UC-NRLF 
 
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 U 1WffN1^^rt^^Nt¥ (I 
 
 A aiROMCLE 
 
 OF 
 
 THE FAMILY 
 
 OF 
 
 RAJA KRISHNACHANDRA 
 
 OF 
 
 NAVADVIPA, BENGAL. 
 
 EDITED AND TRANSLATED 
 
 W. PERTSCH. 
 
 BERLIN, 1852. 
 FERD. DtTMMLER, 
 
 PUBLISHER. 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 TEE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 GIFT OF 
 HORACE W. CARPENTIER 
 
 AMIIOUAIIAAI 
 
 CPJlVANDtRP« 
 
 AMSTERDAM __ 
 
II fHitO^N^lH^^^dd U 
 
 A CHRONICLE 
 
 OF 
 
 THE FAMILY 
 
 OF 
 
 RAJA KRISHNACHANDRA 
 
 OF 
 
 NAVADVIPA, BENGAL. 
 
 EDITED AND TRANSLATED 
 
 W. PERTSCH. 
 
 BERLIN 1852. 
 
 FERD. DUMMLER, 
 PUBLISHER. 
 
CAI^PENTIER 
 
 Printed by Unger, Brothers, in Berlin. 
 

 TO 
 
 D" ALBRECHT WEBER, 
 
 AS A TESTIMONY 
 
 OF THE AFFECTIONS! AND GRATITUDE 
 
 * 
 
 « 
 
 OP HIS PUPIL 
 
 W. PERTSCH. 
 
 003 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2008 with funding from 
 
 IVIicrosoft Corporation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/chronicleoffamilOOpertrich 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 xVbout nine months ago my respected teacher, Mr. Weber, 
 whose name I have dared to put as the best recommandation 
 at the head of this Httle work, being occupied with cataloguing 
 the Chambers collection of Sanskrit manuscripts, which forms 
 so valuable a part of the Koyal hbrary at Berlin, found also 
 two manuscripts of the little historical work, which is now 
 laid before those who take an interest in the gradual deve- 
 lopment of the literature of a people, the study of whose an- 
 tiquity acquires more and more importance for the investigation 
 of our own origin and the history of mankind in general. He 
 at first proposed to publish it himself; but being burdened 
 with numerous other and more important labors, he invited 
 me to undertake it. I consented, not without hesitation, doub- 
 ting my competence to perform the task in a satisfactory man- 
 ner, as being still but a beginner in Indian studies ; and indeed, 
 if the present edition should be found to answer in some mea- 
 sure to the just demands of Sanskrit philology, I am indebted 
 for it only to the liberal assistance granted me by Mr. Weber 
 in every part of the work, with that kindness which all his 
 pupils are wont to find in him. The best manner, I think, 
 in which I can express to him my thanks, is by promising, 
 to do my best to bring no discredit upon such a teacher. 
 To Mr. Whitney also, from Northampton, North America, 
 my friend and fellow in studies, I feel much indebted for his 
 kind assistance both in the correction of my English style, 
 
and the better comprehension of several passages. I, there- 
 fore, express also to him my heartliest thanks. 
 
 The Kshitipavam^avalicharitam (sometimes spelled also 
 — avali — ), a chronicle of the ancestors of Krishnachandra, 
 the famous Raja of Navadvipa or Nuddea in Bengal, who 
 ruled during the greater part of the last century, famous for 
 his own erudition and the protection he granted to art and 
 knowledge, has, so far as I know, not been brought to light 
 till now, and seems to be the only representative in Sanskrit 
 of a class of compositions which form a considerable part of 
 the Bengali literature. From this circumstance together with 
 the orthography and language, characteristic for the time of 
 its composition, it derives its chief interest ; its contents how- 
 ever likewise, as affording a view, and, it should seem, a to- 
 lerably undistorted one, of the relations subsisting between the 
 native Rajas and the Mohammedan viceroys, is not without 
 its share of interest. 
 
 The two manuscripts, after which this edition has been 
 made, bear in the original order of the Chambers collection 
 the numbers 574 and 844 ; in that introduced by Mr. Weber 
 567 and 568. The former, Ch. 574 (D.), is weU written with 
 Devanagari in European manner, that is to say, across an 
 octavo page. On the first page of the first leaf, some person 
 ignorant of Sanskrit, misled probably by the first word, has 
 entitled it: purvarajnasya katha Valmiki (sic!), the 
 history of former rajas by Valmeek; less incorrect is 
 tlie title on the envelopping leaf: rajyavali rajakrishna- 
 chandrasya, that is, an account of the family of 
 Rajah Krishenchund. The second manuscript, N. 844 
 (B.), is written in an excellent Bengali character, with the 
 exception only of fol. 29^— 31^ and 31^ 1. 3— 32S which 
 are written as badly as the other are written well. The 
 whole is written in Indian manner, each page having six 
 lines, only f. 29^ has seven. The paper is yellowish - red, 
 and the whole ms. lies between two wooden plates, which 
 
Ill 
 
 are peinted green without and red within. On the first 
 page of the first leaf is to be read: Navadvipiya^rikrish- 
 nachandrarajiiah kulavarnanam, an account of the 
 family of Raja Krishna Chandra Raja of Navadvipa 
 or Nuddee, in the Bengal character. 
 
 In matters afifecting the sense the two mss. are con- 
 gruent in a high degree, but in externalities of language there 
 are sHght differences between them, of which some account 
 will be given below. The interpunctuation is almost entirely 
 wanting in both mss., and has therefore been added. Only 
 now and then a stroke is found, and then usually not where any 
 interpunctuation is very especially called for. Once even 
 (58, 7 after prasthiteshu) in both mss. a stroke is set in 
 the middle of a sentence. As owing to the broken style, it 
 would have been disagreeable for the eye and less clear to 
 set nothing but the usual sign wherever punctuation was requi- 
 red ; use, therefore, has been made also of the interval, so that a 
 stroke corresponds nearly to the period in European languages, 
 an interval to the comma or colon. That this manner of punc- 
 tuating is not quite contrary to Indian custom itself, is shown 
 by the editions of Bengali works published at Serampore, 
 where the same system has been introduced. Often also the 
 neglect of Sandhi represents the wanting interpunctuation in 
 our manuscripts, a case of too frequent occurrence to require 
 enumeration of single instances. In both mss. the division 
 into parichhedas ceases with par. VI; and also the indication 
 of the end is wanting, on account of which we are without 
 any direct information as to its author and the time of its 
 composition. Yet the latter is easily to be fixed, at least 
 approximately : the narrative reaching to 1 728 A. D. (the year 
 of the accession of king Krishnachandra), its composition must 
 be of a later date than this year; and from the circumstance, 
 that neither in our Kshit. is taken any notice of the Bengali 
 biography of Krishnachandra (an account of which we shall 
 give below), nor in the latter of our work, although both 
 
IV 
 
 treat to a considerable extent of the same subject, we might 
 perhaps conclude that both were written about the same time, 
 that is to say, as we know of the latter, about the end of the 
 last century (see also Index I p. 67 under Vadasaheba). 
 The Bengali work then may have become more extensively 
 circulated, partly as treating mainly of the history of a king 
 so famous and so recent as Krishnachandra , partly as being 
 written in Bengali, and very well. 
 
 The form and language. 
 
 Before all we cast a look on the orthographical peculia- 
 rities of our manuscripts, which, as being not insignificant, 
 have been to a considerable extent received into the present 
 edition. There will be observed in this respect the frequent 
 use of the virama, both in the middle and the end of a word 
 (see e. g. 3, 8. 28, lo. 33, lo. 37, 20. 21. 39, 1. 40, is. 43, 10. 
 — 21, 19. 39, 4. 48, 13), a manner of writing which, as applied 
 also in D., is explainable from its being copied from a Ben- 
 gali ms., a conjecture, which is supported also by the occa- 
 sional interchange of v and r (eg. pratihavin 2, 17. B. D. 
 sarajnah 48, 14 D.) or the omission of a virama, e. g. 7, 1 
 where both mss. write samratakalpam. A consonant fol- 
 lowing an r between two vowels inconsequently is either doubl- 
 ed or not (e. g. 22, 20, but 23, 3). Finally there is common 
 to both mss. the false manner of writing, (which however, 
 seems in later times to have become quite usual in India, as 
 forms vrith it are received even into Wilson's dictionary), 
 that instead of ttva always is written tva (see datva 9, 7. 
 11, 13. 23, 6. 27, 18. 29, 17. 39, 4. satva 10, 1. 12, 10. 35, 7. 
 53, 15. tatva 11, 15. chhitva 21, 8); only once (38, 21) 
 we find ttva, at least intended, the reading being in B. 
 kriyavatdvad and in D. kriyavatatvad (under the forth 
 akshara of which by another hand a very small virama has 
 been put). Besides, D. has one more pecularity, which Hkewise 
 
has been retained by us as being in agreement with the period 
 of composition, namely the expression of all nasals preceding 
 a consonant by anusvara: only a few exceptions are made 
 by m (tambula 2, 15), and the guttural w, the latter chiefly 
 in proper names, as Anga, Vanga, Arangajeva; but also 
 in anga 32, 2; ^ringa 34, 13. 18; angikara 49, is; man- 
 gala 50, 13. A 6 is never written; where it is printed, there- 
 fore, it has been substituted for a t? of the mss. ; likewise the 
 apostrophes between an e euphonically changed to a, and a 
 following vowel have been introduced for perspicuity's sake. 
 
 The rules of Sandhi are scarcely so often correctly ob- 
 served as they are either neglected or improperly applied. 
 Comparing the two mss. in this respect, B. is more correct, 
 as the Table of Various Readings will more particularly specify ; 
 yet, as also its correctness is not at all consequent, it bears 
 more the appearance of longing for a learned look, and accor- 
 dingly, yet without succeding, declining from the orthography 
 natural to its writer. We have, therefore, taken for foundation 
 the text of D., which, although full of faults, yet makes the 
 impression of giving the orthography usual and natural to the 
 author of our book, and perhaps in general to those who wrote 
 Sanskrit at that period. Nor can at least the neglect of Sandhi 
 have its origin in the ignorance of a copyist, for even correctly 
 to resolve those forms written with Sandhi would suppose a 
 thorough knowledge of the language. 
 
 The following table is an attempt to give a systematical 
 view of these anomahes. 
 
 Vowels, 
 when meeting at the end and the beginning of two words. 
 
 1 . a concluding a word is not contracted with a following a, 
 the avagraha standing between, but causes it to be dropped 
 9, 7. 29, 17. 34, 18. 32, 11, while 32, 13 a and a are con- 
 tracted, as well as 37, 4. 41, 14. 43, 6. 
 
 2. There are left unchanged: 
 
 — a a — 18, 3. 4. 30, 4. — a a — *8, 1. 42, 9. — a i — 
 
VI 
 
 *6, 20. *7, 21. *13, 11. *17, 3. *20, 21. *22, 8. 28, is. 45, 4. 
 *46, 7. 10. *47, 8. 9. — a u — 38, 9. — a u — 37, 20. — 
 
 — a e — 9, 5. 12, 12. 32, 21. 41, 20. 21. 
 
 — a a — 28, 16. 21. — a i — 2, 20. 11, 1. *20. *12, 17. *39, 
 6. 9. *40, 1. *51, 17. — a e — 10, 1. 19, 6. 28, 15. 
 
 — i a — 12, 20. *46, 10. — i i — *13, 10. *25, 21. *26, 20. - 
 
 — iu — 56, 7. — ie — 7, 11. 
 
 — ia— 10, 5. 42,20. 
 
 — ei — *8, 8. *10, 20. *47, 6. M8, 1. M9, e. 7. — eu - 
 37, 21. 38, 3. — e u — 31, 16. — e e — 27, 3. 5. 
 
 Consonants. 
 I. When meeting at the end and the beginning of words. 
 
 1. t is left unchanged: 
 
 before u 31, s; before g, 8, 2. 3. 8, 4; before ch, even 
 in composition 22, 9. 27, 14. 28, 6. 48, 12; before chh, 
 
 18, 19. 28, 3. 52, 15; before j, 10, 20. 43, 5; before d, 
 2, 19. 27, 16. 31, 18. 19; and even in composition 23, 11, 
 and often; before r, 45, 13; before 9 3, 8. 12. 8, 5. 6. 
 10, 8. 47, 18. 49, 7; the two words tat prutva are 
 constantly written without Sandhi (6, 21. 19, 8. 30, 7 
 etc.), and the t and ^r are even compounded into one 
 hgature 20, 4. 21, 7. 30, 2. 7, and often. Finally t is 
 left unchanged also when meeting with a following h, 
 
 19, 4. 26, 1. 
 
 2. s following an a is changed to Visarga: 
 
 before a, 12, 19. 27, 20; before i 12, 2; before e 12, 19; 
 before ch 7, 20. 49, 7; before t 12, 1. 30, 7. 37, 9. 
 50, 21. 59, 6; before n 52, 8; before m, 12, 19. 20; be- 
 fore y, 39, 6 (interpunctuation?); before r, 20, 15. 
 It is dropped before y, 20, I6. 
 
 Following an a it is changed to Visarga instead of 
 being dropped: before a 59, 5; before n, 53, 19; be- 
 fore e 12,21 (interpunctuation?) before bh, 35,6; 
 before m, 12, 19. 20; 57, 5; before y, 3, 15; or it is 
 dropped instead of being changed to Visarga: before 
 
 p, 25, 8. 13. 
 
Vll 
 
 Following an i it is changed to Visarga before d, 
 41, 18. — 41, 17, however, it is correctly changed to r. 
 3. m is changed to Anusvara: 
 
 before a, *46, 14; before i, *12, i; *49, i; before u 
 19, 10 ; *53, 6; before e, 18, i5; 24, 14; 47, 12. 
 II. In the middle of words sh frequently does not change 
 a following t or n to t and n; thus drishtva and 
 drishti are always written drishtva and drishti, 
 while drashtum and drashtavy a are written rightly. 
 The ligature shn also is frequently written as shn; in- 
 mediately after r too n is sometimes put instead of n, 
 e. g. Madumna instead of Madurnna. Finally in the 
 affixes and terminations n is frequently put for n. All 
 these faults have been corrected without remark, the 
 former as having too barbarous an appearance, the latter 
 as common to almost all Sanskrit manuscripts. 
 Those cases which have been marked with an asterisk 
 in the preceding table, are such, where the word following 
 the letter which is put without Sandhi is a proper name: they 
 are perhaps accountable for by the wish of the author to let 
 these proper names stand by themselves, and without even 
 orthographical connexion vidth the preceding word; yet, as 
 in some other quite analogous passages a combination takes 
 place (see 12, u. 13, 9. 46, 13. 47, 16. 48, 4. 49, 20. 50, 7), we 
 see, that it was at least not a principle to separate for per- 
 spicuity's sake the proper names from the current of common 
 speech. Here again, therefore, as every where inconsequence 
 is the chief fault of our author. 
 
 Of incorrect forms but little is to be said: if occurring 
 in one ms., they are usually corrected in the other, and but 
 one passage (13, s) has been noticed, where in both mss. 
 avatasuh is written instead of avatsuh, probably again 
 'through the influence of the omission of virama which is so 
 usual in the Bengali character. Besides the right form is 
 given also 50, 5. If but little of this kind occurs, so much 
 
VIII 
 
 the more frequent are hard, faulty, and sometimes almost in- 
 conceivable constructions. Of this kind are: Javanena sva- 
 dhipatyam chakara 6, 20; Ka^inatho baddhva sai- 
 nyenanivedito9, l9;paritushta9chaJavane9varo — 
 ajnapto Durgadaso 11, le; amatyena daurjanyam 
 vijnapayamasa 12, 16; Indraprasthapure^varo daur- 
 janyam adhigachhanKachurayenapi gocharikritam 
 13, 9; te cha — sakshatkarayamasa 20, 6; yatra (na- 
 navidhabhakshyadravyani) vilashanti 25, 10 (seeNote 
 12); vikretra eka paduka nichaih sthapayitva an- 
 yaya ghatita, 28, 14. 15; rayena sarvah padukahkri- 
 tva lokebhyo vi^ranayamasa 29, 15; 30, 5 is to be sup- 
 phed: he said or continued; navikas tarir vahita 33, 21; 
 bhavan tatsamnidhim gatva alapadina samvarddha- 
 niyah, 35, 18, instead of bhavata — gatavata; pa- 
 datidhanvinam sahasra^o 49, 15; Kamakrishnena 
 cha mahata sainyena parivrito akramya — mahad 
 bhayam udpaditam, 50, le; baddhena cha tena — 
 mahim ^apasa, 58, 21. 
 
 The unvrieldiness sufficiently proved already by these pas- 
 sages, appears yet in another circumstance, in the often almost 
 ridiculously circumstantial circumscriptions of comparatively 
 simple notions. Of this kind is e. g. 38, 11: nasikadipa- 
 rishkararthavasanaiichalam, an end of cloth for ador- 
 ning the nose and the like i. e. a pocket - handkerchief; or 
 46, 11: etaddepiyayatharthalikhanakarmaniyuktas 
 tadamatyah, a minister of his who was employed in the 
 office of writing whatever was necessary i. e. his resident; the 
 same notion is 8, 7 expressed by: tadde^avasthitaya- 
 tharthavrittantalikhanarthaniyuktamatya, an offi- 
 cer, who living in that country was employed for giving 
 true reports of any event; 28,12: vikretrupanyastamulya- 
 kretrupanyastamulyanyunadhikyavivechanayam, 
 verbally: in the disputation on too little or too much in the 
 price offered by the seller, and in the price offered by the 
 
IX 
 
 buyer, i. e. in the higgling between the merchant and the 
 purchaser; 42, is: prativarshaniy amitarajasamprada- 
 nakaradanapurvakarajadhinamatiyariprabhritika- 
 tichidgramadhikaritvam, the government over Matiyari 
 and some other villages, which were subject to the king under 
 the condition of paying tribute to him as a present for him, 
 which was to be discharged every year. Some similar, but 
 yet more complicated compounds will be explained in the two 
 last notes upon the translation. Alike heavy are many of the 
 frequent compositions with adi, which word our author em- 
 ployed wherever it could be; entirely pleonastically iva is 
 employed 54, 2, kalakalpa iva, for iva there seems to ex- 
 press precisely the same sense which had been expressed al- 
 ready by kalpa, „Hke similar to death", or ^similar, as it 
 were, to death." See also 13, 10. 
 
 Fmally, respecting sundry pecularities in the usage of 
 language, we call attention to a peculiar manner of denoting 
 higher numbers which are compounded with hundred and thou- 
 sand, the numbers hundred and thousand being expressed by 
 abstracts in i: see 9ati 2, 10. 37, 9. 55, is. 59, 7; sahasri, 
 24, 9. 29, 15, and once, 42, 20, sahasri, with Vriddhi in the 
 first syllable; yet also the usual forms in a occur, at least 
 sahasra, 12, is. 19. 24, 12. 49, 4. On the use of kartrika 
 (16, 21), purvaka (3, 11. 42, 19. 44, 17. 48, 9. 49, 1. 50, 1. 
 52, e), and what equals the latter, purahsaram (11, 12. 
 52, 6. 53, 2), see Haughton, Rudiments of Bengali Gram- 
 mar. §. 141. Farther, is to be noticed a periphrastical manner 
 of expressing the future participle, with a notion of certainty, 
 by the perfect participle with a suffixed kalpa; see 9, 5: 
 mama pa^cad ayatakalpo bhrityah, a servant of mine, 
 who (certainly) will come after me; properly: who is like one 
 having come already. The adjective pray a, similar, suffixed 
 to a noun means: being about to perform the action which 
 the root of the noun expresses, or: having almost done so; 
 thus e. g. 53, 13: vayam praptaprayah, we are about being 
 
reached, or: we are almost reached ; see also 53, 4. 34, 3. Fi- 
 nally a syntactical peculiarity appears 37, 5: tat kim evam 
 aha? where the third person is put in addressing another, 
 b ha van being to be supplied. 
 
 Content. 
 
 A part of the history which forms the content of our work, 
 viz. the period from the expulsion of king Kapinatha out of 
 his realm to the accession of Krishnachandra, being treated 
 also in the above mentioned Bengali biography of the latter king, 
 we proceed now to give, for comparison's sake, an abstract from 
 this part of that pretty composition. If any passages in it shall 
 be found to have been misunderstood, I may lay claim to 
 excuse on the score of having had no instruction in Ben- 
 gali, and being without an authority to whom to refer in doubt- 
 ful and difficult points. The edition used is that of London, 
 1811, the correctness of which leaves much to desire. The 
 numbers set at the margin give, for ease in reference, the 
 pages of this edition. 
 
 3. 5,Ka9iDatha, a zemindar residing in the village (grama) 
 Kamkadi in the Bengal province Habili*) fell into a quarrel 
 with the subahdar of Dakka, on account of the tribute 
 required of him. Ka^inatha was defeated and fled into 
 the province of Vaguyana **) to Vi9vanatha Samadvara ac- 
 
 4. companied by his wife who was with child. They were 
 hospitably received; but Kapinatha, seeing that Yi^vanatha 
 treated his wife as if she was his ovm daughter, soon repai- 
 red secretly to Hastinapura, tired of the inactive life he led 
 with. Samadvara. After the departure of Kapinatha, his help- 
 less wife was adopted by Samadvara, and the child too which 
 
 ♦) Habili is according to Hamilton, Description of Hindostan 11, 238 the 
 city Hubly in Bejapur. 
 
 **) The names are always given with pure Sanskrit pronunciation. 
 
XI 
 
 she soon brought forth, was treated by him as his grandson. 5. 
 This child obtained the name of Qrirama, and was usually sur- 
 named Rama Samadvara. When the time had arrived, at 
 which the young prince ought to be invested with the brah- 
 manical cord, and his father had not yet returned, the cere- 
 mony was after his twelveth year, according to the advice of 
 the most celebrated Pandits, performed by Samadvara, and a 
 wife given to him. He had a son, whom he named Bhavananda ; 
 and afterward two more Harivallabha and Subuddhi.'' 
 
 „Bhavananda was of equally excellent spirit and body; 
 he studied the Yedas, the Qastras, learned the Bengali, Per- 6. 
 sian and Arabic languages, was clever in the use of weapons, 
 a second Nala in the art of driving horses, a second Vrihas- 
 pati in all sciences. Later he was, as well as his brothers, 
 married. Then he travelled to Dakka, where he received an 
 appointment from the governor of Bengal, and obtained the 
 title of Raya Majumadara, so that now his whole name was 
 Bhavananda Raya Majumadara. After a time Pratapaditya, 7. 
 king of Jessore (Yanahara), a man of high distinction, re- 
 fused to pay his tribute, „an affair, the further particulars of 
 which are to be found in the biography of this king." *) The 
 war against Pratapaditya was committed to Raja Manasimha, 
 who required for his companion Bhavananda R. M., as being 
 a native of Gaur, and well acquainted with the localities of 
 that country. The governor consented to this demand, al- 
 though he was sorry to lose so skilful an officer as Bhava- 
 nanda. Manasirnha then departed with an army of 900,000 (!) 8. 
 soldiers, and passed on his march, two months after his de- 
 parture, the grama Baluchara in Gaur on the Ganges, a beau- 
 tiful place, where he stayed for some time; then, after one 
 day's march, he arrived at Varddhamana (Burdwan), where 9. 
 at this time Dhirasimha, the son of Virasimha, was king, by 
 
 *) The history of Raja Pratapaditya, raja of Jessore, by Ram Ram Boshoo. 
 Serampore 1802. — See Index II, under Pratapaditya. 
 
XII 
 
 whom he was hospitably received, and invited to visit his ca- 
 
 10. pital. Having exchanged presents with him, he accepted the 
 invitation. On the way to Dhirasimha's capital, Manasimha, 
 happening to notice a mine, asked Bhavananda, who, by ma- 
 king known to him the names and relations of all the places 
 they had passed, had already given many proofs of his fami- 
 liarity with the country, what this was. Whereupon he re- 
 ceived the following information : Vidya, tlie learned daughter 
 of Virasimha, had made a vow, to give her hand to whoever 
 should excel her in scientific attainments. Many princes at- 
 tempted it, but no one succeeded, until a certain very hand- 
 
 11. some and learned prince, called Sundara, son of Maharaja 
 Gunasindhu of Kaiichipura in the Dekhan, came up on ru- 
 mor of it to the house of a florister, called Hira, dug this 
 mine, through which he gained access to the princess, over- 
 came her, and entered with her into the Gandharva marriage. 
 „The whole story is particularly related in the Chorapaiicha- 
 9at, from which also Bhavananda recited it to Manasimha." *) 
 
 „0n his march from Burdwan to Jessore, Manasimha vi- 
 sited also the native city of Bhavananda, Vaguyana, where he 
 was overtaken by violently rainy weather. Bhavananda in- 
 stantly caused all provisions from the whole district to be 
 brought together, and with them entertained the whole army 
 
 12. of Manasimha for seven days, a service for which Manasimha 
 promised him a fit reward after the subjection of Pratapaditya. 
 The army then proceded, and soon overcame Pratapaditya, 
 and after some repose returned to Dakka. Bhavananda Iv. M. 
 too returned thither, and requested as a boon the government 
 (zemindarship) over Vaguyana." 
 
 Now a most miraculous event is related, how the goddess 
 
 *) This notice is surprising, as in both the recensions of this poem which 
 are known, no word is mentioned of such a story as the one refen-ed to here. 
 We, therefore, must either suspect a mistake on the part of our author, or we 
 must suppose another poem with the same title. To assume a third recension 
 of the same poem would be the most improbable, as the difference would be too 
 strong affecting the whole thread of the narrative. 
 
XIII 
 
 Lakshmi came in person from the house of Harihoda in the 13 — 15. 
 grama of Vadagachhi (Belcuchy? about 89. 47. E. Lat. 24. 20. 
 N. Long.) to settle in that of Bhavananda R. M.; how, by 
 the way, she blessed and rewarded a poor ferrywoman, who 
 was a zealous devotee of hers; how she appeared to the wife 
 of Bhavananda in a dream, and said to her, that she had 
 chosen this house for her dwelling, and had placed a small 
 basket in the chamber of the queen, and that the latter 
 must be faithful to her service and not open the basket; how 
 all happened as predicted; and how even in the time when 
 this was written, the basket was still to be seen at Yaguyana. 
 The whole is related with great copiousness, but seems too 
 irrelevant to be extracted here with all the particulars. 
 
 ^Having returned to Dakka, Bhavananda paid his respects 
 to Padishah Jehangir Shah, who had desired to see the man, 
 whose merits Manasimha had so highly praised to him. The 16. 
 Padishah overwhelmed Manasimha with favors, and finally in- 
 vited him to request any boon of him , promising to grant it 
 without reserve. Manasimha answered, that Bhavananda had 
 been the cause of the victory, and that he, therefore, asked 
 in the latter's behalf the government over Vaguyana in Bengal. 
 The Padishah at once caused the document conferring the grant 
 to be made out, and ratified it. Bhavananda then paid his re- 
 spects, took leave also of Manasimha, and went home in a ship. 17. 
 
 ^Bhavananda ruled over his subjects as a mild and be- 
 loved prince, and was a devotee of Lakshmi, the whole story 
 of whom his wife had related to him. After a time he had 
 three sons, who in the succession of their age were: Gopala, 
 Govinda, and Qrikrishna (but see Kshit. 18, 1 7. 21, 20). Of 18. 
 these Gopala was preeminent for his knowledge. After a time 
 Bhavananda gave wives to his sons, and Gopala had a son, 
 whom he called Raghava. In a great assembly, which Bha- 
 vananda had convoked to celebrate a feast in his grandson's 
 honor, he granted to his two brothers Harivallabha and Su- 
 buddhi a government; soon after which he died. 
 
XIV 
 
 „Gopalaraya succeeded him and reigned for some time. 
 He gave a government to his brothers Govinda and Qrikrishna, 
 worshipped Ipvara, and died." 
 
 „Raghava succeeded him, a very distinguished ruler. He 
 journeyed to the capital, where he obtained from the emperor 
 (samrat), who was well pleased \vith him, the sway over 
 several countries, and the title of Maharaja, which all his 
 
 19. successors inherit. He had a son, Rudraraya, to whom, after 
 a time, he transmitted the realm, while he himself gave up 
 his whole mind to Ipvara." 
 
 „Rudraraya Maharaja having built a palace in the pro- 
 vince of Matiyari, lived there ; and this palace was yet exstant 
 when this history was written. He had three sons: Kama- 
 chandra, Ramakrishna, and Ramajivana." 
 
 „Ramachandra was very vigorous. Having been anointed 
 as king, he subdued the countries of several smaller zemin- 
 dars, and so enlarged his own realm." 
 
 „ After his death Ramakrishna became king, the contem- 
 porary of whom as subahdar of Dakka was Murshed Ali 
 Khan, who colonized Murshedabad, and transferred his resi- 
 dence to this city (but see Index I under Japharakhan, 
 and Index n under Murasidabada). Being on good terms 
 with the subahdar, Ramakrishna cared little for the stipulated 
 
 20. tribute, kept a great army, and extended his realm. He ruled 
 over 2,200,000 subjects." 
 
 „ After his death Ramajivana succeeded to the throne.. 
 He took up his residence at Krishnanagara , which had been 
 founded by his brother. Having ruled for some time with 
 much splendor, he had two sons : Raghurama and Ramagopala, 
 the former of whom after some time succeeded him. He had 
 for a long time no son, until one night, which he spent with 
 21.22. his wife, the latter saw in a dream a handsome youth who 
 said to her, that he was her future son, being properly a 
 servant of Ipvara whom she worshipped, wo had been ordered 
 to become her son. Then having become very small, he slid 
 
XV 
 
 into her mouth. Upon this in fact the queen conceived a son, 
 on whose birth the king and the whole country were filled 
 with the utmost joy. The astrologers declared, that the child 23. 
 was to live long and happily, to become very learned, just, 
 famous, and a great king. Growing day by day, like the 
 moon, the young prince obtained the name of Krishnachandra 
 (the Krishna -moon). Soon he was instructed in Sanskrit, Ben- 
 gali, Persian literature, in the use of arms and the art of go- 
 verning, and in all he distinguished himself. His father Ra- 
 ghurama then resolved to marry him, and charged his coun- 24. 
 sellers, to find for him a wife worthy of him in nobihty and 
 beauty. They succeeded in doing so, and the nuptials were 
 celebrated in the month Phaigun (February -March; the year 
 is not mentioned). There were invited the kings and nobles 
 of Radha, Gaur, and Bengal etc." There follows now a most 
 circumstantial description of the whole feast, of which we shall 
 give only some few traits, as finding their parallels in the Kshit., 
 either in the description of Krishnachandra's annapra^ana or 
 in some other. For the entertainment of the guests various 
 magazins were estabUshed, and within them four kinds of pro- 
 vision, viz. food to be chewed, sucked, licked, and drunk 
 (see Kshit. 41, 4). He ordered to the servants to take care 
 of the rich supply of his guests , received the kings himself, 25. 26. 
 and assigned to them lodgings and servants to wait upon them, 
 and sent to them of his provisions, while the whole city was 
 decked with red, yellow, white and blue flags (see Kshit. 
 56, 19 sq.). 
 
 „ After a time Raghurama transmitted the realm to Krish- 
 nachandra, while he devoted himself to the service of Ipvara." 
 
 If this report be compared with that given in the Kshit, 
 it will be noticed, that the difierence between both is consi- 
 derable, and, what is remarkable, becomes greater the nearer 
 the time of the events related approaches to that of the re- 
 lators. The most striking instance of this difference might 
 
XVI 
 
 be found in the history of the three Kajas immediately pre- 
 ceding Krishnachandra , viz. Ramajivana, Ramakrishna, and 
 Raghurama. Both authors must assuredly have known the 
 true facts of the case, and one of them must have knowingly 
 reported them incorrectly; and that being so, the recital of 
 the Kshit. seems preferable for its impartiality and detail. A 
 native author, who, probably at the court and by invitation 
 of his king, writes the history of the latter's ancestors, would 
 never falsely impute to them so unhappy and little honorable 
 fates as captivity in the prison of a Mohammedan governor, 
 nor would he dare merely to invent so important facts as the 
 dethronement and restoration of a king of his own country. 
 And of all this the author of the Kshit. would be guilty, if the 
 account of the Bengali biographer is correct, which makes Ra- 
 majivana quietly succeed his brother in the government, knows 
 nothing of Raghurama's captivity at Murshedabad, and lets Ra- 
 makrishna disregard without punishment the stipulated tribute, 
 while in the Kshit. all these kings appear in a state of the 
 greatest dependence upon the Mohammedans. Perhaps also 
 this impartiality may have conferred to its inferior popularity. 
 
 If for the reason expressed we give greater credit to the 
 Kshit., than to the Bengali account, we are on the other hand 
 somewhat puzzled by the chronology of the former, though 
 on the first view it seems to be extremely accurate. The Ben- 
 gali work unfortunately gives, so far as the events reported there 
 coincide with those of the Kshit., no chronological dates at all, 
 which might otherwise have served to regulate those given in the 
 Kshit. A list of the kings from Bhattanarayana, together with the 
 duration of their respective reigns, is the following: Bhattanara- 
 yana 24 years, Nipu 28, Halayudha 15, Harihara 20, Kandarpa 
 22, Yipvambhara 28, Narahari 27, Narayana 24, Priyankara 29, 
 Dharmangada 20, Tarapati 47, Kama 32, Vipvanatha 31, Ra- 
 machandra 23, Subuddhi 25, Trilochana 30, Kamsari 26, 
 Shashthidasa 29, Ka^inatha 34; now ensues a period from 
 the death of Kapinatha to the samskara of his posthumous 
 
XVII 
 
 son Kama Samuddhara, which, according to the analogy of 
 Durgadasa's age at the time of his sainskara (10, 17), we 
 may assume to have been 11 or 12 years, as it is given also 
 in the Bengali Krishnachandra. Then Rama Samuddhara 
 reigns for 36 years, Durgadasa (Bhavananda Maj.) 20, Go- 
 pala 7, Raghava 51, Rudraraya 11, Ramajivana 10, Rama- 
 krishna 11, Raghurama 13, Krishnachandra. The sum of these 
 reigns together makes 685 years; these added to the Qaka- 
 year 1000 (that, in which Bhatta bought from king Adisura 
 the five villages which formed the germ of his realm), gives 
 1 685 as the year of Krishnachandra's accession to the throne ; 
 but this latter took place, according to the assertion of our 
 author himself, Q. 1650 (A. D. 1728), and we have, therefore, 
 a difference of 35 years. To get rid of this difference it would 
 be necessary, either to remove the year in which Bhattana- 
 rayana became sovereign lord of the five villages for 35 years, 
 or to diminish the period falling between this event and the 
 accession of Krishnachandra. The former woujd not seem to 
 be venturing too much, if it be considered, that the year of 
 Bhattanaray ana's bargain is given as just Q. 1000, which al- 
 most seems to invite the conjecture, that it was given only 
 in favor of a round number; the statement, however, in Ritter's 
 Geography (VI. 1244; after which authority, I do not know), 
 that king Adisura reigned about the year Q. 990, coincides 
 too well with our date to allow of removing the latter to 25 
 years before Q, 990. The other expedient is no less im- 
 practicable. It is true, that in the Bengali Biography it is 
 not expressly said, that Rama Samuddhara, who was adopted 
 by Harikrishna Samuddhara (or Yipvanatha Samadvara) , suc- 
 ceeded the latter in the government ; if, therefore , we could 
 throw out the 36 years of government which are attributed 
 to this prince in the Kshit., the difference would be reduced 
 to but one year. Yet this is impossible; for it is, of course, 
 necessary, that a longer period than twelve years must have 
 elapsed between the death of his father, whose posthumous 
 
XVIII 
 
 son he was, and the accession of his own son. As to chro- 
 nology, we are, therefore, rather at a loss, for of synchro- 
 nisms too we have but very few. At first the notice, that 
 Vi^vanatha (316 — 347 after Q. 1000, or 1394—1425 A. D.) 
 was contemporary with Mahmud of Ghazna (f 1030), is so 
 far absurd, but quite correct, if taken as a confusion with 
 Mahmud Toghluck (1394—1398 A. D.); another statement, 
 which makes Ka^inatha (480 — 514 after Q. 1000, or 1558 
 — 1592 A. D.) a contemporary of Akbar the Great (1556 
 — 1605 A. D.), and a third, that Aurengzeb (1657 — 1707 
 A. D.) was contemporary with Ramakrishna, who acceded 
 to the throne 24 years before Krishnachandra i. e. A. D. 1704, 
 are both quite correct; and so is the notice given in the Ben- 
 gali work, that the majmuat-dar Bhavananda, who died 103 
 years before the accession of Krishnachandra i. e. A. D. 
 1625, after a reign of 20 years, and who, therefore, ruled 
 1605 — 1625 A. D., lived at the same time with Jehangir 
 Shah (1605—1627 A. D.). 
 
 It remains now, to say yet a few words respecting the 
 manner in which the translation, the notes and the indices 
 have been composed. — The whole has been written in Eng- 
 lish, because it was hoped, that the little book might be of 
 some interest for India itself; and there a German translation 
 and other additions in German would have been less likely 
 to be understood even than the orimnal itself — In the trans- 
 lation it has been attempted, to adhere to the original as clo- 
 sely as possible without violating too much the genius of the 
 Enghsh language. As to the proper names, for the Sanskrit 
 forms of Mohammedan names have been substituted the Ara- 
 bic-Persian forms, wherever I felt tolerably sure of the latter; 
 and to some of the most known and famous cities the names, 
 by which they are known with us, have been given, while re- 
 specting those places, for which the names given by the ori- 
 
XIX 
 
 o-inal have been retained. Index 11 is to be consulted. The 
 diffuse circumscriptions for subahdar and zemindar could, of 
 course, not be retained, but were always translated by „Mo- 
 hammedan governor", the original too not discriminating be- 
 tween subahdar and zemindar but circumscribing both offices 
 by almost the same terms. The Persian titles which are 
 mentioned in the text have been retained, but in their ori- 
 ginal Persian form, and an explanation of their meaning 
 has been given. in the notes: to express their real sense by 
 a translation would have rendered necessary heavy circum- 
 scriptions. — For easier reference the pages of the text have 
 been put on the margin of the translation. — The notes have by 
 numbers been referred to the translation, those too, which 
 belong to the text, in order to avoid disfiguring the Sanskrit 
 text with interspersed numbers or signs. — The table of va- 
 rious readings, far from giving all differences of the two mss. 
 from the text received, exhibits only those, as seemed to be 
 of some interest, either for the sense, or for the language and 
 orthography. — The indices finally give both a short view 
 of the history of each person and locality as it is related in 
 our Kshit., and whatever else I have been able to learn in 
 respect to them, chiefly the identification of the Indian geo- 
 graphical names with those used commonly on maps and in 
 European books. 
 
 And thus I make over this little labor of mine to the 
 judgement of the learned, who occupy themselves with the 
 study of Sanskrit, confiding in their indulgence; and if only 
 the application and zeal, with which I have labored it, shall 
 not entirely fail of acknowledgment, I shaU feel content, and 
 encouraged to pursue the path of study which I have chosen 
 for my life. 
 
 Berlin, January 1852. 
 
 W. Pertsch. 
 
Veneration to the holy Ramachandra ! 
 
 V almiki became the most celebrated ornament of the race 
 of poets by exalting the hneage of the sun ; the son of Para- 
 9ara made himself chief among the poets by glorifying the 
 eminent race of Bharata. Who can win distinction in the three- 
 fold world if he does not extol great renown? Therefore do 
 we celebrate the family of Bhattanarayana which sweeps away 
 the pollution of the iron age. (*). 
 
 In ancient times there lived in Vanga a prince called 
 Adisura, who ruled over his subjects with the eye of law, as 
 if they had been his children. One day a vulture ahghted 
 upon his palace, whereon the king having seen and taken it 
 for a sign of future misfortune, convoked a great assembly of 
 Pandits and asked: „Hear ye. Pandits! a vulture has rushed 
 down upon my house, which leads me to apprehend a mis- 
 fortune. What rite can avert it?" The Pandits answered 
 all together: „Your Majesty, this vulture must be killed 
 and an oblation made of its flesh. This v^ill be the proper 
 expiation." „But how shall I catch this vulture", replied 
 the king, „or what kind of sacrifice is it that must be made 
 of its flesh? Explain it clearly!" Upon this all the others were 
 silent, while one Brahman who was sitting in the assembly 
 and who a few days before had come from Kanyakubja, thus 
 spoke: „I had gone to Kanyakubja on account of a procession 2. 
 
 1 
 
to a holy place, and at that time a vulture descended upon 
 the king's palace just as upon your Majesty's. Then the king 
 ofKanyakubja convoking Bhattanarayana and the other Brah- 
 mans retained the vulture by means of charms and offered 
 a sacrifice of its flesh. Of this I was eye-witness, and I 
 advise your Majesty after convoking Bhatta and the others to 
 act in like manner." 
 
 The king accordingly sent messengers with this Brah- 
 man, and having ordered to bring Bhattanarayana , Daksha, 
 Qriharsha, Chhandada and Vedagarbha before him together 
 with their wives, their holy fire and all their sacrificial ap- 
 paratus, assigned to them a house which he had previously 
 built, in the ^aka-year 999. The next morning the Brahmans 
 having said their morning prayers and performed all their other 
 rites left their wives at home, took grass and fried grain in 
 their hands aud went to pay their respects to the king. But 
 the latter from the roof of his palace seeing the Brahmans 
 from afar with their feet enclosed in leather shoes, their bodies 
 covered vdth embroidered garments, their lips and eye-hds 
 colored brown with betel nut which they had chewed during 
 their travel, expressed his disregard by remaining in his 
 place (^). The Brahmans, who had not noticed the king, 
 stepped up to the door, saying to the doorkeeper: „Hark you! 
 inform the king, that we, the Kanyakubjans have come to his 
 door." The doorkeeper having withdrawn for a while returned 
 and said: „Ye Brahmans! the king has just lain down to sleep; 
 this is not the time of audience." Upon this the Brahmans, al- 
 though perceiving the disrespect of the king, overcame their irri- 
 tation and wrath, then uttered a charm and put the grain, grass 
 and the other things they had brought along for the ceremony 
 of the salutation in five places upon a dry wrestler's staff leaning 
 near the door ; whereupon they went home. The next day from 
 this wrestler's staff five boughs covered vdth young shoots had 
 grown forth. Seeing this tKfe doorkeeper and his companions 
 with great surprise referred the matter to the king, who ha- 
 
ving come to the place wondering asked, how it was with this 
 miraculous event? „Your Majesty'', answered the doorkeeper 
 and his companions, „the five Brahmans from Kanyakubja ha- 
 ving spoken spells put fried grain, grass and other things in 
 five places upon tliis dry staff, and in consequence of this 
 boughs have grovm forth from it although it was dry and 
 withered.'' »You are right", said the king, and wishing to 
 atone for his offence fastened his clothes round his neck and 
 going with his retinue to the Brahmans saluted them, saying : 
 „ You are virtuous and of divine nature ; we are ignorant and 
 do not understand your greatness. After this confession it is 
 reasonable that you should pardon my fault." Thus and in 
 many other ways he praised them; but they, whose virtue 
 exalted them above anger, answered: „0 king, we are not 
 angry, be sure of that; for if we had been angry, your city 
 and retinue would be now but a mere heap of ashes. Enough 
 then of ceremony. Rather carry out that on accomit of which 
 we have been summoned." 
 
 The king thereupon honored them with a banquet, and 
 having obtained their permission went to his city to prepare, 
 as he had been ordered, the sacrificial apparatus. This being 
 done, he informed the Brahmans of it and asked them to per- 
 form the sacrifice. Thus summoned by the king, Bhatta and 
 his companions captured the vulture by means of spells con- 
 sisting of magic songs and performed the sacrifice with its 
 flesh according to rule. 
 
 The king having rewarded them with the presents due 
 them said with a cheerful heart: „Out of kindness towards 
 me, you worthy men, consent to accept a dwelling here!" 
 Bhatta, in whose face Daksha and the other three Brahmans 
 doubtfiilly looked, answered: as your Majesty commands. The 
 king, rejoiced at the fulfilment of his vdsh, built five cities 
 filled with multitudes of palaces to serve as dwelling-places 
 for the five Brahmans, and presented them to them. There 
 they lived for one year. 
 
 1* 
 
4 
 
 At this time the king being much pleased with the supernatu- 
 ral exploits of Bhatta, who was son of a famous and powerful king 
 in Kanyakubja called Kshiti^a, said : „Sir, I will make you a pre- 
 sent of some villages; favor me, I pray you, by accepting them." 
 „I cannot accept your villages", said Bhatta, ^filled with cattle, 
 gold, sesamum, iron and similar precious things, since' they 
 are an improper present for me" {^). To which the king: 
 „What then can your obliged servant do? or how shall I en- 
 sure my happiness in the other world?" „It is known that I 
 possess much wealth", answered Bhatta, „with it I will buy 
 some villages and you may sell them to me. If you really 
 wish to do me a favor, you can in this manner do so sui- 
 tably." The king having consented, Bhatta bought at a very 
 low price many villages, to whose revenues he added those 
 from the other ones (which he possessed already); and these 
 villages he had purchased were enjoyed by him exempted from 
 taxation for twenty four years. C*) 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 King Bhatta died and went to the other world, leaving 
 behind him sixteen sons, rich in virtues like their father, in 
 the highest degree adorned with good behaviour, modesty 
 and knowledge, and therefore respected by everybody. They 
 were called Adivaraha, Vatu, Vama, Nana, Nipu, Guiii, 
 Guntu, Asantu, Guna, Vika, Anila, Madhu, Kama, Deva, 
 Soma, Adina. (^) Then Adivaraha and the three brothers 
 next to him in age, being highly indifferent towards worldly 
 objects and given to holy penance, anointed as king Nipu, who 
 as for his age stood between them and the other eleven younger 
 brothers, and being versed in royal polity was fit for the super- 
 intendence of the kingdom, and full of graciousness. Diligent 
 in the study of the Vedas, in offering sacrifices and in the 
 performance of the Vaidic, legal and other precepts he ruled 
 for twenty eight years with justice over his subjects, living 
 at Ke9aragrama where he had built a splendid palace. From 
 
that time till now his descendants are called lords of Ke^a- 
 ragrama. 
 
 He having gone to the other world, his son Halayudha, 
 beloved of all men, governed the realm with justice for fifteen 
 years. After the death of Halayudha his son Harihara, endo- 
 wed with great excellence, was king for twenty years. After 
 he had gone to rest, his son Kandarpa sat on the throne for 
 twenty eight years. When he after governing his realm had 
 passed to the other world, his son Vi^vambhara, endowed vnih. 
 a treasure of all virtues, reigned over his subjects for twenty 
 eight years. After his death his son Narahari, a man incom- 
 parably rich in virtues, protected the realm for twenty seven 
 years. He being dead, his son, who was called Narayana and 
 possessed virtues similar to those of Narayana, guarded his 
 kingdom for twenty four years. When he was dead, his son, 
 called Priyankara (amiable) because he was beloved by the 
 whole world, was king for twenty nine years. After his death 
 his son Dharmangada became king, and when the latter after 
 a reign of twenty years had expired, his son Tarapati ruled 
 for forty seven years. After his decease his son Kama go- 
 verned for thirty two years. 
 
 These eleven princes ruled happily and without paying 
 tribute over the realm which had been bought 'from king 
 Adisura. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The four sons of king Kama, Vipvanatha and his bro- 
 thers, fought against each other, each of them wishing to ob- 
 tain a part of the kingdom; but having heard that at this 
 time the famous Persian, sultan Mahmud of Ghazna, had van-^ 
 quished the lord of Delhi and founded in the city of the latter 
 a kingdom under his own dominion, they addressed themselves 
 to him as to a supreme lord. But he, although for a long 
 while not able to compose the dijfferences of the brothers, yet 
 desired them to pay him tribute from their realms. And Vip- 
 
vanatha agreed to pay it from his, as reward for which he 
 got by order of the sultan the whole kingdom of his father, 
 while his three brothers who refused to pay tribute, saying 
 that they ought not to do so for a kingdom which they had 
 obtained from their father exempt from taxes, got no share 
 in the government. Vipvanatha being on good terms with 
 the sultan added to his paternal kingdom Kamkadi and many 
 other countries, and reigned for thirty one years with great 
 renown. Since this time these kings are also subject to tribute. 
 
 After Vi^vanatha's death Ramachandra paying the tribute 
 obtained the kingdom and ruled happily for twenty three years. 
 When he was dead, his son, prince Subuddhi, became king 
 for twenty five years. The latter left his kingdom to his son, 
 prince Trilochana, who passed to the other world after a reign 
 of thirty years. After his death his son Kamsari succeeded 
 him, and left his kingdom after governing twenty six years to 
 Shashthidasa, who sat on the throne for twenty nine years. 
 After the latter's death his son, prince Kapinatha, was king 
 for thirty four years. 
 
 Under the government of this prince it happened, that 
 8. from a troop of elephants which were sent from the king of 
 J Tripura to Akbar, sultan of Delhi, one large elephant escaped, 
 and straying about in a great forest now and then broke into 
 villages and alarmed their inhabitants. Ka^inatha having been 
 one day informed that this elephant had broken into one of 
 his villages and put all the inhabitants to flight, gathered many 
 soldiers about him and put the animal to death. But this oc- 
 currence having been circumstantially made known to the sultan 
 of Delhi by his resident, the former was much enraged at the 
 information and ordered by letter the Mohammedan governor 
 of Jamhagira to take Ka^inatha prisoner and bring him into 
 his presence, assigning him an army for the purpose. The go- 
 vernor upon the receipt of this order charged a great army to 
 capture Kapinatha and bring him to Delhi. But Ka^inatha had 
 hkewise been informed of all through his spies, and by the 
 
advice of his counsellors set out and fled toward the bank of 
 the Bhagirathi, while the army of the Mohammedan governor 
 constantly followed upon his rear, until at last the Mohamme- 
 dan army and Ka^inatha were separated only one day's jour- 
 ney. At this time Ka^inatha having arrived in the region called 
 Vagoyana took his position to pass the river which touched 
 the eastern part of the village of Anduliya. There a certain 
 fisherwoman came to the camp to sell her fish. Ka^inatha at 
 sight of them became glad, meditating thus: since a long time 
 I have eaten no fish, and yet I have now no money; how 
 then can I purchase these fish? After a while he threw the 
 golden diamond -ring he wore on his hand to the fisherwoman, 
 took a large fish and said: „A servant of mine who will fol- 
 low me, shall pay you a suitable price which I will fix, and 
 shall redeem my ring." Shortly after, when the soldiers of the 
 Mohammedan governor being arrived at the spot saw this splen- 
 did golden diamond -ring on the hand of the fisherwoman, they 
 asked: „Tell us, fisherwoman, where you got this precious 
 ring, and quickly too ; if you do not, we shall know you have 
 stolen it. Then we will inform of it the prince of this coun- 
 try, and you shall be punished as you deserve." Being thus 
 addressed the fisherwoman trembling replied: „A Brahman 
 bought a fish of me, and having pledged this ring for the 
 price of it went off to get the money to pay for it." The 
 soldiers of the governor answered: „ Where is this Brahman? 
 Show him to us!" Thereupon the fisherwoman having sought 
 for him and found him after bathing in that river (the Bha- 
 girathi) quite absorbed in the veneration of the deity, made 
 it known to them ; upon which the army of the governor took 
 him prisoner. Some of his retinue escaped; but Kapinatha 
 himself, when it had been announced by the army that he was 
 a prisoner, being put to death by the irritated king while in 
 the act of uttering with a loud voice the names of the blessed 
 Narayana, obtained after his death a beatitude unattainable 
 even by holy ascetics. The wife of Ka^inatha, who was with 
 
8 
 
 10. child, took with her two hundred pounds of gold, one male 
 and one female slave and one officiating Brahman, and went 
 to live in the house of Harikrishna Samuddhara, as though 
 it had been that of her father. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 After a time at the auspicious rising of all propitious 
 planets the wife of Ka^inatha bore a son distinguished with 
 all the auspicious marks. On account of his beautiful (rama- 
 niya) body the Pandits gave him the name of Rama, and Sam- 
 muddhara, being himself without a son, loved him more than such 
 a one. When he had attained the age of a youth, having ac- 
 quired during his childhood like the holy Rama himself all 
 kinds of knowledge, undergone also the ceremony of investi- 
 ture, and studied the books of law, Samuddhara, who doted 
 on him for his amiable qualities and his descent from an il- 
 lustrious family, installed him in the government over his own 
 kingdom; and all his ministers submitted to this arrangement 
 of his. In consideration of Rama's being born in the house 
 and having obtained the kingdom of Samuddhara, he was eve- 
 rywhere known by the name of Rama Samuddhara. Having 
 married a wife, his equal in virtue and nobility, he begot vdth 
 her four sons, called Durgadasa, Jaga,dipa, Harivallabha and 
 Subuddhi. 
 
 The eldest brother, prince Durgadasa, just after having 
 undergone in his eleventh year the ceremony of investiture, 
 was once sojourning on the bank of the river which flows near 
 Vallabhapura, to witness there sports and dances. 
 
 At this time a Mohammedan governor sent by the sultan 
 
 H. of Delhi arrived there in boats with a great army, upon which 
 
 the retinue of Durgadasa seeing the army fled for fear, while 
 
 Durgadasa quietly maintained his place. Then the governor 
 
 asked him: „Tell me. Brahman, how many kropas*) is it 
 
 *) One kroga is equal to 1} mile. 
 
9 
 
 from here to the city known by the name of Hugali? and 
 which road leads thither? Inform me, if you know!" Hereon 
 Durgadasa, who by hunters and fishermen had been made fa- 
 mihar with all the ways, told him every thing at length, the 
 road leading thither, the number of the villages situated near 
 it, that of the bends of the river, their measure and their con- 
 tent of water; all this he explained as if he had seen it with 
 his own eyes. The governor being very much pleased with 
 his beauty, wisdom and intrepidity said: „I am highly satis- 
 fied with your fearlessness and other virtues; come with me 
 then to the country of Hugah." Durgadasa having taken 
 counsel with his brothers consented. 
 
 Durgadasa having accompanied the governor and having 
 after many expressions of esteem received from him clothes, /^ 
 ornaments and such like, as well as money to be spent for de- 
 licacies, was appointed by him to read in Persian books ; and 
 having then by the aid of his superior inteUigence acquired in a 
 very short time the essence of all Persian knowledge, he excited 
 the utmost satisfaction of the governor, who to express his con- 
 tent appointed him by an order to the ofQce of a kanungo (^), 
 as it is called in the Persian language. But Durgadasa said : 
 „We are kings by inheritance and know not how to serve others." 
 The governor answered: „Then I will write to the Sultan of 
 Delhi that he grant you a title and a kingdom; but now do 
 as I bid you." Having then without delay obeyed his 12. 
 directions, Durgadasa received after some time the title of 
 Majmuat - dar ( '^ ) Bhavananda , which the Sultan of Delhi 
 conferred upon him, and on this account remained in his of- 
 fice of a kanungo. 
 
 Some time after, having come home and made a division 
 with his brothers, he built a palace at Vallabhapura, and ha- 
 ving obtained the realm of his father Samuddhara governed for 
 twenty years. The other princes Uved happily, each of them 
 having built a palace, prince Harivallabha at Phatepura, Ja- 
 gadi^a at Kudalagachhi, and prince Subuddhi at Patikavadi. 
 
10 
 
 At this time there lived in Vanga and the adjacent coun- 
 tries twelve kings enjoying their kingdoms exempt from taxa- 
 tion, the first of whom was Pratapaditya. Among them the 
 latter was a most excellent ruler, conqueror of the hosts of 
 his enemies, possessor of great wealth, and famous throughout 
 the whole earth. The sultan of Delhi wishing to obtain tribute 
 from these princes sent many armies, and actually succeeded 
 in subduing eleven kings ; but Pratapaditya having repeatedly 
 vanquished the Delhian armies shone as if he had been him- 
 self a second sultan of Delhi. At this time the governors of 
 Jamhagira and Hugali informed the sultan of Delhi of the 
 manifold baseness of Pratapaditya, that he oppressed with his 
 numerous armies the little princes, for before his door stood 
 fifty two thousand soldiers armed with shields, fifty one thou- 
 sand archers, many horsemen, many herds of furious elephants, 
 besides innumerable soldiers armed with mallets and darts. In 
 13. a word, that he frequently killed even his relations. That an 
 infant of his family, whose father and other relations had been 
 put to death by him, had escaped and been brought up by 
 his nurse in the Kachvi- forest, wherefrom he got the name of 
 prince Kachu. That this prince being versed in Persian and 
 other science, of a compassionate heart and possessing all dis- 
 tinguishing marks of a king, Pratapaditya tried daily to kill 
 him. That he sought also to subject themselves, and that there- 
 fore, if the sultan would send an officer of high rank accompa- 
 nied by many generals with elephants, horses and so forth, 
 they would follow him and having captured Pratapaditya would 
 deliver him up. These and other things of a like character 
 they wrote to the sultan of Delhi. 
 
 A short time after, the sultan of Delhi being informed by 
 this letter of the baseness of Pratapaditya, and finding the re- 
 port confirmed by the presence of prince Kachu who had come 
 to Delhi, ordered, his lower lip swollen with wrath, an officer 
 of high rank called Manasimha, together with twenty two ge- 
 nerals, to march out with a large army, and after taking Pra- 
 
tapaditya prisoner to bring him as soon as possible into his 
 presence. Hereupon Manasimha put the order upon his head (®), 
 saying: Your Majesty is by this commission conferring a great 
 favor upon me, and set out, followed by a large army; and 
 wherever he stopped, the inhabitants fled away and the kings 
 generally disappeared. Some days after, the Mohammedan army 
 having come to the banks of the river which flows near Cha- 
 pada, all the kings of the adjacent countries for fear hid them- 
 selves with their retinues, with the exception only of the Maj- 
 muat-darBhavananda, who, intrepid as he was, came near and 14. 
 after the customary good -wishes saluted Manasimha putting 
 off" from his hand his golden ring and other ornaments and 
 ofiering them (as a tribute). Having thus gained the favor 
 of Manasimha he said : „Lord of great power ! on your arrival 
 all kings of this land have fled ; only I, lord of a few villages, 
 have remained here to see your Grace, the king of justice; if 
 you desire me, who am here to congratulate you, to do any- 
 thing for you, be pleased but to order it." Manasimha ans- 
 wered the Majmuat-dar: „Well then, Majmuat-dar, make the 
 necessary preparations for passing the river, that my soldiers 
 may safely reach the opposite bank." „Mylord", answered the 
 Majmuat-dar, „althoughI have but a small retinue, yet at the 
 order of your Grace all shall be performed." Hereupon he led 
 the whole army of Manasimha with its elephants and horses 
 safely over by means of various boats, transports and other 
 vessels; when Manasimha himself had reached the opposite 
 bank, he praised the Majmuat-dar. But having with his train 
 crossed the river he met with foul weather which lasted for 
 seven days, and during which no difference was to be observed 
 between day and night ; for the host of the stars and the sun 
 were covered, the heavenly spaces rent with mighty tempests, 
 and the globe drenched with drops of rain falhng without in- 
 terruption. It was impossible to march on in any direction, 
 and the whole army was in great dejection. Not long before 
 this the Majmuat-dar had accumulated a great store of various 
 
12 
 
 provisions for celebrating the high feast of the nuptials between 
 
 15. the images of Lakshmi and Govinda, but being now by law 
 forbidden it on account of the excessively rainy weather, with his 
 characteristic wisdom he took his store, and having added yet 
 more provisions to it, supplied Manasimha as well as his ge- 
 nerals, heralds and bards, and his elephants, horses and foot- 
 soldiers, to their high satisfaction. In this way Manasimha 
 spent happily even this foul weather and after seven days, 
 when it was over and the face of the heavens became visible 
 again, he in the highest degree gratified addressed the Maj- 
 muat-dar: „Tell me, after how many days or on what day 
 can I arrive from here at the capital of Pratapaditya? and 
 on which side is the entrance of the army practicable? Write 
 it down accurately and give it to me." The Majmuat-dar 
 having according to this order written everything accurately 
 down and handed it to Manasimha, was praised by the latter 
 with many fine words and graciously addressed in this way: 
 „0h highminded Majmuat-dar, when I return again after the 
 subjection of Pratapaditya, you shall utter a wish, and I will 
 certainly grant it. But come yourself along with me to the 
 capital of Pratapaditya." Thus much having spoken he was 
 silent. Some days after Manasimha reached the city of Pra- 
 tapaditya with his great army. 
 
 But Pratapaditya, having learned through his spies the 
 whole story of Manasimha's approach, had drawn up the bulk 
 of his forces in a stronghold which he had rendered nearly 
 inaccessible, and being therefore not reached by the darts and 
 javelins thrown by the soldiers of Manasimha, signally defeated 
 the army of the latter by means of his many missiles, his great 
 forces of fifty two thousand shieldbearers , fifty one thou- 
 
 16. sand archers and his host of horsemen. Being informed of 
 this Manasimha said angrily to his generals: „Hear ye, gene- 
 rals ! unite all your armies at once and take that stronghold ; 
 if you do not, I shall cause you to be suitably punished." 
 With these words he enjoined upon them all at once the 
 
, 13 
 
 capture of the fort ; and in consequence of this order redoub- 
 ling, as it were, their valor and fighting all together, their eye- 
 lids red with wrath, they captured the stronghold. After this, 
 both the armies, that of Manasimha and the garrison of the 
 destroyed fortress, having come in sight of each other fiercely 
 grappled together in many places and during many days, and 
 each of them suffered great losses. Then Manasimha, percei- 
 ving that but very few horsemen were left in the army of 
 Pratapaditya, and taking counsel thereon with the Majmuat- 
 dar, attended by various troops of elephants and horse attacked 
 at once with thousands upon thousands of horsemen the army 
 of Pratapaditya, and having destroyed it in an instant, fettered 
 Pratapaditya, threw him into an iron cage, and turned back 
 toward the Mahommedan emperor who resided at Delhi. Some 
 time after this having come to Chapada, he called the Majmuat- 
 dar before him and addressed him as follows: „I have been 
 highly pleased by the zeal which you have manifested in this 
 war, and you also have saved the lives of my soldiers during 
 the foul weather, which lasted without interruption for seven 
 days. Utter, therefore, any wish you please, and I will cer- 
 tainly fulfil it." Being thus directed, the Majmuat-dar related 
 the whole story of the coming of Bhattanarayana to the town 
 of Adisura, the succession of his family in the government, 
 the flight of king Kapinatha and his being killed by the Mo- 17. 
 hammedan Sultan, and then uttered his wish to be reinstated 
 in the government over the fourteen countries the first of which 
 is Vagoyana. Having heard all this Manasimha promised to 
 fulfil it without fail, and departed for Delhi to wait upon the 
 Sultan, accompanied by the Majmuat-dar. The captive Pra- 
 tapaditya died on the way at Benares. 
 
 Soon after the arrival at Delhi Manasimha reported 
 there to the Sultan all the particulars of his victory, and re- 
 lated in full before him both the hospitality shown by the 
 Majmuat-dar to the whole army during those seven foul days, 
 and his cooperation in the subjection of Pratapaditya. Having 
 
14 
 
 heard this the Sultan directed that the above mentioned kins- 
 man of Pratapaditya, prince Kachu, should govern the king- 
 dom of Yapohara, and favored him with the honorary title of 
 Yapoharajit (i. e. conqueror of Ya^ohara). As to the Majmuat- 
 dar, the Sultan learning his origin, that he was the son of 
 the king Ka^inatha who had formerly killed his elephant, and 
 being highly satisfied with the report of the hospitality he had 
 shown in the way described, said to Manasimha: „Have you 
 already granted a favor to the Majmuat-dar, son of Ka9matha? 
 for he is an excellent man and has assisted greatly in the sub- 
 jection of Pratapaditya." Manasimha answered: „The Majmuat- 
 dar requests the government of Vagoyana and the other thir- 
 teen countries, and is now here; but without the order of 
 your Majesty I did not venture the donative of a kingdom." 
 On this the Sultan repHed : j,Bring the Majmuat - dar before 
 me, and also a document which shall signify that I grant him 
 18. the kingdom desired." Upon this the Majmuat-dar being caused 
 by Manasimha to pay his respects to the Sultan, and having 
 accordingly done so and held much converse with him, took 
 his leave. Then the Sultan taking counsel with Manasimha 
 agreed to give to the Majmuat-dar, the kingdom requested, 
 and rejoiced him with his own signature to the diploma which 
 granted him the royal title. The Majmuat-dar having imme- 
 diately made all arrangements necessary for taking possession 
 of the kingdom, and having been highly honored by Mana- 
 simha, returned to his own country. Some time after, betaking 
 himself to his palace which he possessed at Vallabhapura, he 
 extended his power throughout the fourteen countries which 
 he had obtained by order of the Sultan , and ruled over his 
 subjects with justice. Having erected a palace both in the 
 city called Matiyari and in the village named Deuliya, and 
 set up there an image, he abode there for a time. 
 
15 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 After a period filled up with festivals, the Mohammedan 
 governor of Jamhagira wishing to obtain the government of 
 the Majmuat-dar's kingdom, sent a messenger called Murad 
 to call him lato his presence, whereupon the Majmuat-dar, 
 hearing the matter from the mouth of the messenger, went to 
 Jamhagira, accompanied by his grandson prince Gopiramana, 
 the son of his eldest son, prince Qrikrishna, who was of uncom- 
 mon strength and whom he loved very much. Soon by the go- 
 vernor he was treacherously confined in prison; but his grand- 
 son daily endeavored to deliver him. One day when prince 
 Gopiramana had gone to the river to bathe, a number of strong 19. 
 fellows exerted themselves to bring to the landing-place a large 
 stone intended for the veneration of the deity (of the river) 
 that she might sit upon it, but the great weight of the rock 
 rendered all their endeavors fruitless. Just at this time an ele- 
 phant-driver was leading a great and furious elephant to water 
 him at the spot, and the fellows said to him; „Let your great 
 elephant help bring this great stone to the landing - place, 
 and we will give you money as much as you want to procure 
 food with.'' Thus addressed, the elephant - driver set his ele- 
 phant at work to move the great stone, but although the elephant 
 several times strained with his trunk to lift the rock, yet its 
 excessive size prevented him from doing so. The elephant-dri- 
 ver seeing the efforts of his animal thus in vain withdrew in 
 dejection. But Gopiramana having seen all this, called the fel- 
 lows to him and said to them : „My lads, how does it happen 
 that you are so much fatigued by your attempts to bring this 
 rock to the landing-place? See, I will carry it there alone." 
 And with these words seizing and lifting up the stone with 
 both his arms he said to them all: „Tell me where it is to 
 be put down." And he set down the rock with great ease 
 upon the place pointed out by them. The others seeing this 
 were all surprised, and went home praising among themselves 
 
16^ 
 
 Gopiramana's strength. The prince too went home having fini- 
 shed his daily rite. 
 
 20. The next day the citizens reported to the governor of 
 Jamhagira, that (wonderful to relate) a Brahman, called Go- 
 piramana, had lifted and set down again upon the landing- 
 place as if in sport a great stone which many men had not 
 been able to lift, and which had foiled the eflPorts of a furious 
 elephant. Hearing this the governor said to his retinue : „ Where 
 is this Brahman? Search him out and bring him before me." 
 When they had done so, the governor asked the prince : „Did 
 you lift up that great stone and put it upon the landing-place?" 
 The prince replied: „At the time of bathing I was able to do 
 so thinking of your Mightiness' feet ( ^ ) ; to your Highness' 
 greatness, therefore, is due the credit of my exploit." Upon 
 this the Governor replied: „0h Brahman, I desire you to lift 
 that rock once more before my eyes, that I may see it." „Your 
 Highness' command shall be executed", replied the prince, and 
 having sent many strong men vdth two cars he had the great 
 stone brought up with much exertion. Then the Governor or- 
 dered the prince to lift it, and he having made the customary 
 obeisance to the governor took up the stone with both his 
 arms, and having asked where he was to put it, carried it to 
 the place appointed by the governor. The latter highly gra- 
 tified said to the prince : „I am much pleased vdth your heroic 
 strength; if you have any wish make it known." „Mylord", 
 
 21 . replied the prince, „I am Gopiramana^arman, grandson to the 
 venerable Majmuat-dar Bhavananda, the friend of Manasimha 
 dear to him as a brother, who by the grace of your High- 
 ness' feet was confirmed in his kingdom of Vagoyana and the 
 other thirteen countries given him by the Sultan of Delhi. My 
 grandfather lies confined in your prison because he has not 
 paid you the arrears of the stipulated tribute; him I beseech 
 you to release; wealth and the like I do not desire." The Sul- 
 tan feeling much pleased with these words, ordered the jailer 
 to take off the iron fetters which confined the Majmuat-dar's 
 
17 
 
 feet and to bring him before him; but prince Gopiramana said: 
 „My lord, these men will be too slow about removing the fet- 
 ters ; with your permission I will, my grandfather being brought 
 hither, with my own hand unbind his feet." The governor gave 
 his consent, and the Majmuat-dar being instantly brought before 
 him, his feet bound with iron fetters, Gopiramana broke them 
 mth his hand alone. All who witnessed it were astonished, 
 and the governor having gladdened both of them with favors 
 dismissed them. Being arrived at home they made manifold 
 sacrifices and thank-offerings. 
 
 After this the Majmuat-dar wishing to divide his king- 
 dom among his three sons, the princes Qrikrishna, Gopala and 
 Govindarama, who were young men of great merit, said to 22. 
 them: „Take my kingdom, I have divided it into equal shares."y 
 But the eldest son, Qrikrishna, objected: „No, the kingdom 
 shall not be divided; to the eldest, according to custom, be- 
 longs the whole." „You are very wise and learned", replied 
 the Majmuat-dar angrily, „why do you not procure yourself 
 another kingdom?" „If your Highness' feet permit me the ob- 
 servation", answered Qrikrishna, „what is there wonderful in 
 that?" (*") With these words bowing himself before his father 
 and having obtained his permission he went straight to Delhi, 
 where having with much difficulty obtained an audience before / 
 the Sultan he made known to him his wishes. The Sultan ^ 
 being pleased with him conferred upon him the government 
 over Khoshadaha and Ukhada, two valuable provinces. Having 
 in this manner obtained a kingdom, he after some time retur- 
 ned home, and having paid the Majmuat-dar the respects due 
 to him, related the whole story; whereupon the Majmuat-dar 
 praised him highly. 
 
 When the Majmuat-dar, after having thus ruled happily 
 for twenty years, passed away to the other world, Qrikrishna 
 reigned over the kingdom he had gained for himself, and his 
 two brothers over the divided realm of their father. 
 _. 2 
 
18 
 
 CHAPTER VT. 
 
 Afterward, prikrishna having died childless of smallpox, 
 and prince Govinda being less competent to govern, prince 
 Gopala, enriched with various virtues, ruled over the kingdom 
 
 23. for seven years. When he also had died, among his three 
 sons, the princes Narendra, Ramepvara and Raghava, the first 
 was of headstrong character and not acceptable to his subjects, 
 and also Rame^vara not at all fit for the government; but 
 prince Raghava, as being endowed with every virtue, seeking 
 for the welfare of his subjects and accomplished in a high de- 
 gree, was made king. Giving to his brothers a certain sum 
 every month and paying the tribute due to the Mohammedan 
 Sultan he obtained high renown and became the confidential 
 friend of the latter. After a time he erected in the village 
 ' called Reui a beautiful residence, and built to the east and to 
 the west of it two palaces like mountains, and in the south a 
 seraglio with a multitude of magnificent palaces. There he 
 ■ lived happily for a time. Some time after, the king of Sata- 
 sa'ika, called Saif khan, a dear friend of Raghava, came to this 
 city to see the latter. When then after mutual salutations and the 
 other customary ceremonies they were seated at ease and con- 
 versing in a friendly manner together, the Mohammedan king 
 said to Raghava: „ Great and mighty king, although here in 
 your own city, you live as it were the whole twelve months 
 in exile." „Why, my friend", answered Raghava, „how can 
 you assert, that one who lives in his own city spends his time 
 in exile?" „What other name", replied his friend, „can be given 
 to the dwelling of him, who lives where he hears neither the 
 weeping of his children nor the tinkling of ornaments?" Ra- 
 
 24. ghava assented, and having entertained the Mohammedan king 
 to his satisfaction with all fit hospitality, suffered him to depart. 
 Some time after, instigated by this speech of the Mohammedan, 
 he destroyed the seraglio which stood to the south far (^^) from 
 his palace, and built another beautiful one of grass, wood and 
 
19 
 
 other materials in the north near his own dwelling. He erected 
 also a palace in a village called Madurna, and both the pa- 
 laces were royal residences full of happy and well-fed servants. 
 Thus, owing to his orderly instituted venerations of the god of 
 love, he became famous throughout all the land by the mul- 
 titude of songs, to which he gave the occasion. 
 
 Some time after this he began to dig a great pond, but 
 though he spent upon it twelve thousand silver pieces, yet he 
 saw no signs of water coming forth. He, therefore, removed 
 the superintendent who was set over the digging of the pond, 
 called Qivaramabhagyavat, and employed in his place another 
 clever man, to whom he gave fifteen thousand silver pieces. 
 Many men being constantly employed in digging the pond, 
 all at once a stream of water gushed forth from a vein which 
 they had struck beneath in the middle of the pond, and having 
 during seven days flooded even the most distant fields, gardens, 
 and towns, emptied itself into the Ganga. After seven days, 
 when the current of this stream had ceased to flow, it remained 
 quiet in the pond which it had filled. On the eastern shore 
 of this pond the king built a palace of bricks, in size like 
 the mountain Kailasa, and at the same time bought for 300,000 
 silver pieces besides what was to be contributed by each city, 
 a great mass of things necessary for the dedication of the tank 
 and for the erection of a phallus of Qiva in the palace. He 25. 
 then invited many Brahmans from Anga, Vanga, Magadha, 
 Ka^i, Kaiichi and other countries, and besides these, kings, 
 princes and ministers from various regions, who glad by the 
 hospitaUty shown them dwelt in various temporary habitations 
 of bricks, trees, wood, cloth and the like, and filled with pro- 
 visions, which had been erected both on the shore of the tank 
 and in villages. Here too were for the use of the Brahmans 
 and the others who were not invited, hundredfold streams 
 of clarified butter, milk and honey, together with spirituous 
 liquors, which were consumed (^'^) as fast as the servants, who 
 guarded them for the hungry Brahmans and the other guests, 
 
20 
 
 served them up. Here were also to be found mountain -like 
 heaps of barley, wheat and other flour, and immense stores 
 of rice, peas and soup. At the sight of all these preparations 
 the princes and whoever else had been invited celebrated 
 aloud the glory of king Raghava. Soon, the dedication of 
 the tank and phallus being accomplished by priests similar to 
 the teacher of the gods, in the middle of the great assembly 
 of wise princes from all countries, the king dismissed the in- 
 vited crowds, having entertained them to their heart's content. 
 The whole remnant of the purchases of stores of clarified butter, 
 wheat and flour he had formerly made, he presented to the 
 Brahmans. By the wonderful arrangements here described 
 Raghava rendered himself highly celebrated. 
 
 Up to this time the kings of Gaur and the adjacent coun- 
 tries had never obtained a donative of elephants from the Sul- 
 26. tan of Delhi ; but Raghava, gratifying the latter by the payment 
 of the fixed tribute and by his presents, obtained it for the 
 first time. Some time after this, having set up at Navadvipa 
 a statue of Gane^a, he began to erect a building of bricks 
 which should contain a phallus of Mahe^a. When however 
 this was but half finished, he expired and attained the final 
 felicity, having thus ruled over the earth for fifty one years 
 as if he had been the chief of the gods. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Raghava had two sons, the princes Rudraraya and Yip- 
 vanatha, of whom Rudraraya, who was rich with virtues like 
 his father, became king. Having finished the building which 
 his father had begun at Navadvipa, he erected there, following 
 the example of his father, a phallus of Qiva, which he called 
 Raghavepvara (the lord of Raghava). The Sultan of Delhi 
 gave to Rudraraya the government over the two countries 
 Khadi and Judi and, as a token of his favor, the title of a 
 Maharaja; further, the permission which no other prince had 
 yet been able to obtain, to eredt upon his palace a story which 
 
21 
 
 in Persian is called kangurah ("^), and a donation of arrows, 
 flags, drums and the like. jAs a suitable return for this, Ru- 
 draraya made him a gift of one thousand head of cattle and 
 the sixteen other great gifts among which was a mass of gold 
 equal to Rudraraya's own weight. 
 
 Leading always a virtuous life, a friend of truth, liberal, 
 compassionate, he ruled over his subjects like another Yudhi- 
 shthira. The place Reui he called Krishnanagara in honor of 
 Krishna and because many herdsmen lived there, and seeing 27. 
 in Madurna great numbers of lotus flowers, he gawe the place 
 the name of (J^rmagara. Near Krishnanagara flows a small 
 river, which, however, is wont to rise in the rainy season; at 
 such times boats used to come and go there. One year a 
 Mohammedan general attempted to stop with his boat at a 
 landing-place near the seraglio of Krishnanagara, which the 
 servants of Rudraraya endeavored to prevent by such harsh 
 words as: you may not stop here, Mohammedan! you must 
 go farther away ! and the like. From words it came to blows 
 between them, and on both sides some lives were lost. After 
 the expiration of one year, damming up this same river to the 
 North and South, he constructed a canal containing an abun- 
 dance of water and extending northward and southward, con- 
 nected with the ditch which surrounded the city. Six years 
 after his accession he was summoned by the governor of Jam- 
 hagira, who wished to obtain the tribute from his realm, but 
 he did not make his appearance. On this the governor, called 
 Saristhakhan, sent messengers to bring Rudraraya before him ; 
 and the latter on their arrival made every efibrt in their power 
 to accomplish their mission. But Rudraraya having bribed 
 them with a considerable present, sent the tribute to the 
 governor of Jamhagira , but did not appear personally before 
 him. Upon this the governor highly irritated wrote to the 
 govertiors of Murshedabad, Mrijanagara and Hugly and some 
 others who were subjected to him, that Rudraraya affecting 28. 
 an equahty with himself, although repeatedly summoned be- 
 
22 
 
 fore liim, had never obeyed the summons ; and that they must 
 by some stratagem or other take him prisoner and bring him 
 to his city. By this order he caused Rudraraya to be enticed 
 by some trick into the neighborhood of Hugly , to be there 
 surrounded by a body of soldiers and brought to Jamhagira. 
 On his arrival there Rudraraya paid the governor his respects 
 saluting him with the customary ceremonies, in return for which 
 the governor honored him repeatedly with gracious and friendly 
 conversations. About this time it happened one day that Ru- 
 draraya after a conversation w4th the governor, going home 
 from the residence to his own dwelling, saw in a shop near 
 the road a merchant who was dealing in leather shoes, and 
 remarking the beauty of the shoes gave orders to his servants 
 to buy some of them. But as they could not agree respecting 
 the price, a dispute arose between them, in which the mer- 
 chant manifested disrespect towards the servant as he was 
 about to turn and go away, by putting down one shoe and 
 beating it with another, using at the same time the insulting 
 words: „such higgling is worthy only of beggars; get you 
 gone from here!" But Rudraraya, who on hearing this was 
 quite distracted with rage, ordered his servants to lay hold 
 of the fellow and after beating him severely with the shoes 
 to throw him out of his shop. The other shoe merchants who 
 had seen the affair, having laid their comrade upon a bed 
 29. hastened to inform the governor of the Maharaja's misconduct; 
 but the latter out of fear sent also a minister of his to the 
 governor with a letter in which he promised to pay a fine 
 of one hundred thousand silver pieces. The governor having 
 learned by inquiry the whole matter, was astounded at the 
 prince's violence; but as the latter's servant just then came 
 to deliver him the above mentioned letter, he read it and by 
 and by tore it with a smile, and said: „The prince has only 
 punished some scoundrels who had transgressed their proper 
 limits; I can not, therefore, be angry with him, I can only 
 praise him. If I were to punish him on account of his rough 
 
23 
 
 treatment of you, how then could good citizens abide in my 
 city or rest there? On the contrary, the scoundrels would 
 then gain the upper hand. The prince, therefore, has acted 
 for the public welfare." With these and like words having 
 encouraged the minister of the prince, he dismissed him. Mean- 
 while the prince having bought all the shoes for a sum of ten 
 thousand pieces, and distributed them among the people, ex- 
 cited by this deed the high satisfaction of the governor, who 
 dismissed him after bestowing upon him a donative of ele- 
 phants, horses and the like, and granted him any wish lie 
 might choose. Upon this a man called Harinarayana, who 
 held the office of a kanungo, hearing of the great favor which 
 had been bestowed by the governor upon the Maharaja, said 
 to his followers in an irritated manner, and so that it must 
 come to the ears of Rudraraya: „You know the great honor 
 which has been conferred upon Rudraraya; he has prepared 30. 
 to depart without paying me a visit, and takes no notice of 
 me; see, then, what is to be done in the matter!'* Rudraraya 
 being informed of this said in return: „Prince Harinarayana 
 owes his office to money, and I owe my kingdom to money 
 too." With these words seeing a large bambu staflC, the end 
 of which was provided with a sharp iron point, standing near, 
 (he continued) with a loud voice: „ While I can give a heap of 
 gold high enough to cover an upright staff as long as this here, 
 where is the gold of Harinarayana, to do the same?" (^3") 
 A servant of Harinarayana who was near by and heard tliis 
 speach, instantly went away to report it to his master, whereon 
 the latter, trembhng for fear that he should lose his office, 
 went forth to wait upon Rudraraya, who well pleased went 
 himself to meet him. Harinarayana having paid court to him 
 with many flattering words dismissed him home. Having thus 
 obtained permission to retm-n, the prince took home with him 
 an architect called Alavakha^a, by whose aid he began after 
 his arrival to erect his palace at Krishnanagara ; in the first 
 place he built four palaces eastward from his own palace, 
 
24 ^ 
 
 with a road leading through the lower story capable of serving 
 as a path for elephants, horses, carriages and the like; they 
 were moreover very high and able to furnish a commodious 
 lodging for many persons in their extensive middle story, while 
 the upper story rejoiced the eye with its variegated hues. These 
 four palaces were situated towards the four quarters of heaven, 
 and made an agreeable impression by their symmetry. After 
 these palaces he built a large elephant hall and a beautiful 
 stable. Further he had erected by his architect above the 
 jilst mentioned buildings a palace of brick in which was a con- 
 31. cert hall (*''); then another the midst of which was adorned 
 by a road leading to the palace door ; in the West of the latter 
 a temple to the goddess Durga rejoicing the heart of all who 
 saw it, and another to the East of great beauty; finally 
 a seraglio embellished with numbers of the most pleasing 
 edifices. At the same time he built from the south western 
 quarter of Krishnanagara a causeway high as a man and 
 very broad as far as Qantipura, and planted on both sides 
 of it rows of holy ^g trees, leaving proper intervals between 
 them; then he dedicated it according to rule. 
 
 He led a very righteous life and found his pleasure in 
 a truly Brahmanical behavior. While he stayed at Jamha- 
 gira, the governor being pleased with him had presented him 
 a robe woven of gold and other precious stuffs, and a very 
 valuable shawl to be worn as a turban; as well as flags, ar- 
 rows, drums and such things. It is a custom then, in accep- 
 ting the gift of a drum, having lifted it upon one's shoulder, 
 to pay to one's lord the due reverence. When then in the 
 present case the drum bearer was preparing for the same ce- 
 remony, the prince said to the persons present: „As a Brah- 
 man, I may not take the drum upon my shoulder; for doing 
 so I should contaminate myself." The others replied: „How! 
 this is once for all the traditionary custom of all officers ; how 
 is it possible then to do otherwise?'' The prince rephed: „If 
 this be so, the gift of the drum is not for me." The governor 
 
25 
 
 then being informed by the drum bearers of the whole matter, 
 gave orders, that if Brahmans be contaminated by lifting a 
 drum, Rudraraya should not be forced to do so, but the do- 32. 
 native should nevertheless be given him. It is likewise custom 
 during an audience before a Mohammedan Sultan, or such 
 a person, to put on an embroidered garment covering all the 
 limbs, and another embroidered upper garment reaching from 
 the feet as far as the waist. But the prince had only put on a 
 garment with three hems and not embroidered, on account 
 of which the persons surrounding the governor happening to 
 see it said : » Why do you come in such an attire to pay your 
 respects to the governor when it is forbidden by the etiquette 
 of the court?'' „ Virtuous Brahmans", replied Rudraraya, „use 
 to wear such a garment as mine; but by court dresses they 
 are contaminated." The governor overhearinor this conversation 
 said to his retinue: „How can you say so? If by any custom 
 Brahmans are contaminated, why should they be required to 
 follow it?" On this decision the courtiers were silent; and 
 in this way the governor being pleased with Rudraraya was 
 wont always to take the latter's part. 
 
 Rudraraya was also a great composer of quarrels. Once 
 a quarrel between two Brahmans of Matiyari about sharing 
 their inheritance was brought before the king, who being infor- 
 med of all, saw, that the partition of their share having already 
 taken place, there was nothing more to be divided, and that, 
 therefore, they were merely quarrelling without reason. He, 
 therefore, decided, that as nothing but the name of Bhatta- 
 charya, which the members of their family bore as an honorary 
 title, was yet unshared, this name should be divided, and one 
 of them be called Bhatta, the other Acharya. This anecdote 33 
 is famous even to this day. The elder brother, Bhatta, lived 
 then at Matiyari, but Acharya chose Kudaligachhi for his 
 abode. 
 
 Rudraraya had two wives, with the elder of whom he 
 begot two sons, the princes Ramachandra and Ramajivana, 
 
26 
 
 and with the younger prince Ramakrishna. Of these, prince 
 Ramachandra being extremely vigorous like another Bhimasena, 
 and a great eater, stood in consequence of his fondness for 
 athletic exercises in high favor with wrestlers. One day, having 
 by impulse of a desire gone to the river to bathe there, as 
 he used to do every day, and playing in the water, a stout 
 boat of thirty two oars and manned by the same number of 
 sailors and a helmsman approached rapidly the landing place 
 where he was bathing. At the sight of this the prince, faste- 
 ning his hip belt with his upper garment and taking a posi- 
 tion to push back the boat, said : ^Helmsman, let your sailors 
 row the boat on with all their might; I will then with my 
 two hands drive it back again." The helmsman replied an- 
 xiously: „My lord, how dare we do so? For if the vessel ru- 
 shing on with great speed does any harm, I shall suffer for 
 it in this world and the next." The prince answered angrily: 
 „If you disregard my commands, I shall have you punished 
 as you deserve. Hasten, therefore, to quicken the motion of 
 your boat." Being thus ordered, the helmsman drove his boat 
 34. forward with great speed, and the prince, considering that it 
 was now his duty to prevent it from striking the shore, re- 
 pelled it with his hands with such force as almost to break 
 it to pieces. The helmsman and his sailors were all petrified 
 with astonishment (verbally: were like painted boys). Prince 
 Ramachandra being also a very skilful huntsman built a pa- 
 lace at Bhempura to rest there after the chase, and used to 
 go thither from time to time in order to hunt. Thus, one 
 morning, having accomplished the daily observances, as well 
 as those appointed for such an occasion he mounted a 
 swift horse to ride to the hunt to Bhempura, after having put 
 on his armor, taken a mace and a sword, and selected for 
 his train a host of servants armed with spears, darts, arrows 
 and the hke. On his way he was suddenly informed by his 
 servants, that close to him in the midst of the forest a huge 
 buffalo with sharp horns, which had not been remarked at a 
 
27 
 
 distance by reason of the fog which filled the atmosphere, was 
 on account of its natural antipathy against the horse rushing 
 upon the one he rode ; and that therefore the latter was trem- 
 bling in its gait for fear. The prince having observed the 
 same himself alighted from his horse, and having given the 
 bridle into th^ hand of a servant and taken a mace into his 
 own, took his position in front of the buffalo, as firm as a 
 post. The buffalo, bending down its head until its horns tou- 
 ched the ground, and raising a cloud of dust like a whirlwind 
 by its continual wrathful snorting, came rushing furiously upon 
 the prince. So soon as it was in reach, the prince having sei- 
 zed its horns with both his hands flung the beast far from 35, 
 him, and just as it was getting up upon its hind -feet after 
 its fall, killed it with one powerfiil stroke of his mace. Then 
 having torn out its two horns with his hands he went home. 
 This story being famous everywhere and with everybody, 
 some time after there came from various countries young wrest- 
 lers who having heard the story wished to wrestle with Ra- 
 machandra; but surprised by the sight of his body and his 
 dexterity gave up their desire and desisted from the trial, prai- 
 sing the prince as a wonderful man and an incarnation of some 
 god. Having been hospitably entertained by him they returned 
 each to his home again. Some time being elapsed there came 
 a high Mohammedan officer, aFaujdar('^) as it is called in 
 Persian, who being gifted with great strength and skilled 
 in athletic contests had come to wrestle with our prince. 
 After his arrival prince Ramachandra informed his father 
 of it, saying: „Your Majesty, a high Mohammedan of- 
 ficer has arrived to wrestle with me; as your Majesty com- 
 mands, so it shall be done." Rudraraya replied: „A house 
 must be prepared for the Mohammedan officer to live in, and 
 delicacies for his food. But how may we wrestle with a Mo- 
 hammedan? If he wish to witness yom* strength, you may ex- 
 hibit it to him. Go also to his lodging to pay him hospi- 
 table attention and entertain him with conversation." When 
 
28 
 
 the next morning Ramachandra had repaired to the Mohamme- 
 dan officer and gone through the usual ceremonies of mutual 
 salutation, he was informed by the latter of his desire as follows : 
 
 36. „I wished to wrestle with you since you are a great hero and 
 a skilful wrestler, and I too am practised in the same art. Now 
 let me know your opinion." The prince replied with a reve- 
 rence: ^You are employed by my superior in a high office, 
 and therefore always an object of my veneration. We 
 princes are to be admonished by you to what is proper; I 
 will act, therefore, as it shall please you who are judge of 
 what is becoming or unbecoming." The Mohammedan being 
 highly pleased with these words answered : „ You are superior 
 to me, O prince, not only in strength, but also in judgement. 
 We, therefore, will not wrestle together, but I will rather 
 witness what you can do." The prince consented, and having 
 taken hold with both hands of a mango tree of four or five 
 years growth and full of branches and boughs, which was stan- 
 ding before the Mohammedan, tore it up with a single effort. 
 The Mohammedan and his retinue said to each other: a man 
 of such exceeding power we have never yet seen nor heard 
 of; the prince has given us here an exhibition of superhuman 
 strength. After these and similar praises the Mohammedan 
 went home satisfied in a high degree. 
 
 When after a short time Ramachandra came to Jamha- 
 gira, he was celebrated there by everybody under the name 
 of the strong man and the mighty eater. Hearing of this, Nan- 
 dalala, a minister of the Amir al Umara ('^''*) appointed over 
 Jamhagira, who himself managed the concerns of the realm, 
 saluting Ramachandra said to him, that he wished to witness 
 
 37. his appetite and his vigor. But Ramachandra replied: „How 
 is it possible that you should see my appetite when I am not 
 permitted to eat near a Qudra?" Nandalala answered: „ After 
 having put on a white garment, taken a bath and observed 
 the other rites I only wished to see it from afar off." But 
 Ramachandra said: „ After all these ceremonies you are nothing 
 
29 
 
 but a Qiidra; why then should you purpose it? But if you 
 wish to witness my vigor, what prevents you from doing so? 
 If you are desirous to see it, I will show you my power." The 
 next day Ramachandra having gone to Nandalala, the latter 
 said: „I have bought a very swift and strong horse for 800 
 pieces to ride upon; this I wished to have mounted by you." 
 Ramachandra replied: „I am wont to ride a horse belonging 
 to the famous race of Balkh and Turkistan ; but this is a horse 
 of low race and without strength; as soon as mounted by me, 
 it will instantly die. It is, therefore, not proper that I should 
 mount it." But Nandalala said: „If this horse dies on account 
 of your mounting it, let it die. My desire to see the spectacle 
 is great, while if it dies the loss is not great. Ride it there- 
 fore with all vigor." Although Ramachandra again and again 
 endeavored to dissuade liim from uselessly killing the horse, he 
 had it made ready and produced it before Ramachandra. Upon 
 this the latter said anew: „ Magnanimous lord, if I mount the 
 horse from a low position, the violence of my leap will in- 
 stantly break its hip. I wiU, therefore, place myself on a 38. 
 somewhat elevated part of your palace and mount the horse 
 as it stands below me." This proposal having been approved 
 by Nandalala, Ramachandra mounted the horse. But when, 
 having rode a little way, he pressed it with his heels and legs 
 for the sake of quickening its progress, it fell down and died, 
 aU its bones on both sides breaking with a crashing noise (*^). 
 All who saw this spectacle were astounded and extolled Ra- 
 machandra as a demigod. One day Ramachandra lifting up 
 with his hand a great pillar of wood in the building where 
 Nandalala lived, which was strongly built in with bricks above 
 and below, put under it a pocket handkerchief he had noticed 
 in the hand of a servant, saying to all the youth: „I wonder 
 if you are able to pull this cloth out again." Thus addressed 
 all stood silent, deliberating on the possibility of what he de- 
 manded to be done. Seeing them in this embarrassment he 
 lifted the pillar with both his arms, and breaking the flat roof 
 
30 
 
 of the palace ('^) drew out the cloth. At sight of this all 
 were struck dumb with surprise. Some days after this, Nan- 
 dalala wishing to witness the appetite of Ramachandra caused 
 a relation of the latter's to boil for him in his own garden a 
 great store of fish, meat and other eatables; Nandalala when 
 he saw the quantify, was astonished. Similar proofs of his 
 power Ramachandra gave in many other ways. 
 
 In consequence of his being occupied with such exploits 
 he did not pay his daily veneration to the gods, and was 
 39. unable (^®) to converse with the Pandits; while his father Ru- 
 draraya was on account of his ever exemplary life celebrated 
 under the name of Rudrarishi (i. e. Rudra the holy sage). 
 Thus Ramachandra being not obedient to his father was not 
 much beloved by him ; Rudraraya, therefore, did not transmit 
 the kingdom to him, but, either with the intention of gi- 
 ving the kingdom to another of his sons, or in order to in- 
 fluence Ramachandra, by the fear of losing it, to behave himself 
 in a manner agreeable to him, wrote to the Sultan of Delhi, 
 requesting, the latter might give orders, that to whomsoever 
 of his sons he should give his kingdom, the same should be 
 established in it. The Sultan of Delhi having assented in- 
 formed Rudraraya of his permission by a letter of reply. Having 
 after the reception of this autograph letter from the Sultan 
 ruled happily for some time longer over his kingdom, he fell 
 sick ; on which account wishing to see the Bhagirathi he re- 
 paired to Sukhasagara; but being cured there by the physi- 
 cians and his sickness checked, he went home to Krishnanagara, 
 where he arranged with great pomp the grand autumnal feast. 
 Yet his sickness increasing he went back again to Sukhasa- 
 gara, having procured previously the whole apparatus necessary 
 for the performance of his funeral ceremonies, and collected 
 great sums of money in order to satisfy with presents the in- 
 vited Brahmans. Then feeling his end near, he distributed gold 
 pieces, land, garments and food very liberally among the Brah- 
 mans, and said to his sons and followers: „ I have previously 
 
 m 
 
31 
 
 procured all things necessary for my funeral, and the time of 
 my death is near; only a boat which I have sent to the coun- 40. 
 try of Hiigly to fetch sandal wood for my concremation, has 
 not yet arrived. If it delay yet longer, I shall not see it, nor 
 be burned with it, and this is causing me great sorrow." As 
 he said this, the host of servants standing before him informed 
 him, that the boat loaded with that burden of wood had just 
 arrived. He then said in presence of all his ministers and 
 sons: „Prince Ramachandra is not obedient to me, nor does 
 he find his delight in protecting his subjects; prince Ramaji- 
 vana, on the contrary, is anxious for the love of his subjects 
 and devoted to me; I, therefore, anoint him king." And with 
 these words he instantly anointed him. Upon this prince Ra- 
 machandra said to his father: ^Yoiu* Majesty, what means of 
 subsistence will remain to me your servant?" Rudraraya replied : 
 „I shall provide for your sustenance by your brother." „Rama- 
 jivana always had a hatred against me", said Ramachandra, 
 „he never will take care of me." „But if I order it, he will 
 do so", rephed Rudraraya; upon which Ramachandra replied 
 again: „I, Ramachandra, will always submit to the arrange- 
 ments of my father; but if Ramajivana do not take care of 
 me, I shall know how to find my sustenance." With these 
 words he was silent. After a time Rudraraya died and ^tttained 
 the state of eternal happiness, his body lying half on the bank 
 and half in the water of the Bhagirathi, and his mind employed 
 in meditating on the names of Rama. 
 
 His sons and his ministers having then burned him with 
 sandal wood and clarified butter, and presented the obsequial 41. 
 cakes to his manes, went home to Krishnanagara, their hearts 
 perplexed with grief Having respectfully invited thither the 
 Pandits of Anga, Vanga, Magadha, Saurashtra, Kapi, Kafi- 
 chi and yet other districts, together with the kings, princes 
 and ministers of the same countries, (Ramajivana) erected a 
 building filled with hundreds upon hundreds of dishes with 
 eatables of all kinds ('^), and employed there faithful and plea- 
 
32 
 
 saiit spoken servants to furnish ever to the Brahmans and the 
 others who might come thither rich food to appease their ap- 
 petite. Further, for the lodgement of the Brahmans who should 
 arrive, he built toward each of the four quarters of heaven 
 from Krishnanagara a camp extending for a kropa (1| mile), 
 and able to accomodate thousands upon thousands; there too 
 he established a store of various provisions. To the Brahmans 
 then, who on their arrival from various countries had been 
 received by his brothers with expressions of esteem, he assigned 
 their lodgements in the previously erected buildings ; and also 
 the Brahmans and other persons who had come, attracted by 
 the mere rumor of the burial, he entertained with all kinds of 
 eatables. Ten days having been filled up with the numerous 
 ceremonies, upon the eleventh the three brothers distributed 
 among the Brahmans garments, ornaments and vessels of sil- 
 ver, brass, copper, bronze and the like, for their father's sake. 
 
 A certain collection of gifts, to the number of sixteen, 
 land being the first among them, is generally known as „the 
 sixteen" : these, sixteen times repeated, constitute what is ter- 
 med a gift- ocean. (^^^•) Of these so called gift-oceans there were 
 distributed twenty one, viz. sixteen consisting of bronze ves- 
 42. sels, four of silver, and one of gold; further there were given 
 many Resents of elephants, horses, boats, hammocks and the 
 like, as well as of bulls, each of which was coupled together 
 with four kine; more than one hundred thousand persons too 
 were fed to their fill. In short, whoever came was satisfied, 
 as it was at the sacrifice of Yudhishthira. 
 
 When after this the three brothers had taken their places 
 in the midst of the Pandits and princes, who, having been sea- 
 ted in the assembly upon carpets and couches for the purpose 
 of receiving the customary honor of audience, saluted them as 
 they entered by rising from their seats, prince Ramachandra 
 addressed himself to all who were present, with these words: 
 ^Before you, by whose presence this assembly is rendered glo- 
 rious like a council of gods, I wish to lay an affair of mine; 
 
33 
 
 be pleased to hear it. My father laid upon me this injunction : 
 you shall be cared for by Ramajivana, but the kingdom shall 
 go to the latter. Now, if my brother actually does make pro- 
 vision for me, this order of my father shall never be trans- 
 gressed by me. Let him then declare in this assembly in 
 your presence, in what way he will make me this provision; 
 you shall be witnesses thereof" As upon these words Rama- 
 jivana remained silent, Ramachandra began anew: 5,My brother 
 declines to reply; I, therefore, must myself fix the conditions 
 of our agreement in regard to my provision. Matiyari and 
 sundry other villages subject to the king with the obligation 
 of paying him an annual tribute shall pass into my possession; 
 further ten thousand silver coins, four horses for my driving, 
 and, as I am fond of fish, the pond called Poyaladaha shall 
 be given to me, the latter free from taxation. This is the 4'd. 
 way in which my brother shall take care of me." Upon this 
 all who were sitting in the assembly, cried: „His Highness 
 prince Ramachandra has spoken well; this his Highness prince 
 Ramajivana certainly ought to do." Ramajivana, however, did 
 not consent, but said: 5,How can your Highness make such a 
 proposal? In the same way as you have been supported by 
 my father, you shall also be sujpported by me. But how can 
 you lay claim to the possession of Matiyari and the other 
 villages and to all those things you demand?" By these words 
 the heart of Ramachandra being moved to anger, he called to 
 witness all who were present, went to his stable, mounted that 
 excellent horse of his which was able to bear him, bade all 
 his servants accompany him, and departed instantly for the 
 capital Hugly. But Ramajivana being informed of the whole 
 matter, ordered a number of soldiers to bring him back; yet 
 as soon as they had come within sight of him, and been looked 
 at by him mth an eye red with wrath, they fled away. Having 
 arrived at Hugly, Ramachandra related the whole matter to 
 the Faujdar residing these. 
 
 In the meanwhile Ramajivana having after a splendid 
 
 3 
 
34 
 
 entertainment dismissed the invited Brahmans and other guests 
 became anxious, and ruled over his kingdom without tranquil- 
 lity, while the Faujdar of Hugly, being much pleased with the 
 heroic qualities of Ramachandra, reported by letter the affair of 
 the two brothers to the governor of Jamhagira ; and having re- 
 ceived an answer v^dth the latter' s own signature, conferring upon 
 44. Ramachandra the government over his paternal kingdom, dis- 
 missed the latter to his own country which was now made 
 over into his own possession. Ramachandra then went to his 
 residence at Qrinagara and began to conduct the government 
 of the realm. But Ramajivana having collected a great army 
 to fight against his brother, they now and then gave battle 
 to each other. Yet as during the following three years which 
 were thus filled up with war, Ramajivana repeatedly sent 
 tribute to the Mohammedan governor, he succeeded in retaining 
 his paternal kingdom, while Ramachandra obtained for a sea- 
 son the sway over some villages. After some time Ramaji- 
 vana having by some stratagem taken Ramachandra prisoner, 
 and sent him secretly to Jamhagira (^^), remained himself in 
 possession of the whole and undivided kingdom. But as he 
 never went to pay his respects to the governor of Jamhagira, 
 and also neglected to pay in full the stipulated tribute, the 
 governor being much irritated by this conduct sent an am- 
 bassador, called prince Radhavallabha, to the court of Rama- 
 jivana with the commission to call in both the arrears of the 
 former tribute and the whole amount now to be paid, and to 
 explore at the same time, how much revenue Ramajivana re- 
 ceived from his kingdom. 
 
 When a few days after the arrival of RadhavaUabha a 
 very vehement and even violent strife arose between them in 
 consequence of a quarrel which had taken place between their 
 servants on occasion of the delivery of the tribute, Radhaval- 
 labha, suppressing his excessive wrath, reported by letter to 
 the governor of Jamhagira the great baseness of Ramajivana 
 and his opposition to paying the tribute justly demanded from 
 
35 
 
 him, and at the same time the excellence of his younger bro- 
 ther Kamakrishna. Having received upon this a letter with 45. 
 the governor's own signature, to the effect that he should take 
 Ramajivana prisoner and give the kingdom to Ramakrishna, 
 he occupied himself with the latter's installation into the go- 
 vernment. 
 
 At this time it happened, that the capital of Qobhasimha, 
 king of Chetuya, was plundered by Krishnarama, king of Var- 
 dhamana, whose country was not far from that of Qobhasimha. 
 But soon Qobhasimha, greatly enraged at this attack, mar- 
 ching through a forest by a road unknown to the inhabitants 
 of Vardhamana, passed the river Damodara, on the bank of 
 which Vardhamana hes, and took up a position before the 
 latter city. Prince Ko-ishnarama then observing the advance of 
 the hostile army, and perceiving that he was doomed to perish 
 with his followers, as no expedient of escape from the enemy 
 appeared, all opportunity to flee being taken from him, and 
 preparation for a war not having been made, in consequence 
 of this reflection caused his son, Qrijagadrama, to put on fe- 
 male apparel, and to seat himself upon a car for women, and 
 sent him, undetected by the hostile army, to the court of Ka- 
 makrishna at Krishnanagara. Considering further, that it would 
 be a great disgrace for his retinue (^*) to fall into the hands 
 of the enemy, he rather put them to death with his own hand. 
 After this Qobhasimha having arrived with his army and slain 
 Krishnarama as the latter had his retinue, overflowed Var- 
 dhamana; but Jagadrama, who had fled, was kept concealed 
 by Ramakrishna in the province of Matiyari. Meanwhile 
 pobhasimha extended his power all over Vardhamana, the 
 rest of Krishnarama's followers, who were yet alive, having 
 fled. At this time Simha having seen a very beautiful daughter 46. 
 of Krishnarama who by some chance had escaped death, and 
 fallen in love with her, began to keep her as his mistress. 
 And in spite of the admonitions of his counsellors, to the effect 
 that he should not inconsiderately enjoy one who belonged to 
 
 3* 
 
36 
 
 the party of his enemies, until, after having overcome his ad- 
 versaries and firmly established his authority over Vardha- 
 mana, he might enjoy her with security, he yet persisted in 
 his imprudence. And having got proud of his conquest of Var- 
 dhamana he sent generals against many royal cities, to destroy 
 the povrer which the Sultan of Delhi possessed in Yanga and 
 the adjacent countries. He also generally succeeded in over- 
 coming the little princes. But Aurengzeb, Sultan of Delhi, who 
 was engaged just at this time in a war against enemies in 
 the southern district (i. e. the English), having been informed 
 by a letter from his resident in that quarter of the conquest 
 of Yardhamana and all the evil - doings of Qobhasimha, sent 
 his well beloved grandson, Azim-us-shan, vnth many gene- 
 rals, to destroy Qobhasimha. After some time the grandson 
 of the Sultan of Delhi being advanced as far as Murshedabad, 
 Qobhasimha was killed, when in a state of drunkenness, by the 
 daughter of Krishnarama, who having gone to bed with him 
 ripped up his belly with a small but sharp -edged knife which 
 she had hidden in her luxuriant hair; he obtained after death 
 the fate his deeds deserved. 
 
 Upon this Hemmatasimha, the younger brother of Qobha- 
 47. simha, having after no long time ceased his mourning, came 
 with a great army to Yardhamana, and began to behave in 
 the same way as his brother had done. In order also to sub- 
 ject Ramakrishna, king of Navadvipa, to his power, he sent 
 out many generals, but Ramakrishna vdth but a small number 
 of soldiers, who, however, had a powerful protection in the 
 circumstance that their thoughts were directed upon the su- 
 preme deity, rooted out the generals of pobhasimha as if they 
 had been mere tufts of grass. At this very time the grandson 
 of the Sultan of Delhi having come himself from Murshedabad 
 to Palapi, while the vanguard of his army was arrived already 
 at the village of Katuyam, there arose there a very violent 
 battle between the two armies, and of each party great num- 
 bers fell. Neamet Khan, a Mohammedan, and general of Simha, 
 
37 
 
 had taught an elephant of his own, when attacked by hostile 
 soldiers, to rush about holding in its outstretched trunk a 
 broad and sharp sword, and to kill with it as if in sport ten 
 or twelve persons. As this elephant, by such attacks repeatedly 
 kiUing numbers of soldiers both with its sword and by tram- 
 pling them with its feet, put the Delhian army into confusion, 
 the latter was obliged to retreat for some distance. But soon 
 the grandson of the Sultan of Delhi having heard these news 
 from his messengers, hastened from Pala^i to his army, and 
 by means of fire-arms, called jejala(^^), caused a great de- 
 struction in the army of Hemmatasimha : many horsemen of 
 the latter's also were killed by the Delhian cavalry. The army 
 of Simha finding itself in consequence of this in great confu- 48. 
 sion, great numbers of his soldiers were also put to death by 
 the enemy in various ways by means of swords, darts, mallets 
 and arrows. Upon this sight Simha ran away afoot and re- 
 paired to some (hidden) place. Thenceforth the Delhian sol- 
 diers raised their cries of victory and elevating the flag of 
 conquest congratulated their lord by the sound of drums. 
 
 As the grandson of the Sultan of Delhi stayed for some 
 time longer to regulate the affairs of the government over 
 Vardhamana, Gauda, and the adjacent countries, all kings 
 came to wait upon him, reverencing him with folded hands, 
 having put off* the hems of their garments, laid aside their 
 golden ornaments, and offerring gifts of wealth and the like. 
 While the others, not daring to show their wealth, left their 
 trains at home and appeared only with a few followers, lia- 
 makrishna came surrounded by a stately retinue. At sight of 
 these princes with their small trains the grandson of the Sultan 
 of Delhi said with a distainful gesture to his followers : „These 
 are no princes, but offsprings of low families ; else they would 
 not have such retinues. But prince Ramakrishna is the off*- 
 spring of a great family, for he alone has a stately^ retinue 
 comparable to my own ; he himself too appears like a second 
 Kandarpa and shines before one like the sun, and is like Vrir- 
 
38 
 
 haspati in his speech ; he is surrounded by numerous soldiers, 
 waited upon by hosts of ministers, who themselves are honored 
 by retinues in splendid carriages. Thus he is a man gladde- 
 ning the eyes of such persons as I am, and certainly the first 
 among the princes of Gauda and these other countries." Then, 
 
 49. Kamakrishna having according to custom offered his salutation 
 and paid his respect, the grandson of the Sultan of Delhi ad- 
 dressed to him many obhging words. Then, just at that time, 
 Rajadhira the nephew of Jayasimha Deva, being his sister's 
 son, the commander of a body of twenty two thousand hor- 
 semen and an eminent general, having arrived, a verbal dis- 
 pute arose between the latter and Kamakrishna, in consequence 
 of which they frequently committed acts of violence against 
 one another. The grandson of the Sultan having heard this 
 affair from his spies, endeavored in sight of the whole army 
 to compose their difference, and having called them both 
 before him reconciled them, appeasing their anger by persua- 
 sive words; then he put the finishing upon their friendship 
 by causing them to exchange turbans. They, on their part, 
 hved for some time in great mutual affection, paying visits to 
 each other and offering and returning various presents. Kama- 
 krishna kept also in pay to execute his orders three thousand 
 horsemen mounted on horses of excellent race, seven thousand 
 soldiers with fire-arms, and thousands of foot -soldiers with 
 bows. After a time the grandson of the Sultan expressed to 
 Kamakrishna the high pleasure which he had derived from 
 long intercourse with him and acquaintance with his in all 
 respects excellent character, by granting to him whatever fa- 
 vor he wished, and having gone to Jamhagira, where he resided 
 for a time, made known by letter to his grandfather the ex- 
 cellency of Kamakrishna in every respect, while the latter 
 after the entire destruction of the army of Qobhasimha's 
 
 50. younger brother, who had fled, .made his entrance into Krish- 
 nanagara amid cries of victory and thank-offerings. 
 
 Jagatseta and the other (bankers who were the) creditors of 
 
39 
 
 all princes, being in possession of the favor of Ramakrishna (^^) 
 were entertained by the latter at Krishnanagara in a hall built 
 of bricks in the outward open court yard ( of his palace ) ; and 
 having lived there for one month, richly supplied with all pro- 
 visions, they went back to their own houses, highly contented 
 and under mutual assurances of regard. 
 
 Thus Ramakrishna lived happily at Krishnanagara for a 
 long time, and any matter of interest of which he gave notice 
 to the grandson of the Sultan of Delhi who resided at Jam- 
 hagira, was executed without fail by the latter, who scarcely 
 having got notice of it gave his instructions in a letter of 
 answer. Ramakrishna lived also in friendship with Vada Saheb, 
 who at that time was governor of the southern foreigners (i. e. 
 the EngHsh) in Calcutta; the latter, therefore, showed likewise 
 continual friendship towards him, and placed a garrison of 
 2500 so called „ soldiers", who were skilled in the use of all 
 kinds of weapons and missiles, in Krishnanagara to execute 
 the plans of Ramakrishna. 
 
 While he thus governed his realm with great ability, 
 a violent difference arose between him and the sovereign 
 prince of Ya^ohara, on account of the boundary of some of 
 their villages. Ramakrishna, therefore, marched with a great 
 army towards the city of Ya^ohara, and having vanquished 
 its sovereign and plundered his city, excited great apprehen- 
 sion in the minds of the other princes, who, perplexed with 
 fear, employed ambassadors at the court of Ramakrishna to 
 inform them daily of what each of them ought to know in 
 order to satisfy Ramakrishna. Whatever Ramakrishna wrote 
 to the grandson of the Sultan of Delhi to request, was without 51 
 reserve granted by a letter with the latter's own signature; 
 so that a Mohammedan called Jafar Khan, who was appointed 
 over Jamhagira by the Sultan of Delhi, was not able to do 
 him any harm, although he continually endeavored to do so, 
 and was obliged to be content with the tribute which Rama- 
 krishna of his own pleasure gave him ; the stipulated tribute, 
 
40 
 
 therefore, he was never able to obtain. Thus after a govern- 
 ment of eleven years, having paid but very little of what he 
 was under obligation to pay, while the greater part remained 
 in arrear, he was with great pains allured to Jamhagira and 
 there by treachery, with aid of the formerly emprisoned Ra- 
 majivana, was closely confined. In the prison he died after 
 some time of smallpox. Upon news of this the grandson of 
 the Sultan was very much distressed and troubled with sorrow. 
 After a time Jafar Khan reported to the grandson of the Sul- 
 tan: Ramakrishna being dead, to whom is the government 
 over Navadvipa now to be committed? He answered: If there 
 be a son, a fosterson, a grandson or any such relation of Ra- 
 makrishna, commit it to him. Jafar Khan replying, that their ^ 
 was no such relation, the grandson of the Sultan ordered: 
 Then give it to any minister of Ramakrishna, who is fit for 
 the government, and who will protect the wife and family of 
 Ramakrishna. Jafar Khan replied: Your Highness, there is 
 52. also no such minister; Ramakrishna's elder brother, however, 
 prince Ramajivana, lives in prison here. If you command, I 
 will commit the kingdom to him. The decision of the grand- 
 son of the Sultan then w^as: If there is no other descendant 
 of Ramakrishna fit for the government, you must of course 
 give the kingdom to his elder brother, prince Ramajivana. 
 Having got this order, Jafar Khan appointed the latter over 
 the kingdom of Navadvipa, and having greatly honored him 
 with donatives of carriages, ornaments, clothes and the 
 hke, established him in his government. Ramajivana on his 
 part, having made the necessary arrangements and taken 
 leave after an audience, arrived at home and governed his 
 realm in accordance vdth law. As he was well skilled in the 
 sciences of poetry, singing and acting, showed many particular 
 virtues, and was clever in managing the affairs of the govern- 
 ment, he gained the favor of his subjects. 
 
 His son, prince Raghurama, by his mercy, his richness 
 ipL virtues, his magnificence and his readiness in assisting others, 
 
41 
 
 acquiring the affection of the people while his father was 
 yet ahve, was without interruption the object of the latter's 
 tenderness, and extended the glory becoming to his race. He 
 was also a hero and a very skilful archer. At this time it 
 happened that all kings having been one after another taken 
 prisoners by Jafar Khan, governor of Murshedabad, by the 
 employment of treachery, Raghurama was present there in the 
 city to attend upon his father who was likewise in prison. 
 Just then the governor sent a general called Laharimalla with 
 a great army against Udayaraya, king of Rajasai, who in con- 
 sequence of a quarrel with the governor had taken his position 
 with a considerable force near the village Virakati. By the 
 advice of Ramajivana he gave with many expressions of respect 53. 
 as attendant to Malla, to watch over him, the prince Raghu- 
 rama, who was skilled in counsel, highly courageous, and a 
 master of the art of archery. Some days after this the two 
 armies of Laharimalla and Udayaraya had come almost in 
 sight of each other, when Ali Mahmud, the son of Ghulam 
 Mahmud, the first general of Udayaraya, a very young man, 
 but skilful in war, came on horseback, carrying in his hands a 
 sharp sword and a shield, and accompanied by nineteen soldiers 
 with chariots and wearing ornaments, weapons and missiles, 
 to fall upon Laharimalla, who by some chance being some 
 distance removed from the bulk of his army, was taking counsel 
 with Raghurama, accompanied by no more than five or six 
 attendants. At sight of this Laharimalla said to Raghurama: 
 „0h my prince, our soldiers are far away, and the enemy 
 are close upon us. What then is to be done? For we 
 are too weak to contend with success against their power.'' 
 The prince replied: „0h magnanimous Laharimalla, it is 
 disgraceful to fly in battle; for if you fly, your soldiers 
 will certainly suffer a defeat, and if they are defeated, it will 
 go hard with us whether we fall into the hands of the enemy 
 or of Jafar Khan. Therefore, let firmness be your stay in this 
 combat; three or four men, although with uphfted arms, shall 
 
42 
 
 quickly be slain by me, and then, no doubt, the other enemies 
 too shall be overcome." While they were talking thus, not 
 far from them the son of Ghulam Mahmud spurred on his 
 
 54. horse, and with his sharp sword drawn out of its sheath came 
 rushing, like Death himself, upon Laharimalla, who although 
 with his eye fixed upon the foe, slowly retired backwards, 
 and said to the prince : „Kaghurama, the enemy is near, why 
 does not your Grace even yet endeavor to oppose him?" The 
 prince replied : „Be tranquil ; fear not ; I will manage it ; when 
 the enemy comes nearer, you shall see!" Upon these words 
 Malla with confused senses and almost clinging to the prince, 
 and hiding himself behind his back, was scarcely able to main- 
 tain himself (upon his horse). But Raghurama, with a sharp 
 arrow which he drew back to his ear and shot from his 
 circularly curved bow, pierced the son of Ghulam Mahmud, 
 who meanwhile having come nearer excited the fear of Malla's 
 retinue. The arrow even after passing through his breast, 
 which Avas covered with an iron mailcoat, flew away a con- 
 siderable distance farther. Ali Mahmud, his heart being 
 pierced by the arrow of Raghurama, fell from the back of 
 his horse with expressions of praise: such as, that he had 
 never yet seen in the many battles he had witnessed a youth 
 of equal strength and skill in archery, and then said: „0h 
 great prince, a burning thirst vexes me ; but as all my retinue 
 have fled as soon as they saw the effect of your arrow, give 
 me some water to drink." The compassionate prince gave 
 him sweet water and having thus revived him said: „ Great 
 hero, you shall accompany us to our army, and there you 
 shall be cured by the art of physicians. If you have any 
 
 55. other desire (^*) utter it!" He rephed: „0h prince, why do 
 you speak thus ? By the stroke of your arrow my life is brought 
 to its end ; and it is no sorrow for me to die in battle by the 
 hand of a most valiant hero. So long as the breath remains 
 in my body, I beseech you to stand before me, who have 
 been abandonned by my friends." The prince bedewed him 
 
43 
 
 with the rain of his falling tears and endeavored together 
 with his retinue to encourage him. But after a time he died 
 and obtained such a felicity as he merited. Then the bulk 
 of the army, which had come near meanwhile, having raised 
 cries of victory, Laharimalla who now had regained his cou- 
 rage, paid by true reports high praise to Raghurama, and 
 shewed him honor together with his army. He then marched 
 to Murshedabad, the flag of victory elevated, and there reported 
 the heroism of Raghurama, his firmness in battle and his dex- 
 terity in counsel to Jafar Khan, who expressed to the prince 
 his high satisfaction by such words as: how should one be 
 astonished at Raghurama's heroism, since he is of such an 
 eminent family ! Ramajivana too, highly pleased, rejoiced Ra- 
 ghurama with his blessings. Thus the latter's exploits, worthy 
 to be admired by everybody, have been sung by men down 
 to this day. In consequence of this the governor having 
 shown honors to Ramajivana sent them home. 
 
 In the ^akayear 1632 (= A. D. 1710) a son was born 
 to Raghurama at the time of constellation of all friendly pla- 
 nets, and of the auspicious rise of the star (that governed 
 the year), the source of a shoreless ocean of joy to his father 
 and grandfather, the cause of great rejoicing to their subjects, 
 and endowed with an exceedingly handsome body. After his 
 birth the astronomers assembled, and having deliberated on 
 the rise (of the planets) at the time of his birth, announced 56. 
 to his father and grandfather, that this child was to become 
 endowed with manifold virtues. The king having honored 
 them with presents of carriages, garments and ornaments of 
 various sorts sent them home. Then there came in hosts 
 both native and foreign Brahmans from all quarters, to see 
 the young prince, and to wish him continual freedom from sick- 
 ness and grief, richness in virtues, and a long life(^^). The 
 king having hospitably entertained these Brahmans dismissed 
 them. When the child had reached an age of six months, 
 the king, at a time when the astronomers had announced 
 
44 
 
 to him the auspicious rise (of the planets), wishing to cele- 
 brate the ceremonies of giving him his name and of feeding 
 him with rice for the first time, invited the kings, princes and 
 Brahmans, who found their pleasure in penance and prayer, 
 from Anga, Vanga, Kalinga, Kapi, Kanchi and the adjacent 
 countries. For their dwelling he built a camp of one kropa 
 in length and half a kropa in breadth, which was constructed 
 of cloth and the hke, resplendent with ranges of various pa- 
 laces, adorned with rows of white, blue, yellow and other 
 flags and surrounded by a fence likewise of cloth and such 
 materials. There he deposited stores of daintiest provisions, 
 and appointed a number of ministers to care for the enter- 
 tainment of the assembled princes and Brahmans. And also 
 
 57. for those of various castes, who had come without being in- 
 vited to witness the feast, were provided stores of various 
 and abundant provisions; there were many streams of curdled 
 and fresh milk, clarified butter, honey and the like, and in- 
 numerable heaps of beans, peas, bilobes (?) and similar fruits; 
 and the piles of rice and such things, how could they be 
 counted? Then the day before the ceremony, having led the 
 assembled Brahmans and princes with suitable demonstrations 
 of reverence into the erected dwelling - place , he entertained 
 them with his provisions; the next day when they were sit- 
 ting in the assembly, he began the ceremony at the auspicious 
 rise (of the planets) as announced by the astronomers. Then 
 
 58. commenced a feast, at whose noise and splendor the earth 
 was so astonished, that she did not know what to make of 
 it (^^). After this the hosts of Brahmans and princes, satisfied 
 with presents and honors, rejoiced the child with prayers for 
 his happiness, such as, that he might rule over the earth for 
 a long time, endowed with manifold virtues and free from 
 troubles; that in whatever he wished to perform, the highest 
 goddess might give him success, and more the like. Then, 
 the Brahmans and the others having gone home, and after 
 the performance of the rites supplementary to the cere- 
 
45 
 
 ,mony of giving the child rice for the first time , Ramajivana 
 was summoned by a minister of Jafar Khan to Murshedabad, 
 on account of the tribute to be paid by him; and there he 
 died after a time and obtained the highest felicity, having 
 reigned over his kingdom for ten years. 
 
 After him his son, called Raghurama, whose excellence 
 has already been glorified, became a king like Raghu himself. 
 Under his government the people was exceedingly rich with 
 prosperity; there was no second person like him in affability, 
 justice and majesty. Possessing the favor of the gods and 
 the Brahmans he governed the kingdom for two years at Krish- 
 nanagara. But Jafar Khan, who had already previously sub- 
 dued the other kings, now at last captured also Raghurama 
 and kept him in confinement at Murshedabad. Yet, although 
 emprisoned, he was wont generally every day, whether solici- 
 ted or not, to distribute land to Brahmans to gain their sub- 
 sistance from it, and whatever any one asked from him, he 
 was sure to obtain. Thus he governed even in- prison the 
 country which had no other lord, for eleven years wanting 
 four months. Some time after this having returned from Mur- 
 shedabad to Krishnanagara he ruled yet over the realm for 59. 
 four months. Under his government poverty was nowhere to 
 be found among the Brahmans, nor the least injustice among 
 his subjects; his friends were plunged in an ocean of prospe- 
 rity, and his ministers were addicted to sacrifices and holy 
 rites. Then having himself observed sacrifices and the other 
 rites he expired, after a government of thirteen years, on the 
 bank of the Bhagirathi, in the ^aka-year 1650 (= A.D. 1728), 
 and obtained the highest fehcity. 
 
 The same year the ministers anointed as king, according 
 to the order of the governor of Murshedabad, prikrishna- 
 chandra, the son of Raghurama, a man possessed of a trea- 
 sure of many virtues. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 *) This introductory strophe is written in the Sragdhara 
 metre, which is frequent in dramatical poetry and consists of 
 two hemistichs each of which is again divided into two parts. 
 The scheme of one such part is: 
 
 The most natural translation of the third hne, according 
 to the position of words, is that here given ; the sense would 
 become better however, if na could be taken with the verb 
 labhante: how should they not obtain fame in the threefold 
 world, who extol great renown? I do not precisely know if 
 the latter translation is admissible. 
 
 '^) The original calls the garments of these Brahmans 
 suchi-viddha, a word which is not explained either in 
 Wilson's or in Haughton's dictionary. It properly means 
 ^needle- sewed", which yet seems to have such a signification 
 as the one proposed in the translation; for a „needle- sewed" 
 dress seems to have been particularly luxurious, and therefore 
 unbecoming to a Brahman, as appears partly from our pas- 
 sage, for on account of their luxurious and little ascetic ap- 
 pearance the king disregarded them, partly from another pas- 
 sage, 32, 2 sq. The relation in the Qabdakalpadruma (see note 4) 
 makes the Brahmans appear in a warrior -like apparel, and 
 thus excite distrust of their capability in the heart of the king. 
 
 ^ ) The villages offered to Bhattanarayana by the king are, 
 together with their contents, called in the original dush- 
 pratigraha, i. e. an improper present for Brahmans; why, 
 I do not know. In the Qabdakalpadruma I find indeed in the 
 
47 
 
 article „pratigraha" (Vol. Ill p. 2338) the following notice: 
 rajaditah pratigrahanishedho, yatha: 
 
 na rajnah pratigrihmyan na ^udrapatitad api | 
 
 na chanyasmad a^aktap cha ninditan varjayed budliah 1| 
 
 iti kaiu-me uparibhage 15 adhyayah|| 
 Yet the sense of this passage is not at all clear, and in an 
 old and good manuscript of the Kurmapurana (Chamb. 244"), 
 in which I sought for it in the hope, that it might perhaps 
 receive light from the connexion in which it stands, I have 
 not found it at all in the chapter quoted (fol. 116"' — 118''). 
 Our passage becomes yet more striking, as it is repeatedly 
 mentioned in the course of the narrative, that grants of land 
 were made to Brahmans by the kings of Navadvipa (for such 
 they were, though Brahmans at the same time), and accep- 
 ted by the former without scruple (see 39, 18. 58,19), and 
 only a few lines before it is related, that the same five Kan- 
 yakubjan Brahmans had accepted already five villages pre- 
 sented to them by king Adisura. Perhaps one might, by drop- 
 ping the -technical sense of pratigraha, translate: I can not 
 accept your villages vdthout your receiving something in re- 
 turn. Yet this explanation is somewhat ambiguous, since the 
 whole connexion seems to demand that pratigraha should 
 be taken in its usual technical sense. 
 
 *) The whole content of this first chapter is related also in se- 
 veral other works, of which we mention first those from which 
 extracts are given in the Qabdakalpadruma under the article 
 ^kayastha" (Vol. I p. 542). The first book cited and extracted 
 there is the Dakshinaradhiyaghatakakarika; to afibrd 
 a view of the content of the extract communicated, we shall 
 give the superscriptions of the single chapters. They are: atha 
 Adipurarajapra^amsa: (among other things here is said, that 
 Adipura expelled the Buddhists from his realm, Gaur) — 
 athadi^urasya patram — atha Virasimham prati lipipreranam — 
 atha lipiprakarah — atha brahmana^udranam Gaudadepe ga- 
 manechchha — athadifurasamipe brahmanapreranam — atha 
 brahmananam garaanam — atha brahmananam Gaudarajyapra- 
 vepo rajasamipe a^irarthara gamanam cha — atha raj akartrikam 
 
48 
 
 brahmananam pra9ant(v)anam gotranamapra^nap cha — atha 
 panchabrahmananam parichayah — atha ^udraparichayapra^- 
 nah — atha panchapudranam prapnah — athashtau siddhamau- 
 likah — atha dvisaptatih sadhyamaulikah. — There follows 
 now (p. 545) an extract from E,amananda9arman's kula- 
 dipika, called Van gajag hat aka. The first chapter contains 
 the myth of the origin and first genealogy of the Kayasthas or 
 writer caste, from the Agnipurana. The next four chapters 
 are merely genealogical; then follows one chapter, which, as 
 referring to the whole story of our first chapter, we shall 
 communicate entire; it runs thus (p. 546): 
 
 atha Kanyakubjat panchanam vipranam ^udranam chaga- 
 
 manam aha Devivarah | 
 Ambasht(h)akulasambhiita Adi^uro nripe^varah | 
 Radha-Gauda-Varendra^ cha Vangade^as tathaiva cha || 1. 
 etesham nripatip chaiva sarvabhiimipvaro yatha | 
 amatyair bandhavaip chaiva mantribhir dvijavrindakaih || 2. 
 etaih saha mahipala ekada "sa nijalaye | 
 upavishto dvijan prashtum dharmapastraparayanah || 3. 
 kena yajiiena bhagavatpritir bhavati ni^chitam 1 
 tat sarvam protum ichchhami ; kathayadhvam, dvijottamah || 4. 
 iti ^rutva dvijah sarve kharvikritakalevarah | 
 kathayanti nripagre tu sarve vivritamanasah || 5. (p. 547). 
 kena kena vidhanena yajno va kriyate budhaih | 
 vayam sarve na janimo vidhanam kidri^am kratoh \\ 6. 
 iti tesham vachah ^rutva chintayukto mahipatih | 
 kim karomi? kva gachchhami? vilalapa punah punah || 7. 
 Kanyakubjat samanitan dutena dvijapanchakan | 
 veda^astreshv avagatan sarvastre cha viparadan || 8. 
 goyanarohitan vipran khadgacharmadibhir yutan | 
 pattive^an samalochya nishado jayate hridi || 9. 
 apraddha jayate rajna iti jiiatva dvijottamah | 
 apirvadarthanirmalyam mallakashthopari sthitam || 10. 
 tada kashtham sajivam syat kalapallavasamyutam*) i 
 iti drishtva nripas tasmin kampanvitakalevarah || 11. 
 
 *) kala, in Beng. a sprout. 
 
49 
 
 stotram cha bahudha tesham akarot sa nripottamah | 
 asanam padyam aniya dadau vinayapurvakam || 12. 
 upavishta dvijah paiicha tatha cha ^udrapaiichakah | 
 rajams te kupalam sarvam prochup chety avadat sa tan || 13. 
 adya me sakalam janma jivitam cha sujivitam | 
 putam cha bhavanam jatam yushmakam gamanam yatah || 14. 
 evam cha kriyate stotram prishtva 'nyat pudrapanchake | 
 yushmakam gotram akhya cha kimarthe va dvijaih saha || 15. 
 tat sarvam protum ichchhami; bruta, bhoh ^udrapumgavah | 
 iti rajno vachah ^rutva 'kathayan namagotrake || 16. 
 Ka^yape chaiva gotre cha Dakshanama mahamatih | 
 tasya daso Gautamasya gotre Da^aratho Vasuh || 17. 
 Qandilyagotre sambhuto Bhattanarayanah kriti | 
 SaukaUna^cha daso 'yam Ghoshah Qrimakarandakah || 18. 
 Bharadvajeshu vikhyatah Qriharsho munisattamah | 
 dasas tasya Viratakhyo Guhakah Kapyapah smritah 1 1 19. 
 Savarnagotranirdishto Vedagarbhamunis tv ayam | 
 tasya daso Mitravampo Vaipvamitrap cha gotrakah || 20. 
 KaHdasa iti khyatah ^udravam^asamudbhavah | 
 Vatsyagotreshu sambhuta^ Chhandada^ cheti samjnitah || 21. 
 Maudgalyagotrajo Dattah Purushottamasamjiiakah | 
 etesham rakshanarthaya (?) agato 'smi tavalaye || 22. 
 iti ^rutva nripas tatra manasa harsham agatah | 
 vidhanenaiva nirvartya kratum cha dharmasamjnitam || 22. 
 gramam suvarnam gam chaiva vastrani vividhani cha | 
 dakshinarthe dvijatibhyah pradadau sa nripottamah || 23. 
 atra de^e kritavasah sarve cha dvijapudrakah | 
 bahavag cha praja jata nanade9anivasinah |1 24. 
 
 The three next and last chapters are again genealogical 
 and consist scarcely of anything else but names; they are 
 entitled: atha Vallalakritaprenivibhagah — atha Vangajaka- 
 yasthapreninirnayah — atha Yangajakulinadinirupanam. — 
 
 Another mention of our story, but only occasionally and 
 likewise for the purpose of showing, how the Kayasthas came 
 to Gaur, is made in the Raj ab ali, written in Bengali by Mri t- 
 yunjaya Qarman (ed. Serampore p. 80 ) , a work which 
 perhaps would have aflforded me yet more desirable points of 
 
 4 
 
50 
 
 comparison and explanation, had it not unfortunately come 
 too late to my hands. In one particular the narrative given 
 here is different from the rest, it being said, that Adi^iira 
 (with 9) invited those five Brahmans from Kanyakubja, which 
 country then was ruled by a king called Virasimha (who is 
 named also in the 3d chapter of the Dakshinaradhiyagha- 
 takakarika), on account of a sacrifice for obtaining rain 
 during a drought. 
 
 Further mention of our tale is made in Colebrooke's „ enu- 
 meration of Indian classes" (As. Res. V. 64. Misc. Ess. 11. 187). 
 
 In all these reports the families of these Rve Brahmans 
 are mentioned (see the chapter communicated of the Van- 
 gajaghataka): Bhattanarayana is uniformly called a des- 
 cendant of the family of Qandila, Daksha of that of Kapyapa, 
 Qriharsha of that of Bharadvaja. Vedagarbha by Colebrooke 
 is written Vedagarva and said to be of the family of Vatsa, 
 Chandada (according to Colebrooke Chandra) of that of Sa- 
 varna, while the three other reports invert the matter, attri- 
 buting Vedagarbha to the family of Savarna, Chandada to 
 that of Yatsa. — Respecting the orthography of the name of 
 Adisura see the Index. 
 
 ^) Although the names given here for the sons of Bhat- 
 tanarayana may look rather unbrahmanical, yet the compound 
 word, in which they are given , must be thus divided to get 
 the required number of sixteen. We may also for some of 
 the most striking names give analogies from the last genea- 
 logical chapters of the Vangajaghataka, as communi- 
 cated in the Qabdakalpadruma. There are to be found 
 two names, Bhuni and Puni, which in their formation 
 quite correspond to our Guni, the form which is read 
 in Ms. B, and to which we ought therefore to have gi- 
 ven the preference instead of the Gumni received into the 
 text. Further Deva and Guna alone are both mentioned there 
 as names, as well as many other words, which usually occur 
 only as parts of proper names, e. g. Datta, Dasa, Sena, 
 Kara, Chandra, Dhara, ^arman etc. Besides there are to be 
 found there many names, which are no less remarkable in 
 
51 
 
 their formation than ours, as Aicha, Hui, K!hama, Roi, and 
 others. 
 
 ^) Our text writes kanagoi == Pers. ^^jCi^ilj, the 
 
 office of a ^jCioli*, for which Richardson gives the follow- 
 ing two significations: 1. an officer whose duty is to regi- 
 ster and expound the laws of the empire. 2. an officer in 
 each district acquainted with the customs and the nature of 
 the tenures of the land. Haughton (s. v. kangui or kanftngo) 
 gives only the former, Shakspear only the latter signification. 
 — The word is mentioned again 29, 18. 
 
 J) Our author writes majamudara, which approaches 
 nearer to the Persian .]o<2^Cyj.3:^v«c, than the Bengali orthogra- 
 phy mojumdar. As to the signification, it is given by Ri- 
 chardson as: 1. one who checks or audits the account of the 
 revenue-collector in each district. 2. A record-keeper. Shak- 
 spear and Haughton give only the latter signification, adding : 
 a title given to servants of a kanungo. This modification, 
 however, seems not to be applicable to our passage; on the 
 contrary, the sense of the latter requires the majmuat-dar to 
 be superior to the kanungo, because Durgadasa being not 
 content with the title of a kaniingo was appeased by having con- 
 ferred upon him that of a majmuat-dar. — Further mention 
 of this word is made 13, 21. 14, 7 sq. 
 
 ^) On this mode of expression see Lassen, anthologia 
 Sanscritica p. 67 1. 14, and the note to that passage. 
 
 9) See the note quoted in ^. 
 
 ^^) gurunam yushmakam charanaprasadap cet, 
 kim idam vichitram? This passage, taken by itself, ad- 
 mits of a double explication, the one here given, and again as 
 follows : if your Highness gives me permission to go, why do 
 you mock at me?, taking char an a in the sense of „ going, 
 walking," and vichitra in that of „irony," which it has at 
 least according to the dictionary of Yates (Calcutta 1846). 
 Though the latter might seem perhaps more natural, I have 
 yet given the preference to the one proposed in the transla- 
 
 4* 
 
52 
 
 tion, because it is favored by the analogy of similar passages 
 in our text. As to the phrase kim idam vichitram, the 
 same occurs once more 55, 13, where the sense of vichitra 
 „ wonderful" cannot be questioned, while char an a always 
 means „foot" (21, ii. 21, 13. 35, 1. 57, 14), and is even the 
 word constantly employed in the phrase for honorifically cir- 
 cumscribing the second person (20, 8. 21, 2). 
 
 *^) Both manuscripts give svavasaduravartyantah- 
 puram, (having destroyed) the seraglio near his palace, but 
 the sense requires the emendation received also into the text, 
 of svavasaduravartyantahpuram, the seraglio distant 
 from his palace. 
 
 ^^) In translation the emendation of vilashanti into 
 vilashyante was necessary, although in the text the rea- 
 ding of both manuscripts could not be altered, because it is 
 very probable, that the author himself committed this fault 
 of construction as well as the many others of which he is 
 guilty (see the preface). 
 
 ^^) kamgura = Pcrs. » JCaT^ a pinnacle, a turret. 
 
 *^') bhara, a weight of gold. 
 
 **) Respecting the two instruments ^ani and tuni men- 
 tioned here among others, I have not been able to learn 
 anything. 
 
 '^) phaujadara = Pers. »(lXc^^5, an officer of the 
 police in Hindostan and chief magistrate of a ^xSZs^ (e. g. that 
 of Hoogly in Bengal ) , who takes cognizance of all criminal 
 matters (Richardson). See also the explicatory index of 
 oriental expressions prefixed to Vol. I. of: The History of 
 British India by James Mill, 4th edition, with notes and con- 
 tinuation by H. H. Wilson; where the following explication is 
 given: „Foujedar, Fojedar, Phousdar, Fogedar. Un- 
 der the Mogul government a magistrate of police over a large 
 district, who took cognizance of all criminal matters within 
 his jurisdiction, and sometimes was employed as receiver -ge- 
 neral of the revenues. " 
 
 *^*) rayarayinam, which the text gives after amir a 
 
53 
 
 u mar a 5 seems to be a translation of this Arabic-Persian ex- 
 pression into some modern Indian dialect, though I do not 
 know into which, it being neither Bengali nor Hindustani. 
 
 *®) madamada, a word imitating the sound of crashing 
 bones; see Mrichchhakatika ed. Stenzler 21,23: madamada- 
 ippam, where the Calcutta edition translates: madamada 
 iti kritva bhakshayishyami. 
 
 ") Wilson's dictionary gives as the significations of chat- 
 vara only: a levelled spot for a sacrifice, a court-yard; but 
 see Haughton under chatala, which is a corruption of 
 chatvara: „an inclosed plain space: a terrace, the roof 
 of a house, a sheet of water." 
 
 '®) napakto = na apakto. 
 
 ^^) The original describes those provisions more distinctly 
 as such as are „to be chewed, sucked, licked and drunk." 
 See the same expression near the end of the extract from the 
 Bengali biography of Raja Krishnachandra , communicated in 
 the Preface, and Ramay. I, 52, 24. 
 
 *^') See Qabdakalpadruma VI. 5677, under the article 
 shoda^adanam: 
 
 bhumyasanam jalam vastram pradipo 'nnam tatah param | 
 tambulachchhatragandhag cha malyam phalam atah param || 
 ^ayya cha paduka gavah kanchanam rajatam tatha | 
 danam etat shoda^akam pretam uddi^ya diyate || 
 tatshoda^akair eko danasagaro bhavati. — Respecting the s h o - 
 dapamahadanam mentioned 2 6, 1 7 I was not able to learn any- 
 thing more. Perhaps it is the same, the presents being only gran- 
 ted in greater portions, and their order changed; for both the 
 presents mentioned 26, 17, cattle and gold, are enumerated 
 also as parts of the bhumyadishoda^adanam. 
 
 *•') It is not clear, how Ramajivana could have kept his 
 brother confined in Jamhagira, the residence of the Moham- 
 medan governor, of whose consent to the deed no word is said, 
 though it is unexplainable, how this could go on without his 
 getting intelligence of it. No farther mention either is made of 
 the emprisoned Ramachandra, so that we do not know, what 
 became of him. The whole passage is very badly related. 
 
54 
 
 ^•) By parivarah 5,retinue" here seem to be meant the 
 wives of Krishnarama, for thus understood the expression gains 
 the best sense, as it would have been a great disgrace for 
 them to fall into the hands of the conqueror; also what is 
 said of Krishnarama's daughter, that she by some chance had 
 escaped death, is probably to be referred to this slaughter 
 which Krishnarama caused in his Harem. The sentence ha- 
 tapeshakrishnaramaparivare palayamane, „those of 
 Krishnarama's followers, who were yet alive, having fled," then 
 would refer to those followers and ministers of Krishnarama, 
 who had escaped the sword of the victorious Qobhasimha. 
 The whole is only a new instance of our author's awkward- 
 ness and want of clearness in relating. . 
 
 ^^) This word, which I find in no dictionary, and the 
 etymology of which is unknown to me, is thus explained in 
 the above cited index before the first volume of Mill's history 
 of British India: „jinjal, a large musket fixed on a swivel, 
 used in Indian forts and fired with great precision." 
 
 *^) premnabaddhah; the most natural understanding 
 of this expression seems to be the one given; yet it is not im- 
 possible also to write premna baddhah, and to understand 
 it thus : „they were by Raghurama, out of care for them (to 
 protect them from the treacherous machinations of their credi- 
 tors), kept prisoners (for some time)" etc. 
 
 ^*) ruchi seems to be used here as an adjective in the 
 neuter gender, being usually a substantive masc. or fem. To 
 write yatharuchi, and take the whole as an avyayibhava- 
 compound, is forbidden, I think, by the construction ; for then 
 ought to be written: yatharuchi bhavan prakapayatu 
 or yatharuchi bhavata prakapyatam. 
 
 ^*) This passage verbally translated would run thus : Then 
 from many sides, from the four heavenly quarters and the re- 
 gions lying between them, there came Brahmans, who, having 
 made a connexion in masses, had conceived a gradually in- 
 creasing climax of desire to see (the young prince), although 
 they were very slow in consequence of the thick sea of plea- 
 sure of their interior, which was gladdened by the splendor of 
 
55 
 
 the nectar of the news of the birth of the young prince, the 
 great Indra of the earth, the magnanimous, famous already 
 for the stabiUty of the joy of the mass of his subjects, who 
 were swimming in a sea of the utmost pleasure. 
 
 *^) Verbal translation of the description of this feast ; Then 
 the earth, being filled during four days throughout its four 
 heavenly quarters by the recitals of the Brahmans from the 
 Vedas; by the panegyric hymns of the minstrels, bards and 
 singers ; by the disputations of the Nyaya and Mimamsa phi- 
 losophers; by musical instruments, as conchs, bells, kettle- 
 drums, trumpets, drums and the like; by the movement of 
 the lovely tripping feet, loaded with tingling ornaments, of 
 the crowds of women, the mass of whom were very slow 
 through the weight of their excessive joy; by songs, which, 
 strengthened one by the other's accompaniment, were united 
 with music and dances; by the loud cries: bring! eat! take! 
 which, at times proper for serving up the food to the masses 
 of invited or uninvited Brahmans, the crowds of servants sent 
 forth; by the noise of the herds of all the elephants which 
 the kings arrived had brought along; by the neighing of the 
 numerous horses; by the hon-like roar of heroes which arose 
 from mock-fights between them ; — (the earth) perceiving this 
 great feast of the annaprapana of its prince in person of a 
 gentle boy, the exploits of whom were very delightful, was 
 highly resplendent with the utmost joy: thinking, there must 
 be some nuptials, or even (a feast celebrated) with yet 
 greater and happier magnificence. 
 
VARIOUS READINGS. 
 
 2, 17. pratihavin B. D. — 2, is. de9iyan sman 
 B. smana D. — 2, 19. kiyadduram B. — 2, 20. susvapa 
 B. D. — 3, 18. nastiti B. — 3, 21. tamartham B. — 
 4, 8. nirikhsyamte D. — 4, 15. grihitum D. — 5, 8. Guiii 
 B. — 7, 1. samratakalpo B. D. — 7, 6. cha is omitted 
 in D. — 7, 7. jagadup cha B. — 7, 9. Kakadi D. — 
 7, 20. rayap chat" corrected from rayo chat® B. — 8, 9.10. 
 samyag avatya maharoshavivishtah B. — 10, 2. Ha- 
 rekrishna B. D. — 10, 6. suvava B, from which also in 
 D. sushava is corrected. — 10, 20. ka^chijj" B. — 11, 12. 
 purassaram B. — ibid, alamk*' B. — 12, 1. tatha kur- 
 vatas tasya -kiyaddin" B. — 12, 2. adishto D. — 12, 7. 
 Kudalagachi D. — 12,21. vadhante B. — 14, 8. utta- 
 ritum B. — 14,21. tadd" D. — 15, 3. cha is omitted in D, 
 
 — 15, 17. nagariB. — 16, 1. bahubhir jarjarichakara 
 D. — ib. Manasimhah D., but corrected from Simhah. 
 
 — 16, 19. tadava^yakarf^ B. — ib. samudishto B. — 
 18, 19. kinchichhaP B. — 19, 5. paniyam D. — 19, 4. 6. 8. 
 hastipaka D, in line 6 and 8 even changed from hasti- 
 paka. — 20, 3. chhelaya B. — 20, 4. etachchhr" B. — 
 22, 1. 2. vibhaktarajyam D. — 22, 4. prasiddhaivety- 
 akarnya D. — 22, 9. tadadhipam jav*' B. — 23 11, Sa- 
 tasaiika D. — 24, 3. svavasadura B. D. — 24, 12. sam- 
 kshaka" D. — 25, 21. nripapatir B, which originally was 
 written also inD. — 26, 15. prasadaD, from which also B has 
 corrected. — 26, 15. grihitum D. — 27, 14. sakshachch" 
 B. — 27, 16. katichidd'^B. — 28, 1. yato corrected from 
 yatha D. — 28, 6. sakshachch" B. — 28, 18. nirvart- 
 tasvamiti B. — 29, 11. sadhavah B. — 29, 20. bodha- 
 nukulah D. — 30, 7. anucharas tat. B. — 30, I6. vartti 
 
57 
 
 D. — 32, 11. prutvanuch'^ B. — 35, 4. tarunatarava- 
 yaskamallair B. — 35, 6. vismita B. — 36, i. vyaya- 
 mupila B. — 36, ii. samakrishtaika B. D. In D it 
 seems to be changed from an original "shyai^. - 36, 18. 
 rayarayina B. — 36, 19. umura D. — 36, 20. samkaut" 
 D. — 37, 8. sannidhim B. — 37, 9. mudraya B. — 37, 
 15. chet B. — 38, 21. 9auryyakriyavatatvannahnika 
 changed into %riyavat-tvan. D. — 39, 3. cha omitted 
 in D. — 39, 8. rajyasthiram B. — 39, 19. In B between 
 putra and dayo by another hand has been inserted di- 
 bhyo jag ad a re. In D. between jagadi and re an in- 
 terval is left. Probably the form jagadi re was unknown to 
 the copists. — 40, 2. yadi vila abhivishyati B. — 41, 3. 
 tattadde^iyarajan D. — 41, 4. amatyam B. — 41, 8. 
 agamishyatam B. — 41, 20. svarnaghatitap cha D. — 
 
 42, 4. bahuna vacham B. — 43, 4. ava^vakart^ B. — 
 
 43, 14. Hugulim D. Hugalim B. — 44, 17. balatkare 
 pfirv" D. — 45, 3. javanasvaksharankitam B. — 45, 
 4. sq. B. writes both Varddamana and Varddhamana. 
 
 — 45, 19. Jagatrayam B. D. — 46, 19. sthita instead 
 of sthapita D. — 47, 8. Katuya B. — 47, 16. charana- 
 marddanadicha B., originally thus also D. — 47, 20. bhri- 
 ^amarddayamasa B. — 48, 12. sakshachch*' B. — 48, 
 14. sarajnah D. — 48, 17. parichedah D. — 48, I8. ra- 
 smir B. D. — 49, 3. sapada B. — 49, 7. pautrap ch^ 
 B. — 51, 11. tachchhr® B. — 51, 12. kshinno D. — 51, 
 2. 13. iti khyato javana B. — 52, 15. kinchichchh" B. — 
 53, 10. 11. B writes Laharimalva. — 53, 19. purusha B. 
 
 — 54, 10. Golamamahamuda B. — 54, 17. I8. paniyam 
 D. — 55, 6. sa omitted in D. — 55, 8. sunritabahuvi- 
 dhavacoparipujayan B, which originally was written also 
 in D. — 55, 20. pathodhim B. D. — 56, 5. nimajjada- 
 dakhila B. nimaJjadakhila D. — 56, 21. kropaya- 
 marddhakropavistaram D. — 59, 6. kriyas trayo- 
 dapa B. — 
 
 Page 60 is to be added; 12,16 readPratapadityasya. 
 
 — 42, 4. read bahuna. — 47, I6. read mardanadina cha. 
 
INDEX I. 
 Names of Persons. 
 
 A din a, a son of Bhattanarayana 5, 9. 
 
 . ^ [ sons of Bhattanarayana 5, 8. 
 A. san tu J 
 
 Arangajeva, the famous emperor Aurengzeb of Delhi (A. 
 D. 1657 — 1707); made war against the Enghsh46, 10; sent 
 his grandson Azim us-shan against pobhasimha and Hem- 
 matasimha 46, 14. 
 
 Akabara 8, 1. i. e. Sultan Akbar of Delhi who reigned A. 
 
 ^ D. 1556—1605. 
 
 Acharya, see Bhattacharya. 
 
 Ajimohsa, i. e. (jUwJtajuic the grandson of Aurengzeb and 
 son of Moazim ; sent by his grandfather against Qobhasimha, 
 and Hemmatasimha 46, 14. 
 
 Adivaraha, a son of Bhattanarayana 5, 7. He together 
 with his three brothers next to him in age, Vatu, Vama 
 and Nana, resigned the throne in favor of their fourth bro- 
 ther, Nipu 5, 10. 
 
 Adisura, King of Gaur, who invited jfrom Kanyakubja iive 
 Brahmans, among whom was Bhattanarayana the ancestor 
 of the kings of Naradvipa, to have a sacrifice performed by 
 them 1 , 6 sq. ; presented and sold land to these Brahmans, 
 from which subsequently arose the realm of Navadvipa 
 4, 11. 5, 1. His name is mentioned 1, 6. 6, 14. 16, 20. Re- 
 specting the orthography of the name, it is in the Qabda- 
 kalpadruma and in the RajabaH always and with more 
 probabihty spelled Adi9ura (with 9). Yet, as our Mss. give 
 without variation Adisura, I thought it necessary to retain 
 
59 
 
 this orthography. D. twice seems to have corrected s from 
 9, while B. has always quite distinctly s. Colebrooke, in the 
 treatise quoted in note 4, writes in the As. Res. Adisura, 
 while m the Misc. Essays the name is altered to Adipvara. 
 
 — Mention of this king is made also in Ritter's Erd- 
 ^ kunde von Asien IV, 2. p. 1118. 1195. 1244. 
 
 Alavakhapa, an architect whom Rudraraya took with him 
 from Jamhagira, to have erected by him various buil- 
 dings 30, 13. 
 
 Alimamuda = o^=*^/0 C5^? the son of Ghulam Mahmud 
 (Golamamamuda 53, 7), "was killed by Raghurama 53, 21 
 
 — 55, 6. 
 
 Udaya, king of Rajasai: with the assistance of Raghurama, 
 was overcome by Laharimalla, the general of Jafarkhan, 
 52, 17 — 55, 17. 
 
 K am sari, the son and successor of Trilochana 7, 17; gover- 
 ned his realm for 26 years 7, I8. 
 
 Kachu, a relation of Pratapaditya, who, his family having 
 been destroyed by the latter, was brought up by his nurse 
 in the Kachvi-forest, from which he obtained his name 13, 
 3. Then he fled to the Sultan of Delhi (13, 10), from whom 
 he obtained after the subjection of Pratapaditya the realm 
 of the latter and the title Yapoharajit, i. e. conqueror of 
 Jessore 17, 10. 11. 
 
 Kandarpa 1.* The god of love, 48, 17. — 2. The son and 
 successor of Harihara 6, 1; reigned for 26 years 6, 2. 
 
 Kama 1. a son of Bhattanarayana 5, 9. — 2. The son and 
 successor of Tarapati; ruled for 32 years 6, 13. 
 
 Ka^inatha, the son and successor of Shashthidasa ; reigned 
 for 34 years 7, 20. — Having killed an elephant which 
 was sent by the king of Tripura to Sultan Akbar of Delhi, 
 he was made war upon by the latter, and, having been 
 made prisoner, killed (7, 20 — 9, 21). His wife fled to 
 Harikrishna Samuddhara 9, 21 sq. 
 
 Krishnachandra, the son of Raghurama, born Qaka year 
 1632 = A. D. 1710 (55, is), and anointed as king Q, 
 1650 = A. D. 1728 (59, 6. 9-11). — See the Calcutta 
 
6.0 
 
 Review XIII. 1850 p. 130 note: „Krishn. aspired to be a 
 second Vikramaditya, and to make Nadiya another Ujain. 
 He gave an immense stimulus to native literature .... 
 Learned men from all parts of the country were collected 
 at Nadiya , and supported by rich endowments granted by 
 the Raja, who made Nadiya as celebrated for logic as 
 Oxford now is, the Raja being very partial to Nyaya stu- 
 dies which still retain the ascendancy at Nadiya. The Raja 
 set an example of correct diction which encouraged the 
 people to study Bengali with uncommon diligence. He ad- 
 hered very conscientiously to Brahmanical rites." — H oil- 
 well (in his work quoted under „Jafarkhan" I. 202) says, 
 that he possessed a tract of country of about twelve days 
 journey, and that he was taxed at nine Lac per annum, 
 though his revenues exceeded twenty five Lac. — On his 
 biography written in Bengali prose by Rajib Lochan see 
 the Preface. — He died about the year 1780, see Weber's 
 „ Catalog der Berliner Sanskrithandschriften" no. 894 p. 267. 
 
 Krishnarama, king of Varddhamana or Burdwan ; having 
 plundered the town of Qobhasimha, was invaded by the 
 latter, and killed himself as well as his wives, while he 
 committed his son Qrijagatrama to the protection of Ra- 
 makrishna, 45, 4 sq. 
 
 Kshiti^a, king of Kanyakubja, father of Bhattanarayana, 
 and ancestor of the royal family , whose deeds form the 
 subject of our work 4, 12. 
 
 G an e 9 a ; his statue was erected at Navadvipa by Raghava, 26, 4. 
 
 Guni, Guna, Guntu, three sons of Bhattanarayana 5, 8. 
 
 Gopala, the second son of Durgadasa 21, 20, divided with 
 his younger brother Govindarama the realm of their father 
 22, 16; reigned for 7 years 22, 19. 
 
 Gopiramana, son of Qrikrishna and grandson of Durgadasa : 
 having gained the favor of the governor of Jamhagira, by 
 his skill in athletic exercises, obtained from the latter the 
 deliverance of his grandfather 18, I6 — 21, 19. 
 
 Golama Mamuda = 05-j.sroo^^, the chief general of 
 Udaya, king ofRajasai, in his war against Jafarkhan 53, 7. 
 
61 
 
 Govinda. Nuptials between his image and that of Laksh- 
 mi, 14, 19. 
 
 Govindarama, the third son of Durgadasa (21, 20), who 
 reiffned ill over the share he had obtained of the realm of 
 his father (22, I6. 20). — 22, 20 his name is written Go- 
 vindaraya, probably through a fault of writing, which would 
 be better corrected in our text. 
 
 Chhandada, one of the four Brahmans who in the com- 
 pany of Bhattanarayana came to Gaur 2, 8. 
 
 Jagatseta 50, 2. See the Journal of the As. Soc. of Ben- 
 gal no. CCXVn. Calcutta 1850. pg. 554 note: Jagat Set, 
 or the banker of the world, a title he received from the 
 court of Delhi, was a member of a Jain family, as famous 
 for banking transactions as the Kothschild. Burke said, that 
 their transactions were as extensive as the bank of England's. 
 See also Hollwell I. 75. 
 
 Jagadipa, the third son of Rama Samuddhara (10, 15), who 
 having divided with his brother their paternal realm (12, 4), 
 resided at Kudalagachhi (12, 7). 
 
 J ay a si mh a Deva, the uncle of Rajadhira, 49, 3. 
 
 Japharakham, (jliw --X^^, governor of Jamhagira (51, 2); 
 
 took Ramakrishna prisoner, and reinstated in the latter's 
 place the formerly dethroned Ramajivana (51, 6 — 52, 5); 
 he was also governor of Murshedabad (52, 14); took Ra- 
 majivana prisoner (52, 15); but delivered him again as re- 
 ward for the services shown to him by his (Ramajivana's) 
 son, Raghurama, in a war against Udayaray a, king of Rajasai 
 (52, 16 — 55, 17); took Ramajivana anew prisoner (58, s); 
 and kept him to his death (58, 10); confined also Raghu- 
 rama for eleven years wanting four months, 58, I6. — Holl- 
 well (interesting historical events respecting the provinces 
 of Bengal and the empire of Indostan. London 1766. I, 152) 
 describes his character as follows: „His name, to this day, 
 is remembered with detestation; to fiU his coffers he inflic- 
 ted the most cruel punishments on the Rajahs and Zimin- 
 dars, by ways and means unheard of, and unknown, but in 
 
62 
 
 this Eastern government. He also highly oppressed the 
 Europeans settled in these parts; yet notwithstanding his 
 very mal-administration, he had the address to obtain the 
 governments over Bahar and Orissa, united with that of 
 Bengal in his person, which ever before had been distinct 
 and separate Nabobships; ... he removed from Dacca to 
 Moorshedabad." See also Mill and Wilson History of 
 Br. Ind. HI. 30. Ritter IV, 2. 1204. 
 
 Tarapati, the son and successor of Priyankara, reigned for 
 47 years, 6, 12. 
 
 Trilochana, the son and successor ofSubuddhi, reigned for 
 30 years, 7, 15. 
 
 Daks ha, one of the four Brahmans who came to Gaur with 
 Bhattanarayana, 2, 8. 4, 8. 
 
 Durgadasa, the eldest son of Rama Samuddhara, 10, 15. 
 Having obtained from the Sultan of Delhi the title „maj- 
 muat-dar Bhavananda," and held for some time the of- 
 fice of a kanungo near a Mohammedan governor, he re- 
 turned home and divided with his brothers their paternal 
 realm (10, 20 — 12, 8). Then having assisted the Delhian 
 general Manasimha in the conquest of king Pratapaditya of 
 Jessore, he obtained as reward the reinstallation into the 
 government over Vagoyana „and the adjacent fourteen coun- 
 tries," from which his grandfather Ka^inatha had been ex- 
 pelled (12, 8 — 18, 7). He resided at Vallabhapura (12, 
 4. 18, 8) and erected palaces at Matiyari and DeuHya 
 (18, 10. 11). Afterward having been taken prisoner by the 
 governor of Jamhagira on account of some irregularity in 
 the payment of his tribute, but delivered by his grandson 
 Gopiramana (18, 14 — 21, 19), he died after a reign of 20 
 years (12, 6 22, 14). 
 
 Deva, a son of Bhattanarayana, 5, 9. 
 
 Devi, a name of the goddess Durga, to whom Rudraraya 
 erected a palace at Krishnanagara, 31, 3. 
 
 Dharmangada, the son and successor of Priyankara, 6,10; 
 reigned for 20 years, 6, 11. 
 
 Nandalala, the minister of the Amir al Umara of Jamha- 
 
63 
 
 gira; to whom Ramachandra gave proofs of his strength 
 (36, 17 — 38, 16), and of his mighty appetite (38, 17— 21). 
 
 Narahari, the son and successor of Vi^vambhara, governed 
 his realm for 27 years, 6, 5. 
 
 Narendra, the eldest son of Gopala, who was excluded 
 from succession, 23, 1. 2. 
 
 Nana, a son of Bhattanarayana, 5, 8. See also Adivaraha. 
 
 Narayana 1. a name of Vishnu 6, 6. 9, 20. — 2. The son 
 and successor of Narahari, ruled 24 years, 6, 7. 
 
 Nipu, the fifth son of Bhattanarayana (5, 11); succeeded his fa- 
 ther (5, 10 sq.); and reigned for 28 years (5, 15) ; built a palace 
 at Ke^aragrama (5, le). 
 
 Neyamatakham = (jl£w(^JC^Jt>?, the Mohammedan general 
 of Hemmatasimha, skilled in training war-elephants 47, 1 1 sq. 
 
 Para^arya, the son of Parapara, i. e. Vyasa, the supposed 
 author of the Mahabharata etc., 1, 3. 
 
 Pratapaditya, king of Jessore, who, refusing to pay tri- 
 bute to the Sultan of Delhi was with the aid of the 
 majmuat-dar Bhavananda subdued by the Delhian general 
 Manasimha, and died on the march to Delhi as prisoner 
 at Benares (12, 8 — 17, 5). — There exists a biography 
 of this king written in Bengali, which has been printed in 
 India*), but of \7l1ich it was impossible to me to obtain a 
 copy. Yet there is an extract from it given in the „ Cal- 
 cutta Review" XIII. 1850. p. 135; there this war and the 
 
 end of Pratapaditya are mentioned with these words: „ he 
 
 rebelled against Akbar. A Mussulman army was sent against 
 him, which came as far as Sulkea, and Raja Prat, being 
 warned by his tutelar goddess, that destruction was near, 
 surrendered himself to the Mussulman general, and was put 
 to death." 
 
 Priyankara, the son and successor of Narayana, governed 
 his realm for 29 years, 6, 9. 
 
 Bhatta, see 1. Bhattanarayana. 2. Bhattacharya. 
 
 Bhattanarayana 1, 5. A famous Brahman of Kanyakubja and 
 son ofKshiti^a, the king of that country (4, 12); was invi- 
 
 •) See the Preface p. XI, and the Note there. 
 
64 
 
 ted to Gaur by king Adisura, together with four other 
 Brahmans (2, 7), to whom he was superior (4, s). As lord 
 of some land, partly presented, partly sold to him by king 
 Adisiira (4, 5 sq.), over which he ruled for 24 years (5, 3), 
 he became the ancestor of the kings of Navadvipa. He is 
 called only Bhatta 2, 6. 4, 4 sq. 
 
 Bhattacharya the surname of a Brahman family, which 
 by Kudraraya was shared between two brothers quarrelling 
 about the division of their inheritance, 32, 14 sq. 
 
 Bharata; from his race are the heroes celebrated in the 
 Mahabharata, 1, 3. 
 
 Bhavananda, see Durgadasa. 
 
 Bhimasena, the Pandu prince in the Mahabharata, with whom 
 Eamachandra is compared on account of his strength, 33, 6. 
 
 Majamudara see Durgadasa. 
 
 Madhu, a son of Bhattanarayana, 5, 8. 
 
 Mall a, see Laharimalla. 
 
 Mahe^a (25, le), or Mahe^vara (26, 4), names of Qiva; 
 see piva. 
 
 Manasimha, a Delhian general, who with the aid of the 
 majmuat-dar Bhavananda subdued king Pratapaditya (13, 
 ii_i7); is called only Simha, 16, 1. 
 
 Mamudagajanavi, i. e. Mahmud of Ghazna, 6,19. See 
 the Preface p. XVm. 
 
 Murada = o(^, a messenger, who summoned the majmuat- 
 dar Bhavananda before the governor of Jamhagira, 18, 15. 
 
 Ya9oharajit, see Kachu. 
 
 Yudhishthira, the model of a good king, 26, 19; his sa- 
 crifice mentioned as a specimen of a splendid and liberal 
 one, 42, 3. 
 
 Raghu, the greatgrandfather of Rama, the hero. With him 
 Raghurama is compared, 58, 12. 
 
 Raghurama, the son of Ramajivana, a man of an excellent 
 character, and skilled in the use of weapons (52, 10 sq.); 
 assisted Jafarkhan in a war, (in which he killed Ali Mah- 
 mud, the son of Ghulam Mahmud), and obtained as reward 
 for this service the dehverance of his father, who had been 
 taken prisoner by Jafarkhan (52, 16 — 55, 17). Having 
 
65 
 
 obtained the throne of his father, he governed exemplarily 
 (58, 12 sq.); but for almost eleven years from the prison, 
 in which Jafarkhan kept him confined at Murshedabad 
 (58, 16 — 59, i). His government having lasted 13 years, 
 he died in the Qaka year 1650 = A. D. 1728 (59, e). He 
 is mentioned also in Hamilton's Description of Hindo- 
 stan I. 144. 
 
 Raghava, the third son and successor of Gopala (23, i. s); 
 built palaces at Reui and Madurna (23, 7. 24, 5); dug a 
 large pond (24, 8 sq.); erected a phallus of Qiva (24, 20); 
 and at Navadvipa a statue of Gane^a (26, 4); while death 
 prevented him from achieving the erection of another phallus 
 of ^iva at Navadvipa (26, 4). Having obtained great fa- 
 vors from the Sultan of Delhi (25, 20 sq.), he died after 
 a government of 51 years (26, 5). 
 
 Raghavepvara, the name given by Rudraraya, in honor of 
 his father Raghava, to a Qivalinga, the temple of which 
 having been commenced by the latter at Navadvipa, was 
 finished by Rudraraya 26, 11. 
 
 Rajadhira, the nephew of Jayasimha Deva, and a general 
 of cavalry in the army of Azim us-shan (49, 3); fell into 
 a quarrel with Ramakrishna, which, however, was composed 
 by Azim us-shan, 49, 5 sq. 
 
 Radhavallabha, a messenger of the governor of Jamhagira 
 to Ramajivana, 44, 12. 
 
 Rama 1. the hero, 10, 8. 40, 9. — 2. The posthumous son 
 of Kapinatha, and adoptive son and successor of Harikrishna 
 Samuddhara (10, 5 sq.); got the name Rama Samuddhara 
 on account of his having been adopted by the latter (10, 
 13); and ruled for 36 years (10, 16 ). 
 
 Ramakrishna, the son of Rudraraya by his younger wife 
 (33, 5); was after his brother Ramajivana's dethronement 
 made king by the governor of Jamhagira (45, 1) ; secretly 
 entertained the son of Krishnarama, king of Burdwan, who 
 was overthrovra by Qobhasimha (45, 13); was on good terms 
 with Azim us-shan, the grandson of Aurengzeb (48, 6 — 
 49, 2); his contest with Rajadhira (49, 2 sq.); lives on good 
 
 5 
 
66 
 
 terms with the Enghsh (50, o) ; overcomes the king of Jes- 
 sore (50, 14 sq.); but is taken prisoner by Jafar-khan, go- 
 vernor of Jamhagira, and dies in the prison of smallpox 
 (51, 2— ii), after a government of 11 years (51, e). 
 
 Ramachandra 1. the hero; to him the whole work is de- 
 dicated, 1,1. — 2. the successor of Vipvanatha (7, is), 
 who ruled for 23 years. — 3. The eldest son of Rudraraya 
 by his elder wife (33, 4); was eminent for his excessive 
 strength of which various anecdotes are related (33, 6 — 
 34, 4; 34, 4 — 35, 9; 35, 9 — 36, 15; 36, le -- 38, 7; 38 
 7—21). On account of his want of erudition and devoutness 
 (38, 21 sq.) he was by his father excluded from succession 
 in favor of his younger brother Ramajivana (40, 6 sq.). But 
 Ramajivana refusing to provide for his brother as the latter 
 demanded, he having addressed himself to the governor of 
 Jamhagira, obtained a share in the realm of his father 
 (42, 8 — 44, 3). Yet soon he was taken prisoner by his 
 brother and kept confined (44, 7. s). 
 
 Ramajivana, the second son of Rudraraya by his elder wife 
 (33, 4). His relation to his brother Ramachandra see under 
 the latter's name. He was dethroned by the governor of 
 Jamhagira in favor of his younger brother Ramakrishna 
 (44, 10 — 45, 4) ; but reinstated by Jafarkhan after the death 
 of Ramakrishna (51, 12 sq.). Then he was by the same taken 
 prisoner again, but dehvered through his son Raghurama 
 (52, 14 — 55, 17). Having magnificently celebrated the birth 
 of his grandson Krishnachandra, he died after a reign of 
 10 years (55, 17 — 58, 11). 
 
 Rame^vara, the second son of Gopala, who was, as well 
 as his eldest brother, excluded from succession in favor of 
 their youngest brother, Raghava, 23, 1. 3. 
 
 Rudraraya, the eldest son of Raghava and his successor 
 (26, 10); finished the temple of a Qivahnga commenced by 
 his father at Navadvipa (26, 10); obtained many favors from 
 the Sultan of Delhi (26, 12 sq.) ; changed the names of Reui 
 and Madurna to Krishnanagara and Qrinagara (26, 20 sq.); 
 contest of his servants with a Mohammedan officer (27, 3 sq.) ; 
 
67 
 
 dug a tank (27, lo); was summoned by the governor of Jam- 
 hagira, but bribing the messengers did not appear (27, 13 sq.); 
 anecdote related of him, how he obtained a honorifical leave 
 to return home (28, 8 — 29, is); another anecdote (29, 18 
 30, is) ; by a Mohammedan architect he had erected several 
 magnificent palaces at Krishnanagara (30, 13 sq.); and a cau- 
 seway from there to Qantipura (31, 4); favors bestowed 
 upon him by the governor of Jamhagira (31, 9 sq.); anec- 
 dotes shovdng his scrupulousness in observing the duties of 
 a Brahman (31, 12 — 32, i; 32, i — u); pleasing anecdote 
 showing his wit (32, 14 — 33, 3); excluded his son Rama- 
 chandra from the succession (38, 21 sq.); died after having 
 made himself all preparations for his funeral, while taking 
 a bath in the Bhagirathi, after a reign of 11 years (40, 19). 
 
 Lakshmi, see Govinda. 
 
 Ijaharimalla, a general of Jafarkhan, who overcame Uday a, 
 king of Rajasai, with the aid of Raghurama (52, 20 — 55, 6); 
 is called only Malla: 53, 1. 54, s. 10. 
 
 Vadasaheba 50, 10 = Mr. Ward? I could not find any 
 particulars about him. — Saheba is the Arabic - Persian 
 
 s^^r^Lo. In the Bengali biography of Krishnachandra the 
 same man is mentioned as the Governor General (raja 
 Vada saheb) contemporary to Krishnach. himself toward 
 the end of his reign, and friendly to him. There probably 
 Warren Hastings is to be understood (1772 — 85), and the 
 mention which is made of him in our passage may be a mistake. 
 
 -^ ^ • j sons of Bhattanarayana, 5, 8. See also Adivaraha. 
 
 Valmiki, the author of the Ramayana, 1, 2. 
 
 Vika, a son of Bhattanarayana, 5, 8. 
 
 Vi^vanatha 1. The eldest son of Kama, who obtained the 
 sway over the undivided realm of his father by the assi- 
 stance of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna (! sic), to whom he 
 agreed to pay tribute (6, 17 sq.) (see the Preface p. XVIII.) 
 Through the favor of the same he obtained Kamkadi and 
 yet other countries (7, 9); and reigned for 31 years (7, u); 
 
 5* 
 
68 
 
 his successors remain subject to tribute (7, ii). — 2. The 
 second son of Raghava, 26, 9. 
 
 Vipvambhara, the son and successor of Kandarpa, ruled 
 for 28 years 6, 3. 
 
 Vrihaspati, the teacher of the gods, here the model of elo- 
 quence 48, 18. 
 
 V^edagarbha, a Brahman and one of the four companions 
 of Bhattanarayana 2, 8. 
 
 Qiva; the worship of his phallus was favored by Raghava 
 (24, 20. 26, 4), and his son Rudraraya (26, lo sq.). 
 
 Qivaramabhagyavat, an incapable architect of Raghava 
 24, 11. 
 
 ^obhasimha, king of Chetuya, overcame Krishnarama, king 
 of Burdwan, but was murdered by the latter's daughter, 
 whom he kept as his mistress (45, 4 — 46, 21); is called 
 only Simha 46, 3. 
 
 Qrikrishna, the eldest son of the majmuat-dar Bhavananda, 
 and father of Gopiramana, 18, 17. 21, 20. Being not con- 
 tent with the intention of his father to divide his realm 
 among his three sons, he repaired to the Sultan of Delhi, 
 from whom he obtained the government over Khoshadaha 
 and Ukhada, 21, 19 sq. He died childless 22, 19. 
 
 Qrijagadrama, the son of Krishnarama; having been safed 
 from Qobhasimha, was secretly entertained by Ramakrishna 
 near Matiyari 45, 13. 
 
 Qriharsha, one of the four Brahmans, who were with Bhatta- 
 narayana invited from Kanyakubja by king Adisura, 2, 8. 
 
 Shashthidasa, the son and successor of Kamsari, ruled 
 for 29 years, 7, 19. 
 
 Samuddhara, see Harikrishna and Rama. 
 
 Sayephakham (not Say., as through a missprint has been 
 written in the text), the Mohammedan king of Satasa'ika 
 and friend to Raghava, 23, 11. Perhaps (jli^ ^^^ or 
 
 Saristhakham, governor of Jamhagira, 27, 15. — 
 
69 
 
 Sim ha, see Manasimha, Qobhasimha and Hemmatasimha. 
 
 Subuddhi, 1. the son and successor of Vipvanatha, ruled 
 for 25 years, 7, 14. — 2. The fourth son of Kama Samud- 
 dhara (10, le), who having obtained a part of the reahii of 
 his father (12, 4), resided at Patikavadi (12, 7). 
 
 Surapati, i. e. Indra, 26, 6. 
 
 Suryavampa, the race of the sun, the dynasty of which 
 Kama, the hero, was a member, 1, 2. 
 
 Soma, a son of Bhattanarayana, 5, 9. 
 
 Harikrishna Samuddhara, 10, 2 sq. He hospitably re- 
 ceived the wife of Kapinatha, who had been vanquished 
 and killed by the Sultan Akbar of Delhi, and having adopted 
 his posthumous son, transmitted to the latter his own realm, 
 so that the dynasty of Bhattanarayana ruled for some time 
 over the realm of Har. Sam., not over its own inherited 
 kingdom, until the majmuat-dar Bhavanan da was reinstated 
 in the latter (17, 12. See Vagoyana in Index 11). — Is 
 Samuddhara perhaps a title? The Bengali biography of 
 Krishnachandra writes Samadvara, and calls him Vipvanatha. 
 
 Harinarayana, a kanimgo at the court of Jamhagira, who 
 fell into a contest with Kudraraya, 29, 18 sq. 
 
 Harivallabha, the second son of Kama Samuddhara (10, 
 15), who got a share of the realm of his father (12, 4); 
 resided at Phatepura, 12, 6. 
 
 Harihara, the son and successor of Halayudha, reigned for 
 15 years, 5, 20. 21. 
 
 Halayudha, the son and successor of Nipu, reigned for 
 15 years, 5, 19. 20. 
 
 Hemmatasimha, the younger brother and successor of ^o- 
 bhasimha (46, 21); waged war against Kamakrishna, but 
 was vanquished by the latter (47, 2 sq.) ; and expelled from 
 his realm by Azim us-shan (47, 6 — 48, 4). He is called 
 only Simha 48, 1. 2. s. 
 
INDEX II. 
 Geographical names. 
 
 Books made use of: 
 
 R. Ritter's Erdkunde, 2^ ed. Vol. 4—6. Berl. 1834-36. 
 
 Wahl. Wahl's Erdbeschreibmig von Ostindien, forming 
 V. 4 of Biisching's Erdbeschreibung. Hambm-g 1807. 
 
 Briggs. The index of geographical names at the end of 
 the fourth volume of Briggs' translation of Ferishta's 
 history of the rise of the Mohammedan power in India. 
 
 W. Wilson's Sanskrit dictionary, 2*^ ed. 
 
 H. Haughton's Bengali and Sanskrit dictionary. 
 
 Ham. A Geographical, Statistical, and Historical Descrip- 
 tion of Hindostan and the Adjacent Countries. By Wal- 
 ther Hamilton. London 1820. 
 
 The maps used were those pubhshed under the superinten- 
 dence of the Society for the Diffiision of Useful Kjiow- 
 ledge, London 1831—35. 
 
 Anga, Bengal proper including Bhagalpore (H.) 25, i. 41, 2. 
 56, 15. 
 
 Anduliya, a village (grama) in Vagoyana, 8, 17. 
 
 Indraprastha, the Sanskrit name for Delhi; is mentioned 
 very frequently throughout the whole book, the Sultans of 
 Delhi appearing since yi9vanatha as the paramount lords 
 of the descendants of Bhattanarayana and many of the other 
 little Rajas of Bengal. 
 
 Ukhada, a country, the government over which the Sultan 
 of Delhi conferred upon Qrikrishna, 22, 11. 
 
71 
 
 Kachvi- forest; there a relation of Pratapaditya, king of 
 Jessore, the parents of whom had been persecuted and mur- 
 dered by the latter, was brought up, and got from it the 
 name of „Prince Kachu", 13, i sq. — kachvi means the 
 esculent Arum root. 
 
 Kalikata, i. e. Calcutta, mentioned as the residence of the 
 English (dakshinatyamlechhah) 50, lo. 
 
 Kalinga, the name of a country, 56, i5. The name of K. is 
 in the Puranas applied to several places, but it especially 
 signifies a district on the Coromandel coast, extending from 
 below Cuttack to the vicinity of Madras (H.). See also 
 R. IV. 1162. VI. 432. 
 
 Kamkadi, a country which, through the favor of the Sultan 
 of Delhi, Vipvanatha obtained, in addition to the realm of 
 his father 7, 9. — D. writes Kakadi, but the orthography 
 with the ardhachandra is that of B. and of the Bengali 
 biography of Krishnachandra. The latter calls Kamkadi 
 (ynih. i) a grama (1, i), and makes it the residence of Ka- 
 ^inatha. 
 
 Kaiichi, one of the seven sacred cities of the Hindus (H.), 
 25, 1. 41, 2. 56, 15. 
 
 Katuyam, a village (grama) near Pala^i, 47, 8. Probably 
 Cutwa, the Sanskrit name for which is given by Ham. I. 
 157 as Kangtoya. 
 
 Kanyakubja, the modern Canouge. Five Brahmans were 
 invited from there by king Adisura, to perform an expia- 
 tory sacrifice for him, 2, 6 sq. 
 
 Ka^i, the commun name for Benares, 25, i. 41, 2. 56, 15. 
 
 Kudalagachhi, the residence of prince Jagadi^a, 12, 7; 
 the dwelhng- place of Acharya, 33, 3. In the latter place 
 it is in both Mss. spelled Kudahgachhi. 
 
 Krishnanagara, formerly Reui q. v. Rudraraya having gi- 
 ven it this name, had erected there by a Mohammedan ar- 
 chitect a palace (30, 15); and built a causeway from there 
 to Qantipura (3 1 , 5). From this time it seems to have been 
 the residence of the kings of Navadvipa, as it is expressly 
 said of Rudraraya (39, u), and Ramakrishna (50, e). — It 
 
72 
 
 is the city on the river JeUinghy, Eastward from Nuddea, 
 usually written on the maps I^shenagur. 
 
 Ke^aragrama, the residence of king Nipu, who built there 
 a palace, 5, le; and the descendants of whom remained in 
 the possession of this place, 5, 17. 
 
 Kailasa, the residence of the gods, a mountain in the Hi- 
 malaya range, 24, 19. 
 
 Khadi, a country, the government over which Rudraraya 
 obtained from the Sultan of Delhi, 26, 13. 
 
 Koshadaha, a province, the government over which the 
 Sultan of Delhi bestowed upon ^rikrishna, 22, 10. 
 
 Gajanavin, of Ghazna, see Mamuda in Index I. 
 
 Gauda, i. e. Gaur, the central district of Bengal, 25, 21; 
 is mentioned together with Varddhamana (Burdwan)? 
 48, 7. 20. 
 
 Chapada, a village (grama), 13, 19. 16, 15. Perhaps Chu- 
 prah in Bahar, E. Long. 25. 46, N. Lat. 24. 46. Ham. 1. 
 278. 
 
 Chetuya, the realm of Qobhasimha, near Burdwan, 45, 5. 
 
 Jamhagira (8, 10. 27, 13. 15. 44, 19), or better Jamhagi- 
 r an agar a (8, 12. 12, 15. 18, 14. 18, and wherever the name 
 of this city occurs save in the passages just mentioned), 
 i. e. the city of the emperor Jehangir of Delhi (A. D. 
 1605 — 1627), a name of the famous Bengal city Dakka 
 (Wahl p. 452 and 1116). Though Jamhagiranagara be the 
 more correct form, Jamhagira has always been written for the 
 sake of brevity. — This city was the residence of the most 
 powerful Mohammedan governor, the subahdar of Bengal, 
 the influence of whom upon the little Rajas of Bengal shows 
 itself throughout the whole book; that also the other Mo- 
 hammedan governors of Bengal, (at least three of them,) 
 were subject to him, is shown by 27, 20. Jafarkhan remo- 
 ved his residence from Dakka to Murshedabad (see the 
 passages of H oil we 11 andRitter quoted under Jafarkhan 
 in Index I), by which it becomes clear, why Jafarkhan ap- 
 pears from 52, u to the end as governor of Murshedabad. 
 
73 
 
 Judi, a country, the government over which was bestowed 
 by the Sultan of Delhi upon Rudraraya, 26, 13. 
 
 Turakin, of Turkestan; horses from there are of noble race 
 and very strong, 37, ii. 
 
 Tripura, the Sanscrit name for Tipperah, the country be- 
 tween Sylhet (Qrihatta) and Chittagong (Chaturgrama). A 
 king of Tr. sent a herd of elephants to Akbar of Delhi, 7, 21. 
 
 Damodara, the Dummooda river flowing near the city Burd- 
 wan, 45, 8. 
 
 Deuliya, a village (grama), where the majmuat - dar Bhava- 
 nanda erected a palace, 18, 11. 
 
 Navadvipa, now Nadiya or Nuddea in Bengal, on the con- 
 fluence of .the Bhagirathi and Jellinghy rivers. Raghava 
 erected there a statue of Ganepa, and began to build a 
 temple for a Qivalinga, which after his death was finished 
 by his son Rudraraya, 26, 3 — 12; Ramakrishna for the first 
 time is called „lord of Navadvipa", 47, 2. 51, 14; then Ra- 
 makrishna, 52, 4; while Raghurama seems again to have 
 resided at Krishnanagara, 59, 2. 
 
 Pala^i, a town (nagara), 47, 7; or a village (grama), 47, 18. 
 It is Plassey, Ham. I. 146. 
 
 Patikavadi, the residence of prince Subuddhi, the son of 
 Rama Samuddhara, 12, 7. It is probably Putcabarry, which 
 I find noted between Plassey and JeUinghy, on the bank 
 of the Jellinghy river. As it is known, d is in Bengali 
 very commonly pronounced as r (Haughton 49). 
 
 Parasika, Persian, 11, 13. 15. 13, a. 
 
 Poyaladaha, a pond rich in fish, which Ramachandra de- 
 manded from his brother, 42, 21. 
 
 Phatepura, the residence of prince Harivallabha , 12, 6. 
 Briggs gives three difierent towns vdth the name Futteh- 
 poor (->js:-0C5), but according to their situation only one, 
 E. Long. 86. 45, N. Lat. 25, 35, can possibly be our Pha- 
 tepura. But upon the maps I do not find this town in the 
 place denoted, but somewhat more toward the S. E., about 
 E. Long. 87. I8, N. Lat. 24. 10. It is even to be doubted, 
 
74 
 
 whether this Futtehpoor be our Phatepura, for it seems to 
 be too distant from the centre of the realm of the kings of 
 Navadvipa and Krishnanagara. 
 
 Balakhin, of Balkh. This country is mentioned as being 
 famous for its noble and strong horses, 37, ii. 
 
 Bhagirathi, that branch of the Ganges, on whose confluence 
 with, the Jellinghy Navadvipa is situated. Kapinatha, when 
 attacked by Akbar, fled toward this river, 8, 15; Eudraraya 
 feeling himself near his end, repeatedly repaired to its bank 
 (39, 12. 15); and died while taking a bath in it (40, 19). 
 
 Bhempura, a village (grama), where Ramachandra, the son 
 of Rudraraya, possessed a hunting -castle, 34, 5. 8. 
 
 Magadha, a country on the Sonabhadra river. South - Bahar 
 or Bahar proper (H.), 25, i. 41, 2. 56, 15. 
 
 Matiyari, a town (nagara), in which the majmuat-dar Bhava- 
 nanda erected a palace, 18, lo; the dwelling-place of two 
 Brahmans, a quarrel of whom was brought before Rudraraya, 
 32, 15 ; one of these Brahmans, Bhatta, stayed there, 33, 2 ; 
 the possession of Matiyari required by Ramachandra from 
 his brother, 42, 19. D. writes 32, 15 Matiyari, while B. has 
 the usual orthography with i in the second syllable. It 
 would have been better to retain this orthography in the 
 text also in this passage. 
 
 Madurna, a village (grama), where Raghava built a palace, 
 24, 5; was called Qrinagara by Rudraraya, 27, 2. In the 
 former passage by a missprint is written Madarna instead 
 of Madurna. 
 
 Murasidabada, i. e. Murshedabad, 46, 17. 47, 6; was the 
 seat of a Mohammedan governor, who was subject to that 
 of Jamhagira, 27, 20; but afterward it became the residence 
 of Jafarkhan (who had removed thither from Jamhagira), 
 52, 15. 55, 9. 18. 59, 2. 
 
 Mrijanagara, probably Mirjanagur on the Cobbaduck river 
 in Jessore. The governor of this town was subject to that 
 of Jamhagira 27, 20. 
 
 Ya^ohara, the country and town of Jessore. Although it 
 is not expressly said by our author, it is known, that this 
 
75 
 
 country was the realm of Pratapaditya. After the conquest 
 of the latter by the Delhians^ prince Kachu obtained the 
 government over it (17, lo), and the title of ^conqueror of 
 Jessore" (17, ii). A king of Jessore was overcome by Ea- 
 makrishna (50, 14 sq.), and his capital plundered (50, is). 
 
 Rajasai, the kingdom of Udaya, 52, 17. It is Rajshahi, 
 the centre of Bengal, between the 24*^ and 25*'* degrees 
 N. Lat. In it is situated e. g. Rajmahal. Ham. I. 197. 
 
 Reui, a village (grama), where Raghava built several palaces 
 and a seraglio, 23, 7 ; was by Rudraraya called Krishnana- 
 gara, 26, 20. 
 
 Vang a, Bengal or the Eastern part of the modern province 
 (W.), 1, 6. 12, 8. 25, 1. 41, 2. 46, 7. 56, 15. Adisura's king- 
 dom was situated there, 1, 6. 
 
 Varddhamana, i. e. Burdwan (W. and Ham. I. 153.), the 
 country and city. Is was the realm of Krishnarama, 45, 4 sq. ; 
 is mentioned together with Gaur, 48, 7. 20. 
 
 Vallabhapura, a village (grama), 10, 18; the residence of 
 the majmuat-dar Bhavananda, 12, 4. 18, 8. 
 
 Vagoyana, a country (prade^a), in which Kapinatha was 
 taken prisoner by the army of Akbar (8, 19 sq.); was be- 
 stowed upon the majmuat - dar Bhavananda as reward for the 
 services shown by him to the Sultan of Delhi (17, 1. 17 sq. 
 21, 1). It being not said, that this country was taken again 
 from the descendants of the majmuat-dar, it must be a part 
 of the realm of Krishnachandra. The Bengali biography of 
 the latter writes Vaguyan, and calls it a parganah (1, e). 
 
 Varanasi i. e. Benares. The captive Pratapaditya died there, 
 17, 5. 
 
 Virakati, a village (grama) in Rajshahi, 52, 19. 
 
 Qantipura, now Santipour, a town to the S. W. of Krish- 
 nanagara, on the Hugly. A causeway was built by Rudra- 
 jraya from Krishnanagara to this place, 31, 5. 
 
 Qrinagara, formerly Madurna q. v. The residence of Rama- 
 chandra, when he had obtained from the governor of Jam- 
 hagira the permission to hold the government over a part 
 
76 
 
 of the realm of his father 44, 2. Probably it is Sirinagur, 
 to the N. E. of Hugly. 
 
 Satasaika, the realm of the Mohammedan king Saifkhan, 
 who was a friend to Raghava, 23, 11. D. writes Satasaiika. 
 
 Sukhasagara, a village (grama), toward the North of Cal- 
 cutta and Chandernagore (R. VI. 1190), on the Bhagirathi, 
 39, 12. 15. 
 
 Saurashtra (usually Surashtra), the modern Surat, 41, 2. 
 
 Svarnadi, the Ganges (24, le), properly that of heaven. 
 
 Hugali (27, 20. 28, 3. 40, 1. 43, u), or Hugali (11, 10. 
 12, 16. 43, 17 etc., so usually), or Huguli (11, 2 and D. 
 43, 14), Hugly, the well known city in Bengal; was the 
 seat of a Mohammedan governor (12, ig), who, however, 
 was subject to that of Jamhagira (27, 20); the residence 
 of a faujdar, (probably a title which belonged to all the go- 
 vernors of Hugly,) 43, 14; the country about Hugly rich 
 in sandal wood, 40, 1. 
 
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ERRATA. 
 Read: 3, 16. ^^R^ I 
 
 5, 7. -^^^ 
 
 7, 15. 16. «»Tnre^ 
 
 7, 16. 17. ftjfrWRl* 
 8, 15. xi^ynwRt 
 
 11, 2. 3. fg^^ nf^' 
 
 12, 2. HmH<H^<j<Rrri ^irfit 
 
 21, 4. •<M«*«^mr^i««» 
 
 22, 11. i^m^iPri irf^o.. siM^fri Jg^PTClT 
 36, 18. ^JT^W. 
 39, 19. ^« 
 
 40, 11. ^5;cR ^nf I 
 
 48, 11. <NMMi 
 
 43, 19. 5fjfFik«» 
 
 44, 18. •^mg^ 
 
 47, 16. Mfltflj^iK^mJM '* 
 
 51, 8. ifffPlk'* 
 
 56, 12. «> irt|ir<«h4j^l «' 
 
/ 
 
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 Renewed books are sub jea to immediate recall. 
 
 SEP 18 1967 6 1 
 
 REC'D 
 
 SEP ^'67-1 PW 
 
 LOAN DEPT. 
 
 SEP 2 19P7: 
 
 t 
 
 RFCn 
 
 SEP ^'Bi--im 
 
 LOAN DEPT. — 
 
 Jbject to recall after - 
 
 BEGDLD M A B2 7'73-t ii PN1^9 
 
 JAN8 07* i 
 
 LD 21A-60to-2,'67 
 (H241slO)476B 
 
 General Library 
 
 University of California 
 
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