1 
 
 THE 
 
 JOHN -FF 
 CHINESE- Ll 
 
 IYER- 
 BRARY 
 
 MAIN LIBRARY 
 
BAPTIZEIN. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 TO THE 
 
 REVISED VERSION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 GOSPEL BY MATTHEW. 
 
THE 
 
 MEAMG AM) USE 
 
 OP 
 
 B A P T I ZE IN 
 
 PHILOLOGICALLY AND HISTORICALLY INVESTIGATED, 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 AMEEICAN BIBLE UNION. 
 
 BY T, J, COiWT, D.D, 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 AMERICAN BIBLE UNION, 350 BECOME STREET, 
 
 BIBLE REVISION ASSOCIATION, LOUISVILLE, KY. 
 
 1861. 
 
- 
 
 Main lib. 
 
 FRYER 
 CMMiESE LIBRARY 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1860, by 
 
 THE AMERICAN BIBLE UNION, 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York. 
 
 THOIUS HOLSLA.N, PRINTER AXD STKREOTYPER, NEW YORK. 
 
TO THE READER. 
 
 THE question may be asked : Why, in a revision of the 
 English New Testament, professedly designed to represent the 
 latest results of critical learning in all respects, is one particular 
 instance of change distinguished, by being made the subject of 
 a separate treatise ? *To this I answer : 
 
 1. The meaning of the Greek word BAPTIZEIN has been so 
 obscured, by the denominational controversies which have sprung 
 up within the last two centuries, that nothing less than a 
 complete historical exhibition of its use, both in pagan and 
 Christian Greek literature, would suffice to place the matter in 
 a clear light. 
 
 2. In substituting the literal English meaning of this word 
 for its Anglicized form, in a revision of the New Testament for 
 popular use, the writer feels that a just deference to public 
 opinion, as well as to Christian feeling, requires that the reasons 
 of this change should be fully set forth. It is believed, that 
 the method adopted in the investigation will commend itself 
 to the candid inquirer. By allowing the impartial witnesses of 
 antiquity to speak directly to the reader, he is placed in a 
 position to judge for himself of the writer's deduction from their 
 testimony, which is recorded in the revised text. 
 
 3. The exhibition of the grounds for this change is required, 
 moreover, by the action of large and influential organizations in 
 England and America, which chiefly control the work of Bible 
 translation in heathen tongues. By these societies the principle 
 has been formally adopted, that the Greek word BAPTIZEIN shall 
 be universally transferred, and not translated, in versions under 
 their patronage ; and so stringently is this rule enforced, that 
 even in mission-fields wholly destitute of the word of God, 
 versions confessedly of the highest merit, in all other respects, 
 have been rejected because in this there was a deviation from 
 the rule. The Bible Society, for which I have the honor to 
 labor, has adopted as its fundamental principle, to be applied 
 to all its versions whether for the home or the foreign field, 
 
 747816 
 
vi. TO THE HEADER. 
 
 the faithful translation of every word capable of being expressed 
 in the language of the version. This is, in the view of its 
 managers and members, the only principle justly claiming to be 
 catholic ; and from its nature, it admits of no exception. 
 
 It seems proper, therefore, in presenting to the public a revis- 
 ed English version of the New Testament, in which this word 
 is rendered into English, to show that the translation expresses 
 its true and only import, and is not a sectarian rendering. 
 
 The entire argument is set before the English reader, in his 
 own language ; the authorities for the use of the Greek word 
 being fully given, in translations made as literal as possible. 
 These authorities are all contained in the portion of the page 
 above the dividing line ; and in this division of the page no 
 foreign words are used. The translation of this word being 
 indicated by small capitals (followed by the word itself in its 
 Anglicized form), the English reader is as well able to judge 
 of its meaning, from the connection, as the reader of the original 
 Greek. 
 
 The examples of the common meaning and use of the word, 
 in Sections I. and II., are from every period of Greek literature 
 in which the word occurs. They include all that have been 
 given by lexicographers,* and by those who have written pro- 
 fessedly on this subject ; and these, with the examples added 
 from my own reading, exhaust the use of this word in Greek 
 literature. 
 
 The quotations have been copied, in every instance, by myself 
 or under my own eye, from the page, chapter, or section referred 
 to. Special pains have been taken to make these references as 
 definite and clear as possible, that any passage may easily be 
 found ; the author's name being given, the name of the treatise, 
 and its divisions (if any &re made), and the volume and page of 
 the edition in most common use, or of the one accessible to me. 
 
 T. J. CONANT. 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., September, 1860. 
 
 * Basil, p. 256 (Steph. Thes.), " Sympathizing with those immersed in the sea" 
 (roZs sv rfi d'a^arrr] ftami^ofisvote ov[i7tdo%ovTEs} is not included among the 
 examples, as the writer gives none except such as he has been able to verify, 
 by reference to the passage and its connection. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 The course of argument, in this treatise, may be seen at a glance in the following sketch of its plan. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 SECTION I. Usage of Greek writers ; including the Church Fathers, 
 
 when they do not speak of the Christian rite 1-82 
 
 g 1. In the literal, physical sense 1-42 
 
 1. Absolutely, with the ingulfing element implied 1-27 
 
 2. Construed with some case of the ingulfing element 28-42 
 
 g 2. In the tropical or figurative sense 43-72 
 
 1. To plunge, to immerse (as in ingulfing floods) in calami- 
 ties, etc 43-67 
 
 2. To overwhelm (figuratively) with an intoxicating liquor, 
 
 etc 68-72 
 
 | 3. Use in composition with a preposition 73-82 
 
 SECTION II. Usage of the Greek Versions of the Old Testament.. . . 83-86 
 
 SECTION III. Summary of lexical and grammatical uses 87-90 
 
 1. Lexical use 87-91 
 
 2. Grammatical construction 91-9G 
 
 SECTION IV. Application to the New Testament 97-101 
 
 SECTION V. Usage of the Church Fathers 102-133 
 
 1. Where they use the word of the Christian rite, or de- 
 scribe the rite in other words 102-121 
 
 2. Where the rite (or what is implied in it) is variously 
 applied for illustration or comparison 122-133 
 
 SECTION VI. Requirements and practice of the Christian Church... 134-141 
 
 1. Of the Eastern, or Greek Church 134, 135 
 
 2. Of the Western, or Latin Church. 136, 137 
 
 3. Of the Anglican Church .' 138-141 
 
 SECTION VII. Usage of the Versions .' 142-149 
 
 1. Of the old Latin versions 142-144 
 
 2. Of the ancient Oriental versions 144 
 
 3. Of the Teutonic versions.. 144-146 
 
 4. Of modern versions for the learned 146-149 
 
 SECTION VIII. Views of scholars of different communions 150-157 
 
 SECTION IX. Obligation to translate the word 158-163 
 
MEANING AND USE 
 
 OF 
 
 BAPTIZEIN. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Usage of Greek writers, including the Church Fathers, where they do 
 not speak of the Christian rite* 
 
 GROUND-MEANING : 
 TO IMMERSE, IMMERGE, SUBMERGE, TO DTP, TO PLCXGE, TO MBATHE, TO WHELM. 
 
 1. In the literal, physical tense. 
 1. Absolutely, with the ingulfing element implied. 
 
 EXAMPLE 1. 
 
 Polybius* History, book I. ch. 51, 6. In his account of the 
 sea-fight at Drepanum, between the Romans and Carthaginians, 
 describing the advantages of the latter in their choice of a posi- 
 tion, and in the superior structure and more skillful management 
 of their vessels, he says : 
 
 *' For, if any were hard pressed by the enemy, they retreated 
 safely, on account of their fast sailing, into the open space ; and 
 
 * Born 205 before Christ. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Polybii Hist. lib. I. c. 51, 6 (ed. Schweigh.). 
 
 re 'yap TnefyivTo rives VTTO rwv TroAe/xtW, Karoiriv 
 acr(ba\c0$ 8ia TO rayyvavTelv elf rov d 
 
USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 then with reversed course, now sailing round and now attacking 
 in flank the more ai'U'auoid of the pursuers, while turning and 
 emUa^a^ed o-h account of the weight of the ships and the 
 unskillfulness of the crews, they made continued assaults and 
 SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED) many of the vessels." 
 
 EXAMPLE 2. 
 
 The same Work, book VIIL, ch. 8, 4. Describing the opera- 
 tions of the engines, which Archimedes constructed for the 
 defense of Syracuse when besieged by the Romans, and with 
 which he lifted the prows of the besieging vessels out of the 
 water, so that they stood erect on the stern, and then let them 
 fall, he says : 
 
 "Which being done, some of the vessels fell on their side, 
 and some were overturned ; but most of them, when the prow 
 was let fall from on high, BEING SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED), became filled 
 with sea-water and with confusion." 
 
 EXAMPLE 3. 
 Plutarch* Life of Marcellus, ch. XV. Describing the same 
 
 Born in the year 50 after Christ. 
 
 GBEEK TEXT. 
 
 TOTTOV KctTreiT e/c fJiera/BoXTJ? rots TrpOTTLTTTOVcri TCOV 
 , rore fjitv TrepnrXeovTes, rare Se TrXdyiOL Trpoa- 
 s KOL dvcrxpTJcrrovcri Sid TO fiapos 
 
 KOLL ia TTV aTTeiav rtov 
 
 Aa? re avveytls edidocrav, KCU ?roAAa TCQV crKa<p6jv e/Bd 
 ov. 
 
 Polybii Hist. lib. VIII. c. 8, 4 (ed. Schwdgh.). 
 
 Ov yevo/uLtvov, TIVCL ^.tv TOJV TrXoicov irXayia 
 Tiva 8e KCU KarecTTpefaTO' ra 3e TrXelcrra rrjs 1 TT papas d(f) 
 vtyovs pi(j)0iO'T]$ /BaTTTi^o/Jieva, TrXrjpr] OaXaTTrjs eyiyvtro 
 KCU 
 
IN THE LITERAL, PHYSICAL SENSE. 3 
 
 operations, he says (speaking of the arms of the engines project' 
 ing from the walls over the vessels) : 
 
 " Some [of the vessels] thrusting down, under a weight firmly 
 fixed above, they sunk into the deep ; and others, with iron 
 hands, or beaks like those of cranes, hauling up by the prow till 
 they were erect on the stern, they SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED)." 
 
 EXAMPLE 4. 
 
 Aristotk* concerning Wonderful Reports, 136. Speaking of what 
 the Phoenician colonists of Gadira (on the southern coast of Spain) 
 were reported to have seen, when sailing beyond the Pillars of 
 Hercules (westward of the strait of Gibraltar), he says : 
 
 " They say that the Phoenicians who inhabit the so-called Ga- 
 dira, sailing four days outside of the Pillars of Hercules with 
 an east-wind, come to certain desert places full of rushes and 
 
 * Born 384 before Christ. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Plutarchi Vit. Marcelli, XY (ed. Schdfer). 
 
 Ta$ jjitv VTTO ftpiOovs (TTTipifyvTos avooOev utdovcraL 
 fivOov, ra$ e X P cr ^ o"LSrjpa!f 9 77' o-ro/^acnz/ 
 yepdvwv, dvacnrtoo-a!. TrpcopaOtv opOds 7rl 
 
 TTpVjJLVaV 
 
 Aristot. de mirabilibus Auscultat. 136 (ed. Bekker, Vol. VI. p. 136). 
 
 Aeyovcri roi>? $O'IVIKOL$ rov? KaTOiKOvvras ra rddecpa 
 KaXoviJieva, ea> TrXeovras 'HpaKXeioov (TTrjXwv aTrrjXicorrj 
 dve/jLcp rjfjiepa? Terrapa?, Trapayivta'Oai e'/y rivas TOTTOV? 
 
 1 Junge arijgi^ovTog civto&ev (Schdfer}. 
 
 2 Sro/^ara eixao ftiva ye^dvcov sunt unci adsimilati rostris gruum. Herodo- 
 tus III. 28, alerov eixaoiievov. Bene Interpres, figura aquila ; h. e. figura adsi- 
 milata aquilae (Id.). Baehr, Herod. III. 28, figuram aquilce s.figuram adsimilatam 
 aquila, ut reddi vult Schaefer, etc. 
 
USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 sea-weed ; which, when it is ebb-tide, are not IMMERSED (BAPTIZED), 
 but when it is flood-tide are overflowed." 
 
 EXAMPLE 5. 
 
 Eubulus* (fragment of an ancient comedy, entitled Nausicaa) 
 says, with comic extravagance, of one whose vessel is wrecked 
 in a storm and a prey to the ingulfing floods : 
 
 "Who now the fourth day is IMMERGED (BAPTIZED), 
 leading the famished life of a miserable mullet."t 
 
 * A Grek writer of comedies, about 380 before Christ. 
 
 j- Mullet: a fish, fabled to be always found empty, when caught. 
 
 EXAMPLE 6. 
 
 Polybius* History, book XXXIV. c. 3, 7- In his description of 
 the manner of taking the sword-fish (with an iron-headed spear, 
 or harpoon), he says : 
 
 "And even if the spear falls into the sea, it is not lost; for 
 
 * Born 205 before Christ. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 } Opvov /cat (J)VKOV? 7r\T)pei,$, ov$ orav fj^ 
 TO TI fjirj /3a7rTiecr0ai, orav 8e TrA^/i/xJp 
 
 Eubuli Nausicaa (Meineke, Fragm. Comic. Grcec., Vol. III. p. 238). 
 
 *O$ VVV T6T(ipTr}V r)jJLpaV flaTTTL^ETaij 
 VY)(TTLV TTOVTJpOV K(TTpC0? TpL$(i)V fi'tOV. 1 
 
 Folybii Reliq. lib. XXXIV. c. 3, 7 (ed. Schweigh. Vol. IV. p. 626). 
 Kav K7T(rrj Se \s rrjv OaXaTTav TO 8opv, OVK OLTTO- 
 
 1 Schweigh. Athen., Tom. Ill p. 126. 
 
 Qui nunc quartum in diem undis mergitur 
 jejunam miseri mugilis terens vitam. 
 
 Gesnerum probavi, monentem (p. 562 init.) Ttovr^ov scribendum esse 
 vcos, id est, a&Xiov, TahatTccogov, miseri, cerumnosi (Id. Tom. IX. p. 289). 
 
IX THE LITERAL, PHYSICAL SENSE. 
 
 it is compacted of both oak and pine, so that when the oaken 
 part is IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) by the weight, the rest is buoyed up, 
 and is easily recovered." 
 
 EXAMPLE 7. 
 
 The same Work, book III. ch. 72, 4. Speaking of the passage 
 of the Roman army, under the Consul Tiberius, through the river 
 Tebia, which had been swollen by heavy rains, he says : 
 
 " They passed through with difficulty, the foot-soldiers IMMERSED 
 (BAPTIZED) as far as to the breasts." 
 
 EXAMPLE 8. 
 
 The same Work, book XVI. ch. 6, 2. In his account of the sea- 
 fight between Philip and Attalus, near Chios, he speaks of a 
 vessel belonging the latter as : 
 
 "Pierced and BEING IMMERGED (BAPTIZED) by a hostile ship." 
 
 EXAMPLE 9. 
 
 Strabo* Geography, book XII. ch. 2, 4. Speaking of the under- 
 ground channej. through which the waters of the Pyramus (a 
 river of Cilicia in Asia Minor) forced their way, he says : 
 
 Born about 60 before Christ. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 AcoAeir eon yap irrjKTOv lie re 8pvo? KOLL e'Accr?;?, 
 fZaymfyfJutvov rov dpvtvov fidpei, fjLeTeojpov eivai TO XOITTOV 
 KOL 
 
 o 
 
 Ejusdem Hist. lib. XVI. c. 6, 2 : TTpa>p*vrjV KOL /3a?mo- 
 
 Ejusdem Hist. lib. III. c. 72, 4 : xoAty, ecus' rwv 
 
 VTTO 
 
 1 Being immerged (in the act of sinking), as expressed by the pres., in distinc- 
 tion from the preceding perf. 
 
6 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 "And to one who hurls down a dart, from above into the 
 channel, the force of the water makes so much resistance, that 
 it is hardly IMMERSED (BAPTIZED)." 
 
 EXAMPLE 10. 
 
 The same Work, book VI. ch. 2, 9. "And around Acragas [Agri- 
 gen turn in Sicily] are marsh-lakes, having the taste indeed of 
 sea-water, but a different nature ; for even those who can not 
 swim are not IMMERSED (BAPTIZED), floating like pieces of wood." 
 
 EXAMPLE 11. 
 
 The same Work, book XIV. ch. 3, 9. Speaking of the march 
 of Alexander's army, along the narrow beach (flooded in stormy 
 weather) between the mountain called Climax and the Pamphilian 
 Sea, he says : 
 
 "Alexander happening to be there at the stormy season, and 
 accustomed to trust for the most part to fortune, set forward 
 before the swell subsided ; and they marched the whole day in 
 water, IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) as far as to the waist." 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Strabonis Geogr. lib. XII. c. 2, 4 (ed. Tzschucke). 
 
 Zo> de KaOitvTi OLKOVTIOV avaOev el? TOP fioOpov 77 /3ia 
 TOV vdaros avTiirpaTTei TOCTOVTOV eocrre /zoAty /3a7m'ecr#at. 
 
 Ejusdem lib. VI. c. 2, 9 (ed. Siebenkees). 
 i 'AKpdyavTo. 8e XLJJLVOLL rrjv L\V yevaiv eyov&ai 
 , TJ]V de (f)v<TLV Sidfyopov ovSe yap rots' a 
 crOai avufiaivet, fifAcoz/ rpoirov tTTLTr 
 
 Ejusdem lib. XIV. c. 3, 9 (ed. Tzschucke). 
 *O de *AXel^oLv$pos els* yeLptptov tfjLTreacjbv Kaipov /cat 
 TO irXtov tTTirpeTroov rfj TVXD 7T/>^ dvelvai TO KV/JLO. 
 KOL oXj)v TYJV rjfjiepav tv vdaTL yeveo-Qat TW Troptiav 
 
 1 The sense of this clause is given, without imitating the construction, which 
 would be harsh in English. 
 
IX THE LITERAL, PHYSICAL SENSE. 
 
 EXAMPLE 12. 
 
 The same Work, book XIV. ch. 2, 42. Speaking of the asphalt 
 in the lake Sirbonis, which floats on the surface on account of 
 the greater specific gravity of the water, he says : 
 
 " Then floating at the top on account of the nature of the 
 water, by virtue of which, we said, there is no need of being 
 a swimmer, and he who enters in is not IMMERSED (BAPTIZED), but 
 is lifted out." 
 
 EXAMPLE 13. 
 
 Diodorus* (the Sicilian), Historical Library, book XVI. ch. 80. 
 In his account of Timoleon's defeat of the Carthaginian army 
 on the bank of the river Crimissus in Sicily, many of the fugi- 
 tives perishing in the stream swollen by a violent storm, he 
 says : 
 
 " The river, rushing down with the current increased in vio- 
 lence, SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED) many, and destroyed them attempting 
 to swim through with their armor." 
 
 EXAMPLE 14. 
 
 The same Work, book I. ch. 36. Describing the effects of the 
 rapid rise of the water, during the annual inundation of the 
 Nile, he says : 
 
 * Wrote his history, about 60-30 before Christ. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Ejusdem lib. XVI. c. 2, 42. 
 
 Elr e7rL7roX.dov<Ta 8ia TT]V <pvaiv TOV vdaTO?, Kaff rjv 
 JLTj8e KO\V pftov 8el(T0ai 9 l fjirjde fiairTi^eorOai TOV 
 AA' e^aipeaOaL. 
 
 Diodori Siculi Biblioth. Hist. lib. XYI. c. 80 (ed. Bekker). 
 O Trora/zo? /3iaiOTp(p TU> ptv/jLan Karate po/Jievo? ?roA- 
 
 KOL 
 
 1 Zufolge welcher es, \vie wir sagten. keines Schwimmers bedarf (Groskurd). 
 
8 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 "Most of the wild land animals are surrounded by the stream 
 and perish, being SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED) but some, escaping to the 
 high grounds, are saved." 
 
 EXAMPLE 15. 
 
 The same Work, book XL ch. 18. 
 
 " The commander of the fleet,* leading on the line, and first 
 joining battle, was slain after a brilliant conflict ; and his ship 
 being SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED), confusion seized the fleet of the bar- 
 barians." 
 
 * Of the Persians, at the battle of Salamis. 
 EXAMPLE 16. 
 
 Josephus* Jewish Antiquities, book XV. ch. 3, 3. Describing the 
 murder of the boy Aristobulus, who (by Herod's command) was 
 drowned by his companions in a swimming-bath, he says : 
 
 " Continually pressing down and IMMERSING (BAPTIZING) him while 
 swimming, as if in sport, they did not desist till they had entire- 
 ly suffocated him." 
 
 * A Jewish writer, born in the year 37 after Christ. 
 
 Ejusdem lib. I. c. 36. 
 
 Twv de yepcraitov (hjpuov rd TroXXa fjitv VTTO rov Trora- 
 repiXrjtyQevTa diatyOelperai /SaTrrt^o/iez/a, nvd $ eiy 
 
 TOVS fJLTO)pOV$ K(j)V'/Ol'Ta T07TOVS diaO'CO^Tai. 
 
 Ejusdem lib. XI. c. 18. 
 
 '# $ vavapyos irpoiiyovfAtvos rrj? ra^eco? KOU vpa)- 
 roy crvvd\lsa? H-OLXQV ie<p6dpr), Xa/jiTrpco? aycoz/tcra/xe^o^ rrjs 
 de vecos fia7rTia0icrr]?j rapa^rj Karecrye TO VQLVTLKOV 
 /3ap/3apa)i>. 
 
 Coisl. 1 qaod satis elegans ; vide Polybium, 1, 51 (WesseKig). 
 Josephi Antiq. Jud. lib. XY. c. 3, 3 (ed. Oberthur). 
 
 Bapovvres del KO! ftairrl^ovrts coy eV Tratdia 
 OVK dvTjKav, eW KOU TravTaTracTLv 
 
 1 Consulendus hie Codex est ab iis, qui novam Diodori Siculi editionem parare 
 voluerint (Montfaucon, Biblioth. Coisl. p. 214, ima}. 
 
IN THE LITERAL, PHYSICAL SENSE. 
 
 EXAMPLE 17. 
 
 The same writer, Jewish War, look I. ch. 22, 2. Relating the 
 same occurrence, he says : 
 
 "And there, according to command, being IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) 
 by the Gauls in a swimming-bath, he dies." 
 
 EXAMPLE 18. 
 
 The same writer, Jewish War, book III. ch. 8, 5. 
 
 "As I also account a pilot most cowardly, who, through dread 
 of a storm, before the blast came voluntarily SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED) 
 the vessel." 
 
 EXAMPLE 19. 
 
 The same writer, Jewish War, book III. ch. 9, 3. Describing the 
 condition of the vessels in the port of Joppa, during a storm, 
 he says : 
 
 "And many [of the vessels], struggling against the opposing 
 swell towards the open sea (for they feared the shore, being 
 rocky, and the enemies upon it), the billow, rising high above. 
 
 SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED)." 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Ejusdem de Bello Jud. lib. I. c. 22, 2. 
 
 #6, KOLT ivToXr}V VTTO T&V PaXarwv ^ 
 ev KoXvjuL/3r)0pa, TeXevTa. 
 
 Ejusdem lib. III. c. 8, 5. 
 
 '/}$ eycoye KOL Kvfiepvrjrrjv rjyov/jiai, ctaAoraroz/, oom?, 
 ^Ljj.copa SedoiKois, Trpo TTJ? OveXXrjs e/3ct7mcrez/ e/cw^ TO 
 
 CT/CCC00S". 
 
 Ejusdem lib. Ill c. 9, 3. 
 
 TToAAay e Trpos* OLVTIOV KV/JLO, /^a^b/zeVas 1 elf TO TreAa- 
 yos*5 TOV T 'yap aiyiaXov OVTOL Trer/oco^?? KOL TOVS eir 
 avTOv TToXefjiiovs e^e5o//cec7a^ fjLTecopof VTrepapQel? o /cAJ- 
 
10 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 EXAMPLE 20. 
 
 The same writer, Antiquities of the Jews, book IX. ch. 10, 2. In 
 his narrative of Jonah's flight, and of the events that followed, 
 he says : 
 
 "The ship being just about TO BE SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED)." 
 
 EXAMPLE 21. 
 
 The same writer, Life of himself, 3 : 
 
 " For our vessel having been SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED) in the midst 
 of the Adriatic, being about six hundred in number, we swam 
 through the whole night." 
 
 EXAMPLE 22. 
 
 The same writer, Jewish War, book III. ch. 10, 9. He says of 
 the Jews, in describing their contest with the Roman soldiers on 
 the Sea of Galilee : 
 
 "And when they ventured to come near, they suffered harm 
 before they could inflict any, and WERE SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED) along 
 with their vessels ; . . . . and those of the SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED) 
 who raised their heads, either a missile reached, or a vessel over- 
 took." 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Ejusdem Antiq. Jud. lib. IX. c. 10, 2 : ocrov OVTTO) /ne 
 TOV (TK(i<pov?. 
 
 Ejusdem Yita3 3. 
 
 yap rjjjLtov TOV irXoiov Kara /zecroz> rov 
 'Adplav, 7Tpl i^OKOCTLOVS TOV dptOfJiov QVTtfy St oA^y rrjs 1 
 VVKTOS vrj^d/Jie0a. 
 
 Ejusdem de Bello Jud. lib. III. c. 10, 9. 
 Kai TrXrjo-idt^Lv roA/zoWes', Trplv Spacrai TI iraOeiv 
 
 KOL avis avrolf tfiaTTTL^ovTO cr/ca0ecr 
 de ftaTTTLo-6evT<jov TOV? dvavevovTas rj ^SeAoy 
 
IX THE LITERAL, PHYSICAL SENSE. 
 
 EXAMPLE 23 
 
 The same writer, Jewish War, book II. ch. 20, 1. 
 
 "And after the calamity of Cestius, many of the distinguished 
 Jews swam away, as when a ship is BEING IMMERGED (BAPTIZED), 
 from the city." 
 
 EXAMPLE 24. 
 
 Plutarch* Life of Theseus, XXIV, quotes the following oracle 
 of the Sibyl, respecting the city of Athens : 
 
 "A bladder, thou majest be IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) ; but it is not 
 possible for thee to sink." 
 
 * Bom in the year 50 after Christ. 
 
 EXAMPLE 25. 
 
 The same writer, Life of Alexander, LXV1I. Describing a 
 season of revelry, in the army of Alexander the Great, when 
 returning from his eastern conquests, he says : 
 
 "Thou wouldest not have seen a buckler, or a helmet, or a 
 pike ; but the soldiers, along the whole way, DIPPING (BAPTIZING) 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Ejusdem lib. II. c. 20, 1. 
 
 Mtra e rrjv Kecrriov av^opav^ TroXXol TCDV 7ri<pa- 
 'lovdalojv axTTrep paTTTL^ojjiei'r)? veto? airevri^ovTO rrj? 
 
 Plutarchi Yit. Thesei, XXIY. (ed. Schafer). 
 OS fl*7TTiy dvvat, de TOI ov Oe^is earlis. 
 
 Ejusdem Yit. Alexandri, LXYII. 
 
 $ av ov 7T\Trjv, ov Kpdvos, ov aapKrcrav a\Xa 
 KOL pvTols KOL fcjpiKXeiois Trapa rrjv b$ov a,7rao~av 
 
 1 The version in the text is the best expression we can give of this imperfect 
 metaphor. 
 
12 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 with cups, and horns, and goblets, from great wine-jars and 
 mixing-bowls,* were drinking to one another." 
 
 * Large bowls for mixing wine and water, into which the drinking-cups were 
 dipped. 
 
 EXAMPLE 26. 
 
 The same writer, Comparison of Aristophanes and Menander. 
 In this abridgment (by another hand) of one of his lost com- 
 positions, speaking of Aristophanes'* faults of style, he quotes 
 from him the following example of punning, or play on words: 
 " * For he is praised/ says he, * because he DIPPED (BAPTIZED) 
 the stewards ; being not [Tamias] stewards, but [Zamias] 
 sharks.' "t 
 
 * Born about 450 before Christ. 
 
 f A play on the two similar words (differing only in the first letter) ' tamias' 
 stewards, and ' lamias' sharks, the former resembling the latter in rapacity as well 
 as in name. 
 
 The significance of the Greek verb, in this connection, is aptly expressed by 
 the English translator of these writings of Plutarch : " For he is much com- 
 mended (saith he) for ducking the chamberlains." The word is, perhaps, used 
 metaphorically here, as in Ex. 157. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 ol o-TpariojTai fiaTTTL^ovres e/c wW&v fJityaXcov KOU Kparrj- 
 
 XXrjXoLS TTpOtTTLVOV. 
 
 The reading pami&vTEs has been doubted, 1 on account of the unusual con- 
 
 struction with ex nid'cov ; but (as suggested by Coray, 2 in loc.) a part of the 
 action is put for the whole (synecdoche], as one must first dip the vessel in order 
 to fill it. 
 
 Ejusdem Aristoph. et Menandri Comp. (ed. Wyttenb.). 
 
 ' ETraLvelrai yap, (jtyoiv, OTL rov? TOfuas efia 
 ov\i Tafias aXXa AajJiias 
 
 1 Suspecta mihi haec vox, cum I* ni&cov ita constructa (M. Dusoul, in Reiske's 
 edition) . 
 
 2 Aeyerat /uev ovv y.ara ovrey.So'/r t v . . . Ttgoregov yag rov Tc'kr^ovv Ion TO 
 
 ayyelov it rov aqvoaod'ai fiovl 
 
IN THE LITERAL, PHYSICAL SENSE. 13 
 
 EXAMPLE 27. 
 
 Epictetus* Moral Discourses^ (fragment XI). 
 
 "As you would not wish, sailing in a large and polished and 
 richly gilded ship, to be SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED) ; so neither choose, 
 dwelling in a house too large and costly, to endure storms of 
 
 * Born about the year 50 after Christ. 
 
 f As committed to writing by his pupil, Arrian. 
 
 EXAMPLE 28. 
 
 Lucian* Timon or the Man-hater, 44. Among the resolves for 
 the direction of his future life (to testify his hatred of mankind) 
 is the following : 
 
 "And if the winter's torrent were bearing one away, and 
 he with outstretched hands were imploring help, to thrust even 
 him headlong, IMMERSING (BAPTIZING), so that he should not be able 
 to come up again." 
 
 * Borii about 135 after Christ. 
 
 EXAMPLE 29. 
 The same writer, True History, book II. 4. In this satire on the 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Epicteti Dissertat. Frag. 11 (ed. Schweigh. Vol. III. p. 69). 
 
 flcnrep OVK av /3ov\ov tv vr]i fJLyd\r) KOU yhatyvpa 
 KOU TToXv^pvcrcp TrAeW /BaTTTi^ecrQai' OVTCO jJLrjSe tv OIKLO. 
 alpov VTrcp/jLeyeQei KOL TroAureAet 
 
 Luciani Timon, 46 (ed. Lehmann). 
 
 Kcu T]V TIVOL Tov yeLfJitovos 6 Trora/xos" 7rapa(f)pr], o 
 de ra? yelpas opeyojv avTiXafitcrOai Seifrai, u>6tiv KOL 
 TOVTOV eTrl KtaXrv 8a7rr/bi/ra co? 
 
14 USAGE OP GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 love of the marvelous, he pleasantly describes men walking on the 
 sea (having cork feet), and says : 
 
 " We wondered, therefore, when we saw them not IMMERSED 
 (BAPTIZED), but standing above the waves, and traveling on with- 
 out fear." 
 
 EXAMPLE 30. 
 
 Hippocrates, on Epidemics* look V. Describing the respiration 
 of a patient, affected with inflammation and swelling of the throat 
 (Cynanche), and oppression about the heart, he says : 
 
 "And she breathed, as persons breathe after having been 
 IMMERSED (BAPTIZED), and emitted a low sound from the chest, Hke 
 the so-called ventriloquists." 
 
 * An ancient medical work (attributed erroneously to Hippocrates) written, 
 probably, before the Christian era. 
 
 Describing the same case (book VII.) , he says : "And she 
 breathed, as if breathing after having been IMMERSED (BAPTIZED)." 
 
 EXAMPLE 31. 
 Dion Cassius* Roman History, book XXXVII. ch. 68. In the 
 
 Born in the year 155 after Christ. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Luciani Veras Historiae lib. II. 4 (ed. Lehmann). 
 
 ovv iSovres ov 3cc7rnbi>ous' aAA' 
 
 TOJV KV/JLOLTCOV, KOL adecos o 
 
 De Morb. vulg. lib. V. (Hippocratis Op., vol. III. p. 511, ed. Kuhn). 
 
 Kai OLvenvttv coy e/c rov 
 
 at 
 
 avaTrvtov&L' KOU e/c TOV 
 
 Ejusdem lib. VII. (ed. Kuhn, vol. III. p. 658). Kal ave 
 oiov e/c rov /3e/3a7TT/o-$at a 
 
IN THE LITERAL, PHYSICAL SENSE. 15 
 
 description here given of the effects of a violent storm of wind, 
 he says : 
 
 "So that very many trees were upturned by the roots, and 
 many houses were thrown down ; the ships which were in the 
 Tiber, and lying at anchor by the city and at its mouth, were 
 SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED), and tli e wooden bridge was destroyed." ' 
 
 EXAMPLE 32. 
 
 The same Work, book XLI. ch. 42. Describing the defeat of 
 Curio by Juba, King of Numidia (at the siege of Utica in 
 Africa), and the fate' of the fugitives, many losing their lives 
 in their eager haste to get aboard of their vessels, and others 
 by overloading and sinking them, he says : 
 
 "And many of them, who had fled, perished ; some thrown 
 down by the jostling, in getting on board the vessels, and 
 others SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED), in the vessels themselves, by their 
 own weight." 
 
 EXAMPLE 33. 
 
 The same Work, book LXXIV. ch. 13. Of the foraging ships 
 of Byzantium (during the siege of the city by the forces of the 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Dionis Cassii Historic Romanae lib. XXXVII. c. 58 (ed. Sturz). 
 
 /2crr TrafjiTToXXa /zez/ dt'vdpa Trpoppi^a dvaTpaTrrjvai, 
 TroAAay 5e Oi/c/a? Kara p pay TJVOLL' rd re TrXola ra eV ra) 
 TifiepLfti KOL Trpof TO acrrv KOI Trpo? ray K/3o\d$ avrou 
 vavXoyovvra pa7rTLcr6r]vai, KOI TT]V yefyvpav rrjv 
 
 Ejusdem lib. XLI. c. 42. 
 
 $e Srj KOU dtcupvyovre? avrwv airtoXovro, ol 
 eV rfj eV ra irXola ecr/Bdcrei VTTO rov to 
 
 ol 8e Kal iv avroi? TOW aKafacTLv VTTO rov fidpovs 
 
 aVT(t)V 
 
16 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 Roman Emperor Severus), returning overloaded with provisions 
 in a storm, and attacked by the Roman fleet, he says : 
 
 "And they, however much they might have desired it, were 
 not able to do any thing ; but attempting in one way or an- 
 other to escape, some were SUBMERGED ("BAPTIZED) by the wind, using 
 it too freely,* and others were overtaken by the enemy, and 
 destroyed." 
 
 * Carrying too much sail, in their eagerness to escape. 
 
 EXAMPLE 34. 
 
 The same Work, book L. ch. 18. Mark Antony, in his address 
 to his soldiers before the sea-fight at Actium, boasting of the 
 superior strength and equipment of his vessels, and that the 
 enemy would not venture to encounter them, adds : 
 
 "And even if any one came near, how could he escape being 
 IMMERGED (BAPTIZED) by the very multitude of the oars? ;; * 
 
 * These vessels being impelled with oars, the larger and better equipped could 
 run down and immerge the more feeble, by their greater speed and weight. 
 
 EXAMPLE 35. 
 
 The same Work, book L. ch. 32. In his account of the sea-fight 
 at Actium, he describes Antony's large and powerful ships as 
 awaiting the attacks of the smaller and swifter vessels of 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Ejusdem lib. LXXIY. c. 13. 
 
 Kca e/cetVot Spaaac ^v ovdev, ovd* el ra [JLaXicrra 
 
 'y 7]$vvavTO' dLCMpwyew $ TTTJ TretpoojJievoL, oi 
 VTTO TOV TTvevfJiaTOS, a7T\r](TTU)S avrw xpcofJievot, e/3a7mbz 
 ro' oi 8 VTTO Ta)V ivavTioov KaTaXaavoevoi dccoXXwro. 
 
 Ejusdem lib. L. c. 18. 
 
 El e dr] KOL TrXrjcrido'eLe TI?, Trco? /JLtv av oi>% VTT 
 avrov rov TrXrjOov? TO>V 
 
IN THE LITERAL, PHYSICAL SENSE. 17 
 
 Augustus, hurling heavy missiles and grappling irons as they 
 approached, and adds : 
 
 "And if they hit them, they came off superior ; but if they 
 missed, their own vessels being pierced, they WERE SUBMERGED 
 (BAPTIZED)." 
 
 EXAMPLE 36. 
 
 The same Work, 'book L. ch. 32. In his further description 
 of this battle, he says of the two parties in the conflict : 
 
 "And hence, they gained advantages each over the other ; 
 the one dropping within the lines of the ships' oars, and crush- 
 ing the oar-blades, and the other from above SUBMERGING (BAPTIZING) 
 them with stones and engines." 
 
 EXAMPLE 37. 
 
 The same Work, book L. ch. 35. In his account of the efforts 
 to escape from the flames of the burning vessels (near the close 
 of this battle), he says : 
 
 "And others leaping into the sea were drowned, or struck by 
 the enemy WERE SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED).'' 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Ejusdem lib. L. c. 32. 
 
 Kal d p,V 7rLTV)(OLV CLVTtoV, KpCLTTOVS tyiVQVTQ* el 
 
 av cri<Ji rcov 
 
 Ejusdem lib. L. c. 32. 
 
 TOVTOV 7T\Ol>6KTOVV T d\\r\COV OL JitV Iff 
 
 re rovf rapaov? 1 rcvv ve&v vTroTriirTovrtS) KCU ras KO>- 
 Traff crvvapdcrcrovTes, ol de, avaOev avrovs KCU jferpous 
 KOU fJLTjxavrjiJLacrL /8a7rr/^b^res > . 
 
 Ejusdem lib. L. c. 35. 
 01 $ etff TTTJV OaXaa'crav eKTrrjftcoi'Tes' dTreTTviyovTO,, rj 
 
 KOL 7TaLOfjLVOl V7TO TU)V tVaVTL&V efiaTrTi^OVTO. 
 
 i "Taboos is 'the whole broadside of oars/ if such an expression be allowed" 
 (Arnold, Thucyd. 7, 40). 
 
 B 
 
18 USAGE OF GEEEK WRITEES. 
 
 EXAMPLE 38. 
 
 Porphyry* Concerning the Styx. Describing the Lake of Proba- 
 tion, in India, and the use made of it by the Brahmins for testing 
 the guilt or innocence of persons accused of crime, he says : 
 
 " The depth is as far as to the knees ; . . . . and when the 
 accused comes to it, if he is guiltless he goes through without 
 fear, having the water as far as to the knees ; but if guilty, 
 after proceeding a little way, he is IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) unto the 
 head." 
 
 * A Greek philosopher, born 233 after Christ. 
 
 EXAMPLE 39. 
 
 Heliodorus, JEihioipics (Story of Theagenes and Charidea*}, book V. 
 ch. 28. Of a band of pirates, who had seized a vessel, and were 
 unable to manage it in the storm that ensued, he says : 
 
 "And already BECOMING IMMERGED (BAPTIZED), and wanting little 
 of sinking, some of the pirates at first attempted to leave, and 
 get aboard of their own bark." 
 
 * Written about 390 after Christ, by Heliodorus, afterward Bishop of Tricca 
 in Thessaly. 
 
 GEEEK TEXT. 
 
 Porphyrii locus ex libro de Styge (Porphyrii de Jibstinentia, etc., 
 Cantabr. 1655, p. 282). 
 
 To 
 
 <<TTIV oxP L TV yovrcov . . . OTOLV 
 KaTTyyopovfjiei>o? efatftfj, dvafjidpTrjTOs ptv cov, dSeco? 
 
 TOLL, oi^pi TWV yovdrcov ya> v T vdtaf' dfjiaprcov 06, oXiyov 
 
 Heliodori ^Ethiopicorum lib. Y. c. 28 (ed. Bekker). 
 KOU 
 
 TTJV TTptoTrjV tVLQi TtoV Xr)(rTa)V L$ TTJV 
 
 ISiav OLVTWV fJLTicr/3a[viv aKarov. 
 
IX THE LITERAL. PHYSICAL SENSE. 19 
 
 EXAMPLE 40. 
 
 Heimerius* Oration X. 2. Speaking (in a strain of rhetor- 
 ical extravagance) of the pictorial representations of the battle 
 of Marathon, in the Poecile at Athens, where Cynsegirus was 
 shown grasping a Persian vessel with his hands, he says : 
 
 'And I will show you also my soldiers ; one fighting life-like 
 even in the painting, . . . and another IMMERGING (BAPTIZING) with 
 his hands the Persian fleet." 
 
 * A Greek rhetorician, born about 315 after Christ, 
 
 EXAMPLE 41. 
 
 Themistius* Oration IV. (XXIII). 
 
 "And neither can the swordsmith determine whether he shall 
 sell the sword to a murderer, nor the shipwright whether he 
 shall build ships for a robber, .... nor the pilot whether he 
 saves, in the voyage, one whom it were better to SUBMERGE 
 (BAPTIZE)." 
 
 * A Greek rhetorician and philosopher, early in the second half of the fourth 
 century after Christ. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Heimerii Sophistas Orat. X. 2 (ed. Wernsdorf). 
 
 a) 8e vpiv Kal arparicoras ejjLov?, rov fJLev rrj 
 KOU tv rfj 
 
 Sia ytiptov TOV HepacDV <JTO\OV 
 
 Themistii Sophists Orat. IV. (ed. Dindorf. XXIII}. 
 
 OVT /JLa^aLpOTTOLOS" oKLfJi(Ll> %l L 
 
 (f)oi'co TTTJV fJid^aipai' aTro&wcrerat, ovre 6 vavTrrjyo? el 
 apTrayi vavirrfyrjo'eTaL^ . . . ovre o KvpepvrjTrj? el (rca^et 
 iv rep TrXco ov KOL /3a7TTLcraL a)JiLvov -qv. 
 
20 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 EXAMPLE 42. 
 
 On the Life and Poetry of Homer* H. 26. Among other char- 
 acteristics of Homer's manner, the writer mentions Emphasis; 
 and after one example, adds : 
 
 " Similar also is that : 
 
 'And the whole sword was warmed with blood.' 
 
 For truly in this he exhibits very great emphasis ; as if the 
 sword were so IMBATHED (BAPTIZED), as to be heated." 
 
 The expression, on which the writer makes this comment, is used by Homer 
 in the Iliad, book 21, line 476, after saying that Achilles drove his sword 
 through the head of Echeclus. He uses it also in book 16, line 333, where he 
 says that Ajax smote with his sword the neck of Cleobulus. In either case 
 the writer's comment is just; the poet's expression implying, that the sword 
 was so plunged in the warm blood as to be heated by it. 
 
 * Of uncertain date ; attributed (erroneously) to Plutarch. 
 
 EXAMPLE 43. 
 
 Suidas, Lexicon. " Desiring to swim through, they were 
 IMMERSED ^BAPTIZED) by their full armor."* 
 
 * A quotation, by this old Greek lexicographer, from a Greek writer now 
 unknown. 
 
 EXAMPLE 44. 
 Gregory* Panegyric on Origen, XIV. Describing him as an 
 
 * Surnamed Thaumaturgus ; made bishop of Neocsesarea about the year 240 
 after Christ. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 De Yita et Poesi Homeri II. 26 (Plutarchi Moralia, ed. Wyttenb.). 
 OfJioiov Se KaKelvo, 
 
 irav 8 vTreOepfJidvOri i<po$ ou/zarr 
 KOU yap iv TOVTCO yrapfyiEi (J,eiova fJL(f>aorii>, coy /3a?m- 
 crOevTO? ovro) TOU f-tyovs coy re 6epp,av6r)vai. 
 
 Suidas Lexicon, s. v. Aiavevcrai (ed. Bernh. col. 1300). ALOL- 
 vevcrai, i6eXr]<javTe$ eftaTTTL^ovTO VTTO rr)? 
 
IN THE LITERAL, PHYSICAL SENSE. 21 
 
 experienced and skillful guide through the mazes of philosophical 
 speculation, he says : 
 
 "He himself would remain on high in safety, and stretching 
 out a hand to others save them, as if drawing up persons 
 
 SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED)." 
 
 EXAMPLE 45. 
 
 Chrysostom* Discourse on the paralytic kt down through the 
 roof. Comparing the Saviour's cures with those effected by 
 human art, through the aid of the knife and the cautery, he 
 says : 
 
 " But here, no such thing is to be seen ; no fire applied, nor 
 steel PLUNGED IN (BAPTIZED), nor flowing blood." 
 
 * An eminent Greek writer of the Christian Church, born 347 after Christ. 
 
 EXAMPLE 46. 
 
 The same writer, on Eph. ch. V. Discourse XIX. Showing that 
 the visible heavens do not rest (according to the popular error) 
 on the waters of the ocean, he says : 
 
 " For things borne on the water must not be arched, but must 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Gregorii Thaumaturgi Orat. Panegyr. in Orig. XIY. (Gallandn 
 Biblioth. Vet. Pair. Vol. II. p. 430). 
 
 Mertoipos CLVTO? re eV ctcn^aAei pevot, KOL a'AAoj? ope- 
 y&v X ^P a iuw&oiTO 9 ovcnrep ftairrt^oficvovs cm/z&j/xej/oy. 
 
 Chrysost. Homil. de paralyt. per tect. demiss. 4 (ed. Montfaucon, 
 
 Vol. [II. p. 39). 
 
 EvravOa de ov8ev TOLQVTQV tcmv iSelv, ov Trvp TT/JOCT- 
 ayoiJitvov, ov (TtSijpov fiairTL^oiJLtvov, ov% al/ma ptov. 
 
 Ejusdem in Epist. at Ephes. c. Y. Horn. XIX. 3 (ed. Montfaucon, 
 Vol. XL p. 138). 
 
 Ta yap eVt TOJV vddrcov fyepofJieva ov KvpTQvaOai dei, 
 
22 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 be hollowed [downward]. Wherefore? Because, on the water, the 
 entire body of that which is hollow* is IMMERGED (BAPTIZED) ; . . . 
 but of that which is arched, the body is all above, and only the 
 extremities touch." 
 
 * Concave above, and hence convex underneath. 
 
 EXAMPLE 47. 
 
 The same writer, on David and Saul, Discourse III. 7. 
 
 '' Even this was worthy indeed of praise and of greatest ad- 
 miration, that he did not, PLUNGE IN (BAPTIZE) the sword, nor sever 
 that hostile head I" 
 
 EXAMPLE 48. 
 
 Epistle to Damagetus* (by an unknown Greek writer). 
 "Shall I not laugh at him, who, having SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED) 
 
 * Of uncertain date, falsely attributed to Hippocrates the physician and medical 
 writer, and printed with his works. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 aAAa KOiXaiveo-6ai. rl drjTrore ; QTL TOV n*v KoiXov TO 
 o-tofjia oXov ^OLITTL^.TOLL eVt TU>V v$aTU>v .... TOV de 
 KKovpTO)fjLei>ov TO fJitv (retina oXov eo-Tiv avutOtv, TO. 8e 
 
 fJLOVOV. 
 
 Ejusdem de Davide et Saule Horn. III. 7 (ed. Montfaucon, Vol. IV. 
 
 p. 779). 
 
 ' ETTOLLVOV p.tv a^iov KOL peyia-Tov 6avp.aTO$ KOLL TO firj 
 TO t;L(f)o? 9 [JirjSe aTTore/ieii/ TTJV 7ro\ep.iav tKti 
 
 Hippocratis Opera (ed. Kuhn, Vol. III. p. 809). 
 j yeAacrco roz/ TT]V vrja TroXXolai (f)opTLOicri 
 
 Hermann ad Yig. Annot. 252. 
 
IN THE LITERAL, PHYSICAL SENSE. 23 
 
 his ship with much merchandize, then blames the sea for having 
 ingulfed it full laden?" 
 
 EXAMPLE 49. 
 
 Life of Pythagoras* 2. In his account of the philosophy of 
 Pythagoras, Aristotle, and Plato, the writer states that things 
 sublunar are subject to four controlling forces, deity, fate, human 
 choice, fortune ; and in illustration, says : 
 
 "As, to enter into the ship, or not to enter, is in our own 
 power ; but the sudden coming on of storm and tempest, in fair 
 weather, depends on fortune ; and that the IMMERGED (BAPTIZED) 
 ship beyond all hope is saved, is of the providence of God." 
 
 * By an unknown Greek writer, and of uncertain date. 
 
 EXAMPLE 50. 
 
 jEsopic Fables; fable of the mule, who, finding that he light- 
 ened his load of salt by lying down in the water, repeated the 
 experiment when loaded with sponges and wool. 
 
 " One of the salt-bearing mules, rushing into a river, accidental- 
 ly slipped down ; and rising up lightened (the salt becoming 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 cravTa, elra fjLfj.(j)ofjL6vov rfj OaXaTTr) OTL KaT/3v0i(rv 
 
 De Vita Pythagorae, II. (Janiblichi Chatcid. de Vita Pythagorica 
 liber, ed. Kiessling]. 
 
 Oiov TO JJLCV elcreA$eo> els* TtyV vavv rj p.r) ti 
 eari. TO .ZVTOL ev evdla etiwi/a KCU 
 
 7riyevo-6a.L, e/c TV^^- TO P-ZVTOL 
 rrjv vavv Trap t^rrida cra)0r)vai, Trpovoias Oeov. 
 
 ALOTCOTTOV MvOoLy 254 (ed. Coray, p. 167). 
 
 TQJV aXrjywv rjfJLtovcov ely, jjL/SaXcov e!y 7rora/xoj>, 
 
 auro/xarcoy Kal TCOV aXa>v dtaTaKi>TO)v dvao~Ta$ 
 
24 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 dissolved) lie perceived the cause, and remembered it ; so that 
 always, when passing through the river, he purposely lowered 
 down and IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) the panniers."* 
 
 * Of uncertain date (related in Plut. Moral. Skill of Water and Land Animals, xvi). 
 
 EXAMPLE 51. 
 
 Fable of the Jlpe and the Dolphin.* The dolphin bearing the 
 ship-wrecked ape to the shore, and detecting the attempted im- 
 position of the latter, it is said : 
 
 "And the dolphin, angry at such a falsehood, IMMERSING (BAPTIZING) 
 killed him." 
 
 * Writer and date unknown. 
 
 EXAMPLE 52. 
 
 Fable of the Shepherd and the Sea.* The shepherd having em- 
 barked, with the merchandize obtained from the sale of his flocks, 
 it is said : 
 
 " But a violent storm coming on, and the ship being in danger 
 
 * Writer and date unknown. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 \a(j)po?, r](T0TO rr)V air lav, KOL KaTefJivrHJLovevo-ev, oxrre 
 diaflaivcoir aei rov 7rora/xo^ eTrlrrjde? ixpievai KOL ficarrlfav 
 ra dyyela. 
 
 Fabularum JEsopic. collect. 363 1 (recog. Halm}. 
 KOLL 6 deXcfn? crri Toaovrco -^evdei dyavaKTrjaa?, /3a?nr/- 
 
 OLVTOV a7TKTiV.V. 
 
 MvOoi (ed. Coray, 49; recog. Halm, 370). 
 e o-(f)o8pov yevofjitvov, KOI rrj? z/e<W KivSv- 
 
 Fab. 15G of the Oxford edition (1698), the preface to which speaks of Bentley 
 as, Virum in volvendis lexicis satis diligentem ! 
 
IX THE LITERAL, PHYSICAL SENSE. 25 
 
 of BECOMING IMMERGED (BAPTIZED), he threw out all the lading into 
 the sea, and with difficulty escaped in, the empty ship." 
 
 EXAMPLE 53. 
 
 Plutarch* On the comparative skill of water and land animals, 
 XXXV. Speaking of the bird called the Halcyon, and of her 
 skill in constructing her nest, shaped like a fisher's boat so as 
 to float safely on the water, he says : 
 
 " That which is moulded by her, or rather constructed with 
 the shipwright's art, o many forms the only one not liable to 
 be overturned, NOR TO BE IMMERSED (BAPTIZED)." 
 
 * Born in the year 50 after Christ. 
 
 EXAMPLE 54. 
 
 Achilles Tatiusj* Story of Clitophon and Leucippe, book III. ch. 1. 
 The vessel being thrown on her beam ends in a storm, the nar- 
 rator says : 
 
 " We all, therefore, shifted our position to the more elevated 
 parts of the ship, in order that we might lighten that part of 
 the ship that was IMMERGED (BAPTIZED)." 
 
 * Author of the Greek romance here quoted, middle of the fifth century after 
 Christ. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 vevovcrrjs fiairTL^e<j6ai, Trdvra rov (poprov 6K/3a\c*)v el 
 rrjv OdXarraVj ^toA^y Kevfj rfj vrfi 
 
 Plutarchi de sollertia animalium, XXXY. (ed. Wyttenb, Vol. IV. 
 
 Pt. II. p. 987). 
 
 To 7rXaTTop.vov VTT avrfj?, ^iaAAoz> 
 
 TroXX&v JJLOVOV direpiTpeTTTOv KOL dfia 
 
 Achillis Tatii de Leucippes et Clitophontis Amoribus, lib. III. c. 1 
 
 (ed. Jacobs, p. 58). 
 
 ovv airavTts L9 TOL fj,Tea>pa rs vrjos, 
 
 07TO)9 TO fJLtV /3a7rTi6[JLVOV TTJ? I/T/Oy OL 
 
 \ 
 
26 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 EXAMPLE 55. 
 
 The same writer (ibidem). 
 
 " But suddenly, the wind shifts to another quarter of the ship, 
 and the vessel is almost IMMERGED (BAPTIZED)." 
 
 EXAMPLE 56. 
 
 The same Wwk, book IV. ch. 10. The heroine, Leucippe, hav- 
 ing fallen down, apparently in a fit, the cause is thus explained : 
 
 "For the blood when quite young, and boiling up through 
 intense vigor, often overflows the veins, and flooding the head 
 within. WHELMS (BAPTIZES) the passage of the reason." 
 
 EXAMPLE 57. 
 
 The same Work, book IV. ch. 18. Describing the manner in 
 which the Egyptian boatman drinks water from the Nile, he 
 says: 
 
 "For their drinking-cup is the hand. For if any of them 
 is thirsty while sailing, stooping forward from the vessel he 
 directs his face towards the stream, and lets down his hand 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Ejusdem (ibidem). 
 
 Ai(j)vl8iov 8e fjieTa/BdXXeTai TO irvtvfjia eirl Odrepa rrj? 
 
 vrjos, KOI fJUKpov /Banri^ETai TO cnca<^09. 
 
 \ 
 
 Ejusdem lib. IV. c. 10 (p. 90). 
 To yap aljJLa irdvTr} vtdfyvy KOL VTTO TroXXrj? aKfJLrjs 
 
 dvCL^QV, V7Tp/3\L^L TToXXaKLS TCC? <f)X/3a?, KCU TTJV K(j)a- 
 
 Xrjv evdov 7repu<Xvov ftaTrrifa TOV Xo-yLcr/Jiov Trjv dva~ 
 
 Ejusdem lib. IY. c. 18 (p. 101). 
 
 ydp CLVTOI? icrTLV r) \tp. El yap TIS avrcov 
 TrAeW, irpOK^as e/c TTJ? veai? TO /xe 
 
 T0 
 
IN THE LITERAL, PHYSICAL SEXSE. 27 
 
 into the water ; and DIPPING (BAPTIZING) it hollowed, and filling 
 it with water, he darts the draught towards his mouth, and hits 
 the mark." 
 
 EXAMPLE 58. 
 
 Demetrius, the Cydonian* On contemning death, ch. XIV. 4. 
 
 " For the dominion [of the soul] over the body, and the fact 
 that, entering into it, she is not wholly IMMERGED (BAPTIZED) but 
 rises above, and that the body separate from her can do nothing, 
 but she, in efforts the greatest and gravest and kindred with 
 herself, is wholly withdrawn from the body and from the vanity 
 thence proceeding, are a clear proof, that there is an essence 
 of the soul by itself, not dependent on the body, and able of 
 itself both to subsist and to abide." 
 
 * Middle of the first century of the Christian era. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 KaOrjKe, Kal KoiXriv /3a7m'cray Kal TrXrj era/zeros' vSaros, OLKOV- 
 TieL Kara TOV crro/xaros* TO Trojua, Kal Tvy^avei TOV ovco- 
 
 7TOV. 
 
 Demetrii Cydonii de contemnenda morte, c. XIY. 4 (ed. Kuinoefy 
 
 H re yap Kara TOV crco/xaros* dp^r}) Kal re 8vo~av elf 
 avTO IJLYJ TrajTeAwy fiefiaTrTLaOai aAA' avt\ivj KOL TO 
 crco/JLa -)(copio-0i> Kunr)S fjirfdev $i,va.o-6oLi TrpaTTeiv 
 de KO.TO, TO.? fjieyto-Ta? KCU cre/zz/oraray evepyeias KGLL eavTrj 
 (rvfJi^LTOVS 1 TOV crco/zaro? KOLL TTJ? eKeWev 0Ai>a/?/as* iravTe- 
 AOJS* airrjXXayOai, TeKfJLTjpLOV evapye?, eivai TLVOL Kaff eavTrjv 
 TTJS ^v-)(rj$ over lav, avevSea neis aco/jiaTO?, ^vva^evrjv &e e<p' 
 eavTrj? KOL eivai Kal p.eveiv. 
 
 1 Comp. Plutarch, de Gen. Socrat. XXII. wed. Mr/wrai, $ [oaoxi\ ov 710.00, 
 rov OLVTOV rgoTtov at.X at ftev okat xcneSvoav els ocSfia, x. r. L 
 
28 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 CONSTRUED WITH SOME CASE OF THE INGULFING ELEMENT, 
 
 WITH OR WITHOUT A PREPOSITION. 
 
 EXAMPLE 59. 
 
 PolyUus* History, look V. ch. 47, 2. Speaking of a body of 
 cavalry sent by Molon to attack Xenoetas, in a position where 
 he was protected partly by the river Tigris, and partly by 
 marshes and pools, he says : 
 
 " Who, coming into near proximity with the forces of Xence- 
 tas, through ignorance of the localities required no enemy, but 
 themselves by themselves IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) and sinking in the 
 pools, were all useless, and many of them also perished." 
 
 * Born 205 before Christ. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Polybii Hist. lib. Y. c. 47, 2 (ed. Schweigh.). 
 
 01 KOU avvtyyicravTts rots Trepl rov Aevoirav, 3ia 
 ayvoiav rwv TOTTCOV ov TrpoorefttovTO rcav TroXe/jLicov avrol 
 ft VTT avroJv /3a7rTiofjii;oi KOLI KarafivvovTes tv TOLS reX- 
 , a^pTjcrroi /JLEV fjaav a7ravT<?y TroXXol $ KOLL dit- 
 
IN THE LITERAL, PHYSICAL SENSE. 29 
 
 EXAMPLE 60. 
 
 Epigram on the comic poet Eupolis;* occasioned by his offensive 
 allusions in a play called Baptce (Dippers?), to the title of which 
 the epigram refers. 
 
 " You dipped me in plays ; but I, in waves of the sea 
 IMMERSING (BAPTIZING), will destroy thee with streams more 
 bitter."f 
 
 * Attributed to Alcibiades, about 400 before Christ. 
 
 f It is related that on a sea-voyage, the soldiers of Alcibiades, by his com- 
 mand, gave the poet several immersions in the waves, a rope being attached to 
 his body to insure his safety. 
 
 EXAMPLE 61. 
 
 Strabo* Geography, look XII. ch. 5, 4. Speaking of the lake 
 Tatta in Phrygia (which he calls a natural salt-pit), he says : 
 
 " The water solidifies so readily around every thing that is 
 IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) into it, that they draw up salt-crowns when 
 they let down a circle of rushes." 
 
 Born about the year 60 before Christ. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Epigramma in Eupolin (Meimke, Hist. crit. Comic. Grac. p. 119). 
 
 IJL ev 0v/AeAi}<r{J', tyco Se ere KVfJLaon TTOVTOV 
 
 dV oXeCTCO VafJiaCTL TTLKpOTtpOlf. 
 
 Strabonis Geogr. lib. XII. c. 6, 4 (ed. Tzschucke). 
 
 OVTOJ fie 7rpiTn]TTTcu padioo? TO vdcop iravri rco 
 tls avro cocrre crTetydvovs aXav aveXKOVcnv, t 
 KVK.XOV cryo'ivivov. 
 
 1 Sic enim legendum pro fiacre /us (Meineke). Bdnreis (Bergk, Poet. Lyi: 
 p. 473). 
 
30 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 EXAMPLE 62. 
 
 Pindar* Pythic Odes, II. 79, 80 (144-147). Comparing him- 
 self to a cork of the fisher's net, floating at the top, while the 
 other parts of the fishing-tackle are doing service in the depth 
 below, he says : 
 
 " For, as when the rest of the tackle is toiling deep in the 
 sea, I, as a cork above the net, am WI-DIPPED (MI-BAPTIZED) in the 
 brine." 
 
 * Born 522 before Christ. 
 
 EXAMPLE 63. 
 
 Archias, Epigram X.* Among other implements of his art, 
 which the old fisherman is said to have hung up as a votive 
 offering, are mentioned : 
 
 "And fishing rod thrice-stretched ,t and cork MI-DIPPED (un- 
 BAPTIZED) in wa.ter." 
 
 * Of uncertain date, what Archias is meant not being indicated, 
 f An extension-rod, capable of being stretched to thrice its length when 
 folded. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Pindari Pyth. II. 144-147 (79, 80, ed. BoeckK). 
 
 Are 'yap elvdXiov TTOVOV e^o/cray ffa0v 
 (TKva? fTpa? y apaTrTKTTO? eifJit, (^eAAoy co? virep 
 
 Anthol. Grsec. Tom. II. p. 94 (ed. Jacobs, Vol. II. p. 82). 
 
 Kdii SoVOLKa TplTOLVVCTTOV) aftoLTVTlVTOV T Kaff 
 
 1 Ego Bothio assentior conjungenti apaTtnaros elfii ahias, quod non durum, 
 quum verba <fM.os cSs vneg e^y.os quasi in parenthesi dicta sint ; ideoque post 
 sqxos interpunxi virgula (Boeck/i). 
 
 Jam vero aftdnnoTos alftas hoc loco eo aptius sententiae est, quod aHfir] dici- 
 tur amarities. . . . Ego, inquit, ut cortex supra rete, non immergor salis undis 
 (Boeckh).Ba&v est padlcos (Id.}. 
 
IN THE LITERAL, PHYSICAL SENSE. 31 
 
 EXAMPLE 64. 
 
 Plutarch*, On Superstition, III. The superstitious m#n, consult- 
 ing the jugglers on his frightful dreams, is told : 
 
 " Call the old Expiatrix,f and PLUNGE (BAPTIZE) thyself into the 
 sea, and spend a day sitting on the ground." 
 
 * Born in the year 50 after Christ. 
 
 f An old woman, supposed to have power to avert evil omens by magic lus- 
 trations. 
 
 EXAMPLE 65. 
 
 The same writer, GryUus, VII. He says of Agamemnon : 
 "Then bravely PLUNGING (BAPTIZING) himself into the lake Co- 
 
 pais, that there he might extinguish his love, and be freed from 
 
 desire." 
 
 EXAMPLE 66. 
 
 The same writer, Physical Questions,- X. 
 
 " Why do they pour sea-water into wine, and say that fisher- 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Plutarchi de Supers titione, III. (ed. Wyttenb. Vol. I. p. 656}. 
 
 TTJV 7TpifjLdKTpLai> KaXtL ypavv, 1 KOU ^GLTTTLO-OV 
 els* 6dXa<Tcrav, KOU KaOicras iv rfj yrj dLrjfJLeptvcrov. 
 
 Ejusdem Grylli, VII. (ed. Wyttenb. Vol. V. p. 23). 
 
 JElra KaXov KaXto? tavrov /SaTTTifav els' rr]v 
 
 , a)? avroOi /caracr/3e'crcoy TOV epcora KOL rrjs 7n0v- 
 
 Ejusdem' Quaest. Nat. X. (ed. Wyttenb. Vol. IV. p. 696). 
 Aia ri rep olVw OdXacrcrav 7rapayeov(ri, KOL 
 
 1 Quasi dicas anum circumpistricem. Istiusmodi lustrationis pars erat. ut cor- 
 pus lustrandum circumlineretur, et quasi circumpinseretur, imprimis luto, nr}., 
 turn abstergeretur ; quorum illud est Tte^iaaTreiv, hoc anoudrre iv ; sed utrumque 
 promiscue de tota lustratione dicitur (IVyttenb.). 
 
I 
 
 32 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 men received an oracle, commanding to IMMERSE (BAPTIZE) Bacchus 
 in [or at] the sea? 
 
 EXAMPLE 67. 
 
 Parallels between Greek and Roman History, HI* Relating a 
 story of a Roman General, who fell mortally wounded in an 
 ambush of the Samnites at the Caudine Forks, the writer says : 
 
 "But in the depth of night, surviving a little longer, he 
 took away the shields of the slain enemies, and DIPPING (BAPTIZING) 
 his hand into the blood, he set up a trophy inscribing it, ' the 
 Romans against the Samnites, to trophy-bearing Jove. ; " 
 
 * Attributed (falsely, as is supposed) to Plutarch, and printed with his writ- 
 ings. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 TLVOL Xtyovaiv aXieis KOfJLLcrOrivaL irpoo-rdrTovTa 
 
 TOV AlOVVdOV TTpO? T7]V OdXaTTOLV / 
 
 The oracle is given thus (Schol. Horn. II. 6, 136, ed. Bekker) : rj on x^ 
 ev voitta zliowoov afrtea aTiri^oiTe," cos 
 
 Kara 
 
 Ejusdem Parall. Grasc. et Rom. III. 
 
 e VVKTOS oXiyov 
 
 TroAe/i/co^ ray acrTr/^a^ KOU el? TO al/xa rrjv 
 
 , eo-rrjcre rpoTraiov envy papas' ^ 
 v ALL 
 
 Similiter conjunctum cum ngos verbum pdrtreiv ab Sophocle notabimus sub 
 illo (Dindorf, Steph. Tltes.). Perhaps, at (or by) the sea. 
 
 2 Immergere Bacchum, aLftSvsw seu ahdveiv [as conjectured by Lobeck], 
 nihil aliud est quam vinum temperare ; et videtur Scholiastes verbura antiqua- 
 tum, nobisque a solis grammaticis servatum, cum nonnullis aliis ex oraculo reti- 
 nuisse, cujus sensum tantum per caliginem videre licet : 
 
 De Sena'i iion recuso quin alii a me dissentiant; sed alcoea recte mihi repo 
 suisse videor, aptum imprimis Baccho uomen, a vinetis tractum (Lobeck, Observ. 
 crit. et gram in Sophocl. Aj. p. 347). 
 
IX THE LITERAL, PHYSICAL SENSE. 33 
 
 EXAMPLE 68. 
 
 Josephus* Jewish War, book II. ch. 18, 4. He thus describes the 
 death of Simon by his own hand, after he had put his family 
 to death in sight of the people : 
 
 "And stretching out the right hand, so as to be unseen by 
 none, he PLUNGED (BAPTIZED) the whole sword into his own neck." 
 
 * Born in the year 37 after Christ. 
 
 EXAMPLE 69. 
 
 The same writer, Antiquities of the Jews, look IV. ch. 4, 6. 
 Describing the mode of purifying the people, during the thirty 
 days of mourning for Miriam, sister of Moses, he says : 
 
 " Those, therefore, who were denied by the dead body, casting 
 a little of the ashes into a fountain and DIPPING (BAPTIZING) a 
 hyssop-branch, they sprinkled, on the third and seventh of the 
 [thirty] days." 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Josephi Bell. Jud. lib. II. c. 18, 4 (ed. Oberthur). 
 
 Trjv re Sefyav avare'iva?, &>? furp&eva XaOelv, oXov els 
 rrjv eavrov o-tyayrjv efidivTio-e TO 
 
 Ejusdem Antiq. Jud. lib. 4. c. 4, 6 (ed. Imman. Bekker). 
 
 QVV 0.7TO VeKpOV }Ji JJUOLCT p.V 0V?, TTJ? T(j)pa? O\iyOV 
 
 rjv evievres KOU vaaamov flaTTTLo-avres, eppawov 
 Tpirrj re KOL efiSopr) rwv rj 
 
 This reading of the passage, in Bekker 's edition, is the one suggested by 
 Bonfrer (on Xum. ch. XIX), some words having evidently been repeated, ic 
 the common Greek text, by an error in copying. The common reading, 1 how- 
 ever, shows the same use of paver Louvres, and is thus rendered in the Latin 
 version : Paulum igitur hujus cineris in fontem immittentes cum hyssopi ramulo, 
 ejusdemque cineris aliquantulum in aquam immergentes, a mortuo pollutes die 
 tertia et septima puri aliqui conspergebant. 
 
 1 Tors oil' 0.710 i-fxpov /UEUtaouei'oi's, T/~5 Tiypas bi.iyov eis ?cryr t v 
 xal vouantov, fiaytrilUBfTes re y.al T^ Tftjrpas T&VT1J6 fio Tir.yr^', sdoaivov 
 xal ESour rwv 
 

 34 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 EXAMPLE 70. 
 
 On Diseases of Women* book I. 
 
 " Then dipping [the pessary] into oil of roses or Egyptian 
 oil, apply it during the day ; and when it begins to sting, 
 remove it, and again IMMERSE (BAPTIZE) it into breast-milk and 
 Egyptian ointment." 
 
 * An ancient medical writing, ascribed (erroneously) to Hippocrates, and print- 
 ed with his works. 
 
 EXAMPLE 71. 
 
 Homeric Allegories, ch. 9.* The writer explains the ground 
 of the allegory (as he regards it) of Neptune freeing Mars from 
 Vulcan, thus : 
 
 " Since the mass of iron, drawn red hot from the furnace, 
 is PLUNGED (BAPTIZED) in water ; and the fiery glow, by its own 
 nature quenched with water, ceases." 
 
 * The 'work of an old Greek grammarian, of uncertain date; attributed 
 (falsely) to Heraclides Ponticus, fourth century before Christ. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Hippocratis Opera (ed. Kuhn, Vol. II. p. 710). 
 
 a'fyas eV aXcKJxx, po$Lvov 77 cLiywKTiov 7rpoo~- 
 TK]v rftJitpaV) KOLL iirrjv SaKvrjTai a^aLpeeaflai, KOLL 
 iv TraXiv eV ya\a yvvaiKos" KOU fjivpov AiyvTrriov. 
 
 Allegor. Homeric., quas sub Heraclidis nomine feruntur, c. 69 
 (ed. Schow, p. 710). 
 
 ' EireiSrjTrep IK ra>v /3avavcra)i> 1 [Bavvcov] StaTrvpos- o TOV 
 aiSrjpov fjivSpo? \Kvcr0LS' vdari /SaTrr/^erai, KOLL TO 0Aoyoi- 
 Sey VTTO rr}S idlas fyvcrttos vdari KOLTao-fieorOtv avairavtrai. 
 
 Siquidem ignea ferri massa, fornicibus extracta, aquas immergitur (Gesner's 
 translation). 
 
 1 Valcknaer ad Amman, p. 215 : Eadem medicina Heraclito est facienda Allegor. 
 Horn. p. 475, ex idJv fiavavocov (1. fiavvcov}, etc. 
 
 Si fiaravocov recte legitur, necesse est, Heraclidcm fiavavoov de fornace dixisse. 
 Sed probabilius est, cum Valck. ad Ammon. p. 215, emendandum esse 
 nam ftavros rj xdfttvos (Schow). So Heyne (Epist. ad Schow] 
 
IN THE LITEKAL, PHYSICAL SENSE. 35 
 
 EXAMPLE 72. 
 
 Plotinus* Ennead /. book 8, on Good and Evil, g 13. Of the 
 condition of the soul, in the corrupt and vicious, he says : 
 
 " She dies, therefore, as the soul may die ; and death to her, 
 while yet IMMERGED (BAPTIZED) in the body, is to be sunk in matter 
 and to be filled therewith, and also when gone forth, to lie there 
 still. 77 
 
 * A Greek philosopher, of the New-Platonic school, born 205 after Christ. 
 
 EXAMPLE 73. 
 
 The same writer, Ennead VI. book 9, on the Good, or the One, 
 8. 
 
 " But now, since a part of us is contained by the body, as if 
 one has the feet in water but with the rest of the body stands 
 out above, towering up by what is not IMMERGED (BAPTIZED) in 
 the body we by this are attached, as to our own centre, with 
 that which is as a centre of all. 77 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Plotini Ennead. I. lib. 8, 13 (ed. Creutzer, Vol. I. p. 154-5; recogn. 
 Kirchhoff, Vol. II. p. 400). 
 
 A7ro6vrjo~KL ovv, a)? ^xn av Oavoi* KOU 6 Oavaros 
 avTrj KOL en, iv TW crcofjian /3/3aTTTicr/Jievrj, ev v\rj eVrl 
 KaTadvvai KOL 7r\7]o-0ijvcu CLVTTJS, KOI e^eXflovcrrj e/cet 
 
 Ejusd. Ennead. VI. lib. 9, 8 (ed. Creutzer, Vol. II. p. 1403; recog. 
 Kirchhoff, Vol. I. p. 89). 
 
 Nvv de 7rel pepos rjfJLco^ Kare^crai, VTTO TOV 
 oiov e\ TLS TOV? Tro^ay e^ei eV vSart, ra> 5* aAAw crco 
 VTrepe^oi, 1 TOO 77 /JLTJ ftaTTTLcrOevTi rep crcD/jLari virepav- 
 
 , TOVTCp (TVVa.7rTOfJ.eV KCLTO, TO eaVTOJV KVTpOV TOJ OLOV 
 
 TravTCov 
 
 1 Or, l7IE%t 2 Or, lX()d 
 
36 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 EXAMPLE 74. 
 . Argonautic Expedition* line 512. 
 
 " But when Titan IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) HIMSELF into the Ocean- 
 stream." 
 
 * Written early in the Christian era, probably in the fourth century. 
 
 EXAMPLE 75. 
 
 Alexander* of Aphrodisias, Medical and Physical Problems, II. 38. 
 In answer to the question, why fevers, etc., are more hard to 
 cure in brutes than in men, he says : 
 
 " Because they have their nature and perceptive faculty 
 IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) in the depth of the body, and not diverted 
 to outward things by what pertains to the rational soul, as 
 is the case in men. 7 '' 
 
 * A Greek writer on philosophy and medicine, beginning of the third century 
 after Christ ; but by some (with less reason) supposed to be Alexander of Tralles, 
 in the sixth century. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Orphei Argonaut.. 512 (ed. Hermann). 
 * or eV '/2/ceocz/OiO poov 
 
 Alexandri Aphrodis. Probl. med. et phys. II. 38 (Ideler, Physic, et 
 Medic. Gr. min. Vol. I. p. 12). 
 
 On TTjv (f)V(ni> tyovori KOL rrjv alaOeriKrjv dv 
 /3/3a7rTicriJLvr)v tv rco /Socket rov crw/zaros*, Kal [OVK] 
 e\KOfJiev'r)v VTTO rcov XoyiaTiKr]? ^v^ijf eVt ra ZKTO?, K.a6a- 
 TT ep 
 
 Attributed by some, but without sufficient grounds, 1 to Alexander Tral- 
 lianus. 
 
 1 Seitdem sie aber Griechisch bekannt gemacht ist, hat man gefunden, dass 
 man alle Ursache habe, der Angabe der Manuscripte Glauben beizumessen, und 
 dem Restaurator der Aristotelischen Philosophic auch unter den Aerzten eine 
 Stelle einzuraumen (Schoell, Geschichte der Grieckischen Literatur, deutsche Aus- 
 gabe, Vol. II. p. 793). 
 
IN THE LITERAL, PHYSICAL SENSE. 37 
 
 EXAMPLE 76. 
 
 The same Work, I. 28. In answering the question, why many 
 foolish persons have offspring who are very wise, and vice veisa, 
 he says of the former : 
 
 " They have the soul very much IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) in the 
 body ;* and on this account the seminal germ, partaking in 
 greatest measure of the rational and physical power, causes 
 their offspring to be more wise." 
 
 * Compare Example 71> and the statement, in regard to the rational nature 
 of man, in. Example 54. 
 
 EXAMPLE 77. 
 
 Chrysostom* Select Discourses, XXIX. on Clemency, etc. Speak- 
 ing of David's clemency toward Saul, when he had him in his 
 power in the cave (1 Sam. 24 : 3-7), he says : 
 
 " Sawest thou the nets of David stretched, and the prey inter- 
 cepted therein, and the huntsman standing, and all exhorting to 
 PLUNGE (BAPTIZE) the sword into the enemy's breast? 
 
 * See the remark on Example 45. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Ejusdem I. 28. 
 
 Eyovcri rr]v "fyvyiiv aycav /3(Ba7rTio-fJ.ei>r]v TW 
 ii dta TOVTO TO G"irepp.a TrAe/crr^y yitere^oj 
 
 LCTT LKYJ? KOL (^VCTLKTJf TO, V7T ttVTOV TLKTOfJLVO. (j)pOVl/J.OJ- 
 
 repa Trotel. 
 
 Chrysostomi Homil. select. XXIX. de Mansuet., etc. (ed. Montf. 
 Vol. XII. p. 647). 
 
 TOV Aa.v\$ ra SLKTVO, rera/zeW, KCU TO 0j]pa/Jia 
 KOL TOV KvvayeTrjv ecrr&jra, /cat TrdvTas 
 QaTTTLo-at, TO {^{(pos ely TO TOV TroXejJitov 
 
38 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 EXAMPLE 78. 
 
 The same writer, Expos. of.Ps. VII. 14. Speaking of Absalom 
 and David, he says : 
 
 u For he, indeed, desired to PLUNGE (BAPTIZE) his right hand* 
 in his father's neck ; but the father, even in such a case, exhorted 
 the soldiers to spare him." 
 
 * The armed right hand, by a common figure for the weapon held in it. 
 
 EXAMPLES 79 and 80, 
 
 Basil (the Great)* On Baptism, book I. ch. 2, 10. Commenting 
 on the Apostle's words, Rom. 6 : 3, he says : 
 
 "We were immersed [baptized], says he, in order that from 
 it we might learn this : that as wool IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) in a dye 
 is changed as to its color ; or rather (using John the Baptist 
 as a guide, when he prophesied of the Lord, 'He will immerse 
 [baptize] you in the Holy Spirit and fire'), ... let us say this: 
 that as steel, IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) in the fire kindled up by spirit 
 
 * A distinguished Greek writer of the Christian Church, born 330 after Christ. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Ejusdem Expos, in Ps. VII. 14. 
 
 AVTOS jJitv -yap e7re0vjjiL rrjv de^Lav TCO ACCJ/XO) 
 ru> TraTpiKcp' 6 8e irarrip KOLL ovrco (j)ei(racr@aL CLVTOV Trapy 
 
 VL TOL? (TTpaTLCOTGU?. 
 
 Basilii Magni, de Baptismo lib. I. c. 2, 10 (ed. Gamier, Vol. II. 
 
 p. 656). 
 
 f iv e/c TOVTOV e/celVo 
 
 fJLV, OTL UHTTrep TO tplOV fiaTTTKlOtV eV /8/iftTi fjLTa7TOtL" 
 
 TOLL Kara TO ^pco/uia' p,a\Xov de, JW ro> /3a7TTLcrTrj 'Icodvvrj 
 7rpo(j)r}Tvo-avTi Trepl TOV KVpiov, OTL CLVTOS VIJLOLS 
 
 tv TTVtvfJiaTL aycp. KOU Trvp, orjyw -^prjo-a^voL^ . . . TOVTO 
 
 tL7TOOfJL6V OTL toCTTTep 6 (TtSrjpOS PaTTTL^O/jLeVO? V TCp 
 
 di>a(p>7rvpov/JLei>a:> VTTO 7rvev/JLaTO$, eyy^cocrrore/jos' /xe^ yivt- 
 
IN THE LITERAL, PHYSICAL SENSE. 39 
 
 (wind), becomes more easy to test whether it has in itself any 
 fault, and more ready for being refined ; ... so it follows and 
 is necessary, that he who is immersed [baptized] in fire (that 
 is. in the word of instruction, which convicts of the evil of sin 
 and shows the grace of justification) should hate and abhor 
 unrighteousness, as it is written, and should desire to be cleans- 
 ed through faith in the power of the blood of our Lord Jesus 
 Christ." 
 
 EXAMPLE 81. 
 
 Heliodorus* JEthiopics (Story of Theagenes and Charicka), book L 
 ch. 30. 
 
 "And every form of war was enacted and witnessed ; the 
 natives sustaining the conflict with zeal and with all their force ; 
 the others, having greatly the advantage both in number and 
 in the unexpectedness of the attack, and slaying some on land, 
 
 * See the remark on Example 39. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 1 TLVCL C^CL V OLVT(p KaKLOLV, eTOlfJiOTCpOS' TTpO? TO 
 
 . . . OVTCOS a,KO\ov6ov Kal dvayKalov TOV 
 
 ra> irvp\, TOVTZCTTIV tv TO> Aoya> rfj? 
 
 (7/caA/a?, \eyxovTL p.tv T>V ap.aprrifj.dTwv TTJV KaKiav, 
 fyavtpovvTi 8e TOH* ^/caico/xarcoz/ TTJV yapiV) /jucrrjcrai, fj,v 
 Kal /38\vao-0aL TTJV a$LKLav, K.a6u>s yeypaTTTai* ely C'TR- 
 Ov^jiLav de eX6tiv TOV KaOapLcrOr]i'aL dia TTJS 7rlo-Tco$ ev 
 dvvd/jLL TOV OLfJLaTO? TOV Kvplov rjfjiwv ' Irjaov Xpia-Tov. 
 
 Heliodori JEthiopicorum lib. I. 30 (ed. Coray, p. 47; ed. Bekker, 
 
 p. 35). 
 
 Kal TroAe/ioi; TTOLV eldo? Kal evrjpyelTO Kal ^rjKovTO y 
 TWV fjitv tyytopitov irpoOvp-La Kal pco/JLrj Trdcrrj TTJV p.d^rjv 
 
 U>V ^6, T< T 7T\r)0l Kal TTJS (j)o3oV T<p 
 
 rjTCt) TrXeiaTOv VTrepfapovTW, Kal TOVS fJitv 7rl 
 
40 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 and PLUNGING (BAPTIZING) others, with their boats and huts, into 
 the lake. 
 
 EXAMPLE 82. 
 
 Achilles Tatius;* Story of Clitophon and Leucippe, book II. ch. 14. 
 
 "And there is a fountain of gold there. They PLUNGE (BAPTIZE) 
 into the water, therefore, a pole smeared with pitch, and open 
 the barriers of the stream. And the pole is to the gold what 
 the hook is to the fish, for it catches it ; and the pitch is a 
 bait for the prey." 
 
 * See the remark on Example 54. 
 
 EXAMPLE 83. 
 
 The same Work, book III. ch. 21. Speaking of the short sword 
 used by jugglers and stage-players, so constructed that, when a 
 blow is given, the blade is driven back into the hilt and no 
 harm is done, the narrator says : 
 
 "And they who behold suppose that the steel is PLUNGED 
 (BAPTIZED) down the body ; but it runs back into the hollow of 
 the hilt." 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 yrj? dvacpovvTcov, TOVS e el? rrjv Xiyivrjv avrol? 
 Kal avTOi? OLKrj/JLao'i /BaTTTi.^ovTcov. 
 
 Achillis Tatii de Leticippes et Clitophontis Amoribus, lib. II. 
 c. 14 (ed. Jacobs, p. 38). 
 
 Kal ecrTLV /cei xpvcriov TTT/}/?;. KOVTOV ovv ely TO 
 vdcop paTTTL^ovo-i, Tr/crcr^ TTefpap^ay/JLevoVy KOI dvoiyovort 
 TOV TTOTafJLOV TO, K\eWpa. '0 de KOVTOS Trpos rov \pvcrov 
 oiov Trpos TOV iyOvv ayKio~Tpov yivtTCLi) aypevei yap avTOV 
 TI de TT/crcra 8e\eap yiveTai TJJ? aypas. 
 
 Bjusdem lib. III. c. 21 (p. 77). 
 
 Kdl ol fjiev opcovTes SOKOVQ-L fia7rTiecr6ai TOV aidrjpov 
 KaTa TOV crGOjJLaTOS, o de ely TOV -)(rjpa/uLov Trj? KCDTTT]? dve- 
 Spape. 
 
IX THE LITERAL, PHYSICAL SENSE. 41 
 
 EXAMPLE 84. 
 
 Julian* Ode on Cupid. 
 
 "As I was once twining a garland, I found Cupid in the 
 roses ; and holding by the wings I IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) him into 
 wine, and took and drank him-; aad now, within my members, 
 he tickles with his wings." 
 
 * In the first half of the sixth century after Christ 
 
 EXAMPLE 85. 
 
 Simplicius* Commentary on the Manual of Epictetus, ch. 38, 10. 
 Contrasting beauty, as it appears in imperfect material forms, 
 with absolute and perfect beauty in the soul, he says : 
 
 "Beauty, in bodies, is in flesh and sinews, and things that 
 make up the body, of animals for example ; 'beautifying them, 
 
 Of the seventh century after Christ. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Juliani ^Egyptii, in Amorem (Anthol. Gr. Tom. II. p. 493; Jlnacr. 
 ed. Fischer, p. 223). 
 
 Troff tvpov 
 
 tV TOIS poSoi? 
 
 KOLL TU*V irreptov 
 ' el? rov 
 $ tTTiov avrov 
 
 KCU vvv ecrco ^leAwz/ JJLOV 
 
 Simplicii Comment, in Epict. Enchirid. c. XXXVIII. 10 (ed. 
 Schweigh. Vol. IV. p. 366). 
 
 To tv acofJiacri KaXov, ev crapl^iv earn, KCU vevpois, KOLL 
 TO acDfJia o-vfJLTrXrjpovo-iv, ei TV%OL, ru>v fyocov /caAAJ- 
 
42 USAGE OF GKEEK WRITERS. 
 
 indeed, as much as possible, but also itself partaking of their 
 deformity and IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) into it." 
 
 EXAMPLE 86. 
 
 JEsopic Fables; fable of the Man and the Fox.* 
 "A certain man, having a grudge against a fox for some mis- 
 chief done by her, after getting her into his power contrived a 
 long time how to punish her ; and DIPPING (BAPTIZING) tow in oil, 
 he bound it to her tail and set fire to it." 
 
 Writer and date unknown. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 vov fJitv, oW Svvarov, c/eetj/cr fJieraXajJipdvov fie /ecu avro 
 
 /ecu fieftaimo'iJLtvov elf avrrjv. 
 
 
 fJLvQor AvOpwiros /ecu AX&Trrjt; (cd. Coray, 
 Fab. 163). 
 
 TIS, ^Opaivcov dAco7re/ct fi^a TLVOL ravrrjf paSi- 
 ovpyiav, eVi TTO\V ravrrfv /xera TO KaTacryjiiv 
 tWyavrja-aTO, /ecu arvireiov \alco /SaTrr/cras', rfj 
 TO.VTTJS TrpocrSrjo'a?, v(f>rj\^ Trvpi. 
 
IN THE TROPICAL OR FIGURATIVE SENSE. 43 
 
 2, 
 
 IN THE TROPICAL OR FIGURATIVE SENSE, 
 
 1. To plunge, to immerse, to whelm (as in ingulfing floods), in calamities, in ruin, 
 
 in troubles, in cares, in poverty, in debts, in stupor, in sleep, in ignorance, 
 
 in pollution, etc. 
 
 I 
 
 EXAMPLE 87. 
 
 Dion Cassius* Roman History, book XXXVIII. ch. 27. Philiscus, 
 consoling Cicero in his exile, says of his triumphant adversaries, 
 now exposed to the hazards of the unsettled times : 
 
 "For, as being borne along in a troubled and unsettled state 
 of affairs, they differ little, or rather not at all, from those who 
 are driven by storm at sea, but [are borne] up and down, now 
 this way now that way ; and if they commit any even the slight- 
 est mistake, are totally SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED). 
 
 * See the remark on Example 31. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Dionis Cassii Historic Romanae lib. XXXVIII. c. 27 (ed. Sturz). 
 
 Art yap ev rerapay/zeWy /cat a/caraorarotf TTpdy/uLao-L 
 0epd/Az/o, fjiiKpov fj.a\\ov de ovdev TCOV xtfJLaofJLva>i> dia- 
 
 (f)pOVOTlV, GtAA' CtVfc) T KOLL KOLTCOy 7TOT6 fJLV StVpO, 7TOT $ 
 
 KO.V apa Tt. Kcu TO 
 
44 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 EXAMPLE 88. 
 
 Libanius* Epistle XXV. Referring to the earthquake, in wnich 
 two of his friends had perished, he says : 
 
 "And I myself am one of those SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED) by that 
 great wave." 
 
 * A Greek philosopher and rhetorician, born 315 after Christ. 
 
 EXAMPLE 89. 
 
 The same writer, Life of himself. Speaking of the prudent con- 
 duct of the chief magistrate, during a scarcity of bread in the 
 city, he says : 
 
 " He did indeed exhort the body of bakers to be more just, 
 but did not think it expedient to employ forcible measures, fear- 
 ing a general desertion ; whereby the city would immediately 
 have been WHELMED (BAPTIZED), as a ship when the seamen have 
 abandoned it." 
 
 EXAMPLE 90. 
 
 Gregory of Nazianzus* Discourse XL. 11. Urging his hearers 
 not to defer their baptism, till they should be burdened with 
 more sins to be forgiven, he says : 
 
 * Born about 330 after Christ. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Libanii Sophists Epist. XXY. (ed. Wolf, p. 11). 
 
 Kai avTo? elfjii ra>v /3e/3a7moy>teVa>z> VTTO TOV 
 
 KVfJLOLTOS KilfOV. 
 
 Ejusdem de Vita sua (ed. Morell, Vol. II. p. 64). 
 
 TO 
 
 pov?. avayKas <5e OVK (iero Selv errd-yeiv, dedicos 1 rr)v eVi 
 TrXeiov arroSpaa-LV w OLV evOvs e/SaTrr/fero TO ao~TV, Ka6d~ 
 irep vavs tKXLTrovTtov TU>V vavrwv. 
 
IN THE TROPICAL OR FIGURATIVE SENSE. 45 
 
 " Nor let us take more lading than we are able to carry ; 
 that we may not be IMMERGED (BAPTIZED), vessel and men, and 
 make shipwreck of the grace, losing all because we hoped foi 
 more." 
 
 EXAMPLE 91. 
 
 Chrysostom* Discourses on Lazarus, I. 10. Recounting the 
 several traits in the character and conduct of the rich man, 
 which were so many aggravations of the miseries of Lazarus, 
 he says : 
 
 " But now, living in -wickedness, and arrived at the last stage 
 of vice, and exhibiting such inhumanity, . . . and passing by 
 him as a stone without shame and without pity, and after all 
 these things enjoying such abundance ; consider how probable it 
 was, that he WHELMED (BAPTIZED) the soul of the poor man as with 
 
 * See the remark on Example 45. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Gregorii Nazianz. Orat. XL. 11 (stud. Monach. Benedict. Vol. 1. 
 
 p. 698). 
 
 TrAeW rj Svvd/j.e0a (frepcw, Iva ^ 
 avravdpoj TTJ vrfi /SaTTTio'GcofJLev, KOL TO papier p.a vavayf]- 
 TO irXeiov TATncrazei/ TO TTOLV aTroXeo~av- 
 
 rey. 
 
 Chrysostomi de Lazaro Cone. I. 10 (ed. Montf. Vol. I. p. 721). 
 
 l Se KOU irovrjpia orv^ojv, KOU Trpos tcrya TOV KaKtay 
 o)?, /cat TocratTrjv aTravOpojiriav 7vt,o'eiKvviJievo$) . s . 
 KOLL o}(T7Tp XiOov avTov TTapaTptytov avaio-yyvTtos KOU avi~ 
 Aewy, KOL fJLera Taura TTOLVTOL TOo-avTT]? aTroXavoov eu 
 vvor]orov Trcos' eiKOS rjv, ojajrep eVaAATyAoiS" KV 
 
 aVTOV TOV TTtvrjTOS TT]V 
 
46 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 EXAMPLE 92. 
 
 Chariton of Jlphrodisias* Story of the loves of Charea and Col 
 lirrhoe, book II. ch. 4. Speaking of Dyonisius, and of his efforts 
 to subdue his passion for Calirrhoe, he says : 
 
 " Then, therefore, might be seen the conflict of reason and pas- 
 sion. For, although WHELMED (BAPTIZED) by desire, the generous 
 man endeavored to resist ; and emerged as from a wave, saying 
 to himself: 'Art thou not ashamed, Dyonisius, a man the first 
 of Ionia for virtue and repute !' >} 
 
 * Author of the Greek romance here quoted, probably near the end of the fourth 
 century after Christ. 
 
 EXAMPLE 93. 
 
 The same Work, book III. ch. 4. On another occasion, speaking 
 of the violence of Dyonisius' passion for Callirrhoe, he says : 
 
 "But Dyonisius, a man of culture, was seized indeed by a 
 tempest, and was WHELMED (BAPTIZED) as to the soul ; but yet he 
 struggled to emerge from the passion, as from a mighty wave." 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Charitonis Aphrodis. de Chaerea et Callirrhoe amator. Narrat. 
 lib. II. ch. 4 (ed. D'Orville, p. 28). 
 
 Tor ovv ifteiv dy&va XoyLcr/JLOV /cat Trdflov?. KOLITQI yap 
 o? VTTO rrjf tfri&l/ptflji yevvcuos dvrjp 7TLparo 
 . KaOdirep Se IK KVJJLOLTOS dveKVTTTt Xeyow irpos 
 eavrov OUK aicryyvil) AIOVVCTL, dvrjp 6 Trparos rrj? 'Iu>via$ 
 dperrjs re KOL dor)$; 1 
 
 Ejusdem lib. III. c. 2 (ed. D'Orville, p. 42). 
 
 A LOW a 10? ^65 dvrjp TreTraidev/Jitvos, /care/Ar?7rro ptv VTTO 
 
 KGU rrjv "^rv^rjv e^aTrr/^ero' 
 , KaOdirep K rpLKVjjiLa?, rou 
 
 1 Fortis enim vir, quamvis a libidine mersitatus, contra tamen tenere nitebatur, 
 et, ut e fluctibus emergens, ipse sic ad se (Reiske). 
 
IN THE TROPICAL OR FIGURATIVE SENSE. 47 
 
 EXAMPLE 94. 
 
 The same Work, book III. ch. 4. Describing the vessel of the 
 pirates, who had plundered of its gold and jewels the tomb of 
 Callirrhoe (prematurely buried), and finding her alive had sold 
 her into slavery, and were now pursued by the vengeance of the 
 gods, he says: 
 
 " For I saw a vessel, wandering in fair weather, filled with its 
 own tempest, and WHELMED (BAPTIZED) in a calm." 
 
 The whole statement is figurative; representing, under the image of its own 
 tempest (one within itself) and foundering in a calm, the desperate condition 
 of the vessel and crew, abandoned to the elements and wandering without con- 
 trol, all on board but one having perished with thirst. 
 
 EXAMPLE 95. 
 
 Basil (the Great)* Discourse XIV. Against Drunkards, 4. 
 He says of the intoxicated : 
 
 " More pitiable than those who are tempest-tossed in the deep, 
 whom waves receiving one from another, and over-wnELMixG 
 (BAPTIZING), do not suffer to rise out of the surge ; so also the 
 
 * See the remark on Examples 75 and 76. 
 
 Overwhelm, in the sense " to immerse and bear down" (Webster, No. 2, and 
 Worcester). 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Ejusdem lib. III. c. 4 (ed. D'Orvitte, p. 49). 
 
 IlXolov yap e@eacraiJ.rji> ev evdia TrXavtoiJLevov, ISlov 
 Ka -i- |8wrn{o/liw eV y a AT; vrj. 
 
 Basilii Magni Horn. XIV. in Ebriosos, 4 (ed. Gamier, Vol. II. 
 
 p. 125). 
 
 T0)i> eV ireXdyei ^eLfia^op.evcDV, ov$ aXXa 
 e' aXXcov diaSe^ofjieva Kai eTn/SaTrr/^oj/ra 1 Kv/JLara di>a<f)e- 
 
 1 Compare the use of this compound in the next example, and the remarks on 
 it in the following note. 
 
48 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 souls of these are driven about beneath the waves, being WHELMED 
 (BAPTIZED) with wine." 
 
 EXAMPLE 96. 
 
 Josephus*, Jewish War, book I. ch. 27, 1. Relating the occurrence 
 that led to the mock trial and condemnation of Herod's perse- 
 cuted sons, he says : 
 
 "This, as a final blast, over-wHELMED (BAPTIZED) the tempest- 
 tossed youths." 
 
 * See the remark on Example 53. 
 
 Overwhelm, as in the preceding example. The metaphor is derived from the 
 effect of a sudden blast, bearing down upon (over) the shattered vessel, and 
 whelming it in the deep. 
 
 EXAMPLE 97. 
 
 The same Work, book III. ch. 7, 15. The people of Jerusalem, 
 expostulating with Josephus on his purpose to abandon the be- 
 sieged city and its inhabitants to their fate, say to him : 
 
 "And that it did not become him, either to fly from enemies, 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 plV OVK 7TLTp7TL TOV K\vdo>VOS' OVTO) $7) KOL TOVTWV ai 
 
 "^rv^al VTro/Spv^ioi (pepovrai /3e/3a7T77Gr/zeW: ro> otW. 
 Josephi de Bello Jud. lib. I. c. 27, 1 (ed. Oberthur). 
 Tovff cocnrep reXevraia OveXXa -^L^a^p^evovs rovs 
 
 Ejusdem lib. III. c. 7, 15. 
 de avrco /JLTJT (frevyeiv rovs 
 
 annas, strictly, over-whelmed (coming down upon whelmed, as in the 
 deep). The rendering, to submerge repeatedly (wiederholt untertauchen, Rost und 
 Palm, griech. Hdwbch.), to immerge repeatedly (wiederholt ehitauchen, Pape, 
 griechisch-deutsches Hdwbch.), to dip, drench, again or in addition (Liddell and 
 Scott, Greek Lex.), is not pertinent here ; for the effect of the 'final' and over- 
 whelming blast is meant, not the repetition of something before experienced. 
 
IN THE TROPICAL OR FIGURATIVE SENSE. 49 
 
 or to abandon friends ; nor to leap off, as from a ship overtaken 
 by a storm, into which he had entered in fair weather ; that 
 he would himself OVCIMVHELM (BAPTIZE) the city, as no one would 
 longer dare to make resistance to the enemy, when he was gone 
 through whom their courage was sustained." 
 
 EXAMPLE 98. 
 
 The same Work, book IV. ch. 3, 3. Speaking of the evils in- 
 flicted by the band of robber-chiefs who found their way into 
 the city of Jerusalem during the siege, he says : 
 
 " Who, even apart from the sedition, afterwards WHELMED 
 (BAPTIZED) the city." 
 
 This natural and expressive image of trouble and distress occurs often in the 
 Old Testament. For example, Ps. 69 : 2, " I am come into deep waters, where 
 the floods overflow me ;" VV. 14, 15, " Let me be delivered ... out of the deep 
 waters, let not the waterflood overflow me;" Ps. 18 : 16, 17, "He drew me 
 out of many waters, he delivered me from my strong enemy." Job's afflictions 
 are expressed under the same image (ch. 22 : 11) : "The flood of waters covers 
 thee." Compare Ps. 124 : 4, 5 ; 144 : 7 ; 32 : 6 ; Ezek. 26 : 19. 
 
 EXAMPLE 99. 
 Himerius* Selection XV. 3. He says of Themistocles : - 
 
 See the remark on Example 40. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 rov? 0/Aouy, JJUfSe aTTOTrrjdav, Gj<T7Tp 
 
 'yap avrov TTJV TTO\LV, n,r]$vo$ ZTL ToX/jLutvTOf rols TroAe/i/- 
 01$ avOiaTacrOai, SC ov avaOappoitv ol 
 
 Ejusdem lib. IT. c. 3, 3 (ed. Oberthur). 
 
 O'l Srj Kai di^a rrj? crTacrecof vcrrepov tfioLTTTicrav rrjv 
 
 D 
 
50 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 "He was great at Salamis ; for there, fighting, he WHELMED 
 (BAPTIZED) all Asia."* 
 
 * The power of Asia was broken by the destruction of its fleet at sea, and 
 hence the propriety of the figure. 
 
 EXAMPLE 100. 
 
 Libanius* Declamation XX. On the same subject (and apos- 
 trophizing Themistocles, in the speech represented as spoken by 
 his father), he says : 
 
 " The crowning achievement was Salamis ; where thou didst 
 WHELM (BAPTIZE) Asia." 
 
 * See the remark on Example 88. 
 
 EXAMPLE 101. 
 
 The same writer, Epistle 310, to Siderius. 
 "But he who bears with difficulty what he is now bearing, 
 would be WHELMED (BAPTIZED) by a slight addition." 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Heimerii Sophist Eclog. XV. 3 (ed. Wernsdorf). 
 Mtyas eVt ^EaXa^lva- e'jScwmcre yap oXr)v e/ce? rrjv 
 'Acriav ^a^o^evos. 1 
 
 Libanii Declamat. XX (ed. Wolf, p. 521). 
 'O TWV epycov KoXofav, rj 2aXa/Jus, Trepl rjv TTJV 
 'Aaiav e/SctTmo-ay. 2 
 
 Ejusdem Epist. 310 (ed. Wolf, p. 150). 
 
 *0 8e fJLoXl9 a VVV <f)pl <j)pCOV V7TO /JLLKpds CLV 
 
 i Ibi enim totam Asiam pugnando demersit (Wernsdorf). Compare : pv 
 triam demersam extuli (Cic. pro Sulla, 31). 
 
 Operum apex Salamis, circa quam Asiam mersisti (Wolf). 
 Ille a levissima etiam accessione facile submergetur (Id.). 
 
IN THE TROPICAL OR FIGURATIVE SENSE. 51 
 
 EXAMPLE 102. 
 
 The same writer, Epistle 962, to Gessius. 
 
 "For this is he who found the wretched Cimon WHELMED 
 (BAPTIZED), and did not neglect him when abandoned." 
 
 EXAMPLE 103. 
 
 Plutarch* On the good Genius of Socrates, XXIII. 
 
 " Such is the manner of the good Genius ; that we, WHELMED 
 (BAPTIZED) by worldly affairs, . . . should ourselves struggle out, 
 and should persevere, endeavoring by our own resolution to save 
 ourselves and gain the haven." 
 
 * See the remark on Example 64. 
 
 EXAMPLE 104. 
 
 Chrysostom* Expos, of Ps. 114 (116), 3. Speaking of the 
 believer's governing principle, and of his prospects, he says: 
 
 * See the remark on Example 45. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Ejusdem Epist. 962 (ed. Wolf, p. 449). 
 
 6 Pa7TTl6fjiVOV tVptoV TOV adXlOV Kl/JLO)- 
 
 va, 1 KOLL TrpoSedo/Jiei'ov ov TrepiiSwv. 
 
 Plutarchi de Genio Socratis XXIII (ed. Wyttenb. Vol. III. p. 393). 
 
 OVTCOS TOV daifJLOVLOV o TpoTro?'* Tacts' ^aiTTL^ofievovs 
 VTTO Ttov TrpayfjidTCov . . . avrovs a/JiiXXdo'0cu, KCU /za- 
 ol/ce/as* TretpafJLevovs aptTrjs aco^eo-flai, KCU 
 
 1 Hie ille est, qui miserum Cimonem calamitatibus oppressum vidit (Wolf). 
 
 2 Sententia quidem universe facilis ad explendum, ut Anon. T. Y. OVTCOS, co 
 eve, TOV datftoviov 6 TQOTIOS. & ffsv yag r^as .Xon recepi, ut e conjectura, 
 
 non e libro, profectum (Wyttenb.). 
 
52 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 "For he who is controlled by that love, and sustained by 
 the hope of that good, is WHELMED (BAPTIZED) by none of the pres- 
 ent evils." 
 
 EXAMPLE 105. 
 
 The same writer, on 1 Cor. Discourse VIII. 
 
 11 For if we were pained for sins, .... nothing else would 
 grieve us, this pain expelling all sadness ; so that with confession 
 we should gain also another thing, not to be -WHELMED (BAPTIZED) 
 by the troubles of the present life, nor to be puffed up by pros- 
 perity." 
 
 EXAMPLE 106. 
 
 The same writer, Expos, of Ps. 141 (142), 2. Commenting 
 on the words, ' I cried unto thee, Lord, I said, thou art my 
 hope/ etc., he says : 
 
 "The evils did not WHELM (BAPTIZE) him, but rather gave him 
 wings." 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Chrysostomi Expos, in Ps. 114, 3 (ed. Montf. Vol. V. p. 507). 
 
 yap KLva> rw epcori KaTeyofjLtvos, KCU rals tXirwt 
 v rpe(j)6fJLi>o$ CKtva>v 9 ovdevl 
 Seivcov. 
 
 Ejusdem in Epist. I. ad Cor. Horn. VIII (Vol. X. p. 12). 
 
 Kcu yap el rjXyovfjiev ITTL rots ajJLaprriiJiaa-iv, . . . ovdev 
 av aXXo rj/uias eAJ-Trecre, Tr)? odvvrjs ravTTjs iracrav 
 
 vrjs. ware KOL erepov av e/ce/)5ouVo/iei> 
 
 ecos, TO JJLT) ^airrL^ecrOaL rot? Xvjrrjpols TOV 
 Trapovros /3iot>, ^77^6 fyvcraaOai rols 
 
 Ejusdem Expos, in Ps. 141, 2 (Vol. V. p. 445). 
 OVK tfiaTrTicrtv avrov ra deiva, a\\a paXXov eVre- 
 
IX THE TROPICAL OR FIGURATIVE SENSE. 53 
 
 EXAMPLE 107. 
 
 The same writer, Expos, of Ps. Ill (112), 4. 
 " For it is impossible that a soul, abounding in mercy, should 
 ever be WHELMED (BAPTIZED) by the annoyances of passion." 
 
 EXAMPLE 108. 
 
 Heliodorus* JEthiopics (Story of Theagenes and Charickd), book II. 
 ch.3. 
 
 "And Cnemon, perceiving that he was wholly absorbed in 
 grief, and WHELMED (BAPTIZED) in the calamity, and fearing lest 
 he may do himself some harm, secretly takes away the sword." 
 
 * See the remark on Example 39. 
 
 EXAMPLE 109. 
 
 The same Work, book IV. ch. 20. 
 
 "For Charicles, indeed, it shall be lawful to weep, both now 
 and hereafter ; but let not us be WHELMED (BAPTIZED) with him 
 in his grief, nor let us heedlessly be borne away by his tears, 
 as by floods, and throw away the favorable occasion." 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Ejusdem Expos, in Ps. Ill, 4 (Vol. V. p. 283). 
 
 Kca yap afji-q^avov "fyvyrjv irXovrovcrav eXerj/jLOO'vi'Yj, VTTO 
 drjdias TraOwv ^a,-KTicrOr]va.i TTOTE. 
 
 Heliodori JEthiopicorum lib. II. c. 3 (ed. Bekker). 
 
 *0 3e Kvf]fJLu>v oXov ovra Trpos rw irddei Karap.a6c>v 
 KOL r-fi o~vfjL(f)opa /SefiaTTTio-fJievoi', SeSioj? re fJLrj TL KOLKOV 
 tavrov pydo"r)Tat, TO i(j)o? v(f)aipel \d6pa. 
 
 Ejusdem lib. IV. c. 20. 
 XapLK\el fjLtv e^eorrai vvv re KCU /Jiera ravra 6pr]vtiv, 
 
 e JULY} 0-VfjL/Ba7TTL^CD/J,0a T(p TOLTOV TTaOei, /JLT}$ XdOto" 
 
 (Donrep pevfAacri rols TOVTOV SaKpvcriv V7ro(j)po/jLvoi 
 \ \ \ .. / 
 
 /CCU TOV KCLlpOV 7TpOL/Jil>Ol. 
 
54 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 EXAMPLE 110. 
 
 The same Work, look V. ch. 16. 
 
 " But for us your own wanderings, if you were willing, would 
 best forward the entertainment, being pleasanter than any dancing 
 and music ; the relation of which, having often deferred it, as 
 you know, because the occurrences still WHELMED (BAPTIZED) you, 
 you could not reserve for a better occasion than the present." 
 
 EXAMPLE 111. 
 
 Achilles Tatius* Story of Leucippe and Clitophon, book III. ch. 10. 
 "What so great wrong have we done, as in a few days to 
 be WHELMED (BAPTIZED) with such a multitude of evils?" 
 
 * See the remark on Example 54. 
 
 EXAMPLE 112. 
 
 The same Work, book VII. ch. 2. 
 
 11 Misfortunes assailing WHELM (BAPTIZE) us." 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Ejusdem lib. V. c. 16. 
 
 'Hfjup Se rj arj irXavr) KaXXiorra av, el /B 
 rr]v vco-%iav TrapaTrefjiTroi, -^opov re yivo^vr] KOL avXov 
 
 TTOLVTOS 7)8lO)V ?]V TToXXoiKl? JJLOL St&&W, COf oiaOa, V7Tp- 
 
 r] ere ra crvfjfa/BrjKora ipaTTTifev, OVK ?OTIV 
 
 QTTCOS av eV Kaipov fttXTiova TOV TrapovTos 
 
 Achillis Tatii de Leucippes et Clitophontis Amoribus, lib. III. 
 c. 10 (ed. Jacobs). 
 
 Tt TrjXiKOVTOV rjftiK-qcraiJitv, a>? cV oXiyois 
 VTCO 7rXf]6ei fiaTTTLcrOrivai KOLKWV ; 
 
 Ejusdem lib. VII. c. 2. 
 Se al Tvycu /3canrlova'iv r}pJzs. 
 
 *Eftni7treiv proprie dicitur de tempestate ingruente (Jacobs, Annott. p. 881). 
 
IX THE TROPICAL OR FIGURATIVE SENSE. 55 
 
 EXAMPLE 113. 
 
 The same iwiter, book VI. c/i. 19. Speaking of love, contend- 
 ing with and subdued by anger in the same bosom, he says: 
 
 "And he, WHELMED (BAPTIZED) by anger, sinks ; and desiring to 
 escape into his own realm is no longer free, but is compelled 
 to hate the object beloved." 
 
 EXAMPLE 114. 
 
 Libanius* Funeral Discourse on the Emperor Julian, ch. 148. 
 
 "For grief for him,. WHELMING (BAPTIZING) the soul, and cloud- 
 ing the understanding, brings as it were a mist even upon the 
 eyes, and we differ little from those who are now living in 
 darkness." 
 
 * See the remark on Example 88. , 
 
 EXAMPLE 115. 
 
 The same Discourse, ch. 11. 
 
 "And he showed the same forethought also concerning the 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Ejusdem lib. VI. c. 19. 
 
 '0 e T< Ov/JLcp /3/3a7TTtcrfjLevos' KaraSverai, KCU 
 
 6e\(&v OVKCTL tcrrlv \ev@po$ y aAAa 
 TO 
 
 Libanii Parental, in Julianum Imperat. c. 1-iS (Fabricii Biblioth. 
 Gr. Vol. VII. p. 369). 
 
 
 'yap 7r rcpe vTrrj, aTTTLovcra fj.ev TJJV 
 crvvOoXovcra 3e rn]v yv^^v^ a.y\vv nva Kcd rois 
 
 <JLV 7Tl(j)pei, KCU fJLLKpOV TL StOKpepOfJLeV TtoV ij>VT()V VVV 
 V CTKOTCp. 
 
 Ejusdem c. 71 (p. 291). 
 8e rr]v avrrjv Trpovoiav KCU Trepl ray tv 
 
 Animum submergens (Version of Olearius). 
 
USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 Councils in the cities, which formerly flourished both in numbers 
 and wealth, afterwards were nothing. . . . And they, indeed 
 [those who neglected their public duties, for their own interests 
 and pleasures] slept, and indulged the body, and laughed at 
 those who went not the same way with them ; but the remaining 
 part, being small, was WHELMED (BAPTIZED), and the service rendered 
 to the people terminated in beggary." 
 
 EXAMPLE 116. 
 
 The same writer, On the Articles of Agreement (among the 
 teachers of youth in the city). 
 
 " Especially if our public discourses had enjoyed an auspicious 
 fortune, and it had been our lot to sail with favoring gales, as 
 they who before us presided over the bands of the young ; . . . 
 but now, as you see, the business [of instructing the young] 
 being WHELMED (BAPTIZED), and all the winds being set in motion 
 against it," etc. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 rats* TToXecri /SouAay, at irdXai JJLI> 7rAr7#ecr/ re Kal TrXov 
 TOL9 e'OaXXov, 67TiTa i]crcLV ovSev . . . /cat ol fJLtv Ka0ev- 
 Sov re Kal eyaplfyvTO ra> acofiaTi, Kal TCOV ov TTJV OLVTYJV 
 avTol? tXOovTMV KaTeyeXcDv. TO de t'TToAeAet/i/zeVoj' oXiyov 
 ov c/Sflwm^CTOj KOU TO XeiTovpyelv Tols irXeioorLv ely TO 
 
 Ejusdem Orat. XLIII. Trepi TCOV SvvOrjKCOV (ed. Reiske, Vol. II. 
 
 p. 428). 
 
 MaXiCTTa fJilv ovv et KOL ^prjo-Trj^ aTreXave TTJ? Tv^r}? 
 
 TOL TU>V T]fjiTp<JOV Ao/COi/, KOLi TvXelv ^ OVpltoV VTTljp^^y 
 
 a>(77rp roiy Trpo rj/JLcov TOLLS T&v V6(ov e(j)crTr)KOo~iv aye- 
 vvv Se, coy opaTe, /3a7rTL^o/uLei'OV TOV 
 Kal TTOLVTWV eV avTo KeKivrj/jLtvcov TU>V irvev- 
 
 fJLOiTCDV, K. T. X. 
 
 1 Juventutera literis imbuendi (Reiske). 
 
IX THE TROPICAL OR FIGURATIVE SENSE. 57 
 
 EXAMPLE 117. 
 
 Themistius* Oration XX (Funeral Discourse on the death of his 
 father). Remarking, that philosophy forbade the indulgence of 
 sorrow, lie says : 
 
 " But whenever she observed ine WHELMED (BAPTIZED) by grief, 
 and moved to tears, she is angry, and threatens to do me some 
 fearful and incurable evil." 
 
 * See the remark on Example 4L 
 
 EXAMPLE 118. 
 
 Josephus* Antiquities of the Jews, book X. ch. #, 4. Describing 
 the murder of Gedaliah by his own guests at a banquet, after 
 he had drunk to intoxication, he says : 
 
 " Seeing him in this condition, and PLUNGED (BAPTIZED) by 
 drunkenness into stupor and sleep, Ishmael kaping up, with 
 his ten friends, slays Gedaliah and those reclining with him 
 at the banquet." 
 
 See the remark on Example 64. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Themistii Soplristae Orat. XX. init. (ed. Dindorf, p. 233). 
 
 *^LAA' oTrore aiaOoiro /SaTrr^o/zez.'oy re VTTO rrj? 
 KOL el? daKpva /carafe pojjitvovj xaAeTra/z/et re KOU 
 detva OLTTO. fji tpyao-ecrOoLi /cat avr/KtcrTa. 
 
 Josephi Antiq. Jud. lib. X. c. 9, 4 (ed. Olerthur). 
 
 Ota&diJievos de OVTOJ? avrov eyovra, KOL 
 6i? avaL<j6f]o-iav KOU virvov VTTO rrJ9 p-eff^s, o ' Icr/jiarj\o? 
 //era rcov dtKa (f)l\cov, a7ro<r<paTTL rov 
 KOL rot's* <rvv avrw KaraKeifJievov? tv rw 
 
 7TOCTLOJ. 
 
58 USAGE OF GliEEK WKITEKS. 
 
 EXAMPLE 119. 
 
 Clement of Alexandria,* The Educator, look II. ch. 2. 
 "For drowsy is every one who is not watchful for wisdom, 
 but is PLUNGED (BAPTIZED) by drunkenness into sleep." 
 
 * A distinguished Greek writer of the Christian Church, last quarter of the 
 second, and first quarter of the third century after Christ. 
 
 EXAMPLE 120. 
 
 Evenus of Paros* Epigram XV. Bacchus (the use of wine), 
 when too freely indulged in, he says : 
 
 "PLUNGES (BAPTIZES) in sleep, neighbor of death." 
 
 * About 250 before Christ. 
 
 EXAMPLE 121. 
 
 Heliodorus* JEihiopics (Story of Theagenes and Chariclea), book IV. 
 
 ch. 17. 
 
 "When midnight had PLUNGED (BAPTIZED) the city in sleep, an 
 
 See the remark on Example 39. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 dementis Alexandr. Pasdag. lib. II. c. 2 (ed. Potter, Vol. I. p. 182). 
 
 'YTrvcodrjs 'yap Tray, 6 p,rj els* o~o(j)lav tyypriyopcoV) aAAa 
 VTTO f^tOr)? /3a7rTo/xez'OS' eis* VTTVOV. 
 
 Eveni Parii et al. Epigr. XV. 1 (Anthol Gr. I. p. 166, ed. Jacobs, 
 I. p. 99; Rergk, Poet. Gr. Lyr. p. 447). 
 
 BaTTTL^ei ft virvcp yeirovi rov 2 Oavarov. 
 
 Heliodori ^Ethiopicorum lib. IY. c. 17 (ed. Bekker). 
 r) fjiecrai VVKTZS VTTVW ri]v TroXiv tpd 
 
 i Veteris Eveni videtur, et fortasse Elegise particula (Jacobs). 
 
 3 Tea d-dvarov Pal. rov &. Planudes (Sclmeidewin}. 
 
 3 Compare : Invadunt urbem somno vinoque sepultam (Virgil, JEn. 2, 265). 
 
IN THE TROPICAL OR FIGURATIVE SENSE. 59 
 
 armed band of revellers took possession of the dwelling of 
 Chariclea." 
 
 EXAMPLE 122. 
 
 Chrysostom* Admonition I. to Theodorus. 
 
 "Therefore I beseech thee, before thou art deeply WHELMED 
 (BAPTIZED) by this intoxication, to return to soberness, and to 
 arouse, and thrust off the satanic debauch." 
 
 * See the remark on Example 45. 
 
 EXAMPLE 123. 
 
 The same writer, Sekct Discourses, II. , on Prayer. 
 
 " If blessed David, therefore, being a king, and WHELMED 
 (BAPTIZED) with ten thousand cares, . . called upon God seven 
 times a day ; what apology and excuse should we have, being 
 so much at leisure, and not continually beseeching him, and 
 that too when we are to reap so great a gain I" 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 KOO/JLOS TYJV otKrjcrus Trjs 1 XapiKXeia? 
 
 Chrysostomi Parasnesis prior ad Theod. lapsum (ed. Montf. Vol. I. 
 
 p. 27). 
 
 ALOL TOVTO TrapaKaXco irpiv rj cr(f)oSpa VTTO Tavrrjs 1 
 
 ere rrj? fji0r)9, avavr}^ai KOL $Leyp6r)vcu,) KOL rrjv 
 
 Ejusdeni Eclog. de Oratione Horn. II. (Vol. XII. p. 446). 
 
 El ovv 6 fjiaKapios AavlS fiacriXtvs cS^ 3 KOL fivpuus 
 /3a7rTiofJLvo? fypovricri) . . . eirTOLKis rrj? ^yueyoas" 7ra/?e/ca- 
 Xei TOV Otov, rlva av e^oi/zez/ diroXoyLav KCU (rvyyi/cofjirjv 
 rjfjLei?, TQ(ja.\,TT]v cryoXrjv ayovrtS) KOLL fJLrj awe-fcco? avrov 
 ", KGU TOLL/TO, TOCTOVTOV (JieXXovres 
 
60 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 EXAMPLE 124. 
 
 Libanius* Memorial to the king, on the neglect and abuse of the 
 imprisoned. Answering the plea, that the magistrates were encum- 
 bered with official business, and had no time for attention to 
 those imprisoned, or held for trial, he says : 
 
 " But you do not allege this want of leisure to those who give 
 sumptuous banquets, nor that you could not spend so much of 
 the day drinking at the table ; . . . but if one asks your judg- 
 ment of any of the greater matters, you are not at leisure but 
 are OVERWHELMED (BAPTIZED), and the multitude of other affairs 
 holds you in subjection ; as if those affairs, of which you speak, 
 give place to wine-cups, but grudge to some their safety !" 
 
 * See the remark on Example 82. 
 
 EXAMPLE 125. 
 
 Discourse on Zeal and Piety* 1. Commenting on the words 
 (Ps. 82 : 4), ' They walk on in darkness? the writer says : 
 
 * By an ancient Greek writer, near the age of Chrysostom, to whom it has 
 been erroneously attributed. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Libanii Orat. de Yinctis (ed. Reis/ce, Vol. II. p. 456). 
 
 2v de 7T/509 }Jitv row Xa/jiTrpovs ecrTLaTOpa? rr)v 
 Xiav TavTTjv ov Aeyetr, ov& o>y OVK av Svvaio irivtiv Kara- 
 rocravra fJ-t'pr) TTJS rjfJicpaf' . . . av 8e n TOJV 
 TTJV (jr)v a.7raLT7J yvtofjirjv, OVK ayei? crypXr]v, aXXa 
 l^j Kai ere 6 TO>V Trpa-y/maTcoi' rcvv aXXcov o^Aoy v(j) 
 avro) 7T7roir]Tai, cocrTrep rcov Trpay/jLarcov KLvcov, a 
 
 TOW fJ,V K7r(0jJ,aO'LV tLKOVTtoVy (TCOT^pLa^ $t TLCTL fy 
 TCOV. 
 
 1 Scil. Ttovois y~o-\ ftfgijuvais (Reiske). 
 
IX THE TROPICAL OR FIGURATIVE SEXSE. 61 
 
 ' Thus, tlien, the congregation IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) in ignorance, 
 and unwilling to emerge* to the knowledge of the spiritual teach- 
 ing, God calls night." 
 
 * This expression shows that he does not mean imbued with ignorance, but 
 whelmed, immersed in it. 
 
 EXAMPLE 126. 
 
 [sidorus* of Pelusium; On the interpretation of Holy Scripture, 
 book II. epist. 76 (on the words, * Watch and pray,' etc.). 
 
 " Most men, therefore, IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) in ignorance, have 
 their minds incapacitated for consolation with reference to afflic- 
 tions ; but those, on the contrary, who are governed by sound 
 reason, repel them all." 
 
 * A Greek writer of the Christian Church ; died 450 after Christ. 
 
 EXAMPLE 127. 
 
 Clement of Alexandria* Exhortation to Pagans, I. 3. 
 " But the foolish are stocks and stones ; and yet more sense- 
 less even than stones is a man IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) in ignorance." 
 
 * See the remark on Example 119. 
 
 GREEK TEXT 
 
 DeZelo acPiet. (Chiysost. Op., ed. Montf. Vol. VIII. Spurior. p. 61). 
 Ovrco? ovv ri]v <ivva.yu>y-r}v 6 Oeo? TTJV ayvola. /3e/3a- 
 
 7TTl(TlJLtV7)V) KOL /JL7J /3ovXofJ.Vrjl> OLV O.V tV <J CLl TTpO? TT)V yvUHTlV 
 
 rrj? Trvev/jLaTiKTJs StSacrKaXla?, VVKTOL KaXel. 
 
 Isidori Pelusiota3 de Interp. div. Script, lib. II. epist. 76 (ed. 
 
 Ritterh. 1606). 
 
 Ol }JLtV OVV TToXXol TtoV av9 pCDTTtoV, OLfJiaOla 
 
 afJLei'oty Trpos ray avfji^opas 1 t^ovcri TO.? 
 TOV$' ol &e XoyLcrfJiw adx^povL 
 Trdvras. 
 
 Clement. Alexandri. Cohort, ad Gentes, I. 3 (ed. Potter, Vol. I. p. 4). 
 AiOoi Se Kai ^vXa ol afppove?' Trpos 8e KCLL XiOav 
 s ayvoia. 
 
62 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 EXAMPLE 128. 
 
 The same writer, Stromata, book III. ch. 18. Asserting the 
 sanctity of the marriage relation, he quotes the Apostle's words 
 (1 Cor. 6 : 9, 10, ' Neither fornicators . . nor adulterers? etc.), and 
 adds : 
 
 "And we indeed ' were washed,' who were among these 
 but they who wash into this sensuality,* IMMERSE (BAPTIZE) from 
 sobriety into fornication, teaching to indulge the pleasures and 
 passions." 
 
 * He alludes here to the false teachers and corrupters of Christianity; who, 
 instead of a doctrine that deters and cleanses from sin, taught the indulgence 
 of it ; and hence those immersed by them they ' washed' (as Clement expresses 
 it) ' into sensuality' instead of washing from it. 
 
 EXAMPLE 129. 
 
 Chrysostom* Discourse V. on Titus, 3. 
 
 " How were we IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) in wickedness, so that we 
 could not be cleansed, but needed regeneration !" 
 
 See the remark on Example 45. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Ejusdem Stromat. lib. III. c. 18 (ed. Potter, Vol. I. p. 562). 
 
 Kca r)/jLi? fjiev dTreXovcrdfJieOa, ol eV TOVTOIS y^vo^voi- 
 ol Se ely ravTrjv diroXovovres TTJV dareXyeLav, e/c aoj(ppo- 
 crvvrj? elf TTOpveiav paTrTL^ovai, 1 rcus r}$ovoiis /cat 
 
 Chrysostomi in Epist. ad Titum, Homil. V. 3 (ed. Montf., Vol. XL 
 
 p. 161). 
 
 rj/Jiev tv rfj KaKLa /36/3a7rrtcr/>tero ? coy jJirj Sv 
 y aAA' a 
 
 i Non solum autem ipsi damnantur, sed ii etiam, qui ab ipsis baptizati, eorum 
 imitantur lihidinem et venerem nefariam (Herveti Comment, in loc.). 
 
IN THE TROPICAL OR FIGURATIVE SENSE. 63 
 
 EXAMPLE 130. 
 
 The same writer, on Genesis, ch. 13, Discourse XXXIV. 5. 
 Speaking of the spirit of true humility, requiring each to account 
 others better than himself, he adds : 
 
 "And I say not this of us, who are WHELMED (BAPTIZED) with 
 ten thousand sins ; but even if one were conscious to himself 
 of ten thousand just deeds, and should not account this of him- 
 self, that he is last of all, he would have no benefit of so many 
 just deeds." 
 
 EXAMPLE 131. 
 
 Justin Martyr* Dialogue with a Jew, LXXXVL 
 "As also us, WHELMED (BAPTIZED) with most grievous sins which 
 we have done, our Christ, by being crucified upon the tree, and 
 by water for cleansing, redeemed and made a house of prayer 
 and adoration." 
 
 * A learned Greek writer of the Christian Church, born near the close of the 
 first century after Christ. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Ejusdem in cap. XIII. Gen. Horn. XXXIII. 5 (Vol. IV. p. 
 
 Kca TOVTO Ae'yojj ov Trepl r^cois TCOV /mvploLS 1 dp.apTrj- 
 fjiacri {$fiaiTTLO~iJL.v(dV aAAa KO.V fj-vpla TLS YJ /carO|0$co/zaTa 
 eavTOJ crvveidco?, /jir) TOVTO de Aoy/^otro Kaff eavTov, OTL 
 7rdvT(>v <JTLV O"^aTOf y ovdev avTw ocfieXos av ytvoiTO T&V 
 
 TOO~OVT(jdV KOLTOp6(D^JLOLT(>V. 
 
 Justini Martyris Dial, cum Tryphone Judago (ed. Otto, Vol. I. P. ii. 
 
 p. 300). 
 
 Kol rjjjia? flepaTTTKTfjitvovs TOLLS /3apVTaTai? dfj.ap- 
 a? eVpa^ajLtez/, dca TOV o-TavpwOrjvaL ITTL TOV ^vXov 
 Kal 8i' vdaTO? ayvitrcLi 6 XpiffTOS r^^v \vTpcoo-aTo y KOI 
 
 OIKOV dV^J]S KCU 7TpOO-KVVr}(T(JO? 7TOLrjCT. 
 
USAGE OF GREEK: WRITERS. 
 
 EXAMPLE 132. 
 
 Diodorus* the Sicilian, Historical Library, book I. ch. 73. Speak- 
 ing of the three divisions of the territory of Egypt, lie says : 
 
 " The second part the kings have received for public reve- 
 nues ; . . . and on account of the abundant supply from these, 
 they do not WHEL*M (BAPTIZE) the common people with taxes." 
 
 * See the remark on Example 13. 
 
 EXAMPLE 133. 
 
 Plutarch* Life of Galba, XXI. As Galba's reason for not mak- 
 ing Otho his heir, he says : 
 
 " Knowing him to be dissolute and prodigal, and WHELMED 
 (BAPTIZED) with debts amounting to fifty millions." 
 
 * See the remark on Example 64. 
 
 EXAMPLE 134. 
 
 The same writer, On the education of children, XIII. As an 
 example of misjudging parental fondness, he says : 
 
 "For being anxious that their children should speedily excel 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Diodori Siculi Biblioth. Hist. lib. I. c. 73 (ed. Bekker). 
 Trjv de Stvrtpav /Jiolpav ol /3acr/.Aiy 7rapLXr)<pacriv els* 
 
 oVS' . . . TOVS i$ltoTa$ $LO. T1V K TOUTtoV 6V7TO- 
 
 plav, ov j3aTrTiovcri TOLLS eicr(f)opai?. 
 
 Plutarchi Yit. Galbaa XXI (ed. Reiske, Vol. V. p. 633). 
 v eiSais KCU TroAfreA?), KOL 
 
 Scov 6(f)\r)juacri 
 Ejusdem de liberis educandis, XIII. (ed. Wyttenb.. Vol. I. p. 31). 
 
 v 7rao~i rayjiov Trpcorev- 
 
IX THE TROPICAL OR FIGURATIVE SENSE. 65 
 
 in all things, they impose on them excessive labors. . . . For 
 as plants are nourished by a moderate amount of water, but are 
 choked by too much, in the ame manner a soul grows by pro- 
 portionate labors, but is OVERWHELMED (BAPTIZED) by such as are 
 excessive." 
 
 EXAMPLE 135. 
 
 Plato* Euthydemus, or the Disputer, ch. VII. ' Speaking of young 
 Cleinias. confounded with the sophistical questions, and subtilties 
 of the professional disputants, he says : 
 
 "And I, perceiving* that the youth was OVERWHELMED (BAPTIZED), 
 wishing to give him a respite," etc. 
 
 * Born 429 before Christ. 
 
 EXAMPLE 136. 
 
 Philo* the Jew (an extract in Eusebius, Preparation for the Gos- 
 pel, book VIIL, at the end}. 
 
 "And one might show it also from this, that those who live 
 
 * Middle of the first century of the Christian era. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 crai, TTOVOVS avrols vTrep/jLerpovs tTnpdXXovcrLv. . . . 
 iQdTrep yoip ra (j)vrd rols p.ev fJLerpioi? vdacri rpefperac, 
 rols 5c iroXXols Trviyerai, rov avrov rpoTrov ^v^i] rol? 
 
 TTOVOLS, TOI? 6' VTrepjSaXXovcrc 
 
 Platonis Euthyd. c. VII, (ed. Stallbaum, Vol. VI. p. 90). 
 KOLL eyo) yvovs /3a7rTiojuii>ov l TO p.eipdKiov 
 vos dvaTravaai avro, K. r. A. 
 
 Philonis Jud. (Eusebii Praep. Ev. lib. VIIL Jin.); Op. ed. Mangey, 
 
 II. p. 6'47. 
 
 5* av TLS KOLL e/c rov TOV? jjitv vr](f)ovTa$ 
 
 1 Well expressed by Schleiermacher : Ich aber, da ich sah, \vie der Knabe 
 schon gauz zugedeckt war, wollte ihra einige Euhe verschaffeu. 
 
 E 
 
66 USAGE OF GEEEK WRITERS. 
 
 soberly, and content with little, excel in understanding; but those, 
 on the contrary, who are always glutted with drink and food, 
 are least intelligent, as though the reason were WHELMED (BAPTIZED) 
 by the things overlying it." 
 
 EXAMPLE 137. 
 
 Plotinus* Ennead I. book IV. On Happiness, 9. 
 "But when he does not continue [happy], WHELMED ^BAPTIZED) 
 either with diseases, or with arts of Magians?" 
 
 * See the remark on Example 72. 
 
 EXAMPLE 138. 
 
 Chrysostom* On Ps. 48 : 11 (49 : 16, l Be not afraid, 1 etc.). 
 "Such as was Job, neither WHELMED (BAPTIZED) by poverty, nor 
 elated by riches." 
 
 * See the remark on Example 45. 
 
 EXAMPLE 139. 
 
 The same writer, Discourse on the trials and constancy of Job. 
 Speaking of the patriarch's example, he says : 
 
 GREEK TEXT. * 
 
 KOL oXiyoSels crvvertorepovs civou, rovs 3e TTOTWV del KOLL 
 CTLTIOOV e/iTTiTrAa/xeVoi;? rjKLcrra (ppovifjiovs, are 
 
 vov TOLS iTTLovcTL TOV 
 
 Plotini Ennead. I. lib. IV. de Beatitudine, 9 (ed. Kirchhoff, 
 
 Vol. II. p. 312). 
 
 '-4AA' QTOLV H.TJ 7rapaKO\ov0rj y fiaTTTio-Qeis' rj VOCTOLS rj 
 
 Chrysostomi Expos, in Ps. XLVIII. (ed. Montf., Vol. V. p 
 Oloy T)v 6 '/co/3, ovT VTTO 
 
 OVT6 VTTO TOV 7T\OVTOV 
 
IN THE TROPICAL OR FIGURATIVE SENSE. 67 
 
 "And if thou art in affliction, fly to it for refuge; and if 
 in wealth, receive thence the corrective ; so as neither to be 
 WHELMED (BAPTIZED) with poverty, nor puffed up with wealth." 
 
 EXAMPLE 140. 
 
 Theodoret* Eccks. Hist, book V. ch. 4. 
 
 " That Diodorus whom I have before mentioned, who, in a mosf 
 difficult tempestuous sea, preserved the ship of the church un- 
 WHELMED (un-BAPTizEo), holy Meletius constituted pastor of Tarsus. 
 
 * Born 393 (made Bishop of Cvrrhus 423) after Christ. 
 
 EXAMPLE 141. 
 
 Basil* (the Great), Discourse on the martyr Julitta, IV. 
 
 "As a pilot, skillful and undisturbed through much experience 
 in sailing, preserving the soul erect and UII-WHELMED (u 
 and higli above every storm." 
 
 * See the remark on Examples 79, 80. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Ejusdem Horn, de Jobi patientia et virtute (Vol. XII. p. 547). 
 
 Kav ev dOvLJLLa 77?, Trpo? CLVTOV /cara0ei>ye' KO.V ev 
 vTcp, TO (f)dpfJLaKOv ivrtvOev Xa^ave. cocrre 
 
 Theodoreti Eccles. Hist. lib. Y. ch. 4 (ed. Simond, Vol. III. p. 708). 
 '0 de 6eio$ MtXerios ALoftcopov tKeivov, ov KOLL TrpocrOev 
 
 fjLVT)0-07Jl> ) TQV tV TOJ TTay^aAeVo) K\vdtt)Vl, dfidlTTLO'TQV TO 
 
 TTJ? /c/cA?;cr/as t diao-ojcrai'Ta o~Kd(f)o$, 
 
 Basilii Magni Horn, in Martyr em Julittam, IY. (ed. Gamier, Vol. II. 
 
 ' p. 37). 
 
 f)cnrp TL? Kvfiepvr]TYi$ (TOCOS' KOL drapayos VTTO Trp 
 ayav Trepl TOV irXovv ijjarttptat, op0-i~jv KOLL dfidTTTiorTov, KOLL 
 
 TTOLVTQS 
 
68 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 2. To overwhelm (figuratively) with an intoxicating liquor, or a stupefying drug, 
 
 that takes full possession of one's powers, like a resistless flood ; or (as the figure 
 
 may sometimes be understood) to steep in, as by immersing in a liquid. 1 
 
 EXAMPLE 142. 
 
 Philo* (the Jew), On a contemplative Life. 
 "And I know some, who, when they become slightly intoxica- 
 ted, before they are completely OVERWHELMED (BAPTIZED) provide, 
 by contribution and tickets, t a carousal for the morrow ; regard- 
 ing the hope of the future revel as part of the present festivity." 
 
 Compare Basil (Example 95) : " So also the souls of these are driven about 
 beneath the waves, being WHELMED (BAPTIZED) with wine." 
 
 * See the remark on Example 136. 
 
 f Those who took part in a common entertainment contributed each his 
 share of the expense, or gave a ticket to be presented afterward for payment. 
 
 EXAMPLE 143. 
 
 Plutarch* Banquet, book III. Question 8. 
 " For of the slightly intoxicated only the intellect is disturb- 
 
 * See the remark on Example 53. 
 
 1 So the word steep (' from the same root as dip, with s prefixed," Worcester's 
 Diet.} is used figuratively in English. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Philonis Juda3i de Vita contempl. (ed. Mangey, Vol. II. p. 478). 
 
 Ol8a $e TWO.?, o'i, 7Ttdav aKpoffcopaKt? yevtovraiy Trpiv 
 reAeW paTTTLo-QrjvaL, ely TTJV varepaLav TTOTOV e^ eyn^o- 
 (jecos" KOL o-vfJifioXwv TrpoevrpeTrt^ojAevovs' [Jitpos V7ro\afji- 
 fidvovras TTJ? tv yjtpalv ev(f)pocrvvr]? eivai rrjv Trepl rij? els 
 TO fjitXXov yue^?;? iXifiSa. 
 
 Plut. Symp. lib. III. Quaest. 8 (ed. Wyttenb. Vol. III. p. 675). 
 
 'yap aKpoOoopaKwv rj Siavoia H.OVQV rerdpaKTac^ TO 
 
IN THE TROPICAL OR FIGURATIVE SENSE. 69 
 
 ed j but the body is able to obey its impulses, being not yet 
 
 OVERWHELMED (BAPTIZED)." 
 
 EXAMPLE 144. 
 
 The same Work, book VI. (Introd.). Timotheus, saying that 
 those who sup with Plato (on simple and wholesome fare) enjoy 
 themselves also on the following day, adds : 
 
 " For, truly, a great provision for a day of enjoyment is a 
 happy temperament of the body, un- WHELMED (UH-BAPTIZED) and 
 unencumbered.' 7 
 
 EXAMPLE 145. 
 
 The same writer, On the comparative skill of water and land 
 animals, XXII I. 
 
 " So then, Hercules, there is manifest stratagem, with guile ; 
 for the worthy man, himself sober as you see, purposely sets 
 upon us while still affected with yesterday's debauch, and 
 
 OVERWHELMED (BAPTIZED). " 
 
 EXAMPLE 146. 
 
 Plato* Banquet, ch. IV. Complaining of the ill effects of an 
 immoderate use of wine, the speaker says : 
 
 * See the remark on Example 135. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 rals op/jials 1 e^vTrrjpeTelv Sivarai, p.r]ir(d /3e/3a7r77- 
 
 Ejusdem lib. VI. Prooem. (ed. Wyttenb. Vol. III. p. 816). 
 
 tya yap co? aXfjdcof evrjfjLeplas <podiov evKpaala crco- 
 ? a/BaTTTLCTTOv /ecu \a(j)pov. 
 
 Ejusd. de sollertia animal., XXIII. (ed. Wyttenb. Vol. IV. p. 956). 
 9 jEve8pa ftez/ ovv, co ' HpaK\twv, crvv do\q> 
 
 TL -yap en TO X&LOV KOL j 
 opas, o yevvaios e/c TrapaorKtvrjs' tTTL 
 
70 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 " For I myself am one of those who yesterday were OVERWHELMED 
 (BAPTIZED)." 
 
 In this use, the Greek word corresponds to the English drench.* So Shakesp. 
 Macb. i. 7 (speaking of the " spongy officers," plied " with wine and wassel"), 
 
 " When in swinish sleep 
 Their drenched natures lie." 
 
 * " Icelandic dreckia, to plunge in water*; Swedish dranca, same sense, also 
 to drown" (Wedgewood, Diet, of Eng. Etymology}. 
 
 EXAMPLE 147. 
 
 Jlthenceus* Philosopher's Banquet, book V. ch. 64. 
 " You seem to me, guests, to be strangely flooded with 
 vehement words, and WHELMED (BAPTIZED) with undiluted wine. 
 
 1 For a man taking draughts of wine, as a horse does of water, 
 talks like a Scythian, not knowing even koppatf 
 and he lies speechless, plunged in the cask.' ?) 
 
 
 
 * Beginning of the third century after Christ, 
 f A Greek numerical sign. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Platonis Sympos. c. IY. (ed. Stdlb. Vol. I. p. 25). 
 Kal 'yap avros elfju ru*v yOts /St/BaTrTicrfJievow. 1 
 Athenasi Deipnosoph. lib. Y. c. 64 (ed. Di?idorf, Vol. I. p. 481) 
 
 Xoyois 1 Trapa 7rpocr$OKiav /3e/3a7rr/cr$ca re rw 
 
 'Avr)p 'yap \KCOV oivov w? vdcop 
 i (froovei, ovde KOTTTTO. 
 avavfio? ev TriQa) K 
 
 1 Vino obrutorum (Ast, Lex. Plat.}. 
 
 2 'JEv ytid'cft v.olvuprioas jocose dicitur, qui se mero ingurgitavit, quasi qui ipsi 
 dolio sese immersisset (Schweigli.). 
 
IN THE TROPICAL OR FIGURATIVE SENSE. 71 
 
 EXAMPLE 148. 
 
 Lucian* Bacchus, VII. Speaking of the fabled fountain of 
 Silenus, and its effects on the old men who drink of it, he 
 says : 
 
 " When an old man drinks, and Silenus takes possession of 
 him, immediately he is mute for some time, and seems like one 
 heavy-headed and WHELMED (BAPTIZED)." 
 
 * See the remark on Example 28. 
 
 EXAMPLE 149. 
 
 Conon* Narration L. Describing how Thebe destroyed her 
 husband (Alexander, tyrant of Pherae), to prevent his meditated 
 murder of herself and her three brothers, he says : 
 
 "And Thebe, learning the purpose [of Alexander], gave dag- 
 gers to the brothers, and urged them to be ready for the 
 slaughter ; and having WHELMED ( BAPTIZED) Alexander with much 
 wine and put him to sleep, she sends out the guards of the 
 bed-chamber, under pretense of taking a bath, and called the 
 brothers to the deed." 
 
 * About the beginning of the Christian era. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Luciani Bacchi VII. (ed. Lehmann, Vol. VII. p. 298). 
 777$ 6 yfjpw, KCU. Kardo")(r] avrov 6 
 
 a(f)covo$ 0T4j KOLL KaprjftapovvTi KCU /3e/3a- 
 
 OLK. 
 
 Cononis Narrat. L. (Script, poet. hist. Gr., ed. Westermann, p. 150). 
 
 TO 
 
 dovaa TrapacrKevd^eo-Oai Trpo? rrjv 
 wapKa\i, oivcp de 7roAA&> 'AXt^avSpov ^a-jTricracra KCU. 
 KaTvvd<jacra KWjjari TOV? TOV OaXd^ov (f>v\axas irpo- 
 (j)dcrL coy \ovrpois ^o?7cro/x2/77, KCU rovs d$eX(j)ov? cVi TO 
 cpyov 
 
72 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 EXAMPLE 150. 
 
 Aristophori* (Athen&us, Philosopher's Banquet, book IX. ch. 44). 
 The servant-girl, describing the effect of a cup of wine given by 
 her master, says : 
 
 " Then. WHELMING (BAPTIZING) potently, he set me free." 
 
 The sense is well given in Younge's free translation : 
 
 "And then, by steeping me completely in it, 
 He set me free." 
 
 * A Greek comic writer, beginning of the third century after Christ. 
 
 EXAMPLE 151. 
 
 Produs* Chrestomathy, XVI. 
 
 "And the IO-BACCHUS was sung at festivals and sacrifices 
 of Bacchus, IMBATHED (BAPTIZED) with much wantonness." 
 
 So Milton uses the corresponding English word : " And the sweet odor of the 
 returning gospel imbathe his soul with the fragrancy of heaven." 
 
 * Born 412 after Christ. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Aristophon, Athen. Deipnosoph. lib. XI. c. 44 (ed. Dindorf, Vol. II. 
 
 p. 1057). 
 
 Elr \ev0epav OL^KCV /SaTrr/cray eppcD/JLevcos. 
 
 Procli Chrestom. XVI. (ed. Gaisford, p. 384). 
 
 de 6 lOBAKXOS eV eoprai? KOLL 
 TroAAw 
 
 1 Leg. omnino tppvayfiart. Natum mendum, ut innumera alia in Graecis Lati- 
 nisque auctoribus, ex depravata pronunciandi cousuetudine, qua rj et t et v eodem 
 Bono male efferuntur (Schottus). 
 
3. 
 
 ITS USE IN COMPOSITION WITH A PREPOSITION. 
 
 1. With the preposition in. 
 
 _ ^__^^__ 
 
 EXAMPLE 152. 
 
 Plutarch* Life of Sylla, XXL Account of the defeat of Arche- 
 laus' Asiatic troops, and the storming of his camp, by Sylla. 
 
 "And dying they filled the marshes with blood, and the lake 
 with dead bodies ; so that, until now, many barbaric bows, and 
 helmets, and pieces of iron breastplates, and swords, are found 
 IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) in the pools." 
 
 * See the remark on Example 53. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Plutarchi Vit. Syllae XXI. (ed. Scoffer). 
 KOLL KaTtTTXrjcrav a7ro6vr]<TKQVTe$ at/JLaTO? ra eA?;, KOL 
 
 cocrre 
 
 
 KCU KpOLVr], KOL topOLKWV (TTVad^OLTOL (nrjptoV, KOi 
 
 TOL? 
 
74 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 EXAMPLE 153. 
 
 Nicander* fragment of a work on husbandry, book II. Directions 
 for preparing a turnip salad. 
 
 " Cut turnip-roots and the rind before it is withered, after 
 gently cleansing it, into thin slices ; and having dried them 
 a little in the sun, sometimes just dip in boiling water, and 
 IMMERSE (BAPTIZE) many [together] in sharp brine ; and at other 
 times, put into a vessel white new-wine with vinegar, half and 
 half, and pickling them in it cover over with salt." 
 
 * Middle of the second century before Christ 
 
 EXAMPLE 154. 
 
 Synesius* Epistle LVIL After saying that his fondness, from 
 childholPd, for leisure and study, had not deterred him from serv- 
 ing his fellow-men, in private and public affairs, he adds : 
 
 "None of these has withdrawn me from philosophy, or cut 
 me off from that blest leisure ; for to do with compulsion, and 
 
 * Born about 378 after Christ ; made Bishop of Ptolemais in the year 410. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Nicandri Georg. II. (Athen. Deiphnosoph. lib. IV. c. XI. (ed. 
 Dindorf, Vol. I. p. 303). 
 
 T/Jirjye 5e yoyyvXlSo? />/? Kal aKapfpea <j)Xoiov y 
 
 r)K.a 
 
 rivas eVt rvrOov, or eV 
 
 vdan SpifJieLr] iroXeas efjLpa 
 
 aXXore 5* av XZVKOV yAeD/coy avcrTafJLVLO'ov of;i, 
 
 Icrov i(ra>, ray 5' eV-roy 7no-TV\lsa? a\l Kpvtyous. 
 
 Synesii Epist. LYIL (ed. Petav. p. 194). 
 
 ovSev fj,6 0tAocTO0/a9 a^eiA/cer, o 
 tfjiovd IJLOL cryoXr)v vTrere/JLvero. TO yap ai 
 
 cu- 
 
 KOI 
 
 Possis et sic scribere, ore V cortp (Schweigh.). 
 
COMPOUNDED WITH A PREPOSITION. 75 
 
 with toil, and with pains, this is what wastes time, and IMMERSES 
 (BAPTIZES) the soul in cares of business." 
 
 EXAMPLE 155. 
 
 The same writer; On Dreams. Speaking of the union of 
 mind (pure intelligence) with the sensuous spirit in one being, 
 and the debasement of the former by this union, he says : 
 
 " For, to mind, how should a stupid and unreasoning life be 
 agreeable ? But to the image,* on account of the then peculiar 
 constitution of the spirit, the lower region is more congenial, 
 for like takes pleasure in like ; and if from the two there is 
 made one by the conjunction, even the mind would be IMMERSED 
 (BAPTIZED) in pleasure." 
 
 * The soul, separate from the body, with which the sensuous spirit becomes 
 its connecting medium. 
 
 2. With the prep, through, expressing transition, alternation; hence what ia 
 mutually done, by two or more, to one another. 
 
 EXAMPLE 156. 
 
 Polyanus* Stratagems, book IV. ch. 2, 6. The device by which 
 Philip, King of Macedon, while exercising in the wrestling- 
 
 
 * About the middle of the second century after Christ. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 fJiO-)(0Cp KOU JJLoXl? TTOLellt, TOVTO tfTTLV O SaTTOLVa TOV 
 
 KGU TTJV ^vyrjv jj./3a7rTiei fifflifivcus Trpa^fJidrco 
 
 Ejusdem de Insomniis (p. 140). 
 
 'yap 7rco9 KaXov /3/oy /J,7rXr)KTOs KOU avorjros ; 
 8z elScoXw^ SLO, rrjv TTQIOLV Tore TOV Trveu/JLaro? 
 rj Kara) X^P a f ^Po'r}KL t ojJLolcp yap 6 op.OLOv 
 
 KOU o vovs av 
 
76 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 school with Mcnegetes the pancratiast,* evaded the importuni- 
 ties of his soldiers, who had gathered round clamoring for their 
 pay. 
 
 " Philip, not having it, came forward streaming with sweat, 
 covered with dust, and smiling on them said : You say justly, 
 fellow-soldiers ; but indeed, for this very purpose I am myself 
 now anointed against the barbarian, in order that I may many 
 times over repay you thanks. Saying this, and clapping his 
 hands, he ran through the midst and threw himself into the 
 swimming-bath; and the Macedonians laughed. Philip did not 
 give over DIPPING (BAPTIZING) IN A MATCH with the pancratiast, and 
 sprinkling water in the face, until the soldiers wearied out dis- 
 persed." 
 
 This was the dipping match, or game of dipping each other; each party 
 striving to prove his superior strength and agility by putting the other under 
 water, and also by splashing it in his face ("sprinkling water in the /ace") 
 till he was deprived of breath. 
 
 * The name for an expert in both wrestling and boxing. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Polyasni Strategemat. lib. IV. c. ii. 6 (ed. Coray). 
 
 OVK excw 6 ^/AiTTTTos 1 Trpocr^A^ey, ldpa)TL 
 /ceKOw/tej/os 1 , [/cat] 7rpocrfJLei$Ldo~a$ avrol?, AiKaia (tyrj) Ae- 
 yere, co crvcrTparicioTaiy dXXd rot Kayu> 3ta TOVTO vvv eVt 
 TOV fidpfiapov dXeifpofjiai, OTTGOS vfjilv TTO \\a7rXao-lcos OLTTOTL- 
 <rai/ju ray ya.pLTa$. Tavra eiTrcov, KOLL rcuv yepolv KpoTcov, 
 dia jjLecrtov Bpa^wv^ eV KoXvufirjOpav eirtppi^ev [eauror]. 
 Kal OL MaKtSoves tytXaaav. *O 0i\t7T7ro9 H*XP L T0 ' ^" 
 TOV dia/3a7TTioiJLevos l Trpos TOV TrayKpaTiacrTrjv, KOL Kara 
 
 TOV TTpOOTCDTTOV paiVO/JLVOf, OVK aVTJKeVy OTT OLV OL O~TpaTlO)- 
 TOil 
 
 1 Both the prep, and the mid. form express what is mutual and reciprocal. 
 Compare the note on the following page. 
 
 
COMPOUNDED WITH A PREPOSITION. 77 
 
 EXAMPLE 157. 
 
 Demosthenes* Against rfristoge&on, Oration I. 5. Showing what 
 class of persons Aristogeiton was accustomed to liarrass, by false 
 accusation and extortion, he says : 
 
 "Not the speakers [public orators], for these know how TO 
 PLAY THE DIPPING (BAPTIZING) MATCH with him, but private persons 
 and the inexperienced." 
 
 In this case the compound word is used metaphorically, and the sense is: 
 For these know how to match him in foul language, in the game of sousing 
 one another. 
 
 * Born 385 before Christ. By some his authorship of this speech is doubted, 
 but not on decisive grounds. 
 
 3. With the prep, down, hence downward; merely strengthening the expression 
 
 of the simple idea. 
 
 EXAMPLE 158. 
 
 Chrysostom* Discourse on Gluttony and Drunkenness (at the end). 
 "For as a ship, that has become filled with water, is soon 
 
 * See the remark on Example 45. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Demosth. in Aristog. I. 5. (ed. Bekker, Vol. IV. p. 874). 
 
 Ov%i /ia Aia TOV? Xtyovras, OVTOL p,lv yap eWcrrai/- 
 TOLI TOVTO) $La$a7TTi(^<T6ai) aAAa TOVS iSicoTas 1 /cat TOVS 
 
 Chrysostomi Eclog. Horn. XII. de Ingluvie et Ebrietate (ed. 
 Montf., Vol. XII. p. 516). 
 
 Kadairtp yap irXoiov vTrepavrXov yeyovos ra^eco? Kara- 
 
 2 JiapaTtTi^co, certatim immergo. Polyaen. 4, 2. 6. ... Metaph. conviciando 
 certo, forma media ap. Demosth. p. 782. 26 : OVTOI \_fiev\ -yap Eniarnvrnt rovrat 
 diaftaxTi^eod'ai, ubi var. ovvSiapaTTii^sod'ai. G. Dindorf (Steph. Thes. nov. ed. 
 Vol. II. col. 1111). 
 
78 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED), and becomes deep under the waves ; so also 
 a man, when he gives himself up to gluttony and drunkenness, 
 goes down the steep, and causes reason to be whelmed beneath 
 the waves." 
 
 EXAMPLE 159. 
 
 Alexander of Jlphrodisias* Medical and Physical Problems, L 16. 
 
 Why is it that some die of fright ? Because the physical force, 
 fleeing too much into the depth [of the body] along with the 
 blood, at once WHELMS (BAPTIZES) and quenches the native and 
 vital warmth at the heart, and brings on dissolution." 
 
 * See the remark on Example 75. 
 
 EXAMPLE 160. 
 
 The same Work, I. 1*1. 
 
 "Why is it that many die, of those who have drunk wine to 
 excess? Because, again, the abundance of wine WHELMS (BAPTIZES) 
 the physical and the vital power and warmth," 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 KOL vtrofipvyLov ylvtroLC OVTCO KOI 
 OTOLV rrj d8r)(j)ayia KOL peGy eavTov e/c<5o>, Kara 
 , KCU vTTofipvyjLOv epyd^tTOLL TQV \oyio~ /JLOV. 
 
 Alexandri Aphrodis. Probl. med. et phys. I. 16 (Ideler, Physic, et 
 Medic. Gr. min. Vol. I. p. 9). 
 
 ALOL TL evLOL (ft ofirj Sevres aTreOavov ; OTL favyovo-a Xiav 
 j] (ftvaLKrj dvvafJLis 1 els TO fidOos jmeTa rov a^aros' TO e/ji(f)v- 
 TOV OepjJiov KOU fyoTiKov TO 7rapa Tr)? Kap8ia? yevo^evov 
 KaTa/3a7TTL^L KOU crftevvvcri, KGU (f)6opdv eivdyei. 
 
 Ejusdem I. 17 (ibid.). 
 
 Aid TL TToAAot TOJV oivofyXvyrjcrdvTtov aTreOavov / OTL 
 iraXiv TO TrXrjOoy TOV oivoy TJ]V (ftvo-iKr]v KCU, TYJV 
 K.a\ 
 
COMPOUNDED WITH A PREPOSITION. 79 
 
 EXAMPLE 161. 
 
 Alciphran's* Epistles, look II. Ep. 3. Menander to Glycera> 
 showing why he declines King Ptolemy's invitation to his court 
 in Egypt. 
 
 "Is it a great and wonderful thing to see the beautiful Nile? 
 Is it not also a great thing to see the Euphrates? Is it not a 
 great thing also to see the Danube ? Are not also the Therino- 
 don, the Tigris, the Halys, the Rhine, among the great things? 
 If I am to see all the rivers, life to me will be WHELMED (BAPTIZED), 
 not beholding Glycera." 
 
 * Probably, middle of the second century after Christ. 
 
 EXAMPLE 162. 
 
 Achilles Tatius* Story of Leucippe and Clitophon, book I. ch. 3. 
 "For that which, of a sudden, conies all at once and un- 
 expected, shocks the soul, falling on it unawares, and WHELMS 
 
 (BAPTIZES)." 
 
 * See the remark on Example 54. 
 
 EXAMPLE 163. 
 The same Work, book II. ch. 31. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Alciphronis Rhet. Epist. lib. II. 3 (ed. Wagner). 
 
 fj,ya KOL Oav^acrTov iSelv rov KaXov NtiXov ; ov 
 KOU rov Evfypdrrjv idelv ; ov /zej/a KGU rov Icrrpov ; 
 ov rcov fjLeyd\cov KOL 6 0pfJL(o$a>v, 6 Tiypt^ o "AXvs, o 
 Prjvo? ; JEl /xeAAa) Traz/ra? rofy TroTafjiov? opav, Kara- 
 f3a7TTLcr0r)O'Ta[ JJLOI, TO (jjv, ^rj / 
 
 Achillis Tatii de Leucippes et Clitophontis Amoribus, lib. I. c. 3 
 
 (ed. Jacobs). 
 
 To n.ev yap (at<f)injf aOpoov KCU aTrpoo-SoKrjTov e/c- 
 7rA?;(7crei rr]v "fyvyrjv, a(j)vco TrpocrTrecro^ /cat 
 
80 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 ' And Satyrus had a remnant of the drug, with which he 
 had put Conops to sleep. Of this, while serving us, he covertly 
 pours a part into the last cup which he brought to Panthia ; 
 and she rising went into her bedchamber, and immediately fell 
 asleep. But Leucippe had another chamber-servant ; whom hav- 
 ing WHELMED (BAPTIZED) with the same drug, Satyrus . . comes to 
 the third door, to the door-keeper ; and him he laid prostrate 
 with the same draught." 
 
 EXAMPLE 164. 
 
 Origen* Comment, on John, ch. 11 : 45; on the words, 'Many 
 believed on him.' 
 
 "And whom would they not move to believe the preaching 
 of Jesus (and, verily, as if out of death and putridity), of those 
 who were altogether WHELMED (BAPTIZED) by wickedness/' etc. 
 
 * Latter half of the second, and first half of the third century. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Ejusdem lib. II. c. 31. 
 
 Elyt 8 O ^OLTVpOS TOV (papfJiOLKOV AeA^OCI'OZ', W TOV 
 
 Kd)vu>ira TjV /caraKOi/z/cras" TOVTOV diaKOvov/jLevos rj/juv 
 fyX e ^ ^Q-Qwv Kara TYJS KvXiKO? Trj? reAeura/ccs', rjv rfj Uav- 
 6la Trpocretpepev. *H 3e avacrracra wyero els TOV 0a\a~ 
 \JLQV avTrjs, KOU ev0v$ Koi06v$v. -Efye Se erepav rj Aev- 
 KLTTTrr) ^aAa/x?;7roAo^ ? TJV TOJ CLVTW (frapfjLaKO) Kara/SaTTTLO-as 
 6 Sdrvpo? . . eVl rr]v rpiTrjv Ovpav ep-^erai Trpos TOV 
 
 6vpU>pOV KVLKtlvOV /3fB\r)Kl TCp CLVTW TTOfJiaTL. 
 
 Origenis Comment, in Joan. T. XXVIII. 9 (ch. 11 : 45; ed. 
 Gamier, Vol. IV. p. 380). 
 
 Kca TLva ye OVK av KivrjcraL Trpos TO TrLCTTevo-ai TCO TOV 
 'I-rjcrov KTjpv/fj.aTiy KOU aA^^coy cocrTreyoet K vtKpOTrjTOs KOLI 
 dvcraidias, TWV TCO.VV VTTO TTJS /ca/c/as" 
 
 K. T. A. 
 
COMPOUNDED WITH A PREPOSITION. 81 
 
 EXAMPLE 165. 
 
 Basil* (the Great], Discourse XIV., against Drunkards, 7. 
 " For wine WHELMS (BAPTIZES) the reason and the understand- 
 ing. . . . And what ship without a pilot, borne by the waves 
 
 as it may happen, is not more safe than the drunken man?" 
 
 i 
 * See the remark on Examples 79, 80. 
 
 EXAMPLE 166. 
 
 Eustathius* (Eumathius), Story of Hysmenias and Hysmene 
 book VI. 
 
 "And sleeping I was troubled in spirit with the strangeness 
 of the report, and as to my whole mind WHELMED (BAPTIZED) 
 with the affliction." 
 
 * Probably, of the eleventh century after Christ. 
 EXAMPLE 167. 
 
 The same Work, book VII. Apostrophizing Hysmenias, who had 
 been cast into the sea, by command of the pilot, to appease Nep- 
 tune, Hysmene says (in the writer's peculiar manner) : 
 
 "Thou, indeed, wast borne away by the swell and the rush 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Basilii Magni Horn. XI V. in Ebriosos VII. (ed. Gamier, Vol. II. 
 
 p. 129). 
 
 Tov fj.v 'yap Xoyia/Jiov KCU TOV vovv 6 olvo? Kara/Scarri- 
 ZL. . . TTOLOV de irXolov aKvfiepvrjTov, VTTO TO>V KVfJLaT&v wy 
 av TV^TI <ppofjLvoi>, OUK ctcrc^aAeaTepoV <TTL TOV ptOvovros ; 
 
 Eustathii (Eumathii) de Ismenias et Ismenes Amoribus, lib. VI. 
 (ed. Teucher, p. 234). 
 
 KOLL rjfjirjv VTTVMV rco 7rapa3o^u> rrjv ^v\r)v KaraQopv- 
 l? rov a/coJcr/zaroy, /cat oAo// Trj OXtyei TOV vovv 
 
 Ejusdem lib. VII. (p. 310). 
 
 fJLev a7T^0rjf t raj craAa) KOLL ra> poQla* TOV 
 I) 
 
82 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 of the wave ; but my spirit thou didst WHELM (BAPTIZE), surging 
 round, with whole seas of waitings." 
 
 EXAMPLE 168. 
 
 The same Work, book VII. Neptune, says Hysmene, speaking 
 of the storm which occasioned the sacrifice of Hysmenias, 
 
 "Empties all his fury on the sea, and strives to WHELM 
 (BAPTIZE) the whole vessel with the waves." 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 fj,ov 8e KarepdirTicras rrjv -fyvyrjv oXat? OaXdcrcraiis KCOKV- 
 
 Ejusdem lib. VII. fin. (p. 320). 
 
 "OXov 0vfjioi> Kara flaXaao-T]? Kevoi, oXyv rrjv vavv 
 (j)iXovet,Kel KarafiaTTTiorai roty KVfJLacn,. 
 
SECTION n. 
 
 Usage of the Greek Versions of the Old Testament. 
 
 , 
 
 EXAMPLE 169. 
 
 Version of the Seventy* 4 Kings, ch. 5 : 14 (English Bible 
 2 Kings 5 : 14). 
 
 "And Naaman went down, and IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) HIMSELF in 
 the Jordan, seven times." 
 
 The sense is correctly given in the common English Bible : 'And dipped him- 
 self seven times in the Jordan.' 
 
 * Completed as early as the middle of the second century before Christ. 
 
 EXAMPLE 170. 
 
 Version of Aquila* Job, ch. 9 : 31 (English Bible, ' thou shalt 
 plunge me in the ditch'). 
 
 "Even then thou wilt PLUNGE (BAPTIZE) me in corruption." 
 
 * First half of the second century after Christ. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Septuag. interpret. 4 Reg. c. 5 : 14 (ed. Tischend.). 
 
 Kca Korcfh) Naipav KOLL e/3a7rr/craro eV ra> ' 
 eTrra/as 1 . 
 
 Hexapl. Orig. Cap. IX. Job (ed. Montf. Vol. I. p. 409). 
 31. A. KOL rore eV dia(j)0opa fiaTTTLcrti? /ze. 
 
84 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 EXAMPLE 171. 
 
 . Version of Symmachus* Ps. 68 : 3 (Eng. Bible, Ps. 69 : 2, ' 
 sink in deep mire 1 ). 
 
 ;< I am PLUNGED (BAPTIZED) into bottomless depths." 
 
 * Last half of the second century after Christ. 
 
 EXAMPLE 172. 
 
 Version (or gloss) of an ancient writer, now unknown, Ps. 9 .* IS 
 (Eng. Bible, Ps. 9 : 15, ' are sunk down'). 
 
 "ARE IMMERSED." 
 
 EXAMPLE 173. 
 
 Version of the Seventy* Is. 21 : 4. 
 * "Iniquity WHELMS me." 
 
 * Compare the remark on Example 169. 
 
 EXAMPLE 174. 
 
 The same version; Judith, ch. 12 : 5-9. 
 
 "And the attendants of Holofernes brought her into the tent, 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Hexapl. Orig. Ps. LXVIII. (ed. Montf. Vol. I. p. 512). 
 3. 2. /3a7TTio-0r)v el? OLTrepdvTOV? KaradvcreL?. 1 
 
 Vet. Interpret. Graec. Fragm. Ps. IX. (ed. Drusius, p. 882). 
 16. waa, /3a7TTL(r0r)o-av.* 
 
 Septuag. interpret. Es. XXI. 4 (ed. Tischend.). 
 *H OLVO/JLLO: fie /SaTTTifiei. 
 
 Septuag. interpret. Judith, c. 12 : 5-9 (ed. Tischend.). 
 
 v avrr]v ol QepaTrovres ' OXofyepvov .1$ 
 
 1 Demersus sum in infinitas voragines (Montf). 
 
 2 Demersse sunt (Hieron). 
 
USAGE OF THE GREEK VERSIONS OF THE OLD TEST. 85 
 
 and she slept until midnight. And she arose at the morning 
 watch. 6 and sent to Holofernes, saying : Let my Lord give 
 command, to allow thy handmaid to go forth for prayer ; 
 7 and Holofernes commanded the body-guards not to hinder her. 
 And she remained in the camp three days ; and went forth by 
 night* into the valley of Bethulia, and IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) HERSELF, 
 in the camp at the fountain. t 8 And when she came up, she 
 
 Compare, in ch. 6 : 11, ' the fountains that were under Bethulia i ch. 7, 'and 
 [Holofernes and* bis horsemen] viewed the passages up to the city, and came to 
 the fountains of their waters, and took tliem ;' v. 17, ' and they [the Ammoni- 
 tes and Assyrians] pitched in the valley, and took the waters, and the fountains 
 of the children of Israel. 1 
 
 There was evidently no lack of water for the immersion of the body, after 
 the Jewish manner; namely by walking into the water to the proper depth, 
 and then sinking down till the whole body was immersed. 
 
 * Accompanied by her maid, as stated in ch. 13 : 3. 
 
 f One of the oldest Greek manuscripts (no. 58), and the two oldest versions 
 (the Syriac and Latin) read, ' immersed (baptized] herself in the fountain of 
 water' (omitting, ' in the camp'). According to the common Greek text, this 
 was done ' at the fountain ;' to which she went, because she had there the means 
 of immersing herself. Any other use of water, for purification, could have been 
 made in her tent. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 KOL VTrvcoae L eo " ota ~ 7s> T WKTOS' KCU 
 
 Trpo? rr)v tcoOivrjv <f)vXa.Kr}v+ KOU aTreareiXe Trpo? 
 Xeyovcra ' JETTLra^drco Srj o Kipto? fJiov edaai 
 rr]v SoiXrjv crov eVt Trpocrtvyrjv iQXQtiv. 7 KOL Trpocrera^ev 
 OXofyepvrjs TOLS crcofJLarcxpvXa^L /JLTJ 3i,aKCoXii,v avrrjv 
 KCU Trapefjieivev tv rfj 7rapfjL/3oXfj rj^pas rpels, KOU e^- 
 7ropevTO Kara VVKTOL el? r^v tydpayya BervXoia, KOLL 
 kv r-fj 7rapfJi/3oXfj tirl rrj? Trrjyrj? TOV vSaro?. 1 
 
 TI\ 7tnoEu^o).f t 2] 58 (ed. Holmes et Parsons). 'Enl rr t s -^y^s] . . ev 
 58 (ibid.). Et baptizabat se in foute aquae (Vet. Lot. ed Sabatier). 
 (Bibl. Polyglott., ed. Walton}. 
 
86 USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 besought the Lord God of Israel to direct her way, for the rais- 
 ing up of the sons of his people. 9 And entering in pure, she 
 remained in the tent, till one brought her food at evening." 
 
 EXAMPLE 175. 
 
 The same version, Wisdom of Sirach, ch. 34 : 27 (Eng. Bible, 
 Ecclesiasticus, 34 : 25). 
 
 " IMMERSING (BAPTIZING) HIMSELF from a dead body, and touching 
 it again, what is he profited by his bathing?" 
 
 In this construction (immerse from], the writer puts the means for the effect; 
 immersion of the body being the means (symbolically) by which one was freed 
 from the pollution of contact with the dead.* This brevity of expression is so 
 common an idiom in the sacred writings (and in the early imitations of them) 
 that it has become a recognized figure of speech .f For example, 2 Cor. 11 : 3, 
 ' so your minds should be corrupted from the simplicity that is in Christ ;' ' cor- 
 rupted from,' that is, turned from by being corrupted, the means put for the 
 effect. 
 
 * ' Sprinkled from an evil conscience' is the correct translation of Heb. 10 : 22, 
 where also the writer puts means for effect; for the metaphorical application 
 of the phrase here presupposes the literal use of the same form, and we must 
 give the literal meaning, unless we would sink the writer's metaphor. 
 
 f Compare Winer's Grammar of the New Test., \ 66, 2 (Masson's translation, 
 66, 2, d, p. 643, Am. edition). 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 8 KOL a>r av/3r], 1 edeero rov Kvpiov Oeov 'laparjX Karevdv- 
 vai rr)V bSov avrrj? ely amcrre^a T&V via>v rov Xaov avrov. 
 
 9 KOL ticnTOptvofJitvr) KaOapa irap^eve rrj crKrjvfj, pc^pis ov 
 
 \ JL V ~ \f/ 
 
 TTJV rpo(pi]V avrrjs 1 Trpo? ecnrepav. 
 
 Ejusdem lib. Siracidae c. 34 : 27 (ed. Tischend.). 
 
 ofJLVOS CtTTO VtKpOV KOL TTaXlV CLTTTOIJLtVOS OLVTOV, 
 
 TL d>(j)\rj(T rq> Xovrpw avrov ; 
 
 i 3 Avepn t namlich ex rov vSaros (Fritzsche, Exeget. Handb. zu den Apokr. d. 
 alt. Test., in loc.). 
 
SECTION IE. 
 
 Summary of the lexical and grammatical uses of laptizem. 
 
 1. Lexical use. 
 
 1. From the preceding examples it appears, that the ground- 
 idea expressed by this word is, to put into or under water (or 
 other penetrable substance), so as entirely to immerse or sub- 
 merge; that this act is always expressed in the literal applica- 
 tion of the word, and is the basis of its metaphorical uses. 
 This ground-idea is expressed in English, in the various connec- 
 tions where the word occurs, by the terms (synonymous in this 
 ground-element) to immerse, immerge, submerge, to dip, to plunge, 
 to imbathe, to whelm. 
 
 2. These examples are drawn from writers in almost every 
 department of literature and science; from poets, rhetoricians, 
 philosophers, critics, historians, geographers ; from writers on 
 husbandry, on medicine, on natural history, on grammar, on 
 theology ; from almost every form and style of composition, 
 romances, epistles, orations, fables, odes, epigrams, sermons, nar- 
 ratives ; from writers of various nations and religions, Pagan, 
 Jew, and Christian, belonging to many different countries, and 
 through a long succession of ages. 
 
 3. In all, the word has retained its ground-meaning, without 
 change. From the earliest age of Greek literature down to its 
 close (a period of about two thousand years), not an example 
 has been found, in which the word has any other meaning. 
 
88 SUMMARY OF THE USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 There is no instance, in which it signifies to make a partial 
 application of water by affusion or sprinkling, or to cleanse, to 
 purify, apart from the literal act of immersion as the means of 
 cleansing or purifying.* 
 
 4. The object immersed or submerged is represented as being 
 plunged, or as sinking down, into the ingulfing fluid or other 
 substance ; or the immersing element overflows and thus ingulfs 
 the object. The former is the more common case. The latter 
 occurs in Example 4, where rocks, overflowed by the tide when 
 at the flood, are said not to be IMMERSED at ebb-tide ; Ex. 13, 
 where the violent current of a river, swollen by heavy rains, 
 is said to have SUBMERGED many attempting to swim through 
 it ; Example 14, where animals are said to be SUBMERGED by 
 the overflowing of the Nile ; Example 19, the mariners attempt- 
 ing to row out of the harbor to sea, against the storm and 
 the heavy swell, a lofty surge dashes over their little vessel 
 and SUBMERGES it. In the metaphorical application of the word, 
 both cases are recognized as the ground of the usage. 
 
 5. The immersing substance is usually water, that being the 
 element in which the act most commonly takes place. Other 
 substances mentioned are : wine, Ex. 84 ; a dye (for coloring) 
 Exs. 79 and 80 ; blood, Ex. 67, comp. Ex. 42 ; breast-milk and 
 ointment, Ex. 70 ; oil, Ex. 86 ; fire, Exs. 79 and 80 ; brine, 
 Ex. 153 ; mud and slime, at the bottom of standing pools, 
 Exs. 59, and 152 ; the human breast, Ex. 77 ; the neck, Exs. 68, 
 78 ; the human body, Exs. 72, 75, 76. 
 
 6. The word immerse, as well as its synonyms immerge, etc., 
 expresses the full import of the Greek word BAPTIZEIN. The 
 idea of emersion is not included in the meaning of the Greek 
 
 * When part of an object is said to be immersed, the word is applied to 
 that part alone, and the rest of the object is expressly excepted from its applica- 
 tion. Thus, in Ex. 6, the oaken part (of the fish-spear) is said to be IMMERSED, 
 " and the rest is buoyed up ;" in Ex. 7, the body is said to be " IMMERSED 
 as far as to the breasts," all above being expressly excepted; so Exs. 11 and 
 38, in one of which the body from the waist upward, and in the other the 
 head, is excepted. 
 
LEXICAL USE. 39 
 
 word. It means, simply, to put into or under water (or other 
 substance), without determining whether the object immersed 
 sinks to the bottom, or floats in the liquid, or is immediately 
 taken out. This is determined, not by the word itself, but by 
 the nature of the case, and by the design of the act in each 
 particular case. A living being, put under water without in- 
 tending to drown him, is of course to be immediately withdrawn 
 from it ; and this is to be understood, wherever the word is 
 used with reference to such a case. But the Greek word is 
 also used where a living being is put under water for the purpose 
 of drowning, and of 'course is left to perish in the immersing 
 element. All this is evident from the following examples. 
 
 Example 28, " IMMERSING (BAPTIZING) so that he should not be 
 able to come up again ;" Ex. 27, " as you would not wish, 
 sailing in a large and polished and richly gilded ship, to be 
 SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED);" Ex. 41, " nor [knows] the pilot whether 
 he saves, in the voyage, one whom it were better to SUBMERGE 
 (BAPTIZE) ;" Ex. 43, " desiring to swim through, they were 
 IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) by their full armour;" Ex. 48, "having 
 SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED) his ship with much merchandise, then blames 
 the sea for having ingulfed it full laden:" Ex. 51, "and the 
 dolphin, angry at such a falsehood, IMMERSING (BAPTIZING) killed 
 him;" Ex. 16, "pressing him down and IMMERSING (BAPTIZING) 
 him while swimming, . . . they did not desist till they had 
 entirely suffocated him ;" Ex. 17, "being IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) in 
 a swimming-bath, by the Gauls, he dies ;" Ex. 44, " and stretch- 
 ing out a hand to others, [would] save them, as if drawing up 
 persons SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED) ;" Ex. 52, " the ship being in danger 
 of BECOMING IMMERGED (BAPTIZED), he threw out all the lading into 
 the sea:" Ex. 72, "and death to her [the soul] while yet 
 IMMERGED (BAPTIZED) in the body," etc. ; Ex. 73, " towering up by 
 what is not IMMERGED (BAPTIZED) in the body ;" Ex. 75, " they 
 have their nature and perceptive faculty IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) in 
 the depth of the body ;" Ex. 76, " they have the soul very 
 much IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) in the depth of the body ;" Ex. 81, 
 " slaying some on land, and PLUNGING (BAPTIZING) others with their 
 boats and huts into the lake ;" Ex. 84, " I IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) 
 him into wine, and took and drank him ;" Ex. 85, " but also 
 itself partaking of their deformity, and IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) into it. 
 
90 SUMMARY OF THE USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 7. The word is used of the most familiar acts and occurrences 
 of common life ; as, IMMERSING (BAPTIZING) wool in a dye, to color 
 it (Exs. 79 and 80) ; steel in fire, to heat it for tempering 
 (ibidem) ; heated iron (steel) in water to temper it (Ex. 71) ; an 
 object in a liquid, in order to drink it (Ex. 84) ; a person in 
 the waves, in sport or revenge (Exs. 26 and 60) ; a ship in the 
 sea, by overloading it (Ex. 48) ; an animal in the water, to 
 drown it (Ex. 51) ; tow in oil, for burning (Ex. 86) ; salt in 
 water, to dissolve it (Ex. 50) ; a pole into the bed of a river, 
 to reach something at the bottom (Ex. 82) ; a bladder in water, 
 by. forcing it under (Ex. 24) ; the hollow hand in water, to fill 
 it (Ex. 57) ; the hand in blood, to besmear it (Ex. 67) ; a 
 branch in a liquid, in order to sprinkle it about (Ex. 69) ; a 
 medical preparation (a pessary of cantharides) in breast-milk 
 arid ointment, to allay the irritation (Ex. 70) ; a sword into 
 an enemy's breast (Ex. 77) ; sliced turnips in brine, for a salad 
 (Ex. 153) ; etc. 
 
 8. The ground-idea is preserved in the several metaphorical 
 uses of the word. This is evident from many examples. 
 
 Thus,, of certain persons liable at any moment to be plunged 
 in ruin, it is said (Ex. 87) : " they differ little . . from those 
 who are driven by storm at sea ; . . . and if they commit any 
 even the slightest mistake, are totally SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED) ;' ; of 
 one overwhelmed with sorrows by the calamity in which a 
 friend had perished (Ex. 88) : " SUBMERGED (BAPTIZED) by that great 
 wave ;" of one under the influence of an overmastering passion 
 (Ex. 92) : " although WHELMED (BAPTIZED) by desire, the generous 
 man endeavored to resist, and emerged as from a wave ; 7J of 
 a similar case (Ex. 93) : " but Dyonisius . . was seized indeed 
 by a tempest, and was WHELMED (BAPTIZED) as to the soul ; but 
 yet he struggled to emerge from the passion, as from a mighty 
 wave;" of an enterprise, ruined by untoward events (Ex. 116): 
 " the business [of instructing the young] being WHELMED (BAPTIZED) 
 and all the winds being set in motion against it ;" of a peo- 
 ple lying in ignorance (Ex. 125) : " the congregation IMMERSED 
 (BAPTIZED) in ignorance, and unwilling to emerge to the knowl- 
 edge of the spiritual teaching ;" of the mind oppressed and 
 stupified by intemperance in eating and drinking (Ex. 136) : 
 
GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTION. 91 
 
 " as though the reason were WHELMED (BAPTIZED) by the things 
 overlying it ;" (with a negation) of one self-collected in diffi- 
 culties and dangers (Ex. 141): "preserving the soul erect and 
 un-wHELMED (un-BAPiizED), and high above every storm ;" of persons 
 under the power of intoxicating drinks (Ex. 95) : " so also the 
 souls of these [the intoxicated] are driven about beneath the 
 waves, being WHELMED (BAPTIZED) with wine ;" Ex. 147, " flooded 
 with vehement words, and WHELMED (BAPTIZED) with undiluted 
 wine" (where one who is so overborne and subdued by the 
 power of wine, is represented as "plunged in the cask"). 
 
 The idea of a total submergence lies at the basis of these 
 metaphorical uses. Any thing short of this, such as the mere 
 sprinkling or pouring of water on an object, viewed as the 
 ground of these metaphorical senses, would be simply absurd. 
 
 9. In Christian Greek literature, the word retained its dis- 
 tinctive meaning, and continued to be freely used both in tho 
 literal and metaphorical sense (Exs. 39, 44, 45-47, 58, 77, 78, 
 79 and 80, 81, 90, 91, 95, 104-107, 119, 121-123, 125-131, 
 138-141, 154, 155, 158, 164, 165). 
 
 10. In the metaphorical sense it is often used absolutely, 
 meaning to whelm in (or with) ruin, troubles, calamities, sufferings, 
 sorrows, busi?iess, perplexity, intoxication. See Exs. 98-102, 115, 
 116, 124, 135, 142-146, 148, 150. That, in this absolute use, 
 the literal image on which the usage is founded was not lost 
 from view, is evident from Ex. 124: "you are not at leisure 
 but are OVERWHELMED, and the multitude of other affairs holds 
 you in subjection" (more literally, ' has brought you under itself;' 
 with which compare Ex. 95). 
 
 2. Grammatical construction. 
 
 The word is construed, in connection with the immersing sub- 
 stance, as follows : 
 
 1. With the prep, into before the name of the element into 
 which an object is PLUNGED or IMMERSED, expressing fully the act 
 of passing from one element into another. 
 
92 SUMMARY OF THE USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 Ex. 61, " (around) every thing that is IMMERSED into it ;' Ex. 64, 
 "PLUNGE thyself into the sea; 7 ' Ex. 65, "PLUNGING himself into the 
 lake Copais ;" Ex. 67, " DIPPING his hand into the blood ;" Ex. 68, 
 " he PLUNGED the whole sword into his own neck ;" Ex. 70, 
 " again IMMERSE into breast-milk and Egyptian ointment ;" Ex. 74, 
 "IMMERSED HIMSELF into the Ocean-stream; 77 Ex. 77, "TO PLUNGE the 
 sword into the enemy's breast ;" Ex. 81, " and PLUNGING others 
 with their boats and huts into the lake ; 77 Ex. 82, " they PLUNGE 
 into the water, therefore, a pole smeared with pitch ;" Ex. 84, 
 " I IMMERSED him into wine ; 77 Ex. 85, " and IMMERSED into it ; 77 
 (metaphorically) Ex. 118, "PLUNGED by drunkenness into stupor 
 and sleep; 7 ' Ex. 119, "PLUNGED by drunkenness into sleep;" 
 Ex. 128, "IMMERSE from sobriety into fornication. 77 
 
 2. With the prep, in, denoting locality, or the element in 
 or within which the act takes place. 
 
 Ex. 59, " IMMERSED and sinking in the pools ; 77 Ex. 72, " to 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Ex. 61, (jrepi ) TravTL TW fiaiTTLO-OevTi els avro. Ex. 64, 
 
 fiaTTTLO-OV CTfOLVTOV 1? 6 CL\a(T V OLV . Ex. 65, taVTOV PaTTTl- 
 
 (lov e/V TTjv KfjOTvaiBa \ijunqv. Ex. 67, (.1$ TO al/za TTJV 
 yelpa fioLTTTLcra?. Ex. 68, oXov el? rrjv eavTov cr^ayrjv 
 e/BoLTTTicre TO L<])O$. Ex. 70, /3a7rr/aj> iraXiv eV yaXa 
 yvvaiKos, K. T. A. Ex. 74, eV '/2/cea^oto poov /3a7rr/ero. 
 Ex. 77, paTrTiaai TO f/0os" ely TO TOV TTO\/JLLOV o-Trj0o?. 
 Ex. 81, TOV? de ei? Tr/v XL/JLI'TJV . . . $OLTTTL(^)VTU>V. Ex. 82, 
 KQVTQV ovv el? TO vdcop fiaTTTi^ovo-L TT/CTCTT; 7re<^a^o/>ta)//>te- 
 vov. Ex. 84, efioLTTTLcr el? TOV oivov. Ex. 85, KOU /3/3a- 
 TTTLo-fjitvov el? avTrjv. Ex. 118, /SefiaTTTio-fJLe'vov el? avai- 
 a6r)o-Lav KOU VTTVOV VTTO Trj? fJLedrjs. Ex. 119, VTTO p.e6r]s 
 fiaTrTL^ojjievos el? VTTVOV. Ex. 128, e/c o-totypoo-vvr}? el? Trop- 
 veiav 
 
 Ex. 59, fiaTTTi^o/uLevoi KCU KaTaSvvovTe? ev TOL? 
 
GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 her, while yet IMMERGED in the body ;" Ex. 75, " IMMERSED in the 
 depth of the body ;" Exs. 79, 80, " as wool IMMERSED in a dye ;" 
 Ibid., " as steel IMMERSED in the fire ;" (metaphorically) Ex. 129, 
 'IMMERSED in wickedness;" (compounded with in) Ex. 152, 
 "IMMERSED in the pools;" Ex. 153, "IMMERSE in brine ;" and meta- 
 phorically, Ex. 154, " IMMERSES the soul in cares of business ;" 
 Ex. 155, "even the mind would be IMMERSED in pleasure." 
 
 3. Also with the simple dative as a local case, denoting locality, 
 viz. the element in which, or where, the act is performed. 
 
 Ex. 60, "in waves* of the sea IMMERSING;" Ex. 71, "is PLUNGED 
 in water :" Ex. 73, " towering up by what is not IMMERGED in 
 the body;" Ex. 76, "IMMERSED in the body;" Ex. 78, "TO PLUNGE 
 his right hand in his father's neck;" Ex. 86, "and DIPPING 
 tow in oil ;" (figuratively) Ex. 120, " PLUNGES in 1 sleep ;" Ex. 121, 
 
 i That this is the true construction here, is rendered most probable by com- 
 parison with Exs. 118 and 119, "PLUNGED by drunkenness into stupor and 
 sleep." / 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 criv. Ex. 72, avrfj KOL m ev rw crcoynart 
 Ex. 75, /3e/3a7rrto7zeV?7i' eV rw fidOei, rov crco/iaros'. Exs. 79, 80, 
 cocnrep TO epiov fiaTTTicrOtv eV ^OL^OLTL. Ibid, cocnrep o cri- 
 drjpo? /3a7rr/^o/ze^os' eV rco Trvpl. Ex. 129, eV TYJ KaKia 
 /Se/SaTrrtcr^eVoj. Ex. 152, e/z/SaTrricr^teVas' Tol$ T\fJUJLO~ii>. 
 Ex. 153, fjL/3a7rTi(roi> aX/mrj. Ex. 154, TTJV ^VXTJV e'/i/Sa- 
 
 Ex. 155, KOL o vovs av 
 
 rw 
 
 Ex. 60, KVfJLacri TTOVTOV fiairrifav. Ex. 71, vdari /3a7rn- 
 Ex. 73, rw Sr] JJLY) fta-KTio-Qivri, rco crco/JLarc vrrcp- 
 avrts. Ex. 76, ^^airTLO-^vriv ra> crcD^an. Ex. 78, TTJV 
 rw XaLfjicp /BaTTTLcrai TW TraTpLKcZ. Ex. 86, /cat 
 e'Aa/w /SaTrr/cray. Ex. 120, fienrtitjet 8' VTTVW. 
 
94: SUMMARY OF THE USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 " had PLUNGED the city in 1 sleep j" Ex. 125, " IMMERSED in 2 igno- 
 
 This construction (confined mostly to poetry) is required in some examples, 
 and is the probable one in others. One man immerses another in (not with) 
 waves of the sea ; a heated mass of iron (steel) is plunged or immersed in (not 
 with) water, to cool it ; what is inclosed in the human body is immersed in 
 (not with) it; a weapon is plunged in (not with) the neck. 
 
 4. In the metaphorical sense of whelming, overwhelming (sub- 
 merging, as with an overflowing flood), the passive is construed 
 with the usual expression of the efficient cause, and both the 
 active and passive with the dative of means or instrument (by, or 
 with). 
 
 Compare the literal use in Exs. 4 and 19, and the figurative use in Ex. 106 ; 
 and especially Exs. 136, "WHELMED by the things overlying it," and 168, 
 " (Neptune) strives to WHELM the whole vessel with the waves." 
 
 Ex. 88, " SUBMERGED by that great wave ;" Ex. 92, " WHELMED 
 by desire ;" Ex. 103, " WHELMED by worldly affairs ;" Ex. 107, 
 "be WHELMED by the annoyances of passion;' 7 Ex. 117, "WHELMED 
 by grief;" Ex. 122, "before thou art deeply WHELMED by this 
 
 See the note on the preceding page. 
 
 2 Not imbued with, as is evident from the following expression 'emerge to.' 
 The choice is between the two conceptions 'whelmed with' (as an overflowing 
 flood), and 'immersed in' (sunk in dgnorance). The latter conception is the 
 most natural and probable one; so in Exs. 126, 127. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Ex. 121, VTTVCO TT)V TToXiV tfioLTTTL^OV. Ex. 125, ajVOlCL /3e~ 
 
 Ex. 88, /Se/SaTmayieVa)// VTTO rov /xeyaAou /ct'/zaror e/cet- 
 z/ou. Ex. 92, fioLTrTifyiJitvos VTTO TTJ? iwtffvftia?. Ex. 103, 
 VTTO ru>v TT pay fjidrcov '. Ex. 107, VTTO arj$La$ 
 Orivai. Ex. 117, /3a7rnoyuej'6V re VTTO rrj? 
 Ex. 122, irpiv rj a(j)odpa VTTO ravTrjs /3a,7rTio-0rj- 
 
GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTION. 95 
 
 intoxication ;" Ex. 138, " neither WHELMED by poverty, nor elated 
 by riches ;" Ex. 164, " WHELMED by wickedness." 
 
 Ex. 91, " to WHELM as with successive waves ;" Ex. 132, " they 
 do not WHELM the common people with taxes ;" Ex. 149, " and 
 having WHELMED Alexander with much wine" (compare Ex. 95) ; 
 Ex. 163, " whom having WHELMED with the same drug ;" Ex. 168, 
 " didst WHELM . . . with whole seas of wailings." 
 
 Ex. 104, " is WHELMED by none of the present evils ;" Ex. 105, 
 " to be WHELMED by the troubles of the present life ;" Ex. Ill, 
 " to be WHELMED with such a multitude of evils ;" Ex. 123, 
 " WHELMED with ten thousand cares ;" Ex. 133, " WHELMED with 
 debts" (and many others). 
 
 5. Rarely with the prep, down (down into, i. e. below the 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 vai & TTJ? fJL0rjs. Ex. 138, ovre VTTO TTJ? Trevia? /3a7rri- 
 , oure VTTO TOU TrXovrov CTrotipojicvos. Ex. 164, VTTO 
 
 Ex. 91, oocnrep 7raX\r]\oi? Kvpacri fiaiTTi^eiv. Ex. 132, 
 TOV? 3e IdccoTas . . ov ftaTrri^ova'i TCU? eio-fpopai?. Ex. 149, 
 ofV&) 5e TroAAw 'AXtl^avSpov ^airricrao-a. Ex. 163, rjv 
 TCP aura) (^apfjiaKf^ KaTafiaTrricras. Ex. 168, /car6/3a7m- 
 . . oAaty 6a\do-<roLLs KUKVTWV. 
 
 Ex. 104, ovdevl TOJV irapovToov ficnrrifieTCU Seivcov. Ex. 105, 
 ftacirri&o-Oai rots' Xvirripois rou Trapovros- filov. Ex. Ill, 
 rocrovTcp irXrjOei ^aTTTLcrOrivaL KaK&v. Ex. 123, 
 fiaTTTi^ofjievo? (frpovTicri. Ex. 133, oA? 
 vov. 
 
96 SUMMARY OF THE USAGE OF GREEK WRITERS. 
 
 external surface). Ex. 83, " PLUNGED down the body ;" Ex. 63, 
 [down] in water." 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 Ex. 83, paTTTi^eo-Qai, . . . Kara rov croo/xaros'. 1 Ex. 63 
 
 (with ace.), afiaTrTio-Tov re Kaff vdcop. 
 
 1 And with the genitive alone, Ex. 62, aftdmioTos dfit. . . . alfias, ; also 
 (in some editions) Ex. 74, ore / 'Qxeavoto 6ov (ed. Schneid.). Comp. Bernh. 
 Gr. Synt. Kap. 3, 47, a, p. 168. 
 
SECTION IV. 
 
 Application of these Results to the New Testament. 
 
 1. We have thus taken a full survey of the use of this word 
 among those who spoke the Greek language, and to whom the 
 New Testament was directly addressed, in numerous examples 
 from their own writings, composed before and during the age 
 of Christ and his apostles, and for a long time after ; showing 
 its unvarying signification through all this time, and its gram- 
 matical construction in connection with the name of the element, 
 in which the act it expresses took place. 
 
 Let us now open the New Testament, and observe how the 
 following passages must have been read and understood, by those 
 whose manner of using this word has been shown in the fore- 
 going examples. 
 
 Matt. 3 : 6. "And were IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) in the Jordan by 
 him."* 
 
 Matt. 3 : 11. "I indeed IMMERSE (BAPTIZE) you in water. ... He 
 will IMMERSE (BAPTIZE) you in holy spirit and fire."* 
 Compare the writer's note on Matt. 3 : 11. 
 
 Mark 1 : 5. "And were all IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) in the river 
 Jordan by him."* 
 
 * See Ex. 169, " IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) HIMSELF in the Jordan" (Eng. Bible, 
 dipped himself . . in the Jordan'), and the examples referred to in Section III. 
 2, 2, (on p. 92). 
 
 G 
 
98 APPLICATION TO THE NEW TESTAMENT. 
 
 Mark 1:8. "I indeed IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) you in water ; but 
 he will IMMERSE (BAPTIZE) you in holy spirit."* 
 
 Compare the writer's note, just referred to, on Matt. 
 3 ill. 
 
 Mark 1:9. " Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee, and was 
 IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) by John into the Jordan -"t 
 
 The reader of the New Testament in the Greek language, to 
 whom this was his mother tongue, could be at no loss to know 
 what was done in these cases ; or what was required to be 
 done by the command in Matt. 28 : 19, and similar passages. 
 
 2. The accompanying circumstances accord with this unvarying 
 meaning of the word. For example, John at first resorted to 
 the river Jordan, as a convenient place for IMMERSING (BAPTIZING) 
 the multitudes who came to him. ^Enon was afterwards selected 
 for this purpose, and for the express reason, " because there was 
 much water there, and they came and were IMMERSED (BAPTIZED)" 
 (John 3 : 23). In the most circumstantial account given in the 
 New Testament of the administration of the rite (the immersion 
 of the eunuch by Philip, Acts 8 : 38), it is said that " they went 
 down both into the water ;" and that after the rite was performed, 
 " they came up out of the water."}: 
 
 3. The other acts, with which it is compared in the New 
 Testament, accord with and require this meaning. It is repre- 
 sented as a burial; Rom. 6 : 4, "we are buried with him by 
 the IMMERSION (BAPTISM) ;" Col. 2 : 12, "buried with him by (prop, 
 in) the IMMERSION (BAPTISM). " It is spoken of as having been 
 
 * See the note on the preceding page. 
 
 f See Ex. 171, "I am PLUNGED (BAPTIZED) into bottomless depths," and the 
 examples referred to in Section III. 2, 1, (on pp. 91, 92.). 
 
 J It has been erroneously supposed, that the same thing is stated in Matt. 3:16, 
 and Mark 1:10. But the prep, from (ano] is there used ; and the proper ren- 
 dering is, ' up from the water.' But here (in Acts) the prep, is IK, out from, 
 out of; and the only possible rendering is, 'came up out of the water,' into 
 which (as just before said) they had gone down. 
 
 \ The language is here so explicit, and the reference so obvious, that all Chris- 
 
APPLICATION TO THE NEW TESTAMENT. 99 
 
 typefied, when the Israelites " were under the cloud, and passed 
 through the sea," "IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) in the cloud and in the 
 sea" (1 Cor. 10 : 1, 2) * 
 
 4. This unvarying sense of the word is expressly distinguished 
 from the application of water to some portion of the body, 
 denoted by other words. In' Mark 7 : 3, 4, it is said that the 
 Pharisees " eat not" (i. e., never eat) " except they wash their 
 hands," these being always liable to ceremonial defilement ; and 
 that when they come from a public place, as the market (the 
 whole body having been exposed), " except they IMMERSE (BAPTIZE) 
 THEMSELVES*, they eat not." In the former case, the writer uses 
 the appropriate word (NIPTEIX) for washing any portion of the 
 body ; as the face (Matt. 6 : 17), the hands (Matt. 15 : 2), the 
 feet (John 13 : 5). In the latter case he uses, in distinction 
 from it, the word BAPTIZEIX, which by constant usage expressed 
 an entire submersion of the object spoken of. As there is here 
 no limitation (" they IMMERSE THEMSELVES"), the whole body of 
 course is meant.t 
 
 5. With this usage accords also the metaphorical sense of 
 overwhelming suffering, found in Mark 10 : 38, 39, " can ye under- 
 go the IMMERSION (BAPTISM) that I must undergo,"^ and in Luke 
 12 : 50, " I have an IMMERSION (BAPTISM) to undergo ;"J a sense 
 founded on the idea of total submergence, as in floods of sor- 
 
 tian antiquity understood by it an allusion to the symbolic significance of the 
 rite of immersion. (See examples in Section Y. 1.) Almost all modern scholars 
 are of the same opinion. The few attempts to set aside this obvious view have 
 made little impression, and require no refutation. 
 
 * Compare the explanation of this given by the Greek interpreter Theophijlact, 
 Section V. Example 196. 
 
 f In Luke 11 : 38, there is no intimation that this was always practiced be- 
 fore dinner. On the contrary, the full and minute statement in Mark 7 : 3, 4, 
 forbids this supposition, and Luke 11 : 38 must be understood accordingly. It 
 was the case mentioned in v. 4 of Mark's statement, the Saviour having come 
 from a crowd. 
 
 J As these passages are correctly rendered by Dr. Campbell (President of 
 Marischal College, Aberdeen), " The four Gospels translated," etc. 
 
100 APPLICATION TO THE NEW TESTAMENT. 
 
 row.* The same metaphorical sense, according to many inter- 
 preters, is found in 1 Cor. 15 : 29. 
 
 6. The grammatical construction accords also with the constant 
 usage of Greek writers, and with the only recognized meaning 
 of the word. Namely : 
 
 1. With the prep, into, expressing the act of passing from 
 one element (the air) into another (water). Compare the Sum- 
 mary of the usage of Greek writers, Section III. 2, 1. For 
 example: Mark 1 : 9, "WAS IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) by John into the 
 Jordan." 
 
 2. With the prep, in, denoting locality, or the element in or 
 within which the act is performed (Summary, Section III. 2, 2). 
 
 For example : Mark 1:5," were all IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) in the 
 river Jordan; Matt. 3 : 11, "I indeed IMMERSE (BAPTIZE) you in 
 water ; Mark 1 : 8, " I IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) you in water ;" ibid., 
 " but he will IMMERSE (BAPTIZE) you in holy spirit ;"* John 1 : 26, 
 "I IMMERSE (BAPTIZE) in water ;" v. 31, "I came IMMERSING (BAPTIZING) 
 in water ;" v. 33, " he who sent me to IMMERSE (BAPTIZE) in 
 water ;" same verse, " this is he who IMMERSES (BAPTIZES) in holy 
 spirit."! 
 
 3. With the dative alone, either as a local case, l in water' 
 e. g., (Summary, Section V. 2, 3), or as the instrumental dative, to 
 distinguish the element used for immersing in one case from that 
 employed in another.! The simple dative occurs, in the New 
 Testament, only where the material or element used for immers- 
 ing is to be thus distinguished. In all these instances, the 
 distinction is between the element of water, and the Holy Spirit 
 (or, holy spirit) ; and as the latter could less properly be con- 
 ceived as the mere instrument of an act, it is in every such 
 case construed with the local preposition in. (See Luke 3 : 16, 
 Acts 1:5, 11 : 16.) This is the only explanation of the use 
 
 * Compare the remark on Ex. 98, and the Summary in Section III. 1, 8. 
 
 f See the remark on p. 97. 
 
 J Dr. Hackett (on Acts 1:5): " vSan, with water as the element by which, 
 Iv rtvevfuaTi ayico, in the Holy Spirit, as the element in which the baptism is 
 performed." (Commentary on the original text of the Acts of the Apostles, 2d 
 edition, p. 37.) 
 
APPLICATION TO THE NEW TESTAMENT. 1Q1 
 
 both of the simple dative, and of the dative with the preposition, 
 in the same connection and relation. 
 
 * - 
 
 
 
 7. The Greek word BAPTIZEIN expresses nofliiog more than the 
 act of IMMERSION, the religious significance 'of which is derived 
 from the circumstances connected with it. Thus when, in obe- 
 dience to the command in Matt. 28 : 19, this act is performed 
 on the assenting believer, in the name of the Father, and of the 
 Son, and of the Holy Spirit, it by this becomes the Christian 
 rite ; and this distinguishes it from all other acts of life, and 
 gives it a sacred relation and a sacred significance. But in 
 Mark 7 : 4 (' except they immerse themselves'), and in Luke 
 11 : 38 ('that he had not immersed himself), the act expressed 
 by the same word is a superstitious Pharisaic ceremony, con- 
 demned by our Lord himself; and in Heb. 9 : 10, the mere 
 ceremonial immersions of the Jews are meant. The act desig- 
 nated by the word, in all these cases, is the same ; the relation 
 in which it is performed constitutes the only distinction. In the 
 Christian rite, being performed with a conscious reference to 
 the burial and resurrection of Christ, the act associates with 
 itself, in the mind of the believer, the religious ideas and obliga- 
 tions symbolized by it in virtue of this reference. It is also 
 a recognition of the pollution of sin, and of the sanctifying 
 agency of the spirit, as symbolized by the cleansing power of 
 the element of water. But the word BAPTIZEIX did not, in itself, 
 express an immersion in the name of the Father, of the Son. and 
 of the Holy Spirit; nor an immersion with reference to the 
 burial and resurrection of Christ, or to the sanctifying agency 
 of the Spirit. Wherever it is used of the Christian rite, in 
 the New Testament, this reference is clear from the connection ; 
 and only through this connection does it suggest the peculiar 
 Christian ideas associated with it. 
 
SECTION V. 
 
 Usage of the Church Fathers. 
 
 I. 
 
 Where they use this word (or the cognate noun) of the Christian rite, or describe 
 the rite in other words. 
 
 What the Church Fathers, who wrote while the Greek was 
 a living language, and to whom it was the mother tongue, 
 understood to be the meaning of this word in the New Testa- 
 ment, will be seen from the following examples, to which many 
 others of the same tenor might be added. 
 
 EXAMPLE 176. 
 
 Cyrill* Bishop of Jerusalem, Instruction III., On Baptism, xii. 
 " For as Jesus assuming the sins of the world died, that 
 having slain sin he might raise thee up in righteousness ; so 
 
 * Born about 315 after Christ ; made Bishop of Jerusalem in 350. 
 
 GKEEK TEXT. 
 Cyrilli Hierosol. Catechesis III. de Baptismo, xii. (ed. T&uttee,p.45), 
 
 flaTrep yap * Ir)<rov$ ray oiKOVjJitviKas apaprtG? ava- 
 Xaficov aTreQavev, tva OCLVOLTUHTCLS rrjv a^apriav a 
 ere cV diKaiocrvvrj' OVTCO KCU av Karafias ely TO vdcoo* 
 
OF THE CHRISTIAN RITE. 103 
 
 also thou, going down into the water, and in a manner buried 
 in the waters as he in the rock, art raised again, walking in 
 newness of life." 
 
 EXAMPLE 177. 
 
 
 
 The same writer. Initiation //., On the ceremonies of Baptism. 
 
 " strange and wonderful transaction ! Not truly did we 
 die, nor were we truly buried, nor truly crucified did we rise 
 again ; but the imitation was in a similitude, while the salvation 
 was in truth. Christ was really crucified, and really was buried, 
 and truly rose again ; and all these things have been graciously 
 imparted to us, that sharing his sufferings in imitation, we might 
 in truth obtain salvation. 77 
 
 EXAMPLE 178. 
 
 The same writer, Initiation II. 4. 
 
 "After these things, ye were led by the hand to the sacred 
 font of the divine IMMERSION (BAPTISM), as Christ from the cross 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 rpoirov TLvd tv TO?? v8a<Ti ra^eis*, cocnrep eKtlvo? iv TTJ 
 Trerpa, eyeipr) iraXiv tv KaivorrjTL 0)77? TrepiTrarGov. 
 
 Ejusdem Mystag. II. de Baptismi Caeremoniis (ed. Touttee, p. 313). 
 v KOLL 7raa8oov irdaro^. OVK 
 
 ovtf d 
 
 dv(TTrjiJLv aAA* kv eiKOVi rj fJ,i/JLT]<n?j iv d 
 de TJ cra)Tr]pia. Xpiaros o^rajy (TTavpc00r}, KOLL OVTCDS era- 
 (f>rj, KOLL d\7]06j$ avtcrrr)* KOLL iravra r^jlv ravra 
 Iva rrj fUfjLrjO'ec TK>V 7ra6r)fj.dT(ov avrov 
 a rrjv (rcorrjplav Kpdrj(TC6jj,v. 
 
 Ejusdem Mystag. II. 4 (ed. Touttee, p. 312). 
 
 Merd TOLVTOL, eVt ryv dyiav TOV Oeiov /3a7rTicr/jLaTOf 
 KoXvufirjOpav, o>y 6 XpLcrros diro TOV 
 
104 USAGE OF THE CHURCH FATHERS. 
 
 to the prepared tomb. And each was asked, if he believes in 
 the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. 
 And ye professed the saving profession, and sunk down thrice 
 into the water, and again came up. And there, by a symbol, 
 shadowing forth the burial of Christ/ 7 etc. 
 
 EXAMPLE 179. 
 
 The same writer (in the same passage, eight lines below). 
 " And in the same ye died and were born ; and that saving 
 water became to you a grave and a mother." 
 
 EXAMPLE 180. 
 
 The same writer, Instruction VIIL, On the Holy Spirit II. 14. 
 
 " For the Lord saith : ' Ye shall be IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) in the 
 Holy Spirit not many days after this.' Not in part the grace ; 
 but all-sufficing the power ! For as he who sinks down in the 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 (rravpov 7ri TO TTpOKei^vov jJLvrjfjia. Kal rjpcoTaro e/ca- 
 
 O~T09 L 7TLCTTVL L? TO OVOfJiCt TOV TTCtTpOf, KGU TOV VLOV, 
 
 Kal TOV dyiov IIvev^aTO^. KCU cbfJioXoyrjaaTe Tr)v O-COTT)- 
 piov ofJLoXoyiav, KCU Kare^Jere Tplrov els TO vScop, KOL 
 TraXiv avedveTe' KCU tvTavda, 8ia o~v/Ji/So\ov TT]V Tpirj/Jiepov 
 
 TOV XpLCTTOV OLVLTTO^VOL TafyrjV, K. T. A. 
 
 Ejusdem (ibidem). 
 Kca ev TO> aura) dir0vr](TKT KCU eyevvao-Qe' KOC TO 
 
 KLVO vdcop KCU TCt(f)0? V/JUV "yiVTO KCU fJLTJ- 
 
 Ejusdem Catechesis XYII. (de Spiritu Sancto II.) 14 (p. 271). 
 
 Aeyei yap 6 Kvpios* 'Yfjitl? fia7rTLo-6-f]o-cr6e eV Trvev- 
 [LO.TL dyitp ov /JLTa TroAAay raJray rjfjiepa?. ov /JiepiKr) 77 
 yapLS, aXXa avTOTe\r/y rj 3vva/JUf. coaTrep yap 6 e 
 
OF THE CHRISTIAN RITE. 105 
 
 waters and is IMMERSED (BAPTIZED), is surrounded on all sides by 
 the waters, so also they were completely IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) by the 
 Spirit." 
 
 EXAMPLE 181. 
 
 Basil* (the Great], On the Holy Spirit, ch. XV. 35. 
 
 "Imitating the burial of Christ by the IMMERSION (BAPTISM)} 
 for the bodies of those IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) are as it were buried 
 in the water." 
 
 * Born about 330 after Christ ; made Bishop of Caesarea in 370. 
 
 EXAMPLE 182. 
 
 The same writer (in the same passage, a few lines below). 
 "The water presents the image of death, receiving the body 
 as in a tomb. 7 ' 
 
 EXAMPLE 183. 
 
 The same writer, On Baptism, book I. ch. 1, 4. 
 
 " Which we seem to have covenanted by the IMMERSION (BAPTISM) 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 v rol? vSacri KOU /3a7rri^o/zez/o? 5 iravrayoOev VTTO rtov v8d- 
 7re/K/3aAAerar OVTCO KOU VTTO TOV Trvevfjiaros 1 i 
 
 Basil. Mag. de Spirit. SancL, c. XY. 35 (ed. Gamier, Vol. HI. p. 29). 
 
 MLJJLOV^VOL TTJV ra(f)r)v TOV XpicrTov Sia TOV /8a7m- 
 orjjiOLTO$. oiovii yap ivOdirTtTai TW vSaTi T&V 
 
 vwv TOL crco/xara. 
 
 Ejusdem (ibidem). 
 
 To (JLev v8cop TOV OavoLTOv Tyv LK.ova Trape^ei, acnrep 
 ev Ta(f)ij TO atofJia TrapaStyojJitvov. 
 
 Ejusd., de Baptismo, lib. I. c. 1, 4, extr. (ed. Gamier, Vol. II. p. 628). 
 Ojrep avvTeOelo-Qcu doKOVfjiev dia TOV eV ro> v 
 
106 USAGE OF THE CHURCH FATHEKS. 
 
 in water, professing to have been crucified with, to have died 
 with, to have been buried with, and so forth, as it is written." 
 
 EXAMPLE 184. 
 
 Chrysostom* Comment, on 1 Cor. Discourse XL. 1. 
 * "For to be IMMERSED (BAPTIZED), and to sink down, then to 
 emerge, is a symbol of the descent into the underworld, and of 
 the ascent from thence. Therefore Paul calls the IMMERSION 
 (BAPTISM) the burial, saying : * We were buried, therefore, with 
 him by the IMMERSION (BAPTISM) into death/ 7 ' 
 
 * Born about 347 after Christ ; made Bishop and Patriarch of Constantinople 
 in 398. 
 
 EXAMPLE 185. 
 
 The same writer, On the Gospel of John, Discourse XXV. 
 
 " Divine symbols are therein celebrated, burial and deadness, 
 and resurrection and life. And all these take place together ; 
 for when we sink our heads down in the water as in a kind 
 of tomb, the old man is buried, and sinking down beneath is 
 
 GKEEK TEXT. 
 
 o/zoAoyoOyrey o~vvO"Tavpcoo~6ai ) 
 vai, o-vvreOdfyOaiy KOL rd ef^y, Ka6u>$ yeypaTrrat. 
 
 Chrysost. in Epist. ad I Cor. Horn. XL. 1 (ed. Montf. Vol. X. p. 379). 
 
 To yap fiaTTTL^ecrOai KOL KaTadvo~0ai y elra dvaveveiv, 
 rrjs elf ddov Kara/Savea? tare o~vfJL/3o\ov /cat rrjs 1 tKtWev 
 dvoSov. 810 rov rdfyov TO /SaVricr/m 6 IlavXos /caAet 
 Aejwp, o-vverdfyriiJLev ovv avTa> Sid TOV jSaTrr/cr/xaros' el? 
 TOP Oavarov. 
 
 Chrysost. in Joannem Horn. XXY. (ed. Montf. Vol. VIII. p. 146). 
 
 Oeia reXelrai tv avTto cryyu/SoAa' rd(j)0f KOLL vt 
 KOU dvdo~Tao-L$ KOU &TJ, KOU ravra O/JLOV yiverai 
 KdOairep yap eV TLVL Ta(f)a> ra> vdan KaTaSvovroiv rjfjLojv 
 ray /c0aAay, 6 TraAatoy avOpomos QaTrrerai, Kal Karadv? 
 
OF THE CHRISTIAN RITE. 107 
 
 all concealed at once ; then, when we emerge, the new man 
 comes up again." 
 
 EXAMPLE 186. 
 
 The same writer, On the Epistle to the Romans, Discourse XL on 
 ch. VI. 5. 
 
 " For as his body, buried in the earth, bore for fruit the 
 salvation of the world ; so also ours, buried in the IMMERSION 
 (^BAPTISM), bore for fruit righteousness, sanctification, sonship, ten 
 thousand benefits, and will bear also the final gift of the resur- 
 rection. Since, therefore, we indeed in water, but he in earth, 
 and we in respect to sin, but he in respect to the body was 
 buried, on this account he did not say, 'planted together iu 
 death,' but 'in the likeness of death.' 7 ' 
 
 EXAMPLE 187. 
 Athanasius* Discourse on the Holy Passover, 5. 
 
 * Born near the close of the third or beginning of the fourth century ; made 
 Bishop of Alexandria in the year 328. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 KaTco Kpv7TTTat, o\o? KaOdiTa^ etra dvavtvovTtov TJ 
 aveicri 
 
 Chrysostomi in Epist. ad Rom. Horn. XI. in c. VI. 5 (ed. Montf., 
 Vol. IX. p. 530). 
 
 KaOairep yap TO crco/m aurov Ta(f)ev tv TTJ yfj Kapwov 
 
 TTJS OiKOV[JiVr)$ TTjV GT(i)TT]pLaV r]VyKV' OVTCO Kal TO rjfJLtTe- 
 
 pov Ta<pv tv T(3 jQaTTTiV/zar^ KapTrov rJveyKe TTJV SiKaio- 
 o~vvr)v, TOV ayLao~iJLQV) TT]V vlo6eo~iavj Ta /jivpla dyaOd' 
 o'lcrei de KOL TO Trj? dvaaTao-ea)? vo~Tpov Soipov. 7Tl 
 o\)v r)fJLi? fjitv tv vSaTt, ai>TO? 5e eV yrj, Ka 
 
 a TOV TTJS djjLapTia? Xoyov, e/cei^o? e Kara TOV TOV 
 0-cofj.aTO? Ta(f)rjy 8 id TOVTO OVK ei7T6 3 orvfji(f)VTOi TW 
 aXXa TO) OfjiOLCofjiaTL TOV OavaTOV. 
 
108 USAGE OF THE CHURCH FATHERS. 
 
 "In these benefits thou wast IMMERSED (BAPTIZED), newly- 
 enlightened the initiation into the grace, newly-enlightened, 
 has become to thee an earnest of resurrection ; thou hast the 
 IMMERSION (BAPTISM) as a surety of the abode in heaven. Thou 
 didst imitate, in the sinking down, the burial of the Master ; 
 but thou didst rise again from thence, before works witness- 
 ing the works of the resurrection. 
 
 EXAMPLE 188. 
 
 The same writer, Questions on the Psalms, Prop. 92. 
 
 " For that the child sinks down thrice in the font, and comes 
 up, this shows the death, and the resurrection on the -third day, 
 of Christ." 
 
 EXAMPLE 189. 
 
 Gregory* of Nazianzus; Discourse XL., on the holy Baptism. 
 "Let us, therefore, be buried with Christ by the IMMERSION 
 
 Born about 330 after Christ. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Athanasii Serm. in Sanctum Pascha, 5, (ed. monach. ord. S. Bened. 
 Tom. II. p. 457). 
 
 ' Ev TOVTOLS iftanTt(rffrfy TO is dyaOols vecxjxuTLo-re, dppa- 
 /3o>y CTOL yiyovtv avacrrdo'ecos, vtotycoTio-Te, 77 Trj$ ydpiTOs 
 p.vi]cri$' tvtxupov Trj? tv ovpavw diaiTrjf e^e^s 1 TO /SaTTTi- 
 
 OTfJia. fJLLfJLTjO~O TTJ KOLTa$VCrl TOV deO~7TOTOV TOV TOL^)OV' 
 
 aXXa dvtSvs 1 trdXiv 6KL0ei>, TO, TTJS dvau-Tao-ecos epya Trpo 
 T&v tpyu>v ^eco/xez/os 4 . 
 
 Ejusdem Quaest. in Psalmos Prop. XCII. (Tom. II. p. 327). 
 
 To ydp KaTa8vcrai TO Traiftiov tv TTJ KoXv^rjOpa Tpt- 
 TOV KOL dvadvo-ai, TOVTO drjXoi TOV OOLVOLTOV KOL Trjv Tpirj- 
 p.epov dvdaTaatv TOV XpLcrTOv. 
 
 Greg. Naz. Orat. XL. in sanct. baptisma (ed. Prunceus, Vol. I. p. 642). 
 ovv XpiaTw did TOV /SaTTTio-fJiaTO?, tva KOL 
 
OF THE CHRISTIAN RITE. 109 
 
 (BAPTISM), that we may also rise with him ; let us go down 
 with him, that we may also be exalted with him ; let us come 
 up with him, that we may also be glorified with him." 
 
 EXAMPLE 190. 
 
 John of Damascus* On the orthodox Faith, book IV. ch. 9, on 
 Faith and Baptism. 
 
 "For the IMMERSION (BAPTISM) shows the Lord's death. We 
 are indeed buried with the Lord by the IMMERSION (BAPTISM), as 
 says the holy apostle." 
 
 * Born about the end of the seventh century. 
 
 EXAMPLE 191. 
 
 The same writer; Parallels, book III. tit. iv., on Baptism, etc. 
 
 "Israel, if he had not passed through the sea, would not 
 have been delivered from Pharaoh ; and thou, if thou pass not 
 through the water, wilt not be delivered from the bitter tyranny 
 of the Devil." 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Te\0a)fJLv, "iva /cat 
 /cat 
 
 Joannis Damasceni de fide orthodoxa, lib. IY. c. 9, de fide et 
 baptismo (ed. Le Quien, Vol. 1. p. 259). 
 
 To yap /SaTmcr/m TOJ> TOV Kvpiov Odvarov SrjXol. crvv- 
 
 a yovv T> Kvpiw ia TOV jaTrrcr/iaros", cos* 
 o Otlos aTrocrroAos 1 . 
 
 Ejusdem Parallel. Lib. III. Tit. iv. de Bapt. et sacr. lavacri 
 praedicat. (Vol. II. p. 387). 
 
 '0 'IcrparjX, el fjirj TraprjXde rr)V OdXaacrav, OVK av e' 
 picrOrj rov (j)apad)' /cat av tav fJLTj TrapeXOrj? $ia TOV 
 roy, oil ^(Dpio'Orjo-rj TTJ? TriKpas' TVpavvio'os TOV dia/3o\ov. 
 
HO USAGE OF THE CHURCH FATHERS. 
 
 EXAMPLE 192. 
 
 Theophylact* Comment, on Nakum, ch. I. 
 
 "For one IMMERSION (BAPTISM) is spoken of, as also one faith, 
 because of the doctrine respecting the initiation, being one in 
 all the Church, which has been taught to IMMERSE (BAPTIZE) with 
 invocation of the Trinity, and to symbolize the Lord's death 
 and resurrection by the threefold sinking down and coming up." 
 
 * Archbishop of Achrida, about 1070 ; gives the views of the old Greek inter- 
 preters. 
 
 EXAMPLE 193. 
 
 The same writer, On the Ads of the JJpostles, ch. 1 : 5. Com- 
 menting on the words, 'ye shall be IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) in the 
 Holy Spirit, he says : 
 
 "The word BE IMMERSED (BE BAPTIZED), signifies the abundance, 
 and as it were the riches of the participation of the Holy 
 Spirit ; as also, in that perceived by the senses, he in a manner 
 has who is IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) in water, bathing the whole body, 
 while he who simply receives water is not wholly wetted on all 
 places." 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Theophylacti Comment, in Naum cap. I. (Opera, ed. de Rubels et 
 Finetti, Venet. 1763, Vol. IV. p. 221). 
 
 'Ev u~\v yap e'pr/Tai /3a7rrioyza, coajrep KCU TTiOTis /jiia, 
 8td TO 7ri Trj TeXtTrj 8rjXa8rj doyjJia, eV bv eV 7rao~y ' EK- 
 KXrjcria, Trj 7rapaXa/3oio-rj ^OLTTTL^LV TTJ Trjs TpidSo? eVi/cA^- 
 
 CTt, KOL TVTTOVV TOV TOV KVpLOV QdvCLTOV KCU TT]V dvOLCTTaCFlV 
 
 Trj TpLO-afj KaTadvaei KOL dvaSvaei. 
 
 Ejusdem in Acta Apost. c. I. 5 (Vol. III. p. 10). 
 
 TrXovTov Trj? /JLtTovaias TOV ayiov Trz/etyuaroy crrj fJiouv ei' coy 
 KOL 7rl TOV aio-QrjTov %i TL o /3a7rTiofj.vo? ev vdaTi, oXov 
 TO atofJia fiptxwv, TOV XafjifidvovTOs drrXws voojp ov 
 vypaivoLitvov ic oXwv TO*V Toirtov. 
 
 
OF THE CHRISTIAN RITE. HI 
 
 EXAMPLE 194. 
 
 The same writer, Comment, on the Epistk to the Heb. ch. 6 : 2. 
 Commenting on the words, 'resurrection from the dead/ he says : 
 
 "For this takes place also in the IMMERSION (BAPTISM), through 
 the figure of the coming up." 
 
 EXAMPLE 195. 
 
 The same writer, On Rom. 6 : 5, 6. 
 
 "For our old man, that is, wickedness, was crucified with, 
 that is, in like manner % with the body of Christ, was buried in 
 the IMMERSION (BAPTISM), that the body of sin might be destroyed." 
 
 EXAMPLE 196. 
 
 The same writer, Comment, on 1 Cor. 9 : 2. Explaining the 
 words, 'were all baptized unto Moses in the cloud and in the 
 sea/ he says : 
 
 "That is, they shared with Moses both the shadow beneath 
 the cloud, and the passage through the sea ; for seeing him first 
 pass through, they also themselves braved the waters. As also 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Ejusdefn in Epist. ad Hebr. c. VI. 2 (Vol. II. p. 682). 
 
 vao-Tao-toj? re vKpcoi>.) Tovro 'yap KOU tv r<p 
 ylvtrai dia rov cr^yuaroy rrj? dvadvo-eoj?. 
 
 Ejusdem Comment, in Epist. ad Rom. c. VI. 5, 6. (Vol. II. p. 42). 
 
 Ka\ yap 6 iraXaios r^av avOptoTros, Tovricmv^ 77 KaKia, 
 avvO'Tavpo!)0r}, rovrianv^ bfjiolco? ro> crwfJLari rov Xpi- 
 CTTOV, eV TW /BaTTTLO-fJiaTL erd^r/y tva KarapyrjOfj TO crco/ma 
 
 Ejusdem Comment, in I Epist. ad Cor. c. IX. 2 (Vol. II. p. 177). 
 
 Kal iravres els TW MCOCTYJV e^aTrricrOrjcrav tv rrj 
 y /cat v rfj OaXdacrrj.) Tovre'crTi, rw Mcocrfj e/cot- 
 re VTTO TTJV vtfytXrjv or/etas', KOL TOU dioSov 
 
112 USAGE OF THE CHURCH FATHERS. 
 
 in (j>ur case ; Christ having first died and risen, we also are 
 ourselves IMMERSED (BAPTIZED), imitating death by the sinking 
 down, and resurrection by the coming up. * They were IMMERSED 
 (BAPTIZED) unto Moses/ therefore, instead of: they had him as a 
 founder of the type of the IMMERSION (BAPTISM) ; for the being 
 under the cloud, and the passing through the sea, were a type 
 of the IMMERSION (BAPTISM)." 
 
 EXAMPLE 197. 
 
 The same writer, On the Epistle to the Romans, ch. 9 : 8. Com- 
 menting on the words, * for at this time I will return, and Sarah 
 shall have a son/ he says : 
 
 " Therefore, the word of God formed and begat Isaac ; so 
 also upon us God's children, in the font as in a womb, are 
 uttered words of God, and they form us anew.' 7 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 6aXdo-o~r)$. ISovres yap OLVTOV TTpcoTOv 8ia/3dvTa, 
 KOLTtToXfJirjo-av KOU avrol TCOV vSaTcov. f)<rjrfp KOI c0* 
 
 TJJJL&V, TTpCOTOV TOV XplCTTOV dlToOaVOVTOS KCLL OLVCLdTOLVTO^^ 
 
 KOC avTol, fjufjioi/jievot TOV Odvarov did TTJS 
 , KCU rr]V dvao-Tacnv SLOL TOV dvadvoreoa?. Ei$ 
 TOV Mto(TY)v ovv efiaTTTL^ovTO, dvT\ TOV, O.VTOV dpyrjyov 
 ecr^ou TOV TVTTOV TOV /SaTrr/cr/xaTOS" TVTTOS ydp /Sairrca/ia- 
 TO$ fjv, TO re j5?ro TVJV vefpeAqv elvai, KOL TO Trjv OdXaacrav 
 
 Ejusdem Comment, in Epist. ad Rom. c. IX. 8. (Vol. II. p. 68). 
 
 To ovv p-fjfjLa TOV 6eov SieVrAacre TOV '/<raa/c KOLL yev~ 
 OVTCO drj KOL e(j) rj/mcov TCOV TeKvcov TOV fleov, v 
 
 >$ eV nr]Tpa, prjpiaTa 6eia 
 dvairXaTTOVcnv. 
 
OF THE CHRISTIAN RITE. 113 
 
 EXAMPLE 198. 
 
 The same writer, On Heb. 10 : 26. 
 
 " For our IMMERSION (BAPTISM) images the death of Christ ; as, 
 therefore, that was one, so also this is one." 
 
 EXAMPLE 199. 
 
 The same writer, On Matt. 3 : 11. 
 
 " ' He will IMMERSE (BAPTIZE) you in the Holy Spirit.' " That 
 is, he will deluge you, ungrudgingly, with the graces of the 
 Spirit." 
 
 EXAMPLE 200. 
 
 The same writer, Comment, on Luke 24 : 45-53. 
 
 "For as he, having died, rose the third day, so also we, 
 being typically buried in the water, then come up incorrupt 
 as to our souls, and receiving the pledges of the incorruption 
 of the body. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Ejusdem Comment, in Epist. ad Heb. c. X. v. 26 (Vol. II. p. 726). 
 
 To 'yap pdTrTLorfjia ?}/zo>z/ roz/ 6dvarov iKOUi^i rov 
 XpKTTOV- axjirep ovv CKeivos ely, ovrco KOU TOVTO ev. 
 
 Ejusdem in Matt. Comment, c. III. v. 11 (Vol. I. p. 18). 
 
 Avrof vfj,d? paTTTicret, ev Trvei/jiaTi ay/o>.) TovT(m 9 
 KaraK\vcrL y/zay d(j)0ovc0$ rats rov TrvevfjiaTO? yapicrLV. 
 
 Ejusdem Comment, in Luc. c. XXIY. vv. 45-53 (Vol I. p. 497). 
 yap tKelvo? 6avu>v rpirjiJLepos OLviarrr], ovrco 
 
 vQa7TTO}JLVOl TVTTLKCOf TU) V$aTl, 6/Va DLVafivVOfJieV 
 
 ray vp-u^ay, KOL rrJ9 TOV o-CD/jLarof d(f)6apcrias 
 TOV? 
 
USAGE OF THE CHURCH FATHERS. 
 
 EXAMPLE 201. 
 
 The same writer; On John ch. 3 .* 14. 
 
 "For the cross and the death [thereon] are a cause to us 
 of the grace through the IMMERSION (BAPTISM); if at least, being 
 IMMERSED (BAPTIZED), we image forth the death of the Lord." 
 
 EXAMPLE 202. 
 
 The same writer; on John 3 : 4, 5. 
 
 " For symbols of a burial and a resurrection, and an image [of 
 them], are celebrated in this water ; the thrice sinking down, 
 symbols of the three days burial ; then the man comes up, as 
 did the Lord, bearing more bright and shining the garment of 
 immortality, and having sunk the corruption in the water." 
 
 EXAMPLE 203. 
 
 Hippolytus ;* Discourse on the holy Theophany, ii. 
 
 " For thou hast just heard, how Jesus came to John, and was 
 
 * A bishop (probably of Rome), near the beginning of the third century. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Ejusdem Comment, in Joannem, c. III. v. 14 (Vol. I. p. 542). 
 *0 yap (TTavpos /cat 6 6dvaro$ air LOS r]\uv rrj? 8ia 
 TOV fiaTTTio-fJLaTO? jfpfiiTOS, eiye /SaTrrt^o/zeyot, TOV Odvarov 
 TOV Kvpiov tiKQvifyiJLev. 
 
 Ejusdem in Joannem Comment, c. III. vv. 4, 5 (p. 540) . 
 Ta<prj? yap /cat dvaa-Tacrews crvjui^oXa Kal e!/cwi> eV 
 TU> vdaTL TOVTCO TeXelrai. al rpels KaraSvcrei? Trjf rpLTj- 
 fjiepov ra(j)rjf crvfJifloXa' elra dvaSvvei o avOpwiros uxnrep 
 6 Kvpios, XafJiTTporepov KOI <paL8poTpov TO Tr)$ d(f)0ap- 
 aias evSvjJia (fropcov, /cat rrjv (frOopdv yKaTaf$v6io-a$ T 
 
 Hippolyti Romani Orat. in sanct. Theoph. ii. (ed. de Lagarde,p. 57). 
 9 UKOV? yap aprta)? TTU>$ t\6u*v 6 'Irjcrov? Trpos 1 TOV 
 
OF THE CHRISTIAN RITE. 115 
 
 IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) by him in the Jordan. wonderful trans- 
 actions ! How was the boundless ' river, that makes glad the 
 city of God/ bathed in a little water ; the incomprehensible 
 fountain that sends forth life to all men, and has no end, 
 covered by scanty and transitory waters!" 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 dvri e/3a77T/cr#77 VTT avTOV. c2 Trap- 
 TTCOS o aTreplypaTTTOS 1 " 'Trorafjios 6 
 ev(f)patva)v TTJV TTO\IV TOV 0eov" eV oA/ycp vdan eAoJero, 
 TJ dKard\rj7TTOf Trrjyrj rj farjv ftXacrrdvovcra TTOLCTLV dvOpd)- 
 
 TTOLf KOL T\OS fJiT] %OV(ra, V7TO 7rVt^J)COV KOL 
 
116 USAGE OF THE CHURCH FATHERS. 
 
 Examples from the Christian Fathers, who wrote in the Latin language. 
 
 EXAMPLE 204. 
 
 Tertuttian;* On the Resurrection of the Body, ch.47. Quoting 
 Rom. 6 : 3, he says : 
 
 " Know ye not, that so many of us as were immersed into 
 Christ Jesus, were immersed into his death?" 
 
 * Born about the middle of the second century; a presbyter at Carthage. 
 
 EXAMPLE 205. 
 
 The same passage (a few lines below). 
 
 " For by an image we die in baptism ; but we truly rise in 
 the flesh, as did also Christ." 
 
 EXAMPLE 206. 
 
 The same writer; Against Praxeas, ch. 26. Speaking of the 
 Saviour's command, in Matt. 28 : 19, he says : 
 
 "And last of all, commanding that they should immerse into 
 the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit." 
 
 LATIN TEXT. 
 
 Tertulliani de Resurrectione Carnis, c. XLVlI. (ed. Oehler, 
 Vol. II. p. 528). 
 
 An ignoratis quod quicunque in Christum Jesum tincti sumus, 
 in mortem ejus tincti sumus? 
 
 Ibidem. 
 
 Per simulacrum enim morimur in baptismate, sed per veri- 
 tatem resurgimus in carne, sicut et Christus. 
 
 Ejusdem adversus Praxean, c. XXYI. (Vol. II. p. 690). 
 
 Et novissime inandans ut tinguerent in patrem et filium et 
 Bpiritum sanctum. 
 
OF THE CHRISTIAN RITE. 117 
 
 EXAMPLE 207. 
 
 The same writer ; On the Soldier's Crown, ch. 3. 
 "Then we are three times immersed, answering somewhat 
 more than the Lord prescribed in the Gospel." 
 
 EXAMPLE 208. 
 
 The same writer; On Public Shows, ch. 4. 
 " When, entering into the water, we profess the Christian 
 faith, in words of his own law." 
 
 EXAMPLE 209. 
 
 The same writer ; On Baptism, ch. VII. 
 
 "As of baptism itself there is a bodily act, that we are im- 
 mersed in water, a spiritual effect, that we are freed from sins." 
 
 EXAMPLE 210. 
 
 Ambrose;* On the Sacraments, book II. ch. 7. 
 
 " Thou wast asked : Dost thou believe in God the Father 
 almighty ? Thou saidst, I believe ; and thou didst sink down> 
 that is, wast buried." 
 
 * Bishop of Milan; born about 340. 
 
 LATIN TEXT. 
 
 Ejusdem de Corona Militis, c. iii. (Vol. I. p. 421). 
 Dehinc ter mergitamur, amplius aliquid respondentes quam 
 Dominus in evangelio determinavit. 
 
 Ejusdem de Spectaculis, c. IV. (Vol. I. p. 24). 
 Cum aquam ingressi christianam fidem in legis suae verba 
 profiternur. 
 
 Ejusdem de Baptismo, c. VII. (Vol. I. p. 626). 
 Quomodo et ipsius baptismi carnalis actus, quod in aqua 
 mergimur, spiritalis effectus, quod delictis liberamur. 
 
 Ambrosii de Sacram. lib. II. c. vii. (ed. monach. ord. S. Bened. 
 
 Vol. II. col 359). 
 
 Interrogate es : Credis in Deum Patrem omnipotentem ? 
 Dixisti : Credo ; et mersisti, hoc est, sepultus es. 
 
118 USAGE OF THE CHURCH FATHERS. 
 
 EXAMPLE 211. 
 
 The same Work, book III. ch. I. 1. 
 
 Yesterday we discoursed respecting the font, whose appear- 
 ance is, as it were, a form of sepulchre ; into which, believing in 
 the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, we are received 
 and submerged, and rise, that is, are restored to life." 
 
 EXAMPLE 212. 
 
 The same Work, look III. ch. I. 2. 
 
 "What then is a resurrection, except when we rise again 
 from death to life? So then also in baptism, since there is a 
 similitude of death, without doubt, whilst thou dost sink down 
 and rise again, there is a similitude of the resurrection." 
 
 EXAMPLE 213. 
 
 The same Work, book II. ch. 6, 19. On baptism, (in allusion 
 to the words, ' dust thou art? etc.} 
 
 Hear then ; for that in this age also the bond of the Devil 
 might be loosed, it has been found how a living man might die, 
 and living rise again. What is 'living'? This is the living 
 
 LATIN TEXT. 
 Ejusdem lib. III. c. I. 1 (Vol. II. col. 361). 
 
 Hesterno die de fonte disputavimus, cujus species veluti quae- 
 dam sepulchri forma est ; in quern, credentes in Patrem et 
 Filium et Spiritum sanctum, recipimur et demergimur et surgi- 
 mus, hoc est, resuscitamur. 
 
 Ejusdem lib. III. c. I. 2 (Vol. II. col 361). 
 
 Ergo resurrectio quid est, nisi quando de morte ad vitam 
 resurgimus? Sic ergo et in baptismate, quoniam similitudo 
 mortis est, sine dubio dum mergis et resurgis, similitudo fit 
 resurrectionis. 
 
 Ejusdem lib. II. c. vi. 19 (Vol. II. col. 359}. 
 
 Audi ergo ; nam ut in hoc quoque saeculo nexus diaboli 
 solveretur, inventum est quomodo homo vivus moreretur, et vivus 
 "esurgeret. Quid est vivus? Hoc est vita corporis vivens, oum 
 
OF THE CHRISTIAN RITE. 119 
 
 life of the body, when it came to the font, and was immersed 
 into the font. What is water, except of earth? The divine 
 sentence is satisfied, therefore, without the stupor of death. In 
 that thou sinkest down [art immersed], that sentence is dis- 
 charged, ' earth thou art, and into earth slialt thou go. ? The 
 sentence being fulfilled, there is room for the blessing, and for 
 the divine remedy. Water then is of earth ; but the capability 
 of our life did not allow that we should be covered with earth, 
 and rise again from the earth. Moreover, earth does not cleanse, 
 but water cleanses ; therefore the font is as a sepulchre." 
 
 EXAMPLE 214. 
 
 The same Work, book II. ch. vii. 23. 
 
 11 That as Christ died, so also thou mayest taste of death ; 
 as Christ died to sin, and lives to God, so also thou mayest 
 be dead to the former allurements of sins, through the sacrament 
 of baptism, and rise through the grace of Christ. It is there- 
 fore a death, but not in the verity of corporeal death, but in a 
 similitude ; for when thou sinkest down, thou dost take on a 
 similitude of death and burial.' 7 
 
 LATIN TEXT. 
 
 veniret ad fontem, et mergeretur in fontem. Quid est aqua, nisi 
 de terra? Satisfit ergo sententiae coelesti sine mortis stupore. 
 Quod mergis, solvitur sententia ilia : terra es, et in terram ibis; 
 impleta sententia, locus est beneficio remedioque coelesti. Ergo 
 aqua de terra, possibilitas autem vitae nostrae non admittebat 
 ut terra operiremur, et de terra resurgeremus. Deinde non terra 
 lavat, seel aqua lavat ; ideo fons quasi sepultura est. 
 
 Ejusdem lib. II. c. vii, 23. (Vol. II. col. 360). 
 
 Ut quomodo Christus mortuus est, sic et tu mortem de- 
 gustes : quomodo Christus mortuus est peccato, et Deo vivit : 
 ita et tu superioribus illecebris peccatorum mortuus sis per 
 baptismatis sacramentum, et surrexeris per gratiam Christi. 
 Mors ergo est, sed non in mortis corporalis veritate, sed in si- 
 militudine ; cum enim mergis, mortis suscipis et sepulturae si- 
 militudinem. 
 
120 USAGE OF THE CHURCH FATHERS. 
 
 EXAMPLE 215. 
 
 Jerome* Comment, on the Epist. to the Ephesians, book II. ch. 
 4 (on ch. 4 : -5). 
 
 "And thrice we are immersed, that there may appear one 
 sacrament of the Trinity." 
 
 * Born in the year 331. 
 
 EXAMPLE 216. 
 
 Jllcuin;* Epistle XC. to the brethren at Lyons. 
 
 " To us it seems indeed, according to our feeble judgment, 
 that as the inner man is formed anew after the image of his 
 Maker, in the faith of the holy Trinity, so the outer man should 
 be washed with a trine immersion ; that what the Spirit invisi- 
 bly works in the soul, that the priest may visibly imitate in 
 water." 
 
 * Born 735 ; founder of Christian education and schools in France, under 
 Charlemagne. 
 
 EXAMPLE 217. 
 
 The same Epistle. Speaking of the Christian rite of baptism, 
 he says : 
 
 " That you may know the things signified by this most sacred 
 
 LATIN TEXT. 
 
 Hieronymi Comment, in epist. ad Eph. lib. II. c. iv. 
 (ed. Vallarsius, Vol. VII. p. 610). 
 
 Et ter- mergimur, ut Trinitatis unum appareat sacramentum. 
 
 Alcuini Epist. XC. ad Fratres Lugdunenses (ed. Migne, Vol. I. 
 
 col. 291}. 
 
 Nobis vero juxta parvitatem ingenioli nostri videtur, ut 
 sicut interior homo in fide sanctae Trinitatis ad imaginem sui 
 conditoris reformandus est, ita et exterior trina mersione abluen- 
 dus esse : ut quod invisibiliter Spiritus operator in anima, hoc 
 visibiliter sacerdos imitetur in aqua. 
 
 Ejusdem (col. 292). 
 Ut vero cognoscatis hujus sacratissimi mysterii significationes, 
 
OF THE CHRISTIAN RITE. 121 
 
 mystery, according to the understanding of the holy Fathers 
 and the statutes of the Church, I will show to your love the 
 same sacraments, with the catholic interpretation." 
 
 After a full description and explanation of the preliminary ceremonies, he 
 adds: 
 
 " And so, in the name of the holy Trinity, he is baptized with 
 a trine submersion." 
 
 LATIN TEXT. 
 
 juxta sanctorum Patrum intelligentiam et statuta ecclesiastica, 
 vestrae charitati eadem sacramenta catholica interpretatione 
 ostendam. 
 
 Ibidem. 
 
 Et sic in nomine sanctae Trinitatis trina submersione baptiza- 
 tur. 
 
 
122 USAGE OF THE CHURCH FATHLns. 
 
 II. 
 
 Where the Christian rite, or what is implied in it, is applied for purposes of 
 illustration or comparison. 
 
 The Christian Fathers, in their expositions of the Scriptures, are fond of 
 tracing allusions to this rite in the language of the Old Testament. Of this 
 practice, one specimen must suffice. 
 
 EXAMPLE 218. 
 
 Basil (the Great) ;* Discourse on Ps. 28 (Ps. 29 : 3). 
 
 "'The Lord dwells in the flood.' A flood is an inundation 
 of water, concealing all that lies beneath, and cleansing all that 
 was before polluted. The grace of the IMMERSION (BAPTISM), there- 
 fore, he calls a flood ; so that the soul, washed from sins, and 
 cleansed from the old man, is henceforth fitted for a habitation 
 of God in the spirit." 
 
 * See the remark on Example 181. 
 
 The idea of cleansing, associated with the Christian rite of immersion in water, 
 naturally suggested comparison with the Jewish rites of purification, especially 
 by water; and hence the Christian Fathers treat these ritual purifications as 
 types, foreshadowing the grace (mark the word!) to be imparted through the 
 Christian rite. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Basilii Magni Horn, in Ps. XXVIII. (ed. Gamier, Vol. I. p. 123). 
 Kvpios rov KaTa.K\vcrp.ov KarotKel.) 
 
 TTO.V TO 
 
 Kal KaOapi^ovTos airav TO irpoeppviroiJitvov. T^V ovv TOV 
 
 airoTrXvvaiJLtvi]v TO. a/za/>T7?/zara ^vxyv, KCU 
 
 fjievrjv TOV iraXaiov av6pu>irov, emTrjSeiav tivau Xoiirov Trp 
 
 rjplOV TOV 0OV l> TTVtVfJiaTl. 
 
I 
 OF THE CHRISTIAN RITE. 123 
 
 EXAMPLE 219. 
 
 Cyrill* Archbishop of Alexandria ; on Isaiah, book I. Discourse i. 
 (on ch. 1 : 16). 
 
 Speaking of the point just before stated by him, viz. that 
 " men are justified, not by works of law, but through faith and 
 the IMMERSION (BAPTISM)," he says : 
 
 " And this the ancient law figured to them as in shadows, and 
 preached before the grace which is through the holy IMMERSION 
 (BAPTISM)." 
 
 * Born towards the close 'of the fourth century; made Patriarch of Alex- 
 andria in 412. 
 
 EXAMPLE 220. 
 
 Theophylact ;* Comment, on John ch. 5 : 1-4. 
 
 "For since an IMMERSION (BAPTISM) was to be given, having 
 much efficacy, and quickening souls, God prefigures the IMMERSION 
 (BAPTISM) in the Jewish rites ; and gives them also water cleans- 
 ing away pollutions, not properly being but accounted such, as 
 those from the touching of a dead body or of a leper, or other 
 such like things." 
 
 * See the remark on Example 192. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Cyrilli Archiep. Alex, in Es. lib. I. Orat. i. (ed. Auberti, Vol. II. 
 
 p. 77). 
 
 TOVTO KOU 6 iraXai vofJLO? avTOi? a>y 4v (TKLCUS SitrvTrov, 
 
 KOU 7TpOaVKT)pVTT TTJV \OLpiV T1T}V Sta TOV dyiOV /3a7TTL' 
 
 Theophylacti in Joannem Comment, cap. V. 1-4 (Vol. I. pp. 667-8). 
 
 l yap eyiteAAe paTTTUTfjia 8t8ocr0ai troXXrjv t^pv 
 KOU faoTTOiovv TO.? ^u^cty, Trpotcoypafytl Oeo? TO 
 /3a7TTLO~fj.a tv roty ' 'lovSaLKOis, KOU dtSojcri fJitv KCU vScop av- 
 Ka6alpov fJioXva-fjiov? ou Kvpiws OVTOLS, aXXa SOKOVV- 
 olov TOV? OLTTO TOV a^acrtfou vtKpov, fj XeTTpov, KOI TCQV 
 
 TOIOVTGOV 
 
* 
 
 124 USAGE OF THE CHURCH FATHERS. 
 
 EXAMPLE 221. 
 
 Cyrill (just quoted). Comment, on Isaiah, look I. Disc. Hi. (on 
 ch. 4 : 4). Explaining the words, l by the spirit of burning/ he 
 says : 
 
 "But the spirit of burning we call the grace in the holy 
 IMMERSION (BAPTISM), produced in us not without the Spirit. For 
 we have been IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) not in mere water ; but neither 
 with the ashes of a heifer have we been sprinkled, for the 
 cleansing of the flesh alone, as says the blessed Paul ; but in 
 the Holy Spirit, and a fire that is divine and mentally discern- 
 ed, destroying the filth of the vileness in us, and consuming away 
 the pollution of sin. 77 
 
 With this example should be connected the following: 
 
 EXAMPLE 222. 
 
 The same writer ; On worshipping in spirit and in truth, book XII. 
 
 "For we are IMMERSED (BAPTIZED), not into fire perceptible by 
 the senses, but in the Holy Spirit, like fire consuming away 
 the pollution in souls." 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Cyrilli Arcmep. Alex. Comment, in Is. lib. I. Orat. III. (Vol. II. 
 
 p. 76). 
 
 $ Trvev/jia (pa/uLfv TTJV eVl rw ay 'up /37m- 
 \dpLV ov di^a TTvev/JLaTO? eV i]p2v yivofJLfvrjV. /3e/3a- 
 uLfv 'yap OVK eV vdari yvjjLvw, aAA' ovde 
 fppa.vTio~fjLf.0a df TTpo? JJLOVTJV rrjv rrj? 
 KaOaporrjTa, KaOd ^TJO-LV o /JiaKapLos TZaGAos*, aAA' eV 
 TrvevfjiaTi ayiM) Kal Trvpl rco 6tio) Kal vor)T) rot's* TYJ$ 
 ev rjplv (j)avXoT7]TO$ SairavoivTi pVTTOVf, Kal rov TTJS d/jiap- 
 
 eKTTjKOVTl 
 
 Ejusdem de Adorat. in Spiritu et Yerit. lib. XII. (Vol. I. p. 436). 
 Bf.fia7TTLo-iJif.9a yap OVK fly Trvp aiaOrfTov, aAA' eV ay/a) 
 
 ) TTVpO? OLKlf]V tKTr]KOVTL Tlf]V eV ^fV^OL^ [JLoXvCTfJiOV . 
 
OF THE CHRISTIAN RITE. 125 
 
 EXAMPLE 223. 
 
 The same writer ; Comment, on John, book XII. (on ch. 19 : 34). 
 
 " With a spear they pierce his side, and it poured forth blood 
 mixed with water ; as though God, for us, made that which was 
 done an image and a kind of first-fruits of the mystic blessing, 
 and of the holy IMMERSION (BAPTISM) ; for Christ's verily, and from 
 Christ, is the holy IMMERSION (BAPTISM), and the virtue of the mys- 
 tic blessing arose for us out of the holy flesh." 
 
 The allusion here is to the two elements of expiation and cleansing, blood and 
 water. These, gushing forth .from the Saviour's side, were an image, and a kind 
 of first-fruits (an earnest, or assurance) of the holy IMMERSION, through which 
 the mystic blessing (of pardon and sanctification) was to be imparted, and all 
 whose virtue proceeded from his consecrated body. 
 
 The grounds for using the element of water are explained; as in the two 
 following examples. 
 
 EXAMPLE 224. 
 
 Cyrill* BisJiop of Jerusalem, Instruction III. on Baptism, v. 
 " But if one desires to know why through water, and not 
 through another of the elements, the grace is given, let him 
 
 * See the remark on Example 176. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Ejusdem Com. in Joannem lib. XII. (Vol. IV. p. 1074). 
 
 TT)V 7TVpaV, T) 
 
 TO cu^a SicfiXvac, rfj? fJLVorucrp euAoyiaj, KOLL rov 
 ayiov /3a7rr/o7zaT09, elKOva KCU aTrap^rjv ojcrTrtp TIVOL 
 TO? rjfuv TOV Otov TO ytytvTjfjLtvov. XpniTov yap 
 ecrrl KCU Trapa XpLaTOv TO ayiov jBaTTTio-fJia, KOU TT)$ JJLVCTTI- 
 KTJ? v\oytas 77 dvvd/JLi? e/c TIJ^ ay/ay rnuv ave(j}v aapKo?. 
 
 Cyrilli Archiep. Hierosol. Cateches. III. de Baptismo Y. (ed. Tout- 
 
 tee, p. 41). 
 
 El 8e TLS 7ro6el yi'tovai, dia TL $L vdaTOs, KCLL IJLYJ $L 
 TCOV (jToiytitov ?; yapis SidoTai, ra$ 6eia$ ypafyas 
 
126 USAGE OF THE CHURCH FATHERS. 
 
 take up the divine Scriptures and he will find. For water is 
 a great thing, and the noblest of the four elements of the world 
 that appear.' 7 
 
 EXAMPLE 225. 
 
 John of Damascus, On Faith and Baptism (On the orthodox Faith, 
 book IV. ch. 9). See the remark on Example 190. 
 
 " For from the beginning, the Spirit of God moved upon the 
 waters ; and of old the Scripture testifies to water, that it is 
 cleansing. In Noah's age God deluged the sin of the world 
 by water. By water every one unclean, according to the law, 
 is cleansed, even the garments themselves being washed with 
 water. . . . And almost all things, according to the law, are 
 cleansed with water. For the things seen are symbols of those 
 apprehended by the mind." 
 
 A few lines below, he says of the Saviour's baptism : 
 
 "He [Christ] is IMMERSED (BAPTIZED), not as himself needing 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 tov 6vpr)o~L. Meya 'yap n TO vdoop, KCU rwv recr- 
 crapcov rov KocrfJiov CTTOI^ELCOV ru>v (^aivo^v^v TO Ka\\i- 
 
 (TTOV. 
 
 Joannis Damasceni de fide orthodoxa, lib. IY. c. 9 (p. 260). 
 
 ATT apXV? yap irvev^a 6eov roty vftacrLv 7T6(j)pTQ 
 <ai avtoOtv r] ypa(j)rj fiapTVpel TW vSaTt, co? SCTTL KaOapTrj- 
 
 pLOV. 7TL ?& &l' vdaTO? O 06O9 TTjV KOO~fJLLKr] 
 
 KaTK\vo~. $L' vfiaTO? Tra? aKa0apTO? Kara TOV vo 
 
 KOLL avTtov TCOV iJMTi&v irXwoiv^v rw vda~ 
 
 rw 
 TL. ... Kai a^E^ov aTravTa /caret TOV vofjiov vSaTc Ka6a- 
 
 TO, yap opaTa avp-poXa TCOV *>ooiyxeVa>z> eicnv. 
 
 (Ibidem}. 
 )? OLVTO? XPV&v Ka0dpo-Q)$ y a\\a 
 
OF THE CHRISTIAN RITE. 127 
 
 cleansing, but appropriating my cleansing, that lie may whelm 
 sin, and bury all the old Adam in the water." 
 
 The exhortations to personal holiness in the Old Testament, founded on the 
 Jewish ritual purifications (as in Isaiah 1 : 16-20), they apply to the Christian 
 
 rite as being first fulfilled in the grace therein imparted. 
 
 
 
 EXAMPLE 226. 
 
 Hippolytus j* Discourse on the holy Theophany, x. After quot- 
 ing Is. 1 : 16-19, he says : 
 
 "Thou sawest, beloved, how the prophet foretold the cleans- 
 ing of the holy IMMERSION (BAPTISM). For he who goes down 
 with faith into the bath of regeneration, is arrayed against the 
 evil one, and on the side of Christ ; he denies the enemy, and 
 confesses Christ . to be God ; he puts off bondage, and puts on 
 sonship ; he comes up from the IMMERSION (BAPTISM), bright as 
 the sun, flashing forth the rays of righteousness. But greatest 
 of all, he comes up a son of God, and a fellow-heir with Christ." 
 
 * See the remark on Example 203. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 TTjV efjLTjV olKLOVfJLVO$ K.dOapO'lV) .... IvOL K\V(Trj TJ]V 
 
 a/JLapriav, KOU Travra TOV TraXatov 'Ada/A evOd^rj TCO 
 
 Hippolyti Romani Orat. in Sanct. Theoph. X. (ed. de Lagarde 
 
 p. 42). 
 
 , dyaTnjTe Trco? irpotLTrev 6 TrpcxprjTr)? TO TOU /3a7m- 
 Ka6apo~t,ov. o yap KaTaftaivu>v /xera TT/crreaj? eis 
 TO TTJ? dvaytvvria'ecds Xovrpov Siardo-o-eTaL TU> iroi>r)pw^ 
 de TCO XpiorTco. dirapveiTaL TQV eyOpov, 
 e TO Oeov elvai TOV Xpio-Tov. VLTrodieTcu TTJV 
 SovXetav, ev8vTai e TTJV vioOtcrioLV, dvepyeTOii OLTTO TOU 
 Xa/jiTrpo? w? 6 rjXto?, dTraaTpaTTTCov ra? Trj? 
 OLKTLVO.S. TO Se ^yidTQv^ SLVZHJIV vio? Oeov 
 
 KOL (TVyKXripOVOIJiOS XpLCTTOV. 
 
128 USAGE OF THE CHURCH FATHERS. 
 
 EXAMPLE 227. 
 
 Justin Martyr;* Dialogue with a Jew, xiv. After saying 
 " Through the bathing, therefore, of repentance and of the 
 knowledge of God, which has been instituted for the iniquity 
 of God's people, (as Isaiah cries), we believed, and we make 
 known that this is that IMMERSION (BAPTISM) which he proclaimed, 
 which alone is able to cleanse those who repent, that this is 
 the water of life. What cisterns ye have dug out for your- 
 selves are broken, and are useless to you ;" he adds : 
 
 "For what is the benefit of that IMMERSION (BAPTISM), which 
 makes bright the flesh and the body only ? Be IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) 
 as to the soul, from anger and from covetousness, from envy, 
 from hatred ; and behold the body is clean." 
 
 * See the remark on Example 131. 
 
 They distinguish between the mere outward form of the rite, and the inward 
 work wrought in the soul. 
 
 EXAMPLE 228. 
 
 Cyrill* Bishop of Jerusalem ; Preface to the Instructions. 
 "Simon also, the Magian, once came to the bath. He was 
 IMMERSED (BAPTIZED), but he was not enlightened ; and the body 
 
 * See the remark on Example 176. 
 
 TEXT. 
 
 Justini Martyris Dial, cum Tryphone, XIV. (ed. Otto, Vol. I. P. ii. 
 
 p. 48). 
 
 Tl jap 0(j)\0$ Kll>OV TOV PaTTTlCTfJLaTOS, O TT}V 
 
 KOL jjiovov TO acofjia <j)aidpvvei; SaTrrlo-Orjre TTJV 
 
 
 O.7TO Opyrjs KGU CL7TO 7T\OVeia9y OL7TO (f)0Ol>OV, GC7TO fJilCTOVS' 
 
 KOL I8ov TO aco/Jia KaOapov <TTI. 
 
 Cyrilli archiep. Hierosol. Praef. Cateches. (ed. Milles, p. 2). 
 Upoo-rjXOe 7TOT KOLL Sifjitov Tw AouT/Kp 6 /xctyoy e/3oc7rr/- 
 , ctAA* OVK (pa)TL(r07]' KOU TO (JLtv crco/za e^a^ez/ 
 
OF THE CP1RISTIAX RITE. 129 
 
 indeed he dipped in water, but the heart he did not enlighten 
 by the Spirit. And the body went down indeed, and came up ; 
 but the soul was not buried with Christ, nor was raised with 
 him." 
 
 From the idea of cleansing, associated with immersion in water, they call 
 Christ's expiatory death an IMMERSION (BAPTISM), not only as an expression of 
 overwhelming suffering (Mark 10 : 38, 39, Luke 12 : 50), but also because by 
 it he cleansed from sin. So in the following example, in which both allusions 
 are distinctly recognized. 
 
 EXAMPLE 229. - 
 
 Chrysostom;* on the petition of the sons of Zebedee, V. (On the 
 words, i Can ye drink,' etc.). 
 
 " Here calling his cross and death a cup and an IMMERSION 
 (BAPTISM) a cup, because he drank it witli pleasure ; an IMMERSION 
 (BAPTISM), because by it he cleansed the world. And not because 
 of this only, but also because of the facility of the resurrection. 
 For as he who is IMMERSED (BAPTIZED) with water, rises again 
 with great ease, not at all hindered by the nature of the waters ; 
 
 * See the remark on Example 184. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Tt}V de KOpttiav OVK. e'0amcre Jfvcvfjuxrr KOU 
 
 TO o-to/JLa, KOU dv/3rj* 77 $ 'fyvyr) ov trvvemxfn) Xpurry, 
 
 ovde 
 
 Chrysostomi de Petit, fil. Zebed. VII. (ed. Montf. Vol I. p. 521). 
 
 IIoTrjplOV (.VTOLvQa. KCLt, /BoLTTTLa/JLa Ka\a)l> TQV (TTOiVpOV 
 TOV taVTOV, KOI TOV OaVOLTOV TTOTYjpLOV /JLtV, 7Tl8r) /Jieff 
 T}doVT]$ CLVTOV 67T^I, /Sd7TTL(TfJLa ($6, OTL $1 CLVTOV TT)V OLKOV' 
 
 fjitvrjv Ka0r)pev ov dia TOVTO de {JLOVOV* aAAa KCU dia rn]^ 
 VKO\.lav rrjs dvao-rdo-ew tdcnrep ydp o /BaTrri^o/jievo? 
 vdari, aerd TroAA^s dvHjTOLTai rrjs VKO\Iaf y ovdev VTTO 
 
 TTJ? (f)U(TCOf TWV vdaTCOV K(d\VOfJ,VO$, OVTCD KCU OLVTO? 1$ 
 
130 USAGE OP THE CHURCH FATHERS. 
 
 _ 
 
 so also lie, having gone down into death, with greater ease came 
 up ; for this cause he calls it an IMMERSION (BAPTISM). But what 
 he says is to this effect : ' Can ye be slain, and die ?' For 
 now is the time for these, deaths, perils, and toils." 
 
 In like manner, they use this word of the sufferings shared with Christ by 
 his followers, which they called an IMMERSION (in suffering) " by blood," and " by 
 martyrdom ;" ascribing to this figurative immersion in suffering the same cleans- 
 ing efficacy, as to the literal immersion in water. 
 
 EXAMPLE 230. 
 
 The same writer; Discourse ii, on Saint Lucian, the Martyr. 
 
 " And wonder not, if I call the witness [the martyrdom] an 
 IMMERSION (BAPTISM). For here, also, the Spirit hovers over with 
 great fullness, and there is a taking away of sins, and a cleans- 
 ing^ of the soul wonderful and strange ; and as they who are 
 immersed are bathed with water, so are they who witness [who 
 are martyrs], with their own blood." 
 
 EXAMPLE 231. 
 
 John of Damascus;* On the orthodox faith, book iv. c. 9, on 
 faith and baptism. 
 
 * See the remark on Example 190. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 OOLVOLTOV Kara/Bas, {JLera TrAetWo? dve/Srj TTJ? evKoXlas- 8ta 
 TOVTO /3a7rncr/za avro KaXel. o 8e Ae'yet TOLOVTQV ecrrr 
 8vvao~0e (r^ayrjvai) KOLL airoOavelv ; TOVTCOV yap b Kaipo? 
 vvVj Oavaroiv, KOL KLV$VVU>V, KOLL TTOVOJV. 
 
 Ejusdem Horn, in S. Lucianum Martyrem, II. (Vol. II. p. 520}. 
 Kai fJirj 6avfJiacn]Ty el j3a7rTt(TfJia TO ^aprvpiov eVaAe- 
 cra, KOL -yap tvravOa TO 7rvvp.a yu,era TroAA^? <pL7TTaTai 
 TTJ9 8a\l/L\La?, KOLL a/ia/jr^^arcoj/ avaipecrLS, KCU 
 yiveTOii KaOapfJLos 6avp.ao-TO$ TLS KOLL TrapaSo^o?' KCLL 
 ol POL-XT L^opLevoL Tots v$a<jLV, OVTCOS ol papTvpovvTes 
 18 ico XQVOVTOLL 
 
OF THE CHRISTIAN RITE. 131 
 
 "Seventh, that which is by blood and martyrdom, with which 
 Christ himself for us was IMMERSED (BAPTIZED), as exceedingly au- 
 gust and blessed, such as is defiled by no subsequent pollutions." 
 
 EXAMPLE 232. 
 
 Hilary*Bishop of Poictiers, on Ps. 118 (119), letter III 5. 
 
 " There is reserved, therefore, so far as we may judge, a cleans- 
 ing of that perfected purity, even after the waters of baptism ; 
 [viz.] that which sanctifies us by the coming of the Holy Spirit ; 
 that which refines us with the fire of judgment; that which 
 through the infliction of death will purge from the carrion 
 stain and fellowship; that which by the suffering of martyr- 
 dom will wash away with devoted and faithful blood." 
 
 In the same figurative sense, they use it of whatever was supposed to have 
 an atoning or expiatory virtue, as penitence and tears. So in the two following 
 examples ; in the first of which, the literal immersion in water is expressly dis- 
 tinguished from this figurative application of it. 
 
 EXAMPLE 233. 
 
 Athanasius ;\ Questions, LXXH. (to Prince Antiochus). 
 "For it is proper to know, that, in like manner with the 
 * Born about the end of the third century. f See the remark on Ex. 187. 
 
 GREEK AND LATIN TEXT. 
 
 Joannis Damasceni de Fide orthodoxa, lib. IV. c. 9, de fide et 
 baptismo (ed. Lequien, Vol. I. p. 266). 
 
 JEfidofJLOv, TO 81 alfjiaros' KOLL fjiaprvpiov o KOLL avro? 6 
 XDLCTTOS VTrep rjfjLoov e'/3a7rr/a-aro, w$ Xiav cUotafJiOV KCU 
 }jLa.KapLOv* ocrov Sevrepots ov fJioXwerai pVTrots. 
 
 Hilarii Pictavorum episc. Tract, in CXYIII. Psal. lit. iii. (ed. 
 
 monach. ord. S. Bened. col. 259). 
 
 Est ergo, quantum licet existimare, perfectae illius emundatio 
 puritatis etiam post baptismi aquas reposita : quae nos sancti 
 Spiritus sanctificet adventu, quae judicii igni nos decoquat, quae 
 per mortis injuriam a labe morticinae et societate purgabit, quae 
 martyrii passione devota ac fideli sanguine abluet. 
 Athanasii Quaest. ad Antioch. LXXIII. (ed. monach. ord. S. Bened. 
 
 Vol. II. p. 286). 
 
 Atl yOLp ldVai 9 OTl O/JLOLOJ? TOV ^O.TTTlO'^JiO.TO'S ^ TOllS 
 
132 USAGE OF THE CHURCH FATHERS. 
 
 IMMERSION (BAPTISM), the fountain of tears cleanses man. Where- 
 fore many, having denied the holy IMMERSION (BAPTISM) by offences, 
 were cleansed by tears and declared just." 
 
 Of course, the ' fountain of tears' does not represent the baptismal rite ; for, 
 from this it is expressly distinguished. It is, therefore, an IMMERSION only in 
 a figurative sense, as having, through the same imparted grace, the same cleans- 
 ing effect as the literal IMMERSION in water. In this figurative sense the word 
 is used in the following extract. 
 
 EXAMPLE 234. 
 
 The same writer j in the same passage. 
 
 "Three IMMERSIONS (BAPTISMS), purgative of all sin , whatever, 
 God has bestowed on the nature of men. I mean, that of 
 water ; and again, that by the witness of one's own blood ; and 
 thirdly, that by tears, in which also the harlot was cleansed." 
 
 This word became, necessarily, a technical designation of the Christian rite ; but 
 without losing its proper literal significance, as has already been shown by many 
 of the foregoing extracts, and as may be seen in the two following examples. 
 
 EXAMPLE 235. 
 
 Apostolic Canons;* Can. L. 
 
 " If any bishop, or presbyter, shall not perform three IMMERSIONS 
 
 * As early as the fifth century. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 Trrjyr] Kdffapi^Ei TOV avOponrov dioirep TroAAol 
 8ia TTTaLo-fJidTcov iwXvvavres TO ayiov /3a7rrio>ia, dta SaKpv- 
 cov tKa6apicr6r]<jav KOL diKaioi airt$iy6r]O"OLV. 
 
 Ejusdem (Ibidem). 
 
 Tpia jSaTrr/cr/xara KaOapriKa 7rd(7rj? olas SijTrore dfjiap- 
 r/ay 6 Oeos rfj (j)vo~L T&V av0 pdctTroiv edooprjcraTe' Aeya> e 
 TO vdaros, KOU iraXiv TO dia fiaprvplov TOV ISiov ai/xaros 1 , 
 KOL TP'LTOV TO $La daKpv<ov f elf OTrep KCU T] TTopvf) Ka0aolcr0r}. 
 
 Canones Sanct. Apostolorum ; can. L. (Pandect. Can. Apost. ct., ed. 
 Beverige, Vol. L p. 33). 
 
 El TLS 7rt<j/co7ros' rj 7rpcr/3vT6po$ fJLrj Tpia 
 
OF THE CHRISTIAN RITE. 133 
 
 (BAPTISMS) for one initiation,* but one IMMERSION (BAPTISM), that 
 given into the death of the Lord, let him be deposed." 
 
 * So this rite was called, as being the initiatory rite of the church. Three 
 immersions were by many considered necessary to the full performance of the 
 rite. Compare the writer's note on Matt. 28 : 19. 
 
 EXAMPLE 236. 
 
 Zonaras y* Annotations on the Apostolic Canons (on Can. L.). 
 " Three IMMERSIONS (BAPTISMS) the canon here calls the thrice 
 sinking down in one initiation, that is, in one IMMERSION (BAPTISM). 
 
 He uses the word, in the first instance, to express simply an act of immer- 
 sion, and in the second, this act as the Christian rite. 
 
 * Of the twelfth century. 
 
 It thus appears, that the Christian Fathers understood this 
 word in its ordinary, established signification in the Greek 
 language, exhibited in Section I. from their own practice, as 
 well as that of other Greek writers. Their figurative applica- 
 tions of the Christian rite grew naturally out of its deep signi- 
 ficance, in its various references to the doctrines and facts of 
 the Christian life. We are not to attach to the word itself 
 ideas derived from the application of the rite. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 , aAAa 1v ^aTTTLCTfJia ely rov 6dva- 
 TOV rov Kvplov Stdofjievov, KaQcupe icrflo). 
 
 Zonaras Annott. in Can. Apost. L. (ibidem). 
 Tpia /3a7rr/cr^ara evravfla TCL? rpew KaraSvcreis 
 
 6 KOLVtoV kv fJLLa /JLVTjO'ei, rJTOL tV ev 
 
SECTION YI. 
 
 Requirements and Practice of the Church. 
 
 1. 
 
 The Eastern, or Greek Church. 
 
 Extract from Gear's " EUCHOLOGION, or Eitual of the Greeks." 
 
 "Office of the Holy IMMERSION (BAPTISM)." 
 
 (after the preliminary ceremonies) 
 
 " And when the whole body is anointed, the priest IMMERSES 
 (BAPTIZES) him [the child], holding him erect and looking toward 
 the east, saying : 
 
 The servant of God [name'] is IMMERSED (BAPTIZED), in the name 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 EYXOA OriON, sive Rituale Grace, (op. Goar,pp. 354, 
 Officium Sancti Baptismatis. 
 
 KOLL ore ^piaOfi oXov TO <ro>/ia, /3airTtki avrov 6 i 
 
 V OLVTOV KOLTt^OW KCU fiXtTTOVTCIL KCLTO, OLVaToXds, A- 
 
 6 dovXos rov Oeov, '0 delva, elf TO ovofia 
 
 * EYXOAOFION, sive Eituale Graecorum, complectens ritus et ordines ct. 
 juxta usum Orientalis Ecclesise ; Opera R. P. F. Jacobi Goar, .... nuper in 
 Orientcm missi Apostolici. Lutet. Paris. 1647. 
 
THE EASTERN, OR GREEK CHURCH. 135 
 
 of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit ; now and 
 ever, and to ages of ages. Amen. 
 
 At each invocation, bringing him down, and bringing him up. 
 And after the IMMERSING (BAPTIZING), the priest washes his hands, 
 singing with the people : * Happy they, whose sins are for- 
 given/" etc. 
 
 The practice of this church has already been seen in the 
 extracts given in Section Y. The deviations from this practice 
 (for convenience or other cause) were only occasional and excep- 
 tional, and without canonical authority. 
 
 GREEK TEXT. 
 
 TOV TraTpo?, KOU TOV viov, KOL TOV aylov Trvev/JLaros. Nvv 
 Kal aiei, KOU elf TOV? altovas T&V aicovoov. ap,r)v. 
 
 EKatrrri Trpoaprjcrei Karaywv avrov, KOU avaycav. Kai 
 rr]v fiaTTTicriv, viTrTtrai b iepev?, fyaXXtov avis rw 
 3 MaKapioi aw a&tOTjcrav al avojjiiat K. r. A. 
 
136 THE WESTERN, OR LATIN CHURCH. 
 
 2. 
 
 The "Western, or Latin Church. 
 
 Extract from the Order of Sacraments, composed by Pope Gregory I. 
 
 " The font being blest, and he holding the infant by whom it 
 is to be taken up, let the priest inquire thus: 
 What is thy name? 
 
 (Answer). 
 
 Dost thou believe in God, the Father Almighty, creator of 
 heaven and earth ? 
 
 Answ. I believe. 
 
 And in Jesus Christ, his only Son our Lord, who was born 
 and suffered? 
 
 Answ. I believe. 
 
 Dost thou also believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy Catholic 
 Church, the remission of sins, the resurrection of the body? 
 
 LATIN TEXT. 
 
 Sacramentarium Gregorianum, sive Sacramentorum ordo a sancto 
 Gregorio I. Papa compositus, (ed. Muratori, Vol. II. p. 75).* 
 Benedicto fonte, et eo tenente infantem, a quo susdpiendum est, 
 interroget sacerdos ita : 
 Quis vocaris? 
 
 Respondet. 
 
 (Itte.) Credis in Deum Patrem omnipotentem, Creatorem coeli 
 et terrae? 
 
 Respondet: Credo. 
 
 Et in Jesum Christum, Filium ejus unicum, Dominum nostrum, 
 natum, et passum? 
 
 Respondet: Credo. 
 
 Credis et in Spiritum Sanctum, sanctam Ecclesiam Catholi- 
 cam, remissionem peccatorum, carnis resurrectionem ? 
 
 * Liturgia Romana vetus, tria sacramenta complectens, Leonianum scilicet, 
 Gelasianum, et antiquum Gregorianum ; edente Ludovico Antonio Muratorio, 
 Neapoli, 1776. 
 
THE WESTERN, OR LATIN CHURCH. 137 
 
 Answ. I believe. 
 
 Then let the priest baptize with a trine immersion, once only in- 
 voking the holy Trinity, saying : 
 
 And I baptize thee, in the name of the Father ; 
 
 (and let him immerse once) 
 And of the Son ; 
 
 (and let him immerse a second time) 
 And of the Holy Spirit ; 
 
 (and let him immerse a third time)" 
 
 For the early practice in this Church, see Examples 204-217, 
 and the extract from the work of Brenner, at the end of this 
 Section. 
 
 LATIN TEXT. 
 
 Respondet: Credo. 
 
 Deinde baptizet sacerdos sub trina mersione, tantum sanctam Trini- 
 tatem semel invocans, ita dicendo : 
 Et ego te baptizo in nomine Patris; 
 
 Et mergat semel. 
 Et Filii ; 
 
 Et mergat iterum. 
 Et Spiritus sancti ; 
 
 Et mergat tertio. 
 
138 ANGLICAN CHUKCH. 
 
 3. 
 
 Anglican Church. 
 
 Extract from the first English " Book of Common Prayer, and Administration 
 of the Sacraments," the first book of King Edward VI. 1549 (Pickering's fac- 
 simile, fol CXVL)* 
 
 "Then the priest shall take the child in his hands, and ask 
 the name. And naming the child, shall dip it in the water 
 thrice. First dipping the right side : Second the left side : 
 The third time dipping the face toward the font : So it be dis- 
 creetly and warily done, saying. 
 
 N. I baptize thee, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, 
 and of the Holy Ghost. Amen. 
 
 And if the child be weak, it shall suffice to pour water upon 
 it, saying the foresaid words.' 1 ' 
 
 Extract from The Second Book of King Edward VI., 1552 ; as also in The 
 
 First Book of Queen Elizabeth, 1559, and in that of King James, 1604, called 
 
 " the Hampton Court Book" (Pickering's fac-simile, vols IL, III., and IV.}. 
 
 "Then the priest shall take the child in his hands, and ask 
 the name, and naming the child shall dip it in the water, so 
 it be discreetly and warily done, saying. 
 
 N. I baptize thee in the name of the Father, arid of the Son, 
 and of the Holy Ghost. Amen. 
 
 And if the child be weak, it shall suffice to pour water upon 
 it, saying the foresaid words." 
 
 * " The book of the common prayer, and administration of the Sacraments, etc. 
 after the use of the Church of England. Londini, in officina Edouardi Whitchurchc 
 Cum privilegio ad imprimendum solum. Anno Do. 1549." (London, Wm. Picker 
 ing, 1844.) 
 
PRACTICE OF THE CHURCH IN ENGLAND. 139 
 
 From the same, as revised and settled at the Savoy conference, under Charles H., 
 1662 (Pickering's fac-simile, vol. V.). 
 
 " Then the priest shall take the child into his hands, and shall 
 say to the Godfathers and Godmothers, 
 
 Name this Child. 
 
 And then, naming it after them (if they shall certify him that 
 the Child may well endure it) he shall dip it in the water dis- 
 creetly and warily, saying, 
 
 N. I baptize thee in the Name of the Father, and of the Son, 
 and of the Holy Ghost. Amen. 
 
 But if they certify that the child is weak, it shall suffice to 
 pour water upon it, saying the foresaid words." 
 
 Practice of the Church in England, before the Reformation. 
 
 Canon of the Council of Calchuth, A.D. 816, ch. XL 
 " Let the presbyters also know, when they administer the holy 
 baptism, that they may not pour the holy water over the infants' 
 heads, but let them always be immersed in the font ; as the Son 
 of God furnished by himself an example to every believer, when 
 he was thrice immersed in the waves of the Jordan." 
 
 J. Lingardj History and Antiquities of the, Anglo-Saxon Church, 
 (Vol. I. p. 317). 
 
 " The regular manner of administering it was by immersion, 
 the time the two eves of Easter and Pentecost, the place a bap- 
 tistery, a small building contiguous to the church, in which had 
 been constructed a convenient bath called a font. When an 
 adult solicited baptism, he was called upon to profess his belief 
 in the true God, by the repetition of the Lord's Prayer, and the 
 
 LATIN TEXT. 
 Concilia magnae Britanniae et Hiberniae (ed. Wilkins, Vol. I. 
 
 P. in.) 
 
 Sciant etiam presbyteri, quando sacrum baptismum ministrant, 
 ut non effundant aquam sanctam super capita infantium, sed 
 semper mergantur in lavacro ; sicut exemplum praebuit per 
 semetipsum Dei Filius ornni credenti, quando csset ter mersus 
 in undis Jordanis. 
 
140 PRACTICE OF THE CHURCH IN ENGLAND. 
 
 Apostles' creed ; and to declare liis intention of leading a life 
 of piety, by making a threefold renunciation of the devil, his 
 works and his pomps. He then descended into the font ; the 
 priest depressed his head three times below the surface, saying, 
 I baptize thee in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and 
 of the Holy Ghost." 
 
 " In the baptism of children the same rites were observed, 
 with a few necessary variations .... The priest himself descend- 
 ed into the water, which reached to his knees. Each child was 
 successively delivered undressed into his hands, and he plunged 
 it thrice into the water, pronounced the mysterious words, and 
 then restored it to its sponsors." ... " Such were the canonical 
 regulations with respect to the administration of baptism." 
 
 The following extract from Tyndale's " Obedience of a Christian 
 Man (edition of 1571, p. 143), shows the practice of the Eng- 
 lish Church as late as the first half of the sixteenth century. 
 
 "The washing [of baptism] preacheth unto us that we are 
 cleansed with Christ's bloodshedding, which was an offering 
 and a satisfaction for the sin of all that repent and believe, 
 consenting and submitting themselves unto the will of God. 
 The plunging into the water signifieth that we die, and are 
 buried with Christ, as concerning the old life of sin which is 
 Adam. And the pulling out again, signifieth that we rise 
 again with Christ in a new life full of the Holy Ghost, which 
 shall teach us and guide us and work the will of God in us, 
 as thou seest Rom. VI." 
 
 These three divisions of the Church are all that can be 
 taken into account in this view. In respect to all three, the 
 following statement by Brenner,* a Roman Catholic writer, 
 deserves special regard. After a full investigation of the 
 original authorities, he closes his work with a summary of the 
 results, of which the first paragraph is as follows : 
 
 * Historical Exhibition of the Administration of Baptism, from Christ to our 
 own times, p. 306. 
 
PRACTICE OF THE CHURCH. 141 
 
 " Thirteen hundred years was baptism generally and regu- 
 larly an immersion of the person under the water, and only in 
 extraordinary cases a sprinkling or pouring with water ; the 
 latter was, moreover, disputed as a mode of baptism, nay even 
 forbidden." 
 
 GERMAN TEXT. 
 
 Brenner, Geschichtliche Darstellung der Verrichtung der Taufe, 
 von Christus .bis auf unserc Zeiten ; S. 306. 
 
 Dreizehn hundert Jahren war das Taufen allgemein und 
 ordentlich ein Untertauchen des Menschen unter das Wasser, 
 und nur in ausserordentlichen Fallen ein Besprengen oder 
 Begiessen mit Wasser ; letzteres ward ausserdem als Taufweise 
 bezweifelt, ja sogar verboten. 
 
SECTION VII. 
 
 Usage of the Versions. 
 
 1. In the oldest of the Latin versions known to us, we find 
 this word literally translated into that language. Tertullian,* 
 the earliest of the Latin Fathers, who cites from a vernacular 
 version and not from the original Greek,t quotes the commis- 
 sion in Matt. 28 : 19, in the following manner (On baptism, 
 ch. xiii) : " For a law of immersing was imposed, and the for- 
 mula prescribed. ' Go (says he) teach the nations, immersing them 
 in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy 
 Spirit.' " John 4 : 2 is quoted as follows (On baptism, ch. xi.) : 
 "For we read, ; And yet he did not immerse, but his disciples.'" 
 In the same work, ch. xiv. he quotes the Apostle Paul, as 
 having said : " For Christ sent me not to immerse " and in 
 ch. xx. he quotes the Evangelist as saying : " Were immersed, 
 
 * Born about the middle of the second century. 
 
 f Semler, Dissert, in Tertull. I. g IV. (Op. Tertull ed. Semler, vol. V. p. 185.) 
 
 LATIN TEXT. 
 
 Tertull. de Baptismo c. XIII. (ed. Semler, Vol. IV. p. 172). 
 Lex enim tinguendi imposita est, et forma praescripta. Ite 
 (inquit) docete nationes, tinguentes eas in nomen patris et filii, et 
 spiritus sancti. 
 
 Ejusdem c. XI. (Vol. IV. p. 168). Legimus enim: Et tamen 
 is non tinguebat, verum discipuli ejus. 
 
 Ejusdem c. XIV. (p. 172). Sed de ipso Apostolo revolvunt, 
 quod dixerit, Non enim me ad tinguendum Christus misit, quasi 
 hoc argumento baptismus adimatur. 
 
 Ejusdem c. XX. (p. 178). Tinguebantur, inquit, confitentes 
 delicta sua. 
 
USAGE OF THE VERSIONS. 143 
 
 confessing tlieir sins." In cli. xvi. of the same work, he 
 quotes the Saviour's language in Luke 12 : 50, in the follow- 
 ing manner : " There is indeed for us also a second bath, 
 one and the same, namely of blood ; of which the Lord 
 says, l l have to be immersed with a baptism? when he had 
 already been immersed." 
 
 Cyprian, another of the Latin Fathers, born about half a 
 century later, quotes Matt. 28 : 18-20, in the following manner 
 (Epistle xxv.) : " The Lord, after his resurrection, when sending 
 forth the Apostles, gites a command, and said : 'All power is 
 given to me in heaven and in earth. Go ye, therefore, and teach 
 all nations, immersing them in the name of the Father, and of the 
 Son, and of the Holy Spirit ; teaching them to observe all things, 
 whatever I have commanded you'" In the same words he 
 quotes this passage again, in Epist. LXIII. Gal. 3 : 27, he 
 quotes in the following manner (Epist. LXXV) : " For if the 
 Apostle lies not, when he says,. l As many of you as were 
 immersed in Christ, have put on Christ? then verily he, who 
 was then baptized in Christ, has put Christ on." 
 
 It was, therefore, the earliest usage, in translations into 
 the Latin language, to express the literal meaning of this 
 
 LATIN TEXT. 
 
 Ejusdem c. XYI. (pp. 173, 174). Est quidem nobis etiam 
 secundum lavacrum, unum et ipsum, sanguinis scilicet : de quo 
 Dominus, Habeo, inquit, baptismo tingui, quum jam tinctus 
 fuisset. 
 
 Cypriani Epist. XXY. (ed. unus ex monach. congr. S. Mauri, 
 p. 82). Dominus post resurrectionem mittens apostolos mandat 
 et dixit : Data est mihi omnis potestas in coelo et in terra. Ite 
 ergo et docete gentes omnes, tingentes eos in nomine patris et filii 
 et spiritus sancti, docentes eos observare omnia quaecunque praecepi 
 vobis. 
 
 Ejusdem Epist. LXXV. (p. 306). Nam si non mentitur aposto- 
 lus dicens, Quotquot in Christo tincti estis, Christum induistis ; 
 utique qui illic in Christo baptizatus est, induit Christum. 
 
144 USAGE OF THE VERSIONS. 
 
 word. But the Greek name of the rite itself, and at a later 
 period the Greek verb also, were retained in the current 
 Latin versions ; an example of the practice of the Romish 
 Church, to express sacred things by what was superstitiously 
 regarded as their sacred appellations, such as azyma, pascha, 
 and the like. Of this weakness, injurious in every one of its 
 tendencies, nearly all traces have, after long conflicts, been 
 expunged from the English Bible. 
 
 2. This was also the usage of ancient Oriental versions ; 
 viz. the Syriac (last half of the second century), the Coptic (third 
 century), and the RthJQpic (of the fourth centuryTT according 
 to the definitions, given in the best lexicons, of the words by 
 which they severally translate the Greek terms.* Scholars differ 
 in opinion only in regard to the Syriac word ; and this differ- 
 ence respects only its etymology and primary meaning, for that 
 it means to immerse in early Syriac literature is well known.f 
 
 3. The Teutonic versions. 
 
 At the head of these, as of Teutonic literature in general, 
 stands the Gothic version of Ulfilas (bishop of the Moeso-Goths)^ 
 made in the last half of the fourth century. In this version the 
 Greek word is translated by daupjan (pronounced as dowpyan)> 
 which means to dip, like the Latin mergere, and the German taw- 
 
 * The rendering " to stand" which some scholars assert to be the meaning of 
 the corresponding word iu the Syriac version, is not claimed by them to be a 
 translation of the Greek word, or to have been so regarded by the author of that 
 version. 
 
 In the Sahidic (dialect of upper Egypt) the Greek word is transferred. 
 Versions of a later date are not taken into account here; nor are those here 
 referred to quoted as evidence of the proper meaning of the Greek word, which 
 is established by the better testimony of native writers. 
 
 f Kirschii Chrestom. Syr. (ed. Bernstein, p. 378) : t ^v. fut. jiaLJ, 1) mersus, 
 immersus est ; mersit, immersit se c. ^A in alqd. Altitudini (imo) maris fla^ 
 se immergit p. 209 1. 5 [. v*^ |v* * ouaicQ^sj, aculeus sagittae immersit se 
 in cerebrum eius, inhaesit in cerebro ejus, Bar-Hebr. Chr. p. 558 1. 2 a f. 
 (Cfr. Ar. ,y j>, quod trans, habet significationem immersit, immisit alqd , recon- 
 didit [stekkeu] gladium in vaginam). Transl. mersit se dies, i. e. inclinavit se, 
 abiit, Ephr. opp. T. I. p. 81 1. 29. 2) mergendo in aquam lavatus, ablutus est. 
 3) sacro lavario initiatus, baptizatus est. 
 
USAGE OF THE VERSIONS. 145 
 
 chen; in two instances (Luke 3 : 21, 7 : 29) by ufdaupjan, to dip 
 under, like the Latin submergere, and the German untertauchen.* 
 
 In its construction with other words also, this rendering 
 corresponds with the Greek word. For example. Matt. 3 : 11, 
 "I indeed dip you in water." Mark 1:8, "/ dip you in water;" 
 v. 9, " and was dipped by John in Jordan"\ 
 
 By words of the same family, springing from the same ety- 
 mological root, and having the same ground meaning, the Greek 
 word is translated in all the leading vernacular versions made 
 for the Teutonic race*. For example : 
 
 In the first lower-Saxon Bible (1470-80), it is translated by 
 the word doepen (to dip) .J John 1 : 33, " But he who sent me 
 to dip in water" (not, 'with water') ; Matt. 3 : 11, "And I indeed 
 dip you in water" (not, 'with water'}. 
 
 In the dugspurg German Bible (1473-75), it is rendered by 
 the word tauffen (to dip). John 1 : 33, "He that sent me to 
 dip in water" (not, 'with water'); Matt. 3 : 11, "And I indeed 
 dip you in water" (not, l with water 1 ) J\ 
 
 In Luther's German version (New Testament, 1522; entire 
 Bible, 1534), the Greek word is rendered by taufen, to dip. So 
 
 * Gabelentz and Loebe, Glossarium der Gothischen Sprache : Daupjan, 1) tau- 
 chen, taufen, pami&iv : Matt. 3 : 11. ... 2. sich waschen, ftaTtri&o&ai : Me. 7 :4. 
 Ufdaupjan, untertauchen, eintauchen, epfidTtreir : Job. 13 : 26 ; taufen, ftanri- 
 ZBIV : Luc. 3 : 21, 7 : 29. 
 
 f Ulfilas, vet. et uov. Test. Versio Gotbica ; Matt. 3 : 11, Ik allis izvis daupja 
 in vatin (Massmanris ed.). Mark 1 : 7, Ik daupja izvis in vatin. (v. 9), Jab 
 daupitbs vas fram iobanne in iaurdane (ed. Gabelentz et Loebe). 
 
 J (Jobn 1 : 33) Mer dye my sande to doepen in den waeter. (Matt. 3 : 11) 
 Enn verwar ik dope uw in den water. 
 
 (Jobn 1 : 33) Aber der micb sandt zu tauffen im wasser. (Matt. 3:11) Und 
 furwar ich teuff eucb im wasser. 
 
 || Copies of these ancient vernacular versions, now extremely rare, and of great 
 interest in tbe history of Bible translation (being more than half a century older 
 than Luther's version of the whole Bible), are in the library of the American Bible 
 Union. The copy of the lower-Saxon Bible is of the edition that assimilates to 
 the Dutch. Compare Panzer, Annalen der alteren deutschen Literatur, Nos. 12, 
 13. 
 
 J 
 
146 USAGE OF THE VERSIONS. 
 
 Luther himself explains the word (Sermon on Baptism) : " Then 
 also without doubt, in German tongues, the word Tauf comes 
 from the word tief (deep), because what one baptizes he sinks 
 deep into the water."* 
 
 In the Dutch version (1526, revised 1562, and again by order 
 of the States- General 1628-32), the Greek word is rendered by 
 doopen ; in the Swedish version (New Testament 1526, revised 
 1615, and more thoroughly 1711-28), by dcepa ; in the Danish 
 version (from Luther's, 1550, and 1589 ; from the original text, 
 1605), by dcebe ; all of the same root as the word used by Ul- 
 filas and Luther, and all meaning to dip. 
 
 The relationship of these words, with their ground-meaning, is shown on 
 p. 400 of Meidinger's " Etymological and Comparative Dictionary of the Teuto- 
 Gothic Languages (1833).f Under the root "Tief, deep," he gives the family: 
 " Dippen, to immerse, to sink, to plunge. Anglo-Saxon dippan, dyppan, to 
 plunge, to baptize ; dyfan, dufian, ge-dufian, to plunge. English to dip, to dive. 
 Dutch doopen. Swedish doepa. Danish dyppe. Italian tufifare. Under the same 
 root, he gives the family : " Taufen, to baptize. Anglo-Saxon dyppan, dippan, 
 depan, dyfan. SAvedish doepa. Danish doebe. Dutch doopen. Old-German 
 doufan. Old-Gothic daupian, to plunge, to bathe." 
 
 The same relationship (more fully carried out) is given by Diefenbach, Compar- 
 ative Dictionary of the Gothic Language (Vergleic/iendes Worterbuch der Gothischen 
 Sprache) 1851, vol. II. p. 627, Nr. 24. 
 
 4. Versions for the use of the learned. 
 
 As in all versions of this class, so far as is known to the 
 writer, the Greek word is uniformly rendered in this sense, when 
 its literal meaning is professedly given, a few examples will 
 suffice. 
 
 * Dann auch ohne Zweifel in deutschen Zungen das Wortlein Tauf herkommt 
 von dem Wort tief, dass man tief ins Wasser senkt was man tauft. Sermon vom 
 Sacrament der Taufe; Werke, B. 21, S. 229 (Irmisdier's ed.}. 
 
 f " Tief, profond. Dippen, eintauchen, enfoncer, plonger. Ang. S. dippan, 
 dyppan, plonger, baptiser ; dyfan, dufian, ge-dufian, plonger. Eng. to dip, to 
 dive, plonger. Holl. doopen. Swed. doepa. Dan. dyppe. It. tuffare." .... 
 " Taufen, baptiser. Ang. S. dyppan, dippan, depan, dyfan. Swed. doepa. Dan. 
 doebe. Holl. doopen. Alt-D. doufan. Alt-G. daupian, plonger, se laver." (Mei- 
 dinger, Diet, etymologique et comparatif des Langues Teuto-Gothiques. Fra"" p 
 s. M., 1833.) 
 
USAGE OF THE VERSIONS. 147 
 
 Schott : the New Testament, with a critically edited Greek text, 
 and a new Latin translation (1839). 
 
 Matt. 3 : 6, " were immersed by him in the Jordan." 
 V. 11 (and Luke 3:16), "I indeed immerse you in wa- 
 ter ; ... he will immerse you n n the Holy Spirit and fire." 
 V. 13, " to be immersed by him." 
 V. 14, "I have need to be immersed by thee." 
 Y. 16, "and Jesus, when he had been immersed." 
 Mark. 7 : 4, "except they immerse themselves in water." 
 Ib. "The immersing of water-pots, brazen vessels, and table- 
 couches." 
 
 Ch. 10 : 38, "and undergo the immersion, that I must undergo." 
 
 John 1 : 25, " Why then dost thou immerse ?" 
 
 V. 26, " I indeed immerse in water." 
 
 Y. 28, "where John was immersing." 
 
 Y. 31, "therefore I came immersing in water." 
 
 Ch. 3 : 22, "and there abode with them, and immersed." 
 
 Y. 26, "behold, he immerses." 
 
 LATIN TEXT. 
 
 Nov. Test. Graece, .... nova versione Lat. illustratum. auct. 
 D. A. Schott, 1839. 
 
 Matt. 3 : 6, per eum Jordani immergebantur. 
 
 Y. 11 (and Luke 3 : 16), Ego quidem aquae vos immer- 
 go ; . . . ille Spiritui sancto atque igni vos immerget. 
 
 Y. 13, ut per eum immergeretur. 
 
 Y. 14, mihi opus est, ut per te immergar. 
 
 Y. 16, atque Jesus, quum immersus fuisset. 
 
 Mark. 7 : 4, nisi aquae se immcrserint. 
 
 Ib. de immergendis poculis urceis, vasis aeneis, et lectis tri- 
 cliniaribus. 
 
 Cap. 10, 38, et immersionem subire quae mihi subeunda. 
 
 John 1 : 25, cur tandem immergis? 
 
 Y. 26. equidem aquae immergo. 
 
 Y. 28, ubi Joannes immergebat. 
 
 Y. 31, propterea veni aquae immergens. 
 
 Ch. 3 : 22, ibique cum iis commorabatur et immergebat. 
 
 Y. 26, en, hie immergit. 
 
148 USAGE OF THE VEESIONS. 
 
 Acts 1:5, " which ye heard from me, that John immersed 
 in water," etc. 
 
 Ch. 11 : 16, "John indeed immersed in water, but ye shall be 
 immersed in holy spirit." 
 
 Campbell (Pres. of Marischal College, Aberdeen), Trans, of 
 the Gospels, Matt. 20 : 22, and Mark 10 : 38. " Can ye ... 
 undergo an immersion like that which I must undergo?" Luke 
 12 : 50. "I have an immersion to undergo." 
 
 Fritzsche, on Rom. 6:3. " I baptize one unto repentance means: 
 I immerse one, pointing out to him repentance (as needed), i. e. 
 I bind one to the exercise of penitence." 
 
 Rom. 6 : 4, he paraphrases thus : " We are therefore (i. e. 
 because, when we were baptized by immersion into water, 
 Christ's death was presented before us in an image of burial) 
 as was Christ, deposited in a tomb by baptism, that we might be 
 declared dead" (p. 361). On p. 363, he quotes the following, 
 as erroneous constructions given by others of these words : " to be 
 immersed in Christ and his death;" "to be immersed in Christ 
 
 LATIN TEXT. 
 
 Acts 1 : 5. quod a me audivistis, Joannem quidem aquae im- 
 mersisse. 
 
 Acts 11 : 16, Joannes quidem aquae immersit, vos autem Spiri- 
 tui sancto immergemini. 
 
 Fritzschii in epist. ad Rom. vol. I. p. 362 : Matt. 3 : 11, 
 /SaTTTifa riven ei? /JLerdvoLav valet immergo aliquem, poeniten- 
 tiam ei monstrans (qua opus sit), i. e. poenitentia agenda aliquem 
 obstringo. 
 
 Fritzschii Com. in epist. ad Rom. vol. I. p. 364 : Sumus 
 igitur (i. e. quia Christi mors quum baptizaremur mersu in 
 aquam, sepulturae simulacro, nobis illata est ; v. ad v. 3), qucm- 
 admodum Christus, in sepulchro repositi per baptisma, quo mortui 
 declararemur. Pg. 363 : Qui ^aTTTL^aOai ei$Xpi<TTOv et els 
 TQV Oavarov avrov Christo ejusque morti immergi enarrant, 
 etc. . . . Quodsi /3a7m'ecr#a ely Xpicrrov Christo immergi 
 
USAGE OF THE VERSIOXS. 149 
 
 (i. e. into Christ's mystical body, the church;)" "to be immersed 
 in Christ, (i. e. to be most closely conjoined with him by baptism, 
 and as it were to coalesce in one) ;" " to be immersed in Christ's 
 death, i. e. to come into this fellowship with Christ's death, 
 that the death thou diest to sins may flow from that, as from 
 a fountain." 
 
 Kuinoel (on Matt. 20 : 22) : " To be submerged with the evils. . . 
 with which I shall be submerged. Afflictions and calamities, in 
 the Holy Scriptures, are often compared to deep waterSj in 
 which they are submerged as it were, who are pressed by a 
 weight of calamities. Hence, TO BE BAPTIZED is to be oppressed 
 with ills, with troubles, or to be immersed with ills." 
 
 LATIN TEXT. 
 
 valere dicas in Christi corpus mysticum (in ecclesiam Eph. 5 : 23, 30) 
 inseri, etc. . . . Sin Christo immergi significare arctissime cum 
 C/iristo per baptismum conjungi et quasi in unum coakscere cl. 
 7. 5, et Gal. 3 : 27, contendas, . . . et Christi morti immergi 
 interpreters in hanc cum Christi morte communionem venire, ut 
 mors, qua peccatis emoriaris, ex itta tanquam ex fonte profluat. 
 
 Kuinoel Com. in Matt. 20 : 22. Malis submergi . . . quibus ego 
 submergar .... Afflictiones et calamitates in literis sacris sae- 
 pius comparantur gurgitibus aquarum, quibus veluti submergun- 
 tur. qui calami tatum onere premuntur. . . . Hinc fia7rTLO-0r)vat, 
 malis, aerumnis opprimi s. malis mergi. 
 
SECTION VIII. 
 
 Views of Scholars of different Communions.* 
 
 Alex, de Stourdza, Russian State-Councillor (of the Greek 
 Church) : Considerations on the doctrine and spirit of the 
 orthodox Church. 
 
 "The distinctive characteristic of the institution of baptism 
 is immersion, BAPTISMA, which can not be omitted without destroy- 
 ing the mysterious sense of the sacrament, and contradicting at 
 the same time the etymological signification of the word, which 
 serves to designate it." 
 
 " The church of the West has, then, departed from the ex- 
 ample of Jesus Christ ; she has obliterated the whole sublimity 
 of the exterior sign ; in short, she commits an abuse of words 
 
 FRENCH TEXT. 
 
 Alex, de Stourdza, Considerations sur la doctrine et 1'esprit 
 de 1'Eglise orthodoxe. Stuttg. 1816. p. 87. (as quoted by Augusti, 
 Denkw., Vol. VII., p. 227). "Le charactere distinctif de 1'in- 
 stitution du bapteme est I'immersion, /3a7rTi0>ia, qu'on ne sau- 
 rait omettre, sans de"truire le sens mysterieux du sacrement, 
 et sans contredire en meme temps la signification etymologique 
 du mot, qui sert a le designer." 
 
 " L'e'glise d'Occident s'est done e'carte' de 1'imitation de Jesus 
 Christ, elle a fait disparaitre toute la sublimite' du signe ex- 
 te*rieur, enfin elle commet un abus de mots et d'idees, en pra- 
 
 * The quotations in this Section are from the writings of distinguished schol- 
 ars ; men who wrote (with, perhaps, the exception of the first, who represents the 
 views of a particular Church) in no partisan spirit, and to serve no party end. 
 Their views will be accepted, by every competent judge, as fairly representing the 
 testimony of unbiased Christian scholarship, on the point in question. 
 
VIEWS OF SCHOLARS. 151 
 
 and of ideas, in practicing baptism by aspersion, this very term 
 being, in itself, a derisive contradiction. The verb BAPTIZO, im- 
 mergo, has in fact but one sole acceptation. It signifies, liter- 
 ally and always, to plunge. Baptism and immersion are, there- 
 fore, identical, and to say : baptism by aspersion is as if one 
 should say : immersion by aspersion, or any other absurdity of 
 the same nature." 
 
 Maldonatus (Catholic), Commentary on the Gospels, Matt. 
 20 : 22. (On the words, 'Can ye drink,' etc.). "Mark says, that 
 Christ added, and be baptized with the baptism with which I am 
 baptized; which, by another metaphor, signifies the same thing, 
 for baptism is also put for suffering and death, as Luke 12:50. 
 Whence it is, that also martyrdom is called a baptism ; a 
 metaphor, as I think, taken from those who are submerged in 
 the sea, to put them to death. For in Greek, to be baptized is 
 the same as to be submerged." Luke, 12 : 50. " To be baptized, 
 therefore, which properly is to be submerged in water, is put 
 for to suffer and to die, and baptism for affliction, for suffering. 
 for death." 
 
 FRENCH AND LATIN TEXT. 
 
 tiquant le bapteme par aspersion, dont le seul e'nonce' est deja 
 une contradiction derisoire. En effet le verbe /3a7rr/o) im- 
 mergo n'a qu'une seule acceptation. II signifie litte'ralement et 
 perpetuellement pfanger. Bapteme et immersion sont done iden- 
 tiques, et dire : bapteme par aspersion, c'est comme si 1'on disait : 
 immersion par aspersion, ou tout autre contresens de la meme 
 nature." 
 
 Maldonati Comment, in quat. Evangel. (Matt. 20 : 22). Mar- 
 cus ait, addidisse Christum : et baptismo, quo ego baptizor, bap- 
 tizari ? quod alia metaphora idem significat ; nam et baptismus 
 pro passione et morte poni solet, ut Luc. 12 : 50. Unde factum, 
 ut et martyrium baptismus appelletur ; metaphora, ut opinor. 
 sumpta est ab iis, qui, ut moriantur, in mare submerguntur. 
 Graece enim baptizari idem est, atque submergi. (Luc. 12:50). 
 Ideo ergo baptizari, quod proprie est aquis submergi, pro pati 
 et mori : et baptismus pro afflictione, pro passione, pro morte 
 ponitur. 
 
152 VIEWS OF SCHOLARS. 
 
 Est (Catholic; Chancellor of the University of Douay), Com. 
 on the Epistles (on Rom. 6 : 3). "For immersion represents to 
 us Christ's burial ; and so also his death. For the tomb is a 
 symbol of death, since none but the dead are buried. More- 
 over, the emersion, which follows the immersion, has a resem- 
 blance to a resurrection. We are therefore, in baptism, con- 
 formed not only to the death of Christ, as he has just said, 
 but also to his burial and resurrection," 
 
 The same work, on 1 Cor. 15 : 29. " Not much different is 
 the exposition of those who explain the words 'for the dead,' 
 in this manner : and acting, or representing the dead ; because 
 the immersion and emersion, performed in baptism, are a kind of 
 representation of death and resurrection." 
 
 The same work, on Col. 2 : 12. "For it is signified that 
 believers, when they are baptized, by that very ceremony of bap- 
 tism are buried with Christ ; inasmuch as the immersion, which 
 is performed in baptism, so represents Christ's burial, that it at 
 the same time works in us what the burial of Christ signified, 
 namely the death and burial of our old man. But because, not 
 only does the immersion, which is performed in baptism, repre- 
 
 LATIN TEXT. 
 
 Estii Com. in Epist. N. T. Rom. 6 : 3. Nam immersio 
 Christi sepulturam nobis repraesentat ; adeoque et mortem. Se- 
 pulchrum namque mortis symbolum est, nee enim sepeliuntur nisi 
 mortui. Quae autem immersionem sequitur emersio, similitudinem 
 habet resurrectionis. Igitur in baptismo configuramur non 
 tantum morti Christi, quod jam dixit, verum etiam sepulturae et 
 resurrection!. 1 Cor. 15 : 29. Non multum dissimilis est expo- 
 sitio eorum, qui illud pro mortuis ad hunc modum explicant: et 
 agentes seu repraesentantes mortuos; eo quod immersio et 
 emersio, quae fit in baptismo, sit mortis ac resurrectionis quae- 
 dam repraesentatio. Col. 2 : 12. Et enim significatur fideles, 
 dum baptizantur, ea ipsa baptismi ceremonia Christo consepeliri, 
 quatenus immersio, quae fit in baptismo, ita sepulturam Christi 
 repraesentet, ut simul efficiat in nobis id quod sepultura Christi 
 significabat ; nimirum veteris hominis nostri mortem et sepultu- 
 ram. Verum quia non solum immersio, quae fit in baptismo, 
 
VIEWS OF SCHOLARS. 153 
 
 sent Christ's burial, but also the emersion presents an appearance 
 of Ins resurrection, therefore he subjoins, "In whom also ye 
 have risen again/' etc. 
 
 Arnold! (Catholic), Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew 
 (on ch. 3 : 6). " BAPTIZEIV, to immerse, to submerge. ... It was, 
 as being an entire submersion under the water. since washings 
 were already a confession of impurity and a symbol of purifi- 
 cation, the confession of entire impurity and a symbol of entire 
 purification." 
 
 Bishop Taylor (Church of England), Ductor dubitantium (The 
 Rule of Conscience) Book III. Chap. IV. Rule XV., 13. (Bishop 
 Heber's ed. vol. XIV. p. 62.) 
 
 " A custom in the administration of a sacrament, introduced 
 against the analogy and mystery, the purpose and significance 
 of it, ought not to be complied with. I instanced before in a 
 custom of the Church of England, of sprinkling water upon in- 
 fants in their baptism ; and 1 promised to consider it again. . . . 
 1 Straightway Jesus went up out of the water (saith the gospel) ; 
 He came up, therefore he went down. Behold an immersion, 
 not an aspersion.' And the ancient churches, following this 
 of the gospel, did not, in their baptism, sprinkle water with their 
 hands, but immerged the catechumen or the infant." After some 
 references in proof of this assertion, he adds : " All which are 
 a perfect conviction, that the custom of the ancient churches 
 was not sprinkling, but immersion, in pursuance of the sense 
 of the word in the commandment and the example of our 
 
 LATIN AND GERMAN TEXT. 
 
 repraesentationem habet sepulturae Christi ; sed etiam emersio 
 speciem praebet resurrectionis ejus, ideo subjungit, in quo et re- 
 surrexistis, etc. 
 
 Arnoldi, Commentar zum Evang. des h. Matthaus (Kap. 3 : 6). 
 
 BaTTTL^LV) eintauchen, untertauchen Sie war als ein volliges 
 
 Untertauchen unter das Wasser, da schon Waschungen Bekennt- 
 niss der Unreinigkeit und Symbol der Reinigung waren, das Be- 
 kenntniss ganzlicher Unreinigkeit und Symbol volliger Reinigung. 
 
154 VIEWS OF SCHOLARS. 
 
 blessed Saviour." After showing that a partial application of 
 water was allowed in cases of necessity, he says : "And this 
 is the sense and law of the church of England ; not that it 
 be indifferent, but that all infants be dipped, except in case of 
 sickness, and then sprinkling is permitted." 
 
 Towerson (Church of England), On the Sacraments ; on the 
 Sacrara. of Bapt. Pt. III. 1 (p. 18). "As touching the outward 
 and visible sign of baptism, there is no doubt it is the element 
 of water, as is evident from the native significance of the word 
 baptism, which signifies an immersion or dipping into some 
 liquid thing." 
 
 Luther, On the Sacrament of Baptism (at the beginning). 
 11 First, the name baptism is Greek ; in Latin it can be rendered 
 immersion, when we immerse any thing into water, that it may 
 be all covered with water. And although that custom has now 
 grown out of use with most persons (nor do they wholly sub 
 merge children, but only pour on a little water), yet they ought 
 to be entirely immersed, and immediately drawn out. For this 
 the etymology of the name seems to demand." 
 
 Calvin, Institution of the Christian religion, Book IV. ch. 
 15 ; On Baptism, 19 (at the end). " Though the word baptize 
 itself signifies immerse, and it is certain that the rite of immers- 
 ing was observed by the ancient church." 
 
 LATIN TEXT. 
 
 Luther, de sacramento Baptismi, init. (Op. Lutheri, 1564, vol. I. 
 fol. 319). Primo, nomen baptismus Graecum est ; Latine potest 
 verti mersio, cum immergimus aliquid in aquam, ut to turn tegatur 
 aqua. Et quamvis ille mos jam aboleverit apud plerosque (neque 
 enim totos demergunt pueros, sed tantnm paucula aqua perfun- 
 dunt) debebant tamen prorsus immergi, et statini retrain. Id 
 enim etymologia nominis postulare videtur. 
 
 Calvini, Instit. Christ. Relig. Lib. IV. Cap. 15, de Bapt. 19. 
 (Genevae 1612, p. 470). "Quamquam et ipsum baptizandi ver- 
 bum inergere significat, et mergendi ritum veteri ecclesiae ob- 
 servatum fuisse constat. 
 
VIEWS OF SCHOLARS. 155 
 
 Zwingli, Annotations on Romans 6:3. " Into his death. 
 When ye were immersed into the water of baptism, ye were 
 ingrafted into the death of Christ ; that is, the immersion of 
 your body into water was a sign, that ye ought to be ingrafted 
 into Christ and his death, that as Christ died and was buried, 
 ye also may be dead to the flesh and the old man, that is, to 
 yourselves." 
 
 Philip Limborch (Prof, of Theol. among the Remonstrants), 
 Christian Theology, Book V. ch. 67. On Baptism. " Baptism 
 then consists in ablution, or rather in immersion of the whole 
 body into water. For, formerly, those who were to be baptized 
 were accustomed to be immersed, with the whole body, in water." 
 
 George Campbell (President of Marischal College, Aberdeen), 
 Translation of the Gospels, Matt. 3:11. "The word BAPTIZEIN, 
 both in sacred authors and in classical, signifies ' to dip/ ' to 
 plunge/ ' to immerse/ and was rendered by Tertullian, the oldest 
 of the Latin Fathers, ' tingere/ the term used for dyeing cloth, 
 which was by immersion." 
 
 J. A. Turretin (Prof, of Theol. at Geneva), On Romans 6 : 3, 4. 
 "And indeed baptism was performed, in that age and in those 
 countries, by immersion of the whole body into water." 
 
 LATIN TEXT. 
 
 Zwinglii, Annott. in Epist. ad Rom. c. 6 : 3. (Op. Vol. IY. 
 p. 420). In mortem ejus.) Quum intingeremini in aquam baptis- 
 malem, in mortem Christ! insert! estis ; id est, intinctio corporis 
 vestri in aquam signuin fuit, vos insertos esse debere Christo 
 et ejus morti, ut quemadmodum Christus mortuus est et sepultus, 
 et vos mortui sitis carni et veteri homini, id est, vobisipsis. 
 
 Limborchii, Theol. Christ. Lib. V. cap. 67, De Baptismo, XII. 
 Consistit igitur baptisrnus in ablutione, vel potius immersione 
 totius corporis in aquam. Olim enim baptizandi to to corpore 
 aquae immergi solebant. 
 
 J. A. Turretini in Epist. ad Rom. Praelect. cap. 6 : 3, 4. Ac 
 sane fiebat baptismus, ilia aetate atque illis in oris, per immer- 
 sionem totius corporis in aquam. 
 
156 VIEWS OF SCHOLARS. 
 
 Meyer (Lutheran), Critical Commentary on the New Testament, 
 (on Mark 7 : 4.) " Moreover, eav ft?) /SaTTTiacovTaL is not to be 
 understood of washing the hands (Lightfoot, Wetstein), but of im- 
 mersion, which the word in classic Greek, and in the New 
 Testament, everywhere means (compare Beza) i. e. here, accord- 
 ing to the context, to take a bath. So also Luke 11 : 38. Comp. 
 Sir. 31 : 25, Judith 12 : 7." On Matt. 3 : 11. " ' Ev is, in 
 accordance with the meaning of /3a7rr/a> (immerse), not to be 
 understood iristrumentally, but, on the contrary, as in, in the 
 sense of the element wherein the immersion takes place." 
 
 Fritzsche (Lutheran), Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew^ 
 vol. I. p. 120. "Moreover Casaubon well suggested, that DUNEIN 
 means to be submerged with the design that you may perish , 
 EPIPOLAZEIN to float on the surface of the water ; BAPTIZESTHAI 
 [reflexive form of BAPTIZEIN] to immerse yourself wholly, for an- 
 other end than that you may perish. But that, in accordance 
 with the nature of the word BAPTIZESTHAI, baptism was then 
 performed not by sprinkling upon but by submerging, is proved 
 especially by Rorn. 6 : 4." 
 
 GERMAN AND LATIN TEXT. 
 
 Meyer, krit, exeget. Kornmentar tiber das N. T. Mark. 7 : 4. 
 Dabei ist tav /i?) paTrrio: nicht vom Handewaschen (Light/., Wetst.) 
 zu verstehen, sondern vom Eintauchen, was das Wort im Classi- 
 schen und im N. T. durchweg heisst (vrgl. schon Beza). d. i. 
 hier nacli dem Contexte : ein Bad nehmen. So auch Luk. 11 : 38. 
 Vrgl. Sir. 31 : 25, Judith 12 : 7. Matt. 3 : 11. ' Ev ist nach 
 Maassgabe des BegrifFs von fiarrTitco (Eintauchen) nicht instru- 
 mental zu fassen, sondern : in, im Sinne des Elements, worm das 
 Eintauchen vor sich geht. 
 
 Fritzschii Com. in Evang. Matt. vol. I. pag. 120. Ceterum 
 Svveiv esse eo consilio ut pereas submergi, eTrnroXdfciv in 
 aquarum superficie natare, /3a7rn'ecr$Ga alio quam ut te perdas 
 fine se totum immergere berie subindicavit Casaubonus. Sed 
 praeter naturam verbi ^aTTTi^eaOaL baptismum non adspergendo 
 sed submergendo illo tempore absolutum esse evincit maxime 1. 
 Rom. 6 : 4. 
 
VIEWS OF SCHOLARS. 157 
 
 Conybeare and Howson (Church of England), The Life and 
 Epistles of Paul, vol. I. p. 471. (Am. ed., p. 439). "It is 
 needless to add, that baptism was (unless in exceptional cases) 
 administered by immersion, the convert being plunged beneath 
 the surface of the water to represent his death to the life of 
 sin, and then raised from this momentary burial to represent 
 his resurrection to the life of righteousness. It must be a sub- 
 ject of regret, that the general discontinuance of this original 
 form of baptism (though perhaps necessary in our northern cli- 
 mates) has rendered obscure to popular apprehension some very 
 important passages of scripture." 
 
 I remark, in conclusion : 
 
 1. That the rendering given to this word, in this revision, 
 is its true and only meaning, as proved by the unanimous 
 testimony of Greek writers, both pagan and Christian. 
 
 2. That it accords with the religious instructions of the ear- 
 liest Christian writers, and with the requirements and practice 
 of the whole Christian church, till within a comparatively re- 
 cent time. 
 
 3. That it is the rendering of ancient versions sanctioned 
 by the use of the church, and still retained in the vernacular 
 versions of northern Europe. 
 
 4. That it is the only rendering of the word in any version 
 sanctioned by early use in the church, and is the only one 
 used by scholars in their versions and expositions for the learned. 
 
 5. That recent and living scholars, without distinction of 
 ecclesiastical relations, unite in asserting this to be the true 
 meaning of the Greek word. 
 
 Such a rendering belongs to no one division of the church. 
 It is catholic ; sanctioned by all that can entitle any rendering 
 to universal acceptation. Whatever else may be said of it, it 
 can not, with any show of reason, be called sectarian. 
 
SECTION IX. 
 
 Obligation to translate the word. 
 
 The obligation to translate tins word rests on something 
 more than grounds of philological correctness. There is, indeed, 
 no reason of sufficient weight to justify, in any case, a departure 
 from the simple rule of giving a faithful and intelligible ren- 
 dering of the inspired word. No other rule can be recognized 
 as right or safe. On the ground alone, were there no other, 
 that the Greek word means ' to immerse? is the translator bound 
 so to render it. The general rule no one disputes. It is an 
 axiom, and needs no proof. It is simply the rule, when one 
 professes to communicate the words of another, to tell the 
 truth as to what he has said. Any author, purposely mis- 
 translated or obscured, is falsified by his translator. Just so 
 far <<as this is done, the translation is a literary forgery ; for 
 it conceals while it professes to exhibit what the author has 
 said,< or it represents him as saying that which he did not say. 
 Whe& applied to the Word of God, the rule is one of par- 
 amount force. 
 
 But in the form of the initiatory Christian rite, there are 
 references vitally connected with the nature and development 
 of the Christian life. To obscure the word which describes 
 this form is, therefore, to obscure to the mind of the recipient, 
 the nature of the rite, the specific ideas symbolized in it, and 
 the obligations to which it binds him. 
 
 The word BAPTIZEIN, during the whole existence of the Greek 
 as a spoken language, had a perfectly defined and unvarying 
 import. In its literal use it meant, as has been shown, to put 
 
OBLIGATION TO TRANSLATE THE WORD. 159 
 
 entirely into or under a liquid, or other penetrable substance, 
 generally water, so that the object was wholly covered by the 
 inclosing element. By analogy, it expressed the coming into a 
 new state of life or experience, in which one was as it were 
 inclosed and swallowed up, so that, temporarily or permanent- 
 ly, he belonged wholly to it. The word was a favorite one 
 in the Greek language. Whenever the idea of total submerg- 
 ence was to be expressed, whether literally or metaphorically, 
 this was the word which first presented itself. The connection 
 might be of the most elevated and serious, or of the most fa- 
 miliar and even ludicrous character. * It was a daily household 
 word, employed in numberless cases where the use of the word 
 ' baptize' would be a profanation. Salt, wool, the hand, a pole, 
 a cork, a nest, a fish-spear, a bladder, an ape, an insect, a 
 salad, were with perfect propriety said to be BAPTIZED (IMMERSED). 
 A man was BAPTIZED (IMMERSED) when he was ducked in sport or 
 revenge (Exs. 26 and 60), or was accidentally submerged by a 
 swollen stream (Ex. 13). A ship was BAPTIZED (SUBMERGED), when 
 she was overloaded and sunk (Ex. 48). So, metaphorically, 
 one was BAPTIZED (IMMERSED) in calamities, when he was swallowed 
 up by them as by an ingulfing flood (Exs. 87, 88) ; in debts, 
 when he owed vast sums and had no means of paying them 
 (Ex. 133) ; in wine, when his faculties were totally overborne 
 and prostrated by it (Ex. 142) ; with sophistries, when his 
 mind was wholly confounded by them (Ex. 135). The relation 
 in which it was used associated with it, for the time being, the 
 ideas peculiar to that relation ; but the word itself, protected 
 by the daily and hourly repetition in common life of the act 
 which it described, retained its primary meaning and force 
 unchanged.* 
 
 It was this familiar term, understood by all because all used 
 it in their every-day avocations, which our Saviour employed 
 when prescribing the initiatory rite of his church. It conveyed 
 to the minds of his disciples a meaning as clear and definite, 
 as the words to eat and to drink, in his institution of the Supper. 
 
 * As shown, Section III. 1, 9, by its secular use in the Church Fathers, side 
 by side with their use of it in reference to the Christian rite. 
 
160 OBLIGATION TO TRANSLATE THE WORD. 
 
 The claim, 'that he used it with any other meaning than that 
 which has been exhibited in this treatise, originated in ignorance 
 of the literature of the word. No one, it is presumed, with a 
 full knowledge of the case, would assert that the Saviour em- 
 ployed it in a new sense, unknown to those whom he addressed ; 
 for that would be a charge 1 that he used it with the intention, 
 or at least with the certainty, of being misunderstood. To 
 that mystical sense, supposed by many to have been shadowed 
 forth in Christ's command, stands out, in the strongest possible 
 contrast, the simple, distinct, corporeal sense, to which the 
 word was appropriated f)y unvarying usage. The act which 
 it describes was chosen for its adaptation to set forth, in lively 
 symbolism, the ground-thought of Christianity. The change in 
 the state and character of the believer was total ; comparable 
 to death, as separating entirely from the former spiritual life 
 and- condition. The sufferings and death of Christ, those over- 
 whelming sorrows which he himself expressed by this word 
 (Luke 12 : 50), were the ground and procuring cause of this 
 change. These related ideas, comprehending in their references 
 the whole work and fruit of redemption, were both figured by 
 the immersion of the believer in water. In respect to both, it 
 was called a burial. By it the believer was buried, as one dead 
 with Christ to sin and to the world ; and by it he pledged 
 himself to newness of life, with him who died for him and rose 
 again. Can it be supposed that to obscure these ideas, by 
 virtually canceling the term on the clear expression of which 
 the apprehension of them depends, is a trivial wrong against 
 the body of Christ! 
 
 This view of the significance, and consequent importance, of 
 the form of this Christian rite, is not peculiar to the body of 
 professed followers of Christ to which the writer belongs. "And 
 indeed," says Luther,* " if you consider what baptism signifies, 
 
 * Et sane, si spectes quid baptismus signified, idem [immersionem] requiri 
 videbis. Hoc enim significat, ut vetus homo, et nativitas nostra plena peccatis, 
 quse ex carne et sanguine eonstat, tota per divinam gratiam demergatu?, id 
 quod copiosius indicabimus. Debebat igitur modus baptizandi respondere signi- 
 fication! baptismi, ut certum ac plenum ejus ederet signum. (De Sacmm. Sapt., 
 Op. Tom. I. FoL 72.) 
 
OBLIGATION TO TRANSLATE THE WORD. 161 
 
 you will see that the same thing [immersion] is required. For 
 this signifies, that the old man, and our sinful nature, which 
 consists of flesh and blood r is all submerged by divine grace, 
 as we shall more fully show. The mode of baptizing ought, 
 therefore, to correspond to the signification of baptism, so as 
 to set forth a sure and full sign of it." Matthies* (treatise on 
 baptism) only repeats the expressed views of eminent Christian 
 scholars of different communions, when he says : " In the apos- 
 tolic church, in order that fellowship in Christ's death might 
 be signified, the whole body of the one to be baptized was 
 immersed in water or a river ; and then, that participation in 
 Christ's resurrection might be indicated, the body again emerged, 
 or was taken out of the water. It is indeed to be lamented, 
 that this rite, as being one which most aptly sets before the 
 eyes the symbolic significance of baptism, has been changed." 
 
 The word c baptize' is an Anglicized form of the Greek 
 BAPTIZEIX. On this account it has seemed to some that it must 
 necessarily express the same meaning. It has been said, that 
 no other word can so perfectly convey the thought of the Holy 
 Spirit, as the one chosen by himself to express it in the original 
 Scriptures ; and that we are, therefore, at least right and safe 
 in retaining it in the English version. A comparison of the 
 meaning of BAPTIZEIN, as exhibited in Sects. I.-III. of this treatise, 
 with the definitions of ' baptize,' as given in all dictionaries 
 of the English language, and with its recognized use in English 
 literature and in current colloquial phraseology, will show that 
 this is far from being the case. The word ' baptize' is a strictly 
 ecclesiastical term ; broadly distinguished, by that characteristic, 
 from the class of common secular words to which BAPTIZEIX be- 
 longed. It is a metaphysical term, indicating a mystical relation 
 entered into with the church, by virtue of the sacramental appli- 
 cation of water. In both these respects, it misrepresents the 
 Saviour's manner and intent. Concealing the form of the Chris- 
 
 * In ecclesia apostolica, ut mortis Christ! communio significaretur, totum 
 baptizandi aquae vel flumini imniergebatur, et deinde, ut resurrectionis Christ! 
 societas innueretur, corpus iterum emergebat, seu extrahebatur ex aqua. Do- 
 lendum quidera est, hunc ritum, quippe qui aptissime symbolicam baptismi signi- 
 ficatiouem aute oculos ponat, esse mutatum. (Baptismal is Expos. \ 16 Jin.) 
 
162 OBLIGATION TO TRANSLATE THE WORD. 
 
 tian rite under a vague term, which means any thing the reader 
 may please, it obscures the ideas thereby symbolized, and the 
 pertinency of the inspired appeals and admonitions founded on 
 them. The essence of the Christian rite is thus made to consist 
 in this mystical church-relation, into which it brings the recipi- 
 ent. With this view associates itself, naturally and almost 
 necessarily, the idea of a certain mysterious efficacy in the rite 
 itself; and, accordingly, We find the belief prevailing in the 
 majority of Christian communions that, through baptism, the 
 recipient is, not externally alone, but mystically united to the 
 body of Christ. Thus the rite ceases to be the symbol of cer- 
 tain great truths of Christianity, and becomes an efficacious 
 sacrament. The tenacity with which this fatal error is adhered 
 to, even in communions not connected with the state, is largely 
 due to the substitution, in our English Bibles, of this vague 
 foreign term of indefinite meaning, for the plain, intelligible 
 English signification of the Greek word.* 
 
 Among the several words, all agreeing in the essential idea 
 of total submergence, by which BAPTIZEIN may be expressed in 
 English, the word IMMERSE has been selected for use in this 
 Revision, as most nearly resembling the original word in the 
 extent of its application. It is a common, secular word, used 
 in the daily affairs of life, to express the most familiar acts 
 and conditions. It is not an ecclesiastical term. It is not 
 a metaphysical term. It describes, to every English mind, the 
 same clearly marked, corporeal act as is expressed by the Greek 
 word. It is used metaphorically with the same applications. 
 We speak of a man as immersed in calamities, in debt, in 
 ignorance, in poverty, in cares, etc., always with the idea of 
 totality, of being wholly under the dominion of these states or 
 influences. In all these applications, like the Greek word, 
 through constant use in the literal sense, it suggests the clear 
 image of the act on which they all are founded. It is, in 
 short, the same potentiality in English as BAPTIZEIN in Greek, 
 
 * Other causes may produce, and have produced, the same perversion; 
 but this is no reason why we should not remove the one within our 
 reach. 
 
OBLIGATION TO TRANSLATE THE WOED. 
 
 163 
 
 having the same meaning and the same associations ; being 
 thereby fitted to make known to us the Saviour's will in pre- 
 scribing the initiatory rite of his church, to exhibit the truths 
 and relations symbolized by it, and the force of the inspired 
 appeals founded on it, precisely as this was done to those who 
 first heard and read the gospel in Greek. 
 
AMERICAN BIBLE UNION, 
 
 350 BROOME ST., NEW YORK. 
 
 PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 Every friend of faithful versions should have the Primary Revisions of the Bible 
 Union. The following is a list of our LARGE QUARTO EDITIONS, containing the Orig- 
 inal Text, Common Version, and Revision, side by side, on each page, with Critical 
 and Philological Notes. We will send any one of these large and beautifully bound 
 volumes, FREE OF POSTAGE, to any part of the United States on receipt of the 
 price. 
 
 PRICES BY MAIL, FREE OF POSTAGE. 
 
 MATTHEW AND APPENDIX, ' Complete, $1 5O 
 
 Jjy The Appendix contains a literal translation of every known exam- 
 ple of the use of BATOZELV by the Greek authors. 
 
 MARK. Complete, - - 80 
 
 LUKE, . . 150 
 
 JOHN, ... 90 
 
 ACTS, ... 125 
 
 GALATTANS, .... jgy jjj PRESS. 
 
 EPHESIANS, - . . 5O 
 
 THESSAI.O MAN'S, first and second Epistles, Complete, 60 
 
 TIMOTHY , first and second, and ) 
 
 TITUS (bound together), > ... 
 
 PHILEMON, .... ... 35 
 
 HFBREWS, .-... ... 70 
 
 J83S- The Primary Revisions of these Books were the 
 first issued by the Bible Union. They were bound to- 
 gether, and sold for $1 50. But, the pages not having 
 been stereotyped, the edition is entirely exhausted, and 
 we can not fill any orders for this volume. 
 
 PETER, 2d Ep., 
 JOHN, 1st 
 JOHN, 2d 
 JOHN, 3d 
 JUDE, . 
 . REVELATION, 
 
 PROVERBS Revision, Old Version, Hebrew Text and Notes, - - 85 
 
 JOB I. Revision, Old Version, Hebrew Text and Notes, - - 1 00 
 
 JOB H. Revision, with Notes for English Readers, ... 75 
 
 JOB III. Containing JOB I. and II. - - . . - 1 50 
 
 JOB IV. 8vo, Revision in Paragraphs, - .... 50 
 
 JOB V. 12mo, Hebrew and English, on opposite pages, - 75 
 
 JOB VI. 32mo, Hebrew, Finest Edition Published, ... 50 
 
 NEW TESTAMENT REVISIONS, BOUND TOGETHER. 
 
 The Primary Revisions of the New Testament will be bound together complete, as 
 soon as the remaining portions shall be issued. The first volume now ready, contains 
 with DR. CONANT'S APPENDIX, nearly 1000 quarto pages, equal to 2000 ordina- 
 ry octavo pages. Strong and neat library binding, viz., 
 
 MATTHEW, MARK, LUKE, JOHN, and APPENDIX - $4 23 
 MATTHEW, MARK, LUKE, JOHN, and APPENDiX, Bound 
 
 with ACTS, 5 50 
 
 C. A. BUCKBEE, 
 
 Assistant Treasurer. 
 
 WM. H. WYCKOFF, 
 
 Corresponding Secretary. 
 
Itu0n, 
 
 330 Broome Street, New York. 
 
 BOOK OF JOB, REVISED. 
 
 A quarto volume of 300 pages, equal to about 600 ordinary octavo 
 pages. Containing the Revised Version, the Hebrew Text, and the 
 Common Version, with Critical and Philological Notes, and Explana- 
 tory Notes for the English Reader. Price, sent by mail, $1.50. 
 
 Also, a quarto edition of the Revised Version (without the Hebrew 
 Text and the Common Version) of Job, with an Introduction and 
 Notes for English Readers. Price, sent by mail, 75 cts. 
 
 The Revised Version, by itself, octavo, price 50 cts. Hebrew Text, 
 by itself, price 50 cts. 
 
 The work as a whole is a master-piece. The Israelite 0. 
 A noble specimen of sound scholarship. Religious Herald, Va. 
 A valuable aid to Biblical scholarship. The Independent, N. Y. 
 Not an idea could be omitted or changed. Am. Ckr. Review, 0. 
 The Am. Bible Union is laboring faithfully. Masonic Review. 0. 
 We desire a similar service to all the Books of the 0. T. Chr. Times, 111. 
 A rare pleasure to look over this new Version. Putnam's Monthly, N. Y. 
 Eminent scholarship is at work upon it. Vermont Chronicle, Vt. 
 It seems like an oasis in the desert. Christian Intelligencer, Va. 
 A reliable improvement upon the Authorized Version. Guardian, Tenn. 
 New light and beauty on many difficult passages. Tribune. N. Y. 
 A valuable acquisition to every pastor's library. Gen. Evangelist, N. Y. 
 A master- piece of profound scholars-hip. The Traveller, Mass. 
 No lover of' the beautiful can road it without pleasure. Weft. Recorder, Ky. 
 Receives high encomiums from many secular journals. Zion's Adv., Me. 
 The Hebrew Text is correct. The Israelite, 0. 
 The best Version of Job ever made. Chronicle, N. Y. 
 The Introduction is admirable. The Baptist. Tenn. 
 Its Notes are highly valuable. Gen. Evangelist, N. Y. 
 
 Never read comments with which we were better pleased. Chr. Rev., N. Y. 
 A version uniting elegance with correctness. Jewish Chronicle, Londcn. 
 The spirited rendering is sufficient to win all our sympathy. Lit. Ch. London. 
 It can hardly be surpassed in English literature. Weekly Leader, Canada. 
 We most heartily commend this version. C hr. Secretary, Conn. 
 One of the ablest revisions that adorns the snored literature. Courier, Ky. 
 In the highest degree creditable to American scholarship. Journal, Ky. 
 Dr. Conant has devoted thirty years' study of the original Hebiew. Express, N. Y 
 The Notes are unusually fulf, and exhibit great trudition. Herald. N. Y. 
 The wond'T is that the work has not been done long ago. Fam. Gazette, N. Y. 
 Many passages seem more clear in this new translation. -Sentinel, N. J. 
 The 'mechanism is simple and elegant. Advent Herald, N. Y. 
 Philological and Biblical learning is accumulated in the notes. Jour, and Mess., 
 The scholar will see the absolute necessity for such a revision. Gazette, N. Y. 
 A much clearer view of the meaning of the original. True Union, Md. 
 It is bt autifully printed.- United Stales Democratic Review, N. Y. 
 The introduction is a treat, indeed. Christian Aye. 0. 
 Result of many years of canful study. Baptist Magazine, London. 
 The living Spirit is more beautifully and accurately developed. Era, Mass. 
 By all means procure a copy . Christum Union, Geo. 
 The volume is a treasure. The La. Basis'. La. 
 A great blessing to all our churches. Ch?. Visitor, N. B. 
 
 (1) 
 
nf the American pJ 
 
 35O Broome Street, Kew York. 
 
 BAPTJZEIN. 
 
 (Originally issued as an Appendix to the Revision of Matthew.) 
 
 A BOOK OF NEARLY 200 OCTAVO PAGES. PRICE, SENT BY MAIL, 50 CENTS. 
 
 No book of the size that has required such enlarged and accurate 
 scholarship, and the toilsome research of so many years, has ever 
 been published at less than double or fourfold this price. Many 
 thousands of dollars have been used in the purchase of the books, 
 and in other expenses, requisite in its preparation. Many journeys 
 have been made, and the most celebrated libraries in Europe and 
 America have been examined, to procure and prove the citations from 
 ancient authors of which its arguments chiefly consist. Every pre- 
 caution has been exercised to insure correctness, even in the most 
 minute details. It may be safely averred, that no subject, requiring 
 such extended research, has ever before been so completely exhausted 
 and so transparently and impartially presented. 
 
 Writers on the use of the word BAPTIZO have generally been con- 
 tent to refer to a score or two of examples from ancient authors, and 
 the majority of these they have not traced to their sources. But the 
 investigations of Dr. Conant in the best libraries of Europe and this 
 country, have enabled him to collect two hundred and thirty-six ex- 
 amples, and to authenticate each case beyond the possibility of doubt. 
 
 This book has been prepared both for the learned and the un- 
 learned. Had the former not been satisfied, the verdict would not 
 have been sustained by the literary world. Had it not been adapted 
 to reach and inform the latter, the object of the publication would not 
 have been attained. That object is, to afford to every man who can 
 read the English language the opportunity of understanding the 
 whole philological arguments regarding the meaning and the use of 
 the word BAPTIZO, with all the learned proofs and authorities in the 
 case, as completely and as accurately as the most eminent scholar. 
 For this purpose, each example is translated in the most simple and 
 literal manner, and the translation, with the citation of the author, 
 book, and page, is placed conspicuously on the foreground, in the 
 upper portion of each page. Below it the original is printed, for the 
 inspection of the learned. 
 
 No one has yet been found to express a doubt of its thoroughness 
 or of its impartiality. It is universally admitted to be the production 
 of a master-mind in the maturity of its powers. 
 
f ublic;ttia:t$ of tlje ^mmm ibU Htwn, 
 
 35l> Bruome Street, New York. 
 
 BAPTIZEIIV. 
 
 From the Southern Baptist Review, Tenn. 
 
 The Appendix evinces thorough scholarship and immense research. Its value can 
 not be estimated. It contains every known example of baptizo to be found in the 
 Greek classics, and examples of every use of it in the " Church Fathers." The 
 baptismal controversy on the action of baptism is philologically settled. 
 
 From the Banner and Baptist, Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 This is the best production which we have received from the Bible Union Rooms, 
 although we have received many valuable documents. The translation of baptizein 
 " to immerse," will no doubt produce some excitement. The author has most ably 
 fortified himself and his work in an Appendix. This Appendix we consider worth 
 several times the price of Matthew revised. All our brethren should have this work. 
 
 From the Christian Union, Louisville, Ky. 
 
 The Appendix to Matthew is devoted to a thorough exploration of ancient Greek 
 literature, for the use of baptizein and its derivatives. Nothing equal to it has ever 
 appeared in the English language. It is alike unanswerable and invulnerable ; it is 
 an inexhaustible magazine of armor for those engaged in the discussion. 
 
 From the Western Recorder, Louisville, Ky. 
 
 The Appendix brings the whole question within the comprehension of all, the plain 
 English reader, as well as the most finished critical scholar. It has never been thus 
 before. The common people have never before been permitted to enter the lists of 
 the discussion. It is impossible to convey in writing the fullness and perfection of 
 this argument. Nothing like it exists in any language on the subject. Every minis- 
 ter, every scholar, every intelligent reader of the Bible ought to study and master it. 
 D. R. Campbell, D.D., LL.D., President of Georgetown College, Ky. 
 
 From the Texas Baptist, Anderson, Texas. 
 
 The Appendix alone is worth to the Christian world, all that has ever been expend- 
 ed in the revision enterprise. It contains more matter than any other book ever pub- 
 lished in the English language. It is in no sense a controversial book ; all, therefore, 
 may read it. We would rejoica to see a copy of it in the hands of every minister, as 
 well as every private Christian who speaks the English tongue. Rev. J. W. D. Creath. 
 
 From the Freewill Quarterly 
 
 The philological argument respecting baptism is here exhausted. The material to 
 be employed in the discussion of the subject by scholars was never before so accumu- 
 lated within a small compass, or so admirably classified, or made so readily and 
 easily available to minds of ordinary attainments and culture. 
 
 From the Chronicle, New York. 
 
 It is a monument to patient, persevering scholarship, of which any man might be 
 proud. So far as the meaning of baptizein is concerned, it is final. The argument is 
 conducted in no sectarian spirit. .The original evidences are given without comment 
 The controversy, so far as the meaning of the word is concerned, is settled forever. 
 
 From the Home Mission Record, Neiv York. 
 
 The Appendix is a work of immense labor, and of great value. It settles definitely, 
 conclusively, and forever, the true meaning of the word baptizein. Henceforth there is 
 an end of controversy on that subject. The Bible Union have in this matter done a 
 good work. We wish thev would circulate on<2 bancired thousand copies. 
 
 A 
 
publications 0f t\t Jmminit gibU itniott, 
 
 330 Broome Street, New York. 
 
 BAPTIZEIN. 
 
 From the Christian Times, Chicago, 111. 
 
 This collection of authorities from the ancient classical and ecclesiastical usage of 
 baptizo, is by far the most complete ever before published. It in fact exhausts that 
 department of inquiry it settles the meaning of the usage of the Greek term. 
 
 Every minister should have the work for the sake of these references, if for no other 
 
 From the Biblicd, Recorder, Raleigh, N. C. 
 
 The present work is destined to excite no little interest, and receive many a search- 
 ing investigation, but we have no fears that it will not in the main come forth from 
 the ordeal as " gold tried in the fire.-'' We commend the whole volume to the careful 
 study of all scholars of every denomination. 
 
 From the Journal and Messenger, Cincinnati. 0. 
 
 The Appendix furnishes a most valuable treasury of argument on the baptismal 
 question. It contains quotations from the Greek and Latin classics of every instance 
 where the word baptizo or its equivalent occurs, with similar citations from the early 
 Christian writers in each language. It contains also authority respecting the present 
 practice in baptism of the Greek Church, also of the Latin Church, up to the Middle 
 Ages, and of the English Church, till near the Reformation. These ample references 
 will render the work very desirable to every minister. 
 
 From the Christian Freeman, Jacksonville, III. 
 
 The argument is purely philological and historical. We have long wished to see 
 an argument of this character in support of the meaning of this word ; an argument 
 devoid of all denominational special pleading, and that can not offend any inquirer 
 after truth. To any person having difficulties on the subject of immersion, we com- 
 mend this Appendix, as the most satisfactory and least partisan source of informa- 
 tion he can consult. 
 
 From the N^ew Church Quarterly (Swedenborgian). 
 
 The Greek word baptizo, rendered "baptize" in the authorized version, is trans- 
 lated by Dr. Conant, " immerse ;" and in the Appendix he cites a long array of 
 authorities, Greek and Latin, sacred and profane, to show that this is the literal mean- 
 ing. We cordially confess that his arguments seem to be conclusive, and that there 
 is no escape from the admission that the original idea of the word is ' immersion." 
 
 From the American Christian Review. Cincinnati. 0. 
 
 The treatise on baptizo is the fairest, fullest, and, we think, the best, we have ever 
 seen. It puts the humblest English reader upon the shoulders of all the learned, and 
 enables him to see as far into the matter as the learned themselves can. 
 
 It ought to be put into a cheap book by itself, so that it can be circulated every- 
 where. It will certainly, with all candid people, be an end of the controversy on the 
 meaning of that word : it will enable the preachers to end the controversy shortly. 
 It is truly a master-piece. 
 
 From the Christian Era, Boston, Mass. 
 
 The Appendix, on the MEANING A\D USK OF BAPTIZEIN, is the most exhaustive and 
 condensed exhibition of the historical and critical argument for immersion on philo- 
 logical grounds, ever produced. 
 
 It is a critical Thesaurus, exhausting the resources of profane and ecclesiastical 
 literature on this topic. 
 
 From the Witness, Indianapolis, 2nd. 
 
 The Dissertation, showing that baptizein means only and ahcays to immerse, is cer- 
 tainly one of great ability and research. The work rises above all sectarian prejudice. 
 The issues are now put on a fair and firm basis. No doubt can be entertained by any 
 one, any longer, that baptizein means, and only means, to immerse. We commend this 
 work to the careful examination of all. Let those who sprinkle and pour for baptism, 
 look well to this work. If you can take away the facts, do it. 
 
 (3) 
 
350 Broome Street, New York. 
 
 BAPTIZEIN. 
 
 From the Morning Star, Dover, N. II. 
 
 The Appendix furnishes a most valuable treasury of argument on the baptismal 
 question. Such a review ought to settle this great question with all candid minds. 
 
 From the Christian Herald, Detroit, Mich. 
 
 This is a magnificent effort, on the part of Dr. Conant, worthy to be his monument, 
 and must go far toward settling the controversy about the meaning of the word. 
 
 From the Mississippi Baptist, Jackson, Miss. 
 
 This Appendix gives the result of many years' research, and exhibits an amount of 
 learning and scholarly ability in the collation of authorities that must command 
 the admiration and respect of scholars throughout the world. 
 
 From the Christian Visitor, St. John. N. B. 
 
 Immerse, instead of 'baptize, is the change (in the proposed revision of Matthew) which, 
 above all others, will call forth remark. But in an Appendix, luminous on every page 
 with extended critical research, the Author (Dr. Conant) shows his authority for this 
 change, and by evidence, the most conclusive, establishes the correctness of his posi- 
 tion, and puts the question relating to the true signification of the original word 
 baptizein to rest forever. 
 
 This Appendix alone is worth, to the Church of God, all that the Bible Union has 
 cost in the shape of toil aud money from the beginning to the present hour. 
 
 From the Christian Union, Louisville, Kg. 
 
 This is, by far, the ablest investigation of the Greek word, from which we get the 
 English word baptism, that has ever been published. 
 
 From the Gospel Herald, London, England. 
 
 The Appendix proves by evidence more elaborate, in some respects, than has ever 
 yet been given, that the meaning of the Greek word BAPTIZEIN is immerse, that this ia 
 its only import, and that fidelity requires it to be translated, and not transferred. 
 
 From the Mich. Cliristian Herald, Detroit, Mich. 
 
 The Appendix to Matthew's Gospel must stand an imperishable monument to the 
 thorough research and accurate learning of the author. 
 
 From Ziori's Advocate, Portland, Me. 
 
 There is one thing which must commend it the reviser's bold treatment of the 
 word baptize sustained in an Appendix, in which every known instance of the use 
 of the word baptize, by Greek authors, is considered. 
 
 Dr. Conant has thrown down the gauntlet. The question is before the world. If 
 no reply is made, the question will be settled, settled once and forever. 
 
 From the Missouri Baptist, St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Reader, do you wish to know, beyond doubt, what the apostles did when they 
 baptized the people ? Read this Appendix. Have you any curiosity to see the most 
 chaste, comprehensive, and learned production of any age upon this subject? Read 
 it. Would you like to examine over 220 Greek quotations, and a few from the Latin, 
 with a reference or two to the Oriental and Teutonic ? Here you have them, and all 
 translated. Would you like to hear the voice of the classic, and the Greek of the 
 common and of the religious life ; the voice of early translations and of later ones ; 
 the voice of all Christendom for 1300 years; and the voice of scholars, of different 
 ages and communions, upon the meaning and use of baptizein ? Bend your ear to these 
 clear-speaking, full-toned pages, and you can enjoy that pleasure. 
 
nMttstrons of % 
 
 350 BECOME STEEET, NEW YOEK. 
 
 MATTHEW REVISED, 
 
 WITH BAPTIZEIN AS AN APPENDIX, 
 
 A quarto volume of about 300 pages, equal to nearly 600 ordinary 
 octavo pages. Containing the Common Version, Greek Text, Kevised 
 Version, and Philological Notes. Price, sent by mail, $1.50. 
 
 From the Christian Review, N. T. 
 
 This volume comes to us under the auspices of a Society of large membership and 
 considerable power, and from the hand of a reviser of acknowledged scholarship. In 
 no modern revision of the English Scriptures that has come to our knowledge, has 
 there been so much of thoroughness. Evidences appear in every page of a scholar- 
 ship comprehensive, patient, and enthusiastic. The reviser appeal's to have refrained, 
 conscientiously and religiously, from introducing a single change that did not seem to 
 himself to be demanded by fidelity to the original text, or by the requirements of 
 English idiom. We have not detected a single expression in the revision of the twenty- 
 eight chapters of this Gospel, that does not appear to have been most painfully 
 selected as the one that, in the judgment of the reviser, was most precisely fitted to 
 express the inspired thought of the adopted text. 
 
 From the Southern Baptist Review, Tenn. 
 
 This Revised Version is ; in many respects, superior to the Common Version. The 
 foot-notes are, in the main, judicious, and indicative of the author's qualifications 
 for his work. Dr. Conant is the very man whose heart is inaccessible to the influence 
 of sectarian considerations. 
 
 From the Christian Record. Ind. 
 
 The learning, research, and literary taste of Dr. Conant, are not to be ques- 
 tioned. If there were no other evidence, his recent labors for the American Bible 
 Union would afford sufficient proof that he possesses all these qualifications for a 
 reviser or translator in an eminent degree. 
 
 We do most heartily thank God for what has been accomplished, and we do most 
 sincerely think that there is nothing to be desired more than a simple, faithful, pure 
 translation of the word of God. into our own noble and almost universal language. 
 We understand this to be the object of the American Bible Union. And we believe 
 that every lover of the truth will hail with pleasure any and every effort that may be 
 put forth in this direction 5 and not only so, but earnestly pray to God for success. 
 
 From the Christian Times, Chicago, Itt. 
 
 We are free to say that we esteem it (the revision), in the main, a decided improve- 
 ment on the old one. It brings out. in numerous instances, the sense of the original 
 with a beauty and a force that almost take one by surprise. We are truly happy to 
 place it on our shelves, as a tribute of American scholarship to sacred learning, and 
 a most valuable help to the study of this portion of the New Testament. 
 
 From the Biblical Recorder, Raleigh, N. C. 
 
 The reviser is generally admitted to be among the first Hebrew and Greek scholars 
 now living. His revision of Job has >; won golden opinions" from the public press. 
 The present work is destined to excite no little interest, and receive many a search- 
 ing investigation. A full examination of the revision and notes was a work of weeks, 
 instead of a few hours, even for a competent scholar. 
 
 We commend the whole volume to the careful study of all scholars. 
 
 From the Christian Union, Louisville, Ky. 
 
 This revision is one of the finest monuments of Biblical learning ever erected. The 
 more we examine it, the higher it rises in our estimation. The industry of the reviser, 
 his extraordinary collation of authorities, the remarkable learning and scholarly skill 
 exhibited in every page, stamps this revision as one of the great works of this century. 
 
 P) 
 
f ttlJifiiui 0f l\t Qmriin ibU limn, 
 
 35O Broome Street, New York. 
 
 MATTHEW REVISED. 
 
 From the Morning Star, Dover, N. II. 
 
 Having used this volume in connection with the exercises of our class in the Greek 
 Testament during the past term, we cheerfully give it a high commendation. We 
 are especially pleased with the fidelity to the original, the accuracy and beauty of 
 the Revised Version. The work must have cost immense labor, and exhibits through- 
 out a marked success. If this may be regarded as a specimen of the Bible Union's 
 great undertaking, the whole will be welcomed with great favor by the Christian 
 public. 
 
 From the Christian Visitor, St. John, N. B. 
 
 All who examine the work will agree that it is, in all respects, a scholarly produc- 
 tion of the very first grade. 
 
 From the Christian Freeman, Jacksonville, 111 
 
 Dr. Conant is an eminent member of the Final Committee, and this fruit of his 
 labor possesses so many evidences of high scholarship and good taste, that we accept 
 it as a flattering assurance of what the final work is to be. 
 
 From the Witness, Indianapolis, Ind. 
 
 This book was assigned to Dr. Conant. and has been executed by him. As to his 
 ability and scholarship and honesty as a Christian man, we need not speak. He has 
 done his work on this with great care and evident ability. 
 
 From the Banner and Baptist, Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 This is the best production which we have received from the Bible Union Rooms, 
 although we have previously received many valuable documents. 
 
 From the American Christian Review, Cincinnati, 0. 
 
 We are highly delighted with a large portion of his [Dr. Conant's] work. Indeed, 
 the production is worth to the world all the funds we, as a brotherhood, have ever 
 contributed to the Union. 
 
 From the Christian Herald, Detroit, Mich. 
 
 We have not a particle of doubt but that Dr. Conant has given us the most accu- 
 rate version of Matthew in existence, and which will be hailed with great satisfaction, 
 both by the learned scholars of the day, and by the common reader of the Scriptures. 
 
 From the American Baptist, New York. 
 
 The publication of this volume will do much to relieve the alarm of those who 
 feared that their old-fashioned Bible was to be so changed that they could scarcely 
 recognize it. The caution with which the reviser has introduced his emendations will 
 secure favor for the volume. 
 
 From the Christian Era, Boston, Mass. 
 
 The revision of the Gospel of Matthew evinces great research, and marked candor. 
 We have been struck with the generally terse and felicitous diction which it em- 
 ploys. 
 
 From the Home Mission Eecord, New York. 
 
 The Revised Version seems to have been executed with great care and fidelity. 
 Comparatively few changes have been made, and those only where there seemed 
 good and sufficient reason for making them. 
 
 From, the New York Chronicle, New York. 
 
 The more it is examined, the more its profound scholarship and masterly research 
 will appear. 
 
 From, the Gospel Herald, London, England. 
 
 Among the valuable works which this Society (the American Bible Union) is pub- 
 lishing, none exceeds in interest ' The Gospel of Matthew,'-' by Dr. T. J. Conant. 
 Such works, independently of being preparatory to so important a work as a revised 
 translation for common use, are valuable additions to Biblical literature. 
 
 (2) 
 
0f tfc* $mtitn gibl* Iron, 
 
 350 Broome Street, New York. 
 
 MATTHEW REVISED. 
 
 From Zion's Advocate, Portland, Me. 
 
 Of the manner in which Prof. Conant has done his work, we need, perhaps, say but 
 little. His reputation as a Biblical scholar is well established, and but few men 
 would be willing to urge their own opinions, with much confidence, against his, on a 
 question of philology. 
 
 From the True Union, Baltimore, Md. 
 
 It is the production of a profound scholar ; and, irrespective of its ultimate design, 
 will be found a valuable work. The reviser keeps as closely as practicable to the 
 Common Version, and retains, as much as possible, the fine old Saxon idiom. 
 
 From the Western Recorder, Louisville, Ky. 
 
 There is hardly a possibility of any further material improvement. Every page, 
 every chapter, every verse, every word, every point, bears the impress of the most 
 scrupulous care, and the most perfect human accuracy. 
 
 From the Journal and Messenger, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 The plan which Dr. Conant proposes is the right one. We think that he has been 
 generally successful in accomplishing his object, so far as we have been able to judge. 
 
 From the Plumas Standard, Quincy, California. 
 
 The reviser is Prof. T. J. Conant, whose reputation as a scholar is co-extensive with 
 the world of education. This revision of Matthew, like all that comes from his pen, 
 evinces a depth of erudition and careful research, such as few scholars in this age 
 have attained. Where any departure is made from King James' Version, the reasons 
 are given. The reviser has shown, not only a perfect command of our noble language, 
 but a wonderful knowledge of the philology and customs of the ancients. 
 
 From J. H. Raymond, LL.D., President of the Polytechnic Collegiate Institute, N. T. 
 
 This revision is made, throughout, in the Catholic spirit of a true scholar, who con- 
 cerns himself not at all with questions of importance or unimportance, with moral or 
 doctrinal, or ecclesiastical bearings, but simply and solely with the question of 
 accuracy who keeps steadily in view the two only questions pertinent to his work : 
 
 1. What is the true Greek to be Englished ? 
 
 2. What is the true English for that Greek? 
 
 Dr. Conant follows the testimony of the most ancient witnesses, i. e., of the oldest 
 manuscripts and versions now extant, and the citations of Scripture found in the ear- 
 liest Christian writings that have come down to us. 
 
 It is such a work as scholars love to look upon. 
 
 From Rev. George J. Johnson, Fort Madison, Iowa. 
 
 I have read the revised version of Matthew through twice, and am gratified with 
 the book beyond measure. You know I have never been any kind of a friend to the 
 Bible Union, and still have no faith in the general success of its undertaking. But 
 I must acknowledge that if the Union shall never do any more, to have produced 
 such a work as this now before me is not laboring for naught : it is so far a glorious 
 success. I shall not attempt to review the revision critically, but will say this So 
 far as I can judge, it is faithful and elegant, and in many respects an improvement 
 on the old version. 
 
 From Rev. Henry A. Bart, Maine. 
 
 \ have been, heretofore, neither a friend nor a foe of the Bible Union. I have felt 
 but little interest in the matter, and have not cared even to form an opinion. But 
 since reading a copy of Conant's Revision of Matthew, I have changed my grounds. 
 I am ready to take sides with the Union. 
 
 (5) 
 
% ^mtritan iWe 
 
 350 BROOME STREET, HEW YORK 
 
 MATTHEW REVISED. 
 
 From the Christian Union, Louisville, Ky. 
 
 We speak upon an extended experience, when we say, that never before has any 
 English reader come as near the light that beamed from Matthew's Gospel upon the 
 minds of those for whom it was originally written, as in this revision. The mere 
 English reader may learn now from Matthew, what the scholar learns by much pains- 
 taking from Lachmann, Tregelles, Tischendorf, and Alford. This revision of Mat- 
 thew is a monument of Biblical learning, of critical skill, of faithful and pious effort 
 to give the English reader as perfect an idea of what the Holy Spirit said through 
 this evangelist, as the original Greek readers had. 
 
 From the Freewill Quarterly. 
 
 The appearance of this Gospel by Matthew marks an era in the history and work 
 of the Union. The revision generally shows great labor and care, and unquestion- 
 ably brings us, in not a few instances, much nearer to the centre of the writer's 
 thought and the great Spirit's lips. We can not help commending the manifest im- 
 partiality and conscientious scholarship of the translator. His motto seems to be 
 Nothing to prejudice ; every thing to truth. 
 
 From the New Church Quarterly (Swedenborgian). 
 
 This new translation will be of extreme value, as embodying the results of the 
 latest researches in Biblfcal learning, and, by the discussions it will provoke, can not 
 fail to settle the truth, on points now involved in obscurity. We presume from Dr. 
 Conant's acknowledged ability and painstaking scholarship the emendations it will 
 require, will not be very important. We hope that all our readers who have any 
 taste for the work will procure a copy of this book. 
 
 From the Advent Herald, Boston, Mass. 
 
 We hail every eifort to perfect the rendering of the original Scriptures into our 
 English tongue. The critical notes accompanying this work are invaluable. 
 
 From Zion's Advocate, Portland, Me. 
 
 Of the corrections of Bagster's edition of the Greek text, made by Dr. Conant, 
 Ziorfs Advocate says, 
 
 Many, perhaps all, the omissions recommended, would be confirmed by the best 
 authorities. In the New Version, the proper names are given as they are in the Old 
 Testament. Words, whose meaning has changed, are replaced by others expressing 
 the thought exactly and intelligibly. Ungrammatical expressions are corrected. 
 Certainly, no one can object to eliminating from the Bible what we would not allow 
 in a child's composition. Inexact translation, and faulty expressions are corrected. 
 Surely, no one will object to having the exact sense of the original expressed in sim- 
 ple and intelligent language. Very many passages have been greatly improved, and 
 these improvements were absolutely demanded. 
 
 From the Missouri Baptist, St. Louis, Mo. 
 The work will command respect. 
 Every page of it bears the impress of scholarship. 
 It will give satisfaction. 
 
 The mind of the Spirit is made clear and plain. 
 The notes are brief, clear, and to the point. 
 
 From the Mich. Cliristian Herald, Detroit, Mich. 
 
 It has been with mingled pleasure and profit that, for the last two months, we 
 have, almost daily, examined a portion of Dr. Conant's Revision of Matthew; and, 
 having finished it, we rise from our task with the conviction that it is, beyond all 
 question, the best revision of Matthew's Gospel ever made in English. 
 
 (3) 
 
of iiu 
 
 350 Broome Street, New York. 
 
 MARK REVISED. 
 
 This volume contains the Greek Text of Mark's Gospel, the Common 
 Version, and the Revised Version, with Critical and Philological Notes. 
 It makes a handsome quarto volume, equal to about 300 ordinary 
 octavo pages. Price, sent by mail, 80 cts. 
 
 From the Christian Herald, Mich. 
 
 We have not failed to notice in the revision, in many places, a more felicitous, and 
 in others, a far more accurate rendering of the original, the effect of which is to make 
 the passages more intelligible to the general reader. 
 
 Itom the True Union, Md. 
 
 From a glance at its numerous criticisms and general appearance, we can but 
 regard it as a valuable contribution to Biblical learning, and a sincere effort to obtain 
 a pure version of the sacred Scriptures. 
 
 From the Christian Era. Mass. 
 
 There seems to have been great care used, and as far as we have been able to give 
 any attention to it, we should judge the revision had been exceedingly thorough and 
 judicious. 
 
 From the Louisiana Baptist, La 
 The Version is a great improvement on that in common use. 
 
 From the Carolina Baptist, N. C. 
 
 The work is well executed, and the changes, for all of which authors are cited, are, 
 in our estimation, decided improvements. 
 
 From the Daily Times, 111. 
 
 The manner in which this revision is published, is certainly fair, to say the least. 
 No scholar can fail to see that the translation is made with great carefulness. The 
 typographical execution of the work is beautiful. 
 
 From the Christian Review, N. Y. 
 
 We regard it as an excellent peculiarity of this work, that it does not seem to seek 
 unnecessary changes. We can not doubt that this and similar works will ultimately 
 promote the cause of Biblical learning. 
 
 From Rev. Jesse Hartwell, D.D. 
 
 I am much pleased with the revision of Mark. None will hesitate to say it is a 
 great improvement.* Is the reviser not to be known ? I should like to know his name 
 and denomination. I am deeply interested in the work of revision. I hope the Lord 
 will bless and direct those engaged in it. 
 
 From the Illinois Baptist, 111. 
 
 The more we see of this important work, the greater are our anxieties to see the 
 whole. 
 
 From Zion-s Advocate, Me. 
 
 The whole Bible printed in this style, with marginal readings, embodying the re- 
 sults of great research, will be of great value to Biblical students. 
 
 From the Religious Herald, Va. 
 
 It bears traces of a hand free from the rashness which multiplies unnecessary 
 changes, and the timidity which withholds changes for the better. 
 
|)tttrliatx0ns of % American pgibk Winwn, 
 
 350 Broomc Street, flew York. 
 * 
 
 LUKE REVISED. 
 
 A volume of nearly 300 quarto pages. It contains the Greek Text, 
 Common Version, and the Revised Version, with numerous Critical 
 and Philological Notes. Price, sent by mail, $1.50. 
 
 From the American Christian Review, 0. 
 
 The revision with the notes shows a vast amount of labor. It is a valuable pro- 
 duction, indeed. 
 
 From the American Baptist, N. Y. 
 The alterations are comparatively few, but are made with judgment and care. 
 
 From the American Sentinel, Me. 
 
 The Bible Union Reporter, containing portions of the new translation of Luke, we 
 commend to the notice of our readers. 
 
 From the Lousiania Baptist, La. 
 
 Of the revision of Luke, xi., 33-36, the editor says : This is certainly a great im- 
 provement in translation, making the figure intelligible and very beautiful to every 
 reader. 
 
 From the Boston Recorder, Mass. 
 This work of retranslating the Sacred Scriptures is steadily going forward. 
 
 From the Correspondent, Ala. 
 
 We have read some of these chapters with interest, and in the main with our 
 hearty approval. 
 
 From the Bible Union Quarterly, JV. T. 
 
 The Committee appointed by the Bible Union to examine the Revision of Luke's 
 Gospel report that : Its author has consulted a wide range of authorities, and has 
 supported his departures from the Common Version, by much learning and a discrim- 
 inating judgment. The style is easy, simple, and perspicuous. We admire the fidelity 
 with which he adheres to the Common Version, where it can be done with justice to 
 the original. 
 
 The Committee considers it superior to that version in the following particulars, 
 not to mention others : 
 
 1. Accurate rendering of the inspired original. 2. Its style is more in harmony 
 with modern usage. 3. The collocation is in many places much better. 4. It is more 
 grammatically accurate. 5. It is in many places much more perspicuous. P. 
 CHURCH, D.D., Chairman. 
 
 From the Chicago Daily Times, 111. 
 
 This paper says of the primary revision of Mark and Luke : We have here two 
 quarto volumes, containing the two gospels indicated above, in the original Greek 
 text, the Common English version, and the new and revised translation. We can 
 not speak in too high terms of the faithful and conscientious manner in which the 
 American Bible Union are fulfilling their mission, of giving to the world this new 
 version of the Holy Scriptures. The work of translation is being performed by a 
 number of the most eminent and profound Greek and Hebrew scholars, men whose 
 scholastic attainments and deep erudition make them infinitely superior to the trans- 
 lators of the old " King James Version,' 7 so familiar to us from childhood. No 
 student of the Bible, above all, no clergyman or minister, should be without these 
 admirable translations of the gospels. 
 
0f t\t 
 
 330 Broome Street, New York. 
 
 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 
 
 This book is second in size of the books of the New Testament. 
 The preliminary revision occupied a long time in its preparation, and 
 was a work of great labor. Much light is thrown by it upon many 
 dark and difficult passages. It will abundantly repay a careful 
 perusal. 
 
 It contains the Greek Text, the Common Version, and the Revised 
 \ r ersion, with Critical and Philological Notes. Price, sent by mail, 
 $1.25. 
 
 From Challen's Monthly, Pa. 
 
 This large quarto so long and,, anxiously expected, has just issued from the press of 
 the American Bible Union, and will be read with much interest. 
 
 More than ordinary care has been bestowed upon it. 
 
 The beautiful simplicity and historical truthfulness of Luke, in the original records 
 of the planting and successful establishment of the Church of Christ, have been ad- 
 mirably translated into our language in this invaluable offering of the Board of the 
 American Bible Union ; and we accept it with peculiar satisfaction and pleasure. 
 There is much in this translation which will solicit the earnest and, we trust, faithful 
 criticism of the learned, and we doubt not but that it will pass through the fiery 
 ordeal without much loss. 
 
 From the Christian Union, Ky. 
 
 Speaking of the revision of Acts and other portions issued in one volume, the editor 
 says : i; It contains some of the most valuable contributions ever made to Biblical 
 science, and well deserves to be assiduously studied by all who wish to know what 
 God has said to mankind." 
 
 From the Bible Union Quarterly, N. T. 
 
 We take pleasure in adding that there is a great demand for this work, which in- 
 creases as it is circulated. 
 
 From the Religious Herald, Va. 
 
 There are some notes of value ; indicating correct opinions and large views, and a 
 diligence of collation that is really wonderful and highly commendable. 
 
 From the New York Chronicle, N. Y. 
 
 This work is now before us. It is a beautifully bound quarto volume. The work 
 has been prosecuted with an intense desire to make a faithful and perspicuous transla- 
 tion of the words of inspiration. 
 
 From the American Baptist, N. Y. 
 
 The most simple and appropriate terms to give expression to the meaning of the 
 original, and every effort has been employed to make the ordinary reader acquainted 
 with the mind of the Holy Spirit. 
 
 From the Chicago Daily Times, 111, 
 
 It ought to receive the candid examination of all Biblical scholars. The typograph- 
 ical execution of the work is worthy of the highest praise. 
 
 From the Christian Index. Ga. 
 
 We accord to the reviser an extent of historical and philological knowledge which 
 entitles his revision to a candid but fair criticism. 
 
 From the American Christian Review, 0. 
 
 The Bible Union is furnishing work for critics. The simple aim of the Bible Union 
 is to give to the world as pure a version as possible 
 
0f ijf* fymtitw SiWU Itwn t 
 
 350 Broomc Street, New York. 
 
 1 AND 2 TIMOTHY. 
 
 This volume contains the Greek Text, the Common Version, and 
 the Revised Version of Paul's First and Second Letters to Timothy, 
 with Critical and Philological Notes. Price, sent by mail, 60 cents. 
 
 From the Standard, Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 The revision is executed in a spirit of judicious and conservative scholarship. We 
 can highly commend it. 
 
 One of the most noticeable features of this new version of Timothy, is the few 
 changes that are made. 
 
 Quite a number of important changes in phraseology have, however, been intro- 
 duced. The reader of the New Version will miss the words " church," " bishop," 
 and other such ecclesiastical terms ; and in their places he will find " congregation" 
 and " overseer." 
 
 We have " love" in the place of " charity ;" " demons" for t{ devils ;" " appointed" 
 for " ordained ;" ' ; silly fables" for " old wive's fables ;" and many others which 
 might be enumerated, and which commend themselves to the common reader no less 
 than to the scholar and the critic. 
 
 1 AND 2 THESSALONIANS. 
 
 This volume contains the Greek Text, the Common Version, and 
 the Revised Version of Paul's First and Second Letters to the Tliessa* 
 lonians, with Critical and Philological Notes. Price, sent by mail, 
 60 cts. 
 
 From the Christian Times, London. 
 
 This is a handsome thin quarto. The revised version is executed with great care, 
 and if it were proposed to substitute it for the common English version, we should 
 not entertain any insuperable repugnance. 
 
 From the Christian Repository, 0. 
 
 One object of this publication is to invite the criticism of scholars, and to them it 
 has a special value. But we can heartily recommend it to all ; for, if the reader does 
 not understand the original, the new version will often help him to gather the mean- 
 ing of the old version. 
 
 EPHESIANS. 
 
 This book contains the Greek Text, the Common Version, and the 
 Revised Version of Paul's Letter to the Ephesians, with Critical and 
 Philological Notes. Price, sent by mail, 50 cts. 
 
 From the Christian Repository, 0. 
 
 The Revised Version in many places is doubtless better than the Common Version. 
 We hope to have the Bible in this form, and we will certainly prize it very highly. 
 It is all that could be desired in typography. We never saw the Greek Text in 
 such beautiful, large, clear type. 
 
 (1) 
 
Jtddkatbtis of % American $5ibh SEnimi, 
 
 35O Broomc Street, JSew York. 
 
 PHILEMON. 
 
 A small volume, containing the Greek Text, the Common Version, 
 and the Revised Version, with Critical and Philological Notes. This 
 work is issued in quarto form, and also in a small pocket edition. 
 Price, bound and sent by mail, 25 cts. 
 
 We think it a masterly and scholarly production. From the True Union, Md, 
 It is a model for works of its kind. From the N. Y. Chronicle. 
 
 From the Daily News, N. T. 
 
 The proposed version, from the pen of Dr. Hackett, reflects great credit on his 
 learning, critical acumen, and fine taste. 
 
 From the American Christian Review, 0. 
 
 It is a very creditable production, and seems to be the fruit of much reading and a 
 close study of the original. It bears the impress of an independent thinker. 
 
 From the Presbyter, Cincinnati, 0. 
 
 We took our leisure to examine this little volume with some care, which has result- 
 ed in entire satisfaction with the author's labors. 
 
 From the Journal of Commerce, N. Y. 
 
 As a general remark, Prof Hackett adheres more rigidly to the literality of the 
 original, than does the received version. 
 
 From the Independent, N. Y. 
 
 The work furnishes abundant proof of the author's accurate scholarship, exegetical 
 insight, sober judgment, and carefulness to avoid rash and doubtful changes. 
 
 From the Boston Recorder, Mass. 
 
 We have examined with some care this production of one of our most careful and 
 reliable Biblical scholars. We understand this important epistle better than before. 
 
 From the Methodist Protestant, Md. 
 This book is beautifully printed. The revision is from the pen of Dr. Hackett. 
 
 From the Christian Review, N". Y. 
 
 It bears on every page the impress of his (Dr. Hackett's) exact learning, cultivated 
 taste, sound judgment, and nice philological tact. 
 
 From the Watchman and Reflector, Mass. 
 
 The superior merits of Dr. Hackett as an exegete are too well known to need any 
 public commendation. He loves the Bible as the true word of God, and holds 
 strongly to the broadest, deepest, and most spiritual views of divine truth. His judg- 
 ment is cautions, sound, and clear ; his philological acquirements are extensive and 
 accurate 5 his taste is admirable. The work is a real gem of art. 
 
 From the Mississippi Baptist, Miss. 
 
 This is the completest work I have ever seen. It comes nearer giving the Greek 
 idea in English than any of the revisions with which I have met. J. A. Oliver. 
 
 From the Biblical Recorder t N C. 
 The work of Prof. Hackett is well done, and the volume is deeply interesting. 
 
 From the Western Watchman. Mo. 
 
 T'uis volume. just issued by the American Bible Union, is from the hands of one of 
 the most accomplished Biblical critics of the present dav. 
 
 (1) 
 
s 0f tlje ^meruan gibk Inwn, 
 
 330 liroomc Street, New York. 
 
 HEBREWS REVISED. 
 
 A quarto volume, containing the Greek Text, the Common Version, 
 and the Revised Version, with Critical and Philological Notes. Price, 
 sent by mail, 70 cents. 
 
 From the Christian Review, New York. 
 
 We should be false to our convictions not to say that it is a great improvement on 
 the Common Version. There has been no wanton or unnecessary tampering with 
 the good old English of the Book so embalmed in the most sacred recesses of millions 
 of Christian hearts. 
 
 From the Ladies' Christian Annual, Pa. 
 
 We accept, with special favor, this invaluable addition to the works already issued 
 by the press in the employ of the American Bible Union. 
 
 From the American Sentinel, Me. 
 
 In some respects we think the translation superior to the Common Version. To all 
 it will prove useful. 
 
 From the Southern Baptist, Tenn. 
 
 As it appeared in monthly parts, we noticed that it was highly commended for its 
 fidelity to the original, and for its simple and pure English style. The Bible Union, 
 in New York, is still continuing to progress in its work. 
 
 From the Christian Herafd, Mich. 
 
 We have read the translation with much interest. 
 
 The English reader will discover a clearness, beauty, and logical force in the let- 
 ter to the Hebrews, as it is here rendered, which he has not seen before. 
 
 From the Christian Secretary, Conn. 
 
 The Epistle to the Hebrews is received from the press of the Bible Union, in the 
 style of their former issues. So far as we have examined this specimen, we like it 
 
 From the Israelite, 0. 
 
 The Bible Society of New York has sent us a splendid copy of their edition of the 
 Hebrew text of Job, and the new version of The Epistle to the Hebrews. The former 
 is the most splendid edition of Hebrew Scripture we have seen in this country, and 
 we accept it with many thanks. 
 
 From the Christian Ambassador, New York. 
 
 The typographical execution is excellent. The Text-Book in Greek and English is 
 beautifully distinct, and the notes are in a plain type. Few editions of the Bible 
 have been more handsomely printed, or on better paper. 
 
 From the New York Chronicle, N. Y. 
 
 It is believed to be among the choicest of the preliminary revisions yet put forth 
 by the American Bible Union. 
 
 From the KnoxmUe Republican, Itt. 
 
 We thank the Union for the Biblical treat we have enjoyed. We invite all candid, 
 Bible-loving men to read and carefully examine and compare this work with the com- 
 mon translation. 
 
 Between sixty and seventy versions and works of criticism, are quoted, as sustain- 
 ing the changes made, and as helps to the critical reader, to enable him to determine' 
 for himself the propriety of these changes. 
 
0f i^ J^ttritan gi&U ituon, 
 
 350 Broome Street, New York. 
 
 HEBREWS REVISED. 
 
 From the Millennial Harbinger, Va. 
 
 We have hastily examined every page of it, and pronounce it to be a careful, 
 learned, and greatly improved version of the second greatest epistle ever written by 
 the greatest apostle, the most learned writer, as well as the largest author of the 
 Christian Scriptures. 
 
 From the Illinois Baptist, III. 
 
 Its exact faithfulness to the original text, its pure vernacular English, as used by 
 our best writers aud speakers, and its tender regard for the commonly-received ver- 
 sion, are strikingly manifest in each chapter and verse ; rendering it not only a liv- 
 ing epistle, full of the pure words of inspiration, clothed in the familiar phraseology 
 of the Family Bible, but also a work of the most superior literary merit. 
 
 No one can compare the Reused Version with the Greek, and with King James' 
 Version, without being forcibly struck with its great superiority, both in faithfulness 
 and diction. 
 
 The critical notes of the reviser are almost invaluable to the Biblical student. 
 
 From the American Baptist, New York. 
 
 Having compared it with the common translation, we now feel prepared to say 
 that it is a very decided improvement on the version of King James. 
 
 From the Biblical Recorder, N. C. 
 
 The new translation is a decided improvement of the Common Version. It is better 
 English. It is, in several instances at least, more faithful to the original, and it 
 renders the meaning of some passages much more perspicuous. 
 
 From the N. W. Christian Review, 
 
 We think that even the superficial reader can not fail to discover a manifest improve- 
 ment on the authorized version of King James. To the scholar and theologian it 
 must commend itself for the purity and clearness of its diction, and the faithfulness of 
 its version, and, to the classical character, for its notes. 
 
 From the Commission, Ya. 
 
 We have not had time to examine it, and can only, therefore, commend the me- 
 chanical execution. The publications of the Union are beautiful specimens of 
 typography. 
 
 We feel an increasing conviction that the work they have undertaken will, ulti- 
 mately, be well done. We are always glad to receive their publications. 
 
 From the Mountain Messenger, Va. 
 
 We do not feel qualified to criticise this work, but, no doubt, it will undergo the 
 careful scrutiny of profound scholars, in this and other lands, before it is published 
 as a finality. 
 
 From the True Union, Md. 
 
 There is no attempt to depart from the style of the old version apparently for the 
 sake of differing ; no introduction of words of Latin origin, merely to supplant those 
 of the Saxon stock. 
 
 From the Western Recorder, Ky. 
 Seldom have we read a work with so much real pleasure and profound gratitude. 
 
 From the Masonic Revieic, 0. 
 
 No one can read it without being highly gratified with the beauty and force of the 
 English used. 
 
 The religious public have nothing to fear from a thorough revision of the translation 
 of the Sacred Scriptures by competent and God-fearing men. We wish the Union 
 Buccess ; for we believe their aims are pure, and the object commendable. 
 
 (2) 
 
gtnurinnt ifrU limit, 
 
 350 Broome Street, New York. 
 
 DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN 
 BIBLE UNION, 
 
 Consisting of the reprint of its Constitution, Annual Reports, Quar- 
 terly Papers, Select Addresses, Tracts, etc., etc., in the form of the 
 Bible Union Quarterly, the official organ of the American Bible Union, 
 edited by WM. H. WYCKOFF, Corresponding Secretary, and C. A. BUCK- 
 BEE, Recording Secretary. The first three volumes complete, from the 
 organization, in 1850, to 1860. Each volume contains over five hund- 
 red octavo pages. Volume one contains a beautiful steel engraved 
 likeness of Rev. S. H. Cone, D.D., first President. Volume two con- 
 tains one of Rev. Thomas Armitage, D.D., the present President, and 
 volume three, one of the Corresponding Secretary, Wm. H. Wyckoff. 
 Price, for each volume, sent by mail, $1.50. 
 
 From the Western Recorder, Ky. 
 
 The first two volumes contain a complete documentary history of the Union up to 
 the close of 1856. The first volume contains an admirable likeness of Dr. Cone, the 
 first President of the Society, and the second volume, one of Dr. Armitage, both 
 from steel engravings in the best style of the art, 
 
 From- the Christian Union, Ky. 
 
 Volume second is received. It is a beautiful book. We commend it to the perusal 
 of all who love the cause of revision. They will acquire much useful knowledge, in 
 relation to the Bible Union enterprise, by the diligent perusal of this volume. 
 
 From the True Union, Md. 
 
 Of the second volume, the editor says : This is an elegant volume, containing the 
 documentary history of the Bible Union. It will be found deeply interesting to all 
 those who desire to see a pure version of the Sacred Scriptures. An additional 
 attraction to the volume is a beautiful engraving of the President, Rev. Thomas 
 Armitage, D.D. We commend the volume to all our readers. 
 
 From the Bible Union Quarterly, N. Y. 
 
 The third volume of the Documentary History is now complete, bringing down the 
 history, in the Quarterly form, to 1860. Whoever wishes to know all that the Bible 
 Union has done, and the reasons for it, must study these volumes. They comprise 
 facts and arguments, plans and proceedings, with which every friend of the cause 
 ought to be familiar. 
 
 It will convince every one who reads these volumes, that the managers of the Bible 
 Union have pursued a uniform, undeviating course, from the commencement of the 
 enterprise, and have sought out and prosecuted the best possible measures to secure a 
 most pure and faithful version of the word of God. 
 
 From the Christian Pleader, Sydney, Australia. 
 
 There is one piece of information which may be interesting to our readers. The 
 most spiritual notion of their work is entertained by the conductors of the Union. 
 The history of their enterprise and the manner in which they have conducted it will 
 hereafter marvelously illustrate the power of prayer and faith. Nor can we doubt 
 that this effort will mightily contribute to the glory ot the latter days, and to the 
 absolute overthrow of Satan and Antichrist. 
 
 (1) 
 
NON-CIRCULATING BOOK 
 
 ro 
 
 The conditions under which this book was O^ 
 
 acquired place certain restrictions upon its use. 
 It may not be taken from the Library building, 
 nor may it be reserved in the Reserved Book 
 room, in a seminar room or elsewhere. 
 
 747816 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY