistry Kay-Ems-Ter 2 circular Iss-Ray 2 -Kler collateral Kay 2 -Layter commercial Kay 2 -Mer-Shel community Corn-dot: En-Tee 3 conscientious Ish 2 -En-Ishes consequent Con-dot: Iss-Kent 1 conservative Iss-Ray 2 -Vee-Tef conspicuous Spec ' -Kays covenant Kay-Ven 2 -Ent courteous Kret-Es 2 criterion Kret^Ren D December Dees 2 -Em (w. s.) deceptive Dees 2 -Pee (w. s.) deficient Dee 2 -Ef- Shay delegate Del 2 -Get deliberate Del 2 -Bret delicacy Del 2 -Kay-Es delight Diet 1 demurrage Dee 2 -En-Ray-Jay denounce Dee 3 -En-Ens deponent Dee 2 -Pen-Ent derange Der 2 -En-jay destination Deest 2 -Enshun detest Deds 2 -Tee devolve Def 2 -Vee dilapidate Del 2 -Pet (w. s.) diligent Dee 2 -Lay-Jent discrepancy Dees 2 -Kay-Pen (Es) discriminate Dees'--Kay-Men (Tee) distinguish DeestMng (w. s.) distribute Deester'-Bet District of Columbia Dees 2 Kel(ws) divulge Def 2 -Jay domestic Dees 2 -Em-Kay dwindle Dee l -Wen-Dee-Lay dyspectic-sia Dees 2 -Pee-Pee E Earnestly Ray 2 Ens-El eccentric Kays 2 -Enter (Kay) economical Ken^Em-Kel educate Dee 2 -Ket effectual Ef 2 -Kay-Tee-Lay efficient Ef 2 -Shay embezzle Embs- 2 -Lay emergency Em 2 -Ray-Jen-Es emphatic Em-Fet 2 : Kay encounter En-Kent 2 -Ar enforce En-EP-Ars engagement En- Gay- Jay 2 -Men t enormity Ner^-Em (Tee) enthusiast En-Ith 3 -Ses-Tee envelope En-Vee 2 -Peell omitted) equivalent Kay- Vee 2 -Lent erroneous Kay 2 -Ens essential Es 2 -En (Shel) estimate Est 2 -Met eventual Vee 2 -Net-El exhaust Kay-Ses-Tee 1 exorbitant Kays 2 -Ray-Bet (w. s.) expedient Spet 1 (w. s.) experiment Sper 2 -Ment extinct-ion Kays-Tee 1 extinguish Kays-Tee 2 (w. s.) extraordinary Ster 2 -Ard (w. s.J F Facetious Efs 2 -Shay faculty Ef 2 -Kel-Tee fainthearted Fent 2 -Art falsehood Fels 1 -Dee falsification Felseshun 1 fanatic Ef 3 -Net-Kay fantastic Fent 3 -Est : Kay farewell Ef 2 -Ar-Lay fertile Fret 2 -Lay figurative Ef 2 -Gertive financial EP-En-Shel fluctuate Fel 2 -Kay-Tet 240 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. forge Ef 2 jay forger Ef 2 -Jer fragment Fer 3 -Gay-Ment Frank Fer 3 -Kay frankly Eer 3 -Kel Franklin Fer 3 -Klen frustrate Fers 2 -Tret furnace Ff 2 -Ray-Ens Q Garrulous Ger 2 -Lays generous Jay 2 -Ners genuine Jen 2 -En gigantic Jay-Gent 3 -Kay good-humored Ged 2 -Merd gradual Gred 3 -Lay graduate Gred-Tee 2 gravity- ate Ger 2 -Ved (w. s.) gratuitous Gret 2 -Tees Great Britain Gret-Bret 2 grotesque Grets 2 -Kay guarantee Ger 1 -En-Tee H Habitual Bet 3 -Lay habitation Bee 3 -Teeshun habeas corpus Hay 2 -Ker (w. s.) handle Ned 2 El handwriting Nert 3 -Ing hazard Zee 2 -Ard healthy Lay 2 -Ith heartily Art 3 -Lay henceforth Ens 3 -Ef hereditary Hay 2 -Ray-Det-Ray hieroglyphic Ar 1 -Glef (Kay) history Est x -Ray homeopathy Em-Pee 2 -Ith homicide Em-Iss-Dee 1 honesty Ens 1 -Tee hopeful Pef 3 horticulture Art 2 -Kel (Ter) hospital Hays 2 -Pet-Lay humanity Men 3 -Tee humiliation Em 3 -Layshun hurricane Ar 2 -Ken hypocrisy Pee : -Ker-Es hypocrite Pee^Kret I Identical Ded 2 -Kel identification Dent 2 -Efshun ignominious Gen^Men-Es illustrate Lay 2 -Stret imitate Em-Tet 2 imperceptible Em-Pers 2 -Pet impoverish Emp^Ver-Ish impracticable Em-Per 3 -Ket impropriety Em-Per 1 (voc with i) inauspicious En-Es^Pee incredible En 2 -Kred-Bel indefatigable Ned-Fet 2 -Gay-Bel indefinite En-Def 2 -Net indemnify Ned^Em-Ef indenture Ned 2 -Net (Ar) independent Ned-Pend 2 (Ent) indifferent En-Def 2 Indiana Ned J -En indignant Ned*-Gay-Nent individual Ned 1 -Ved individuality Ned 1 : Ved indivisible Ned-Vees^Bee infer En-Ef 2 infers-ence En-Efs 2 inferential En-Ef 2 -Shel inferior En-Ef 1 (Ray-Ray) infringe En-Fren 1 (Jay) ingredient En^Gred-Net inhabit En-Bet 3 inhabitant En-Bet 3 : Ent inherit En-Art 2 inquire En J -Wer inquisitive En-Kays-Tef 1 insignificant Ens 1 -Gay insolvency In-Slay^Ven-Es integrity Ent 2 -Gret (Tee) intellect-ual-ity Ent 2 -Ket (El) intemperate En 1 -Tee-Emp interpret Net-Pret 2 interpreter Net-Pret 2 -Ar intestate Nets-Tet 2 intimidate Net J -Med (Tee) intolerable Net-El 1 -Bel intrinsic Enter 1 -Ens-Kay introduction Net-Deeshun 2 inventor En-Vent 2 -Ray invisible En-Vees 1 -Bee involve En-Vee 2 -Vee irrelevancy Ar 2 -Lay-Ven-Es irresistible Ar 2 -Ses-Tee (Bel) irrespective Ars 2 -Pef (w. s.) PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 241 January jay 2 -En (w. s.) Jefferson Jef 2 (Rays-En) jealous Jay 2 -Lays Jesus Jay 2 (w. s.) Jesus of Nazereth Jay 2 -En jovial Jay 2 -Vel judicature Jed 2 -Kay-(Ter) judicial Jed 2 -Shel judiciary Jed 2 -Sher judicious Jed 2 -Ish junction Jay 2 -Ingshun jurisprudence Jers 2 - Per (Dens) justify Jays 2 -Ef K kindly, kindle Kent 1 -Lay kindred Kent 1 -Ret L landscape Lends 3 -Kay-Pee languid El 3 -Ing-Ged lassitude Lays 3 -Ted lateral Let 3 -Rel latterly Layter 3 -Lay legacy Lay 2 -Gay-Es legalize Lay 1 -Gels legitimate Lay 2 -Jet-Met lengthwise Ing 3 -Ways (w. s.) lenient Len 2 -Net license El 2 -Sens likelihood Lay^Kel-Dee likewise Lay^Kay-Weh-Iss liquid Lay ^Kay-Dee liquidate Lay 1 -Kay-Det lithograph Lay 2 Ith-Gref literature Layter 2 -Ter locomotive Lay 2 -Kay-Met loquacity Lay 3 -Kays-Tee lubricate Lay-Ber-Ket ludicrous Led 3 -Kers luxury Lay 2 -Kays- Ray M Magazine Em 1 -Gays-En magnanimous Em 2 -En-Ems magnet Em 2 -Gay-Net magnificent Em 1 -Gay (w. s.) maintain Ment 2 -En majesty Em-Jays 3 (Tee) majority Em-Jert 1 malevolent Mel-Vee z (Lent) malicious Mel-Ish 1 malignant MeP-Gay-Nent manuscript Em 3 -Ens-Kay-Pet manifest Em 2 -En-Efst manifestation Em 2 -Ens-Eshun manufacture Em 2 -En-Ef (w. s.) margin Em 2 -Ray-Jen marvellous Mer 2 -Vels Massachusetts Ems-Chay s maximum Em 2 -Kays-Em meanwhile Em l -Nel mechanic Em 2 -Ken-Kay mechanical Em 2 -Key-Kel mechanism Em 2 -Kays-Em Mediterranean Med-Tren 2 (w. s.) melancholy Mel 2 -Kel memoir Em 2 -Em-Wer memory-anda-andum Em 2 -Em (w. s.) merchandise Em 2 -Ray-Che t-Zee meritorious Em 2 -Ray-Tee-Rays Methodist Em-Thet 2 -Stey metropolitan Emter-Pel 2 (w. s.) microscope Em^Kers-Pee military Melt 2 -Ray minimum Men 1 -Em ministerial Men 1 -Ester-Lay minority Em-Nert 1 miscellaneous Ems 2 -Len-Es mischievous Ems-Chef J -Es moderate Emder-Tee a modern Emdern 1 modest Med 1 -Stey modify Med-Ef 1 modification Med-Efshun 1 monstrous Mens^Tees morbid Em 1 -Ray-Bed mortgage Mer 1 -Gay mortgagee Mer 1 -Gay-Jee muscular Ems 2 -Kay-Lay-Ai mutilate Met 3 -Let mysterious Ems-Ters 1 N Narrate Ner-Tee 2 nautical Net 1 -Kel neighborhood En-Ber 2 -Dee neglect En 2 -Gel-Kay (Tee) neglectful En 2 -Gef (w. s.) negligent En 2 -Gel-Jent J42 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. nervous system Ner-Vee 2 -Ses-Tee neutralize Enter 2 -Els Newfoundland Ned 2 -Fed-Eland New Jersey En 2 -Jay New York En 2 -Yay nocturnal En 2 -Ket-Ren nondescript Ned^Skay-Pee nonsense Nen 1 : Sens 2 North America Ner^Em North Star Nerster 1 notary En-Tee 2 -Ray notification Net-Efshun 2 nourish NerMsh November En-Vee 2 (w. s.) noxious En-Kay-Ish 1 nugatory En 2 -Gay-Tee-Ray nuisance En 3 -Sens numerous En 2 -Mers nutriment En 2 -Ter-Ment Obedient Bed 1 (voc.) obligatory Bel 2 -Get obliterate Blet^Ret obstacle Bees 1 -Kel obstinate Bees 1 -Net odorous Ders 2 (voc.) officious EH-Ish oftentimes Fent^Ems Ohio Hay 2 ominous Men 1 -Es omnipotent Men 1 -Pee omnipresent Em 1 -Pers-Net opponent Pen 2 -Net ordinance Ret ^En-Ens original Ray 1 -Jen ornament Ren^Ment ornamentation Reneshun 1 (w. s.) orthodox RayMth (Dee. Kays) ostensible Est 2 -Ens-Bee ostentatious Est 2 -En-Ish outward Tee 3 -Ard overturn Vert 2 -Ren overwhelm Ver J -El (Em) .oxygen Kays 1 -Gen Pacific Pees^Ef-Kay painful Pen 2 -Ef palpitate Pel 2 -Pee:Tet pantomime Pent 2 -Men paradise Pee 2 -Ray-Dees paragraph Per 3 -Gref paralytic Per 2 -Let:Kay partisian Prets 2 -En paternal Pet 2 -Ren-Lay patronage Pet 3 -Ren (Jay) pecuniary Pee 3 Ken (Ray) pedantic Pee 2 -Dent-Kay pedantry Pee 2 -Det-Ray penetrate Pent 2 -Ret penitential Pent 2 -En-Shel Pennsylvania Pees 1 Vee perennial Pee 2 -Ren-Lay perilous Per 2 -Lays periodical Pred'-Kel perpendicular Per 2 -Pen (w. s.) perpetual-ate-ion Pee 2 -Ray-Pet (w. s.) perseverance Pers 2 -Vee-Rens perspective Pers 2 -Pef (w. s.) pertinacious Pee 2 -Ret-En-Ish phenomena-on-al Fen 2 -Em Philadelphia Felt 2 -Ef philosophy Fels^Ef phosphorus Efs J -Ef-Rays photography Fet 2 -Ger-Ef physiognomy Efs^Gen-Em physiology Efs 1 -jay piquant Pee : -Kent piquancy Pee 1 -Ken-Es picturesque Pee^Kays-Ters-Kay political Plet^Kel popular Pee 1 -Pee (Lay-Ar) post-mortem Pees 2 -Em-Ray-Tee- Em (w. s. Pees-Em) precipitate Pers^Pet (w. s.) prejudice Per 2 -Jay prejudicial Per 2 -Jed-Shel premature Per 3 -Met-Ray prerogative Per 2 -Ray-Gative presbytery Pers 2 -Bet-Ray Presbyterianism Per 2 -Bets-Em pretension Per 2 -Ten (w. s.) prevaricate Per 3 -Ver-Ket prima- facie Per 2 -Ef privilege Pref^-Jay prodigious Perd^Jays product Per 2 -Dee proficient Per 2 -Ef-Shay property Per J -Pee propitious Per^Pee-Ish PRACTICAL SHORTHAND. 243 proportion Per 2 -Peeshun prospect Pers T -Pee prospective Pers^Pef protestant Prets 2 -Tent protraction Per 3 -Tershun providential Preft 2 -En-Shel provincial Pref 1 -En-Shel prudential Per 2 -Den-Ish public-ish-ation Pee 2 -Bee (w. s) pulpit Pel 2 : Pet punctual Pee 2 -Ing-Ket-I/ay pungency Pen 2 -Jen-Es purgatory Per 2 -Get-Ray pusillanimous Pees 3 -L,en-Ems pyrotechnic Pret 1 -Kay-En-Kay Quadrangle Kay 2 Dee-Ray-Ing- Gel quadrant Kay 2 -Drent quadruple Kay 2 -Der-Pel quaint Kay 2 -Went qualification Kel-Efshun 2 quarantine Kay 2 - Wernt-En quarter Kay 2 -Werter R Radical, ridicule Red 3 Kel rapture Ray 3 -Pet-Ar ratification Ret 2 -Efshun rebut Ray 2 -Bet reciprocate Rays 2 -Per-Ket rectify Ray 2 -Ket-Ef redeemable Ard 1 -Em-Bel redundance Ret 2 -Ned-Ens redundant Ret 2 -Ned-Net referee Ray 2 -Ef-Ray reiterate Ray 2 -Tret reflect-ed Ray 2 -Ef-Kay refund Ray 2 -Fend reject-ed Ray 2 -Jay-Ket rejection Ray 2 -Jayshun relegate Rel 2 -Get relevancy ReP-Ven-Es reliant ReP-Net relinquish Rel 2 -Ing remittance Ar 1 -Met: Ens remonstrate Ar 2 -Ems-Stret remunerate Ar 2 -Em-Nert reprehensible Ray 2 -Prens-Bee republican Ray 2 -Pee-Ben resignation Rays 2 -Gay-Enshvm retrospect Art 2 -Ray-Spee return Art 2 -Ren revenge Ray 2 -Vee-jay revolver ReP-Lay (Ver) rhetorical Ar^Ray-Kel rheumatism Ar*-Mets-Em foval Ray 1 -El rudiment Ray 3 -Dee-Ment rupture Ray 2 -Pet-Ar Sacred Scret 2 sacrifice Sker 2 -Efs sagacity Iss-Gays 2 -Tee sagacious Iss-Gay^Ish salutary Slet 2 -Ray sanctimonious Iss-Ing 2 -Ket-En Ens satiate Iss-Isht 2 (voc) saturate Stee 3 -Ret Sec. of State Scret 2 -Stet Sec. of War Scret 2 -Wer scarcity Skers 2 -Tee schedule Sked-El 3 scientific Es^Net-Ef-Kay scoundrel Sked 2 -Rel sculpture SkeP-Pet (Ar) scripture Sker 1 (w. s.) sedentary Iss-Det 2 -Ray separate Spret 2 (voc.) September Spet 2 -Em signature Iss-Gay 1 (Net) sincere Iss 1 -Ens-Ray social Iss-SheP South America Iss-Ith 3 -Em South Carolina Iss-Ith 3 -Ker southeastern Iss-Thes 3 -Ren southwestern Iss-Ways 2 -Ren southwest Iss-Wayst 2 speculate Spee 2 -Klet spendthrift Sped 2 -Ther-Fet splendid Splen 2 -Ded start Stret 2 standard Sted 2 -Ard stimulate Stem 1 -Let stipulate Stey-Pee 1 -Let strengthen Ster 2 -Then structure Ster 2 -Ter solemn Slay 1 -Em subterfuge Iss-Bet 2 -Ray-Ef-Jay 244 PRACTICAL SHORTHAND, summary Iss-Em 2 -R.ay superficial Sper 2 -Ei-Shel supernaturalism Spers 3 -Em (w. s.) superstitious Sper^-Stee-Shay surrender Iss-Ray 2 -Ender suspension Ses-Pen 2 (w. s.) swindle Iss-Way 2 -Del sympathetic Iss-Emp-Thet 2 : Kay Talent Tlent 3 technical Tee 2 -Kav (Nel) telegraph Tel 2 -Gref tenement Tee 2 -Ment testament Tees 2 -Merit testify Tees 2 -Ef testimony Tees 2 -Em testimonial Tees*-Em-Nel Texas Teeses 2 texture Tees 2 -Ter thenceforth Thees*-Ef tragedy Ter 2 -Jay (Dee) tranquil Terming (Kel) transatlantic Ter- 3 - Lent-Kay transfer Ters 2 -E? (Ar) transgress Tp.rs 3 -Oays transparent Ters* -Fee-Rent tyranny Tee*-Rav-En t Unanimous universalism (En) Vers 2 -Em university (En)Vers*-Tee useless Es 3 -Lays usurp Es 2 -Ray-Pee utilitarianism Tel 2 -Ters-Em Valediction VeP-Deeshun valid Viet 3 validity Viet 1 vanquish v*en 3 -Kay-Ish variation Vee 2 -Rayshun vegetable Vee 2 -Jet-Bel vengeance Vee 2 -Jens ventilate Vent 2 -Let verify Vee 2 -Ray-Ef vice versa Vees : : Ver-Es Virginia Vee 2 -Jay-En voluntary Vlent^Ray W Warfare Wer s -Ef-Ar warm Wem 1 (w. s.) worship Wer 2 -Ish wretched Ray 2 -Chet Y Yield-ed Yeld 1 yonder Yeh'-Ender younger Yeh 3 -Inger youth Ith 3 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. AUG Form L9-25/H-9,'47(A5618)444 UNIVERSITY of AT LOS ANGELES T Tt>I> A r>Tr UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY A 000 564 840 7