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 TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 IntroduL'tion 
 
 Preface 
 
 Partial Bibliography . 
 Historical References 
 
 Historical 
 
 Discursion in Theory . 
 Lucas Pacioli 
 
 Page 
 
 (By Page Lawrence, C.P.A.) 1 
 
 (By the Author) 3 
 
 (By the Author) 8 
 
 (" " " ) 14 
 
 Domenico Manzoni 
 
 Don Angelo Pietra 
 
 Matteo Mainardi 
 
 a t ( 
 
 (( <c 
 
 Jan Ympyn Christolf els 
 Simon Stevin 
 
 Richard Dafforne 
 
 Reproduced (Author's explanation) 17 
 
 Title Page (photographic reproduction) 18 
 
 What was his real name 21 
 
 Abbreviations used 24-25 
 
 Peculiar sayings 27 
 
 Comparative index of the earliest writers 29 
 
 Entire Text (photographic reproduction) 32 to 80 
 
 Complete translation of entire text 33 to 81 
 
 Journal (photographic reproduction) 82 
 
 Author's notes on reproduction 83 
 
 Abstracts from text 84 
 
 Rules for Journalizing 85 
 
 Index to original text 85 
 
 Journal and Ledger reproduced (Notes by Author) 87 
 
 Index to original text 89 
 
 Extent of original text 91 
 
 photographic reproduction) 93 
 
 ) 94 
 
 ) 95 to 96 
 
 ) 97 to 107 
 
 (Notes by Author) 107 
 
 photographic reproduction) 108 
 
 ) 109 
 
 ) 110 
 
 ) 112 
 
 Author's notes 113 
 
 Journal and Ledger reproduced (Notes by Author) 114-118 
 
 Title Page 
 
 Chart 
 
 Journal 
 
 Ledger 
 
 Journal reproduced 
 
 Title Page 
 
 Introduction to Executor's Books 
 
 Journal 
 
 Title Page 
 
 Title Page 
 
 Balance Sheet 
 
 Profit and Loss Account. 
 
 Journal 
 
 Ledger 
 
 Controlling Account 
 
 photographic reproduction) 119 
 
 ) 
 
 ). 
 
 .120 
 
 .121 
 
 .122 to 127 
 
 .128 to 135 
 
 .136 
 
 Partially reproduced (Notes by Author) 137 
 
 Title Page 
 
 Epistle Dedicatory 
 
 Antiquity of Bookkeeping . 
 
 Index 
 
 Text 
 
 Journal 
 
 Ledger 
 
 Trial Balance 
 
 photographic reproduction) 140 
 
 ) 141 
 
 Afterword . 
 
 .144 
 
 .145 
 
 .147 to 171 
 
 .172 
 
 .174 to 179 
 
 .180 
 
 .182
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 By Page Lawrence, C.P.A. 
 
 Nearly all historians, when tracing the gi'owth of an art or science from mere empiricism to the estab- 
 lishment of recognized principles, are confronted with an apparent insurmountable gap or complete silence 
 during the period known in history as the Dark Ages. 
 
 Archaeological and historical researches have convinced this civilization that in Ancient Babylon, 
 Greece and Rome there was a high state of civilization — both industrial and social. 
 
 Today we may study Aristotle's politics with great profit in our attempts to understand the political 
 and economic conditions confronting this generation. An acquaintance with the Greek philosophers is es- 
 sential in undei'standing our present philosophical thought. 
 
 It would seem that, since we find so much help in consulting these ancient writers in an attempt to 
 solve the political problems of today which are presented by this complex civilization, in a large measure 
 at least our mentors must have been confronted with the same economic and industrial difficulties that we 
 are attempting to solve now as accountants. 
 
 One is convinced that the ancient writers on political economy and commerce were closely allied with 
 the scribes or accountants who recorded the business transactions of those days. This allegiance seems to 
 have been lost after the Roman supremacy (and the consequent growth and spread of commerce), and it 
 is only within recent years that the modern economist and accountant has acknowledged that a truer un- 
 derstanding of modern commerce can be had with cooperation and that the two sciences (economics and 
 accounting) are finding so much in common that each is dependent upon the other for a full understanding 
 of modern business conditions. 
 
 Mr. John P. Young, Editor of the San Francisco Chronicle, ably presented accounting in antiquity 
 before the convention of the American Association of Public Accountants at San Francisco (Year Book 
 1911, page 153). He showed that Rome in Cicero's time was dependent upon the independent verifica- 
 tion of accounts and statements thereof by one skilled in accountancy. The familiarity with which he 
 mentions the accountant would seem to indicate that his place in the Roman social organization was well 
 established. 
 
 However, after the recorded utterances of Cicero the historian finds in the pages of history no further 
 mention of those individuals acknowledged to be skilled in accounts, which we are pleased to call account- 
 ants, until the writings of Paeioli in 1494 and Stevin in 1604. 
 
 It seems especially appropriate that one so greatly interested as the author in that work dear to the 
 hearts of all progressive accountants, and who has done so much to place the education of the accountant 
 on equal footing with that of law or medicine, should be the first of modern times to translate this first re- 
 corded book of the principles of debit and credit into the English language. 
 
 It is a significant fact that the rules and principles elucidated by Paeioli are contained in a book given 
 over to mathematics. One cannot help but believe that the derivation of double-entry bookkeeping is an 
 explanation of the algebraic equation used with sucli skill by the ancient Greek mathematicians, applied 
 practically to the scientific recording of business transactions for, just as in algebra, the equation once 
 established cannot be changed but by the addition of positive or negative quantities. 
 
 This work will give an added assurance that the apparently empirical rules of commerce are based 
 upon an ancient scientific and mathematical foundation, to those who have attempted to instill into the 
 commercial mind the idea that accountancy is a science, the prime requisite of a mastery of which is a thor- 
 ough education in the theory of economics and allied sciences supplemented by practical experimentation 
 in the application of formulae to practical biisiness situations. 
 
 The accountant has to correct constantly, or at least modify, the attitude of the business man toward 
 matters which are his dearest heirlooms handed down from the days of the Ancient Guild system, i. e., 
 that the only wa.y to learn how to do business is to do it along the rule-of-thumb method communicated 
 from father to son by word of mouth. 
 
 Accountants, who remember the dearth of accountanc.y literature in this country up to a h\v short 
 years ago, are dumbfounded at the mass of accountancy publications which are constantly flooding the 
 market at this time. While I believe that the profession of accountancy as a whole recognizes the ines- 
 timable value of these publications, one cannot help but think in perusing their pages that they are largely 
 influenced b.y the empirical methods of general business, rather than based on scientific principles. In 
 other words, on "how" but never "why." 
 
 We are wont to look in vain through mazes of descriptions, forms and precedence of some particular 
 business enterprise for a principle of accountancy which can be applied to the specific difficulty we have 
 in hand. It should be the aim of some of the brilliant members of the profession of accountancy to take 
 the great mass of historical records which have been published in the last few years of how this or that 
 business should be kept and, with the aid of recognized authorities on economics, codify, with quotation of 
 their source, the scattered and ill defined principles of accountancy for the benefit of accountancy educa- 
 tion, and to this end no better examples of axiomatic principles can be had than in the books of Paeioli, 
 Pietra and Stevin.
 
 The author, recoguiziug from his experience as an educator in accountancy (coming as he did from 
 Holland some twenty years ago without knowledge of American commercial practices or language) the 
 lack of clearly expressed principles in accountancy, commenced researches which have finally culminated 
 in this published translation in English of the first known writings on the subject of double entry book- 
 keeping. 
 
 At every turn, in the preachment of the scientific principles of his profession to the commercial mind, 
 in his successful efforts for the passage of the Certified Public Accounts law in Colorado, then in his work 
 as secretary of the first examining board in that state, in his labors as Dean of the School of Commerce, 
 Accounts and Finance of The University of Denver, and as an instructor on practical and theoretical ac- 
 countancy subjects and, finally as Chairman of the Educational Committee of The American Association of 
 Public Accountants, the author has ever been confronted with the dearth of practical exemplification, his- 
 torical or otherwise, of the true foundation of what in modern times might be called the Art of Accountancy. 
 
 To weld together into a well balanced whole the two plans of accountancy education, as embraced in 
 the curriculi of universities and colleges offering training to the embryo accountant, has long been the goal 
 of his educational endeavors, i. e., to leaven the purely academic training by instructors or professors 
 whose own knowledge of accountancy is in the main pedagogical, with the practical knowledge as imparted 
 by the practicing accountant and the business man. (The author, in the American Association of Public 
 Accountants Year Books for 1911-12-13 and 14, has gone into this subject extensively, showing that educa- 
 tional institutions of the country have chosen either the one or the other of the two methods of teaching — 
 the academic training in pure theory, treated in much the same manner as economic subjects are presented 
 and without the same degree of accuracy, or the practical lecturing upon accountancy subjects by practic- 
 ing accountants and business men, supplemented by the best text books obtainable — and urging the while 
 the necessity for the development together of the two accountancy educational plans, as is done in Great 
 Britain.) 
 
 While it is true that to men of little or no practical experience in accountancy must be given the credit 
 for producing some of the finest examples of purely theoretical accounting which the literature of accoun- 
 tancy has today, the first mentioned criticism that this pedagogical instruction does not teach the actual 
 application of the theory to modern business, again applies. On the other liand, with the practical ac- 
 countant as the instructor or the writer of text books, too little cannot be said of the difficulty he has in 
 imparting to students and laymen the principles which seem exceedingly clear to him. And it was through 
 this research, this labor to combine in accountancy education theory with practice and practice with theory, 
 that this book was born. It is apparent in reading the ancient works of Pacioli, of Stevin and Pietra, in 
 their exhaustive explanations and their lengthy and precise instructions that in their endeavors to system- 
 atize the recording of the transactions of commerce of their time, they encountered many of the same sort 
 of, if not the identical, problems with which we are confronted today. The modern translations of their 
 works, with the author's own views presented as notes, it is believed will shed some light into the darkness 
 which has so long shrouded the actual foundation of the practice and the theory of the profession of pub- 
 lic accountancy. 
 
 Denver, Colorado, August, 1914.
 
 PREFACE 
 
 As no technical books worth while can be prepared without diligent and persistent research, it natur- 
 ally follows that no such works can be produced unless there is material furnished to build upon, and the 
 cheapest and easiest foundation is usually the writings of men who have excelled in the same line of en- 
 deavor. In other words, a library of books is absolutely essential to the advancement of thought on tech- 
 nical and professional subjects. 
 
 While studying to Americanize my knowledge of accountancy twenty years ago, I came to the con- 
 clusion that there were then on that subject few modern books and still fewer ancient ones. This convic- 
 tion was constantly strengthened by conversation with my fellow-workers, and it remained unchanged un- 
 til a few years ago. 
 
 When my duties came to include the teaching of accountancy and the direction of the thought of my 
 students, the choice of books for their reading became a serious problem. It was then my privilege to start 
 the collection of a considerable library of works on accountancy and its allied subjects. 
 
 However, I could learn of but few books of ancient date, and they were so scarce, difiScult to get, and 
 high priced, that most of them remain yet to be acquired. Among those which I did get is an original 
 copy of the oldest published work on bookkeeping. The price for copies of this book ranges from $50 to 
 $250, and it is thus not within the means of ordinary students and is even beyond the inclination of ac- 
 quisition of many of the most wealthy libraries. It became my desire to have it reproduced, together with a 
 free translation of its most important parts. 
 
 This desire increased when my research showed me that the first man to follow the teachings of this 
 Italian book and to translate it into another language, was a fellow-countryman of mine, a Hollander 
 named Jan Ympyn Christoffels. He translated it into the Holland, French, and English languages, and 
 to this day we follow his lead, (as outlined in the title of his book), of calling double-entry bookkeeping 
 by the use of day book, journal, and ledger, the Italian method of bookkeeping. 
 
 The Hollanders of ancient New Amsterdam (now New York) have left their unmistakable imprint 
 on our American political and social life, by the introduction into this country of many things which orig- 
 inated in their mother-coiuitry and which were unknown even in England prior to their use in America. 
 To this day many of these things remain unused in England, which is one reason why we are so different 
 from the English. Among these things may be mentioned :* 
 
 The recording of deeds and mortgages in a public office ; the equal distribution of property among the 
 children of a person dying intestate ; the office of a district attorney in each comity ; the practice of giving 
 a prisoner the free services of a lawyer for his defense ; the township system, by which each town has local 
 self-government; the practice of making prisoners work; the turning of prisons into work houses; the 
 system of university education ; free public school system ; the red, white and blue striped flag ; the prin- 
 ciples contained in our Declaration of Independence ; the granting of religious freedom ; the cultivation of 
 roses ; the present banking system ; the use of reading and spelling books for children ; the telescope ; the 
 microscope ; the thermometer ; the discovery of capillary circulation of tlie blood ; the pendulum clock ; 
 measuring degrees of latitude and longitude ; the compass ; the wind-mill with movable cap ; the glass hot- 
 house ; the use of underclothing ; the bedstead ; the brick ; the game of golf. 
 
 It has seemed to me fitting that another Hollander should present to his American professional breth- 
 ren, and put within the reach of every student of accounting, for research and study, a reproduction of 
 that prized Italian book, which, as we shall see, has influenced us to such an extent that the principles it 
 enunciates as of use in its day, remain the foundation of our present methods of bookkeeping. 
 
 It was not my aim to give a complete literal translation, because much of the text is reiteration and 
 pertains to subject-matter purely local and now entirely obsolete, which would necessitate lengthy expla- 
 nations of ancient methods of no present value or use. Therefore, numerous foreign terms and ancient 
 names have been left untranslated. Furthermore, as the book was written in contemporary Italian, or, in 
 other words, in the local dialect of Venice, which is neither Italian nor Latin, it is extremely difficult to get 
 local talent sufficiently trained in this work to translate it all literally. 
 
 The old style of writing is unattractive and tiresome to follow. While it is customary and proper in 
 translations to follow the original style as much as possible, and to cliange it no more than is necessary to 
 make it readily understood and easily read in modern language, it was found extremely difficult to do that 
 in this instance, and furthermore, it would have served no practical purpose. And then, who is there at 
 the present time but a scholar of some eminence and a linguist of no mean accomplishment, who will pre- 
 sume to say what is correct and what is incorrect ? Such authorities never agree among themselves, and it 
 would be useless to attempt to please them all. Therefore, we are extending the translations, not so much 
 for academic purposes as for the practical use of less pedantic people, upon the theory that they who wish 
 to obtain knowledge of any science must first learn its history and then trace its gradual growth. There 
 is hardly another science about which there is as much doubt and darkness as bookkeeping, and therefore we 
 merely present this translation as a contribution to the history of bookkeeping. 
 
 ♦William Elliott Griffls in "The Ladies' Home Journal."
 
 Criticism has beeu made of the title of this book, ' ' Aucieut Double-Entry Bookkeeping, ' ' in the use of 
 the word "Ancient" as applied to the year 1493 A. D. The long obscurity of the "Dark Ages," during 
 which there was no light whatever upon this important subject, has, in our belief, made the treatise of 
 Pacioli ancient, and, further the abrupt "leap through the dark" from this ancient work to the works of 
 modern times, we believe justifies the title. 
 
 The reader is further referred to the German translation of Pacioli 's book by E. L. Jager which ap- 
 peared in 1876, and the Russian translation by E. G. Waldenberg which was printed in St. Petersburg in 
 1893. 
 
 Pacioli 's book was first photographed and plates made from these photographs. Proof sheets from these 
 plates were then sent to Rome, Italy, and there transcribed on a typewriter in modern letters, to facilitate 
 translating. The typewritten transcript was then translated into Engli.sh, which was then compared with 
 an existing Grerman translation by Dr. Jager. Discrepancies were carefully noted by reference to the orig- 
 inal book, and the best possible corrections made. This method brought to the surface obvious and glar- 
 ing short-comings in the German translation, and it also demonstrated our own inability to comprehend 
 and properly translate some of the old terms and words, which even the Italy of today has long forgotten. 
 With it all then, we are free to admit that in numerous places our English translation is defective. How- 
 ever, we are not imposing on those who are better scholars than we, because we give the original Italian 
 side by side with our English version, and any one so disposed can easily check it and correct our copy to 
 suit his fancy. 
 
 The only object of our endeavors is to give something where there was nothing to those who hereto- 
 fore could not avaU themselves of the contents of this old and pioneer work on a subject now universally 
 recognized as being the foundation of all our modern industrial and commercial problems. 
 
 We ask your indulgence for errors and omissions, and for the price of this book, as the work had to 
 be done hastily and cheaply, for the financial success of this enterprise is exceedingly problematical, owing 
 to the excessive cost of preparation and reproduction, and the very small possible circulation. The work 
 therefore should be viewed largely as a labor of love, a voluntary philanthropic contribution to the pro- 
 fession of accountancy. 
 
 Acknowledgment is due and most gladly given to : my wife, a Certified Public Accountant of the State 
 of Colorado, who aided with the German translation ; to Mr. Robert Ferrari, LL.D. Roma, Italy, who 
 aided with the Italian translation ; to Mr. Henry Rand Hatfield, PH.D., University of California, who crit- 
 icized the work ; and to Mr. Page Lawrence, C.P.A., who wrote the introduction : — truly a veritable com- 
 bination (trust) of formidable minds in restraint of duplication (competition) of this work, a combina- 
 tion of love and harmony, for without friends and without consideration for our neighbor there is neither 
 peace nor accomplishment. 
 
 The book, therefore, is the result of a faithful compliance with the motto of the Boers of South Africa : 
 "Eendracht maakt macht," which translated does not mean, as commonly stated, "In union there is 
 strength," but rather that "United, harmonious, loving cooperation to the same lawful end tends toward 
 power that brings just results. ' ' 
 
 J. B. Geijsbeek Molenaar. 
 
 Denver, August, 1914.
 
 PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 1494 to 1636. 
 
 Sixteen of the most influential books out of a passible total of 50 works. 
 I. ITALIAN. 
 
 Snmma de Arithmetica, Geometria, 
 Proportioni et Proportionalita. 
 
 Part 1, Section 9, Treatise 11, 
 Particularis de Computis et Scripturis. 
 
 Frater Lucas de Burgo Sancti Sepulchri, Ordinis Miuoruni 
 et saere theologie magister, in arte arithmetice et geometrie. 
 
 Geijsbeek-Lawrence Library, Denver. 
 Harvard University Library, Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 La Seuola perfetta dei mercanti. 
 
 Fra. Paciolo di Borgo Santo Sepolcro. 
 
 Summa de Arithmetica 
 
 Venice 1494 
 
 Toscana 1504 
 
 Venice 1523 
 
 (see full title above, this being practically a duplicate edition of 
 1494, but contains less contractions and abbreviations.) 
 
 Edinburgh, Chartered Accountants' Library. 
 Library, University of California. 
 
 Quaderno doppio col suo giornale secoudo 11 costume di Venetia. 
 
 Domenico Manzoni. Venice 1534 
 
 Also 1554-1564-1565-1573-1574 
 
 Edinburgh, Chartered Accountants' Library (1554 edition). 
 
 Indrizzo de gli economi. 
 
 Don Angelo Pietra de Genoa. 
 
 Geijsbeek-Lawrence Library, Denver. 
 
 La Scrittura Mercantile fatta e riordinata. 
 
 (Reprinted in 1700 under the title of "L'Economo overo La Scrit- 
 tura tutelare, Scrittura Mercantile.") 
 
 Matteo Mainardi. 
 
 Geijsbeek-Lawrence Library, Denver. 
 
 II. GERMAN. 
 
 Eiu Teutsch vertendig Buchhalten fiir Herren oder Gesellsehafter inhalt 
 Wellischem process. 
 
 Johann Gotlieb. 
 
 Royal Library, Munich, Germany. 
 
 Zwifach Buchhalten. 
 
 Wolffgang Schweicker. 
 
 Kheil Library, Prag. 
 
 Edinburgh, Chartered Accountants' Library. 
 
 Buchhalten nach arth und weise der Italianer. 
 Passchier Goessens from Brus.sels. 
 
 State Library, Stuttgart, Germany. 
 5 
 
 Mantua 1586 
 
 Bologna 1632 
 
 Nuremberg 1531 
 
 Nuremberg 1549 
 
 Hamburg 1594
 
 III. DUTCH. 
 
 Nieuvve lustructie Ende Bewijs der Looffelijeker Cousten des Reken- 
 boeckse ende Rekeuinghe te houdeue nae die Italiaeusche maniere. 
 Jan Ympyn Christoffels. 
 
 Antwerp (Dutch) 1543 
 Antwerp (French) 1543 
 Antwerp (English) 1543 
 City Library at Antwerp (Dutch). 
 Library of the Nieolai Gymnasium at Reval, Rus- 
 sia (English). 
 Fideicommiss-Bibliothek at Maihingen-Wallerstein, 
 Germany ( French ) . 
 
 Verrechning van Domeine (including chapters on) Coopmans Bouck- 
 houding op re Italiaeusche wyse and Vorstelicke Bouckhouding op de 
 Italiaeusche wyse. 
 
 Simon Stevin. 
 
 Amsterdam 1604 
 Geijsbeek-Lawrence Library, Denver. 
 
 Hypomnemata Mathematiea. 
 Simon Stevin. 
 
 Leijden 1608 
 
 IV. ENGLISH. 
 
 A briefe instruction and maner to keepe bookes of accompts after the 
 order of Debitor and Creditor, and as well for proper accompts parti- 
 ble, etc. newely augmented and set forth by John Mellis, Scholemaister. 
 (purporting to be a reprint of a book bv Hvigh Oldcastle, London, 
 1543.) 
 
 John Mellis. 
 
 Library of Institute of Chartered Accountants in 
 England and Wales (London). 
 
 London 1588 
 
 The Merchants' Mirrour or Directions for the Perfect Ordering and 
 Keeping of his Accounts. Framed by Way of Debitor and Creditor 
 after the (so-termed) Italian Manner. 
 
 Richard Dafforne. London 1636 
 
 Also 1651-1660-1684 
 Geijsbeek-Lawrence Library, Denver. 
 Harvard University Library, Cambridge, Mass. 
 Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.
 
 HISTORICAL REFERENCES 
 
 Sehatzkammer Italienischen Buchhaltens. 
 
 Christophorus Achatius Hageru. 
 
 State Library, Stuttgart, Germany. 
 
 Hamburg 1654 
 
 Beitrage zur Geschiehte der Erfiudungen. 
 Johann Beckmann. 
 
 Library of Congress, Washington, D. 0. 
 State Library, Stuttgart, Germany. 
 
 Leipzig 1786 
 
 Origin and Progress of Bookkeeping. 
 B. F. Foster. 
 
 Library of Institute of Chartered Accountants 
 in England and Wales (Loudon). 
 
 London 1852 
 
 Die Berechtigung der einfachen Buchhaltung gegeniiber der doppelten. 
 Ernst Ludwig Jager. 
 
 Library, University of California. 
 
 Stuttgart 1868 
 
 Beitrage zur Geschiehte der Doppelbuchhaltuiig. 
 Ernst Ludwig Jiiger. 
 
 Library, Univei-sity of Cliicago. 
 Library, University of CaHforuia. 
 
 Stuttgart 1874 
 
 Lucas Paccioli und Simon Stevin. 
 
 Ernst Ludwig Jager. 
 
 Library, Univei-sity of Chicago. 
 
 Stuttgart 1876 
 
 Luca Pacciolo, considerato come ragionere, lezione tenuto alia r. scuolo di commerzio. 
 Guido Brandaglia de Arezzo. 
 
 Eleneo Cronologico della opera di computisteria e ragioneira venute alia enee in Italia. 
 
 Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Venice 1882 
 Kome 1886 
 
 Ueber einige iiltere Bearbeitugen der Buchhaltung — Tractates Von Luca Pacioli. 
 Carl Peter Kheil. 
 
 Geijsbeek-Lawrence Library, Denver. 
 
 Prag 1896 
 
 The History of Accounting and Accountants. 
 Richard Brown, Editor. 
 
 Edinburgh 1905
 
 HISTORICAL 
 
 Printing from blocks of wood in which the letters were carved, was known long before the Chris- 
 tian era, but this was cumbersome and slow and hence but few books were published in that manner. 
 Printing from loose metal type which could be set up in the way known to us to-day did not begin to 
 be a success until after A. D. 1462, when the German city of Maintz or Mentz (where the first well- 
 known printer, Gutenberg, and his students lived) was sacked by Adolph of Nassau, and those who 
 were printers were scattered far and wide through other cities. 
 
 Even during the first part of the sixteenth century, one-fourth of all the books printed came from 
 one city only, i. e., Venice in Italy. Therefore a book produced from loose type in 1494 in Venice, must 
 have been among the very first printed, and its subject must have been at that time of such prime 
 importance as to make it worthy of being among the first to be published. The oldest treatise which 
 lias come dowTi to us either printed or written on the subject of bookkeeping, is included as a part of a 
 rather large printed volume on arithmetic and geometry. This volume was published in November, 
 1494, in Venice, Italy. It has been used considerably by later writers on the subject of arithmetic and 
 geometry, and is mentioned in numerous works of bibliographers, botli ancient and modern. The title 
 is: Summa de Arithmetica Geometria Proportioni e Proportionalita. " Bookkeeping is treated in Part 
 One, Section 9, Treatise 11, under the chapter title of "Particularis Computis et Scripturis," which 
 translated would mean: "Particulars of Reckonings and Their Recording." 
 
 The exact name of the author cannot be established definitely from this work, as his full name does 
 not appear on the title page nor anywhere else. The author calls himself in this book Frater Lucas 
 de Burgo Sancti Sepulehri, which translated into English may be called Brother Lucas of the City of 
 the Holy Sepulchre. The City of the Holy Sepulchre, or Sancti Sepulehri, is a city in the northern part 
 of Italy near Venice. On page 67-2, line 5, of Frater Lucas' book "Summa de Arithmetica," he states 
 that about A. D. 1470 he dedicated a certain book to his students named Bartolo, Francesco, and Paulo, 
 the three sons of a prominent merchant of Venice named (Antonio de) Rompiasi. From other writ- 
 ings and other evidence, bibliographers have come to the conclusion through their researches that the 
 real name of this "Frater Lucas" was Lucas Pacioli. 
 
 The copyright of the book published in 1494 expired in 1504, and about that time a reprint of 
 the chapter on bookkeeping appeared in Toscana, under the title of "La Scuola perfetta dei Mercanti." 
 A copy of this reprint was not in the possession of the writer, but it would appear that there the name 
 of the author was given as Fra. Paciolo di Borgo Santo Sepolcro. In other writings he is known as 
 Patiolus, which is supposed to be the Latin for Pacioli. 
 
 In 1509, shortly before he died, he wrote a book called "Divina Proportione," in which he gives a 
 foreword and reproduces several letters he has written. In these he signs himself as Lucas Patiolus. 
 This book was written in Latin. On page 33-b of this book, in section 6, treatise No. 1, chapter No. 1. 
 the author refers to his book published in 1494 in the following words: "in opera nostra grande dicta 
 summa de arithmetica etc. impressa in Venetia nel 1494 et al Magnanimo Diica d'Urbi)w dicata." We 
 underscored the word "nostra," which means "our." 
 
 Lucas Pacioli, as we will call him hereafter, believing that to be his proper name, was born about 
 1445 in the little city of Sancti Sepulehri, in the Province of Arezzo, of Tuscany, west south-west of 
 the City of Urbino. He was a great lecturer, mathematician, writer, scholar, teacher, and traveler, a 
 well-known and famous man, who was the first to translate into Latin the works of Euclid. Succes- 
 sively he was professor of mathematics at Perugia, Rome, Naples, Pesa and Venice, and was chosen for 
 the first occupant of a professor's chair founded by Louis Sforza. He was in Milan with Leonardo da 
 Vinci at the Court of Louis the Moor until the invasion of the French. It is not improbable that 
 Leonardo da Vinci helped Pacioli in the writing of this work as there are indications of two distinct 
 styles of writing. He belonged to the Order of Friars Minor of St. Francis. It is apparent that he 
 took the cloth late in life, for protection and standing needed in his many traveling tours, during the 
 unrest then existing in Italy. He wrote his treatise on bookkeeping when he was about 50 years old, 
 and died near the end of the year 1509, at the age of 65. 
 
 It is but natural that bookkeeping should be always in its greatest perfection in those countries 
 where commerce has reached its highest stage. It is well known that during the twelfth, thirteenth, 
 fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Venice was a powerful republic, from which all European commerce 
 radiated, until in 1498 the East Indian ocean route was discovered, from which time on the commercial 
 power of Venice waned. It is safe to assume that the book here reproduced faithfully depicts the con- 
 ditions existing at the time of its writing and the prevailing system of recording the transactions of 
 commerce. All the world's commerce, practically speaking, was concentrated in this small territory, 
 therefore its system of bookkeeping must have been the most perfect known in the world at that time. 
 The existence of a well advanced system of bookkeeping in the centers of commerce must have caused 
 considerable confusion and correspondence with the places where such a system did not exist, in order 
 to equalize and settle accounts between the merchants residing in these various places. 
 
 It is therefore probable that a great need existed for taking advantage of the facilities which the 
 new inventions in printing permitted, to present to the commercial world outside of these centers a 
 systematic treatise of the mo.st important part of commerce, namely, the recording of its transactions 
 
 8
 
 and results. Pacioli does not claim that he invented double-entry bookkeeping, but on the otlier hand 
 mentions in his book the existence of ancient customs and numerous methods named after the places 
 where they were used. Thus he calls the method of bookkeeping he describes, tlu; metliod of Venice, 
 as distinguished from those in use in other cities, the names of which appear in the translation we 
 have made of his book. 
 
 While Paeioli gives in his book on arithmetic and geometry copious illustrations, as will be seen 
 from the sample page of that portion of the book herein reproduced, he did not give examples and illus- 
 trations of the day book, the journal and ledger, which he describes. His book therefore has never 
 become as popular as those of later writers who give these examples. Pacioli, however, was very lengthy 
 and careful in his minute and detailed description of tlie various methods employed. The reading of 
 his book will be a revelation to those who liave an idea that the present high state of development of 
 American commerce should have produced methods of bookkeeping unknown at such an early period 
 as when Pacioli wrote. They will find that there then existed the little safeguards which are not de- 
 scribed or explained in present books of instruction on bookkeeping, but which we accountants are 
 always wont to preach about to those bookkeepers who come under our observation, and whicli we do 
 not pass by simply as mere suggestions but upon which we insist emphatically with a "You must do 
 this." Pacioli especially describes these little things with great emphasis, and in a style cunning in the 
 extreme, fully punctuated with adages to bring the truth home so no one could forget it. He, however, 
 on the other hand, does not spend any time in explaining the modus operandi of bookkeeping, which we 
 learn only by practice (as he puts it), as he doubtless appreciated that he was not writing his treatise 
 to teach bookkeeping to those who did not know anything about it, but only describing the advantage 
 of the particular method in use in Venice in order to convert merchants to a change from their system 
 to the best system then known. 
 
 Writers who have followed after Pacioli have practically all given full illustrations of the journal 
 and ledger, but have rather neglected to explain the "whys" and "wherefores" of the little and valu- 
 able details upon which Pacioli has laid so much stress, taking them as matters of fact rather than as 
 fundamental principles. As we all know, it is the little things which throw the safeguards about a 
 proper system of bookkeeping. 
 
 It is not the writer's aim to go into detail as to the history of bookkeeping. Any one desiring to 
 study this subject in its entirety, is referred to the most remarkable records and researches of Jiiger, 
 Kheil, and Row Fogo as edited by BroASTi, the title of whose books are fully described in the bibliog- 
 raphy hereto appended. 
 
 Jager and Klieil were prominent Grerman scholars, who must have devoted an enormous amount of 
 time to their researches as to the origin and growth of bookkeeping. Jager was somewhat hasty and 
 inaccurate; Kheil is somewhat brief, and therefore difficult to understand by those who have not read 
 other books on the subject. Both of these books are written in German. 
 
 Happily we Americans have the aid of the recent book written in Scotland by Brown and his asso- 
 ciates. The treatise they present is exhaustive, brief, to the point, and exceedingly accurate, fully 
 illustrated, and is of immense value to every student of the subject of accountancy. 
 
 The writer does not wish to duplicate the work of any of these three, but by the present volume he 
 desires to emphasize the fact that Pacioli 's work is the real foundation of all books published in Ger- 
 many, Holland, France, and England within the first hundred years after it was written. We will do 
 nothing more than describe the effect of Paeioli 's book on Manzoni and Pietra which appeared in 
 Italian, Gotlieb, Schweieker, and Goes,sens, which appeared in German, Ympyn and Stevin in Dutch, 
 Ympyn in French, and Ympyn, Oldcastle, Mellis, and Dafforne in English, as these books undoubtedly 
 have been the basis for subsequent works in these various languages, most of which are at present 
 available for comparison and study. The titles of other contemporary books can be found in the bibli- 
 ography of Mr. Brown's work, for he gives an exhaustive list of over 150 books written on this subject 
 between Pacioli 's time and the beginning of the nineteenth century. Of these, 50 were written prior to 
 the publication of Dafforne 's "The Merchants' Mirrour" in 1636, which is really the first popular 
 English work. Most of these 50 were wintten in Italian, Dutch, or German, with the honors about 
 evenly divided. 
 
 As we have said, Lucas Pacioli 's book appeared in Venice in 1494, with a ten-year copyright. At 
 the expiration of that period, or in 1504, the same printers published an exact duplicate of this book, 
 under a different title. Twenty-one years after the last date, or in 1525, there appeared in Venice a very 
 luisatisfactory and incomplete work on bookkeeping by Giovanni Antonio Tagliente, of which the his- 
 torians do not say much. 
 
 Forty years after Pacioli 's book of 1494, or in the year 1534, Domenico Manzoni published in Venice 
 his book on bookkeeping, which proved very popular, as during a period of 40 years it went through 
 six or seven editions, which may be termed a tremendous success, considering the conditions of those 
 times. 
 
 Manzoni dedicated his book to Alouisius Vallaressus, a rich brother of a friend of his named Petrus. 
 It seems apparent from his preface that he commenced the book years before it was published, when all 
 three (the author, his friend, and the latter 's rich brother) were going to school in Venice. In the 
 title he mentions "the method of Venice," but he does not tell anywhere how or where he gained his 
 knowledge and does not give Lucas Pacioli any mention or credit. 
 
 Manzoni wrote in dialect, or what is called "patois." He says in his preface that he is not a 
 scholar and cannot use flowery language but only the speech of his inother, which he learned by word
 
 of mouth. He states too that he is a poor man. In those days only the very rich and the clergy could 
 attend schools. The poor were usually artisans, learning their trade from their parents. 
 
 Manzoni's book may be termed a revised reprint of Paeioli. Page after page is identical and word 
 for word, and the remainder is merely shorn of the religious expressions, adages, and peculiar repeti- 
 tions which Paeioli so freely indulged in. Much of value and many of the details given in Paeioli 's book 
 are here omitted. 
 
 This book is divided into two parts, one for the text and the other for examples of journal and 
 ledger. While the text covers but 12 of the 36 chapters of Paeioli, the two parts combined may be said 
 to reproduce about 18 chapters of Paeioli. At the beginning of the writer's translation of Paeioli 's 
 l)ook herein, a comparative index is given, which illustrates just how much of Paeioli 's book Manzoni 
 copied and what he left out. The only new idea in his book as compared with that of Paeioli, is the 
 consecutive numbering of the journal entries. In some respects, however, Manzoni is clearer than 
 Paeioli, as for instance, he gives definite rules for the making of journal entries ; tabulates six things or 
 matters of information always contained in every journal entry; describes the form of journal better 
 by mentioning five "standing" or "down" lines; explains the use of more than one day book ; and gives 
 a chapter to the apparent transposition of the terms "A" (our "To") and "Per" (our "By") in the 
 ledger from its customary use in the journal. 
 
 jManzoni gives full illustrations of the journal and ledger, with its entries, which Paeioli, for rea- 
 sons stated, did not deem necessary. The addition of these illustrations of course has made the book 
 more popular, and j\Ianzoni, while a plagiarist in other respects, must be given the credit of having 
 really been the first to do this. The writer regrets that Manzoni's book is not accessible to him for on 
 that account only one reproduction can here be given, namely, the last page of the journal, which is 
 taken from Brown's history of accounting. 
 
 In 1586, nearly 100 years after Paeioli wrote, we find that Don Angelo Pietra published a work on 
 bookkeeping fully illustrated with numerous examples. The book was printed in Mantua by Franz 
 Osanna. Pietra was a monk, born in Genoa, stationed at the Monastery of Monte Cassino, Neapel, 
 Province of Caserta, near Sora. He was the auditor, storekeeper, and cellarer of that monastery. He 
 belonged to the Order of St. Benedict, and dedicated his book to Lastancius Facius, the abbot of the 
 Benedictine monastery at Mantua. Pietra 's style is very clear and concise, and his book contains some 
 60 short but pithy chapters. As will be seen from the comparative index heretofore mentioned, and 
 given farther on in this book, Pietra had for his guide the books of both Paeioli and Manzoni, for he 
 covered matters which Paeioli did, and also the items which we have just seen Manzoni mentioned in 
 his book but which we do not find in Paeioli. Especially is this true in the enumeration of the items 
 which always must appear in a journal entry. Pietra uses Manzoni's six items in the same order, but 
 adds thereto two others. He also gives the definite rules for making journal entries, mentions the trans- 
 position of "A" and "Per," the five standing lines in the journal, and enumerates several day books. 
 He gives further some 30 additional items which neither Manzoni nor Paeioli mentions. Jager does not 
 speak very highly of Pietra, but it seems to the writer that Pietra was an ingenious man, fully as well 
 educated as Paeioli, and a good deal more experienced in the necessities required of a bookkeeper. He 
 recommends several innovations, prominent among which is double entry bookkeeping for those who are 
 not in business for profit but are capitalists or associations not organized for the making of profits, 
 which we might call eleemosynary corporations. For this purpose he describes three different ledgers, 
 one for merchants, one for bankers, and one for capitalists and those similarly situated. He calls the 
 ledger for the capitalist "economic ledger." 
 
 Unlike Paeioli and Manzoni, Pietra does not begin with an inventory, but with a proprietorship 
 account. He is exceedingly careful in the taking of his inventory, and gives in his book a large folded 
 insert containing a tabular inventory. He gives a tabulation of entries for the ledger which do not 
 have to go through the journal (such as closing entries). He advocates the vouchering of disburse- 
 ments. He minutely explains that expense accounts can show two balances, and that they can show a 
 profit as well as a balance to be carried forward in the nature of an inventory. The detail of some 30 
 items which he mentions in his book and which neither Manzoni nor Paeioli describes, we give farther 
 on, by the side of the reproduction of some of the pages of Pietra 's book. 
 
 In 1632 there appeared in Bologna a work on bookkeeping written by Matteo Mainardi. This book 
 is of a far later date than the ones heretofore mentioned, but it is somewhat remarkable in that it at- 
 tempts to describe, besides the system for the merchants, one for the keeping of executor's and trus- 
 tee's accounts. In many respects this book compares favorably witli that of Pietra, and Mainardi 
 undoubtedly had all the three books just described at his command. In the reproductions herein, we 
 are giving only the title, the preface, and two pages of the journal, the last for the purpose of indicat- 
 ing the method then in use of showing journal entries with more than one debit or more than one credit, 
 and to indicate further that bookkeeping made far greater progress in Holland than in Italy, as will be 
 apparent from the discussion of Simon Stevin's book published in 1604. 
 
 We will now pass to the German authors. We have mentioned before that Venice and other places 
 in the northern part of Italy were the centers of commerce from which the distribution of merchandise 
 was made to the inland. The nearest commercial city of the inland known in those days was Nurem- 
 berg, and it is therefore but natural that we should find there the first work on bookkeeping published in 
 the German language. The author was Johann Gotlieb, and the book was published in Nuremberg in 
 1531, three years before Manzoni, the second Italian writer, published his book. The author states 
 frankly that he has translated his work from the "Welsh," meaning by this term "Italian." His 
 book is considered a brief and very poor copy of Paeioli. 
 
 10
 
 Gotlieb's book, however, is not the first that we know of in Germauy. Heurifus Uranuiiateus, who 
 called himself in German Heinrieh Schreiber, lived for a long while in Vienna and there wrote in 1518 
 a book called "Rechenbiichlin, Kiinstlich, behend luid gewiss auf alle, Kauffmanschafft gerichtet" con- 
 taining mostly a text on arithmetic, but devoting some pages to the description of a very poor system of 
 bookkeeping, which by a stretch of the imagination may be identified as possibly covering double-entry 
 bookkeeping. This work was printed in Erfurt in 1523, and in Frankfurt in 1572. 
 
 After Gotlieb's book we find one published in 1549 at Nuremberg entitled "Zwifach Buchhalten," 
 by Wolfgang Sehweicker. This work can not be called excellent, nor is it as exhaustive or as good as 
 that of either Pacioli or Manzoni, but there is no doubt tliat he had both of these books at his command, 
 and especially followed Manzoni. The three German books thus far mentioned were undoubtedly not 
 good enough to have become standards, and they have exerted little infiuenee on tiie methods of book- 
 keeping used since then in Germany. 
 
 The first writer who was able to leave an impression which is lasting to this day was Passchier 
 Goessens, a Dutchman from Brussels. He wrote, in 1594, at Hamburg where he was then living, a book 
 on bookkeeping. Goessens states very plainly in his preface where he had learned tlie art and the 
 title indicates that he followed the Italian system. He obtained his information from some of the 
 earlier Dutch writings, which we will soon mention. German bookkeepers therefore, have benefited 
 more by the knowledge which the Dutch imparted to them than by that which their own countrymen 
 brought direct from Italy. 
 
 Next in importance and period of time, we come to the influence of the Dutch writers on the Ger- 
 man, French, and English subsequent authors on the subject of bookkeeping. The Dutch for centuries 
 controlled the supremacy of the seas, as they were great ship-builders and navigators. They were ex- 
 cellent, careful and honest tradesmen, and their trade was sought far and wide. Yet the Italian cities, 
 through their ancient relation with the eastern nations, had become the world's leaders in commerce 
 and the Dutch people were therefore forced to trade with these Italian republics until the discovery in 
 1498 of an all-ocean route to the eastern countries. Thereafter the center of commerce was shifted 
 from Venice and its surrounding republics to Holland. As the Dutch were such travelers on water, 
 they naturally sent their young men by water to the trade centers, for education and training, and in 
 this way the knowledge of commerce also shifted from Venice to the Dutch countries. 
 
 Jan Ympyn Christoffels was one of the Dutch merchants who visited Venice and the northern part 
 of Italy and he remained there for twelve years. He returned evidently wise in the knowledge of the 
 keeping of books according to the Italian manner and wrote a book on that subject. He did not, how- 
 ever, live to see his book published, but his widow Anna Swinters published his manuscripts in the 
 Dutch and French languages during tlie year 1543. Of the Dutch edition there seems to be but one 
 copy in existence, which is in the City Library at Antwerp. The French work, however, can be pur- 
 chased. The discovery by Hugo Balg of an English copy of this book in a Ru.ssian library was reported 
 by the German scholar Kheil, although it was so mutilated that the name of the author does not remain, 
 and the exact date of its publication is not known. However, from the similarity of the contents Kheil 
 established the authorship of this book. The widow of Jan Ympyn Christoffels (better known as Jan 
 Ympyn), says very distinctly in the preface of the Dutch book that it was written by her husband and 
 that she merely published it, which statement would indicate that the English book was written prior to 
 1543. The illustrations in the book bear date of 1536 and 1537. 
 
 Ympyn claims to have obtained his knowledge in Italy, and says he used Italian books for the foun- 
 dation of his work. He gives credit, however, indirectly to a person who has never been known as an 
 author on bookkeeping, and historians rather indicate that this person was merely an excellent book- 
 keeper from whom he gained considerable knowledge. He mentions, however, very distinctly the book 
 of Lucas Pacioli, although he calls him Brother Lucas de Bargo. We find Lucas Pacioli 's name thus 
 quoted in a large number of books subsequently published, from which we may infer that Ympyn 's 
 work was well known and used by a good many writers, because from no other source could they have 
 obtained this faulty version of Pacioli 's name. 
 
 The next important writer in the Dutch language was Simon Stevin, who wrote in Latin a l)ook on 
 matiiematics, which was published in Leijden in 1608, in which he includes several chapters on book- 
 keeping. These were a reproduction of a book published in the Dutch language on "bookkeeping for 
 merchants and for princely governments," which appeared in Amsterdam in 1604, and was rewritten 
 in The Hague in 1607 in the form of a letter addressed to Maximiliaen de Bethune, Duke of Sculley. 
 This Duke was superintendent of finance of France, and had numerous other imposing titles. He had 
 been very successful in rehabilitating the finances of France, and Stevin, knowing him through Prince 
 Maurits of Orange, was very anxious to acquaint him with the system which lie had installed and which 
 had proven so successful. This manuscript of 1607 was published in book form l)y Stevin 's son Hend- 
 rick "in the second year of the Dutch Peace" of Munster (1648), which ended the eighty year war with 
 Spain; this would make the date of publication 1650. Hendrick Stevin dedicated the book to the sister of 
 the deceased Prince Maurits, expressing the hope that she may continue with the system of municipal 
 bookkeeping which had made her brother's stewardship of the affairs of government so successful. 
 Stevin 's book becomes very important to Americans, because he materially influenced the views of his 
 friend Richard Dafforne, who through his book "The Merchants' Mirrour, " published in 1636, became 
 practically the English guide and pioneer writer of texts on bookkeeping. 
 
 Simon Stevin, who was born in Bruges near Antwerp in 1548, and died in The Hague in 1620, was a 
 traveler, author, mathematician, engineer, and inventor, a highly educated man who thought bookkeep- 
 ing important enough to induce Prince Maurits of Orange, the then governor of the Dutch countries, to 
 
 11
 
 install double-entry bookkeeping throughout his territory, thus practically putting municipal accounting 
 on the double-entry system, the very thing we are today after more than three hundred years sighing 
 for. Stevin wrote part of the text of his book in tlie form of a dialogue, consisting of questions and 
 answers, which he says actually occurred in the arguments he had while teaching Prince Maurits the 
 art of bookkeeping. 
 
 Simon Stevin served his apprenticeship in a mercantile office in Antwerp, where he learned book- 
 keeping. After that he held important public offices, such as quarter-master-general, surveyor of taxes 
 of Bruges and, under Prince Maurits was minister of finances and chief inspector of public works. 
 There he displayed such inventive ingenuity in engineering that he may be said to have been the founder 
 of modern engineering. His discoveries were in dynamics and hydrostatics, and among his many other 
 inventions may be mentioned an important improvement to the canal locks. He was the first to bring 
 into practical use decimal fractions. His works on engineering and fortifications have remained stan- 
 dards until the last decade or two. 
 
 Stevin was a prolific writer on many varied subjects. Among other things, he wrote about the art 
 of war on land as well as on sea, about the construction of buildings, residences, and fortifications, the 
 improvement of cities and agricultural lands, about water mills, canals, the art of singing, the art of 
 oratory, rhetoric, mathematics, geometry, and about the weighing of metals and alloys through the 
 difference in weight above water and under water. 
 
 The writer would consider Stevin to be one of the first men of whom we have a record as perform- 
 ing duties equal to those of a modern accountant. We have seen that his regular work was that of 
 superintendent of finance (secretary of the treasury) and chief engineer of fortifications and public 
 buildings of Holland, besides being tutor and adviser to Prince Maurits of Orange. In addition to all 
 of this, he was continually called in to settle disputes between partners, audited numerous mercantile 
 books and drew therefrom financial statements, made up partnership books to obtain their settlements, 
 installed systems in all departments of government, in mercantile houses, royal households, municipal- 
 ities, for construction of specific fortifications and public buildings, traveled to England, Prance, Ger- 
 many, Italy, Denmark and Belgium, in order to appear before courts to give testimony in the settlement 
 of financial affairs, and performed numerous other duties of an accountant, which we may infer from 
 his remarks throughout his book. 
 
 Jager, Kheil, and Row Fogo through Brown ridicule to a considerable extent the old writers on 
 bookkeeping, instead of describing the worthy things about them and marveling at their accuracy and 
 ingenuity. Especially do they harangue about Stevin 's Latin, but overlook entirely the many worthy 
 suggestions from Stevin 's inventive genius. 
 
 In Brown's book on the history of accounting Stevin 's treatise on mercantile bookkeeping is highly 
 spoken of but Stevin is ridiculed for his endeavor to put municipal accounting on the double-entry sys- 
 tem. We feel this to be an injustice to Stevin, for the reason that while his descriptions on miinicipal 
 accounting may at first blush appear to be faulty, we learn from the descriptions and illustrations he 
 gives of mercantile bookkeeping that he was exceedingly brief but accurate, and that therefore in the 
 text we should take much for granted. 
 
 Stevin did not fully illustrate municipal accounting, for three reasons : first of all the officials who 
 were to use the system he installed received regular orders with forms attached from headquarters; 
 therefore his book was not a full exposition of all these orders with their forms, but was merely a re- 
 view of the entire system. Secondly, (as he states) he was writing an argument in favor of his system 
 to those officials who were forced to use it and might hesitate to support it loyally. This he did in an 
 authoritative manner, by quoting continually the friendly and close association he had with the Prince, 
 which of course he could not make use of in his official orders. Thus he put power and dignity behind 
 his orders. Thirdly, he fully illustrated mercantile accounting and insisted on the employment only of 
 clerks who were well versed in the art of bookkeeping according to the Italian method. After illus- 
 trating mercantile accounting thoroughly, he then simply describes the difference between the two sys- 
 tems, which (he reiterates) is his only aim. He gives eight pages of journal and forty pages of ledger 
 on municipal accounting, although they contain only opening and not closing entries. The latter he 
 explains fully in his text by stating deviations from the system used by merchants. 
 
 Yet apparently Stevin 's treatise on municipal accounting is judged only by the absence of illustra- 
 tions, but no credit is given him for the ingenious devices he mentions and which we now call 
 internal checks. Brown evidently had not read much of the text, nor his son's subsequent book and 
 notes, which as we have seen heretofore were published in 1650, at which time his son states that while 
 some defects were found in the previous treatise, the system had survived until that day and had been 
 improved upon, he describing such improvements in addition to reproducing his father's works. 
 
 Stevin was very ingenious in prescribing methods for what we now are wont to call "internal 
 checks." For instance, in order to check the pay roll of the soldiers and other public officials, he de- 
 manded that the pay roll be sent direct to the auditors (and he calls them auditeurs, the French for 
 auditors), and then insisted that the cook at the mess-house where all the soldiers and officials were 
 being fed, should report independently to the auditors the number of meals served. 
 
 Another internal check which he suggested in order to stop the making of errors and the stealing 
 in the collection of taxes and rents, was to make the sub-treasurer's report to the general treasurer each 
 month of not only the cash receipts and disbursements but the persons remaining delinquent in their pay- 
 ments. After the reported delinquents remained so for three months, he suggested the sending of the 
 sheriff by the general ti'easurer (not the sub-treasurers) to sell the property of the delinquent tax-payer 
 
 12
 
 or to collect from him a bond. He explains that thus you can force the tax-payer to demand a receipt 
 from the sub-treasurer when paying, and display it to the sheriff, and tiius get evidence against tlic sub- 
 treasurer of stealing. 
 
 Towards tlie end of this book we are reproducing Stevin's journal and ledger, and appended there- 
 to we have given some further remarks describing the superiorities of Stevin's work, which will prove 
 interesting reading. Stevin undoubtedly followed Ympyn, who in turn as we have seen, obtained his 
 knowledge from Paeioli. 
 
 Up to this date then, we have, besides general mercantile books, records of specific systems of book- 
 keeping for merchants, branch stores, traveling salesmen, partnerships, household accounts, bankers, 
 capitalists, monasteries, executors, and municipalities, as we will see from the specialties enumerated 
 by these writers. 
 
 We next will make a survey of how the knowledge of bookkeeping came to England, whence it prob- 
 ably came to America. 
 
 AVe find that a school teacher by the name of John Mellis wrote in London in 1588 a book on book- 
 keeping, which in his preface he states to be a reprint of a book by Hugh Oldcastle, whicii Mellis says 
 appeared in London in 1543 under the title of "A profitable treatyce called the Instrument or Boke to 
 learne to knowe the good order of the kepying of the famouse reconynge called in Latyn Dare and 
 Habere and in Englyshe Debitor and Creditor." No copy exists as far as is known of this book of 
 Oldcastle, and it is not therefore an absolute certainty that it ever existed. It might have been a man- 
 uscript only, and again, the date may not be reliable. It may also be that the book was written by some 
 one else, and given to John Mellis by Hugh Oldcastle. It may therefore have been Jan Ympyn 's book in 
 English, especially as the dates are so close together. However this may be, Mellis 's book is nothing 
 more than a translation of Paeioli 's book, and Mellis states that he had traveled and studied in the 
 Dutch country. Brown in his historj^ of accounting openly says that every English writer on accounting 
 in the early days gained his knowledge from the Dutch, because Holland was the training school for 
 English merchants, and he gives numerous instances to support his statement. 
 
 Any one doubting that Mellis 's book is a translation of Paeioli, should compare Mellis 's descrip- 
 tion of the checking of the ledger, as quoted by Brown, with our translation of this same subject in 
 Paeioli 's book. That Mellis is undoubtedly a copy of Paeioli, appears from an error he made in refer- 
 ring in one of his chapters to a chapter previously mentioned, naming it chapter 15, th(! same as Paeioli 
 stated in his chapter 16, but as Mellis left out chapter 5 of Paeioli, containing a short introduction, and 
 also chapter 7 about the certification of books by notaries, Mellis 's chapter 14 is the same as Paeioli 's 
 16, and Mellis's chapter 13 is the same as Paeioli 's 15; yet Mellis makes reference to chapter 15 the same 
 as Paeioli, instead of using chapter 13. The discovery of this error is mentioned in Brown's history of 
 accounting. 
 
 Next in importance, and the last book we will mention in our survey, is "The Merchants' Mirrour," 
 by Richard Dafforne. Dafforne says that in Germany, Italy and Holland, there had existed a great 
 many able writers on bookkeeping, and he gives a large list of authors. He attributes the existence of 
 these books to the demand, stating that there would not be a supply unless there was a demand. He 
 very much deplores the fact that such a demand did not exist in England, nevertheless he contributes 
 his book, which is undoubtedly a very able treatise. He even speaks of his acquaintance with Simon 
 Stevin, and he writes his book on the same order as Stevin, namely, in dialogue style, or questions and 
 answers. Dafforne 's book was published in London for the first time in 1636, and appeared afterwards 
 in 1651, 1660, and 1684. Later English writers have followed Dafforne and Mellis. Therefore, direct- 
 ly and indirectly, Paeioli through the Dutch, has laid the foundation of our present accounting litera- 
 ture and our present knowledge of bookkeeping. 
 
 We are reproducing most of the text of Dafforne 's book and a few pages from the daybook, journal 
 and ledger. Anyone doubting that Dafforne followed Simon Stevin and other Dutch writers on bookkeep- 
 ing will be convinced by reading his text. Numei'ous quotations are made from these and other Dutch 
 authors throughout the text and even in the title page. In one place an abstract from the bible is ren- 
 dered in the Dutch language. Further Dafforne states that he received his knowledge and ideas in Hol- 
 land and that part of the illustrations and text was written in Holland. The mentioning of so many Dutch 
 customs and Dutch names in the ledger accounts shows that he himself succumbed to what he feared: 
 "They being then at Rome, will do as there is done." 
 
 "While we have described thus far the oldest text books in existence on the subject of bookkeeping, 
 the records of books of account predate these considerably, and for further information on this subject 
 we can do no better than refer you to Brown's history of accounting, where not only detail is given but 
 where also convincing illustrations are repi'oduced. However, the purpose of presenting to the reader 
 a correct idea of what was done in this line, we mii^lit state that the books of the steward of the city of 
 Genoa in 1340 were kept on the double-entry principle. The oldest mercantile ledger at Venice is dated 
 1460, and is that of the firm of Donado Soranzo & Brothers. This ledger has a profit & loss and a capital 
 account. Specimens of this ledger are reproduced in Brown's history of accounting on pages 99 to 106, 
 and will greatly help the reader to understand Paeioli 's instructions, in respect to the year, the Roman 
 figures in the money column, and the Arabic figures for the smallest coin or Picioli, etc. 
 
 13
 
 DISCURSION IN THEORY 
 
 We find in the translations of the old treatises on bookkeeping the terms debit, credit, inventory, 
 journal, cash, capital, balance, per (modern bjO, a (modern to), assets, liabilities, etc., and a definition 
 of each of these with their use in the olden times should prove of interest. 
 
 Our word debit is put in Italian as ''debito'', which comes from the old Latin debita and debeo, 
 which in business and from the standpoint of the proprietor means "owe" or "he owes to the pro- 
 prietor," that which was loaned or given him by the proprietor. (The old authors do not use it in ledger 
 accounts.) 
 
 Our word credit is put in Italian as ''credito," coming from the old Latin word ''credo," which 
 means "trust or believe," as in business our creditors were "believers" in the integritj' of the pro- 
 prietor, and therefore loaned or gave him something. Therefore, from the proprietor's point of view, 
 tlie word should be translated as the creditor "is owed by the proprietor," that which was loaned or 
 given to the proprietor. (The old authors do not use it in ledger accounts.) 
 
 Inventory in Italian, ''inventario," comes from the Latin "invenio," which means t« find out or 
 discover. 
 
 Journal in Italian "giornal" comes from the Latin "diurnalis" which means daily happenings or 
 diurnal. 
 
 Ledger comes from the Dutch ''Legger" meaning "to lie down" and was originated probably from 
 the necessity that the ledger, which was called the big book, became so large and cumbersome that it 
 remained, or was lying, always in one place. 
 
 Cash in Italian, "cassa," comes from ease or box, which is the same as the Italian borscia from the 
 Latin bursa or purse. 
 
 Capital, which is mentioned in Italian as "Cavidalc," comes from the old Latin "capitalis," which 
 means "chief" or "head," and also from the Latin "capitali," which means property. Thus capital 
 would mean "the property of the chief," i. e., proprietorship. 
 
 As to the word "balance," the following will indicate its meaning. A clear distinction is made by 
 the old writers between (1) the difference in an account between the debit amounts and the credit 
 amounts, (2) the reason for entering this difference in the account, and (3) the status of the account 
 after equalizing both sides by the making of an entrj' and closing the account. We term all three 
 balances and balancing, while two are distinctly opposite. In Italian they call the difference or the 
 remainder, "resto," and say they have entered this remainder in order to close (saldo), and then they 
 state that the account is in balance (bilancw). 
 
 As to the terms "By" and "To," Manzoni says, as does Pacioli, that in the journal entries the word 
 "Per" denotes the debtor and always precedes it. and that "A" denotes the creditor. 
 
 Manzoni then goes on to point out that the prevailing system (which Pacioli describes) in his time 
 was to use "Per" only (and not "A") as far as it relates to the ledger. He calls it a misuse which 
 experts do not condone, and in his examples of ledger entries he uses in the debit of the debtor's ac- 
 count "A" because the name following it must of necessity be the name of the creditor and, as "A" 
 denotes the creditor, so it must here precede the name of the creditor, as well as in the journal, in spite 
 of the fact that it is written on the debit side of the ledger. Likewise he puts on the credit side "Per" 
 in front of the name of the debtor. Stevin, as explained, follows Pacioli. 
 
 Until the very recent present day we used in the ledger "To" on the debit side as a prefix to the 
 name of the creditor and "By" on the credit side as a prefix to the name of the debtor. 
 
 It is difficult to say whether we can translate the Italian "Per" into our "By" and the Italian 
 "A" into our "To," as these two expressions or words can be translated in many different ways ac- 
 cording to the noun or verb following or preceding it, together with the consideration of the tense and 
 ease used. 
 
 If, however, we take a literal translation of the Italian ledger heading used for our debit, or "dee 
 dare," we come to "shall give." Putting this into a sentence read from a ledger we have as at the 
 present time, "John Doe debit to Richard Roe" and in the old Italian, "John Doe dee dare (shall give) 
 A (To) Richard Roe," and as to the credit, we have in our present day "Richard Roe credit by John 
 Doe," and in the old Italian, "Richard Doe dee havere (shall have or receive) Per (by the hand of) 
 John Doe." 
 
 Our ver.sion, therefore, is that today we follow Manzoni rather than Pacioli and Stevin in tliis 
 respect. 
 
 As to the journal, the old necessity for being particular in designating and separating the debtor 
 from the creditor by Per and A and the much commented upon little diagonal lines (//), has been 
 obviated through the use of two columns in the journal — one for the debit amount, the other for the 
 credit amount — and by the use of two lines of writing and by careful indentation. Thus, while we do 
 not use the old expressions (Per and A) in the journal, we are more careful and systematic in separat- 
 ing debits from credits than the old authors were. 
 
 It would be interesting to learn when and where and under what circumstances and conditions the 
 double column in the journal originated. Prom the fact that a trial balance, with total debits and total 
 credits instead of differences between debits and credits, is called a French trial balance, we might infer 
 
 14
 
 that that system origiuated in France because a Freucli trial balance is based upon the system that all 
 entries are journalized and the total debits and the total credits of the journal are added to the total 
 debits and credits of the previous trial balance in order to arrive at the totals which the present trial 
 balance should show. Such a trial balance makes an absolute necessity for the having of two columns 
 in the journal. 
 
 Stevin explains debit and credit as follows : 
 
 "Genomen dat ymant met naem Pieter, my schuldich vvesende, doet daer op betaling van 100 L: 
 Eniek 't gelt in een easse leggende, al of ict heur te bevvaren gave, segh dat die casse my 't selve gelt 
 schuldich is, vvaer deur iek haer al oft een mensch vvaer, debiteur make, en Pieter crediteur, om dat hy 
 syn schult verniindert, stellende int lornael 't begin der partie aldus, 'Casse debet per Pieter'." 
 
 The above translated would be about as follows -. 
 
 "Suppose that some one by the name of Peter owed me some money, on account of which he paid me 
 £100, and I put the money in a cash drawer just as if I give it the money for safe keeping. 1 then say 
 that that easli drawer owes me that money, for which reason (just as if it were a human being) I made 
 it a debtor and Peter of course becomes a creditor because he reduces his debit to mo. This 1 put in 
 the Journal thus: 'Cash Debit Per Peter'." 
 
 From the above translation of the previous Dutch quotation it would seem that the journal entry 
 shown is rather a hasty conclusion. The entry, in order to follow his explanations, should have been 
 a double entry somewhat as follows : Cash Debit to ilyself — Proprietor Credit — for the money I gave 
 the cash drawer for safe keeping. To be followed by : Myself Debit to Peter Credit — he gave me money 
 which I may have to return to him if he does not owe it to me. 
 
 As most of the entries, if made in this form would have both a debit and a credit to the proprietor 
 for the same amount, these are simply omitted. 
 
 If we eliminate on both sides, according to algebraic formulae, the word "myself," we then have 
 abbreviated the two entries to a real algebraic term, namely, "Cash Debit to Peter." Thus we have 
 condensed two entries of thought to one entry written down, very much the same as in algebra a = b ; 
 b = c; hence a =: c. In many of the old Dutch books Stevin 's idea of a twofold double entry is men- 
 tioned, and is brought down to the present day, which accounts for the existence of a clear idea on this 
 principle in Holland and in modern Dutch books on bookkeeping (see N. Brenkman, 1880, Theory of 
 Double-Entry Bookkeeping). 
 
 It must be admitted that if we today would abolish the use of the words debit and credit in the 
 ledger and substitute therefor the ancient terms of "shall give" and "shall liave" or "shall receive," 
 the personification of accounts in the proper way would not be difficult and, with it, bookkeeping would 
 become more intelligent to the proprietor, the layman, and the student. 
 
 Elsewhere we have seen that Stevin insists upon testing when a journal entry in det)it and credit 
 must be made by asking the question, "When does proprietorship begin" or "When does proprietorship 
 end," from which it is apparent that proprietorship must enter in the consideration of each entry and, 
 if it is not there, it is simply eliminated by the rules of algebra. This, of course, would at once lead to 
 the personification of the capital and profit or loss accounts into "the proprietor" as differentiated 
 from "the business," and would then immediately show the fallacj- of the statement that capital and 
 surplus are liabilities, as well as of the absurd theory that assets must equal liabilities. 
 
 The following translation of the dialogue between Simon Stevin and the Prince Maurits of Orange 
 on this subject fully illustrates that Stevin then understood his subject far better than do some modern 
 text writers and theorists, and it makes certain recent so-called "discoveries" appear mere mental 
 vagaries, as far as the credit for discovery is conceriied. It merely illustrates that they are today as 
 deep thinkers as Stevin was 300 years ago. 
 The Prince. I must ask another question. The entries stand in my ledger as debits and credits. Which 
 
 of these two stand to my advantage and which to my disadvantage? 
 Stevin. Debits in the ledger are your advantage, for the more Peter owes you the more your cap- 
 
 ital is, and likewise much pepper in the warehouse, which stands as a debit, will make much 
 money in the cash drawer. However, credits are the reverse. 
 The Prince. Are there no exceptions to this? 
 Stevin. I cannot recall any. 
 
 The Prince. Yet capital as a debit does not seem to me as an advantage, and capital as a credit being 
 
 a disadvantage to me appears entirely wrong. 
 Stevin. I forgot that. You are right. I meant to say that capital is an exception. 
 
 The Prince. Further, expense is a debit and it, together with the debit in the profit and loss, are both 
 
 disadvantages. 
 
 Stevin. Because these two are a part of the capital account they are included in the exception. 
 
 The Prince. The credits in the cloves account in the ledger are in excess of the debits by £74-4-7. 
 This is an advantage to me because it represents a profit, yet it is in the credit. 
 
 Stevin. The reply to this would be that if the account were closed (which you can do when you 
 
 please, but usually at the end of the year), the excess in the credits would be transferred to 
 the profit and loss account and your question would not arise. 
 
 The Prince. Yet it remains that with accounts like the cloves account, where they show a profit or a 
 loss, it is not so frequently true that at all times debit is an advantage and credit a dis- 
 advantage. 
 
 15
 
 Stevin. That appears to be true aud iu that respect it is somewhat similar to your exception, but 
 
 it shows all the more positively that in all accounts of capital, or those pertaining to cap- 
 ital, debit is always a disadvantage and credit an advantage. 
 The Prince. Why has capital more exceptions than all the others? 
 
 Stevin. Because capital debit means as much as though the proprietor said, "I am debit to all the 
 
 other accounts." It follows that the more a proprietor is debtor in this manner the more 
 it is to his disadvantage, and the more he is creditor the more it is to his advantage, for 
 which reason capital must be the reverse of other accounts, and it is not therefore really 
 an exception. 
 The Prince. If capital stands for the name of the proprietor, why is the proprietor's name not used 
 instead of the word capital inasmuch as through the use of that word so many things be- 
 come so difficult to understand? 
 Stevin. Merchants often form partnerships with many who together put in one principal sum of 
 
 money. For this reason we need one designation indicating them all at once as proprie- 
 tors, and for this the word capital is used with good reasons. 
 Furthermore, at that time the words assets and liabilities were not known in bookkeeping. Happy 
 days they must have been. These terms ought not to be known or used now. What we now term lia- 
 bilities, and some of which some of us are almost tempted to call "near liabilities" very much the same 
 as we define "near silk," never are and never will be liabilities, for at the time the financial statement 
 is prepared these amounts are not supposed to be due, hence the proprietor cannot possibly be liable 
 for them at that time. At most he is "trusted" for them by his creditors, as the old authors expressed it 
 correctly. Neither are assets at any time, in a going, solvent business, real assets. The words assets 
 comes from "assez" which means "enough." The question of whether the proprietor has enough to 
 cover his liabilities does not come up until his ability to meet his obligations is questioned or until he is 
 called upon to render a statement to the court wherein he is brought for this purpose to answer the 
 question whether he has enough {assez — assets) to cover that for which he is liable (liabilities) or past 
 due credits or trustings by the creditors. Those who doubt this should study from the reported court 
 cases the difference between mercantile insolvency and legal insolvency. 
 
 In analyzing a financial statement I believe these assets and liabilities may be interpreted to mean 
 something like this: The proprietor, in order to be permitted to continue to do business on credit, 
 makes here a showing to those interested by which he agrees that his books show that the personifica- 
 tions of cash, real property, personal property, merchandise, as well as the persons owing him, are 
 obligated to him and "shall give" him the amounts stated on the left hand side of the statement or the 
 amounts appearing to the debit of these accounts in the ledger and to the credit of his own account, 
 and that thereby the proprietor will be able to meet whatever obligations he contracts with those with 
 whom he has dealings. He further states in this report that persons interested should take notice that 
 the books show that the following persons "shall have" or "shall receive" from him the items when 
 they become due and payable and standing on the right hand side of the statement, or the amounts 
 appearing to the credit of these accounts in the ledger and to the debit of his own account. That these 
 items are to be deducted from the items of cash, real property, personal property, etc., before those in- 
 terested in the statement can judge as to whether they shall trust {credito — credit) him further. Thus 
 it becomes at once apparent that capital, together with surplus and losses and gains, represent the owner- 
 ship of the things owned less those owed, leaving a net ownership, and net ownership can never be a 
 liability (i. e., a thing to be liable for). If surplus ever can be a liability then a minus-surplus or a 
 deficit must of necessity become an asset, which is an absurdity. 
 
 The statement of affairs described by Stevin and elsewhere reproduced, may be considered to be 
 merely a statement of the closing entries as they would be made in the respective individual ledger ac- 
 counts in order to make both the debits and the credits even and equal. For whatever each debit account 
 shows more in the debit than in the credit, as Stevin explained, it is given by the owner to that account 
 for safe keeping as if it were a person — hence this person or this account owes the proprietor; there- 
 fore, the proprietor trusts these personified accounts and becomes the creditor. With the credit accounts 
 it is the reverse; hence Stevin 's statement of affairs is the capital account itemized with a preponderance 
 of credits to represent net capital. The English follow this method of rendering a financial statement 
 to this day. Why Americans reverse the process is difficult to perceive. 
 
 From the foregoing it will further be seen that thus with the aid of ancient terms we can read in- 
 telligently and explain the abbreviated forms used in bookkeeping so that it becomes at once apparent 
 why accounts like the cash account, which to the uninitiated looks like proprietorship, can be shown 
 on the debit side of the ledger and why capital account, which always represents ownership, appears 
 on the credit side. This at first thought may seenr contradictory, but the reason for this apparent in- 
 consistency lies in the elimination (through bookkeeping) of equal terms (as per rules of algebra) 
 brought about by the theoretical making of double entries (two entries, each with a common debit and 
 credit) and thus abbreviating it beyond the interpretation of ordinary language. Thus we may go on 
 and with equal ease prove, as the German scholar Jager has done, that double-entry bookkeeping is 
 much older than single-entry bookkeeping, the latter being a still further shortening of methods of 
 classification by the use of the terms debit and credit. Stevin very clearly suggests this in his ex- 
 planation of the rules of partnership. 
 
 It is to be regretted that in the transfer of the expositions of the theory from the Dutch language 
 (as so plainly exemplified by the scholar Simon Stevin) to the English (by the flowery schoolmaster 
 Richard Daffome) should have been so badly done that all records of the scientific part of the art and 
 theory have been so completely obscured as to suggest even in the present day an argument on theories so 
 well known in those olden days. 
 
 16
 
 LUCAS PACIOLI REPRODUCED 
 
 The following eight pages, from 18 to 26, and the succeeding 32 left-hand pages, numbers 28 to 80, 
 represent photographic reproductions of the oldest extant book on double-entry bookkeeping, published in 
 Venice, Italy, in 1494. The reproductions are of the same size as the original, and fully illustrate the 
 make-up of the book, which is one of the oldest books ever printed from loose metal type in Roman letters, 
 as explained at the opening of the historical chapter. The ink used was vegetable dye ink, and is today 
 as black and as fresh as India ink, after 420 years of use and exposure. It is printed on hand-made rag 
 paper, unsized, which after so many years of exposure to air and light is still so far superior to the very 
 best modern paper that a comparison eaiuiot be made. 
 
 On page 18 appears the title of this book, "Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria, Proportioni et Pro- 
 portionalita, " (Review on Arithmetic, Geometry, and Proportions). Below the title is a brief synopsis of 
 the contents of the book. Part 1, Section 9, Treatise 11 of this ancient book treats of double-entry book- 
 keeping and begins on page 199-a of the original, or i)age 32 of this volume, under the title of "Particu- 
 laris de eomputis et Scripturis" (Particulars of Reckonings and Their Recording). This can be found in 
 the seventh line of page 32. The picture directly under the title, on page 32, is said by some to be that of 
 the author of this book, but there is nothing in this or any other book which substantiates this assertion. 
 
 Page 19, which immediately follows the title page of the original, contains a dedicatory letter by the 
 author, whose name appears on the second line. The lower half of this page is occupied on the right by 
 an epigram of praise to Paeioli by a friend of liis and on the left by an epigram by the author to the reader. 
 
 The first of the four last lines of this page contain, a list of the letters to be used by the printer, 
 merely as a guide for those who are not familiar with this style of printed letters. Thereafter, on the last 
 line, the year (1494), then the date (November 20th), and then the place (Venetia or Venice), all of these 
 pertaining to the record of publication. 
 
 Page 20 is another dedicatory letter to the Duke of Urbino. The author's name appears here in the 
 third line. 
 
 On page 22, in the third line of the center paragraph, the author's name is given again, this time in 
 the genetive case, hence Pratris Luce instead of Frater Lucas. 
 
 Pages 24 and 25 are reproduced in order to show the marginal notes there given, indicating the ab- 
 breviations used in the book, and their interpretation. Page 25 is also given for the reference the author 
 makes in line 7 to three of his pupils, Bartolo, Francesco, and Paulo, the three sons of a prominent mer- 
 chant of Venice named (Antonio de) Rompiasi. The dash over the "o" in the original indicates that an 
 "m" follows the "o." 
 
 Page 23 is given to reproduce the type of numerous marginal illustrations the author gives on nearly 
 every page of his chapters on geometry and arithmetic, considering the manj* illustrations here used it 
 seems very strange that he should not have given some in his chapter on bookkeeping. 
 
 Page 26 is given to show that our modern so-called "eflSciency engineers" have nothing the best of 
 this monk of over 400 years ago, as to "organization charts." This chart illustrates the intricacies of 
 proportions. 
 
 Pages 28 and 30 contain the index of the chapter on double-entry bookkeeping. No translation is 
 given of these pages, because they are merely repetitions of the headings of each chapter, and therefore 
 their translation appears at those places. In their stead, a comparative index is given of four of the earli- 
 est writers on bookkeeping, in order to illustrate how closely they have followed each other. 
 
 On pages 32 to 80 (left-hand only) are the reproductions of the original chapter on double-entry book- 
 keeping. Opposite each reproduction is given the translation in modern English subject to the qualifica- 
 tions mentioned in the preface. 
 
 17
 
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 5«E?^* « 9b.c.d.e.f.g.b.i.b.l.m.n.o.p.q,r.d tu.f.y.c^.'T.^^.aa. CmneeSmt qitoKf/ 
 iJipKter If, qmcftquinrernu8.£t BH quieftfepternus. 
 
 iRegi'flrutn £>eometnc:qucrc in ulnma carra totiue opcris. 
 fle>?cccc?ljcliiij?jc]cMRoucmbji8. ycncrije 
 
 19
 
 C'Sd fUuftriflinttl 'piincipttSni.^lbzldii Hrbmi J^ucf, ^ontterntlrtrac &% 
 rantisComit^:£>rccid larinifqs littmsfOinmtCmuyi&dztbcmAtice eifnpbnc 
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 ^facreXbcologic£@flgiftri.^n artcahtbinrticcii^eomcmc. ipzcfatio. 
 
 3 quanta 2l^agnanimo t>uca 
 
 c fi nobilc 1 cpcellcrc cofa cbe inolti pbHofopbi 
 p qlto Ibano giudicara ala fubftarta para: € co/ 
 indTacocterna.iPcrocbcbano cognofauto p 
 vcrii niodo alcuna cofa in rep natara fen5a lei 
 no porerc c]ciftere.*Hier la qual cofa T>e In itcdo 
 ( CO laiuto T>e colui cbc It noftri fcnfi reggg rra/ 
 ctarmr.nocbcpaltripzif^i canticbi pbflofo/ 
 pbinoncfiacopiofantftc tractatoiei tbcozica 
 cp:atica«S^apcbcloz oictigtaalircpt noftri 
 fono molro obfcuri:c oa iiioln inaleapicfiicale 
 pzattcbcTulganinalc appUcari:Dicbctn lo:o 
 opattoiti niolto vanano:e co gridt elabouoft af 
 fanni incttano in opa: ft oc nficri conto x>e inifu 
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 ® iffinitfoncs i Biuifio ^ifcrctc ^ continue quantiiari8:artuulii» pxunu« ptim* 
 Dtftmctionis. 
 
 O^coftd5ca.:^quattraefrere fmediatc bimembiercice cotinua c ^ifcrcra. 
 ia continua e quella lecbui parti fonno copulate e gionte a certo rernunc 
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 ©icbcp2imax)eUt>ifcreta:cioc©eUnero:epon>ela continua cioegcometna:qu5 
 
 to alo intento afpeaa cbiaramentc tractaremo, 
 
 j^iffinitio numeri pzopiiifruna.articulud fecundn^. 
 -^^^ €[mero e ( fecodo ciafcuno pbvlofopbate ) vna nviltitudine oe vnita copo/ 
 nj \fta:etcflra vnitanoe numeronnabenpnncipio Dcciafcunnuinero.edcqlla 
 I Fniediate laqualc ogni cofa e Dirta effere vna.e fecodo el feuerm 23o«io in 
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 na c fondaincto Dogni numero lapella.3taqual piu magnificada in Ic cofe naturali 
 ^ifle in qllo cbe fa ve vnitate 1 vno.€) mne q6 eft:ideo cft.qz vnu nnero eft. £ne aiv 
 coia el nuero in iftniti mcbii x)iuifo:p quel cbe eflb Srifto.i>i):e:cioe.Sigd iftnitmn 
 cft.nfierus cft.C pla tersa petitioe oel fcprio t>e /£uclide:la fua ferie in Iftnito pote^ 
 re pcedereiet quociiqs nnero Dato;T)ari pot niaio: vmtatc addedo.g0a noi piglia^ 
 remo quelle parti anoi piu note eaccomodate.C pero t>ico co gUaltri alcuno eflerc 
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 20
 
 WHAT WAS PACIOLI'S REAL NAME ? 
 
 In the historical chapter, we have stated that the name of the author of the firat book on bookkeep- 
 ing was not definitely known. This is quite apparent from the different versions of the spelling of the 
 name, which we find in the various books, and it becomes rather amusing to read how the various au- 
 thors mentioning this name take delight in stating tliat the other fellow is wrong and they are right. Yet 
 no two of them apparently give it alike. 
 
 Browai in his history of accounting especially ridicules Ympyn's version, and with it all Brown him- 
 self spells it Paciolo, with an "o" at the end, whereas all the authorities he quotes spell it with an "i" at 
 the end, and he gives no explanation as to why he prefers the "o". Below we give a tabulation of the 
 various spellings of these names by the various authors, each one being preceded by the authority from 
 whicli we have taken the name. We have adhered to the spelling of Lucas Pacioli throughout, because we 
 believe that to be the proper spelling, from the two best researchers who have written about him, namely, 
 the two Germans Jiiger and Kheil, and further, because we believe that the "li" in the old Italian was 
 Latinized into "lus," and the "c" is the old Italian for the Latin "t" in most all cases where the Latin 
 ■'t" is preceded and followed by a vowel. Furthermore, we have the author's own version of his own 
 name, as we have seen elsewhere, in the only book that is published with his name in full, namely: "Di- 
 viua Proportione, " which was written in Latin and where he gives the Latin of his own name. While 
 "Luco" is the Italian for the Latin "Lucas," we follow the author's own spelling in liis Italian as well as 
 Latin books, namely "Lucas": 
 
 AUTHORITY. 
 
 Summa de Arithmetica 
 (author's original) 
 
 SPELLING OF NAME. 
 Frater Lucas de Burgo Sancti Sepulchri 
 
 (The above name appears first on the second line of page 19 of this book, which is the second page 
 of the original; also on the third line, page 20 of this book, which is page 3 of the original; and in 
 the third line of the second paragraph, page 22 of this book, being page 4 of the original — here, 
 however, it is given in the genitive, hence Fratris Luce instead of Frater Lucas). 
 
 La Scuola perfetta dei Mercanti (second edition 
 of Summa de Arithmetica by same printers) 
 
 Diviua Proportione 
 (author's original) 
 
 Contemporary writers 
 
 Jan Ympyn Christoffels 
 (in his French book) 
 
 Guido Brandaglia 
 
 Ernst Ludwig Jager 
 
 Carl Peter Kheil 
 
 Beckmann's History 
 
 Anderson's History 
 
 Clitofonte Bellini 
 
 (Trattato Elementare Teorico — Pratico di 
 Ragionesia Grenerale) 
 
 V. VianeUo 
 
 (Luca Paciolo nella Storia della Ragionesia) 
 
 Pawell Ciompa 
 
 (Grundrisse einer Oekonometrie ) 
 
 L. Gomberg 
 
 (Griindriss der Verrechnungswissenschaft) 
 
 V. Gitti 
 
 (De Computio — modern) 
 
 Moritz Cantor 
 
 (Geschichte der Mathematik) 
 
 Sigismund Giinther 
 
 (Geschichte der Mathematik) ' 
 
 Catholic Encyclopedia 
 
 Richard Brown 
 
 John B. Geijsbeek 
 
 Fra Paciolo di Borgo Santo Sepolcro 
 
 Lucas Patiolus (the Latin of the Italian Pacioli) 
 
 Lucas Pacciolus 
 
 Frere Lucas de Bargo Sancty Sepulcry 
 
 Luca Pacciolo 
 
 Lucas Paccioli 
 
 Fra Luca Pacioli di Borgo Sansepolero 
 
 Lucas von Borgo 
 
 Lucas von Borgo 
 
 Luca Paciolo 
 
 Luca Paciolo 
 
 Luca Paciolo 
 
 Luca Paciolo 
 
 Fra Luca Pacciolo 
 
 Paciuolo 
 
 Paciolo 
 
 Lucas Pacioli 
 
 Fra Luca Paeiolo Da Borgo San Sepolchro 
 
 Lucas Pacioli 
 
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 22
 
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 tnide.qabcd. 
 
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 qlicfto cuidcntcmcntc apparc c ^0 nona bifogno oc oimonnrarionc. 
 
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 fl'rcunfcrcntcb g d.cflcre iguali a la linca.a b. 
 
 0cm oicodx inultiplicato.a b.nda mini xk la lin^a drcunferentc.b gd. fara 
 (area oc la fupcrfide oc la piramidcicioc larci oifuoza oc la fupcrfidc.a b g d.la 
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 Ual quadrato oc la Imca.c t.c communamcntefagioiiga il quadrato oc la pcrpcndicula'rca 
 c.ficnnoliquadratiioclclince.ac.cb.bt.ciocU quadrati oclclince.abx.b t.iguali ^l qua^ 
 drato.at.onde langolo.a b t.e rctto.^pcndicularce adonca la linca.a b.fopja la linca.c ft. 
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 pcrdx le rcttca b.a g.a d.foimo infra lo:o iguali virra oc la muUiplicarione duna oi qiid 
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 23
 
 ^i(HncUoqnintA.ZractataB pn'mua. 
 
 67 
 
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 tita oe pidoludoe piabli rtuniero.96598.C>ico clx pjima facci commo fcfti oi fop2a ni It pc 
 fio:dinamcnte rcducendo pziina ala immediata moneta fcquentetqualeccl foldo in que ' 
 fto modo."^rtendo la oitta fumma oe pidoliper. 1 2 .neuen.8o49.e fono foldi e auanca. 1 o 
 clxfon.io.pictolu£poiVif3rncg;.p3rtiraique(hToldivenutiper.2o.neucnc.402.£ que 
 fte fono %>xx valutarc au3n$a.9-d3e ron.9.foldi.£ poi per fame ojo.i&artirai le s • per la 
 valuta JXl oitto 070 a S •£ Vtrrane lo:o.£ quello clx auanjfara fira s ,Cdmo k vdclfe far 
 ruc.liqu9limqueftobaueniopoftovalcreg;-7-luno.leottteg.venutepam'raipcr.7.nc 
 ucn.f 7-^ (on wU auan^a.j.dx fon %.^i dx oe pnmo ad vltimuin rcducendo li oitti" pi 
 dolialamagionnonetafirannoouc.J7'S-J-f-9-^.iO'£cofiregerateintutttvalutemeno 
 ri:rcduccndole ale magion: vt in ifta. 
 
 2:^crtium nctanduni.£adem via pzocedens. 
 ticllo cbe babiamo oetto wli pcfi c moncta:anco:a fe babia a intcdcrc sdc tc qp 
 rita clx vadanoa numero:eanclx a mcfura ofiacoln)a;longa:crafa fecodo lo' 
 ro ingo2dita:fi commo oefopja oicemmo-fl^gUorc pe^io-.e lon^oe co:to;e i 
 gozdooiuerfamentcfeatcndanoifccondolequatuicaivtrupza oeclarautmus. 
 jSiclxbaueiido tu octauiocb:acciooepanno numero.4659^. oe panni a vdcrliredu 
 It a canncla qualcommuniter fe tien bwccia.4-TB>:im3 partirai oitri oaaui per.2. e virraj 
 tc quartc:per dx femp:e in ogni quatita.2 .octaui fanno^.e lo remanete fira ocrauo. £ poi 
 Ic quarte partirai pa.4.e virratte b^acaa per dx.4.fanno bjaccio.i .£ lauan«,o fira quar/ 
 tc.£ poi libzacd partirai pcr.4t virratte cane:e lauan^firan bzaccia.iSi commo baueiTe 
 K octaui p2Cditri parrili in.2 .neuen.2 ?2 97. £ fon quarri. £ auanca, 1 .dx e. 1 .ocamo . £ poi 
 parii.2i297-pcr.4.e virranac.^824.£ fonno b:?acda e aua^.i .clxe.»^quarta>£poi par 
 rilib?acdfl per.4-ncuen.i 4J6.c fonno canncre auanca nulla dx fonmullobjacdo-S^idx 
 tK p7imo adulrimum la oitta reducnonc fa cannc. 1 45'6.b2accia quarte, 1 .oaaui. 1 . £ tu i 
 tuttc altre finuli per te farai ?£. 
 
 Ouartum notandum oc carattcribus praticis bocm opere vfitatis. 
 £ftieroeanco2aoa notarequdloimpojtinolicarattcripcr noiin queflopera 
 vfitari ado le lozo abbzeuiaturc fien intefe per cbi Icgcra bauengodx molri per 
 le pjopoftc qucfhoniper fe ftcITi le ap:endino.^on oimanco piu fonno qudli 
 0! poca praticaCpcr li quali pnndpalmente qucfto libjo fi fa ) clx non fonno 
 qudli dx iiuendano.£ impcro qui fequcntc turn MVaratteriie ab:euiarure dx per noi CO' 
 munamente in queflolib?ofevfaranno:oed3iararemo:fiinl3rtcmeno;eouermerc3to?ia: 
 commo in arte magiox-.ouer algcbzaXc qualipiu pcr4ipefi:e monm-.c mcfure:cbe f> al' 
 trofonno trooari-.eircepto in algebja dx per fozt^aCoiffcrenrie caufa)fo bifogno trouare. 
 ■ feercbcnon fi potte a tutte quantita metter nome.Jdeo 7c. 
 
 i^ucfti carattericabzeuiature commo vedi.Blcuni fonno dx piu oe vna cofa 
 repzefentano.'i&erodx ale volte pefo:e ale volte valut3 oi mojiete.Si commo 
 quefto s.cbc Old lira a valuta oe moJicta:dx fintende foldi.2o.£libM a pefo 
 dx fintende once./ 2. e cofi quefta.p.cbe oid.piu. pidoli. pc^^e .pKdi.-jSjcr la ql 
 cofa tu ndli luogbioouc le iroucraipcr ruo ingegno dmro cognofccrai' quale oe luno oc 
 quedi tc rcp^'cfentaratfecondod fuon oe la materia dx life cohnra.0ndc fra le valute .p. 
 ocnota picioli. fra mefure picdi.f ra quanrita oe panni pc^^a . 5n operatione oc algebra 
 piu;e cofioe ciafcuna oc Ialtrc:fecondo li led>ie le matcrie te repzcfcnrarano luna oe le co' 
 fe oitte quial fuo incontro fidx tu per tc vf^rai lo ingcgno tuo:d qual bifo<;nafia fupplc^ 
 tncntoaqudlocbio mancaffc. CJuiafupplcti'ofitloco^^oefeaus. iSHrdxtionepoflibilc 
 mai poncretutto qudlo dx alarte fe ricerca:ficommo e manifefto a qudlidxoi componc 
 r evolumif e oelettano.Jurtaillud.bidte piendes non omnia polTumus oranceic cofi fa/ 
 rai oele-fequcnridx fon per algdjza. 
 
 5dem notadum oe carattcrtbus algcbzatids.]! 
 £r lopcrarc oe larte magio:c: oitta oal vulgo la rcgola x>c la cofa oucr algcba 
 e amucabala fcruarcmo noi in quefto le qufoa lato abrcuiawrc oucr carattcri; 
 
 i iii 
 
 buc. oucati. 
 S.tirc.lira.lib29.lib2C. 
 f. ic'oldo. foldi. 
 d.benaro.oenari. 
 p. i&idolo.pidoli.pcft'a. 
 (S.Oncia.oncc. 
 ^.quarti.q>°.(p* <p'. 
 0ct. octauo. octaui. 
 £133. cana. cane. 
 b. 362ado. b;ad. 
 rn.£l^ina.mine.mcno. 
 jncfctaria. 
 m'. fl&arca. in'.mardj. 
 R.£aratro.caratri. 
 g*. grane. gram'. 
 g*.0rofTi.grofldni. 
 bl 36olosnino.bolognin 
 bol^one. 
 V*. tlia. 
 
 r'.lRcgula.rdla.r'. 
 £l^ca.multiplica. 
 flf^carc. raultiplicarc. 
 flf^cato. multiplicato. 
 b:a.oifferentia. 
 b2c, oiffcrcnnc. 
 
 24
 
 '^.z'.co.cofa. 
 •^.;*.cc.ccnfo. 
 
 i"^. J-*. cc. cc. ccnfo oc<xnfo, 
 •^. o'. p^r^. piimo relate. 
 •jr. 7'.cc.cu.cciifooccubo can^ 
 i dxcuboocccnfo. 
 -r:. s*. 2"- r: fecundo rcfato. 
 •jj. 9*. cc. cc cc. ccnfodcccnfooc 
 
 ccnfo. 
 
 T^. / o". cu. cu. cubo wcubo. 
 ■p. 1 1 '. cc. p°. r! ccnfo dc pjuno 
 
 rclaco. 
 
 |f, 12*. j'.rTtcrsorclato. 
 ■5:. I?*. cu cc. cc. cubodcccnfo 
 
 occcnfo.0ubi oir cconucrfo. 
 ■^. 1 4^4^ r: quarto rclato. 
 •^ . I J^ cc. 2^ rt ccnfo oc fcctin- 
 
 do rclato. 
 
 f. i6',cu.p'. rTcubo ocpnrao 
 ''rclato 
 
 5:. 1 7"- cc. cc. cc. cc. ccnfodcccfo 
 ''occenfo occcnfo. 
 ^. 1 8". s"' rt i^iifnto rclato. 
 52:. J 9'. cu.'cc. cu. cubo occcnfo 
 
 ix cabo.0 ucrccfo cubo cubo. 
 1^.20'. 6". r^fcno rclato. 
 ^.21". cc. cc.p°. i-: ccnfo occ^fo 
 "ocpnnio rclato. 
 «:. 22'.cu.2,''rt cubo ocfcdo rt 
 5^. 25-'. cc ;^rt cenh w: tcnjo rt 
 f:. 2 4^ y^r". fcptiino rclato. 
 ^.2S*- cu.^cjcc. cc. cubooccefo 
 "occcnfo pcccib. Oucr ccnfo oc 
 
 cubo vcccnfo occefo. £)ucr ccn 
 
 fo occcnfo occcnfo oc cubo* 
 ©uc ola idem important. 
 5:. :6'.8*'.r".oct9uo rclato. 
 k:. 2 7^ cc, 4°. r". ccnfo oc quar/ 
 
 to rclato. 
 ;^.28'.cu.cu. cu. cubo occubo 
 
 occubo. 
 tjL. 2 9^ ce. cc. 2 ".r". ccnfo occefa 
 
 ocfccundo rclato. 
 •^5o'.r°.nono rclato* 
 5^ini8. 
 
 ■^. TKadici. 
 
 •^tC.TRfldiciocradict. 
 
 ■§? V. iRadid vniucrfalc. ©ucr 
 
 radio Icgata. Ouoi oirc radio 
 
 vnita. 
 
 5! cu.'B^adicfcutw. 
 I'.quannta. 
 
 ©ilcncfio fcrta ffracfahispu'miw. 
 
 fi connno4Jic<J2a ncWibltri nolW quatro vdumi oc fnuili oi'fciiilinc txr noicopflatifxjuc^ 
 inovfaii:docinqueUodxoligioucniocpcrofaaiiuitiil.nncl.i47b.^cl quale non coo 
 tanta copiofira fc tratto. £ andx in qudlo dx a ^ara ncl. 1 48 1 .oc cafi piu funli c fo?ri com 
 ponemo.£ anclxin quelle dx ncl.i 47o.ocrii;a»no alinoftri rdciiari oifcipulifcr j6art"< 
 franccfco e p.nulo tratclliocropiafioj la sudccaiocgiu mcrcataiiti in rincgiaifigliuoli gia 
 vc icr Antonio. i$>otto la cui omb:a patcrna c fratcrna i I02 pjopzia cafa mc reteuai. £ a ft 
 mili fcicntic fotto la oifdplina oc nufcr £>omciic«:o biagadino li in rincgia oa la ercdfa ft 
 gno2i*lccto:c oc ogni fdcna publico ocpucata.£iual fo imcdiate fucccflTozcral pcrfpicacif^ 
 fimo c "9^0 ooctoxic oifan iiftarco oanonico macftro paulo oa la pergola fuo p:cccpto.' 
 rc.£o;aalul:alp:cfcnted /nf^agnificoctcrimiooocto^mifcr ^ntomo coznaro noftro 
 condifdpuloifofto la oortrina oel oitto b23gadino.£ qudlo quando crauamo al fccolo. 
 £Ry3oa poi cbc labito indegnamantc ocl ferapbyco fan francdco cr voto pigliamo:^ oi^ 
 ucrfi paefi cc conuenuto andarc pcrcgn'nando.£ al p:dcnK 4 » po-ofda per puWicoc mo' 
 lumento a fatiffation conmna-.a fimili faculta d rarouiamo.£ fcmp;e g o:dinc oe li noftrt 
 lRcucrcdip2dari:marimc ocl rcucrcndilTimo.p.noftro gcycralc pzcfciitcmacllro f rau' 
 cdco fafonc oa b:dda:co:?cndoglianni od nolh-o fcgno.x Jcfu £baflo. 1 4S7.lanno.4''. 
 ocl pontificate ocl faiKtilTimo in d)jifto.p,injJocetio oaauo. 
 
 iKa lojnando al pzopofito oe (i carattcn qudK fono maric in algcbja .£ Ixi 
 
 ucMga dx in infininimXi polTa p:occdere \wn oimcno quitp al pzopofiip no^ 
 ft-o in qucftoili trenca gradiafcendcna pjj vi!35 ct moduni algcbjc a aliiiua' 
 bala. Ifeoc dt rcftaurarionfe 7 oppofitionis fonno ballanri.£ fc pur tu piu nc 
 ro22ai per te ftcflb gradati? po:2ai fo;marnc.£ ^ncili foimo irgradi quafi modcriiamctt 
 cofi no jati baucnga dx m turte Ic cofe li nomi-fieno a^lacito.£ fc codo qualdx fnnilitndi 
 nc matcnalc ipoitt fi commo oi fop?a ndla m■ftincrionc.2^nd trattato.i:alaraculo.9".DC.' 
 d?iarammo.£ cofi ancoza fonno a pladto tuttiCi carattcn qu^ili noi qui bobiamo po(h' p 
 cbc rantctcrrc tantc v(mc3^^ti illud tot capita tot renfua.£t vdlc fun cuiqs ciqudbcT^ 
 CO 9cio tu impcrito non eredcftc neccflital^ro. bt li quali poi in algcbza rrattado fonnare/ 
 nio l02o lib:etn fi commo in qucfto al fuo luogo vedcrai. £ quelle figure ocnaii^ polk 
 dx comcn^ano.'^.pama.-K.2'. i^.;'.7c.ffn.*9J.;o''.fono ocnominariolu'ocla p^aiica oc al 
 gcbza feeondo li arabi pjimrinucntozi oc fi facte p2««d?copcr"atiuc.£Ba ocl numcro i^r 
 ncrc3p2elToUgrecifo2on feeondo rfido:octymologiarum:c molri3lIri;iS^iaago2ad pHo 
 c oa poi lui j(^a:omaco:oal qual el piu oc la fua aritbmetica ]6oc.p:crc. £ a p:rtfc lilanni 
 foTon piima Bpuleo c poi 36oc.c oc la geometria forono lie gyptii ob in vndauone W w 
 ipfc ibidem indudt.^deo ipfuiti lege qui oprimc ocbuiufmodi materia iplcrifqj lone trat' 
 tatqucm plunesmcminimclcgiflcvade 7tu fac fimilucripjoderiinbiTc. 
 
 Dilhnaio fcrta oc p:«ponionibu8 1 p»po:ribn3lit3nbu8.Z'ra.pmus.3r. p:«muB. 
 
 1 fJnuno dx oi numcri alcujw cofa ba foipto fcmpjc anco?a in 
 Ticmi CO qlli oc mcfurc al qfuJto Ixj cractatoic i copagnfa odic 
 od comim lo? vclhmcto Ditto^po.'tionc.£ qfto fia manifefto 
 fe be fi leggi oimolr ipby lo: lib;i:ocmatlxmandx fbculta co 
 pibti.£6mo oc£udide mc^arcnfeila cui oj^ fcmp:cmtri li 
 ontidM ginnafiKcideoe ftoyd:academia:pcripatctici: platoni' 
 d 7c.anc oioegna Oifdplina matlxniarica illuftrari.^clla q 
 Ic lui oc ontl>mcric»:cioc oc numcri trattandoianco.^a oc gco' 
 mctria:doc oc invfurc largamctc oiflciecon quelle a gi'dfc (c6/ 
 mo e oitto>l lo2 comun rdo oicto^jpoztiocandeoiuifc oit'' 
 ta opa i.( f .libzipartiali.&c li qli.i o.fono oe geomcfri3:doc p". 
 - <, -''•''•'^'•^''•"''•'^•'^•'4°''^"^9"3trofonnoocaritl>»iicticii 
 pno'palmctttfloc? -S .9 •lo^cv^oCatuttiqfticpc:docd4ntoXoocla4)po^ti6c.taal 
 (fomo fe oira)cofi feafpccta al miorcomo ala mdura.C)d feuerino:6ocnoaco?afcbcn ft 
 cuarda i la fua antbmctica; troueralTe Ic fo2<,c oe geomcfru:e andx particularcmftioc DC 
 fc^>po;ti6i.£>c tlxbitancora ocgno p6o(oel ql molto J6octiocrponcdo £udidc fe ml' 
 tioncntianmc nd (into)pfucopc oiffufamJtco lunac oilalrra ificmico le.ppojnbni frat 
 to.i>e4niaofisliuolooc5ofcpbC06lqualdau»p9nocrponcdodquitoof £udidc fa 
 
 25
 
 BHVinaio fextz Bracfafae quartan 
 
 ti 
 
 Srmontcs 
 
 ^ 
 
 f l ContiniiB ffl ff l pifatinm H ^ iScomarict f1 
 
 I 
 
 jhititioiutis 
 
 Conrinua 
 
 I 
 
 
 I 
 
 ^ X iEq^al(tari^l j^^ iRatkmaKg (g| |]J^5^f [j l IRatfenftlw F i) 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Duplir 
 
 
 P^m 
 
 [ | jQuadrupI j ^ 
 
 If 
 
 i$£{4 altera 
 
 0Mptrb(parn 
 cnftcrrtaa 
 
 -"XZ3 
 
 attrtttplejfapi 
 parrtcuiafte 
 
 M 
 
 3fl&n!t4>l<}:rupcrpi 
 JEl£Cft 
 
 I 
 
 f) ^fffjtcrrfa [1 
 
 a fir in ifimtum m vltimis fpcdebue.iQue ofa i fin 
 fi|ulafup:a Zbeozrcci T^aticc figillarimcrcmpla 
 rittT Dcclarata funt.^uarusivirce cr fcquentibug 
 coclufiorilbus icafibus mamfeftelittcratis'z vul/ 
 Saribueapp^CHt.^tibi. ^dco-zc. 
 
 26
 
 PECULIAR SAYINGS OF PACIOLI 
 
 Chapter 1. "Wlhere there is no order there is confusion." 
 
 2. "Every action is determined by the end in vi(>w." 
 
 3. "Defining diligently and truthfully so that truth will always guide you." 
 
 4. "More bridges are necessary for a good merchaiit than a lawyer can make." 
 
 "The merchant is like a rooster, which of all tlie animals is the most alert, and in winter and 
 summer keeps his night vigils and never rests." 
 
 "Also it is said that the head of the merchant lias a hundred eyes and still they are not suf- 
 ficient for all he has to saj' or do." 
 
 "The law helps those that are awake — not those that sleep." 
 
 "Dante says: 
 
 'My son, it behooves that you quit your laziness. 
 
 God promised the crown to the watcliful ones. 
 He who lies on feathers or under cover will never amount to anything. Such a one leaves on 
 
 this earth the same trace as the smoke in the air or foam on the water'." . 
 
 "Work should not seem to you strange for Mars never granted a victory to those that spent 
 their time resting." 
 
 A sage said to the lazy man to take the ant as an example. 
 
 Apostle Paul says that no one will be worthy of the crown except he who shall figiit valiantly 
 for it. 
 
 Remember God and your neighbor. 
 
 Attend religious meditation every morning, for through this you will never lose your way. 
 
 By being charitable you will not lose your riches. 
 
 The Saviour in the book of St. Matthew admonishes, "Seek you Christians first the Kingdom 
 of God and then the other temporal and spiritual things you will I'asily obtain." 
 
 18 and 31 "Who does nothing makes no mistakes; who makes no mistakes learns nothing. 
 
 22 Otfieials do not bother about details. 
 
 23 Accounts are nothing else than tlie expressions in writing of the arrangement of his affaii's. 
 
 which the merchant keeps in his mind. 
 
 If you are in business and do not know all about it, your money will go like flies, that is, you 
 will lose it. 
 
 29 Books should be closed each year, especially in partnership because frequent accounting 
 makes for long friendship. 
 
 33 If the losses are in excess of the gains — from which state of affairs may God keep every one 
 who really lives as a good Christian. 
 
 35 If you do not put the place and date on a letter, you will be made fun of. because we say the 
 letter which does not bear the date was written during the night, and the letter which does 
 not bear the place we say that it was written in tlie other world and not in this one. 
 
 27
 
 00 mmepcgno.io.contra.i ^.vnalrro incttc.io.contra.: y-oiniandarc cbi cbc 
 uanrjgi'o c quanto p c. f'n cofi pji'ina uedi quanto mcriccin'a.zo.dc I'coturo a 
 rara.cbc.i o.a.i ^.c cnfe.i o.a.i ^.cl?f bara.:o.otrra baucr.'.o.oonca iicdi dx nori 
 hi dcbito fcontro baWaiido.:? ozucdi djeli niancadx U niidxra O3.:7.a.;o. 
 <Ix foni.ucdi d?c gtefon dc fuo capital cbc c. - odjc (on li-jl-C tato cb'jc oi oano n I fo ca 
 pitalc rcfpccro a lalcro.oonca argucfd clx laltro babia amqio U. Jdcl fuo capi'talc cb uol 
 dir.i S'.pcr.c^.dxfi rroua and?e a qudlomodo diccndo colui mcttcndo. i o.riraria i S.k mo 
 teTc.i oo.cbc n'rarauc opera riraria i >"o.quair3(ua.Tt>oi p laltro oi'raifc.io.uol.i y-cbc uo' 
 ra.t oo.dx uirra a uolcrc. i ;f .cb ocdi cbc itianco dx. i ^o.del p°.fi dx cbbc fuatagio B (jqc 
 q'to g c'.abbari. i *^ f .dc. i ? o.rcfta. i f .c tato cbbc dar»o i tutro per baucr mclto. i oo.ci'oc Ixiuc 
 darmo ral pane qual fon.i <.dc.i oc^.dx fon \i ji.ut fup:a latro au.iiKo p u dx lui.i N.in tut' 
 to clx fon li.jl.pnr del oo.fuocapitale:fidxauantag«o.i f.p c^.fatta per cfx rcinp lal par- 
 te quale gdc Innoqlla mcdcfima pre ucne a la^arc laltro e cofi i baratti. 
 
 Xauola del £5uadcrno. 
 &c qudic cox cbcp:mcipalmctcrdno nccclTaric al ucro mcrcataiuctc oe lojdinc a fapcrc tc 
 
 nerc bene vn quadcriio c6 lofiio ^02n3lc in uenctia:c ancbc p oc,ni alrro !«Ot;o. ca'-i 
 be la pania ptc p:incipal oe qucllotraaato dcip ifiucntano:c dx eofa fia inuentarioie co 
 
 me fra mcrcatanti fi babia a fare. ca'. J 
 
 5^o?in3 crcinplarc:c6 tutrc fiic folcnnita i \o iiiuctan'o requifitc. ca^ j 
 
 OtilifTimaeroaationc'.cfalutifcridocuincntialbonmercataiucptincti. ca'.4 
 
 bela.i'.pte pn'ticipale Del p:cfcre tractate ditta diTpoiiccomc lafabbia a ifciidere:e i cbc c5 
 
 fiftc: circa al trafico.e dc li. ; .lib.n' pniicipali del co:po mcrca nrcfco. ca'.? 
 
 t)d p'.lib^o ditto nicmojiale oner fquartafoblio o uadxtta qllo dx fe itcdaic comoi ciTo 
 
 fe babia a fcniicrcic per cbi. ca'-fi 
 
 bcl nio coitio i niolti lod>i fi bablo autcn'care tutti li lib'. inercatcfcW:e p cixte da d>i.c.7 
 £6mo fe dcbino oittarc Ic ptitc f oitto mcmo2ia!e co ercpli. , ca^-9 
 
 bc\i noucmodip liqualicoiminamcrc ficoftuma frali mercawncicopazarcie dlemeriatic 
 
 quail d pin dc Ic iioltc dc ncccifita a tcoo (i cop:ano. ea°. <f 
 
 bdfccondohbjop.'incipalcmcrcantcfco oitto giornaletquel cbel (iaecommcfcdebiaoi 
 
 fponere oiditratamciiie. ca'. i o 
 
 bell 001 termini ncl ditto gibmale rfitatitnaicimc I vcnctia'.luno ditto p^r: laltro ditto.a 
 
 28
 
 COMPARATIVE INDEX OF THE EARLIEST WRITERS 
 
 The following is a schedule showing comparatively the contents of the chapters of Pacioli, Manzoni, 
 Pietra and Ympyn, so that the reader may have a quick perception of the extent to which Manzoni, Pietra 
 and Ympyn have followed Pacioli. Only the most important items are given. Carefully note the coin- 
 cidence that even the order in which the chapter is given practically remains unchanged from that of 
 Pacioli. 
 
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTERS. 
 
 The things a merchant needs and description of sys- 
 tem of keeping a journal and a ledger 
 
 Description of an inventory, movables, immovables, 
 accounts receivable, accounts payable 
 
 Sample of an inventory in full detail by lots 
 
 Useful instruction to a merchant 
 
 Introduction to second part of the treatise covering 
 ■ ' Disposition ' ' 
 
 Description, etc., of the day book 
 
 CHAPTER NUMBERS. 
 
 The marking of the books and the use of the cross 
 on them 
 
 Authentication of books by notaries 
 
 Sample entry for the day book 
 
 Nine methods of purchasing goods, as many for selling 
 
 Description of the journal 
 
 The two terms "Per" and "A" and the two little 
 
 lines // 
 
 The term "Cash" 
 
 The term "Capital" 
 
 Samples of journal entries 
 
 One kind of money in amount column 
 
 Line under each entry and through money column, 
 diagonal line through day book entry when jour- 
 nalized, or check off at beginning or end of entry 
 
 The Ledger 
 
 The Index 
 
 Four lines for money, one for ledger pages, two for 
 dates 
 
 Posting from journal to ledger 
 
 Two diagonal lines, one on left and one on right, when 
 entry is posted 
 
 Posting figures one above other, divided by a little line 
 
 The place for the date 
 
 Year in Roman figures 
 
 Change in j'ear between entries 
 
 In personal account more detail required 
 
 Spacing of ledger to save transfer : 
 
 Index 
 
 Further instruction about merchandise entries in the 
 ledger 
 
 Pacioli 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 
 12 
 13 
 13 
 
 13 
 14 
 
 14 
 14 
 15 
 1.') 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 Manzoni 
 Vol. I/l 
 
 Vol. 1/2 
 Vol. 1/3 
 Vol. 1/4 
 
 Vol. 1/5 
 
 Pietra 
 1 
 
 6-8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 Vol. 
 
 1/7 
 
 16 
 
 Vol. 
 
 I/ll 
 
 26-28 
 
 Vol. 
 
 1/8 
 
 20-24 
 
 Vol. 
 
 I/IO 
 
 2 
 
 Vol. 
 
 1/9 
 
 49 
 
 Vol. 
 
 1/9 
 
 30-3:'! 
 
 Vol. 
 
 1/12 
 
 
 Vol. 
 
 1/12 
 
 30 
 
 Vol. 
 
 1/12 
 
 30 
 
 Vol. 
 
 11 /I 
 
 30 
 
 Vol. 
 
 1/11 
 
 36 
 
 Vol. 
 
 IT/1 
 
 
 Vol. 
 
 [1/5 
 
 39 
 
 Vol. 
 
 II/6 
 
 
 Vol. 
 
 II/7 
 
 38 
 
 Vol. 
 
 1/11 
 
 
 Vol. 
 
 1 1/2 
 
 14 
 
 Vol. 
 
 I/ll 
 
 
 Vol. 
 
 II/4 
 
 
 Vol. 
 
 1/12 
 
 36 
 
 Vol. 
 
 I/ll 
 
 36 
 
 Ympyn 
 1 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 5-6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 
 12 
 10 
 
 Vol. 1/12 
 
 36 
 
 29
 
 Biftincfio no^a2:^actat^9.xl^©c^m■pfuri3. 198 
 
 e qucITo dv per lo:o fc I?abi3 3 oenowrc. ca^ 1 1 
 
 bd niodo a f.ipcr poncrec oinarc k ptirrc i fogfojnalc od oarc c dc lancre c6 molnercin 
 
 pIi';c«xlidoiaItn termini ndquadcrnoufuatiluno ocrrocalTac lalrro caucdalcic qudlo 
 
 c\x per c(Ti fe babia intcnderc. ca°. 1 : 
 
 Dd rcr(,o 7 vUimo Iib:o pjinapalc mcreantdco oetto el cjderno commo ocbbe ciTer farto c 
 
 pel fuo alfobcto cotno fc uebtn'a o:dinarc vgtiiolo e oopio. ca".i ? 
 
 bd mo a po:r3re le ptite oel giocnale i qderno:c p dx de rna f gibrnafe fc iie facia ooiin q 
 
 derno:eodmodoa Depcnnarc Ic parnrc in gioznalecdelioornumeri Die earn oclqua 
 
 dcrno (be in k fue margine ft ponc:e p cbc. a". \ 4 
 
 Del m«3 a fapc oitrare Ic ptirc oe la ealTa c eaucdalc nd quaderno i oare c l>auerf :c od mile- 
 
 fimo d?e oi fop:3 nd p: incipio oc la earra a lantieo fi metre in eiToie oela fua mutan'oiic:c 
 
 dd eoprir li fpacij oc le carti fcDo Ic gtite plecole e gradi k6o d bifogno D le faccde.ca. 1 5 
 tComo k dcbino oirrare le partite oe le mercanrie dx p inuentario alrro modo lomo fe n 
 
 troii3:ncI quaderno in oare e in bauerc. ej°.i 6 
 
 t>d modo a tencr como con li officii puplidic per dx:c de la camera odimp:efhtti in vcnc 
 
 rta d?e fe goiierna per via oe fertieri. ca? 1 7 
 
 Commofe ocbia tencr conto cbnToffifcio oc la mclTetaria in uenen'a c ocl oittare le f uc par'' 
 
 tire in memo:iale:5iorn3le:eqderno:eanco:aoclimp2elli. sea". 18. 
 
 £>d modo a fapcre notare c oittare vna ptita 6 robba copata a (dmi'Atmn.Ui libji doc nic 
 
 mo:iale:gio2nalc:c quadernorc come a ptc cotati e pte tepo al medefimo £apitolo. 
 £emmo fe ocbia o?dinare el pagamento cbc bauefle a fare per oitta e ba ncbo defcripr is nc 
 
 li toi lib2ip:inapali. ea°. 1 9 
 
 t>e le piitc famofe epticulan" nd maneggio traficatc como fonobaratti copagnie tccomo 
 
 le fe babbino afettare t ordinare ne li libii mcrcatefcbi:c p:ima oe li baratti femplici copo 
 
 Hi e col tepo co apti erepli oc tutti i memo2iale:gio:nalf e qd trn 0. a". 20 
 
 tc laltra pariitta f amofa oi'tta Compagniercommo fe ocbi'no 02dinarc:e dittarc in tutti U 
 
 modi ocurrenti in eiafcunolib:o. ca'.ii. 
 
 Ce to:dine oc Ic pritc oeriafcuna fpcfarcomo oc cafa o?dinarie:ftr3ordinarie:c oi nicrean 
 
 ri j: falarij oe g3r»;oni c facton como fabino a fcriucrc:e oittare neli libzi. ca°.2 2 
 
 be lojdinec mo a fap tencr f n eoto oc botcga in tua mano adaltri rccomandata c como 
 
 feoebino nelilib:iautcntici'ddpatronecaficbeinqudlidcbotega feparacamente fcri' 
 
 ueree oittare. ea".:? 
 
 £6mo fe babino a fettare nd giojnale e qdcrno le ptite oe li bacbi oc fcritta:eqli fc inrcdi' 
 
 no e ooue ne fia-.o de cabiitii co lo:ofiando mcrearante-.c tu c6 altriquado foiTc b^d?iai; 
 
 e oe le quietace cbe p licabififannorc p dx fe ncfacia ooi oc medefimo tenojc. ca".24 
 be vnaltra parrita dbc 3lc uoltc fe'coftuma nd qdcrno tcnerc octta entrata c ufdta c aleuoUc 
 
 fenefa libjo parti'eulare.c per dx. ca°.2 j 
 
 £6mo fe babino afettare ndi lib:i k ptitc dc li uiaggf i fua mano:c qltc de li afaggi rccoma 
 
 dm:c comooe neccfflta oe tali nafcono ooi quaderni. ca°z6 
 
 bcunaltraptif3famofacittap:oco3nnooueroauangedcfauano':commo lafabia a tc 
 
 nerc nd quadcrnoic p dx ella non fi metta hd gib.male como le aftre ptitc. ca*'.: 7 
 £6mo fe oebino reportarc in an^e Ic ptite od quadcmorquando folTeropiencic i dx luogo 
 
 fabbi a portare el refto:ado no fia pzefa'maliria nd quaderno. ca'.a S 
 
 bd modo a faper mutarcd milefimo nd quaderno fra le piite cbc 3 la gioznata acafcano: 
 
 quando ognianno non fifaldaffc li libzi. ca'29 
 
 Com m fe dcbia leuarc vn conto al debit ore cbc lo oomandafTcc ancora al fn patr one fi 
 
 ondo factoze e cdmcrTo de tutta la amim'ftrarioe de le robbc. ca'.;o 
 
 bd modo e ordine a faper rctractare o ueroiftoznarc una piu partitctcfx p error iMueiTc 
 
 poftein altro luogo cbc doucffcroandarc como aduencprmemozaginc. c&y\ 
 
 Commo fc debia fare d brtando od lib:o e dd modo a repoztarc vn libro in laltrotcioc ej q 
 
 dcrno ycd?io nd qdemo iiuouo e dd modo a pontarlo con lo fuo giornale e memon'ale c 
 
 altri fcontri dctro e oifuo: od ditto quaderno. P V* 
 
 bz\ modoeo?dinc afcnuerelefaccndc dx occurrelTcrond tempo dxfifad bilanaoicioc 
 
 cbefifjldaiio lilib?ic commo ndi lilibriucd?i non fi (Jd?iarcriuerc ncinnouare cofa alcu 
 
 na in ditto tcmpoie la cagione per dx» ^ •'» 
 
 80
 
 CONTENTS OP CHAPTERS. 
 
 About the entries in accounts with public officials and 
 banks 
 
 Transactions with the market master, and sales for 
 cash or on time witlj brokers' commissions 
 
 Transfer of money through an order on another firm 
 or a bank 
 
 Trades and exchanges, and their book entries 
 
 Joint venture accounts and trades 
 
 General expenses, commissions, and salaries, income 
 and expenses, profit and loss 
 
 Branch stores or houses 
 
 The bank or private draft and their duplicate receipt. . 
 
 A separate book for income and expenses 
 
 A separate ledger and journal when traveling with 
 goods 
 
 Profit and loss 
 
 Why these entries do not go through the journal 
 
 Transfer of an account to another page in the ledger 
 (difference only) ; not entered in journal 
 
 The change in the year between entries in the ledger... 
 
 The preparation of a statement of account for cus- 
 tomers _ 
 
 Correction of an error in posting 
 
 Balancing of the ledger and transfer to a new ledger... 
 
 Checking with dots 
 
 Checking with other marks 
 
 What to do with new entries during period of closing 
 ledger 
 
 The balancing of all accounts 
 
 Profit and loss account 
 
 Final closing of the profit and loss into capital 
 
 The trial balance and balance account 
 
 Letters and documents — how preserved and filed; 
 mercantile letters give date and place at top ; non- 
 mercantile at bottom 
 
 Resume of entire treatise 
 
 Balancing entries marked Ro (resto) „ 
 
 Pacioli 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 27 
 
 28 
 29 
 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 32 
 32 
 
 33 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 
 35 
 36 
 36 
 
 CHAPTER NUMBERS. 
 Mauzoni Pietra 
 
 Ympyn 
 
 Vol. II/9 
 
 51 
 35 
 
 43 
 
 43 
 42 
 
 40 
 
 Vol. 
 
 11/12 
 
 60 
 
 Vol. 
 
 11/11 
 
 41 
 52 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 Vol. 
 
 11/10 
 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 
 
 35 
 52-56 
 
 
 
 52-56 
 
 Vol. 
 
 1/13 
 
 56 
 
 Vol. 
 
 II/9 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 27 
 
 15-23 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 16 
 
 14 
 13 
 25 
 26 
 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 
 28 
 
 31
 
 Bi/!incfiQ_non9.tP£lttatns -xC-Bc fcripmria 
 
 Conimo ft ocbiano faldarc turn k partite oel quadcmo vccf?io:c i cl3i:c per cf?cc oc h fij 
 
 mafumaruin nclrare eoclaiicrculrimofcontrooclbilana'o. oa''.;4 
 
 i:>el inodo e o:dic a fapcr tencre Ic fcnpturc menutc como fono rcripnoc manolrc familia 
 
 ri politic: ^clTiTcntcfie calmifhunicricjxl rtgiftrooc Icletrerc ipo:tan. ca".;j 
 
 £pilogo ucro fumaria rccolta dc tuttocl p^cfcntc tractaro;aaocon b:cue fubftatia fc ba 
 
 bia mandarc a m€mo2i3 Ic cofc octtc. ca"*. i6 
 
 Oillmcrio.iionfl.'itractatua.rr.pticularis t>c coputia t fcriprun'e. 
 
 be quelle cofc cbe fono necclTarie a\ uero n1erca^alue:c ve lo.'dmc a Tape be tcncrc vn q/ 
 
 derno c6 fuo gioznalc i rinc^ia e anclx p ognalrro (uogo. £jpirolo p?uno. 
 
 '|rcucrcnri(ubditio£.U.&.S^.On>35nanimo.C>.acio a picno 
 DC turtolozdine mcrcanrcfco babi'no el bifoguo'.oelfPCTai.CoIr'. 
 lccofcoman^cfqftanfaoqamttc)3nco23 parricular tractsto 
 grandemere necefTano c6pillarc.£ in qflo folo \o iferto: g c\x 
 a ogni loro occurrcca cl pfenre libzo li pofla fcruirc. Si oel mo ; 
 do a conn e fcriprure:c6mo oe ragioni.£ per cITo iiiteiido oar/ 
 li nojma fuffidenre e baftanre in rcnere ordinatanicnre rutri lor 
 conri e hbji.-j&cro cbcCconio ft fa )trc cofc matime fono opor 
 tunc:a d?i uole con Dcb'ta oiligcfia mercanrarc.5c ie qlilaporif 
 fima e la pecunia numcrara c ogin' altra faculta fu ftantialc.Ju 
 rta illud pl?y vnii aliquid necefTano?!! e fubftanria-jSctia cl cui 
 fuflfragib inal fi po cl manegio traficanrc erercitare. Suega dx 
 molri gia nudico bona fedc coracncandoroe gra facade babio farto,£ mcdiantc lo crediro 
 fedclmetc feruaroi magne ridxi^cc fieno pcruenutii£be afaip vtalia oifcurrcdo nabiamo 
 cognofcibn. £ piii ^d nele gra repuWtdx non fi poreua oireiclx la fedc od bon inercatan 
 te.£ a quella Ofermaua lo? giuramcnrotoicedo.B la fe oe real ntcrcaranre. € cio no oeuef 
 fere adtnirario;ie:c6ciofia dx i |a fede carolicamcrc ognuno fi rjlui:e fcnca lc« fia ipolTibile 
 piacerc a mo. ta fecoda cofa cbc fi recerca al oebito rraficoirie clx fia bnon ragioncri: e 
 ^mpro copurifla.£ p qucftoV6fcq:iire.Coifop:3 como fc uc diito)o3l p:idpio alaiiiic: Ixi' 
 ucino Jducto rcgolc e canoni a clafcuna oparione requifin'.5n modo dx w fctogni otligc' 
 te Iccroze.turto porra ip2endere.£ d>i' oi' quefta pre non fofTe bene armatoila feqiiete in 'ua 
 no lifercbbe. la.; 'x vltima cofa opormna fie:clx c6 bello o:die tune fue facede ocbira- 
 mete oi'pongatado con b^cuitatpoda oc ciafciia baucr noritiaiqiianto alo: oebito c awdx 
 creditovelx circa altro non farcde d trafic o.£ qfta pte fra laltre e alojo unli(Tnna:dx i lor 
 facede altramcte regerfe:feria «po(Tibile:fcea oebito o:diiie c>e fcn'pfurc.£ fe^ alcti repofo la 
 lo? mfte fempjc ftaria in gran trauagli.f poado con laltre qfta poflino bjucre.el pfete tra 
 ctato ojdiai.J^d qlc fc da el mo a tutte fo?ri oe fcnptiM*c:a a^g ca'.^xedcdo £ be clx no 
 iipoik cufiapoto tutto el bifogno fcriuere.ji^o oimcno p ql dx fc oira.£f pcgrinoigegTa 
 qlucaln-olapiicara. £ feruaremo i e(lt> cl tno »e rincgi3:q!e certamcre fra-gl^alcrie molto 
 da comediare£ niediantc qlllo i ogni altro fe po?ra guidare.£ qfto oiKideremo U ^J pn 
 dpali.tuna cbiamaremo iuctario.£ lalrra oifp6ne.£ p^oe lunaie poi oc laltra fuecelTiiia 
 mete fe oira fc^ lo?die i la ppofla tauob contenuto.t2>er la ql facilmente el leao:e po?ra Ic 
 occur Jcntie trouare fecondo el numcro oe fuoi capitoli e carti. 
 
 fei CO lo ocbiro o?die clx fafpccta uof fap be tenere vn qderno co lo fuo gib:n J 
 le a ql dx qui fe dira con ofligcria Ilia a teto £ acio.bc fintcda el ^elTo idurre/ 
 mo i capo vno cbe mo oinouocomcd a traficare como p 02<iic deba proccderc 
 ndfcnere (oi conri e fcnpiuretaciodje fucitamcte ogni cofa pofliritrouare porta 
 Ql fuo luogo p dx no afettandole cofc wbitamete a li fuoi liiogl?i ucrebbc i grandilTimi irj 
 uagli e cdfufioi oe tutre fuc faccde^Jurta coe oictii vbi n5 e o?do ibi eft c6fufio£ pcro a p 
 fecJO oocamero oogm'mercatante oe tutto nfo ^xdTof aremo como oifop?a c ditto.:, ^i 
 pncipali.leqli apramete ^ fcqucte d?iariremo:acio fructo falutifero fabia ip?cdcre. £ p?i3 
 dimollrando cl? cofa fia iuetario c como fabia far e be la p^ pte pncipale oe qlto tractato 
 t>ci*3 !ucrario.£ dx cofa fia iuctano:e come fira mercatand fabia fare, ca'.z £6uienfi: 
 adonca p'mcre .pfupi^ncree tmaginare dx ogni opante e mofTo oalfine. £p potcr qllo 
 oebifam^ce cofecjre fa o.ini fuoffo?^o ncl fuo ^eiTo.vnde d fine oe qluclx rraficjntec oc 
 cSfcqiiire lidto c copcteie guadagno p fua fubllctatioe .£ po fempTC con lo nome oe mefcr 
 ©i>me?iedio: ocWano comai^SK lojo faccnde.£ i nd pD°. dogni Im fcripwre;d fiwfana<> 
 
 33
 
 COMPLETE TRANSLATION OF PACIOLI 
 
 SECTION NINE— TREATISE XI. 
 
 PARTICULARS OP RECKONINGS AND THEIR RECORDING. 
 
 CHAPTER 1. 
 
 THINGS THAT ARE NECESSARY TO THE GOOD xMERCHANT AND THE METHOD OF 
 KEEPING A LEDGER WITH ITS JOURNAL, IN VENICE AND ELSEWHERE. 
 
 In order that the subjects of His Illustrious Highness, the most honorable and magnanimous Duke 
 of Urbino (D. U. D. S. — Docis Urbini Domini Serenissimi) , may have all the rules that a good merchant 
 needs, I decided to compile, in addition to the subjects already treated in this work, a special treatise which 
 is much needed. I have compiled it for this purpose only, i. e., that they (the subjects) may whenever 
 necessary find in it everything with regard to accounts and their keeping. And thereby I wish to give them 
 enough rules to enable them to keep all their accounts and books in an orderly way. For, as we know, 
 there are three things needed by any one who wishes to carry on business carefully. The most impor- 
 tant of these is cash or any equivalent, according to that saying, Unum nliquid necessarium est substantia. 
 Without this, business can hardly be carried on. 
 
 It has happened that many without capital of their own but whose credit was good, carried on big 
 transactions and by means of their credit, which they faithfully kept, became very wealthy. We became 
 acquainted with many of these throughout Italy. In the great republics nothing was considered superior 
 to the word of the good merchant, and oaths were taken on the word of a good merchant. On this confi- 
 dence rested the faith they had in the trustworthiness of an upright merchant. And this is not strange, 
 because, according to the Christian religion, we are saved by faith, and without it it is impossible to please 
 God. 
 
 The second thing necessary in business is to be a good bookkeeper and ready mathematician. To be- 
 come such we have given above (in the foregoing sections of the book) the rules and canons necessary to 
 each transaction, so that any diligent reader can understand it all by himself. If one has not understood 
 this first part well, it will be useless for him to read the following. 
 
 The third and last thing is to arrange all the transactions in such a systematic way that one may 
 understand each one of them at a glance, i. e., by the debit (debito — owed to) and credit (en dito— owed 
 by) method. This is very essential to merchants, because, without making the entries .systematically it would 
 be impossible to conduct their business, for they would have no rest and their minds would always be trou- 
 bled. For this purpose I have written this treatise, in which, step by step, the method is given of making all 
 sorts of entries. Although one cannot write out every essential detail for all cases, nevertheless a careful 
 mind will be able, from what is given, to make the application to any particular case. 
 
 This treatise ^dll adopt tlie system used in Venice, which is certainly to be recommended above all the 
 others, for by means of this, one can find his way in any other. We shall divide this treatise in two prin- 
 cipal parts. The one we shall call the Inventory, and the other. Disposition (arrangement). We shaU 
 talk first of the one and then of the other, according to the order contained in the accompanying Table of 
 Contents, from which the reader may take what he needs in his special ease. 
 
 He who wants to know how to keep a ledger and its journal in due order must pay strict attention 
 to what I shall say. To understand the procedure well, we will take the ease of one who is just starting in 
 business, and tell how he must proceed in keeping his accounts and books so that at a glance he may find 
 each thing in its place. For, if he does not put each thing in its own place, he will find himself in great 
 trouble and confusion as to all his affairs, according to the familiar saying, Ubi non est ordo. ibi est confusio 
 (Where there is no order, there is confusion). In order to give a perfect model to every merchant, we will 
 divide the whole system, as we have .said, in two principal parts, and we will arrange these so clearly that 
 one can get good results from them. First, we will describe wliat the inventory is and how to make it. 
 
 CHAPTER 2. 
 
 FIRST PART OF THIS TREATISE, WHICH IS CALLED INVENTORY— WHAT INVENTORY 
 IS, AND HOW TO MAKE IT. 
 
 First, we must assume that every action is determined by the end in view, and in order to pursue this 
 end properly, we must u.se everj^ effort. The purpose of every merchant is to make a lawful and reasonable 
 profit so as to keep up his business. Therefore, the merchants should begin their business with the name 
 of God at the beginning of every book and have His holy 
 
 NOTE — The words in parentheses are the author's, as also the punctuation and paragraphing, as the 
 original is extremely deficient in these. The words in italics are copied exact from the original. 
 
 33
 
 nomc bauwJ mctc 7C£ go p'.c5uai cbc iicii fuo oilisciirc iuctarioii qfto modo.cbc fern 
 p:cp'-fa'iua ill vn foglw o ucro [ibio OJ tjre.JCiwIx' I'e ncroua hiuer a[ inodeioc mobf(e:c 
 deft abilc.£oincn^ando femp oa Ic col'c ci?:(on:> in piu pgio e pw labili al pcrdcrc. £6iiiD 
 fd(r6^6tanii.)5ioc.^rgcim7C."j&ercbe le ilabiliXoinoldnoXal'i./rerrciii.i.acunc val' 
 k.-f&cfcbiere c fimili no fi poltano finartrc:como Ic cofc iHobili.£ fucceiTujainctc poi oc ma 
 {10 imano/criuafc laltrci^oncndo lcp:i' p' d oi:ciniIe!iino:cl (00150. d noine fuo iiel oirto 
 iucario.c turto Ditto iuetario ti dcucttiicrc in vn mcdc! imo gib:no:g dx altraiiietc odrcbc 
 trauaglio nd micgio fucuro.£ po a tuo eicplo:po:ic cj vii pj n'-coiiio fe ocbia fare-jfetrto 
 ql tu pte pojrai i ogri ^^o£sO d ^pofito fcquirc ic. V5. 
 
 jpojma cccplarc co lutic fuc folcnnita in lo iiiucntano requifitc. ca".; 
 
 Bl nome oc m'o.i 495.3 di.s-noucmbx in vincgia. 
 
 Ueflorequctcficloiueta.ioocnii.j^jOaWiic-'.ciela cotrada ocfco apollolo. 
 
 £\ qk o2dcn3t3inc« to oc niia niano Ix) Icriptoio ,vo fatto fcnucre oal tale 7C. 
 
 oc tufti li iniri bciii:0>obili; c i5tabrti:£)cbiti:e£rcditi dx al inodo ir.i ntro 
 
 » , uo:fin qftopfctcgioino lepra oino.p'.pnta. 3'! P'-nu trouo m cotaii fi a ojo 
 
 c monctatouc.tantt tc.Oi qli miiono do:o vcnifiarii.£ tafi oo;oo;ig3ri .£ tati.tio. hrgl?i 
 fra papsli-.fcnefiic fio:ctini 7c.'l3U3«,o moete oargcto c raine oc pia io:ti:cioc. iCrdi. :3f>ar 
 ccU».£arlini de rc.£ oc p3pa.£ grolU fio:aiiii.'iCdloiii milancfi 7C.i* 5itc mi trouo i ^o 
 icUgate cdeflic^atci^tfti n^.tati'rc.be (i qli taiui foiio balalU i tauola ligati:^ 0:0 aiicili pc 
 fano.Ji.ccaraftigrani 7C.tuno ucro i fuma.CJuipoi oirc a tuo mo 7c. £ rann foiio fafili 
 pur a tauola ifozmagli oa oona.i&cfaiio tc. £ tat ifoiio rubi cocukgiii ocriigadi pelano 7C. 
 lialtn fono oiamatigrc^^ a tauota:c potidi -rc.^^arrido Ic loitic pcfi a ti>3 iiogl! a- ;/ Jic 
 mi trouo ve\\c dc piu fo:rc.tatc oc la talcc tantc dc la talc tc. !R jrrado fuoi co iitioi. £olo 
 ri'.fodrc c fogt'e 7L^\ 5rc mt trouo argcti lauoran ocp. ro2ii.£omo tac^c bacili. Ifsami. 
 £orilcri. i&ironi 7c.£ 4 narra tutto Ic fo:ti a rna p vna 7C.£ pcfa cia(cuna lo;.-a daple lo 
 tilmctc.£ tic coco ocpc^<ticocpd"itc.£oclclcgi?c.0 r£nctiana.«£>ragufca 7C.£ ancbe 
 ftapo.o ucrofcanodx bauclTcro farnc mcntioc 7C.5^ Jrc mi trouo i ma iTana z> pamii li 
 maoc le«;oli.'Zrouagli,£amirc.f a«;u. li 7C.£3pi nvtati •7c.(ccuolidc.;.tcli.(Odi.2 i-:c.rdc 
 padouanc altrcTc.nuoui vfati l6glMtantib2.7c.£ canuTc fantC7C4:ouaglc oc rcic 7C.ta 
 $uoU grandi nttanti 7C.£ piccoli tanti 7C.noui vfati 7c.a tuo mo narra'.le fo2ti. 6'. 5ltc5 
 mi trouo Iccri d piua-n'-tanri 7c.c6 foi cauccali dc piu'noua jv^o rfata 7C.fcdcra iioua 7C. 
 qliperanoi tutto.oS^ovnog vno.S.tontc'7C.£^fg'tcdcl iniofcg'.odali''.c6moficolru 
 ma 7C. -/ "^tc mi trouo oc mcrcantic i cafa oucr i maga(,ciii.7c'.ocpfU fo:ti.p'.£oUi tan 
 ri oc «;c(ari. micbir.ipcfano. S.ran'.7c.!i^cgnari DCl tal r£g~'.7c.£ cofi andarai n.irran''.a To: 
 
 la p foj'.dittc mcrcantic co tutti cotrafcgni fia poiTibile.c co qpra.piu cbiarc^ca fi poflTa.ocpc 
 fon''.emifura7C.8'' 3ltc mi trouo colli taiuidc^c^aribdlidi7C.£carcbitaiioc pip 7C. 
 pig logo.o ucr pip todo fc?5o cbc fira 7C. £ farditami dicandlc 7c.pcfa''.7C.£ colli tanti 
 garo'.7c pcfa".7c.co fulh polucrc c capdlcn'.o ,vo fc^a 7C.£ pefti tati.dc ?v^^ifii 7C.pcfa''.7C. 
 e pciji tanti fan'.roifi biancbipcfa''.7c.£iori andarai mcttcdo p ordic v^.fotto laltro 7c. 
 9' 5ccmi tr'.pdami dafodrccioc agncli'bia'.e albcrroipuglicfio mardMani Tcn^tan 
 ridclatal fo:'.7c.cvolpcmar'.n°tantccot;c7c.cn''.taiitccrud'c7C.£camocc coni,cc tru 
 dc 7c.n".tantc 7C. 1 o» Jie mi trouo pdlefi'.fo'.amtc'.oolTi.rari.^cbdini 7c.n'\tann dc 
 Ifl tal fo;tc.£ n'tantt.de la rale 7C.£o(i dcftigucdo a v'.a v'.oiligctcmcte con tutta vci ip: 
 ado d ucrolc Iwbia 3gnidarc7C. Hueudo fcp auertc(,a a Iccofe dx u anoa n". £ a qKc fi^c 
 uano a pcro.£ a qilc cb vano a mifura.pocb di cjlic.'vfo:'. fi colWa fare d trafico p tutio. 
 calcunc fimcrcano a.fln»''.aitrea.c°.alrrca.S.altrea.9.altrcan'\cioc acorocomopcUa 
 miTcaltrc a pcfti.como o'oic:c pcrkfine7c, Si dxdituttefabcn nota acofa per coia 7c. 
 £qudlc tcbaftinoa tuaguida.laltrcpcr tc poifcquir3ifcmp:e 7c. ' ''. v"*^'!' 
 
 mi trouo ocftabile pjiam-vna-cafa a tanti fulari^ca tantc cam':re.£o:tc. posjio. f'~^:i<^ ^t • 
 porta in la contra oc fanao apcftolo-.fora canak 7c.ap?clTo d tale;c tale TC/f^oinmaiiao 
 U coftniic refCTcdoti ali inflf i k ui fono atiibi piu vcri 7c.£ cofi k piu iiauciTc oc Ic caic U4 
 ucr filuoglji.ncfarlf a rinnlitc. 1 2'. 5te mi trouo tcrremlauoranuicapio "<^7?'"!?^;'^ 
 ucro panoja 7c. i^nominadoli fcdo lufo od pack ooue re troui.o ucro ooue lono iruii j 
 t(7c.n!t3ti 72.^nttdcdo el capo ucro (iaioza oc tauok tatc cane ptidx bcnojux t^u 
 ^Mb" in la tal vJUfl oc padouana altrodc 7c . BpjclTo li bcni ocl tak 7c.£lMpnuao I CO 
 
 rini 7c.£ iliftriMiieti.o ucro ptita occatafti.pli qli pagbije fationi i comuno 7C. fcj'iju ""^ 
 uora d tale tcrcdano lano oc ft rto comijo-.ftara rati e.d.tati7c.£ cofi pte ua naracio m 
 tuoipolTdlioTC. 3&dh3roi.fodM5' 5tcmitro'ba'3lacame^^IpAl'.oucraU .moteiv 
 
 84
 
 name in their minds. To begin with, the merchant must make his inventory {invcntario) in this way: He 
 must always put down on a sheet of paper or in a separate book whatever he has in this world, personal 
 property or real estate, beginning with the things that are most valuable and most likely to be lost, such 
 as cash, jewels, silver, etc., for the real estate, such as houses, lands, lakes, meadows, ponds, etc., cannot be 
 lost as personal property. Then all the other things must be put down one after another. In the said in- ' 
 ventory give always first the day, the year, the place and your name. This whole inventory must be com- 
 pleted in one day, otlierwise there will be trouble in the future in the management of the business. 
 
 As an example for you, I will give you, now, an idea as to how the inventory is to be made, so that 
 you maj' use it as a guide in any particular ease. 
 
 CHAPTER 3. 
 
 EXAMPLE OP AN INVENTORY WITH ALL ITS FORMAL REQUIREMENTS. 
 
 In the name of God, November 8th, 1493, Venice. 
 
 The following is the inventory of myself, N. N., of Venice, Street of the Holy Apostles. 
 
 I have written down systematically, or had written by Mr. So-aud-So, this inventory of all my prop- 
 erty, personal and real, what is owed to me (debiti), and what is owed by me {crediti), of which I on this 
 said day find myself possessed in this world. 
 
 First Item : First I find myself possessed in cash, in gold and coin of so many ducats, of which so 
 many are Venetian, and so many gold Hungarian ; of so many large florins made up of Papal, Siennese 
 and Florentine, etc. The rest consists of many different kinds of silver and copper coins, i. <;., troni, mar- 
 celli, papal and royal carlini and Florentine grossi, and Milanese testoni, etc. 
 
 Second Item: I also possess, in set and unset jewels, so-and-so many pieces, among which are many 
 balassi set in gold, rings weighing so-and-so-many oiuices, carats, grains, etc., per piece or in bulk, etc., 
 which you can express in any manner you wish. There are so-and-so-many sapphires set on clamps for 
 women ; they weigh so much. And there are so-and-so-many rubies, unset, weighing so much. Tlie rest 
 consists of unpolished pointed diamonds, etc. Here you may give such descriptions and weight as you 
 desire. 
 
 Third Item : I liave clothes of many kinds ; so many of such kind ; and so many of such-and-such kind, 
 etc., describing their condition, colors, linings, styles, etc. 
 
 Fourth Item : I have several kinds of silverware, as cups, basins, rammi, cosileri, piromi, etc. Here 
 describe aU the different kinds one by one, etc., and weigh each kind diligently. Keep an account of pieces 
 and weights, and of the alloy, whether the Venetian or the one used at Ragusa, etc. Also mention the 
 stamp or mark that they might have. 
 
 Fifth Item : I have so much massaria dei lini — that is, bed sheets, table cloths, shirts, liandkerchiefs, 
 etc., so many of each. Of the bed sheets, so many are made three-piece sheets, and so many are three and 
 one-half, etc., mentioning whether the linen is Padua linen or some other kind, new or used ; length so many 
 braccia, etc. ; so many shirts, etc. ; table cloths of so many threads ; so many big handkerchiefs and so many 
 small, mentioning whether new or used, giving the different kind in your own way. 
 
 Sixth Item : I have so many feather beds and their respective pillows, mentioning whether the feath- 
 ers are new or used, whether the pillow-cases are new or used, etc., which altogether or one by one weigh 
 so much, marked with my mark or with some other mark, as the custom is. 
 
 Seventh Item: I have at home or in the store so much goods of different kinds: First, so many 
 cases of ginger niichino, weighing so many pounds, marked with such-and-such mark, and so on, describing 
 each kind of said goods with all their marks that you might possibly give and with all the possible accu- 
 racy as to weight, number, measurement, etc. 
 
 Eighth Item : I have so many cases of ginger bellidi, etc., and so many sacks of pepper, long pepper 
 or round pepper, depending on what it is ; so many packages of cinnamon, etc., that weigh so much ; so 
 many packages of cloves, etc., that weigh so much, with fusii polverc and cappellrtti or without, etc., and 
 so many pieces of verzini weighing so much, and so much sandalwood, red or white, weighing so much, and 
 so on, entering one item after another. 
 
 Ninth Item : I have so many skins for coverings, that is, so many white kids and so many albertoni 
 or marchiani, etc., so many of such-and-such kind, etc., so many fox skins, so many tanned and so many 
 raw, so many chamois skins tanned, and so many raw. 
 
 Tenth Item : I have so many fine skins, fore armenti, dossi varii, zebelini, etc., so many of such-and- 
 such kind, and so many of such-and-such kind — defining diligently and truthfully each time' so that truth 
 will always guide you, etc., distinguishing the things that ought to be entered by pieces from those that 
 ought to be entered by weight, and those that onglit to be entered by mea.surcment, because in these three 
 ways business is conducted everywhere ; certain things are reckoned by the bu.shel, others by the hundreds, 
 others by the pound, others by the ounce, others by number, others by a conio (by single numbers) as leath- 
 er goods or skins, others by the piece, as precious stones and fine pearls, etc. ; so you will make a nota- 
 tion of each thing. These examples will serve as a guide for all the rest, etc. 
 
 Eleventh Item : I have in real estate : first, a house with so many stories, so many rooms, court yard, 
 wells, garden, etc., situated in St. Apostle Street over the Canal, etc., adjoining such-and-such parties, etc., 
 giving the names of the boundary line properties, making reference to the oldest and most reliable deeds, 
 if there are anj' ; and so, if you have more houses in different localities, you will enter them in a similar 
 way. 
 
 35
 
 ©idincrio nana trKbtii0.ri*.©ercr^hin0 
 
 Ducari fann" dcrjncdafcnd frrncr clf canarcggjo-rc Cucrogrei vnofcrticricptc ivnof 
 iroJ*^ arrandoonfora inoinc dccJiiConnofcrfpn. £cbuinandodlib20DCquei(o officio 
 numf ro :k U cjrri rone e la ru.i p.irr irj.£I nomc ocl fcriuano clxncn oi«o lib;o:aao c6 
 pill tua fccilua q-do uai a fcorcrc li pcfli rrouarl&crocix m uli officii bifogna baucrc niol 
 ri fcoiun alcuolif per I3 t'raii niulnmdmc clx ci iicruicne 7c.£- nota cl mueliino cbc rcfpo 
 da 110 a ro;.i<^ P ff P<^ •''■'<' ^JPP>a quido iicno;3no lifo pro.c quato per ccto refpodi'no tc. i 4 
 ?teTn Mil rrouo orbiron numcro rann 7C.lunocfraIcDCl talercdx nicdcue onicouca 
 ti rinfi Tctalrro ccl rale ocl tale 7c.£cofi narrali a rnoia vno con bonicontra Icgniicco 
 gnomcc li)cc:!.T,c quanto xc ocbano Dorc:c p clx.£ cofi fc ui Ion Icnpn DC ma o mirrume 
 n DC nciari fra doi fine mctionc 7c.5n fuma ocbo fcoicrc oucanraci 7c.bc boni 6.Sc (1 / 
 r J perfonc ra Ixnc Tc.alrramcii dirai oc trifh 6.7c.i^. Jtcm mitrouoclTere otbiroirui- 
 ro r.icari lann-c nnn a 3! lalcctamial ralcTC.j^ommadoliroicrcditonaunoa v\ks£ 
 k uifo no d>ur. s^c fra uoio ck fcnpn ooc mflrumcnn nommarli.£ d?i.£ commo.ddi cl 
 \uoq,Q pa inoln c.ifi pofcncno occojrcrc m iudicio c fo? oc ludicio •; c. 
 
 UnliOima cro?t3rioiif:f falurifcri oocuiticn al bo mcrcaiarcgrineti. ca°.4 
 £ofi oifcorfo CO dili»;c»,a rurrc Ic cofe dx re ruroui imobile e Itabile: conic e Dct- 
 to a un.i p^r unatfcfofler ben Dienniilia oi'dxcoiiduioni cfacuira fi lucbancbi 
 c irripreftiri 7c.futtc albuono o?dine couicnfe noMiinarIc m Dirto cucrano CO nir 
 ri corrafcgni nomi:e cognomi gro fia pi'u polTibilc-l^'cr d? al nicrcararc no polla 
 no msi k co(c cfTcrc noppo cbiare i^cr Imfiinruafi dx nd rrafico polTaiio oao2rere:toiii 
 mo ala gto:n3f j fa cbiin cfTo fc crercira.£ pcro be oia el p?oucrbio cbe bifogna pm pontt 
 a fare vn bo macarare. cbe a fare vn oocrorcrc IcggiXbi e coluulx polTanucrare liptiti: 
 rcafube ale mam ucngonoalimercarann.Ojap mare.O.'a pterra.Oza arcinpiocpacie 
 dabondaruia. 0:a a rcmpi dc guerre e carcfljeOja a lempi oc famra c mo2bi.jf5c quali tc 
 pie Of nirrcse U conuienc faper prendere foi parriti. ^ip li mere an:como p le fieri dx o?a 1 
 una parria e eira fi f3no.£ 0:3 m lalrra 7c.£ pcro bcii fc figiira e afimiglia cl mcrcaiaiue al 
 gallo. Quale c fraglialfri d piu iiigilanre animalc cbe fia:e oiuerno e Dt Itate fa le fue noiur 
 ncuigilic.cbe mat per alfiJcempord>a.auengadxDefiloincnafcoica:ciocdcl rofigriuo 
 \o dx rurra la nocre canti: nor. oimeno queflo dp:) oc ftarc al caldo rcmpo ucnficarc: ma 
 ron oinuf rno-fomo la erperienea c imp?onro adinioftrarlo.£ and?o fia fiinigtiata la fua 
 tc(\3 a ma dx bahia ccrood?i.cIx ancbo?a no li fono baftiti:ne in wr ne i farclLc qual co 
 fefololeoicad>ile pu3.lHarrinoIo.t]eniriani.5=:o?cfini.6cuoucfi.j^apoIi{aiu.OBilanc^ 
 fi. aneoirji ]5rfJTim £>crgamafdn. acjlani.^'cncfi Hudxfi.i&crufini.arbian.^^o^ofim 
 pjoniant £adiefi.£ tlcubini.£3flell3ni.)6o?glxfi.e f ulignari c6 j&ifai.]5olognefi. e ft 
 orcfi i."h'>sJrou3i Ueroefi.tligcti.e i&adonai. '£rani.Iaia.36an.c6 36cr6(a Icql rpu'ira 
 Ifflrrc i rralia Del rrafico renganod p?inciparo.i3f>3iic la crcelfo eip xx vcnctia c6 hojcia. 
 ^o?ma e regola oogni p3rtiro.d"»al bifogno apxndcr fabia. i?i dx be ouao Ic Icggi muni 
 dpalivv nigilamibuo 7 non oo?mienribu9 ^ura fubueniunrtciocaebiueggbiacnoacbi 
 ©orme le leggi fouengao. £ cofi ne li oiumi officii fi eanra ofl la fancra cbida.clx idio all vi 
 gtlanri a p?onx(lb la co?on3.£ pcro qucflo fo el oocumcro di Piri;,rtio oato a Danretcomo 
 fuo figli uoIo Ouando nd caro. : 4"'.de lo iferno Ii oici cro:randoIo a la farigaiper laqlc 
 fllmonredeleuirtnfeperuienc0?maiconuicnfi(g;lmoloebf ru re fpolrri. c>ifre dinae 
 nro miodxpurinpiuma .^nfamanofiuicne ncforrocolrre. Sorrola qual cbifuauita 
 cofuma. £or3l urftigio oife in rerra lafcia. £5ual fume i aire e i aqua la fd?uima 7C. £ vnal 
 fro vulgar pocra al inedefimo a coforra oiccdo j^r n re para ftrania la fanga cl? marfc no 
 roneeft mai haragi a B qudlicbe polTando fe numca 'cMo ercmpio and?o?3 dd fapictc 
 tnolfo fo acjo conu cmere.Diccdo al pigro dx fifpecL-'iaffc ndla fo:mid>a.£ paulo apolto 
 lo did dxmufir3degnodieo?ona faluodxcbibsra Icgifimamcte combatturo 7c.£Juc 
 i\\ ncordi lio uoluu adiire per rua urilira.-acio non re para grauc la ccndiana folicifud»nc 
 in rue faeendc.marime m re ncre la pcna in carra:c mffP ftTH)frc a di per di:qnd dx k oc- 
 eo?re:cf»mo fc dira nd fcqrnr.Of>a fcpfopra nirrop' idiod ^rio re fia aiian gliocbie mai 
 no mand?! daludire la mcfTj la mafia iRfcojdadorr dx p Icimai fipdccamio -fie p la c^ 
 nrafi (cnna ri(b{(,( cdmo p qftofcto uerfo (e did. fia canraf ord:ncc niilTa inimr irer 7C 
 £a qftoei cro7ta el faluarori fa madxo q'do ou:i.;(^:imiicirirc rrgniiJXKTlxc oia adijctf 
 wr uobio.^crcarcrpianipmamctcdreametJli ndicpoi laltrecofc lepoaliefpiialifacil 
 
 36
 
 Twelfth Item : 1 have so many pieces of land under cultivation (fields or staiore or panora) etc., enter- 
 ing them by the name according to the usage of the country wliere you are, saying where they are situated, 
 etc., as, for instance, a field of so many tavole, or canne, or pcrtichc, or bevolche, etc., situated in such-and- 
 such town in the Province of Padua or somewhere else, adjoining the land of so-and-so, giving all the 
 boundary lines and referring to deeds or the description from tlie recorder's office, for which land you 
 pay taxes in such-and-such municipality, which are worked by so-and-so with a yearly income of so much, 
 and so on; you will enter all your possessions, etc., cattle, etc. 
 
 Thirteenth Item: I have in deposit with the Camera de I'lmpresti (a bank), or witli another bank 
 in Venice, so many ducats; or with the parish of Cauareggio, etc., or part in one parisli and part in another, 
 giving the names under which they have been deposited, mentioning the book of the bank, the number 
 of the page where your account is, and the name of the clerk wlio keeps said book, so that you can 
 easily find your account when you go to get money, because in sticli offices they nuist keep very many ac- 
 counts on account of the big crowd that sometimes goes there, and you must also .see that dates are put down 
 precisely so that you know when everything falls due and what the per cent. is. 
 
 Fourteenth Item: I have so many debtors (dcbitort) -. one is so-and-so, who owes me {me dec dare — 
 shall give me) so many ducats, and so on, giving the names of each one, putting down all annotations as 
 to the names, their family names, and how much they owe you (tc drbbono dore — shall have to give you) 
 and why ; also whether there ai"e any written papers or notarial instruments. In total I have so many 
 ducats to collect, you will say, of good money, if the money is due from good people, otherwise you will 
 say of bad money. 
 
 Fifteenth Item : I am debtor in total to the extent of so many ducats, etc. I owe so many to so-and- 
 so. Here mention your creditors (creditori) one by one, writing down whether there are any documents or 
 writings or instruments; if possible, mention the persons present when the debt was incurred, the reason, 
 the time and the place, for any case that might arise in court or out of court. 
 
 CHAPTER 4. 
 VERY USEFUL ADMONITION AND GOOD ADVICE TO THE GOOD MERCHANT. 
 
 And so, as we have said, you shall enter diligently every thing that you have, whether personal prop- 
 erty or real estate, one by one, even if there were ten thousand items, putting down the condition and 
 nature, whether deposited or loaned, etc. You will have to mention each thing in proper order in the said 
 Inventory with all marks, names, surnames — as far as possible — for things are never too clear to a mer- 
 chant on account of the different things that may happen in business, as anybody in business knows. 
 Right is the proverb which says : More bridges are necessary to make a good merchant than a lawyer 
 can make. Who is the person that can count all the things that can happen to a merchant — on the sea, 
 on land, in times of peace and abundance and times of war and famine, in times of health or pestilence ? 
 In these crises he must know what to do, in the marketplaces and in the fairs which are held now in one place 
 and now in another. For this reason it is right to say that the merchant is like a rooster, which of all the 
 animals {animale) is the most alert and in winter and summer keeps his night vigils and never rests. And 
 they say of the nightingale that it sings throughout the whole night ; however, this may be in the summer 
 during the hot weather, but not during the winter, as experience shows. Also it is said that the head of the 
 merchant has a hundred eyes, and still they are not sufficient for all he has to say or to do. These things are 
 told by people who have had experience in them, such as the Venetians, Florentines, Genoans, Neapoli- 
 tans, Milanese, people of Ancona, Brescia, Bragama, Aquila, Sienna, Lucca, Perugia, Urbino, Forosempro- 
 nio, Cagli, Ugubio, Castello, Brogo, Fuligno, Pisa, Bologna, P>rrara, Mantua, Verona, Vincenza, Padua, 
 Trani, Lecce, Bitonto, which are among the first cities of Italy and have the first place in commerce — espe- 
 cially the cities of Venice and Florence, wliich adopt rules that respond to any need. And well say the 
 municipal laws: Vigilantibus et non dormifntibus jura subveniunt — which means, The law helps those 
 that are awake, not those that sleep. So in the divine functions of the Holy Church they sing that God 
 promised the crown to the watchful ones, and this was the instruction that Virgil gave to Dante as to his 
 son, in Canto 24 of the Inferno, where he exhorts him to the work by which one can reach the hill of 
 virtue : Now, my son, it behooves that you quit your laziness, said my master, for he who lies on 
 feathers or under covei's will never amount to anything. Whoever spends his life in this way, he said, 
 will leave on this earth the same trace as the smoke in the air or foam on the water, etc. ; and another 
 Italian poet admonishes us in the same way, saying: Work should not seem to you strange, for Mars 
 never granted a victory to those that spent their time resting. And it is also very good to quote that 
 sage who said to the lazy man to take the ant as an example ; and the Apostle Paul says tliat no one will 
 be worthy of the crown except he who shall fight valiantly for it. 
 
 I wanted to bring in these reminders for .your own good, so that the daily care about your business 
 would not seem heavy to you, especially the writing down everything and putting down everj' day every- 
 thing that happens to you, as we shall unfold in the next eliapters. But above all, remember God and your 
 neighbor; never forget to attend to religious meditation every morning, for through this you will never lose 
 your way, and by being charitable, you will not lose your riches, as the poet says: Nrc caritas, ncc Missa 
 minuii iter, etc. And to this our Savior exhorts us in the book of St. Matthew, when he says : Primum 
 qiiaerite regulum dci, et hare omnia adiicietur vobis, which means: Seek you. Christians, first the king- 
 dom of God and then the other temporal and spiritual things 
 
 87
 
 BWnctfb noiia SractJf u«.ri*,©f fcripmrie 200 
 
 intm( cotiffqujfcff .T&cro cbel padrf vortro a\e^k raitto!rol'<nc roftro biTctmo 7c£ H 
 fto ucglio re fia baffite a mo amar ftrsmcro Cn'ucfQrto tix alm'fconi oocumri allxnfarc 7i 
 C>c la.:^p3rtc pjicipalc dcI pft ntc trsaaaro wrra rifponccoin^la fabfa a inrcndcrc c in 
 dK (cfiuc .circfl s^ traftcoif dc Ii^libji pjtci'pah' ccl co?p6 mccatefco. c".? 
 
 £quira o:a la fe coda pane piindpaTc rcl pMcntc tractflfo lacinal Tidmo cfHrc 
 !a j>i(fiofilionc cnJaqiialf alqiiaro piu longo touic cbi'o (isxlx i lapitdere a ben 
 d?iarirl9.£pero 01 lei farcmo cot pti.luna Mtra eorpo uero montc oc rutto cl 
 trafko.laltra oirra eojpo vero montc tK borcga. £ p?ini3 w'r^o od ca po 
 gf nerale ce tiitto e! mcnecio (c fue cti'gctfr. Bl quale wco p:ima iincdiate ooppo fuo lueH' 
 MnobiTognarc.^libri'ijpi'u fua ocftrffa e comodfta.liino o:tfo menio:iale.£ laltro nctto 
 £5io?iiflle.laIf ro ocrro. ©uaderno.iluega dx molrf p (c pccl?e lojf^ende facino folo c5 
 liocifecodiicioe giojnnfec qiJadmio.£ pero p.^'ma oirenio ci (uttoooc n!emo.iaie.£ poi 
 fufeqiicremcre oe lialmcoioclo: modi: ucrfic vie eomo wbiano clTcrc teniirt. £ p:ima oa/ 
 rcmofuaortfinitionc. 
 
 be I pjimollbfo ritto memo?wIeo vcroFquartafoglio vacbcfta ql cIjc fcnren 
 dgccomm oin elTo fe babia a fcriuere:e p cfjf. ea" 6 
 
 0dc n»eitio:iaIc ve ro fe ccndo aleuni vaebffta fqrrafo^io e rn fib:o Rd (fie 
 ruftc fe faecde fucel mercafatc piecolc e gradidse ama li vegano.a giorno g gioj 
 noeozapcja iferiuej^elqlerifiirani^tecgnicofooiucdfrc f cpp:areC«altri 
 manegi)fcriiicdo fe ricbiara no lafando vn iota £1 ( W.£l cl>e.£rouado.£l co 
 uetco nirre fue d3iareftc:e ircticnjtcctiio a picno oi fop?a in fo eTiocnwno re ojfli: fcn(a pfu 
 olrra tt le repltcbi .£ i quefto ral lib:o rrolrieofliiiiiano poiicre I020 luctario. flOa p fix d 
 puer;c a moke mam' e ocbf no Isndo re \i m<Mi c llabili foi a picno pon-c £ qucflo If 70 
 fd fl fa p la fun'a ne (c faeede d?r (i feflc.ncl quale peiie fcriucre cl t^tarroncli far ran fiar/ 
 < m" :le concCfc fano'^iji gbfcca IS oe la'tro.^ero (^^ gra me reatare no rerra ftmp;« fenni 
 li garcont nc faaciiCth^ on U manda in quatoja li manda in la:f modb die efcuolte h\i<o 
 lo:o fono fc?a.£bi a fiicre r bia mcrcati '7c.£ folo le voac aim gar^oni reftano a cafa cbe 
 fo:fea pcna f^no fenucre.£pure lo:o 5 non eruiarc li aucnro:iconuengano v«nd(reir (cdf 
 rcrerpagarete c 6p?are feeodo IcTiMnc dx ral pjinnpalef i fia fpoflo.£ lo?o fecodo lojo po 
 rreognifofawbonoferinereicirromcmonalenominado fcmplidmcre lem netec peK 
 dx fanotc rrar fo?e a mrre fo:te w monerre (l?e wndanoe fop?ano uero pagano c fcota 
 no po d?e fft quefto tale non fa eafo a ebe monera fi csui fo?e.como ncl giojnale e quader> 
 nofcb riforro fe dira 'rccl'quadcmicri aft tra rutro poi lui quado reli };(oiK^ igiomale.SicB 
 tornando poilo p:ineipale vede mtte fucfacende e rafertale fc liparc afrramire tc.£ pcrof 
 neceflario wrro Iib20 a chi fa afai faccdc."^ cbc ferebe fatiga bclfegj'are:e per ojdine e gni 
 cofa Ifl pzima uolta merrere i li libn auaentiei c eon P'Tige pea renuri.£ i qCefto e in mr ri al' 
 rri prima ponere el fegno difo?a 1 fula eopra:aeio nd fucee fTo re le faccdcUadc pitno6 feri 
 ptura uero fojnito eerro repo p la qual eofa ru vjojrai vnalrro libjo p:endcre.o uero de nc 
 eeffira re r ouerra quado qucfto fofk pieno. £^^ ale oolre moUi coflumanol'Wuerfe pt<: b? 
 dx r\6 fia pieno anoualircre far faJdi e andx li l\h:\ niiom conio oefotro if ederai.£ i oirro 
 feeoiido lm:o per oe Wro ojdine bifogna renouare fegnale oifcrenre i>al p:imo:atio tJcrem' 
 poin tcpo fipolTa eo p:eft«<a rrouareIg7of3(ede,-^er ral iiicanco?a miIefimo.£ pero b</ 
 ne fi ecftuma fra li ueri eorolw fegflare U p:imi lo7o l»b:i:de quel glon'ofo fegno colqC fiig 
 giogni ni^ftrofpirirna! nemieo:e(a earcrua mrra infernal mcriramcnre rrema ddfe$no: 
 cioe de la faneta eroridal qcale aneoja ndi renerianni a fparar pe legcre lalfabcro comen 
 ^afti. £ poili feqtictilib?» fegnarai per o:dine wlfabero:rK>c t>c.B.£ ^>oiIi rct^" dcli}^.7i. 
 ©ifco?rendo per ojdine dlalfabcro. £ cljjamafe jpoi lib2icroa cioe t^f^emo«al croci 
 fJi'oanalcrodteioe fiuedernocroeitdoe ^Ifaberdonero crrrarto crodieioe. 're. 
 £ poi af i feri l«b?i fc O'd flBcmo^ial. B , ]^io:nal. 5 . (©uadcmo. S.7c.£ vc turtt qudh U ; 
 b:i.d numero ne lo? earrificonucn fcgnarepermoiri rcfpeeric eaurdc cbc aloperanre fart 
 no re bifogno .Bucuga dx molti oicbino nd giojnale e memo:i3le non bifofnarc p<fx 
 Ic cofe fegiiidano ifiUare a di p di: vna fotro lalrra dxfia taftanre a I02 rirrotiare. CbX 
 (ii tclioijxboflod nero fc Icfacende dc vna giomara non palTalTcro vna earja.ifJda noi vf' 
 dunOcbfrnoWitrolTirrafieanri non dx nnaearta ma doictrencpirano in vn gtdJno « 
 le qual.poiCdji oc'enc far male^neporrebbe tagfiare e cauare una-la q' wl Iraude rt3 fi pd' 
 crcbc poi per madligiojmcognofccrcnetjifccmcre.iper cbc lidi fon qucllidx fc^a duWo 
 
 38
 
 you will easily obtain, because your Heavenly Father kuowe very well your needs, etc. 
 
 And this I hope will be sulBeient as an instruction for you to make the Inventory, etc., and to do 
 other things well. 
 
 CHAPTER 5. 
 
 SECOND PRINCIPAL PART OP THIS TREATISE NAMED DISPOSITION (ARRANGE- 
 MENT)— WHAT IS UNDERSTOOD BY IT— WHAT IT CONSISTS OF IN BUSINESS, AND THE 
 THREE PRINCIPAL BOOKS OP THE MERCHANT. 
 
 Comes now the second principal part of this treatise, which is called disposition, and of this I have 
 to talk more at length than of the first part, in order to make it very clear. I will divide it in two parts. 
 We shall call the one, Corpo ovcro monte de sutto el trafico; the other, Corpor overo monte de iotega (Com- 
 merce in general, and Your store in particular) . 
 
 First, we shall speak of commerce in general and its requirements. Immediately after the Inventory, 
 you need three books to make the work proper and easy. One is called Memorandum (Memoriale), the 
 second Journal (Giornalc), and the third Ledger (Quadcrno). Many, on account of their small business, 
 use only the last two, that is, the journal and the ledger. 
 
 We shall speak about the first — that is, of the memorandum book, and thereafter of the other two, about 
 their makeup, and how they should be kept. First of all, we will give the definition of the memorandum 
 book. 
 
 CHAPTER 6. 
 
 OP THE FIRST BOOK, WPIICH IS CALLED MEMORANDUM BOOK (MEMORIALE), OR 
 SCRAP BOOK [SQUARTA L06LI0), OR BLOTTER (VACHETTA). WHAT IS UNDERSTOOD 
 BY IT AND HOW ENTRIES SHOULD BE MADE IN IT AND BY WHOM. 
 
 The memorandum book, or, according to others, scrap book or blotter, is a book in which the mer- 
 chant shall put down all his transactions, small or big, as they take place, day by day, hour by hour. In 
 this book he will put down in detail everything that he sells or buys, and every other transaction without 
 leaving out a jot ; who, what, when, where, mentioning everything to make it fully as clear as I have 
 already said in talking about the Inventory, so that there is no necessity of saying it over again in detail. 
 Manj' are accustomed to enter their inventory in this book, but it is not wise to let people see and know 
 what you possess. It is not wise to enter all your personal property and real property in this book. This 
 book is kept on account of volume of business, and in it entries should be made in the absence of the owner 
 by his servants, or his women if there are any, for a big merchant never keeps his assistants idle ; they are 
 now here, now there, and at times both he and they are out, some at the market place and some attend- 
 ing a fair, leaving perhaps at home only the servants or the women who, perhaps, can barely write. These 
 latter, in order not to send customers away, must sell, collect or bu.y, according to the orders left by the 
 boss or owner, and they, as well as they can, must enter every transaction in this memorandum book, 
 naming simply the money and weights which they know; they should note the various kinds of money 
 that they may collect or take in or that they maj' give in exchange. As far as this book is concerned, it 
 is not as important to transfer to standards the various kinds of coin handled as it is with the journal and 
 ledger, as we will see hereafter. 
 
 The bookkeeper will put everything in order before he transcribes a transaction in the journal. In 
 this way, when the o^^^lle^ comes back he will see all the transactions, and he may put them in a better or- 
 der if he thinks necessary. Therefore, this book is very necessary to those who have a big business. It 
 would be too much trouble to put down in a beautiful and orderly way every transaction immediately 
 after it take place, in books whicli are authentic and kepi neat with care. You must make a mark on 
 the cover of this book, as well as on all the others, so that you can distinguish them when, in the process 
 of the business, the book is filled or has served for a certain period of time and you take another book. 
 You must take another book when the first one has been used entirely, yet many are accu.stomed in differ- 
 ent localities to balance annually these books althoiigli they are not full ; and they do likewise with the 
 other books not yet mentioned, as you will se(^ hereafter. 
 
 On the second book you should put another mark different from the first, so that at anj' time you can 
 trace your transaction easily. For this purpose we use the date. Among true Chri-stians there is the good 
 custom to mark their first books with that glorious sign from which every enemy of the spiritual flees and 
 before which all tlie infernal spirits justly tremble — that is, the holy cross, by which in our tender years 
 we begin to learn to read. The books that follow, you may mark in alphabetical order, calling A the .sec- 
 ond, and B the third, etc. So tliat we call the first books with the Cross, or Memorandum with Cro.ss, and 
 the second Memorandum A, Journal A, Ledger A. The pages of each of these books ought to be marked 
 for several reasons known to the merchant, although many say that this is not necessary for the Journal 
 and Memorandum books. The transactions are entered day by day, one under the other, in such way tliat 
 it may be easy to trace them. This would be all right if all the transactions of one day would not take 
 more than one page ; but, as we have seen, for many of the bigger merchants, not one, but several pages 
 have to be used in one day. If some one would wish to do something crooked, he could tear out one of the 
 pages and this fraud could not be discovered, as far as the dates are concerned, for the days would 
 
 SO
 
 polTano fucccniii.inicnrc fcQuircition rinunco cl man camenrodra fatro. ^iclx per qfto 
 cjilm afai rcfpccri faiipzcc buono nuincrarc£ figiwrc in turn lil^2i mcrcjiircftbi.f di ca 
 fa c di t>o«c«.i tunc Ic earn 7C. ca'.? 
 
 Del mocomo i mdti luoglji fc Iwbfo auacricarc turriU'ltb^imercatefcbie p cbe dacbi. 
 [ Q.iic(h tali libJi coiiucgofi f«coudo'Iufjin;e bone oc oiucrfi paefiindi qunl( Uio - 
 la!?i imfo rarouaro ponarli: e aprcfc nrarli a mto officio xx nicrcaran coino ("on 
 [ no conMi iiela cira oc pcrofa e a lo?o narrarc coino quefh" fono li rot libji i liqli 
 I ti» inrcndi fcriucrc o ucro far fcriucrc oe ma del talcrcogni tua fatciidd o^dwia^ 
 tanicrc.£ oirc a cbe monetc ru li uoli tcrurc:cioe a.^.pe pir ioli :o ucro a.S.Oe$i ofTco ucro 
 a duc.e-S .TC.iD wo a fio.cX.o.o ^>o 3.§ .rarigrani.o.tclLc ql cofc (epK cl real nifrcararc 
 ftclpjicipio cogni fuo (ibzo rxuc pocrc nclla p''carta.£ qpdo mano fcmutalTc iielia feripni 
 ra ralrri dx m\ pzinpio fc oiecfTctconucnfc p uia dd ditto orficio ci^iarirlo. £1 fa uia poi 6 
 tutto cio fa inctioc i rcgifltri de oitto ofikio coino i pi oi ni p^cfcniaflt tali c rali iibji fegna 
 hdcl tal feccno 7c.£bi3maro lu cofic lalrro cofi Tc.biqiielfale a tante carricl rale tare 7c 
 li'qualipil^ oouerccllfcrc reiittri q ma fua o dd rale 7c. flfta i vuo (oitro nicmojialcO w 
 ftad?crta.o fceondo alcuni oitro fquartarflcio).ciartuno oi fnoi fann]iari oe cafa a la gio: 
 «ata potcua fen'iierc per Ic ragioni fopja afcu:nate.£ alojj oiiro fcnua dc fua p:op;ia msiio 
 in nomc de lolTicio ftriuara d mfdcfimo nclla p?ima carta oc li tuoi lihn'x fara fede ofm 
 to Tc-f bolcralli dd fcpno del oif to officio i fede autcnt tea per tutri li iuduii clx acadclfc p 
 durli.£ qucfta ral ufan^a meriifl fumametc cfTere comcdeta 7C.£ (ofi \i luogbi cbe la obfcr 
 uano.T&cro d?c molri rccjano li lo?o lib:i oopii.'Qno'ne moltrano al conp:3fo?e c Islcro al 
 uer.diroy.c d?c pegio cfeconddquello gi'iirano c Tpgiurano 7c.cbc nialiifio fino.£ ^^ 
 pi uia dotficio degno andando-.no polTaHO cofi dc facili dir bufna:ne fraudare ci.primo 2c 
 tS quail poi con diligent fegnari e o:dinatamcnrf jMlpofti tu tcneuaf c6 lo nomc a dip 
 a cafa agomecarc a fcriucre nic focedc j£ p:ima nd gjornal? poncre per ojdiimturtelepHrc 
 PC lo mucntano ncl modo dx fcquaicc inicndcrai.£K>a pzima inrcndi c6i»e ncl memonale 
 fccortmnadircTc. 
 
 £6itio fc dcbino dittarc Ic pamtc i onto mcmonale co crepli ca'.j 
 
 3a c oirro fc bene Ai amcntc eomo i ditto memo.nalr.o ucro uaclxtfa:o rcro fqr 
 tafado fccondo aim dx ogjiuno m tuoi li po fcnuerc.£ pcro od oitrare tal pnrc 
 i e(fo no fi po t)ar« picna docn^ina. f&cro cbe cbi intcdera :e cbi non di toi di ca' 
 fa.flf>a d cdmn coflamc c quefJo ooce^f^ctamo d?c ni l?abi c6p:ato alquanrc 
 pe^<c wpanoC vtpufa.:o.biancbib:cfani)p<r>uc.i:.lnn3baflacbcfemplidinctc pongo la 
 ptita cofi diced o nor 3^ qucfto w JMbtamo o ucro lo o c6p:ato daf fclipo dc rufoi oabref 
 fa|p3 ni n'. J cbiacbi b^efTai porti i fii louolra di f ilefao ra^Iia pictra TcMoga liia i> k pc<,xc 
 ri c6uctobt^.tari 7C,l5)fr Duc'-tann liina Tcfcgnatf ocl ral \f TC.nomuiado fc fonoatrc lici 
 o ucroa la piana bafUo alti fini o mccai bcrgamofd*! o uiqctini o vcrocfi padoani fiojciiiil 
 o matoii 7c.£ fimilitcr nominar fccifclTe fcnfalc c narrar Yd mercato fo a coiflti tutto o ko 
 parte cot ati c pte tcrmeue: e dir quito tcpo.G ucro noiar fc folTc ptc 6.t6tati e parte robbc 
 £ (pccificare d?c robber dc numcro pcic c mifura£ a cbe p?cgio d.t3f>°.oek'': o ucro .S.- 
 oueroflrafodecontoTc.Oucrofefoflcrofum'atcpoe narrarc djc term ic. Ode galieo 
 barutto.o dc galie oe fiadra o de rctorni oe naui ic. £ fi>ccificarc la inuta dc dittc galie. O 
 ©cnam7c.ofcfoflrctermincoc fiere^o altrc folcnita: conimoperlafcnfapjorinufurura 
 7f .0 ucro p la pafqua denadal 7c.o ucro Dc rel'ureri.o ucro caricuale 7c. p\u e maco fi 6o 
 cbcuoi e6dude(lc el mcrcato.£ finalitcr i ditto mcmonale no fi conuerna laflarc poio alcu 
 no£ fe podibilc foflc oir quatc parollc ucfinterpofcro y dx(c6mo nelmucntario fopra fo 
 dctto)al mcrcanrc k cbigrcqqc mai fo:d troppo 7c. 
 
 Dc li.g.modi p li quali tomunamcteficoflunia fra li incrcaricc)p?arc cdcUmcrcatic qua 
 Ipiuolenolfcoencccdita atcmpoficomprono. ca*-? 
 
 l^oi cbe 3lcomp7ar<fianio notadxqudloibc ru compel poacadf re coinuuQ' 
 m cT)re i. 9.111 odrctoc a oenaricontant i.o ucro a tcrnunc.o vcro ainuonrro dar 
 robba-Qualcfiocdmunamentceditiobwafto-o ucroapreo-c parrc rcrmico 
 vcro a parte com Jti c parte rotibc.o ucro a pic robbe.e pre tcrminc o vcro p afc 
 gnationc dc ditta.o ucro parte i oitta c pte termie a ic.o ucroptc oiita e pane roW^a l^l" 1> 
 qli •9.modt cl piu de leaoltc fe coftunia comp?are.£ fe per altro uerfo facdic m ucllit.T.i c^l 
 
 40
 
 follow properly one after the other, and yet the fraud may have been committed. Therefore, for this and 
 other reasons, it is always good to number and mark each single page in all the books of the merchants ; the 
 books kept in the house or kept in the store. 
 
 CHAPTER 7. 
 
 OF THE MANNER IN WHICH IN MANY PLACES MERCANTILE BOOKS ARE AUTHEN- 
 TICATED, WHY AND BY WHOM. 
 
 All these books, according to the good customs of several countries where 1 have been, should be taken 
 and shown to a certain mercantile officer such as the Consuls in the City of Perosa employ, and to him 
 you should state that those are the books in which you intend to write down, or somebody else write down 
 for you, all your transactions in an orderly way ; and also state in what kind of money the transactions 
 therein should be entered — that is, whether in lire di Picioli, or in lire di Grossi, or in ducats and lire, 
 etc., or in jlorins and denari, or in ounces, tari, grani, denari, etc. The good mcrcliant should put down 
 these things always on the first page of his book, and if afterwards the handwriting should be done by 
 somebody else than the one stated at the begiiuiing of the book, this should be recorded at the office of the 
 said officer. The clerk should mention all this in the records of the said officer — that is, on such and such 
 a day you presented such and such books, marked with such and such mark, which books are named, one 
 so-and-so, the other so-and-so, etc. ; of wliich books one has so many pages, another so many, etc., which 
 books you said would be kept by you or by so-and-so ; but that it may be that in said Memorandum Book or 
 Scrap Book or Blotter, some person of your family might enter said transaction, as explained before. In 
 this ease, the said clerk shall write down on the first page of your books, in his own handwriting, the name 
 of the said officer, and will attest to the truth of everything and shall attach the seal of that office to make 
 the books authentic for any case in court when they might be produced. 
 
 This custom ought to be commended exceedingly ; also the places where the custom is followed. Many 
 keep their books in duplicate. They show one to the buyer and one to the seller, and this is very bad, be- 
 cause in this way they commit perjury. By presenting books to the said officer, one cannot easily lie or 
 defraud. These books, after thej' have been carefully marked and authenticated, shall be kept in the name 
 of God in your own place, and you are then ready to start your business. But fiirst you shall enter in an 
 orderly way in your Jom'nal all the different items of the Inventory in the way that I will tell you later. 
 But first you must understand how entries should be made in this Memorandum Book. 
 
 CHAPTER 8. 
 
 HOW ENTRIES SHOULD BE MADE IN THE SAID MEMORANDUM BOOK, AND EXAM- 
 PLES OF THE SAME. 
 
 We have said already, if you will remember, that any one in your family can make entries in the 
 said Memorandum Book, or Scrap Book or Blotter. Therefore, it cannot be fully stated how the entries 
 should be made, because some members of your family will understand and some will not. But the com- 
 mon custom is this : Let us say, for instance, that you bought several pieces of cloth — for instance, 20 
 white bresciuni, at 12 ducats apiece. It will be enough simply to make the entry in this way: On this 
 day we have or I have bought from Mr. Filippo d'Rufoni of Brescia, 20 pieces of white hresciani. These 
 goods are at Mr. Stefauo Tagliapietra 's place ; one piece is so long, according to tjie agreement, and paid 
 for at so many ducats, etc., marked with such and such number, etc. You mention whether the cloth is 
 a trelici, or a la piana, wide or narrow, fine or medium, whetlier the Bergamo kind, or Vincenza, or 
 Verona, or Padua, or Florence, or Mantua. Also you have to state here whether the transaction was made 
 through a broker and whether it was made in cash entirely or part only in cash and part on time, stating 
 the time, or whether it was part in cash and part in trade. In this ease you must specify the things that 
 were given in exchange, number, weight, measurement, and the price of the bushel or of the piece, or of 
 the pound, etc., or whether the transaction was all by payment on time, stating the time when the payment 
 should be made, whether on Galia de Barutto, or on Oalia de Fiandra, or on the return day of a ship, or on 
 the date of some fair, or other festivity, as for instance, on the next liarvest day or on next Easter, or on 
 next Christmas, or on Resurrection day or Carnival day, etc., according to what was understood in the 
 transaction. Finally, I must say that in this memorandum book nothing should be omitted. If it were pos- 
 sible, it should be noted what many others had said during the transaction because, as we have said about 
 the Inventory, the merchant never can be too plain. 
 
 CHAPTER 9. 
 
 OF NINE WAYS IN WHICH THE MERCHANT USUALLY BUYS, AND THE GOODS WHICH 
 IT IS MORE OR LESS NECESSARY TO BUY ON TIME. 
 
 Since we are talking about buying, you must know that usually you can make your purchase in nine 
 ways — that is : either in cash or on time ; or by exchanging something, which is usually called a trade ; 
 or partly in cash and partly on time - or partly in cash and partly by trading and partly on time ; or by 
 draft {assegnatione de ditto) ; or partly by draft and partly on time, or partly by draft and partly by trad- 
 ing. In these nine ways it is customary to make purchases. If you wo\dd make your purchases in some 
 other way 
 
 41
 
 Bidindonoru.Zricatu^.ri'.Srfcrfpfttria io» 
 
 modopiopiiais cbc tu c gliaUri pa k ncl nicmoaalc U n jm apoiuo con um'ra c f jrai be 
 nc 7C.i{f (forkiiwndotti facciTc Ictuc co/np?c a tempo. £oininok coltuina ak rolte tBrfi oc 
 jsuri.£) vtro biack.vim.fali £ curami oalxcari.it k^n^x U obUgn «Juenclita:e.al cdp.'j 
 corcoc oar tutro cl guaro cbc per quc( fcmpo liara. t <oU cl bccato tc uccidc c pjomcttt mt 
 Ci Uco.M.pcllc.fcgo.clx per qllo anno ui fua bccarfatara 7C.£.a ul Jojia.pcr tamo id :>.tc. 
 £ latalc per tanto 7C £ coll oc li fegbi oe inaiiso.caftfom 7C.£ Ic pclle iiiorotunf nt r<^ 
 cantoclc".3c6to.£ramolc inoiitonuic bundx 7C.£ coii c>c lif;u3ti.e'bi3d«fpcciri.anon 
 tod &>".£. ranro lo Itaro.o cl iiio^ipo.o la co?ba.oclt; biadc:iomo mlul ci:>iuli ot pcroJoo 
 fi coftiima,£ oc guari-al ]l3o?gc» falcpoicro noilro.iQDcrcJtcllo.^anugniloXua D cQilcl 
 lo.f urli 7C.^MClxocpontoin ponio.far mcntjoneoi tutro a picnoiii outo iiicmonalc. o 
 per te:o per altndx (i kriua.£ narra U cofa Icmplicunciifccoiiiiiio Icnalciuia 7c.£ Otpoi 
 cl bon quadcrmeri.i capo oc. 4.0.^.0 Pcro.8i5»o:Hi.i!i»m e nianco clx itclTe ocl outo memo 
 nalc nietarle m gwrnalca cU per oi tuttc cominc le Ibnno njkiute. Of>i loto in qiicito oitfc 
 reiuc.clx non bilogna dx in oino gio.'nalc Ic oiltciidj.i.on tantc f tlaltoccl? oc paroUccoin 
 mo fe tarto m outo nlCl^onalc.^I^cro dx balta alui vm uolt a baucrc lacofa ben oi^M<i m 
 nrro mcino:iale..ai qual poi cl vno.'naldenip.'c fa a rckrircl&cro cbc qudlidx coitunu' 
 riofeiurc-3.lib:i(a!nodooirro)maiocbanoponcrecolaiMtiio:iiJlcdxp:imanonlaDmo 
 111 oitto mcmo:i9lc 7C. £ quelVobaJh quanto alo:diiic oc oitco inctnonaL . £) per ic g al 
 tri toi fi3 tcnuro 7C £ nota dx per quanti modi tu oa altn poi comp.-^rc.cofi lu per ran 
 lipoi vcndcrc.£ pcrconfcquente alrr^ po comprarc oa re.i^cl qual rcndcrc non mi Itcdo 
 altra inciue.l&cro dx tu per le babundo qnelta fo/ma oc compa:arc.po.Tai a If tarlo 7c. 
 
 i^elfolib2op?indpalemcrcamclco.oifiogio7nalc:quclcbel (la.ecommefc ocbia oifpo' 
 ncrc o:dinatamente. £ap<toIo 1 o 
 
 )Lfolib:oo?dinanomcrc3ntcfco.eomogio?naU.lHdquJle.(,ioniniceourd) 
 oeuc cfftred mcdcfmio (cgno cbc m lomt;mx):(ale:£ earn kgnate TcComno 
 oifopza ocl memorial c o»if o-l^icr Ic oit ce cagioni. £ Icmpx ncl p^mcipto oe Ci' 
 duna carta:re ocue mcttcrc d Of^ilcfiiiio.c cn.£ oipoi oemano m mano poiierc 
 pjiina Ic parnte ruttc ocl tuo cuentano.jOd qual gio^nalc: per cikre tuo lib:o leireto)po2 
 rai pieno narrarc e oirc turto qudlo clx 01 mobile c Itabile le 1 itroui. ll\cfcreiidoic leprc 
 al oiito foglio dx per tco per alirt folk fcntio.d quale m qldx caifo.o featola o fil^a-o ma^ 
 CO. rafca : ibccofi fc ufa el (eruarai. £ommo tc oiro oc le leiterc £ (enprure meiiure. 1113 
 Ic partite ocl oitto gio?nale:fi conucngonofo.'ma:c c oittaic per alrrcjmodo piu tigwdro: 
 nonfupcrfluo.neandxtrotx) ouninuto:cornnioquifcqn^nte ocalquaiitet>jrfifeteoaro 
 cremplo.flDa pnina e oanopredbifogno 01 ooiicrimuiclx in otno giomale licoftuiiia 
 vfarc.nda eita marime crcelfa dc Uiiugia.Di qualli immediate oiremo. 
 
 C>e li.:.tcrminincl oitto gio7nalevfi(afi.marici Uciicgia.JLuno oitto. i£>cr.cbIcro oit 
 10 B.equdloclxpalojorcbabiaaoenotarc. £apuolo. 11. 
 
 C)i fonnoC commo e dirto)li termini vfitati i ditto giornale.iunoc ditto. i5>er 
 £laliroe ditto. B. liqlibanolorofignifiLaiicialcunofcparato.-i&er lo. i^er. 
 leinprc fcdmota d dcbirorc. o vno opiu dx le liciio. £ pcrlo. B. fe diiiota lo 
 creditore.o moo piu dx fe ficno.£ mat fi mette ^tita ordinaria i gioriialeC clx 
 a! Ubro grade fabia apo?re) dx no fc dinoti p'.p lidirti doi icrmini.Odi qli.fepK nel p2in 
 cpio dc riafcuna pnta fi marcel, per. ]i^ero d> p^fl dcuc Ipccifuare cldebuojce di pot ime 
 diatc elfuo crcdito.x.diuifo lii dalaltro j? doi S?golcf tc cofi.i I .£6ino nelo c,r? diforto tc fira 
 BOto 7C. Ocl modo a fap poncre c dittarc le pure i to gio;nal(f del dare e de laaerc c6 
 moltie]rcpli£ deli doi altri termini nd qdcrno vfuan luno deno £al6.e laltro Caucdalc 
 n £ qudlo dx per clfi le babia inrendcre. £apftolo. 1 :. 
 
 £>6c3 CO lonome dcdio lomcsarai apoere ncl tuo giojnate. la p '.piira dtUuo 
 iucrano.aoc la qp'.dcii 6.c6iafi:cbe re riiroui.£ p ia|.x poncre dmo mciirano 
 allib:o.e giornatcbilogna cb tu imagini doi altri termmi.luno dif io.£alfo e lai 
 ttro ditto £auedaleri?cr la calfadntedc la tua p'.ovcrobo:faa.i£>er locauedalcie iicdetut 
 rodtuom6ieecojpodcra(iilt3piiic.£lqlecaucdalc.itunilip:inapnocqdcrm:faiornali 
 mercafcfcbi:f(fprcdencrtcreportocreditore.£ ladittacaHa Icpre dcuelT^r polb dcbitruu 
 t'mai p nullo tpo ncl manegio mcrcatr fco.lacaHa po ccrr crcdirric.ma lolo dcbiinci overo 
 para.i^cro cb qii ncl biliao del libro fi trouade crcdirnci dcnotarebeerrorc net Itbf c omo 
 difotioafuolocoicdarolijmana rcco^danva-Oraudcnoranalfdutaptifadctonrantifi 
 pcuc mcttcrc c dittarc in qucfto modo. vj. * f> 
 
 i 
 
 42
 
 you must state in your raemorandum book with precision the way that you have made the purchase, or have 
 somebody else do it for you, and you will do well. 
 
 You buy ou time usually when you buy guati or oats, wines, salt, remnants from a butcher shop, and 
 fats. In these eases, the seller promises to the buyer to give all the yitati that he will have in that season. ' 
 The butcher will sell you antl promises to give you all the hearts, skins, fat, etc., tliat lie will have during 
 that year. This kind for so much a pound, tliat kind for so much a pound, etc., and siiuilarlj' for the fat 
 of beef, of mutton, etc. ; the bhick skins of mutton at so mueli apiece ; and the white mutton skins, etc., and 
 so with the oats, or guati; you must specify the price for each bushel or other measure and the kind of oats 
 as is the custom at Chiusi de Perugia. In bujang guati you must see whether they are of our city San Se- 
 polcro, or Mercatello, or Sant' Angelo, or Citta de Costello, or Forli, etc. 
 
 In this memorandum book, wliether kept by you or by otliers, you must mention every single point. 
 You state tlie things in a simple way as they happened, and then the skillful bookkeeper, after four or five 
 days, or eight days, may enter all these transactions from the said memorandiun book into the Journal, day 
 by day; with this difference, though, that it is not necessary for him to ]iut down in the Jouriud all the 
 long lines of words that were used in the memorandum book, because it is sufficient to put them down in 
 an abridged way, and besides, references should always be made from one book to the other. Tliosi- that 
 are used to keeping these three books in the way we have said never must enter one thing in Journal if 
 they have not first entered it in the memorandum book. This will be enough as to the arrangement of 
 the said memorandum book, whether it is kept by you or others. Remember that there are as many waj's 
 to buy as to sell ; therefore, I need not explain the ways of .selling, because you knowing of the ways of 
 buying can understand the selling. 
 
 CHAPTER 10. 
 
 THE SECOND IMPORTANT MERCANTILE BOOK WHICH IS CALLED JOURNAL; WHAT 
 IT IS, AND HOW IT SHOULD BE KEPT IN AN ORDERLY WAY. 
 
 The second common mercantile book is called the Journal {Giornah) which, as we have said, must 
 have the same mark that is on the memorandum book and the pages marked as we have said in talking of 
 the memorandum book. 
 
 Always at the beginning of each page you must put down the date, and then, one after another, enter 
 all the different items of your inventory. 
 
 In this Journal, which is your private book, you may fully state all that you own in personal or real 
 property, always making reference to the inventory papers which you or others may have written and 
 which are kept in some box, or chest, or fiha, or mazzo. or pouch, as is customary and as is usually done 
 with letters and other instruments of writing. 
 
 The different items entered in the said Journal ought to be entered there in a neater and more syste- 
 matic way, not too many or too few words, as I will show in the few following examples. But first of all 
 you must know that there are two words or expressions [termini) necessary in the keeping of a Journal, 
 used according to the custom of the great City of Venice, and of these I will now speak. 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 THE TWO EXPRESSIONS USED IN THE JOURNAL, ESPECIALLY IN VENICE. THE ONE 
 CALLED "PER," AND THE OTHER "A," AND WHAT IS UNDERSTOOD BY THEM. 
 
 As we have said, there are two expressions (termini) used in the said Journal ; the one is called "per,'" 
 and the other is called "a," each of which has a meaning of its own. "Per" indicates the debtor (dehifore) 
 one or more as the case may be, and "a," creditor (creditore), one or more as the case may be. Never is 
 any item entered in the Journal which also is to be entered in the Ledger, without preceding it by one of 
 the two expressions. At the begiiniing of each entry, we always provide "per," because, first, the debtor 
 must be given, and immediately after the creditor, the one separated from the other by two little slanting 
 parallels (virgolette) , thus, //, as the example below will show. 
 
 CHAPTER 12. 
 
 HOW THE ENTRY SHOULD BE MADE INTO THE JOURNAL BY MEANS OF THE DEBIT 
 AND THE CREDIT, WITH MANY EXAMPLES. THE TWO OTHER EXPRESSIONS USED IN 
 THE LEDGER, THE ONE CALLED "CASH," AND THE OTHER "CAPITAL." AND WHAT 
 SHOULD BE UNDERSTOOD BY THEM. 
 
 With the name of God you shall begin to enter into your Journal the first itt'ni of your Inventory, 
 that is, the quantity of cash that you possess, and in order to know liow to enter this Inventory into the 
 Ledger and Journal, you must make use of the two other expressions {termini) ; the one called "cash" 
 (cassa) and the other "capital" (cavednle). By cash is understood your property or pocketbook (boracia: 
 from bursa, or bag) ; by capital is understood the entire amount of what you now possess. 
 
 This capital must always be placed as creditor (creditore) in all the pi'incipal mercantile Ledgers and 
 Journals and the cash always debtor. Never at any time in the management of your business may cash be 
 creditor, but only debtor luiless it balances. For if, in balancing your book, you find that cash is in the 
 credit, it would denote a mistake in the book, as I will remind you hereafter at its proper place. Now this 
 entry ought to be made in the Journal, and ought to be arranged in this way : 
 
 43
 
 ©iftinctlo nonfl.Zractetufl-ri'Be fcnptioie 
 
 trcaicox 2 3 ]l^crca(r3Dec6tanti.acaucdalDemitak7^.pcotannmf£rouoiqlIaalpmc.fr3 020cmo 
 
 ^ ncrt.arjcro c ramo 6 riuerfi cogni.coc age i lo foglio oclo iuctario pofto i cada.^c. i tmro 
 
 ^feofftfa i« briM mv^.' ^-^w 2 ouc.tflri D02o.£ moticrc ouc.tantival i tuito almodo nfovctwfano.a ozo^ioc a grolli.i 4 
 
 FWCl9 2Btif6 0iraicoft S pcnDuc.epiaoIu2i^(;roiro a ^.a 020. ^ . 2*. Sf , P g fi 
 
 >( per gioic liqatc c Difdgarc dc pi'u fozti: 5 caucdal oitro. per balafli tann. ligan 7C. pclano 
 
 7C.£ fafflfranri 7c.cVubini c diamari 7cX6e age al fop23diico iuctarw.fiuflli incno Oa 
 
 Icrcacomo co:ro. (ibalalll tamo. 7C. £cofioiraioca'afcuiiafo2taJ'uopsio cduno.nioii 
 
 tanoin tuttooucatitatitiTC. vagh'ano. ^ ,& ^ <* 6 P 
 
 £ I-»auedo tu nommato vnauotta cl oi.£ ancoja el wbirozc.c anco:3.el acmox.no trame 
 
 (andofe alrra Dt(ra poi oirc.B oi oirto-iS^cr oitro.£ a( Ditto -rcpcr piu twcuita. y*. 
 
 per orgcnti lauozati: 31 Ditto cl?c fin tedc pur el cauedal ^ pin fojte argeti cal prirc mi trouo 
 
 doc iiSadli tanti 7c.£ rami tami 7C»£ ra^e tante 7C.£ piron ^^i 7C.£ cofilier tare ?<. 
 
 pcfanointuttotantoTcval . ^ - r^. , .^ ^1,. ^ ^ 
 
 Defttni^ucdo.bene oi poto f> qftc p:ime j?nte ogni cola coc fdti m 10 muctaao. 1»Qiiedeli 
 
 tu ptcvn<:oinunrigio.£faHoarfliro.piup2cftocbc ma^ro^oeSfcriparc cbc vagljrw. 
 
 2«.c tu Di'24.Tc.Bao d?e mcgtiotcbabwrcufcircelgujdagno.£cofioc manoin nmo 
 
 po?rfll■tuttc^alcrccofc.con^llo^pcri^^evalutc.7C. 4". , 
 
 Jfecr panm dc lana dc doITo: BI Dittop vclte tante oi t«l colore 7C.£ a tal foggi'a re f ode ; 
 
 rate 7c.vraie vcro noue 7c.3 mio Doflb^o vero oe la mia oona.o uero pe figlioh 7cQQ>ct 
 
 toi 
 
 7C. 
 
 ^r pan! lini: Bl Ditto jj lendolii 
 
 no £ vag!iano.7C. 6*' & g a 
 
 l&er Ictti" DC piuma: 31 Ditto 7c.gp»ume tatc 7c.£ qui narra commo m in lo iiiueniaric 
 ' montanoovagUano, 7"' i g P 
 
 ;^r cciKcr mecbini: 91 difto-g colli ra«t» 7c.narra como i iniietario.fi coiifcncmontano c 
 
 V3gliano9comuncflima7c.DiJctanti7c. i p 5 p 
 
 £ cofi po! tu g te ^efk> fccjrai Di po2rc tutte laltrc gritc dc qialtrc robbe.Dcdafcuna facK 
 do fua ptita.fepata .como 4 6 ^c(er fe oino.]^ncdcili pgio oc comti cozfo.comnio oifop:a 
 € Ditto. £lo2n? rcgni.c txifi.commo dc porno iHno i mto fogfio DluetariOi£biamfldo wn 
 t ro laptita.cB moneta cB turoli.£ nel trar fora.conue poi c5 ficno a vna fo:ra.'^trcb nou 
 ftaria bcne.a cauar fo:a4 Diuerfc Tone 7C. £ tutte Dittc gtite 6 giomale fcrerai a 1 '.avna u* 
 rando la riga.-DC q-to oura tua fcnptura. narrariua. fin al tennine cl?e fi tra fo:a. £1 niedc 
 f imo modoYeruarai ale ptitc Del meinozialc 7eje fo cl>c tu dcI memo2iaIc njett3r.ii i gio2na 
 fc.cofi a vna a viia.andarai D^^ando i lo raemoziale.con vna fola.riga.a traucrfo cofi--^ • 
 cl^Df notiara qlfa talc prtta.eer pofta i logioznalc 7c.£ fe tu noii volclTi trauerfare la j^ti'xo 
 vn3 linea.e tu lici-iraula pMfa Del p2icip7o oela ptit3.o uero lulriaxommo al capo oi qfta.^ 
 fatto.O vcrofi!ratetuwtcqlc&fllt''.fegno.talecbtu ftcda-g qllooiftaptitaecr liato mtf 
 (a {gt'o2na(e 7C.£ aucga S tu da te poffiufare moiti r«rij e Duicri'i termini e fegni.no t«"Ric 
 no te DdM' fcp2c ftudiaVc oe vfarc licomuni.clx p li aim traf icati i tal paefe ti colhj nu oi fa ' 
 re. iido non pira tu fia cifcrepantc calufitaro modomcrcatefco 7c. 
 
 bel ;''.evin.Mibr prfcvpale mercatefco.oetto el qderno como ocba eer fatto e ^I fuoal/a 
 beio eomnto fc dc bia o:dJiiait. vgnolo c Dopio. Cap? 13. £ polle cbe f u ba 
 
 rai o?dinatai^ete nitte le tuoi ptite algio2nale4?oi bifogna c\x di qllo Jc caui.£ poetil« in lo 
 ^''.li'bio Pitro qderno grade.£lql conuniainctcifi cothima fare oc Doi tare carti cbcl gkwiia 
 f e.Jn toqle conuerra e.cr vno ^Ifabeto.overo "Kcj^tojio ovoi Dir !£rouarcHo k) akuni. a! a 
 fi02etina kzticilo flrarro.jfdcl ql po22ait«ttiDebito2i.ccredif02i. l&erle li'e cbecomcn^ano 
 con lo n'.Dclc fue cam'.doc qucllicl?e coineiua p. a. i. 3.7c. if relDopio alfabeto.'£qp«fto 
 fimilinctc commo fop2a oicemo conuie cl3 fia fegnatODcl niedemo legno cbl gio^naff cmc 
 inoyiale.T&olloui el n'.oele fue cajii. £ D;fop23 i niargiiie.Da luna bada e laln-a. el imlcfnio 
 £in la p2ima. fua carta.Dcntro po2rai Dcbitrid la cflfla. ficoinnio ella e la p\ ud gioejTBlc 
 cofi oeuc cere p'.nd qderno. £ mtta qlla faciata.fi lolluina bfarla ftare per oitta colla.f in 
 Oar ne i bauere non fiponc altro.£ qtlo p cbc la calTa Te manegia piu clx ptira cPAo-a cea 
 P 02a.i mater e cauar Dinari.£ po life lalTa el capo largo.£ qfto qderno coufeclx (iz ri^ 
 Cato.De tate rigl)c.qptc dx fo2te inonete volitrar fo2(.!6c trarai. g: f 6 p. f «r3i'.4-ngl>c. 
 e oinagc ale §.faranc vnaltra.p metaruf cl n'.relc carni dc Ic ptitc djc ifiemi vc ojrc. J2 1?*' 
 
 44
 
 EXAMPLE OF MAKING AN ENTRy IN THE JOURNAL. 
 FIRST. November 8, MCCCCLXXXXIII iu Venice. 
 
 Debit 1. = Per cash // A — Capital of myself so and so, etc. In cash I have at present, in gold 
 
 ■S and coin, silver and coppor of different coinage as it appears in the first slieet of tlie In- 
 
 Credit2. ■! ventory in cash, etc., in total so many gold ducats and so many silver ducats. All this is 
 
 1 our Venetian money ; that is counting 24 rjrossi per ducat and '62 picioli per groxso in gold 
 
 J is worth: L (Atre),S (Soldi), G (Grossi),}' (I'ieioli). 
 
 For the second item you shall say this way : 
 
 SECOND. Per mounted and unmounted precious stones of several kinds //. A capital ditto for so 
 many mounted bclassi, etc., weighing, etc., and so many sapphires, etc., and rubies and diamonds, etc., as 
 the said Inventory sliows to which, according to current prices I give these values: Bclansi worth, etc.; 
 and so you shall state a price for each kind in total that are worth so many ducats. Their value is 
 
 L , S , G ..., P..^ 
 
 After you have once named the day, the debtor and the creditor, you may say for brevity — if you 
 don't make any other entry in between; On the day ditto, per ditto, // a ditto. 
 
 THIRD. Per silver //. A ditto — by which capital is understood — for several kinds of silver which at 
 present I possess — that is, wash basins so many, so many coppers, so many cups, so many pirotii, and so 
 many cosilicr, etc., weighing in total so much. Their value is : L , S , G , P 
 
 You shall give all the details in entering these items for everything as you have them in the Inven- 
 tory, giving to each thing a customary price. Make the prices rather higher than lower; for instance, if it 
 seems to you that they are worth 20, you put down 24, so that you can make a larger profit; and so you will 
 enter everything, putting down for each thing its weight, number, value, etc. 
 
 FOURTH. Per woolen clothes //. A ditto, for so many clothes of such and such color, etc., of such 
 and such style, etc., lined, etc., new or used, etc., for myself or for my wife or for my children, I give the 
 total value, according to the current price, so many ducats. And for cloaks, so many of such and such 
 color, etc., and so on, for all the other clothes: L , S , G , P 
 
 FIFTH. Per linen //. A ditto, for so many bed sheets, etc., and put down their number and value 
 as the Inventory shows: L , S , G , P 
 
 SIXTH. Per feather beds //. A ditto, etc., for so many feathers — and here put down all that the In- 
 ventory shows, number and value : L , S , G , P 
 
 SEVENTH. Per ginger //. A ditto, for so many packages, etc., giving all the details that are con- 
 tained in the Inventory, number, value, according to common prices, etc., so many ducats: 
 
 L , S , G , P.. 
 
 In this way you can continue to enter all the other items, making a .separate entry for each different 
 lot, and as we have .said before, giving the current prices, number, marks, weights, as the Inventory shows. 
 Indicate only one kind of money, to which you reduce the estimated values. In the column for the 
 amounts, only one kind of money should appear, as it would not hi- ftrojicr to have appear in this column 
 different kinds of money. 
 
 You shall close each entry in the Journal by drawing a line from tli(; end of the last word of your de- 
 scriptive narrative (explanation) up to the column of thf figures. You shall do the same in thi; memoran- 
 dum book, and as you transfer an entry into the Journal from the memoranduin book, yon shall draw a 
 single diagonal line (una sola riga a truvf-rao) through it in this way /: this will show that this item has 
 been entered (pasta) in the Journal. 
 
 If you should not draw this line through the entry, you shall cheek off ilanciurai) the first letter of 
 the beginning of the entrj', or the last lettiT, as we have done at the beginning of this ; or otherwise you shall 
 use some other sign by which you will understand that the said item has been transferred into the Journal. 
 Although you may u.Sf; many various and divers expressions or marks, nevcrtheleas you nnist try to use 
 the common ones which are used by the other merchants, so that it will not look as if you would deviate 
 from the usual mercantile custom. 
 
 CHAPTER 13. 
 
 THIRD AND LAST PRINCIPAL MERCANTILE BOOK CALLED THE LEDfiER. HOW IT 
 IS TO BE KEPT. ITS ALPHABET riNDP^X;, AND HOW THIS CAN BE KEPT SINGLE AND 
 DOUBLE. 
 
 After you have made all your entries in the Journal in an ordi-rly way. you must transfi-r them to thi- 
 third book, called Ledgr-r (Quadnrno Orandf, i. e., big book). This Ledger contains usually- twicf a.s many 
 fjages as the Journal. In it there must b<- an alphab-t or repertory or "trovrirfdlo" (finding ki-y ) accord- 
 ing to some; the Florentines call it "Stratto." In this index you shall write down all the debtors and cred- 
 itors in the order of their initial letter, together with the number of their respective pages. You shall put 
 the names that begin with A in the A page, etc. 
 
 This Ledger, as we have said before, must bear the same sig^ or mark that is on the Journal and mem- 
 orandum book: its pages should be riumbi-rfd ; and at the top at the right margin as well as at the left 
 margin, you .shall put down the date. On the first page you shall enter eash as debtor. As in the Journal, 
 so in the Ledger, cash should be entered on the first page. It is eustomar>' to reserve the wlioje of the first 
 page to cash, and not to enter anything else either under the debit (in dare) or the credit (in havrrr}. 
 This because the cash entries are more numerous than all others on account of almost continuously paying 
 out and receiving money ; therefore, it needs much space. This Ledger mu.st l)e ruled, and should have as 
 many lines as there are kinds of monej' that you want to enter. If you enter lire, soldi, dcnari and picioli, 
 you shall draw four lines, and in front of lirf you shall draw another line in order to put in thi- number 
 of the pages of the Ledger debit and credit entries. 
 
 45
 
 ©{ftinrto nona.Zrartafuo. xi'.©f fcripfuris 202 
 
 ucrc re \atcnmo.£ ryin5<e faraf.r.rigbf .g potcrcii)Ctt«c.li oiD inano i nwna. comujo nc 
 Ii aim qdcrni bai vifto d?e pi'u non miftcdo [ qrto -zc.p poKr irouar pllo Icjgritc 7c. £ pur 
 firaftgnatocroacommolialtn. . , , , 
 
 t>cl modo a poitsr k price oc gioznalc in quadcrno.c jxl?e cc una m gio:naIc fene fada 
 coiinquadcrnozccflmodoaocpennarclccritetn gio:aalceoeliroi nunicri otie cflrri 
 oclquadernodJeinlcfucmargincfiponccedx. Cap° 14. 
 
 £r laqual cofa.fappi cbe oi tutre le j^rite cl?c tu barai pofte in logiojnalc.al qwa 
 dcrno gradc.tc ne couc fep:e fare ooi.doc vna in oare c laltra in bauerc ^cbe lili 
 d^iama wbitojcg lo. ^r. £ loci edito:e ^ lo. B. conio oifop:a oiccmo cb 6 
 (unococ laltro.fioeuc oa gfefare 1 ".ptitaiqlla oel wbitoicponerc ala man fini 
 ftra £ qlla ^l credito?c.aIa man ocrtra.^ in qlla oel ocbitoje.cbiamarelaQrta. oouefia 
 qlla od fuo'£rcdiro:e.£ coli'in qlla Del credico^e.cbiamarc la carta m qlla ooue fia. £1 1 no 
 tvebit02c.£ in qUo modo fcp?e uegano incaitenate tutte le grite od oitro qdcrno grade, nd 
 ql maifioeuemcttuccofain Dare dx qlla anco:a non fiponga in bauc:e.£<oli nuifioc ■ 
 ue metterc cofa in bauefe dx ancoja.qlla medcfima co fuo atnorare no ii mctta in Dare. £ 
 vi qua nafcf poialbilancio cbe Del lib°.fi fa.nel fuo faldo tato couie dx fia el Dare.qpto lauc 
 re Cioc fiimatc f utrc le prire dx firano pofte in Dare fe fofTcro bene- 1 oooo. Da pre in fu vn 
 foclio.£ Di poi (ijmarc fimilmcte tnttc qlledx in bauerc (irrouano. tanto Dcbbe tare luna 
 fu mma qro lalrra.altramere Dcmoftrarebbe eere erroze nd Ditto qdcruo.coe ncl modo del 
 far fuobilancio fe Dira apieno 7C.£ cofi coe ouna dc giornale ne fai.2.al qderno.cofi a qlla 
 pttia dx Dd gioznale lew farai Doi rigbe a traucjfo fo d>v:ii leuando.cioc fe p^tu la mettij 
 TOre.1^:ia farai 1 ^riga atraucrfo.verib al priir.Dcta jJrita.dx Dinota ecr polh in Dare al q 
 dfrno.£ fe la mctri in bauere.o p2ima.o poicoc acadc ale uolte fare al qdemieri «tdo Ii aca 
 dcfcriiicf e C luogo.c^ lim qlla carta Ii nandera.2.0.5. p no uibauere a tojuflrcfene fpa^a Di 
 mettcrlcli alo:a.£ go fo dx mettc cofi ocue ocpcnnarc g b.iuerl3 mcfla in baucrc.farai lal 
 era Dcpcnatura.vcrfo man Dcrtra.Dal anto douc fincfcila grtta dx Dnotara ccr iiieife i ba 
 uo^cleql lince ftaranno coe Difopja m qflo uedi flguraro a la^c^ta.•|i)^Dclacalf3. luna Ditra 
 Unea* ocDare.c ll3lt^De bauere.£ cofi Dala to i margincDinanse al'pjincipio bifogn« dxpo 
 dM'.2*4iu'.luno fotfo lalrro.ql vi fop?a d#e Dcnoti la grita.Dcl ocbitoze.a q'tc' cam cbe la fia 
 pofta in lo qdcrno £ qllo dc fotco dx Dcnoti le carri.re Ditto qderno.'ooue fia potto el ac 
 dito^'.eoe vcdi Ii ala J>tita Dcla caffa Difopza i qfto.d?e fta cofi.;. fcca tramc^«;o. £ flnco?a al 
 cuni collumano cofi c6 n^mc«;co. j. a guifa t>c ronidx no fa cafo.flB>a t piu bcllo fenco tra 
 me^^o. Bcio adn vede no pareflero fpcftati. O vero rotti « c.£ vol Dire qllo. 1 °.di fopja dx 
 la C3ffe.£ Jidla p*.carta od qdcrno.£l cauedale.£ ndla fa carta oe Ditto qdcrno.i banerc. 
 c qlla in Dare '7C.£ nota dx fcp2c q-to piu pflb tu po:rai mettere claedito:e al fuo ccbrtojc. 
 fcra piu li^adro.aucga dx pofto ooue fiuoglia tanto mori.fl^a |) rifpctto dcI mikfmio.dx 
 ole uolte fe itcrpoe fra l^gn^e lalt^ rcfpodc n)alc,£ c6 fatiga.no poca.fe ritrouano lo: tpi 
 coe fa d?i x>ua cb ogni cofa cofi apieno no fi po oircidDa biio'.cb aco:a tu aUf to c6 1 uo na 
 turale ingcgno ta iuri.£ go fcp:e ftudia Dafettflr ditto creditore immediate a pflb el fuo dc 
 bitoje in la mcdema fadata.o rero ila imedim fcqnte.no intcrponedoui fra luno e laltro.al 
 fra Dtita.T^erodxnel-.pp:togio:no cbe n.3fdddcbito:e in qllo mcdemo nafci etcrcdito:c 
 £ P qfto rifpctto feprc fe dcue acoftar luno a lalf 7c. 
 
 £)d modo a fage dirtarcle gtitc de lacaflTa c cauedale nd quaderno in dare c l?9uere:e Dl 
 milcfimo dxDifopw ncl pzindpio Dcla carta a lantico fi metre in eflb:e ddn fua nmtatione 
 
 .' poi ' . 
 
 p:3 nd quaderno po:rfli cl milefimo alabacco antico. cioe per alfabcto cofi. 
 
 CB cccc.lrrvnu.7C.£l di no fe coJbma inettarlo difopra in loqiiaderno coe in 
 logiojnale.gdx I '.gtira in qu9dcrno.b3radiucrfidi.£ go no fipo:ra fcruar o:dmc ddi 
 di.difopra coe apieno nd feqnte cap'.fe dira.iOfba dctro dcla gtita ib<. intcderai la p'uolta 
 £ poLCofidalato in lo fpado dx difopra diccmo dinancc ala gtita.crdotarpartita nafcclfc 
 daln-o milefimo dx difopja nd prindpio dda cartafollc fcritto dx folc auenire 3d?i de an 
 no in anno no ripozta e falda fuoilibri ficbe tal tnilcfimo fipojra difuora.nndo in margine 
 ripettoapotoaqllagtitalinatacocucdiponioqutdirotto.qilofoloauene in lib? grandc 
 cbe in \i altri no po aaenirc.boca cuai cofi.t2aedola fore pure alabacco arico g piu bellc^a 
 
 ^ it 
 
 46
 
 Before these lines you shall draw two more lines wherein to mark the dates as you go on, as you have seen 
 in the other books, so that you may find each item quickly. This book shall also bear the sign of the crosa 
 as the others. 
 
 CHAPTER 14. 
 
 HOW THE ENTRIES SHOULD BE TRANSFERRED FROM THE JOURNAL INTO THE 
 LEDGER AND WHY, FOR EACH ENTRY OF THE JOURNAL, YOU HAVE TO iVIAKE TWO IN 
 THE LEDGER; HOW ENTRIES IN THE JOURNAL SHOULD BE CANCELLED. THE TWO NUM- 
 BERS OF THE PAGES OF THE LEDGER WHICH ARE PLACED IN THE MARGIN OF EACH 
 ENTRY AND WHY. 
 
 For each one of all the entries that you have made in the Journal you will have to make two in the 
 Ledger. That is, one in the debit {in dare) and one in the credit {in havere). In the Journal the debtor is in- 
 dicated by per, the creditor by a, as we have said. In the Ledger you must have an entry for each of them. 
 The debitor entry must be at the left, the creditor one at the right ; and in the debitor entry you must indi- 
 cate the number of the page of the respective creditor. In this way all the entries of the Ledger are chained 
 together and you must never make a credit entry without making the same entry with its respective amount 
 in the debit. Upon this depends the obtaining of a trial balance {bilancio) of the Ledger. 
 
 There can not be a closing {saldo) because there must be as much in credit as there is in debit. 
 In other words, you shall add together all the debit entries, even if there are ten thousand, on a separate 
 sheet, and then add together in the same way all the credit entries ; the totals of the one should be the same 
 as the totals of the other ; otherwise it would show that some mistake has been made in the Ledger. We 
 will speak at length about this when we talk about the way of making the trial balance {bilancio). And 
 since for one entry of the Journal you make two in the Ledger, you shall draw two diagonal lines as you 
 make the transfer — that is, if you first transfer the debit entry, you shall first draw a diagonal line {riga 
 a traverso) at the beginning of the entry in the Journal which shows that the entry has been posted {posta) 
 to the debit into the Ledger. If you transfer the credit entry, either at this time or later, as it often happens 
 that the bookkeeper can make two or three entries on the same page in order to prevent his coming back to 
 write on that same page — in which case he should draw a line at the right side where the entry terminates. 
 This will show that the entry has been transferred to the credit of the Ledger. These two lines, you may see 
 in the preceding diagram, drawn in the margin by the first cash entry ; the one is called debit line, and the 
 other credit line. At the side, in the marginal part, you shall write down two numbers before the beginning 
 of the entry, the one under the other. The upper indicates at what page of the Ledger the debit entry is, 
 and the lower indicates the page of the Ledger where the credit is, as you will see at the cash entry in the 
 above example, like this I, without a line between them. Some are accustomed to draw a line in between, 
 like this, ^. This does not matter, but it looks nicer without the line between, so that the figures wiU not 
 appear to the reader as if they were fractions. The upper figure, 1, means cash was entered in the first 
 page of the Ledger, and capital M^as entered in the second page of the said Ledger ; the cash on the debit, 
 and the capital on the credit side. You should know that the closer to the debtor you can place the creditor, 
 the nicer it wiU look. It is just the same, however, no matter where it is ; but it may look bad on account 
 of the date which at times must be put between entries, and it makes it difficult then to find the dates. 
 We can not tell you everything fully, but you with your natural ingenuity must guide yourself. Therefore 
 you always try to put the said creditor immediately after its debtor on the same line or on the line imme- 
 diately following without entering anything else in between, for whenever there is a debit item there must 
 exist at the same time a credit item. For this reason, get the one as near as possible to the other. 
 
 CHAPTER 15. 
 
 THE WAY IN WHICH THE CASH AND CAPITAL ENTRIES SHOULD BE POSTED IN 
 THE LEDGER IN THE DEBIT AND THE CREDIT. THE DATE WHICH AT THE TOP 
 OF THE PAGE IS WRITTEN DOWN ACCORDING TO THE ANCIENT USE. CHANGING OF 
 THE SAME. HOW TO DIVIDE THE SPACE ON THE PAGES FOR SMALL AND LARGE AC- 
 COUNTS AS THE BUSINESS REQUIRES. 
 
 After having told you these things for your instruction, we write now the first entry of the cash in 
 the debit column, and then the first entry of the capital in the credit column, in the Ledger. But, as we 
 have said, you shall write down in the Ledger the year in the old way by using the alphabet, 
 thus: MCCCCLXXXXIII, etc. It is not customary to put the day at the top in the Ledger as in the 
 Journal, because one account in the Ledger may have several dates, and therefore you can not keep the 
 dates in order by putting them at the top ; but you shall put the days in the body of the entry, as you 
 will understand hereafter. 
 
 We put the day to one side, in the space of which I have spoken, just before the entry. If an item re- 
 fers to a transaction which happened in a different year than that written at the top of the page, which 
 happens when one does not balance and transfer his books at the end of each year, then this year shall 
 be put on the side, in the margin near the entry of the item to which it refers. This only happens in the 
 Ledger, and can not happen in the other books. In making this entry for the year, use the antique let- 
 ters, which are neater. 
 
 *7
 
 Bi(b'nrtfo nona.rracta(n9.]a*J&crcripturi0 
 
 non ©ftnoio aqual clx tu re caui non fa cafo ic. bonca pirai cofi. 
 
 yBs. t]r>.cccclrrrj:ip. 
 jCefTfl cc cotanr I ric wrc a oi . 8.noucb:e.pcr caucdal per contanri oc piu foncfra o?o c mo 
 nctetncrrouobauac in qufllam quelle pxrcitKoimtuttoca.i. S.r"'.(5 g p 
 £ qui nobifoQia cbc rroppo tc (teda.p baucr be gia Ikfo in giojnalc. CB3 fctnpjc Itudu 
 cir b.^uf .£a p?ima ncl comcn^rc fe wcialquantoiale fcqucti in la mcdcnia id k oidc a 
 Oi0irro7c.perlotale. car. . S '^ g P 
 
 laqual cofi pofta dx Ibaraiocpcnarai in giwnalc in oarc commc fopza tc w(Ti.£ poi i ba 
 ner per lo caucdal oirai c ofivj. 
 
 y59 i3^.cccc'.lrrrm 
 Caucdal cc nii talc 7c.oic baucrc a oi.8.noucmb.Y4KT cafla.pcr contawi mc trouo in quel 
 Iflfi'narwprcrcnrcinondnionacOcpiufoTicintuno. car. 1. S-X^f o g p 
 £ cofiancoja.i qfta bada fucn'niamctc oirc per lacagton fc»p:a oitra.ialtrc poicbe q (otto 
 ala mcdetna prira.fe l?aocranno 3po:rc fin dx la fia piciia baftara adire.£ a oi tann 7c.pcr 
 latal cofa tc.£oc ucdi acenato qui oa cants>.canco in fin oiqftobarai cjrenjplo. ccfi fequi^ 
 rai con b.^cuita in riirtc marimc in quelle pamre i Ix a re folo afpettanccioe dx non bai a 
 rcndcre conto adal amo. CBn in qlle cbc tu baucrai a rcndcrc coto adaltri-alquo piu ti c6 
 ucrra rirc.aucnga dx fcmpx' fc rccoa-c^^cr le d?iarcv«;c al giojiiale 7c.£ poi oarai lalrra oc 
 pcnatura.a qllaoelgionwlc in l>auer<r.(6cfopra rioifliin.i :°.cap"£ in lamargine ojuan' 
 ri.ala prita.pojra! li zm nunicricoc rMipar in Ditto loco oele earn ooae fono. £1 dcbi(o;c 
 d crcdiroar-aoc qllo ocl ocbitoxocfop?a.£ qllo od credifox oc forto coe facenio oiTop^is. 
 ela ptita re lacaffa-f poi ft^ito poa"ai in lo tuo alfabao.doc rc^ozio.qfto Dcbirox c crcdi 
 f orc.ognuno ala fua Ifa c6c fai dx Difop?a DifTiXioc la cafTa.al la If a. £. oiccdo octro in q / 
 ih m6do.rioe.C3na DC cotanti. R. 1 . £ anco?3 d caucdal pozrai al. £ oicendo. £3- 
 iicdalDenn\ppno. R. J. £ cofi g tuo ingcgnoadaraiarmando.tuttcleiJtite.elinoi 
 oc It Dcbito?i perfoc c robbc 7c£ coU Decrcdito:i.po:rai nd Ditto rcpcnoao. a Icfue letrcrc 
 ado poi con facrtita poffi fiibi'to rctrouarli in Ditto quadcrno gr jndc 7 cetera. 
 
 £ nota dx baucndo ni gdmo d mo qdcmo ^ alcun cafo Derobaria.o incedio oi foco.o 
 naufragii 7C.£ baucdo tu luno oc li aim doi libn.£ioc memo:iQle. vcro gio:nale. co elTo 
 pozrai femp:c rcfare vnaltroqdcrno^rd le medcfimc giitc a oi g vi.£ ponerlc al nunjcjo ot 
 fc medcrime dx i ql Dfo firetrouauano.£Sbarimc l?aucdo m el giojnale.ooue g>do nc Icua 
 (li le gnte.£ pdefti aTtib'.tu imargie poncfti.li Ooi nu'.^li ccbitozi.e crcditoji.liio foura lal 
 tro dx d^iamauano le cam', od qdcrno doDcranofituati.e dipoto arantc carri li po:rai fa 
 re nro?nar co ruo ingcgno 7c.£ qfto ba Ih qpto a vna gnia porta 7c'. poi la d Qtita eft 
 foddc^oicalqdsmoponedola aruoc6dccefeluogodirraraicofi.£p?i'.femprc fen^a pia 
 re rcplicbi .po?rai difop:a nd pjtnnpio dda carta.c! tn ilcrimo fc nori folTc polio j^ altra ^ti 
 ta. p'. poclx ale noire in vna mcdema faria elquademiezi afcttara.2.0. jptitc fx) dx cogiio 
 (cera lo fpano ecr baltaf c al mancgio di qlla . pdx fozfe uedara qlla tale ptita Ixjuerfi cbiao 
 re hade adopcrar.£ p qltolidara vii luoeopiu angullo. dxa quelle dx fpdTo liacade. a 
 doparcala gioznata coe difop?a.al cap? n^.de la callaccjucdal fooctfo ql ficortumaua 
 lafarli tuttajafadara od lib'.pdx f^>dlllTimc fiade pccrc gradi le faccdc ficonucgano ma* 
 ncgiarc. £ qllo fol fi fa pii6 baucr tato fpclTo afar rei^orjo inace 7C.o2aal,ppofito rrouaro 
 U d loco coe fc Dici.diraicofi in darcaoc rerfoHnan finifJracofi femprc fa apozrc d dcbito. 
 iDioede piu forte, dicmo dare a di-S.noucbx.p caijif dalc.'j>pc^ei n? tami 7c.pcfano tanto 
 7C.dequfllitann' fonnobalafll Icgan 7C.£ ranri fafili7c. £ tin nibinicoculcgni 7C. £ tantt 
 dtamanti crtii tc.lcquali in rurto.o vero a fo;ia per ro:ta metto ralcre a comun pgio.oc co 
 taiiriduc4and7C.val car. 2 S4o.fo.go4>o. 
 
 £ cod dcpenncrai.la pnto in giojnalc.nd dare tirando ia linea coinme dc fopra al. n f cap? 
 tcdi(Il£ poiandarai al caucdal. £ porrai qfta medcma con maco parotic jxr Icragfon gu 
 diTopra adurte in quefto capitolo cporrala in baucrc fotto qudla p'.cC»'gia li bai pofto dcia 
 calTa.£diraieofi.T3. 
 
 a tJi o dcrto.pcr ^oie dc piu ionc commo li aparc 7c. car. ; . 5 .4o.f' eg 0. p 0. 
 
 £cofipofta farai laltra dctxnarura.al giojnalc i baucr .coe tc moftraidiTopra al. 1 2 °.ca'. 
 £ poTni I margmc li nmncn rIc cmi. douc tal QiiK al quademo poncrtj' como dWcnimo 
 ?noiropra'laltro.coinnie quidenance aparc dx metro babi porta la ptita in dar a carti. h£ 
 qlUdeTcaucdal fta pure alogo fuo a cam.2 ,|^in tanto dxlla non c piena^clx dipoi innate 
 
 48
 
 although it does not matter very much. 
 Thus, you shall put it this way : 
 
 JESUS MCCCCLXXXXIII. 
 
 Cash is debtor {dee dare — shall give) on November 8, "per" capital. On this day I have in moneys of 
 different kinds, gold and other coins; page 2: L.X™, S , 6 , P 
 
 Here you do not need to be very lengthy if yon have already given the description in the Journal. 
 Try to be very brief. 
 
 At the beginning of the page we say more, but in the entries following it is enough to say : on ditto, 
 "per" such and such; page, etc., L , S , G , P 
 
 After you have made the entry in this way, you shall cancel in the Journal as I have explained to you. 
 Then in the credit side you shall write down this way : 
 
 JESUS MCCCCLXXXXIII. 
 
 Capital of myself, so and so, is creditor {dee havere — shall have) on November 8, "per" cash. On 
 this day I have in cash, in gold and other kinds of money ; i)afie 1 : 
 
 This entry is also sufHcient ; express yourself briefly for the reason above said. If there are other items 
 to be entered in the same account, it will be enough to say, on ditto, "per" such and such, etc., as has just 
 been sho\\^l. At the end of this treatise, I will give you an example, and thus you will go on expressing 
 yourself briefly especially in tliose things which are private — that is, of which you do not liave to give an 
 account to any one. But as to other things for which you have to give an account to other people, it will 
 be better for you to be more explicit, although for explanations we always rely on tlie Journal. Then you 
 will cancel, by drawing a line, the credit entry in the Journal as I have said above in Chapter 12. In the 
 margin, just opposite the entry, you shall write down the two numbers of the pages where the debit and 
 credit entries are. That is, you should put the number of the debit page above, and the number of the 
 credit page below, as we have done above in the cash entry. Then you sliall at once enter in the alphabet 
 or repertory (index) this debtor and this creditor, each one under its own letter as I have told you before. 
 That is, cash at the letter C, by saying in this way: Cash, page 1. And capital also at the letter C, saj-ing: 
 Capital belonging to me, page 2. And so on, you shall enter (in this repertory) all the creditors under 
 their respective letters, so that you may find them easily in the Ledger mentioned. 
 
 Take notice, that if by any chance you should lose this Ledger througli robbery, or fire, or shipwreck, 
 etc., if you have either of the other two books, that is, the memorandum book or Journal, you can, by means 
 of this book always make up another Ledger wdth the same entries, day by day, and enter them on the same 
 pages on which they were in the last book ; especially so, if you have the Journal in which, when .you trans- 
 ferred tlie different entries into tlie Ledger, you wrote down at the margin the two numbers of the debit 
 entry page, and the credit entry page, the one above the other, which two numbers indicated the pages of 
 the ledger where the two entries had been entered. In this way you can duplicate your Ledger. This is 
 enough said for the posting of one entry. 
 
 For the second entries, which pertains to precious stones, you shall enter in the Ledger as follows : 
 
 FIRST, without my telling it to you over again, you shall write down at the top of the page the date, 
 if there has been no date written before because of another account, for at times on the same page two or three 
 accounts are made. Sometimes you won't give much space to one special account because you know tliat 
 you will not have to use that account over again. Therefore you will give to this account a smaller space 
 than the space you give to other accounts whicli you had to use more, as we have said above in Chapter 13, 
 when talking about cash and capital, to which we give the whole page, as we have to use tliese two ac- 
 counts very often because of the many transactions. This is done in order to lessen transfers. 
 
 Now then, after you have found the proper place (in the ledger), you shall write down on the left — 
 because the debtor must always be at the left: Precious stones of many kinds debit {dienno dare — shall 
 give), on November 8, per capital, for so many pieces, etc., weighing so much, so many are counted halasxi, 
 etc., and so many sapphires, etc., and so many rubies, etc., and so many unpolished diamonds in bulk (or 
 divide the different kinds), for a value of so many ducats; page 2: L40; SO; GO; PO. 
 
 You shall cancel this item in the Journal on the debit side by drawing a line as I have told you in 
 Chapter 12. And then you will go to capital, and you shall enter this entry with fewer words, for the rea- 
 sons above expressed in this chapter, writing it down on the credit side under the first entry that you have 
 already made, and you shall express yourself this way : 
 
 On the day, or ditto, for precious stones of several kinds, as it appears at page 3 : L40 ; SO ; GO ; PO. 
 
 After wliich you shall draw another line on the credit side of the Journal, as I have shown in Chap- 
 ter 12 ; you shall put down in the margin the two numbers of the pages of the Ledger in which you have 
 made these entries, one above the other, as I have told you. We shall say, for instance, that you have en- 
 tered the debit entry at page 3 ; the capital entry will still appear at page 2, as long as that page is not 
 filled. 
 
 49
 
 OMinrtonotta.srrartatu^.ri'.St'fcriptoria joj 
 
 a wttc lativ !a po:Mrai.cdinc Motto nc rcpom intcckrai flpK:iio.£ qfto p qfta.e 3 fue filtif 
 lie l«a baftatt 7C.£ pofla clx (arafal oi'tro qderno. £ afenan 111 giomalc-c tu fubvto lapor- 
 rai al rcgtorio vcro alfabctccoc oifop:a i qft"o cap? fo ocrro. £ioc ala fua Ira. 6. vcro. 
 5. fo.pf W I5a la .pfcri'raf.coc iduicrfi pacfi ocadc.cbr qui i uincgia moiro fi coftuma pone 
 re cl. 5- r>ouc noi m rofcana ponemo c! gXkbc accwaarala tu a tm Jwdido 7C. 
 
 £6c k ZKbxno oitrarc Icj^iirc oclcmcrcanric cbe per imcntmo oaltro inodo (bonjo fert 
 trouatndquadcrno'inoareeinbaucrc. £ap^ 16". 
 
 11 £ alrrc.4-B"t<^ P<^' ^" kqacti ocl tuo mobilcaoc ar^cri.plni.lmi.Icfti oc piuma 
 £ velk rcooflb 7C.pci p re flcfTo facrtincrc mcttarai ccl iuctario in giornalc oc 
 poto c6e li le poneHi.ocnotatc.pclx c6e oiccmo oifopja cap*.6? qllo tal iniicnt a 
 rio no ficaua jxl mcniojialcp la ragt'oc li 3fcgnara.£ po fuo oirrarc in gi07nalc 
 £ <inco?a nel gra lib? i oare c baucit. e ci po.ne alalfabcto.lafdaro o: niai Tccjrc al ruo jjcgri 
 noingcgnowlql molrome'cofido £foIol3.7'.pntaoc^c(;cr inccbiniclxrifroiiiafafare 
 ino igio?nalc.£ ancoza al qdcnio laql re fia baftafc c futfiacrc ainacrtramero a tuttclc altr^ 
 clx oimcrcaria alcuo,- ^ ritrouane.baiiedo fcpjc tu na tc in.icc gliocbi (02 n'.pefi.e iniHire e 
 volute i rurti li modidx tal nicrcaric (c coftunialle vcderc.e cop?are fra inercati i rtalro fo' 
 ra .fo li"pacfi.oclc qli cofc ^ apieno no c pollibfle poiiere crcpli.nia c6 fadlita. oa ^(\i \K>cbi 
 ^ copcdiofainetc pofh po;rai oi qluicaltri ipjcdere a rua fulficicca po dx k noi volcnio wr 
 tc crepio oel niodo verfo e via.w'mercare atrani.lccia.bari.£ bcrota.noe alo? nomi^pcfilo 
 ro.£ mifurelo2o 7C.£ cofi pcla marca.£ anclx oela nfa tofcanj.froppo fca-bbc graded 
 voUunc.cbec6b:euitaifendo concludcre £pqlla. 7".re(,cceriiclgio?nale.oirc cofi. V5. 
 per icnit'cri inccbiui i ujote a rcfufo.o i colli oirai coe a te pare 7c. 91 oitto cf >c fintcde cauc 
 dal.pcbclioiTop?a imecfiatclarail?o?diRcwoirroiuctan'o.c6c oiccino oifopra cap". ii°. 
 in la ptif a Ta vc le «;oic.p colli tanti pefano. 7C. £ g. S .tante q'do fofTcro arc fu(To i more 7C. 
 qlime rerrouo baucre in lema/ii ald( pilte metro Dicomfi co?fo valcreel C.o vcro la S.7c. 
 ouc.ranri7c.moranointurfoncttfr>uc.tanri7C.val $ f ff P 
 
 £ cofi porta cf? lariiinel gio2nale.£tu al mcmojiale.o reroinuetario.laoipeiia.e laca.al 
 modo oitto fop^al.l I'.cap? 7C.£ cofiobfuaraip tuttc lalt'.7C.&i ^^a coe fo oetro e oc qfii 
 clx altra clx f giojnale fi metta.fe'prc al gran Itb'.fifanno ooppie.cioe 1 W oarc.e laltra i ba 
 ucrc coe difopfa oiccino c;p.i 4'*.la qual poi nel quadcnio in oarc.poncndola oirtarala I 
 qrti) tnodo.iS'ofto p'.fcp?e cl mflefimo (c no uifolTe in capo oela carta.fea mcttarui cl gtoz 
 no oifopja po cbe coe ofcenio oifop:a cap. 1 ? ? £1 oi no fi coftuma po2rc (op:a nel p:in? be 
 iacarta ocl quadcrno p rifpctto clx in qlla mcdcfima fada porrcboiio cere piu pritc oiucr 
 fi ocbirori c crcdito?i.(equali bcdx Ienafd>ino fottovn nnlerimo.i^f>a firanno in oiucrfi me 
 rtecorni.coeoirco:rcdopnitro poi ap:endcre.£q'do bene anco?a in oitra facia odlib:o 
 grande no vi folTc alrro cbe 1 '.fola prira oi' cafTa.o 03lrroanco:a cl i;o;no pofto oifopja nd 
 qiladcrno.no fiporrcbbe fcruarc4}dx in oitca prita.ocojira oi mcttcre cafi oco:(i in oiucrfi 
 incfi.£ oi e p qlb c cbe li anrid?i 6ifop:a nd quadcnio no bano i libri mercarrfcbi vfiraro 
 mcttcre cl gio:no.pclx non bano ueduro vcrfo ne via ne modo clx con ucrira fipofla afet' 
 tardlo 7c.4aqual parn'ra i!i dare cofi po2rai oiccdo 7C. 
 
 5cnccri me cbini.in monte.o uero colli 7c.oicn oare a oi.8.nonemb?c per cauedal.pcr colii 
 tanri 7C.pcfano. «; -tantc Tc.quali mi trouo baucre in cafa. o ucro maga^en al p?efcnte qu^l 
 oeconiunco?rollimo wlere d cento 7C.ouc.tanti7c.£ per tutiimontaouc. g. p.7c.ra( 
 carti. 2. S f g? P 
 
 £ cofiocpcnnarai la partita od ^02nak inoare.rioc a man fendh-a come piu uolte to oiV-- 
 ro£poi in baucre afcrtaralain qftomodoalcauedal commctc moriflrai ponerc qudia 
 XKk voic fop2a a cap". 1 s ? cofi vj- 
 
 aoi oerro.pcr(en{c2imedMni in montco vcro colli 7c.cflr. ;. S P g? p. 
 £ cofi porta cbe Ibaraiocpennaraila partita od gio2nalc in Ixiuercdoe verfo mande- 
 ftra.coe oinan^evedi fatto.£ poni li numcri ode carti oina«;e alei in margine vno fop.'a lal' 
 tro.£ioe d.; .oifopja d.: .oifotto pclx tu bai meffo d ocbito2ea carti. vnd quadcrno. d crc 
 ditox e 9.2 .Cioc d capital.c fubito poi la mcrti inalfabeto.o vero reptorioafa fua li^a. fioc 
 al.3.fcp.5la c6[m.o vcroal.^.pla rafooitta inlopccdcrcca'.a qlla ptitafaodcjoie7c. 
 bel modo a rcncreconro con li officri publici:c pcrclx:e oc lacamcra ocU'mp2eln m vc f 
 ncttadxfcgoucrnaperviaoefcrticri. ^^p? 17° 
 
 p m 
 
 50
 
 This example will guide you in other casei. 
 
 After you have made the entries in the Ledger and marked it in the Journal, you shall put it at once in 
 the index as I have told you above in this chapter — that is, under the letter G or Z, according as to how 
 Oioie (stone) is pronounced. In Venice the custom is to pronounce it with Z; in Tuscany, with G. Guide 
 yourself according to your own understanding. 
 
 CHAPTER 16. 
 
 HOW THE ENTRIES RELATIVE TO THE MERCHANDISE OF WHICH ONE IS POS- 
 SESSED ACCORDING TO HIS INVENTORY, OR OTHERWISE, SHOULD BE MADE IN THE 
 LEDGER BOTH IN THE DEBIT AND THE CREDIT. 
 
 You will be able to transfer easily by yourself from the Inventory to the Journal the four items of 
 your personal goods — that is, silver, linen, feather beds, clothes, etc., exactly as you write them in the 
 Inventory, as we explained in Chapter 6. This Inventory was not contained in the memorandum book, for 
 the reasons therein expressed. 
 
 And as to how to make these entries in the Journal and the Ledger, and as to how to record them in 
 the Index, I will leave to your ability, on which I count very much. 
 
 We shall proceed to enter in the Journal, as well as in the Ledger, the seventh item (of the Inven- 
 tory), which pertains to Ginger. This must be a sufficient instruction for you by which to make any other 
 entry relative to your merchandise. You should always have in mind their number, weights, measurements 
 and values according to the different ways in whicli it is customary to make purcliases or sales among mer- 
 chants in the Rialto, or elsewhere. It is not possible to give here full examples for all these operations, but 
 from those few that we give here you will be able to understand how to go ahead in any other case. For 
 if we wanted to give you an example of all the ways in which merchants do business in Traui, Leeee, Bari 
 and Bitouto — -that is, to give you the names of their weights, measurements, etc., and also to tell you about 
 the ways that they use them in Marea and in our Tuscany, this would make our treatise very long, which, 
 on the contrary, I intend to make short. 
 
 As to this seventh item to be entered in the Journal, we shall proceed thus : Per Ginger in bulk or 
 package — you shall express yourself as you like — // a ditto — by which capital is understood, because you 
 have already mentioned it in the entry immediately preceding, when you entered your second item from 
 the inventory, that is, precious stones — as we said in Chapter 12 — ^I possess on this day so many packages 
 weighing so much, or 1 possess so many pounds, if in bulk, according to the current prices, of a value by 
 the hundred or by the pound, of so many ducats ; in total I give them the value of so many ducats. 
 
 L , S , G , P 
 
 After you have entered it in the Journal in this way, you shall cancel it in the memorandum book or 
 inventory, as we have said in Chapter 12, and you shall do the same for the other items. Of this entry, as 
 we have said, as well as of any entry made in the Journal, you shall make two different entries in the 
 Ledger; that is, one iu the debit and the other in the credit. — See Chapter 14. In making the entry in 
 the Ledger in the debit, you shaU proceed in this way : First you shall put the year, in ease there is 
 none, at the top of the page, without there putting down the day, for, as we have said in Chapter 15, it is 
 not customary to put down the day at the beginning of the page of the Ledger because on that same page 
 several entries may be made under the debit and credit which, while belonging to the same year, refer to 
 transactions made in different months and days. Even if on that page of the Ledger there was only one 
 cash entry or other entry, the day put at the top of the page could not be very well kept because, under 
 the said entry, it would be necessary to write down transactions which happened in different months and 
 days. For this reason the ancient people never put the day at the top of the pages in mercantile ledgers, 
 as they saw that there was no justification for it, etc. 
 
 You shall make this entry in the debit (in the Ledger) in the following manner: Ginger in bulk, or so 
 many packages, debit {dee dare — shall give) on November 8 per capital, for so many pieces, weighing so 
 many pounds, which I on this day have in my store, or at home in my house, and which according to current 
 prices are worth so many ducats and in total so many ducats, grossi, picioli, etc. ; Page 2 : 
 
 L , S , G , P 
 
 Then you shall cancel this entry on the debit side of the Journal — that is, at the left, as I have told 
 you often, and then you shall enter it on the credit side under Capital, as I have shown you in entering the 
 precious stones item in Chapter 15, that is : 
 
 On ditto per Ginger in bulk or packages, etc.; Page 3: L , S , G , P 
 
 After you have entered it in this way, you shall cancel the entry on the credit side of the Journal — 
 that is, at the right — as I have shown you before, and you shall also write down at the margin the numbers 
 of the respective pages of the Ledger one above the other — that is, three above and two below, as you have 
 made the debit entry at Page 3 and the credit entry at Page 2, and you shall thereafter enter it in the 
 alphabet or repertory under its respective letter, which may be Z or G, for the reasons given in the pre- 
 ceding chapter. 
 
 CHAPTER 17. 
 
 HOW TO KEEP ACCOUNTS WITH PUBLIC OFFICES, AND WHY. THE CAMERA DE 
 L'IMPRESTI (MUNICIPAL LOAN BANK) IN VENICE, WHICH IS MANAGED BY SESTIERI 
 (DISTRICTS). 
 
 51
 
 Ml 
 
 
 ©irtiiKtfo nona.rracfattt5.ii*.'©c fcripturie. 
 
 I0:i dclaltrc no re ne do.altra nci:itia.cioc(W qlla <k pcllami'.dafodrc coi'cccm 
 dec fine -rcdekr qiialia i "c i *.fo2marai !a pnta in gjbmafc c quadcrno p o:dig 
 depenando.c fcgnando in turn" li lod>i clx non tcfcordt pcrclx al mcrcantc bU 
 . fogna altro ccrudlcdx dc bcccaria 7C. 0iuclla dcia camera dfp2cftt o dal' 
 
 tro mote c6c in fircnca.cfniotc dele dote i gcnoa li locbio ucro aUriofTidi c\x U McrocS 
 liquali m baaefk a farc.per olcuna cagione fa dx fcinpze con loro ra babia buono fcotro. 
 DC wrc c oc fjKJUcrc in tutti (i modi con qualdx d^iarccca fe pofllbile e oc man oeli fcriuani 
 oiqlli luodM' ql ticforro bona cudodia al modo dx oele fcnttnre e latere tc ofro.pcbc a 5 
 fti tali officii fpclTo fc foaliano niutarc fcriuani. liqli ognuno a fua fantalia uolc guidarcMi 
 b2i oclo officio.biafimado fcmpje lifcriuan paflfati. dx non tcniuan bon ordinc tc. £ feni ' 
 p2e ognuno pfuade clfuo ojdine nugliojc ocli altri.imododx ale volte inozodano le pnte. 
 oe rail ofTicildx non fene ti'cn i 'xo laltra . f guai d^i cotalt a afare.£ po fa dx tia a cafa.£ 
 colV apo aboreaa.c6 qfti tali.£ ccrramcre foTfi el fano a bon fine no w'mcno moflrao igno 
 rflija. £ cofitirfai coto.co ligabcllarie wiiari oc robbcdx m uedic c6p:i.C3uie mettinele 
 terre 7c.iCoe ft colhima farc'invinecn'a.dx ft ricnc p li pfu oela tcrra^iotologo co to offido 
 ocla mcflcraria.d?ia 2.p.c? £ (^>i a i '.p c? £ d?i«.4p c".7c.£l?iamando cllib?o. ©el (cnr 
 faro.dx vifmterponc c notarc al tuo lib:o.£ anclx la marc.in fu ch fa. docd lib? ooue tw 
 in notalimcrcatial Ditto officio clxcofilodjiamanom venctiapodx ciafcuno fcnfaroa 
 xm libzo.o ucro loogo in qualdx libro al ditto officio ooue Ini w a oarc in nota li macflt< 
 dx fa.fi cotcrricri.coc forefh'cn altramcte ca^ano in pcna.faltramctc faceffaro. £ f#nno p:l 
 Dati.£ bene qlla crcdfa.iS. licafti'ga c lo:o.e faiuani c5 mal li po:tafcro coe oe molti me ri 
 cojdo.gia nclitpf paffariecrc puniti ftraniani^tt.£ po fantamente fanno i conflituircvno 
 clqlc a folo qlla cura.in renedere tutti lioffidi.doefe liloro lib'.fono bn.oii>o male tenuti ic. 
 iConimc fe oebia tener conto con lo offido oda mclliitaria in vcnetw c oel oitiare le fue 
 partite in memojiQle.^omale.cquademo.eancora ocli impjcth". £ap'. 1 8. 
 
 5 dx qfdo voraico tali offitii tener cciuo.la camera ocimpjcftfti.farai ?xbi'trid 
 oe tutta lafoztc oe caucoali a tanto el c^.Tc.lRoiando li feftieri ooue fon polb.£ 
 fiiiiiTmoitc fc piu a(a gioznatanccopjaffe d.x molri fe ne vendano p tc o p altrt 
 coe fa cbi rcalto Vfa , J^oto bri incbi lono (aiid c Iuogl>i . 7c. £ cofi ncl fcotcre U 
 ro«) ^.fcp:e farala crcditncia oi' p oi.£ (cftier p k(tiai 7C.£ cofi coloflirio ocla mcffaan'd 
 £1 coto tirrai I qfto modo.riocqf-do tu compraraialcuna mcrcantia p mc«o $ fefan'.alora 
 ©e tuttofo amotare.a rafoncoe.2 .o oe.' .o oc.4.7c.p c".faranccrcdito?c doitto offido oeta 
 }ndl^ana.£ ocbitn'dqtla talc raercantia.plaql cagione tu pagl:)i 7C.£ po conuene dxl co 
 p?ato?c fempre ritega al ucditox ncl pagamcto.oe contanri.o rtro p altro modo dx labi'a 
 flfatifferc non fa cafo.pd?cl ottto.officio~non vol andar ccrcando altro fcnon larata clx H 
 oJpctta.aucnga dx lifcnfari rcporfino cl mcrcato in nor3.c6mo.c c5.e dx).leftato fmo. per 
 cbiarcfte euidcre oe contracricpdo fra lojo.nafcefle Differcnca alcuna coe ac^de. £1 comuii 
 ipuerbio oici.d?i non fa non falla.c d?inon falla non impar a 7c.ocleqliofcijolcndofe le pt< 
 d>iarircl3ano regreffo altjjcrcatonotato.plofcnfaro.al quale folidecrett publidlifipfta 
 fedc coe a publico inffrumentoocnotaro.^Po la fojma o(qllo.dpiu ode volte. £locgna 
 offriiooeconroliocmcrcnnri.fo:m3nolelo:o^ridrclxA:iitcn^e7C.C>icoadoncacomp:an' 
 do lu alcuna robba.tu oic fapcqllo d.x lai^ga oc in.£ p lamita rericni.al ucnditojc. £toe 
 fe la robba paga.4.p c*.a qllo ofdcio p Ocretopublico ocl oominto.£ tu alui rcrieni.2 . p c? 
 £ tanto manco li'conta.£ Iwra cl fuo oouere.£ r u poi ocl rutto rclh obligate al oitro off?' 
 rio.£ od tutto larai afar credito2e al tuo lib?o contado c6lui.£ qlla tol mercantia farni 6M 
 tridcoe oicemo tc.pcbe d oitro off in'o non uol ccrcarc.cbi vcndc.ma d)\ cojnp2a.£ po pot 
 a tal comp2at02i li e conccffo.oi cauare tanro oiqlla jnercanria.p q>to a pagato la m. fo23 6 
 la terra.in I020 bolctre.ala tauola.oc lufdcjo per marc p terra dx la uogiiono cauare ala 
 5i02n3ta.£ po conucgano li mercanti tcncre bcu conto con lo oino offido. ado fcmp:e fa' 
 pino qpto fumno cauare.pdx non filaffano cauar-ixr piu dx ficomp2ino fe oi nouo non 
 pagbino la rn.oe conranii rcodcquali compre c) fequcntc ri pongo crcplo.e cofi.ocl oi'tto 
 Offido.commc fc iMbinc a oit tare in gio2n«le.£ ancbc in lib20 grande.£ oiro cofi. i^i 
 ma.tti meino2iale.fcn)plk:imcnre.5oji? vcro not in qi\ci\o 01 pofto oiTopra ocomp23fo oa P 
 $U3n anioniooa mcfina.^uc^jlipaferminicafll n'.tantc.pani nMantf.pefand in rutto. tictri. 
 oe pancllc.cani.co2de.e paglic. S tantc per ouc. tati. cl c".montano ouc.tari7C.abaf to perh 
 Tua parte ocla in .a ragion oe tanto per c°.ouc.g.p.tann tcfcnfaro^iuan oc gagliardi.vale 
 nttti oucanLg.p.tanti w-paga m mo coptand. 
 
 52
 
 I shall not give you any more rules for the other items — that is, leather goods for coverings, tanned or 
 raw, etc., for each of which you shall make entries in the Journal and Ledger, carefully writing down every- 
 thing and cheeking off, etc., without forgetting anything, because the merchant must have a much better 
 understanding of things than a butcher. 
 
 If you have accounts with the Camera de L'Impresti, or with other banks, as in Florence, or with the 
 Monte de La Dote, in Genoa, as well as similar offices or bureaux with which you have business, see that 
 you keep these accounts very clearly and obtain good written evidence as to debits and credits in the hand- 
 writing of the clerks in those institutions. This advice you will carefully follow, for reasons to be ex- 
 plained in chapter on documents and letters. Because in these offices tliey often change their clerks, 
 and as each one of the.se clerks likes to keep the books in his own way, he is always blaming the previ- 
 ous clerks, saying that they did not keep the books in good order, and they are always trying to make you 
 believe that their way is better than all the others, so that at times they mix up the accounts in the books 
 of these offices in such way that they do not correspond with anything. Woe to you if you have anything 
 to do with these people. Therefore, be very careful when dealing with them, and be observant at home and 
 keep your head in the store. Maybe they mean well, nevertheless they may show ignorance. In this way 
 you shall keep accounts with the Gabellari and Datiaru (revenue officers) as to the things that you might 
 sell or buy, things that you grow, things that you plant, etc., as it is the custom in Venice wliere people are 
 used to keeping an account through the office of the Messetaria (market master or exchange), some at 2%, 
 some at \%>, some at 4%. You should mention tlie book of the broker through whom the transaction was 
 made, and also mention the special mark that the broker has in this book — that is, the book in which he 
 makes a record of the market transaction at said office which they call "Chiumans" in Venice. For each 
 broker has a book in the said office, or a place in some book in the said office, in which he has to make a 
 record of all the transactions which he has with the citizens of the town or with outsiders. If the broker 
 should not do that he would be fined and dismissed. 
 
 And justly the glorious republic of Venice punishes them and their clerks who should misbehave. I 
 know of many who in the past years have been heavily punished, and right they are in having one officer 
 whose only duty is to oversee all these officers and their books whether they are well kept or not, etc. 
 
 CHAPTER 18. 
 
 HOW YOU SHOULD KEEP YOUR ACCOUNTS WITH THE OFFICE OF THE MESSETARIA 
 IN VENICE. HOW TO MAKE ENTRIES PERTAINING THERETO IN THE MEMORANDUM 
 BOOK, JOURNAL AND LEDGER, AND ABOUT LOANS. 
 
 When you want to do business with the said offices, you shall always charge to the Camera de L'Im- 
 presti (municipal loan bank) so many per cent, on all your funds or capital, naming the district where 
 one resides. Likewise, for the amount of the daily sales for many are the sales made for you or for others, 
 as those people know who are familiar with the Rialto. Be careful to put down the name of the party that 
 buys and his place of business, etc. When you withdraw said funds, you shall always credit the said bank, 
 day by day and district by district. 
 
 In doing business with the office of the Messetaria (exchange), you shall keep the account in this way: 
 When you buy any merchandise through brokers, you shall credit the said office of the Mcssctari with the 
 2% or 3% or 4% of the whole amoiuit, and shall charge it to that specific merchandise, for you are thus 
 paying for it, etc. Therefore the buyer, when he makes his payments to the seller, should always retain 
 that percentage, no matter whether the payments are made in cash or otherwise, as the said office does not 
 concern itself about anything except the rate ( % ) to which it is entitled. The brokers make a report of 
 the transaction, how and what for and with whom made, in order to have things clear in case any ques- 
 tion should arise, which may happen. 
 
 A common proverb says : Who does nothing, makes no mistakes ; who makes no mistakes learns noth- 
 ing, etc. ( 
 
 If any question should arise and the parties wisli to settle it, they would go and examine the records 
 of the transaction made by the broker, to which records, according to the public decrees, as full faith is 
 given as to a public notarial document, and according to these records very often the office of the Consuls 
 of the merchants issues its judgment. 
 
 I say, then, when you buy anything, you must always know what is due to the Messetaria, and you 
 withhold half of this from what you pay to the seller ; that is, if the particular thing that you buy is sub- 
 ject to a 47r payment to that office, as per public decrees of the Republic, you withhold 2% of what you 
 give to the seller. You give him that much less in order that he receives what is due him. You then will 
 become a debtor for the whole amount which is due the said office, and you shall credit the said office with 
 it in your Ledger when you keep an account with that office and charge it to the goods that you have 
 bought, as we have said, because that office does not interest itself in the party who sells out, but in the 
 party who buys. In accordance with this, the buyer will be allowed to take out of the official warehouses 
 merchandise in proportion to the brokerage paid and according to their books kept at the shipping co.un- 
 ter, whether it came by land or sea. Therefore, the merchants should keep a careful account with the said 
 office so that they know how much merchandise they can take out. They are not allowed to take out more 
 than they have bought unless they have paid the extra brokerage. 
 
 Of these purchases, I will give you here an example and how the transaction with the said office must be recorded 
 in the Journal and in the Ledger. First, you shall express yourself in the memorandum book in the following manner: 
 
 I (or we), on this day above mentioned, have bought of Mr. Zuan Antonio, of Messina, so many boxes of Paler- 
 mo sugar and so many loaves of the net weight — that is, without the boxes, wrappers, ropes and straw — so many 
 pounds at so many ducats per hundred; I deduct for what is due to the Messetaria at the rate of so much per cent., 
 so many ducats, grossi. picioU, etc. The broker was Mr. Zuan de Gaiardi; net value, so many ducats, grossi. 
 picioli. paid in cash. 
 
 53
 
 ^ifHmto nona.Zracfatue. ti*.^c fcnpfnris 104 
 
 Hamcdrfimamgjomafeoiracori' • acontanti. • 
 
 i^^ cmari ocpalcrmo. Bcafb comati a f cuan oc antonio oaiuefina^xr caUT n'.f ante pani 
 n° Cifiri. pefano ncm.oc cfllTi-pancUc. co?dc.cpaglic.Sfa"rc.a oucfanricl c? mdtanoouc, 
 tanri ic.abarto.p fa fua parte ocla m.a rafon oe tanri per c". tc. ouc.unri 7C. rcdanoncm. 
 tnict3nri7c.fcnfarf.^anDcgauifdi. % f' 6 P 
 
 lan*cdf fnna in quaderno wra cofi. 
 5iicarl TK palermo.rnc oarcadi talc.p calTa conrari a f^mn oantonio oc mcfma. pf r panni 
 numcro ranri pcfanoncrri.S-tantepcrouc rantidccrtto.montanonmnnrutro acarri l^ 
 £faraicredirru::laca(l&oiquclranf0 7C. s J' 5 ? 
 
 £ fcmpx farai (oJTitto ocia m.mditoK dd Ooppio cbc fu mcnefti aliicdifo?e. doe p I3 
 fua c p4arua gtc. 7C.£ fcpzc fubit© noraro la robba fnjcdiatei vnalr'.pnta (otto farai crcdi 
 tox oirto officio per t>irto ^ucaro coc I>ar3 i DiTorro.£ pibitria oitta robba . t5>cr c rcmpio nu 
 na pagata a contanri.02 p?cndmc rtia pre a cotanric parte, a tpo p'.imenion'alc cofi oirai. 
 
 5 contanri c tciTipo.a di tanri 7c. 
 5oocomp?afo a diomo.Da f ^uan oantonio.oamd'ina.aKarioc pjlermo pani n". tanri. 
 pefajio netd. s .tante.per Duc.tanti el c'.montano wic.fanfi.abarfo per fua parte oe iii.a rafo 
 oe tanriper c"'.ouc'.tantf 7c.wrqua(ial prefcnte.Ii nocontan tMic . tari ^ parte e oel refto mi 
 fatpoRntuttoagofto^i"'clxuicn7c.fenfarf^anoeccaiardiv.i(. one. ff p 
 £ fappi cbe oe qlle cofc c!?e fe fcriue mcrcato [xr lofenfaro.a (offirio non btfogiia far f&it 
 10 oc man perclx e( mcrcato bafta.ma pure a caiitcla ale uofte fi fa 7c. 
 
 5n gio?na(e la medenia oira cofi.pzima quel tal oc rutfoacdiro:e.£ poi ocbiio:c ocql 
 la parte oc 6. dx (ui l?aue. 
 
 yfts. t49vao!tanriodt3l mefe7c. 
 ■^cr ^ucari palennini: B f ^an oantonio oe mcfina per pani numcro tanti pcfano netti in 
 tuttoStante.aoiic.tantie(c?montanoouc.tanti7c.abattoperlafiiaptcoemclTctariaar« 
 Ton oe tanti t>cr c'.ouc.tanri 7c.refta netto ouc.ranri 7c.oe qnali alpjcfcnte \i ncdcbo contar 
 tanti 7C. £ ocl rcfto. mi fa terrfiine fin turto agofto pjorimo dx vicn. fcnfaro for <uan oe 
 gaiardi.val. $ f' 5 P 
 
 ^anne credito:e fubftd (oflfido oela iii.oela fua rata, 
 l&er li oitti:a loflfioo oela ifi.pcr lamontar foura ofrto.cioe oeoiict aif 7C a rafo oe tan g c*. 
 B lamia parte cqUaodocbitojcituifomontaoucg-pranriral. % f g P 
 
 la parte oe contanti. oebito? luf.£ crcdiroje !a calTa. cofi. 
 I&er f oian oatonio.oe mifina: B cafla cotati alui p ptc peii foura oitti ^ncari fo Fa fojma 61 
 mcrcato.ouf.tatt7C.ageoelreceucrefcrittooefuamanoraK ' % f g p 
 
 Zamedcma in quaderno oira cofi. 
 5ucari oc paler mo.oicn dare a oi tal oinouemb?e - per f luan oantomo oamefina. per pani 
 n'.tatipefanoneftiSt3nte7C.pduc.tantidc°.niotanoncttioetTi.R.4. % P g p 
 £iuando uolclTc fame partita nuoua.fl^a uolendo fcquitarcla p?epofla balbua oire a oi. 
 tanti7C.pCTP<uano3nt?oamcfinapp3nin?taripcfano State 7c.ifi6ta.R.4.S P g p 
 
 lamedema in jjaucre oira cofi. 
 Ser <uan datonio ocmefma die bauere a di tanti de noucmb?e.^w cucan de palcrnio. pa- 
 nin'.tantipefan netti S;.tanteperduc.tannelc''.montano.ncfn de ifi.duc.tanti.dcquali al 
 pzeientc li ne ocbio dar contanri duc.tanti 7c.delauan(o.mi fa tpo per rutto agoHo .prio fii 
 furo.faifarf<,uandcgagliardi.vjl r;.4. S ' f' g P 
 
 5n dare lamcdema.^ la parte delicojiranri.dira cofi. 
 ^er^ianalincontro.dicdarea di.taic7c.pca(Ta .corarialuf pptedca»cari.bcbt dalur fo 
 jmp3ttiduc.tanri7c.apegfuofairtodemaninlib:cfo.vj|. k.iV % P g P 
 
 lamedana.ala m .e andx per la precedente f quaderno cofi. 
 
 (To.dda rn.die l?auer.a di tal p ^ucaride palcrmo c6p:3i03 P cuan danto? de tncfina pfa 
 
 niontaredcductari.atatipc'.fenfarf^uandegaiardimonta. k.ii f f ? ^ 
 
 £o«iimo fe dcMa ojdinare el paqamentoclx baueflTe a fare per ditta e banco f> firiJt a nc 
 
 Ktuoilibn'pJtncipftfi: * £ap? 19. 
 
 I £ofip tal c6p?e.qfta ri bafta a guidarte.o fia a tutri cotanti'o a gte cofanri.£ p 
 
 fcrpo. corati e ditta o lutri m banco.o cotanti e bancoo cot ar i.£ robbe.o rob 
 
 ba.e ditta.o tutta ditta robbe.e tpo.o robba c banco.o bafico c tpo.o baco cdk 
 
 ta.o banco.cotanri. ditta.erobbe.7c.godx i tutti q(limodt.fe cofluma c6p:are. 
 
 Icqli fu per teal fcfodclapcedctemetter9lclmemo:i3le.£dri^aralcigio2nale.cquademo. 
 
 ? iiij 
 
 54
 
 The Mine should be entered in the Jouruftl in the following manner : 
 
 Per Palermo sugar // A cash. Cash paid to Mr. Zuan Antonio of Messina for so many boxes and so 
 many loaves, of the net weight— that is, without the boxes, wrappers, ropes and straw— so many pounds ; . 
 at so many ducats per hundred, it amounts to so many ducats ; I deduct what is due to the Messetaria at so 
 much per cent., so many ducats, etc. ; net residue, so many ducats, etc. The broker was Mr. Zuan de Gai- 
 ardi. L , S , G , P 
 
 In the Ledger you shall make the entries as follows: 
 
 Palermo sugar debit {dee dare or shall give) cash. Cash paid to ]\Ir. Zuan Antonio of Messnia for so 
 many boxes and so many loaves, weighing, net, so many pounds, at so many ducats per hundred, which 
 amounts to — Page 1 : L , S , G. P.... .^... 
 
 And you shall credit cash with the same amount, and shall always credit the Messetaria with twice the 
 amount which you withhold from the price paid to tlif seller— that is, for the commission due by the seller 
 
 and by you. 
 
 Immediately after, you shall make another entry crediting the said office with the said sugar and charging 
 the said merchandise. This will do for a purchase by cash. Now we shall consider one made partly in cash 
 and partly on time. 
 
 First, in the memorandum book you shall say as follows : By cash and on time on such and such day, 
 I have bought on the said date of Mr. Zuan Antonio of Messina so many loaves of Palermo sugar, weighing 
 net so many pounds, at so many ducats per hundred, making a total of so many ducats. This is in part 
 payment; for the rest I shall have time to pay until the whole month of August next, etc. The broker 
 was Mr. Zuan Gaiardi. ^ Cr , P 
 
 You must understand that you do not need to have a written paper containing the terms of the trans- 
 action, for the broker shall record that in the said Office. This record is enough for you, but as a precau- 
 tion, sometimes people require a contract. 
 
 You ^vill make the entry in the Journal as follows : First you shall credit Mr. So-and-So for the total 
 amount, and then charge him for the money that he has received. 
 
 JESUS 1493 
 
 On such and such a day of such and such month, etc., per Palermo sugar // A Mr. Zuan Antonio, of 
 Messina, for so many loaves, weighing net so many pounds at so many ducats per hundred, making a total 
 of so many ducats ; deducting for his share of the brokerage at so much per cent., so many ducats, leaving 
 a net balance of so many ducats, of which now I have to pay so many, and as to the rest I have time until 
 the end of next August. The broker was Mr. Zuan de Gaiardi; value L , S , G. .., P 
 
 Immediately after, credit the office of the Messetaria with the commission due to it : Per ditto // A 
 Office of the Messetaria. For the amount above mentioned — that is, so many ducats at the rate of so much 
 per cent, for my share and for the share of the debtor (seller), in all amounting to so many ducats, grossi, 
 picioli: value: L _ , S , G , P 
 
 For the cash payment, you shall charge him and credit cash in the following manner : 
 
 Per Mr. Zuan Antonio of Messina // A cash. By cash paid him for part payment of said sugar accord- 
 ing to the terms of the transaction, so many ducats, as it appears from his receipt written in his own hand- 
 writing. Value : L , S , G , P 
 
 In the Ledger you sliall write down as follows : 
 
 Palermo sugar debit {dee dare — shall give) on such and such a day of November, per Zuan Antonio of 
 Messina, for so many loaves, weighing net so many pounds, etc., at so many ducats per hundred, making a 
 total, net of the brokerage ; Page 4 : L , S , G , P 
 
 These items shall be entered in the credit column as follows : 
 
 Mr. Zuan Antonio of Messina, credit (dfe havere— shall have), per Palermo sugar so many loaves, weigh- 
 ing net so many pounds, at so many ducats per hundred, amounting, net of the brokerage, so many ducats, 
 of which I must now pay so many ducats, and for the rest I have time until the end of next August. Brok- 
 er, Mr. Zuan de Gaiardi ; Page 4 ; value : L , S , G , P 
 
 For the cash payment you shall put in the debit column : 
 
 Mr. Zuan, debit {dee dare—shall give), on such and such a day, etc., per cash to him paid for part 
 payment on sugar — I received from him according to our agreement — so many ducats, as it is shown by 
 his own handwriting in his book; page 1: L , S , G , P 
 
 The account of the Messetaria in the Ledger shall be as follows : 
 
 Office ot the Messetaria, credit {dee have re— shall have), on such and such day, per Palermo sugar 
 bought from Mr. Zuan Antonio, of Messina, for the amount of so many ducats, at so many ducats per 
 hundred. Broker, Mr. Zuan de Gaiardi ; Page, etc. : L , S , G , P 
 
 CHAPTER 19. 
 
 HOW WE SHOULD MAKE THE ENTRIES IN OUR PRINCIPAL BOOKS OF THE PAYMENTS 
 THAT WE HAVE TO MAKE EITHER BY DRAFT OR THROUGH THE BANK. 
 
 And as to the purchases, this should be sufficient to guide you, whether the payment of the purchase 
 should be made all in cash or part in cash and part on time ; or part in cash or part by bill of exchange or 
 draft {ditto) ; or all through the bank; or part in cash and part through the bank; or part through the 
 bank and part on time ; or part through the bank and part by bill of exchange ; or part through the bank, 
 part in cash, part by bill of exchange and part by merchandise, etc. 
 
 For in all these ways it is customary to make purchases, and in each case you shall make entries, first 
 in the Day Book, then in the Journal, then in the Ledger, taking as a guide the foregoing example. 
 
 55
 
 ©( (h'nrtio nona.Tracfahie.xI'.Sc (mptiine. 
 (t>ii ccio bai'-sJfar pagamctoa ptc b5co cdltta.f a cb p'.cofcgni (a Atta.f poig rc^fc1iJf r 
 bancappiu ftgurra.vndcancoza qftacautclla fufa p molnebcne.(rdobcn pagaflcro aeon 
 tflim-dc far per refto m band^o. £ p copito pagamcto 7C.£ pagandolo ptcbanco ptc. rob 
 ba parte dinacparrccotantiJctuttcqftc faralowbirojcfqllctalcorc farale mditriei 
 ocnuna al fuc luoro 7C.£ fc per altri modi tc aeadelTe coprare.per fimai te goiicrna. ic 
 
 £ hauedo mff fo clucrfo t\ eoprare ^ rantt ucrfi pjcdcrai clvcdcrc tuo adalrri. faecdoM 
 ceb'to:i c err ditnri Icnic robbc. fE debitrid lacaJTa.fe ti da contanric dbitrici le difrcfc tc Ic 
 cofcgna in pagflmcto.£ crcdiro:e.d baneo.fe tel da. £ cofidi nirto p oajiiie eoc difop?a t 
 ditto rM eop?flre.£ (uidc rutto qllo ri da.iu pagamcro faralo creditOTC^c.eqfto tibadi s q 
 fta materia a nia inrtructioe 7C. Dele pn'te famofc e pticulari nd maneggio traft'cate eoc 
 fono baratti copagnic tc.eoc le fe babbino a fettarc c o:diiiare ndi lib.n maea tefcbi. e p'. o 
 libarattt fcplideopoftie eoltpo eo apriercpUo turn i memo:iale.<;o2nale e qder". £3.;o. 
 
 — I £(^ra.ooiicr r»ar modo.coe fe babino aferrar alefie pn'tc famofc ptieulari. eb nc 
 
 limancggij traficati fifogliano dpiut>clevolfc.foleui^re.£ nietterle oapTe .ano 
 oi qllc Billintte ofllaltre.fene poffa cogiiofcere.d ^ z rono 6x oiqllc feq(Tc.e»5e 
 
 ,^ I fono fibaratrie (eeopag^.vuggi recomadan.viaggi i fua mano.eonnTHoe batm 
 
 tcpaltri.bandjioeferitta.o verooinaXabireali.oiHieoto ocbotega 7C. oclcqli 4 fequcrc 
 
 fucdtametc a tiia balion^fl.tc caro nonna.coc le dcW giiicvare.c reggere ndi ttioi I(b:i ojdi 
 
 natamcte.aeio no tc abagli in tuc faecde.£ p'.moft?aremo eoc fc ocbia afettarc i '. barat to. 
 
 ;$'6nolib3rarrie6munamctcOc.?.fonccccoifop:a inleraaiofooetto. &iftfetio.o*.'£. y,". 
 
 carti.i 6i .fin in. t67.flpieno (iAycM rtcoiri a itendcrli. bko adoea elx in ruttiiiierfiebe tc 
 
 ueadciffe fcriue re i lib" d baratto.fepzc puramcrc.p\iii lo meino?ialc oebi narrarlo ad Ifam. 
 
 Oct°.orfaptit3c6 tutrifuomodiccondirioidjd firallato fatto.ceodufo.o comceani. ofra 
 
 voi foli.£ qrdo^^arai eofi n3rrato.£ ru poi alafinc riduralo i fu lie6fanti.'£ fo cbc qllc tal 
 
 robbc iicdcr aiuaicrc.a eotawti p tato tirarai fo:a lapti'.aebc moncta fi voglia imcmo:ialc. 
 
 cbcnon fa cafo.podx pot d qdernier< la redura tutta a i ^fojta alauterico.eioe qpdo lamet 
 
 tara al giojnalc. £ al qdemo grade 7c.£ qflo ft fa pdx eauado ru fo2i le ralute nelc robbc 
 
 a qld^c ti ftanno 3ba:atto.n6 pon-efti neli ruoieori.e feriptiire.eognofeene ic^z gridiflTcna 
 
 riffi'culra.tuo rtilc.o vcro gditta fequita.icqlifcprceouicfi rcdurca eotanti. ^ volerlc ben 
 
 tPgnoiecrc.TC. £ fc oi tali merearic bauurc g baratti: wIcflT Dapte ptieiriarmctc tcncrnc 
 
 coto)^ poder reder il fuo rctratto.fepatamcte na lalt^robbe cJx oital fo.^t a f?3uclTc.p'.in ea 
 
 fa.o c\k oapoi eop?a(Te.p cognofecre qual fia Oata meglio:e iccpta.lo poi fare. £ acoja aeii 
 
 ttiularctuttcmereaticinficmi.eoefc l?auefl■e.p^^;cn^criDatc.£bo:aqflircccuc(Ti od barat 
 
 to li quail volcrmcttereon lialtri.nd ^ojnal oiraicofi.e<oc. 
 
 ^r^c^eribellidi imotc.overo in colli: 3 enearioclatalfona^c.g colli tantipefano. S ta 
 
 tc baui Dal tal abaratto oc <,iieari fatto i qfta foztna.a'oc cbc mi li mifi el c'.oe ^ueari duc. 
 
 24.7c.eo qfto dx mi oeflTc c I j.oe eontanti 7C.£ mrttcfc d e? Vfi ^c^erf ouctanti. p liqiiali 
 
 gn5m".lie6ti(;ueari.panf.n'4:anti.pcfanStanrccl?eaeontantidc°valouc.io. £plioitri 
 
 CcnearindTbc8tante7c.panin°.tanti7c.vaglianod3feuno. S f g p 
 
 lE Bcbcfllc volte no f3p?ai.a poro lo n*.odi pani-dx p oitti ec<,eri intralTe no fa eafo. po e5 
 
 poi ncla pti'ta feqntc.fifuplcffi ql d?e limaneaffcc ql d>e li folTc piu i qlla Mi eafft.maen' 
 
 ra no OT'mcno.alincotro oc ^ueari Icpjc.barai d ooucrc aponto.pcbc tutte oua.vano a eu • 
 
 can i modo dx laptita oc ^ucari non pdc d n? oc pani.nc oil pefo.pdx no e fcpje polTibi 
 
 Ic t)ogni frafdxtta.ofl pfe tener e6to.7c.©2a 01 qlla pte oceotanti dx vi fono eojfi.fara • 
 
 nc ocbftriei laeaHa. £ pure el finnlc.crediron" Oim OJcari.oicendo co^Uioc. 
 
 #cr caffa: U li oitti 7L ifocr contanri bcbind oitro baratto.oal otito 7c.per pam n°. ran' 
 
 t(7c.pefano j.fanteval. S J" g P 
 
 £. (Tmili ptitc fubito qlli mettano f mediate wd gioznalc a pITo qlla od baratto. nd cjl bnnc' 
 
 fliliconti 7c.fi dx a qfJo modo oittarcfti'.non volendone tcner feparato con to. d^afc k 
 
 parsrolouoitcncr nel gio:nale oiraicoft'.rioe. 
 
 l^cr ^en^eri bdlidi. per (onto oi bazatto febbcro oal tale 7c: 3 iueari 7c. n«rr:indo nirto. 
 poiapontoeommooirop:a.£in loquadcrno.poiljarano lojo parnta. oiftinaa 7c. £ 
 qucfto uo glio dx ti b^fti.per tutti li flltri baratti dx fo per tc fen^a piu mi flenda . lif jpa 
 •■aiguidarc7c. 
 
 bc'laln-a partita famofa oitra £ompagnic:<ommcrcoebjno oxJinare.e OMtarc in tutti 
 rimo4ioceurcnrimei8fcunolib:o. £ap". 21. 
 
 56
 
 But when you make a payment part through the bank and part by bill of exchange, deliver first the 
 bill of exchange and then settle through the bank, which is safer. Many observe this precaution on good 
 grounds, whenever they have to make payments part in cash to settle this balance through the bank, etc. 
 If you make payments part through the bank, part by trading something or part by a bill of exchange and. 
 part in cash, you shall charge the seller for all these things and you shall credit each of the said things, each 
 thing in its own place. 
 
 Now that you know how to go ahead whenever you make purchases, you will also know what you have 
 to do when you sell. In this ease, you shall charge the different buyers and shall credit the different goods 
 that you sell and shall charge cash if you get money for the same, and you shall charge bills of exchange 
 if you get a bill of exchange in payment, and credit the latter when the bank pays the exchange. 
 
 Therefore, referring again to the purchase, you shall credit the purchaser with all that he gives you 
 in pajTnent, etc. 
 
 This will be enough for your instruction on this subject. 
 
 CHAPTER 20. 
 
 ENTRIES FOR THE WELL-KNOWN AND PECULIAR MERCANTILE CUSTOMS OF TRAD- 
 ING AND PARTNERSHIP, ETC. HOW THEY SHOULD BE ENTERED IN THE MERCANTILE 
 BOOKS. FIRST : SIMPLE TRADINGS, THEN COMPLEX TRADINGS AND EXAMPLES OF EN- 
 TRIES FOR THEM IN THE MEMORANDUM BOOK, JOURNAL AND LEDGER. 
 
 Now we shall speak of how certain well-known and peculiar entries should be made which are of the 
 highest importance in commerce, and which usually are kept separate from the others so that they can show 
 their respective profits and losses {pro e danno). They cover tradings, partnerships, suggested business 
 trips, trips on your own ventures, commissions from others, drafts {ditta) or bills of exchange {bancha 
 descritta), actual trades, store accounts, etc. I will tell you briefly about these accounts, how you should 
 make the entries in your books so that you don't get mixed up in your affairs. 
 
 First, we shall show how to enter a trade {barato). Trades are usually of three kinds, as we said in 
 Section 9 of Treatise III, Pages 161 to 167, where it is stated fully and you can refer to it. 
 
 I say, therefore, that no matter how you make a record of the trade in your books, you shall first enter 
 it in the memorandum book, stating in detail aU about it, its terms and conditions and whether it was made 
 through a broker. After you have so described it, you then at the end shall put a money value on it ; and 
 you shall put down such price in accordance with the current value which the things that you have traded 
 have ; reckoning in any kind of money in the memorandum book. Afterwards the bookkeeper, when he 
 transfers the entry to the Journal and Ledger, will reduce that money to the standard money that you have 
 adopted. 
 
 This is done because, without entering the value of the things that you have traded, you could not, 
 from your books and accounts, learn, except with great difficulty, what your profit or loss is. The mer- 
 chandise must always be reduced to actual money value in order to take care of it (in the books). 
 
 You may keep a separate account of the goods received in trade, if you wish to do that, in order to 
 know how much you make out of them separate from those of the same kind that you might already have 
 at home, or separate from those that you might get after that, in order to know which was the best transac- 
 tion. You also may keep only one account of all the goods — for instance, if you have already some ginger, 
 and you get some more ginger through a trade. In this case you shall make the entries in the Journal as 
 follows : 
 
 Per Ginger in bulk or in packages // A sugar, such and such kind, so many packages, weighing so 
 many pounds. Received from a trade for sugar in this manner : I valued the sugar 24 ducats per hundred, 
 of which I should receive one-third in cash, and I valued the ginger at so many ducats per hundred. The 
 said sugar is in so many loaves weighing so many pounds, worth 20 ducats per hundred, and for the said 
 ginger I received so many pounds of sugar and so many loaves, and their value is : 
 
 L , S , G , P 
 
 And if you do not know exactly how many loaves of sugar you have received for the said ginger, it 
 does not matter, because you may correct the mistake in the following entry, whether the mistake was 
 made plus or minus, or correct it through the cash entry. On the contrary, you know exactly the weight 
 and money value, and you lose nothing in either by not knowing the number of loaves. It is not always 
 possible to keep an account of aU small details. 
 
 Now you vnW debit cash for whatever cash you received, and you shall credit sugar in the following 
 manner : 
 
 Per Cash // A ditto. In the said trade I received cash from so and so for so many loaves of sugar 
 weighing so many pounds ; value : L , S , G , P 
 
 You shall record in the Journal direct all these different items soon after the trade is made, and should 
 take the name of the merchandise if you do not want to keep a separate account ; but if you want to keep 
 them in a separate account, you will write this way in the Journal : 
 
 Per ginger hdlidi received by trade from so and so, etc. // A sugar, etc., stating everything as sho%vn 
 above. In the Ledger then they will have separate accounts. 
 
 This will be sufficient for you for all kinds of trades. 
 
 CHAPTER 21. 
 
 THE OTHER WELL-KNOWN ENTRY CALLED PARTNERSHIP. HOW IT SHOULD BE 
 WRITTEN IN EACH BOOK IN THE PROPER MANNER. 
 
 57
 
 ©I'ftfnctio nom Iractatas-ri*. ©e fcripmrifl joy 
 
 BUra pamta fainofa c b c6p'.c5co alciJo facdTc p ragioc diqiudx cola ft fa 
 cclTc di panniodcfctcc dcfpenanco dcgorrdicdcrcto?ia odccabitc.Ouc 
 lie rail fimitiTcpjc uogliaofuapntaffgataitumli.^iiMdcin ^clp?noc inc/ 
 mo^iafe pofto djcta Iwraicl di di fop:a narrarala feplirimctc turra con modi c 
 coditioi cP» fauctc fatra aIcgan?fcnpto ouer altro illro cf5 fra uoi foUce noiando el tpo^to 
 lafmtcdcrc di d?c faculfa fi fa di fattori e gar^onidx faucfie a tcnr re 7C.e qudlo cbc merte 
 ciafcii pcrfc o dc robba o de i>.7c.o debUo2\ o creditoji e di tutro a vno a vno farane credi 
 tonli cop' ogniidi ql tanro cbc mctfc da pfc cdcbt'tricila cafla -o la dca cop'.fc da perfe (a 
 
 <;uidaftpfaqltc"cc 
 
 ficggto^mcbiiga: . ,-. 
 
 c6nio al piltc oicemo cd fi cbiamao fainofc B ccr fcj^arc ra tutte lalt'.D Ic qli cj te oo el mo 
 fiicciro como laW adittarc i tuo mcorialc c oipoi i gio:nale c qdcr no tc. ulfba rcncdo di lei 
 Ifiy.fcpati no ti no aft^oocuinto fcno eft liguidi fi como rf rotto el tuo rrafico c oco. Dirolf a 
 cofi ime'. 5" qfto oi biamo fco cop*.c6 M tali c tali alartc 6 la I ana Tcco pacri e coditio 
 wi'Tc.como age p fcripto o iftfo "Jcg ani tati tcxinde el tal ocjfe corari tati TC.lalt? ballc 
 ratclanafrac'.pefa netra S:.tatc TC.mclTacdtoDuctaridmfTC.eUiltfafeg^tativeri oebito 
 ri.cibc el tal w i)uc.tflti.el tal re tanti 7c.e cofi io fbo:fai 6 pffte ouc.tati 7c.e ^o \ fiiima; tuc 
 to d coj.ouc.rari tc-iiioi in tuo gio:na!e Dirai l qfto mado afettado tutte cofe a fuo lubgo 
 I'magina V.caflTa zJcompagnia-cvncaucdal Dic6'.ccofia tutre lepn'recB tu njcttcraioi'rai 
 (?p:e p ioto t ?p*.ario laW acognofcere Oalt'.toi ptite pticulari iU p^pmo fcfti da la caf 
 facomc^araiepoifMccefliuamenfeafcttarailaltrf. l^ercafla oc conipagnia.aI tale Dcra/ 
 doji DC compagnia acio fe l?aue(Tc altriconticon tcco non fimpadno tc.per conranri m^ 
 k'X qfto Di p la lua rata.2 ?li nfi pacti* como apare p ^cti^o oiitr iftfo 7C.val S . P. g? p. 
 •pox fimilmcte dirai de le robbe d?c ba jio melTe cofi. i&er lana franc'.de la c6p^al taleg 
 balletantepcfanonrtteinitto S.tantefocotadaco.'do con tuttiducari tanti el ni^fecondo 
 fa foz'.ddcotratto ouer fcripto fra noi7CJiiotaicuttODUc.7C.valS. f- g? p. £cofi9n 
 darfli poncdo tutte.pli debito:i cofegnati Dirai cofi. i!i)cr lo tale de ragio de cop^ Bl talc 
 ql fecodo nfi pacri ci cofegno p n^ro dcbito:e de ductanti val %. f . tt? p. Bi mai 
 dx alqpro fei itrodutto n6 mi curo^ftedcrme piu fi como in lo pnci?di qito trattato fed el?c 
 troppo fcria auolcrte ogni cofa di nuoiio rcplicarc.£ po del inodo de metterle al qdcruo 
 grandc no ne dico perdx fo tc fia facile cognofccdo gia tu in lo giomale ql ua debitoje cql 
 credito:c.ficbe afettarale tu i dare e l?3uerc in qudmodo d?e di fopja i quefto tc ifcgnai a 
 ca?i ??c dcpenaralc i gio:nalec6mo difllidifopja al ca?i 2?poncdofcp:e denan^e i marginc 
 M niicri del debito?e ccredif02e:a opte earn libaraipolti al libro.e cofi como tu li metti al \v 
 bv> grandctcofi li afetta \ alfabeto como di fopza piufiade l>anenio moftro ti. 
 
 be Io:dine de le prite de n'afaina fpefaicomo decafa oMinarietftraozdinarietcdi mcr' 
 canrietfaiarii de garijoni e facton como fabtno a fcriuerc.e dittare nelli lib2L £9?i2. 
 
 Oltra tUttclc cofe ditte re ouienc l>auere i tutti toi libzi qfte ptite.doc Ipefi d mer 
 atia fpefide cafa o:diarie fpcfe rtraordiane vna de itrata e vfdra e vna de p?o e 
 dano uoi dircauaniii c difaul^' o unlc e datio o guadagno c pdita cbc rato va 
 Ic le qli ptitc fono fumamcte JiecdTanc i ogni co:po mcrcatcfco p potcre fempx 
 cognofcerc fuo capitalcc ala fine nd fatdo como gctra d traft'co tc.le qli (jTcqnte abalbn/ 
 ^a d?iarircino como fc debino giiidare ndlilibji. Ondc qlla de fpcfe mercatefdx fi rcne 
 p rifpecto d?c no 1cp?c ognipcluco IT po mettere fubito i la piita de la robba d3C tu ucndi o 
 c6p:icomo acade cbc da poi piu dip qlla ricouerra pagjre fadM'ni e pcfado:i e ligadozi c 
 barca.cbaftagi.c fimilia cbi vn foIdo.adM'.i.tc.de Ic qli'volcdonc fare pticular prita fereb 
 be logo e no mcritanola fpcfa podxdc mim'mia no curat pro? 7C.£ aco:a acade dxtua' 
 dop?arai qlli medcfimi baftagi.fad^ini.barca.c legatozi i vn poro p piu diucrfe cofe como 
 Irtruenc.cb i fi t>6ro fcarcadoocarcado diuerfe fo:te mcrclrie li afattigarfli e tu li pagbi p 
 tutre a vn rrarto dx no potrefti a ogni mercatia caratrare lafua fpefa.f po nafci qflapti/ 
 ta cbiamara fpefe dc jucrcatia la ql fcp«: fla acefa i dare como tutte lalrre (pcU fano ic^ala 
 rij ancoja de faaon' c gar^oni de botega fi merrano i qlle e alcuni ne fa ptira ifo polr a p fa 
 pere i dim" cbc Ipcdano lano tc.c poi i qfta la faldanotcbc p niij mo no polTano eflTere crc/ 
 dimd:c $do cofi le trouallTferia erro:e nel lib:a£ pero i mcmonalc el dirai cofi. 
 
 5n qucrto dibabtan pagato abaftafi barcarolilig3dort.pcfado:i 7c.cbcarcaro c fcarca 
 ro itk tali c tali cofe tc.duc.tanti 7C, 
 
 1^ im 
 
 58
 
 The other well-known entry is the buying of anything in partnership {compra or compagnie — may 
 also mean joint venture but not corporation) with other people, such as silks, spices, cotton, dyes, or 
 money exchanges, etc. These accounts must all be entered in all three books separately from your own.. 
 In the first, that is, the memorandum book, after writing down the date at the top, you shall state in a 
 simple way all the purchases with terms and conditions, referring to papers or other instruments that 
 you might have made, stating for how long it was made and what were its objects, mentioning the em- 
 ployes and apprentices that you should keep, etc., and the share, and how much each of you puts in 
 the business, whether in goods or cash, etc., who are the debtors and who are the creditors. You should 
 credit the partners (compratori) for the amount which each of them contributes, and you shall debit cash with 
 the same if you keep the account with your own. But it is better for the business if you keep this cash 
 account separate from your private one when you are the one at the head of the business, in which ease 
 you should have a separate set of books in the same order and way we have shown previously. This will 
 facilitate things for you. However, you might keep all these accounts in your own personal books open- 
 ing new accounts which, as we have said, are referred to as well-known accounts because they are kept sep- 
 arate from all the others, and I will show here how to enter them in your Day Book and then in the Jour- 
 nal and Ledger — but if you keep separate books, I will not give you any further instruction, because 
 what I have said so far will be sufficient for you — you shall do as follows : On this day we have made a 
 contract with so and so, and so and so, jointly, to buy (facto compra) wool, etc., under terms and condi- 
 tions, etc., as appears from such and such paper or such and such instrument, for so many years, etc. So 
 and so put in as his share, so much in cash ; the other put so many bales of French wool, weighing net so 
 many pounds, etc., estimated at so many ducats per, etc. The third, so and so, put in so many credits, 
 namely, one for so many ducats, etc. 
 
 Then, in the Journal, putting everything in its own place, yoii shall imagine that you have a partner- 
 ship's cash (cassa de compagnia) and a partnership's capital (cavcdalc dc compngnia) ; so that in each en- 
 try you make, you shall always name the accounts of the partnership so that you can distinguish them from 
 your own entries. First, you make the cash entry, and then follow it systematically by the other entries : 
 
 Per Partnership cash // A such and such partner's account — so that if you have other accounts, you 
 will not get confused — so and so put in on this day as his share according to our agreement as appears from 
 the contract, etc. ; value : L , S , G , P 
 
 Then you shall mention the other things that they have contributed : 
 
 Per French wool // A partner's account, for so many bales weighing in total, net, so many pounds, as 
 examined by all of us, at so many ducats per bushel, according to the terms of the contract we have made, 
 etc., worth in total so many ducats ; value : L , S , G , P 
 
 And so on for the other different items, and as to the due bills which have been put in the Company, 
 you shall state this way: 
 
 Per Mr. So and So, Partnership's account // A so and so, according to our agreement, which so and so 
 transferred to the Partnership as a good due bill of so many ducats: L , S , G , P 
 
 Now that I have given you a kind of introduction to these new entries, I won't go any further, as it 
 would be a very tiresome thing to repeat all I have said. 
 
 And I will not say anything as to the way in which to make these entries in the Ledger, as I know it will 
 be easy for you to know what should be entered as debit and what as credit from the Journal. You shall 
 enter them accordingly as I have told you at Chapter 15, and shall cancel these entries in the Journal as 
 T told you at Chapter 12, always writing in the margin just opposite them the number of the debit and 
 credit pages of the Ledger, and as you enter them in the Ledger you shall also enter them in the index, as 
 I have told you repeatedly before. 
 
 CHAPTER 22. 
 
 REGARDING THE ENTRIES OF EVERY KIND OF EXPENSE, AS FOR INSTANCE HOUSE- 
 HOLD EXPENSES, ORDINARY OR EXTRAORDINARY, MERCANTILE EXPENSES, WAGES OF 
 CLERKS AND APPRENTICES. HOW THEY SHOULD BE ENTERED IN THE BOOKS. 
 
 Besides the entries so far mentioned, you shall open these accounts in your books : that is, mercantile 
 expenses, ordinary household expenses, extraordinary expenses, and account for what is cashed in (en- 
 trata) and what is paid out [usciia) ; one for profits and loss (pro e danno — favor and damages) or (avan- 
 zi r desavanzi — increase and deficit), or (utile e daniio — -profit and damage) or (gvadagno e pcrdita — gain 
 and loss), which accounts are very necessary at any time so that the merchant can always know what is 
 his capital and at the end when he figures up the closing (soldo), how his business is going. 
 
 I will show here clearly enough how these accounts should be kept in the books. The account named 
 "small business expenses" is kept because we can not enter every little thing in the account of the mer- 
 chandise that you sell or buy. For instance, it may happen that after a few days, for these goods tliat you 
 sell or buy, you will have to pay the porter, the weigher, the packer, the shipper and the driver, and oth- 
 ers, paying to this one one penn}', to the other one two pennies, etc. ; if you want to keep a separate ac- 
 count for each of these different transactions, it would be too long and too expensive. As the proverb says: 
 
 De minimis non curat Praetor (OflBcials do not bother with details). And it may be that you will have to em- 
 ploy those same people — drivers, porters, shippers and packers — for different things, as, for Instance, you may need 
 them for loading the several merchandises in a seaport, and you will employ them and will have to pay them for all 
 these services at one time, and you could not charge the several kinds of merchandise with its proportion of these ex- 
 penses. Therefore you open this account which is called "small business expenses," which is always used in the 
 debit as are all the other expenses. You enter in this account the salaries of your store employes, although some keep 
 a separate account of the salaries that they pay so that they know how much they pay for salaries every year, etc. 
 This should also always appear as a debit. If the account should be in credit, this would show that there is a mistake. 
 Therefore you shall say as follows in the memorandum book: 
 
 On this day we have paid to drivers, shippers, packers, weighers, etc., who loaded and unloaded such and such 
 goods, BO many ducats, etc.; 
 
 59
 
 •^01 in (o giotmk couf rra oir coU. per fpcfc oc mcrcaric: 5cafli contari:pcr bardx c 
 ba(lagico:dceligaron'(3ckfarcorci*mrtoOuc.tari'?c.valS- i'. gt p. Jnloqderno 
 Wrauofi. ^pcfiDinercariaoicoarcadiraripcaflrarc.valR. S. f. g? p. Ciudlao 
 k fixfi PI cAfa ojdmaric no fi po far ren«;a.£ ircndanfe fpcfi oi cafa 02din3ric:c6mo fo2mc 
 ri:vini:fcgnc:ogli:r3le:carnc:fcarpct«5-opdli facture oc vcft€:giupponi:caI(tC:e farroji 7c.bc 
 ucracgi:bfljefhte:mancc:oucr boncinani 7C.barbicri:fo?naro:aquaruoli:lauatare oc pan 
 ni* Tcfnafaric occocina vafi.bicbicri.e ucm:wtrifeabi.nuliclli.botri 7C.I>auega dx mol' 
 ri oe fitmfi mafaric vfino tencr conro fcparato per potcr pjcfto rrouar fuocoio c fano gtita 
 noua.c6mo acoza ni poi fare no c\x oi qftc nia oiqualucbc alrra ri parra,nia lo te amaeitro 
 t»i qudic d?cl traficc no po far fcn(a 7c.c tal prir a oi fpcfi oi cafa Oittarala ft como i omo 
 ocqudia DC la mcrdriai fccodo d?c tu vaiftccdo fpcfc groflc adi p oi inetri in li litoiconi 
 T110 od fo?mcnro c vini Icgne 7c.De k quali anco;amoln colhjniano fare priia daperfc per 
 poter poi alali'ne oe lanno o a fcpo p rpo fadlmenre faperc quato oe tali cofumano 7c. ma 
 perfe fpdipiccole como f6noanienutoc6p:3rfarnecpefs.i:bart?iericrraglx:ttifinol ro::c 
 o rno oiicr ooi ouca vn tratto c fncriioa parte in vno kdxtto c oi qudli andar fpededo 
 fl incnuro.'ifi'erdx no feria pcf(Mi a vna a vna oi tali tcner conto.£ cofi oicano per Iicon 
 tantiingio:riaIe. "^er fpcfi oi cafa. Bcafla qUtrafll per fpendcrcamenuto in vno facbet 
 toouc.rantf7c.val.S. f. g? p. £ poi fc-tipareancoja con qucftc fpcfi oe cafa meter 
 ui le fpcfi ftrao?dinaric d?enon facafo.cdmo quado fpendefle per andarcafol3«,\o:ejg tra 
 cere aiarco o balertro c altri giod?io perditc c\k a c afcalTero c pdelTe robbc o oenan o d> tc 
 foflero toltc o pcrdeffe in maVc o per fuod?i7c.d?e tiitti fimili finicndano fpcfc ItraoMina ' 
 rie. l€ ouali anco?a fc Ic vdi tcncreoa partcfimifmcntc lo poi fare c inoW lufano per fa 
 per HCtfoafafin oclanno qnanto Iwno fpcfo oe ftrao?dinarioper le quali anco finrcndc oo 
 ni e p?erentidx tu faceffe adalcunoper aloma cagionc 7c6 le quali fpcfc non mi euro piu 
 dm ftcndcrmc perod?e fo ccrro cbc tu per te ineglio ozmai bauendo amenfc Ic cofe (kac 
 wnant'C afctraraicbc p:im3 non barcfli fartoficbc quelle la fciandootrerao od modo oa 
 fctiarc le partite ce vna botcga fi nd tuo'quadcrnox lilMio:dinari?:c6mo fc tu la voleiTe te 
 ncr tu oa te como larefh a tenerc cbc fia bdla cofa a faperc ficbcootalc. 
 
 2>c lo:dinc c mo a fap tcner vn coto oe bDtcga^i tua maa adaltri rccomadata e cdnio 
 le dcbino ndli liba' aufcntiddd patrone eancbe in qudh' oe botega fg>araiameiite fcriuer^ 
 edittare. capi,25. 
 
 1 5cp adonca quado baueflfc vna botcga la tjl tencflfe fo^nita alagiojnata fo; de 
 I ca(& tua e fojc dd tno cojpo oi cafa.alo:a p bono o?dine ttrrai qfto mo:cioc de 
 tuttc Ic robbe dx tu ui metterai adip 6i farala dd>itrki ali toi libji ^ credctrid 
 qlfe tal robbc ttivi metti.a vn^p rna cfa tua imagtatioc ch qlla botc'.fia vna p 
 foiiia.tua dcbitrirfdr qt tato d?c W dai cp Icifpcdiitutri li modi.£ cofTp lauerfo de tutto ql 
 10 cRnecaui crcccuifarala credftrid como fc folTc vn tbitoK c^cipaQafk aptc aptCiC poi 
 ogm uolta dx m voli con ki cotsre tu po?2ai vcdcrccotno dla tc but ta.o bene o male 7C.£ 
 cofi pot fapjai qllo arai afarc e I eft mo larat a goueniarc 7C.£ moftifono c& ali foi libji fa 
 noddJicMc d pncipale d?c1i arcdc a ditta botega^bcdx q(\6 no fi polTa ddjitamcntc fc^a 
 voluta dt ql talcpocB maifidcue metterc nc aco:a de ragio fi puo po2?c vn dcb!to:e alfab? 
 f^ fua faputa nc acB crcdirojc c6 coditioi alciJc (e<;a lua uoliita fc ql cofe faccdde tu fere 
 fti macodx da bcnc.^ litoilib:i fcncno reputari falfi.e cofi 6 le mafanc cb i-qlla mctefie < 
 ojdcgni nccdTarij al a ditta borcga fccodo fua ocairc<;a:c6mo fc folTc fpcdaria ifconucrra 
 fozmrla D uafi.caldicri.ramini.da lauojarc 7c.di' qh' rutti farM debirrid o cdui cbe li attc- 
 de como ditto.c p bello juftario li Icafcgiia fcnpro 6 fua mao odaltri d fua uoluta 7c. ado 
 ai tmom becbi3ro.eqflo voglio fia baftate qpdo la borcaa baudfe confeanata a vnaltro 
 d? p tc la mm o folTc tuo cdme((o jL €^ k la dca botcga vo:?ai tcncf a moi mai q Ho oj 
 die marai c ftara bcncc mcnamo cD c6p:ie traficbi tutto p la ditta botcga e no baui alt? 
 mancggib afoja formarai li lib;i commo c ditto.£ dido dx vcndi e compzi farai creditor 
 n dM te da (c robbc per tanto tem po fc compji' a tempo c crcditrici la calTa fc comp?i a coii' 
 tanti cdcbitricila bofcga.£ quando tu vcnddfe a menuto cioc dx non ariualTc a.40.6.du 
 catitcaloaa tutriditti denari rcpo^aiin vna calTctta.oucr falua denarodode i capo o.s.o 
 I o.g«02ni line cauapai.c afojafarac debitrici la ca(!a c crcdctrici la bo'.di ql tato:e i la ptita 
 du-ai ppiu robbc ucdutcddc qligia bauerai tcnuto el coto c moltcalt'4XJfc in le qli no mi 
 
 60
 
 then in the Journal you shall say as follows : 
 
 Per small business expenses // A cash. Cash paid for boats, ropes, etc., for such and such goods in 
 total, so many ducats ; value : L , S , G , P 
 
 In the Ledger, you shaU state as follows: 
 
 Small business expenses {dee dare — shall give) debit per cash on this day, etc., value; page, etc. 
 
 L , S , G , P 
 
 We can not do without the account of ordinary household expenses. By these expenses we mean ex- 
 penses for grains, wine, wood, oil, salt, meat, shoes, hats, stockings, cloths, tips, expenses for tailors, bar- 
 bers, bakers, cleaners, etc., kitchen utensils, vases, glasses, casks, etc. 
 
 Many keep different accounts for all these different things, so that they can see at a glance how each 
 account stands, and you may do so and open all these different accoiuits, and any accounts that you like, 
 but I am talking to you about what the merchant can not do without. And you shall keep this account in 
 the way I have told you to keep the small business expense account, and make each entry day by day as 
 you have such expenses, as for grain, wine, wool, etc. Many open special accounts for these different things 
 so that at the end of the year or at any time they may know how much they are paying out ; but for the 
 small accounts, as meat, fish, boat fares, etc., you shall set aside in a little bag one or two ducats and make 
 smaU payments out of this amount. It will be impossible to keep an account of all these small things. 
 
 In the Journal you shall state so : 
 
 Per household expenses // A cash. Cash set aside in a little bag for small expenses, so many ducats, 
 value: L , S , G. , P 
 
 If you wish, you can include in the household expenses the extraordinary expenses, as those that you 
 make for amusements or that you lose in some game, or for things or money that you might lose, or that 
 might be stolen or lost in a wreck or through fire, etc., for all are classified as extraordinary expenses. If 
 you want to keep a separate account for them, you may do so, as many do, in order to know at the end of 
 the year how much you have expended for extraordinary expenses, under which title you should include 
 also gifts and presents that you might make to any one for any reason. Of these expenses, I will not speak 
 any longer, because I am sure that you, keeping in mind what we have said so far, will know how to man- 
 age yourself. And leaving this subject, I will tell you of the way to open your store accounts in the Ledger 
 and in the other books as if you wanted to conduct a store for your own account. I shall tell you that you 
 must pay good attention, for it is a very nice thing for you to know. 
 
 CHAPTER 23. 
 
 IN WHAT MANNER THE ACCOUNTS OF A STORE SHOULD BE KEPT. WHETHER THE 
 STORE IS UNDER YOUR CARE OR UNDER THE CARE OP OTHER PEOPLE. HOW THE AC- 
 COUNTS SHOULD BE ENTERED IN THE AUTHENTIC BOOKS OF THE OWNER SEPARATE 
 FROM THOSE OF THE STORE ITSELF. 
 
 I say then that if j^ou should have a store outside of your house (brancli store) and not in the same 
 building with your house, but which you have fully equipped, then for the sake of order you should keep the 
 accounts in this way : You should charge it in your books with all the different things that you put into it, 
 day by day, and should credit all the different merchandise that you put in it also each one by itself, and you 
 must imagine that this store is just like a person who should be your debtor for all tlie things that you 
 may give (dai) it or spend for it for anj^ reason. And so on the contrary you shall credit it with all that 
 you take out of it and receive from it (cavi e recevi) as if it were a debtor wlio would pay you gradually. 
 Thus at any time that you so desire, you may see liow the store is running — that is, at a profit or at a loss — 
 so you will know what you will have to do and how you ^\^ll have to manage it. There are many who in 
 their books charge everything to the manager of the store. This, however, can not be done properly witli- 
 out the consent of that person, because you can never enter in your books as a debtor any person without 
 his knowing it, nor put him as a creditor under certain conditions without his consent. If yon should do 
 these things, it would not be right and your books would be considered wrong. 
 
 As to all the fixtures which you might put in said store necessary to tlie running of it according 
 to the circumstances — if you had for instance a drug-store, you would liave to furnish it with vases, boiling 
 pots, copper utensils, with which to work — you shall charge your store with all this furniture. So all of 
 these things .you shall charge, and he who is at the head of the store shall make a proper inventory of all 
 these things in his own handwriting or in the handwriting of somebody else, at his pleasure, so that every- 
 thing should be clear. And this will be sufficient for a store whose management you may have turned over 
 to somebody or to some of your employes. But if you want to run the store yourself, you shall do as I 
 will tell you and it will be all right. Let us suppose that you buy and do all of your business through the 
 said store and do not have to take care of any other business, then you shall keep the books as I have said 
 before, whether you buy or sell. You shall credit all those that sell goods to you on time, if you buy on 
 time, or credit cash if yoii buy for cash, and charge the store ; and if you should sell at retail, as when the 
 sale should not amount to four or six ducats, and so on, then you shall keep all these monej^s in a small 
 drawer or box from which you shall take it after eight or ten days, and then you shall charge this amount 
 to cash and shall credit the store ; and you shall make this entry as follows ; 
 
 Per various merchandise sold — for which you shall have kept an account — and so on. T shall not talk 
 at length about this because 
 
 61
 
 BidinOio nona tractafusxi*. ©efcripturia ^©^ 
 
 aoqlio troppo Di(lendcrc.g clxfocomo wfopra oilfufamcrcibjbiio dco o?miJi fap;ai pcric 
 iicdcric cociofw clx con noii fono alrro dx vn oebi'ro oMiiic o: la fanufia cbc fi ia cl mcr' 
 c3t3lUC^Krcl qualuntTo.'incferuatoguctualaiionria octuttefucfacedcc ccgncrfci facil/ 
 mere I? qtlo fc k fue cofc uatio bene o nialep d>e cl p:o aerbio oio dM fa mcreatia e no la w 
 anofca li foi Dcnari ooiictan inolca 7c.e fecodo le occurrence It fa remedied; pcro piu c mi 
 CO li lipo fcinprc agiongere in numcro e i mulrirudiiic oe gmc.£ go oe qilo tacotcta. 
 
 £61110 fc babinoalcttarc nd giojnale e quadcrnole parntesx libacbi oc fcrirra:cqli fci 
 fcdino c oouc ne fia:o oc cabi:tii cdlo;o ftandomcrcat jte:c ru co dim qpdo fofle badJieri: 
 e oc Ic quic ta^e dx g li cabi fe fano.e g cbe fcnc facia 001 oe incderuno tcnox a r ?■ 4 
 Ora per li bancbi dc fcripra 6 quali fe ne rroua oggi di iwiiiciia i bruggia faucr 
 fa c bari^doa c cerri alcriluogbi fa niofi c tra f ican » couie fag (o lo:o liba fcotra' 
 re CO gradilTima oiIigcria.'£ jxroc da notar cbe c6 (obaud^o te poi comunani^ 
 re inipadare Da re poncdom oeiiariper piu lua figurec«ia:o ucro g inodo oe dv 
 poiito a la gio7nar J potcr con quelfi far tiioi paganjcnti djfjri apicro gioini e marrino par 
 dx la oitta od baiicbo e coinint publico iltruuieto o: iioraro g dx fon per lioomimj aid 
 guranonde poncdoui ru w te.D.farai oebito?e diko bandx) noniinaudo patroni o uero 
 lopagni od bad>o e credimci la rua calfa cofi oiccdo i gio^nale i&er baiKbo DC (1 pama' 
 ni: BcalTa pa cotanri li mifi cb tali.io o aim cbe per 1 ue foift in quello ai oc mio conio fra 
 orocmoncraTC-i ruttODUcari7C.Ual.sii.g.p.£faratefflreoalbanclweri oof uerfiffuno 
 fo<;Iiog piu cautelJ3.£ cofi giongcdoghnc ru ala gicjnara faraielfiinilcicauandonc rn lui 
 re fara Icriucre a re el rcceuereic cofi (e cofe fi uengano feinpje o^ nujener d^iare: Uero e cbc 
 alcuolte ral fmtic no fi coftumano g dx como c ditto li libn del 5)and?o fcmp2e fono puWf 
 cbic aufcntid>ijina pur e buonola cautcla g c\x.cbmo oilopja \o ottro al mcrcanrc Ic cofc 
 mai fo?6,troppo cbiarcfl^a fcru uolclfc tai grita tcncrla con li parroni.o ucro copagni dd 
 bancbo ancoja lo poi fare cbe raiKo uale go dJC noiando m el bicbo a modo ztHo^iiA fintc 
 de lipatroi e c6p'.de qudlo:pcr li patroni oirelli cofi. i&er mifer 6irolinio lipaniani dal 
 bancbo c copagni qpdofoflero piu. BcaHa utfupzafcquiptutio. £ fcmpjefaraindiruoili' 
 ha mcntionc dc le djiare^e:patri:e codixiowi dx fra uoi nafceffcro como oe fcripri de ma: c 
 dd luogo ooucli reponi ifiHj:fc3rola:r3fd?a:o caflfa ado polTi facilmetc retrouarlergodx 
 CO bona oi1igc<,a fimilifcripture fi ocbono feruare. ad gpcmam reimemo2ii:g ligicoli oc 
 coa-ano 7C £ g dx alcuolte ib \o bad?ieri po?reltt bauaui piu faccde c mancggi i merca 
 tia g te o per alcri como comcflb 7C.go fcmp.'C cii lui ti couie tencr coti diuerfi g non icriga 
 re lance co rond?onidx nafcieriagra confufIIone:c oire i le ruegtitc g coio dc la tal cofaio 
 p coto del tal p ragio de mercaniia og ragion de conianti ocpofita ti i tuo nome daltri 
 como c 6rto:lc quali cofe fo g ruo igcgnoo;mai reggcri?i'7c.£i"imanfife tc reggerai faith" tc 
 acondaflc da te gdx cbio fi uolc(Te:faralo ocbitoze altuo libro g ql tal c6to:cioe D pagamc 
 to noiando g gre g r<A\o7U ql tale farii acdito2C g lo meddimo coto e Ibra bene.£ (j> 
 do tu dc dco bandx* cauafle.Di cotan g paga mcii cix adaltri facellfe g gte orcilo ucro 
 Dremcttcrfldakni altripaefi^calojafaraielcotrariodcqlcbf finozacdcoicioe fe caui 
 coranti farai debirnd la rua caffa-.c crcditore d bancbo uer patroi A\ quel fanto d?e nc ca 
 uafti.£ fe ru li fcriuelie adalm farai debitojc^l talc c crcditoze dctto band?o patroi <M C[[ 
 tanto noiando cl gdx oiccdo i gioznale g li cotanti cofi. i&cr caflTa al bandJo uer nn - 
 fer girolimo li pamani g contanri i tal di.o i qflo di ne tralTi a imo bifogno ii.\ tutto.ouc. 
 rati 1 c'.iial. S fg. p. £ fe adalm li fcriucffc vtputa amariio oi v'M cofi. ^er mart*' del la 
 le. ai diho ut fup:3 per duc.tati 7cJifcri(Ti g gre grcfto abocoto o.g ip:efto tc. i qfto 
 oi.ual. S .f .g.p.£ cofi Icuado oitie gnttc t>\ gio:nflle fcpre a fuo luogo i qderno afctfaralc:c 
 i alfabctoc6modidifop:radaticdepcnandolec6mo to inoftro m memo:ialccgio:nale.p.c 
 mancbo per tc ftellb giogncdoli parolle.godx non e polTibtle 4 de ttuttoa picno narrarc 
 f i dx conuic dal ruo cato fia uigilate 7C. £1 ntcdefiino nio te coucrra obferuarc g remcrtc 
 re li cdbialtrouccome lon':brugi3;ro':li6 7C.e per rirrar daltrd tcnominando lie rcrmi' 
 iii 7C.0 ala uifla oaladata al fiio piacerefcomo fc colkma faccdo maibc oc p^2''.c.'/. tc 
 acjo non nafca crrrore fra re el ruo refpondcnte c oc le monete clx tu trai e rimctci c le lor 
 ualurc c ^uifioi e fpeff oam c itcrcfli dx co li p:otclh podcrcbono lufcere TC.fi cbc di tutto 
 fi uol far metioc d g dx c c6me.£ come mcflb dx tu babi afarc con bad?o:cofi uerfa mcc 
 predi fe folic ru d band^icri mutarie mutandis dx qtiando pagi?i fa dcbitore quel tale c la 
 tua calTa crcdimd e fel tuo creditor fcn(iacauare.iJ.adiiltri li fcriuefTc dirai nd tuo giojni 
 
 63
 
 I have giveu you suflScient explanation previously and you know how to go ahead by this time. For ac- 
 counts are nothing else than the expression in writing of the arrangement of his affairs, which the mer- 
 chant keeps in his mind, and if he follow this system always he will know all about his business and will 
 know exactly whether his business goes well or not. Therefore the proverb : If you are in business and do 
 not know all about it, your money will go like flies — That is, you will lose it. And according to the cir- 
 cumstances you can remedy what is to be remedied; for instance, if necessary, you might open other ac- 
 counts. And this will be sufficient for you. 
 
 CHAPTER 24. 
 
 HOW YOU SHOULD KEEP IN THE JOURNAL AND LEDGER. THE ACCOUNTS WITH THE 
 BANK. WHAT IS UNDERSTOOD BY THEM. BILLS OF EXCHANGE— WHETHER YOU DEAL 
 WITH A BANK OR YOURSELF ARE A BANKER. RECEIPTS FOR DRAFTS— WHAT IS UN- 
 DERSTOOD BY THEM AND WHY THEY ARE MADE OUT IN DUPLICATE. 
 
 In respect to banks, whicli j'ou can find nowadays in Venice, in Bruges, in Antwerp, Barcelona, and 
 other places well known to the commercial world, you must keep your accounts with them with the great- 
 est diligence. 
 
 You can generally establish connections with a bank. For instance, you may leave your money with 
 the bank as a place of greater safety, or you may keep your money in the bank as a deposit in order to 
 make therefrom your daily paj-ments to Peter, John and Martin, for a bank draft is like a public notarial 
 instrument, because they are controlled by the state. 
 
 If you put money in the bank, then you shall charge the bank or the owner or partners of the bank and 
 shall credit j'our cash and make the entries in the Journal as follows: 
 
 For Bank of Lipamani // A cash. Cash deposited with so and so by me, or others, for my account, on 
 this day counting gold and other money, etc., in all so many ducats ; value : 
 
 L , S , 6 , P 
 
 And you will have the banker give you some kind of a written record for your surety; if you make 
 other deposits you shall do the same. In ease you should withdraw money, the banker shall have you write 
 a receipt; in this way, things will be kept always clear. 
 
 It is true that at times this kind of receipt is not given, because, as we said, the books of the bank are 
 always public and authentic ; but it is better to require this writing, because, as I have told you, things 
 can't be too clear for the merchant. 
 
 If you want to keep this account in the name of the owners or partners of the bank, you may do so, 
 as it is the same thing, because, if you open the account under the name of the bank, by the bank you 
 mean the owners or the partners. If you keep it under the name of the owners, you shall say this way: 
 
 Per Mr. Girolimo Lipamani, banker, and associates — if there are many — // A cash — and here you 
 write as above. In your books you shall always mention all agreements, terms, conditions that there might 
 be ; also instruments of writing and places where you keep them, whether file box, pouch or trunk, so that 
 you may easily find them, as these papers should be diligently kept for an everlasting memorial of the trans- 
 action {ad perpetuam memoriarn) on account of dangers. 
 
 As you may have several different business relations with the bankers for yourself, or for others, you 
 must keep various accounts with them so that you won't mix one thing with another, and avoid confusion, 
 and in your entries you shall say : On account of such and such thing, or on account of so and so, or on 
 account of goods, or on account of cash deposited in your name or in the name of others, as we have said. 
 You will know yourself how to make these entries. In the same way you will proceed in case others should 
 turn money over to you for some account ; you shall charge that account in your book — that is, you shall 
 charge the bank, stating whether it was in part payment or in fuU, etc., and you shall credit the person 
 that gave you the money. This will be all right. 
 
 When you should withdraw money from a bank either to pay somebody else as part payment or pay- 
 ment in full, or to make a remittance to parties in other countries, you shall do in this case just the oppo- 
 site of what we just said — that is, if you withdraw money you shall charge your cash and credit the bank 
 or owners of the bank for the amount withdrawn ; and if you should give an order on the bank for some- 
 body else, you shall charge this party and credit the bank or owners of the bank for that much, stating the 
 reasons. You shall enter the cash item in your Journal as follows : 
 
 Per cash // A bank, or Mr. Girolimo Lipamani, for cash which on this day or on such and such 
 day I withdrew for mj' need, in all so many ducats, value : L , S , G , P 
 
 And if you should issue an order in favor of Mr. Martino, for instance, you shall say thus : 
 
 Per Martino on such and such a day // A ditto for ditto for cash, etc., for so many ducats, for which 
 I gave an order, in part payment or in full payment, or for a loan, etc., on this day ; value : 
 
 L , S , G , P 
 
 Every time you transfer these entries from the Journal Into the Ledger, you shall also record them in the Index 
 and cancel them, as I have shown you, adding more or less words according to the facts in the case. 
 
 You must do the same in case you want to send drafts elsewhere, as to London, Bruges, Rome, Lyons, etc. You 
 shall mention in the letter the terms, conditions, etc., whether these drafts are at sight or at a certain date or at 
 pleasure of the payor, as it is customary, mentioning also whether it is a first, second, third draft, etc., so that no mis- 
 understanding can occur between you and your correspondent, mentioning also the kind of money in which you draw 
 or transmit, their value, the commission, the costs and interest that might follow a protest — in a word, everything must 
 be mentioned, why and how. 
 
 I have told you how you have to proceed in dealing with a bank. If on the contrary you are the banker you have 
 to do in the opposite way {mutatis mutandis) ; when you pay you charge the man to whom you pay and credit cash. 
 If one of your creditors, without withdrawing money, should Issue a draft to somebody else, you ehallsay in the Journal 
 
 63
 
 ©illinctio noiia t^3rtattt0.rf^©e fcripfurid 
 
 U per qurftalc tuo crc ditojr a quel talc acbi lui li acocwc cofi ricni a for comutatfoite da xno 
 crcduo:c a unalcro e tu rimani pure dcbitox c uieni m qrto attocderc pcrfona inc«;?ana c c6/ 
 munaionio teftimonio c factojc dele parri a two incbiollro carta fitt o f atiga c tempo (i c\x 
 df qua ficaua la lx)neft3 <puiTioe nel canibio eflcrc fcp:c lidta qpdo mai no ui cojrifle gico- 
 lode uiaggi'o flltrcremcfTemmatioocter^^foncTccomonellicambirealiinqfto a fuo 
 luoabo clfato apieno dctto 7C.fl^a fiandobacbieri ricordate nell ifaldico toi credito:i far 
 tc tc:tiare fogli p^ic o altri fcn'pti cbc di tua marto baueflc dc Ic^Ii quando ne fai fepjc fan 
 nc nel tuo libio nicmioe aeio te rcco:dia fartele to:nare c ftra^arluado no uenilTe a tepo co 
 nlU dim adomandarteefjttefarcfJpjcbonequietaiHecomocoftumanofarecbiartcdc al 
 c Jbio'.go ri?c Infanta c clx fc tu vicni.vcrbi gi'ada gineucra con vna dicabio cj in vi^a nn'f 
 cnouanifrcfcobaldida fio'.eVopa'.cB alauilla o datatoa tuo piaceretedouenepagarcmetiii 
 tiio due. I oo.p altre tanri cl?f dila bauefTe ncle man dc cbi \i fcnue c6 fegnati:alo2a el ditto 
 imfk giouamc c6p*.acceptado la lfa:c fbo:feiadote ditti.d.fe fara fcriuere 6 tua mano doi cjc 
 tanije dc vn mcdcfimo tcno«::c fc tu no fapclTc fcriuere Ic far vn tergo ptc o ?ro notaro: 
 no fa CO tentaradunapcbclunacouicclxrimandi a qlbancl?icri a gineuerarcbcli fcriuc 
 cbc a tc p fuo coto pagbi li ritti cmc. i oo.f farli fcdc como co?tefcmetc a fatto ql tanto cl>e 
 W fcriflc i cut fcdc in una fuj^li mada laquieta^a di tua manorc laltra tcnc i fil^a apjcflb wfe: 
 acio qpdo cotaflTe co lui non ^>oteflc nc garlilo'.c di" la anco:a tu tojnado no poteflTclametarte 
 w' lui nc oc mif giouani po dx fc m lo'felTc el K moftraria octta quictan<;3 oi tua mano c rc' 
 tnarefii confulo": fi cbe tuttc qfJc cofc fbnno cautelc clx fi conuengano oc nccefiita fare p la 
 poca fcdc fi troua o j^i oi be\ quale atto nc nafcano oot ptitc i lo qderno loro.vna in ql tx 
 mef giouani far edo 6bito:e ql cbe li fcriuc p Wgojc cc la oicabiote laltra i qlfo oel refpodc/ 
 ic a gineucra faccdo crcdito:e inil^ giouani m quelli ouc.i oo.per virtu oc oitta tua quieta^a 
 reccuuta.c qucfloc el oebito inodo c ozdine oe cambiatoa' g tutto cl modo: adolc lo: cofc 
 vadino co cbiarci^crfi cbe dal tuo lato alquato alfati'gandote po:rai ogni cofa con fumnia 
 diligen^a afcttarc.7c. 
 
 Be unalf ra partita cbe olc uolte fc coHuma nel qderno tencre octta cntrata c ufcita r ale 
 oolte fcncfa libro particularetc per cbe. ca.2f. 
 
 ©nnoalcuni cbe nc I02 lib:i ufano tencre vna prita cetta cntrata c vfcita i la ql 
 pogano cofc ftrao:dinanc alnt como ala. fantafia pare. Blcri ne tirra una 5 
 fpefc ftrao^dinarie e i fimili mctrano como f qlla ointrata ifita pfcri dx li folTer 
 fatti.«?.gi^a.e coll fcrfo cbe riccuano c oano e tcgano coto i dare c bauere e poia 
 {a fine co laln-c Ic faldano t p e dano e cauedalc como itendcrai nel bflando tc.iQ^ \ uero 
 qlla octta r>i fopja fpefc di cafa B tnttc c baftate fc no cbi uoIefTc per fua curiofita tener con^ 
 to da p feftn a vn potale dcHrcga cl?c lo po2ria fare ma acB finetego fi iJba a le cofc co b^c 
 uita aiettarfe.aitri luogbi coftuma oe Utrata cufcita teneir vn libjo a fua pofta:cpoi quelfo 
 faldano a tcpo ocl bilacio nel vln'mo autctico tficmi co k altre faccde:laql cofa non eoabtar 
 mare auega fia dc piu fatiga. 
 
 £omo fe babino afettare neli lib;i Ic gtitc oe li uiaggi i fua mano:c quelleoc Ih^iagdi ro 
 comandati'.e commo di necenTta oc tali nafcono doi quadcmi a.:6. 
 
 J uiaggi fi coftumano fare i ooi modi^cioe i fua mano c recomandato.'vndc na' 
 fcano diuerfi modi i tcner lo? coti go cbe (cpje fi pjofupogano libn* ooppi:o (i» 
 i ma mano ofia rccomandato .-^rclxliiqdcnio refta icafa e laltro ticoue fare 
 J i uiaggio.vnde fel ditto viagio fia i tua mano g bo o:dfc dcdodjc tu po:n' fo?ma 
 tuojuctario qdernett6:gio:naletto 7C.tutto como di fopja fc octto:c uedcdo copzado ba/ 
 ratado icoc ruttofa debitori e crcditozi gfonctrobbc: caflbrcauedaltoc uiagctioic ^ e oan 
 jio dc uiaggio Tce qfto c lo piu fcbietto c oica cB fi uoglia altri. Suega cK pojrefti tcner co 
 to CO la cafa dalaql tu rogli la faculta cl?c al ditto uiaggio |.x):o'facedola nel libxtto ocf tno 
 uiaggio crcdin^d:c le robbe ocbitrici a una p v*:e cofi fo:marefli tua csriTatruo cauedalc u. 
 o:denatamctc como nel tno famofo.£ to:nado aialuamcto rcdarelli alacafa altre robbe ali 
 contro.o ucro.d.e co let faldarcfti coto c lutilc ooano fec^to afcttarefti a fuo luogbo nel qua 
 derno grade.ficbe aqllo modo ancora le we faccdcoiercbono cbiarc.iif^ fel viaggi'o reco' 
 madaffe iadaltritaloza farefti dc tutto nel tuo libro dcbitorc ql talc acbi larccomldi viccdo 
 per uiaggio recomadato al talc tee co lui terrelh" conto come fe foflfc vn tuo auctorc oe tut 
 te robbe:e i5.a ptita per partita 7c£ lui dal cato fuo fojmara fuo qdcrneno: e i <jllo te con/ 
 ucrra fare crcditorc dc tntto.£ retornado faldara contcco.£ fd tuo comcflb foflfc i le Mdc 
 
 64
 
 as follows: Per that special creditor of yours // A the man to whom the money was assigned. In 
 this way you just make the transfer from one creditor to another and you still remain as debtor and 
 act as a go-between, as witness or agent of the two parties. For ink, paper, rent, trouble and time you 
 get a commission, which is always lawful, . even though through a draft there is no risk of travel, or* 
 the risk when money should be transferred to third parties, etc., as in actual exchanges, of which we 
 have spoken in its place. If you are a banker, whenever you close an account with your creditors 
 always remember to get back all the papers, documents or other writings in your own handwriting that 
 they might have. When you issue any such paper always mention it in your books so that when the 
 time comes you will remember to ask for them and to destroy them so that nobody else should appear 
 with these papers and ask money for the second time. You must always require good receipts as those 
 do who are accustomed to this kind of business. For the custom is this: If you, for instance, come 
 from Geneva to Venice with a draft on Messrs. Giovanni Freseobaldi & Co., of Florence, which draft might 
 be at sight or on a certain date or at your pleasure, and the amount were for a hundred ducats, that is, for 
 as many ducats as j-ou have paid to the drawer of the draft, then the said Messrs. Giovanni & Co., when they 
 honor the draft and give you the cash will require you to give two receipts written in your own hand- 
 writing, and if you should not know how to write, a third party or a notary public will make them out. 
 He will not be satisfied with one because he has to send one to the banker at Geneva, who wrote him to 
 pay the hundred ducats to you for his account just to show that he honored his request, and for this 
 purpose he will send to the other banker a letter enclosing your receipt written in your handwrriting. 
 The other receipt he will keep for himself on file so that in balancing with the other banker, the banker 
 could not deny the transaction, and if you should go to Geneva you could not complain of him or of 
 Mr. Giovanni for if you should complain he would show you your receipt written by yourself and you 
 would not play a beautiful part in it. All these precautions ought to be taken by necessity on account 
 of the bad faith of the present times. Out of these transactions two entries ought to be made in the 
 Ledger, one entry in the account with Mr. Giovanni, in which you shall charge the drawer of the draft, 
 {letter dc cambio) the other entry in the account of your correspondent at Geneva, crediting Mr. Giovanni 
 with that hundred ducats paid through a draft. This is the method that the bankers of all the world keep so 
 that their transaction may appear clear ; therefore you will have to take some trouble on your part and 
 try to enter everything in its own place with great care. 
 
 CHAPTER 25. 
 
 ANOTHER ACCOUNT WHICH IS USUALLY KEPT IN THE LEDGER, CALLED INCOME AND 
 EXPENSES, FOR WHICH OFTEN A SEPARATE BOOK IS USED, AND WHY. 
 
 There are some who, in their books, are accustomed to keep an account called Income and Ex- 
 penses {Entrata e uscita), in which they enter extraordinary things, or any other thing that they deem 
 proper; others keep an account called extraordinary expenses and in it they record gifts, which they 
 receive or give. They keep it as a credit and debit account, and then at the end of the year they ascertain 
 the remainder (resto) which is either a profit or a loss and transfer it to capital as you will understand when 
 we talk about the balance. But really the account we have called "'household expenses" is sufficient for 
 all this unless someone should like to keep a separate account for his own curiosity, but it would be of 
 no great value because things should be arranged as briefly as possible. In other places it is customary 
 to keep the income and expense account in a separate book which is balanced when they balance the 
 authenticated books and all other aflfairs. This custom is not to be criticized but it requires more work. 
 
 CHAPTER 26. 
 
 HOW ENTRIES SHOULD BE MADE IN MERCANTILE BOOKS RELATIVE TO TRIPS WHICH 
 YOU CONDUCT YOURSELF OR YOU ENTRUST TO OTHER PEOPLE, AND THE TWO LEDGERS 
 RESULTING THEREFROM. 
 
 Trips are made usually in two ways, either personally or through somebody else ; therefore two are 
 the ways to keep their accounts and the book always ought to be in duplicate whether the trip is made 
 by you personally or it is in charge of somebody else. One ledger is kept at home and the other one is 
 taken along and kept on the trip. If you conduct the trip yourself, for the sake of order and system, 
 you must take a new inventory also a small Ledger and small Journal among the things you take with 
 you and follow the instruction above given. If you sell or buy or exchange, you must charge and credit 
 according to the facts, persons, goods, cash, traveling capital, traveling profit and loss, etc. This is the 
 best way, no matter what other people may say. You might keep an account with the mercantile 
 house which furnishes you with the goods which you take on the trip. In this case you shall credit the 
 said house in your little Ledger and charge the different goods one by one. In this way you would 
 open your mercantile house accounts, capital account, etc., as in your main books, and coming back safe 
 and sound you would return to the mercantile house either other goods in exchange for those that you 
 took or money, and you would close the accounts with the entering in your big Ledger the respective 
 profit or loss item. In this way your business will be clear. If, however, you entrust the trip to some 
 other party, then you should charge this party with all the goods that you entrust with him, saying: 
 Per trip entrusted to so and so, etc., and you should keep an account with him, as if he were one of 
 your customers, for all goods and moneys, keeping separate accounts, etc., and he on his part will set 
 up a little Ledger in which he makes you creditor for everything. When lie comes back he will balance 
 with you ; and if your traveling salesman were in fetters (sentence remains unfinished in the original) 
 
 65
 
 ©irtindo noru-Zrartatus. x\*.^c(cnpt\sriQ 207 
 
 be I ".prira famofa owta ^ c i>iiio o rcro auano c oefauan^uoc lafabb a /tciwre Pd cjcfcr 
 no.cpLbccHjnofinierra nd^o:nalccoinmclcalrrf grirc £9p°- 17 
 
 £^ta Doppo ognialf* pri'.i '.d.M'amata oc .p c oano ovoi otre vnlc c oanofecjro- 
 ovcro auan(,icOT:fau5«,ifoaIcuopadenacilcruttcIalt*.ocItuo qder?(flp f<t?a 
 no 9 fjldarc coc m\ bilan'o fe dira.£ qfta no bifo^na fiincrta i onbinalc. nia-t>a 
 l!a folo ncl qdcr" pct3 lanafd i qllo diccofc aua^ate o rcro macatc i dare e bare 
 
 P laqlc ofrai p c Danno oie wre. £4>c oano Die bcrc.cioc q'do oaldia robba baucdc pdu 
 to.Iacni pn'.pi'u »cl tHoqdcrno rcftaflt i mrc cb i Ixrc.aloia aiurarai d fuo btrc p pcgiar 
 la al cvare ado fe faldi. w ql tanto c\k li inancaltc.oicedo. e oi'e I?crcp .p c oaiio ql cj mcrro 
 pfaldo DC qfta.ptwnno fe^to 7c.c fcgnarai Iccarti i>[p c danno ndtraz ftjoja Iaptl^£ al 
 ^ c oano andarai i oarc.wccdo 4) c oano oi'e care a oi 7c.p lata! robba.p oanno fccjto tan 
 ro 7c.pollo i qlla aldie l?crc p fuo faldo ape acarri 7c.£ fe (a foffe piu i I?ere oitta robba c5 
 i dare.aloja fareftl plo aducno..£ cofi andarai faccdo a 1 '.p 1 '.oc turtc robbc fmi'tc. ma 
 If bit S ficno andatc acio fcp:c.dtuo qdemo feritroui'paro oe pti*.aocc6 tantc fene tro 
 ui i oare ^ic i l^erc.pcB cofl fedeue ritrouarc a ftar bn 0c fe ofra nd bflando. £ cdi fucdrt 
 (a inctt vedarai fe guadagm ?i>o pdi e crro.£ qfta ptfta.poi ancoza (cj f(c6ucrra faldarc 
 I qlla !xl caucdale.laqlc c vlna oe wtti Ii qdcrnic pcofeqiuercceptaculo 6 tutrc Icafr'. coe 
 itcdcrai 7C. £omiiie fe ocbmo rcpo2tare innan^c le ptfre dl quadcrno.qti foiTero pie 
 ne e in cbc luoco faWn po:tare d rcfto.a do no fia pfa nialiria nd quadcrno. £ap°. 2 8. 
 ^co?a ewanotarc cpdo 1 ".pnta e piena.o i oare 1 bere dx no uifinipo mctter 
 pm b tfogna pojtarla innate iincdiatc a turtc lalt'no lafdado fpado nd qdemo 
 f ra d oirto rcpojto.c lalt'.pn'^B fc rcputaria fraude nd lib? £ deucfc repojtarc 
 i qfto modo.coe Oifop'.oiccnio t faldarlc i ^ c oano.cofi ncli repo:n.i!oj ntcdc 
 time com'efe obPiia:e i Dare c i bere fc^a nicttczlc in (ojnale pc5 li rcpo2ti no bifogna poner 
 lii (02nalc beet? fipotrebbead?^ volene c verria a refpodac anco2bii.ma no fa bifog^-pcb 
 fe Ixna q((a farica.fHU fc^a frutto.ficbc bifogna aiutar la minor ly '.doe fde.piu in dare cB i 
 bere oirra pti^oi ql tantoaiuta d fuo bc:e 7c.£ p er°.dM'«ro rcncmettaro 4 1 *• e mcttiamo 
 dx £Bartino IwWa fatto c6 teco coto logo oc piu pni'-i raodo.clx lafua porta fia.oarepo? • 
 tar c.efia nd tuo qder°.a carti.',o.eIulti*.ptir'.cc tutro d qdcr'.fia a carti.eo.i (,ima.c ala mc 
 dcfima fa^ata fia luogo oapotcruianeo?a locarc qlla oc £Bnrt''.£ fiatc 6biro d ofrto S- 8e 
 f 1 J.gi^.p.24.odiqUiniuttotcnabia oato.^ 72.f 9.g.',.p.i7.oieocbcbatradfuobcrcdf 
 fuooarc.doc. 72'9.'5.«7.rcfta.S gf^g^f p7.£ octantolooeuipojtarBcbirorc auanri.£ 
 rcqllomcdefimooeuiaiutarc (aprira in bere.cofraicofi.aoi.7c.p lui medcoql po2ro auan 
 ri in qdo aloia oare p rdlo ql p6go 4 p faldo. S^8f6g5^p7.Vflla cani.6o. S f g-p £ V>pcnc 
 rai lapti^ in oare e in Ijcrc c6 1 Mmea oiametraliter.£ fatto qfto andarai a C3rti.6o.in oaf 
 £po2rai oitro rcfto poncdo fc'p2C oifop^p^fen^ ci foflc d Gb° coe oinan^e fo oiifo. £ot r 
 rai cofiiOdartino oic oarea oi 7C.p lui medemo p rcfto tiatto oa 02ieto in qfto po(io aldtc 
 bere p faldo 6 qlla. val acarti'.^o.^ 8 f 6 g j p 7.£ qfto mcdefi? modo obfuarai in tunepn* 
 d?e l^flHcfTc a rcpo2tare auanti incatcnandolc al modo oitto e f c^a interuallo aldio.po cb fc 
 p?e Ic ptit'.fi wgliajio poncrc c6e nafcano i> luogo.fito.oi.c milefi? ado nilu te polTi calu 
 niarctc. b d modo a faperc mutare d mdcfimo nd quaderno fra Ic panitc cbc ala ^0? 
 nata acafcauo.quando cgni anno n6n (i faldafi li lib:i. Capitolo. 2 9* 
 
 ©rria eff' aleuolte cbc nde tue ptitc in quaderno. tu l?aucfli a mutar milefi? £ 
 no.baueffe rald3to.alo2a Ditto mifefi'.oeui jxjnere in margine aru>erto oitta pn 
 ta cb cofi e naia.coe fo oetto fop2a incap.i S° £ tuttc laltre dx la fcc^rcranno fe 
 intcderanno al Ditto mile? flOa fep:e e buono ocfaldarc ognanno.maicimc dyi 
 t in cop^'pdx d ^ucrbio oici ragion fpcfw amifla I6ga.£ e oft farai a tuttc fimili. 
 
 £ommefc ocbia Icuarc w conto al ocbit02e d?clo oomflndaflc.c aneo2a al fuo patroc 
 fiando fato?c c commdTo oc tutia la aminiflratione oc le robbe £apitoIo. 5°^ 
 
 5fogna olcra li oati oocumeti-fapc leuarc vncotO al tuo dcbit02C eP tc lodomi 
 [[ dafic. £1 qfe no fi po dc ragi'on ncgare.pftim qxio co kco baudfe tenuto conto 
 logo, de piu anni c mefi 7c.alo2a faratc da p2in? S in ficmi' 1 >auefte afare.o da as 
 fro termine cb lui d volefle qpoo fira voi foflero ftati altn faldi da ql rpO cb loro 
 Icpcrvnavolta volciiticnlilclcua.£defutto farai vna parrira in vnfoglio d?e uicapa. 
 £q'doin.i'. fadaMoncapiflefaldarairutto qucllodxUlwucrui polio. cpc2rcrflidrdTO 
 oalaltro lato del foglio in dare.orero l?auerc commo nd capirolo.: 8°. fo deHO.£ ra con - 
 timiaMdo.£alultimo.reduno inrefto ncttoouna fola parnta in dare obaucrfccondo 
 dK bnafccra. £ qudh" tali conti (i uogliano !cu«r€ con grandillSlma dilfgcniia. 
 
 66
 
 CHAPTER 27. 
 
 ANOTHER WELL-KNOWN ACCOUNT NAMED PROFIT AND LOSS, OR PROFIT AND DEFI- 
 CIT. HOW IT SHOULD BE KEPT IN THE LEDGER AND WHY IT IS NOT KEPT IN THE 
 JOURNAL AS THE OTHER ACCOUNTS. 
 
 After the other accounts, there must follow one which Is n;uned variously, according to different localities, Favor 
 and Damage (Pro a Oanno), or Profit and Damage {Utile a Danno) , or Increase and Deficit {Avanzi e Desavanzi). 
 Into this other accounts in the Ledger have their remainders, as we will show when we speaic of the trial balance. 
 You should not put these entries in the Journal, but only in the Ledger, as they originate from overs or shorts in the 
 debits and credits, and not from actual transactions. You shall open the account this way: 
 
 Profit and Loss debit [dee dare— shall give), and Profit and Loss credit (dee havere — shall have). 
 
 That is, if you had sustained a loss in a special line of merchandise and in this account in your Ledger would 
 show less in the credit than the debit, then you will add the difference (saldo) to the credit so as to make it balance, 
 and you shall enter as follows: 
 
 Credit (dee havere — shall have), per Profit and Loss, so much, which I enter here in order to balance on account 
 of Joss sustained — and so on, and you will mark the page of the Profit and Loss account where you write down the 
 entry. Then you go to the Profit and Loss account and in the debit column you shall enter as follows: 
 
 Profit and Loss debit (dee dare — shall give), on this day, to such and such loss sustained, so much — which has 
 been entered in the credit of said merchandise account in order to balance it at page so and so. If the account of this 
 special merchandise would show a profit instead of loss- — that is, more in the credit than in the debit — then you will 
 proceed in the opposite way. The same you shall do one by one for all accounts with merchandise or different things, 
 whether they show good or bad results, so that your Ledger always shows the accounts in balance — that is, as much 
 In the debit as in the credit. This is the condition the Ledger will be in if it is correct, as I will explain to you when 
 I am talking of the balance. In this way you will see at a glance whether you are gaining or losing, and how much. 
 And this account must then be transferred for its closing (saldo) into the capital account, which is always the last 
 in all the ledgers and is consequently the receptacle of all other accounts, as you will understand. 
 
 CHAPTER 28. 
 
 HOW FULL ACCOUNTS IN THE LEDGER SHOULD BE CARRIED FORWARD AND THE 
 PLACE TO WHICH THEY MUST BE TRANSFERRED SO THAT NO CROOKEDNESS CAN BE 
 PRACTICED IN THE LEDGER. 
 
 You should know that when an account has been filled out, either in the debit or in the credit, and you cannot 
 make any more entries in the space reserved for such an account, you must at once carry this account forward to a 
 page after all your other accounts, so that there is no space left in the Ledger between this transferred account and 
 the last of the other accounts. Otherwise it would be considered a fraud. It must be carried forward in the manner 
 which we have given above when writing about the balancing of profit and loss. In making the transfers, you should 
 make entries on the debit and credit sides only, without making any entry in the Journal. Transfers are not made in 
 the Journal; still, if you so desired, you might do that and it would be all right; but it Is not necessary, because it 
 would be that much more trouble without any necessity. All that need be done is to increase the smaller quantity — 
 that Is, if the account shows more in the debit than in the credit, you ought to add the difference to the credit. I will 
 give you, now, an example of one of these transfers: 
 
 Let us suppose that Martino has had a long account with you of several transactions, so that his account should 
 be transferred from ledger page 30. Suppose further that the last account of your book Is at page 60, and is at the 
 top of said page, so that on the same page there is space enough to transfer the Martino account. Suppose that there 
 Is on debit side, L 80, S 15, G 15, P 24; and the credit shows that he has given you, L 72, S 9, G 3, P 17. Deducting 
 the credit from the debit, there is a remainder (resta) of: L 8, S 6, G 5, P 7. This is the amount that you should 
 bring forward to the debit side of the new page, and on the old page you must add the same amount In the credit 
 column to make it balance, saying as follows: 
 
 On such and such day, etc., per himself, I bring forward (porta avanti) this amount to the debit side as a re- 
 mainder (resta), and the same amount I enter here per closing (saldo), that is: L 8, S 6, G 5, P 7. see at page 60: 
 
 L , S , G , P 
 
 And you shall cancel the account both on the debit and credit side with a diagonal line. After that, you will 
 go to page 60 and shall enter in the debit column the said remainder, always writing down at the top of the page the 
 year, if none already has been mentioned, as has been said above. You shall enter there as follows: 
 
 Martino debit on such and such day per himself, as per remainder (resta) taken from the page of his old ac- 
 count and therein entered per closing (saldo), see page 30: L8, S6, G5, P7. 
 
 This is the way for you to proceed with all occounts that you should transfer: Place them, as I have told you, 
 without leaving any space in between. The accounts should be opened in the order in which they originate in such 
 place and at such time, so that nobody can speak evil of you. 
 
 CHAPTER 29. 
 
 HOW TO CHANGE THE YEAR IN THE LEDGER BETWEEN TWO SUCCESSIVE ENTRIES 
 IN CASE THE BOOKS ARE NOT CLOSED EVERY YEAR. 
 
 It might be that you must change the year in your ledger accounts before you balance it. In this case, you 
 should write the year in the margin before the first entry of the new year, as has been previously said at Chapter 
 15; all the following entries should be understood as having occurred during that year. 
 
 But it is always good to close the books each year, especially if you are In partnership with others. The proverb 
 says: Frequent accounting makes for long friendship. Thus you will do in similar cases. 
 
 CHAPTER 30. 
 
 HOW AN ABSTRACT OR STATEMENT OF AN ACCOUNT SHOULD BE MADE TO A DEBT- 
 OR WHO MIGHT REQUEST IT, OR FOR YOUR EMPLOYER IN CASE YOU ARE MANAGER OR 
 COMMISSIONER OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF HIS PROPERTY. 
 
 In addition, you must know how to make an abstract or a statement of an account if your debtor requests it. 
 This is a favor that cannot be refused, especially if your debtor has had an account with you for years or months, 
 etc. In this case you should go away back to the time when you began to have transactions with him, or back to the 
 time from which he desires to have his statement, in case you have had previous settlements. And you should do 
 this willingly. You should copy all his account on a sheet of paper large enough to contain it all. If it should not 
 be large enough, you will draw a balance at the end of the page and shall carry the latter. In debit or credit, forward 
 to the other side of the sheet, as I told you at Chapter 28. And so on, until the end of the account, and at the end 
 you must reduce the whole account to the net remainder In a single entry in debit or credit, according to the facts. 
 These statements must be made out very carefully. 
 
 67
 
 aiftinctionona.rncfafusjri'. ©efcripturia • 
 
 £ <ifto modo obf-uarai ndi fato tuoi .ppri).c fuoi aucro?i Ohi fc ti) ainiftralTc & aln*. p ufS 
 OC acomadc.o oc c6m!fioi.aIo:3 fi'milmt-te cofi lo Icuar .n al parroc coc 6 potolbarai' nollo 
 al lib:o.faccJX>rc crcditojc 0€ tpo i tpo oelc nwi ^mfioj fo vf i pam.£ poi i flitc p rcHo net 
 to.od r?rrarto.farafc fuo oebitox.o vcro ccditoK <j'dp cvc! tBoltlwuclTc mclTo.c lui pot lore 
 ucdara.potadolo. c6 UTuoi. £ trouidolo (hr tunctc vojra inealio.£ piu te fidara.p djcbi 
 fogna cix DC runo qllo tc a oatoo inandaro cl)C ocl rcccucrc a Ifc oi rua mano li nc afc (Xni 
 aminilh-anoni o?diiiatain£tf.£ po nora bene. £ p laucrfo farai m (euario a ruoi farton. o 
 vero comcfirfimifiter. Cf>a p'.cbe fo2a fc oieno li conti ft uocjliano ben pontarc c6 tutrc lo 
 ro pnrc i qdcrno i gio:nale c meino2i3le.£ con rutti luogbi cbe laiicffe fcritte acio no nafcef 
 fc crro.'c fra Ic pri. belmodo e o:dinc a Tape retratpre.o vero ifto:narc i ^ o piu pnrc 
 dx p erro?e baueflTc pofte i air? luogo cb ooiiefTero adare coc auene p fmcoragie. *rap? : . . 
 3nco?a necefTario al bon quadcrtn'cri fapcrc rctrattarc . o voi ©ire fto?na 
 
 re ala fiorenrinavni parnta d?e per erro?e baucftcpoHa in alrro luogo dxd- 
 la oouclTe andarc • coinnie fe laaeflc mclTa in oare. 6 oouiala ponerc in baucre 
 £rccontra.£quandooouia po:la atomo oc«nj*>3rrino£luiIann'(Teaconto 
 cctiuanict cc6tra.-|fc>cro cl?e ale roire non fi po tanto eflcre arcnro cbe non fi falli comme el 
 p:ouerbio fona. £ioe cbt non fa non falla. £ d.-»i non fall j non<mpar3.£peroinrefrat/ 
 tarla.tirraiqflo inodoXiocflpdolJancl^mcflfa Iaprira.poniamo1,ioarceoou(a andarein 
 haucre p rerrala pon*aine i '.aU^.aUconrro oelTa i bauerc jxql taiiro oe poiuo. £ oiraijn q 
 fto modo a ot-rcp alrretanro pofto oincontro al oie cmrcf ooufa mctterla cj i baucrevol 
 a carti 'rc.£ tra fo?a qlle mdeffme.S.P.g.p.cbe ponelh p erro.£ oenanvc a ditta ptita forai 
 I'.croci'.o alrro fegno. acio Icuando tu elcoto laucgbi alaffare.f fubiro porta qf^a p rerrar 
 to.cb c ^to fcnulla bauelft fcrirtooel ocuere.£ m poi la rf poni i oirto bauerc coe oouia an 
 darccTbra bri. £omme fe debbia fareclbilancio oel lib?o e ocl modo a repojtare rn 
 lib20 in laltJo.doe elqdemo vcd^io nd quadcrno nuoiio c od modo a pontario con lo fuo 
 giojnalee memojialc e ain't fconn-i oerro c oifuo:e ocl Ditto qnaderno, £ap"'. tz. 
 "Clefte cofe finoja be notare bifogna lx»?a oar modo al rcpozto oc vn lib?o in lal 
 tro.cpdo uoldTemutar libjo.p tagione dx foffc picnoo vero p 02dine annualc 
 ocmilcfimo coed piu ficoliiima' fare pluod>ifamorid?eog:nianno. marimc 
 amileftmi-nuoiri li gran mercatanti fep?c lo obf iiano. £ qfjo arto infiemi con li 
 fc^nti.£ Ttetto dbilando eel libro.laql cofa voler fet^rebifogna grandilTinia oiligcria.e p 
 wdinc nrrai qllo modo.cioe -^.farai oc bauerc m copagno.dx mal pojrefti p tc folo f^r 
 lo.£ alui oarai in mano el gio'znalc p piu tua cautella. £ tu rirrai el qdenio grande c oira i 
 aluigomc^ando oalap'.pfitandgi'oinaledjecbiamile carti od tuo qdcrno. ooue qUa 
 fia pofta.pM oare c poii bauere.£ cofi ni lubbidirai.£ iroi!craifep?e oouc te manda. £ ql 
 K dirala ptira oe cB ooed>ila (Tra.£flrw Iw clfuo tratto fo?c. fcofitnvcdaraiiql ral luo 
 go none te manda.fe bauci^i ql c5.o ql cW. £ ql tantoapckaro rrartro foK.£ rrouodadola 
 ftare aponto coe i giojnale l9ncarala.£i9e pontajaJa. ovcro farali qlcbc fegno alibito i fu Ic 
 %.o altrouc cbe non te 3bagliaflfc.£ ql ral fegno o vero lan^ata c\x cofi in altri luocW fi co 
 ftuma oir.oiraidx fa^adcopagno nd giomale.ala medcfima pti'. £ guarda dxmaitu fc 
 $a lui nc lui fcn<;a re potaflc.ovcro la^^ifle ptira alciia pdx po:rcbe naftere gradi crroji.po 
 dx la prita porata dx Hi vol oirc ftar bilcol ocbito modo. £ qllo ancoza (e obf ua i leuar 
 K conn a ocbicon nan^c dx li le oagbi in mano |>auerio fcorrato e pontato c6 li luocbi bl 
 qdano c i>cl gio?nal€ o oalrri luocW dx aucflfe notat^ oirte'ptirc coe fopja al.^o.ca? fo 6t 
 to:£ fatto qllo p o?dinc a tutro d qdcrno cgio?nale.£ trouando m aponto cocluii dare c 
 l?aucre le pnte firan giufle ebcn pollc.jfJora cftlui nd giornalc pbona memoria fara rxti 
 lan^atC'O vero pot i a i -".fola ptita.£ tit nd qdcrno uie'i fo!o afarne i *.p pti'. fi coc cnina pti* 
 cc giornalcin qdcrno fcne fa XK>i cofi fa ooiponrt.£ po ncl ponrare od bilancio i gibna^ 
 le acB c buono far ooi poti liio fotto lalt°.ale §; .o ucro ooildcate i '.fotto lalt^cH oinop m 
 ta priMtar bff i oare e bere al qder? Blcaind giornalc p lodarc porano oauJti 3l.p.£ plo 
 Iwucre 02iero ale l coc fc fia Itio e lalt ". Ha bn. j^o oimcno fi p^^na far acoja c6 1 -".poiani 
 ra fola i gibjnale.cioc folo p lo wrc.pdx ru poi per tcflelfo ix)?relli potitarclbancrc a qual 
 partita dx bai in oare nd quadcrno fenip?e fc manda per dx fubiio m l>ai quiui d nuinero 
 ode carti' oouc ffa Ibaucre quando bene qnd ocl giornalc non tc mandaflir ficlx fconrran ^ 
 dote tu con lui folo indare per r c (IdTb pe>:rci\i fcquirc lo bauerc ma piu commodo re fia c6 
 locompagno a modo virto.Qba fe fojniro d gio:nalc oc potarc a tc auanafc in quadcrno 
 ptita alcua dx non ucnitTe porata in oare o in bauerc ocnorana nd quade nio cli:r crrof . 
 d'oedx qlla fcranc poHa fupfUia in ql bare o vero bauerc. dqua! crro:e tu fubito rerrana' 
 
 68
 
 The following is the way you have to proceed in adjusting your own business with the business of 
 your employer. But if you should act for others as an agent or commissioner, then you will make out 
 a statement for your employer just as it appears in the ledger, crediting yourself from time to time 
 with your commissions according to your agreements. Then at the end you shall charge yourself with 
 the net remainder, or you shall credit yourself if you had to put in any money of your own. Your 
 employer will then go through this statcmeut, compare it with his own book, and if he finds it correct, he will 
 like you better and trust you more. For this reason, of all tlie things that he gave or sent you, you should 
 with your own handwriting keep an orderly account when you receive them. Observe this carefully. 
 
 On tlie contrary, if you are tlie employer, you may have your managers or commissioners make out 
 these statements for you. But before these statements are delivered they ought to be compared care- 
 fully with each entry in the Ledger, Journal and Memorandum Book, or with any other paper relative 
 thereto, so that no mistake could be made between the parties. 
 
 CHAPTER 31. 
 
 HOW TO TAKE OUT ONE OR MORE ENTRIES WHICH BY MISTAKE YOU MIGHT HAVE 
 ENTERED IN A DIFFERENT PLACE FROM THE RIGHT ONE. WHICH MAY HAPPEN THROUGH 
 
 ABSENTMINDEDNESS. 
 
 The good bookkeeper should also know how to take out — or as they call it in Florence "stornare" — 
 an entry which by mistake you might have written down in the wrong place as, for instance, if you had 
 entered it as a debit instead of a credit entry ; or when you have to enter it in the account of Mr. Mar- 
 tino and you put it in the account of Mr. Giovanni. 
 
 P^r at times you cannot be so diligent that you are unable to make mistakes. The proverb says : 
 He who does nothing, makes no mistakes : he who makes no mistakes, learns nothing. 
 
 And you shall correct this entry as follows: If you had placed this entry in the debit column 
 while you should have put it in the credit column, in order to correct this, you shall make another 
 entry opposite this one in the credit for the same amount. And you shall say thus : On such and such 
 day for the amount which has been entered opposite here under the debit and should have been put in 
 
 the credit, see page, etc., and you shall write down in the column of figures: L S G P 
 
 which you wrote down by mistake in the other column. In front of these two entries you shall mark 
 a cross or any other mark so that when you make out an abstract or statement of the account you 
 should leave these entries out. After you have made this correction it is just as if you had written 
 nothing in the debit column. You then make the entry in the credit column as it should have been 
 and everything will be as it should have been. 
 
 CHAPTER 32. 
 
 HOW THE BALANCE OF THE LEDGER IS MADE AND HOW THE ACCOUNTS OF AN OLD 
 LEDGER ARE TRANSFERRED TO A NEW ONE. 
 
 After all we have said you must know now how to carry forward the accounts from one Ledger 
 to another if you want to have a new Ledger for the reason that the old one is all filled up or because 
 another year begins, as is customary in the best known places, especially at Milan where the big mer- 
 chants renew every year their Ledgers. 
 
 This operation, together with the operations of which we will speak, is called the balancing {bilan- 
 cio) of the Ledger, and if you want to do this well you shall do it with great diligence and order. That 
 is, first you shall get a helper as you could hardly do it alone. You give him the Journal for greater 
 precaution and you shall keep the Ledger. Then you tell him, beginning with the first entry in the 
 Journal, to call the numbers of the pages of your Ledger where that entry has been made, first in debit 
 and then in credit. Accordingly in turn you shall obey him and shall always find the page in the Ledger 
 that he calls and you shall ask him what kind of an entry it is, that is, for what and for whom, and you 
 shall look at the pages to which he refers to see if you find that item and that account. If the amount is 
 the same, call it out. If you find it there the same as in the journal, check it (lanzarala — mark it with 
 a lance A or V) or dot it (pontarala) , or any proper mark over the lire mark, or in some other place, 
 so that you can readily see it. You ask your helper to make a similar mark or check — as we are used to 
 call it in some places — in the Journal at the same entry. Care must be taken that no entry will be dotted 
 (pontata) either by you without him, or by him without you, as great mistakes might be made otherwise, 
 for once the entry is dotted it means that it is correct. The same is done in making out statements of 
 accounts for your debtors before you deliver them. They should have been compared with the Ledger 
 and Journal, or with any other writing in which the entries of the transaction have been recorded, as 
 we have said at Chapter 30. 
 
 After you have proceeded in this way through all the accounts of the Ledger and Journal and found that the two 
 books correspond in debit and credit. It will mean that all the accounts are correct and the entries entered correctly. 
 Take care that your helper shall mark each entry in the Journal with two dots or little lances; In the ledger you 
 mark down only one for each entry because you know that for each entry in the Journal there are two made in the 
 Ledger, therefore, the two dots or lances. 
 
 In making this balance it is good if you mark in the Journal two dots or lances under the lire, one under the 
 other. This will mean that the entry is correct in debit and credit in the Ledger. Some use these marks in the 
 Journal: They put a mark before the per for the debit and after the lire for the credit. Any way both customs are 
 good, however, one single mark in the Journal might be enough, that is, only the debit mark, because you can then 
 mark yourself the credit side on the page of the Ledger where that entry is as this page is mentioned in the debit en- 
 try in your ledger. It will then not be necessary for your helper to call to you this credit page. So that by compar- 
 ing only the debit side with him you could yourself check the credit side. But it would be more convenient for you 
 If you proceed with your helper in the manner above said. 
 
 After you have finished checking off the Journal, if you find in the Ledger some account or entry which has 
 not been checked off in debit or credit, this would indicate that there has been some mistake in the Ledger, that is, 
 that that entry is superfluous whether in the debit or credit, and you shall correct this error 
 
 69
 
 Tii9ticdchmcic(ima $'.almcontro.doc fc la fira cc piu m Wixt. £m altr« tanto po?rai'ut 
 baucre. £t ccotriJ. laqlccfa coe fabu adi'rrarc oifopja tc fo Dctto alcap^.pccdctt. £ cofiba 
 rat mcdfcflto tutto.£l mcddinio km q^do lui bnuctk tn giD2nalc prita fuj^flua. clx a tc ncl 
 quadcmo inJcaflfein rare o in baucre clx pur fallond quademo ocnotarebbc. £1 quale ft 
 Ctuc rcparc a( modo contrario ccl fugflao.£ioc ibe ni aloja ritta gti'ra fubiro lapongbi t 
 99rttm bawrcin quadcrno.feccndo nicrioncccla vancta ccl ^omo.gcfx lanafccra mol' 
 to piu tarda in qusdcmo dsc l\o oouia. £>elc quad' uanctB.rcp:c elbo quadcrnicro r>cuc far 
 nc mciion(QdxlcnM?mo p Icuanlfufpetio Od IiV.amodo d bon notaro nclifuoimllro 
 mcti.ncquali non po nc giongnerc nc fmlnoirc fcn^a pticularc mcrione dc tal aiigiimcto, o 
 vcro occrcmcnto.coft ftpzc tal rcTpitto c5u^ dx (la ncl boo quadcmicri. ado la nalita mcr 
 cantcfca.ccbftamfte k fCHga amatitcnttt.fl^a fc la oi'tta gn'ta.folo mancal^ oal D3:c o oa 
 lf>3uerc.alo» bafta la pongbt i '.fda voIta.t>a q( tal laro ooue lainancaffccoit jnttc mcnti'o 
 m.€K)( coc p errox lai fmc tc.£ coft' barai'tuttc inflate tuc pn're.lcquali trouaitdolc a M 
 fcontricocc hiCco2(o ocnoradtuo quadcmo ccrgfufloc ben tcnuto.tlndcnotadxneldilt 
 to quaderno firano a leuoltc moltc ^c non pontatc con lo fcontro oel gi'ojnalc p dxnon 
 fi bano an'trouarc incfli).£ qfic (Kranno U rttti po(h* al ofc dare.oin bmcrc q faldi t>clc g / 
 ii'tc nd portaricbauanti c6c wccmo in lo cap°.28.alo:a r>a tc ftcfTo oi qlli talirdh* troucrai 
 Itsitto qdcmo fuoi fcontri.doc in wrc.£ 61 baucrc.rc^Morc p lo n'. r»f Ic earn' cB ila oitta 
 ptita notatc firano.£ tronado (ccmo a fuoi luogW^udi'ca finiilincfcclqdcrno dar IMi 7C. 
 £ qllo cbc fi'no?3 fedctto dd fcotro od quadcmo con lo giojnalc.d fmnlc intedi' p^doucHK 
 Tare del mcmozialc d uc:o fqoartafoglfo c6 logi'ornalc J di p di. $do vfaffi tcncr mcJiwzia 
 Ic a modo cbc in p^indpio di 4^0 tratrato dc luirc diri.c coric6 tuttialtri libn tcndTcC^ 
 [ultimo conucn cflcrc clquadcmo-do pcnultimo dgfoznalc.Jdco 7c. 
 
 fc>d modo e o^dinc afcriucrc Icfaccndc cbc^curclTcro ml tempo cbc fi fa dbiTando-cioe 
 cbc fifaldano lilib?i.c commc ncli libn ucd^inpn fiwbia fcriucrc ncinnouarc cofa olcuw 
 I'n Ditto tempo elacagioncpercbc. £ap°. 3?, 
 
 Otte qrtccofc o:dinatamcntc fattecobfcruatcguardanoninnouaflTcpiu gti* 
 in alc0 lib?o antiano al quadcrno.aoc immcmo:iaIc.£ gio2nalc.pcrd3C cl faTdo 
 tutto oc turn' li Kb:i lcp« fl ocuc in tcndcrc farto in i ".mcdefimo ^ojno iJBa fc fa 
 ccndc tc acaocffc in ql mc<i^o dx fai d nio faldo vcro bilancio. po?ralc in librf 
 
 nucnji ncquali intedi fare rc[K>jtojd<x in lomcmonf Ico vcrogiojnalc.nia no in quaderntj 
 
 !>fintantodxnonlibaipo2tatilirclh'ocl p- quadcrno.£feanco:a non f?aiicflrco:dinat< 
 ibn' nuout pozraiTc faccdc con ft fuoiicozni oagte in 1 '.f foglio p fin firan (am cittt libzi. £ 
 aloja li lcpon*ai^gTWti cbc firaii tutti i)c nuouo fcgho. £ioc fe qllidx faldi fira fegnati.cro 
 ci c\f{i fcgna de.B.7c. £6mc fc ocbiano faldarc tuttc Icptirc Dcl qdcrnovcc bio.c I dJi 
 tgcbctcoc la ffimaf5maruoclnarccncl«ucrc Initio fcontro 33d bilado. £ap? 54. 
 
 Btto c5 barai qfto co oilcgcfla.^ tu oatc faldarai tutto dtuo qdcmo agtita g 
 gti*4 qfto modo.cPp'.comc^araioalacafla ocbito2i.robbccaucnto«'.£qadle 
 poaaraiin lib:o.5. doc in quadcmo nuouo clx non bifogna coc fo cctto oifo 
 p:a lirdh poncrc ingibmalc. fummarai tiittc lo: gtite in dare c baucre aiutado 
 fcprc lamcno:c coc tc ■^ti. (op:^ ocl ponarc auati.clx qfto atto oc i ? quaderno in laltro.£ 
 cc poro rfmilc aqllo c fra lo:o non c altra oiflfcrcntta fcnon clx in qllo drefto fi p02ta auart 
 ti nd mcddimo quadcrno.£ in ql^o oc 1 ? lib?o in la!rro.£ vouc m qllo cbjamam' le carti d 
 ql lib:o ^jpjio in qfto fid?fama Iccam' ocUtb:o fcqucre in modo clx nd rcpojto w vn Vb20 
 in laltro.fdo i *.uolta p dafcSo quaderno fc mcttc lapti't3.£ qfta progatiua a lirfrima gti'ta 
 fcmp;c odiquadernicbcnullalrra mai po baucre c6c nd pcdfo mto bai notato.£ wucflc 
 tdl rrpojto cofi oitarcdoc mcttiamo clx tu babia.^l^artino oebifo:c g rcflo ndlo tuo c|U9 
 dcrHo.crod.acarri.6o.oc.S 1 2.P 1 S-q, lo.p 2^.£ babilo aportarcin quaderno. B.acarti.g: 
 iHdare teconucn nd Iftwocrodalutarclbauere.coucdiraicofiddottoatottclaltrcparfiftt 
 £ a di tc.poncdo fempjc d mcdcfimo di.dx fai dbilando. p liii nicdcmo po?to in quadcr 
 no. M. sldtc dare per rcfto qual q pogo per faldo dc qucfta val acarti.g. S » 2 .f » ^g ro.p 26 
 £ dcpennaraila dsrta partita in dare e Ixiucrc diamctralitcr c6c nd rcpo:to tc iiifcgnai po- 
 nedo lafnma clc tiitta laptit a fotto ncl capo dc ditta ptira in dare c in Ixrcvrioc tatoda liia 
 lato $to da lalt°.ado pa a locbio fubito ftar biic iqlc coc fc rccerca.al bo Csldo. poncdo n« 
 trar foja.d numcro dele earn dd quadcmo. 5. done tal refto porri. £ poi in lo quadcmo* 
 5. in dare dirai cofi pji'ma poncndo fop:3 indma de la carra.d Tuo milcftmo.£l giomo nc 
 ti partita per lacafonc dctta fopja 19 lo cap.i S*,ds)c ^Bartfno ddtale 7c.dic dare adi.Tog 
 
 70
 
 by making an entry for the same amount in the opposite side— that is, if the superfluous entry was in the 
 debit, you make an entry on the credit side, or vice versa. And how you should proceed to correct the error 
 I have told you in the preceding chapter. The same would be done in case your helper finds some entry ^ 
 which your ledger did not show whether in the debit or credit column, which also would indicate an error 
 in the ledger and should be corrected in a different way. That is, you should make that entry or open 
 that account in the debit or credit, mentioning the different dates, as the entry would be made later than 
 it should have been. A good bookkeeper should always mention why such differences arise, so that the 
 books are above suspicion ; thus the notary public in his instruments need not mention what has been added 
 or omitted. Thus the good bookkeeper must act so that the mercantile reputation be kept up. 
 
 But if the said entry should have been entered on only one side, debit or credit, then it would be suffi- 
 cient for you to put it where it is missing, mentioning how it happened through mistake, etc. So you will 
 go on through all your accounts and, if they agree, you know that your Ledger is right and well kept. 
 
 You must know that there may be found in the Ledger some entries which are not in the Journal and 
 cannot be found in the Journal. These are the difference between the debit and credit placed there to 
 close {per saldi) the different accounts when they are carried forward, as we have said in Chapter 28. Of 
 these balances or remainders, you will find their correlative entries in the Ledger, whether in debit or credit, 
 on the page indicated in these accounts. When you find each correlative entry in its proper place, you 
 may conclude that your Ledger is in proper order. 
 
 What we have said so far about comparing the Ledger with the Journal, should be observed also in 
 comparing the memorandum book or scrap book with the Journal, day by day, if you use the memorandum 
 book, in the manner I spoke about at the beginning of this treatise. If you have other books, you should 
 do the same. The last book to be compared should be the Ledger, the next to the last the Journal. 
 
 CHAPTER 33. 
 
 HOW THE TRANSACTIONS WHICH MIGHT OCCUR WHILE YOU BALANCE YOUR BOOKS 
 SHOULD BE RECORDED. AND HOW IN THE OLD BOOKS NO ENTRY SHOULD BE MADE OR 
 CHANGED DURING THAT TIME, AND REASONS WHY. 
 
 Aiter you have regularly done and observed all these things, see that no new entry is made in any 
 book which comes before the Ledger — that is, in the memorandum book and Journal — because the equal- 
 izing or closing (el salrlo) of all the books should be understood to take place on the same day. But if, while 
 you are balancing you books, some transactions should occur, you shall enter them in the new books to which 
 you intend to carry forward the old ones — that is, in the memorandum book or Journal, but not in the Led- 
 ger, until you have carried forward all the different accounts of the old Ledger. If you have not yet a new 
 set of books, then you will record these transactions and their respective explanations on a separate sheet of 
 paper until the books are ready. When the new books are ready, you enter them in these books which shall 
 bear new marks — that is, if the old ones that you are balancing now were marked with a cross, then you 
 should mark these new ones with the capital letter A. 
 
 CHAPTER 34. 
 
 HOW ALL THE ACCOUNTS OF THE OLD LEDGER SHOULD BE CLOSED AND WHY. 
 ABOUT THE GRAND TOTALS OF THE DEBITS AND CREDITS, WHICH IS THE PREPARA- 
 TION OF THE TRIAL BALANCE. 
 
 After you have done this earefuUy, you shall close your Ledger accounts in this way: You should 
 commence first with cash account, then the different debtors, then the merchandise, and then your custom- 
 ers. Transfer the remainders in Ledger A, that is, in the new Ledger. You should not, as I have said 
 above, transfer the remainders in the new Journal. 
 
 You shall add all the different entries in debit and in credit, always adding to the smaller side the 
 difference, as I have told you above when explaining the carrying forward of tlie remainder. These two 
 accounts are practically the same thing ; the only difference is that in the first case the remainder was car- 
 ried forward to another page of the same Ledger, while in this instance it is carried forward from one 
 Ledger to another. While in the first instance you would mark down the new page of the same Ledger, in 
 this case you mark down the page of the new Ledger; making the transfer from one ledger to another, 
 any account should appear only once in each ledger. This is a peculiarity of the last entry of the accounts 
 of the Ledgers. 
 
 In making the transfer, you should proceed as follows : Let us suppose that the account of Mr. Mar- 
 tino has a debit remainder (rcxto) in your "Cross" Ledger at page 60 of L 12, S. 15, G 10. P. 26, 
 
 and you want to transfer it to Ledger A at page 8 in debit; in the "Cross" Ledger j-ou have to add to 
 the credit column and you shall put the following at the end of all the other entries: On such and such 
 day — putting down always the same day in which you do the balancing [lilancio) — per himself as posted 
 to Ledger A to the debit, per remainder (resto), wliich amount I add here in order to close (saldo) — 
 value ; see page 8 : L 12, S 15, G 10, P 26. 
 
 And then you shall cancel the accoimt in the debit and credit diagonally, as I have told you in talk- 
 ing about the bringing forward of the accounts. Then put down the total of all the entries, in tlie debit 
 as well as in the credit, so that the eye can see at a glance that it is all even. You shall also write 
 down at the new page in Ledger A, in the debit column, as follows: First j'ou put down at the top of 
 the page the year, and you put the day in front of the place where you make the entry for the reason 
 mentioned in Chapter 15, then you say, Mr. Martino so and so, debit (dec dure — shall give) on such and 
 such day 
 
 71
 
 ©fftdicrto nona.rracfaf He.,ri'^c fcriptuiis 
 
 (ui" mcdotio p nfio tratto ocl Jibjourodpofto al oi'c l?allcrf per faldo W qlta.val a car. 60. 
 S 1 2.J5 1 s-S" lo-P 26.£ cofj andaraf faldldotuttclf prifc ncl lib'.crad.c5ru mcdi portarc 
 i qdcmo.B. cc caflacaucdflf.robbc mobili. e ftabfl.ocbi'tojicrcditoji.otticii.ftnfane. pcU' 
 do2i re coniun tc. con Iiqimli fc vfa a(c uoltc andarc aconro longo 7C. £K>a quclk paroce 
 cbe noTi nolc ni: pojrarc in ziito quadcmo. B. dx pozricno cere qile dx Mo a tc faptcga.' 
 no. tf= vo fc cblmto a fcqnarnc coro ad alcu? coc (on fpcfi oe mcrcaria.fpeli de cafa intrata 
 ifitoc tuttc fpcfc*rirao;drnaric.fitn.pcfci6i.fcudu liuclli iC.qfte fimili conucgonfe faldare 
 in lo incdcfimo (ib:o.crodntIa t?tita ccl ^ c oanno vcro aDa«;i c oefauarKi voidire vw 
 Ic c oano.i qfto incdo cl?c fo?o oarc po:farai' i oare cb rare fi poltano l^auere i credito qllc 
 rclc fpcfi Diccdo.ncI faldo aiiuando (6c pin volroe M'tro fcTnp:e !anieno:c quancita in oajc 
 i Ixjucre p ^ c oano i qfto a earn rSte tc. £ cofi tuttc Ic l.^aucrai faldatc I qfta ocl ^ c oan 
 110 r>ouc fubtro poi fijm ando fuo oare e baucre poirai cogncfccre tuo guadag^.e pdi'ta p d> 
 fira i t al bilando fatfo la parita.cioc cB le cofc S fe oouia oiffalcare firan oilfalcatc qltc c\x 
 U oouiano agiongncre fira ^po?n'onatanicte a fuoi Iuocl?i agiote.ie fe tx qfta ptira.fira p 
 cl oarc c^ lauere cu I?aucra pduno ql canto i tuo traUco oacb'c lo gomc(jaln.£ fc ft'a pm lo 
 baucre aloja oi'rai d?e ql tanto babia i Ditto tpo guad3gnato7C.£ veduto cb barai p qfta 
 rutrte^c oanno tuo fe(ito.alo:a qfta faldarai i laprita ocl caucdale.oouc tid p:icipio ocl tuo 
 mancgto poncfti loiuctaneoe tutta la ma facult3.£ faldarala i qfto modo dxfcl oano fc 
 4to fira piu cbc 010 ne guardiciafcuno c\k rcalmctc fo buon rpiano fe adopa alo?a aiuta ■ 
 rai lobaucre aniodo vfato wccdo e a oi 7c.p caucdal i qdop oanno fecjto a earn TC.ral 7c. 
 £ ocpencrai laptita oiamctralitcr i oarc e baucre. vt fu\pa«cdo pure la fuina nd capo vda 
 re e Iwuere c\x oeue battere p3ra.£poi ala ptita od caucdalc i ©are oirai.caucdalc oic oar 
 a oi 7C.p p e oanno. p wnno fcc^to pofto in qudia al oic l>aucrc p faldo fuo val a earn 7C. 
 f.f.g? p.7c.£ cofi fcnc fol^fccito vnlc.cb ferebbe cpdo qlla dcI p c oanno fc retrouafle piu 
 i baucre d?e i oarc alo2a fugiogtarcfti al oare p faldo ql tanto cbiamado dcaucdale ale car 
 ti fuoi 7c.e alui la po2rdtii baucre ificmi Co lalrrc robbc indbili e Habili-c oi nuouo i qfto ca 
 tjedal qle couic cere Icpzc lulti'.ptita o tuni l«qdcrni.po?rai fepjc eognofcere nitta ma facul 
 tagiognedo li ocbiti e creditid^c in lib'. B. pojtafti 7c.£ qfta oel caucdal odqdcrno. cro 
 ci faldarai anco:a.£ po2tarala coc laltre ncl qdcrno. H. in rcfto c fiiina f oi a pttoi p pri 
 ta dx lo poi and?e fare.ma fi coftuma fada in fiiina pcbc 1 ^ volta tutto mo iuctario ape. £ 
 recojdate cbiamar fue carri.7C.£ alTerarai poi mtte Icptitc Dl qdcrno. 3.ne lalfabcto ognu 
 na al fuo luogo coc oifopra te oilTi.cap? ?".Sno fcp:c poffi co facilita n-ouarc le tuc facede 
 iecondo lo:o occurence e cofi fia faldo rntto el p:imo quadcrno con fuo giojnale e mcniozi 
 ale. £ acio fta piu d:>iaro oe oitto faldo.farai quefto altro fcontro.£iocfumni3rai in vn fO' 
 glio tutto doare oel qu3dcrno.crod.£ ponlo a man rinillr3.£ fnnimarai mtto fuo f?aucre 
 £p6lo aman ocrtra.£poi qucfle vlrime funime rcfumniarai. £ faranc oc tutte quelle 
 ocl oarvna fiima d?e fi cbiamara fij jna ffi marfi.£ cofi farai ma fiima 6 tuttc qllc oalatief 
 cbe fid>iamara ancoza lei vna fijinafiimar0.fl^ lap'.fira fiima fummarg.od oare c la f'a' 
 fi d?fama fummafiimarii oc lo baucre.©? k qfte ooifdme fummaru fira pare.cioe cbc tan 
 to fia luna qpto laln-a.Vj qlla od oare.e qlla oelo.baucre.argufrai cl tuo qdcrno ecrc bcgui 
 dato fcnuro c faldato p la c^^ioc cb oi fopja nd cap? 1 4.fo octto.iQfba fe luna 6 oittc funi 
 mc fummaru auancjflc laln*a oenotarcbbeerrond moquaderno.clqual poi con oiligctii 
 ricoucrra trouadoco la induftria olo itdlcttoclxoio tclM oato.eco lartefitio oderagio 
 ni cbe Iwrai bene inpararo.laqual pte coc nd p;rcipi0 xxl pnte oieemoe fummamcte ncccf 
 fariii albon nicrcatante altramente non fiando bon ragi'oncri ndi foifatri andara a tafloi 
 coe eiecl?o. £ poralline fccjre mdto oano.adonca co ogni Ihidio c cura ffor^arari fop2a mt 
 to ccrebubn ragioncri dxl modoa tua comodita in q'ffa fublima opa a pieno a tua bafjan 
 5a.te lo oato con tutte fuc rcgolc a mtri fuo luogbi ocbitamcnte polte.fi coc tutto faalmcte 
 per la tauola ne I p2inapio oi qfta opera porta po2raitrouare.£ anco2a p le cofc octte ^ fe 
 quente come oifop?a ncl cap". 1 2" tc .pmifi a piu tuo rccordo faro i °,cpilogo.cicc fuman'a 
 rccolta ccnriale oe mtto cl ptitc trattato.djc uiolto fcn<,a oubio te fia vtilc. £ p mc rc(c:d3j 
 rati lalrifiimopgarecbc afuclaudccglo2ia.5opolTadcbcncimeglioopado4)cedcrc 7C. 
 bd mooo c 02dinc afap tcncr te fcripture menute coc foiio fcntti oe mano Icttcre fami' 
 lian police ^ccitT Mc c altriiftrumcrie od rcgillro oc lelfe.rp02tao. Ca° ^T 
 £quita d modo e o;dine oc faper tcncr le fcripmre e cbiaresce. mcnHtc comme 
 (bnno fcritti oe mano oe pagamcnti facri quictan^c oe cambi.oe robbe oatc.lct 
 tere f9miltan.qua(i cofc fonno fra nicrcanri oe gradi^ua lliina.e moUa impo: 
 
 72
 
 per himself as per remaiuder {i-esto) carried from "Cross" Ledger, which has beeu added in the credit col- 
 umn in order to close {saldo), see page 60, value: L 12, S 15, Q 10, P 26. 
 
 Thus you will proceed with all the accounts of thi; Gross Ledger which jou want to transfer to Ledger 
 A: cash account, capital account, merchandise, pei-soual property, real property, debtors, creditors, 
 public officers, brokers, public weighmen, etc., with whom we have sometimes very long accounts. But as* 
 to those accounts which you should not care to transfer to Ledger A, as, for instance, your own personal 
 accounts of which you are not obliged to give an account to another, as, for instance, small mercantile ex- 
 penses, household expenses, income and expenses and all extraordinary expenses — rentals, pescioni, feudi or 
 livelli, etc. AU these accounts should be closed {saldore) in the Cross Ledger into the favor and damage ac- 
 count, or increase and deficit, or profit and damage account, as it is sometimes called. You shall enter them 
 - in the debit column, as it is rare that these expense accounts should show anything in the credit side. As 
 I often have told you, add the difference to the column, either debit or credit, which shows a smaller total, 
 saying: Per profit and loss in this account, see page, etc. By doing so, you shall have closed (saldore) all 
 these different accounts in the profit and loss account through which then, by adding all the debit and all 
 the credit entries, you will be able to know what is your gain or loss, for with this balance all entries are 
 equalized ; the things that had to be deducted were deducted, and the things that had to be added were 
 added proportionately in their respective places. If this account shows more in the debit than in the credit, 
 that means that you have lost that much in your business since you began. If the credit is more than the 
 debit, that means that in the same period of time you have gained. 
 
 After you know by the closing {saldorai) of this account what your profit or loss is, then you shall close 
 this account into the capital account in which, at the begimiing of your management of your business, you 
 entered the inventory of all your worldly goods. You shall close the account in this way: If the losses 
 are in excess — from which state of affairs may God keep every one who really lives as a good Christian — 
 then you have to add to the credit in the usual manner, saying : On such and such day, Per capital on 
 account of losses in this account, see page so and so, vahie, etc. Then you shall cancel the account with a 
 diagonal line in debit and credit, and put in the total amount of all the debit entries, as well as of the credit 
 entries, which should be equal. And then in the capital accoiuit, you shall write in the debit column: 
 Capital debit {dee dare — shall give) on such and such day, per profit and loss account on account of losses 
 as marked down in the credit column of said account in order to close {per saldo), value, etc.: 
 
 L , S , 6 , P 
 
 If instead there should be a profit, which will happen when the profit and loss account would show- 
 more in the credit than in the debit, then you should add the difference to the debit side to make the equali- 
 zation, referring to the capital account and respective page. You should credit the same amount to the capi- 
 tal account, making the entry on the credit side where all the other goods of yours have been entered, per- 
 sonal or real. Therefore, from the capital account, which always must be the last account in the entire 
 Ledger, you may always learn what your fortune is, by adding together aU the debits and all the credits, 
 which you have transferred in Ledger A. 
 
 Then this capital account should be closed and carried forward with the other accounts to Ledger 
 A, either in total or entry by entry. You can do either way, but it is customary to transfer only the total 
 amount, so that the entire value of your inventory {inventario) is shown at a glance. Don't forget to num- 
 ber the pages, after which you will enter aU the different accounts in the alphabet of Ledger A, each at 
 its own place, as I have said at Chapter 5, so that you may find very easily the account you want. In 
 this way the entire first Ledger, and with it the Journal and memorandum book, are closed and closed up. 
 
 In order that it may be clearer that the books were correct before the said closing, you shall sum- 
 marize on a sheet of paper all the debit totals that appear in the Cross Ledger and place them at the left, 
 then you shall write down all the credit totals at the right. Of aU these debit totals you make one sum 
 total which is called grand total {summa sunimarum) , and likewise you shall make a sum total of aU the 
 credit totals, which is also called grand total {summa summarum) . The first is the grand total of the debits, 
 and the second is the grand total of the credits. Now, if these two grand totals are equal — that is, if one 
 is just as much as the other — that is, if those of the debit and those of the credit are alike — then you shall 
 conclude that your Ledger was very well kept and closed, for the reason that I gave you in Chapter 14. 
 But if one of the grand totals is bigger than the other, that would indicate a mistake in your Ledger, 
 which mistake you will have to look for diligently with the indiLstry and the intelligence God gave you and 
 with the help of what you have learned. This part of the work, as we said at the beginning, is highly neces- 
 sary to the good merchant, for, if you are not a good bookkeeper in your business, you will go on grop- 
 ing like a blind man and may meet great losses. 
 
 Therefore, take good care and make all efforts to be a good bookkeeper, such as I have shown you fully 
 in this sublime work how to become one. I have given you all the rules and indicated the places where 
 everything can be found, in the table of contents which I have placed at the beginning of this work. 
 
 Of all the things thus far treated, as I promised you in Chapter 12, I will now give you a summary 
 of the most essential things for your own recollection, which no doubt will be very useful to you. 
 
 And remember to pray God for me so that to His praise and glory I may always go on doing good. 
 
 CHAPTER 35. 
 
 HOW AND IN WHAT ORDER PAPERS SHOULD BE KEPT. SUCH AS MANUSCRIPTS, 
 FAMILY LETTERS, POLICIES, PROCESSES, JUDGMENTS AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS OF 
 WRITING AND THE RECORD BOOK OF IMPORTANT LETTERS. 
 
 Here follow the manner and rules for keeping documents and manuscripts, such as papers relative to 
 payments made, receipts for drafts, or gift.s of merchandise, confidential letters, which things are verj' im- 
 portant for merchants 
 
 73
 
 ©fffincf nona .Zracf atu?. ]ri'.©f fcripf uris J09 
 
 MTKa e 0< oraii pcncolo in pcrderle c fm3mrlc,£ pnma. ocic fcftorcfamfltari qualifpeHb 
 frarcflitoi" aiietonpol^iioacadcrc. quelle fcp:c ftcndi c Icrba in vn banclxtto aUi fmcd 
 mcfp £ finifoclniefc Iccale invn niaftae npolle oa^rc (cgnando ognuuo oefw^cloichc la 
 n-i-cm cl 01 cN li refpondi .£ coft fi fa aniefc p incf<;je pci ala fiu oc lanno dc furn qlli ma^ 
 flfarji vn itiaco grade c luoaa cfegna fuo iHO? £ q'do poi alcunalra a ql ncom. bauerai 
 C mo fludtb orcro fmcoio m raffcajTCla qlrcppjrai lie cb liainid te oclkro..1? n 
 mandflT afoja.fcdid clx lamatidia roma. metula in lal'ca 01 roma.c (e a fircii^a m ql a ocfi 
 rf ncj 7?iP poind fpaciarc oel fantc pistialc con Ic ruoi al tuo rcfpodcnrc in quel tal luogo 
 Imia nrw wix cl fcrutrc fcmpx € buonoc andx fufa wr fuo bcucragib per eer (cruiro tc. 
 atomoe(roc\\m coDtita c6c fi fa f p^u rafdxtrexioc in tantc q?re fonno le rcrre e luoglMiii 
 If oS foife to(rfaccdee6c oidamo.T\oma.f ircce: j^^ap^ 
 
 ■^miaT^^ fopza oitte tafdxtte g ozdine feriucrai iKuo noine.tioe a luna mmi "Koma.alal 
 trliirecaic in le quail poi repojrai Ic Ire d>c^ qlliluo^i ic folTero mandate Da quokb 
 flicoThc IamaiidafK.£ fatta dx U Ijaraircfpotae niandata.pure in oitta l:a oc fo:a. coe fc 
 ([ink fuo rf ceiicrex cbiCoii fimiliter po:rai nicnrionc oc la rdpc ita. £ pcbi lo niandalti 
 ron lo fuo(rib:no£l qual oi inai in alcu'.tua facenda fa dx macbi. [mccoIh grade cbla 
 L I narinS in Ire in le qli (cp:e li ocuc po2:c ilmilcfimo d oi.e luogo.tl iiome tuo elqiial no 
 mc fi foftuina mettarlo oa pedc aman dcxf ra oc lalfa in vn caionc.el ti^V .co lo Die luogo 
 fra mcrearan life ufa ponerc oifopra itel pjinapio oelalf a.tif^a p '.a niodo bon ypiajio ba 
 raifcirc amttc oeponcre el ^(oriofo nonic Dcnfa falute.cioe cl oocinomc ot Vbu.overo irt 
 fuo fcdbio la fiaura oe la fca tTOci.ntl cuincmc lep tutre le m'e ogauoni pcbano eer pjina- 
 Diatc £ farai i^fi-crori. 1 494.a oi-i y.apnlc i vinegi3.£ poifeqra tuo Dire, eioe caniriino 
 it \m liftudiatie altregcnricoc fonno rdigiofiic.cbe non tratKano. vfano nel luogo 00 
 re'lalf fffra c fatia pcner "Oi lotto con lo oi e fl&°.£ liniercaii coftumano Dilop2a a modo 
 drtro alt ' incnte non vi poncndocl oi fercbc confulione.ie di te km fanobeffe {xlx Icwici 
 la 12a dx non b& d oi nctato dx Ic fatta oc notte.£ qlla dx non a notato d luogo fe oil 
 dx fe fatta i lait'.tnodo.c non in qllox oltra le betfc dx pcgio e ne feque kandalo^Tt ouv 
 £rncdit3 dxl>araifua rcfpoftaixifcia ol deputato4uogo la pom coe bai ?tflo.£flRo d^e 
 Ditto l?abiaino oe k'.fola itcdilo p tutte. tlndc e anco:a oanotarc dxq'do U Iredx tu ma 
 di foflcro w Jportanca.qUc tale fe vogliano p^ rcgiftrarit m rn lib2o pa etc fdo a qfto dpu 
 tato nd 21 rcaiftro n ocuc ponerc la Ira oc wrbo ad vtririi fdla fia-D grandc ipo^taija coc 
 foniio li=c oc cambio.o oc robe mandate 1. 7ix> vero re giftrarefolo la fuWten^a.coc mo 
 mo:ialc otccdoicifto oi K-babiamofcrittto altalc tc.c6ei>Io tale ic.limai?damc letalco 
 fe 7c f D i^ ftia oc 01 tanti ica comife e ndMde Tc.la qual poncino in tafca 7i. ^ 01 luo:c 
 fidlata di>cl>3rai la tua d?c madi c fatto la fopza fcritta fufa. |> inolti ponerui el fuo fegno 
 01 fuo:c acio ficognofca d>c fia de mercanti.a iquali inolto fe oeuc bauerc riguardo.^cbc 
 fon oHi coe \ pncipio oiqllo trattato oiccmo dx mantcgano le rcpub.£ a qtto fine ocrcyi 
 ucrcntia el fimilc li*K"".TCardinali.pong3no oefore ellojo oiftito nomc^cionifu ft, pdfifai 
 fare oc non faoe oc d>i'(a fofll-. £ molto piu agtamcje el fancto padre ra le fuc patetcmerc 
 awe coe fdno bollcbKuilcgi tc.iluega dx alcunc cole piu itrifcdx.poga fottod figilloiM 
 DcfcatoK 7C teqli Ire poi a mefc ^ mefe rero anno g anno rao:rai i mafti ovcrofilc<c 
 oa \xt le poni o:dinatamctc i vno armaro.o lularetto.iecuro.£ coe nafcano ola ^ojnata co 
 niafetta ado pofli piu pfto a tuc occurc'ce retrouarle d laqlcofa.no euro piu oire }^bU> atxs 
 ftanca niaiintcfo 7C. Scn'tti oe tnano no pagati oc tuoiocbiton'comcre acenaioifop24 
 «d cap' 1 7 feruarai'in vn altro luogo piu fcercto coe fon calTi e fcatole pnTiate 7c.£ leqcta 
 cc finnTitcr.fcrua in luogo (ecuro g ogni ref^KIIo.Oi^a q-do tu pagalTctu ad altri einccuerc 
 faralo fcriuere i 1 ? libxtfo oc pagatncii coe in pjtcipio te oixi.acio no \i pofit cofi facilineK 
 fmarfrc c pderc.£ cofiobfcniaraioc Ic polli^e dx Ipojtano. coe fono notoic oe fcnfaria 
 tncrcari oe pcfadoh bolctte o robbe nitflc tratte dc oogane oaniare oa tdra e fetc*^ 
 o carmlinc oc cofoli aim' otfic ij altri iftruincri oe notari i ^amena qli fe ortjano rcpo^ 
 re f vn Inoaooa Pte.£ coft copicfcnmirc c .pccITi Ddite oe .pcaraio.i.£auoc3ti. £ fiiTiiimg 
 
 tc ebuonol?auerc Vfi lib".fcgatoBUrcco:di.dxfid.-'iainireco2daie ndql al3^o:nata farai 
 (c tuc mcmojic ode cofcdx oubitafle no reco^dartccbc te pozic toznar oa'no.ndql o$ni o 
 al manco la (era nance vadi adojmirc oarai ocbio.fc cofa folTe oaffKdire dafare dx non 
 fufit crpcdif a 7c.alaq'l fpaata oarai oe i>cna.£ tofi 4 farai niemona oc cofc dx al mcinoc 
 wilco B vno ooi oi' pftfjilc coe fonno vafa oc botcgga caldare e almo^Jtipa 7C£qof;> 
 
 74
 
 and, if they are lost, may cause great danger. 
 
 First, we shall talk of confidential letters which you may write to or receive from your customers. 
 You should always keep these in a little desk until the end of the month. At the end of the month tie. 
 them together in a bunch and put them away and write on the outside of each the date of receipt and the 
 date of reply, and do this month by month, then, at the end of the year, of all these papers make one big 
 bundle and write on it the year, and put it away. Any time you need a letter, go to these bundles. 
 
 Keep in your desk pouches in which to place the letters that your friends may give you to be sent 
 away with your own letters. If the letter should be .sent to Rome, put it in the Rome pouch, and if to 
 Florence, put it in the Florence pouch, etc. And then when you send your messenger, put these letters 
 with yours and send them to your correspondent in that particular town. To be of service is always a 
 good thing, and it is customary also to give a gratuity for that good service. 
 
 You should have several little compartments, or little bags, as many as there are places or cities in 
 which you do business, as, for instance, Rome, Florence, Naples, Milan, Genoa, Lyon, London,^ Bruges, and 
 on each little bag you shall write its proper name — that is, you will write on one "Rome," on another 
 "Florence," etc., and in these bags you shall put the letters that somebody might send you to be forwarded 
 to those places. 
 
 "When you have answered a letter and sent the answer away, you shall mention on the outside of the 
 said letter the answer, by whom you sent it and the day, just as you did when you received the letter. 
 
 As to the day, you shall never forget to mark it in any of your transactions, whetlier small or large, 
 and especially in writing letters in which these things must be mentioned, namely : the year, the day, the 
 place, and your name. It is customary to put the name at the end of the right side in a corner. It is cus- 
 tomary among merchants to write the year and the day and the place at the top at the beginning of the 
 letter. But first, like a good Christian, you shall always remember to write down the glorious name of our 
 Savior — tliat is, the name of Jesus, or in its place the sign of the Holy Cross, in whose name our trans- 
 actions must always be made, and you shall do as follows: Cross 1494. On this 17th day of April in 
 Venice. 
 
 And then go on with what you want to say — that is, "My very dear," etc. But the students and 
 other people, like the monks or priests, etc., who are not in business, are used to writing the day and year 
 at the end after writing the letter. The merchants are accustomed to put at the top as we have said. If 
 you should do otherwise and not write the day, there will be confusion and you will be made fun of be- 
 cause we say the letter which does not bear the day was written during the night, and the letter which 
 does not bear the place we say that it was written in the other world, not in this one ; and besides the fun 
 made of you, there would be vexations, which is worse, as I have said. 
 
 After you have sent your answer away, you put your letter in its proper place ; and what we have 
 said of one letter will apply to all the other letters. It must be observed that when the letters you send 
 away are of importance, you should first make a record of them in a book which is kept for this special 
 purpose. In this book the letter should be copied, word for word, if it is of great importance — as, for in- 
 stance, the letters of exchange, or letters of goods sent, etc., otherwise only a record of the substantial part 
 should be made similarly as we do in the memorandum book, saying: On this day, etc., we have written 
 to so and so, etc., and we send him the following things, etc., as per his letter of such and such date he 
 requested or gave commission for, etc., which letter we have placed in such and such pouch. 
 
 After you have sealed the letter on the outside and addressed it, it is the custom of many to mark on 
 the outside your special mark, so that they may know that it is correspondence of a merchant, because 
 great attention is given to merchants, for they are the ones, as we said at the beginning of this treatise, 
 who support our republics. 
 
 For this purpose, the Most Reverend Cardinals do likewise, by writing their name on the outside of 
 their correspondence so that nobody could claim as an excuse that he did not know from whom it was. The 
 correspondence of the Holy Father remains open so that its contents may be known, like bulls, privileges, 
 etc., although for things which are more personal or confidential the seal representing the Fisherman {Pes- 
 catore—St. Peter) is used to seal them. 
 
 All these letters, tlien, month by month, year by year, you shall put together in a bundle and you will 
 keep them in an orderly way in a chest, wardrobe or cupboard. As you receive them during the day, put 
 them aside in the same order, so that if necessary you might find them more easily; and I won't talk any 
 longer about this, as I know that you have understood it. 
 
 You shall keep in a more secret place, as private boxes and chests, all manuscripts of your debtors 
 who have not paid you, as I said in Chapter 17. Likewise keep the receipts in a safe place for any emerg- 
 ency. But when you should pay others, have the other party write the receipt in a receipt book, as I told 
 you at the beginning, so that a receipt cannot be easily lost or go astray. 
 
 You shall do the same as to important writing, as, for instance, memoranda of the brokers, or of mer- 
 chants, or of weighmen, or relative to goods placed in or taken out of the custom house, either land or sea 
 custom houses, and judgments or decrees of the consuls or of other public officials, or all kinds of notarial 
 instruments written on parchments which ought to be kept in a place apart. The same should be said of 
 the copies of instruments and papers of attorneys or counselors at law relative to lawsuits. 
 
 It is also wise to have a separate book for memoranda, which we call memoranda book, in which day by 
 day you shall keep a record of the things that you might be afraid of forgetting and, if you forget them, 
 may prove to be dangerous to you. Every day, the last thing in the evening, just before going to bed, you 
 shall glance over tliis book to see whether everything which should have been done has been done, etc., 
 and you shall cancel with your pen the things that have been don(>, and in this book you shall make a rec- 
 ord of the things that you have lent to your neighbor or friend for one or two days, as, for instance, store 
 vases, caldrons, or any other thing. 
 
 76
 
 ©iftiiictio noni.Xr jcfatiisri'^c fcript mie 
 
 UmHi docuniJti con di aim vnl jflimi fopia dari repo:rai 7^.piu c maco qotviando cfimfnu 
 cndo f luoabi c rpi a te per tuoingcgno parcra.pcro eft non c polTibflc apicno dc tutto a 
 ponto per ponto i mcrca tu dare nojtn j.c noriria pocft come altrc uoltc k ditrorol piu port 
 afarc i ° mercatite clx un dotto?c dcIcggi.5dco ^c.Cok cb fiiio^a fono date.rebii lap:ed8 
 rai fon certo i rutte tiie faccde bri te reggiarai.medilte el tuo pcrcgriiio uigcgno 7L 
 giuin ti ari'o oc rcgolc £ modi fopn il rcnerc vno lib?o 01 inercanri. £ap". \6. 
 
 ■gTum li c:cduo2i ft ocboiio mctrcre al lib:o oala lua niano ocftra.£ lidebfto?i wla cui 
 mano fttiiTlra. Xuttc le pritc d^e fe metteno allib? Ixino a ecrc ooppie:cioe fe tu fai vno ere 
 dito:c al U fare 1 °.t)cbifo:e.£iafcua pnra cofi i Dare c oc i ixre t>bbc cotcnerc ife.',.cofe 00c 
 flgi'oMio ocl pagameto.la foma oel pagamero.f h c agioe oel paganiero. luln'mo 
 nomc ocla grita oel ocbito ocbbc eerc ilpfio oella prira oel crediro. 5» qMo «tiedefimo 
 fi'djno clx c fcrirta la ptira ocl oebi'ro. i qllo mcdeumo giojno oebbcccrc qlla oel crediro. 
 t,o brtancio oel lib? unrcde 1 ? foglio piegato p lologo fiil qle oala niano oeflra ficopiao 
 li trediton" oel lib'.c oala finiftra li oebito:i.£ vcdcfe fe lain ma oel oare e qpto qlla oe lauc 
 re.£ allo?a il lib'.rta bene. £l bilaudo oel lib2o ocbbe ecre pari.abc dx tanto ocbbe ect- 
 la luma iion oico oe cxdito:i.ne oebtto:Lfl^a oicola fiinia oel credito cpto la fiinia oel oe 
 bi'to.£ no ecndo faria errojc ncl lib2o. £1 conto oi caflTa coniiiene d?e fcp:e fia oebirrice. 
 ovcramete pari. £ fe altn'mete fuffi: faria erro2c nellibjo. ^on fi ocbbe c non fipuo fare 
 r'.ocbitojcal libro fcnca lice^a e uolura oi qllo tale d?3 aec're ocbitoje e fe pure fifscclTe q 1- 
 fa fcrittura feria falfa iRe fimilmcte non fi puo po;re neppati ne conditioni a. 1 ? credito fe 
 <a liccca e rolonta oelcredito:e.£ fe purefifacelTeqllafcn'ttura faria falfa. £H!b°.coiiuie 
 ne d?e fia turto tratto fuojt a 1 ^medefima moeta.(L]f>a octro poibil noiarc qllo cf3 a cadef 
 fe ouc.o S '0 ii02m.o fcudi 00:0.0 qllo cl?e fufTi Cba nel rrarrc fuori conuicne cbc fia tut 
 to a I ^medefima moncta coc p:iripj9fti illib'.cofi coiuiicncfeguire. la ^tita oel ocbtto. 
 o oel credito clx ft fa i conto oe calXi fi puo abjeuiarc chi vnolc.cioc fen^a oire lacagionc fo 
 lamcte oire oa talc oi talc.o a tik oi tale.^lx la cagionc fi uienc a oicbiarar nclla j?iita op 
 pofiia. feaucdo a fare i°.c6to nuouofi ocbbe fcnuere i'cana noua fencj to:narc adictro an 
 con cH a orietro vitrouafTifpacio oa metTcrla./5on fioicfcriucre idrietro.Of^afcpzeaue 
 d per o:dine coevanno li giozni oekpo cbc mai non rito?nano indneto £ fe pure fi faccfle 
 faria oa rcputare qllo lib:o falfo. S c 1 *.partita folTc alibjo mclTa per errore cbc non do 
 uefTi ecrc coeaduicnc ale vdfc per ifmemojagine erulai)olelTiifto2nare faraicofi fcngna 
 qlla talc partita in margineouna crodoouna. fe. £ dipoifcriui f *.gtira alincontro.cicea 
 [0 oppofiip oi qlla ncl mcdefimo conto.cioc Tela parnta errata fulTc crcdirricc.poinamo oi 
 ^ Jo^ 1 6 6.£ m (a farai oebitricc.£ dirai.e dc dare. 8: fo.f 1 o 6 t.fonno per la partita di' 
 ptro fcgnata aod cbc fi ftoma perdxera errata e non bauciia a ecre.£ qfta partita fegna 
 la. crod coc c laltra c d fatta. jQuando lofpado duno coto fufTe pieno.in modo eft no u< 
 potcflc mettere piu gtite.£ tuvolclTi rirare qllo conto mnani;i.:f a cofiguarda qllo eft e fl re 
 fto del ditto conto.doc fcli rcHa Iwuere a dare £>?a poniamo cbc qllo conto refti l?auere 
 S 28 P 4 d i.bico cl?c tudcbbifarc 1 ". verfo foletto oala parte oppofita fen^a mettere gioz' 
 1104 diraicofii.£ dc dare. S 2 8 F 4 2 .per rcfto oi" qllo conto polio bauere in qllo a car.e d 
 fa tto.£ lo dctto verfo fi dcbe fcgnare in margi'nc dauanti cofi^noc iR *. cbe U^nifkn rcllo 
 doc dxl dctto uerfo non ne dcbif:ice an'cor cbe fia dala banda del debito?e.LlRa uienc a cP 
 fere trafpojtato qllo credito per la via del dcbito. ©2a ti couiene uolgere carta e andare ti' 
 to auann cbe tmoui 1 ^c3rta nuoua.£ dui farcaedif02c rt dctto confo.£ nominarlo e fa" 
 rcEtiranuouafc^ mcttfruiilgi*02no.£dirai cofi tale di talc b tali debere. s i8i'4.62.f5 
 no per rello duno fuo conto Icuatoin qllo a ca. £ qJla parrita d debbi fcgnaze in marginc 
 cofi. doe "8^°. cbcfignifica rcllo£ e fatra.£ cod comme io to moflro quando ilconto rcUa 
 abauerc cofi ancorabaiafare quando reflafliadarccioequdlocai melTo dala banda dd 
 credito metter date b^nda del dcbito. 
 
 nandod lib" fufle tutto picno uecbio e tu udcITi ridullo a 1 ? alt" li". nuouo 
 fa cofi p .ti couicnc vcdcrc cbc fe il tuo lib", vccbio e fcgnato i fu lacoucrta poni 
 amo ^ cafo. B . bifogna eft i ful lib? nuouo ooue lo voi ridurrc fia fcgnato in (a 
 la couerta. 3&. pdx li lib'.oe mercanri rano p 02dic lu no ooppo lalt'.f o f e lie 
 Cdo.a be 7c.£ lapoilcuare ilbilando oel lib? ved^io clx fia giullo e pen coc c^bba dTcrc 
 CM qllo bilancio copiarc turn li credit02i c oebit02i i ful lib'.nuouo wrn p o?dine c6c dll 
 ftsno i fjU bil5do.£ fare tisti li ocbit02i c credtf02i ciafcij oa pfe^ lafcia adafc? tito (jpatid 
 
 76
 
 These rules, and the other very useful rules of which I have spoken before, you shall follow and, ac- 
 cording to the localities and times, you shall be more or less particular, adding or omitting as it seems best 
 to you, because it is impossible to give rules for every little thing in the mercantile business, as we have 
 already said. The proverb says that we need more bridges to make a merchant than a doctor of laws can 
 make. 
 
 If you understand well all the things that I have spoken of so far, I am sure you with your intelli- 
 gence will carry on your business well. 
 
 CHAPTER 36. 
 SUMMARY OF THE RULES AND WAYS FOR KEEPING A LEDGER. 
 
 All the creditors must appear in the Ledger at the right hand side, and all the debtors at the left. 
 
 All entries made in the ledger have to be double entries — that is, if you make one creditor, you must 
 make some one debtor. 
 
 Each debit (shall give — dee dare) and credit (shall have — dee havere) entry must contain three things, 
 namely: the day, the amount and the reason for the entry. 
 
 The last name in the entry of the debit (in the Ledger) must be the first name in the entry of the 
 credit. On the same day that you make the debit entry, you should make the credit entry. 
 
 By a trial balance (bilancio) of the Ledger we mean a sheet of paper folded lengthwise in the middle, 
 on which we write down all the creditors of the Ledger at the right side and the debtors at the left side. 
 We see whether the total of the debits is equal to that of the credits, and if so, the Ledger is in order. 
 
 The trial balance of the Ledger should be equal — that is, the total of the credits — I do not say creditors 
 — should be equal to the total of the debits — I do not say debtors. If they were not equal there would be a 
 mistake in the Ledger. 
 
 The cash account should always be a debtor or equal. If it were different, there would be a mistake 
 in the ledger. 
 
 You must not and cannot make any one debtor in your book without permission or consent of the per- 
 son that has to appear as debtor ; if you should, that account would be considered false. Likewise you can- 
 not add terms or conditions to a credit without permission and consent of the creditor. If you should, 
 that statement would be untrue. 
 
 The values in the Ledger must be reckoned in one kind of money. In the explanation of the entries, 
 you may name all sorts of money, either ducats, or lire, or Florence, or gold scudi, or anything 
 else ; but in writing the amount in the column, you should always use the same kind of money through- 
 out — that is, the money that you reckon by at the beginning should be the same all through the Ledger. 
 
 The debit or credit entries of the cash account may be shortened, if you desire, by not giving the rea- 
 son for the entry ; you may simply say from so and so, for so and so, because the reason for the entry is 
 stated in the opposite entry. 
 
 If a new account should be opened, you must use a new page and must not go back even if there was 
 room enough to place the new account. You should not write backward, but always forward — that is, go 
 forward as the days go, which never come back. If you do other\\ase, the book would be untrue. 
 
 If you should make an entry in the Ledger by mistake which should not have been made, as it happens 
 at times through absentmindedness, and if you wanted to correct it, you shall do as follows: Mark with 
 a cross or with an "H" that special entry, and then make an entry on the opposite side under the same 
 account. That is, if the erroneous entry was on the credit side — say, for instance, for L 50, S 10, D 6 — 
 you make an entry in the debit side, saying: Debit (dee dare) L 50, S 10, D 6, for the opposite entry 
 cross marked which is hereby corrected, because it was put in through a mistake and should not have 
 been made. Then mark with a cross this new entry. This is all. 
 
 When the spaces given to any particular account are all filled so that no more entries can be made 
 and you want to carry forward that account, do in this way : Figure out the remainder of the said ac- 
 count — that is, whether it is debit or credit remainder. Now let us say that there is a credit remainder 
 of L 20, S 4, D 2. You should write on the opposite side, without mentioning any date, as follows : Debit 
 L 28, S 4, D 2, per remainder (per resto) of this account carried forward in the credit at page so and so. 
 And it is done. The said entry is to be marked in the margin so, namely: Ro, which means "resto" (re- 
 mainder), but this does not mean that it is a true debit entry although it is on the debit side. It is rather 
 the credit which is transferred through the debit side. Now you must turn the pages and keep on turn- 
 ing them until you find a new page where you shall credit that account by naming the account and mak- 
 ing a new entry without putting down any day. And you shall say in the following manner : So and so 
 is credit (dec havere) L 28, S 4, D 2, per remainder (per resto) of account transferred from page so and so, 
 and you should mark this entry in the margin by Ro, which means "resto" remainder, and that is done. 
 
 In the same way, as I have shown you, you shall proceed if the account has a debit remainder — that is, 
 what you enter on the credit side you should transfer to the debit side. 
 
 When the ledger is all filled up, or old, and you want to transfer it into a new one, you proceed in the 
 following manner : First you must see whether your old book bears a mark on its cover — for instance, an 
 A. In this case you must mark the new Ledger in which you want to transfer the old one by B. because 
 the books of the merchants go by order, one after the other, according to the letters of the alphabet. Then 
 3'ou have to take the trial balance of the old book and see that it is equal. From the trial balance sheet 
 you must copy in the new Ledger all the creditors and debtors all in order just as they appear in the trial 
 balance sheet, but make a separate account for each amount ; 
 
 77
 
 q-to ni arbim !xrc a trauaglurc co feco.£ i ciaTara gtica otl octwoic l?ai'a pirc j> riti reds 
 adarc al lib", ucd^io fcanaro. z3. vi carx i lultfia |H>rj od crcdiioxbai a wrc g taiui rciti 
 a l?3iicrc al lib' rccbio Tcc^natD. B. a i jr .i£ col", t rtducro a( hbju nuouo./Sja g caucdlgv' 
 il lib:o ucd.MO n couicnc a dafcuo coto acccfo if^v^cnt r!o <d to btlancio fop:a wio ,cicc fV 
 vno coro ocl Iibro ucc!.mo fara crcdiro:c cl.x Icuolrai g lo bilanao faralo oeUtorc c oirai j.} 
 ranri rcila l>aucrc a qllocoro pof^pocbbi l.-»aiu:i c .U lib", uouo fcgnato. 36. a.car.^; coli bl 
 rat ifpcro mno il lib,"'. uccImcc accefo di lib'' iiuouo.i£ coficomo 10 to moihro ouuo crtdiro 
 re coll I:>ai afarc ouiio ocbitcwc.iSaluo dx oouc a! crcditoje li fa ocbirojc pofto ocbbi be 
 uerc £ tu l?ai a fare crcdiro;e pofto ocbbi oarc 7 c fatto . 
 
 £afidxagtiencanicrTcrcal libjo wmcrcanri. 
 
 Tmti U d.cotann dx ni ri rrouaiTi c\x fuflfiuo ruoi .j^ai-cwcdx Ijaucdlguadagnari ? 
 Oiucrfi rpi pc! paiTar dx (i fuflino (Ian laflati oa titoi parcn inojtio oonati oa qldx pn 
 cipc farai crcdtro:c re mcdcino.£ ocbitorc calTa. Surtc Ic c^ioic c mcrcantic dx i-'ulftno 
 tuc .ppric dx fu baucfll guadagrsaico d? (i fulVuK) llarc lalfatc j^? rdbiiicto-o dx ti fufliiio 
 ibrc oonarc.£ qllc rale cofe fi vogliono ftimarc oa ^ (c luna oa lalt'.qlic dx vagliano a 6. 
 cot3nti.£ ranrc qrc cofc die fono taritc j?nrc fare al lib°x fare eiafaiiu ocbirrice e one ^ ta 
 fc ini rrouo llimare q(io 01 um 0.-7C.pci\o ujcckfimo crcdito:e i qllo a car.£ farai aedi 
 co:e il ruo cotoxm re medcfuHO 01 ciafciia j)tuaijr>a nora dx qlle ijtirc fintcde cb 116 fie 
 m inaco m oirci ouc". (una ga dx le cofe miniire oi ^kxo valo.x non imictr.)no al lib;o.. 
 
 Zurrc Ic cofe Ibbilcdx 01 n trouaffi dx fuifmo rue ^pnc cot fpno c.ife poiTdVioi bortC' 
 gbcbaiafarer'Cbifojeoerracafacftimarc qllodx h uaiea rua oiHririoead.e6r4nn.£fii 
 ne credtrox re mcdcmo al luo fop2a oerto e6ro.£ oipct tare oebirojc la poiVeilioe ra |>rc c 
 liiinaria coc c vino e fane eredtcox re medenio al ruo (opjaektro eoio. e coi iiellc regoie to 
 oirro r utte le ^rirc vogliono bcre i !o:o rrc cofe.ci'oc jlj^iorno e la cf\ sxia peciiia e (aeagidc. 
 
 £opredx ru faceni 01 mercanrieo oicbe cofa fi fmfe p li D.eotat i ixbbi fare cibirore qlla 
 talc mercanna oqllo rale cofa ecrcditorc l3ca(ra.£ le ru picciTi. io lacopraia d. corati coe t 
 oitro.ODa vno banco glipafio p me.o vcramcre vno inio ainicoglipjgo^ mc.lRifpodoti 
 dx a ogni modo bai afare Dtbwore qlla rale njcrcanria coe oifopra ,0 oitro.(QE>3 ooue 10 r i 
 riffi faraicrcdiroj la cafla ru bat afare crediror ql baneo.o qllo ruo meo c5 j? re glia pijb^ri. 
 
 £6predx ru facefTi di mere isnrie.o didx tola fifia a rcrininc dalcuno rpo dcbi fare de • 
 buore qlla rale mercancia e crediiore colui da cui ru lai cdj>ara j.iqllo rpo Xopre dxm 
 ficclTi di mercanna.o didxcol a ft fia a jjfe d.e pre rpo defJbi fare debitore qlla rale mercar> 
 na £ creditorc colui da cui ru lai cogata ^ qllo rpo c6 qlti patti dx li l-^abbi (jauercdtciamo 
 a tevio di D.corari £ lorefto fra fci inefi .pxiun futuri:£ doppo qf^o fare unalrra ^xita.cioe 
 dcbuore colui da cm ru laicopara di qila q''.di o.coranridx mora qlla rer^a pant dx fu di 
 p.irro dicoraini £ credirore la caiTa qllo l»aiubo dx g;lh>agalTe gte. 'iTurre U ucdirc cl^ 
 tu facclTidi mcrcanrie dalrre cofe l?3i a fare ruuo coine Jilopra faiuo rbaia merrere jglo op 
 pofirocioe dx douc difopra ri difii dx fc pre facelTi dcbirore lamercanru:£) uelle rcdiitlMi 
 a fare fepre credirore la mercanria £ dcbisore cada fe c uedura a 6.c6ranrio debit ore qlbati 
 CO d.x te li baiicne ^inelTi £ ;c e vcduta a rcrnnncbai a fare dcbirore colui acui ru Ibai ueda 
 ta p qllo rainine e fc fufle uedura a jsrc D.e J?re rpo l.^ai a tare coe oifop:a ti molb-ai ndle co 
 p:e qllc oue pnrc. J©e r u vedcirr M/ia mercacia abararro oiaamo.'^o bovcdurc libb;£ mit 
 UwlanaDingbiirerraabararrooipaJoc nocalibreouniilia 01 pcucrc oomandoconiinc 
 fa a coitarc qlla fairrura al lib; fa.cofi lihtna qllo dx vale ilpipe a rua bifaerioe a D.coti' 
 ti.O? poniamo dx rulo Iti'mi ouc.oodici ilccro adoq? Ic Duinilia libbx vagliono ouc.240 
 coran.e po farai crrdrrore (alana 6 ouc . 2 40.^ q-ro lai vendura £ qlio modo obf «a fep7C i 
 Icpnrc riirre olibararn or qli fcnc l>auro S-ouamilia oipeuerc ftmiaro. z^o.vucis'odova 
 to peiicre ocbbi rare i qlioa car./f fane jxbitojc ilpcuere. Oanaricorann dx tu i^jlalTi 
 
 qlcbcwo amuo Ijaia fare wbuox lamico ad?i ru glilwiplbri e aedirozecjiTa. ^( fU 
 hceueiTt Dcotann f n pliian«;a oa qldx amico bai afare ocbirox cafla e credirox lamico, 
 
 $>< tu l.^auelVi pfo orto.o otfci.o rcn oiic'.^afficurare nauc galee altra cofa oebbi fa/ 
 It crcdircx ficurra 01 nauili) c cbianre dx c coc c qrdo e ooue e qpto p ccto .£ dcbitoK (oto 
 
 01 caffa. (QDcrcaniu dx n fuftino nundarc ife altri co comiftione oiucderle barartaric 
 Olcquflli ru baucffil;3ucr la rua .puifiof .iMcodx tu oebbt fare oebiroxalUt»o qlla rale hkt 
 eantia atrcncre al rale oitalc p lo po?to.o ^ gabclla . p nolo j? merrere i magay no £ crc' 
 dirojc coro 01 aUa. Zutte le fpcfc 01 mercantic 01 ^.cotanricbe tu farai.o p nolo.o g ga 
 bdlc.orerturco rcnferieopo^rarure fa credirore la caffa./eocbi'rozcquella talc mercantta 
 
 perlaqlcrugUbaiifpc* 
 
 78
 
 and leave to each account all the space that you thiuk you may need. And in each debit account you shall 
 say : Per so much as per debit remainder {rcsta a dare) in the old book marked A, at page so and so. And 
 in each credit account you shall say: Per so much as per credit remainder {rcsta a havcre) in the old book 
 marked A, at page so and so. In this way you transfer the old Ledger into the new one. Now, in order to 
 cancel the old book, you must cancel each account by making it balance, of which we have spoken — that is, 
 if an accoiuit of the old Ledger shows a credit remainder as the trial balance would show you, you shall 
 debit this account for the same amount, saying, so much remains in the credit of this account, carried for- 
 ward in the credit in the new Ledger marked B, at page so and so. In this way you shall have closed the 
 old Ledger aud opened the new one for, as I have shown you how to do for a creditor, the same you shall 
 do for a debtor, with this difference, that while you debit an account, which may sliow a credit remain- 
 der, you shall credit the account which may show a debit remainder. This is all. 
 
 THINGS WHICH SHOULD BE ENTERED IN THE BOOKS OF THE MERCHANTS. 
 
 Of aU the cash that you might have, if it is your own— that is, that you might have earned at differ- 
 ent times in the past, or which might have been bequeathed to you by your dead relatives or given you 
 as a gift from some Prince, you shall make yourself creditor {crcditoi'c tc mcdcsima), aud make cash deb- 
 itor. As to all jewelry or goods which might be your own — that is, that you may have got through busi- 
 ness or that might have been left you through a will or given to you as a present, you must value them in 
 cash aud make as many accounts as there are things aud make each debitor by saying : For so many, etc., 
 of which I find myself possessed on this day, so many denari, posted credit entry at such and such page ; 
 and then you make creditor your account {tuo conto), that is yourself {mcdesimo) , with the amount of each 
 of these entries. But remember these entries should not be for less than ten ducats each, as small things of 
 little value are not entered in the Ledger. 
 
 Of all the real property that you might own, as liouses, lands, stores, you make the cash debitor and 
 estimate their value at your discretion in cash, and you make creditor yourself or your personal account 
 {tuo sopradette conto). Then you make debitor an account of that special property by giving the value, 
 as I have said above, and make yourself creditor because, as I have told you, all enti-ies must have three 
 things : The date, the value in cash, and the reason. 
 
 If you should buy merchandise or anything else for cash, you should make a debtor of that special 
 merchandise or thiiig aud like creditor cash, and if you should say, I bought that merchandise for cash, 
 but a bank will furnish the cash, or a friend of mine will do so, I will answer you that any way, you must 
 make a debitor of that special merchandise ; but where I told you to credit cash, you should, instead, credit 
 that special bank, or that special friend who furnished the money. 
 
 If you should buy merchandise or anything else, partly for cash and partly on time, you shall make 
 that special merchandise debitor, and make a creditor of the party from whom you bought it on time and 
 under the conditions that you might have agreed upon ; as, for instance, one-third in cash and the rest in 
 six months. After this you will have to make another entry — that is, make a debitor of the party from 
 whom you bought it for the amount of the cash that you have given him for that one-third, aud make cred- 
 itor cash or the bank which might have paid that much for you. 
 
 If you should sell any merchandise or anything else, you should proceed as above with the exception 
 that you should proceed in the opposite way — that is, where I told you that when you bought you should 
 make the merelumdise debitor, when you sell you will have to make your merchandise a creditor and charge 
 the cash account if it is sold for cash, or charge the bank that might have promised the payment. And if 
 you make a sale on time, you will have to charge the party to whom you sold it on time, and if you make 
 the sale partly for cash and partly on time, you shall proceed as I have shown you in explaining about the 
 buying. 
 
 If you should give merchandise in exchange, for instance, let us say I have sold 1,000 pounds of Eng- 
 lish wool in exchange for pepper — that is, for 2,000 pounds of pepper — I ask, how shall we make this entry 
 in the Ledger ? You shaU do as follows : Estimate what the value of the pepper is, at your discretion, in 
 cash. Now let us say that you estimated 12 ducats per hundred; the 2,000 pounds would be worth 210 
 ducats. Therefore, you shall make the wool a creditor with 240 ducats, for which amount you have sold 
 it. This is the manner that you should follow in all the trade entries. If you have received 2,000 pounds 
 of pepper valued at 240 ducats, you shall make the pepper a debitor and say : Said pepper debtor on this 
 day, see page, etc., etc. 
 
 If you should loan cash to some of your friends, you shall charge the friend to whom you have given 
 it and credit cash. If you should borrow cash from some friend, you will have to debit cash and credit 
 your friend. 
 
 If you have received 8 or 10 or 20 ducats in order to insure a ship or a galley, or anything else, you 
 should credit the account "ship insurance," and explain all about it— how, when and where, and how much 
 per cent. ; and shall charge the cash account. 
 
 If anybody should send you any goods with instructions to sell them or exchange them on commis- 
 sion, I say that you have to charge in the Ledger that special merchandise belonging to so and so with the 
 freight, or duty, or for storage, and credit the cash account. You shall credit the cash for all cash that 
 you have to pay on account of goods : for instance, cash paid for transportation or duty, or brokerage, etc., 
 and charge the account of that speciaV goods for that which you have paid in money. 
 
 79
 
 ©iftincHotiona.Xrartatoe.xi'-BErcripturia 
 
 £3(1 cfjf mdc mcttcrc alcrcfOzdancc ml mcram. 
 1 Uttc Ictnaflmnc oi cafa o oi bortcc^a cbeni ti truouu ODa voglwno eltcre per 
 o?dmc.doc tntte Ic cok w fcrro oa pcrfe con fpano oa potcrc agiongncre fe bt 
 ro(inanc.£coriOTrc5narciiimargincqu<li€cbefulTiiio pcrdutre ovcndutco 
 . ooiiarc gu3ft<:.^f^a non fi intcndc maflcnric rmmirc ofpoco valox. £ farert 
 
 co?do 01 fif trc fe cofe Dorconc oa pcrfc conimc e ottro. £ umilc wtrc le cofc oiftagno . £ fi 
 macnitfc Iccofe ortciigno.£ cofi tuttc le cofe Diranie.£ cofi rutKle cole oariento c oom 7c. 
 Scmp.'e con Oxjtio oi qualdx carra oa potcrc arrogcrc fe bifosnafle.c cofi oadarc nonrii 
 IH' qudio cl?cmanca(!c. ^uttc lemallcucric o obb:igbi o pjomcflc dxpiomcuxm per qb 
 cbc aniico. c cbfarirc bene dyt e cofitinc. Ximc Icmcrcannc o altre cofedTC n folTeno kV 
 fare i quardia o a fcrbo oi pHa^a oa qlcf>camico.ccofi tuttclccofecb wpftadi'aahrtriwi 
 flmici tmti Umcrati condmonarf doc copjc ovcdirecomc ^ ereplovno corrato cioceB 
 w mi mandicon (cpzofTIine qalcc dx to?neranno oingbtirerra tarm cantara oi lane WUmf 
 rtri a f afo cbe (e fieno buoiic*e rcdpienti.^o ti naro tanto od canraro o oel cento o veramc' 
 teri mandaro arincontroranrieanfara wcotroni. Cutte (c cafe opofTelTicmio boncgbe 
 giofe dx tu aflfir alTi a tanti ouc.o a tante lire (aiino.£ quando m nfcoterai afitto al wa ql 
 Ifoin ari faiino a mettereal lib20 commc oifop?a ri o(lTt.l5):eftando quald?c gioia o uafcUa- 
 iTienri oariento o 00:0 a qua!d?e tuo aniico per otto quidici gio2iu oiquefte tale coft no 
 fi mcttono al (I'bjo.ma fenc fa rico2do alericozdance.pcrdx fra pocbi giojni laibariauere. 
 £ cofi per contrafe ate folTiprefhito fiimli cofe non Uocbbi mcttcre al libro.iae>afarnc me 
 mo2ia akrkoTdaa^c perclx pjefto lai a rcndcrc. 
 
 £omme li fcriuono lire e (ddi e oanarie picfolie altre abreuiature. 
 lire foldi oanarf pidoli libbx once oanarpefi grani carat< oucati fiozinlargbt. 
 S f 5 p libbre (5 tp 5*. R ouc. fioJaf 
 
 Cont^ocbbeoettarele^trteoe ocbitOTi. 
 
 flfbcccc? Irrrruj*. 
 Jtodouico oipieroforeftai 
 oeoarc aoiriu'i.nouenibre. 
 1 49?.S:.44.f.| r 6.8.porto 
 contari in pfta«,a.pofto caf 
 raauere.acar. 2 ^ 44 fids» 
 
 £ a oi.i g.oefto J.t g-P.i ;.tf. 
 i.promcttenio p luia marti 
 no oipicro forabofd>j' afuo 
 piaccfpoftobatiqfto.ac.2.S 18 P1186. 
 
 Cafia i mano oi fimone 03 
 leflb bobeni oe oaf aoi. 1 4. 
 noucbrei49J-5^'62.f.»;. 
 6.1 .xa franccfco oantonio 
 aualcanninqlloac.2 % 62 ^i? &6» 
 
 fl^artinoof picro fora bo 
 fcbi oedare a di.zo.nouem 
 bre.j 49).$A 8^.11 .6.64)or 
 to luimcdefimo contaripo' 
 ftocaflaacan 2« $ 18^1166. 
 
 ^rancefeo danionio canal 
 can' oe dare a oi.i 2 .oi nou£ 
 
 bre.r49;.S;'2o.M-^-2ci.P 
 mifT? anoliro ptaccf y lodo 
 Hico oi picrofordlli ac.i.S 20^482, 
 
 £omc I! debbe oittare legtite oicreditori . 
 
 X.<?douicoOH)iero fozellai 
 oc Iwuerc a 01.2 z.noucbrc 
 
 1 49^§r.2o.f.4.$.2.f6nog 
 
 parte oipagamento.f per 
 (m'cdia promifli a noftro 
 piaccrc fracefd?o oatcnio. 
 c3U9lcaiipoftooarcac.2.S 20 ^4^2. 
 
 £alTa in mano oi fimonc 
 
 oalelTobobcnioebauere a 
 
 di.i 4-"oocbre.i 49?.S.44. 
 
 f .1 .^.g.fllo douico dipicro 
 
 foreflani in qdo. a car. 2.% 44 ^ 1 5 8> 
 
 £adi.22.nouembre.»495 
 
 %,] 8.^.11 .^.6.3 marrino di 
 
 ptero forQbofcbi.a ca. 2» i 1 8 P 1 1 S *. 
 
 fl^tino di piero fora bo 
 
 fdM'di l?anereadi.i 8>noue 
 
 bre.« 49? . S .< 8.P' II .t.6^U 
 
 ^mettemo a fuo piacerc p 
 
 [odouico oi piero foreftani 
 
 polio dbbi bcrc iqlto ac^.B 1 8 f • « 6 
 
 jprancefcbo datonio caual 
 cantide Ijaucrea di.1 4-no/ 
 ucbre.i49?'S^-62.^.i?.$.6. 
 reco lui incdcfimo ptati po 
 ftocafrad3rca.car.2. % $^$i^^6. 
 
 80
 
 THINGS THAT SHOULD BE RECORDED IN A RECORD BOOK (RECORDANZE) OP THE 
 MERCHANT. 
 
 All the house and store goods that you may find yourself possessed of — these should be put do^vn in 
 order — that is, all the things made of iron by itself, leaving space enough to make additions if necessary ; 
 also leaving room to mark in the margin the things that might be lost or sold or given as presents or 
 spoiled. But I don't mean small things of little value. 
 
 Make a record of all the brass things separately, as I have said, and then a record of the tin things, 
 and then the wooden things, and copper things, and then the silver things and gold things, always leaving 
 enough space between each class so that you may add something if necessary, and to put down a memo- 
 randum of any object that might be missing. 
 
 All sureties or obligations or promises of payment that you might make for some friend, explaining 
 clearly everything. 
 
 All goods or other things that might be left with you in custody, or that you might borrow from some 
 friend, as well as all the things that other friends of yours might borrow from you. 
 
 All conditional transactions — that is, purchases and sales, as, for instance, a contract that you shall 
 send me by the next ship coming from England, so many cantara of woll di li lyiistri, on condition that 
 it is good; and when I receive it I will pay you so much per cantara or by the hundred, or otherwise; I 
 will send you in exchange so many cantara of cotton. 
 
 All houses, lands, stores or jewels that you might rent at so many ducats and so many lire per year. 
 And when you collect the rent, then that money should be entered in the Ledger, as I have told you. 
 
 If you should lend some jewels, silver or gold vase to some friend, say, for instance, for eight or fifteen 
 days, things like this should not be entered in the Ledger, but should be recorded in this record book, because 
 in a few days, you wiU get them back. In the same way, if somebody should lend you something like the 
 things mentioned, you should not make any entry in the Ledger, but put down a little memorandum in 
 the record book, because in a short time you will have to give it back. 
 
 How Lire, Soldi, Denari and Picioli, etc., should be written down as abbreviations. 
 
 Lire; Soldi; Denari; Picioli; Libbre; Once; Danarpesi; Grani; Carati; Ducati; Florin larghi. 
 
 (See other side for their abbreviations.) 
 
 HOW THE DEBIT (LEDGER) ENTRIES 
 ARE MADE. 
 
 MCCCCLXXXXIII. Lodovico, son 
 of Piero Forestani, shall give on 
 the 14th day of November, 1493, 
 L 44, S 1, D 8, for cash loaned, 
 posted cash shall have at page 2 : 
 
 L 44, S 1, D : 
 
 And on the 18th ditto, L 18, 
 S 11, D 6, which we promised to 
 pay for him to Martino, son of 
 Piero Foraboschi at his pleasure, 
 posted said shall have at page 2 : 
 
 L18, Sll, D6 
 
 Cash in hands of Simone, son 
 of Alessio Bombeni, shall give on 
 Nov. 14, 1493, for L 62, S 13, D 
 2, for Francesco, son of Antonio 
 Cavalcanti, page 2 : L 62, S 13, D 6 
 
 Martino, son of Piero Forabos- 
 chi, shall give on Nov. 20, 1493, 
 for L 18, S 11, D 6, taken by him 
 in cash, posted Cash at page 2 : 
 
 L 18, S 11, D 6 
 
 Francesco, son of Antonio Ca- 
 valcanti, shall give, on Nov. 12, 
 1493, L20, S4, D 2, which he 
 promised to pay to us at our 
 pleasure for Lodovico, son of Pie- 
 tro Forestani ; page 2 : L 20, S 4, D 2 
 
 HOW THE CREDIT (LEDGER) ENTRIES 
 ARE MADE. 
 
 MCCCCLXXXXIII. Lodovico, son 
 of Piero Forestani, shall have, 
 on Nov. 22, 1493, for L 20, S 4, D 
 2, for part payment. And for him 
 Francesco, son of Antonio Caval- 
 canti, promised to pay it to us at 
 our pleasure ; posted shall give at 
 page 2 : L 20, S 4, D 2 
 
 Cash in hands of Simone, son 
 of Alessio Bombeni, shall have, 
 on Nov. 14, 1493, for L 44, S 1, D 
 8, from Lodovico Pietro Fores- 
 tani, L 44, S 1, D 8 ; and on Nov. 
 22, 1493, L 18, S 11, D 6, to Mar- 
 tino, son of Piero Forbaschi, 
 page 2 : L 18, S 11, D 6 
 
 Martino, son of Piero Forabos- 
 chi, shall have on Nov. 18, 1493, 
 for L18, Sll, D6, which we 
 promised to pay him at his pleas- 
 ure for Lodovico, son of Pietro 
 Forestani ; posted shall give en- 
 
 try at p. 8 : 
 
 Francesco, son of Antonio Ca- 
 valcanti, shall have on Nov. 14, 
 1493, for L 62, S 13, D 6, which 
 he brought himself in cash ; 
 posted cash shall give at page 2 : 
 
 L18, Sll, D6 
 
 L 62, S 13, D 6 
 
 81
 
 8;40 AiiulmoVihm04 
 
 « 94 ^ Pro Cr hmo // A doniudrii , per d^nnofeguido , p.'faldarlaparh-da dcIi dom.ponetW 
 
 j;;f-|- tr4»oin k/Io, per /a/do djqwf Ho yf I uaI^ c ^ o (» 
 
 ^ ^ . C 7 
 
 ^ 9 ^ 1? Pro CT d^nno // A Spefe de wuer di cafd , perpm Diftidariefpcfedi vcflir in ditto pr» 
 "^X^ /J?e/c/dttc,come i/ic//edpp4r,per/i/iodiq«cfle,9f 
 
 £ -, ^1 ^ 
 
 296 1? Fiff f cfey^ jpojj&pion dd M oidn // A Pro CT ^^nno g'/^JJ^^' ^' ^" **«"* pofTcsfion.fn pro 
 •^~ , ptrfitio di qu(Ud ptr Vanno pnfentefinird dc LMto 
 
 i54i,pcr/tf/dodeqMefli9f 45 ^ M4I ^ 4^ «o^ f^ 
 
 ^: — -,__, d 7 
 
 a 97 'V Pro cr idnno // A Spcfe diutrfc per piu fpefefdtte £*J"^'''" '*= 'P^^^ <J^"«'^fc . in ditto pro 
 ^"^y iWio pre/(rnte,come tn e/Je <tppdr, ptrfdldo fuodf 
 
 599^ izf^ M4l^ ^^ ^ ,95 <p- 
 
 '^^ 7 ^ 7 
 
 3 08 1? Pro CTfJtfflrtO// A Spe/ede fitluriddnn monte.ptr Difafdarlefpcfcdcfaliriadi.m-ditto 
 ^jL a. ^ • n r r i-> r • (T - pro&danro, 
 
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 perfdldodtqusUcdf^S'^ iif^ Udf^ 4> 17 ^ ft- 
 
 4 o 
 
 -^ 7 ^^ / 
 
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 -^ ,^0^ f u^l^ «5JP 9 f^ 
 
 ?. J/ ,/ . _ J , J « 1 r -rr n (V^ ^' faldarpoi il pro &danno nel-tue 
 
 pro et/dnno // A C^UCdu/ de mi A fMt/e VdUdrdfO^ cauedal.per vltima conchi/ione, 
 
 ■^|- per uufiU Tcgwdi de fdmo i 540 , trdtio iri/ejlo. 
 
 Tine dil<prefente GiorndU,Unuto per mi Aluife Vs 
 
 ldreffo,perconto d'^ogni trafjlco^^ negolio i me oc 
 
 corfo.dd di primo Mdrzo i S'^ofn ddi ultimo Fe^ 
 
 braro delditto miUepmo, ntlqudlordwdtdinemedc 
 
 giorno in giorno , ho fcriito di mid ntdno^nr 
 
 in ejjb piu int<ndo fcriuere , per hduer 
 
 dueUo conclufo cf fdlddto in 
 
 I X pdrtide , lequdl ho 
 
 —S-^portdk ml li" 
 
 bronouofs 
 
 gn&to 
 
 A 
 
 B2
 
 MANZONI'S JOURNAL REPRODUCED 
 
 On the opposite page is given an enlarged reproduction of the last page of Domenico Manzoni's jour- 
 nal. As stated before, the writer has not an original copy of Manzoni's book at iiand, therefore only this 
 page can be given which was enlarged from a reproduction appearing on page 121 of Brown's History of 
 Accounting. 
 
 As we have seen in the historical chapter, Manzoni wrote forty years after Pacioli, but he was the first 
 author to give illustrations of the journal and ledger, although in the text he practically copied Pacioli 
 verbatim. Therefore, in Manzoni's book we have the first expressions in examples and illustrations of the 
 writings of Pacioli. 
 
 The page here reproduced is the last page of the journal and contains the journal entries covering 
 the closing of the profit and loss account {Pro et danno.) 
 
 We will note that the date is in the middle at the top of the page ; that the name of the debtor ac- 
 count is separated from the name of the creditor account by two slanting lines, thus: //; that each entry 
 is separated by a line in the explanation column only (not in the money column) ; that immediately to 
 the left of each entry we fiind two figures, separated by a short horizontal line or dash ; these are the pages 
 of the ledger to which the debit and credit are posted, the top figure representing the debit and the lower 
 one the credit. Immediately before these two figures, we find two slanting lines or dashes ; they are the 
 checking marks. We will see that Pietra uses a dot in this place and that Pacioli prefers a dot but men- 
 tions a check mark or any other mark. They are not the two slanting lines which are drawn through an 
 entry when it has been posted. These two we find represented in the two little diagonal dashes at the be- 
 ginning and end, as well as on the under and upper side, of the lines separating the journal entries. The 
 writer believes from the descriptions he has read and iUustratious he has seen, that these dashes are the 
 beginning and end of the much described "diagonal lines" and illustrates his idea by the two lines he 
 added to the reproduction in the last journal entry. The omission of these lines like that of the standing 
 lines in the money column, is probably due to lack of printing facilities. You will recall that Pacioli men- 
 tions these lines to be made at the beginning of the entry and at the end of the entry, just before the lire 
 sign. 
 
 The numbers from 294 to 300 in the left-hand margin, are the consecutive numbers of the journal en- 
 tries, which Manzoni alone and no other writer herein referred to mentions. 
 
 On the right we find the four signs of the various denominations, lire, soldi, denari, and picioli. A 
 dash is provided wherever a cypher should appear in the money column. 
 
 The two lines of printing above the money in the money columns are merely directions which Manzoni 
 as textwriter gave to his reader. They are not a part of the journal entry. You will note that he prints 
 them in different type. The difference in coin between the uniform one used in bookkeeping and the one 
 used locally is also apparent, as the local coin is given as a part of the explanation to the journal entry. 
 The "p" to the left of the journal entry and to the right of the figures in the margin stands for "per" 
 (our by), and immedately after the slanting dashes "//" in front of the name of the credit account is 
 used "A" (our to). 
 
 Elsewhere we have stated that except as to numbering the journal entries Manzoni mentioned noth- 
 ing that Pacioli did not describe. While he copies whole chapters word for word, in some of them, how- 
 ever, he was clearer, more brief and more systematic than Pacioli. We give one of the chapters as an ex- 
 ample. 
 
 83
 
 ABSTRACT FROM DOMENICO MANZONTS BOOK 
 
 CAP. XIII. 
 
 Regole breuissime del giornal & quaderno. 
 
 Nota ehe la Regola del Giornale & Quaderno, in se coutiene sei cose, cio e. 
 
 Dare, Havere, Qualita, Quantita, Tempo & Ordine. 
 
 Dare, significa douer dare, cio e il debitore, o uno o piu ehe siano. 
 
 Havere, uvol dir douer havere, cio e il creditore, o iino o piu ehe siano. 
 
 Qualita sono quelle cose die tu maneggi, & siano di ehe sorte si vogliono. 
 
 Quantita, e il uumero, peso over misure, o piceioli, o grandi ehe si siano. 
 
 Tempo, si e il giorno, ilmese & lanno, sotto il quale tu fai la partida. 
 
 Ordine, e quello, ehe nella preseute opera con facilita insegnamo. 
 
 Le due prime, sono affermative, e principali in ogi eosa. 
 
 La cosa debitrice, sempre va posta avanti a la creditrice. 
 
 Davauti a la cosa debitrice, vi si pone uno per a questo modo P. 
 
 Davanti a la cosa creditrice, vi si pone uno A cosi A. 
 
 II P, in tal luogo significa la cosa debitrice. 
 
 E lo A in tal luogo significa la cosa creditrice. 
 
 II giornale, si divide il debitore dal creditore, con due liniette a questo modo 
 
 lequali dinotano, ehe de una partida dalgiornale, sempre se ne eonvien 
 far due nel quaderno. 
 
 II giorno, si nota nel giornal di sopra da la partida. 
 
 Et nel quaderno, si nota, dentro dalla partida. 
 
 II numero de le carte del quaderno, nel giornale, si mette avanti la partida. 
 
 Et nel quaderno, il medesimo si mette dopo la partida. 
 
 Li nomi de le partide vive in I'alfabeto, vi si poneno a man destra. 
 
 Et queUi de le cose morte, si notano a man sinistra. 
 
 Per le cose vive, qui s intende ogni ereaturi animata. 
 
 E per le morte, s intende robbe, over ogni altra cosa. 
 
 TRANSLATION OP THE ABOVE ABSTRACT PROM DOMENICO MANZONI'S BOOK. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Very Short Rules for the Journal and the Ledger. 
 (In verse form.) 
 
 You should note that the rules for the Journal and the Ledger contain six things, namely i 
 Give, Have, Quality, Quantity, Time and Order. 
 
 Give (Debit), means as much as "shall give", that is, the debtor be it one or more. 
 Have (Credit), means as much as "shall have", this is, the creditor be it one or more. 
 Quality, by this we understand the things you handle of whichever nature they may be. 
 Quantity, by this we understand the number, the weight or the measure, be it big or little. 
 Time, means the day, the month and the year in which the transaction is made. 
 Order, means that which we can easily learn from the present book. 
 The first two are most important and refer particularly to aU things. 
 The things made debtor should be placed before the creditor. 
 
 84
 
 In front of that which is made debtor is placed "Per", iu this way "P". 
 
 Before the creditor we place an "A" iu this way "A". 
 
 The " P " signifies that in this spot the things were made debtor. 
 
 And the "A" signifies that in this spot the things were made creditor. 
 
 In the Journal one must divide the debtor from the creditor by means of two small lines in this way //, 
 which denotes that from one entry in the Journal two entries should be made in the Ledger. 
 
 In the Journal, The day should be given above the entries. 
 
 In the Ledger, The same is carried into the body of the entry. 
 
 In the Journal, the number of the Ledger pages is placed in front of the entry. 
 
 And in the Ledger we place the same after the entry. 
 
 The name of the living account is written in the Index to the right. 
 
 And those of the dead things are written to the left. 
 
 With "living things" is understood every creature with a soul (ogni creatura animata). 
 
 And with "dead things" is understood merchandise and everything else. 
 
 In Chapter eleven Manzoni also gives eight rules for journalizing. The four principal things pertain- 
 ing to buying, selling, receiving, paying, exchanging, loaning and gifts are 
 
 1. The one who gives. 
 
 2. The one who receives. 
 
 3. The thing which is given. 
 •4. The thing which is received. 
 
 It should be noted that here are four conditions to each transaction. While Manzoni does not explain 
 their use, as we will see later on, Stevin gives us the proper interpretation for this, somewhat as follows : 
 
 One transaction will always need a double-entry. If Peter pays £100 we must consider 
 
 1. The one who gives, i. e., Peter. 
 
 2. The one who receives, i. e., proprietor. 
 
 3. The thing which is given, i. e., cash by Peter. 
 
 4. The thing which is received, i. e., cash from the proprietor. 
 
 Hence proprietor debit to Peter and cash debit to proprietor, which combined by eliminating the 
 quantities of similar name and value, or by cancelling (as in algebra a=b; b=e; hence a=c) makes cash 
 debit to Peter. 
 
 Manzoni then follows with these eight rules : 
 
 1. Debit merchandise for purchase. 
 
 2. Credit merchandise for sales. 
 
 3. Debit cash for cash sales. 
 
 4. Credit cash for cash purchase. 
 
 5. Debit buyer for sales on credit. 
 
 6. Credit seller for purchase on credit. 
 
 7. Debit persons who promise to pay. 
 
 8. Credit persons to whom we promise to pay. 
 
 In order to give the reader some idea of the scope of Manzoni 's work, we give here a translation of 
 the Index to his book. 
 
 PART I. JOURNAL. 
 Chapter 
 
 1. Those things which the merchant needs and the system of keeping a Ledger and its Journal. 
 
 2. The inventory, what it is and how merchants make it up. 
 
 3. Form and example of inventory. 
 
 4. Last urging and good instruction for the merchant in connection with the inventory. 
 
 5. A certain book, which majority of people use and which is called Memorial, Strazze or Vachetta ; 
 
 what it is ; how we must write it up and for whom. 
 
 6. Some special little books, which it is customary to use ; what they are and how they are written up. 
 
 (Separate day books for petty expenses, household expenses, salaries, repairs, rents, separate 
 classes of merchandise.) 
 
 7. The manner in which in some places the books are authenticated by law. 
 
 85
 
 Chapter 
 
 8. The first book, which is called Journal; what it is and how it is started and kept. (Mentioning the 
 
 five customary standing lines of a journal.) 
 
 9. The two terms which are used in the Journal and the Ledger, the one named "Cash," the other 
 
 "Capital," and what they mean. 
 
 10. Two other terms which are used in the Journal and which are mixed quite often, and what they 
 
 mean. ("Per" and "A" — Debits separated from Credits by //.) 
 
 11. The principles underlying the use and arrangement of the Ledger. (Author claims this is very 
 
 dilficult to understand; "Per" and "A" used to separate debit from credit, but does not say how 
 to make debits and credits except that he gives in connection with the various methods of buy- 
 ing and selling, eight rules for Journal entry.) 
 
 12. The manner and system by which each entry in the Journal must be written under the proper 
 
 terms. (Samples of Journal entries, with application of rules from Chapter 11.) 
 
 13. Short rules for the Journal and Ledger, and the six things each entry must contain. 
 
 14. Explanation of old abbreviations and what is meant by ''Lire de grossi." The kind of money used 
 
 by merchants in bookkeeping and which really does not exist. Common people use : Lire=20 
 soldi; 1 soldi =12 Picioli. 
 
 (In Ducats.) 
 
 1 ducat = 24 grossi. 
 
 1 grosso = 32 Picioli in gold. 
 
 1 Pieiolo in gold = 1-15/16 Picioli in money by common people. 
 
 (In Lire de grossi.) 
 1 lira = 10 ducats. 1 soldo = 12 grossi. 
 
 1 lira = 20 soldi. 1 grosso = 32 Picioli. 
 
 1 grosso in gold = 5 grossi common money. 
 
 15. Explanation needed in order to understand the examples of journal and ledger entries. 
 
 PART II. LEDGER. 
 
 1. The second and last principal mercantile book, called Ledger ; what it is ; how it is opened and kept. 
 
 2. The manner in which the old year is written in this book and about the kind of money used in post- 
 
 ing. (Year and usually also the money is written in Roman figures; Arabic too easy to change: 
 to 6 or 9. Do not repeat date, but put a line. Leave no open spaces for others to fill in.) 
 
 3. The reason for having two entries in the Ledger for each single entry in the Journal. 
 
 4. The manner in which we use both terms for each entry in the Ledger. ("A" on debit of Ledger, 
 
 "Per" on credit of Ledger; unlike the Journal, where "A" denotes credit and "Per" debit.) 
 
 5. The manner and system to be used in transferring entries from the Journal to the Ledger. (Crosses 
 
 Journal entry off with one diagonal line, at the time he enters the Ledger page, but does not say 
 where to put this line.) 
 
 6. The manner of marking entries in the Journal which have been posted to the Ledger. 
 
 7. The two numbers of the Ledger pages which are written in the margin of the Journal, when the en- 
 
 try is posted from the Journal to the Ledger, the one above the other and separated by a line. 
 
 8. Another number, which we write at the beginning of each entry, through which each entry can 
 
 easily be located again. (Numbers each Journal entry consecutively.) 
 
 9. The manner in which the entries are carried to another place in the Ledger when one page is filled. 
 
 (Cancel blank space on either side to lowest place of writing. Balance not entered in the Jour- 
 nal. Carries balance only, with an abbreviation which means "Carried forward.") 
 
 10. The manner and system which should be followed in the checking of the books in order to detect 
 
 errors. ( Gives Ledger to assistant and keeps Journal, thus reversing method of Paeioli. He does 
 not use a dot but "another mark than that used first." (See chapter 6 above and two lines be- 
 fore each entry in the reproduction.) 
 
 11. The manner in which a correction in the Ledger is made when we have posted an entry to the wrong 
 
 page in the Ledger. (Never cross the wrong entry out or erase it, for you cannot prove what 
 was there, and hence it wiU be construed as deceit. If an entry is posted to debit that should be 
 credit, put another on the credit to offset it, for same amount, then proceed correctly. Mark er- 
 roneous and corrective entries with an X or H (havere) ; some make correction in one entry by 
 using double the amount.) '^^^^ii'-' 
 
 12. How to prepare an account for a debtor or a creditor when he asks for a statement of his account. 
 
 86
 
 PIETRA'S JOURNAL AND LEDGER REPRODUCED 
 
 As stated in the historical chapter, in 1586, or nearly 100 years after Pacioli wrote, Don Angelo Pietra 
 published a work on bookkeeping, which was fully illustrated with numerous examples. Undoubtedly 
 Pietra had both Pacioli and Manzoui before him when writing his book, because he describes matters which 
 Manzoui omitted but Pacioli gave, and also some which Mauzoni mentioned and Pacioli did not. This will 
 be explained fully elsewhere. 
 
 Pietra was a monk who endeavored to give a system to be used for monasteries, but which he claimed 
 was expedient for those who do not trade, or in other words, for corporations not for profit, and for cap- 
 italists. The first page is a reproduction of the title page, in which the reader will find the author's name 
 just above, and the date of publication just below, the picture. 
 
 The next page gives a chart of the various methods of buying and of selling, of each of which Pacioli 
 says there are nine. Pietra sets them up here in a far more systematic manner, showing fifteen in all. 
 
 We show next the first four lines of the title page to the journal, which are the dedication of the 
 journal: "In the Name of the most holy and undivided Trinity, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost." Also 
 note the cross in the sixth line which is the sign used for the first journal and the first ledger when begin- 
 ning a new business. Such journal and ledger as we have seen in Pacioli, is called the "cross journal" 
 and the ' ' cross ledger. ' ' 
 
 Next we give a page of the journal. Prom this page, we note : 
 
 (1) That the first page of the journal carries the opening of "In the Name of God." 
 
 (2) That thereafter comes the date in the middle of the page. The date is not again given until it is 
 changed and then only the day of the month is given, omitting the year and the name of the month; "a 
 di detto," meaning "on the day of the aforesaid month." 
 
 (3) That each journal entry is divided by a line, not clear across the page, but from page column to 
 money column. 
 
 (4) That as in Manzoni's journal, no standing division lines in money columns are given (probably 
 due to lack of printing facilities). 
 
 (5) That the money consideration of each entry is not only mentioned in the money column but also 
 in the explanation of the journal entry. 
 
 (6) That the name of the debit account is given first and the credit last; that they are divided by 
 two small slanting strokes followed by the preposition " a " like this : //a. 
 
 (7) That the name of the debit account is not preceded by "P" or by "Per" as Pacioli and Man- 
 zoui require. 
 
 (8) That the pages of the ledger to which the entries are transferred or posted are divided by a hori- 
 zontal line or dash between the figures, the debit being always on top and the credit below. 
 
 (9) That each entry has a brief but full explanation of the transaction represented by the entrj'. 
 
 (10) That each entry is carefully checked with a dot (not a check mark as we use and Pacioli de- 
 scribed or a dash as Manzoni showed) on the left of the ledger pages in the journal. These dots also ap- 
 pear in front of each ledger entry. 
 
 (11) That Pietra shows no combination journal entry or entries with more than one debit or credit. 
 
 (12) That he does not show the diagonal cancellation lines in the journal as an eAadence of posting to 
 the ledger. 
 
 (13) That he does not give any other value sign than the "Lire," omitting the soldi, denari, and 
 picioli signs. 
 
 (14) That he very carefully provides a dash in the money column in the place of the cyphers. 
 
 The illustrations of the journal are followed by those of the ledger. The title page contains the name 
 of the ledger, in the fifth line " Libro maestro" (master book or principal book). The ledger has the same 
 dedication as the journal. 
 
 Folio one of Pietra 's ledger is the equivalent of an opening balance account, giving the name of the 
 old and new account, the page in the old ledger and the page in the new ledger, it being posted from the 
 closing balance account in the old ledger and not from the journal. The assets are on the credit side and 
 the liabilities on the debit side of the ledger. The account shows a deficit of L 1706 - 10 - 3. The assets 
 are divided in two: first, the accounts receivable and their total, then the merchandise and other specific 
 accounts. 
 
 This page corresponds to the English form of a balance sheet. It is the proprietor's half of the open- 
 ing inventory journal entry placed direct in the ledger instead of in the journal, and as such this repre- 
 sents a proprietor's account upon the theory that the proprietor is credited for furnishing or loaning to 
 the personification of the asset accounts and charged with the negative assets or liabilities. As our modern 
 capital account represents a net difference between assets and liabilities (leaving surplus out of considera- 
 tion), it cannot be said that Pietra employed a modern capital account, altliough the result is the same. 
 
 87
 
 Page 59 of this ledger also represents an account with the proprietor or owner, and is really a contin- 
 uation of the account on page one. The first entry on the debit is the balance and deficit of L 1706 - 10 - 3, 
 properly transferred from page one without the aid of a journal entry. The following five entries are 
 entries "corrective of the net capital, because they refer to transactions of previous years and are of little 
 importance for our study except that they show that the principle of surplus adjustments then existed. 
 
 Tlie seventh entry on the debit, of L 4 - 17 - 10, refers to the same ledger page as this selfsame account 
 bears (namely, 59). We find, therefore, the credit end of the entry on the credit side of this page. This 
 entry does not come from the journal, but is merely a "cross" or "wash" entry in the nature of a memo- 
 randum for the purpose of recording an omitted transaction. Note how carefully both entries are marked 
 with a little circle (o) to set them off from the others, much the same as we use a cross (X) nowadays for 
 the same purpose, and as Pacioli and Manzoni also mention. 
 
 The last entry on the debit side (L 3744- 0-3) is made also without the aid of the journal. Its 
 counterpart is on page 61 of the ledger. It represesents the net worth or capital invested at the end of 
 the year, and balances on page 61 with the difference between assets and liabilities, and is merely a meth- 
 odical closing entry in order that all accounts may be closed at the transfer of all open accounts to the 
 new ledger. 
 
 On the credit side we find the first five entries to be surplus adjustment entries. The sixth one is the 
 cross entry already explained, and the last one, L 5448 - 10 - 5, is the net profit balance transferred from 
 ledger page 60 without the use of the journal. Here then we have an account named "Monastery," the 
 proprietor for which these books are kept. It stands charged with a capital deficit, credited with the an- 
 nual profits and closed with a debit balance representing present net worth, identical with our present day 
 Capital account. The deficit in the opening entry, as would appear from the text, seems to be due to the 
 low values given to the fixed assets in order to avoid heavier taxation by the church authorities. The ac- 
 count shows no definite ledger heading, although the fir.st word on the left page ''Monastero" (monastery) 
 is the name of the proprietor and is not repeated in each entry. The same method Pacioli and Manzoni 
 describe and therefore we have not approached closer to the definite ledger heading. 
 
 Page 60 represents what we call today an "Income and Expenses" account, sometimes misnamed but 
 being similar to a "Profit or Loss" accoiint. It is not so named here. The debit side is called "Spesa 
 Generale" (General Expenses), — the credit side "Entrata Generale" (General Income). 
 
 It should be remembered that these books were not kept for a mercantile establishment, which operates 
 with the object of a profit in view, but only for a monastery, an eleemosynary corporation, an institution 
 or corporation not for profit, hence it could not use the words profit or loss. 
 
 The balance on the debit of L 5448 - 10 - 5 is the excess of general income over general expenses, and 
 is transferred to page 59, which we have explained is the proprietor's account or eqiiivalent to our pres- 
 ent capital account. 
 
 Page 61 contains the last page of the ledger of Pietra's book. It is similar to page one, except that 
 debits and credits are reversed. Here then we have the closing "Balance account," called ''Esito," which 
 means final or exit. It accurately represents our modern balance sheet, but is placed in the ledger as a 
 permanent record and used as a medium to close all accounts in the ledger. It usually was and quite 
 often now is the custom to start a new ledger each year, hence all accounts should be closed when the ledger 
 is laid away. Pacioli nor Manzoni describe this account. They transfer the open balances of the asset 
 and liability accounts direct to the new ledger. 
 
 You will note that the closing entry of L 3744 - - 3 on the credit is taken from page 59, the monas- 
 tery or capital account. You will also note that it is on the credit side of the account, and a total of the 
 liabilities is drawn before the final balance. This is not done anywhere else in the ledger, showing that 
 this account is different and represents two purposes: one, that of a final trial balance (after Profit and 
 Loss accounts are closed) and thus becomes a statement of assets and liabilities; and, further, that net 
 worth or capital is not considered a liability, but an item distinct from liabilities, for the purpose of closing 
 the capital account in the ledger, and transferring it in the new ledger. 
 
 Page 21 of the ledger is given to show how carefully all blank spaces are cancelled by slanting lines ; 
 how accounts are kept in two kinds of money with the aid of a double column ; that no reference is made 
 to the pages in the journal from which the entries were posted, for the reason stated in the text that the 
 date was a close enough reference; that the journal entries are not numbered, as was done by Manzoni. 
 Pages given immediately before the amounts refer to the ledger page on which the other side of the double- 
 entry appears; note that on the debit the preposition "a" is used for our "to" and on the credit "per" 
 for our "by;" following Manzoni in this respect, but entirely opposed to Pacioli 's teachings, opening and 
 closing entries do not carry these prepositions ; because they do not constitute true debits and credits as 
 those transferred from the journal ; printers then, as now, make errors in figures, as the fourth figure from 
 the bottom of the debit side should be 250 instead of 205, as per addition and the opening entry on page 
 one; the explanation in the journal is repeated in the ledger and more than one line is used for an entry 
 if needed ; a single line is drawn under the figures only and then the total put in; the word "somma" 
 (total) is used in front of the figures instead of the double line m'c now rule under the total; no totals or 
 lines are drawn when the account contains only one item ; every entry is carefully checked with a dot in 
 the left margin ; the name of the account is engrossed at the beginning of the first line on the left and 
 thus approaches the definite ledger heading of the present day ; the date belonging to each entrj^ is not set 
 out in a definite column, although the text mentions this; "dee dare" (should give or debit) and "dee 
 havcre" (should have or credit) is only stated once at the beginning of each account and not in every en- 
 try, as we would infer from Pacioli the custom was. 
 
 88
 
 In order to give the reader a clear understanding of what is contained in Pietra's book and to show 
 how much more polished, complete and advanced it is than the book of either Pacioli or Mauzoni, and to 
 indicate the many new features he introduces, we are giving here a brief description of each chapter in the 
 nature of an index. 
 
 1. Day book or scrap book and similar books are necessary in order to get journal and ledger in good form. 
 
 2. Explains debit and credit as to "A" and "Per"— our "To" and "By," and the two little lines // 
 
 which separate debits from credits. 
 
 3. Makes a distinction between bookkeeping for bankers, merchants, and capitalists. 
 
 4. Describes the three ledgers for these three methods. 
 
 5. Says some more about the ledger for capitalist and calls it the ' ' Economic Ledger. ' ' Author uses 
 
 this kind of ledger in his book of samples which he adapts to the business of a monastery. 
 
 6. The first part of the inventory covering immovable assets. 
 
 7. The second part of the inventory covering merchandise or goods for use in the house (not fixtures — 
 
 they belong to movables). 
 
 8. The third part of the inventory of movable assets. 
 
 9. Gives tabulated detailed inventory of the movable assets of a monastery. 
 
 10. About qualifications of bookkeeper, namely, bright and of good character; good handwriting; also 
 
 knowledge, ambition, and loyalty, and gives reasons for each of these. 
 
 11. Necessity for use of but one particular coin in the Ledger as the money used in Italy is of so many 
 
 different varieties. Here is used 
 
 1 Scuto = 4 Lire = 80 Soldi in gold. 
 
 12. Describes the measures and weights used by the author. 
 
 13. Put a value on those things which are harvested and manufactured, but this should be lower than 
 
 current prices so that the proceeds will not fall below this value in case of sale. What has been 
 used should be charged to the proper department at the end of the year. 
 
 14. About the figures to be used. The Roman figures are difficult to change, but because fraudulent 
 
 changes are more to be feared by bankers and merchants, he used the easier and more commonly 
 used Arabic figures. Changes can be easily prevented by putting the money sign for lire directly 
 in front and separating the divisions of the lire by little dashes, thus L 18 - 8 - 2 — very much the 
 same as done at present in England. 
 
 15. About the fiscal year. It can begin when one chooses, but must be twelve months long and must keep 
 
 the same figures for the same year, namely, from June 1, 1586, to May 31st, 1586, not 1587. 
 
 16. Day books or memoranda books are necessary because the journal and ledger, due to their legal au- 
 
 thentication, can be used only by the one bookkeeper appointed therefor and whose signature ap- 
 pears therein. Furthermore, transactions must be written down at the time and the place where 
 they occur, and that may not be where the books are kept. Therefore, there are several memoranda 
 books concurrently used, the first one of which is marked with a cross and those which follow with 
 a letter in the order of the alphabet. 
 
 17. There should be at least three of these day books or memorials used — one for the cash receipts and 
 
 disbursements and the deposits in the bank; one for the petty cash disbursements and one for all 
 other entries from which the journal is written up, the latter to be in greater detail than the others. 
 Other day books can be kept with the sales and purchases, rents, taxes, etc. A book is needed for the 
 library and information pertaining to contracts, leases, employes, due dates, etc. Receipts for 
 money loaned should be kept in bound book form so that they may not be lost or stolen. Each de- 
 partment head should keep such a book with its transactions, such as the shoe maker, gardener, 
 tailor, etc. 
 
 18. Describes a blotter or tickler which contains a sheet for each month, and a line for each day in which 
 
 the duties of the storekeeper and butler are written, one for each day in the year. 
 
 19. Gives such a book in full detail. 
 
 20. About the journal and how to keep it. Journal is basis of the ledger and therefore it is essential that 
 
 it is kept correctly. 
 
 21. The beginning of the journal, in the name of God. The value of prayer to success and the use of 
 
 the little cross (t) as explained elsewhere. 
 
 22. Entries should be made in the journal from day to day and hour to hour, but some times this is not 
 
 possible, especially in a monastery, where the memoranda or day books of the various departments 
 are delivered only once a month. 
 
 23. About the manner and order in which the entries are made in the journal. A list of days on which 
 
 entries are to be made is prepared by days from aU the memoranda or day books, the cash entries 
 always fij-st. 
 
 24. Gives an example of this list. 
 
 25. Eight things always needed to make a proper journal entry : Debit — Credit — Time — Value — Quality 
 
 — Quantity — Price — Arrangement ; 
 
 The first two being the most important. 
 
 26. The greatest difficulty is to find what to debit and what to credit. All entries can be reduced to 
 
 three principles. 
 
 89
 
 27. List of above three priuciples : 
 
 1. (Receipt, sales, payment of au aceoimt due, borrowing. 
 (Disbursement, purchase, pajinent of a debt, loauiug. 
 
 2. (Purchasing on credit or for cash. 
 (Selling ou credit or for cash. 
 (Exchanging with money or without. 
 
 3. (Assignment of a debt to settle with a creditor, or vice versa, called drafts. 
 
 28. About the six other things needed for a proper journal entry. 
 
 29. How the journal is arranged. (See reproduction of journal page and explanatory notes appended; 
 
 omits the consecutive numbering of Journal entry, as so many do, because the date is a sufficient 
 guide to locate the entry in the journal.) 
 
 30. About the ledger and its formation. 
 
 Explains the opening account on page 1 of the ledger, and states it is the reverse of the closing ac- 
 count. Here he mentions debit as debito and credit as credito, although he usually states debit as 
 "dec dare" and credit as "dee havere." Capital account is the key and the seal of the ledger. 
 
 31. Explains the use of the two ledger accounts — "Opening" and "Monastery." "Opening" is what 
 
 the merchant calls "Capital" and practically he claims the same for "Monastery." 
 82. Explains what entries may be made in the capital account. Corrections of errors and profits or losses 
 belonging to previous years. What we call surplus adjustments. 
 
 33. Gives a table of such capital account entries. 
 
 34. About the arrangement of accounts in the ledger, the capital account to be at the end of the book. 
 
 35. List of accounts in the ledger. 
 
 36. The ordinary index. 
 
 37. The special index. 
 
 38. Posting figures in the journal (one above the other). 
 
 39. How the entry is written in the ledger. ("A" on debit side of ledger, "Per" on credit side of 
 
 ledger.) 
 
 40. Transfer to a new page is made by drawing the difference between the two sides and transferring 
 
 this to the new page. 
 
 41. How to correct errors in the entries. 
 
 42. Entries which are written direct in the ledger without having been put in the journal. 
 
 43. About the income and expense account and the method of buying and selling. The author here states 
 
 that merchants use this account for their profits or losses. 
 
 44. The vouchering by a signature of the principal disbursements. 
 
 45. About the difference in bookkeeping for land rented and that cultivated for one 's own account. 
 
 46. Three principal reasons why the income should be divided over the same accounts in which the ex- 
 
 penses and salaries are separated, namely to each departmental sub-division. 
 
 47. When the best time is to enter the rentals from lauds. In the fall when the harvest is made, as at 
 
 the end of the fiscal year is a busy enough time. 
 
 48. About personal accounts and the carrying of accounts with two different money values. 
 
 49. About the cash account in the ledger, and its peculiar uses. 
 
 50. About the acquisition and alienation of lands, for which separate accounts are provided. 
 
 51. About the accounts with partners or joint ventures. 
 
 52. When and how to check with dots. 
 
 53. A short method of checking with dots. 
 
 54. How to take a trial balance, which also constitutes the balance sheet. Divides the same in four : 1, 
 
 expenses ; 2, income ; 3, assets ; 4, liabilities. 
 
 55. How to find trial balance errors in a checked ledger. 
 
 56. How to refute a wrong opinion about the trial balance. Explains the fact that while debits and 
 
 credits must equal, that such does not mean that the assets equal the liabilities. 
 
 57. How to compute the income and expense account. This he considers the most difficult, as some ac- 
 
 counts will have three closing entries, — one for profit on sales ; one for merchandise used by other 
 departments of the business ; and one for merchandise remaining on hand. Furthermore, meas- 
 ures and weights should also be brought in balance. 
 
 58. The manner in which the closing balance account is made up. Accounts are only ruled at the end of 
 
 the year by a line under the figures or amounts ; tlien entering the total, ^vhich must be the same on 
 both sides. If an account is closed during the year, only a line is drawn, but the total is put inside 
 the column and not under the line. 
 
 59. About other methods of closing the ledger and their shortcomings. Here the author describes several 
 
 methods used at that time of closing a ledger and prefers his own because it gives finally in one ac- 
 count the status of the capital, whereas the other methods do not do so. 
 
 60. How an account is rendered to the church authorities at the end of the fiscal year. 
 
 90
 
 In the comparative index we have given the items which are discussed by all the four authors there 
 mentioned. There are, however, a number of items which some of the authors use and others do not. 
 From among these, the following are taken as the most important. 
 
 Pietra discusses the following in his book, but Pacioli and Manzoni do not : 
 
 Chapter 
 
 3 distinction in bookkeeping for bankers, merchants, and capitalists. 
 
 4 describes three ledgers for these three businesses. 
 
 5 describes more in detail the ledger for capitalists — called "Economic Ledger." 
 7 inventory of merchandise in stores. 
 
 10 qualifications of bookkeepers. 
 
 12 description of measures and weights used in book. 
 
 13 put value on things harvested and used, and those not sold but used in other departments. 
 15 describes fiscal year — use same numerals, although calendar year changes. 
 
 17 separate daybooks for the following subjects : cash — bank — petty cash — library — contracts — 
 leases — salaries — due dates — loans — and one for each department. 
 18 & 19 daily tickler for bookkeeper and storekeeper's duties. 
 
 22 journal written up once a month in a monastery, because all daybooks are in use. 
 
 23 the order in which transfers from daybook to journal are made — a list of this prepared before- 
 hand — cash entries always first. 
 
 25 & 28 eight things always needed in any journal entry. 
 
 26 & 27 rules for journalizing. 
 
 29 arrangement of journal with five standing lines, but omits numbers of journal entries. 
 
 31 divides capital into two accounts — opening capital at beginning of year — closing capital at 
 end of year. 
 
 32 interim entries in capital account or surplus adjustments. 
 
 33 table of such capital entries. 
 
 34 capital account always at end of the ledger. 
 37 special index. 
 
 39 apparent transposition of "A" and "Per" in ledger from its use in journal. 
 
 42 list of entries which do not go through journal. 
 
 43 vouchering of disbursements. 
 
 45 book for lands rented and cultivated for own account. 
 
 46 income divided in same accounts as expenses. 
 
 47 when to enter rentals — in fall or end of fiscal year. 
 
 48 personal accounts and accounts with two different values of moneys. 
 50 acquisition and alienation of lands. 
 
 53 a short method of checking the ledger. 
 
 Pietra mentions the following in his book, as does Manzoni, but Pacioli does not, proving by this 
 that Pietra had apparently available both Manzoni and Pacioli: 
 
 more than one memoriale 
 
 five standing or "down" lines in journal 
 
 definite rules for journal entries 
 
 six things always needed in each journal entry 
 
 about transposition of "A" and "Per" in ledger from its use in the journal 
 
 (Pietra does not explain definitely although his examples give it.) 
 numbering of journal entries. 
 
 Pietra 's Chapter 33 explains all entries which may appear in the capital account and illustrates 
 them with the following tabulation : 
 
 1. During the year 
 
 2. At the end of the year 
 
 1. During the year. 
 A. Profits. 
 
 a. omitted credits 
 
 a. collected Cash to capital 
 
 b. uncollected Debtor to capital 
 
 b. judgments obtained 
 
 a. collected Casli to capital 
 
 b. uncollected Debtor to capital 
 
 91
 
 a. omitted debts 
 
 a. paid 
 
 b. to be paid 
 
 b. 
 
 a. 
 
 b. 
 
 judgments lost 
 
 a. paid 
 
 b. to be paid 
 
 balances of accounts 
 
 a. what is due 
 
 b. what is owed 
 
 balance sheet adjustment 
 
 a. what is owed 
 
 b. what is due 
 
 B. Losses. 
 
 Capital to cash 
 Capital to creditor 
 
 Capital to cash 
 Capital to creditor 
 
 2. At the end of the year. 
 A. Extraordinary Accounts. 
 
 Capital to creditor. 
 Creditor to capital 
 
 several kinds and without 
 connection with the books 
 
 B. Ordinary Accounts. 
 
 a. 
 
 b. 
 
 excess in expenses 
 excess in income 
 
 Capital to income 
 Expenses to capital 
 
 Pietra's Chapter 42 explains about the many entries which are made in the ledger, without going 
 through the journal, and classifies them as follows : 
 
 Refers to entries which we transfer from the old ledger into the new, partly daily, partly at the end 
 of the year. 
 
 1. the introduction 
 
 2. the opening of capital account when it is transferred from the closing capital account and not 
 
 from a new inventory. 
 
 3. balances transferred from one account to another. 
 
 4. contra entries to correct errors. 
 
 5. profit or loss due to inventory adjustments. 
 
 6. the balance of the income and expense account. 
 
 7. all closing entries at the end of the year. 
 
 8. the closing of the closing capital account. 
 
 92
 
 I N D R I Z Z O 
 
 DEGLl ECONOMI. 
 
 OSIA ORDINATISSIMA 
 
 INSTRVTTIONE DA REGOL A T A M EM T E 
 
 FORMARE Q.VALVNOVE SCRITTVRA 
 
 INVNLIBRO DOPPlOi 
 
 AGG I VN TOVI L'ESSEMPLARE Df VN LIBRO 
 
 MOBILE^CO'L SVO GlORNALE,AD VSO DELLA 
 
 CONGREGATION C ASSINESE .DELL'ORDfNE 
 
 01 S (TEnCDEtto 
 
 qONDVETAVOLEjLVNA DEC APITOLI, ET LALTRA 
 
 DELLE COSE P[V DEGNE.A PIENO 
 
 INTENDimENTO Ol CIASCVNO 
 
 Opera nuoua,non mcno vtilechcnecefl'ana,a Rcligio<l,che viuono dclle proprie 
 
 Rcndite.&adogniPadrediFamiglin.chefidiletti 
 
 del Libro Doppio 
 
 CotspofhldaDo&AQgcIo Piecrj GenouefeMoiiacOy&indegnoferuodiGieruChrirco, 
 
 IN MANTOVA.PcrFranccfcoOfanna.ConliccnxadeSupcnori. MDLXXXV 
 
 93
 
 Tauola Analitka dellejopra/cntte qumdici partite, (ap. 
 
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 94
 
 N O M E^D ELLA 
 
 SANTISSIMA ET 
 
 INDIVIDVA TRINITA* 
 
 PADRE, FIGLIO, E SPIRITO SANTO. 
 
 GIORNALE DEL LIBRO MAESTRO, 
 
 5EGNATO * DEL MONASTER O, 
 
 DEL GLORIOSO PRECVRSOR 
 
 D I C H R I S T O. 
 
 SAN GIO. BATTISTA DORIAN A, 
 DELLANNO. 1586. 
 
 Comlndato adi primo Giugno . Scritto da me Don Gabriello da Parma , 
 
 Cellerarodeldetto Monaftero^diordine del molco Reuerendo 
 
 Padre Don Romano Senefe Abatcdella Congregation 
 
 Calsinefe, dell'ordinedel noftro Santifsimo 
 
 Padre Benedetto . 
 
 So
 
 ALNOMEOrDIO, i 
 
 Adi primo dt Gitigno 1586. 
 
 Per Cartolcria/ a Cafla.Iire venti S 10. fpefeinqueftolibrodoppio, col fuoGiorna 
 
 V le& Alfabeto,conaltreduevacchette,e fquarciafogli f — 20-10— 
 
 .jt 
 
 Mutationi A aCafla,lirecmquantacinque^ lo.date.cioe/iz.alP.D.Benedet- 
 toda Bologna Decano , mutaco quefto capitolo a Modona, per fiia muutic 
 
 — ne di vn arino,ebuona mano.e'jf 55 — 10. dateaDonGio. Pietro daSalo, 
 '* * mutato aPraglia.per fua mutatione di vn'anno.fpefc fatte,e buona mano, co 
 
 meperlororiceuereappare dillintamence nel hbro di efsi — jf — JJ— »o — 
 
 Dette/, aD.MaurodaPiaceoza Concelleraro.lirediaTette^ i2.c0nteaD.Va- 
 
 — icntiniano da NapolirautatOflTloma,per fua mutatione ebuonamano,dime 
 
 '^^ finoue,ch'eidimor6inmuefloMCTi3f?ero,comeperfuoriceuere ^ — 17—11 — 
 
 Aril I derto. 
 .?» Cafla/'aFedericobarbarolTa mjlyhefe.lire trecento quarantaotto^ii.con- 
 .'5/ temipermanodiMarcoSolharioform3ggiaro,abu6cotodcl Aio debitoj? —548-11- 
 
 •35 D.Mauro Concelleraro/ aCa{r3. iire cento ttenta , contegli per fpendere, 
 
 T}» come almio libretto a.^paredilllncamente ^ _ijo 
 
 •38 F.Thomafo di Val camonicafpenditore/ZaCafla. lire nonantafette^ 14.8. con 
 
 •J* tegli per fpendere a minuto 3? —97—14—8- 
 
 .;8 Cornelio Landino fcruidore '/a D.Mauro Concelleraro, lire uenti,da luiha- 
 
 •3 J uutc a buon conco delfuocredito gf ^o 
 
 J^ Cafla "adAleffandro del Sole Affittuale,lirequattroccntoottantafette.p 10. 
 
 'S « dalui hauutc a buon conto del fuo debito -^ — 487— ro- 
 
 ±2 P.D.PlacidoMantouanoRettorediBadia/aCana,lirecencoquaranta,contc- 
 
 •3 I gli dafpendcre , come al mio libretto 3? —140 
 
 j39 F.Manfueto ITrefciano cunodealPriorato//aCa(ra,lirefettaiitacinque, con- 
 
 ~j i tegh da fpendere intornoalle poflefsioni # — ^75- 
 
 ■40 P.Vigilantio Comafco Oblato.cuftodea Santi Martiri /a Caffa.lire cetouenti, 
 
 •3 * mandategli da fpendere,pcr mano di Fabritio Gallo noftro fattore jf — 1 20- 
 
 •' ; Limofine ■ a D. Maiiro,lire otto, date d'ordine del Reuerendo P. Abate, ad al- 
 
 .35 tunihebrei fatti chriftiani — 3? 8 
 
 ^58 Berengario Serpcntinocamparo//aF. Manfueto ,lirefette.F 'o.da luihauute 
 
 ,39 a buon conto del fuo falario x — -7— lO- 
 
 Adi j.detro. 
 ^8 m-SigirniondoTranquillo/ZaGordiandLampridioaffiittualejlircdugentoot- 
 .ji tanta,contegUanoftronomeinpagamento ^ — a8o 
 
 jlf Badia //al P.D.PIa<iido,lire vndeci $ i S.per dodici raftelIadori,& 24. forchedi 
 
 •3 7 legno, compre per raftellarc & cuftodire il fieno , come al fuo libro 3? -.. x i—i 8- 
 
 Jj? S.Martiri//aF.Vigilantio,lirefette^i5.5.perdicce pale compre per lo fru- 
 4° mento, corneal fuo libro apparc X - — 7— ij-^- 
 
 A a 
 96
 
 NOME DELLA 
 
 SANTISSIMAET 
 
 INDIVIDVA TRINITA* 
 
 PADRE, FIGLIO, E SPIRITO SANTO. 
 
 LIBRO MAESTRO SEGNATO 4^, DEL 
 
 MONASTERO, DEL GLORIOSO 
 
 PRECVRSOR DI CHRIST O, 
 
 SAN GIO. BATTISTA DORIAN A, 
 
 D E L L' A N N O. 1586. 
 
 CominciatoalprimoGiugno. Scrictoda mcDon Cefarioda Cremona, 
 
 monaco deldetto Monafterojdiordine del molto Reuerendo 
 
 Padre Don Romano Senefe Abate, E del P, D. Gabriello 
 
 Parmiggiano Decano , c Celleraro del detto 
 
 Monaftero,della Congregation Ca(si» 
 
 nefc J dellordine del noftro 
 
 Santiflimo Padre 
 
 Benedetto. 
 
 97
 
 
 15 85. 
 
 f N T R O I T O del prcfente libro + dec dare adi pr Imo Giugno, 
 percrrinfrafcrirtiCrcdicofidel Moaadero.quuirati dairEflto 
 delUbroJoll'annopaflaco.fegaacoZ.circe 48(5.&aquello da 
 . .^ I cat! loro come appreflb.cioe. 
 
 .AlTenarionidaUibroZ.- car.4i9.TiratoiQquefto libro car. 15 
 
 Vcn.,CongfegaiioiKnoftraCafsinere — 430 A — j5 — 4 j-d-car. 4* 
 
 B.D..ClemenccAleni — . 4?i car. 4^ 
 
 m. .OtraUio Fortunato in VinCgia — 456 A laoo.a y per 100. car. 45 
 
 m. .QuiatilianoPoetainVinegia 45<5 A-6oo.a 4per 100. car. 45 
 
 m. .PompilioDefideratoinVmegia — 4j<J A -600.34 per r 00. car. 45 
 
 m. .BanhobSaladinoin Vinegia 457 A 500.34 per 100. car. 46 
 
 m. .ZacheoVeraceinMilano 437 A -doo. a 4 per 100, car. 45 
 
 .Mario Paimcrino 4^8 car. 49 t —547-15 S-- 
 
 •Ramondo Pipmo 453 car. 48 t -49J '<> 
 
 m. .SabinoPiftoia 458 car. 48 
 
 sf 
 
 2750- 
 
 se 
 
 -lU 
 
 / 
 
 - 57 
 
 / 
 
 4800 
 
 5f 
 
 54od 
 
 Sf 
 
 2400 
 
 / 
 
 2000 
 
 X 
 
 2400. 
 
 t 
 
 -547- 
 
 t 
 
 -49J 
 
 t 
 
 -645 
 
 i; 
 
 .Quintilio Piirpurato 459 car. 43 / -570-17-6. 
 
 .Sigifmondo Tranquillo 44<5 far. .48 J' -t8o — 
 
 ftl. .Torquaco Rinieri — 446 car. 49 X -325 
 
 .EneaSaiano 448 "r. 49 ^ -ip5 16 —- 
 
 Jllianodalla Scala 449 car. 49 / - 48^-10 8- 
 
 m. vLiberio de'Mauri — 449 car. 4P S? -893- U 5- 
 
 .Horatio Laureato 4S0 car, 49 X -289-16-2 . 
 
 01. .Seneca Valorofoaffittuale 451 car. 51 / - 785-18 ^ - 
 
 .Agolante de'Mori ferraro 465 Car, J 7 3° —127 12 
 
 .Agrippa Tibiillo marangonc 464 car. 57 3! — dg - 7-8- 
 
 .PompeioBelcolore ciroico 475 car. 57 5? — ig - 10 
 
 .EugeniodaPidoia barbcro 47^ car. 57 ^ — i 
 
 .Dante Congiurato barbero .474 car. 57 jf -.10- 6 
 
 .GerbinoRulHcofornaro 476 car. 57 X — 57—13-10— 
 
 .Delfino Commodocamparo 477— ■ car. 58 5f — 7^ 12 
 
 .Berengario Serpentinocamparo— 477 car. 58 3? — 18 17 8-- 
 
 .AnnibaleCermanofcruidore 480 car. 58 jf — 150- 
 
 .Cornelio Landiiio feruidorp 480 car. 58 3? — io-15 
 
 .Agapjto Pagani feruidore- 481 car. 58 3? — 12-17-p- 
 
 .Somma ^£2^052- i<S-i 
 
 98
 
 t S i 6. 
 
 .D Echaiierf adi primoGiugno, per gl' infrafaitti Dcbitori del Monancro , 
 qui tiracl dallEfico del lib.dellannopaflatofcgnatoZ.car.436.8iaqucl 
 lodai contilorocomc appreflo.cio^ 
 
 R.D..Lorezo dc'Simonidal libro Z. carc€i4? i Ttrato io qucfto Ubro- car. 
 
 m. 
 
 .Carlo Bianchinocontodi tempo 450 
 .EmanuellcClaudiaaoc6coditcpo-4Ji 
 .Attolfo Corrado 4SS 
 
 .Maggiode'PopoIi- 
 .ColtanreDragone- 
 .TibcrioScellaro 
 
 4S5 
 45S 
 4j6 
 
 4S<S 
 
 .Oitaufano Giordano 
 
 .Alcdandro del Sole afrittuale — . 
 
 .Gord lano Latnpridio affi tt uale — 45 S 
 
 .Federico BarbarofTamalghcfc 459 
 
 .Marino Orlaodo molinaro 4<5i 
 
 .Ricardo Salomone molinaro 4^» 
 
 -.CafsianoAmirante molinaro 46 j 
 
 .Deodato Falcone maflaro 46$ 
 
 ,Dem«trioConteftabile malTaro— 4^6 
 
 .Valerio Leoni malTaro 467 
 
 .FabricioGailo fattore 47'S 
 
 457 
 
 .Ccledino RofTo fcruidore 
 
 — 4B0 
 
 m. .Zerb )ntoQnaranragiaaf/itruale 481 
 
 ro. .MarcoT.Villanuouagiaafficruale 4^* 
 
 .faufloGiouialegi3noQrom3fliro484 
 
 .Imiocentio Maioranogia fattore- 431 
 
 •Lconcio Manfredi gia nollro mol. 48 j 
 
 Reflanti di quedo aanw 
 
 .Ordinaria 
 
 ,Cafc»aria- 
 
 .Magazuio d'Oglio 
 .Forno dr Farina ■ — 
 
 .Vclticria 
 
 .Calzoleria 
 
 .Barbaria 
 
 .Cantjnadi uino in Camerone- 
 
 .Cantiaa detta •- 
 
 .Cantinadi uinodiuerfa 
 
 3i} S3lcPcfi70. 
 
 314 Formaggio Pefi 50.- 
 
 'I»5 OgUoPefi JO 
 
 ■ J»7 Farina Scara45 
 
 - 3 J »' RafcJe pezzc cmquc- 
 
 333 Cordoani,& fuolc — ■ 
 
 34* SaponePefi 10. 
 
 -3^4 car.ao.di umo perufo — 
 -3<^4 car.io.da uenderea;r JJ 
 
 36? car.18. per ofo 
 
 •3<^<^ <;ar.20.perufo 
 
 Somma X » 
 ■ car. 2 X 
 
 - — car. 
 
 car. 
 
 car. 
 
 . — car. 
 
 car* 
 
 car* 
 
 car- 
 
 — car« 
 
 — car. 
 
 — car- 
 car- 
 
 .Cantinadi umo mMonaftero- ,- ^...*v..t.-. .-.- 
 
 .GranarodifrumentoinCamerone3<57 Hara 25'.pcr ufo 
 
 .Granaro detto 367 ftara i5S.daucnderca;3-i8 "f- ^^ ^ 
 
 .GranarodiFrumenrodiuerfo j^g hara45.per vfo car- i6 f 
 
 .Granaro di FrumetoinMonaHero i*^? Ilara lO. per ufo car- 17 / 
 
 .Granaro detto ^^69 ftarai85.da uc'derea;f 3. iScar- 17 X 
 
 .Granaro difrumenrara 
 
 .Granaro<iiVena,eSpclta 
 .Magaziiiodi Lino 
 
 .CJlfadelP. Celleraro 
 
 .D.Mauro Coiuclleraro — 
 
 .F.Thomarofpcnditorc 
 
 37° ItaraSo per ufo 
 
 i^^ Itara 60. per vfo 
 
 ._ 381 Peri3o.dauendcrca/ 8.6.8. car 
 
 4'2 Inconranti car 
 
 ~ — 413 Incontanci car 
 
 421 Incontanci 
 
 — car. 
 
 — car. 
 
 car. 
 
 ddj4 - i»-l - 
 
 -70 
 
 i t - US 
 
 3 ,e -lio 
 
 4 / -. 90 
 
 6 X -130 
 
 7 / - 80 — 
 
 9 X ^-io 
 
 *4 X — if>o 
 
 H f - 300 — 
 
 »S <? _ 90 — 
 
 25 X —100 
 
 %6 X —-50 
 
 _6oo 
 
 —•90 
 
 -MO 
 
 -goo 
 
 s7 X -lio 
 
 JO ^ — 60— 
 
 II X -»So 
 
 ii X iis8 
 34 7^--7J 
 38^ 31 
 
 10-5 
 
 .Monaftero NOSTRO. 
 
 Somma # 
 
 484 
 
 »»346 
 "1706 
 
 .Senuna X ijosi- i*^-* 
 
 99
 
 D 
 
 M«6. 21 
 
 Ee hauere a><t' a^.Lugb'o pcT Cranaro vicl Monaflcro, per lo prezzo 
 
 conmiunca a.di ftara 196. rMimento4i3 autcgH queiVanno, come 
 
 allibro de'Granariappare dntinr joicntC car. 27 # — ipJ 
 
 -Ecpiii perGraxiaro difrurtJenrata,hauuragliquenoanno,raglona- 
 
 taa^^orrerzo commune — — car. 37^ — i^^- — - 
 
 •Etadi 26.0c cibre /per CanrinadeJ MonafJcro,pcrcarra ig. uino, 
 
 hauutogli come fopra .ragionatoa/'s.prezzo commune car. j? 3? — 90 
 
 .Etpiu / perGranarodiM!glio,f>ara46,ragionaroai jo. car. a8 3? -.^p 
 
 JEcpiii /perCranarodiMelega,llara45i.iagionataa F20. car. 257 ^ — 48 
 
 it adi 1 1. Maggie, per F.Vigilanrio, h3uutidaPi68.dipratoaffirta 
 
 toa^5.4.aSimone OuarnaccU car. 40 g? — 41— iz- 
 
 .Somma j? — ytf^-ii- 
 
 .Di 
 
 Ec hauere adt 4 j.Lwglio / peri^quilaCradifoafBttualeex parter.per 
 lo prezzo commune a ;^ 2,dIltara256iruinentonedecquefta raced 
 ta.perlofitto del prirao anno car. 5s 3? -500 
 
 .Etpiu /per Aquila detto, per ftara 40. di Vena, oe dee come fopra, 
 
 ragionata a }20.prczzo commune • car. Ji g? — 40 
 
 .Etadi 2(5.0ctobre/ per Aquila detro, per carra iS.uino oedee co 
 me fopra, ragionatoalprezzocoounune car. 52 ^ — 90 
 
 '.SonwDa / - ^jo- 
 
 .JL/Ee HSuerc adi 2 j.Lugb'o / pfrSeaeroBioodo naflaro , & affittaate , 
 
 pcHtara7o.ft-unftntoncdceper lofittodiquefto4. anno — car. ja jC ->i4o- 
 
 .Et adi 26.0ttobre / per Seuero detro per car lo.dJi wioo oc dee co- 
 meibpra.ragtonatoa/S.prezzo commune — , car. ^a ^ — jo- 
 
 «£cadi I a.Nouembre /per Seuero detto^cr lofieeo io denar>-di que. 
 fto quarto anno finito a S.Martino,dapagarci come alfuo coco car. 5* 3^-400- 
 
 .Somma X - 590- 
 
 D, 
 
 Ee hauere adi 17 Luglio / per Granaro dlFaua, hauuragU qu«ftoaooo 
 
 in iioftrafparte,ragionataai3d.pre2zoccKnmune car, sp g? ««.;a- 
 
 .Etpiu /perGranarodi Legumi>ftara8.hauuti,&ragionat>ucfUcar, a^ ^ — it- 
 it adi atf.Ottobrc / per Cantina del Monaftero,per carta la.uino ha 
 
 uutogli comefoprajragionato al prezzo commune di ;f 5 • car. 25 x ~.6o- 
 
 .Somma 3!— 124^10- 
 
 D 
 
 EC hauere adi T4.AprIlc / per Cafla,tien3aeoa G€ 
 
 tile Maffimino,a X i o.il pefo,per mano del P.D. 
 
 PlacidoRettorein Badia car. 34 pcfi loa. la. 6 t xoaj- 
 
 ,Et per faldo di quefto conto,caIaco per quaoton e 
 
 uunacodi piu>xaic due partite cotroicriicC'Car. at Pefi — a. \i»6 
 
 .Somma pefi 105 x toa; 
 
 lou
 
 PI? 8 6. 
 lETR A SAf.D A di'ia da! Fondico nccchfo.Maflarianoftra, dee dare adi 
 uicimo Maggio / a Valerio Leonimaf?aro.per carrezzi , & opet c da 
 ItiihauucequcA'jnuccome alfuo iibro faJdacod accordodiHinca 
 
 mcnte apparc -^— ■ r car. 
 
 .Er pin/ alfEntrata gcnccale di qucHanno, tiratogliper foldo di que 
 /lo conco — — 'II ' .■.. car. 
 
 56 / _.ji_.i7. 
 69 X --7JI— 15- 
 
 .8onanU X -76^—11- 
 
 :VS DEDITapprelTola Citri, MafTaria noftra,dee dare adi ultimo 
 MaggiO/aIl£ntratagcnfraIediqaeft'anao.tiratogUpcr faldo -car. 60 t-'SiO- 
 
 •X'SOLANA inuianuoua.MaiTarianoflra.decdare adjidrfmo Maggio /H- 
 
 I'Eotraagcmicaledi^ucil'aoDO^tiratognper'fiJdo - .. . . .car. 60 X«-5P9* 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 S.X€N ATIO in Riua,Ronco noftro,dcc dare adi ultimo Maggio /all'Eo 
 
 trata gcneralediqueft'anno, tiratogliper faldo -car. tfo jf -.it'f-.io- 
 
 ^AGAZINO di Liao,dcc dare adipr. Giugno / all'Iotroi 
 
 todiqucfto, pcrreftoquiriratodacar.jd^.libroZcar. l pefi jo — 3! — »oj • 
 ,Etadii6.Giugno/aBadia,hauutogliqucftoanno,ftimato 
 
 in circa alprezzo^&quantica car. i6 pcfi 75 — / — <5»J. 
 
 .Etadi i^.Apriie/ aBadia,per faldodiqucftocontofpet 
 
 tanccaeflaCorte 
 
 o — / — IJO- 
 
 pr. 17 pefi 
 
 Sonuna peH 10$— x 102; • 
 
 101
 
 Mist 6. 
 ONASTEROnoflro del gloriofo Prccurforc , e dcgno Mar tire di 
 
 ChriftoS.Gio: BattiftaaOriana,quaIe noflro Sig.per fiu diuinabo 
 
 ta fi dcgni diffcndcrc.c profperare,dee dare adi ptimo Giugno / al- 
 
 rintroitogcncralc diqucft'anno.tiratogli dacar,484.dcllibro Z. 
 
 dell'anno paflato car. i gP I70<5»— lo — j- 
 
 i, ,Etadi7.0ttobre / aCaflajConti a Delio Pefcatore , inpa^amento di 
 
 quantoreflauaadhauercperpcfcedaluihauutoqueftaquarefima 
 
 paflatajcomepcrfualiftainfilza car. j» jf •— pj— <i5 — 6- 
 
 t .Etpiu / aPrifcianQVolpc,4}reftodipanno,rafcia,etcledaluihauu 
 
 cegliannipafTatijComeperrualiftainHlzaappare diflinramcte^che 
 
 perifcordononfi /criffcro car. 50 gf —47—8 
 
 T St pill / aCafla,conti a m.Bartholomeo CaIcinato,in uirtu di vna fen 
 
 tenza delta Ruota,peracqua goducagiida oonridi Badiagliaiini 
 
 patTatiidclIa fua rata parte,comcappareneg]iacci dim. Andrea Lo 
 
 douicinotarodiftufamcnte car. ^2 X —ijj 
 
 8 .Et p'U / a Santo Squarcialupo,per tanti gli douemo pagatefra otto 
 
 mcfijin uirtu di una fen tenzadellaRuota,vfcitanegliatti del detto 
 
 notarojpcrriftoroditempellapatitarannoijga.cheenbcra Affit 
 
 tualcaS.Remigio,con lefpcfc —car. jo X — IJ5 — 10 — «— 
 
 a ,Et adi ultimo Maggio /a F.Thomarofpenditorc,per faldodifiiocon 
 
 toqui tirato,perfuariooccorfogliqueftoanno car. jp X — o»— "it^ — i— 
 
 10 O .Etpiu / per Suariooccorfoqueft'annoneIbilancio,comcfiucde car. jp 3f — 4~''7 — *o — 
 ,Et piu / all'Efitogcneraledi queft'anno,tiratogli per faldo di quefto 
 
 conto — ^ car. 61 X 3744' — o — j— 
 
 .Somma X $87° — o — J— 
 
 102
 
 D1SS6. 59 
 
 - Ee haucreadi primoOttobre / perCafTa .contone dal R.P. F.Pietro 
 
 Martire daTurino di S. Domenico,p rati hauiiti da un peniccte.in 
 
 fodisfattione di vno debito fuo,che noi fi haueuamo fcordaco-car. 31 JC — ia7-«i5 — 8- 
 > .Et piii / per Riginaldo Campione.per la Bofchetta del Vallone,datta 
 gli I'anno pafTato datagliare, edapagarne a S. Michele profsimo 
 paflatOjchcnonfifcriflepecifcordo car. 47 X »— jo 
 
 3 .Etpiii/perCaflajContonedaDoninoTurchinogianonroAffittualc, 
 
 in virtu di unaSentcradi Ruora.per lo danno da lui hauiico in arbo 
 ri tagliati,e non piantati in quel tempo, come ne gli atti di m. Vince 
 zoRoflTo notaro apparediltintamcnte car. ^a jC —146 
 
 4 .Etpiu / perNaftagioCalandra,pertantinedceinuirtudi una fen- 
 
 tenza del Mag. Podefta. per I'lnterrcflc patito in uno paro di caual- 
 lidacarrozzauendutihe per fan i car. 47 jP — 90 — 
 
 10 .Etadi ultimo Maggio / per D.Maurofecondo Celleraro , perfaldo 
 
 del fuoconto,nel quale cfeguitofuarioqucfto anno car. S<S X — 1— tS — 4- 
 
 11 O .Etpiu/perCotrofcrittionedellaconfimile partita per contro,pofta 
 
 pereflempio.eflendo ilbilanciouero.ereale car. 59 X 4—^7—10— 
 
 1» .Etpiu /perla Spcfagenerale,perfaldodi quel conto qui tirato, per 
 
 quantos'efpefomenoquefto anno deU'Entrata hauuta car. 60 t- 5448 — 'o — 5— 
 
 ■ ■ ■ »— « 
 
 .Somma gC 5870 — o — j— 
 
 103
 
 1586. 
 ► PESA gcnerale diqueft'anoo , finito adi ultimo Maggio,dee dare.per fal 
 
 dodcgli infrarcritticOnti,qui tiraci,&ertiDti dalle loiopertitereo 
 
 nieincfsieontidiflincameiiteappare dot 
 
 .Ordiiuria in danari — — car. 
 
 .Cafciariaformaggiopefiioz. car. 
 
 .Magazmod'Ogliopcfi i6Z 
 
 .Forefteria 
 
 .Forno,di Farina flara 4^8- 
 
 .VinoconAimatOjCarra JJ 
 
 .Infermeria 
 
 .Speticria 
 
 .Straordinaria 
 
 .Vellieria 
 
 .Calzoleria — 
 
 .Mutationi 
 .Viaggi 
 
 .Tafle,& Annate 
 
 .DatijjeGrauezze 
 
 .Spefc Capnolari 
 
 •Caripleria — — 
 
 .Libraria 
 
 .Porti di letterc 
 
 .Barbaria 
 
 ,Ma(reritie 
 
 .Vtenfigli 
 
 .Stalla 
 
 •Fabrica 
 
 .Reparation 
 
 ,Lici,e Scritturc 
 
 ,Salariati — 
 
 ♦Limofine 
 
 .Sagriftia 
 
 .Acquifti fatti 
 
 Somma # 2i^5o— ip^io— 
 
 .Spefo meno dell'Encrata di qiicft'anno,che fi tira al Monaft. nro- car. 59 ^ 5443 — 10 — J- 
 
 . . — — « 
 
 .Somma 3? ayiojj-^io — j— 
 
 104
 
 ;5 8<5- ^o 
 
 1.NTRATA gcnerale dfqueO'anno finite adi ultimo Maggio , dee hauere, 
 
 per(aldodegrinfrafcrittiCoiiti qui tirati.&eilinti dalle loroparti 
 
 te^comeinefsicontidirtintamcnteapparecioe 
 
 .BadiadiS.EulgentioinCamerooe car. 17 t 4427-.19-10- 
 
 .PrioratodiS.Rem»gio,CortenoltC car. i» t 1805 — 9. — j- 
 
 .S.MaiiroMafraria,eCortenoftra car. 19 t i6ir— 3 
 
 .S.Martiri,Ma{raria,cCortenoftra car. 19 ? -179-14 — »- 
 
 .Romea,Ma(rarianoftra — ^ car. 20 t ioio-i8 
 
 .Acquachiara.Mairaria rioftra car. >o ^ 2925—11 
 
 .S.Dionigi.Maflirianolka — car. 20 t -747—10 
 
 .Honorata.Maflarianoftra car. v> t 195«8 
 
 .PietraSalda.Maflarianortra car. 21 t. -7JI— .IJ — 
 .Deusdedit,Maf^arianoft^a car. »t ^ '616- 
 
 Jfolaiia.Maflaria noftra car. »'» t - 5Po 
 
 .S.Ignatio.Ronconoftro car. 2.*" t- -124—10- 
 
 .Malgherianoftra — — car. '*» t - 483 - la-- 
 
 .SocidadtBeftiami car. ** t — ■ S> 
 
 •Razza di Caualli — ■ -car. ** 5f • — 68 
 
 .TerraticiHiucrfi tar. »» if -a27--io- 
 
 .Selue,cBofchi car. »* 3? -545 
 
 .Molina car. »J t ii?57— ^5 
 
 .Cenfi,cLiueni- — • — ^ car. »3 t -126—19—11- 
 
 .FittidiCafe.eBortcghe car. »4 5f -$80 — 4 
 
 •HortodelN^naftcro ■ ' car. *4 f- — aai — 18 
 
 Aumenri dil comtnun prezzo ^ 
 
 .CantinadiuinoinC^merone, incarrajo.uenduto car. *4 t -444 
 
 .Cantinadiuer{a,incarraio.u€nduto car. *5 t — 84 — 3 — 4- 
 
 .CantinailclMonaftcro,inearrai<f.uendato^- —car. 25 ^—118—12 
 
 .Granaro1nCamerone,inttara 937 Frumentoucnduto cir. 26 t- 1815—15 
 
 .Granarodiuerft) ftara 478 — » ■■ —car. 26 f. 1074 -ly 
 
 .GranarodelMonaftero ftara 250 car. 27 -f. —%%%>->\6 • 
 
 ;Gl-anaro di Frumentata - ftara 120 — , car. 27 t 
 
 •Granarodi Scgala ftara 618 car. 28 ^ 
 
 •Cranaro di Migtio flara 36a ____ car. 28 ■f. 
 
 .Granaro di Panigo ftara 175 car. 28 f. 
 
 .GranarO di f aua — ftara ipg . car. 29 / 
 
 .Granaro'diLegumi ftara 15 car. 29 jf 
 
 .Granaro di Melega ftara ijo car. 29 ^ 
 
 .Granaro d'Orgio ftara 30 car. 30 ^ 
 
 .Somtna 3^2710^-- 10 3 
 
 105
 
 0) 
 
 in< 
 
 1 5 8<). 
 SITO gcnerale dlqucft'anno , finito adi ultimo Maggio^ee dare, peril 
 ihfrafcritriercditidel MonaQ?ro,quitirati dai coiicx loro, cioe 
 
 .Quilico Fed€le,efratclli^ • — ■ *af. 
 
 , .GerdianoLampridio aJfittualc car. 
 
 .Eutitio Lancjano fornafaro -^ car. 
 
 .Henrico Lanfranco malghcft car. 
 
 .Oberrol^filiTcomoIinaro car. 
 
 .EtpiuFrumcnroflaraio. car. 
 
 .DemetrioConicAabjlemaCTaro car, 
 
 .ValerioLeonimaflaro car. 
 
 .VittoriOjcCortcfc Palladiniroaflari car. 
 
 .KinaldoSanfonemaflaro car. 
 
 .Temiftio Solimano maffaro — — — car. 
 
 .Dante Congiurato barbcro car, 
 
 Incrsigibi!i,& a lungo tempo 
 
 .MarcoTulHoVillanuouajjia affittuale car* 
 
 ipaufto Giouiale gia maflaro car. 
 
 .Innoccntio Maiorano gia fattore ■- — — - car. 
 
 •LsontioManfredigia molinaro car, 
 
 Reftanti di queftoapno 
 
 .Cafciaria formaggio.pcr ufo pcfi 
 
 .Canrinadi Camcronc,per ufo — carra 
 
 .Cannnadiuerfa,perufQ carra 
 
 .CantinadelMonaftcro, perufo-^carra 
 .Granaro di Cameronc,per ufo ftar^ 
 
 .Dauenderc ftara 
 
 .Granaro diuerfo.per ufo ftara 
 
 .Granaro del Monaftercpcr ufo — ftar^ 
 
 .Dauendcre ftara 150 a ;? 4. 10 
 
 .Granaro diVcna,eSpelt3 ftara jo a ^ i 
 
 .Caffa in contanti — — • 
 
 $0 a 5f » 
 II a 5f J 
 ?o a ;t J 
 
 1(5 a / 5 
 10 a 3f * 
 50 a 3f 4 
 10 a ;( z 
 8j a 5e a 
 
 JO 
 
 t 
 
 51 
 
 f 
 
 45 
 
 t 
 
 54 
 
 t 
 
 5J 
 
 t 
 
 55 
 
 3? 
 
 56 
 
 3? 
 
 S« t 
 
 5<5 
 
 ^ 
 
 56 
 
 t 
 
 5* 
 
 t 
 
 57 
 
 t 
 
 -47J-«« 
 
 -^54 -»4— 7 
 - 824 -lo- 
 
 2008— • la — 6- 
 
 . 1 09 - I o- 
 
 io 
 
 -4'4->8 
 
 - I7d— .!» 8- 
 
 -iSJ-15 — tf 
 
 - 191 6 
 
 ^67-13 
 
 - J -10 
 
 58 3? -3^8— «7 
 
 58 # -588— »8 6- 
 
 50 X -75 8 
 
 58 X —i%~>-'j—6. 
 
 ^^96— ip — 6" 
 
 I L FINE. 
 
 •Somma jf 3431 — i — ^- 
 
 ♦©€&©» «OfiflC» «3t;S®» «»S3«» 
 
 I Oil
 
 ET 580 6r 
 
 SlTOgcnera!ediqiieiTannofiniroadiuItimoMaggio,dcchaucreper gli 
 infrarcritridebitidcI\fonanero,qui riratidaicontiloro.cioe 
 
 m. .BartholoSaladinoin Vincgia.aCenfoA joo. car. 46 
 
 m. .AquilaGradiro affictnalejcontodi tempo car. j» 
 
 R.D.CIemcntcAIcnino.'iro Curat*— car. 43 
 
 .FabritioGallonoftrofatrore car. 57 
 
 .DelfinoCommodocamparo— — ■— car. 58 
 
 .AnDibalcGermanoreruidore cat. 53 
 
 •Monaflero noAro refia io credico^come Huedc- 
 
 X 
 t 
 t 
 
 X 
 
 X009— 
 
 J joo — 
 
 — J7— 1^ — 6- 
 
 — *4 — 5 — __ 
 
 _6o 
 
 -115- 
 
 Somma X 47^7"— 1—>5— 
 -car. 5p;f J744 — o — «- 
 
 •Somma X t48i— >t— ^- 
 
 I L FINE. 
 
 ••6^»» •»! s«» s«»s^&fr ^sf*©* ••vso' ^«3«» •os«^^»s3*' •oti s«» '•ss^««s3^ <oe *« 
 
 #•«:>«' <<K9» 4K.<)<^ «SS«> «$5»4e5)» 4>6S«> ^€9^ iO$M^4>€S^««S 
 
 J^P'^-i^'^^SAS^^I^'^J'^i**-' 
 
 (^ 
 
 MAINARDI'S JOURNAL REPRODUCED 
 
 lu 1632 there appeared in Bologua a work ou bookkeeping, written by Matteo ^laiuardi. Tiiis book 
 is of far later date than the ones heretofore mentioned, but as explained in the liistorical chapter it is 
 remarkal)le in that it attempts to deseril)e. besides tlie system for the merchants, one for the keeping of 
 executors' and trustees' accounts. It follows Pietra and jManzoni closely in a good nmny instances. 
 
 The illustrations have small value for us except to indicate the little progress that was made in 
 Italy with the shifting of the center of trade from Italy to Holland, as Simon Stevin's book herein- 
 after reproduced, which was published in 1604 in Holland, was far in advance of tliis of Mainardi's. 
 V.'e reproduce the title page of the second edition of this hook, and a page which explains the purpose 
 of the tiook as far as trustees' and executoi-s' accounts are concerned. The two pages of the journal 
 we give in order to show that each page is provided with the address to the Deity, that the dot is iised 
 for checking, and that we here find so-called coml)ination journal entries, by whicli we mean entries 
 in which are combined more than one credit or more than one debit in one entry. We do 
 not, however, find the use of the v.-ord "sundries," as in Stevin's work and as we use it to this day. It 
 will he noted tliat iu Kuch entries the deljits nre always named first an<l itemizcil hefoi-e the credits are 
 enumerated, and that the division between debits and credits is made with two horizontal lines or 
 dashes, one below the last debit and one above the first credit. We also noti' the absence of the money 
 signs, except the principal or tlie lire sign. 
 
 107
 
 I L C A M BIO 
 
 R E A L E 
 
 PER 
 
 OGNl PIAZZA. 
 
 FormaJmente Ragguagliato 
 
 D A 
 
 MATTEO MAINARDI. 
 
 Con diuerfi altri Quefiti vtili , curiofi , e neceHarij 
 
 alia Mercatura 
 
 h tjue/la moua Impreffiane 4ggiantoiti il mode, 
 cbe houidi fi fratica , 
 
 IN BOLOGNA, M. D. CC 
 
 Per il Longhi, Con l$cenz,4 tU^ Superim, 
 
 108
 
 M. DC. XXXIV. 
 
 Laude, e gloria dellaSatitifsima, & Indiui- 
 duaTrinita Padre, Figliuolo, cSpirito 
 Santo; della Gloriofifsima Vergine Maria, 
 delli Santi Apoftoli Pietro ,9 Paolo , e delli 
 Santr N.N. noftri Protettori , come ancora 
 dituttalaCorteCeleftiale. Amen. 
 
 Quefto prefenteLibro chiamatoGiornale.di forma 
 N. di carte N.copcrtodiN.di carte num. N.efegnato 
 N.bdiRutigliohgliuolo del gia Sig. LeonidoFonga- 
 rellipupillo,d'etad'anniN.& erede ( 6abinteftato,b 
 tcftamentario ) del fudetto Sig Leonido, paflatoami- 
 glior vitali i<$.Gennarodel prefenteanno,fottola tu- 
 tdadiN.fopradel quale, per mano di N. fara notato 
 regolatamente, e formalmente, ogni qualita di beni 
 ftabili, emobili, beftiami, debitor!, ecrcdicori del d. 
 gia Sig. Leonido, e per confeguenzahorafpettance al 
 medefimoSig. Rutiglio fuohgliuolo, & erede, come 
 fopra; e fuflceuentemente cutce Pentrace,^ e fpefe, 
 chefraPannoSguiteranno in quefta eredita, lequali 
 partite tutte farannoleuate da quefto Libro , e portate 
 per mano del fudetto N.fopra vn altro Libro chiamaco 
 LibroMaeftro diforma,carta,coperta, efegnocome 
 quefto, dicartenum.N.afuoi appartati.luoghi, con- 
 forme e lo ftile Mercantile, che pcrbcftb Pupillo(eper 
 eifoil Sig.N.fuoCommiftario Tcftamentario) intende^ 
 che lifia data piena. Si indubitata fede ingiudicio, e 
 
 fuori . 
 
 In fede di che Sec. 
 
 So N. C^mwifArh Tefl. &<, affertno tjtumtodifsp'i^^ 
 lo N. Scriuano aicettOy e £iure jtcanto di fopra . 
 
 A ClOR- 
 
 109
 
 '^ 1 
 
 3© 
 
 Laus Deo, & B. Virg. Rofarij M. DC, XXXIII, 
 Adi j I. Deccmbre Sabbato, 
 
 . xo 
 
 . II 
 . iz 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 8^ 
 9 
 
 _8^ 
 9 
 
 ^fpefe difuoco Ur. vimifeiyfo/. trK den. due quat.per num. ottocentoqimdici Fa/ft \ 
 
 da cauazzatura^e num. quattroam'ottamadue dtfiteferbatipercafa. /..C 
 
 ^credtti) Fajp da cauazzattrra num. 8 1 j. L. 20. 7. 6. I 
 
 ^ cndito Fajjt di vtte num 48 2 . ^. y . I j . 8. ■ 
 
 I 
 
 sA}t\ Mfiivnnit ^c. al banco /ir.^uattrocen(orre,fol. tredici, den. qutittro qnat li por- 
 ta il nojiro Caneuaro lontanti , retratti fino a queftogtornojudetto, dt FaJJi disci' 
 rrnl/a da cauazzatura venduti a minuto, (t bohgninifecte la cartca , e ntimerofet- 
 tcnnlla di ytte, a bologntni trentadue il cento, come/t vedeper vna taglia . I. ^405. 1 !• 4 
 ^credito Fa/ft da cauazzatura tncafa num. loooo. £,.291.13.4 
 
 ^ crcdtto Fajft dt nte in i njn num, 7000, i. 1 1 2, . 
 
 26. 5. 2 
 
 ^ luca Barhtni no/iro lauorapre alia Tofsffjpone di Tondi lir, (entodici(ifette quat, I 
 
 cioelir. cento per It patti in denari contanti , e Ur. diciafette per cor be quattro \ 
 
 dtOrzo hauutopiu meftfono dal no/fro Fat tore, a lir. quattro,fol, cinque la corha, \ 
 
 d'accordo. t.Cii7. 
 
 ^ credtto alia 'Pofsefstone di Tondi . Z. . 1 00, | 
 
 ^creditoOrzoa Montoriocor.^. /». 171 1 
 
 Domemco Manganeliono(no :xuozzo.aiia rojsejjtQne (ti neiioi iir. cemoquaram 1 
 •v«<i, fol. ctnque quat. cio^ lir. centouinti per li patti , cbe deue pagare in denari I 
 lir. vem'vnayfol. $.per cor be 5. d'orzo bauuta dal Fattorc^ d'accardo. !.[■; 
 
 ^ credno alia Tofsef stone di Bello. 
 
 ^ credito a Orzo tngranaro di Montorio corbe 5 
 
 L. 120. 
 L. 2 1. J. 
 
 jl Liuio Carboni , e frateili nojMmezznitioli a Mantoria lir. centofejsamutri , fol. 
 
 due., den. fei quat. cioh lir. cemoquaram a per li patti , cbe paga in denari, e lir. 
 
 venture, ifol. due, dm. fei per corbe cinque, e meza d'Orza baunto, d'accordo. L.^iS^. 
 U credito la 'Pofsejftone di Montorio . L. 1 40. 
 
 s/i credito Orzo a Montorio corbe cinque, e meza . 
 
 3. 6 
 
 140. 
 /., 23. 2.5, 
 
 ,J.Angelo Sufa nojiro Suozza ^ Romanellalir centoquarantatre ,fol, due , den. fei \ 
 
 quat. cio^ lir. centouenti per li patti cbe paga in danari , e lir. vintitre ^[qI. died, \ 
 
 den. fei per corbe cinque, e meza d' Orzo hauuto, d'accordo, piudlfom. £.(,143, 2. 6 
 
 .A credtto la Tofejfione di Ramanello . Z.. 1 20. I 
 
 ^credito Orzo in granarodi Montorio corbe tinqne.e meza. L. 23.2.6, 1 
 
 ^Mt- 
 
 110
 
 Laus Deo, 5c B. Virg. Rofari j M. DC. XXXIII. 
 
 31 
 
 9 
 
 lO 
 
 ) Adl^ifDccembreSabbaco, 
 
 ' i__ 
 
 ^ Micbik landinelli noflro hracente a Romanello lir, vintimue , c/ot* lir. vinti per J 
 
 lapigione della cafa, e Itr. none quat.per corhe due, quar. due d orzo, bamto piU* 
 
 gioriufonodal Fattore,d' accordo. i-C ^^' *~" 
 
 ,AcreditoLmgodi Romanello, £i20. | 
 
 sAcreditoOTzoingTimarocoT.z.qt*ar.2. L. g, I 
 
 . I 
 
 *^fpefe d'Elemo/ine lir, cen(onorjanta,fol.otto,quat.difpenfate il Hat ale pajfato a di- 1 
 uerfi Lmgbi TtJ, & apoueri della nojlr^ 7arockfa,per Panima del Sig. Leonido, ' 
 pernoidalli Mannim^&c. /,.r?9°' «•"" 
 
 w4credUo alii Mannini, ^c. al banco , 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 .^ C anape grezzo in Fill a lit- (irjque(emofe(fan(anoue,fol, quattordiu qnat.per va- 1 
 
 Ilnta di lib. duemillaottQcentoquaram' om, e meza di Canape , bat/Hta dalli no/lri\ 
 lauoratori , della fua partCt apprezzata fenz,a pregiiidiciQ He. vinti it cento . L, f 5^9* ^4' "* 
 I .^credito Luca Barbini per lib. j 37. e meza. L, 107* 1°. ( 
 
 -i— I KAcredito Damenica Manganelh per lib.yii, ^.142,4, I 
 
 7 I ^credito Ltuio Carboni per lib. 837. e meza. Z.. 1 67. i o. | 
 
 7_ I <Acredito .Angela Sufa,per lib. 61 2. e meza . JL. 1 2 2 . i o« 1 
 
 7 l^credito Mcbele Landinelli Itb. 1^0. ■ Z. 3o» ! 
 
 -. ^^1 
 
 ^fpefe di reparatwni, efahriche hr. censotrentanoue^fol. fei, den. otto. quat. pagan ( 
 per mandata queft^ giornafudetta a M. N. nojlro QapeUetto, e fona , (ioi lir. an- 1 
 quanta per la fua annua promfwne di coprire , erinedere tutte h nojire caje di j 
 yUla, e di Citta, e ilreftoperjpefe, cbe da canto hatterefano tn rifarcire le cafe di 1 
 ytlla, (ome dt tutta ne appare HJia in filza dipiitfomma, per mandata daUt Man- } 
 nini^&e.al banco. i.t 139'^' 8 
 
 ^ credm It Mannini, d'c. al banco . I 
 
 . .. f 
 
 ^Alla Tofejfione dt Tondi lir.fettantafette , fol. otto^ den 8. quat. ft [anno buoni a M. ' 
 j Sabodmo Tazaglia di Mal'albergo, efono per fei nauate dijlramo , mandatoci li j 
 i mefi pafati,comprefoui le condotte,cos)d'(iccordoinfieme. L.^ 77, 8. $ 
 
 g I ^4lla Tolfefftone dt Bella lir./ettantafettetfal. otto , den. otto quat. buom aljudetto, co- 1 
 *— — '• mefopra,perfet nauate dijlramo da letto, came fopradetto. L.C 77, 8, S 
 
 , I ^lla Tojfejftone di Montorio lir. centactnque,fol. trcdiciper otto nauate di Jframa da I 
 !—— .1 lettomandatoliilfudettQ^comefopra. ^-f- loj.lj. •• 
 
 . 8 .Alia 'Pojfejfione di Romanella lir. centocinque^fol, tredici quat, buoni al fudetto per ' 
 - ' I altre otto nauats di/lrjmo da letto bauute^come fopra, ■t'^ I05. J3. •-» 
 
 ,14! ^ credm Sabadino Ta zagiia Hr. 3 66. 3 , 4, j 
 
 111
 
 €nDe bty^ijs Dct; looffelijicfeet^Conaen nes 
 ^z^mbotms/^mnt 3Kefemmgl)e te IjouDme 
 naeDieJtauaenfcljcmaniere/allmCoopUe 
 Den/lRcutjuee(tere^/XoUenaten/:a(rtemce 
 fterett/5'eec nut enne p;tofptelijicft :3Jttfojme^ 
 rrmue emeu r^gDelijcifem/ !)oe lji> severe mue 
 perfecte3aefeettmc^e l)ouiienfal met Dobbel 
 boecUennaeDetmanicren^oo^^^tiaaetDuet: 
 elck b^ l)em feluen itcl) telijcfe in alien fiuen fa 
 femenaffairi grootecjrpegienttectigl)enfaU 
 
 C d^ljetranaateert met grooter btltijemien/ 
 
 Xbt Die 3taliaenfcl)e tale in mkti^mm 
 
 h\xtt3mmiPvn€i^iiito^M(M^tt 
 
 memo;jiett) Coopmattt)att:^ntSber^ 
 
 )^tni€nt)tn\x m Uefben en p?of^ 
 
 * tenes g!)emei>nen ibeluaetts 
 
 m(t ibtcftegeuenutt 3lae^; 
 
 timctnWpiot hl^ct lip t^tt €xfptm nan Dte 
 
 112
 
 NOTES ON YMPYN 
 
 We are reproduciug herewith the title page of Ympyn's book, which we have taken from Kheil's book, 
 where a thorough comparative study is made between Ympyu and Pacioli. Ympyn, as we have seen, was 
 the first Dutch writer who practically translated Pacioli into Dutch, French and English, and from him 
 continental Eui'ope has derived its subsequent texts on bookkeeping. The original of this book was not 
 available to the writer, but we have taken from Kheil's book the most important subject-matters which we 
 review in the following lines : 
 
 Ympyn, as stated heretofore, copied Pacioli practically verbatim. We find, however, here and there a 
 few deviations which we think it important to mention at this place. 
 
 Pacioli speaks about the two divisions of his book, one covering inventory and the other "disposi- 
 tion." lie is somewhat vague in explaining this latter term. Ympyn says that "disposition" is "the 
 establisliment, systematizing and execution of the current and customary as -well as the extraordinary af- 
 fairs of a business. 
 
 Ympyn suggests that the index should be bound in parchment and placed either at the begiiniing or 
 the end of the ledger, but in such a manner that it can be taken out if necessary. He uses the Italian 
 terms "Per" and "A" unti-anslated. In front of corrective ledger entries he uses a cross and does not 
 mention any other distinguishing marks. The term "cash" is personified to cashier instead of pocket 
 book, as used by Pacioli. He enlarges on the terms "Cash" and "Capital" more than Pacioli does. For 
 branch stores the sales are entered into a sales journal, and totaled once a week for transfer to the ledger. 
 Ympyn is more extensive in his explanations than Pacioli about barrato or trade, also about the draft and 
 its use. We should remember, however, that Pacioli describes these more fully in the parts of his book 
 not covered by the subject of bookkeeping. 
 
 Ympyn recommends a separate book for household expenses, and a petty expense book for the small ex- 
 penses of the business. The totals are transferred from these books to the journal once a month. He men- 
 tions a special cash book for special kinds of species or for foreign money which is handled by the firm, 
 very mxich as some banks today use a separate account with bank notes of large denominations. He ad- 
 vocates the use of separate books for statistics, or memoranda, in the nature of diaries; and suggests a 
 shipping book. As to accounts, he mentions interest, building rents, ground rents, expenses, household 
 expenses, merchandise expenses, building repair, garden expenses, salaries, loans, expenses of childbirths 
 and an account for marriage gifts. 
 
 Like Pacioli and Manzoni, Ympyn uses a profit and loss account, very much the same as we do today. 
 He also draws off a balance to prove the correctness of the ledger. Ympjoi, however, puts the balance at 
 the end of the ledger as an account, although he does not explain it as such in his text ; in this he does not 
 follow Pacioli. He balances the profit and loss account to capital account without passing it through the 
 journal. 
 
 Ympyn specifically mentions that merchandise must be inventoried at cost and he uses a merchandise 
 inventory account, to which all accounts showing an inventory of merchandise or goods on hand are closed 
 and then this account in turn is closed to the balance account. He does not journalize these entries. How- 
 ever, we find that he does journalize his profit and loss items, as does Manzoni, but which Pacioli does not do. 
 Assets in the balance account are put on the credit side and liabilities on the debit side. He uses no 
 opening balance account in the new ledger, but evidently posts from the old balance account in the old 
 ledger in reverse order to the new ledger, because the closing balance account in the old ledger gives the 
 folios to which the items are posted in the new ledger. We have seen that Pacioli says that you can trans- 
 fer the capital account either as a balance in one item, or itemized ; the latter having the advantage of 
 then representing a summary of the inventory, and each new ledger then starts with an inventory. 
 
 The journal, profit and loss, capital, and balance accounts illustrated by Ymp^-n are printed in Kheil's 
 German review of Ympyn, bTit we regret that he did not reproduce them actually, as with th(^ modern 
 printing much of the form and arrangement is lost. 
 
 Ympyn permits no erasures. He wishes a line drawn through the wrong amount or words the same 
 as Pacioli does, in order to be able to prove of what the error consisted. He insists that explanations to 
 the journal entries must be so clear that anybody can understand the transactions they record ; that books 
 kept in the Italian manner as described by him, with a journal and a ledger, "make everything as clear as 
 daylight and will prevent swindles and defalcations, as occur now so frequently and almost daily." 
 
 He adds the freight to the merchandise and posts it to the merchandise account. He deprecates trad- 
 ing on long credit, and announces it as bad because "the wolf does not eat any days and the due date 
 comes nearer not only by day but as well by night. ' ' 
 
 The two diagonal lines of which Pacioli speaks, are used in the journal when the posting is finished 
 and in the ledger when the account is closed or transferred to the new ledger. Capital account Ymypn 
 credits wdth the assets and debits with the liabilities, which agrees with the idea of the personifying of 
 accounts and results in a net credit in this accovmt, which net credit is the same as we use in the capital 
 account to this daJ^ Ympyn uses no ledger headings and shows but one cohnnn in the journal. He uses 
 Roman figiires in all money columns, both ledger and journal. 
 
 113
 
 STEVIN'S JOURNAL ANDLEDGER REPRODUCED 
 
 The following pages, Nos. 119 to 136, represent reproductions of the journal and ledger and other 
 interesting forms as given in the book of Simon Stevin, which appeared in the Dutch language in Am- 
 sterdam in 1604, was rewritten in The Hague in 1607, republished in Latin in 1608, and republished by 
 Stevin 's sou Hendrick in 1650. As we have seen, Stevin was a tutor and adviser of Prince Maurits of 
 Orange, then Governor of some of the Dutch provinces. Stevin first taught the Prince bookkeeping and 
 then induced him to install a double-entry system of bookkeeping throughout his domains and government 
 establishments. 
 
 Stevin apologizes for the use of terms in foreign languages, such as debit, credit, debitor, creditor, 
 balance, journal, finance, etc., but says they are necessary because if he used Dutch terms the bookkeepers 
 would not understand what he was writing about, and as bookkeepers only are supposed to profit by the 
 regulations promulgated and ordered by Maurits, the Prince of Orange, for the double-entry municipal ac- 
 counting system, he insists that he must use the foreign terms. 
 
 The objection of the Prince that government clerks would not understand Italian or double-entry book- 
 keeping, he overcomes by advising that he could hire and should hire clerks who did know it, for they un- 
 doubtedly would be better men. 
 
 The objections to the necessity of double-entry bookkeeping for municipalities and governments he rea- 
 sons away by stating that a merchant has some direct personal supervision over his bookkeepers and cash- 
 iers, but the government must direct them through other persons. As this is not as safe as the merchant's 
 personal supervision, it follows that if a merchant needs double-entry bookkeeping and finds it profitable, 
 the government needs it that much more. 
 
 Stevin does not give rules for the making of journal entries, but he explains a difficulty which the 
 Prince evidently met, when the latter asks: "If Peter pays me $100, there are two debits and two credits: 
 I am his debtor and my cash is also a debtor ; he is my creditor and liis cash is also a creditor. "Which two 
 of these four must I select for my books ? ' ' Stevin answers : ' ' Take always my creditor and my debtor 
 because Peter keeps books with his creditor and his debtor." 
 
 Stevin urges upon the Prince that governmental treasurers invariably become rich, and when they die 
 leave such a muddled state of affairs and records that there is nothing left but to forgive and forget, but 
 that such is not the case with bookkeepers and cashiers of mercantile establishments ; they invariably die 
 poor. A merchant, he says, knows what his bookkeeper or his cashier or treasurer should have, but this 
 is not so with a Prince, who has to take the cashier's word for it. 
 
 The Prince then asks if bookkeeping ever had been worthy of such consideration that books were pub- 
 lished on it. Stevin replied that numerous writers had taken up the subject, and that while doubtless the 
 double-entry system was originated in olden times, yet in Italy where it is said to have been executed first, 
 it is considered an art of which no other is so honorable and worthy. 
 
 The Prince (apparently floored by Stevin 's lucid arguments) thereupon agrees to take up the study 
 with the view of installing double-entry bookkeeping in the governmental departments as soon as Stevin 
 and he were through with their studies of algebra. 
 
 Stevin has a firm place in tlie heart of the writer, because he mentions in his book that one of his for- 
 bears was a treasurer of the city of Flissingen, thus supplying the missing data for the genealogy of 
 his family. 
 
 Comparison of the journal and the ledger with the reproductions of the Italian writers heretofore 
 given, will at once show that in printing as well as in arrangement the Dutch were far superior to the 
 Italian. A comparison with Pietra and Mainardi will make this very plain. The examples must be pro- 
 noup.ced as being excellent for their time. The journal entries are differently grouped than has been done 
 by any previous writers, very much more systematic, and in many instances only totals from other records 
 are used. 
 
 It will be noted that all religious terms at the top of pages or at the beginning of books, customarily 
 used in the Italian method, have been omitted. The slightest reference to the Deity is absent in these 
 books, due to the fight for religious freedom which then waged in Holland. Stevin was a great supporter 
 of the Protestant party, so much so that Brown relates that when in 1645 a proposal was made to erect a 
 statue at Bruges to liis memory, a Catholic agitation was aroused in the House of Representatives to de- 
 feat the project. Even a clerical editor expunged his name from a Dutch dictionary of biography, where 
 it had appeared in earlier edition.s. However that may be, the writer having been born in Holland and 
 there having kept numerous sets of books, can vouch that twenty years ago the majority of books which 
 came under his supervision were opened and closed in the name of the Diety. 
 
 Stevin 's omission of the use of religious terms was folloM'ed in England, whereas Europe to this day 
 follows Ympyu and others, which is corroborating evidence that Stevin through Dafforne has influenced 
 English and American bookkeeping more than has Mellis, who followed Pacioli in the use of religious terms. 
 
 Through a peculiar coincidence the use of the terms "pepper" and "ginger" appear as frequently in 
 his illustrations and examples, as they do in those of the Italian and other previous ^Titers. 
 
 Stevin personifies the impersonal or economic accounts when he states that cash account is an account 
 with the cashier and follows this idea throughoiit his work in connection with other accounts. He men- 
 
 114
 
 tious the three methods of buying and selling theretofore described bj- the Italians, namely, on account, 
 for cash, and in trade, and the combinations that can be made with these three. Like liis predecessors, he 
 states that in the beginning of every book two entries are necessary, wliich sliould cover mereliaiidise, and 
 cash on hand, as also the debts owing and accounts owning, and like Pacioli and Ympyn he explains fully 
 that sometimes a business can be started on credit but he doubts the advisability. 
 
 Stevin is the first to use the system of controlling accounts, and as shown in the first page herewith re- 
 produced, in the second line after the table, the same name for tiiese accounts is retained today, lie uses 
 the word ""coiitrcrole," wliicli comes from the French "controler," which in turn comes from the Iwo Latin 
 words "'contra" and "rotulus" (our roll) and "'rota" (our wheel). The definition of the word "con- 
 trol" is "to check by a duplicate register" or "verify an account." The total of his controlling account 
 was obtained from the detailed monthly reports from the sub-treasurers or casliiers of the various places 
 and departments, and were posted to these controlling accounts through the medium of journal entries. 
 From these accounts tables were compiled showing the delinquencies for each year of each sub-treasury or 
 of each place. He describes that an endless variety of these tables may be made in order to show the true 
 status of the various operations at various places. He also states that if no tables are desired, then there 
 should be a separate account for each column in these tables, and especially for each year. The table re- 
 produced shows how particular and careful he was on this subject. 
 
 The ledger shows both the page of the journal and the page upon which the otiier part of tiie double- 
 entry appears in the ledger. This is one of the first writers who enters the journal pages in the ledger. 
 The pages of the journal are, however, put in the margin, on the left of the date in the ledger and not 
 directly to the left of the amount, as we are accustomed to do at the present time. The explanations in 
 the ledger will appear to you to be shorter and clearer and more to the point as to relevancy than was 
 customary in the Italian method. It should also be noted that the term "per" is used on both sides of the 
 ledger. Stevin says that many bookkeepers use "a" on the debit side where he uses "per." lie sug- 
 gests that his method is more reasonable, as can be learned by translating the entry in an ordinary sen- 
 tence; thus, which is better language? "Peter is debit to me 'for' ('per') pepper sold to him," or "Peter 
 is debtor to me 'to' ('a') pepper sold to him." He then states that it is not a matter of importance, that 
 his readers can do as they like, but he wishes them to follow the better sentence. 
 
 In the journal he does not use the expression "per" before the debitor, nor "a" before the creditor, 
 nor does he divide them with the two slanting lines // as do Pacioli, Manzoni, Pietra and Ympyn. Stevin 
 simply used "debit per" between the names of the debtor and creditor thus coming closer to our present 
 form of journal entry. 
 
 It is difficult to state what the two diagonal lines (//) between the debits and credits mean. 
 
 In the chapter entitled ' ' Discursion in Theory ' ' there has been set forth in detail Stevin 's theory of a 
 double entry with two debits and two credits, thus carrying the transaction through the proi^rietor's ac- 
 count but eliminating the same by algebraic formula. 
 
 The late Joseph Hardcastle, C.P.A., of New York, in 1903, in his "Accounts of Executors and Trus- 
 tees," chapter on "The Personalistic Theory," very plainly sets forth the same idea elucidated by Stevin. 
 He even goes so far as to state that Pacioli (he spells it with an "i") and Manzoni used the slanting lines 
 between debits and credits to indicate the omission of the word "proprietor" twice. 
 
 Stevin explains that Roman figures in the ledger are not needed because they are never used in the 
 journal, which is a book of more importance, and if they are not put in the book of more importance why 
 should we put them in the book of less importance? He explains (as does Pacioli) that the ledger is not 
 important because if the ledger is lost it can be written up entirely from the journal, whereas the reverse 
 is not true, because the detail which the journal contains is lacking in the ledger. He further states that 
 in the Italian books Roman figures are not used in the day book. 
 
 It will be noticed that each page of the ledger has a consecutive number (not as we number by giving 
 two pages, the debit and the credit, one and the same number). Stevin explains that this is better be- 
 cause then all your debit pages will be uneven and the credit pages will be even numbers, which will aid in 
 checking if an error is made in putting the little dividing line between figures representing the pages of 
 the debit and the credit in the journal, as is customary in the Italian method. The fact that but one col- 
 umn is used in the journal, makes this little dividing line between the figures of the debit postings and 
 those of the credit postings very important. Stevin further explains in this connection that it is still 
 more confusing with a combination journal entry, where there are a number of debits and but one credit, 
 or vice versa, when the word "sundries" is used. This because the debit of a combination journal entry 
 comes first, and thereafter a number of credits, yet the total of the journal entry (which is the amount for 
 the debit entry), stands at the last and therefore the debit is posted last, as will be seen from the illustra- 
 tion reproduced. 
 
 Stevin is the first of the writers mentioned in this book to use combination journal entries with the 
 word "sundries." We have seen that Mainardi has combination journal entries or journal entries with 
 more than one debit and more than one credit, but he does not use the word "sundries." 
 
 In the ledger it will be noted that the first entries, or the opening balances on some of the accounts, 
 bear the date of "0 January." The use of the cipher at the beginning of the year, he says is absolutely 
 necessary, because the books are opened on neither December 31st nor Jaiuiary 1st. It is a period in be- 
 tween these two. He explains this with the illustration that the first rung is not the beginning of the 
 ladder. 
 
 The date in the ledger is repeated before each entry, instead of following the Italian method of using 
 
 the words "a di detto," which mean "the day of the above month," because he saj-s the date to which 
 
 "ditto" refers may be several pages back and therefore hard to read at first sight. 
 
 11 r>
 
 Uulike Pacioli, Pietra aud Ympyii, Stevin uses deliiiite headings for his ledger accounts, and is the 
 first one to use the terms "debit" and "credit" instead of "dee dare" and "dee haver e.''^ He puts the 
 year on top of the page, aud he balances his ledger accounts by making a sub-total. Closing entries do 
 not go through the journal. Profit and loss account is written up at the end of the year, and also at the 
 close of particular transactions, and wliile IStevin does not give a trial balance, in his descriptions he speaks 
 very particularly of the same, and describes how to prepare it. While in his illustration he credits a legacy 
 to the profit and loss account, in his text he admonishes the reader to put it to the capital account, giving 
 his specific reasons for it. Cash entries are journalized in daily totals. He maintains a separate cash 
 book in which the receipts are put on the debit and the disbursements on the credit, the same as they would 
 be found in the ledger if it were a ledger account. He also explains that this looks as if it were double 
 work but it is not, as it is not the bookkeeper's work to keep a cash book, but the cashier's. He further 
 argues that because the bookkeeper is sometimes also the cashier, that fact should not alter the rule. He 
 has a separate cash book for petty expenses, in which to enter small items which are posted to the ledger 
 only once a month, in order to lessen the number of entries. 
 
 About the reconcilement of differences between bookkeepers, cashiers, treasurers and others, he claims 
 that these variations are due to the different closing periods of accounts and reports by the various officials, 
 and requires that they be preserved by writing their full detail in the journal and making a reference of 
 the same on the ledger account affected. Stevin says that as the head bookkeepers through these recon- 
 cilements would discover entries which belonged to a period previous to the date of their discovery and 
 their entry in the journal, that the current date on which the entry is made in the journal should be used 
 in that book, but that in the explanation the original date should be used (we now use "as of date" so and 
 so) . But he warns his readers that when posting these entries to the ledger, the original date and not the 
 journal entry date should be used. He advises that trial balances be taken in February, May, August, and 
 November, which are customary mercantile due dates, which in turn will lead to a settlement of many 
 accounts and will make this work easy aud light. Furthermore, it will give data aud statistics upon which 
 the merchants can base their buying, selling, and credit budgets for the future. He advises that the 
 Italian method of bookkeeping is so adapted to expansion that whereas before but one bookkeeper could be 
 employed, under the double-entry system any number of bookkeepers can be used, for, if the work becomes 
 too much for one man the system should be revised so as to i^rovide for controlling accounts. This means 
 to post in totals only, so that one sub-division can be given to a bookkeeper to be controlled by one head 
 bookkeeper, who deals in totals only. 
 
 As to the cash book, it is used because it obviates the making of numerous journal entries every day, 
 thus shortening the work greatly. He fully illustrates this, and transfers the totals of the cash book to 
 the ledger by journal entries, preferably monthly. 
 
 Stevin provides a double column in the ledger account for merchandise. In one of these he puts the 
 weights and measures, and insists that they be balanced also. He says that in his illustrations he made 
 them come out even, although he admits that that very seldom happens. The result, however, would be 
 the same, for the balance to be carried to the new ledger or to be used in "the statement of affairs" would 
 be based upon the weight, aud whatever is over or short, as far as weight and measure is concerned, would 
 automatically adjust itself in the profit and loss. 
 
 He objects to the name of ' ' memoriaV ' as used in the Latin couutries for the day book, stating that 
 ''memorial" is a book of memoranda (things to be remembered), whereas the day book is used to write in 
 roughly the daily transactions preparatory to journalizing them. This he calls a blotter. He draws a 
 line between each journal entry from one side of the book to the other side of the book, through all the 
 standing lines and columns. He explains that this line is necessary, because some entries cover several 
 pages. (How we accountants wish some bookkeepers would make journal entries with explanations pages 
 long!) 
 
 Stevin says it is customary to ascertain once a year what the profit or the loss of the business has been. 
 This is what he calls "balancing" or "making a statement of balance" or "ascertaining of capital." For 
 this purpose, he advises to "add together cash and merchandise on hand and actual accounts receivable, 
 deduct therefrom the accounts payable; the difference is net capital provided the accounts receivable are 
 all good. The difference between the net capital of last year and this year is the profit or loss for the 
 year." According to Stevin, the making of a statement of affairs was not done concurrently with the clos- 
 ing of the books, the latter being done only when a new ledger is opened or where the merchant retires 
 from business or dies. 
 
 To prove his profit aud loss arrived at through the making of a statement of affairs as above explained, 
 he makes up a profit and loss account, which he calls ' ' proof statement. ' ' Therefore, his profit or loss is 
 ascertained first from the balance sheet, and in order to prove whether that is correct, he builds a profit 
 and loss accoiint. How few modern bookkeepers and young accountants understand this principle today ! 
 
 It will be seen from the reproduction of his financial statement and profit and loss account, that the 
 profit and loss statement is just as it would appear in the ledger accoiint if these entries were really posted 
 to a ledger account as we do today. The balance sheet therefore represents an unposted journal entry, 
 whereas the profit and loss account shows the result of a posted journal entry. In this Stevin is of course 
 inconsistent. 
 
 Stevin makes the statement of affairs a mathematical problem rather than the result of debits and 
 credits. He adds and subtracts, but does not reason where "proprietorship begins and ends," as he does 
 with all other journal entries. Hence, the entries comprising the closing of the ledger and the profit and 
 loss account should not be in the journal (he reasons), as the making of such entries is only done when pro- 
 prietorship is affected. They are merely the bringing together to a conclusion of net proprietorship or 
 net capital. 
 
 116
 
 He further explains that the ledger must always be in balauee because of the mathematical rule of 
 "equal amounts added to equal amounts must give equal totals." 
 
 In closing the ledger, Steviu transfers the balance of the various accounts direct to other accounts in 
 the ledger without the aid of journal entries, and calls it often "by sloto" the Dutch, and sometimes "per 
 solde" the Italian for "in order to close." He puts his assets and liabilities into the capital account, and 
 his profit and losses in the profit and loss account. He Hually closes all accounts by closing the profit and 
 loss account into the capital account. As the diffei'cuce between present assets and liabilities or net pro- 
 prietorship must be equal to the capital at the beginning of the year, plus or minus the current profits or 
 losses, the entering of the present assets and liabilities in his capital account is an unnecessary duplica- 
 tion, except it be to effect a closing of all ledger accounts and using the capital account for this piu-pose 
 as a clearing account. 
 
 Steviu explains this method by saying that other writers, and especially the Dutch writer Bertholomi 
 de Rentergem, have in the rear of their ledgers a "balance account," (as Pietra and Ympyn) into which 
 they close their ledger accounts. This, IStevin says, is built from a journal entry made in the old journal. 
 This entry is also posted in reverse order in the new ledger from the journal entry in the old journal. This 
 method Stevin does not like. He says these writers when opening their first journal and ledger, in tlie 
 beginning of a new business, start with an inventory (see Pacioli and others), but in subsequent ledgers 
 he says they do not do this, and there they call it a balance account. Why not be consistent, he pleads, 
 and open each subsequent journal and ledger with an inventory? He dislikes the balance account method 
 evidently so very much that he wants to get away from it as far as he can, and thus he dumps it all into 
 the capital account, because, he adds, "the result is exactly the same." 
 
 Stevin gives an exhaustive chapter about the settlement of partnership affairs. He states that if aU 
 the partners are active and were conducting a portion of the business in various cities on the principle of 
 branch stores, each partner should keep a separate set of books, very much the same as the method he ex- 
 plains for consignments or traveling agents, and at headquarters or at one of the branches there should 
 be a joint bookkeeper, whose duty it is to deal in totals, so that each partner may know where he stands in 
 relation to the others. If only one partner is active, this partner should keep the books. 
 
 He learned in one instance, as very likely modern accoiuitauts will learn from time to time, that a 
 good merchant, no matter how illiterate he is or how ignorant he may be about bookkeeping, usually can 
 tell very accurately whether the accountant's financial statement and bookkeeping results are correct. 
 Stevin was called in to adjust the affairs between a number of partners, of a large partnership. The five 
 active partners wei'e residents of the cities of Venice, Augsburg, Cologne, Antwerp, and London, where 
 they conducted branch establishments of the firm. One of these partners had not kept any books. Stevin 
 was finally induced by this partner to visit him and to write up a full set of books of all the transactions 
 of the partnership which he could find, and thus ascertain the financial settlement between the partners. 
 This he did, after considerable labor. The particular partner who had kept no books, however, objected to 
 the settlement, because it was £300 less than he figured was coming to him. To prove this, he stated that 
 they had no assets or liabilities of any kind, having liquidated the business ; therefore he said : " If I de- 
 duct my disbursements from my receipts, and add to the balance what is due me from the others, the total 
 must be my portion of the profit. ' ' Steviu agreed with him that this was right, and the set of books was 
 discarded and a settlement made upon the argument of the partner who was ignorant as far as bookkeep- 
 ing was concerned. From this experience Stevin determined upon the following rule : when called in to 
 make a partnership settlement, he would demand three things: first, the amount each partner has re- 
 ceived more in cash than he paid, or what he paid more than he received ; second, the diffei'ence between 
 presently existing accounts receivable and accounts payable, to which he added the cash and merchandise 
 on hand; third, what the agreement was between the partners as to divisions of profits and losses. He 
 illustrates the application of this rule by the following example : 
 
 A paid more than he received by _ £2,000 
 
 B received more than he paid by _ 4,000 
 
 C paid more than he received by 3,000 
 
 The net assets, or the difference between accounts receivable and payable, added to the 
 cash and merchandise on hand, amounted to £7,000 
 
 Each partner was to receive one-third of the profits or stand one-third of the losses. He then puts up 
 the following account : 
 
 Partnership Debit. Partnership Credit. 
 
 Due A £ 2,000 Due from B £ 4,000 
 
 Due C 3,000 Net assets _ 7,000 
 
 Total due A and C £ 5,000 £11,000 
 
 Net profit 6,000 
 
 Total £11,000 
 
 117
 
 As of above profit oue-third is due to each of the partners, each partner's account would stand as follows : 
 
 Due A as per above £2,000 
 
 Plus one-third of the profits 2,000 
 
 £4,000 
 
 Due C as per above _ £3,000 
 
 Plus one-third of the profits „ 2,000 
 
 ^ 5,000 
 
 .',i.J 
 
 9,000 
 
 Due from B as per above £4,000 
 
 Less one-third of the profits 2,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 Net assets _ '.Z £7,000 
 
 Those of us who have read the numerous involved court cases on partnership settlement, certainly 
 must admire Stevin 's ingenuity. 
 
 Consignment accounts, which Pacioli calls traveling accounts, are more thoroughly described in this 
 work. Stevin thinks it wrong to debit consignment account and credit murchaudise, when the goods are 
 shipped on consignment, because the test when to make an entry is "the beginning and the end of pro- 
 prietorship." He says it would be foolish to debit a clerk and credit merchandise when a clerk takes 
 goods from a cellar or warehouse to the store or from one part of the store to another. And he feels that 
 consignment is a transaction of a similar nature, with only a greater distance between the places of stor- 
 age. He states if we want to keep track of these consignment transactions, it should be by way of memo- 
 randa but not in the regular books. Like Pacioli, he wants the traveling man or consignee to keep books 
 on the double-entry system and report sales at convenient times, these reports to be entered in a separate 
 journal and ledger until there is "a beginning and an end of proprietorship." It is important to note 
 that Stevin very seldom uses the word "capital," but substitutes the word "propi-ietorship" throughout. 
 
 All the way through, Stevin uses as a test for the making of a journal entry "the beginning and end 
 of proprietorship." Thus, when goods arrive in the warehouse, that is the beginning of proprietorship, 
 and that account is not touched again, as far as the journal and ledger are concerned, until the goods have 
 left proprietorship through consumption. So, if a barrel of beer were received from the brewer, it would go 
 into the warehouse account or the merchandise account, and there remain until finally the butler on one of 
 the war vessels would distribute it to the sailors, when it would be charged out to them. In the interim, how- 
 ever, the warehouse has sent it to a small ship, which brings it to the ocean, there it is transferred onto a 
 transport, and probably is transferred on the ocean two or three times from one steward 's warehouse on one 
 ship to another steward's warehouse on another, until it finally reaches the war vessel upon which it is 
 consumed. While he urges the necessity of following this barrel of beer from place to place, he states that 
 this should be done only in memorandum accounts and not in the general ledger. 
 
 Equally insistent he is on the reissue of tools used in the construction of fortifications, canals and 
 buildings, or on the farms and in the field. He says that tools are first purchased, issued to one particular 
 piece of work and then returned to the warehouse and used in other places and transferred from place to 
 place until finally worn out. All of this he feels should be carefully recorded but not in the general ledger. 
 
 As to the wages, he very carefully explains that a wages or pay roll account avails one nothing. The 
 wages he says should be carefully distributed to each department for which they are incurred, exactly the 
 same as we have seen Pietra does. He first distributes his wages, as he distributes all his supplies, to 
 definite departments. Thus he says we can arrive at true costs. This method he uses also in checking up 
 the supply house and the cook, for he instructs the cook, as we have seen, to give a record of the daily 
 meals served in order to check the pay roU, and he checks the cook by instructing the warehouse men to 
 figure out the cost of the meals per man. Thus he says, if the cost per meal is considerably higher than the 
 average, and the pay roU agrees with the meals served, then the warehouse man has either made an error 
 or stolen some goods. 
 
 In this connection, he provides a perpetual inventory, in which each kind of merchandise has two 
 columns, one for the receipts or " ins " and one for the disbursements or the ' ' outs. ' ' He balances each 
 column when new goods arrive, then counts what is left, and adjusts his books to the actual count. 
 
 Gifts of merchandise, he states, must be valued, for three reasons : first, in order to be able to ascer- 
 tain actual expenses and consumption of merchandise for each department ; second, the proprietor should 
 know at all times for how much he is obligated to others ; third, in order to know exactly the actual capital 
 invested. 
 
 In municipal accounting, he urges tliat the ledger of any year be held open until at least the end of 
 the next year, to prevent heavy transcribing, very much the same as is done now with some tax rolls. 
 
 Stevin in instructing his bookkeepers in the municipal department, tells them to use the words ' ' debit ' ' 
 and ' ' credit ' ' in the explanation of each journal entry, thus making it a little plainer to the uninitiated in 
 the terms of bookkeeping. From the illustrations it mU be noted that he does not do so in mercantile 
 bookkeeping, but only uses the term ' ' debit. ' ' 
 
 What the writer has said in praise of Stevin should not be interpreted as meaning that he considers 
 Stevin 's system perfect or even as perfect as we have today, for in many respects, it is not. But the writer 
 believes that Stevin has left his unmistakable stamp on modern American methods. It would be interest- 
 ing to study the earliest American financial books and ledgers in order to establish that through the Dutch 
 settlers of New Amsterdam (now New York) Stevin 's ideas were brought to America, rather than by way of 
 England through Dafforne, who we will see further on in the book, failed to translate to the English lan- 
 guage many of Stevin 's ideas. 
 
 118
 
 V E R R EC H T I N G 
 D O me" I N E 
 
 Mettc CONTREROLLE en ander bchouften vandien. 
 't Welck. ts 
 
 Verclaring li^an ghemeene ^egel, ivaerdeur yer- 
 
 bdet warden alle abuj/lenmette fwartcbeden upte fclve fprupende, die- 
 men tot noch toe uytgeen %ekencamers van oouietne en Ftfiante 
 heejtconnen wercn. 
 Wcfendc Oeffeninghen dcs Docrluchtichflen HcK)^ftghc- 
 boren Vorft en HeereMAVRITS by Gods gV- 
 nade Prince van Orange, &c. Ho: LofF: Mcmorie. 
 
 Befthtewndcur SIMON STEVIN van Brugghc, in fl/nlevendes Hooghghenielteo Hceie 
 PlUNCtN Superintendent vande Finance, &c. "En uyt fijn naghelatea 
 Hantfchriften by eeo ghefteltdeur (ijn Soon KENDRICK 
 STEVIN Ambachtsheercvan AlphcQ, 
 
 TOT LET DEN, 
 
 Tcr Druckcryo van IVSTVS LIVIVS, 
 In't tfpeede laer des Vredes. 
 
 119
 
 BOVCKHOVDING. 
 
 45 
 
 STAET VAN MY DIERICK 
 
 Roofe gemaeckt op den laetfien December 1600. 
 
 Staet of capitael debet. 
 
 Itr AernoHt lacobs fol. 14. 51.8.0. 
 
 Rejl debet hier gfjielt byjlote 
 yandefen - - - }I40. 9.1. 
 
 tS'cmmc 5 1 9 1 , 17,2. 
 
 Staet ot capitael credit. 
 
 Fermtenjol.y • 17 J •gj' 5 one. tot 
 
 7(1 't font, comt • • 60. If. 2 
 
 Per pe^erfol. 7 -120 fg'tol 40 S 
 
 'tpont, (omt .... 20. 0. 0. 
 
 "PerOtiMerdc Srrartefol.^ . - 513.12.0. 
 
 "Per Adriaen de Winter fol. n- 150. 6.0, 
 
 VerPietcrdeWittefol.ll. - 448. o. O. 
 
 Ferlacqueide Somerfol.li . 54.18.6. 
 
 Per cajfc fol. 19 - - - 1944. 7.5, 
 
 J >mme 3 1 9 1 . 17. i . 
 
 Sulcx dat Debiteurs,met gereet gelt en vvaren,hier 
 meet bedragen dan Crediteurs voor vveerde des 
 capitaels op den lactftcn van December i <Soo - 3 140.9. 1. 
 
 Maer op den laetften December I599> of 'tbegin 
 des)aersi6oodatccnrelvcis, vvashet capitael 
 van 2, 1 $ ? oC 5 J5 8 i^ , want treckende den debet 
 5 14 o^ 6 J5,vanden credit 1667 oC 9 jj 8 §, blijft 
 alsvooren . . - - - 
 
 VVelcke getrocken vande 3140C529 jj i§, blijft 
 voor 't gene datter op dit jaer verovert isjende in 
 defc ftaet gcfocht vvicrt _ - - 
 
 2153.3.8. 
 
 987.5.5. 
 
 STAET PROEF. 
 
 MAer om nu te ficn of het bovefchreven vaft gaetjfo dient 
 dit tot een proef : Ick vcrgaer al de reften der poften van 
 vermecrderende of verminderende capitael, 't vvelck fyn de re- 
 ften der poften die inde voorgaende ftaetmaking nieten qua- 
 
 men> 
 
 120
 
 4tf VANDE COOPMANS ' 
 
 men, alstottc vvcfentlickcftactnictbchoorendc: Endevvant 
 de felve fyn paityen van vvinfl en .verlics voorgcvallcn indcn tijt 
 defer bouckliouding, datsfcdert o lanuarius 1600, vvtlcke by 
 aldienmcnhetbouck flotc (gclijck int volgcndc 10 HooftRick 
 gedaeiifalvvordcn j op rekcning van vvinH en vcdies fouden 
 coalmen, foo meet dan daer deuroock vcrovcring bevon(fcn 
 vvorden van 987 c^5 j55§' Tot dcfen cindc begin ick het 
 Schultbouck teoverloopcn vanvoorcnacn, cndcontmoct my 
 eerft dc pofte dcr nagelcn fol. 5, vvaer op ick wind bcvinde van 
 75.4.7. dacrnaontmoctcn my notencnandergocdcn, alshicr 
 jiavoJglit. Dochftaetnoch tcgedcnckcn, dat overfchfctende 
 goedcn liicr bcielcent vvorden tenfelvcn prijfcals inden voor- 
 gacnden ftact , om dat vvy nemcn haer vvccrde foo te vvcfen, 
 vvildcmen in d'een en dander nemcn den prijs verandert te zijn, 
 
 men foudet cock meusjen doen 
 
 VVinftcn verlies debet. 
 
 Per cncoflen yan coomfchapfol. 16- 57. 7.0. 
 Fer oiKoflenyandenhuyfe fol. 16 - 107. lo.o. 
 
 Somme 164. 17.0. 
 
 Rf/? ereJit nhpreu^ijt oyerttnccm- 
 mende metle voorgatnde rekt- 
 ntnghitr gefldt per [olde - - 987.5.5. 
 
 Somme 1152.2.$. 
 
 VVinft en verlies credit. 
 
 Per ve'mjl op nagelenfol. 5 - . 75.4.7. 
 Verrymjl opnotmfol.y - . 109. 7.2. 
 Veryyinfiopftpirfol.y • . ig.ip.o. 
 Vcr yy wjl op gimher fol. g. - - 41, 8,4, 
 Ptrreken'mg yun yy iiiji en yerltes 
 
 ( yyicns pojlt te gedent. ken h dat 
 
 ten ttjde defer yyerckingin debet 
 
 allecnehck hadde trvee parlyen,te 
 
 yyeten y.jn 100 ^J^ en i 2 -J^ 
 
 maer m credit drie patt'ien ah 4 
 p£ J . 4. en 1$ (^met 1 000 
 
 ^) fol. 19 - - - 907. J. 4. 
 
 Sommc 1 1 52. 2. 5. 
 
 Nudanliet prouffijt dcurdefe wyfepock bcvondcn fijnde 
 van 987 oC 5 ,g 5 §, als te voorcn int Hot des ftaets, foo mach 
 dit tot pro.cf dcs vvercx vcrftrccken. 
 
 Merckt 
 
 121
 
 Imuh. 
 
 4 
 
 limHa. 
 
 ■J 
 
 'S 
 «5 
 
 'tlaeCKJoo. 
 
 yirfcheydn purtUn dtbn ptr Capilael TiH my Dleriel^ Hft/i 
 z66l '&' 9 15 8 S J dturrliti icl^tinyconsemdiii ila- 
 gc ftaet Vdngoet tnal^ende ^mj Irevonden bebl/t toeteht' 
 haoren dtnAVolgendepartitnyan^elt , yfaytn en fchittden: 
 Endi mfl : 
 
 CttJJe h ^ereden gelde - - - • 
 
 Kngflin 4 b-tlen nvfgfnde 
 n° i - 87-(rfri.J."> 
 
 »o 9- 
 
 ,9- 79<rfr i.^.-v 
 7 . 8 J /<(• 1 , 4. / 
 6. 84 («r 1.2. y 
 
 8- EoMM.fi. S 
 
 }2t(ai-;.o. 
 P?/"?/" 3 biilm >yfgende 
 n">9 • 1^0 tar i.o,'\ 
 I o - 260 /<«■ 2.0. ?Jf(/ J 
 It - IS 1 tar i.o.y" 
 
 ,7f c< 3 2 o "Uf /of 9 jU V^«»/, ami 
 
 S 3 -^ /«/ 30 ^ V/sw, MM* 
 
 76^ /.i>'6.o. 
 
 Gimber s irf/m yvegfn^t 
 n" 4 - 26<5«.ir 2.0.'^ 
 
 5 ■ 
 
 «• 
 
 7-164 i^r 20. I 
 
 8 - ijfif/jr 2. O.J 
 
 ) - 26<5«.ir 2.0.^ 
 
 ; - liatnr 2.0. 1 
 
 !.2i8/«2.0.^jjj^,jj^ 
 
 f^/Mjig'/pes'^cna* 
 
 I 304-^ (Tr lO o. 
 
 Het navolgendc fyn Debiteurs gctrockcn uyt 
 dc voorfchrcveti ftaet. 
 
 OmterdeSvparleTrerfil>yntisde6Meyet6oo. 
 ^driam di PViitler verfihynende 8 luniut 1 6eo. - 
 Piittrdeyi^illiyer/chyncndeioluniitn6oo. - - - 
 lacqHis de Stmer vtrfihynmdi 1 Mmtim 1 60 j. - - 
 
 Scmme 
 
 Capnael Van myDieric\ R^ofedtbitpir ynfclieydtnCrtdileu- 
 reit, an de vveUl^e il^myltn yonrnoemdi dap dear de yur- 
 fchreyenflaelmaliing bevinde /chuldich lefyne itU ytljht : 
 IcosKcirct rirfihynende di>t yMaerti 16O3. 
 DaYit Upeh yirfchyninde den 1 Mrye 1 600, - 
 AernoMt lacobi yetjchyninde dtn 1 o ^pril i tf 00. - - 
 
 Semme 
 D 3 Oncfjfen 
 
 cA 
 
 83c 
 
 •7J 
 
 M4 
 
 94 
 
 "7* 
 
 100 
 
 350 
 3^0 
 
 190 
 
 & 
 
 266 7 
 
 150 
 
 I«4 
 
 5M 
 
 122
 
 <6 
 ! 
 
 2« 
 
 is 
 
 FfJiMK. 
 
 Vebrua. 
 
 Mitirce, 
 
 6 
 •5 
 
 |6 
 ! 
 
 i8 
 
 Mat/tt. 
 
 Maeite, 
 
 31 
 
 Mtitrtt 
 
 ^pril. 
 
 ■ 6 
 
 5 
 
 M 
 9 
 
 3° 
 3° 
 
 ^pnl. 
 
 ^fril. 
 
 Mrye. 
 
 't her i6oq, 
 
 Cxetjfm VM ecim/ihup drbil fercuj/i ,(teiir i<liitll itili/t 
 m.reni r/n Februarim hlijc\tndr by 'I mmuriitd rim riitn 
 
 Oncoftm yamlm huyfc debit fir cafe , Jeiir bcUelt in defi 
 maent fan Februttiitu blijct^ende by 't memarUel y.tn dten 
 
 Itcques dt Somir debt! fir nugtlen , dcur dal icl^ an hem yir- 
 cocbt beb I balen te betalen binnen, 2 maendeh, 'pyezende 
 
 177iMc2.fi. 
 
 Noten debet ftr Dayit lipeli,dei<r dai icl^ ran hem^ecQcht heb 
 
 3 bAltn It beulen binnen 3 maenden, vre^ende 
 '*° < • 79 ''"' I • o."\ 
 
 5-8ow(.|.o. yN</ti8fB-/o(8 (l't.pt)nt,am - 
 
 6-Zitari.a. } '^ 
 
 1^1 tar 3. 0. 
 
 Oncejien van Coomfehap debit per caffe , deAr belaell i» defi 
 maent van Maerti blijct^ende by 'i memoriael van dim 
 
 Oncoflen Vandebuyfi d;betpcr caffe, deur betaelt in deje maent 
 Van Maerte blijcl^ende by *t memoriael van dim - 
 
 Caffe debet per nagelen,deiir dat ic\ contant vercocht heb rba 
 Itn an lofep Sander t vvi^ende 
 
 I77i tat i.i. 
 
 Gimber debet per caffe , deurdat ici^contant gecocht hib j b*- 
 
 len van Lnuyi lanfi, vvegende 
 ;^" I 4 - 264 tar z. o.^ 
 
 15 - lyotan. o. ^ W794 -QS-di* jo B'tftne _ 
 
 16 . 166 tar I. o.) 
 
 ' 800 tar 6. o. 
 
 Oncoflen Vancoomfibap debet per caffe , deur betaelt indefe 
 maent ^ prtt bltjcl^inde by V memoriael van dten. r - 
 
 Onciflen van den buyfe debet percaffi, deur betaelt in defi 
 maent van ^pril blijc\inde by 't memoriael Yan dien - 
 
 Davit Rjielj debet per Omxer deSvvarte , deur dat icl^ Davit 
 geaffnneert hebvanOmaer t'ontfangen in VoUebetalinjb 
 yan dies icl[DaVitfihaldichhen,vervaUende den 1 Maer- 
 te 1 600, en in mindering yan diet my Omaerfibnldich if, 
 vetvaliende 6 Tvleye 1600 
 
 ftrfihey- 
 
 & 
 
 ■ 04 
 
 i3 
 
 95 
 
 114 
 
 99 
 
 _3 
 6 
 
 150 
 
 123
 
 
 
 
 'tiaeridoo. 
 
 cS. 
 
 •» 
 
 JO 
 
 Mryi. 
 
 
 
 
 
 i<-8s/^c i. o.f^eti76f^miog't font - 
 
 8j 
 
 
 
 . _ 
 
 178 lar z. 0. 1 
 
 
 c 
 
 W»'f» 1 bitlen vytgtndf 
 
 
 JO 
 
 
 n" 13 - 86 (<ir 1.8. > ., 
 
 M.88/.»-,:8 |NfM7/#Mf J^ tpotit - 
 
 I 74 <« 3.0. Jommf 
 
 63 
 
 ■! 
 
 > ?i 
 
 ■ o 
 
 Mfjif. 
 
 /'«/?)• (te yrttle debit per yirfchejdenfariien, in hem vemcht te be- 
 
 
 ^.^^ 
 
 
 
 ■ tMen binnm 5 ypei^en, en eerji : 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 GImber 8 b^len vyegende 
 nO 4 - l66 lay 2. o.-v 
 
 5 * 160 tar 2.0. 
 
 6 - isS titr 2.0, 
 7- Z(5< Mr 2.0. 
 
 8 - 2 j6 (^r 2.0. > j<!et2o88 -as- ror ^(5. & ';po?;t - 
 
 
 
 
 
 3'J 
 
 
 
 
 M - 26^ Mr 2.0. "^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 I s - 270 tjr 2.0. 
 
 
 
 
 
 i5 ,• i66lar 2. O.J 
 
 
 
 21 O'f ^*»r 16.0. 
 
 7 
 
 Kot£>t 7 ^rf/p« t'yegeiicie 
 
 
 
 
 n" 4 - 79 Mr 1. 0.^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 J - 80/itri.o. 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 6- %ztitr i.o. 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 - 79 '•"■ '■■!■}■ Net SfS f^tot izj^ 'cpoiit - 
 
 7-82/4/1.4.1 
 3 . 84 /tr 1.2. 1 
 S - 80 Mr 1.6 / 
 
 331 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1> 
 
 
 5 as Mr 8.0. Somme 
 
 648 
 
 4 
 
 'Mtyt, 
 
 Caffe debet per Omtier dt Svvtrte, ytm hem cntfain in miriderin^ ran 
 
 
 9 
 
 JI 
 
 
 't yerjthenen den 6 Mcye 1600 
 
 30 
 
 1 2 
 
 Myie. 
 
 loos Koitot debet per caffe, an hem betaell in mmderin^ van't verjche- 
 
 
 J 
 
 11 
 
 
 nen den 7 Jvlaerte 1600 
 
 JO 
 
 >4 
 
 Myf, 
 
 MrnoKl lacobi debet per eaffr, an htm betaclt in minderingb ran 
 
 
 ! 
 
 1' 
 
 
 't rirfchenen den 1 ^pril 1 600 
 
 200 
 
 ifi 
 
 Mfjf. 
 
 Oncoften ran ccomfihap debet per caffe, deur betaiit in defe maent ran 
 
 
 5 
 
 J" 
 
 
 MeyebUjc^tyideby'tmemiriaelrandien ... 
 
 4 
 
 'l<i 
 
 Miyi. 
 
 Oncojicn randen luiyfe debet per caffe , deut betaell in deft maent ran 
 
 
 7 
 
 iO 
 
 
 MeyebUjcl^endeby'tmemoriaelrandien 
 
 7 
 
 -1 
 
 Inniui, 
 
 Caffe debet per lacques de Somer, Van hem ontfaen in minderingh Van 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 '/ rirfchenen den i Maerie 1600 
 
 200 
 
 -^— 1 ^ 
 
 
 ^trmHt 
 
 
 J 
 
 iC 
 
 124
 
 s 
 
 I 
 
 i6 
 
 J 
 
 8 
 
 ■ ■ 
 •J 
 •3 
 
 II 
 
 H 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 s 
 
 « 
 
 18 
 
 Imiut. 
 
 'tIaeri<Joo. 
 
 jiirntHt Idcohs dtUt fin caffe ,An hem helnell »» yolilechlngl} tin 
 't yerfiheHtadtn 10 ^f til t 600 • - 
 
 «1 
 
 S 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 1 2 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 •i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 c 
 
 i° 
 
 InntM. 
 
 OncoUtn 'Pan Coomfchap debet per cttjje deur beUelt in ctefe indent van 
 luniui tflijcl^ende by '/ memoriatt van dien 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 iMtlilU, 
 
 Oncejlen fandin liuyfe debet per caffi , diur bttaell in deft maent ran 
 Junimblt^ci^nde by 't tnemoriaet vandien 
 
 4 
 
 Inliifi. 
 
 Omaer de Svvarie debet per yer[ebeyden partien ^an hemrereochtte 
 betalen binnen t maenden, diegeteyert ^ijn in handen Van ^ndriei 
 Corffyn Facieur^hn dat deur la/1 vanden voor/ctireven Omacr,bltjc- 
 l^ende hyfyn mlifive yandtn 1 lunius 1 600 ; hn ten eerjlen 
 
 Peper } balen vvegende 
 
 n° 9 - Z50 tar. i- *^ 
 
 •o-iioear.i.o.V^efJSSf^tOtiSR'tpOnt. 
 ii-lf^lar.i.o.J ' 
 
 764 tar. 6. 0. 
 
 "3 
 
 8r 
 
 
 Norm 1 baien vre-^tnde 
 
 "° \ \ -is Tlr. I .■ 8'.}N" i7if&totio^'t pnf - 
 
 nytar. J. 0. 
 
 - 
 
 \ageUn I baien Vfe^endt 
 
 no 1 1 - 90 tar. 1 . 0. ■> jvj^ ^ {^6 WtOt n .({'t VOtlt - 
 It -S8 tar. t.o.f ' ^^ I 
 
 ijSlar.2.0. Sommr 
 
 
 3'3 
 
 8 
 
 IhUm. 
 
 Cajft debet per yerfcheydenperjmntn, yanhemlien en ifaen genet ^tlt 
 
 all yolghl. 
 ^driaen def^^inter in mindering van yerfchmeH 8 luniia 1 tfoo 
 Pieter deyyiitt tn yoUe beialing v.tnl yerfthtnen 20 luhua 1 «co 
 Pielej de yVuie in mindiring yan 't yetfckenen den 5 lulim 1600 
 Uc^iiei deScmer in yoUe beialing yant yerfehenen 1 \ta/t. i 600 
 lae^uei de Somer in minderwg yant yerfehenen 7 Meye 1600 
 
 Ssmme 
 
 100 
 
 Jfio 
 
 aoo 
 
 90 
 
 ?o 
 
 
 9C0 
 
 16 
 
 IhUm. 
 
 Inliiu. 
 
 yerftheyden perfeonen debet per cafe, an hemlien belaelt genet gelt ah 
 
 ritlghl : 
 ImititiirQt in yoUeietallng yan 't yerfehenen 7 ^'larrle 1 6oo - 
 Davit Rjeli oft yerfehenen den 1% li:r.iiu 1600 
 MrntMt lactbi opt yerfchepen den Jo Uniiu 1 600 
 
 Somme 
 
 50 
 00 
 
 100 
 
 Jio 
 35 
 
 le 
 
 Davit R}eli debet per cajfe, an hem heiaelt in yeldeeningh van 't yer- 
 fehenen den j3 IiiniM 1 600 
 
 Z8 
 
 Noten debet per cafe, denr dat icl^gecoeht heb J lialen gereel ge!t VVe- 
 gende net i^cfg- Kt 7 ^'tptnt 
 
 81 
 
 
 Peper 
 
 
 12c
 
 i8 
 
 i3 
 
 -4 
 
 .Aug. 
 
 'tiaeridoo. 
 
 Peper debit ptr mttu.dmr dat icl(gtmmgelt hib llimAnJriij Cite/!. 
 
 all vUht : 
 
 Pcpir iiofgttt^o^ 'tpont bji^ndritj CUtJi. an my gtlivcri, 
 comt - . « . 
 
 Uoten 6 6 ^ 1 1 onctn lof 6 17 •( pmt , die ic\ 411 .A'ldrietfUeJi. 
 geleyert beb, comt ■ - 
 
 io 
 10 
 
 $ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 .Aug. 
 
 Kflfeijiiigyan-'-vvinU tn virlies debet ptr caffe , deur dm icl^^met C*- 
 tiinc mijn dienHmaectjt ten huvvelicl^s gegefen hebbe 
 
 1 00 
 
 
 •Aug. 
 
 Sept. 
 Sept. 
 
 yerfiheydinpurtttn debet ptr .AernoHtJacabJi,. deur dat «^ ran hem 
 gelichi hebbe 1000 Ov op intrefl tegen 1 1 ten hondtrt Cfiaers , en 
 dii yoor een maent ,vyaer afdt yerfchtyden partien dufdanicli ^ijn: 
 
 Cajji deur daticl^ van hem tntfaen hebbe de bsye/chreyeii ImfiJ'omme 
 ytn . . '. . 
 
 Rj\{tmttg yan yy inji in verlies deur dien den inlreft der birejchreytn 
 hiijijomme bp een itiaent hedtatcht - - _ 
 
 Sontme 
 
 I 000 
 
 12 
 
 1 01 z 
 
 ■ 
 
 Ucquesde Somer debet peryer/chejdtnpariien , d'urdai icl^h<mge- 
 
 givenheb ^00 -£ of inireUteginio ten honderl t'fiaerj , en dii 
 
 Vtor een maent, yraer afde yirfihiyden parlien du/danich ^yn : 
 
 CaJJi dem- dai iil^htm geicit htbbede boye/chreirn ha<ifi/amnu ya» 
 
 Kjl^tning ran yymjl eii ytrlies , dcurjiim den inlereH der hoyejihie. 
 
 yenboofifimmeepecnmamibedriiecht - . . 
 
 Somme 
 
 500 
 
 
 ■1 
 
 
 S04 
 
 18 
 
 .Adriatndeyt^inter debet perytrfihQdenfartien 180 ^-^ deut dat 
 hyyAnmycntfftenhteftep yvijffel too ,^ ftetrlmx lot ^^ f! 
 hetpont, btdragende 1 6 J ^,»'" </« yyeeiom le betalen an Omaer 
 deSvvartebinnen Lonnen op tyyte mainder. naficht, hei font Jtecr- 
 linxge, client of 16 J^, yyaet tfde Verfihrydin partien dufdanicb 
 
 Cajfe dear d,ii hji yan ay onlfaen hiift de borifihreyen fimme van 
 /{el^ining yan yyinji en yerlies ,deur dun de yyiffil van 3 (tiepinde 
 
 ofdeioo^fteerlincxbedrauht ... 
 
 Somme 
 
 'S 
 
 
 i3o 
 
 J3 
 
 Sept. 
 
 .Aernoul I.uobf\ dcbiijer eaffe,an hem btlaell daller ver/chmm »v,n 
 den ii September idoo - . - - 
 
 lOI 1 
 
 i| 
 
 Stpt, 
 
 CaJJe debet per rel^ening v«n Vyinfi en verlies, demgterft le hcbbtn ha 
 goit mijns Oemi - - - , - 
 
 1000 
 
 1 2 
 
 OHob. 
 
 CaJfe debet per iactjues de Somtr » yan hem cntfacn datttr yetfchemn 
 yVM den 1 OUobcr 1 600 - - - 
 
 501 
 
 
 
 E Omatr 
 
 
 126
 
 
 8 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 i« 
 
 '9 
 
 Dictm. 
 
 't laer i(5oo. 
 
 Om^tr Jt StVMie lit Unntn drl-tt frr ^ciiUen de Vl^inttt, dtur Jai 
 hy fear my ortlfaeti herft cp yrijfel I'.tnrldtfihtii ^Idii.itn , lUjc- 
 l^rnde t/y/ynfchryvcn. ... 
 
 DrctM- OncojitA y.m coomfcU-ip ddti per c^ffe.4nir irueir indt mamdtn v.ti 
 luliM, ^-luiujlut, Septtmier, Ocliber , Kovemifr , in Dccenili(r, 
 hlijchcfide by V 7ncnii1ri.nl yan dicn - - 
 
 31 \Dcittn. 
 
 '-'lU'.pcn'Y.vidciiliiiyfedtb!! ftrC'ifftdcur btlddt inde inKtndm VAn 
 luhin,.A!,"ujhi<,S<flcnibtrfiiiobcr,'N.(iy>cmLcr,m Dcccmbtr,lli]C- 
 t^cndiby'l rnemorijclyondicn - - 
 
 Meicktdat dcfe twee lactftepatticn van oncoften 
 louden na 'tgemecii gebtuyck vetdcelt behooren te 
 vvotdcn ten cindc van ydcr macnt , Too veel op cickc 
 viel : Doch alfoot vergetcn was, ick en hcbt niet yvil- 
 Icn vcrfchryvcn , tc nicer dattct indc daet fomvvylen 
 footocgaet. 
 
 C^ 
 
 |8< 
 
 3 
 
 80 
 
 127
 
 Umuu 
 Deam, 
 
 Dtetv- 
 
 Decern- 
 
 Decern. 
 Decern. 
 Decern. 
 Decern, 
 
 Gapitael debet. 't laer 1 600, 
 
 Peryerfcheyienptrtiia - - • - 
 
 Per mien ftl. ■), ileitr dulcet indr (f,ieimal{iiig bnonilen \i]n 17 j -Q^ 
 
 fcnciifiuyteeTiiicbjtl'IponliCumt - - - 
 
 Perpeperfil. 7. Jeur i*ller indejtaelmal^mf^bennien :;^>i 1 10 ^ 
 
 nuyveeidich ^oR'tfiHttComt 
 Per Omtey de Sfvnte yerfchynende dtn ^ Seficmlm en 1 ^ Decem- 
 ber 1 600 fil. t) - - 
 Per^druen de yvinler vetfit>yntnde den 8 lutiiM 1 600 fol. 1 1 
 PerPieterdefViiteterfchjinendeden ^luliiu 1600 fit, 11 
 Perlacquei de Simer yerjiliynende den 7 ^Uye 1 6oo/«/. 1 j 
 Per ctfe ftl. 19 - " ... 
 
 cA 
 
 s\ 
 
 I'l 
 
 i 
 
 60 
 
 Ji 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 5'J 
 
 1 1 
 
 150 
 
 6 
 
 44S 
 
 c 
 
 <4 
 
 18 
 
 '911 
 
 7 
 
 3706 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 Ft/. 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 3 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 lioiu*. 
 
 6 
 
 sAfril. 
 
 }" 
 
 Meye- 
 
 10 
 
 lunliu. 
 
 8 
 
 idm. 
 
 Caffe debet. 
 
 Per enfttnet fill, i 
 
 Per ndgelenjiil. f 
 
 Per Omaerde Syytqtitfcl. 9 
 
 Per laches de Semerftl. I ) 
 
 Per ■perjihejdtn putitn 
 
 'tlacriiJoo. 
 
 Simmt 
 
 cA 
 
 S 
 
 88f 
 
 
 
 114 
 
 3 
 
 3^ 
 
 
 
 jOo 
 
 
 
 500 
 
 '3 
 
 l.»4 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IMIU, 
 
 tJleye. 
 
 Nagelen debet- t laer 1600. 
 
 Percafitaelfil. j • . - 
 Per Jterncut lacebffol., if 
 
 Sommi 
 
 Perrel[eningyimyyinfl enyerliei fit. 19 hier gefielt,ty 
 JUltyande/en,yyefendefrtHgtjtcfnaieUn - - 
 
 Somme 
 
 ■m 
 
 35° 
 ■76 
 
 one, 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 '75 
 
 83 
 
 S16 
 
 8 
 
 »S8 
 75 
 
 516 
 
 8 
 
 333 
 
 
 
 
 f«/. 
 
 I.inua. 
 >,Ucrle 
 
 %leye. 
 lutiui. 
 
 Decern. 
 
 Noten debet. 'tIaeri(Jop. 
 
 Percapitaelfot. i ' - 
 
 Per D,irit lioellfel. if 
 Per^Arrnout Ucibsful.i^ 
 Pircajfefii. 19 
 
 Somme 
 
 Per refining »<t» JDirii/J jij yertiesfil. 1 9. hier grflAi iy 
 flilc yan dtfin, yycfindrprtHjijt op mien 
 
 Somme 
 
 f^ 
 
 an^ 
 
 c2 
 
 3 
 
 310 
 ■ 71 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '^4 
 95 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1^0 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 9*9 
 
 
 
 39' 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 109 
 
 7 
 
 569 
 
 ° 
 
 500 
 
 «9 
 
 128
 
 Imm. 
 Dttem. 
 Uettm 
 
 Capitacl credit. 't laer 1 600. 
 
 Perm/chiydntpartifit 
 
 Per Runout Uei'ji yeifthynende den jo Imiiu i Coo fat, i ^ 
 
 PerrtfynmgVMninHiHTmlittfil. iS 
 
 Simmt 
 
 5' 
 
 }70(i 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 S 
 
 Itt, 
 
 18 
 
 IS 
 
 3' 
 31 
 
 »o 
 
 30 
 30 
 J' 
 3< 
 3' 
 3> 
 iS 
 
 30 
 30 
 iC 
 
 to 
 
 Ftima. 
 
 Fehrua. 
 
 Maerte 
 
 Maerte 
 
 ^p/il. 
 
 ylpnl. 
 
 ^pril. 
 
 Mfye. 
 
 'Meye. 
 
 Mey'et 
 
 Meye. 
 
 Imiiu. 
 
 luniM 
 
 luniiu. 
 
 Ulim. 
 
 IhUhi. 
 
 CafTe credit. 't laer 160 a. 
 
 Per oneoPen yan eoom/chapfot. 1 6 
 Per mcijhn yanden buy fefot. \6 
 
 Prrcneofienyancoomfchapfil. iC . . . 
 PeroneejienyandentiHyfe fol. iC - • 
 Pergimberfil. 8 - . . . - 
 Peronciflmyaneoiimfchapfiil. t6 . . - 
 per Qneojlen yanden huyfefvl. i6 
 
 Pet loei ifiint fol, n . . . . ^ 
 Pef .Aenout lacobsfol. 14 . ' . 
 ■Per oncoHen yan coomfihapfoL 1 S - j 
 Per oncojign yanden huyfefol. 16 - . - 
 Per ^ernout laeobifol. 14 
 
 Per oncofien yitn coomfchapfot. (5 • - 
 Per oneoHen yanden huyfefol. i (J • ^ - 
 Per V(rfchiyden part ien ... 
 per Dayit RJelifol. 14- 
 
 Semme 
 
 Per flit y*n defm, in tlrirgedragtn ih debit fil. '18 
 
 Somme 
 
 o2 
 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 
 ( 
 
 99 
 3 
 6 
 
 50 
 
 100 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 64 
 
 5 
 lio 
 
 35 
 
 
 703 
 1411 
 
 
 iiJ4 
 
 7 
 t 
 
 Matrte 
 ^pril. 
 luliu). 
 
 Nagelcn credit, 't laer 1600. 
 
 Per laeques de Somerfol. i » 
 
 Per ctfjifnl. 4 . - , 
 
 Per Omair de Svy arte fol. 8 - - - 
 
 Somrri: 
 
 176 
 
 M 
 
 10 
 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 114 
 
 114 
 
 
 51C 
 
 333 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 Mejt. 
 ImUm, 
 Aug. 
 
 Dicim. 
 
 Notencredit. 'tIaeri5oo. 
 
 Per Pieier de ffitiifol. 1 o 
 
 Per Omae r de Svy arte fit, 8 - 
 
 Perfeftrfol. 6 • • • 
 
 Somme 
 
 Per capilaeJftl, 2 dear dallerindeflaetmal^ingbeyon- 
 den ^ijn 1 7 3 ■©• $ """> «'"" > »» f1"'rdul> ; Jj 
 'iftnt, etmt • ■ - 
 
 iTtmmt 
 
 fff 
 
 «»(. 
 
 ©C 
 
 S 
 
 « 
 
 Si8 
 
 
 
 3H 
 
 iS 
 
 a 
 
 '7' 
 
 
 
 8i 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 1 1 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 795 
 
 " 
 
 4,0 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 '73 
 
 5 
 
 Co 
 
 'i 
 
 t 
 
 9C9 
 
 
 
 ;oo 
 
 •9 
 
 < 
 
 129
 
 ■Alia.- 
 
 Peperdebtt. tlaeii6oo. 
 
 PefercnjiiUelfil. j 
 I'er mtlinfil. 7 
 
 SoMmi 
 
 Decern. Vf/rrt^ening tun ffintt en ytrlieifil. 1 9, i<Vx«/?f'' 6y 
 
 Jhte Tei<niltf(in,tfeJendefrDiifftjlDffii'er ■ - 
 
 SonirKe 
 
 7^S 
 1 io 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9-1 
 
 10 
 
 ■S 
 
 
 
 '9 
 '•1 
 
 S7S 
 
 l-»4 
 
 ■ 8 
 
 ?7 8 
 
 ■33 
 
 3' 
 
 litnuii. 
 Decern. 
 
 Gimbcr debet, 't lacr i (Joo. 
 
 PerCdfiiMlfd. J - - - 
 Pirctifj'efii. 5 - - - - 
 
 Per ri\enm^fan fvinJI en vtrlies fol . i^.bier^tfUUhj 
 jUte V«n dcfen vyefcnilefyiiiiffijl op gimbcr - - 
 
 Siiame 
 
 1294 
 79'4 
 
 one. 
 
 
 
 
 
 9? 
 
 1088 
 
 
 
 
 *7' 
 4' 
 
 ioSS 
 
 3«3 
 
 luliU4^ 
 
 Decern. 
 
 Omaer de fv.var.ce debet. t laer 1 600. 
 
 Prt CAfitaelyerfchynende 6 lAcyt 1 690/0/. j - - 
 
 Per rerfchfyden pitrlien verfclrynfnde 4 Sept, I 600 
 Per yldrhundef^rintcrop vrtjfclfol. 11 
 
 Samine 
 
 . 200 
 
 3'3 
 
 180 
 
 
 
 1 2 
 
 
 
 ■ 2 
 
 6<,i 
 
 10 
 
 ■ s 
 
 Itmu*. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Adriaende Winter debet, 'tlaer i5oo. 
 
 Per c/fitaeJ vtr/chyntnde 8 lunim i Coo fit. j 
 Per vtvfcheyAm ftttienterfchyiunde 2 maenden nnfichtJcjvviJfel 
 brteft - • .... 
 
 Sommi 
 
 3S0 
 180 
 
 530 
 
 6 
 
 
 C 
 
 im
 
 4 
 
 lultUi. 
 
 Dcctm. 
 
 Peper credit. 'ilacri6oo. 
 
 PtrOmneT'deSvyniltfol.S 
 
 Ptr en fit All fit. X dtur Hotter hit j}ittlma\m^ iitYon ■ 
 din vjn 1 10 f^f 'Z"' • »« »'frdich ^o ^ • font, 
 nmt - - - 
 
 Stmmt 
 
 7S8 
 
 110 
 
 
 878 
 
 "J 
 
 U3 
 
 H • 
 
 Fol. 
 3 
 
 \o 
 
 Miye, 
 
 Glmbcr credit. 't laer i6oa. 
 
 Pit Piittt dt yFllltfil. I e 
 
 1088 
 
 tHt. 
 
 J>3 
 
 I 
 
 3' 
 
 Mtye. 
 Meje. 
 
 Diem. 
 
 Omacr de S watte credit, 't laer 1600. 
 
 Ptf Dayit I^clj opt rtrfchentn 6 Miye 1 600 fit, 1 4 
 Ptr ta£e opttirfchtncH 6 Mf)*i 600 fol. 4 
 
 Pentifilittlfil. a hitrgfjttlt lyftett ym itfia 
 
 Stmmt 
 
 Sommt 
 
 l;o 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 I So 
 
 
 
 f'3 
 
 It 
 
 693 
 
 IX 
 
 Pol. 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 Inlius, 
 
 M 
 
 Decern. 
 
 J' 
 
 Dttem. 
 
 Adriaende Winter credit, 'tlaer i^oo. 
 
 Pit cuffi dpi vrrfchinia 8 luniut 1 600 fit. 4 . 
 
 Per Omaer de Stvurte opt Tierfihenen hiir nfvenftJ. 3 
 
 Pir cupiltiilfol. 2 liter geflell byjiole »<» iefen 
 
 Sommt 
 
 Sommt 
 
 100 
 180 
 
 380 
 
 150 
 
 J30 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 J I 
 
 131
 
 lunun. 
 
 PieterdeVVitte debit. 'tIaeri6oo. 
 
 Vet capitntl Ttrfcliynndt Jo Innius 1 600 fit. 3 • 
 
 Per Tfttfchcydeti (alien yerfihjrtendt 5 /«//w 1 609 
 
 Stmmi 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 8 
 
 360 
 648 
 
 1008 
 
 li 
 
 e 
 
 tMim. 
 
 7 
 
 MACrlt 
 
 10 
 
 Stlh 
 
 
 
 lacques de Somer debet, t laer 1 600. 
 
 Peretpitdielyer/chyntBdei Marrte 1 600 fot.i. 
 Pcrnagelenyer/chynende y Meye iCeo fol. ^ - - 
 
 Per ynfchiydenpurtitn It btialen i o OBtb. 1 6eo 
 
 Simmt 
 
 190 
 104 
 
 i04 
 
 899 
 
 M 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 6 
 
 yatyt. 
 
 lulim. 
 
 loos Noirot debet, 't laer 1600. 
 
 Pn tAJjt Oft yerfchiatn 7 \liurle 1 600 fol. { 
 Per caffe cpt rer/ihenen 7 Mterte 1 600 fcl. 5 
 
 2tn«mf 
 
 so 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 14 
 
 Davit Roels debit. tUev 1600. 
 
 PnOmaerde Syv.iyfeoptt'erfcUcnm i }/eye l6cofel. 9 
 PcrCitJfeopt rrrfdicncn z3 luntM i 6oofoT- 9 
 Pf*- c<i^ o/J/ ycrfehcnrn 28 lunjui 1 600/0/. j 
 
 Stmme 
 
 dC 
 
 J^ 
 
 1(0 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 4 
 
 »15 
 
 ■1 
 
 3' 
 
 Mtye. 
 luniuj. 
 luliiu. 
 Sept. 
 
 Decern. 
 
 Aernout Jacobs credit. laer 1600. 
 
 Pf>' c<i/7f 'pi verfihencn i o ./^f fi7 i Caofol, 5 
 Pr)' f (*//? opt "PeYfchentn i o .///J> it I 600 fol. 5 
 Pirc,iJfeop*t verfihema -^oluniui iCoofoi, 5 
 Perc/iJJeep 't rer/iheaen 21 Jf^f. 1 600 fol. 19 
 
 Per eipiltelfol. 3 hiergeflelt byjlute van defen 
 
 Scmme 
 
 Somme 
 
 ICO 
 
 
 
 «4 
 
 6 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 101 1 
 
 
 
 1376 
 
 6 
 
 <' 
 
 8 
 
 1417 
 
 "4 
 
 132
 
 IhUui. 
 IhUm. 
 
 Dic9» 
 
 PictcrdeVVictc credit. 'tiacr 1600. 
 
 Ptr(^ffeci>IVtrfihtnen 10 fmiiu i6oofol. .t 
 Pncajfttptycrfehtmn s Iktiui ifioo/«/. 4 
 
 Pirtupilaflf'l- ihifr^tjltltbyjltteynn ite/in 
 
 Sommi 
 
 Simme 
 
 360 
 
 8 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 560 
 
 8 
 
 4^8 
 
 
 
 1008 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 luniiu- 
 
 8 
 
 IuUm. 
 
 R 
 
 lutim. 
 
 It 
 
 oM. 
 
 J' 
 
 Dictm. 
 
 lacqucs de Somer credit, t laer 1 6oQ. 
 
 Pefculfioptiirfthtnm t MurrtetSoOfil. 4 . . 
 
 PercaJPeopfperfchenfni }vj,terte i6oofot. ^ 
 Pnoffeopttirfchmm y 7tleyt\6oofol.'^ . . 
 
 Ptr (ojfe opt tnjchtnin 1 o OBobrit 1 6 0^/. 1 8 • 
 
 PneOpiiMlfil. I hurgfptU bjJUte ym difm 
 
 Stmmi 
 
 tsmmt 
 
 ^ 
 
 $ 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 J01 
 
 J 
 
 841 
 
 8 
 
 ?4 
 
 18 
 
 S99 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 % 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 •» 
 
 
 
 Ittnua . 
 
 loos Noirot credit, t lacr 1600. 
 
 Pertiipitail yirfihjnenje j Mutrte tioofil. z 
 
 13 
 
 
 Davit Rods credit. 't lacr i(5oo. 
 
 VerfApitari ytrfrhjnfrtde i M&yt i 600 fol. x • 
 
 Piriutnyirfthjntrde iH invim i6jo/»Z. 6 
 
 Sommr 
 
 150 
 
 IIS 
 
 
 < 
 
 4 
 
 D 
 JO 
 11 
 
 Tmtu.i. 
 Miyf. 
 
 AernoLitlacobs credit. tiaer 
 
 Percapifael rerfchyjmdc 10 .Jpfil 1 CoofoL i 
 
 Per >i-i-ffkcycie» ptittien veifchjienJe "^o Itmim 1600 
 
 Per ycr/ihrfdtnpartien iitrjib-fncndc 1 1 Srjit. 1 600 
 
 1600. 
 Stmme 
 
 la, 
 
 1 5T 
 
 1 01 1 
 
 
 1427 
 
 
 133
 
 i6 
 
 ftiru 
 
 MdtTtt 
 
 Miyt. 
 Sunitid. 
 Dnnt. 
 
 Oncoflfn van Coomfchap dejbct. 't lacr 1600. 
 
 I'rrea/fefol, } 
 Ptrc/fifol. J 
 Ptrctffeftl. 5 
 Frrmffefct, 5 
 Pirenffefil. f 
 Pn C4ffefcl. I 9 
 
 Stnme 
 
 oC 
 
 cB 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 1 
 
 ie 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 7 
 
 
 — . 
 
 ttind. 
 Mderle 
 
 Iioiiiu, 
 Dtetm. 
 
 Oncoftcn vandcn huyfe debet. 
 
 Ptrrnjfefil. J 
 
 PtrcitffrfoU 5 . . - 
 
 Percnjjif'l- { - - 
 
 Pfr M^/o/. { - . 
 
 Pirculfrfiit. J - 
 
 Ptr(/iJltftl.t9 
 
 'tiaer 1600, 
 
 Semmi 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 107 
 
 10 
 
 IS 
 
 InlilU. 
 .Aug. 
 Stpl. 
 
 Caffe debet. 
 
 tIaer 16^00. 
 
 Pirfietymtaffefil. f, '/ *>tU\Jjer imreJit^tknchtyva 
 Per .^tneiit UetB/infil. \ f . . _ 
 
 Ptrrif^imngyitnyriiip tnrttUtifcl. i^ 
 Pit Idcquei de Stmerftl. 1 j 
 
 .^immt 
 
 di 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 00 
 
 lOo 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 J9ii 
 
 18 
 
 3' 
 3' 
 
 DtCttH. 
 
 Dlitm. 
 DKtm. 
 
 Rckening van vvinften verlies debet. 1600. 
 
 Perctjfefcl.lt) - .... 
 
 Ptr jltrnnul lacelt/tnfit. if 
 
 Per encopen Van cccm/ihjpfat. 17- 
 
 Ptr mcojimymiitnhityftfi'l. 17 
 
 Stmmt 
 
 Peretpitattfil. ■jtitriefltltbyjifliyimdf/'m - . - 
 
 Semme 
 
 ■ 00 
 ■ 1 
 
 57 
 107 
 
 3< 
 
 176 
 
 
 ■ J64 
 
 134
 
 Dtctm 
 
 OncoftenvanCocfrnfchapcredir. "tlajr 1600. 
 
 Prr rr\(iiiiig >4i» tyinfin yntinfal. 1 8 hut gijlrll bjfttti fan dt 
 f,n - - ■ ■ 
 
 & 
 
 17 
 
 9 
 
 3' 
 
 Dectm. 
 
 Oiicoftcn vanden huy fc credit, 't laer 1600. 
 
 Ptrrelftmn^lumvyinJloittrlittfol.iS hier^tPell byjlcttyaadt- 
 f.n ■ . - - 
 
 107 
 
 to 
 
 f4 
 
 s 
 
 J 
 
 c 
 
 3« 
 
 IhUm. 
 
 Sejit. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 DKtm. 
 
 Decern. 
 
 Decern- 
 
 Cafie credit. 
 
 'tlicriGoo. 
 
 Pemctenfil, 6 
 
 Perrcl^cnm^ "Van >p;«/? en Vet'tleffiL I & 
 
 Per Licques de Somffol. i x 
 
 Per ^Jriaen de l^l^irtlerfal. i o 
 
 Per ^ernoKt laabsful. i 4 
 
 Per Oncotlcn fan coomfchapfil. 1 ^ 
 
 P<r 0/iciJlea tAndtahial't M- 1 5 
 
 Percapiuelfel. 1. hitrgefiell h/l'tt >*» ^'fi" 
 
 Stmntt 
 
 Sommt 
 
 oe 
 
 J)| 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 ■00 
 
 
 
 SOo 
 
 
 
 • «5 
 
 
 
 101^ 
 
 
 
 •40 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 ijSi 
 
 
 
 «94'» 
 
 7 
 
 
 ^mmm 
 
 39»S 
 
 7 
 
 »9 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Decern. 
 
 Decern. 
 
 Decern. 
 
 Decern, 
 
 Rekening van vvinft en verlies credit. 1600. 
 
 PerlAcqiiei deSomerfit.i* - - •. 
 
 Per ./idriaenje fainter ftl. lo 
 
 PercaJfefil.iS - - - - 
 
 PeryfinHopttitfflenfol.^ - - - 
 
 Perypinjiopnotenfol.6 _ - - 
 
 Per yyinji oppeperfil. 6 - - " 
 
 PeryyiiiSiop^imberfil.9 . - - 
 
 Stmmt 
 
 A 
 
 } 
 
 ■f 
 
 o 
 
 lOoO 
 
 o 
 
 7? 
 
 4 
 
 >09 
 
 7 
 
 ■ 8 
 
 •9 
 
 i' 
 
 8 
 
 iiSi 
 
 .» 
 
 o 
 4 
 
 135
 
 D O M E r N E. 
 Reftanten van Hoghcnhuyfe. 
 
 »A 
 
 1612 
 
 1613 
 
 1615 
 
 i6n 
 
 800-0-0 
 500- 0-0 
 370-0-p 
 150- 0-0 
 70-0-0 
 
 161: 
 
 poo- 0-0 
 
 0-0-0 
 
 I 
 
 515 
 
 
 600 
 
 -0- 
 
 
 
 350 
 
 -0- 
 
 
 
 300 
 
 -0- 
 
 
 
 1^14 
 
 930-^0-0 
 700-0-0 
 
 161% 
 
 5P0 -co 
 
 Den fin der voorfclireven tafel is dufdahich : Ghenomen 
 d'eerfte vijf jaren van 'velen , dattet houden der contrerolle 
 gheduert heeft J tevvefen van 1611. 1611. 1613. 1614. 1615, 
 Hieraffijn vijfcolommen, voor elck jaers befonder contre- 
 rolle een : Noch fijn op den cant gheftelt derghelijcke vijf ja- 
 ren j haer anvvijfingh doende cpckkder relren daernevens 
 ftaende , wacr af 't ghebniyck dufdanich is. 
 
 Ghenomen datmen na het jacr 1615 wil weten de fommen 
 der Reftantcn diedcr fijn ten eynde van yderjaer, der jaren 
 i6iu I 612. 1613. 1614. 1615. Oindat te vinden, ickfie dat 
 iievens het jacr 1(115 op den cant flaen 70-0-0. onderhet jaer 
 1 61 ] -, Daer na o -o - o.onder 1612 j voorts 300 onder 1(^13 .En Co 
 voorts 700-0- o.ondcri6i4.en 590-o-o.ondcri6i5.Angaen- 
 de voorfchreveno- 0-0. flaendenevens het j*ir i6i5,en dat 
 onder 1612, fulcx beteyckent het jaer 1612 heel voldaen te vve- 
 fcn, fonder daer na van dat jaers rekening ccnighe Reflanten 
 ineectc connen vallcn. 
 
 O 1 Het 
 
 136
 
 RICHARD DAFFORNE PARTLY REPRODUCED 
 
 In the Library of Congress and in the Library of Harvard College, we find a book by Gerard Malynes, 
 printed in London in 1656, under the title of "Consuetudo Vel Lex Mercatoira," or "The Ancient Law 
 Merchant." This book is a voluminous work, written in the English language, one-half of which contains 
 a digest of the law merchant as then existing ; the other half of the volume is occupied by a reprint of 
 Richard Dafforne's book on bookkeeping, "The Merchants' Mirrour." It also contains an introduction 
 to merchants ' accounts, by John Collins, together with a treatise by Abraham Liset of Ghent, called ' ' Am- 
 phithalami or the Accomptants Closet." 
 
 We have seen that Richard Dafforne was really the first writer in the English language whose work 
 went through several editions and therefore may be considered as having been more popular than that of 
 his predecessors Ympyu, Oldcastle, Mellis, and Peele. Dafforne resided for a good many years in Holland, 
 where he obtained his knowledge of bookkeeping. He was a teacher in the Dutch and English languages, 
 and in bookkeeping. Part of his treatise called ' ' The Merchants ' Mirrour ' ' was written in Amsterdam be- 
 fore he moved to London. The preface to his book indicates his familiarity with the then existing books on 
 bookkeeping, as he names quite a number. Most of the authors of these books he discredits, but he seems 
 to think highly of Simon Stevin, whom he copied in a number of instances. Simon Stevin, however, was 
 a great scholar, whereas Dafforne evidently was but a shallow teacher, for while he quotes freely from 
 Stevin on the most important points, yet he omits to bring home the force of the question as Stevin does. 
 Thus through Dafforne's faulty transfer of the bookkeeping ideas of the Dutch authors into the 
 English language, we have lost the very essence and foundation of the theory of bookkeeping. Any 
 one reading Stevin first and then Dafforne, will have no trouble in arriving at this conclusion. It is 
 like the reading of a letter from an experienced old man, followed by the treatment of the same subject 
 by a high school student. 
 
 In the following pages we are giving a partial reproduction of Dafforne 's book, consisting of the title 
 page, the introduction, about half of the text, and a few pages of the journal and ledger, together with the 
 entire trial balance. We are omitting part of the text, because it is simply a repetition of previously men- 
 tioned methods, applied to numerous mercantile transactions. All of the text in which he attempts to give 
 some theory or explanations, we have reproduced. It will at once be seen that Dafforne was great at ex- 
 plaining HOW a thing should be done, but incapable of expressing clearly why a thing should be done. 
 He has attempted this in one or two places, and failed signally. We are reproducing so much of his book, 
 because, as explained before, we believe that in Pacioli, Manzoni, Ympyn, Stevin, and Dafforne we have 
 the gradual steps of the transfer of bookkeeping knowledge, within a little over one hundred years, from 
 the Italian through the Dutch into the English ; unless, indeed, the Dutch transferred their knowledge to 
 America, direct through the settlers of New Amsterdam (now New York). 
 
 At the time of Dafforne's writing, Englisli mercantile customs and bookkeeping methods certainly 
 were in a bad way, judging by Dafforne's own words and complaints. There is an entire absence in the 
 journal and ledger of references to the Deity, although the text is full of them. Dafforne even quotes in 
 the language in which it was written a Dutch dissertation on "God, the Giver of all good, all knowl- 
 edge, and all wisdom." 
 
 He explains that a merchant in Amsterdam uses a cash book and a bank book, because his ledger and 
 journal are always behind in posting, otherwise "the ledger might cause the avoidance of the use of these 
 two books." He urges the use of a petty expense book, the totals of which are posted once a month or 
 quarterly, in order to avoid numerous small entries. $^.^4, -..■,..>■.. - 
 
 Wliat Pacioli calls the memorandum book he calls a waste book, because he says everything is trans- 
 ferred from it into the journal, and when this is done it is useless to preserve it. In Holland they do not 
 preserve it. The inventory and the trial balance are not written in this waste book, because they contain 
 information of a private nature. Blotting or erasures in the journal are improper. He puts his slanting 
 lines (//) in the left-hand margin of the waste book, in order to indicate the transfer to another book, and 
 he evidently prefers this method to the diagonal line drawn through the entries, because, as he says, "it ob- 
 scures the writing and the figures." Checking of the journal and ledger he calls "re-pointing," using 
 the translation of the old Italian expression of "lancing" or "pointing" as explained elsewhere under 
 Pacioli. Dafforne, however, does not say how he does it. 
 
 137
 
 He does not use the expressions "debit" or "credit" throughout his books, but names them debitor 
 and creditor. He charges the one and discharges the other. He insists that nothing can be entered in the 
 ledger unless it is first entered in the journal. This includes the forwarding of balances from a full page 
 to a new page also the closing entries for profit or loss, and the balancing of the accounts. 
 
 Inventory he says consists of stock or estate or capital of the owner, which consists of ' ' increasing im- 
 properly" and "decreasing improperly" of the stock or estate. He attempts to explain what the word 
 "improperly" means by quoting from Stevin, but he missed entirely what Steviu meant, as he applies it 
 wrongly. 
 
 He uses the word "stock" wherever Stevin uses the word "capital." As the word "stock" comes evi- 
 dently from stick or stem, it really has the same origin as the word ' ' capital, ' ' as through all the defini- 
 tions and derivations of the word "stock" the thought of "main" or "principal" seems to appear. From 
 this we might state that capital stock is really tautology, for the two words mean the same thing. 
 
 In explaining the fii'st journal entry "cash debitor to stock," he personifies the cash account, because 
 it "represents (to me) a man." He indicates the meaning of debitor by stating that by reason of giving 
 the cash to the man, he is obliged to "render it back," or, as we have seen in Italian, "shall give." He 
 indicates the meaning of creditor by mentioning the words "upon confidence," or, as we have seen in Ital- 
 ian "trusting." In spite of his quoting so freely from Stevin, and coming so near to what Stevin says, 
 Dafforne has failed entirely to transfer to posterity the idea of the real reason for a double entry or two 
 debits and two credits. The nearest he comes to it is by stating that cash, merchandise, and all we possess 
 are but "members of that whole body {stocke), therefore by the joint meeting of all those members the 
 body (stocke) is made compleat." Thus it goes through the entire book, always how but never why, the 
 very opposite of Stevin. 
 
 Merchandise of large size and quantities is always kept iu a separate account, designated by the name 
 of the merchandise it deals in. If, however, the merchandise consists of small articles of which but a few 
 are handled, the account is called a general merchandise account. He credits a legacy in one place to 
 stock or capital account, and in several other places direct to the profit and loss account. Debitors he calls 
 those "of whom we are to have," or in other words, as written in the Italian, those who "shall give." 
 Creditors he caUs " debt-demanders " and as far as inventory items are concerned, he says that stocke is 
 debitor to these debt-demanders. 
 
 He says that through a personal or private ledger you can keep a secret of a person's present worth 
 or estate. He is very emphatic in denouncing the use of the cash account for this purpose, as he states 
 three Dutchmen do in their treatise, namely, Waninglien, Buiugha, and Carpenter. Here he again barely 
 rubs elbows with Stevin 's ideas of proprietorship. He flays the three Dutchmen for promulgating ideas 
 as "book deforming" instead of "book reforming," and he calls their ideas " indefendable errour," 
 "forged imagineries, " "forrain bred defects." He further says: "If we were as exact discussors as we 
 are imitators, we had not been so besotted as to entertain those forrain defects, having better at home." It 
 should be noted that elsewhere he praises Stevin, and nowhere does he flay him like the above three Dutch- 
 men, yet had Dafforne been less of a discusser and more of an imitator, he would have presented Stevin 's 
 exact theories without fault, and thus preserved them for us in the English language as Stevin did for 
 his Dutch countrymen. 
 
 He gives 15 rules each for journalizing debits and credits, but he personifies everything to debitor 
 and creditor. In the ledger he uses a double column, one for money, the other for quantities and weights. 
 Cash disco\mts he deducts from cost of merchandise, whereas rebates are credited to profit and loss. Thus he 
 disagrees, as he says, with Passchier Goossens, Johannes Buingha, J. Carpenter, and Henry Waninghen. 
 Dafforne 'succeeded here through his faulty reasoning, in mixing up things to such an extent that many 
 minds today are still mixed up on this subject. Waninghen and Carpenter want to carry trades of mer- 
 chandise through the cash account. Rightly he objects to this, for cash he says should have no entry un- 
 less money is really paid or received. 
 
 He does not call in his text the difference between the debits and the credits "the balance," as we do 
 today. He says deduct the lesser from the greater, and make a journal entry for "the difference." In his 
 ledger accounts, however, he does not call it, like the Italians do, "difference " but he caUs it "balance to 
 close." He uses the word "equalizing" -where we now use "balancing," the same as we translated Paci- 
 oli's'word "soldo" into "equalizing" or "closing." The closing of the ledger he calls "ballaucing of the 
 leager," or " leagers-conclusion. " Like Stevin he claims that the ledger needs to be balanced when new 
 books are started, or when the merchant ceases to trade or the owner dies. Balancing, he says, consists of 
 three things, the equalizing of aU open accounts, the entering of the difference and transferring of the 
 same to the new accoiuit or to the balance account. He does not like the word "balancing," and prefers 
 to call it "estate reckoning," the same as Stevin does, and in this connection he refers to Stevin by saying 
 that Stevin carries his closing balances into his opening capital account, which he calls contradictory, and 
 merely a mistake on Stevin 's part. The balancing is divided into a trial balance and a true balance; the 
 trial balance consists of debits and credits of the open ledger accounts before profit and loss entries are 
 made. He published in Amsterdam a " three-f old-mony-ballauce, " which we have reproduced further on. 
 The true balance he says consists of the "remainders" of the ledger accounts after profit and loss entries 
 have been made. 
 
 It should be noted that he says "remainders," as does Pacioli, and not "balances," as we use 
 today. The remainders of the accounts he puts in the true balance on the same side as they are in 
 
 138
 
 the ledger ; uamely if cash is debit in the ledger it should be debit iu the true balance, for he says, balance 
 is a debitor in tlie place of cash. He gives a detailed explanation of how to close accounts kept in foreign 
 money, and to take care of the profit or loss in the exchange at tlie time of closing. Wliile he exhibits a 
 balance account and makes journal entries in order to close all accounts in this balance account, he is very 
 particular in explaining that such a pi'ocedure is not needed if you desire to use the balance book in the 
 nature of private information. In that case, he says, post direct from the old account in the old ledger to 
 the new account in the new ledger. 
 
 The illustrations given of the journal will show that all entries are numbered, that he uses "debitor 
 to" instead of "debit per," as Stevin uses. Neither does he use the slanting lines (//) so customary in 
 the Italian metliod, for a division between the debit and the credit, although but one column is given. The 
 ledger page references iu the journal are written in the form of a fraction, as Pacioli mentions. Ledger 
 headings, while not as used at this day, are more pronounced than the Italian method, and are almost 
 identical to Stevin 's ideas. 
 
 In the ledger accounts herewith reproduced, "to" is used on the debit side and "by" on the credit. 
 The journal page is also given as well as the ledger folio of the relative entry in the other part of the 
 ledger. Both sides of the ledger bear the same number of the page, and they are called folio. He does 
 not use the word "sundries," in the journal nor in the ledger, nor does he use a sub-total in balancing his 
 ledger accounts, as Stevin does, but uses in front of the total the Italian word "summe." Nowhere in his 
 work does he use the term "assets and liabilities." He uses dots instead of check marks. 
 
 139
 
 THE 
 
 MERC HANTS 
 M I R R O U R. 
 
 D I R E C T I O N S 
 
 For the pcrfea: Ordering and Keeping of his 
 ACCOUNTS. 
 
 Framed by way of D e.b i t o r and Creditor, after the 
 
 ffo termed) Italian Manner : Containiog 2 50 ^are Queftions, 
 With their Anfwers, in forme of a Dialogue. 
 
 AS iIKE»f/S£ 
 
 A WASTE-BOOK, wich a complete Journal and L eager, thereunto appertaining; 
 
 Unto the which I have annexed two other ivafie- Books hi &xt:dk of the Studiom: and at the 
 
 end ofeach is entred the brief Contents of the Leagers KccomiSy arifuig from thence. 
 
 AHV ALSO 
 
 A MONET H-B O O K , very requifice for Merchants , and commodious for all other 
 ^C/£X,C£-Z'0r£"2<^"? of this Famous Art. 
 
 the Third Edition^ Corrccied and Amended. 
 
 CompUed by Richard DAFFORNBof Nerthampton, Accsuntant, and 
 Teacher of the fame , after an Exquifite Method , in the 
 Englifh and Dutch Language, 
 
 J. Vahden V. 
 
 g>oo eenigl) litljt^tJerifpttH) ^mn, 
 sppn toetfe bcracht, off fotcto fonteeren, 
 Dte mattbtt bccter, §>oo ftp fean : 
 'jafttbb ©Mote luft hoc!) meet tc Ceeten. 
 
 H. L. S-. 
 
 iDoajeelt iemant Dooj Ijct ilee jtn ; 
 i^iet goet ban [?n iJDoiDcl tocc^en. 
 
 iieercnoe, Icett itfe. 
 
 The Contents are inmediatelj prefixed before the Book. 
 
 LONDON, 
 
 Printed by it.//, and ^.G. for Nicholas Bourn, at the South-entrance of the 
 
 Royall Exchange, 1660. 
 
 140
 
 TO THE 
 
 RIGHT HONOU RABLE 
 
 RIGHT WORSHIPFULL 
 
 GOVERN OURS, 
 
 FELL o'w S H I f 
 
 'Merchants Adventurers of England. 
 Englijb Merchants for the Di [cover) of Ncm Trades. 
 Merchants of Eafi-land. 
 OF"? Merchants of England , trading into the Levant Seat, 
 Merchants of London , trading into the Eajl- Indies. 
 
 Adventurers of the Ciiy of London , for a. Trade ufon the Coafis and In- lands 
 of divers parts of America. 
 
 Richard DAFFORNEfo wiilieth your Undevftandings 
 Illuminatron , in yoiir Terreftriall Talents Adminiftration , that 
 
 with comfort you may hear the joyfall Sentence of your twice com- 
 mended fervice, Ai^t. 25. Ver.-ii, 23. 
 
 Well done thou good , and faithful! fervant true. 
 Thou hafl been faithfull over things a few^ 
 lie make thee Ruler over ntanj things^ 
 Foffeffe the joy of thy Lord, King of Kings, 
 
 Right Honourable, ^c. 
 
 ^^Fcer many yeers refidenceat Amfterdam in Holland, I (upon 
 ~ the often Importunate Letters of fome Merchants, my very 
 good Friends} refolved to pitch the Tent of my abode in Lon- 
 don^ which being eflfeded in Anm 1630. 1 then (after fome reft^ 
 fecmycourfe untofeverall Stationers Shops ^ there gazing a- 
 i>out me fas one reviving from a Trance) to view what the Laborious Artift 
 had aded and divulged m Print (as other Nations) fortheAlTiftance of Mer- 
 chandizing, wherewith (Blessed be the Great ALL; this Renowned 
 City is throughly Enterlaced, and Adorned. 
 
 Eat as a Shipper anchoring upon an unknown Ile,prefentiy pcrceiveth thoft 
 
 a i f ai ts 
 
 141
 
 The Epijlle Dedicatory, 
 
 parts not to be inhabited, by the TSlon-tillagc, or the like j even fo (contrary to 
 my expectation)! perceiving the number of Writers to be few,teared chat love 
 tochisArtwashkewifefmalhSEEiNGTHATGooD Acceptance Engen- 
 DERETH Go CD Performance. The truth of this lean dVfrre with ma- 
 ny Inftances in fevierall Authors; as Vorefiam, John Jmpen ^ Cioot ^ Menn- 
 her ^ S<f\mne ^ NicholiU fieterfon, (^ntergem ^ Marten Vanden J^jck ^ Hoor- 
 beck, <vmTKimme^ Wencelms^ Coutenels^ Simon Ste\nn^ IohnlVillemJ(in,y^amnghen^ 
 TaJJdk, Coojjen^ and divers others , whofe Books are extant. By which 
 may evidently be con je<5tured, that in thofe times,and in their parts wherethey 
 then publifhed their Works, were found many Sdwce-/oVm that affesSted this 
 Art; by whofe allurements thofe worthy Writers were induced to fee Pen to 
 Paper, endeavouring with their bcft gifts to fatisfie the defire of thole Art-defi- 
 rers. 
 
 The Merchants of the Low-countries (of whom I can fpeak in part) bein^ 
 generally enamoured of this Art;becaufeof its Ucility,aliure their Teachers to 
 induftry, by applauding their Vigilancy; encouraging them (with the pre- 
 fence of their Children and Servants in theSchoolesj daily to publifh new 
 Queflions ; or arleaftto revive the profitable Labours of ancient Authors, 
 making ihem fit for out times. 
 
 But we,alas,the fmall love (pardon my truth fpeaking) that a great part of 
 our Merchants bear to this Science, daunteth the Pen of Induftry in our Tea- 
 chers,making thenfi with a fufpe<5tive fear to doubt(&; not altogether ground- 
 lefs) that the profit will not countervail their pains ; by which means Teachers^ 
 Merchants y and therefore Touth^ are linked in A,ts enemies J}?ackles. 
 
 What may be thecaufe of this Ignorance ? Are our Teachers (b infufficient ? 
 Or hath dafueTSlature^ with her G^ji^jke or induftry beflowed her Benevo- 
 lence more fparingly upon our Nation than upon others? The laft cannot be; 
 for we can learn it exquifitly abroad of other Nations (as multitudes can wit- 
 nefsjwby not at home?! anrwcr,as before,becau(e at home(for want of love to 
 this Art) many Merchants arc infufficient ^refidents xo their Servants, who by 
 iheir Documents can be but Eijtiiyahit Imitators. Want of love to this -^rt^ is 
 thecaufe why James ^eele, and others that have written in Englifh upon this 
 fubjed:, are knowne by l^ame onely^ and not by Imitation. Yea, even the me- 
 mory of their Thames dkth, being there is no caufe to commit their painfull 
 Labours to the ^ame-reVtying Prefs. How then fhall our Youth attain unto 
 this Art, but by frequenting abroad amongft other nations ? And 
 
 They being then at Q^ome^ 
 Will do as there is done. 
 
 This ftupidity cannot be imputed to our Teachers : for if at home (as other 
 people do) we did by Love' allure, and with (2^m(j;-^ induce each other to Arc 
 by a competent Difpenfation amongft our felves, of that money which wc 
 beftow abroad amongft Aliens^ then would our Teachers be vigilant, cuv Land 
 adorned with this Knowledge, and our Youth fhould not need to be tranfl 
 ported into other Countries for y^rts documents. 
 
 Againft the forefaid Ignorance I have emboldened ?ny felf to prepare 
 
 this 
 142
 
 'The Epijlle IDedicatorj. 
 
 this /<«f»■^o^^ being by lv(^fK/T obliged to offer up pare of xh^mdomi Mte o^ 
 ray knowledg unto the U>d of my 'Breaths frjl dramng. 
 
 Divers are the humours o^ men therefore there is but fmall Probability 
 to pleafeallryeLtocndeavouc a generall fatisfaaxon is uiiblameable. 
 
 My intent is not to prefcribe thefe ^mcifles as fully fufftcienc, though 
 for their K^mkr approveable: for time at prefent doth not yield permiffion to 
 impart what my Affeftions dcfircd, and Will determined to divulge , but thel^ 
 atcAHmments onely, to ftir up the better exi>srienecd to amend whae I (through 
 want of Art) have not fo compleatly handled as I defire, and it dererves,bemg 
 an Art Cfaith Simon SteVmin his Princely Book-keeping, /"o/. 7,0* 1 2.) worthy to 
 be numbredamongft the LJ^^r4// Sciences. But 1 already hear Objedions a- 
 painft the Firft & Second Waftebooks ; that therein are exercifed fome accounts, 
 which are altogether needlefie here m Engknd : as is the ^Mk-AccountA grant it 
 to bean Account notufefullin ourKingdomejbut that the knowledge thereof 
 (liould be un-ufefuU to thii Arts-Learners, 1 deny. True it is that by S^rrt we 
 are Circumfevenced r.ith tk Ocean , but the Great- All hath not fo ftnaly limited us 
 within the \)Ounds thereof, that we are abridged from the ConVerfmon and En- 
 tcrcourk ofMeichandi^n^ with forrain Nations , as well by their frequenting ot 
 our Mers as we Commercing with them in the Body of their Coupes. And 
 when our Merchants (Old or Young) trade with them in their places,w«y? noi 
 thy team t9 k acquainted mth tkir ^hrafes ufed among them concerning Commerce? 
 Of which Banqk is none of the Icaft in feverall places of Europe, Unto which 
 our Englifli Merchants hav/etheit Concourfe. And muft the advertifementot 
 the Co4 thereof (before we come to the A '^uallexercife) bea mnvjb^md ac- 
 counted as a needleffe thtn^ in my Book ? <l^ght Worsts beho d the Rancor of 
 black Envy thar endeavoureth to have us ignorant of Martiall affairs, untill we 
 cometothepointofBattaiLThelikeObjeaionisallcagedagainftmyemring 
 
 of an Account of Tim? and %eady.mony. What if we have them not in ule a- 
 mongft our felves ? Let us caft up our accounts with other K^mm and (to our 
 coft) they will teach us how to frame an account oitime md^eadymony ->f our 
 Faaor or Correfbondent be in disburfe for us any quantity ot mony , and tor 
 Time worth the reckoning, as experience hath fliewed me in many paffiges. 
 And what then ? Muft not we feck the aid of fome experienced to affi ft us ? be- 
 caufe we regarded not the documents of them (at home) that endeavoured to 
 inform us of the Manner and Matter. What Amercement doth not this mfdm-mr- 
 
 thy wilful! Ignorance merit ? zr 1 n 
 
 A2ain,the keeping of an account of Time and Ready-mony (fay they)may 
 be avoided with an dccount Currant,- or a General acctiunt, upon whlchls entred 
 m^tzasBought^Sold^Dra^n^Hermedfiiyenpt Taken upon Deporito,and the like: 
 of which manner I am no way ignorant.Butlet us come to the P€riod,or Foot 
 of that General account ^^nd there the Concludon Qieweth.that I amDEB itor 
 to another, or the Contrary : how fhall 1 t^nd (l(eady-money thatat prclent I am to 
 rem^eov^ay upon that account? 
 
 143
 
 OPINION OF BOOK-KEEPINGS 
 A N T I j^U I T 7. 
 
 Good Friend of mine (taith Simon SteVen) being exerci- 
 fed in the Old Hiflor'm^ did fee this forme of Book-keep 
 ing (imeaning his ownej befotc it was perfefted in the 
 l^refle ; he was of judgement that it had not been ufed 
 in ifd/y, . but about two hundred years : But that the fame, 
 or one in many parts very like this,, was u(ed in the time 
 of Juluis Cafar, and in Rome long before ,• and that fome Reliques of 
 Ancient time are come to the. hands of them, that of late have received 
 
 it again. 
 
 Which Opinion 1 thought not to be un-befecming, the rather, becaufe 
 itfeemeth ftrange, that fo exquifite a Deep -diving-Science Qiould be invent- 
 ed fo lately : But be it as it will, I will enter the Opinion of my abovc- 
 faid Friend, who faith, that 
 
 In place of the proper words rtow ufed in the Italian-book-keeping, foi 
 merly other of the like fignification were ufed : as thefe, 
 
 fDebt-book, Great- book, or Leager- 
 I Debitor and Creditor ■ 
 
 For <; Parcells tranfported into the Leager 
 I Parcells not tranfported 
 
 - TabuU accept ^ expenjt. 
 
 - Accepum o" expenfum. 
 
 ■ Nomina tra/ijlata in TaiuLut 
 
 ■ Nomeniaccnst 
 
 - Adversaria. 
 
 iWafte-book, or perhaps Journall — 
 
 All which (faith he) is apparent in innuirjerable places of the Latine Wri- 
 ters, but efpecially ex Oratione Ciceronk pro (l^fcio Comado. And that the onC 
 fide of theirBook'was ufed for Debitor ^ the other for Creditor ^ is manifeft 
 (faith he) in a certain place, ISlatmalii hljloru fliniij lib. 2^ cap.'j* where he 
 fpeaking of Fortune, faith thus : 
 
 Huic omnia E x p e n s A. 
 
 Huic omnia FerunturAccepta, & in tota R A T i o n E Mtrtd- 
 
 Hum /<?/<« U T R A M QJl E P A G I N A M f'tclt. 
 
 If others took regard unto this matter, perhaps further certainty might be 
 found, and that this forme of Bookkeeping, not onelybythe Romans, 
 but might have been in ufe before them amongftthe Grecians : for being 
 theRomans were no great Inventors, but had their exquifite Art from the 
 Grecians, it is in reafon moft probable to come from them ; whereof fur- 
 ther certainty might be found in reading the Greek Hiftories. Thus much in 
 Simon Steyen, fol. 105, 106. A Tuo ic lous 
 
 144
 
 V V V V 
 
 Briefe Contents of the chiefeft Poims 
 contained in this Book. 
 
 I. \N Introdudion unro the matter l>y wd.y 
 •^^ofa Dtdogue, pl.ice 1,2,3. AgaiHy »m- 
 
 d(r the third and fourth place is Jpoken, 
 2. o/NeedlelIe-Books,pIace 3.fol.4. 
 
 3. oftJjc Calh,4»^Banck-book,pla.4.fol.4. 
 
 4. of the Specie- Book.place 4.tol.4. 
 
 5. of the petty Expences-Book,pla.4.fol.5. 
 
 6. of the Copy-hook of letters, ^h.^.(o\.5 . 
 
 7. of the Memoriall, and ufe thereof^ fol. 5. 
 
 8. of the Copy-Book/^r accounts fent to 
 any tuan^ tol.5. 
 
 9. of the Wafte- Books, /<;r»? And office, 
 place 5. fol. 6. 
 
 10. of the JoatnMs,matter,formiand 0ffice, 
 place8.fol.8. 
 
 11. of the Inventary-r<«^/f,pl.io.fol.8. 
 
 1 2 . of the Ready- mony in Ca(l\and how to 
 hookit,ph.i^.{o\.9. 
 
 1 3 . of the Mony in Banck,rfW^<'ir to book 
 ;V, place ly.fol.?,!©. 
 
 14. o//^e Unfold- wares, 4f the making of 
 tf«^ Inventary^place 27iol.11. 
 
 15. of Houses, Lands, Rents, and Legacies, 
 fol.ii. 
 
 16. of jewels , Moveables, Ships-parts, 
 fol. 12. 
 
 17.0/ JVdrcs unfold for Fa£iorage accounts, 
 place 3d. fol. 1 2. 
 
 1 8. of Wares unfold for company- account , 
 place 37. fol. 13. 
 
 19. of Wares abroad unfold for f roper aC' 
 ««»^,place38.fol.i3. 
 
 20.0/ Wares abroad unfeld^fer his, or their 
 account ^whofc Fa^or /<j/»,place 39. fol. 13. 
 
 11. of Wares abroad unfold for company ac- 
 count, ■^hct^^. fol. 14. 
 
 22. of Debitors, of whom rveareto ^4i'f,place 
 45- fol. 14. 
 
 23. ofDcbt-demandeTS,ph./\6So\.l'). 
 
 24. ofCaJJi^ by fame ent red tn Stockes place, 
 fol. 1 5. place 47. 
 
 25. ofS/cckes concealment, pla. 52. fol. 17. 
 2 6. of Traffickes contmuall exercife, place 
 
 52.ioi. 1 8. mth the chief accounts that are kept, 
 fol I p. 
 
 27. of Mcs tf Aid ,very cxquiftieto be 
 learned mthout booJ!,fo\.i9, 20, 
 
 28. o/"Proper Accounts, and 
 
 THE DEPENDANCES,place63.fol.2I. 
 
 29. of Buying upon fcverall conditions ^phce 
 6. (o\.2 1. including place 70. fol. 22. 
 
 30. of Barter, or Truck,phce 7 2. io). 2 2. in- 
 cluding place 75. fol. 23. 
 
 3 1 . of Wares bought to b: delivered unto me, 
 2.3. rveekcs or monelhs after the agreement, 
 place 76.fol.23. including place 79.fol.24. 
 
 32. of Ships-parts bought,\->hcc 80.fol.24. 
 33' of Houfes bought, placeSi, 82. fol. 24. 
 34. of Legacies ^i"(f/jf,pla.83 ,84.fo.24,2 J. 
 3 5 . Offl)ipping of wares to fell for my account, 
 
 place 85. including phce 91. fol.25. 
 
 36. of Selling, place 92. fol. 2$. including 
 placc96.fol.26. 
 
 37. of felling for other nares,that is. Barter^ 
 orTruck,phce 97,9^,99- fol.26. 
 
 SS.of felling rvares, to be delivered by me,2, 
 or3.mekes, or moneths after the agreement, 
 place 100,101, 102. fol. 26, 27. 
 
 39- of Abatements upon wares bought, place 
 103jioj.fol.27. 
 
 40. of abatements upon rvarcs fold , place 
 i04,io6.fol.27. < 
 
 41. of Abatements fvr men) reccivcd,or paid 
 before the time, place 107.fol.27. 
 
 ^2, of receiving upon fcverall condjtionr, 
 place loS.fol. 38,29. /■« 12. feverall Ariicla. 
 
 ^3.' of the words. His account, and My ac- 
 count,andthe difference thereof ,p\.\09So\.29. 
 
 /\ilt^ of Gratuities given, or received, place 
 iio'.fol 29. 
 
 45 ■ of paying upon fcverall conditions, place 
 lil.fol.29,3o'}n9. Articles. 
 
 46. of advice f> cm our Faclers^ that the for- 
 mer fent commodities, or part of them are fold ■ 
 or, that part cf thofe ftit commcdities are lo[i 
 4//M,pla.ii5,ii4,ii5,ii($,ii7.foi.30.3i. 
 
 47- of Relumes in wares from our Faff or, 
 place ii9,i2o.fol.3i. 
 
 ^S.of Riturnes in mony from our Faff or, 
 place i2i.fol. 3i.f5w/>4rrd'>w//;pljce 108. 
 Articles, g,io,i\, 12. 
 
 49.0/Factorage Accounts and 
 THE Depend ANCESjplace 122. fol. 32. 
 50. ofreceits of wares te fell in commifion, 
 
 place 
 
 145
 
 The Contents of the Book. 
 
 place i2$.iolSi.inclii(ii»g phce i28.fol,35. 
 hookedmthoai afa£for-hoh^ 4A;i without an 
 account of Time, and Ready- monv : as alfo 
 with an account of Time and Reaciy-mony, 
 place i29,i^o.io\.3S. tndfo offeverdU r*- 
 rietiesjncluding place 142.fol.35* 
 
 5 1 . Reccits of monj Remitted unto us, place 
 ii\l. including place 146.fol.j5. 
 
 5 2 . Recciis ef mony drawn by uS, under the 
 
 146.pl3ce.fol.35- 
 
 53. of Sales of commipon wires uf on ft- 
 verall conditions, ^hce 146.fol.36. including 
 place157.fol.37.. 
 
 'i^.Returnesin tvaresfcnt unto our Makers ^ 
 place isS.including place 163.fol.37. 
 
 5 5 . Returnes in mon-j^ remitted hy ris uuto our 
 Ma(lers, place 164. and drawn Ufon /«, place 
 165.fol.37. including place 168. fol. 38. 
 
 $6. of forrain affaires in F average accotfnt^ 
 place i6p. fol.38. including pla. 173.fo.39. 
 
 57.0/CoMPANv Accounts, and 
 
 THE DapENDANCESjplace i74fol. S9' 
 
 58.o//^fStockpraraifedTo Mee place 
 
 175.fol.39. 
 
 59. Receit ofthepomifed monj, place 176. 
 
 fol.3P. 
 
 60. Receit of the fromifed rvares, place 179. 
 fol.40. 
 
 6i.Bu)iAg upon fever all conditions ^ place 
 181.fol.40. 
 
 62. Wares fhift to another Land for company^ 
 place 184.foi.41. 
 
 63. payments upn feverall conditions y^hce 
 i88.fol.41. 
 
 64. Sales of wares hy meant cfmj Admini- 
 ftration,phce i91.fol.42. 
 
 65 . Sales of wares by Fadior, or Correfpon- 
 dentjplace 194.fol.42. 
 
 66. Returnes from Faflor, er Correfpon- 
 dent in mony drawn by «*, place 198. fol. 42. 
 
 67. Returnes in mony remitted to as^ place 
 199. fol. 43. 
 
 68. Returnes in wares from Faftor, or Cor- 
 refpondentjplace 201.fol.43. 
 
 69. stock promifed by MEE, to be faid fre- 
 femly,^hct 202.fol.43. 
 
 70. Tran(porting of Accounts in the Leager, 
 fromene leafenato another^'phcQ 207. fol. 44. 
 
 71. Equalizing cfOvex^or Undermeafures, 
 Weight, Leackage, Pounds,EUs,flr the like, 
 place 2 1 3. tol. 45. 
 
 72. Leagers Conclufton, or Sallancmg of the 
 Leager,Tphce 216. fol. j^6. Andthecaufesthat 
 fitajpiove to a Generall Ballance. 
 
 73. Of the TvyzW-BiWzncQiand the manner, 
 place.2i8Xol46. 
 
 74. of the True Ballance, place 221 .fo.47, 
 
 75. Obferz/alions in BaUancingefthe Leager, 
 place 222.fol.47,48,49,5o. 
 
 76. Particular obfervattons upon the Debit 
 fide of the True- ballance, place 241.fol.51. 
 
 j'j. Particular ohfervations upon the CrediC 
 fideofthe True- Ballance, place 242 fol.Ji. 
 
 78. ofthe^ournallsforme,phcs 243.fo.52. 
 
 79. of the Journalls office, place 244. 
 
 80. of the ftgnifying figures that flank above, 
 and tinder the lines in the lournalls margine, 
 place 246.foI. 54. 
 
 81. of theWafie- books further Extrcife^biing 
 corripiledin I,oW(7»,fol.5 5.Lit.J.K.N°.i. 
 
 82.0/ the compleat loiirnall unto the faid 
 Wafle-book, beginning Lit.K.N°.2 . continuing 
 Lit.L.M. 
 
 83. of the Kaleiiders/tf;-«i,4«^Ure,Lit. N. 
 
 8/^, of the compleat Leager^ depending upor{ 
 the fore- faid Wafle-book^and lournaS, Lit. O. 
 N% 2. continuing Lit.P.Q;R. 
 
 Ss.of the Io:nnall^KaUnder, and Leager, 
 W° .?>. with the order horv to begin Niw books ^ 
 Lit.S. 
 
 86. 0//^ffirft Wafte-Book, entredfor the 
 Beginning Learner f eiseici{e,andtaught by me^ 
 Lit.T. ^".2. compiled in Amflerdam^whofe 
 Contents (through the varieties «/ Titles »«»*- 
 bers) are apparent, and inflantly difcemed bf 
 the Books Over-view, containing 78. Titles, 
 differing from each other in matter, for the SC' 
 gmners exercife : andfo compiled, that, the fur- 
 ther be paQethfthemoremcreafeih his Studies 
 occafions. 
 
 ^■J.Of the Kiknder, and brie fe Contents of 
 the 'Lta.gtx, depending unto the faid Wafle-book, 
 Lit. Bb.N°. I. with athree-foldMoay-Bd- 
 hnce of the faid Ltager^hlt.Cc.]>i\ 2. 
 
 88. of the Second W3As-Book,entredfor a 
 further Exercife of the Beginner ; and taught 
 ^^w?, Lit.Dd.N.°.i. whofe exqniftte varie- 
 ties cannot tritely be difcemedhut by the work- 
 ing of it ; which work will require as mucfi feri- 
 om fludy at the very End, tti anfof the former 
 Proportions: which approveth,that in his Lear- 
 nings time no wafie time is ffent. 
 
 89. of the Kalender, /i»^ brief e Contents of 
 the Leager, belonging unto the fecond Wafle- 
 book, Lit li. 'H\2.including Kk. N°.3. 
 
 90. o/r^?Faftor-Book,^«^ afe tijaeafin 
 feverall manfrvrsof emrances'^\x..K.k.^ .4. 
 
 gi , Then foUoweth a Table, whieh jheweth 
 How to find what the Principall, andfimple 
 Intereft of any Given, eiTaktVkfumme will 
 be at the agreed times end^ L.' Mm.N°. t . 
 
 146
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 THE FIRST PLACE. 
 
 SPEAKERS, 
 
 Thilo' Mathy. School -'Tamer. 
 
 3 
 
 Phil rrow now School partner? Whither away thus folitaty? it feems you are in fome 
 
 BootkeeS/taught us by way%t Qaeftionsaud Anfwers, whereof I have torgottea 
 much, becaufe I frequent not the daily examination, 
 
 Phil. Very likely : For Exercife is the Preserver of Art ; therefore do I daily refort to the 
 examinatL,which (you know) our Mafter continually ufeth : the which not onely confir- 
 met^what w^have'Lt it is likewife m Augmenur ofKmwUig, according to the Motto of 
 Umes Ved: Pra^icefroiurethfcrfefiton . 
 
 Sch Surely vou fay truth : Therefore I intteat you (feeing we have time and opportuni- 
 tyuoqueftionmeinfuchthingsasatprefent are.ieadieft in yourm.nd-, beginnmgw^h 
 the firft grounds of out Matters Inftrueiions,and fo in brief fort to wade through them ^1, 
 for the refrefliing of my memory. 
 
 Phil Very gladly •• for in queftioning of you I Qwll be the better confirmed in that which 
 already I have obteined. But feeing that all good gifts (even in mean Mechanical matters) 
 proceed from the All-gtwr, as in ix<>^.3i. Ver.2,3,4,6,7-appcareth, therefore do I hum- 
 bly intreat my underftandings illumination from thee : 
 
 ^! al#^etb«UeuD* ctcn, Die alleis rcljeppc jgt, 
 
 S>elf;^nDial) toec^en, nonoct ^to.t, of fo^m, of 3Cp8t, 
 
 ©f ^tt m ons begrip, oeociifeen ton, of batca : 
 
 Slktljain, aitftatisb, caJ^«. eni)-,<©o6Disbbobcnmaten! 
 
 ^ttnoemtUbt^aitf, au*beet(cbentic iliatuuc ! 
 
 MKt^oD^jaafesmiUJC JBoiit \ &toitsDpt(^oe|tcuur, 
 
 £Df &tcael, of Kta#, of ^-Dteft ! (nnt mv tuif com, mn ?ccglje, 
 
 3Dat icb oen gtsntj uvt^binD',cno' onoer tov j' tec dksJjc, 
 
 £Dnff toat maetttucfe^iuctfe is,.bol oix^m aoisftKOcn, 
 
 miv flwtcn ^upDen a'ers baafe aah m? sbitttcn aectjcn, 
 
 ?paa als 06 g^nfcl) booftb bUeabt (eiw'mift uto'\^ulp ^ ^at) 
 
 i^v fttebelt on^^betoaarto wet Tcarus tct ti&t '. 
 
 atb ! luat ?tU atbtinss liicf o, of toaan m? aoe ebon fibcraw, 
 
 CbafC m? eenftbevpbcstip, <Poctt oJ^al' ^^"^"^ '^""'^ 
 
 5DW Dinsben onscr tcbtio ^asm, uyt mv.te Jlaten, 
 
 2E<f cbiftfli ©»«., dio ©uaa^. bait 53it ! toat^matb m i^m ? ^^^^^ 
 
 147
 
 M XntroduUion to Merchants Jccmpts, . 
 
 Takin" now my beginning from our Mafters grounds, I intend in order (according to 
 capacityUo pafTe through them all : and being that Book- writing, by way of Debitor and 
 Creditor,3ftertheCfo termed) Italian manner, is renowned to be anexquihte knowledg. 
 
 (hew me its event. jucjcu 
 
 Sch The Event or End is (faith one)that which moveth to Jllicn, and the End hnall is 
 ever better then that which is for the End -, yet this End cannot be attained, but by another 
 thin' intended, as a means theieonto •• So, that all things which fas means) are for, and 
 condW to the Etid,are not intended, nor profecuted,but out of a deliberate and full inten- 
 tion of t|ie End,, ... 
 
 Jn like manner. 
 
 The End of Book- writing is to give contentment unto the Book-owner,and to (hew him 
 (or them whom they do co°ncern)at all times, and in every degree, how his Eftate flandeth 
 in the fo written Books. For, the view of a well eftablirtied Eftate m a mans Books, procu- 
 reth contentment unto the pofTeffor •, yet this contentment (for no reft without former la- 
 bour; cannot be attained, but by another thing intended as a means thereunto: to wit. 
 Book-keeping- kfiorvledge : and being known, profecuted, anAaffeded ; the fame being very 
 Reqiiifue, UfefuU , and Commodious for the writing. 
 
 rprincely Revenues, findings of Cuflomes, and the like duties •, of which at 
 prefent I intend not to treat, but may hereafter have fome occafion to fhew 
 the neceffity thereof in Princely Courts, as well as in Merchants paffages 
 Ot the which there is a worthy work compiled in Dutch for Prince Mau- 
 rice Conte of NaflTaw, which he learned of the Compiler, Simon Stevio 
 hs Mathematician, and exercifed the (ame in his Court, which ftill (as I 
 have been informed) is there in ufe, as alio in the Swetbian Court, and elfe- 
 
 { where. 
 
 I Merchants-trading -, being for Prefer^ FamrAggy or Comfaiij accounts s of 
 i.ihis 1 intend to fpeak at prefent. 
 
 And this Mirrour of Eftate is not to be feen in any Book,but onely in the Lea«ei!,wftofe 
 proper office it is to (hew the Eftate of the fame to the Book-owner. 
 
 of needle[fe Booh 
 
 This reproveth the keeping of a mans Eftate in many Books : as in- a Book of Buying, 
 anotherof Selling, another of Receipts, another of Shipping, and whatnot^ All thefe 
 Books cannot fliew a mans Eftate, nor Cafe of ftanding with any man, or in any Commo- 
 dity untill all matters are drawn to a head upon a paper in form of a Leager ; fo that they 
 have every way as much trouble in Writing their imperfeft form,as we in making our work 
 compleat at once : but the generality want capacity to apprehend the manner, and redifie 
 their own defedls : therefore they affeft this form but with fmall afFedion. 
 
 FhiL Bein^ that the tenor of our fpeech concerneth Sooks^ I take it not unfitting that 
 you rehearfe thofe Books that are moft requifite for Merchants ufe.to avoid all thofe need- 
 
 lelTe Books. „ , ^ , ^ , 
 
 of the Cafh'Sooky and Sanck-Boet. 
 
 Sch. A Merchant in Amfterdam ufeth a Cafti Book, and a Banck-Book, becaufe his 
 
 Journall and Leager are (in pofting) behind- hand, elfe the Leager might caufe the avoid-, 
 
 ing for thofe two Books. 
 
 of the S^cie-Seoki 
 
 A Merchant ufeth likewife a Specie- BQok,More ufcfull for the Low-Countries then for 
 Englandjbecaufe* of the variety of Coines there in ufe •, as likewife in times of controverfie 
 to approve what Coins pafTed in Receipt of Payment : whereof Job" Conterech of Ant- 
 werp 
 
 148
 
 An IntroduBion to Merchants Accompts, 
 
 werp hath Ihewed a worthy example in his Book called UDeit fettle Uanl5ocb^:uccn. 
 
 of the pell j Expences-Sook. 
 
 More he ufeth a Book of petty Expeaces for houfe- keeping, and fmall disburfements 
 upon Merchandizing •, the which are polled once a moneth. or quarter of a year, into the 
 Tournall of which the faid John CoucereeJs N . B./<?/.p,io, 1 1. hath lively initances. Si- 
 mon Stevinin his Princely Book-keeping,/i/. J2. writeth concerning this Book, thus : 
 
 This Book of Expenccsislikewifeakindof aCa(h-Book, and is oncly for charges, 
 which eenerally are potted once a moneth in one fume into the Journall .- partly, for bre- 
 vity to poft many petties into one fumme •• partly, becaufe m great mens houfes, ics the 
 proper office of fome one man to adminiftrate thofe petty expences,rendnDg an account of 
 each particular as well for Muftard and Matches to kindle the fire, as ot things of greater 
 importance, unto which end there is kept a Particular- Book. 
 
 Copy Book of Letters. 
 
 More hekeepetha Copy Book of Letters, which informeth his memory of what he 
 hath written unto others -, and this Book is very requifite againtt controverfies o£ advices, 
 the Letters (dmetimes not being well underftood by the receiver. 
 
 of the Memoriall. 
 
 A Merchant may ufe a Memorial!, there to note fome things that properly appertain to 
 no other Book : as for inftance •, 1 lent unto a man a {hilling,or a pound,for a day or a week, 
 its fufficientto note a word or two per memory, without making any Journall parcell of 
 the fame : yea not in the Clad or Wafte- Book, for that hath another office. Simon Stevtn, 
 fol z I Some enter fuch things in the Clad, but the fame is fo large, that by prolongation 
 of time its hard to be found 5 and caufeth likewife a doubt in the Accomptant whether ic 
 
 (hall be potted, ornot. 
 
 Copy Book for Acfountt. 
 
 SomeufelikewifeaCopyBook for Accounts, fent, or delivered to any man, becaufe 
 the Leac^eraereeth not compleatly in each particular parcell in order,or day, with the fenc 
 Accoun?: elfe that Book,and the writing thereof might be aYoidcd,Ot which form, if any 
 man defire an inttance, may have it in the Book of JohivCoutereels, Ist.O.foU.&.j. 
 
 Four other principall Books doth a Merchant ufe in his Traffique, to wit: 
 
 r iVAfie-hooi, fore-runner of the Journall 
 ^y^ournall, or Day-book, fore-runner of the Leager. 
 ^ ).Le/iger^ or Gather- book,Mirrour of a mans Eftate. 
 X_ti£ioT kok^iov the entring of each particular received,pack or par- 
 cell of wares alone,that cometh into his hands to (ell, either in Commiffion, or tor Compa- 
 ny Account. Of thefe laft four Books I intend to treat, and to explain their proper offices, 
 as much as the All-CoTftpri^^erihzW pleafe to impart to my prefent memories apprehenfi- 
 
 on. Po"^' 
 
 Ort thee, God, I do depend^ 
 
 Ever me rvith thj Shield depend^ 
 
 That ^efui my Redeeming Lord 
 
 May Mercies [entence me offord : 
 
 And that the illuminating Sp'rit 
 
 Grant that I maj know mj felf aright y 
 
 To put my confidence alone 
 
 In Trinity, ^uteffe-where none. 
 
 Eor none hut thou dtdjl wifdome give . 
 
 Unto Bezaleel, Ux'xifonnt •• Ajlb 
 
 149
 
 ■ ■ - - -I ■ ■ - -^--^r-^ 
 
 An IntYOdudm to Ader chants Jcccwpts, 
 
 And even eflovt thou didjl relieve 
 Jiim fpith another chofen One. 
 LOR D,fo infufe thy gifts in me. 
 And aid me in this work of mine. 
 That it to many ufe full he^ 
 The praife thereof jhall all be thine. 
 
 WASTE book- 
 So called, becaufe when the matter is Written into the Journall, then is this book void^ 
 and of no efteem 5 efpecially in Holland, where the baying people firme not the W^fte- 
 book, as here ourf Nation do in England. 
 
 Fhil. Explaine the office and dependances of the Wafte-book^ 
 ich. Two things are to be noted in the Wafte-book. . 
 
 The Forme is, that this book is lined towards the left hand with one line (bat fome ufe 
 two) and towards the right hand with three 5 leaving towards the left hand a Margine or 
 whitenefs of an inch or lefle, according to the books Targeneffe, to enter therein the Day, 
 Moneth, Mark of the Commodity, or all : and between the three lines towards the right 
 hand, there to enter the mony, as by feverall inftances (hail be made plain. 
 ■ The office of this book is, that onely the Daily-trading ought to be written therein, e- 
 ven as it is truly a^d : 
 
 AS 
 
 Buying, Selling, Receiving. Paying, Drawing, Remitting, Aflignments, Shipping, &c. 
 and this muft be entred immediately upon the adion of the thing acSted, to the end no paf- 
 fing parcells be forgotten, according to the Dutch Proverb: S'at men ftljMt, SDat blpft. 
 That whith is written, Remaineth. In this book ought neither Inventory nor Ballance o£ 
 the Leager to be entred 5 for that is againft the office of this book : it bejng onely to write 
 Traficking paflages in. In this book may write Mafter, Accomptant, or any Servant of 
 the houie, by whom the thing is aded, or by adrice and order of another. Jn this book 
 muft the matter be entred in plain fincerity as it is aded, without Debitor, or Creditor 
 foi m e 5 for that is the proper office of the Journall ; like wife many people underftand the 
 Wafte-book entrances, that appreheiid not the Journall forme. In this book ought the 
 parcels to be entred dofe under each other as they were adied, without leaving of any emp- 
 ty paper, to avoid fufpicion of Forging any parcells betwixt them, upon any omitted occaii- 
 on : and each parcel! ought to be feparated with a line from the other before written, and 
 enfuing parcel. In this book ought the aded matter to be firft entred 5 partly, becaufe it is 
 a ibre-runnerof the Journalrefpecially when the Merchant ufeth an Accomptant thatdwel- 
 leth without his houfe^for he may fpmetime be abfent when fuch matters are aded. Again, 
 there may be an error committed in Weight, Meafure, Quantity or Cafting. Again, be- 
 caufe the matter or condition may be changed, by diminilhrng or augmenting of any thing? 
 orbywhollyleavingoutofanymatter,the bargain being broken, and fo that parcell can- 
 celled there •• for Blotching or Racing out of any parcell in the Journall is unbefeeraing- 
 
 Fhil' What confiderations elfc are to be obferved in this Wafte-book ? 
 Sch. Five other things muft be duely obferved in this book : 
 
 1. The Year, Moneth, Day, Town or Place where fuch matters are aded. 
 
 2. The Name and Surname of the Party with whom we trade : or, if it be Fa(5torage3 
 then unto the former name muft- be added the Owners name for whom the thing is effe- 
 6ted, aslikewifetheplaceof his Refidence .'and whether the Bargain be for Time or 
 Ready mony, that'saHke, in refpe(5t of Booking the fame unto him whofe Commodities 
 they are. 3. jhe 
 
 150
 
 An Introdi^ion to Merchants Accompli . 
 
 The quaatity or quality of the thing traded for; as, Ells, Pieces, Coloursj 
 Weight, Mark, Number,ExdiaQges. Affignments^r the like . 
 4. The value of price of the thiDg traded for : whether Wares, Exchange, or 
 
 5 The conditions or ciraitnaaxjces that were ufed about the matter : at Time» 
 SuretiOiip, Bonds givea,or taken, Broketidge, &c. 
 
 1630^ 
 March 
 
 .=?o. 
 
 The Wafte Book parcells are of tenour, as the 
 cnlumg examples. 
 
 Anno 1530. the z'i.ef March, in London. 
 
 Mamaduke Grimjlon of Northampton, leodeth me 68. 1 . untiU the 
 firftof May next coming: which fummcCby hisafrignment)my Caftiier 
 receivethof^rfA«rJ\/rf»^w^,inconlideration wheieoflamto allow 
 him certain raony ; being, with principall • — 
 
 iL 
 
 ^9 15 
 
 § 
 
 Affigned Sihrant ^ohnfen upon Thomdf Cofttr, for the accompt ot 
 Semr !./r,to receive,49 5 -^.the remainer hath my CaOiier received of 
 foL 5y^r-.V''»>by aflignment of the faid Colter, with 7. 1, xo. for fix 
 Weeks time forbearance : the whole being- 
 
 t 
 
 95t 
 
 A-^reed with ^acoh ^ehnfon of Marken, to let him have 3000. Flo- 
 rineslor Franckford.at 81.6. Flemifti.to be repayd to meor Aflfignes, 
 the firft of Tune next -, as the Exchange (hall then return from Franck- 
 ford: this being mony for the Company of Edward Denu at Nor- 
 thampton and me, each one halfe, pr oducing 
 
 In part of payment of the fame,l deliver him iS.Lafls, 7. Maddeof 
 Rye,being in Company t for Edward Denis^^% for me ■ at 15 o. gl. 
 each Uaready-mony,is 51. 3834. 8. i^- Therema.ner have I made 
 goodinB^nckCforhlm) upon the accompt of ^^fm ^ohnfonV.A 
 abating a 2. 7 fil. for BanCk- inooy,at one fer Cent, the whole produceth 
 
 .9- 
 
 1012 10 
 
 lOIZ 
 
 TO — 
 
 Thil. What ufe have thofe (lantling (Irokes that are ^rawn m the Margine . 
 
 5./^. They have two ufes: i.They (hew how farispofted out of the Wafte-book 
 into the Journall, and they are a fure mark that a man omit no parcell, being called 
 away from his polling: neither to enter one thing twice upon the faid "llmg away. 
 2. They fliew how many Journal parcells are included m fuch a Wafle Book parcel, 
 infomuch, that in re-pointing of the Wafte-Book, a man may /he eafier lee he 
 quantity of the included parcells. when ttie Wafte and Journall J^» be compared 
 againft each other. Some draw thofe ftrokes on the right hand, where the mony is j 
 but that multitude of Strokes darkneth the mony fummes : exch ha choice. The 
 Wafte-Book parcells ought with all convenient fpeed to be pofted 'ntoj^« Jo°f; 
 nall, and Leager, to the end the Book owner may the better difcern how b« cale 
 ftandeth with each man,and matter. Thus much of the Wafte-Book m Torm, Office, 
 and Circumjlances : Now, 
 
 OF THE JOURNALL- 
 
 It being the f^rft exqulfuc Book, wherein carefully jnuft be obfcrved that Mch 
 parcel have its Charge,aud Difcharge •• that is,the true p.^/r.r, and Creditor where- 
 Seach Journal pa?cd ought to begin:which being jf^^.^/^^^^^ 
 wordsCacwrdmg to the nature of the matter)exprcfled,^ one of the ckefefi ^nc'fUs 
 
 151
 
 8 An IntroduHion to Merchants Acompts, 
 
 belonging unto book- keefin^. Mark well •, he that can difcern the tiue Debitor and Creditor 
 in any propounded propoiuion (concerning this Art) hath the right (Theorick) inwArd- 
 grotmd- knowledge and contemplation of the matters : and he, and ondj he (with the help 
 of Arithmetickj goeth firm in his aflion , to give cacli man his due, and book his matters 
 under due and true Titles. It is very requifite (if poflible it may be effeded) that the 
 Journall be written by one man •• for in times of controverfie he can beft anfwer for his own 
 pollings. 
 
 a 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 rhil. What things are moft requifite in the Journall to be noted ? 
 Sch, Three Notable things are to noted in the Journall .• 
 
 I. The MAtter whereof it is made. 
 
 3. The Form thereof. 
 
 3. The 0//?ff whereunto it is ufed. 
 
 OF THE JO URN ALLS MATTER. 
 
 ■Fhil. Proceed to the Explication of the firft member. 
 
 5f^. The Ji/rf/ff/" whereof the Journall is made, may be drawn to five chief branches: 
 for it 
 
 Ti. From the Inventary : as in the lo. and fo to 6i. place. 
 |.2.From TralSckes continuall Exercife : as in 63. place (including 
 f 20J.) 
 
 j 5. From tranfporting of full accounts in the Leager unto a new leaf, Sec 206. 
 proceedetti<< place. 
 
 4. From the equalizing of Over, or Undcr-Weights, MeafureSjorthe like. 
 See 2 1 2. place. 
 
 5. From the LeagerS Conclude, or Ballancios of the Leager. See 215. 
 ». place 
 
 Phil. Go on with the firft branch. 
 
 Sch. An ufuall Inventary generally confifteth in 
 
 'i. Ready-morty,and that in Ca(h,in Banck,or both. 
 
 2. Wares remaining unfould for proper accompt : under this fecond 
 member is included Houfes, Lands,Rents,Ships-paits 5 as alfo Wares 
 unfould for Fadlorage, orCompany-accompts, and thofe that were 
 formerly (hipt unto another place, beiog as yet unfould for Proper, 
 Fa6lorage,or Company accompts. 
 
 ^Increafins •'^ 
 impropeHy ? Debi /^^' ^^°P'^ unto whom we tormerly fould : or, that promifed 
 by ttieansof tors: and V "S payment of exchanses,and the like. 
 
 them a-i)^*^"^°''^' ? 
 
 a-)fn« ,„r3-P^W«rs,S^that have not as yetgiven us full fatisfacSion. 
 
 5,ame m^^_ Mafters, )^ 
 
 \_ n. People of whom we have bought, or whofe Bills we 
 
 fOf. Debt- 1 hjve accepted. 
 Decreafing;)deman- !2.Fa(aors, *5 
 
 improperly *)ders;and "j 3. Partners, ^unto whom we as yet have not given full 
 by means of c them In 4. Mafters, ^ content. 
 «> [^5 .Wares,partly fould for Fadoragcof Company-account. 
 
 Phil, In the above- ftanding Table you fpeak of Stockes Increafing, and Decreafing Im- 
 properly -, explain the word Improper. 
 Sch. Simon Stevin, difcourfing of Merchants Book-keeping, fot. y 5. with Prince Maw 
 
 rit/. 
 
 O 
 
 152
 
 jin IntroduBion to Merchants yfccompts. 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 rw,concerning ScockeS Increafing, and Decreafing • the Prince faith, that, Moniei^ Wares y 
 aod Debitors, Increafe Stock •• for the more a man hath of them,the greater will his Stock 
 be. Contrarily, Debt-dtmanders Decreafe Stock. Simon Stevin replyeth, to be of ano- 
 ther Opinion -, exprelTing himfelf with the enfuing Inftance •• li (faith he) in former Books 
 I bought of Peter a Bale of Pepper upon Time •, that Pepper augmenteth not my Stock : 
 forPeterdemandeth of me the value,time being expired. Inlike manner, my Stock de- 
 creafethnot, becaufePeterisa Df^;-</fwWfr .- for its as much augmented by the Pep- 
 per. But ifa Bale of Pepper be given me, that, truly augmenteth my Stock: for I en- 
 ter, Pepper-debitor to Stock. And, /o/ 54. A Merchant giving certain hundreds to Mar- 
 riage with his D^^s^^^/i-r, that decreafeth Stock. By this may eafily be difcerned, what 
 Stock Augraenter.and Diminiftier properly is. 
 
 1 2 Phil. Speaking of Stocks Increafing,and Decreafing, you rehearfed in how many parts 
 thefubftance of an Invcntary did confift-, but let mc now hear you neminatethQ true 
 Debitors Qi^i Creditors oit'aQ fame ertel) ^ without any other Circumftances of Di(aaci- 
 
 ons. 
 Sch Togive you the better content, I will fpeake of each in order as they ftaad: and 
 
 firft, ' 
 
 OFTHEREADYMONY. 
 
 Phil. How Book you the Ready- mony after the way of Debitor and Creditor '- 
 Sch. Caf} Debitor to Stock. 
 
 Phil, Why make you C4^ Debitor ? 
 
 Sch. BecaufeCrf/?) (having received my mony into it) is obliged to reltore it again ac 
 mypleafure.-forCd/fe reprefenteth (to me) a man, to whom I(onely upon confidence) 
 have put my mony into his keeping-, the which by reafonis obliged to reader it back, 
 or, to give me an account what is become of it: even fo, \i CafhhQ broken open, it gi- 
 veth me notice what's become of my mony, elfe it would redound it wholly back to 
 
 me. . . - n -KT 
 
 Phil. Why do youufe the word Cajh, being the word Mettj is m ufe amongft our Na- 
 tion f _ ■ c , n ■ \, cc 
 
 Sch. Simon Stevin treating of this word with Prince Maurtts of Na[}aH, in the htc 
 Head-point of his Princely Book-keeping,/-;/ 52. faith, that he could give none other 
 reafon, bat onely, that this word is in Ufe^ which if it were not, 1 account 1 1 betterdaith he) 
 tQ\\3.Vtit\d,Monj is Debitor. ... _ 
 
 Our Mafter ufually alledged the difference between private, and generall dilcourles, 
 (hewing that many words arc ufually among Dutch, French, and other Nations, with 
 whom a Merchant doth trafficke; therefore he thought itficteft to ufe generall words, 
 as being generally known, andmoftufefullin Book- keepings elfe (laid he) why Ihould 
 not Monj bear its own Name as well as other commodities •' 
 
 Phil. OneotherQueftionI have to demand before you proceed, which is. Why is 
 Slock made Cr editor i rr x. a, u * 
 
 Sch. Becaufetheword5/()f;&conta!nethinit, all what a man poffefleth-, \vhether. Wo- 
 nej,mres,Debtsd\ittoMS, or the like: and (marke this well) C^, yea, each particular 
 thing that IpoiTelTe, is but a member of that whole body Stocke-, therefore by the.joynt 
 meeting of all thofe members,the body(S(cft) is made complear. 
 
 17 Phil. Having pafled the firft part of Ready-mony,treat now fomewhac 
 
 CF THE MONY IN BANC KE. 
 
 I Form the hands of the Honourable Lords of the Bancke, Ihave a certain fumme of mo- 
 I ney •, how (halll I Book that < ^^^^ g^nck 
 
 NOTE.-Pages 23 to 43, 10 to 14, 24 io 44, 48, 49 and 53 of the text are omitted, lecause ^hey give 
 questions and answers setting forth horv jc^urnal entries xuider drffermg ^Zl'TudZeZore arelt 
 not present any argumentation or theory, nor do they show why they are made, and therefore are prac 
 tically nothing but repetitions of what has been said m other pages. 
 
 153 
 
 15 
 
 16
 
 14 
 
 Jn hitroduBion to Merchanii Jccompls, 
 
 40 Fhil. Let ine hear you enter chis according to the nature of the Inventary. 
 
 Sch. They were fent before-, and therefore I enternow. 
 
 Edrrard Dctiii of Northampton his account at Roan in France, in the Adminiflration 
 of P. D. Debitor to Stock •, for the charges by me done at the firll fending. See 46. 
 plJce, 
 
 rbil. But fuppofe the charges that you did at the firft fending were writ off from his 
 above-named Roan account, unto his account currant, being that I would have all disbuir- 
 fed money upon one account -, and therefore that account hath no charge now upon it. 
 
 Sch. Edward Denis of Northampton,his account at Roan in France, in the Adminiflra- 
 tion of P. D. is Debitor to Stock : Nota, for a Blank fumme, both in Debit and Credit ; 
 and muft be fo carried to each account fer Fermam, becaufe there muft not be a Debitor 
 without a-Creditor, nor the contrary. 
 
 41 
 
 41 
 
 U 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 Phil. Suppofe P. D. had in the former books made fale of part, or whole •, whereof you 
 had advice then, but no Returns. See 46. place. 
 
 Sch. P. D. at Roan, for the proper account of E- D. at N. N. Debitor to Stock -, for as 
 much as the known fales import •• and fo I pafs forward, according to the Tables tenour, 
 unto,. 
 
 Wares abroad, unfold, for Company- 
 Account. 
 
 Phil. I perceive you cleave clofe to the Table. 
 
 ^J;. School- men (as I have read) fay, that a good Difputant ought never todigrelTe 
 from the propounded Propofition, until! it be difcuffed. Neither ought any Writer to 
 commit a digrefTion from the grounds of his intended fubjeil, as is here the before- entred 
 Table in the 10. place, as alfo the enfuing three Tables 5 to wit, The Table of Accounts 
 Prefer in the 63. place: the Table of J<Jt7orj^e- accounts in the 122. place: and the Table 
 of C(?w/'.i«^-accountsin the 174. place. From thefe I intend not to flray., but in order 
 will work upon them fas the Table flnll deliver matter thereunto : ) the more,becaure any 
 one which fliall have occafion to feek a matter in any of thofe particular Tables, whether 
 in the Inventaries, Prefer^ F agiotage, or,Cfmpa»y'T2hks^ may prefently know what goeth 
 before, or, foUoweth his delired matter. 
 
 thil. But to our intended purpofe ; rehearfe fome Inftances of Company unfold Wares, 
 
 'Voyage to Roan, configned to Pierre du Pint^ being in Company^ 
 
 for ^ames ^artrAm, and me, each ^ I Debitor 
 
 5f>^.< Voyage to Lisborne, configned to Pedro del Verde .^ being in > to 
 I Company, \ for Koheri cliften, and Partner, i for ^ames ^ojncr:, \ Stock, 
 [and J for me. -J 
 
 Phil, Having in order waded through the fecond branch of the Inventary-Table, in the 
 10. place; proceed to the third branch of Stocks increafing: being _ 
 
 DEBITORS, OF WHOM WE ARE 
 TO HAVE. 
 
 Sch. Four in number are they comprehended under, in the third branch of the I o.place. 
 and may all be joyned as under one ; yet in brief I will touch each apart •• as 
 
 Ci.B. c. to whom we formerly fold, or, that he had accepted our Exchanges, 
 
 < Debitor to Stock. 
 
 C'i. CD. at Venice my account currant, Debitor to Stock. 
 
 5. Partner^ 
 
 154
 
 An IntroduBion to Merchants Accompts. 
 
 '5 
 
 46 
 
 'Whobath part of My eftate in his hands, to be imployed.by 
 
 j him for the good of our Company .• N. N. my account by him 
 
 j inCompany,Debitor toStock. 
 < 3. Partner < Whofe part of Stock is in my hands to be by me imployed, and 
 ': ' I lam for hirt in disburfe : N.N. his account by me in Compa- 
 
 ( ny, Debitor to Stock. 
 [/^.M,M- at Colchefter his account Currant,Debicor to Stock. 
 
 By the word Currant, do not I underftand the account that is oppofice to an accounc 
 oiTime, (for I diftingailh them by the name of Time, and Ready-monyj but by Currant , 
 I underftand, a RmmngicconniXconte-Courante) upon the which all things may pafTe, as 
 well for time, as Ready- mony. 
 
 Thil. Thus I fee you have pafled through the three branches of Stocks IncreaGng, with 
 the dependances of the fame in a briefe manner: what foUoweth next to treat of :^ 
 
 DEBT-DEMANDERS. 
 
 Sch. In the 10. place is (hewed, that Stock hath (Improperly)aDecreafing part; and 
 that again is divided into five Sub diviiionsrof thefc in briefe likewife,after a plain manner: 
 as thus, 
 
 fi. B.E. Of whom we formerly bought, or whofe Bills in former Books 
 v;e accepted , and prefeatly Booked them, but not due to be paid in thofe 
 Books. 
 2. £. F.atConftantinoplc, my account Currant', for that he hath made me 
 more Returns then my fold Wares did import. 
 
 /My account by him in Company, he having paid out more then 
 V his part doth import. 
 3.Partner,|His account by me in Compaby •• I having received into my hands 
 Stocke is ff mony for fold Wares, and detain his part thereof, where he 
 
 Debitorto^ J oughctohaveit, „. , ,. ^ », . , . ^ ^. 
 
 4. F. G. His account Currant -^ the credit or which being heavier then his 
 Debit: but whether it be in Ready-mony,or> for Wares fold upon time, 
 thats not materiall, in refpedl of his Running- accounts form. 
 J.G.W. His account of Kcrffes, for fo much as was fold upon that account 
 
 in the fornverBook •• S'ee 3:6. place. 
 Durances in Company,! for A.B.-^ for B,C. and | for me .• for fo much as in the 
 former Book was fold upon that accoaint: Sec 37. place, it being compared 
 with this, 
 i^£(/rprfriDf»*f of Northampton, his account at iJ<?4»</»fr4w;, in the Admi- 
 niftration of P. D. for as much as the known Sales import. iV<?/i», in the 42 . place, th: 
 fador was made Debitor to Stock, for. the like fumme: therefore our Stock flandeth 
 well in the like cafe with others. Again, we have our firft charges done uj good unto our 
 Stockin the 40. place. 
 
 Stock Debitor to Voyage to Lisborne, configned unto Pedro del Fergo, being in Com- 
 pany, 7 for Robert cltftpft, and Partner^ for ^ames^oper, and \ for me : for as much as 
 the known Sales import. You muft conceive, that Pedro del Tergo^ our account, being 
 in Company, i for Rehert cUfton,zx\i. Partner •, « for /./.andi for me : either (iandetb , or, 
 jhodd flandDe:h\tor to Stocky for the likefummc, that Stock ftandech Debitor to the 
 Voyage for the Sales ; for the I'^o'^age cannot have a Credit, but by one, or more Debitours 
 5hat even Counter- poize that Credit. 
 
 4T 
 
 Phil.l have feen your Dx/fr/Vjf m tlie handling of the Inventary-Table , • 05 alfo in 
 theBooking'oia mans known eftate-, but if a Merchant will not have his eftate known^ 
 
 ho^r 
 
 153
 
 \6 
 
 An IntroduBion to Merchants JccomptSf 
 
 how Will you behave your felf therein^ Ha! I think I have pos'd you how. Now you 
 are (lall'd,! trow. 
 
 ScIj. In fuch difficult Queltions you cannot debarre me, to take the aid of fome Re- 
 nowned Authors : tor ip the firft place of our Dialogue 1 feared my weakriefTe, becaufe I 
 frequented not the daily Examination •, but although I frequeut not the School, I am yet 
 not ignorant ot what the Authors paflages are upon this Sutjeft-- and therefore I -will de- 
 cide vourQueftion, with the Solution of Matter Henry Waninghen inthe firft Chapter, 
 the 1 7. Queftions anfwer ; his words are ihefe : Cd(b mufi he entredin ftace ofStccke , rw- 
 king all that is due to m Debitor to fajh : eontrartlj^ Cap) Deif iter to *ll them that are to have ef 
 us. 
 
 With him (in the very fame words) agreeih his Difciple Joannes Buingha^ who now 
 at Am(terdam, after the death of his before-named Mafter,fucceedeth his place in School- 
 mafterfhip. See the 38. page of his Book,printed 1 627. 
 
 ^. Carpenter Gent, in his Mojl Excellent InliriiBion^ printed in London 1 63 2. is a direft 
 Imitator of both the former : See foL 20.24. o^ his Book : and no mervaile •, tor the grea- 
 teft part of his publiftied Book, is nothing elfe but a generallcopy-of Henrj Wininghens 
 Book, both in words, and number of the Queftions.^. C. in his Epiftle to the Reader, 
 pretendcih Ignorance, of not knowing the Author, who in the French Language many 
 years agone was eafie to be found. 
 
 r^8 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 51 
 
 fhil. Shew me fome Inftances how they would Book their paTTageT. 
 Sch. In briefe I will : and firft, 
 
 OF THE WARES. 
 
 rrGrograines^ 
 Kerfies ^Debitor to Cafii, 
 Durances, 
 
 of the People that owe to us. 
 
 Robin Good- fellow^ "^ 
 
 Herman Hard.-head^^X^e\i\tot to Cafli* 
 
 ^ehn Gentleman} ^ 
 
 < 
 
 Of the People that we owe unto. 
 
 P Rowland Red- beard, 
 Cafli 'Dt}MOX t(^RalfhWould-mll. 
 '^ejp(l Reach- fatre. 
 
 fhil. Suppofe a man at the making <d his, Inventary hath Tome niony, how (hall he 
 Book that^ 
 
 Sch. The before-named in the places of their Books mentioned, fay. The Ready-fMHj U 
 not to be entred^ till you disburfe the fame. 
 
 Phil. Suppofe with part of that concealed mony you bought Wares^md with other part, 
 paid them unto whom you are indebted : how enter you that i 
 
 Wares,? 
 
 People f^ debitor to Cafe. 
 
 Phil. This bein^ thusTehearfed, what will you conclude 5 have thefe ^think you) di- 
 
 gieiled ^ 
 
 Sch. Suppofe they had, what's that tomeif But becaufe you feouldnot flout at me, 
 
 thmkmg my capacity to be fo ftupid, that it is voidqf diftin^on, I will in fome bncfe 
 
 I notes onely touch the fame. Hrftly, 
 
 156
 
 An IntroduUion to Merchants /fccoyfipis. t j 
 
 >2 
 
 53 
 
 54 
 
 Firft,let me confider whether the -Book-owner be more indebted then his Eftate « 
 worth ;wliich if he be, then is their entrance good, for his Eftaces concealment: for the 
 Debit ftde of Cafh ought to be heavie(l, er, having no mo/ty, it mufl be cvcn^ beeaujc all is 
 faidout : but if he have any Eftate, then is the Credit of his Cafh (who ftandeth in 
 Stocks Rend) heOLvicQ. : and therefore an frz-w^, being there is more paid, then was re- 
 cei\^ed. 
 
 Secondly, the commoditiies that we have at the making of our Inventary, were bought 
 Informer Books, and there made Debitors ; and that we now enter ihem agam Debitors to 
 Cajh, is to re- buy them -and confequently, in place of book- reforming, hok- dtf or ming ^ 
 and an undefendable Err our ^ . 
 
 Thirdly, the People vvhom we now make Debitors to Cafh^ ^xq abfolutelj om Debitorf', 
 and do we fay them,who are to fay us < many men would defire to be our Debitors. 
 
 Fourthly, As fenfelefleisit, to niake Ca(h Debitor to People that are to have of us -, will 
 they that are to have of us ICO. T. for a Bill of Exchange by us accepted, fay, Come mj 
 Friend, you have accepted an Exchahge, to pay at time expired, which is now .■ fend your 
 man to my hoafe,and the mony (hall incontinently be paid to hi m •r 7 think nothing lejje. 
 (Cj^Fifthly, Cafh may never hea:x'»itmed, Nota^ not namtd, but when money is either truly , 
 and really paid, or, received, as in the ly.place is mentioned. But if thefe People enter 
 /^rg-e^ Imaginaries in the /"^rf'/rwr of their Books .-what is not to beexpe(fted before the 
 End? 
 
 Sixthly, The Stock which they feek to conceale^ is maniteft in the difference of Cafh ic 
 felf. For let then tranfporc their Cafh^ and they (hall find (ffas before is faid, thattheic 
 Eftate'ftand well) (that C4^/is, and in tranfporting forward, alwayes remaineth Creditor, 
 Ballance thd^tCajh, and tell me what (hall be done with the difference. Carry it to a new ac- 
 count, what then,^ there it will prove to be Stock. Carry it to Profit and Loffe, there it 
 will prove to be Stockes Augmenter. Wonder is it^ that thefe and many other For rain bred' 
 defebs mufl now be cloathed in Englijh Attiri^ and pafTe for currant amongft us I Surely, 
 our Judgement is weak in the difceming of this Art, 
 
 Phil. I perceive their ^JaTTages in Booking of thefr Matters,doth not digeft with you j is 
 there a more plain way ^ difcover that. 
 
 Sch. If we were as Exall DifculJorsASv/e are Imitators •, we had not been (o deforced, as to 
 entertain thofe Forr2indeteds,having better at home. 
 
 Lookiato ^ames Peek, whofe well- entrances, through neglcding Age (or dlldain of 
 Domeftick Writers, and extolling ofForrain) are as ffrange to us, as though (as the fay- 
 ing is)they were written in Heathen Greek.. He rtieweth us the fit ground- work, how to 
 conceale a mans Eftate, in the Booking of his private accounts, and matters maaifefted 
 for Mcrchandizipg. 
 
 Phil. Inflance fome particulars,how to Book the manifefted part. 
 Sch. You (peak o(j>art ; whether he bring in part, or, All', who can certainly know 
 that 1 being that we can but Aime at it, as the Blind at the colour of cloth. And for that 
 which he manifefteth,may be 
 
 // Cafh,^ ^ 
 
 \\Banck, // ,. . 
 
 cntred|Perpetuanes, i ^'f'"" ""^° ^^= 
 
 iMarmaduke Man, (( ^'^'^"^^ ^^^O^""' 
 
 \j^ohn Knoll sx. Lisborn, my account Proper,—]) 
 
 Fhil. How fhall the Mafler, or Book-owner, enter into his fr/vrf/f Books the thiftg*^ 
 manifefted for Merchandizing ^ 
 
 rfCa(b, 
 Sch. Generall account v,Banck, 
 for Traffick, Debi-s:Perpetuanes, 
 tot to fi Marmaduke Man, 
 
 \ foJm Knoll at LisborD,ray account Proper . 
 
 157
 
 1 8 An IntroduBion to Ader chants Jccompts. 
 
 55 
 
 57 
 
 58 
 
 59 
 
 go. 
 
 61 
 
 6i 
 
 P/'//. Suppofe there is gained upon Wares fould. 
 
 Sch. Wares Debitor to Private account, for the Gaines •, do the like in Faftor accounts, 
 and all other,upon which Gaines arifeth. 
 
 Thil. Suppofe I lofe by Wares, or Exchanges. 
 
 Sck Private account^ Debitor to Wares, Exchanges,or, unto that account^ upon which 
 LofTe arifeth. 
 
 Fhil. At the Conclude of my Book, I furrender J»ftf»«^,De^//, and Hnfould- Wares. 
 SckVuvzit account Debitor to CaihjMen,and Wares,each name feverally. 
 
 Fhil. How (hall the Book-owner enter back in his private Books the /*>rrw</rfi feverall 
 matters ?; 
 
 Hil. Cafh, Men, Wares, each name feverally, Debitor to Generall account for Traf' 
 Jick. 
 
 Fhil. How fhall the Book-owner enter into his Private Book, the Gaines that are tound 
 upon his Book of Traffick i 
 Sch. Generall account for Traffick,Debitor to Profit and Lofle. 
 
 Thil. But if he loft in his Book for Traffick. 
 
 5f)&. Profit, and Loffe Debitor to Generall account for traffict; becaufeit hath fur- 
 fendred back klTe, then formerly was confidented unto the fame: Judge of the Gaines 
 likewife, that the Generall account for Traffick yielded more, then the firft in-laid 
 Principall. Here you fee the matter fUinly dtfcurffed. Here you fee the ground-work, 
 by which they are confuted, gathered from ene of our own' Nation 5 which to their mif-en- 
 trings might rather have been 
 
 A worthy Refutation, 
 Then.by their Approbation 
 To bring them to our NatioOi 
 
 But it feeemeth that this Abfurdity (anJ many more, which upon due Examination of 
 their works apparently / cm make appear) was not difcerned, or, being difcerned^ how to 
 amend it. Experience had not befriended them. 
 
 PA//.Rehearfe Tome other Inftances of their Mif-cntrances, that (for the Reader) they 
 may be as Buojes in this 5M,to keep him from Ignorances Ship- wrack. 
 
 Sch. Very loth am I to frj any further into their Books: for their Adjurdttiet are ma- 
 riy in divers matters. And if I fhould dive into them all, it would be thought that I one- 
 ly uttered Satjricall Snarlings, where my flain meaning is, to ftirre them up to a more 
 feriottififidj, that the filly beginner be not ftuftrate of his Expeiftation : feeking in them 
 ('as one [zith)Sapientiaj but finding Jpedia : therefore let me proceed towards our intended 
 purpofe. 
 
 Phil. Well •, for this time let us do as you defire : What followeth next to treat of, 
 feeing thfcJ»'i'f»'<";)', with the Dependances (which is ihe frfl matter whereof the JoQr- 
 nall is made) are difculTed i 
 
 Sch. The fecond matter whereof the ^ournallis made, is the next thing in order that 
 we are to treat upon ; and proceedeth from 
 
 TRAFFICKES CONTINUALL EXERCISE, 
 
 as in the Ninth place is rehearfed : wherein is £0 be confidered three Principall accounts, 
 confifting 
 
 la 
 
 15S
 
 An IntrodnBim to Merchants J^ccompts, 
 
 '9 
 
 ^DerKefltck- affaires: for fo I terme thofe things > 
 
 , " ^^'V ^Accounts: and eachV T*"? ^ '" "^'^^" Adminiftraxion, adm.niftrate as 
 laUFaHorage ^ ^^- ^^^^^ j^^^ •^^^^ chiefe Manager m the mattei •, whether in Prober. 
 {^Comfsnj 2i if F'^^orage^oXj Company accounts. 
 
 vForrame-affaires.-ioxio do I nominate tKofe mat- 
 ters, that another adminiftratcth as chiefe Adlor in r With the Wares Bills 
 thematcer, without hand-adion of me, or, fliine.*(/''i(!?cr ^ and Monies that I 
 
 and thus do my \partner S fend to him, to be 
 
 J) c ioiployed for me. 
 
 I Friend: unto whom I fenc my 
 Matters Wares, becaufe they were not Vendible here, as in the 39. place is expreffed .• the 
 faid Friend is to be countable for the Sales thereof to me, and I to my Mafter , with 
 whofe order I fenr them thither-, he not having any acquaintance with the man, nor 
 Trading for that place. Of thefc t intend to treat in order^i.% they are entred in the abovc- 
 flanding Table : but firfl I will Book fome exquifite 
 
 Rules of aide ^ very requiftt; in Trades continuance^ to be learned without Book. 
 
 r.Whatfoever commethuntoKis (whe* 
 ther Moay, or Wares) for Proper, Fad:o- 
 rage, or Company account, the fame is 
 Debitor. 
 
 2, Whofoever Promifeth,the Promifet is 
 i — — -Debitor. 
 
 3. Unto whom we pay (?vhether with 
 Mony, Wares, Exchanges, Aflignations)bc- 
 ing for his own account •• that man is 
 1 — Debitor, 
 
 1. Whatfoever goeth from us (whether 
 Mony, or Wares)for Proper, Fadorage, or 
 Company account, the fame is Creditor, 
 
 2. Unto whom we Promife, the Promi- 
 fcd man is Creditor. 
 
 3. Of whom we receive (whether Mo- 
 ny, Wares, Exchanges, Affignations) be- 
 in^ for his own account : that " man is 
 creditor. 
 
 4. Unto whoim we pay (as abo^re) for 
 another mans account : 
 
 The man for whofe 'account we pay, is 
 Debitor. 
 
 5. When we buy War^s "for another 
 mans account (whether we pay them pte- 
 fentIy,or not, that is all one in the efttrance) 
 and fend them-unto him,or unto another by 
 his Older. 
 
 The man for whofe account we bought ^ 
 and fentthem, is for the Wares, and Char- 
 ges,— Debitor. 
 
 6, If we deliver an Affigtiation unto any 
 man (whether it be our own, or anotfeers) 
 that man for whofe account we deliver that 
 Aflignation in payment,is Debitor, 
 
 NOT A, 
 This is much like the third Article, but 
 this is here thus entred, becaufe this Article 
 is here more largely explained, for the bet- 
 ter underftanding of Aflignation. 
 
 7. When we,or any other man for ns,fen- 
 deth commodities unto another Land, or 
 Towne, to be fouldj for Proper or Company 
 account, then is 
 
 4. Of whom we receive (as above) for 
 another mans account: 
 
 The man for whofe account we receive^ 
 is Creditor, 
 
 5. When we buy foT our felves, or for 
 aflothcr man,and pay not prefently^ 
 
 The man of whom we bought thofe 
 
 Wares, is- 
 
 —Crtdiiori 
 
 6. Whofoever delivereth an Aflignation 
 unto us upon any man,for his own account : 
 the man of whom we received il, is Creditor. 
 
 OR, 
 Upon whom I deliver mine Aflignation, 
 to be paid by him for his own account , that 
 
 man is— -Creditor 
 
 OR, 
 Wholbever (to pleafure, or accommo- 
 date me) payeth my Aflignation, the ac- 
 commodating man,is Creditor. 
 
 7. When we receive advice from our 
 Fadtor, that thofe fent commodities, or part 
 of them are fouldjOr loft then is 
 
 D 2 Voyage 
 
 159
 
 20 
 
 An InlYodiBion to Merchants Accowfts, 
 
 Voyage to fuch a place configned to fuch 
 a man Debitor. 
 
 8. When we pay Cuftome, Infurance , 
 or other charges,-upon the fending of thofc 
 commodities,thenis 
 
 Voyage (as above)- — — Dtbttor. 
 
 9. When we caufe the fent goods to be 
 infured, but pay it not prefently, then is 
 
 <53 
 
 Voyage ("as above)- 
 
 -Bcbiti 
 
 or. 
 
 14. If we remit Exchanges unto any 
 man, for himfelf, for me, or any other 
 man: 
 
 TheFaftor, If forme^ or the man for 
 whofe account it was remitted ,is — Debitor. 
 
 15. When we lofe by gratuities given, 
 whether great, or fmall,or howloever, then 
 is Profit and Lofle jxbitor. 
 
 Voyage to fuch a place configne-d to fuch 
 a man Creditor. 
 
 8. Ca(h, or charges of Merchandizing is 
 Creditor. Noia, divers Merchants keep fuch 
 an account of charges of Merchandizing, 
 efpecially thofe that have Cafhiers within 
 their own houfe. 
 
 p. The Infuier is Creditor. 
 
 lo. When we enfure any mans fent 
 Wares, and receive the mony prefently , 
 then is Calli-: ■■ Debitor. 
 
 n. When We Infure any mans fent 
 Wares, and receive not the mony prefent- 
 ly, then is the man, for whofe account we 
 Infured thofe Wares,- Debitor. 
 
 12. When we receive advice, that the 
 former fent Wares:, or part of them are fold, 
 then is 
 
 The Faftbr that fold them for our ac- 
 count ^ Debttor. 
 
 15. If any man draw Exchanges upon 
 us for himfelf, or for any other man, the 
 man for whofe; account the fame was drawn, 
 is-_ — — Debitor. 
 
 10. Infurance-reckoning,"^ 
 
 Or ^is Creditor. 
 
 Profit, and Loffe. — ^ 
 Chufe of thefe which you pleafe. 
 
 11. As above Creditor. 
 
 Hota, 
 Merchants that trade muchin thiskinde, 
 ufe an a;:count in their Books, called Insu- 
 rance-reckoning. 
 
 12. When we receive JZf(«r»«, either in 
 Mony or Wares, in lieu of thofe fould 
 WareSjthen is 
 
 The Fador that payeth us, or caufeth us 
 to be paid, — '■ ■> Creditor. 
 
 13. If we draw Exchanges upon any 
 man for hfmfelf, or for any other man, the 
 man for whofe 'account we draw, tlie fame 
 is Creditor. 
 
 14. If any man remitteth Exchanges un,to 
 us for himfelf, for me,or for another man 5 
 
 The Fador, if for me, or the man for 
 whofe account the fame was remitted to nie 
 is Criekter, 
 
 15. When we gain by gratuities recei- 
 ved, whether great, or fmall, or howfo- 
 ever,then is Profit,and LofTe — • — Creditor. 
 
 Phil.^ Having thus placed your Rules ef 4;Wf, proceed (as was determined) to the firft of 
 your before-mentioned Principall accounts. 
 
 Sch. The firft nominated Principall account(for plain apprehenfions fake) I will dij^Uj 
 under the form of account, 
 
 Prpm 
 
 160
 
 An IntroduBion to Merchants Acompts, ii 
 
 64 
 
 c$ 
 
 66 
 
 in 
 
 ( Bujing, apon feverall conditions .• See the 64. place. 
 
 1 shipping «f Warts to another Towne, or Land, to be 
 
 j (ould for my account: See the 85. place. 
 rr. at. .if.;,., 1 StUmf upon fcvetall conditions : See the pj-place. 
 CDomefiuk-Mfatres. \ ^ ^ ^W'-w: Seethe 10 j. place, 
 
 vvhofe parts may bei,^l"'t('"'r>fsyi?ot*j^^„j,Sf:etht lop.^hc^. 
 
 j Receiving : See the 108. place,having 12. branches. 
 
 I Gratuity : See the 1 10. place. 
 
 (faying : See the 1 1 1. place. 
 
 r Advice , that the fent goods, r Sould j See the 1 1 3. place, 
 S or, part of them are \Loft •• See the 1 1 7. place. 
 Forratn-affanes , Con-<r ^pfrares: See the 1 19, place, 
 
 lifting in ^Reiurnes m^^^y , see the 1 2 1. place. 
 
 Phil. The Table being entred in briefe as above, reqaireth an cxplaiumg 5 therefore leC 
 me fee your Entrances upon each member apart. 
 
 Sch. The parts being divided into Affaires Dome flick, and Forrairte, I intend to treat firft 
 ofthefirft} and therein again of the branches orderly as they follow, whofe beginning is 
 with 
 
 BUYING. 
 
 i')^/.I%Wheat,andpay for the fame prefentiy, even upon the receit thereof: How 
 
 Sch. Wheat Debitor to Cafh. Neta, Some wilUthatof the like Paffages fliouldbe 
 made a double Entrance, becaufe upon all Occafions the mans name might be found upon 
 the Alphabet : each do his pleafure -, I account this way clear, and evident. For afterward 
 if any controverfie (hould arife, that Book (from whence the Queftion arifcth) will {hew 
 the Year, and Mpneth -, then is it upon my Book eafie to be found. Nota^ All accounts of 
 Commodittcs taaAhdivdintsrvithin^ to keep the qmaiityoi EBs,Meaf»re, Weighty and the 
 
 hke. 
 
 PA/Z.IBuyRyeContant.butpaynotinnantly. r -c ^ 
 
 Sch Rye Debitor to the Man of whom T bought it. Nota, the word Contant hgniheth, 
 upon Demand; and that again,for 1.2.3. daies, or 1.2. or three weeks: generally, it is indu- 
 ded under onemoneths time ; for tnat which is contained under the nomination of monethf^ 
 is 1.2.3. or nlore moneths. 
 
 67 i thil. I buy upon two moneths time a little parcell of Pepper, Ginger, Cloves, or the 
 like •, fome one parcell to the value of 10. 1' and fome leffe. 
 
 Sch. Groceries, Debitor to the Af/jwof whom I bought them : underftand my meaning, 
 which is not, that I (hould make the Commodity Debitor to the Mam fervant, becaufe I 
 bought It of him.-, but unto the Principal!, or Man,. r<»n'/;tfw;>^f/(»»^f//', mrefpeclot ray 
 knowledge Nota, the Entrance of that which I buy, upon 2. Daies,2. Moneths, 2. Years, 
 is all as one.- for my acknowledged man muft be known upon my Books, as well for 
 
 2. Daics, as for 2. Years. 
 >ro F^;/ I buy Latton-wyre upon 3. moneths paying i;, part prefentiy. 
 
 Sch Latton-wyre Debitor to the Man Principal!, from whence it came. And then,Af4» 
 PrtncipalL Debitor to Cafn, fox the ^-pait now paid. I enter this thus in t; parts, be- 
 caufe fome make the Bought Wares Debitor to the Selling man, for the part upon Time: 
 and Wares Debitor to CaHi, for the part paid. Here you fee Wares are divided mto two 
 parts,(which is unfeemly) and therefore muft have two Journall parcells : fo there is every 
 way as much writing, as to make the Wares Debitor to the man for the whole •, and then, 
 liim Debitor to Calli for the paid part. But it I buy feverall Wares to pay h part in mo- 
 ney, what brave divifions would then arife '. For each parcell muft have two Debuoi s and 
 
 ' Creditorsj. 
 
 161
 
 Zl An JfitrocfuBion to Merchants Jccompts. 
 
 69 
 
 70 
 
 Creditors, which will be no fmall trouble -, or elfe they muft learn to place their parcels 
 •wuh more jodgment. 
 
 Phil. I buy Cloth upon 9. n-icneths Time, which is to ride out j, then to difcount for 6. 
 moneihs .• paying for tbcm in Banck, and otjoy Banck- monies allowance in hand. 
 
 Jf;^. Cloth Debitor to the Mian, for the whole coft upon p. Moneths •• <i»<i/^?«, the 
 Man Debitor to Cloth for the Difcount 5 ard then^ the Man Debitor to Banck for the 
 fummewrit in.- andther.,Cz(h Debitor to Profit and LclTe-, becaufe the monyby me 
 written in Banck,and the Difcount, counter- vailed the firfl Principall upon 9.moncths. 
 
 Phil. I buy Barly upon b.moneths timejdifcounting inftantly ; paying part in Mony.part 
 by AfTignement, part with Rye .the remainer in Banck, abating fo muchasthe Banck- 
 monies allowance is wDrth. 
 
 i{h. Barly Debitor to the Man, for the whole upon 8. moneths : 2. the Man Debitor to 
 Calh for the fumme payd .■ 3 . the Man Debitor unto him, who was to pay my Aflignati- 
 onfor-hisownaccount : 4. The Man Debitor to Rye, for the delivered value: 5. The 
 Man Debitor to Banck for the fumme made good, cither upon his account, or, upon the 
 accouiitofanother,by hisorder:6. TheMan Debitor to Profit, and LofTe, for Banck- 
 monies allowance -, becaufe this, and the Banck-mony, make both but one compleat part 
 of payment.- but it I had writ in Banck his compleat part of payment, and he made 
 good the mony for Banck allowance to me, by paying it in hand 5 thtn rauft we enter, 
 Ca(h Debitor to Profit, and LofTe : 7. The Man Debitor to Barly for the 8. moneths dif- 
 count. Nota^Hetiry waninghen. Chapter 2. £^cfiion 14. entcreth the Man Debitor to Pro- 
 fit, and Lofle, tor the difcount. Pa(]chier GWj(/<»/, ju VJamburglj, printed 1594. pircell 
 44. 47. and others, entreth the like. Johanna Buingha, /dig ^9, ^f/?/<>» 7. entreth the 
 hke. f. Carfenur^fol.^^. his Booking is with Henry Waninghen the 14, farceU alike 5 and 
 ,. -ncly an Imitator: and fo of other Authors. But premeditation ftieweth, that the iJf- 
 /faff/ofcommodities(hould»ff/^f carried unto Profit, and Loffe, as our printed Authors 
 in generall do, without any further in- fight into the nature ot the matter : For Barlj^v/hkh 
 heiorev/is Barly apon Time, hnovr become Bariy for Ready-menj ; which atche buying 
 (in refpeft of the Time I was to fland out,and have the ufc of the mony in mine mn hands) 
 coft me we^f then it now will yield me Ready mony -, the while then B/*ri^ upon 8. mo- 
 neths was more chargedat the buying, then it now is worth Centant^ reafon requireth that 
 Barl/^ (liould be dtfcharged^ becaufe I have disburfed my mony .• See Ralph Handfon upon 
 Abatements in his Table. 
 
 This muft be well regarded in 5f^4r«, to the end, that tzch Herfe may bear his own 
 Burthen •, well noting, that the Rebatet are not made good in fnony: See Ralph Handfon, 
 
 ffS'Butifwebuyfundry commodities, and have an allowance upon the whole buying, 
 then muft we enter, 
 
 The man of whom I bought, Debitor to Profit, and LofTe Proper .• for »«> one commo- 
 dity may enjey the allowance made upon the whole Cargo,or ParcclLj and to make a divifi- 
 on ptorato, of each commodities Capitall, would be a troubleforae(btttrue) worke: 
 therefore Profit and Lofle is the briefeft carriage in fuch matters, being the /"^cw alter 
 either of the wayes, tedoundeth unto our finall advance for the Abatement. This in briefe. 
 
 r> ■ SForReady-mony,andprefentlypay: bee theds.place. 
 ^"y^g^Upon time,the conditions being feverall : See 66,67,68,5p,7o. 
 
 BARTER, OR TRUCKE. 
 
 „j f/;//. 1 buy Wares.for other Wares-, value being equall. 
 
 ^f^. In bought Wares(v«hat name foever) Debitor to the Deliverd Wares : this is fel- 
 dome feen. 05- But if writing be not tedious unto us, or we not paper-penurious , the 
 bcft,and moft uni- forme Booking fin refpedi of the generall verieties) of giving, or recei- 
 ving of divcrfities (being Wares, and Mony, or feverairWares^ istohave the received 
 Wares Debitor to the Trucking M.an ; rnd then,tbe Trucking Man Debitor to the Deli- 
 ' vered Wares, 
 
 FM, 
 
 162
 
 An InttocidBion to Merchants Aaompts, 2; 
 
 11 
 
 74 
 
 75 
 
 7<5 
 
 77 
 
 72 Phil. You have related your mtndc in things of an Equall value-, but If 1 boy Wares 
 paying with o/Z'^r Wares and Mony. 
 
 Sch.Henn Wintnghcn, chapter 2, untothe 6. ^uipon^ anfwereth in Dutch-, Trgott 
 uatmcn fcopt a?fb<aeti vTaaa, 33aecnaer, CaffA 3Dtbitatnt gott oatmctitocghaft, / z«^///J n : 
 The Wares that we buy, Debitor to Ca(h •, aftirwArds^ Ca(h Debitor to the Wares that 
 we deliver: *f/^«f, The Wares that I buy are worth loo. 1. and the Wares that I deli- 
 ver are worth 90. l.Confequently, lfAjingtheMdrt^\\Q muft have 90. 1. in Wares, and 
 10. 1. in Menj -, fo that Cajh is for the 10. 1. paid, more Credit then Debit j therefore Cafll 
 huh its due. With Henrf IVaninghen agreeth f. Carp enter, fol. 2. farcelPS. as bove 5 he 
 writethjthe goods bought, owe unto Ca(h for the whole furame: and after^ . Ci(\\ ow* 
 eth unto the goods, which you have delivered to the Seller, for the value of them. 
 
 Phil. Seeing you Jruitate inentringof their «<&rds ^ haVe tti^y your Jpprobatiori * 
 5f/>.'l have related their words, not as an dffeCHoriate- Follower, but as an Admirer of 
 thch imitation. For as in the 17. and 51. place by thisi:J"is faid; Cafli may not be »^- 
 medi no not Named) but where Mo»y is either Really paid, or received: Nota^ and the while 
 that it isabfolurelyfalfe, thatCafli hath in the above- meftiioned 72. place not paid oat 
 loo.l.butonely lo.l.norhathicrftrff'x'f^/any pcny of the 90. 1. therefore foe the 90. L 
 on each fide, I fay Cafj is an ^{[e, 
 
 Phit. But in the conclufion, itcometh all foone porporc. 
 
 Sch. That is not meteriall : why many words, when few may fuffice < For ^. Carpeniei" 
 fol. ^z. par cell 7, anfwereth dire£i to the number % rhegocis which you buy, owe to the 5f/- 
 /fr.-Andcontrarily, Heowethto Ca(b, and to the goods which you have deliveredhim. This 
 IS fomewhat like a mans mony : But as in the 71. place isfaid-, Idlenefle inwwting,of 
 Penurioufneffe in paper, is the caufe of thefe FoUy entrances. For not onely in this,' but ia 
 Exchan^eSjand the like, becaufe we will not have (as fomc terme it) a Book full of names^ 
 we mufThave our palTagesfmothered'uhder the covert of Imaginary nbfcutityt, whereas 
 we may have them delectably Booked, if we were not fparing in writing.3Daer en tfl met, 
 jonoertcfodct, Nothing without trouble. But I have no time to difcuffe other mens works 3 
 theretore let me proceed. 
 
 Phil. I buy Wares, delivering a g-eat value •, ^nd receiving the Over-plus back ia 
 
 Mony. 
 
 Sch. In-bought Wares Debitor to rhr Selling Man, for their value-, 2. The Man De- 
 bitor to Delivered Wares, for their value • 3. Ca(h Debitor to the Man, for tl-e Received 
 mony, to ''quail the Truck. So, in brief-, it the Wares are of an equall value, rAf» enter 
 Bought Wares, Debitor to the.Trading man.- 1. Trading Man Debitor to Delivered 
 Wares? becaufe the value is eqoall. If un-equall, and Mony given -, then enter, In-boughc 
 Wares Debitor to the Trading Man : and /Af»,Trading Man Debitor to Delivered Wares, 
 and to Calh. But if un-equall, and Mony Received ,, In^ bought Wares, and CaOi, Debitor 
 to the Trading Man : and then. Trading \f3n Debitor to Delivered Wares. And fo I pro- 
 ceed to Wares bought,which ate to be 
 
 Delivered race, 2. 3. Weckes,or Moneths after 
 the agreement. 
 
 Phil. I buy Wares, agreeing now for Quantity, and Price •, bat am to receive them 23 
 moneths hence. 
 Sch. The Promiftttg MaitisX>thkoT to Promt fereckoning. 
 
 Phil. I have already by this one parcell conceived, that you digreffc from divers Printed 
 
 Aathors : for, 
 
 Paffchier Goefjens ofBruQel^m the German Language, 
 Pieter Nicolaefen Daventrienfis, 
 ^ohn Wiltcmfon ofL<uven> 
 
 163
 
 +4 
 
 An {niYodvBion to Mercfoatns /Iccompts, 
 
 107 
 
 208 
 
 209 
 
 Tra-nfpoiting of Accounts in the Leager from one 
 
 Leafe ««/<; another. 
 
 Phi!. What are the Motives ? 
 
 Sch. They may be fn'c-, the one, when the Leaves of the Leager are full written in 
 the Debitor, or Creditor fide, or both. The other, becaufe tlie formtr accounts are 
 fo that upon foot of that account, generally there remainetli a remalner due 
 from me •, and we will have the accounc begumie again upon a New 
 
 concluded, 
 to me, or 
 Leafe. 
 
 Phil. Is this all -i 
 
 Seh. Herein again is to be obferved , whether thofe accouhts that are to be Tran- 
 fpotted, ht Com?wdiiiei-accounts, which in New leaves are to be continued as upoa 
 the former: or, whether they are Sfjips-fa-ns^Houics, Rents, Lands, Intcrefts, Infuran- 
 ces Factor- Accounts , or the like : ot which (for that time) we make no eflimaiion of 
 Efiate, but onely a tranfport for Tradings further continuance, untill a Gcnerall Ballance 
 be made. 
 
 ph:l. How muft Commodities-reckonings fitly be tranfportedjto make true^omnd^ 
 parcellsofthem t 
 
 Sch. 1ti all tranfports (if poiTible) muft heedfully be heeded, that not any parcel! be po- 
 fted with BlirJc-jiimmcs^ or Biancks, as feme tearme them : that is, Not without Monj- 
 fummes. Many in their Books tranfport with Blankcs in their Leager, yet have Mony to 
 tranfport, if they had An to carry them handfomcly forwards ; to which end obferve the 
 enfoing Documents. 
 
 Suppofe the Wares were Cambrix-cloth, and the \vho\G Debitor- fide contamed400. 
 Peeces,whichcoft7(55.r.8.6. and that the whole faleinthe Creditor- fide wereayS. Pec- 
 ceS", producing in mony 789.1'. 10. 6. Nota, thefe cannot be fubftraded from each other 
 to make Jouinall parcells, but in the one will be Wares without _Mony 5 and in the other 
 Mony without Wares : which kind of Tranfports are very abfurd, though ufed by 
 many. 
 
 Their forme U as thii Jnflmce. 
 
 Debitor. 
 
 2 June,coftof Peeces. 400, 7 
 7^ Auguft,carried to new ac- j 
 
 count. 9 
 
 Peeces40o. 789.1*. 10. 
 
 7558- 
 
 I 
 242 
 
 Creditor, 
 
 3 July, fales of Peeces. 378. 
 7 Auguffjcarried to new ac- 
 count. 1 22 
 
 Peeces 400. 789. X. 10. 
 
 78910 
 
 1 r 
 
 To avoid the above-entred abfurdity of Wares in one Journall parcell, but no Mort) ; and 
 ii/ij;?; in the other Journall parcell, but w Wares: enter as the enfuing Journall inflance 
 inftanceth. 
 
 Cambrix-cloth upon/tf/« 30. Debitor to Cambrix-cloth upon folio 12. 76 j. F. 8. 6. for 
 the prefent cofls of 40o.Peeces, being the whole Debitor- fide, in Wares, and Mony foe 
 want of place tranfported to a new leafe,the raony is 76s.\'.S,s. 
 
 And then 
 
 Cambrix- cloth upon /o//'<» 12. Debitor to Cambrix-cloth upon /<;/« 30. 789. f. 10, g. 
 i for the fales of 2 7 8. Peeces, being the whole Creditor-fide,in Wares, and Mony, tran- 
 fported for want Of place to a new leafe, the mony being 789.1'. 10. g. 
 
 Thus ought each Journall parcell in Wares tranfporting truly to be Journalized , 
 then the Leager will ftand as this enfuing inftance inffanceth. 
 
 /*/, 13. 
 
 164
 
 210 
 
 all 
 
 Jn InttoduBion to Merchants Jccompu, 
 
 45 
 
 \ Foil 2. Dihitor. 
 
 2 Jane, cofts of Peeces. 400. 
 Au^'uft , carried to new ac- 
 
 couttt Peeces, ^ — 278 
 
 Peeces 678. 15 54. 1'. 18. 0. 
 
 77^5 
 
 30789 10 — 
 
 12. Creditor, 
 
 — .78910 
 
 July, faks of Peeces. 278 . - 
 AuguftjCarricd to new ac- 1 
 
 count. 400 30765I.8 
 
 Pecces.678.i554.l'. 18.6. I 
 
 ai2 
 
 aij 
 
 And fol*» 30. n^'^' fi^^d 
 7.Aug.coftsofPeeceS40o.765.r.8.6. "y.Aug.fales of Peeces 278.789.l'.io.§. 
 
 Here you fee the Leager ftand again as formerly it did, to be continued in writing, as 
 before : here yon fee each Journall parcell corapleately earned : and thus ought Faftor- ac- 
 counts to be crolTed •• Forrain-mony, under Forrain-mony, as here Peeces under Peeces : 
 andlnl ndilvmony under Inlandillvmony, as before is inftanced. i^./., Do the ike m 
 Houfe I ands Rents, Legacies, Interefts, Ships-parts, Infurances and the Uke •• becaufe 
 SrpScipall(byDeduaion)aiouldnot beDiminifned untill the finall finiav.ng ot thofe 
 
 accounts, 
 
 Phil Is this an ufuallcourfe in the transporting ofall kinds of ace cunts? 
 
 <:ch 'no: In y our. Generall accounts with Common-trading-people, as alfo inO//,, 
 Bank, Stock, Profit and LoflTe, or the Uke: deduft the Lc([er from the Greater, and make a 
 Journall parcell for the difference, as thus : 
 
 If the Debitor- fide of any of the above-named accounts (which arc 
 tobetranfportedXbeheavieft, then for the differertce make the 
 
 Ue't^ account Debitor to the old 
 
 IftheCrfi/'<'''-j?^^beheavieft, then for the difference oi ^ay oi thofe ac- 
 counts, make the 
 
 old account Dehitor to the ^euf. 
 
 PM. What Obfervationsarife from hence ^ ^ .. , 
 
 Sch. Hence is it raanifea, that in the Leager ought to be neither Df^//.r,nor CredttorM^ 
 iuch as have their 
 
 Orlginall from the journall, 
 
 whole proper Office it is,to explain why the (»«fr^-i», or //;/«^ is Indebted unto the ot*ier,. 
 Ts hereafter in the Explication of the Journall Office (hall appear m the 244. place: andfo 
 I end with the Third Ground matter,oi which the Journall is made. 
 
 Phil. Explicate thi fourth Ground- r»atter, of which the Journall is made. 
 Sch. The fourth Member of the 9. place, faith,that it proceedeth from the 
 
 Eqtidi:(i»g, or, eVen-nuking of oyer, or, under'tniaftires^ 
 Weight , Leackage , Pounds , Ells, 
 or the like. 
 
 p)&»7. Inftancefome matters in Prof (fr-dfffl«»f/. . . 
 
 ^.t When we find any u-nder-me^^rc in Corn, or Z..t.?nn Wine, or 5/W m 
 Len-th then enter, Vxo?^t and LofTe Debitor to the mnting-mmers rating it as you pleafe - 
 for that rating neither augmentetb,nor diminill^eth your Eftate . but is onely done for de- 
 centnel,tohVmonyrntheDebit,andCreditoffuchJournallparceU:. ^^.^^ 
 
 165
 
 A(S yfn IntYoduBion to Merchants Accomps, 
 
 ai4 
 
 215 
 
 116 
 
 217 
 
 118 
 
 MP 
 
 Phil. Rehearfe fome inftances in Jd^cM^f- accounts. 
 
 Sch. If in weight I find in any commodity lefTe by falcs, beciufe of drinefs, or the like • 
 t»t(r, John Knoll his account CunantjDebitor to John Knoilhis account of Saffron: ratin" 
 them as before, to Wing them into the /n<fform oi Debitor and C^A//(or , in Journall and 
 Leager. Hence may eafily be gathered how to deal in Company- accounts; which I now 
 pad'e, and fo proceed to the next matter in order. 
 
 Phil. Whence arifeth the Fift Ground- matter^ thatmaketha Member o£ the Jourr 
 nallr 
 Sch. In the p. place it is faid to arife from the 
 
 Ledgers -Conclujion^ or BdUanc'mg of the 
 Leager. 
 
 Phil. What Cauies may move a man toa Generall Ballance i 
 Sch. The fame ma^y be either of thefe thiee .• 
 
 1. When the Journall, and Leager are' full written;^—. . p, 
 fo that there muft be New-Books :- '■ r Then is a Bal- 
 
 2 . When a Merchant ceofeth fiom Tiading : ^ J?"<^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 ?. When thebook-Owner departeth this world: j| 
 
 Phil. What underftand you by the word Ballance ? 
 
 Sch, By Ballance \ under/land, A» Ec^nall- making in Equivalent manmr all theOpert- 
 Jlanding Leager-accottnts ^ trsinCponlngail thofe Open- {landing Leager differences under 
 One laft framed accounts Title, whofe name Generally we call Ballance : for being that 
 that account incltidefh all the Leagers remaining differences j fo itconcludeth with One fole«. 
 ly it felf. Ncta.^ the word Ballance feemeth to be borrowed from a pair of Scales : for as 
 true Scales ought neither to be heavier then other j foa truetaked Generall Ballance ought 
 not to differ the leaft naming value : for the Generall Debitor and Creditor rnufl juftly 
 counter-poize each other in even-monies nominatioa^ elfe, the Btiolt is out of fqoare; the 
 fumraes ill taken, or amiffe added. In place of the viotd Ballance ^1 fhould rather enter 
 Eftate reckoning : for by drawing the whole Book to a head, I draw with One an accoiint 
 of my Eliate. Simon Stevin in his Princely Book- keeping, carrielh the Leagers difference at 
 the Years end, unto iht firjl hegun Stockyvhenhe tegan his Books: but he cootradi(5i:eth 
 him felf. For h? began well the Firfi dayof January, in making all that owed to him Df^/- 
 ^tfw to Stock-, and Stock Z>f^//tfr to thepti who were Debt-demavders: but at his L'e^grs 
 concluding^ the 3 1. of December, he entreth Stock Debitor to his Debitors 5 and he entreth 
 his Debt demanders, as Augmentors of his Stock. Such entrances made by him are but a 
 miflakeonelj •, in me they were meer Abfurdities.' 
 
 Ballance is either a trialk or TrM^hdlancet 
 Of the Tryall- ballance. 
 
 Phil. Relate the manner of making a Tryall-ballance." 
 
 Sch. Add the Debitor fu'mmes of all the Leager Un-equall open-fiandiiig-all(0Hnti 
 upon a Paper together, or 'in a Book thereto prepared: thert ^ add all the Creditoc 
 parcels in the whole Leager together by themfelves-, becaufe the Uniformiij of the Gemrall 
 Additions fhould be manifefted; if they be to each other equivalent, then (if no 
 whole parcell be left out) are the joyxxn^Xymonjparcells tmt\y tranfported into the Lea* 
 ger. 
 
 Thil, What more is to be faid of the Tryall- ballance. . 
 
 Sch. The Trfall'hsllame is oitpo forts .• The fiift is a Survay (as above) of the Lwger 
 
 accounts, 
 
 166
 
 //; IntroduWion to Merchants Accompts, 4.7 
 
 220 
 
 3il 
 
 a J. 2 
 
 "S 
 
 eccoiints {o foon as all the parcclls arc tranrported out of the }Vafle-l>ook into the'Journall, 
 antf from'thence into the Leager : Neta, before any unfold wxra, or GAm, and Lo^e of any 
 accountsbe meddled with. Of fuch matter is thefiift hi\hnc&oii\ie three- fold- monj-hal. 
 /rf««in my Great Wafte-Book, printed 16 21. at Amfterdam in Engli(h,and Dutch ? and 
 fhftU be in this Book. 
 
 ^ Pbil Inftance the fecond fort. ^ ,. /■ ,, 
 
 Sch ' The fecond fort of the Tryall-halLvice is feen^when all unjould WareSyZnd Out-hnd- 
 tlh mo'nits. are rated •• all AUtemnts,z<. likewife Gaines or Lo(jes are known. Of fuch matter 
 •s the fecond Three- double- menf-balUnce in my Great Waflc-Book j and (hall be in this. In 
 Ihis (ccond ballance is alfo comptifed the parcells appertaining to the true ballancc : *//f,thac 
 fecond balUnce could not be even- weighty. 
 
 Of the True-hallance. 
 
 Phil, Proceed to the fame. 
 
 Sch. The tmc-hMlance arifeth from the Remainers of Leager accounts ; as well in Menjy 
 Unfold W ares, ffl^-J^ifniot wholly fold, Houf'^, Lands, People, (jrc not yet compleatly 
 perfeded : and are therefore tranfported to the New- Books', to be there fully finifhed : 
 Leavin°the old- Books to their perpetuall reft, except fome Scrupulom matter moleft 
 them Of fuch matter is the Third ballance of the Three-douhle-mny-ballance in my Great 
 Wafte- Book, and fhall be in.this. 
 
 OhferVations in hdlitncing of the 
 Leager. 
 
 ButforaPt'eparati\/e, firH »o/Mhat w^» as the Monies, Wares, Voyages, Houfes, 
 Lands and people were in their accounts (whether Debitors, or Creditors) even fo muft 
 they ft'andinyour Ballance :. and fo of each other matter. Reafon, for Ballance repre- 
 fenteth in that onelyaccoant,all that the other reprefent through the vyhole Book : for if 
 they were Debitors, Ballance is a Debitor in their place: if they were Creditors, Ballance 
 is hkewifc a Creditor. 
 
 f^/. Go forwards in this matter. , „ . , . ,„. • i, 
 
 Sch. There ought to beobferved A Decent Order m Leagers ballancmg •• that ts, Whicft 
 
 account ought /fr/? to be concluded, and which laftj both in Dehiter-zad Creditor lidt: 
 
 this is not of Neceflity,butfar Decentneffe in Order* 
 
 Phil. Profecute yoar opinion in the Order. 
 
 Sch. Firft, ballance the accounts of the People of whom yoa bonghc: or to whom 
 youfould: Rearon: becaufe all Difcoants, Abatements, Mif-caftings,6r Omifllons that 
 have happened,' may be redified : to the end-each account may bear its own burthen : take 
 then the difference of each mans account (being found to agree) .and enter them into your 
 E-jAlance-Book (as in the 218. place is mentioned) untill the finall Ballance be found even- 
 weighty. 
 
 224. 
 
 ras 
 
 Phil. Which next? , ,f c 
 
 Sch. Secondly, ballance the Peoples accounts with whom you had to deal tor fcx- 
 changes, Affignations, or the hke : entring the differences into your Ballance- Book there- 
 unto prepared, 
 
 Phil. What followeth '. 
 
 Sch. Tlurdly, ballance your Fa/Jors accounts : firft for Prsper, and then for C^wf -<«/, 
 , (h-ox there is ho neceiVity in this Order; as it faid) the Remainers being well found , y our 
 
 167
 
 50 
 
 An IntroduBion to Mercha?us Jccompts, 
 
 435 
 ill 
 ^39 
 
 240 
 
 4- VOYAGE. 
 
 Debitor. 
 
 For 100. Pieces of Cambrix 
 fliipt at 3. r. each Piece, is -300.I'.- 
 
 Creditor. 
 
 ForSalesofSo. Pieccs,ac 
 2.l'.i6,S. is 224M'.- 
 
 Unfold, 20. Pieces, at 
 3.1'. fc> Piece, 60X.- 
 
 Loft by Sales, i6.l'.-- 
 
 Siimme— 300.1'. 
 
 Phil. Go forward in the order of your Leagers Ballancing. 
 
 Sch.YikUy^hdWdinctyowx Commodities- acceunts -, firft for Proper: then, hxComfanj. 
 
 Thil. Suppofe thera all fold •, and there is Gaines. 
 Sch, The firft Voyage is a Prefident. 
 
 thil. Suppofe your Commodities to be f&ld in part. 
 Sch. The fecond Voyage is an Inlbnce. 
 
 Fhtl. Suppofe that none of your Commodities are fold, 
 Sch. The third Voyage Hievveth the form. 
 
 Phil. Suppofe lofTe upon the Sale ofpart of your Commodities, or upon the whole. 
 Sch. It lode upon part Sales, the Fourth Voyage is an Inftance •• If loiTe upon the Sale of 
 a whole parcell : See 
 
 THE FORME. 
 
 Debitor. 
 
 For i^.Butisof Sackcoft 
 with charges. 
 
 -134. r.8. 
 
 Creditor, 
 
 For Sale of 1 6. Butts, at 
 8. f . 6. is 
 
 Loft by the Sale- 
 
 -i.r. 12 
 
 Summc i34.i'.8. 
 
 tinder ths name o^ Commodities in the fecond branch of the 10. place, is included //<?«/«, 
 Lends, Ships-farts •, upon which if yoa will fee the yearly Gain, or Lofle, then rate theni 
 as'theycoft-, entring them in Credit as in the fecond Voyage: thefi, in your Honfe, and 
 Land will appear what is gained by the Rents, above reparation, and maintaining of them ; 
 and in your Ships parts will be made plain what is advanced by their Voyages, more then 
 her viiftualling: carrying your Proper Gains or Lofs,to Profit and Lofs proper •, and Com- 
 panies Gain, or Lofs, to Profit and Lofs in Company. But if you will let them run on un- 
 tiU tlie finall ending of them -, then crofs them, as is ihewed in the fecond Inftance of 
 Cambrix-dotb, in the 2op. place. 
 
 Phil. What followeth next in the Ballan^ e order -f 
 ■ Sch. Sixthly, ballance your Company Profit and Lofs, imparting to each Partner bis due 
 upon fit account:; and your part upon Profit and Lofs proper. 
 
 Seventhly, ballance your Partners account, tranfpeiting the difference unto your Bal- 
 lance- book (as inthe 218. place is mentioned) untill the finall ballance be found Eaven- 
 weighty. 
 
 Eighthly ,ballance Cafb.and Bank.carrying their differences to your Ballance- boolf. 
 Ninthly, conclude your Profit and Lofs proper, carrying the difference to your Stock- 
 account. 
 
 Tenthly, conclude your Stpck-accounc , tranfponmg that difference (ifvhich is tVic 
 
 fumme 
 
 168
 
 241 
 
 /« IntroduBion to Merchants Accompts. 51 
 
 fumraeofyourEftatc)UQto your Ballance-book: thea oughc your Ballance accoilnt to 
 be equall- weighty. 
 
 NOT A, 
 
 26ii 
 
 Having drawn all your Leager to a head in your Billance-Book, and found it to b eright 
 taken: tbenmay you take your Journall in hand, and poft them as they in order follow 
 upon your Ballance-book, unto your Ballance-account in the Leager. 
 
 Or if you will not make a Ballance-account in your Leager, you may let your Ballance- 
 book be your private contentment $ and trarifport each Ballance- parcell out of the Old 
 Leager into the New^ avoiding your Ballance- writing into the Journall, both at the End 
 ofthe Old Leager, or beginning of the New.- entring into the Old Leager ihe/tf/»<7 whi- 
 ther carried into the New-, and in the New Leager the /f/i/ from whence that remaineris 
 broughtout ofthe Old Leager, and fo avoid (perhaps) the writing of two or three hun- 
 dred Journall- parcels in both Leagers. 
 
 ^artkuUr OhferVathu upon each fide ofthe true- ballance In Debit, 
 and Credit, for t/jc Memories refrefl)ing. 
 
 T^/V. Rehearfe firft the Obfervations that arife upon the Debitor-ftdeQi Ca&Truc-bal- 
 lance. 
 
 if^Jn a much-Trafficking- Merchants- Books are five things to be regarded : 
 
 rP(fe;/e— unto whom we fold, or that have promifed us payment of Ex- 
 Firftly.ofDe- ' changes, or Aflignations, and the like. 
 
 iito'rs , and < ^^'''"^'''-^^^o whom we have delivered Mony or Wares, to be by 
 them in ' ^^^^"^ imployed for the Companies good. 
 
 I /"^KJ/flw— thatferveusinCommiffion,— Cvvho as yet have not given 
 K^Maften-vjhom we ferve in Commif- ^us full fatisfaftion : Again, 
 
 non, (^the firft of thefe two may 
 
 arife from Proper, Fadorage, or Company- 
 accounts. 
 i'fiT^wi/;, of the Unfold Wares, formerly fliipt to another Town, or Land, there to be 
 fold for Prefer, Fa£iorage, or ComfAny^acaiqa . 
 
 Thirdly, of Matters as yet remaining Unfold under our own Adminiftration: coniiftinga- 
 gajn in Wares ^ H0ufes,Lands,^emls,Shifs-fayts,zud the like .• whereof fome of thofe Wares 
 m2y he hr Proper, Faiforage^ot Company-acceunts : and thofe Ships- farts for Proper, of 
 Company- accounts. 
 
 Fourthly, ofthe Ready-mony in Ca{h,in Bank, or in both. 
 
 Laflly, of Company Gain, and LolTe ^ ofthe which we flill keep an open-ftanding-ac- 
 Gount, becaufe the Company continueth in Trading, upon unchangeable terms. And thefe 
 in fubftance are ail that concern the Contents of Ballances-Debitor-fide. 
 
 Phtt. Proceed to the obfervations in the Creditor-fide of the True haUarice. 
 Sch. Four things are heedfully to be regarded. 
 
 r/w/Ztf-of whom \ve bought, as alfo, whofe Exchanges we accep- 
 
 I ted ; or whofe Affignmcnts we promifed unto their Crc- 
 
 I ditor, having entred their Qeditor into my book in place 
 
 Firflly, 1 of them. ^ 
 
 Btbt-demandtrt', «| P4r/»m— of whom we have received Mony. or Wares, toim- 
 
 andthemin ploy for Company-account,Unto whom (as yet) we 
 
 Mdjlers-vihom we ferve in Commif- ^have not given full (-on- 
 
 j fion, Stent : The laft of thefe 
 
 'l^/-f(7w;-that ferve us mCommiffion,? may arife, either from 
 
 Prefer, Factorage, or COmfany-acciunts, 
 H a stcor)di)y 
 
 169
 
 51 /in Introcfudton to McTchan s /Iconipts. 
 
 Scccndl)^ Unfold- {^'^ra, Houfes, Landsy letvds^ Rents, Foya^es, and the like •• upon which 
 accounts theGiinsoj.Lor'S (at prefenc) isnotdelired to be kflown ; but are deferred untill 
 the finall fintfj^ing ot that sfcounc, tVien to know the General! Gam^ or Lefs upon the fame: 
 andthefe for Proper, fome for Faciei age, and fome for Company accomxs. 
 
 Thirdly, in Conpanies Profit and LofsReckomngs, becaufe the divificn is nor made in 
 thefe Old- books, but profecuted untill the Companies finall finilTiing. 
 
 Laft'lj, in Stock- accoHTit, whofe difference muft be carried to Ballance •, for that difference 
 muft make ycur Ballance-account Eaven- weighty in the Generall Addition : Not a, for in it is 
 contained the trae difference between the Ready- meny. Wares, Houfis, &e. Debitors in your 
 Ballancedebit-fide, and the Dek-demanders in the Creditor fide of your Ballance-ac- 
 counc. Or more plain 5 take the whole Debit- fide of yom Ballance, dedud from that all 
 that you owe: and the differing mony will be Equall-neighty, with the difference brought 
 from your Stock account. And thus much of the fifth matter , of which the Journal is made, 
 
 J43 
 
 244 
 
 HS 
 
 Of the Journalls Form. 
 
 '7'/;//. This is the /fftf^/Z^r^wt^ in the Eight place: of which let rae"heare yourExplica 
 tion. 
 
 Jf/^ The i='tfr/» is generally in folio, or the full bignefs of the Paper, be itfmall,orlarge: 
 Ruled towards the /f/z-Z^^w^ with w;f //«f, and towards the rtght-hind mi\x three : entring 
 between them I'. 6. fi. as in the Wafte-book is, and in the Journals Inftances fha'.l be made 
 plain. 
 
 Some ufe two lines towards the left-hand, as doth Simon Stevin in his Princely- hook- 
 keeping- loiirnailufe t\nee: entring therein the Day, and Montth: but that maketh the 
 Journall between line, and line, too narrow. My manner of my day, and Mtneths entran- 
 ces fliall be fliewed in the Explication of the Journals Office. 
 
 ThisBookis by/owf numbredoneach leaves-fide: the beginning- fide witli i. thefe- 
 cond Tvith 2. and fo through all the Book : of which I approve, and ufe it. For in a Great- 
 trafficking- book (as an Eafi, We(i^ Turky, or the like Company) feverall fides are oft- 
 times filled in one day .• fo that the Margin of the Leager qxioteth dire^ly to the fide of 
 that Journall-leaf, where the dcfired parcel] is: and fo avoideth the perufall of ncedleffe 
 fides. ' 
 
 Of the Journalls Office. 
 
 Phil. Let me know that : for that is the third Notable matter mentioned in the Eighth 
 place. 
 
 Sch. The Journalls Proper office is, to have the Matter Cthereunto appertaining) entred 
 in Book-keepings true method, with mrds fuitablc to the ABioti -, plainly expreffing what 
 ever was obfcurely booked in other books. 
 
 Book-keepings office is, tohodkt);\QSi^tdmztizx in the true NOmimtienoi Debitor and 
 Creditor, with the brief ^yn plain j Circumftances of the A(aion. HeedfuUy in this Jour- 
 nall muft be obferved, that the Debitor, that is,the M*n,ot Thing, that ought to be charged, 
 be firft named, and placed towards the left- hand, as thus'.- 
 
 lames Mirth is Debitor. 
 
 Then enter the Creditor, Man, or Thing, that bught to be difcharged, as thus 
 Umes MirthisDehlior to lohn Melody. 
 
 Unto them annex the quantity of Mony, as thus : 
 
 Umes Mirth is Debitor to Fohn Melody 3 oo.l'. 1 2 .0. 8.tj. 
 
 There-unio addc the reafon why the One Man, or Thing is indebted to the other ; and 
 this is gathered from the aded matter. 
 
 Phil. As how : 
 
 Sch'. Compare the Waftebook parcels in th'e 6. place, with the enfuing Journall parcels 
 framed out of them, and the Reafons may appear by the Circumftances. 
 
 ~A»n» 
 170
 
 54" 
 
 ^n IntroduBion to Merchants Jccompts, 
 
 I Dfto IS Debitor to Bank 569. f. 1 3. 10, t fi. written by his order upon thel il ( 6 
 .5_ I account oi^oha ^ohnfen ytnck^ being the full of the before- mentioned ex- 
 ^ change-,the fumme written in, is 
 
 S- 
 
 36P IJIOi 
 
 5_ 
 
 T 
 
 24<5 
 
 D//0 is Debitor to Profit and Lofs 3. I'. 14.8.15. for Bank-raony of $1 
 2 »40. 1 1 .4. pen. at one fcr centum^ is 
 
 *47 
 
 248 
 
 £^m4r^ £)(?»« of Northampton,^/^ account by me in Company, is Debi- 
 tor to Dito Edrvardhis account of Readj-monj^ 213.1'.— 5 J fi. for his 5*^ of gl 
 3834.8.i2,pen. produft of 18. Laft, 7. Mudde of Company Rye, fold to 
 lacoh Johnfo^ir i^ above; f thereof is^ — 
 
 .3 14' .8 
 
 213 
 
 24P 
 
 550 
 
 Phil. What fignifie thofe Fradions i f,,and the like> in the Margine ^ 
 Scfj. Fradlions they are none : but fignifying- figures concerning the Leager : for the Fi- 
 gures above the ftroke, fhew upon what Leager- Leafe the Debitoi-s are to be found ; and 
 the Figures under the ftroke, point unto the Creditors in the faid Leager. 
 
 Phil. Why are fome pointed, and not other fome 1 
 
 Sch. Thofe that are pointed, are tranfported into the Leager, the other not. 
 
 Thil. Some do not point at all. 
 
 Sch. They are fubjeft to miflake,or they rauft enter each figure above> and under, when 
 they have entred the parcell into their Leager, and that is tedious. The point's are very re- 
 quifitc to avoid OmidionSjOr not to charge one fumme twice, if a man fhould be called 
 from his porting. 
 
 Fhtl. When do you enter the figures above, or under the ftroke i 
 
 Sch. I lay the Journall open before me, making firft the ftraight ftrokes that are betweeo 
 the figures.againft each parcell, on both fides of the Journall : then do I enter the folio, or 
 leaves, or thofe figures, before I touch the Leager. 
 
 Phil. How then 1 
 
 Sch. Then fetting my Journall teforc me, I tranfport all the Debitors and Creditors Cthat 
 correfpond upon one Leager- leafe) one after another into the Leager 5 then removing my 
 hand from the Leager,imTiiediateIy I fet point by that Debitor,or Creditor ,that is pofted 
 into the Leager, without removing of my Journall, 
 
 Thus much in brief of the Matter^ Form, and office of the 
 Journall mentioned in the ninth ^lace. 
 
 171
 
 12 
 10. 
 
 21 
 10. 
 
 4 
 3 . 
 
 8. 
 
 S . 
 
 Jmo ]6i^* the 7. day of f me in Londorio (i; 
 
 fent payment for Company- ufe, being- 
 
 11"]. Thomas TruB at Antwerp for company of Randall Rice f ,and 
 f for me, our account of Time, debitor to Voyage to Antwerp,con- 
 figned to dito Thomas for our ccmpaov ; , and j I', 1 5 1 5. 7. s. for 
 the enfuing Wares fold by hira : the particulars are, viz. 
 8. Bales of Pepper, producing clear R.eady-mony, 
 
 asby the account 01.2753.9.4. 
 
 30. Butts of Ssvidt to laques Gcrritfer,-, part at 
 2. moneths, producing (whereof 7 is received) 
 as by the account, clear mony -gl. 12400. 
 
 5I. i5i53.P'4' pen. reduced at 10. gt or 33.6.4.8. are- 
 
 1 18. Dito Thomas for our company, as abovcour account of Rea- 
 dy- mony, debitor to the faid Thomas for company R.R, ^, and 7 me 
 our account of Time T. 1 102.— 4.55. for Ql.i 1020.3.9. pen. by him 
 rec-'ived of the before entred mony, is here — — — 
 
 The i^.day of June. 1634. 
 
 1 19. Debitors to lacoh Sjmonfo/i his account of Carabrix-doth, 
 1.405. fordo. Pieces fold joyntly tothe enfuing parties, at 6 f. 
 15.0. upon an equall (hare, 314. moneths time, viz^ 
 
 J-amts WflkJnfon 20. Pieces l'«i35' 
 
 George Finchhack 20, Pieces ^•I35« 
 
 Aitdrsrv Hitchcock 2o.Piece$- 
 
 The Rule in the 244. place 
 is contra- di^ied. 
 
 -r.isJ. 
 
 no, ^aceh Sjmorifon his account of Cambrix- cloth, debitor to 
 Ca(h l'.i.7.S. for Brokage of ^.405. at 7 fer centum, is — 
 
 izi.Dito to Profit and Lofsf.S.i 2.6. for the enfuing particu- 
 lars, viz. 
 
 For Ware-houfe-room zti.'t'fer Piece I',— 10. 7 
 
 ' ■ " — 1'.8.2.5' 
 
 For Provifion of Sales at z.fcr C.- 
 
 _6. 
 13 
 
 122. Dito to ^acob sjmonfon his account Currant T. 390.14.0. for 
 the neat proceed made goodthere,without my prejudice of debts, 
 yet {landing out upon 4. moneths time: the fum now tranfported.is 
 
 123. ^ean da Bop for company Rmdell Rice f, and f for me, our 
 account Currant, debitor to Thomas Trufl for dito company f , and 
 four account of Ready-mony l'.io92.i7.io .$, forgl.II02o.re- 
 mitted in his own Bills, dated their 2. prefent,.- payable by, and un- 
 to himfelf, exchange at 121.8. are ^^ . 3642. 58.6.8, and hereat 
 72.$ — 
 
 The 2^. day of lime 1624. 
 
 124. Randoll Rice his account Currant, debitor to Diego 
 dd Farm his account of Fruits I'. 541. 4« S, 9« fi- for feveralj 
 
 M forts 
 
 31 
 145 
 
 S 
 
 II — 
 
 1515 
 
 II<52 
 
 -4 
 
 405- 
 
 .1. 
 
 .8.12 
 
 -1 
 
 390 14 . 
 
 1092 17 
 
 10 
 
 172
 
 10, 
 
 10. 
 
 13' 
 J3 
 
 I. 
 
 I. 
 
 '13 
 
 188. Dito Ctmfa»j their account of Time, debitor to BalUnce 
 ll^i'i^.S.S. due to thera for conclude of this accaunt,being 
 
 Jnno \6i^^ the 10 day offuly in London, (ip 
 
 185. Raindo'd Rict his account by me in company debitor to Bal- 
 lance I.9PI.7.6.5. for fo much due to him upon this account 
 
 iS5. Hertdrick vander Linden i, ^obn van Ddts ^, ^tques Reinjl t, 
 their account bf comtitoditics, debitor to; BalUnce l,i94' ^^* ^' 6* 
 for 160, Pieces of Figs, and 4. Bales of Pepper fold, being the 
 whole Wares in'Credit, tranfport^ thus to have the account com- 
 pleat in ne\v books, as it here ftandeth : the mony is 
 
 187. bito Companj their account of Ready- mony debitor to Bal- 
 /4;7« 1 97,7.7.^ for conclude due to them 
 
 i2p. SaHance debitor toCaflTr,947.2.i.$. and is for fo much by 
 condude remaining therein, and tranfported, being 
 
 190. Profit and Lofi debitor to Stock l'.io46.8.io.6. forgaines 
 in this handle, tranfported to conclude this account, being 
 
 191. Srofit debitor to Ballance l'.2902.i2.7.$. for the difference 
 ofthat account, being my prefent Eftate 5 and tranfported thither 
 tacondude this, being ^ 
 
 End of the foUrnaU 
 A. 
 
 % 
 
 991 
 
 Sifl 
 
 .6 
 
 19412 
 
 99 
 9319 
 
 .i 
 
 P47 
 
 1046 
 
 2p02 
 
 12 
 
 .8 
 .i 
 
 10 
 .7 
 
 173
 
 OF 
 
 THE LEAGER. 
 
 Aving (in form as is inftanced ) entred all the trading- parcels of 
 Merchandizing into the Journal! in fuch after-Following man- 
 ner as (hey daily happened j then hath the 'Book owfur his 
 whole Trading, with all the Circumftances in writing! but 
 not in fuch fort, that he , is able to confer with any man about 
 his'accounts : for each mansfevcrall Parcels arc difperfedthrough the whole 
 Journall ; neither doth ic (in drawing an account to a Head upon a Paper) 
 content the mind, fearing that any Parcels might be miftakenor omitted. 
 Upon the like Reafon we may conjecture the Obfcurity in knowing what 
 mony isinCafh, what weight, meafurCjandqiiantity of any Commodity 
 might be in the Warehoufe ; what Profit or Loffe there is upon any fort of 
 Wares, or Matter,- what Weekly, or Moncthly debts arc to be received^or payd 
 for Wares, or Exchanges: and many fuch like. 
 
 For the avoyding of all fuch diffidences,, the Journall Parcels mud be 
 tranfporced into t\\tLeager in fuch manner, that all what doth concern one 
 mans particular, muft (under one accounts Title) be gathered together, to wif, 
 all \\\sT>chit parcels upon the Left-hand 5 and ail his Cr^tiJt parcels upon the 
 Righr-hand of the Opoi lying Leager .^ of the which manyinftances follow in 
 theLeager : the like manner muft beuQd in each fort, as Monj, Wares ^Teople^ 
 or what ever elfe ♦, each muft be gathered together in an Exquifite form,with 
 few words. 
 
 The thing charged , or Dehitor, muft have its dilcharge, or Creditor ^ 
 even oppofice againft it felfe when the Leager lieth open. In this Leager, 
 where fo/. ftandeth between the lines before the L, both upon the Righc 
 and Left-hand, are many Arithmetical Chara(f;ters. The Charaiter, Cha- 
 radlers or Figures that ftand between the two lines upon the Debitor 
 fide, point (as with a finger) unto the Folio where each fevcrall lines Cre- 
 (liter ftandeth in the faid Book, vthether ic be upon the fame Leafe , or 
 elfe where : Contrarily, the Figures that ftand between the two lines 
 upon the Cr editor Sidcy point at the Folio where each fevcrall lines 
 
 ^Debitw 
 
 174
 
 Of the Leager. 
 
 Dehtor ftandeth in the faid Book, whether upon the fame Leafc or elfc- 
 
 where. 
 
 In Brtef^ 
 
 The Owner, or the Owing thing, 
 Or rvhat-fo-evcr (omes to thee • 
 Ufon the Left-hand fee thou bring 5 
 For there the fame mttji f laced be. 
 
 But 
 
 the J unto whom thou doefl owe^ 
 Upon the Right let them befet ; 
 Or rvhat-fo-ere doth from thee go > 
 To place them there do net forget* 
 
 This 
 
 Book fiieweth our trtie E^ate in each particular account ; whether Bou^ht^ 
 Sold, Sent, or Received, Commodity: People with-in, or without the 
 Ltnd ; Exchanges which way-fo-ever , and the Coynes of thefe feve- 
 rall places ; fa^ofa^e , Coml>any ^ or what account elfe belongeth to Trafjick: 
 So that the Leader is thcMirrm by which onely the Eftatc can trulj, aad 
 /)/4i«/)ibedifcerned. 
 
 Ot 
 
 175
 
 1^54. 
 
 o 
 
 5 
 9 
 
 10 
 12 
 
 1^54. 
 
 - 1 
 
 8 
 22 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14J 2 
 
 I6'll 
 
 3d^20 
 1620 
 
 Foil.) /««o i^;;. in London, 
 
 Cafh is Debitor. 
 
 Janu. To Stock, for feverall coynes of mony ■ — 
 
 Felir. To Ucol> Sjmonfen his account Currant — — 
 
 April To George Pinchhack, received in full; — 
 
 MayToFigst-K.ii. tforme 
 
 Dito to UmesWUkinfort^ received to clear a truck 
 
 June To Diego del rarifio his account of Ca(h — 
 
 Dito To Profit and Loffe, gained by Diego's fruits 
 
 July To GeergePincback received by his Affignment — 
 Dito To liicob Sjmonfon his account Curraint- — — 
 
 Dito To Randall i^ce his account Currant — 
 
 Dito To Andrew Hitchcock received in part — — 
 
 Summe — 
 
 Fol 
 
 s 
 
 . I 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 9 
 
 4 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 II 
 
 IL 
 
 1000 
 
 .328 
 ..9 
 
 5»5 
 
 102 
 .25 
 
 .13 
 
 4^5 
 .28 
 284 
 100 
 
 iPo3 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 10. 
 
 •4 
 .&. 
 . I 
 16 
 
 •7 
 II 
 
 I 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 I 
 
 ip 
 
 I 
 
 20 
 
 Stock is Debitor. 
 
 Jana. To lacob Sjmonfon his account Carrant — 
 July To Bdlmce^ for conclude carried thither — ■ 
 
 Sdmme— 
 
 1^33- .1 
 
 . I 
 
 20 
 
 Wdres are Debitors. 
 
 Jana. To Stock, refting unfold — 
 July To Profit and Lofle gained 
 
 Samme— 
 
 n 
 
 la 
 
 60^0 
 
 90 
 
 - 2 
 13 
 
 150 
 2902 
 
 3052 
 
 12 
 
 .1 
 
 7 
 
 477 
 92 
 
 10- 
 10- 
 
 IL 570 
 
 176
 
 1^54. 
 
 j6^^. 
 
 '^34. 
 
 1533. 
 
 Dy 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 30 
 •P 
 21 
 
 13 
 
 6,22 
 6|- 
 6,29 
 
 7 
 10 
 
 12 -7 
 
 12. 7 
 
 12. 7 
 
 I3|i5 
 
 IP20 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 >3 
 
 21 
 
 yf««o i<5^5« in London, Fol. 1 
 
 Ci//? is Creditor. 
 
 Janu. By George Pinchhack^ paid in part- 
 Diro By ^ames Wilkinfen^ paid in^part— 
 Dito By George Pinchbeck, paid him- 
 
 Febr.By lac.Symo^ifon.his account of Couch3neille,payd 
 Dito by voyage to Lisborn.configned to Dfcgodd f-'d«- 
 w for company },andt paid — — 
 
 March by Danfick-exchange for Arthur Mump, and me I 
 Dico By Kerfies in Company j lacob Sjr»o»forty 7 for me 
 Dito By Uceb Symenfon his Cambrix cloth — — 
 
 Dito By laceh Sjmonfon his account Currant — — 
 
 Dito By Figs in company t R. R. f for nie — 
 
 Dito By Hcndrick vandcr Linden, and Company their ac- 
 count of commodities, for charges — 
 
 April By Silver, for charges of 8. Barrs — 
 
 May By Randoll Tijce his accQunt Currant — 
 
 Dito By Amfterdam-exchangei {ox Jacob SymMffon — 
 
 June By Diego del varino his account of Cafli — 
 
 Dito By Figs in Company ^ R.R.-, for me; 
 
 Dito By Andrew Hitchtock paid him ■ ■ 
 
 Dito By lacob S y mofif on his accomtoi Cambrix-cloth-- 
 July By BallaKCCi iranfported thither to conclude this- 
 
 Summe — 
 
 
 8 
 
 4- 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 . 6 
 1 1 
 
 I 2 
 
 •9 
 
 I I 
 .8 
 
 13 
 
 Stock is Debitor. 
 
 Janu. By Cafli, for feverall coynes of mony — — 
 
 Dito By Wares for fundry forts unfold — 
 
 Dito By Kettles for 5. Barrels unfold — — — 
 Dito By lean dn Boys at Roan my account Currant— 
 Dito By lacob Symonfon my account by him in company 
 Dito By lacob Symonfon his account of Couchaneille— 
 July By Profit and Lolfcj gained by this handle— — 
 
 Samme— 
 
 L, 1 
 
 wares are Creditors. 
 
 Janua. By Kerfies in company, by melayd in-- .. 90 
 
 March By lacob Symtn[orf^ fold to him— — ^° • • 
 
 Summe— 6090 
 
 % 
 
 144 
 
 120 
 
 d 
 
 13516.8 
 ;• 5 .5.4 
 
 ^94 
 
 200 
 
 . . 2 
 
 .g.tf 
 
 t' 
 
 8 
 
 
 6 
 
 • 99 y 9 
 
 2510 
 
 •7316 
 
 •• 1-7 
 947.2 
 
 I 
 
 .6 
 
 7 
 
 .2 
 
 2903 
 
 1000 
 
 477 
 •55 
 240 
 229 
 
 •• 3 
 1046 
 
 3052 
 
 270 
 300 
 
 570 
 
 '3 
 
 17 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 .8 
 
 la 
 
 177
 
 16J4» 
 
 Day 
 
 y) Mno \6i\ in London, 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 
 1 8 
 
 i8 
 
 1534. 17 
 
 17 
 
 23 
 29 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 
 Trcftand Lojje in company >. for RandollKice^znd 
 
 i for me, Debitor. 
 
 Jaou. To Profit and LolTe for charges of aRemife 
 
 March. To lean da BojSy for his Proviiioo, and Brokage— 
 July To Thomas Trufi^om account of Ready-monyjloft 
 Dito To RM.RJce^his account by rae in comp.fot^ gains 
 Dito To Profit and Lofle, for my part gains 
 
 Summe- 
 
 Trofitofid Lo^^, Debitor. 
 
 Febru. To 74ff^ Sftnonfon my account of Ready- mony, 
 
 for his charges, being Brokage, and Provifion -' 
 
 July To Iac. Symonjhn my account of Ready-mony,loft 
 
 Dito To Silver, loft by the fale of 8. Barres. 
 
 Dito To Stock, gained by this handle — 
 
 Summe— 
 
 -ol 
 
 L 
 
 S 
 
 ^ 
 
 7 
 
 211 
 
 II 
 
 6, 2 11 
 
 .3 
 
 »3 
 
 p. a 
 
 .6 
 
 .6 
 
 444.9 
 
 .S 
 
 •7 
 
 296. 6 
 
 •J 
 
 — 
 
 _- — — 
 
 — 
 
 11 
 
 .755;! 
 
 .9 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 
 ,1° 
 
 . £ 
 
 3 
 
 25- 
 
 IX 
 
 lO 
 
 .3.P 
 
 .2 
 
 . I 
 
 1046 
 
 .8 
 
 10 
 
 11 1075. 811 
 
 1^34. 
 
 1820 
 
 1820 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 
 'Ballayice^ Debitor. 
 
 July To ^Acob Sfmenfon my account by him in company 
 Dito To ^eandu Bojs, for company R,R.\^me\ Currant- 
 Dito To Hen. van. Linden^ztid comp. their commodies- 
 Dito To Voyage to Antvv. in comp. R. B. i, and f me — 
 Dito To Andrew Hitchcock due to me by conclude 
 
 Dito To Arthur Mttmferfon my account by him in comp. 
 Dito To Tho. TruftSox comp.^./?. t,mef our Time acco. 
 Dito To Figs in comp.for lacob Symonfon f ,and f for me- 
 Dito To Caih, retting therein, and brought hither 
 
 Surarae 
 
 2 
 6 
 
 lO 
 
 10 
 II 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 . I 
 
 IL 
 
 301 
 1092 
 
 194 
 189 
 446 
 
 402 
 
 413 
 806 
 
 947 
 4794 
 
 .8 
 
 1710 
 
 12. 1 
 12 — 
 
 12. P 
 12. 1 
 . 6 . S 
 .611 
 
 • 3-^ 
 
 178
 
 17 
 17 
 
 1? 
 
 Day 
 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 
 ^«wo i^54.» iVi London. f 7 
 
 CoMfr<J, Creditor. 
 
 July By Voyage to Lisborn for dito company gained — 
 
 DitoBy/MW du Bop^ for dito company, gained 
 
 Dito By Idcob Symonfon, tor dito company, gained 
 
 Dito By Voyage to Antwerp, for dito company, gained- 
 
 Summe — 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 il 
 
 B 
 
 6 
 
 H 
 
 2 
 
 .8 
 
 80 II 
 
 •7 
 
 60 
 
 — 
 
 .6 
 
 600 
 
 75 
 
 ■7- 
 
 x^33- 
 
 1534. 
 
 1534. 
 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 II 
 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 15 
 J? 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 ^3 
 •9 
 
 13 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 15 
 
 23 
 
 2 
 
 II 
 20 
 
 o 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 
 lp20 
 IpJ20 
 
 I9|io 
 1920 
 
 3^920 
 
 contra^ Creditor. 
 
 Janu. By Profit and Loffetn company f R.R.^me — 
 Febru. By laccl^ SymoNfon his Couchancille, for provifion 
 March By Kerfies in comp. J and j for provifion & gains 
 April ^ylaccb ^ymo/rfo» my acco.by him in comp.gained 
 
 Dito By Datifick-exchange, gained by the fame 
 
 May By George Pinchhack upon Sugar gained — — 
 June By lacot Sjmonfon his Cambrix for provifion 
 
 Dito By Cafli, for provifion of P/V^^c his Fruits — 
 
 July By Amftcrdam-exchange.mcompany, gained — 
 Dito By Figs ^, and f in comp.tor provifion and gaines— 
 
 Dito By Wares gained thereby- • — — 
 
 Dito By Kettles, gained thereby — — — : — 
 
 Dito By lean du Bays my account Currant gained 
 
 Dito By Voyage to Amflerdam configned to /.f gg^ine^ 
 
 DitoBylntereft-reckoning, gained thereby — 
 
 Dito By Voyage to Lisborn f , and 3 for my gaines 
 
 Dito By Profit and LolTe t, and f for my f gaines 
 
 Sumroe— 
 
 7 i 
 
 4128 
 2. 50 
 8|. 10 
 
 . 8 
 
 •13 
 
 H 
 P|ii4 
 
 It 91 
 2 . 20 
 
 21.5^ 
 4)111 
 5I. 1(5 
 ■81. 53 
 
 . 1V96 
 
 12 
 5 
 
 19 
 .3 
 12 
 
 •4 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 • 5 
 
 17 
 .6 
 
 17 
 .6 
 
 II 
 
 . 2 
 
 \A 
 
 io75 
 
 8 
 5 
 
 3 
 .6 
 
 . 2 
 
 • 5 
 
 if 
 
 Balkme^ Creditor, 
 
 July By lacob Symenfonhk account by me in company- 
 Dito By Randoll l^ce his account by me in company — 
 Dito By Bend.vtinder Lind, and comp.their commodities 
 Dito ByBend.vand. Linden,znd comp.their ready- mony 
 Dito By Hend.vdnd.Lind.andcomp.thek Time account- 
 Dito By Stocki for diiference therejbeing my pref.eftate- 
 
 Summe — 
 
 '5 
 6 
 
 ID 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 il 
 
 512 '3 
 
 991.7 
 19412 
 
 99 
 
 93 
 2901 
 
 ^19^ 
 
 •7 
 19 
 12 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 179
 
 ! I 
 
 Anno \6^ the 23, ofOHoher in zJmJlerdam. 
 
 23 
 
 SURVEY OF THE 
 
 General! Ballance^ or 
 Eftate-reckoning. 
 
 Dito.To Banck, as in fol. i . appeareth- 
 Dito. To Houfe King David, fol. a — 
 Dito. To Sufanna Peeters Orphans — 
 Dito. To ^ack Pudding my account 
 
 Currant — - — 
 
 Dito. To Wines, for 1 5 .Butts unfold 
 Dito. To French Aquavits, tor 58. 
 
 Hogtheads — — 
 
 Dito. To Rye, for- 1 8. Laft, 7. Mudde, 
 
 fol. 5 
 
 Dito. To Coucbaneilie, as in fol. 4. ^ 
 
 Dito. ToBrafi!,as infoW ■ 
 
 Dito. Tolntereft-reckoriingjfol. — 
 
 Dito. To Profit and LofTe, fol. 
 
 Dixo. To Voyage to Lonaon,con(ign- 
 
 tdto ^'ack Pudding, io], -— 
 
 Dito. To Voyage to Hambroughjfol. 
 Dito. To Voyage to Danfick, fol. — 
 Dito. ToInfurance-reckomng,tol. — 
 Dito*. To Caih, as appeareth in fol. — 
 Dito. To Cambrix, 1 1 . Peeces unfold 
 Dito. To Sliip the Rain-bow, fol. — 
 Dito. To Hans van Ejfen at Ham- 
 
 brough,my account Currant, fol.— 
 Dito. To P/eter Bra(fefir at Danfick, 
 
 my account Currant, fol. — — 
 Dito. To5''«'^P«^/»^atLondon,his 
 
 account Gurraat, fol. 
 
 Summe (Jl. 
 
 Tlius ought your 
 accounts to ftjnd 
 at the fi ft view of 
 the BooVc5, when e- 
 vety thin^ is tian- 
 (fioited out of the 
 WaftcBook into llie 
 Lcager. 
 
 (!!7UiI.i(li.;p. 
 
 i3688'i7'.8 
 .6213 15 I — 
 
 .5573 
 
 11328 
 
 . 1260 
 
 16 8 
 
 1 
 .6.8 
 
 .5568 -^ 
 
 .2877 15 .8 
 
 10080 — 
 1D888L 3 
 
 .44 
 320 
 
 7810 
 
 2353 
 1967 
 
 3463 
 29561 
 
 8qoo 
 
 1043 
 
 2 
 
 130544. 
 
 8 
 
 Thus ought your 
 Second, or Tnall- 
 Etilfance to (land 
 wiih the Loflcs. 
 
 (5\.\il 
 
 5555 
 
 .713 
 2648 
 
 I250 
 
 1533 
 
 70 
 
 2600 
 
 27153 
 440 
 
 HLW, 
 
 2 — 
 
 14 
 
 .6 .8 
 
 60 
 53 
 
 15 
 
 II — 
 
 8 - 
 
 12 
 
 42124 10 
 
 Thus ought yout 
 True-Bjllance to 
 ftand , which you 
 tranlpoit ioto your 
 New-Books. 
 
 d^ui!. fJUp. 
 
 555-5, i 
 
 .713 14 
 
 4648 .6 
 1160 — 
 
 1533 15 
 
 t^o' — 
 
 27153 
 440 
 
 8 
 
 41P04 . 6 
 
 180
 
 Anno 1^3^. the 23. ofOBober in Amjlerdam, 
 
 SURVEY OF THE 
 
 GeneralUBallance, or 
 Eflate-reckoning. 
 
 Creditor. 
 
 23 Dito. ByBanck,asinfol.i.appeareth- 
 Dito. By Houfe King David, tol.2. — 
 Dito. By Stifanna Peeters Orphans — 
 Dito. By ^ack Pudding my account 
 
 Currant — - — - — ■ 
 
 Dito. By French Aqua-vits 58. Hogf- 
 
 heads fold — — — 
 
 Dito. By Rye, for 1 6. Laft fold, fol. 3 . 
 Dito. By Couchaneille, as in fol. 4. - 
 Dito, By Brafil, as in fol. 4. — — 
 
 Dito. By Intereft-reckoning, fol. 
 
 Dito. By Profit and Loffe, tol. 
 
 Dito. By Voyage to London, fol. — 
 Dito. By Voyage to Hambrough — 
 Dito. By Voyage to Danfick, fol. — 
 Dito. By In'urance-reckoning, fol. — 
 Dito, By Ca(h, as appeareth in fol. — 
 Dito. By Cambrix-Cloth, fol. 
 
 — I Dito. By Ship the Rain-bow, fol. — 
 
 — Dito. By //4 wvrf» £/fw my account- 
 
 — Dito. By Peeter Brajfeur myaccount- 
 
 — Dito. 'E>y ^ack Pudding ditLondotiyhii 
 account Currant — — 
 
 Dito. ByStock, formyjuftEftate — 
 
 Thus ought your 
 accounts to (lend ai 
 Ihc firft vi'w of your 
 Books , when each 
 parcel 15 tianrpoit- 
 <d Out of the Waftc- 
 Boofc into the Jour- 
 nal! aad Lcagcr. 
 
 Summe q\, 
 
 (!?UiI. 
 
 8133 
 
 7538 
 4860 
 
 9145 
 
 6960 
 
 1788 
 
 13950 
 
 10817 
 
 102 
 
 394 
 8350 
 
 3816 
 3805 
 3576 
 2408 
 8105 
 1432 
 3720 
 
 3752 
 
 III. I p. 
 
 15 
 
 . 2 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 16 
 
 .7 
 
 .6 
 
 14 
 6 
 
 3 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 32941 18 
 24592 
 
 130544 
 
 15 
 
 Thui ou^hr your 
 itcond , or TriiU- 
 Ballante \A Hand 
 with (he Cains. 
 
 (?5U(1. 
 
 (|i. 
 
 Thus ought ycur 
 
 True Rait inct to 
 Hand, Mhich you 
 (rjnfpott 10 Nft»- 
 
 I32S - 
 
 .465 
 
 1392 
 
 444 
 3906 1 
 
 58 
 
 74 
 3140 
 
 1463 
 
 1838 
 
 113 
 
 545 
 389 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 5 
 
 .3 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 p. (I5ml.lnf. 
 
 7 
 
 2377 18 
 
 8 
 
 • I 
 I 
 
 P. 
 
 - , 2377 18 
 
 24592 - - 39526 .8 
 
 42124 
 
 10 — 
 
 41904 6 
 
 181
 
 ^ftertoorb 
 
 ^0 tf)e reaber'g otnn jubgment f)abe hnn left tt)c rnanj* 
 comlusiiong tfjat are to be braton from ttjese reprobuctionss of 
 boofefeeeping'g earliest exponents. 
 
 l^fje autfjor in no sense htsirth to intrube too stronglp 
 f)is oton ibeas upon f)is reaber. 3t fjas been i)is intent to 
 s|)oto clearlp fjoto tf)e ibeas expresseb bp ^acioli in tf)e earlp 
 Italian bernacular came botun tfjrougt) manp translations into 
 (German, into Butclj, into Jfrencf) anb lastlj) into Cnglisf), 
 toitfjstanbing all t!)e manp cfianges of language, surbibing tfje 
 "®arfe ^ges" of fjistorp anb retaining uncfjangeb tijrougf) 
 tfje centuries tfteir claritp of tfjougljt anb purpose until tobaj> 
 tfje mobern boofefeeeper anb tlje professional accountant are to 
 be founb trubging faitf)fullj> in tfje footsteps of tf)e jFranciscan 
 Jfriar of mebiebal times. 
 
 i^atural prejubice or partialitp tobjarb fjeralbing abroab 
 t\)t imprint left hp tfje earlp authors of fjis motfjer country on 
 JjiS oton profession in its mafeing is to be expecteb from tf)e 
 toriter as an i|ollanber=born anb for tfjis reason, if no otijer, 
 fje fjas been biffibent to bribe fjome tfte conclusions fje fjimself 
 tas formeb. 3t is beboutlp to be f)opeb tfjat tfje reaber bJill 
 experience tfje same pleasure in tfje reabing t^at tfje autfjor 
 lias tafeen in tfje making of ttjis contribution to fjis fellotos. 
 
 182
 
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