fornia 
 
 nal 
 
 y
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 SAN DIEGO 
 
 UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 SAN DIEGO 
 Donated in memory of 
 
 John W. Snvder 
 
 by 
 
 His Son and Daughter
 
 A PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS.
 
 A 
 
 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 OF 
 
 MUSICAL TERMS 
 
 COMPILED AND EDITED BY 
 HARRY NEWTON REDMAN 
 
 BOSTON 
 KNIGHT & MILLET
 
 COPYRIGHT 1901, 
 BY KNIGHT & MILLET.
 
 LIST OF CONTENTS, 
 
 PACK 
 
 RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF FRENCH, 
 
 GERMAN, AND ITALIAN i 
 
 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY OF MUSICAL TERMS . . i 
 PRONUNCIATION OF THE NAMES OF THE CHIEF 
 
 COMPOSERS AND ARTISTS 123 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS 127 
 
 TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS IN SONATAS .... 139
 
 RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION 
 
 OF FRENCH, GERMAN, AND 
 
 ITALIAN 
 
 FRENCH. 
 VOWELS : 
 
 a is pronounced like a in Italian, but somewhat shorter, 
 
 and is often rendered similar to the English a. 
 a like ah. 
 e like n in cut. 
 6 like ay in day. 
 e like e in where, 
 e like a in German, 
 i or i like ee in feet. Short \ is the same as in English. 
 
 as in Italian. 
 
 u like it in German. 
 
 DIPHTHONGS : 
 
 ai as in bait, ai before /-final or // should be rendered 
 
 as a diphthong (ah'-ee), but slightly separated, 
 al and ei like 6. 
 eu, eu, and oeu like o in German. 
 
 01 like oh-dk', but so slightly separated that it sounds 
 
 like one syllable. 
 OU and ou like oo in toot.
 
 ii RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF 
 
 eau like long o without the vanish u. 
 
 Vowels and diphthongs are rendered nasal when fol- 
 lowed by n, m t nd, nt, or mt at the end of a sylla- 
 ble except in the verbal ending of the third person 
 plural. 
 
 CONSONANTS : 
 
 Consonants are pronounced the same as in English, 
 except in the following cases : 
 
 C the same as s in song before e, e, <?, I, and /. 
 
 ch like sh. 
 
 g has the sound of z in azure when placed before , /, , 
 ^, and /'. 
 
 gn the same as in Italian. 
 
 h is often silent. 
 
 j like z in azure. 
 
 11 when placed after i is usually rendered like the Eng- 
 lish y (as a consonant), and often prolongs the i 
 (like ee). 
 
 n is nasal and often given the English pronunciation. 
 
 m is nasal under certain conditions. 
 
 r is rendered with somewhat of a roll. 
 
 s-final is silent. 
 
 t-final is silent. 
 
 cr, et, es, est, ez, when used as final syllables, are ren- 
 dered like /. 
 
 GENERAL RULE FOR ACCENTUATION: 
 
 Lightly accent the last syllable of a polysyllabic word, 
 but do not give any one syllable the strong stress 
 usual in English words.
 
 FRENCH, GERMAN, AND ITALIAN til 
 
 GERMAN. 
 
 VOWELS : 
 
 Simple vowels are pronounced the same as in Italian ; 
 
 y like / or u in German. 
 Vowels are modified as follows : 
 
 a as in care, but somewhat broader. 
 
 e as in fed. 
 
 6 has no equivalent in English. 
 
 Long 6 may be rendered by placing the lips to speak 
 
 oh, but saying d instead with the position of the 
 
 lips unchanged. 
 Short 8 is pronounced by saying / (as in fed) instead 
 
 of d. 
 
 ii has no equivalent in English. 
 Long u may be rendered by placing the lips to say oo 
 
 (toot), and saying ee (feet) instead. 
 Short u is pronounced by saying I (hit) instead of ee. 
 
 DIPHTHONGS : 
 
 ai and ei like long f in write. 
 
 ae like a. 
 
 au like ow in how. 
 
 eu and au like oi slightly separated (ah 1 -u). 
 
 CONSONANTS : 
 
 f , h, k, 1, m, n, p, t, the same as in English. 
 
 b when beginning a syllable or word is pronounced as 
 
 in English, but when ending a syllable or word it 
 
 is rendered like p. 
 d the same as in English, except when ending a syllable 
 
 or word ; in that case it is rendered like. &
 
 IV RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OP 
 
 C like k when placed before a, o, and u ; like ts bef or* 
 a, e, i, and a. 
 
 g is usually hard, but also like z in azure in French anc 1 
 Italian words in which g is so rendered. 
 
 The syllables ang, eng, ing, ong, and ung when end- 
 ing a word terminate with a k sound. 
 
 j like_y (consonant). 
 
 qu like kv. 
 
 r is rendered either with harsh breathing or a roll. 
 
 S when beginning a syllable or word, and also before a 
 vowel, has the sound of z (soft) ; ending a syllable 
 or word, like sharp s ; placed before t and p, begin- 
 ning a word, most frequently like sh \ otherwise a 
 is pronounced as in English. 
 
 V like/ 
 
 w like v (between v and w). 
 
 X like ks. 
 
 z likg ts. 
 
 COMPOUND CONSONANTS: 
 
 ch has no equivalent in English ; beginning a syllable, 
 or when placed after e, i, a, 6, ii, ai, ei, ae, ae, eu, 
 and au, it is soft (place the tongue to pronounce d, 
 but say h instead), ch is hard when placed after 
 a, o, u, and au. 
 
 chs like x. 
 
 sell like sh. 
 
 sp and st, see S. 
 
 th like t. 
 
 Accented syllables are rendered much the same as in 
 English, with a strong stress.
 
 FRENCH, GERMAN, AND ITALIAN V 
 
 ITALIAN. 
 VOWELS : 
 
 Vowels being very open are never to be rendered as 
 impure vowels or diphthongs. Vowels are long 
 when ending accented syllables and short in unac- 
 cented syllables, or when occurring in accented 
 ones terminating with a consonant. 
 
 a pronounced ah ah, but not d. 
 
 e like ay in day, but without the vanish ?, /, as in fed ; 
 also has the sound of a in care when placed 
 before r. 
 
 i has the sound of ee in feet ; f in hit ; when before a 
 vowel i has the sound of y (consonant). 
 
 like aw or oh, but without the vanish . 
 
 u like oo in toot ; u in full. 
 
 CONSONANTS : 
 
 All consonants are softer than in English, the soft con- 
 sonants being quite delicate. 
 
 b, d, f , 1, m, n, p, qu, s, t, v, are rendered as in English. 
 
 C sounds like k before a, o, u, or another consonant, 
 with the exception of c, as follows : 
 
 C like ch in check before e, or like ch in chair before i. 
 
 CC is like t-ch before e or i. 
 
 g is hard when placed before a, o, u, or another conso- 
 nant, with the exception of 1 and n. 
 
 gl is like l-y, and gn like n in canon (kan'-yon). 
 
 g is like a softy or like z in azure when placed before 
 e or i. 
 
 h is silent. 
 
 j sounds like y in you.
 
 vi RULES FOR PRONUNCIATION 
 
 r is pronounced with a roll by placing the tip of the 
 
 tongue against the hard palate. 
 
 In a doubled consonant the first syllable is prolonged. 
 Accented syllables are not so strongly marked as in 
 
 English, but are much dwelt upon.
 
 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS. 
 
 [The diacritical marks used in this vocabulary to designate the pro. 
 nunciation are those in most common use by philologists, and will be 
 readily understood by the reader.] 
 
 A. The sixth note in the natural diatonic scale. (That of 
 C major.) 
 
 A, //. (ah). At, to, by, in, on, for, with. 
 
 A, Fr. (a). To, with, at, on, by. 
 
 Ab, Ger. (ab). Off, of, from, down. 
 
 Abacas, Lot. (a-M-kus). An ancient instrument for divid- 
 ing the intervals of the octave. 
 
 Aballata, ft. (a bal-/d'-ta). In the style of a dance. See 
 Ballata. 
 
 Abandon, Fr. (a-banA d8n^). Freedom. 
 
 Abbandonarsi, It. (ab-ban-do-<i>-ze). To abandon oneself 
 to the influence of music. 
 
 Abbandonasi, //. (ab-ban-do-wa-ze). Without restraint. 
 
 Abbellare, //. (ab-bel-/-re). To embellish with ornaments. 
 
 Abcidiren, Ger. (ab-se-<#r-'n). A series of exercises in 
 which the names of the notes are used instead of words. 
 
 Abbellime'nto, It. (ab-bel-le-fwJw-to). An embellishment. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; , end ; I, ice ; I, ill ; 
 6, old ; 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; ii, but ; ii, (French).
 
 2 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Abblasen, Ger. (a^-bla-z'n). To sound or flourish the 
 
 trumpet. 
 
 Abendglocke, Ger. (a-bend-^/W-e). Evening bell, curfew. 
 Abendlied, Ger. (o-bend-led). Evening-song. 
 Abendmusik, Ger. (a-bend-i00-zik). Evening music. 
 Abendstandchen, Ger. (a-bend-j^Afi/-khen). A serenade. 
 Abenteuerlich, Ger. (a-ben-/te>-likh). Bold, strange. 
 Abgehend, Ger. (a'3-ga-hend). Dying away. 
 Abgestossen, Ger. (atf-ghe-shtos-s'n). Short, detached. 
 Abgeleiteter akkord, Ger. (a^-ghe-li-te-ter ak-kord). An 
 
 inversion of a chord. 
 
 Ab initio, Lat. (ab m-^-shi-6). From the commencement. 
 Abkurzungen, Ger. (a'3-kiirt-soong-en). Abbreviations. 
 Abnehmend, Ger. (a^-na-mend). Softening the tone. 
 Abrege", Fr. (a-bra-zha). To abridge. 
 Abruptio, Lat. (ab-r^-shi-o). A sudden stop. 
 Absatz, Ger. (atf-satz). A melodic phrase. 
 Abschwellen, Ger. (o^-schvel-1'n). Diminishing. 
 Abspielen, Ger. (a^-shpe-1'n). To perform on an instrument. 
 Abstimmung, Ger. (a^-shtim-moongk). Discordance. 
 Abstossen, Ger. (o^-shtos-s'n). To detach. To play staccato. 
 A capp^lla, It. (a kap-/d/-la). In the church or chapel 
 
 style. 
 
 A cappriccio, //. (a kap^>r^-she-6). In a capricious style. 
 AccarezzeVole, It. (ak-ka-ret-zJ-v5-le). Caressing, coaxing. 
 Accelerando, //. (at-chel-a-ra-d6). Gradually growing 
 
 faster. 
 
 Accent. Stress or emphasis placed on certain tones. 
 Acce'nto, It. (at-cAdn-to). Emphasis laid upon certain 
 
 notes. 
 Accentuate, //. (at-chen-tocni-re). To accentuate. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; I, ////
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 3 
 
 Acciaccato, It. (at-che-ak-/a-to). Violently. 
 
 Acciaccatura, It. (at-che-ak-ka-/<w-ra). The same as a short 
 
 appoggiatura. 
 Accidental. A sharp, flat or natural not found in the 
 
 signature. 
 Accolade, Fr. (ak-ko-/<fc/). A brace connecting two or more 
 
 staves. 
 Accompaniment. That part of a musical composition which 
 
 attends the melody or theme. 
 Accord, Fr. (ak-kor). A chord. 
 Accordato, It. (ak-kor-ata'-to). In tune. 
 Accordatura, ft. (ak-kor-da-totf-ra). Concord, harmony. 
 Accordoir, Fr. (a.'k-'kor-d-wdr). A tuning instrument. 
 Accresce'ndo, It. (ak-kre-stidn-do). Increasing. 
 Accresceie, It. (ak-kre-skd-re). To increase. 
 A cinq, Fr. (a san^k). For five parts. 
 Action. The mechanism of an organ or piano. 
 Ad, Lat. (ad). At, to. 
 Adagio, It. (a-</-je-o). Slow. 
 Adagio assai, It. (a-da-je-o as-sa-e). Very slow. 
 Adagio cantabile, It. (a-da-je-o kan-ta-te-la). Slow, in a 
 
 singing style. 
 Adagio con gravita, It. (a-da-je-o kSn.fra-ve-ta). Slow with 
 
 gravity. 
 
 Adagio dim61to, It. (a-da-je-o de mol-to). Very slow. 
 Adagio non tr6ppo, It. (a-da-je-5 non trSp-po). Not too slow. 
 Adagio pattico, It. (a-da-je-6 pa-^-te-ko). Slow and 
 
 pathetic. 
 
 Adagio pesante, It. (a-da-je-o pa-zan-te). Slow and heavy. 
 Adagio poi allegro, It. (a-da-je-5 po-e al-/J-gro). Slow, then 
 
 quick. 
 
 6, old ; o, odd ; o, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; ti, but ; ii, (French).
 
 4 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Ad Agio sostenuto, //. (a-da-je-o sos-ta-<v-t5). Slow and 
 sustained. 
 
 Adagissimo, //. (a-da^j-se-mo). Extremely slow. 
 
 Ad captandum, Lat. In a light and brilliant style. 
 
 Ad dolor ato, It. (ad-do-16-ra-to). Grieved. 
 
 A deux, Fr. (a dub). For two. 
 
 A deux mains, Fr. (a duh man). For two hands. 
 
 A deux pianos, Fr. (a duh pe-o-no). For two pianos. 
 
 A deux temps, Fr. (a duh tan/fc). In double time. 
 
 Ad libitum, Lat. (ad /tf-i-tum). At will, at pleasure. 
 
 Ad placitum, Lat. (ad/5/a-ci-tum). At pleasure. 
 
 A due, //. (a doo-e). For two. 
 
 A due c6Kle, //. (a doo-e &V-de). For two strings. 
 
 A due c6ri, //. (a doo-e ko-re). For two choirs. 
 
 A due strome'nti, It. (a doo-e stro-mdn-te). For two in- 
 struments. 
 
 A due v6ci, //. (a doo-e vo-che). For two voices. 
 
 A dur, Gtr. (a door). A major. 
 
 ^rophone, Fr. (e-ro-fon). A French reed instrument. 
 
 Affabile, It. Caf^S-be-le). Gracefully, gently. 
 
 Affanato, It. (af-fa-wa-to). Uneasily. 
 
 Affettu6so, //. (af-fet-too-5-zo). Tender. 
 
 Affrettando, //. (af-fret-^'w-do). Hurrying, quickening the 
 time. 
 
 Affrett6so, It. (af-fret-/(?-zo). Quick, accelerated, hurried. 
 
 Afindr, Sp. (a-fe-a>). To tune musical instruments. 
 
 AgeVole, It. (a^'J-vo-le). Light. 
 
 Aggiustam6nte, //. (ad-je-oos-ta-w<fM-te). Without chan- 
 ging the time. 
 
 Agilit6, Fr. (a-zhe-le-ta). Nimbleness. 
 
 Agilm4nte, It. (a-jel-zJ-te). Lively, gay. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; T, ice ; i, ///;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 5 
 
 Agitato, It. (aj-e-Ai'-to). Agitated. 
 
 A grand chceur, Fr. (kUr). With full choir. 
 
 A grand orchestra, Fr. (or-kestr). With full orchestra. 
 
 Agre'ments, Fr. (a-gra-man^). Embellishments. 
 
 Aigu, Fr. (a-gti). Acute, high, shrill. 
 
 Air. Melody, tune. 
 
 Air a boire, Fr. (ar a bwar). Drinking-song. 
 
 Air chantant, Fr. (ar sha.nA-ta.nA). A singing melody. 
 
 Air rapide, Fr. (ar ra-ped). A nourish. 
 
 Air tendre, Fr. (ar tan^-dr). Love song. 
 
 Air vari6, Fr. (ar va-ri-a). Air with variations. 
 
 Ais, Ger. (ois). The note A sharp. 
 
 Ais-dur, Ger. (ois-door). A sharp major. 
 
 Ais-moll, Ger. (ois-moll). A sharp minor. 
 
 Aise, Fr. (aiz). Glad, joyful ; easy, convenient. 
 
 Akkord, Ger. (ak-kdrd). Chord. 
 
 Akt, Ger. (akt). Act. 
 
 Al, It. (al). To the, up to the. 
 
 A la, Fr. (a la). In the style of. 
 
 A 1'abandon, Fr. (a la-ban/*-dSo6). With ease. 
 
 A la chasse, Fr. (a la shass). In the hunting style. 
 
 A la me me, Fr. (a la mam). In the same. 
 
 A la me'sure, Fr. (a la ma-ziir). In time. 
 
 A la militaire, Fr. (a la me-le-tdr). In the military style. 
 
 Alborada, Sp. (al-bo-ra-da). The music of a morning 
 
 serenade. 
 
 Alcun6, It. (al-koo-J). Some, certain. 
 Al fine, It. (aiy?-ne). To the end. 
 Alia br^ve, It. (a/-la brd-vz). Time of one breve in a 
 
 measure. 
 Alia caccia, It. (dl-Va. ^iV-che-a). In the hunting style. 
 
 5, old ; o, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; ii, {French).
 
 6 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Alia camera, It. (a/-la kd-me-ra.). In chamber music style. 
 Alia cappella, It. (a/-la kap-/<?/-la). Vocal chorus without 
 
 instrumental accompaniment. 
 Alia diritta, It. (a/-la de-r^-ta). In direct ascending or 
 
 descending style. 
 
 Alia marcia, It. (a/-la war-che-a). In marching style. 
 Alia moderna, //. (7-la m5-</<2r-na). In the modern style. 
 Alia Mortlsca, It. (#7-la mo-r&r-ka). In the Moorish style. 
 All' antic6, //. (al-lan-te-^J). In the ancient style. 
 Alia Palestrfna, It. (dt-la. Pa-les-ftv-na). In the style of 
 
 Palestrina (ecclesiastical). 
 
 Alia polacca, It. (dl-\a. po-/a/^-ka). In the style of a polo- 
 naise. 
 
 Alia quinta, //. (a/-la quen-ta). At the interval of a fifth. 
 Allargando, It. (al-lar-^B-d5). Growing broader. Slower 
 
 and more marked. 
 
 Alia rivrsa, It. (7-la re-vdr-sa.). In contrary motion. 
 Alia Tede'sca, It. (dl-Ya. te-Jaz-ka.). In the German style. 
 Alia Veneziana, It. (a/-la ve-na-tse-a-na). In the Venetian 
 
 style. 
 
 Alia zingara, It. (a/-la /Ji?-ga-ra). In gypsy style. 
 Alia z6ppa, It. (a/-la tsof-pa.). In a halting style. 
 Alle, Ger. (dl-\e). All. 
 Allegramente, It. (al-le-gra-Jw-te). Cheerfully, gaily, 
 
 lightly. 
 
 Allegrdnte, It. (a\-\e-grdn-te). Joyous, mirthful. 
 Allegrettfno, It. (al-le-gret-/^-n6). A short allegretto. A 
 
 movement slower than allegretto. 
 Allegretto, It. (al-le-r<W-to). Lively. Faster than andante 
 
 and slower than allegro. 
 Allegre'zza, //. (al-le-^-r<f/-za). Liveliness. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; I, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS f 
 
 Allegrissimo, It. (al-Ia-^r^r-se-mo). As quick as possible. 
 Allegro, //. (al-/<?-gro). Quick. 
 
 Allegro agitato, It. (al-/<?-gro aj-e-te'-to). Quick and agitated. 
 Allegro appassionato, It. (al-/-gro ap-pas-se-o--to). Pas- 
 sionately joyful. 
 
 Allegro assai, It. (al-/J-gro as-jw-e). Faster than allegro. 
 Allegro c6modo, It. (al-/<?-gr5 &7-m5-d5). A comfortable 
 
 degree of speed. 
 Allegro COn brio, It. (al-/tf-gro kon bre-o}. Quick, and with 
 
 spirit. 
 Allegro con fu6co, It. (al A?-gro kon foo-J-ko). Quick and. 
 
 fiery. 
 Allegro COn m6tO, It. (al-/V?-gro kon tno-to). Quick, with an\ 
 
 animated and energetic movement. 
 Allegro con spirito, It. (al-/<?-gro kon j^-re-to). Quick, with 
 
 energy. 
 Allegro di bravura, It. (al-Af-gro de bra-z/^-ra). Quick, with 
 
 dash. 
 Allegro di m61tO, It. (al-/f-gr5 de mol-lo). With much 
 
 rapidity. 
 
 Allegro furi6so, It. (al-/<?-gr5 foo-re-J-zo). Fast and furious. 
 Alle"gro giustO, It. (a.\-/d-grojoos-to). An appropriate degree 
 
 of rapidity. 
 Allegro ma grazi6so, It. (al-/<?-gro ma gra tse-J-zo). Quick 
 
 but graceful. 
 Allegro ma non presto, It. (al-/<f-gro ma n6n/rJj-to). Fast, 
 
 but not too much so. 
 Allegro ma non tanto, It. (al-/<?-gro ma n8n tan-to). Quick 
 
 but not too rapid. 
 Allegro ma non tr6ppO, It. (al-/*?-gro ma n5n trSp-^o). 
 
 Quick, but not too rapid. 
 
 6, old ; o, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but : ii, (French}.
 
 8 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Allegro moderate,//. (iil-/d-gr6 mod-eVa-to). Moderately fast. 
 
 Allegro m61to, It. (al-/<?-gr5 mol-io). Very fast. 
 
 Allegro risoluto, It. (al-/J-gro re-zo-/w-to). Quick and 
 
 resolute. 
 
 Allegro ve!6ce, It. (al-/<f-gro ve-/J-che). Quick and swift. 
 Alle*gro vivace, It. (al-/<2-gr5 ve-z/o-che). Quick and spirited. 
 Allegro vivo, It. (al-/<f-gro ve-vo). Quick and lively. 
 Allegrusio, It. (al-le-^ra^-ze-o). Good-humored, sprightly. 
 Allein, Ger. (a\-lm). Alone, only. 
 Alleinsang, Ger. (al-/f-sang). A solo. 
 Allentamento, It. (al-len-ta-/<?-to). Slackening. 
 All 'ottdva, It. (al ot-ta'-va). An octave above or below. 
 All 'unis6no, It. (al oo-ne-0J-n6). In unison. 
 Al piac^re, It. (al pe-a-^J-re). At pleasure. 
 Al piu, It. (al pe-oo). The most. 
 Al rig6re del te'mpo, It. (al re-^re del tdm-po). In strict 
 
 time. 
 
 Al rive'rso, //. (al re-^^-so). In contrary motion. 
 Al segno, It. (al sdn-yo). To the sign :$:. See Segno. 
 Alt, Ger. (alt). Alto. 
 Alt, //. (alt). High ; applied to the octave. 
 
 m +. -p- ^ f. 4= 
 
 If 
 
 [ 
 
 
 
 xT / 
 
 i ' 
 
 
 
 crco 
 
 
 
 
 Alter^zza, It. (al-ta-r/^j-tsa). Loftiness, sublimity. 
 
 Altissimo, It. (al-^j-se-mo). Octave above Alt. 
 
 Alto. The deeper of the two chief divisions of women's or 
 
 boys' voices. 
 
 Altus, Lat. (a/-tus). The alto or counter tenor. 
 Amabile, It. (a-wza-be-le). Sweet, tender, gentle. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add j a, care ; a, arm; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; T, /7/y
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 9 
 
 AmareVole, It. (a-ma-rJ-vo-le). Mournfully. 
 
 Am6re, //. (a-wzJ-re). Love. 
 
 Am6re, con. Fondly, tenderly. 
 
 Amor6so, It. (a.-mo-ro-zo). Loving, tender. 
 
 Anche, Fr. (an^sh). Reed. 
 
 Anche, It. (an-ka). Also, likewise, too, even. 
 
 Andacht, Ger. (o-dakht). Devotion. 
 
 Andante, It. (an-a'aw-te). A moderately slow movement. 
 
 Andante affettudso, It. (an-</o'-te af-fet-too-<?-z5). Slowly 
 
 and tenderly. 
 Andante cantabile, It. (an-dfo'-te can-to'-be-le). Slow, in a 
 
 singing manner. 
 Andante con m6to, It. (an-</a-te kon mo-to). Slow, with 
 
 movement. 
 Andante grazi6so, It. (an-^/aw-te gra-tse-^zo). Slow and 
 
 graceful. 
 
 Andante largo, It. (an-dan-te Idr-gS). Slow, distinct. 
 Andante maest6so, //. (an-d?a-te ma-es-^J-zo). Slow and 
 
 majestic. 
 Andante ma non tr6ppO, It. (an-a?a-te ma non trSp-^o). 
 
 Slow, but not too much so. 
 Andantino, It. (an-dan ^-no). Strictly meaning slower than 
 
 andante, but used often in the reverse sense. 
 Anfang, Ger. (a'w-fang). Beginning. 
 
 Anfiihrer, Ger. (o'w-fuh-rer). A conductor, director, leader. 
 Angemessen, Ger. (an-ghe-zr-s'n). Appropriate. 
 Angoscioso, //. (an-gos-che-J-zo). Plaintively. 
 Angstlich, Ger. (J^rMikh). Fearfully. 
 Anhang, Ger. (a-hang). Coda. 
 Anima, It. (aw-e-ma). Life. 
 Animate, It. (an-e-/-to). Animated. 
 
 5, old ; 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; ii, but ; i\, (French}.
 
 IO PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Anim6so, It. (an-e-/J-z6). Spirited. 
 
 Anklang, Ger. (a-klang). Harmony. 
 
 Anlage, Ger. (a-la-ghe). The plan of a composition. 
 
 Antecedent. The initial phrase of a melody, requiring to 
 be followed by another called its consequent. 
 
 Antiphone, Gr. (<3:-te-f6-ne). Responsive singing. 
 
 Antithesis. A term used to indicate the last half of a 
 musical period, also the answer in a figure. 
 
 Anwachsend, Ger. (aw-vakh-send). Increasing. 
 
 A piacere, It. (a pe-a-^-re). At pleasure. 
 
 A p6co, //. (a-/J-ko). By little. 
 
 Appassionato, It. (ap-pas-se-6-a-to). Impassioned. 
 
 Appoggiatura, It. (ap-pod-je-a-rtTb-ra). The accented appog- 
 giatura is a grace note placed before the real melody- 
 note and taking the accent and part of the latter's 
 time value. The long appoggiatura is now obsolete. 
 The short appoggiatura is a small eighth-note or six- 
 teenth-note having a slanting stroke through the hook, 
 and is played as rapidly as possible. 
 
 A quatre mains, Fr. (a katr maa). For four hands. 
 
 A quatre seuls, Fr. (a katr siil). For four soloists. 
 
 A quatre voix, Fr. (a katr vwa). For four voices. 
 
 Arche, Ger. (<i>-khe). Sounding-board of an organ. 
 
 Arco, //. (>-ko). Bow. 
 
 Ardito, //. (ar-fl?-to). Spirited, bold. 
 
 Aria, It. (a-re-a). Air, melody. 
 
 Arietta, It. (a-re-#-ta). A short aria. 
 
 Ariette, Fr. (a-re-et). A long aria. 
 
 Arioso, It. (a-re-J-zo). A style betweeen the aria and reci- 
 tative. In instrumental music this term has the same 
 meaning as cantabile. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice : T, *'//;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS I I 
 
 Arpa, It. (aV-pa). Harp. 
 
 Arpege, Fr. (ar-pazh). Breaking a chord. 
 
 Arpeggio, //. (ar-pad-je-6). A broken chord. 
 
 Arsis, Gk. (a>-sis). Up-beat. 
 
 As,_Ger. (as). The note A flat. 
 
 As dur, Ger. (as door). The key of A-flat major. 
 
 As moll, Ger. (as moll). The key of A-flat minor. 
 
 Assai, It. (as-j<i'-e). Rather, very. 
 
 Assai piu, It. (as-j-a-e pe-oo). Much more. 
 
 Assez, Fr. (as-sa). Rather. 
 
 A te"mpo, It. (a tem-po). In time. 
 
 A tre c6rde, //. (a tra kdr-Ae). For three strings. 
 
 A tre v<5ci, It. (a tra vo-z\\S). For three voices. 
 
 Attacca, It. (at-&f-ka). Begin what follows without pausing. 
 
 Aufgeweckt, Ger. (0a/-ga-vekht). Agitated. 
 
 Aufhalten, Ger. (ra/-hal-t'n). To suspend. 
 
 Auf schwung, Ger. (<7o^schvoongk). Soaring impetuosity. 
 
 Auftritt, Ger. (awf-tnt). Scene. 
 
 Ausdruck, Ger. ((nvs-drook). Expression. 
 
 Aushalten, Ger. (ows-ha.\-t'n). To sustain. 
 
 Ausstimmen, Ger. (<wj-shtim-men). To tune thoroughly. 
 
 Authentic cadence. The dominant triad followed by the 
 
 tonic. 
 
 Avec, Fr. (a-vek). With. 
 A vide, Fr. (a ved). Open. 
 A volonte, Fr. (a vo-16n>4-ta). At will. 
 
 B. The seventh note of the natural diatonic scale. The 
 
 Germans call B, " H." 
 
 Bacas, Sp. (b'a.-&ds). Quick tune on the guitar. 
 Badinage, Fr. (bad-i-nazA). Playfulness. 
 
 6, old ; 6, odd : 6, done : oo, moon : ft, lute ; u, but ; ii, (French).
 
 12 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Bagatelle, Fr. (bag-a-#/). A trifle. 
 
 Baguette, Fr. (bz-gket). A drum-stick. A violin-stick. 
 
 Bal, Fr. (bal). Ball. 
 
 BaldamSnte, It. (bal-da-w-te). Boldly. 
 
 Bar. A vertical line dividing measures on the staff. 
 
 Barytone. The male voice intermediate between bass and 
 
 tenor. Also a name given to the euphonium. 
 Bass. The lowest male voice. The lowest part of a musical 
 
 composition. Also a term used in place of contra-bass. 
 Bass-clef. F-clef on the fourth line. 
 
 Basso, It. (bds-so). A term used at times in place of bass. 
 Basso cantante, It. (bds-so kan-Ai'-te). Vocal bass. 
 Basso contfnuo, It. (i>as-so kon-#-noo-o). Thorough bass. 
 Baton. A stick used by conductors in beating time. 
 Bauernlied, Ger. (fow-ern-led). A rustic ballad. 
 Beat. The motion of the hand or foot in marking time. 
 Bedeckt, Ger. (be-dttt). Stopped. 
 Begleiten, Ger. (be-^/f-t'n). To accompany. 
 Begleitung, Ger. (be-^/f-toongk). An accompaniment. 
 Beispiel, Ger. (<$f-spel). An example. 
 Belebt, Ger. (be-lebt). Animated. 
 
 Bmol, Fr. (ba-mol). A term used to denote a flat (|>). 
 Ben, It. (ban). Well ; very. 
 Berceuse, Fr. (ber-siiss). A cradle-song. 
 Bes, Ger. (bes). The note B double flat. 
 Bestimmt, Ger. (bes-tfw*/). Decided. 
 Betont, Ger. (be-tont). Accented. 
 Bewegt, Ger. (be-vffgt). Agitated. 
 Bien chante", Fr. (beyanA chan^-ta). Molto cantabile. 
 Bis, Lat. (bis). Twice. 
 Bizzarro, It. (bet-foafr-ro). Fantastical. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end : T, ice ; I, /'// ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 13 
 
 Blase-instrume'nte, Ger. (/a-ze-m-stroo-*/#-te). Wind in- 
 struments. 
 
 Blech-instrume'nte, Ger. (blekh-in-stroo-w/w-te). Brass in- 
 struments. 
 
 B mol, Fr. (ba mol). The note B flat. 
 
 B moll, Ger. (bd mol). The key of B-flat minor. 
 
 Bogen, Ger. (M-g'n). Bow, slur, or tie. 
 
 Bourdonnement, Fr. (boor-don-mon^). Humming, singing. 
 
 Bourre", Fr. (boor-ra). An old dance of Spanish or French 
 origin. 
 
 Brace. The sign j used to connect two or more staves. 
 
 Branle, Fr. (branA-le). An old French dance in 4-4 time. 
 
 Bratsche, Ger. (ra-tsche). The viola. 
 
 Braut-lied, Ger. (&r<nvt-led). Bridal song. 
 
 Bravura, It. (bra-zw-ra). Dash, brilliancy. 
 
 Breit, Ger. (brit). Stately, slow. 
 
 Breve. The longest note used in modern music ; it is equal 
 to eight quarter beats or two whole notes. It is written 
 _ thus : 
 
 
 Brillante, It. (brel-/a-te). Brilliant. 
 
 Brindisi, It. (bren-o-ze). Drinking-song. 
 
 Brio, //. (bre-o). Spirit, fire. 
 
 Biiffa, It. (boof-t). Comic. 
 
 Buona nota, It. (bwo-na no-ta). Accented note. 
 
 Bdrla, It. (boor-\3). A jest. 
 
 Burle'sco, //. (boor-/Jj-k5). Burlesque. 
 
 C. The first note of the natural diatonic scale. 
 Cachucha, Sp. (ka-fc^w-tcha). A popular Spanish dance. 
 
 6, old ; 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; u, {French).
 
 14 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Cadence. A close, an ending. 
 
 Cade*nza, It. (ka-</<?-tsa). That part of a vocal or instru- 
 mental solo intended to display the technical ability of 
 the soloist. 
 
 Caisse, Fr. (kass). A drum. 
 
 Calando, It. (ka-/<z>z-d6). Decreasing. 
 
 Calcando, //. (kal-Azw-do). Increasing. 
 
 Calma, It. (<z/-ma). Calm. 
 
 Cal6re, It. (ka-/<J-re). Warmth. 
 
 Canon. A kind of composition in which two or more parts 
 take up in succession the same melody or subject. 
 
 Cantabile, It. (kan-te'-be-le). In a singing style. 
 
 Cantando, It. (kan-&f-do). In a singing style. 
 
 Cantile'na, //. (kan-ti-/<?-na). A ballad or popular song. In 
 instrumental music the term is used to indicate a flow- 
 ing, song-like character. 
 
 Canto, It. (kdn-to). Song ; the highest vocal or instru- 
 mental part. 
 
 Canto clef. The C clef when placed on the first line. 
 
 Canto cromatico, It. (kdn-io kro-OTa-te-k5). Singing in 
 semitones. 
 
 Canto f^rmo, It. (kdn-to fdr-mo). A melody given as a 
 subject for contrapuntal treatment. 
 
 Canto figurato, It. (Mn-to fe-goo -ra-to). A figured melody. 
 
 Canto fune'bre, It. (kdn-to foo-d-bre). A funeral song. 
 
 Canto Gregoriano, It. (kdn-io gre-go-re-i'-no). The Grego- 
 rian chant. 
 
 Canto necessario, It. (kdn-io na-ches-j-a-re-o). A term which 
 indicates the parts that are to sing through the piece. 
 
 Canto primo, It. (kdn-to pre-mo). The first treble or so- 
 prano. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; T, ice ; i, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 15 
 
 Cant6r, //. (kan-tfr). A precentor. 
 
 Cantrice, It. (k&n-tre-che). A female singer. 
 
 Cant us, Lat. (Mn-tus). A melody. 
 
 Canz6na, /A (kaiWj0-na). Song, ballad, canzonet. 
 
 Capelle, Ger. (ka-///-le). An orchestra. 
 
 Capella alia, //. (kap-///-la al-la). In church style. 
 
 Capellmeister, Ger. (&i'-pel-/*>ter). Choir-master; con- 
 ductor of an orchestra. 
 
 Capo, It. (M-po). Beginning or head. 
 
 Capriccio, //. (ka-/r#-che-o). A composition written in a 
 capricious style. 
 
 Carezzevdle, //. (ka-ret-tsa-z/^-la). Soothingly. 
 
 Carillon, Fr. (ka-re-yon^). Chime. 
 
 Carita, It. (ka-r^-ta). Feeling. 
 
 Carmen, Ger. (Mr-men). A song, a tune. 
 
 Carol. A name given to songs of praise, joy, and exulta- 
 tion. Of such character are the songs which celebrate 
 Christmas and Easter. 
 
 Cassa, It. (>a'.r-sa). A bass drum. 
 
 Cavatina, It. (ka-va-^-na). A short song. The term is 
 frequently used by opera composers to indicate a vocal 
 air of less extent than the aria, and with little or no 
 embellishment. 
 
 Caxa, Sp. (kax-a). A drum. 
 
 Cdez, Fr. (sa-da). Decrescendo ; also to follow the voice. 
 
 Celere, It. (cAd-le-ra). Rapid. 
 
 Celeste, Fr. (sa-/rf). Celestial, heavenly. 
 
 Celestina, //. (cha-les-/-na). An organ stop. 
 
 Cento. A composition formed by selections from one com- 
 poser's works. 
 
 Ces, Ger. (tses). C t>. 
 
 6, old ; o, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; ii, but ; u, (French}.
 
 1 6 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Cetra, It. (cka-tra). A small harp. 
 
 Chaconne. An instrumental composition in i time and slow 
 
 tempo, usually founded on a ground bass. 
 Chamade, Pr. (sha-z&/). Signal for a parley or surrender 
 
 by beat of drum. 
 Chamber-music. Vocal or instrumental compositions whose 
 
 nature renders them more suitable for performance in a 
 
 room or small hall than in halls of large dimension. 
 
 Under this head are placed sonatas for one or more 
 
 instruments, songs, string-quartets, etc. 
 Chanson, Fr. (shan/fc-son/fc). A song. 
 Chansonnette, Fr. (shan/fc-son-#). A short song. 
 Chant de noel, Fr. (shanb diih no-el). A Christmas carol. 
 Characterstucke, Ger. (^a-rac-ter-shtiick-e). A name given 
 
 to short instrumental compositions of a descriptive 
 
 style. 
 
 Chef, Fr. (shef). Chief. 
 Chest-register. The lower register of the voice. 
 
 Chest tones, i , 
 
 > i he lowest register of the voice. 
 Chest voice. j 
 
 Chest, wind. A reservoir in an organ for holding air. 
 
 Chiaro, It. (ke-a-ro). Clear, brilliant tone. 
 
 Chiave, It. (ke-a-va). A clef, or key. 
 
 Chevrotement, Fr. (she-vrot-monA). A tremor or shake in 
 singing. 
 
 Choeur, Fr. (kuhr). Choir, chorus. 
 
 Chor, Ger. (k5r). Chorus. 
 
 Choral. An early German Protestant church hymn-tune, or 
 a hymn-tune of that style. 
 
 Chord. Two or more tones of different pitch united accord- 
 ing to the laws of harmony. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; &, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; i, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS I/ 
 
 Chorus. A body of singers ; also a composition written for 
 them. 
 
 Chroma, Gr. (kro-ma). The chromatic signs. 
 
 Chromatic. Proceeding by semitones ; also relating to 
 those tones that are foreign to a given key. 
 
 Cinq, Fr. (sanAk). Five. 
 
 Cinque-pace. An old dance having a five-step movement. 
 
 Cis, Ger. (tsls). C 1 
 
 Clams, Lat. (//a'-rus). Loud, clear, bright. 
 
 Clave, Lat. (/a-ve). A key ; a cleft. 
 
 Clavier, Ger. (klay^r). The pianoforte. 
 
 Clavis, Lat. (/<z-vis). A key ; a clef. 
 
 Clef. A character placed at the head of the staff to indi- 
 cate the position of one note, and thereby that of the 
 remaining notes. 
 
 C major. The diatonic scale, or key of C, without flats or 
 sharps. 
 
 C minor. The diatonic scale, or key of C, with the third 
 and sixth flatted. 
 
 C moll, Ger. (tsa moll). The key of C minor. 
 
 C natural. C without flat or sharp. 
 
 C6da, It. (fe^da). A few measures added to the end of a 
 piece of music. 
 
 C6da brillante, It. (ko-fa. brel-/a-te). A brilliant termina- 
 tion. 
 
 Col, It. (koll). With the. 
 
 Col basso, //. (k51 &zj-so). With the bass. 
 
 Col canto, It, (k81 kdn-io). With the melody or voice. 
 
 Colla sinistra, //. (kol-la se--tra). With the left hand. 
 
 Colla v6ce, It. (kol-la vo-che). With the voice. The ac- 
 companist to take the time from the singer. 
 
 5, old ; 8, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; u, (French).
 
 I 8 PRONOUNCIA T G DICTIONARY 
 
 Coll' Ottdva, //. (kol-1' dt-Az-va). To be played in octaves. 
 
 Coloratura, It. (ko-15-ra-/^-ra). Runs, passages, trills, add- 
 ing brilliancy to a vocal or instrumental composi- 
 tion. 
 
 C6me, It. (/J-me). As, like. 
 
 C6me prima, It. (ko-mz pre-ma). As at first. 
 
 C6me supra, It. (/J-me j<?-pra). As above. 
 
 C6me sta, //. (ko-me sta). As it stands. Perform exactly 
 as written. 
 
 Common time. Double or quadruple time. 
 
 Common turn. A turn consisting of a principal note, the 
 note above it, and the note below. 
 
 Compass. The range of notes of which any voice or instru- 
 ment is capable. 
 
 Complesso, It. (kom-//Jj-so). A term applied to a chord 
 which is complete. 
 
 Compound intervals. Those which exceed the extent of an 
 octave. 
 
 Con, It. (k5n). With. 
 
 Con aband6no, //. (kon a-ban-</<?-no). With passion, with 
 ardent feeling. 
 
 Con animo, //. (kon a-e-mo). With animation. 
 
 Concento, It. (kon-cAdn-to). Concord. Harmony of voices 
 and instruments. 
 
 Concerted music. Compositions written for several voices 
 or instruments. 
 
 Concert-master. The leading first violinist of an orchestra. 
 
 Concerto. A composition of length for a solo instrument 
 with orchestral accompaniment, generally in symphonic 
 form, but with three movements. 
 
 Concertstuck, Ger. (k8n-tairf-shtiik). A concert-piece. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; T, ice ; i, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 19 
 
 Concomitant sounds. Accessory sounds. 
 
 Conductor. One who drills and conducts an orchestra or 
 chorus. 
 
 Consolante, It. (kon-s5-/aw-te). Consoling. 
 
 Contera, Sp. (kon-ta-ra). Prelude. 
 
 Contra bass. A double bass. 
 
 Contralto. (See Alto.) In Germany the term is some- 
 times used to indicate the lower alto voice. 
 
 Cor, Fr. (kor). A horn. 
 
 C6rchea, Sp. (/<*r-ka-a). A crotchet. 
 
 C6rda, It. (Mr-da.). A string. 
 
 C6rno, It. (kdr-no). A horn. 
 
 C6ro, It. (ko-ro). Chorus. 
 
 Counterpoint. The art of combining two or more melodies 
 according to the laws which govern polyphonic com- 
 position. 
 
 Counter tenor. High tenor. The highest male voice. 
 
 Crescendo, //. (kre-j^Jw-d5). Increasing the volume of 
 sound. 
 
 Cr6mmo, It. (krom-mo). A choral dirge. 
 
 Crotchet. A quarter-note. 
 
 Cue. Music inserted in small notes just before the entrance 
 of a voice or instrument in concerted music to suggest 
 the entrance of that part. 
 
 Cum cantu, Lat. (kum Mn-tu). With song. 
 
 D. The second note of the natural diatonic scale. 
 Da, It. (da). By, for, from, of. 
 Da capo, It. (da ta-po). From the beginning. 
 Da capo al fine, It. (da M-po al /<?-ne). From the begin- 
 ning to the end. 
 
 6, old ; 8, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; ii, (French).
 
 2O PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Da capo al se'gno, It. (da-&i'-po al sdn-yo). From the begin- 
 ning to the sign :g;. 
 
 Da capo senza repetizi6ne, It. (da kd-^po san-tsa 
 ra-pa-te-tse-J-ne). From the beginning without repeti- 
 tion. 
 
 Dagli, It. (dal-ye). 
 
 Dai, It. (da-e). 
 
 Dal, It. (dal). 
 
 DalP, It. (dall'). ^ To the, by the, from the, for the. 
 
 Dalla, It. 
 
 Dalle, It. 
 
 Dallo, It. (dal-\o). _ 
 
 Dal se'gno, It. (dal sdn-yo). From the sign ;g:. (See Segno.) 
 
 Dampfer, Ger. (ddm-pter). A damper, or mute. 
 
 Da scherzo, It. (da skdrt-so). Lively, playful. 
 
 Decdnto, Lat. (da-&z#-to). To sing, to chant. 
 
 D&ide", Fr. (da-^-da). Decided. 
 
 Deciso, It. (da.-cAe-zo). Decided, energetic. 
 
 Declamando, It. (dek-1'a.-mdn-do). In declamatory style. 
 
 Decompose", Fr. (da-k8m-/<?-za). Disconnected. 
 
 Decresce'ndo, It. (da-kre-j^Jw-do). Decreasing the volume 
 of sound. 
 
 Deficie'ndo, It. (da-fe-che-<f-d5). Dying away. 
 
 Degli, //. (dal-ye). Of the; than the. 
 
 Degree. Any tone of a major or minor scale. 
 
 Dei, It. (da-e). Of the; than the. 
 
 Del', It. (dal). "I 
 
 Dell', It. (dall'). 
 
 Delia, It. (ddl-\a.). i> Of the; than the. 
 
 Delle, It. (ddl-\e). 
 
 Dello, It. (ddl-\o). J 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; &, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; T, ice ; T, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 21 
 
 Deliberate, It. (de-le-ba-ra-to). Deliberate. 
 
 Delicate, It. (del-e-&z-t6). In a delicate style. 
 
 Delirfo, //. (de-/-re-o). Frenzy. 
 
 Deliziosame'nte, //. (de-le-tse-6-za-/w<f-te). Deliciously, 
 
 sweetly. 
 
 Demi, Fr. (de-me). Half. 
 Depression. The lowering of a tone. 
 Des, Ger. (des). D b. 
 
 DesideYio, It. (da-se-o^-re-o). Desire, longing. 
 D&tO, It. (das-id). Sprightly. 
 Destra, It. (^fj-tra). Right. 
 Detach^, Fr. (da-ta-sha). Detached, staccato. 
 Deux, Fr. (dii). Two. 
 
 Dev6to, //. (da-z>J-to). In a devotional style. 
 Deztra, Lot. (dex-tra.). Right. 
 Di, It. (de). Of, from, to. 
 Diatonic. A term used to describe the tones of the major 
 
 or minor scale. 
 
 Di chiaro, It. (de ke-a-ro). Clearly. 
 Di c6lto, It. (de kol-to). At once. 
 Difficile, It. (defy?-che-le). Difficult. 
 Di gala, It. (de ^vi'-la). Merrily. 
 Dilue'ndo, It. (de-loo-J-d5). Dying away. 
 Diminuendo, It. (de-me-noo-^-do). Diminishing in loud 
 
 ness. 
 
 Di nu6vo, It. (de noo-J-v5). Again, anew. 
 Dis, Ger. (dez). D 1 
 Discant. The treble or soprano voice. 
 Disinv61to, It. (dez-en-zJ/-to). Free, graceful. 
 Distinto, //. (des-^-t5). Distinct. 
 Divisi, It. (de-w-ze). Divided. 
 
 6, old; o, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; ii, but ; ii, (French).
 
 22 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Div6to, It. (de-3w-toj. Devoutly. 
 
 Do. The Italian name for C. It is also the name of the 
 
 first degree of any scale. 
 D61ce, It. (atf/-che). Sweet, soft. 
 Dole"nte, It. (do-/<?*<-te). Plaintivt, sad, 
 Dol6re, //. (do-/J-re). Grief. 
 Dolor6so, It. (do-lo-r<?-z6). Sorrowful. 
 Dominant. The fifth note in the scale. 
 Donner une serenade, Fr. (don-na un ser-en-&/). To 
 
 serenade. 
 
 D6pO, It. (do-po). After. 
 Doppel, Ger. (a^-p'l). Double. 
 Doppio, //. (o^-pe-6). Double. 
 D6ppio movime'nto, //. (o^-pe-o mo-ve-/w<f-to). T\\ice as 
 
 fast. 
 
 Double. An obsolete term for variation. 
 Doucement, Fr. (doos-ma.nh). Gently, softly. 
 Doux, Fr. (doo). Gentle, soft. 
 Doux mais soutenu, Fr. (doo ma .nw-te-nti). Soft but 
 
 sustained. 
 
 Drangend, Ger. (drdn-gend). Hurrying, hastening. 
 Drei, Ger. (dri). Three. 
 
 Dreiklang, Ger. (</rf-klang). Three tones, a triad. 
 Dreist, Ger. (drist). Bold. 
 Dreigstigkeit, Ger. (</rr-tig-kit). Boldness. 
 Dreistimmig, Ger. (</rw-tim-mig). For three parts, or 
 
 voices. 
 
 Drohne, Ger. (dro-ne). A heavy tone. A drone. 
 Droit (c), Fr. (drwa). Right. 
 Due, It. (doo-e). Two. 
 Dulcet. Soft. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm; e, eve ; e, end ; T, ice ; i, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 23 
 
 Dumph, Ger. (doomph). Of a dull, hollow sound. 
 
 Duolo, It. (dwo-\o). Sadness, melancholy. 
 
 Duple. Double. 
 
 Double rhythm. Rhythm of two beats to a measure. 
 
 Dur, Ger. (door). Major. 
 
 Durdle, It. (doo-ra-le). Harsh. 
 
 Durame'nte, //. (doo-ra-/<?-te). Harshly. 
 
 Durch, Ger. (doorkh). Through. 
 
 Durchfuhrung, Ger. (</<:wM-fu-roongk). The development 
 
 of a theme. 
 
 Duster, Ger. (diis-ter). Gloomy. 
 Dux, Lot. (dux). The subject or theme of a fugue. 
 
 E. The third tone in the natural diatonic scale. 
 E, It. And. 
 
 Ebollime'nto, It. (a-b61-le-7w<f-to). A sudden and impas- 
 sioned display of emotion. 
 
 Eccheggiante, It. (ek-kad-je-o-te). Echoing, resounding. 
 Eclat, Fr. (a.-kla). Same as Brio. 
 Ed, It. (ad). And. 
 
 Egalite", Fr. (ji-gal-e-ta). Evenness, smoothness. 
 Eilen, Ger. (M'n). To hasten. 
 Eilig, Ger. (T-lig). In a hurried style. 
 Ein, Eins, Ger. (in, Ins). One. 
 Einfach, Ger. (f-fakh). Simple. 
 Einhalten, Ger. (fw-hal-t'n). To pause. 
 Einleitung, Ger. (f-li-toongk). Introduction. 
 Einschlafen, Ger. (f-shla-f n). To die away. 
 Eis, Ger. (is). E 1 
 
 Elegante, Fr. and It. (el-a-^aw-te). Elegant, graceful. 
 Eleganza, It. (el-aa-tsa). Elegance. 
 
 6, old ; 8, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; u, (French),
 
 24 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Elego, Sp. (el-<?-go). Plaintive. 
 
 Elevate, It. (el-e-z/a-to). Lofty, sublime. 
 
 Emeiillonne', Fr. (a-ma-ril-j/^w-na). Brisk, lively. 
 
 Empater les sons, Fr. (an^-pa-ta la sonA). To produce a 
 very smooth and suave legato. 
 
 Empfindungsvoll, Ger. (empyVtt-doongs-fol). With emo- 
 tion. 
 
 Emphatique, Fr. (a.nA-fa.-te&). Emphatic. 
 
 Emporte", Fr. (an>-por-ta). Carried away by feeling. 
 
 Empress^, Fr. (anA-pres-sa). Eager, in haste. 
 
 En elargissant, Fr. (an a-lar-zhis-sanA). Same as allargando. 
 
 Eneigia, //. (en-^r-je-a). Energy. 
 
 Eneigico, ft. (en-<fr-je-ko). Vigorous. 
 
 Enfasi, //. (en^'-ze). Emphatic. 
 
 Enfler, Fr. (UnA-fld). To increase the tone. 
 
 Engfuhrung, Ger. (eng^^-roongk). The stretto in a fugue. 
 
 Enharmonic. A term used to indicate a change in name, 
 but not in pitch of any tone, interval, chord, or scale. 
 Thus, for example, the note C may be named B 9 or 
 Dbb. 
 
 Enjoue', Fr. (an^-zhoo-a). Cheerful, gay. 
 
 Ensemble music. Concerted music. Music intended for 
 more thansone performer. 
 
 En serrant, Fr. (anA ser-ranA). Pressing. 
 
 Entr'acte, Fr. (an^-tr' akt). Music intended for perform- 
 ance between the acts of an opera or play. 
 
 Entschlafen, Ger. (ent-j^/a-fn). Diminuendo. 
 
 Entschlossen, Ger. (ent-j^/Jj-s'n). In a determined manner. 
 
 En voz, Sp. (en voth). In voice. 
 
 E poi, It. fe p5-e). And then. 
 
 Equabile, //. (e-^a-be-le). Equal, smooth. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; i, ///;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 2$ 
 
 Erfreulich, Ger. (er-froi-likA). Joyful. 
 Ergriffen, Ger. (er-^r^-f n). Affected, stirred. 
 Erhaben, Ger. (er-^a-b'n). Lofty, sublime. 
 Ermunterung, Ger. (er-*w0<w-te-roongk). Animation. 
 Ernst, Ger. (ernst). Earnest, serious, grave. 
 Erdico, It. (er-J-i-ko). Heroic. 
 Erotic. Amatory. A love-song. 
 Erst, Ger. (erst). First. 
 Ersterben, Ger. (er-j^#r-b'n.) To die away. 
 Erweckung, Ger. (er-z/<?-oongk). Awakening, animation. 
 Es, Ger. (az). E^. 
 Esatto, It. (ez-a'Ato). Exact, true. 
 Esempio, It. (eW/-pe-6). Example. 
 Eses, Ger. (az-az). E^. 
 Esitam^nto, It. (ez-e-ta-*<?-to). Hesitation. 
 Esonare, It. (ez-or-a-re). To adorn. 
 Espirando, It. (es-pe-ra-do). Expiring, dying away. 
 Espressi6ne, It. (es-pras-se-J-ne). Expression. 
 Espressivo, It. (es-pras-^-vo). Expressive. 
 Estinguendo, It. (es-ten-J-d6). Dying away. 
 Estlnto, It. (es-#-to). Hardly audible. 
 Estrincie'ndo, //. (es-tren-che-J-do). Playing with decis- 
 ion. 
 
 Estrini^nda, It. (es-tre-ne-<f-da). Very legato. 
 Et, Lat. and Fr. And. 
 Eteinte, Fr. (a-tan^t). Died away. 
 Etendre, Fr. (a-tanAdr). To extend. 
 Etouffe", Fr. (a-toof-fa). Stifled, muffled. 
 Etwas, Ger. (//-vas). Somewhat, rather. 
 Eutimia, It. (yoo-^-me-a). Vivacity. 
 
 Eveill^, Fr. (a-va-ya). Lively. 
 
 t 
 6, old ; o, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; ii, (French).
 
 26 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Exposition. Development. 
 
 Expressif , Fr. (ex-pres-j^/"). Expressive. 
 
 F. The fourth tone in the natural diatonic scale. 
 
 Fa. The syllable used for the note F in the " fixed do ' 
 
 system of notation ; it is also the name of the fourth 
 
 degree of the diatonic scale. 
 Fabe'lla, Lat. (fa-<W-la). An interlude. 
 Facile, Fr. (i'i-sel) and It. (fa-<r/^-le). Easy. 
 Facilita, ft. (fa-chel-e-ta). ) 
 Facilit^, Fr. (fa-se-le-Af). J 
 
 Faible, Fr. (/?-bl). Weak. 
 
 Faire, Fr. (far). To execute. 
 
 Falsetto, It. (fal-j//-to). The highest register of a voice. 
 
 Fanfare. A flourish of trumpets or a trumpet-call. The 
 term is also used as the title of an instrumental com- 
 position composed in the style of the above. 
 
 Fantastico. It. (fan-&'j-te-ko). ) _ 
 
 f Fantastic. In a fantastic 
 Fastastique. Fr. (fan-tas-#). > 
 
 % \ manner. 
 Fantastisch, Ger. (fan-&w-tish). ' 
 
 Farandole, Fr. (fa.-ra.nA- Jo/). A lively dance of Southern 
 
 France in 6-8 time. 
 Fastdso, It. (fas-/J-zo). Pompous. 
 Feier, Ger. (ft-er). Festival. 
 
 Feier-gesang, Ger. (Jt-ei-ghe-sdngA). Festival hymn. 
 Feierlich, Ger. ( /V-er-likh). Festive, solemn. 
 Fein, Ger. (fin). Delicate, refined. 
 Fermame'nte, It. (far-ma-wzdw-te). With firmness. 
 Fermata, It. (far-wza-tay. A pause, hold, interruption. 
 F6rmo, //. (fdr-mo). Firm, decided. 
 Fer6ce, //. (fa-rJ-che). Wild, fierce. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; i, ice ; I, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 2/ 
 
 Fervente, It. (far-#<?-te). Fervent, passionate. 
 
 Fes, Ger. (fes). Fb. 
 
 Fest, Ger. (fest). A festival. 
 
 Feste, Ger. (/fc-te). 1 
 
 Festigkeit, Ger. (yZMlg-klt). ) 
 
 Festiglich, GVr. (//j-tlg-likh). Firmly. 
 
 Festlich, Ger. (_/2rMikh). Solemn. 
 
 Festlichkeit, Ger. (/rf-likh-kit). Solemnity. 
 
 Feuer, 6Vr. (yb-er). Fire, passion. 
 
 Fidcco, / (fe-<z/-ko). Languishing. 
 
 Fiducia, /A (fe-^^-che-a). Boldness. 
 
 Fier, Fr. (fi-ar). Proud, haughty. 
 
 Fiero, It. (fe-J-ro). Wild, fierce. 
 
 Fifth. An interval containing five degrees. 
 
 FigurA, It. (fe-goo-ra). A motive; a group of notes. 
 
 Figurate counterpoint, It. (fe-goo-ra-ti). Counterpoint con- 
 sisting of somewhat rapid phrases or figures containing 
 changing and passing notes. 
 
 Fin, Fr. (fan^). End, close. 
 
 Finale, It. (fe-wa-le). Last movement of a vocal or instru- 
 mental composition ; also the closing number of an act 
 in an opera. 
 
 Fine, It. (/?-ne). End, close. 
 
 Fino, //. (y^-no). Till, up to, as far as. 
 
 Flnqui, It. (fen-que). To this place. 
 
 Fioche"tto, //. (fe-5-&-t6). Faint, veiled. 
 
 FiorltO, It. (fe-6-r^-to). Florid, embellished. 
 
 Fis, Ger. (is). F $. 
 
 Fistel, Ger. (/&-t'l). Feigned voice. Falsetto. 
 
 Flat. A character (k) which when placed before a note 
 lowers it a half-tone. 
 
 6, old ; 5, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; U, (French),
 
 28 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 , //. (/&?-be-le). Mournful. 
 Flessibile, It. (fles-j^-be-le). Flexible. 
 F16reo, Sp. (yfJ-ra-o). A flourish. 
 Florid. A term given to music embellished with figures, 
 
 runs, etc. 
 
 Fliichtig, Ger. (fltikh-tig). Lightly, hastily. 
 Fluted, Fr. (yf-ta). Soft, sweet. 
 F6co, It. (/<J-k5). Fire, ardor. 
 Focosissimo, //. (f6-k6-zr-se-m6). Very ardently. 
 Fois, Fr. (fwa). Time. 
 Folatre, Fr. (io-latr). Playful, lively. 
 F6rte, It. (for-te). Loud. 
 
 Forte possibile, //. (for-te p6s-j<?-be-le). As loud as possible. 
 Fortezza, It. (f5r-/3/-za). Force. 
 Fortissimo, It. (for-ter-se-mo). Very loud. 
 F6rtsingen, Ger. (/0r/-sing-en). To continue singing. 
 F6rza, It. (/<?r-tsa). Force. 
 Forzando, It. (for-tsdn-dd). A term used when a note or 
 
 chord is to be strongly accented. 
 For z are, It. (for-tsa-re). To strengthen. 
 Fourth. An interval containing four degrees. 
 Franche"zza, It. (fran-&?/f-za). Confidence, freedom. 
 Fred6nner, Fr. (fra-atf-na). To triU, to shake. 
 Frei, Ger. (in). Free. 
 
 Frescame'nte, //. (fres-ka-wJ-te). Vigorously. 
 Fresco, It. (fres-Vio). Vigorous. 
 Frdtta, It. (frM-ta.). Haste, speed. 
 Freude, Ger. (/roy-de). Joy. 
 
 Freudengesang, Ger. (/r0y-d'n-ge-sdng&). Song of joy. 
 Freudig, Ger. (froy-dlg). Joyful 
 Frisch, Ger. (frish). Lively, vigorous. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; !, ice ; i, *'// ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 2Q 
 
 Frlvolo, It. (fre-vo-\o). Frivolous, trifling. 
 Frb'hlich, Ger. (/r^-llkh). Joyous, gay. 
 Funebre, Fr. (fu-n/dr). Funereal, mournful. 
 Funf-stimmig, Ger. (funf-shtim-mig). For five parts. 
 Fu6co, It. (foo-J-ko). Fire, spirit. 
 Furia, It. (foo-rz-a.). Fury, passion. 
 
 Furib6ndo, It. (foo-re-&7-do). | _ 
 
 ' . _ _. ( r unous, passionate. 
 
 Funoso, It. (foo-re-0-zo). 
 
 Fur6re, ft. (foo-rJ-re). Fury, passion, vehemence. 
 Fusa, Lat. (yw-sa). A quaver. 
 Fuss, Ger. (foos). Foot. 
 
 G. The fifth tone in the natural diatonic scale. 
 
 Gaglidrdo, It. (gal-ye-a>-do). Gay, brisk. 
 
 Gai, Fr. (ga). Lively, gay. 
 
 Gajame'nte, It. (ga-ya-/#-te). Gaily, cheerfully. 
 
 Galante, Fr. (ga-lan^) and It. (ga-/a-te). Graceful. 
 
 Galanterstyl, Ger. (ga-/a^-er-shtel). Free style; ideal style. 
 
 Gamut. A scale, or staff ; also an old English term for the 
 
 key of G. 
 
 Ganz, Ger. (gants). Whole, entire ; also, all, very. 
 Ganz langsam, Ger. (gants lang-sa.m). Very slowly. 
 Ganze note, Ger. (^a'w-tse wo-te). A whole note. 
 Garbatamente, It. (gar-ba-ta-wzJ-te). Gracefully. 
 Gargdntear, Sp. (gar-^aw-te-ar). To quaver; to warble. 
 Gauche, Fr. (gozh). Left. 
 Gaudlnte, It. (ga-oo-</f-te). ) 
 Gaudi6so, It. (ga-oo-de-J-z5). ) 
 Gayme'nte, Sp. (ghe-mdn-te). Gaily, lively. 
 G-clef. The character used to fix the position of one 
 
 lined G on the staff ; also called treble-clef. 
 
 o, old ; 5, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; ii, (French}.
 
 30 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Gebr6chen, Ger. (ghe-^^J-kh'n). Broken, arpeggioed. 
 Gebr6chene akk6rde, Ger. (ghe-rJ-kh'n ak-^Jr-de). Broken 
 
 chords. 
 
 Gebunden, Ger. (ghe-&w-d'n). Tied, legato. 
 Gedampft, Ger. (ga-ddmpff). Muted. 
 Gefallen, Ger. (ghe^2/-'n). Pleasure, liking. 
 Gefallig, Ger. (ghe/a/-lig). Graceful. 
 Gefuhl, Ger. (ghe-fiM). Emotion, expression. 
 Gehalten, Ger. (ghe-/*a/-t'n). Held, sustained. 
 Ghend, Ger. (^vf-end). Andante. 
 Gelassen, Ger. (ghe-/a'j-s'n). Calm. 
 Gelaufig, Ger. (ghe-Ay-fig). Fluent. 
 
 Gelaufigkeit, Ger. (ghe-Ay-fig-kit). Celerity, fluency, velocity. 
 Gemachsam, Ger. (ghe-md&A-sam). ) Comfortable, easy- 
 Gemachlich, Ger. (ghe-ma&A-Hkh). ) going. 
 Gemahlig, Ger. (ghe-;w<?-lig). By degrees. 
 Gemassigt, Ger. (ghe-wd'j-sigt). Moderate. 
 Gemuth, Ger. (ghe-miit). Soul, feeling. 
 Gemuthlich, Ger. (ghe-w^-likh). Expressive. 
 Gener6so, It. (ja-ne-rJ-zo). Noble, dignified. 
 Gentil. Fr. (zhan^-tel). ) _ 
 Gentfle, It. (jen-^-le). \ GraCeful 
 
 Gerdde taktart, Ger. (ghe-^<i-de tdkt-a.ri). Common time. 
 Geriesel, Ger. (ghe-r^-z'l). A soft, murmuring sound. 
 Ges, Ger. (ghes). Gb. 
 Gesang, Ger. (ghe-ja^). Art of singing; song, hymn, 
 
 melody, air. 
 
 Geschick, Ger. (ghe-sAM). Skill, dexterity. 
 Geschleift, Ger. (ghe-j/4/y?). Slurred, legato. 
 Geschwind, Ger. (ghe-sAvfnd). Rapid, swift. 
 Gesteigert, Ger. (ge-j^A"-ghert). Crescendo. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; T, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 31 
 
 Getheilt, Ger. (ghe-#). ) 
 
 Geteilte, Ger. <ghW). I 
 
 Getrdgcn Ckr (ghe-^-g'n). J 
 
 Gezogen, 6Vr. (get-eo-g'n). 
 
 Getrost, Ger. (ghe-trost). Confidently. 
 
 Gioche'vole, //. (je-6-&?-v6-le). Playfully. 
 
 Giocolarme'nte, It. (je-5-ko-lar-w-te). Merrily. 
 
 Giocondame'nte, It. (je-o-k6n-da-/J-te). Joyfully, gaily. 
 
 Giocdndo, //. (je-6-<?-d6). Gay. 
 
 Gioc6so, It. (iz-o-ko-zo). Playful. 
 
 Gi6ja, It. (je-J-ya). Joy. 
 
 Gioviale, //. (je-6-ve-a-le). Jovial, cheerful. 
 
 Gis, Ger. (ghls). Gl. 
 
 Giubil6so, It. (joo-be-/^zo). Jubilant. 
 
 Giuocante, It. (joo-5-&z'-te). Playful. 
 
 Giusto, It. (joos-to). Suitable, strict, (tempo-giusto), exact 
 Allegro giusto, moderately fast. 
 
 Giust^zza, It. (joos-6?/-sa). Precision. 
 
 Glatt, Ger. (glat). Smooth, even. 
 
 Gleich, Ger. (gllkh). Alike, equal. 
 
 Gleichstimmig, Ger. (^/f^^-shtim-mig). Harmonious. 
 
 Gleiten, Ger. (glt-t'n). To glide. 
 
 Glissdndo, //. (gles-jaw-do). Gliding. 
 
 G16sa, Sp. (glo-za.). A variation. 
 
 Gorg6ggio, //. (gor-^<f</-je-o). A trill, a shake, in singing. 
 
 Gout, Fr. (goo). Taste, style. 
 
 Grace. An embellishment not essential to the melodic or 
 harmonic structure of a composition. The long appog- 
 giatura is an exception ; it was written as a small 
 (grace) note in order to evade the rule against the use 
 of unprepared dissonances. 
 
 6, old ; 8, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; ii, out ; ii, (French}.
 
 32 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Gracieux. Fr. (e-rd-si-uh). ) 
 
 t , r , u-1-/ l Graceful. 
 
 Gracile, It. (^ra-che-le). ) 
 
 Gradualme'nte, It. (gra.-doo-a.\-mdn-tS). \ r 
 
 _ , ' , .. ,, \ Gradually. 
 
 Graduellement, Pr. (gra.-d'wel-ma.n&). ) 
 
 Grand, Fr. (gran^). Large, great. 
 
 Granddzza, It. (gran-^f^-sa). Dignity, grandeur. 
 
 Grandi6so, It. (gran-de-J-zo). Grand, majestic. 
 
 Grdn gusto, It. (gran goos-to). Lofty, elevated. 
 
 Grati6so, It. (gra-te-J-zo). Grazioso. 
 
 Grave, Fr. (grav) and //. (gra-ve). One of the slowest 
 
 Tempos. A term used to denote a slow and serious 
 
 movement. 
 
 Gravisonante, It. (gra-ve-zo-wa'w-te). Loud sounding. 
 Grazia, It. (,ro-tse-a). Grace. 
 Grazi6so, It. (gra-tse-J-zo). Graceful. 
 Greater. Major. 
 Grell, Ger. (grell). Shrill, acute. 
 Grob, Ger. (grob). Low voice, bass. 
 Gross, Ger. (gros). Great, grand, major. 
 Grupp6tto, It. (grup-/#-to). At the present time this term is 
 
 given to the turn and various groups of grace-notes. 
 Guerrie'ro, It. (gwer-re-J-ro). Martial. 
 Gunst, Ger. (goonst). Tenderness. 
 Gusto, It. (goos-to). Taste. 
 
 H. Ger. The note B. 
 
 Hallen, Ger. (kal-Yri). To sound, to clang. 
 
 Halt, Ger. (halt). A hold (/r\). 
 
 Hardiment, Fr. (Mr-di-man/i). Boldly. 
 
 Harm6nieux, Fr. (har-mo-rii-u&). Harmonious. 
 
 Harmdnisch, Ger. (har-/wJ-msh). Harmonic. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; i, *'//;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 33 
 
 Harmony. The art of combining tones of different pitch, 
 and the placing in their correct position and relation of 
 the chords so formed, 
 
 Hart, Ger. (hart). Hard, major. 
 
 Hart-klinfend, Ger. (hiirt-kltng-zvvS). Harsh. 
 
 Hate, Fr. (hat). Haste, speed. 
 
 Haupt, Ger. (howpt). Head, chief, principal. 
 
 Haut, Fr. (h5). High, acute. 
 
 Head voice. The upper register of the voice. 
 
 He"ftig, Ger. (A/f-tig). Passionate, violent. 
 
 Heimlich, Ger. (Atm-Hkh). Mysterious. 
 
 Heiss, Ger. (hiss). Ardent. 
 
 Heiter, Ger. (^f-ter). Serene, cheerful. 
 
 Hell, Ger. (hel). Clear, bright. 
 
 Helle stimme, Ger. (^//-le sAt?m-n). A clear voice. 
 
 Heraufgehen, Ger. (har-0w//"-ga'n). To ascend. 
 
 Heroic. Grand, noble, bold. 
 
 Herv6rgeh6ben, Ger. (har^or-ghe-^-b'n). Brought into 
 prominence. 
 
 Herv6rhe1>end, Ger. (htryjr-^-bend). ) Bringing into prom- 
 
 Hervdrtretend, Ger. (har^r-tre-tend). ) inence. 
 
 Herzig, Ger. (Atrt-zig). 1 
 
 Herzlich, Gtr. (Aerts-\ikh). } 
 
 Hirtlich, Ger. (h!rt-\\\sh). Pastoral. 
 
 His, Ger. (his). B*. 
 
 Hoch, Ger. (hokh). High, acute. 
 
 Hochfeierlich, Ger. (Ao&A-ft-er-likb). Very solemn. 
 
 H6chmuth, Ger. (hoJik-moot). Pride, dignity. 
 
 Hdhe, Ger. (^<$-he). High pitch; high register. 
 
 H6heit, Ger. (Ao-tiit). Dignity. 
 
 Hold. The character /r\ placed over or under a note indi- 
 
 6, old ; o, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; u, (French).
 
 34 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 eating that such a note is to be prolonged beyond its 
 time-value. The hold is also placed over a bar or 
 double-bar indicating a pause before proceeding to the 
 next measure or movement. It may also indicate 
 the end of the composition. 
 
 Homophone, Fr. The enharmonic of any tone, as f of ef, 
 g of fx. 
 
 Homophonic. In modern music a term used for composi- 
 tions in plain harmony. 
 
 Humoresque. ) A title given to compositions of a humorous 
 
 Humoreske. > or fantastic style. 
 
 Hiirtig, Ger. (A00r-t\g). Quick, swift. 
 
 Hymn. A religious or sacred song, usually intended to be 
 sung by a congregation. 
 
 II, It. (el). The. 
 
 IlaritA, It. (e-lar-e-Ai). Hilarity. 
 
 II piu f6rte possible, It. (el pe-oo for-te p6s-j^-be-le). As 
 
 loud as possible. 
 II volteggidre, It. (el vol-ted-je-a-re). Crossing the hands in 
 
 playing the piano. 
 Immer, Ger. (#-mer). Always. 
 Impatie*nte, It. (em-pa-te-<f-te). Restless, vehement. 
 Imperi6so, //. (em-pa-re-J-zo). Haughty, lofty. 
 ImpetO, It. (em-pe-to). Impetuosity. 
 Impetu6so, It. (em-pa-too-J-zo). Impetuous. 
 Impone'nte, It. (em-po-a-te). Imposing, impressive. 
 In, It. and Ger. Into, in. 
 Inacutire, //. (en-"a-koo-#-re). To make sharp. 
 Inbrunst, Ger. (i-broonst). Ardor, fervor. 
 Inbrunstig, Ger. (r-briins-tig). Ardent, fervent. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; "a, arm ; e, eve ; , end ; I, ice ; T, ill;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 35 
 
 Incalzando, It. (en-cal-saw-do). Increasing in time and tone. 
 
 Incantable, Sp. (en-kan-/ii'-ble). Cannot be sung. 
 
 Inconsolato, It. (en-kon-s6-/a-t6). Disconsolate. 
 
 Indeciso, //. (en-de-^-zo). Undecided. 
 
 Indegnato, It. (en-dan-j/0-to). Furiously. 
 
 Indifferdnte, It. (en-def-fe-r<?-te). Indifferent, careless. 
 
 Infernale, //. (en-far-<i'-le). Infernal. 
 
 InfervoratO, It. (en-f&r-v5-ra-to). Fervent, impassioned. 
 
 Infiammatamnte, //. (en-fe-am-ma-ta-z<f-te). In an ex- 
 cited manner. 
 
 In fretta, It. (en/r/Ma). In haste. 
 
 Infuriante, It. (en-foo-re-<z-te). Furious. 
 
 Infuridto, It. (en-foo-re-a-to). Enraged. 
 
 Ing^gno, It. (en-^ dn-yo) . Skill, discretion. 
 
 Inhalt, Ger. (in-fialt). Conception, subject matter. 
 
 Innig, Ger. (?n-nig). Fervent, intense. 
 
 Innigkeit, Ger. (fo-mg-kit). Fervency of feeling. 
 
 Inno, //. (en-no). Hymn. 
 
 Innoc^nte, It. (en-n5-f,<?-te). Natural. 
 
 Inqui^to, It. (en-que--to). Restless. 
 
 Insensibile, It. (en-sen-j^-be-le). Imperceptible. 
 
 Insiste'ndo, It. (en-ses-Afw-do). Urgently. 
 
 Instandig, Ger. (in-sAtan-dig) . } 
 
 Instante, It. (en-rfaw-te). ) 
 
 Instantem6nte, //. (en-stan-te -man-te). Instantly. 
 
 Instrumentation. The art of composing, arranging, or 
 adapting music for several instruments of various 
 kinds. Orchestration. 
 
 In te'mpo, It. (en fdm-po). In time. 
 
 Intenzionato, It. (en-tan-tse-o-wa-to). With emphasis. 
 
 Intercalare, //. (en-tar-ka-/<i'-re) . The burden of a song. 
 
 5, old ; 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; ii, (French),
 
 36 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Interlude. An instrumental strain played after the stanza 
 of a hymn or song. An intermezzo. 
 
 Intermede, Fr. (an^-ter-wz/if ). Interlude. 
 
 Intermezzo, It. (en-tar-*w<-so). A title given to instru- 
 mental compositions of various kinds, also to certain 
 short movements in a symphony or suite ; an interme- 
 diate movement. 
 
 Inter r6tto, It. (en-tar-r<57-t5). Interrupted, broken. 
 
 Interruzi6ne, It. (en-tar-root-se-J-ne). Interruption. 
 
 Interval. The difference in pitch between two tones. 
 
 Intimo, //. (<?-te-mo). Heartfelt. 
 
 Intonate, //. (en-to-<i'-re). To sound the keynote. 
 
 Intonation. Tone production, either vocal or instrumental. 
 
 Intonato, It. (en-to-<z-to). Set to musk. 
 
 Intrada, It. (en-tra-da). A prelude. 
 
 Intre'pido, It. (en-^ra-pe-do). Bold. 
 
 Invention. A title given to short instrumental pieces in 
 free contrapuntal style in which the theme or subject 
 was developed according to the composer's pleasure. 
 
 Ira, //. (e-ra). Anger, passion. 
 
 Iratame'nte, //. (e-ra.-t'a.-mdn-te). Angrily, passionately. 
 
 Irresolute, It. (er-ra-zo-Aw-to). Hesitating, irresolute. 
 
 Iste'sso tSmpo, It. (es-t3s-so tSm-po). Same time. A term 
 which indicates that the tempo of either the measure 
 or measure-note remains the same as before, even 
 though the time-signature is changed. It is also used 
 to indicate a return to the former tempo after an inter- 
 ruption of the movement. 
 
 Istrpito, con, It. (es-trd-pe-to). With noise and bluster. 
 
 Italian mordent. A short shake, or trill. 
 
 I trovatdri, //. (e tro-va-j'J-re). The troubadours. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; i, ice ; I, *//;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 37 
 
 Jaeger-chOr, Ger. (^J-gher-k5r) . Hunting chorus. 
 
 Jagd, Ger. (yagd). Hunting. 
 
 Jagdhorn, Ger. (yagd-horn). Hunting horn. 
 
 Jagdstiick, Ger. (yagd-shtiik). Hunting-piece. 
 
 Jauchzend, Ger. (yow&A-tsend). Shouting, joyful. 
 
 Jouer, Fr. (zhoo-a). To play. 
 
 Jubilate. The looth psalm. 
 
 Jugue'te, Sp. (hoo-yoo-J-te). A carol. 
 
 Juste, Fr. (zhiist). True, just, accurate. 
 
 Kadenz, Ger. (/fca-denz). Cadence. 
 
 Kammer, Ger. (&am-mer). Chamber or small hall. 
 
 Kammer-conceit, Ger. (Adm-mer-kon-ts/rt). Chamber con- 
 cert. 
 
 Kammer-musik, Ger. (fcam-mer-moo-zik). Chamber music. 
 
 Kammer-styl, Ger. (&w-mer-shtel). Chamber music style. 
 
 Kdnon, Ger. (M-non). Canon. 
 
 Keck, Ger. (kek). Bold. 
 
 Keckheit, Ger. (&?-hit). Boldness, dash. 
 
 Kehle, Ger. (&?-le). The voice, the throat. 
 
 Kettentriller, Ger. (/&#-t'n-tril-ler). A chain of trills. 
 
 Key. The succession of tones which form the major or 
 minor scale. 
 
 Key-note. The tonic, or first degree of a diatonic scale. 
 
 Key signature. The sharps or flats placed after the clef. 
 The exceptions to this definition are the keys of 
 C major and A minor, which have no sharps or flats 
 placed after the clef. 
 
 Kinderscenen, Ger. (/W-der-san-en). Scenes of childhood. 
 
 Kinderstiicke, Ger. (#2-der-shtu-ke). Compositions for 
 children. 
 
 6, old ; 6, odd ; &, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; u, (French)
 
 38 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Kindlich, Ger. (&W-likh). Childlike ; with unaffected sim- 
 plicity. 
 
 Kirchenmusik, Ger. (&fr-kh'n-tnoo-zik). Church-music. 
 
 Klage, Ger. (//a-ghe). Lamentation. 
 
 Klang, Ger. (klang). A sound or tone. 
 
 Klang-saal, Ger. (klang-sal). Concert-room. 
 
 Klarheit, Ger. (//a>-hft). Clearness. 
 
 Klarlich, Ger. (/5r-likh). Clearly. 
 
 Klavier, Ger. (kla-fer). In modern usage, a pianoforte of 
 any kind. 
 
 Klein, Ger. (kiln). Small ; minor. 
 
 Klingbar, Ger. (klfng-\)i.r). Resonant. 
 
 K6misch, Ger. (&dm-ish). Comical. 
 
 Komponieren, Ger. (kom-p6--ren). To compose. 
 
 Komp6nist, Ger. (kom-/J-nist). Composer. 
 
 Konzeit, Ger. (kon-tstrt). Concert; concerto. 
 
 Konzeitmeister, Ger. (kon-ts2rt-mts-ter). Leader, first 
 violin. 
 
 Kopf, Ger. (k5pf). Head. 
 
 Kopfstimme, Ger. (/<^/"-shtim-me). Head-voice. 
 
 Kraft, Ger. (kraft). Energy, force. 
 
 Kraftig, Ger. (&ra/-tig). Vigorous. 
 
 Kriegerisch, Ger. (^ri?-gher-ish). Martial, warlike. 
 
 Kriegs-gesang, Ger. (kregs-g\&-sangk). \ 
 
 Kriegs-lied, Ger. (kregs-led). ) 
 
 Kiihn, Ger. (kiin). Short. 
 
 Kunst, Ger. (koonst). Art. 
 
 Kurz, Ger. (koorts). Short. 
 
 Kiirzen, Ger. (>&>-tsen). To abridge. 
 
 Kurz und bestimmt, Ger. (koorts oond be-sfitfmt). Short 
 and decided. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; i, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 39 
 
 Kurzung, Ger. (/&r-tsoongk). Abbreviation. 
 
 La, Fr, and It. (la). The note A ; also the sixth degree 
 
 of the diatonic scale. 
 La chasse, Fr. (la shass). Hunting style. 
 
 Lacrimoso. It. (Ia-cre-#z0-zo) . } 
 
 } Mournful. 
 Lagnevole, It. (lan-ya-z/0-le). ) 
 
 La de"stra, It. (la das-tr'a.). The right hand. 
 
 Lamentdbile, It. (la-men-ta-be-le). ^ 
 
 Lamentando, It. (la-men -tan-do). I In a sad, lamenting 
 
 Lamente'vole, It. (la-men-&?-vo-le). f style. 
 
 Lament6so, It. (la-menVJ-zo). 
 
 Lampons, Fr. (lan^-pon/z). Drinking songs. 
 
 Landler, Ger. (land-\zr). A slow waltz belonging to South 
 
 Germany and Austria. 
 Land-lied, Ger. (land-led). A rustic song. 
 Langsam, Ger. (tdng-sam). Slow. 
 Langsamer, Ger. (/aM^--sa-mer). Slower. 
 Languemente, //. (lan-gue-/w<fw-te). Languishingly. 
 Langu6ndo, It. (lan-^wJw-dS). \ 
 
 Langu^nte, It. (lan-^J-te). > Plaintive, languishing. 
 Languido, It. (/a-gue-do). ) 
 Largam6nte, It. (ya.r-ga.-man te). In a broad style without 
 
 changing the time. [marked. 
 
 Largando, It. (lar-^a-do). Somewhat slower and more 
 Large, Fr. (larzh). Sostenuto. 
 Lar ghetto, //. (lar-^-J^-tS). A movement not quite so slow 
 
 as large. 
 
 Larghissimo, It. (lar-^-se-mo). Extremely slow. 
 Largo, It. (far-go). Broad, slow, and stately ; the slowest 
 
 tempo-mark. 
 
 6, old ; 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; u, (French ) .
 
 40 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Lastimosame'nte, Sp. (las-te-mo-za-*<?-te). In a doleful 
 manner. 
 
 La stre'tta, //. (la strdt-ta). A term indicating that a pas 
 sage is to be played in quicker time. 
 
 Laufer, Ger. (7<w-fer). A run. 
 
 Launenstuck, Ger. (low-nen-shtiik). A voluntary. 
 
 Launig, Ger. (/<nv-mg). In a light, gay, humorous style. 
 
 Laut, Ger. (lowt). Loud ; a sound. 
 
 Lauten, Ger. (Aw-t'n). To ring, to sound. 
 
 La v6ce, //. (la J-che). The voice. 
 
 Lay. A melody, song, or tune. 
 
 Le, Fr. and //. (le). The. 
 
 Lead. A cue ; also the giving-out of a theme by one part. 
 
 Leader. Conductor. 
 
 Leading-note. The seventh degree of the major and har- 
 monic minor scales. 
 
 Leaning-note. Appoggiatura. 
 
 Lben, Ger. (/J-b'n). Life, vivacity. 
 
 Lebendig, Ger. (la-^-dlg). ) y , ^ mate<L 
 
 L^bhaft, Ger. (/^-haft). J 
 
 Lecon, Fr. (la-son^). A lesson, study. 
 
 Leer* Saiten, Ger. (lar sl-t'n). Open strings. 
 
 Legdbile, It. (le-^a-be-le). Smooth. 
 
 Legando, //. (le-,fa-do). Slurring. 
 
 Legare, //. (le-^a-re). To slur, or bind. 
 
 Legal isaimo, //. (Ie-ga-/^j-se-m6). Very smooth and con- 
 nected. 
 
 Legato, It. (le-^o to). In a smooth and connected manner. 
 
 Legato assai, //. (le-^a-to as-sa-e). Very close and con- 
 nected. 
 
 Legatura, It. (le-ga-^^o-ra). A tie; a syncopation. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; i, end ; I, ice ; I, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 41 
 
 Leger, Fr. (la-zha). ) u fa 
 
 Legere, /V. (la-zhar). J 
 
 Le'gerete', Fr. (la-z^4-re-ta). Agility, lightness. 
 
 Leggnda, It. (\ed-jdn-da). A legend, a tale. 
 
 Leggergzza, //. (led-jer-<#-tsa). Lightness. 
 
 Leggerme'nte, It. (led-jer-z<f-te). Lightly. 
 
 Leggeio, It. (led-jd-ro). With lightness. 
 
 Leggiadram^nte, //. (led-je-a-dra-wJ-te). Elegantly, grace- 
 fully. 
 
 Leggiadro, //. (led-je-a-dro). Brisk and cheerful. 
 
 Leggierame'nte, It. (led-je-ar-a-zd-te). ^ 
 
 Leggierme'nte, It. (led-je-er-d-te). > Lightly. 
 
 Leggiero, //. (led-je-J-ro). ) 
 
 Leicht, Ger. (likht). Light, brisk, easy. 
 
 Leidenschaft, Ger. (/f-d'n-shaft). Passion, vehemence, fer- 
 vency. 
 
 Leidenschaftlich, Ger. (/ii/-en-shaft-likh). Passionately. 
 
 Leise, Ger. (//-ze). Soft, low. 
 
 Leitakkord, Ger. (Kt-ak-kord). Leading chord, one that 
 suggests its own resolution. 
 
 Leiter, Ger. (#-ter). Scale. 
 
 Leiter-fremd, Ger. (/f-ter-fremd). Accidental flats or sharps 
 which do not belong to the key. 
 
 Leitm6tiv, Ger. (\it-mo-tif). Leading motive. A musical 
 phrase used to indicate a character or an incident in 
 an opera, oratorio, or music drama. The leitmotiv is 
 also found in various pieces of program-music. 
 
 Leit-ton, Ger. (/#-ton). Leading-note. 
 
 Lno, //. (Id-no). Faint, feeble. 
 
 Lent, Fr. (lanA). Slow. 
 
 Lentame'nte, //. (len-ta->wJ-te). Slowly. 
 
 6, old ; 8, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; ii, (French).
 
 42 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Lentando, It. (len-/a-do). Slackening the tims. 
 
 Lentement, Fr. (lan^t-manA). ) , . 
 
 Lenteme'nte, It. (lan-te-/<f-te). ) 
 
 Lenteur, Fr. (lanA-tur). ) Slowness 
 
 Lente'zza, It. (len-M/-tsa). > 
 
 Lentissimo, It. (len-ter-se-mo). Very slow. 
 
 Lento, It. (/Jw-to). Slow. 
 
 Lesser. Minor, smaller. 
 
 Lestame'nte, It. (\es-t'a.-mdn-te). Briskly. 
 
 Lestezza, It. (les-/ff/-tsa). Briskness. 
 
 Lestissimo, It. (les-tef-se-mo). Very brisk. 
 
 L6sto, It. (Ids-to). Lively, brisk. 
 
 Letterale, It. (let-te>a'-le). Literal. 
 
 Letteralm^nte, //. (let-ter-al-zaw-te). Literally. 
 
 Leve'zza, //. (le-w^-tsa). Lightness, levity. 
 
 Liaison, Fr. (le a-zon^). A tie. 
 
 Liberame"nte, It. (le-be-ra-z^-te). ) Freel easily< 
 
 Librement, Fr. (lebr-manh). ) 
 
 Libero, It. (/^-be-ro). Free, unrestrained. 
 
 Li6, Fr. (li-d). Tied, legato. 
 
 Liebeslied, Ger. (/?-bes-led). Love-song. 
 
 Lieblich, Ger. (/^3-likh). Sweet, lovely, charming. 
 
 Lie", coulant, Fr. (li-a koo-lan^). Slurred, flowing. 
 
 Lied, Ger. (led). Song. 
 
 Liedchen, Ger. (/(?</-kh'n). A short song. 
 
 Lieder-buch, Ger. (/<?-der-bookh). Song-book. 
 
 Lieder-dichter, Ger. (te-der-df&A-ter). Song-writer. 
 
 Lieder-kreis, Ger. (/^-der-kris). A series of songs. 
 
 Lieder ohne Worte, Ger. (#-der ^ne z/Jr-te). Songs without 
 
 words. 
 Lieder-spiel, Ger. (/^-der-shpel). An operetta. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm; e, eve ; e, end ; T, ice ; i, *'//,
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 43 
 
 Lieder tafler, Ger. (/^-der /J-fler). Glee-singers. 
 
 Ligato, It. (le-.ja-to) Legato. 
 
 Ligature. A group of notes to be sung to one syllable, in 
 one breath, or phrased legato. Also a tie or syncopa- 
 tion. 
 
 Linke Hand, Ger. (/f-ke hand). Left hand. 
 
 Lirico, //. (/(?-re-ko). Lyric. 
 
 Liscio, ft. (/^-slie-o). Smooth. 
 
 L'istsso timpo, It. (Fes-&?j-so tdm-po). In the same time 
 as the previous movement. 
 
 Lo, It. (16). The. 
 
 Lob-gesang, Ger. (lob-$&-zangk}. Hymn of praise. 
 
 Loco, It. (/<?-ko). Place. Occurring after 8va the term in- 
 dicates that the notes are to be performed as written. 
 
 Lontano, It. (lon-Ai-no). Distant. 
 
 Loud pedal. Damper-pedal. 
 
 Lourd, Fr. (loor). Heavy. 
 
 Lour, Fr. (loo-ra). Slurred, legato, non staccato. 
 
 Luctuosamnte, Sp. (Iook-too-o-za-z5-te). Mournfully. 
 
 Lugubre, Fr. (lii-gu-bruh) and //. (loo^w-bri). Mournful. 
 
 Lunga, It. (loon-gat.). Long. When placed above or be- 
 neath a hold it signifies that the hold is to be greatly 
 prolonged. 
 
 Lunga pausa, It. (loon-ga. pa-oo-za). A long pause. 
 
 Lu6gO, It. (loo-J-go). Loco. 
 
 Lusingando, It. (loo-zen-^a-do). ) Coaxing 
 
 Lusingante, It. (loo-zen-f<i'w-te). ) 
 
 Lusingh^vole, It. (loo-zen-^-vo-le). ) Coaxingly. 
 
 Lusinghevolm^nte, It. (loo-zen-ga-vol-wf-te). ) 
 
 Lusinghi^re, It. (loo-zen-ghe-J-re). ) , 
 
 ' \ Coaxing. 
 Lusmghiero, It. (loo-zen-ghe-J-ro). ) 
 
 6, old ; 8, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; ii, (French),
 
 44 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Lustig, Ger. (/cos-tig). Merry, gay. 
 
 Lustlied, Ger. (/mv/-led). A merry song. 
 
 Lutt6so, It. (looi-to-zo). Mournful. 
 
 Luttuosame'nte, It. (loot-too-6-za-/wJw-te). Mournfully. 
 
 Lyrisch, Ger. (#r-ish). Lyric. 
 
 Ma, It. (ma). But. 
 
 Madrigal. A vocal composition. 
 
 Maesa. A mass. 
 
 Maesta, //. (ma-es-Az). \ 
 
 Maestade, It. (ma-es-Ai'-de). > Majesty, dignity. 
 
 Maestate, It. (ma-es-^'-te.) ) 
 
 MaesteVole, It. (ma-es-M-vo-le). Majestic. 
 
 Maestevolissimo, It. (ma-es-ta-vo-/<?j-se-mo). Very ma- 
 jestic. 
 
 Maestevolm^nte, It. (ma-es-ta-v6l-#z<?-te). ) Majestically; 
 
 Maestosamnte, It. (ma-es-t6-za-/w<fw-te). ) with dignity. 
 
 Maest6so, //. (ma-es-/J-zo). Majestic, stately, dignified. 
 
 Maestrdle, It. (ma-es-/ra-le). The stretto of a fugue when 
 it is hi canon form. 
 
 Maestro, It. (ma-5j-tro). Master, professor. 
 
 Maggiolata, It. (mad-je-o-/ai-ta). A May song. 
 
 Maggi6re, It. (mad-je-^re). Major, greater. 
 
 Magisc6ro, It. (ma-jes-^ro). The head of a choir. 
 
 Main, fr. (man^). Hand. 
 
 Main droit, Fr. (manA drwa). Right hand. 
 
 Main gauche, Fr. (man^ gosh). Left hand. 
 
 Maitre, Fr. (matr). Master. 
 
 Majestat, Ger. (ma-zhes-/'J/). Majesty. 
 
 Majestatisch, Ger. (ma-zhes-/if-tlsh). Majestic. 
 
 Majeur, Fr. (ma-zhur). Major. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; T, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 
 
 45 
 
 Major. Greater. 
 
 Major bob. A full peal upon eight bells. 
 
 Major chord. A chord having a major third and perfect 
 
 fifth. 
 
 Major key. A key founded on the major scale, 
 Major scale. That form of the diatonic scale in which toe 
 
 half-tones or steps occur between the third and fourth, 
 
 also the seventh and eighth, degrees, all other intervals 
 
 being whole tones. 
 Major third. An interval containing three degrees and two 
 
 whole tones. 
 
 Major tonic. A major scale. 
 
 Mai, Ger. (mal). Time. 
 
 Malanc6nia, It. (ma-lan-/J-ne-a). 
 
 Malenc6nia, It. (ma-len-<?-ne-a). 
 
 Malenc6nico, //. (ma-len-^ne-k5). . 
 
 Malinc61ia, //. (ma-len-^-le-a). 
 
 Malinc6lico, It. (ma-len-^-le-ko). 
 
 Malinc6nia, It. (ma-len-^J-ne-a). 
 
 Malinconicame'nte, It. (ma-len-ko-ne-ka-/<?-te). ^ In a 
 
 Malinc6nico, It. (ma-len-/<7-ne-k5). ! melan- 
 
 Malinconi6so, It. (ma-len-ko-ne-J -26). f" choly 
 
 Malincon6so, It. (ma-len-k5-J-zo). J style. 
 
 Mama, //. (ma-ma). A term indicating the right hand in 
 
 drum music. 
 
 Manca, It. (man-k'a). The left. 
 Mancando, It. (man-/6o-do). Dying away. 
 
 5, old ; 8, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; \i, but ; ii, (French),
 
 46 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 ' f A small kind of lute or guitar. 
 
 Mand61a, It. (man-do-la.). A mandolin, or cithern. 
 
 Mandoline. A kind of guitar. 
 
 Mandora. 
 
 Mandore. 
 
 Manica, //. (wa-ne-ka). Fingering. 
 
 Manieia, It. (ma-ne-J-ra). Manner, method, style. 
 
 Maniere, Fr. (man-e-aV). Manner. 
 
 Manieren, Ger. (ma-ne-r'n). Embellishments, graces. 
 
 Mannerchor, Ger. (#z#-ner-kor). A male chorus; also the 
 
 name of a composition for such a chorus. 
 Mannergesangverein, Ger. (mdn-ner-ghe-zang-te-rin). A 
 
 male vocal society. 
 Mano, It. (ma-no). Hand. 
 Mano Dritta, //. (ma-no dret-te}. Right hand. 
 Mano Sinistra, //. (ma-no se-nes-tra). Left hand. 
 Manual. The keyboard of an organ. 
 
 MarcAndo, //. (mar-^-do). ) These terms indicate that the 
 
 Marcdto, //. (mar-fci-to). ( music is to be P erformed with 
 ' distinctness and emphasis. 
 
 Marcatessimo, //. (mar-ka-/<fj-se-mo). Very much marked 
 
 or accented. 
 Marcato il p6llice, It. (mar-^a-to el /J/-le-che). Mark or 
 
 accent strongly the note played by the thumb. 
 Marche, Fr. (marsh), j 
 Marcia, It. (mar-che-a). > A march. 
 Marsch, Ger. (marsh). ) 
 Marciale, //. (mar-che-a-le). Martial. 
 Mari6na, Sp. (ma-re- J-na). A Spanish dance. 
 Markiert, Ger. (mar-kert). Accented, marked. 
 Markiren, Ger. (mar-^-r'n). To mark, to accent. 
 Marqu6, Fr. (mar-ka). Marked, accented. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; !, ice ; i, *'//;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 47 
 
 Marquer, Fr. (mar-ka). To mark, to accent. 
 
 Marseillaise, Fr. (mar-sal-yaz). The Marseilles hymn ; the 
 national anthem of France. 
 
 Martele, Fr. (mar-te : la). j HammereA Stron j M . 
 
 Martellare, //. (mar-tel-/a-re). [ cented 
 
 Martellato, //. (mar-tel-/a-to). ) 
 
 Marziale, It. (mar-tse-a-le). Martial, warlike. 
 
 Mascherata, It. (ma-skeVa-ta). Masquerade. 
 
 Mass, Ger. (mass). Measure, time. 
 
 Massig, Ger. (mas-sig). Measured, moderate. 
 
 Massima, It. (mas-se-ma.). A semibreve. 
 
 Matinata, It. (ma-te-wa-ta). A morning serenade. 
 
 Mattutino delle tenebre, It. (mat-too-^-no dal-le te-w^-bre). 
 The service of the Tenebrae. 
 
 Maul-trommel, Ger. (mowl-tr5m-mel). A Jew's harp. 
 
 Mazurka, Ger. (mz-tsoor-ka). A Polish dance of lively 
 character, in | or f time, with a peculiar rhythm. 
 
 Measure. The space between two bars. A metrical unit of 
 fixed time-value having a regular accent, and forming 
 the smallest metrical subdivision of a composition. 
 
 Mede'simo, //. (me-dT<f-ze-m6). The same. 
 
 Mediant, Lat. (wJ-di-ant). ) The third degree of the dia- 
 
 M6diante, Fr. (ma-di-aw^^). ) tonic scale. 
 
 Medius, Lat. (ma-di-us). The tenor part. 
 
 Mehr, Ger. (mar). More. 
 
 Mehr-stimmig, Ger. (mar-j^/r-mig). For several voices. 
 
 Mehr stimmiger gesang, Ger. (mar sAtim-mi-gher $&-zangk). 
 A glee or part song. 
 
 Meister, Ger. (wm-ter). Master. 
 
 Meister-sanger, Ger. (mfs-ter-sdng-er). Master singer min- 
 strel. 
 
 5, old ; 6, odd ; o, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ii, {French}.
 
 48 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Meister-stiick, Ger. (wzw-ter-shtiik). Masterpiece. 
 
 Melancdlia, It. (ma-lan-^J-le-a). ) 
 
 Melancholic, Fr. (ma-laa*-k6-le). \ * 
 
 Melange, Fr. (ma.-Ianz&). A medley. 
 
 Melisma, Gk. (me-/&-ma). A melodic ornament or embel- 
 lishment. 
 
 Melismatic. Ornamented, embellished. 
 
 Mel6de, //. (ma-/J-de). ^ 
 
 Mel6dia, It. (ma-/J-de-a). > Melody. 
 
 Melodic, Fr. (md-lo-de). ) 
 
 Melodeon. A kind of small reed organ. 
 
 Mel6dico, It. (ma-/<?-de-k5). Cantando. 
 
 Melody. A succession of any number of single notes. 
 Sometimes used to denote the tune or air of a compo- 
 sition as separate from the bass or accompaniment. 
 
 Melologue. A combination of recitative and music. 
 
 Melopa, It. (ma-lo-/-a). Music in general ; words and 
 music combined. 
 
 Melopomenos, Gr. (mel-5-/^/w-e nos). Vocal melody. 
 
 Melos, Gk. (md-16s). Melody. 
 
 Meme, Fr. (mam). The same. 
 
 Me"n allegro, //. (man al-/<f-gro). Less quick. 
 
 M&iestrel, Fr. (ma-nes-trel). Minstrel. 
 
 M6no, It. (md-no). Less. 
 
 M6no f6rte, It. (md-nofor-te). Less loud. 
 
 Menschen stimme, Ger. (men-sh'n s/ttim-me). Human 
 voice. 
 
 Mn vivo, It. (men ve-vo). Less spirit. 
 
 Mescolanza, //. (mes-ko-/a-tsa). A medley. 
 
 M6ssa, It. (mds-sa). ) ,. 
 
 \ TyTacc 
 
 Messe, Ger. (m?s-se) and Fr. (mdss). ) 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; I, *'///
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 49 
 
 Mdssa di v6ce, It. (mds-s'a. de z/J-che"). The crescendo and 
 diminuendo of the voice on a sustained note ; thus 
 
 Mestizia, It. (mes-#-tse-a). Sadness. 
 
 Mestame'nte, It. (mes-ta-#zJ-te). Plaintively. 
 
 Me"sto, It. (mds-to). > 
 
 Mest6so, It. (mes-to-zo). ) 
 
 Me"sure, Fr. (ma-ziir). Measure. 
 
 Metal, Sp. (ma.-tal). Strength; compass of the voice. 
 
 Metallo, It. (ma-/a/-lo). A ringing quality of voice. 
 
 Meter, metre. The rhythmic element of music; the sym 
 
 metrical grouping of musical rhythms ; the construction 
 
 and pulsation of the phrase in music. 
 
 M6zza v6ce, It. (mdt-ts'a. w-che). Half power; half voice. 
 MSzzo, It. (mdt-tso). Half. 
 
 Mzzo f6rte, It. (mdt-tso for-te). Half as loud as forte. 
 Mezzo ligato, //. (mdt-tso le-^a-to). A variety of pianoforte 
 
 touch requiring a forcible stroke rather than a sudden 
 
 return of the finger. 
 Me"zzo piano, It. (mdt-tso pe-#-no). Not so loud as mezza 
 
 forte, and not so soft as piano. 
 Me"zzo soprano, It. (mdt-tso so-#ra-no). The female voice 
 
 between soprano and alto. 
 
 Mi. Name of the note E in France, Italy, etc. Third de- 
 gree of the diatonic scale. 
 Middle C. One lined C. 
 
 Treble. Bass. 
 
 r\ -&>- 
 
 ** -G- 
 5, old ; 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; ii, (french).
 
 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Middle voices. Tenor and alto voices. 
 Mi diese, Fr. (me dl-dz). Ej. 
 Mignon, Fr. (men-yon^). Favorite. 
 
 Militairement, Fr. (mil-e-tdr-ma.r\A). 
 
 ' 
 MihtarmSnte, //. (me-le-tar-*<?-te). 
 
 Militar musik, Ger. (me-le-tar moo-sik). 
 MinacceVole, It. (me-naW/z,?-vo-le). 
 Minaccevolmnte, It. (me-nat-che- 
 v6l-za-te). 
 
 In military style. 
 Military music. 
 
 In a 
 
 menacing, 
 
 Minacciando, It. (me-nat-che-a-do). U 
 
 __. . , , ... , _ ... , _ _ I threatening, manner. 
 
 Minacciosamente, //. (me-nat-che-o- 
 
 Minacci6so, It. (me-nat-che-J-z5). J 
 Minder, Ger. (#*z-der). Minor, less. 
 M incur, Fr. (mi-nur). Minor. 
 Minim. A half note. 
 Minor. Smaller. 
 
 Minor chord. A chord having a minor third and perfect fifth. 
 Minor interval. A minor interval contains one half-tone 
 less than a major; thus; 
 
 Major Third. Minor Third. 
 
 
 Minor key. A key founded on the minor scale. 
 
 Minor scale. That form of the diatonic scale in which the 
 
 first and third degrees form a minor third. 
 Minor third. An interval containing three degrees and one 
 
 whole tone and a half. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; T, /// ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 5 I 
 
 Minue, Sp. (mt-noo-a.). A minuet. 
 
 Minuet. The name of a slow, stately dance, said to have 
 
 been invented in France about the middle ot the i7th 
 
 century. 
 
 Minue"tto, //. (me-noo-^-to). A minuet. 
 Misch-Masch (mish-mash). A medley. 
 Misshallig, Ger. (wfrj-hal-lig). Discordant. 
 Missklang, Ger. (mfss-kla.ngk). Dissonance. 
 Misteriosame'nte, It. (mes-tar-e-o-za-wa-te). Mysteriously. 
 Mister i6so, It. (mes-tar-e-J-zS). Mysterious. 
 Misura, It. (me-soo-ra). A measure. 
 Misurato, It. (me-soo-ra-to). Measured in exact time. 
 Mit, Ger. (mtt). With. 
 
 Mittelkadenz, Ger. (wztf-tl-ka dents). A half cadence. 
 Mittelstimme,GVr. (wft-t'l-shtim-me). An inner part or voice. 
 M6bile, //. (wJ-be-le). With easy movement. 
 Mode. Key. 
 
 Mode're', Fr. (mo-da-ra). Moderate. 
 Moderate, //. (mod-e-ra-to). Moderate degree of speed. 
 
 Moderna. (mo-ddr-ria). ) 
 
 __ ,, _ .. ; > It. Modem. 
 
 Mod^rno, (mo-Mr-no), y 
 
 Modinha, (mo-Jen-a.). A Portuguese song. 
 
 M6do, It. (mo-do). Mode; style. 
 
 Modulation. Passing from one key to another. 
 
 Moduliren, Ger. (mo-doo-^-r'n). To modulate. 
 
 Modulo, Lat. (mo-du-lo). To modulate, to compose. 
 
 Moll, Ger. (moll). Minor. 
 
 Moll akkord, Ger. (mol ak-kord). Minor chord. 
 
 Moll dreiklang, Ger. (mol </rf-klangk). Minor triad. 
 
 Moll tonart, Ger. (mol ton-art). Minor key. 
 
 Moll tonleiter, Ger. (mol ton-^-ter). Minor scale. 
 
 6, old ; 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; U, (French).
 
 52 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Molleme'nte, It. (mol-le-wzJw-te). Softly, gently. 
 
 Moltisondnte, It. (mol-te-z6-a-te). Resounding. 
 
 M61to, //. (mol-\.o). Much, very. 
 
 Momentum, Lai. (mo-w/w-tum). A quaver rest. 
 
 Monodic. For one voice. 
 
 Monody, Ger. and Fr. Monodie (mon-6-a7), It. Monodia 
 (mo-no-de-a). Music in which the melody is confined to 
 a single part ; sometimes called the Homophonic Style. 
 
 Monophonic. In one part only. 
 
 Mordent. A grace performed by rapidly alternating a writ- 
 ten note with the note on the next degree below. There 
 are two kinds, the simple or short mordent (<x)v) which 
 consists of three notes, 
 
 /s(v Played. 
 
 and the long mordent (/vj^) in which the lower note 
 appears twice or oftener. 
 ,vVv Played. or 
 
 > 
 
 m m ^ m 
 
 *m m _ m ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The Frailer or inverted mordent consists of a written 
 note followed by the note on the next degree above 
 played in the same manner as the mordent. It has the 
 sign of the mordent but without the cross-stroke (/^v). 
 A nearly obsolete mordent sign is, ++, the inverted 
 mordent *^ 
 
 N.B. Some writers have used these terms in the oppo- 
 site sense, giving the mordent an upper auxiliary note. 
 
 3i,ale; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e,eve; e, end ; I, ice ; i,ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 53 
 
 Morndo, It. (mo-rdn-do). Dying away. 
 
 Mormorando, ft. (mor-mo-ran-do). Very soft, subdued tone. 
 
 M6sso, //. (mos-so). Moved. 
 
 Motet. A sacred composition of the anthem style. 
 
 Motif, Fr. (mo-tef). A motive. 
 
 Motive. A short phrase or figure. 
 
 M6tO, //. (mo-to). Motion. 
 
 Motteggiando, //. (m8t-tad-je-a-do). Bantering. 
 
 Muance, Fr. (m\i-anAs). A change or variation of notes. 
 
 Munter, Ger. (moon-ter). Lively. 
 
 Munterkeit, Ger. (moon-ter-kit). Vivacity. 
 
 Musica, Lat. (mu-si-ka), and It. (wtfo-ze-k'a).^ . 
 
 Musik, Ger. (moo-zik). 
 
 Miita, //. (moo-ta). Change. A term much used in orches- 
 tral scores, meaning that the performer is to change the 
 pitch or key of his instrument. 
 
 Mute. A contrivance used to deaden the tone of an 
 instrument. 
 
 Math, Ger. (moot). Spirit. 
 
 Muthig, Ger. (moo-tig). Spirited, bold. 
 
 Muthwillig, Ger. (moot-vft-lig). Mischievous, lively. 
 
 Mutiren, Ger. (moo-#-r'n). To change the voice. 
 
 Nach, Ger. (nakh). After, according to, at. 
 Nachahmung, Ger. (nak-a-moongk). Imitation. 
 Nach belieben, Ger. (nakh be-#-b'n). At pleasure. 
 Nach dem tact spielen, Ger. (nakh dem takt skpe-Yr\). To 
 
 play in time. 
 Nach-druck, Ger. (na6A-drook). Accent, emphasis. 
 
 Nachdriicklich, Ger. (wa'/fc/i-driik-Hkh. \ _ 
 
 -,..-, . c Emphatic, forcible. 
 
 Nachdrucksam, Ger. (naikA-druk.-sa.rn). ) 
 
 6, old ; 6, odd ; &, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; ii, (French}.
 
 54 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Nachfolge, Ger. (aA-fol-ghe). Following after, succes- 
 sion. 
 
 Nach-hall, Ger. (ndkh-\\a.\\). Reverberation, echo. 
 
 Nachklang, Ger. (aA-klangk). Echo. 
 
 Nachklingen, Ger. (<zA-kling-en). To echo, to resound. 
 
 Nachlassend, Ger. (wa^-las-send). Slackening. 
 
 Nachschallen, Ger. (wa^-shal-1'n). To echo. 
 
 Nachschlag, Ger. (a^-shlag). An after beat. 
 
 Nachsingen, Ger. (a/k-sing-en). To sing after. 
 
 Nachspiel, Ger. (<i'&&-shpel). A postlude. 
 
 Nachstverwandte tone, Ger. (n3.khst-iz*-vand-\& z$-ne). The 
 nearest related keys. 
 
 Nachtigall, Ger. (oM-tI-gall). Nightingale. 
 
 Nacht-musik, Ger. (ndkht-moo-z\\i). Night-music; a serenade. 
 
 Nachtstandchen, Ger. (a&^-shtand-kh'n). A serenade. 
 
 Nacht-stiick, Ger. (a/-shtiik). Night piece; a nocturne. 
 
 Nach und nach, Ger. (nakh oond nakh). By degrees. 
 
 Naif, Fr. (na-ef). ^ 
 
 Naive, Fr. (n'a-ev). > Naive ; unaffected. 
 
 Naiv, Fr. (na-^). ) 
 
 Narrante, It. (nar-raw-te). In narrative style. 
 
 Natur, Ger. (na-toor). Natural. 
 
 Natural. The sign ft 
 
 Naturale, It. (na-too-ra-le). Unaffected, natural. 
 
 Neapolitan Sixth. A major chord founded on the flat 
 supertonic of any key. 
 
 Key of C Major. Key of C Minor. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; i, ill ,
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 55 
 
 Neben-note, Ger. (d-b'n-J-te). Auxiliary note. 
 Necessario, It. (na-ches-ja-re-6). A term indicating that 
 
 the passage referred to must not be omitted. 
 Neglige'nte, It. (nal-ye^Vfw-te). 
 Negli, It. (<?/-ye). -| 
 Nei, It. (na-e). 
 Nel, It. (nil). 
 
 Nell', //. (nal'l). \- In the. 
 Nella, It. (nal-la). 
 Nelle, It. (nal-le). 
 Nello, //. (nal-16). 
 Nello stesso tempo, //. (nal-lo stes-s5 tam-po). In the same 
 
 time. 
 Nel stilo antico, //. (nal ste-\o an-/^-k5). In the ancient 
 
 style. 
 
 Nel te'mpo, //. (nal tdm-po). In time; in the previous time. 
 Net, Fr. (na). >, 
 
 Nett, Ger. (net). 
 
 > Neatly, clearly. 
 Nettam6nte, It. (net-ta-z<?-te). f 
 
 Nette, Fr. (net). 
 
 Nettete\ Fr. (net-ta). 
 
 / Neatness, plainness, clear- 
 Nettheit, Ger. (#-h!t). 
 
 ness 
 Nettigkeit, Ger. (-t!g-kit). ) 
 
 Ne*tto, It. (ndt-io). Neat, quick, clear. 
 
 Nicht, Ger. (nikht). Not. 
 
 Nicht ZU geschwind, Ger. (nikht tsoo ghe-sAvfnd). Not too 
 
 quick. 
 N6bile, It. (J-be-le). Noble. 
 
 Nobilme'nte, It. (no-bel-/d-te). ) __ , , 
 
 \ Nobly, grandly. 
 Noblement, Fr. (no-bl-man/fc). J 
 
 Noch, ^^.(nokh). Still, yet. 
 
 6, old ; 8, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; S, but ; u, (French}.
 
 56 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Noel, Fr. (no-el). A carol sung usually on the day before 
 Christmas or on Christmas eve in the southern part of 
 France. 
 
 Non, It. (n5n). Not. 
 
 Nonet, 
 
 _ / A composition for nine voices or 
 
 Nonett, Ger. (no-w#). } 
 
 ., \ instruments. 
 Nonftto, //. (no-ndf-to). > 
 
 Nonuplet. A group of nine notes of the same time-value, 
 performed in the time proper to six or (more generally) 
 eight of the same kind belonging to the regular rhythm. 
 
 Nota, Lat. and It. (no-fa). A note. 
 
 Nota bu6na, It. (no-ta boo-J-na). An accented note. 
 
 Notation. The art of expressing musical tones or ideas by 
 means of written characters. 
 
 Note. The character used to represent a musical tone and 
 its time value. 
 
 Nuance, Fr. (nii-anAs). A term referring to the " shading " 
 of vocal or instrumental music ; the change of time 
 force, and expression indicated by the composer or 
 introduced by the performer, 
 ^va). ) 
 0-vo). ) 
 
 Nu6va, It. (noo-J-va). ^ 
 
 Nu6vo, It. (noo-0-vo) 
 
 0, It. Or. 
 
 rtwi- it.- T ,-L ui- - -> } Indispensable : applied to a 
 Obbhgati. It. (ob-ble-ea-te). / 
 
 ,., , .. ,. , ._, , ,_ .. _. > temporary solo in an or- 
 Obbhgdto, //. (ob-ble-ra-to). V ,_*__. 
 
 chestral work. 
 
 Ober, Ger. (<>-ber). Upper, over, higher. 
 
 Ober-manual, Ger. (J-ber ma-noo-a/). The upper manual. 
 
 Ober-stimme, Ger. (<^ber sAttm-me). ) _ 
 
 />v ii. , s- ^-i." ^ ( The upper part. 
 
 Ober-theil, Ger. (o-ber-tfl). 
 
 Obertura, Sp. (o-\xi-too-riC). Overture. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; T, ice ; i, *'// ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS $? 
 
 Ober-werk, Ger. (J-ber-vSrk). The upper manual. 
 
 Obligat, Ger. (6b-li-gat). ) 
 
 ,YL ,-,./( Obbhgato. 
 Oblig6, Fr. (8b-le-zha). ) 
 
 Oblique motion. When one part moves, while the other 
 
 remains stationary. 
 
 Obsiste'nte, Sp. (ob-sis-/J-te). Resounding. 
 Ocio, Sp. (J-the-6). Slowly. With ease. 
 Octave. The interval between the first and eighth tones of 
 
 a diatonic scale. An interval between any tone and 
 
 that seven degrees above. 
 Octet. i 
 
 Octette, Fr. (6k-tet). I A composition for eight voices or 
 Octuor, Fr. (ok-twor). f instruments. 
 Oktett, Ger. (6k-///). J 
 
 Octochord. ) . 
 
 ( An instrument of eight strings. 
 Octogenary. ) 
 
 Octuplet. A group of eight notes of the same time-value, 
 performed in the time proper to six notes of the same 
 kind belonging to the regular rhythm. 
 
 Oder, Ger. (J-der). Or, or else. 
 
 Oeuvre, Fr. (ovr). Work. 
 
 Offen, Ger. (of-Pn). Open, parallel. 
 
 Offenbar, Ger. (^/"-f'n-bar). Open, manifest. 
 
 Ohne, Ger. (-ne). Without. 
 
 Oktave, Ger. (6k-/-fe). Octave. 
 
 Olio. A medley. 
 
 Ombra, It. (om-bra). Shading, nuance. 
 
 Omnes, Lat. (^-nes). 1 ^ See Tutti . 
 
 Omnia, Lat. (^w-ni-a). ) 
 
 Omnitonic. A term used to designate any instrument ca- 
 pable of producing all tones. 
 
 6, old ; 8, odd ; o, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; ii, (French}.
 
 58 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Ondeggiame'nto, //. (6n-dad-je-a-w<f-to). An undulating, 
 
 quivering sound ; a tremolo. 
 Ondeggidnte, It. (6n-ata/-je-<i'-te). Trembling, undulating, 
 
 waving. 
 
 Ondul6, Fr. (6n^-dii-/rtr). Waving, trembling. 
 Onduliren, Ger. (on-doo-/^-r'n). A tremulous tone. 
 Ongare'se, It, (on-ga-rvf-ze). Hungarian. 
 Oppure, It. (op-/<w-re). Or, or else. 
 Opus, Lat. (o-pus). A work. 
 Ordinario, It. (5r-de-a-re-o). Common, ordinary. 
 Organ-point. Any tone sustained or repeated against a 
 
 number of passing chords is termed an organ-point or 
 
 pedal-point. 
 
 Ornament. An embellishment, a grace. 
 Ornatame'nte, It. (5r-na-ta-wJ-te). ) Ornamented, embel- 
 Ornato, It. (5r-a-t6). ) lished. 
 
 Orthisch, Ger. (or-tish). High, acute. 
 Osservanza, //. (os-sar-z/aw-tsa). Strictness in keeping 
 
 time. 
 
 Ossia, It. (os-se-'a). Or ; or else. 
 Ostinato, It. (6s-te-a-to). Obstinate; thus basso ostinato 
 
 denotes a ground bass ; that is, a bass which is re- 
 peated again and again. 
 Otez, Fr. (J-ta). Off. 
 
 Otium, Lat. (J-shi-um). Slowly, with grace and ease. 
 Ottava, It. (St-Aj-va). Octave. 
 Ott^tto, It. (ot-^Mo). An octet. 
 Ott6ne, //. (ot-^J-ne). Brass. 
 Ou, Fr. (oo). Or. 
 Ouvert, Fr. (oo-vdr). Open. 
 Ow6ro, It. (ov-z/J-ro). Or. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; I, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 59 
 
 Pacatame"nte, It. (pa-ka-ta-wtfw-te). Placidly, quietly. 
 
 Paean. A song of praise. 
 
 Paraphrase. A rearrangement, or adaptation, of a vocal 
 or instrumental composition, for some other instrument 
 or combination of instruments, with such embellish- 
 ments and variations as the arranger may choose to 
 introduce. 
 
 Parlando, It. (par-/a-do). A style of singing suggestive of 
 recitative in clearness of enunciation ; in spoken style. 
 
 Parte, It. (par-te). Part. 
 
 Partime'nto, It. (par-te-#zJ-to). A figured bass. 
 
 Partition, Fr. (par-te-si-on/fc). "j 
 
 Partitur, Ger. (par-ti-Aw-r). 
 
 v ,A score 
 Partitiira, Lat. and It. (par-te-&>0-ra). f 
 
 Partizidne, It. (par-te-tse-0-ne). J 
 
 Part-writing. The art of combining two or more vocal 
 
 or instrumental parts. Sometimes used instead of the 
 
 term counterpoint. 
 Paso de gargante, Sp. (pa-so de gar-tf-ta). Trill of the 
 
 voice. 
 
 Passage. A repeated figure. A section of a composition. 
 Passaggio, //. (pas-sad-je-6). A passage, modulation, or 
 
 bravura embellishment. 
 Passing-notes. Notes foreign to the chords which they 
 
 accompany, ascending or descending in diatonic or 
 
 chromatic progression from one essential note of a 
 
 chord to an essential note of the following chord. 
 Passionatame'nte, It. (pas-se-5-na-ta-w<?-te). Passionately. 
 Passionate, It. (pas-se-6-wa-to). Impassioned. 
 Passi6ne, It. (pas-se-^-ne). Fervent emotion. 
 Passionne*, Fr. (pas-se-on-na). Passionate. 
 
 6, old ; o, odd ; o, done ; oo,moon ; \\,lute ; u, but ; ii, (French).
 
 60 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Pasticcio, //. (pas-/<?Ache-6). ) A medley composed of ex- 
 Pastiche, Fr. (pas-tesA). ) cerpts from various operas. 
 
 1 A vocal or instrumental 
 
 Pastoral, . . . , 
 
 Pastorale, //. (P*s-t5-,*-le). [ compo^tion generally m i, 
 
 Pastorelle, Fr. (pas-toW/). f ' r V tirae ' * nd of ^ 
 
 J ral or pastoral character. 
 
 Pas trop lent, Fr. (pa tro lan^). Not too slow. 
 
 PatStica, //. (pa-M-te ka). Pathetic. 
 
 Pateticame*nte, It. (pa-ta-te-ka-*w<?-te). Pathetically. 
 
 Pat^ico, //. (pa-M-te-ko). ) 
 
 Path^tique, Fr. (pa-^-tek). ) 
 
 Pathe'tiquement, Fr. (pa-M-tek-man>^). Pathetically. 
 
 Pathetisch, Ger. (pa-tet-ish). Pathetic. 
 
 Patim^nto, It. (pa-te-wa-to). Grief. 
 
 Paulatinam^nte, It. (pa-oo-la-^-na-wJw-te). Gently. 
 
 Pausa, It. (pa-oo-za). Pause. A hold expressed by the sign 
 
 /TN, which denotes that the note or rest over which 
 
 it is placed is to be prolonged at the pleasure of the 
 
 performer. 
 
 Paventato, /A (pa-ven-^o-to). Afraid, fearful. 
 Pavent6so, It. (pa-ven-/fj-z5). In a style expressive of fear. 
 Pean. A paean ; a song of praise. 
 
 Pedale, It. (pa-o^-le), Ger. (pe-a-le), and Fr. (pa-<//). Pedal. 
 Peddle d6ppio, It. (pa-</a-le dcp-pe-o). Double pedals. 
 P6dale a chaque accord, Fr. (pa-</<i7 i shak ak-k8r). Pedal 
 
 with each chord. 
 Pedal-point. Organ point. 
 
 Pens6so, It. (pen-w-zo). ) 
 
 . f Contemplative, pensive. 
 Pensieroso, It. (pen-se-a-rtf-zo). ) 
 
 Per, It. (par). Through, from, in, for, by. 
 Percant, Fr. (per-san^). Piercing. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; \, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 6 1 
 
 Perdendo, It. (par-^-do). ) . aw morendo . 
 
 Perdend6si, It. (par-dan-</J-ze). ) 
 
 Perpetuo, It. (par-pa-Aw-o). Perpetual. 
 
 Pesante, It. (pe-axw-te). Heavy, firm. 
 
 Pesantemnte, //. (pe-zan-te-*5-te). Heavily, impressively. 
 
 Petite, Fr. (pe-te). Small. 
 
 Peu, Fr. (puh). Little. 
 
 Peu a peu, Fr. (puh a puh). Little by little. 
 
 Pe"zzi, //. (pat-se). Detached pieces of music. 
 
 Pe"zzo, It. (pat-so). A piece. 
 
 Phantasie, Ger. (fa.n-ta.-ze). Fantasia. 
 
 Phantasie-stucke, Ger. (fan-ta-z<?-shtuk). A composition 
 having the style and character of a fantasia. 
 
 Phantasiren, Ger. (fan-ta-z^-r'n). Improvising. 
 
 Philharmonic, Gr. (fil-har-/w^-ik). Lovingharmony or music. 
 
 Phrasing. The proper rendition of a composition with re- 
 gard to the relative importance, melodic and rhythmic 
 character, of its phrases. 
 
 Piacre, It. (pe-'a-^<?-re). According to the performer's de- 
 sire. " At pleasure." 
 
 PiaceVole, It. (pe-a-^J-vo-le). Smooth, suave. 
 
 Piacevolme'nte, (pe-a-che-vol-#zJ-te). Smoothly. 
 
 Piacime'ntO, It. (pe-a-che-wz^-to). The same as Piacere. 
 
 Pian^tto, It. (pe-'a-<f/-to). Very low, very soft. 
 
 Piang^ndo, //. (pe-a-^>ar-do). -\ 
 
 Flange 1 vole, It. (pe-'an-v?-vo-le). > Plaintive. 
 
 Piangevolme'nte, It. (pe-an-ga-vol-/<?-te). ) 
 
 Pianissimo It. (pe-an-fr-se-mo). Very soft. 
 
 Piano, It. (pe-o-no). Soft. 
 
 Piccant^ria, con, It. (pe-kan-^-re-a). With sprightly, pi- 
 quant expression. 
 
 6, old ; 8, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; ii, but ; ii, (PrencK).
 
 62 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Picchettato, It. (pe-ket-Az-to). 
 Picchiettato, It. (pe-ke-et-*i'-t6). 
 
 Slightly detached. The 
 mezzo-staccato in vio- 
 lin-playing expressed 
 by staccato dots over 
 which is placed a slur. 
 Notes so marked are 
 to be played in one 
 bow. 
 Piccolo, It. (/.f-ko-lo). Small. 
 
 Piece, Fr. (pi-ds). A piece Suite de pieces, a collec 
 
 tion of pieces. 
 Pieds, Fr. (pi-d). Feet. 
 PiSna, It. (pe-J-na). ) f ^ 
 PiSno, It. (pe-<f-no). > 
 Pigta, It. (pe-<f-ta). Pity, tenderness. 
 Pietosame'nte, It. (pe-a-t5-za-7w<?-te). Tenderly. 
 Piet6so, It. (pe-a-A?-z6). Tender. 
 
 Pince", Fr. (pan^-sa). i. Plucked or twanged by the fingers, 
 as the strings of a harp or guitar. 2. Pizzicato in violin- 
 playing. 3. A mordent. 
 Pique", Fr. (pi-&f ). See Picchettato. 
 Pitch. The place a tone occupies in the musical scale. 
 Pittorico, It. (pet-to-r<?-ko). Embellished. 
 Piu, It. (pe-oo). More. 
 Piu le"nto, It. (pe-oo /<f-to). More slowly. 
 Piu t6sto, It. (pe-oo fos-to). Rather. 
 
 Pizzicato, It. (pet-se-M-to). A term used in music for bow- 
 instruments (violin, violoncello), directing the performer 
 to play that portion of the music so marked by pluck- 
 ing the strings with the finger. 
 Placenterame'nte, It. (pla-chen-ter-a-*w<f-te). Joyfully 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; i, /'//;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 63 
 
 Placidamente, //. (pl'a.-cAe-d'a. -mdn-te). Calmly, smoothly. 
 
 Placido, It. (/)/a-che-do). Calm, tranquil. 
 
 Placito, It. (//a-che-to). Pleasure. Ad libitum. [tonic. 
 
 Plagal cadence. The subdominant triad followed by the 
 
 Plainte, Fr. (planet). A lament. 
 
 Plaintif, Fr. (plan^-tef). Plaintive, doleful. [tions. 
 
 Plaisanteries, Fr. (pla-zan^-t're). Amusing, light composi- 
 
 Plaqu6, Fr. (pla-&?). Struck together. . . . Un accord 
 
 plaque, an unbroken chord. 
 Plaquer, Fr. (pla-ka). To strike at once. 
 Plarren, Ger. (fldr-r'n). To sing monotonously ; to sing 
 
 with a hoarse or cracked voice. 
 Plauso, It. (pla-oo-zo). Applause. 
 Plus, Fr. (plii). More. 
 
 Plus anim, Fr. (plii sa-ne-ma). With more animation. 
 Plus lentement, Fr. (plii lan^t-man^). Slower, more slowly. 
 Pochettino, It. (po-ket-A?-n6). \ 
 PochettO, It. (p6-&-to). > A little. 
 Pochino, It. (po-te-no). 
 
 Pochissimo, It. (po-kes-j^-mo). As little as possible. 
 P6CO, //. (/J-k5). Little. 
 
 P6co a p6co, It. (po-ko a po-ko). Little by little. 
 Poggiato, It. (pod-je-a-to). Leaned or dwelt upon. 
 P6i, It. (po-e). Then, thereafter. 
 Poi a poi, It. (po-e a po-e). By degrees. 
 Point, Fr. (pwanA). A dot. [hold. /r\ 
 
 Point d'arret, de repos, Fr. (pwan/5 d'ar-rat diih repo). A 
 Point final, Fr. (pwan^ ie-ndl). The last pause. 
 Point d'orgue, Fr. (pwan/fc d'org). A hold; a cadenza; an 
 
 organ-point. 
 Points detaches, Fr. (pwan/fc da-td-sha). Staccato-dots. 
 
 o, old ; o, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; ii, (French),
 
 64 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Pointe, Fr. (pwant). i. In violin-playing, the head or point 
 of the bow. 2. In organ-playing, the toe. 
 
 Pointer, Fr. (pwanA-ta). To perform staccato. 
 
 Polyphonic (p61-i/^-ik). Contrapuntal. 
 
 Polyphony (pS-^-o-ny). Counterpoint in the broadest sense. 
 
 Pompos, Ger. (pom-/&). Pompous, majestic. 
 
 Pomposame'nte, It. (p8m-po-za-w<f-te). In a pompous or 
 dignified style. 
 
 Pomp6so, It. (pom-/0-zo). Dignified, pompous. 
 
 Ponctuation, Fr. (ponc-tii-a-tse-Sn/fc). Phrasing. 
 
 Ponctuer, Fr. (ponc-tii-a). To phrase. 
 
 Ponder6so, It. (pon-deVJ-z5). Heavy ; strongly marked. 
 
 Ponticello, It. (p6n-te-^J/-lo). The bridge of a bow- 
 instrument. . . . Sul ponticello, play near the bridge. 
 
 Portamento, It. (por-ta-zJ-t6). A gliding from one tone 
 to another, which causes the intermediate tones to be 
 slightly heard. 
 
 Portando la v6ce, It. (por-/tf-do la w-che). Sustaining the 
 voice ; similar to portamento. 
 
 Portdta, It. (por-to'-ta). Staff. 
 
 Portdto, It. (por-to'-to). Sustained. 
 
 Port de voix, Fr. (port duh vwa). Portamento. 
 
 Porter la voix, Fr. (por-ta la vwa). To carry the voice. 
 
 Posato, It. (po-20-to). Dignified. 
 
 Pos6ment, fr. (po-tJ-manA). Posato. 
 
 Poser la voix, Fr. (po-sa-la vwa). A direction for a vocalist 
 to attack the tone with clearness and precision. 
 
 Positif, Fr. (po-ze-tef). Choir-organ. 
 
 Possibile, It. (pos-jr-be-le). Possible. 
 
 Postlude (/tf-lude). An organ composition played at the 
 close of a church-service ; an after-piece. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; I, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 65 
 
 Pot-pourri, Fr. (pot-poor-re). A medley. 
 
 Pousse", Fr. (poos-sa). Up-bow. 
 
 Prachtig, Ger. (pr$kh-\.\g). Grand, majestic, dignified. 
 
 Pralltriller, Ger. (pral-tril-ler). An inverted mordent. 
 
 Praludium, Ger. (pra-Aw-di-oom). A prelude. 
 
 Prazis, Ger. (pra-tsis). Exact, precise. 
 
 Precentor. Director of a choir. 
 
 Precipitamente, It. (pra-che-pe-ta-w5-te). Hurriedly. 
 
 Precipitando, //. (pra-che-pe-Am-do). Hurrying. 
 
 Precipitate, It. (pra-che-pe-&z-to). Hurried. 
 
 Precipitazi6ne, It. (pra-che-pe-tat-se-J-ne). Precipitation. 
 
 Precipite", Fr. (pra-j^-pi-ta). Hurried. 
 
 Precipit6so, It. (pra-che-pe-A^zo). Precipitous. 
 
 Precisi6ne, It. (pra-che-ze-J-ne). Precision. 
 
 Preclso, It (pra.-cAe-zo) . Precise, exact. 
 
 Prefacion, Sp. (pra-fa-the-J). ) _ 
 
 __ , .. . ( Preface, introduction. 
 
 PrefaziOne, It. (pra-fa-tse-J-ne). ) 
 
 Preghi6ra, It. (pra-ghe-a-ra). A prayer. The title of mod- 
 ern salon pieces of a devotional character. 
 
 A prelude. Any piece 
 of music forming an 
 introduction to a more 
 extended movement, 
 
 Prelude, Fr. (pre-liid). 
 Preludlo, It. (pre-loo-^-o). 
 Praeludium, Lat. (pre-/w-de-um). 
 
 as an overture to an 
 oratorio or opera; also 
 the title of certain 
 pieces for the organ 
 and pianoforte which 
 are independent com- 
 positions. 
 Premier, Fr. (prem-i-J). First. 
 
 6, old ; 5, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; ii, (French) <
 
 66 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Premier dessus, Fr. (prem-1-dr des-sii). First soprano. 
 Premiere, Fr. (prem-e-dr). The first public performance of 
 
 a work. 
 
 Premiere fois, Fr. (prem-e-Jr fwa). First time. 
 PrSsa, It. (prd-sa). The signs indicating the entrance of 
 
 each part of a canon $. :g; -g. + *. 
 Pressante, It. (pres-san-&). Accelerando, stringendo. 
 Pressez, Fr. (pres-sa.). Accelerando, stringendo. 
 Pressez un peu, Fr. (pres-sa anA po). Poco stringendo. 
 Pressirend, Ger. (pres-j'-rend). Hurrying. 
 Pressure tone. A sudden crescendo. 
 Prestame'nte, //. (pres-ta-;<?-te). Hurriedly. 
 Preste"zza, It. (pres-/a/-sa). Rapidity. 
 
 Prestissimamnte, It. (pres-tes-se-ma-/w J-te). ) As fast as 
 Prestissimo, It. (pres-/-se-mo). ) possible. 
 
 Presto, It. (prds-to). Fast. Faster than allegro but slower 
 
 than prestissimo. 
 
 Pre'sto assai, //. (prds-to as-sa-e). Very fast. 
 Presto, ma non trdppo, It. (prds-to ma non trop-po). 
 
 Quick, but not too much so. 
 Priere, Fr. (pre-Jr). Prayer. 
 Prima, It. (pre-m). First. 
 Prima donna, It. (pre-mi dSn-r&). The leading soprano 
 
 singer in an opera. 
 
 Prima parte repetita, It. (prt-ma. par-te ra.-pe-te-ta). Re- 
 peat the first part. 
 
 Prima vista, It. (pre-mi. ves-ta). At first sight. 
 Prima v61ta, It. (pre-m& z/J/-ta). The first time. 
 Prime. The key-note or tonic. Also used in place of 
 
 unison. 
 Primo, It. (pre-m5). First. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; i, ill;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 6/ 
 
 Prim-tone, Ger. (prfm-tS-nz'). Fundamental tones, or notes. 
 
 Principalme'nte, //. (pren-che-pal-#z<J-te). Principally, 
 chiefly. 
 
 Principal voices. Soprano and bass. 
 
 Principiante, ft. (pren-che-pe-aw-te). A beginner. 
 
 Principle, ft. (pren-c^-pe-o). First time, beginning. 
 
 Prise du sujet, Fr. (pres dii sii-zha). Entrance of the sub- 
 ject. 
 
 Proasma. An introduction, or a short symphony. 
 
 Probe, Ger. (fira-be). Rehearsal. 
 
 Produce*nte, It. (pr5-doo-<r^a-te). Fifth tone of the scale. 
 
 Promptement, Fr. (pron/fct-manA). Promptly, quickly. 
 
 Pr6nta, It. (pron-ta.). Prompt. 
 
 Prontame'nte, It. (pron-ta-wtfw-te). Promptly. 
 
 Pr6nto, //. (pro-to). Prompt. 
 
 Pronunziato, It. (pro-noon-tse--to). Pronounced. 
 
 Prop6sta, It. (pro-pos-ta.). The subject of a fugue. 
 
 Proslambanomenos, Gr. (pros-lam-ba-w^-e-nos). The low- 
 est note in the Greek system. 
 
 Pr6va, It. (pro-va.). Rehearsal. 
 
 Pulse. A beat or accent. 
 
 Punctum, Lat. (/^w^-tum). An ancient name for note, 
 meaning point. 
 
 Punctum contra punctum, Lat. (punk-idm kSn-tra. punk- 
 tum). Point against point ; counterpoint. 
 
 Punctus, Lat. (/*/-tus). ) 
 
 \ A dot, a point. 
 Punkt, Ger. (poonkt). ) 
 
 Punta, It. (poon-tai). The point, the top. 
 Punta d' arco, ft. (poon-te d'ar-ko). Point of the bow. 
 Puntato, //. (poon-/a-to). Pointed, detached, staccato'd. 
 PuntO, It. (poon-to). A dot, a point. 
 
 o, old ; 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; ii, but ; U, (French).
 
 68 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Quadrat, Ger. (kwad-raV). A natural ft 
 Quadrate, ft. (kwad-ro-to). The note B in the natural or 
 diatonic scale. 
 
 n j - \ ) A quartet ; a com- 
 
 Ouadncmium, Lat. (kwad-n-jf-i-um). / 
 A a _x/ A r- ,1 j ? position in four 
 
 Quadripartite, Fr. (ka.d-n-pa.r-M). ( 
 
 * p3.rts. 
 
 Quadro, It. (kwa-dro). A natural ft. 
 
 Quadruple counterpoint. Counterpoint in four invertible 
 
 parts. 
 
 Quadruple time. Four beats to a measure. 
 Quadruplet. A group of four equal notes intended to be 
 
 performed in the time of three or six of the same time- 
 
 value in the regular rhythm. 
 Quart. The interval of a fourth. 
 
 Quarta, Lat. and It. (guar-ia). 1 Fourth. The inter- 
 
 Quarte, Ger. (Jhoar-te), and Fr. (kart). J val of a fourth. 
 Quasi, Lat. and It. (gua-ze). Nearly, like ; as if. 
 Quatre, Fr. (katr). ) 
 Quattro, It. (kwat-tro). ) 
 Quatuor, Fr. (M-tu-6r). A quartet. 
 Quaver. An eighth note. 
 
 Quedo, Sp. (M-do). Softly, gently, in a low voice. 
 Querimonia, Lat. (quer-i-wJ-ni-a). A religious cantata of 
 
 a dolorous cast. 
 
 QuSsto, //. (kwas-io). 
 
 Queue, Fr. (kiih). "Tail." Stem of a note. A tailpiece. 
 
 Quiebro, Sp. (ke-a-bro). A shake or trill. 
 
 Quie'to, It. (kwe-^-to). Quiet, calm. 
 
 Quinque, Lat. (quin-que). Five. 
 
 Quint, Lat. (quint). The interval of a fifth. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; i, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; T, ill :
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 69 
 
 Quint-absatz, Ger. (kwmt-ab-satz). An imperfect cadence 
 
 on the dominant. 
 
 Quinte, Fr. (kan^t) and Ger. (kwin-te). Fifth. Treble. 
 Quint-saite, Ger. (kwint-si-te). The E-string of a violin. 
 Quintuor, Fr. (kwin-tii-or). A quintet. 
 Quintuple time. Five beats to a measure. 
 Quintuplet. A group of five notes of the same time- 
 
 value performed in the time of four of the same kind in 
 
 the regular rhythm. 
 
 Rabbia, It. (ra^-be-a). Rage, frenzy. 
 
 Raccourcir, Fr. (ra-coor-ser). To abridge. 
 
 Racleur, Fr. (ra-klur). A poor player. 
 
 Raddolcendo, It. (rad-dol-<:M-d5). } Gradually softer, 
 
 Raddolce'nte, //. (rad-dol-^a-te). ) calmer. 
 
 Raddolcito, It. (rad-dol-f^-to). Calmer, gentler. 
 
 Raddoppiate n6te, It. (rad-dop-pe-a-te <?-te). Repeated or 
 
 reiterated notes. 
 
 Raggione, It. (rad-je-J-ne). Ratio, proportion. 
 Rallentamento, //. (ral-len-ta-wJw-to). ) Gradually slacken- 
 Rallentando, It. (ral-len-&jf-do). ) ing the tempo. 
 
 Rallentato, ft. (ral-len^-to). 
 
 Rallentdre, It. (ral-len-^a-re). 
 
 Range. Compass of a voice or instrument. 
 
 Rapidame'nte, It. (ra-pe-da-*<7-te) . Rapidly. 
 
 Rapidita, //. (ra-/^-de-ta). Rapidity. 
 
 Rapido, //. (rd-pe-do). Rapid. 
 
 Rasch, Ger. (rash). Swift, rapid. 
 
 Rascher, Ger. (rasch-er). Faster. 
 
 Rattenendo, //. (rat-te- a --do). 
 
 Rattenuto, //. (rat-te-<w-to). 
 
 6, old ; o, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; ii, but ;u,( French)
 
 7O PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Rattezza, It. (rat-/^-sa). Speed, rapidity. 
 
 Raucedine, It. (ra-oo-che-^-ne). Hoarseness. 
 
 Rauco, It. (ra-oo-ko). Hoarse, harsh. 
 
 Rauh, Ger. (rowh). Rough, harsh, hoarse. 
 
 Rauscher, Ger. (r0w-scher). A rapidly repeated note. 
 
 Ravvivdndo il tempo, It. (rav-ve-z>-do el tam-po). Ac- 
 celerating the tempo. 
 
 Ray. This syllable is used in place of Re in the Tonic 
 Sol-fa system. 
 
 Re. Name of the note D in Italy, etc. The second degree 
 of the diatonic scale. 
 
 Re 1 be'mol, Fr. (ra ba-mol). The note Db. 
 
 Recht, Ger. (rekht). Right. 
 
 Recht hand, Ger. (rekt hand). Right hand. 
 
 Rcit, Fr. (ra-se). An instrumental or vocal solo part. The 
 principal part in a piece of concerted music. 
 
 Recitando, //. (ra-che-/-do). 
 
 , In declamatory style. 
 Recitante, It. (ra-che-te-te). ) 
 
 Re'citant. Fr. (ra-se-tanA). ) 
 
 , . \_ '? One who plays or sings a solo. 
 
 Recitante, Fr. (ra-se-tante.)) 
 
 R^citatif , Fr. (ra.-se-ta.-tef). \ Recitative ; musical decla- 
 Recitativ, Ger. (ret-si-Ai'-tif). mation ; a style of de- 
 
 Recitativo, ft. (ra-che-ta-A?-vo). ) clamatory singing. 
 Recte, Lot. (r/-te). Right, straight, forward. 
 Recte et retro, Lat. (rek-te et r<f-tro). Forward, then back- 
 ward ; the subject or melody reversed, note for note. 
 Re" diese, Fr. (ra di-dz). The note D 1 
 Redfta, It. (ra-<#-ta). 
 
 Reddfta, //. (red-^-ta). J A repeat 
 Redondilla, Sp. (ra-don-del-ya). A roundelay. 
 Redublicato, //. (re-doob-le-^a-to). Redoubled. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; i, /'//;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS /I 
 
 Rflchir, Fr. (ra-fla-sher). To throw back, to rever- 
 berate. 
 
 Refrain. A burden or chorus sung after each stanza of a 
 song. 
 
 Registration. The theory and practice of using and com- 
 bining the various stops of an organ. 
 
 Rein, Cer. (rin). Pure, clear, perfect. 
 
 Reine stimme, Ger. (rf-ne sAtfm-me). Clear voice. 
 
 Religiosame'nte, It. (re-le-je-6-za-z<?-te). ) Devoutly, re- 
 
 Religi6so, It. (re-le-je-J-zo). ) ligiously. 
 
 Rentree, Fr. (ran^-tra). Reentrance of a part or theme. 
 
 Renvoi, Fr. (ranA-vwa). The sign ^? denoting that the per- 
 former must return to and repeat from a similar sign. 
 
 \ Repercussion ; 
 
 Repercotimento, It. (re-par-ko-te-J-to). / 
 
 _ > the answer, in 
 
 Repercussio, Lot. (rep-er-^j-si-o). \ . 
 
 J a fugue. 
 
 Repercussion. A frequent repetition of the same sound. 
 
 RSpercuter, Fr. (ra-per-/tw-ta). To repercuss, to rever- 
 berate. 
 
 Repetatur, Lat. (rep-e-^'-tur). Let it be repeated. 
 
 Repetieren, Ger. (ra-pa-te-r'n). To repeat. 
 
 Repetizi6ne, It. (re-pa-te-tse-^-ne). Repetition. 
 
 Replica, It. (r<f-ple-ka). A repeat. 
 
 Replicato, //. (rep le-/&a-to). Repeated. 
 
 Replicate. A tone one or more octaves higher or lower 
 than a given tone. 
 
 Replicazi6ne, It. (rep-le-ka-tse-<?-ne). Repetition. 
 
 Repondre, Fr. (ra-ponAdr). To respond, to answer. 
 
 RSpOns, Fr. (ra-pon^s). An answer. 
 
 Re'ponse, Fr. (ra-pon^s). An answer. 
 
 Repos, Fr. (riih-po). A pause. 
 
 5, old ; 8, odd ; 6, done ; oo moon ; \i,lute ; u,6uf ; ii, (French}.
 
 72 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Reprise, Fr. (riih prez). The burden of a song ; a repeti 
 tion, or return, to some previous part. 
 
 Requiebro, Sp. (ra-ke-<f-bro). A trill of the voice. 
 
 ResoliitO, //. (res-6-/0o-t6). See Risoluto. 
 
 Rest. The character used to indicate an interval of 
 silence between two tones. 
 
 ReVeille, Fr. (ra-z/J-ye). Awaking; signal given by drum 
 to soldiers at dawn. 
 
 Rhythm. Rhythm in music is tone-movement produced 
 by sounding in succession two or more tones of equal 
 or unequal time-value. One tone cannot of itself pro- 
 duce rhythm, but being followed by one or more tones 
 there results a rhythm exhibiting the relative time-value 
 of the tones employed. When a motive or group is re- 
 peated many times in the course of a composition and 
 at regular intervals, the resulting rhythm is called by 
 the name of the composition in which it is used; as 
 the rhythms peculiar to the march, waltz, polka, ma- 
 zurka, and polonaise. Musical rhythm may or may not 
 be accented; music for the organ, for example, does 
 not admit of accent. 
 
 Ribattime'ntO, It, (re-bat-te-z-t6). Repercussion, rever- 
 beration. 
 
 Ribbattuta, //. (rir>bat-/to?-ta). A kind of trill. 
 
 
 Ricantare, //. (re-kan-Ai'-re). To sing again. 
 
 Ricordanza, It. (re-kor-</a-tsa). Remembrance, recollection. 
 
 RigO, //. (re-go). The staff. 
 
 Rig6re, It. (re-,fJ-re). Rigor, strictness. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; &, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; I, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 73 
 
 Rilasciando, It. (re-la-she-<z-d5). ) ., 
 
 \ Rallentando. 
 Rilasciante, It. (re-la-she-a-te). > 
 
 Rimette'ndo, It. (re-met-/if-do). Holding back, or retard- 
 ing the tempo. 
 
 Rinforzame'nto, It. (ren-for-tsa-wJw-to). Reinforcement. 
 
 Rinforzando, //. (ren-f 5r-tsan-do) . Strengthening, empha- 
 sizing. 
 
 Rinforzare, It. (ren-for-tai'-re). To reinforce; to emphasize. 
 
 Rinforzato, It. (ren-for-taz-to). With special emphasis, 
 when used for a single tone or chord ; sudden increase 
 in loudness, when used for a short passage or phrase. 
 
 Rinf6rzo, It. (ren-fir-tso). Strengthened. 
 
 Rintronato, It. (ren-tro-a-to). Resounded, reechoed. 
 
 Ripetizidne, //. (re-pe-te-tse-^ne). Repetition. 
 
 Ripi^no, It, (re-pe-J-no). Equivalent to Tutti. 
 
 Ripigliare, It. (re-pel-ye-<i'-re). To resume. 
 
 Ripigliando, It. (re-pel-ye-a-do). Resuming. 
 
 Riposatam^nte, It. (re-po-za-ta-wzJw-te). Restfully. 
 
 Riposato, It. (re-p5-za-to). Restful. 
 
 Rip6so, It. (re-/J-zo). Rest, repose. 
 
 Riposta, It. (re-/Jj-ta). Repeat. 
 
 Riprende're, //. (re-pren-</5-re). To resume. 
 
 Riprenddndo, It. (re-pren-^Jw-do). Resuming. 
 
 Ripr^sa, It. (re-prd-zz). A reprise or repeat. The sign ^ 
 
 Risentito, It. (re-sen-/-to). Vigorous, energetic. 
 
 Risolutam^nte, It. (re-zo-loo-ta-z5-te). With energy. 
 
 Risolut^zza, It. (re-zo-loo-/^-sa). Resolution. 
 
 Risolutissimo, It. (re-z6-loo-/r-se-m5). Very energetic. 
 
 RisolutO, It. (re-z5-/00-to). Energetic, decided. 
 
 Risoluzi6ne, It. (re-zo-loo-tse-J-ne) . Energy, decision. 
 
 Risondnte, It. (re-zo-a-te). Resounding, ringing. 
 
 6, old ; 5, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; li, lute ; u, but ; ii, (French}.
 
 74 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Risp6sta, It. (res-/0j-ta). The answer in a fugue ; conse- 
 quent in a canon. 
 
 Ristre'tro, //. (re-strat-to). A stretto. 
 
 Risvegliare, It. (res-val-ye-a-re). To awaken, to animate. 
 
 Risvegliito, It. (res-val-ye-a-to). Animated, lively. 
 
 Ritardando, It. (re-tar-^/aw-do). Decreasing in speed. 
 
 Ritarddto, It. (re-tar-^a-to) . Decreased in speed. 
 
 Ritardo, It. (re-tar-do). Decrease in speed. 
 
 Ritengndo, It. (re-te--do). ) Holding back. 
 
 Ritene"nte, //. (re-te-J-te). 5 The same as Rallentando. 
 
 Ritenuto, It. (re-ta.-noo-to). Held back, in slower tempo. 
 Much used incorrectly for rallentando. 
 
 Ritmo, It. (ret-mo). Rhythm. 
 
 Rftmo di due battiite, It. (ret-mo de doo-e bat-^o-te). A 
 two-measure rhythm. 
 
 Rftmo di tre battiite, //. (ret-mo de tra bat-/w-te). A three- 
 measure rhythm. 
 
 Ritornando, //. (re-tor-a-do). Returning. 
 
 Ritorndre, It. (re-tor-a-re). To return. 
 
 }An instrumental prelude 
 interlude, or postlude to 
 accompanied vocal works. 
 A repeat. The refrain of 
 a song. 
 
 Riverberame'nto, It. (re-var-be-ra-wzrtw-to). Reverberation. 
 Rive'rso, It. (re-vdr-so). Reversed. Retrograde. 
 Rivolgime'ntO, It. (re-v61-ye-7<?#-t6). Inversion of the 
 
 parts in invertible counterpoint. 
 RivoltdtO, //. (re-v5l-/a-t5). Inverted. 
 Riv61to, It. (re-^/-to). Inversion. 
 Robato, It. (ro-3a-to). Robbed, borrowed. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; i, ice ; i, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 75 
 
 Robustaaie'nte, It. (ro-boos-ta-0z<?-te). Boldly and firmly. 
 
 Robusto, It. (ro-60os-to). Bold and firm. 
 
 Roccoco, It. (ro-&o-ko). Odd, old-fashioned. 
 
 Roche, It. (ro-ke). Hoarse, rough-sounding. 
 
 Roche'zza, It. (r6-&?/-sa). Hoarseness. 
 
 R6co, It. (ro-ko). Hoarse. 
 
 Roc6co, It. (ro-/J-k6). Rococo. 
 
 Rohr-werk, Ger. (rdr-v&rk). Reed- work. A term given to 
 
 all of the reed stops in an organ. 
 Ronde, Fr. (rond). A whole note. 
 Ronquedad, Sp. (ron-ke-dad ). Hoarseness. 
 Ronzame'nto, It. (r5a-tsa-/nJ-to). Humming, buzzing. 
 Root. The note on which a chord is constructed, and from 
 
 which the chord receives its letter-name. For example, 
 
 in the chord of G, the root is G. 
 
 A melodic form composed of a 
 figure or phrase repeated sev- 
 
 Rosalia, It. (rew^ya). eral times ' each re P etition tak - 
 
 Rosalie, Ger. (ro-za-le). 
 
 above the preceding one ; the 
 
 repetitions may also occur on 
 any degree. 
 
 Rossign61er, Fr. (ro-sen-jj/J-la). To imitate the song of the 
 nightingale. 
 
 Rot6ndo, It. (ro-AJ-do). Full, round. Pertaining to 
 tone. 
 
 R6tte, It. (rot-te). Broken, interrupted. 
 
 Roucouler, Fr. (roo-koo-/). To coo, to trill, to quaver. 
 
 Roulade, Fr. (roo-ldd). A grace composed of an arpeggio 
 or run joining one principal tone to another. A flour- 
 ish in vocal or instrumental music. 
 
 6, old ; 8, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; ii, but ; ii, (French)*
 
 76 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Roverscio, It. (ro-z^r-she-o). ) Revers - on 
 
 Rove"rsio, It. (ro-vdr-se-o). ) 
 
 Rovesciame'nto. It. (ro-va-she-a-*J-t6). Inversion. Rever- 
 sion. Contrary motion. Retrograde motion. 
 
 Rovescio, It. (ro-zvf-she-6). Imitation by contrary motion. 
 The term is also given to a piece of music so con- 
 structed that it may be performed backwards. 
 
 Rubato, It. (roo-M-to). Changing the time-value of notes 
 comprising any part of a composition. The term really 
 indicates a free use of accelerando and rallentando ac- 
 cording to the taste of the performer ; the less impor- 
 tant melody notes being accelerated while those most 
 prominent are prolonged. 
 
 Riickgang, Ger. (r-gangk). Return. The term is used 
 to indicate a transition from one melody or theme to 
 the repetition of a previous one. 
 
 Ruckling, Ger. (r-oongk). Syncopation. Enharmonic 
 change (enharmonische Riickung). 
 
 Riickweiser Ger. (rw-vl-ser). The sign ^? 
 
 Ruheptmkt, Ger. (roo-te-poonkf). } 
 -k'n. ) 
 
 Ruhezeichen, Ger. 
 
 Ruhig, Ger. (roo-hig). Calm, tranquil, quiet. 
 
 Riihrung, Ger. (riih-roongk). Emotion. 
 
 Run. A rapid scale-passage. In vocal music the term is 
 
 given to such a passage sung to one syllable. 
 Rundgesang, Ger. (roond-gc&-sangK). A vocal solo with re- 
 
 frain for chorus. 
 Russe, Fr. (riiss). Russian. 
 Rustico, It. (roos-te-ko). Rustic, rural. 
 Ruvidame'nte, It. (roo-ve-da-*-te). Coarsely, roughly. 
 Rurido, //. (roo-z/^-do). Coarse, rough. 
 
 a, ale ; 5, add ; a, care ; a, arm; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; i, ///;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 77 
 
 Sacred music. Church music. 
 
 Saengerfest, Ger. (sdng-zi-fist). A festival among the Ger- 
 mans of a musical and social character. 
 
 Saggio, It. (ja</-je-o). An essay, a trial. 
 
 Saite, Ger. (jf-te). A string. 
 
 Saiten-bandiger, Ger. (jf-t'n-Mw-di-gher). A musician. 
 
 Saitenchor, Ger. (-t'n-kor). Two or more strings tuned in 
 unison. 
 
 Saiteninstrumente, Ger. (jf-t'n-in-shtroo-//M-te) . Stringed 
 instruments. 
 
 Salmeggiamento, It. (sal-mad-je-a-*<?-t6). Psalmody. 
 
 Salmo, It. (sal-mo). Psalm. 
 
 Salonflugel, Ger. (sa-lonyfw-g'l). Parlor grand (pianoforte). 
 
 Salonstuck, Ger. (sa-lon-shtiik). A salon or parlor compo- 
 sition. 
 
 Saltato, It. (sal-j-t6). A variety of the "springing bow" 
 in violin-playing. 
 
 Saltereito, It. (sal-te-r<J/-to). A term given to the rhythm 
 
 Salto, //. (sdl-io). A leap or skip. 
 
 Samlung, Ger. (j<i'/-loongk). A collection of airs. 
 
 Sanft, Ger. (sanft). Low, soft. 
 
 Sanftheit, Ger. (san/t-h\t). Softness, smoothness, gentleness. 
 
 Sanftig, Ger. (sdnf-tig). Soft, gentle. 
 
 Sanftmuth, Ger. (sanft-mool). Softness, gentleness. 
 
 Sans, Fr. (san^). Without. 
 
 Satz, Ger. (satz). Subject. Theme. 
 
 Saut, Fr. (so). Skip. 
 
 Sbalzo, It. (s&eU-tso). A leap or skip. 
 
 Sbalzato, It. (sb'a.l-tsd-to). Impetuously. 
 
 6, old ; 5, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute; ii, but ; ii, {French').
 
 78 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Sbarra, //. (sbar-rs.). Bar. 
 
 Sbarra d6ppia, It. (sbar-ra. Jop-pe-a). Double bat 
 
 Scagnello, It. (skaivyJ/'lo). Bridge. 
 
 Scala, It. (s&a-l'a.). A scale. 
 
 Scald. A Scandinavian bard. 
 
 Scale. The succession of tones in their regular order com- 
 prising any major or minor key ; chromatic g, the name 
 of the series of half-tones beginning with any given note 
 and proceeding by half-tones to the octave of that note. 
 
 Scale-degree. A degree of a scale, counting upwards from 
 the keynote. 
 
 Scampanare, //. (skam-pa-<z-re). To chime bells. 
 
 Scampanio, It. (skam-/a-ne-6). Christmas chimes; chimes. 
 
 Scemando, It. (she-man-do) . See Diminuendo. 
 
 Scena, It. (shd-nz). A division in an act of a dramatic work. 
 Also the name of a vocal solo of dramatic character. 
 
 Sclna da camera, //. (sM-na. da &z-me-ra). Chamber 
 music. 
 
 Scenario, //. (she-wa-re-6). Plot of a dramatic work. 
 
 Scenarium. An opera-libretto containing the dialogue and 
 directions for the performers. 
 
 Scene. See Scena. 
 
 Schafer-gedicht, Ger. (sh&-icr-$ie-dtkht.) Idyl, eclogue, 
 pastoral. 
 
 Schaferlied, Ger. (shd-Kr-led). Shepherd's song; a pas- 
 toral ditty. 
 
 Schafer-pfeife, Ger. (shd-ter pfi-ie). Shepherd's pipe. 
 
 Schalkhaft, Ger. (scktilk-\ilt). Sportive, roguish. 
 
 Schall, Ger. (shall). Sound, resonance. 
 
 Schallbecken, Ger. (sholl-blk^n). Cymbals. 
 
 Schallhorn, Ger. (j^a//-hom). Honi, cornet, trumpet. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; i care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, fee ; I, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 79 
 
 Schallstab, Ger. (j/4a//-shtab). Triangle. 
 
 Schanzune, Ger. (shan-/.Kw*-e). A corruption of chanson. 
 
 Schaurig, Ger. (show-fig). Weirdly. 
 
 Schauspiel, Ger. (sAow-shpel). Drama, dramatic piece. 
 
 Scherzando, It. (skar-tai'-d6). ~\ 
 
 Scherzante, It. (skar-tai'-te). \ In a light, playful style. 
 
 Scherzevole, It. (skar-/jj-v6-le). ' 
 
 Scherzhaft, Ger. (sherts-haft). Sportive. Burlesque. 
 
 . } Titles given to various com- 
 
 Scherzmo, //. (*Wr-tse-n5). / 
 
 , ' , ,. , .. > positions of a lively char- 
 
 Scherzo, It. (j&Sr-tso). V } 
 
 J acter. 
 
 8cherz6so, //. (skar-/jj-zo). See Scherzando. 
 Schiettam^nte, It. (ske-at-ta-*w<?-te). ) _ 
 SchiettO, /Mske-JAto). } Simple, plain. 
 
 Schlacht-gesang, Ger. (shldkht-$&-sangk). ) 
 Schlacht-lied, Ger. (sMMAt-led). ) 
 
 Schlag, Ger. (shlag). A stroke, beat, or pulse. 
 
 Schlag instrument, Ger. (shlag in-stroo-w//). An instru- 
 
 ment of percussion. 
 Schlecht, Ger. (shlekt). Bad, weak. 
 Schleif-bogen, Ger. (sMtf-60-g'n). A slur. 
 Schleifen, Ger. (skK-Pn). To slur. 
 Schleifer-zeichen, Ger. (sAK-ier-tsf-khen). A slur. 
 Schleppen, Ger. (sMfy-pen). To retard, or drag. 
 Schleppend, Ger. (j^/^-pend). Retarding, dragging. 
 Schluss, Ger. (shloos). End, close, cadence. 
 Schluss-chor, Ger. (shloos-Ym). Final chorus. 
 Schluss-fall, Ger. (skloos-?\). A cadence. [cadence. 
 
 Schluss-kadenz, Ger. (stifoos-ta-dents). Final or closing 
 Schluss-note, Ger. (skloos--no\.). Final note. 
 Schluss-reim, Ger. (sti/oos-nm). Refrain. 
 
 6, old ; o, odd ; 6, done : oo. moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; ii, (French).
 
 8O PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Schluss-satz, Ger. (shloos-sa.tz). Concluding movement. 
 
 Schluss-striche, Ger. (j/S/wj-shtrikh-e). Double-bar. 
 
 Schluss-stiick, Ger. (sAIoos-shtuk). Concluding piece. 
 Finale. 
 
 Schluss-zeichen, Ger. (sbfoos-tst-kheri). The double-bar. 
 The hold /^. 
 
 Schliissel, Ger. (jv4/j-s'l). A clef. 
 
 Schliissel-G, Ger. (s/t/Us-s'l-G). The note g 1 
 on the second line of the treble-clef. 
 
 Schmachtend, Ger. (sAma&A-tend). Languishing. 
 
 Schmeichelnd, Ger. (shmi-keln'd). In a nattering, coaxing 
 style. 
 
 Schmelzend, Ger. (sAmel-tsend). Melting. 
 
 Schmerz, Ger. (shmerts). Grief, sorrow. 
 
 Schmerzhaft, Ger. (sfimfrts-h'aft). Sorrowful, dolorous. 
 
 Schmerzhaftigkeit, Ger. (sAm/rts-haf -tig-kit). Sorrowfulness. 
 
 Schmerzlich, Ger. (sAmtrts-likh). Sorrowful, plaintive. 
 
 Schmerzlichkeit, Ger. (sAmerfs-likh-liit). Dolorousness. 
 
 Schmetterling, Ger. (sAmet-ter-ling) . " Butterfly." A name 
 given to various instrumental compositions of light and 
 playful character written mostly for the piano. 
 
 Schnarr-bass, Ger. (sAnarr-ba.ss). The drone bass. 
 
 Schnarr-werk, Ger. (^a>r-vark). The reed stops of an 
 organ, or a reed stop. 
 
 Schnell, Ger. (shnell). Fast, rapid. 
 
 Schneller, Ger. (shnel-ler). Faster; also an inverted mor- 
 dent, /vv 
 
 Schollrohr, Ger. (sholl-ror). Trumpets, bugles, brass wind 
 instruments. 
 
 Schreibart, Ger. (j^rf-bart). Style. 
 
 Schreiend, Ger. (s&rt-end). Strident, shrill, screaming. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; i, ice ; T, ill;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 8 1 
 
 Schreiwerk, Ger. (s/iri-va.rk). Shrill-work; acute, or mix- 
 ture stops. 
 
 Schrittmassig, Ger. (sArtt-mds-sig). Moderate in pace. 
 
 Schusterfleck, Ger. (shoos-ier-Jl^k). Rosalia. 
 
 Schwach, Ger. (shvakh). Soft, weak. 
 
 Schwacher, Ger. (sAva-ker). Softer. 
 
 Schwacher taktteil, Ger. (jvfcz/J-ker tak-til). The weak 
 beat. 
 
 Schwarmer, Ger. (shvar-mer). A rauscher (a rapidly re- 
 peated note). 
 
 Schwebung, Ger. (shve-boongk). In musical acoustics, a 
 Beat. Similar to Tremulant. 
 
 Schweigen, Ger. (sAvi-ghen). To be silent. 
 
 Scbweigezeichen, Ger. (sAvi-ghe-tst-khen). A rest. 
 
 Schwellen, Ger. (shvel-1'n). To increase. 
 
 Schwellton, Ger. (shvel-ton). Messa di voce. 
 
 Schwer, Ger. (shvar). Heavy, difficult. 
 
 Schwer-miithig, Ger. (stivdr-mu-iig). Sad, melancholy. 
 
 Schwindend, Ger. (sAvfod-end). Dying away. Morendo. 
 
 Schwingung, Ger. (j^ztfwf-oongk). Vibration of a string. 
 
 Schwungvoll, Ger. (shvoong-io\). With swing and passion. 
 
 Scintillante, It. and Fr. (shm-til-/a-te). Brilliant. 
 
 Sci61ta, It. (she-<?/-ta). Free, agile. 
 
 Scioltam^nte, It. (she-ol-ta-#zJ-te). Freely, fluently. 
 
 Sciolt^zza, It. (she-6l-A?/-sa). Freedom, fluency. 
 
 Sci61to, It. (she-J/-to). Free. 
 
 Scordato, It. (skor-*/a'-to). Out of tune. 
 
 Score. The various parts of an instrumental or vocal com- 
 position, written on separate staves, and placed under 
 each other to facilitate reading. 
 
 Scoring. See instrumentation. 
 
 5, old ; 5, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; ii. (French).
 
 82 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Scorre'ndO, //. (sk8r-rJ-do). ) Glissando. 
 
 Scorrvole, //. (skor-rd-v5-le). ) Flowing, gliding. 
 
 Scotch snap or catch. The rhythm 5^ which is peculiar 
 
 to Scotch melodies. ^ ** ' 
 
 Sdegnante, It. (sdan-j/a-te). Angry, passionate. 
 Sdegno, It. (sddn-yo). Scorn, indignation. 
 SdegnosamSnte, ft. (sdan-yo-za-z<?-te). Scornfully. 
 Sdegn6so, It. (sdan-^J-zo). Scornful. 
 
 Sdrucciolando, It. (sdroot-che-o-/<z#-do). Sliding. Glissando. 
 Sdrucciolare, //. (sdroot-che-6-/a-re). To slide. To play 
 
 glissando. 
 Sc, It. (sa). If. 
 Se bis6gna, //. (sa be-son-ya). If necessary. 
 
 Sec, Fr. (sek). ) ... 
 
 . \ Simple, unembelhshed. 
 Secco, Fr. (sek-ko). ) 
 
 Sechs, Ger. (sekhs). Six. 
 
 Sechsachteltakt, Ger. (sekhs-akh-t'l-/a^). Six-eight time. 
 
 Sechs-saitig, Ger. (sekhs-jf-tig). Instrument with six strings. 
 
 Sechs-theilig, Ger. (stkks-tt-lig). In six parts. 
 
 Sechzehntel, Ger. (sekh-tsen-t'l). Semiquavers. 
 
 Sechzehntelpause, Ger. (sekh-tsen-t'l-/<7w-ze). A semi- 
 quaver rest. 
 
 Sechsvierteltakt, Ger. (sekhs-fer-t'l'/a^). Six-four time. 
 
 Second. An interval consisting of two conjunct degrees. 
 There are three kinds, major, minor, and augmented. 
 
 Major Second. Minor Second. Aug. Second. 
 
 Sec6nda, It. (sa-/&J-da). Second. 
 
 Sec6nda volta, //. (sa-/tJ-da vol-ta). Second time. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; I, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 83 
 
 Seconde dessus, Fr. (sa-kond des-sii). Second soprano. 
 
 Seconde fois, //. (sa-kond fwa). Second time. 
 
 Sec6ndo, It. (sa->&J-d5). Second. 
 
 Sec6ndo partito, It. (sa-Jkon-do par-/-to). The second part. 
 
 Secular music. Music other than that intended for devo- 
 tional purposes. 
 
 Secunde, Ger. (se-&0on-de). A second. 
 
 Secundiren, Ger. (se-koon-^r-en). To play the second part. 
 
 Segnare, //. (san-_ya-re). To beat time. 
 
 Se'gno, It. (sdn-yo). A sign. See Al segno, also Dal 
 segno. The signs used are ^! :m.% , -A.. The above 
 terms direct the performer to repeat from the /r\ 
 
 place marked by the sign to the word Fine 
 or to a double-bar marked with a hold. If 
 
 Sometimes only the sign is given. 
 
 Se"gue, //. (j<?-gwe'). Follows. 
 
 Se*gue 1'aria, It. (jJ-gwe /a'-re-a). The aria follows. 
 
 Segue'ndo. //. (se-^a/dTw-do). ) 
 
 / \ Following. 
 Segu^nte, It. (sz-gwdn-te). ) 
 
 Segu^nza, It. (se-guan-isa). Sequence. 
 
 S^gue s^nza interruzi6ne, It. (-itf-gwe sdn-tsa. ?-ter-root-tse- 
 ^-ne). Go on without stopping. 
 
 Sehnsucht, Ger. (j<f-sookht). Yearning, longing. 
 
 Sehnsuchtig, Ger. (j<?-siikh-tig). With intense longing. 
 
 Sehr, Ger. (sar). Very. 
 
 Sehr lebhaft, Ger. (sar /^-haft). Very lively. 
 
 Sei, //. (sa-e). Six. 
 
 Seitenbewegung, Ger. (jf-t'o-be-z/^f-goongk). Oblique mo- 
 tion. 
 
 Seitensatz, Ger. (-t'n-satz). A secondary theme in a so- 
 nata, rondo, symphony, etc. 
 
 6, old ; 8, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; u, (French.)
 
 84 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 S'elever, Fr, (jd7-e-va). To ascend in tone. 
 Semeiotechnie, Fr. (se-ma-o-#-ne). A system of musical 
 
 characters. 
 
 Semibreve. A whole note. 
 
 Semicorchea, Sp. (sem-e-/Jr-ke-a). A semiquaver. 
 Semi-croma, Gr. (sem-W^-ma). A semiquaver . 
 Semi-cr6ma, It. (sem-e-^rJ-ma). ) 
 Semicrotchet. A quaver or eighth note. 
 Semidemisemiquaver. A sixty-fourth note. 
 Semiminim. A crotchet, or quaver. 
 Semipausa, Lat. (sem-e-/aw-sa). A semibreve rest. 
 Semiquaver. A sixteenth note. 
 Semitone. The smallest interval used in modern music. 
 
 Example. 
 
 Semi-tonique, Fr. (sem-e-^J-nek). Chromatic. 
 
 Semplice, It. (sam-//<?-che). Simple, unaffected. 
 
 Sempliceme'nte, It. (sam-ple-che-z<f-te). Simply, unaf- 
 fectedly. 
 
 Se'mpre, It. (sfim-pr). Continually, throughout. 
 
 Sensibile, It. (sen-j-be-le). Expressive, feeling. 
 
 Sensibilita,//. (sen-se-te-le-ta). Expression. 
 
 Sensibilme'nte, //. (sen-se-bel-#z<?-te). Expressively. 
 
 Sensible, Fr. (sa.nA-sel>l). The leading-note. Note sensi- 
 ble is another term for the leading-note. 
 
 Sentie, Fr. (sa.nA-te). Expressed, felt. 
 
 Sentimentale, Fr. (san-te-;w<?-tal). Sentimental. 
 
 Sentime'nto, It. (sen-te-wzdw-to). Sentiment, feeling. 
 
 Snza, It. (sdn-tsa.). Without 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm; e, eve ; e, end ; T, ice ; I, ill f
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 85 
 
 Se*nza fiori, //. (sfin-tsa. fe-J-re). Without ornaments, with- 
 out embellishments. 
 
 S4nza replica, It. (jJw-tsa nf-ple-ka). Without repetition. 
 
 Se place, //. (sa pe-a-che). If you please. 
 
 Sep-chord. Chord of the seventh. 
 
 Septet. ) A composition for seven voices 
 
 Septett, Ger. (sep-tet). ) or instruments. 
 
 Septieme, Fr. (set-i-^). 
 
 Septime, Ger. (sep-A?-me). 
 
 Septimen akkord, Ger. (jv^-ti-men ak-kord). Chord of the 
 seventh. 
 
 Septimole, Ger. (sep-ti-mo-lz). ) g Jet 
 
 Septole. 
 
 Septuor, Fr. (j<^-tii-6r). Septet. 
 
 Septuplet. A group of seven notes of equal time-value to 
 be performed in the time of four or six of the same 
 kind in the regular rhythm. 
 
 Sequence. The repetition, more than twice in succession, 
 of a motive or group, the repetitions occurring in as- 
 cending or descending motion, and by equal intervals. 
 
 Seraphine, (j/r-a-fen). A species of harmonium. 
 
 Serbano, It. (ser-&?-n5). The serpent, a bass wind instru- 
 ment. 
 
 Serena . It. (se-rJ-na). An evening song. 
 
 Sere'no, It. (se-r<?-no). Calm, serene. 
 
 Seria, It. (^-re-a). ) Serious 
 
 Serio, It. (j^-re-6). ) 
 
 Serieusement, Fr. (sa-ri-wj-man^). Seriously. 
 
 Seri6so, It. (sa-re-<?-zo) . In a grave, serious style. 
 
 Serpeggiando, //. (ser-ped-je-o-do). Gently winding, slid- 
 ing, creeping. 
 
 6, old ; o, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; ii, but ; ii, (French).
 
 86 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Serpent. A bass \rind instrument. 
 
 Serrata, //. (ser ra-ta). A concluding performance. 
 
 SSsta, //. (J<w-ta). 
 
 Se"sto, It. (sds-to). 
 
 Sestet, ) 
 
 / 
 
 Sestetto, //. (ses-M/-to). ) 
 
 Sestina, It. (ses-^-na). A sextuplet. 
 
 Sestole, //. (ses-^-le). 1 A ^ 
 
 Sestolet, //. (ses-/J-let). ) 
 
 Settetto, //. (set-/-to). Septet. 
 
 S^ttima, //. (jJ/-te-ma). Interval of a seventh. 
 
 Seitimo, It. (ja/-te-mo). Seventh. 
 
 Setzart, Ger. (sets-art). Style of composition. 
 
 Setzkunst, Ger. (j/fr-koonst). Art of composition. 
 
 Seul, Fr. (siil). > 
 
 o i E- / -iv f Solo, alone. 
 
 Seule, Fr. (sul). i 
 
 Seventh. An interval containing seven decrees. 
 Severam^nte, //. (se-ver-a-/waw-te). Strict interpretation of 
 
 tempo and expression marks. 
 Seve'rita, It. (se-z'J-re-ta). Severity, strictness. 
 Sexta, Lot. (j/jr-ta). Sixth. Interval of a sixth. A sixth 
 
 part. 
 
 Sexte, Ger. (sex-te). A sixth. 
 
 Sextet, ) A composition for six voices o r 
 
 Sextett, Ger. (sex-tet). > instruments. 
 
 Sextole, Lot. (sex-to-\e). } . 
 
 \ A sextuplet. 
 Sextolet, (j<?j:-t5-let). 
 
 Sextuor, Fr. (sex-tii-6r). Sextet. 
 
 Sextuplet. A group of six notes of equal time-value per- 
 formed in the time of four of the same kind in the 
 regular rhythm. 
 
 i, ale ; a, add ; i, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; i, ice ; >- ill;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 87 
 
 S&rtus, Lat. (j/jr-tus). A sixth part. 
 
 Sfogato, //. (sfo-^a-to). Light, airy. A direction in vocal 
 music meaning that the passage thus marked must be 
 rendered in a light and airy manner. 
 Sf6rza, //. (s/ar-tsa). Forced, with energy. 
 
 "I The abbreviations of these 
 terms are commonly ap- 
 plied to a single tone or 
 Sforzando, //. (sf5r-/ja-do). 
 
 > chord, and denote that 
 SforzitO, It. sfor-/ja-to . 
 
 the notes so marked are 
 
 to be performed with spe- 
 J cial stress. 
 
 Sforzare la v6cc, It. (sfor-tsa-re la z/J-che). To sing with 
 emphasis. 
 
 SfuggitO, It. (sfoody'Mo). Avoided, shunned. 
 
 Shake. Trill. 
 
 Sharp. The sign Jf. The sharp when placed before a ncte 
 or on a degree of the staff raises its pitch one half- 
 tone. 
 
 Si, //. (se). It, one. Seventh degree of the diatonic scale. 
 Name of the note B in France and Italy. 
 
 Si leva il sordino, //. (se /J-va el sor-a7-no). Take off the 
 mute. 
 
 Si levano i sordini, //. (se le-m-no e sor-a'r-no). Take off 
 the mutes. 
 
 Si piace, //. (se pe-oi-che). At pleasure. 
 
 Si replica, //. (se r<f-ple-ka). Repeat. 
 
 Si s^gue, //. (se so. gue). Proceed. 
 
 Si tice, It. (se td-che). Be silent 
 
 Si v6lta, //. (se w/-ta). Turn over. 
 
 Sibilate, It. (j^-be-Az-te.) To sing with a hissing sound. 
 
 6, old ; 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; ii, but ; ii, (French).
 
 88 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Siegesgesang, Ger. (^-ghes-ghe-jaw^/5). ) 
 
 _. f. , . . ,. f A triumphal song. 
 
 Siegeslied, Ger. (se-ghes-tect). 
 
 Siegesmarsch, Ger. (j<r-ghes-rnarsh). A triumphal march. 
 
 Siciliana, //. (se-che-le-o-na). 1 A dance of the Sicilian 
 Siciliano, 7*. (se-che.le-*no). L P easants ' A pastorale in 
 Sicilienne, Fr. (se-se-le-**). somewhat slow tempo 
 
 J and I or -^ time. 
 Signalist. A military trumpet player. 
 Signature. The signs placed at the head of the staff at 
 
 the beginning of a composition, indicating the key and 
 
 measure of the music which follows. 
 Signaturen, Ger. (sig-na-ta?-ren). Figures and signs used in 
 
 thorough-bass notation. 
 Sign, canceling. A natural. 
 Signe, Fr. (sen). Sign. 
 Silbendehnung, Ger. (jf/-ben-</<?-noongk). Singing a syl- 
 
 lable to more than one tone. Slurring a syllable. 
 Silbar, Sp. (j?/-bar). To whistle. 
 Silbern, Ger. (j//-bern). Of a silvery tone. 
 Silboso, Sp. (j*/-b6-z6). Whistling, hissing. 
 Silence, Fr. (se-lan^s). A rest. 
 
 Silences pointed, Fr. (se-lan^s pwan^-ta). Dotted rests. 
 Silenciosame'nte, Sp. (se-len the-6-za-#z dn-i). Quietly, 
 
 softly. 
 Silentando, It. (se-len-Ai-do). A term denoting a slacken- 
 
 ing of the time. 
 
 Sillnzio, It. (se-/Jw-tse-o). A rest. 
 
 Simicon, Ger. (sfm i-kon). A harp with thirty-five strings. 
 Simile, It. (se-me-le). In like manner. Continue in the 
 
 same manner as the preceding passage. 
 S implement, Fr. (j^^-ple-manA). Simply, unaffected. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; i, ice ; i, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 89 
 
 Sin, It. (sen). Abbreviation of Sino. 
 
 Sinf6nia, It. (senyfrne-a). A symphony. A name given 
 to the overture of an Italian opera belonging to the 
 earlier school. 
 
 Sinfonie, Ger. (sfn-fo-ne). Symphony. 
 
 Singakademie, Ger. (s?ng-ak-a.-dz-mt). A choral singing 
 society. A singing academy. 
 
 Sing-art, Ger. (stog-art.). Style of singing. 
 
 Singbar, Ger. (s?ng--ba.r). Singable. 
 
 Sing-bass, Ger. (s?ng-ba.ss). A vocal bass. 
 
 Sing-chor, Ger. (sfng-kor). Choir. 
 
 Singend, Ger. (sfng-end). Cantabile. 
 
 Singe-tanz, Ger. (j/w^-tants). Dances accompanied by 
 singing. 
 
 Sing-fuge, Ger. (sihg-foo-ghe). A vocal fugue. 
 
 Sing-gedicht, Ger. (sfng-$&-d!kht). A poem set to music. 
 
 Singhiozzando, //. (sen-ghe-ot-tai!</-d6). Sobbing, catch- 
 ing the breath. 
 
 Sing-kunst, Ger. (sfag-koonst). The art of singing. 
 
 Sing-mahrchen, Ger. (sfng-mdr-\Mr\). A legend in song. 
 
 Singmanieren, Ger. (sfng-mz-ne-r'n). Vocal embellishments. 
 
 Sing-meister, Ger. (sfng-mts-ter). Singing master. 
 
 Sing-schauspiel, Ger. (.rfw^-show-shpel). A drama inter- 
 spersed with singing. 
 
 Sing-schule, Ger. (s(ng-shoo-\e). Singing school. 
 
 Sing-spiel, Ger. (sfng-shpel). "A sing-play." A title given 
 to the earlier form of the German national opera. The 
 name is used at the present time for any light opera or 
 operetta with spoken interludes. 
 
 Sing-stimme, Ger. (sfng-sAtfm-me). A vocal part. The 
 singing voice, the voice. 
 
 6, old ; 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; ii, (French).
 
 9O PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Sing-stuck, Ger. (sfng-shtiik). Air, melody. 
 
 Sing-stunde, Ger. (sfng-sAtoon-de). Singing lesson. 
 
 Sing-verein, Ger. (stng-ic-rm). Choral society. 
 
 Sing-weise, Ger. (sfng-vi-se). In a singing style. 
 
 Sinistra, ft. (se-<?j-tra) . Left. 
 
 Sink-a-pace. See Cinque-pace. 
 
 Sino, It. (se-no). As far as, to, up to, till. 
 
 Sino al fine, It. (jv?-n6 al./2-ne). To the end. 
 
 Si place, It. (se pe--che). Ad libitum. 
 
 Sirenion, (si-r<?-i-on). An instrument of the piano and 
 harpsichord class. 
 
 Si replica, It. (se ?v?-ple-ka). To be repeated. 
 
 Si scriva, //. (se s&re-va). As written. 
 
 Si segue, //. (se sa-gue). As follows. 
 
 Siste'ma, It. (ses-#-ma). Staff. 
 
 Sister, Ger. (sis-ter). An old German guitar. 
 
 Sistro, It. (ses-tro). A triangle. 
 
 Sistrum, Lai. (jr-trum). A rattle used by the ancient 
 Egyptians, the Greeks, and Romans. Its common 
 form was that of a handle surmounted by a loop of 
 metal having cross-bars on which rings were sometimes 
 placed. 
 
 Si tcice, It. (se ta'-che). Be silent. 
 
 Sitz, Ger. (sitz). Place, situation. 
 
 Si v61ga, It. (se 
 
 Sixieme, Fr. (sez-i-dm). ) 
 
 Sixte, Fr. (sekst). ) 
 
 Sixte ajout^e, Fr. (sekst z-zhoo-ta.). Added sixth. 
 
 Sixth. An interval containing six degrees. 
 
 Skizze, Ger. (jvWfr-tse). Sketch. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; i, ice ; I, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 91 
 
 Skizzen, Ger. (s&tts-tsen). Sketches. 
 
 Slancio, //. (j/a-sho). ) Impetuosity. Sometimes written 
 
 Slanzio, It. (slan-tse-o). > " islancio." 
 
 Slargando. It. (slar-^vzw-do). ) 
 
 \ Growing slow. 
 Slargandosi, //. (slar-gan-^iJ-ze). ) 
 
 S lent and 0, It. (slen-Ai'-d5). Slargando. 
 
 Slissato, It. (sles-za-to). Slurred. 
 
 Slur. The sign ^""^ which, when placed over or under 
 
 two or more notes, indicates that the passage is to be 
 
 performed legato. 
 
 Smaniante. It. (sma-ne-a-te). ^ _ 
 
 / In an impetuous, passion- 
 Smaniato, //. (sma-ne-a-to). > 
 
 ' \ ate style. 
 SmaniOso, //. (sma-ne-o-zo). ) 
 
 Sminu^ndo, //. (sme-noo-Jw-do). ) Diminishing and decreas- 
 
 Sminuito, It. (sme-noo-if-to). ) ing in speed and force. 
 
 Smore'ndo, It. (smo-r3n-do). Dying away. 
 
 Smorfi6so, //. (smor-fe-J-zo). Affected expression. 
 
 Smorzando, It. (sm5r-tai-do). Dying away. 
 
 Soave, //. (so-a-ve). Soft, sweet, suave. 
 
 Soavem^nte, It. (so-a-ve-zfw-te). Suavely. 
 
 Sogg^tto, It. (sod-jat-to). Subject, theme. 
 
 Sognando, It. (son-ydn-do). In a dreamy style. 
 
 Sob. Term given to the syllable sol in the Tonic sol-fa 
 
 system. 
 
 Soiree musicale, Fr. (swa-ia. mii-ze-^<Jf/). A musical evening. 
 Sol. Name of the note G in France, also the fifth note of 
 
 the diatonic scale. 
 S61a, It. (jJ-la). Alone. 
 Solemnis, Lat. (so-///-nis). Solemn. 
 Sole"nne, It. (so-/<f-ne). 
 
 . Solemn, splendid, pompous. 
 Solennelle, Fr. (so-//-nel). 5 
 
 6, old j 8, odd i 6, done ; oo, moon ; \\,lute ; \\,but ; ii, (French) _
 
 Q2 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Solenneme'nte, It. (so-t/n-ne-mdn-ie). Solemnly. 
 
 Solennita, It. (so-len-ne-td). Solemnity. 
 
 Solfa, It. (w/-fa). Scale. A conductor's baton. 
 
 Sol-fa. To sing solfeggi. Solmisation and its syllables, 
 
 do, re, mi, etc. 
 
 Solfeggiare, It. (sol-fad-je-a-re). To sol-fa. 
 Solffcge, Fr. (&o\-fazh). \ A vocal exercise on one 
 
 Solfeggi, It. (soly^-je). vowel, the syllables of sol- 
 
 Solfe"ggio, It. (sol^/Srf-je-o). ) misation, or words. 
 Soli, It. (so-\). The parts for solo performers. 
 Solito, It. (jJ-le-to). Usual, accustomed. 
 Solmisation. Sol-fa-ing. A system of teaching scales and 
 
 intervals by the syllables, do, re, mi, etc. 
 Solo, It. (so-lo). Alone. Music for a single instrument or 
 
 voice with or without accompaniment. 
 Solosanger, Ger. (so-lo-sdng--er). A solo singer. 
 Solospieler, Ger. (so-\o-shpe-\zr). A solo player. 
 Solostimme, Ger. (so-\o-shffm-m.e). A solo part or voice. 
 Sombrer, Fr. (j^w-bra). A term used in vocal music to 
 
 indicate a sombre, veiled, but intense expression. 
 Somma, It. (som-ma). Highest, greatest, supreme, utmost, 
 
 extreme. 
 Sommerlied, Ger. (som-mer-led) . A song in praise of 
 
 summer. 
 
 Son, Fr. (son^). Tone, sound. 
 
 Son harmonique, Fr. (son^ har-wo-nek). Harmonic tone. 
 Son plein, Fr. (sonA plan^). A round, full tone. 
 Sonabile, //. (so-a-be-le). Sounding, resonant. 
 Sonante, It. (so-a-te). Sonorous, resonant, resounding. 
 Sonare, It. (so-wa-re). To sound, to play. 
 Sonare dlla m^nte, It. (s5-a-re a/-la mdn-i). To improvise. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; i, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 93 
 
 Sonata. An extended instrumental composition, usually of 
 three or four movements. 
 
 Sonata da camera, It. (so-a-ta da /W-me-ra). A sonata 
 designed for the chamber or parlor. 
 
 Sonata da chie'sa, It. (so-a-ta da ke-<J-za). A church so- 
 nata, an organ sonata. 
 
 Senate, Fr. (so-naf) and Ger. (so-wa-te). A sonata. 
 
 Sonat6re, It. (so-na-^J-re). A performer on any instrument. 
 
 SoneVole, //. (s6--vo-le). See Sonabile. 
 
 S6no, It. (jJ-no). Tone, sound. 
 
 Sonorame'nte, It. (so-no-ra-wd/z-te). Sonorously, resound- 
 ingly. 
 
 Son6re, It. (so-0-re). Sonorous. 
 
 Sonus, Lat. (jJ-nus). Tone, sound. 
 
 S6pra, It. (jJ-pra). Above, over, higher ; upon, on. 
 
 S6pra dominante, It. (w-pra do-me-a-te). Dominant. 
 
 Sopra t6nica, It. (so-pr'a. /^-ne-ka). Super tonic. 
 
 S6pra lina c6rde, /A (jJ-pra ^^-na ^^r-de). On one string. 
 
 Sopran, Ger. (so-prdri). Soprano. 
 
 Sopran-schliissel, Ger. (s,opran-skluf-s?\). Treble clef. 
 
 Sopran-stimme, Ger. (so-pran-shtfm-me). Soprano voice 
 or part. 
 
 Soprano, It. (so-pra-no). The highest division of the hu^ 
 man voice. 
 
 Soprano clef. The C clef on the first line. 
 
 S6rda, //. (sor-da). Dull, muffled. [tone. 
 
 Sordam6nte, It. (s6r-da-/dw-te). With a muffled, veiled 
 
 Oi old ; 8, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; u, {French}.
 
 94 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Sordino, It. (sor-a^-no). A mute. Beethoven used the terms 
 
 con sordini and senza sordini to denote when and when 
 
 not to use the soft pedal of the piano. 
 SoidO, //. (sor-do). Muted. 
 
 Sordun, Ger. (jw--doon). A mute for the trumpet. 
 Sorgfaltig, Ger. (jw-^-fal-tigh). Cautious, careful. 
 Sortie, Fr. (sor-te). A closing voluntary for the organ. 
 Sortita, It. (sor-#-ta). See sortie. Also the first number 
 
 sung by a leading character in an opera. 
 Sospensivame'nte, //. (sos-pen-se-va-*w<?-te). Irresolutely, 
 
 doubtfully. 
 
 Sospirando, It. (s5s-pe-ra-do). ) Sighing, sobbing. A vo- 
 Sospirante, //. (s6s-pe-ra-te). ) cal effect. 
 Sospire"vole, //. (sos-pe-ra-vo-le). | Sighing deeply. Mourn- 
 Sospir6so, It. (sos-pe-rJ-zo). > ful, plaintive. 
 Sostenendo, ft. (sos-t-J-d6). ( See sostenuto . 
 Sosten^nte, It. (s6s-te-^-te). ( 
 Sostenuto, It. (sos-te-<7<?-t6). Sustained. As a tempo 
 
 mark it is about the same as andante. 
 S6tto, It. (sot-to). Under, below. 
 S6tto domininte, It. (sot-\.o d5-me-w<i'w-te). The subdomi- 
 
 nant. 
 
 S6ttov6ce, It. (sot-to vo-che). In an undertone. 
 Soubasse, Fr. (soo-b'&s). Sub-bass. 
 Soupir, Fr. (jw-per). A quarter rest. 
 Sourdement, Fr. (soord-m&nK). In a subdued manner. 
 Sourdine, Fr. (soor-den). A mute. 
 Sous, Fr. (soo). Below, under. 
 Sous-chantre, Fr. (soo-sAdnAtr). A deputy precentor or 
 
 cantor. An assistant choir-master. 
 Sous-dominante, Fr. (soo do-mi-ndn/it). Sub-dominant. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; i, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; I, *'//;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 95 
 
 Sous-me'diante, Fr. (soo-ma-dl-a^/). Sub-mediant. 
 Sous-tonique, Fr. (soo-to-w^). Subtonic or leading note. 
 Soutenir, Fr. (soo-te-w^r). To sustain a sound. 
 Spagnole'tta, It. (span-y5-/<?/-ta). A Spanish dance. 
 Spagnuola, //. (span-yoo-^la). The guitar. 
 Sparta, It. (j/a>-ta). ^ 
 
 Spartita, //. (spar-#-ta). 
 
 ' . f A partitura. 
 
 Spartito, //. (spar-fc-to). 
 
 Sparte, Ger. (spar-te). ^ 
 
 Spasshaft, Ger. (sApass-ha.h). Scherzando. 
 
 SpezzatO, It. (spet-/ja-to). Divided. 
 
 SpianAta, /A (spe-a-a-ta). ) 
 
 > Smooth, even, tranqun. 
 Spianato, //. (spe-a-wa-to). ) 
 
 Spiccatamlnte, //. (spek-ka-ta->rt-te). Brilliantly. 
 
 Spiccato, //. (spek-yta-to). A variety of springing-bow in 
 violin-playing. 
 
 Spiel, Ger, (shpel). Play, performance. 
 
 Spielart, Ger. (shpel-art). Style or system of playing. 
 
 Spiel manieren, Ger. (shpel ma-<?-r'n). Instrumental em- 
 bellishments. 
 
 SpfritO, It. (j/^-re-to). Spirit, life. 
 
 Spiritosame'nte, It. (spe-re-to-za-J-te). \ With energy 
 
 Spirit6so, It. (spe-re-/J-zo). and anima- 
 
 Spiritu6so, //. (spe-re-too-J-zo). ) tion. 
 
 Spitze, Ger. (shpft-tee). Point. Point of a bow. Also 
 denoting the toe in organ-playing. 
 
 Spottlied, Gtr. (shp5t-led). A satirical song. 
 
 Springing-bow. A kind of bowing used by violin-players 
 in which the bow is allowed to drop on the string, its 
 elasticity causing it to rebound after every tone. 
 
 Spruchgesang, Ger. (shprookh-$&-siingh}. An anthem. 
 
 6, old ; o, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; ii, (French).
 
 96 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Sprung, Ger. (shproongh). A leap or skip. 
 
 Sprung-weise, Ger. (shproongk-vi-se). By leaps or skips. 
 
 Squilla, It. (s<?uel-\a.). A little bell ; a shrill- sounding bell. 
 
 Squillante, It. (squel-/d'-te). Ringing, sounding, bell-like 
 in tone. 
 
 Sta, It. (sta). As it stands. 
 
 Stabat Mater, Lat. (j&s-bat *wa-ter). A hymn on the cruci- 
 fixion. 
 
 Stabile, //. (rfa-be-le). Firm, steady. 
 
 Staccare, It. (stak-^a-re). To make staccato. 
 
 Staccatissimo, It. (stak-ka-^j-se-mo). Very much detached. 
 
 Staccato, //. (stak-^a-to). Detached, separated. 
 
 Staff. The five parallel horizontal lines and their four in- 
 tervening spaces used in musical notation. 
 
 Staff-degree. A degree on the staff. 
 
 Stambuzare, It. (stam-boo-taz-re). To beat the drum. 
 
 Stamm, Ger. (shtam). Root. 
 
 Stamm-akkord, Ger. (shtam-ak-kord). A chord in its fun- 
 damental position. 
 
 Stampita, It. (stam-/<f-ta). A song -with instrumental ac- 
 companiment. 
 
 Standchen, Ger. (sAtdnd-khen). A serenade. 
 
 Standhaft, Ger. (sAtand-h&tt). Steady, resolute. 
 
 Stanghe'tta, It. (stan-^-ta). Bar. 
 
 Stark, Ger. (shtark). Loud, vigorous. 
 
 Starker, Ger. (shtar-ker). Louder. 
 
 Stave. See Staff. 
 
 Steg, Ger. (shtegh). Bridge. 
 
 Stentando, It. (sten-^'w-do). Delaying, dragging, or retard- 
 ing the tempo. 
 
 Stentato, It. (sten-to'-t5). Delayed, retarded. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, c are ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; i, /// ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 97 
 
 Step. At times used instead of degree and tone. 
 
 Sterbe-gesang, Ger. (sAt/r-be ghe-sane-Jt). \ T 
 
 ,. , ' . , ., , ,. ,. f Funeral hymn. 
 
 Sterbe-hed, Ger. (sht?r-\>e-led). 
 
 Sterbend, Ger. (sAt?r-bend). Morendo. 
 
 Sterbe-ton, Ger.(sht^r-\>e-ton). A tone diminishing insensibly. 
 
 Stso, It. (std-zo). Extended, prolonged. 
 
 Stso m6to, It. (std-zo mo-id). A slow movement. 
 
 St6sso, It. (ftds-so). Same as steso. 
 
 Stibacchiato, It. (ste-bak-ke-a-to). Relaxing, retarding the 
 time. 
 
 Stich, Ger. (shtikh). A dot or point. 
 
 Stil, Ger. (shtil). ^ 
 
 Stile, It. (j^-le). ( Style. 
 
 Stilo, It. (ste-\o). ) 
 
 Still, Ger. (shtil). Calm, tranquil. 
 
 Stimme, Ger. (s/itfm-me). Voice, part. 
 
 Stimm ansatz, Ger. (shtim a-sats). Attack of a vocal 
 tone. 
 
 Stimm bander, Ger. (shtim &?-der). Vocal chords. 
 
 Stimm bildung, Ger. (shtim bil-doongk). Training of the 
 voice. 
 
 Stimm buch, Ger. (shtim bookh). A part book. 
 
 Stimm fuhrer, Ger. (shtim fiihrer). Leader in a chorus. 
 
 Stimm fuhrung, Ger. (shtim /w/fc-roongk). Leading of the 
 parts. 
 
 Stimm mittel, Ger. (shtim mftt'l). Vocal powers. 
 
 Stimm umfang, Ger. (shtim <ww-fangk). Compass of the 
 voice. 
 
 Stimmungsbild, Ger. (.fv&tf'iw-moongs-bfld). A short charac- 
 teristic piece. 
 
 Stingundo, It. (sten-^wJw-do). Dying away. 
 
 , old ; 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; ii, but ; ii, (french).
 
 98 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 StiracchiatO, It. (ste-rak-ke-a-to). ) 
 
 ( Dragging, retarding. 
 Stirdto, //. (ste-ra-to). 
 
 Stonante, //. (sto-a-te). Discordant, out of tune. 
 
 Stop. To change the pitch of an instrument. 
 
 Stopfen, Ger. (shtop-fen). To stop. 
 
 Stopf tone, Ger. (shtopf /<?-ne). Stopped tones. 
 
 St6rta, It. (st5r-ta). A serpent. 
 
 Stosszeichen, Ger. (sfitds-isi -k'n). Staccato mark. 
 
 Straccicalando, It. (strat-che-ka-lan-do). Prattling, babbling. 
 
 Strain. Melody, tune. 
 
 Strascicando, It. (stra-she-><i'-do). Dragging. 
 
 Strathspey. A lively Scottish dance. 
 
 Stravagante, //. (stra-va-^aw-te). Fantastical, extravagant. 
 
 Streichen, Ger. (sAtri-kh'n). To bow, as in violin-playing. 
 
 To cut, as any portion of an opera. 
 Strefch instrumente, Ger. (shtrikh m-stroo-w/w-te). Stringed 
 
 instruments played with a bow. 
 
 Streich orchester, Ger. (shtrikh or-^/j-ter). String-orchestra. 
 Streich quartett, Ger. (shtrikh kwar-tet). String-quartet. 
 Streich trio, Ger. (strikh tre-6). String-trio. 
 Streng, Ger. (shtreng). Severe, strict. 
 Str^pito, //. (j*r<?-pe-to). Noise. 
 
 Strepitosam6nte, /j?.(stra-pe-to-za-w^-te). ) In a boisterous; 
 Strepit6so, It. (stra-pe-^zo). ) impetuous style. 
 
 Strata, It. (j/r/W-ta). > 
 
 / A division of a figure. A closing 
 Streite, Fr. (stret). \ 
 
 . \ passage taken in faster tempo. 
 StrStto, It. (strdl-\.o). ) 
 
 Strid6nte, //. (stre-</J#-te). Harsh, noisy. In pianoforte 
 
 playing it is the same as martellato. 
 Stridevole, It. (stre-de-z/J-le). Sharp, shrill, acute. 
 String^ndo, It. (stren-^aw-do). Accelerando. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, tare ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; I, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 99 
 
 Strisciando, It. (stre-she-a-do). Smooth, legato, gliding; 
 
 glissando. 
 
 Strombazzata, //. (strom-bat-tei'-ta). > The sound of a 
 Strombettata, It. (strom-bet-Ja-ta). \ trumpet. 
 Stromentato, It. (stro-men-/a-t6). Instrumented. 
 Strom^nto, It. (stro mdn-\.o). Instrument. 
 Stuck, Ger. (shtiik). A piece. 
 Stufe, Ger. (sAtoo-fe). Step, degree. 
 Sturmisch, Ger. (shtiirm-\sh). Passionate, impetuous. 
 Su, It. (soo). On, upon; near, by. 
 Suave, //. (swa-ve). See Soave. 
 Sub, Lat. (sub). Under. 
 Subdominant. The under-dominant. The fourth degree 
 
 of the diatonic scale. 
 
 Subitame'nte, It. (soo-be-ta-wJ-te). ) . 
 
 . . ' , _ . ' t Quickly, suddenly. 
 
 Subito, It. (jw-be-to). 
 
 Submediant. The sixth degree of the diatonic scale. 
 Subsemitone. The sub-tonic, or leading tone. 
 Subtonic. The leading note. 
 Suffocato, It. (soof-fo-&z-t6). Muffled, damped. 
 Suivez, Fr. (swe-va). Same as Colla parte. Follow, con- 
 tinue, go on ; simile. 
 Sujet, Fr. (sii-zha). Subject. 
 Sul, //. (sool). On the. 
 
 Sul ponticello, It. (sool p6n-te-<r///-l5). Near the bridge. 
 Sulla, It. (sool-\i). Sul. 
 
 Sulla c6rda, It. (sool-Va. k8r-$a.). On the string. [board. 
 
 Sulla tasti6ra, //. (sool-Va. tas-te-<f-ra). By or near the finger- 
 Sulle, It. (sool-M). Sul. 
 
 Suo loco, It. (soo-6 /J-ko). Its accustomed place. 
 Suonantina, //. (swo-nan-^-na). A short, easy sonata. 
 
 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo,moon; \i,lute ; \i,out; ii, (French).
 
 100 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Suonare, It. (swo-#-re). Same as sonare. 
 
 Super, Lat. (j-per). Over, above. 
 
 Superdominant. The sixth degree of the diatonic scale. 
 
 Superfluous. Sometimes used instead of augmented. 
 
 Supertonic. The second degree of the diatonic scale. 
 
 Super-tonique, Fr. (su-per-A?-nek). Supertonic. 
 
 SupplicheVole. It. (soop-ple-&?-vo-le). -\ T 
 
 o 1- t. i i j. ._ , ' . / In a pleading 
 
 Supphchevolmente, It. (soop-ple-ka-vol- > 
 
 \ manner. 
 mdn-te). 
 
 Sur, Fr. (siir). On, over, upon. 
 
 Sur une corde, Fr. (siir line kord). See Sopra una corda. 
 
 Sus-dominante, Fr. (su-do-mi-ndnAt). Superdominant. 
 
 Suss, Ger. (siiss). Sweetly. 
 
 Sus-tonique, Fr. (su-td-<f). Supertonic. 
 
 Susurrando, It. (soo-soor-raw-do). ) In a murmurous, whis- 
 
 Susurrante, It. (soo-soor-raw-te). J pering tone. 
 
 Svegliato, //. (sval-ye-a-to). Brisk, lively, animated. 
 
 Svelte, It. (svdl-io). Light, agile. 
 
 Swell. A crescendo -= 1, or crescendo and diminuendo 
 
 Syllabic melody. One syllable to each tone of the melody. 
 
 Syllable-name. The syllables do, re, mi, etc. 
 
 Symphonic. Relating to a symphony. Any composition 
 constructed similar to a symphony. 
 
 Symphony. A sonata for orchestra. 
 
 Syncopate. To change or omit the accent of a tone or 
 chord occurring on a strong beat by tieing it over from 
 the former weak beat ; to interrupt the rhythm ; to give 
 a strong accent on a weak beat. 
 
 Syncopated. A tone or chord deprived of its natural ac- 
 cent. See Syncopate, 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; T, ill;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS IOI 
 
 Syncopation. The tieing of a weak beat to the succeed- 
 ing strong beat, and thus changing the natural accent ; 
 the temporary establishment of a false rhythm; an in- 
 terruption of the natural rhythm. 
 
 Synkope, Ger. (sin-/<?-pe). Syncopation. 
 
 System. The several staves belonging to a score. 
 
 Systeme, Fr. (sis-tfm). Compass of an instrument. The 
 complete range of musical tones. 
 
 "1 " Is silent." A vocal or instru- 
 
 Tace, //. (&*-che). mental part so marked is silent 
 
 Tdcet, Lat. (/a-set). ^ through a portion or all of the 
 
 Taci, It. (Ai'-che). number or movement in which 
 
 J the term is used. 
 
 Taille, Fr. (td-uh). Tenor voice. In a vocal sense the 
 term is used only in church music. The tenor violin 
 (Viola). 
 
 Takt, Ger. (takt). Time, a measure, a beat. 
 
 Takt accent, Ger. (takt ak-tsent). Measure accent, pri- 
 mary accent. 
 
 Taktart, Ger. (takt-zrt). Measure, time, rhythm. 
 
 Takterstickung, Ger. (ta-ter-sfttf&-oongk). Syncopation; 
 the omission of measures by the overlapping of two 
 periods or phrases. 
 
 Taktfach, Ger. (Az/frl-fakh). A space. 
 
 Taktfest, Ger. (Afcfe-fest). Steady in time. 
 
 Taktglied,GVr. (&'&-gled). Measure note. [time. 
 
 Takthalten, Ger. (&z/-hal-ten). To keep time. Keeping 
 
 Taktieren, Ger. (Aj^-te-r'n) . To beat time. 
 
 Taktierstab, Ger. (ta'/-ter-shtab). A baton. 
 
 Taktmassig, Ger. (t&Jkt-md-sHg). In time. 
 
 5, old ; 8, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; ii, (French].
 
 102 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Taktmesser, Ger. (takt-mes-sfci). Metronome. 
 
 Takt-note, Ger. (tdkt-no-te). A whole note. 
 
 Takt-pause, Ger. (tdkt-pow-ze). Measure-rest. 
 
 Takt-schlagen, Ger. (ttikt j^/a-ghen). To beat time. 
 
 Takt-stock, Ger. (ta&t-shtok). A baton. 
 
 Takt-strich, Ger. (ta'/^-shtrikh). A bar. 
 
 Takt-teil, Ger. (takt-\i\). A beat or count. 
 
 Taktvorzeichnung, Ger. (takt-for-^-noongk) ) Time sig- 
 
 Taktzeichen, Ger. (takt-rz-kh'n). ) nature. 
 
 Tandelnd, Ger. (A?-delnd). In a bantering, toying style. 
 
 Tantino, It. (tan-#-no). A little. 
 
 Tanto, It. (tan-to). As much, so much. Too. Allegro 
 non tanto, not too fast. 
 
 Tanz, Ger. (tants). Dance. 
 
 Tanze, Ger. (tan-tse). Dances. 
 
 Tarantella, It. (tar-ran-&z/-la). A southern Italian dance in 
 rapid I time. A title given to modern instrumental 
 pieces in i or I time, and of very rapid tempo. 
 
 Tardame'nte, It. (tar-da-w<?tt-te). Lingeringly, slowly. 
 
 Tardando, It. (tar-^-d6). ) gee Ritardando . 
 
 Tarddto, It. (tar-^a-to). ) 
 
 Tardo, It. (tar-do). Lingering, slow. 
 
 Tastatur, Ger. (ta'j-ta-toor). ) 
 
 % \ Keyboard. 
 Tastatura, It. (tas-ta-^o-ra). ) 
 
 Tasto, It. (tas-to). Key (mechanical). Touch. 
 
 Tasto s6!o, It. (tas-to jJ-16). A direction to play the part 
 
 so marked either as written or in octaves without 
 
 chords. 
 Tattoo. The beat of a drum at night calling the soldiers 
 
 to their quarters. 
 Te. For si in the tonic sol-fa system. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; i, ice ; I, *'//;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 103 
 
 T6, Fr. (ta). Cf. 
 
 The skill in vocal or instrumen- 
 tal performance apart from 
 
 Techmc, (ttt-mk). 
 
 the musical taste displayed ; 
 
 Techmk. Ger. (tek-nik). } 
 
 the mechanical training of an 
 
 Technique, (tek-nek). 
 
 artist obtained through tech- 
 
 nical studies. 
 Teddeo, It. (ted-otf-6). Te Deum. 
 
 Tedesca, //. (te-</<f.r-ka). ) . 
 
 , v , , / ( German. 
 Ted4sco, It. (te-dds-ko). ) 
 
 Tema, It. (td-ma.}. Theme. 
 
 Tempestosame'nte, It. (tem-pes-to-za-za-te). Impetuously. 
 
 Tempest6so, It. (tem-pes-^-zo). Impassioned. 
 
 T4mpo, It. (tSm-po). Time, measure, rate of speed, beat. 
 
 Tempo-mark. The word or phrase placed at the beginning 
 of a movement indicating the general character and 
 speed desired. [before. 
 
 Tempo wie vorher, Ger. (tem-po ve/-rer). The time as 
 
 Temps, Fr. (tanA.) Time, beat. 
 
 Temps faible, Fr. (tan/& fa-b'l). Weak beat. 
 
 Temps fort, Fr. (tan^ for). Strong beat. 
 
 Temps frapp4, Fr. (tan^ frap-pa). The downbeat. 
 
 Temps leve', Fr. ( tan^ le-va). The up beat. 
 
 Tendre, Fr. (tan^dr). Tender. 
 
 Tendrement, Fr. (tan^dr-man^). Tenderly. 
 
 Tenebrae, Lat. (t/n-e-bra). Gloom, darkness. 
 
 Ten^ndo, It. (te-m?-do). Holding. 
 
 T^nera, It. (tdn-e-ia.). ^ 
 
 Teneram^nte, If. (ten-e-ra-<f-te). 
 
 Tenerezza, Delicate ' tend r ' soft 
 
 T^nero, It. 
 
 o, old ; o, odd ; o, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; u, (frencK) f
 
 IO4 
 
 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Ten<5te, It. (te-J-te). Hold. 
 
 Teneur, Fr. (te-nur). The melody or canto fermo in a cho- 
 ral or hymn-tune. 
 Tenir, Fr. (te-<?r). To hold. 
 Tenor. The highest natural male voice. 
 Tenor C. The lowest C in the tenor voice ; small C. 
 
 Tenor clef. 
 
 The C clef placed on the fourth line, 
 or 
 
 Ten6re, It. (te-wJ-re). Tenor. 
 
 Ten6re buffo, //. (te-<?-re boof-lo). A tenor who sings 
 
 comic roles. 
 
 Ten6re leggie"ro, It. (te-<?-re led-je-J-ro). A light tenor. 
 Ten6re robiisto, It. (te-J-re ro-boos-to). A powerful tenor. 
 Tenor schlussel, Ger. (ten-or sAtus-s']). Tenor clef. 
 Tenor- viole, Ger. (ten-<?r-fi-J-le). Tenor violin, viola. 
 Tenor zeichen, Ger. (ten-or tsf-ke'n). Tenor clef. 
 Tenue, Fr. (te-nii). ^ 
 Tenute, It. (tsi-noo-te). > Held, sustained. 
 Teniito, It. (ta-^-to). ) 
 Tepidame'nte, It. (ta-pe-da-/w<f-te). In an even unimpas- 
 
 sioned style. 
 Ter, Lat. (ter). Thrice. A term denoting that a passage 
 
 of instrumental music, verse, or part of one in a song is 
 
 to be rendered three times. 
 Tercet, Fr. (ter-sa). A triplet. 
 Ternary. Composed of three parts. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; i, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS IO$ 
 
 Ternary measure. Simple triple time. 
 
 Tertia, Lat. (tfr-shi-ii). Third 
 
 Tertia modi, Lat. (t/r-shi-a. mo-de). Third degree of a 
 
 scale. 
 
 Terz, Gtr (terts) 1 
 Terza, It. (tdr tsa). > 
 Tetrachord. The interval of a perfect fourth. The scale 
 
 progression of four tones comprising a perfect fourth. 
 Tetratone. An augmented fourth. 
 Thema, Ger. (fc?-ma). \ 
 Theme, Fr. (tern). f 1 eme ' 
 Thesis, G/6. (tha-sis). The down beat, strong beat. 
 Third. An interval consisting of three degrees. 
 
 Example. 
 
 Major. Augmented. Minor. Diminished. 
 
 Thorough-bass. A kind of musical short-hand in which 
 the chords to be written or played with a given bass 
 are indicated by figures placed over or under the given 
 part. 
 
 Threnody. A dirge. A song of lamentation. 
 
 Tie. A curved line joining two notes of the same pitch 
 intended to be rendered as one note equal in time 
 value to the two given notes. 
 
 Tief, Ger. (tef). Low, grave, deep. 
 
 Tierce, Fr. (ters). Third. 
 
 Tige, Fr. (teg). Stick of a bow ; drumstick. 
 
 Timbre, Fr. (tan/4br). ) , 
 
 ( Quality of tone. 
 Timbro, //. (tern-bio). J 
 
 6, old ; 8, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; ii, (French).
 
 106 PRONOUNCING DICTIONAKY 
 
 Time. Tempo ; duration of notes, number and duration 
 
 of beats in a measure. 
 Time signature. The sign placed after the clef and its 
 
 accompanying sharps or flats, usually in the form of a 
 
 fraction. 
 
 f The following are the present time signatures. 
 
 Alia Breve jjf. Every measure contains four beats, 
 each represented by a half note or its equivalent. 
 
 Common time g or jj. Four beats, each repre- 
 sented by a quarter note or its equivalent. 
 
 Alia Cappella jj* or %. The same time signature 
 as Alia Breve. Every measure contains two 
 beats, each represented by a half note or its 
 equivalent. Sometimes incorrectly called Alia 
 
 7. 
 
 U 2 
 
 2 
 
 o 
 u 
 
 Breve. 
 ? Two quarter beats to each measure. 
 
 g Four eighth beats to each measure. 
 
 Eight eighth beats to each measure. 
 
 Two eighth beats to each measure. 
 
 /ts Four sixteenth beats to each measure. 
 1 6 
 
 ^ Four beats, each represented by a dotted half 
 
 note or its equivalent. 
 Q Four beats, each represented by a dotted quarter 
 
 note or its equivalent. 
 Four beats, each represented by a dotted eighth 
 
 note or its equivalent. 
 
 12 
 
 2 Two beats, each represented by a dotted whole 
 ^ note or its equivalent. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; I, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 107 
 
 Two beats, each represented by a dotted half 
 
 note or its equivalent. 
 Two beats, each represented by a dotted quarter 
 
 note or its equivalent. 
 j^L Two beats, each represented by a dotted eighth 
 
 note or its equivalent. 
 
 ^i Eight beats, each represented by a dotted eighth 
 note or its equivalent. 
 
 ? or 3 Three beats, each represented by a whole 
 
 note or its equivalent. 
 Three beats, each represented by a half note or 
 
 its equivalent. 
 ? Three beats, each represented by a quarter note 
 
 or its equivalent. 
 g Three beats, each represented by an eighth note 
 
 or its equivalent. 
 j^. Three beats, each represented by a sixteenth 
 
 note or its equivalent. 
 
 Three beats, each represented by a dotted half 
 
 note or its equivalent. 
 g* Three beats, each represented by a dotted 
 
 quarter note or its equivalent. 
 JQ Three beats, each represented by a dotted 
 
 eighth note or its equivalent. 
 
 5 Five beats, each represented by a quarter note 
 
 or its equivalent. 
 | Five beats, each represented by an eighth note 
 
 or its equivalent. 
 
 o, old ; 8, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; \\.,lute ; u, but ; u, (French}.
 
 IO8 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Q 
 E 
 
 ^ & rVi five eighth notes. 
 
 i I 
 
 five sixteenth notes. 
 
 Three beats; each beat has the value of 
 
 ] Three beats ; each beat has the value of 
 i o 
 
 w j J Seven beats, each represented by a quarter note 
 6* I 
 
 or its equivalent. 
 
 | Seven beats, each represented by an eighth note 
 $ I or its equivalent. 
 
 With the foregoing table should be included the double 
 time signatures which seem to be much used by the 
 modern Russian composers, H, II, Jl, etc. The double 
 time signature denotes that the movement is made up 
 of measures in the two kinds of time indicated, without 
 regard to the order in which the changes occur. 
 
 Timidame'nte, //. (te-me-da-z<?-te). Fearfully. 
 
 Timide'zza con, //. (te-me-ddt-sa. con). In a timorous, hesi- 
 tating style. 
 
 Timor6so, //. (te-mo-ro-zo). Fearful, timorous. 
 
 Timorosame'nte, It. (te-mo-ro-za-wz^w-te). Timorously. 
 
 TInto, con, //. (fen-to). Expressive. 
 
 Tirade, Fr. (te-rad). A rapid run joining two melody 
 notes. 
 
 Tirata, It. (te-ra-ta). ) T 
 
 > Down-bow. 
 Tir6, Fr. (te-ra). 
 
 Todesgesang. Ger. (/J-des-ghe-jawevJ). ) 
 
 ' \ A funeral song. 
 Todeshed, Ger. (to-fes-led). 
 
 Todtenlied, Ger. (tod-i'n-led). Funeral song or anthem. 
 Ton, Ger. (ton). A tone, mode, key, octave-scale, pitch. 
 Ton abstand, Ger. (ton a^-shtand). Interval. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; I, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 109 
 
 Tonarten verwandschaft, Ger. (#-ar-t'n fer-z/J</-shaft). 
 Key-relationship. 
 
 Ton-bildung, Ger. (ton-Wt-doongk). Vocal culture; pro- 
 duction of tone. 
 
 Ton-dichter, Ger. (ton-dtkk-tzr). Composer. 
 
 Ton-dichtung, Ger. (ton-dt&A-toongk.). Composition. 
 
 Ton-fall, Ger. (A?-fall). Cadence. 
 
 Ton-farbe, Ger. (ton-far \). Timbre, quality, tone-color. 
 
 Ton-folge, Ger. (tdn-fol-ghe). A series or succession of 
 tones. 
 
 Ton-fiihrung, Ger. (ton-Ju-roongk). Melodic progression. 
 
 Ton-fuss, Ger. (ton-foos). A measure, a rhythm. 
 
 Ton-gebung, Ger. (ton-gAd-boongk). Intonation, tone pro- 
 duction. 
 
 Ton-geschlecht, Ger. (ton-g\iz-shlekht). Mode. 
 
 Ton-hohe, Ger. (/<?->W-he). Pitch. 
 
 Ton-kunde, Ger. (#Jw-koonde). Science of music. 
 
 Tonkunst, Ger. (A7#-koonst). Art of music, music. 
 
 Ton-lage, Ger. (ton-ta-ghe) . Register, pitch. 
 
 Ton-leiter, Ger. (?-/f-ter). A scale. 
 
 Ton malerei, Ger. (ton ma-\<t-n). Program-music, imitative 
 music ; tone-painting. 
 
 Ton-satz, Ger. (A?-satz). Composition, composing 
 
 Tonschluss, Ger. (ton-shloos). Cadence. 
 
 Ton-setzer, Ger. (ton-set-tser) . Composer. 
 
 Ton-set zkunst, Ger. (Aw-j<#.r-koonst). The art of composi- 
 tion. 
 
 Ton-sprache, Ger. (ton-shprdk-). Tone-speech or language- 
 music. 
 
 Ton-stuck, Ger. (A?-shtiik). A piece of music, composi- 
 tion. 
 
 6, old ; ,odd; &,done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; u, (French).
 
 IIO PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Ton-stuf e, Ger. (ton-shtoo-it) . Degree of a scale. 
 Ton-system, Ger. (ton-sfs-tem). Tone system or theory of 
 
 musical tones. 
 
 Ton-unfang, Ger. (ton-oon-fa.ngk). Compass. 
 Ton-unterschied, Ger. (ton-oon-ter-shed). Interval. 
 Ton-verziehung, Ger. (A?-fer-ri?-hoongk). Tempo rabato. 
 Ton, Fr. (ton^). Tone, pitch, mode, key, scale. 
 Ton bouche, Fr. (ton^ boo-sha). A stopped tone, as in 
 
 horn-playing. 
 
 Ton d'6glise, Fr. (ton^ da-glez). Church-mode. 
 Ton entier, Fr. (ton> an/4-te-ar). Whole tone. 
 Ton majeur, Fr. (ton/* ma-zhur). Major key. 
 Ton mineur, Fr. (too# mf-nur). Minor key. 
 Ton ouvert, Fr. (tonfi oo-vdr). An open or natural tone, as 
 
 on a horn or trumpet. 
 
 Ton relatif, Fr. (ton/4 rel-a-A?/"). Related key. 
 Tonic. "I 
 
 Tonica, It. (tf-ne-ka). 
 
 f- The keynote of a scale. 
 Tonika, Ger. (to-ne-ka). 
 
 Tonique, Fr. (to-nek). J 
 
 Tonic chord. The triad having for its root the keynote. 
 
 Tonisch, Ger. (ton-ish). Tonic. 
 
 T6no, It. (A?-n6). Key, tone. 
 
 Tonos, Gk. (/J-nos). ) . 
 
 , . . f A tone, a mode. 
 Tonus, Lot. (to-nus). ) 
 
 Tostam^nte, It. (tos-ta-wJ-te). Quick and bold. 
 Tostfssimo, It. (tos-ter-se-mo). With great rapidity. 
 T6sto, It. (tos-to). Rapid. 
 Toujours, Fr. (too-zhoor). Same as sempre. 
 Trad61ce, It. (tra-<jW/-che). Very soft, sweet. 
 TradoltO, It. (tra-ddt-to). Transposed, arranged. 
 
 a. ale ; a, add ; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; T, ice ; I, /'//;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 1 1 1 
 
 Tragen der Stimme, Ger. (tra-g'n der s%t?m-me). Carry 
 the part or voice ; equivalent to Portamento. 
 
 Traine 1 , Fr. (tra-na). Bound, slurred. 
 
 Trait, Fr. (tra). A phrase, passage ; vocal or instrumental 
 run. 
 
 Trait de chant, Fr. (tra dun shan//). Melodic phrase. 
 
 Trait d' harmonic, Fr. (tra d 'dr mo-ne). A chord pass- 
 age. 
 
 Traite", Fr. (tra-Af). Treatise. 
 
 Trallern, Ger. (trdt-lern). To trill. 
 
 Tranquillame'nte, It. (tran-quel-la-wzJ-te). Tranquilly. 
 
 Tranquille, Fr. (tran-keye). Tranquil. 
 
 Tranquille'zza, It. (tran-quel-/<fAsa). ( 
 
 Tranquillita, //. (tran-quel-#-ta). I 
 
 Tranquillo, //. (tran-^/-lo). Tranquil. 
 
 Transcrit, Fr. (trans-kre). Transcribed. 
 
 Transcription. The adaptation or arrangement of a com- 
 position for some voice or instrument for which it was 
 not intended. 
 
 Transponiren, Ger. (trdns-po-ne-ren). To transpose. 
 
 Transpose. To change the pitch of a composition and 
 thereby place it in another key. 
 
 Trascinando, //. (tra-she-a-do). See Strascinando. 
 
 Transportato, It. (trans-por-^a-to). Transposed. 
 
 TrattenutO, It. (trat-te-<w-t6). Retarding the tempo. 
 
 Trauermarsch, Ger. (/r<?/-er-marsh). A funeral march. 
 
 Traurig, Ger. (trow-r\g}. Melancholy, sad. 
 
 Tre, It. (tra). Three. 
 
 Tre c6rde, It. (tra Jkor-de). Three-strings. A term used in 
 pianoforte music denoting that the soft pedal is not to 
 be continued. 
 
 5, old 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; ii, (French}.
 
 112 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Treble. Soprano. 
 
 Treble-clef. The G clef, 
 
 Treibend, Ger. (fri-bend). Hastening, urging ; accelerando, 
 stringendo. 
 
 Tremando, It. (tra.-man-do). With a tremolo effect. 
 
 Tremblant, Fr. (tran^-blan^). Tremulant. 
 
 Tremblement, Fr. (tran^bl-man^). Tremolo, trill. 
 
 Tremolando, It. (tra-m6-/-do). With a tremolo effect. 
 
 Tremolo, It. (trd-mo-lo). A tone or tones rendered in such 
 a way as to produce a quivering or fluttering effect. 
 
 Tremol6so, //. (tra-mo-/J-z6). With a tremulous effect. 
 
 Tremulieren, Ger. (tra-moo-/-ren). To execute a tremolo 
 or trilL 
 
 Tres, Fr. (tra). Very. 
 
 Triad. A chord of three tones having a root, third, and 
 fifth. 
 
 Trias, Lat. (tre-Zs). Triad. 
 
 Trill. An embellishment consisting of a given note rapidly 
 alternating with its major or minor second. 
 
 Trfllo, ft. (tret-lo). Trill. 
 
 Trinklied, Ger. (trfn&-\ed). Drinking-song. 
 
 Trio. A composition for three parts, voices, or instru- 
 ments. 
 
 Triole, Ger. (tre-J-le). \ . 
 
 Triolet, Fr. (tre-6-la). J 
 
 Triomphale, Fr. (tre-5n^-fal). Triumphal. 
 
 Triomphant, Fr. (tre-orufc-fant). Triumphant. 
 
 Trionfale, //. (tre-on/a-le). Triumphal. 
 
 Trionfante, /A (tre-onySw-te). Triumphant 
 
 Tripla, It. (tre-p\a). A triplet. 
 
 Triple-croche, Fr. (tre-p'1-kro-she). A 32d-note. 
 
 a, ale ; a, acid ; a, care ; a, arm; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; \ V ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS I 1 3 
 
 Triplet. A group of three notes of the same time value to 
 be performed in the time of two of the same kind and 
 in the regular rhythm. 
 
 Triste'zza, It. (tris-Af^-sa). Melancholy, sadness. 
 
 Tritone. An augmented fourth, the r~&~ I 
 interval of three whole tones. \-(() - J 
 
 Trois, Fr. (trwa). Three. ^~ 
 
 Tr6ppO, //. (trop-vo). Too, too much. 
 
 Triib, Ger. (triib). \ 
 
 ~ / ... w, > Sad, gloomy. 
 Trubc, Ger. (triib-e). j 
 
 Tucket. A flourish of trumpets. 
 
 Tumultu6so, It. (too-mool-too-J-zo). Agitated, impetuous. 
 
 Tune. Melody, air. 
 
 Tu6no, //. (two-no). A tone ; a mode. 
 
 -ka).) 
 -ko. ) 
 
 Turco, //. (toor-ko). 
 Turn. The sign as. 
 
 Written. Played. 
 
 Tusch, Ger. (toosh). A flourish given by the wind-instru- 
 ments of an orchestra to denote welcome or applause. 
 
 A flourish of trumpets accompanied by a roll of 
 drums, the flourish performed three times. 
 
 Tutta, It. (toot-la). ^ 
 
 Tiitti, It. (tatf-te). > Whole, all. 
 
 TiittO, //. (toot-to). ) . 
 
 TiittO Arco, //. (toot-to ar-ko). Whole bow. 
 
 Uber, Ger. (-ber). Over, above. 
 
 6, old ; o, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; u, (French).
 
 114 PRO NO UNCING DIG TIONA R Y 
 
 Ubergang, Ger. (ii-\&*-giingk} . Modulation, transition. 
 
 Uberleitung, Ger. (-ber-/z-toongk). Transitional passage. 
 
 tibermassig, Ger. (u-ber-mds-sig). Augmented (intervals). 
 
 Ubung, Ger. (-boongk). Practice; exercise. 
 
 Ubungen, GVr.(w-boon-ghen). Exercises. 
 
 Uguale, It. (oo-gwa-le). Equal, even, like. 
 
 Ugualita, It. (oo-gwa-le-te'). Equality. 
 
 Ugualme'nte, It. (oo-gwal-z<f-te). Evenly, alike. 
 
 Umfang, Ger. (<w0z-fangk). Compass. 
 
 Umkehrung, Ger. (wwz-ka-roongk). Inversion. 
 
 Umore, It. (00-mo-re). Humor. 
 
 Un, Fr. (anA). ) 
 
 Une, Fr. (iin). ) ' 
 
 Un peu plus lent, Fr. (an/fc piih plii lanA). A little slower. 
 
 Un, It. (oon.) j 
 
 Una, It. (00-na). > A, or an. 
 
 Uno, It. (oo-no). ) 
 
 Una COrda, It. (oo-na. kor-d). A term used in pianoforte 
 music indicating that the soft pedal is to be used. 
 
 Una v61ta, It. (w-na jw/-ta). Once. 
 
 Und, Ger. (oondt). And. 
 
 Undecuplet. A group of eleven notes of the same time- 
 value to be rendered in the time of six or eight of the 
 same kind in the regular rhythm. 
 
 Under-song. Burden, refrain. 
 
 Undulazione, It. (oon-doo-la-tse-^-ne). The vibrato effect 
 on bow-instruments. 
 
 Unendlich, Ger. (oon-<?W-lIkh). Infinite. 
 
 Ungarisch, Ger. (ww-g'a-rish). Hungarian. 
 
 Ungeduldig, Ger. (oon-ghe-ab0/-dig) . Impatient. 
 
 Ungerade Takt, Ger. (oon-ghe-ra-de takt). Triple time. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add; a, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; \, ill;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS I I 5 
 
 Ungestum, Ger. (00-ghe"-shtoom). Impetuous, stormy. 
 
 Ungleich, Ger. (oon-glikh). Unequal. 
 
 Unharmonisch, Ger. (oon-har-/w^-nish). Inharmonic. 
 
 Unison. Two or more tones of the same pitch. The term 
 is sometimes used in place of the word prime. 
 
 Unison passage. A term given to certain passages in 
 vocal or instrumental compositions where several 
 voices or instruments render the same part in unison 
 or an octave and sometimes two or three octaves apart. 
 
 Unitame'nte, //. (oo-ne-ta-#z<?-te). Unitedly, jointly. 
 
 Unita, It. (w-ne-ta). ) . 
 
 -. ., ' . \ Joined, united. 
 
 Unito, It. (w-ne-to). ) 
 
 Univ6co, It. (oo-ne-z'J-ko). One sound or voice. 
 
 Uno, It. (oo-wo). One. See Un. 
 
 Uno a uno, It. (oo-no a oo-no). One by one. 
 
 Un peu, Fr. (a.nA puh). A little. 
 
 Unruhig, Ger. (oon-ra?-hig). Restless. 
 
 Unter-dominant, Ger. (oon-ter-dom-i-nant}. Subdominant. 
 
 Unter halbton, Ger. (ww-ter hdlb-ton). The leading note. 
 
 Unter-leitton, Ger. (w-ter-//?-ton). Dominant seventh. 
 
 Unter-mediante, Ger. (oon-ter-md-de-dn-te). Submediant. 
 
 Unter- stimme, Ger. (00n-ter-sAt?m-me). Under part. 
 
 Ut, Fr. (oot). The note C. 
 
 Ut, Lat. (ut). Like, as, just as. 
 
 Ut supra, Lat. (fit sii-pra.). As above. 
 
 Va, It. (va). Continue. 
 
 Va crescendo, It. (va kre-sMn-do). Continue the crescendo. 
 
 Vacillando, It. (vat-che-/-d6) . A term denoting that the 
 
 passage so marked is to be rendered in a vacillating, 
 
 hesitating style. 
 
 5, old ; 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; ii, (French)
 
 Il6 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Vago, It. (fa-go). Dreamy, vague. 
 Valeur, Fr. (va-liir). \ 
 Valor, Lat. (z>a/-6r). > Value (time-value). 
 Val6re, //. (va-/^re). ) 
 
 Variante, It. (va-re-<z-te) and Fr. (va-re-ant). A variant 
 See Ossia. 
 
 VariatO, It. (va-re-a-t5). ) _ 
 
 ' f Vaned. 
 Vari6, Fr. (va-re-<f). > 
 
 Veemnte, It. (va-*w<?-te). Passionate, vehement. 
 Veloce, It. (ve-/J-che). Swift, rapid. 
 Velocem^nte, It. (ve-/^che-wJ-te). Swiftly. 
 Velocissimo, It. (ve-l6-^<?j-se-mo). Very swift. 
 Velocita, It. (ve-lo-che-tf). ) 
 Velocit^, Fr. (va-l5-se-/J). J fc 
 Veniisto, It. (vS-noos-to). Elegant, graceful. 
 Veranderungen, Ger. (fe-rJ-de-roong-en). Variations. 
 Verbindung, Ger. (fer-3f-doongk). Tying, binding ; com 
 
 bination. 
 
 Verdeckt, Ger. (ier-dekf). Covered, concealed. 
 Verddoppelt, Ger. (feW^-p'lt). Doubled. 
 Verdoppelung, Ger. (fer-a^-pel-loongk). Doubling. 
 Vergellen, Ger. (ler-ghel-Yn). To diminish gradually. 
 Vergniigt, Ger. (fer-gniigt). Cheerful. 
 Verhallen, Ger. (fer-^a/-l'n). To die away. 
 Verhallend, Ger. (fer-^aV-lend). ) . 
 Verloschend, Ger. (fer-#-shend). ) 
 Vermindert, Ger. (fer-z/-dert). Diminished. 
 Verschwindend, Ger. (f er-sAvin-dend) . Vanishing, dying 
 
 away. 
 
 Versetzen, Ger. (fgr-j/f-tse'n). To transpose. 
 Versetzung, Ger. (fer-j#-tsoongk). Transposition. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; a, care; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; I, ice ; I, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS I 1 7 
 
 Verte, Lat. (v?r-\.). Turn over. See Volti. 
 
 Verve, fr. (varv). Energy, spirit. 
 
 Verwandt, Ger. (tewandt). Related. 
 
 Verwandte tonarten, Ger. (ier-vandt A5-ar-ten). Related 
 keys. 
 
 Verweilend, Ger. (fer-w-lend). Delaying, ritenuto. 
 
 Verziert, Ger. (ier-tsert). Ornamented. 
 
 Verzierung, Ger. (fer-^-roongk). Ornament, grace, embel- 
 lishment. 
 
 Verzogerung, Ger. (fer-fr^-ghe-roongk). Retardation. 
 
 Vezz6so, It. (\a.t-tsd-zo). Elegant, graceful. 
 
 Vezzosamente, It. (vat-ts6-za-/wa-te). Gracefully. 
 
 Vibrante, //. (ve-ra-te) ) With a vibrating quality of 
 
 Vibrate, Lat. (ve-ra-te). 5 tone. 
 
 Vibrato, //. (ve-6ra-to). A wavering effect produced by the 
 voice ; also on bow-instruments. 
 
 Vide, Fr. (ved). Open. 
 
 Viel, Ger. (fel). Much, great. 
 
 Vier, Ger. (fer). Four. 
 
 Vierhandig, Ger. (Jer-Adn-dig). Four hands. 
 
 Vierklang, Ger. (y?r-klangk). Chord of the seventh. 
 
 Vif, Fr. (vef). Lively, brisk. 
 
 Vigorosame'nte, It. (ve-g6-ro-za-zdw-te). With energy, vigor. 
 
 Vigor6so, It. (ve-go-rJ-zo). Energetic, vigorous. 
 
 Villareccio, //. (vel-lar-r<?if-sh6). Rural, rustic. 
 
 Violentamente, It. (ve-6-len-ta-wJw-te). Impetuously, vio- 
 lently. 
 
 VioltetO, It. (ve-6-/<f-to). Violent. 
 
 Vista, It. (^j-ta). Sight. 
 
 Vistame*nte, It. (ves-ta-?J-te). Animatedly. 
 
 Visto, //. (7/-to). Lively, animated. 
 
 6, old ; 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; u, but ; u, (French}.
 
 Il8 PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Vite, Fr. (vet). Quick. 
 
 Vivace, It. (ve-z/a'-che). A tempo mark denoting a degree 
 
 of speed equalling or exceeding allegro. 
 Vivacfssimo, //. (ve-va^^j-se-mo). Very fast. 
 Vive, Fr. (vev). See Vif. 
 Vive"nte, It. (ve-vdn-te). Animated, lively. 
 
 Vfvido, //. (z^-ve-do). ) c 
 
 . ' . _> ( Spirited, hvelv. 
 
 Vivo, //. (ve-vo). 
 
 Voce, //. (vff-che). Part, voice. 
 Voil6e, Fr. (vwa-\&). Veiled. 
 VoLs, Fr. (vwa). Part, voice. 
 Vokal, Ger. (/?-kal). Vocal. 
 Volante, It. (v5-/a-te). Swift, light. 
 
 Volata, It. (vo-/a-ta). 
 
 TTi4* /~ i - 7- t -\ f A short vocal trill or run. 
 
 Volate, Ger. (voVa-te). J A fi h id series of notfis 
 
 Volatinc, /J?. (vo-la-tf-ne). ) 
 
 Volkslied, Ger. (fdlks-\e&). Folk-song. 
 
 Voll, Ger. (foil). Full. 
 
 V61ta, //. (z/J/-ta). A turn or time (ending), as prima 
 
 volta, first time ; secondo volta, second time. 
 V61ti, It. (zv/-te). Turn over. 
 
 V61ti subito, //. (vo/-te j^^-be-to). Turn over at once. 
 Volubilme'nte, //. (vo-loo-bel-zJ-te). Fluently. 
 Voluntary. A title given to the various organ pieces used 
 
 to open a church service. 
 Vom, Ger. (fom). From the. 
 
 Vorder satz, Ger. (for-der sats). First subject or theme. 
 Vorgeiger, Ger. (for-^vfcf-ghe'r). Leader, first violin. 
 Vorhalt, Ger. (/Sr-halt). Suspension. 
 Vorhaltslosung, Ger. (/<?r-halts-/&r-soongk). Resolution of 
 
 a suspension. 
 
 a, ale ; a, add ; i, care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; e, end ; i, ice ; i, ill ;
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 119 
 
 Vorher, Ger. (y?r-her). Before, previous. 
 
 Vorig, Ger. (for-lg). Proceeding, previous. 
 
 Voriges Zeitmass, Ger. (yjjr-ig's fstt-mass). Tempo, primo. 
 
 Vorschlag, Ger. (Jor-sh\a.g). A general term for the various 
 
 kinds of accented appoggiatura. 
 
 Vorsetzzeichen, Ger. (Jor-sets-ts?&'n). Chromatic sign. 
 Vorspiel, Ger. (tor-shpel). Overture, prelude, introduction. 
 Vortrag, Ger. (for-iizg). Style, interpretation. 
 Vox, Lat. (vox). Voice. 
 Voe, Fr. (vu). Sight. 
 Vu6ta, //. (voo-0-ta). 
 Vuoto, It. (voo-<?-t5). 
 
 Wankend, Ger. (van-kend). Hesitating, wavering. 
 Warme, Ger. (vfir-me). Warmth (feeling). 
 Webmuth, Ger. (vdb-mooi). Sadness, melancholy. 
 Webmiithig, Ger. (vab-wzw-tig). Sad. 
 Welch, Ger. (vikh). Tender, soft, minor. 
 Weinend, Ger. (z7-nend). Weeping. 
 Weit, Ger. (vlt). Broad. 
 
 Weltliche lieder, Ger. (w?#-likh-e #-der). Secular songs. 
 Wenig, Ger. (va-mg). Little. 
 Wie, Ger. (ve). As. 
 Wie oben, Ger. (ve -ben). As. 
 
 Wie vorher, Ger. (vy?r-her). As at first, as before. 
 Wie aus der Feme, Ger. (ve ows dery?r-ne). As from a dis- 
 tance (echo). 
 
 Wieder, Ger. (ve-der). Again. [tion. 
 
 Wiedergabe, Ger. (w-der-ga-be). Performance, interpreta- 
 Wiederholung, Ger. (^-der-^J-loongk). Repetition. 
 Weiderzeichen, Ger. (vt-der-tst-kh'n). Repeat. 
 
 6, old ; 5, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon ; u, lute ; ii, but ; ii, (French).
 
 I2O PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY 
 
 Wiegenlied, Ger. (w-gen-led). Cradle-song. 
 Wind-band. The wind instruments of an orchestra. 
 Wood-wind. The orchestral wind instruments that are 
 
 made of wood, as the flute, oboe, clarinet, etc. 
 Wortklang, Ger. (zwV-klangh) . Accent; tone. 
 Wuchtig, Ger. (viikk-ilg). Weighty ; with strong emphasis 
 Wunderlich, Ger. (zw-d'r-likh). Odd, capricious. 
 Wiirde, Ger. (z/wr-de). Dignity. 
 Wuthend, Ger. (z^V-end.) Frantic, furious. 
 
 Zart, Ger. (tsart). Delicate, tender. 
 
 Zartlich, Ger. (tsdrt-likh). Tenderly. 
 
 Zeffiroso, It. (tsef-fe-r^zo). Zephyr-like. 
 
 Zeichen, Ger. (&f-kh'n). A sign. 
 
 Zeit, Ger. (tsit). Time. Also the same as taktteil. 
 
 Zeitmass, Ger. (/j#-mass). Tempo. 
 
 Zeitwerth, Ger. (/jz7-virt). Time-value. 
 
 Zelosame'nte, //. (tsa-/-za-2d-te). Enthusiastically. 
 
 Zel6so, It. (tsa-/<?-z5). Enthusiastic, ardent. 
 
 Ziemlich, It. (irw-Hkh). Rather, somewhat. 
 
 Zierlich, Ger. (^r-likh). Elegant, graceful, delicate. 
 
 Zigeunerartig, Ger. (tse-goyn-ar-tig). Gypsy-like. 
 
 Zinf6nia, //. (tsen^J-ne-a). A symphony. 
 
 Zingare'sca, //. (tsen ga-r<fj-ka). A Gypsy song or dance. 
 
 Zingare'sca, //. (tsen-ga-rdj-ka). ) _ 
 
 i * f Gypsy-like. 
 Zingar^sco, It. (tsen-ga-rJj-ko). ) 
 
 Zitternd, Ger. (/^-tern'd). Tremulous, trembling. 
 
 Zittino, It. (tset-^-no). Silence. 
 
 Zogernd, Ger. (tsd ghernd) . Retarding, lingering, hesitating 
 
 Z6ppa, //. (tsdp--p'&). \ , 
 
 ' f Halting; syncopated. 
 Zoppo, //. (tsop-vo). ) 
 
 A, ale ; a, add ; i care ; a, arm ; e, eve ; S, end ; I, ice ; I, /'//,*
 
 OF MUSICAL TERMS 121 
 
 Zunehmend, Ger. (tsoo-<?-mend). Crescendo. 
 Zuruckhalten, Ger. (tsoo-rw-Ao/-t'n). To retard. 
 Zoriickhaltend, Ger. (tsoo-rfc-Ao/-tend). Ritardando. 
 Zuriickhaltung, Ger. (tsoo-rw>Ma/-toongk). Retardation. 
 Zwei, Ger. (tsvi). Two. 
 Zweihandig, Ger. (tof-han-dig). Two bands. 
 Zweistimmig, Ger. (te'f-shtim-mlg). For two parts, or 
 
 voices. 
 
 Zwischen, Ger. (fsvtsA-en). Intermediate, between. 
 Zwischenspiel, Ger. (/jr/fr^-en-shpel). Interlude, intermezzo. 
 Zwischen-stille, Ger. (tsvfsfi-en-shttl-\). A pause. 
 
 6, old ; 6, odd ; 6, done ; oo, moon; u, lute ; u, but ; ii, (Frenth).
 
 PRONUNCIATION OF THE NAMES 
 
 OF THE CHIEF COMPOSERS 
 
 AND ARTISTS 
 
 Auber (Oh-bare'). 
 Adam (Ah'-dahm). 
 
 Boito (Boy-ee'-toe). 
 
 Bargiel (Bahr'-geel). 
 
 Biilow (Bee'low). 
 
 Bach (Bahch). 
 
 Beethoven (Bay'-toven). 
 
 Bellini (Bellee'nee; final syllable short). 
 
 Berlioz (Bair'-lee-oz). 
 
 Bizet (Bee'zay). 
 
 Brahms (Brahms ; broad " ah "). 
 
 Bruch (Brooch; hard "ch," guttural). 
 
 Calve (Kahl'-veh). 
 
 Chaminade (Shah'-mee-nahd). 
 
 Cherubini (Kair-oo-bee'-nee; final short). 
 
 Chopin (Sho'-pang). 
 
 Clementi (Kleh-ment'-ee; final syllable short). 
 
 Couperin (Koop'-er-rang). 
 
 Cramer (Krah'-mer). 
 
 Cui (Koo'-ee). 
 
 Czerny (Churn'-y). 
 
 D'Albert (Dahl'bear). 
 Delibes (Day-leeb'). 
 
 123
 
 124 PRONUNCIATION OF NAMES OF 
 
 De Reszke (Deh-Resch'-keh). 
 Diabelli (Dee-ah-bel'-lee). 
 Donizetti (Doh-nee-tset'-tee). 
 Dvorak (Dvor-zhak). 
 
 Faure (For). 
 
 Flotow (Floh'-to). 
 
 Franchetti (Frahn-ket'-tee ; final short). 
 
 Frank (Frahnk). 
 
 Franz (Frahnz). 
 
 Fuchs (Fooks). 
 
 Gade (Gah'-deh). 
 Glazounow (Glah-tsoo'-noff). 
 Oluck (Gloock). 
 Godard (Go'-dar). 
 Gounod (Goo'-no). 
 Grieg (Greeg). 
 Guilmant (Geel'-mong). 
 
 Halevy (Hah-lay'-vy). 
 Handel (Hand'-el). 
 Haydn (High'-dn). 
 Herold (Hair'-old). 
 
 Jensen (Yen'-sen). 
 
 Kjerulf (Kcher'-oolf ; guttural " ch "). 
 
 Lachner (Lahch-ner ; guttural " ch "). 
 Leoncavallo (Lay'-on-kah-vah'-lo). 
 Liszt (Least). 
 Loewe (Lay'-ve).
 
 CHIEF COMPOSERS AND ARTISTS 125 
 
 Mascagni (Mahs-cahn'-yee). 
 
 Massenet (Mahs'-say-nay). 
 
 Mattel (Mah-tay'-ee). 
 
 Mendelssohn (Mend'-l-sohn). 
 
 Meyerbeer (My'-er-bare). 
 
 Moscheles (Mosh'-eh-les). 
 
 Moszkowski (Mosh-koffs'-kee). 
 
 Mozart (Mo'-tsart). 
 
 Napravnik (Nah-prahv'-nick). 
 
 Nicode 1 (Nick'-oh-day). 
 
 Offenbach (Of '-fen-bach ; guttural " ch "). 
 
 Ouseley (Ooze'-ley). 
 
 Paderewski (Pah-der-eff'-skie). 
 Palestrina (Pah-les-tree'-na). 
 Pergolesi (Pair-go-lay'-zy). 
 Puccini (Poo-cheen'-ie). 
 
 Raff (Rahff). 
 Rameau (Rah'-mo'). 
 Reinecke (Rye'-neck-eh). 
 Rheinberger (Rine'-bair-ger). 
 Rossini (Ros-see'-nee). 
 Rubinstein (Roo'-bin-stine). 
 
 Saint-Saens (Sane-sahng) impossible to give quite cor- 
 rectly ; last syllable somewhat nasal. 
 Scharwenka (Shar-venk'-er). 
 Schytte (Shee'-tay). 
 Scarlatti (Scahr-laht'-tee ; last short). 
 Schubert (Shoo'-bairt ; the " t " very light). 
 Schumann (Shoo'-mahnn). 
 Sgambati (Sgahm-bah'-tee ; last short).
 
 126 PRONUNCIATION OF NAMES 
 
 Tschaikowsky (Tschy-koff'-skee). 
 
 Verdi (Vair'-dee). 
 Volkmann (Folk'-mahnn). 
 
 Wagner (Vahg'-ner). 
 Weber (Vay'-ber). 
 Widor (Vee'-dor).
 
 ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 A. Alto. 
 Accel. 
 
 . Accelerando. 
 Accelo. ) 
 
 Ace. \ 
 
 Accom. > Accompaniment. 
 
 Accomp. ) 
 
 Accres. Accrescendo. 
 
 Adgo. or Ado. Adagio. 
 
 Ad lib. Ad libitum. 
 
 Affett. Affettuoso. 
 
 Affrett. Affrettando. 
 
 Ago. or Agito. Agitato. 
 
 Allo. Allegro. 
 
 Allgtto. 
 
 All'ott. 
 
 All'ottava. 
 
 l ' 0tt ' i All. 
 
 } All'c 
 l'8va. ) 
 
 All' 
 
 Al seg. Al segno. 
 
 And n o. Andantino. 
 
 Andte. Andante. 
 
 Animo. Animato. 
 
 Arc. Coll'arco, or Arcato. 
 
 Ard. Ardito. 
 
 Arpo. Arpeggio. 
 
 At. ^ 
 
 A tern. > A tempo. 
 
 A temp. ' 
 
 127
 
 1 28 ABB RE VIA TIONS 
 
 Aug. ) Augmented, 
 Augn. } By augmentation, 
 
 B. Basso, bass. 
 
 Bar. Baritone. 
 
 B. C. Basso continue. 
 
 B. G. Basso generale, or Bassus generalis. 
 Bl. Blasinstrumente. 
 
 Br. Bratschen. 
 Brill. Brillante. 
 
 C. * time. 
 
 j. Alia Breve time ; also Semi Breve or double time. 
 
 C. a. Coll'arco. 
 
 Cad. Cadenza. 
 
 Cal. Calando. 
 
 Calm. Calmato. 
 
 Cant. Canto. 
 
 Cantab. Cantabile. 
 
 C. b. Contrabasso. 
 
 C. B. Col basso. 
 
 Cb. Contrabasse. 
 
 C. D. Colla destra. 
 
 'Cello. Violoncello. 
 
 Cemb. Cembalo. 
 
 C. F. Canto fermo. 
 
 Ch. Choir, choir-organ. 
 
 Chal. Chalumean. 
 
 Chor. Chorus. 
 
 C. 1. Canto primo. 
 
 C. L. Col legno 
 
 Clar. Clarinet. 
 
 Clar. Clarino.
 
 ABB RE VIA TIONS 1 29 
 
 Clartto. Clarinetto. 
 
 Co. Come. 
 
 Col c. Col canto. 
 
 Coll'ott. ) 
 
 \ Coll' ottava. 
 C. 8va. ) 
 
 Com. Comodo. 
 Con espr. Con espressione. 
 Cor. Cornet or Corno. 
 Co. So. Come sopra. 
 C. P. Colla parte. 
 
 Cres. ) . 
 
 f Crescendo. 
 Cresc ' 
 
 C. S. Colla sinistra; also come sopra. 
 C to . Concerto. 
 
 C. voc, Colla voce. 
 
 Dal. S. Dal segno. 
 
 D. C. Da capo. 
 Decresc. Decrescendo. 
 Delic. Delicamente. 
 Dest. Destra. 
 
 Diap. Diapason, or Diapasons. 
 
 Dim. Diminuendo, diminution. 
 
 Div. Divisi. 
 
 Dol. Dolce. 
 
 Dolcis. Dolcissimo. 
 
 Dopp. Fed. Doppio pedale. 
 
 Energ. Energicamente. 
 Espr., or Espress. Espressivo. 
 Exp., or Ezpr. Orgue expressif. 
 
 f . or for. Forte. 
 Fag. Fagotto.
 
 1 30 ABB RE VIA TIONS 
 
 Falset. Falsetto. 
 ff . or fff . Fortissimo. 
 Fl. Flauto. 
 Flag. Flageolet. 
 F 
 
 F.'org 
 
 fp. Forte piano. 
 
 Fz. or Forz. Forzando. 
 
 ) 
 J 
 
 Ged. Gedampft. 
 G. 0. \ Great organ. 
 G. Org. ) Grand orgue. 
 Grand. Grandioso. 
 Graz. Grazioso. 
 Gt. Great organ. 
 
 Hauptw. Hauptwerk (Great organ). 
 Haul. Hautboy. 
 H. C. Haute-contre (high tenor). 
 Hlzbl. or Hzbl. Holzblas 3 - 
 Hptw. or H. W. Hauptwerk. 
 Hr. or Hrn. Homer. 
 
 Incalz. Incalzando. 
 Intro. Introduction. 
 Inv. Inversion. 
 
 K. F. Kleuie Flote. 
 
 Leg. Legato. 
 Legg. Leggero, Leggiero. 
 L. H. Left hand, linke hand. 
 Lo. Loco.
 
 ABB RE VIA TIONS I 3 I 
 
 Lao. Luogo. 
 
 Lusing. Lusingando. 
 
 Maest. Maestoso. 
 
 Magg. Maggiore. 
 
 Man. Manual. 
 
 Mane. Mancando. 
 
 Marc. Marcato. 
 
 M. D. Mano destra, or main droite, 
 
 Men. Meno. 
 
 Met. Metronome. 
 
 Mez. Mezzo. 
 
 Mf . Mezzo forte. 
 
 Mfz. Mezzo forzando. 
 
 M. G. Main gauche. 
 
 M. M. Maelzel's metronome. 
 
 Mod., Modto. Moderate. 
 
 Mor. Morendo. 
 
 Mp. Mezzo piano. 
 
 M. S. Manuscript, Manosinistra. 
 
 M. V. Mezza voce. 
 
 Ob. Oboe. 
 
 Obbl. Obbligato. 
 
 Oberst. Oberstimme. 
 
 Oberw. or Obw. Oberwerk. 
 
 Oh. Fed. Ohne Pedal. 
 
 0. M. Obermanual. 
 
 Op. Opus. 
 
 Opp. Oppure. 
 
 Orch. Orchester, orchestra. 
 
 Org. Organ. 
 
 Ott, Ova, 8a or 8va. Ottava.
 
 I 3 2 ABB RE VIA TIONS 
 
 0. W. Oberwerk. 
 
 F. | 
 
 } Pianoforte. 
 i. ) 
 
 Fed. Pedal. 
 
 Perd. Perdendosi. 
 
 pf . piu forte. 
 
 P. F. 
 
 Pfte. 
 
 Piang. Piangendo. 
 
 Pianiss. Pianissimo. 
 
 Pizz. Pizzicato. 
 
 pmo., pp. | ppp-j PPPP- Pianissimo. 
 
 Prin. Principal. 
 
 Raddol. Raddolcendo. 
 
 Rail. Rallentando. 
 
 Recit. Recitative. 
 
 ri., rfz., rinf., rinfz. Rinforzando. 
 
 R. H. Right hand, rechte hand. 
 
 Rilas. Rilasciando. 
 
 Rip. Ripieno. 
 
 Risol. Risoluto. 
 
 Ritard. Ritardando. 
 
 Rit., Riten. Ritenuto. 
 
 Salic. Salicional. 
 
 Scherz. Scherzando. 
 
 Seg. Segue. 
 
 Sem. or Semp. Sempre. 
 
 Sf., sfz., sff. Sforzanda 
 
 Sim. Simile. 
 
 Sin. Sinister. 
 
 Sinf. Sinfonia. 
 
 S. int. Senza interruzione.
 
 ABBRE VIA TIONS 1 3 3 
 
 Slent. Slentando. 
 
 Smorz. Smorzando. 
 
 80S., Sost. Sostenuto. 
 
 Sp. Spitze. 
 
 S. P. Senza pedale. 
 
 Spir. Spirituoso. 
 
 S. S. or Sord. Senza sordini. 
 
 S. T. Senza tempo. 
 
 Stacc. Staccato. 
 
 St. D. or St. Diap. Stopped diapason. 
 
 Stent. Stentando. 
 
 ) String insruments. 
 ' ) Streichinstrumente. 
 String. Stringuendo. 
 Sw. Swell-organ. 
 Sym. Symphony. 
 
 T. C. Tre corde. 
 Temp. Tempo. 
 Tempo I. mpo primo. 
 Ten. Tenuto. 
 Timp. 
 
 _ 
 T Timpani. 
 
 T. P. Tempo primo. 
 
 Tr. Trill, trumpet. 
 
 Tratt. Trattenuto. 
 
 Trem. Tremolando, Tremulant 
 
 Tromb, Trombe. Tromboni. 
 
 Tromp. Trompete. 
 
 T. S. Tasto solo. 
 
 U. C. Una corda. 
 Unis. Unisono.
 
 1 34 ABB RE VIA TIONS 
 
 Va. Viola. 
 
 Var. Variation. 
 
 Vc., Velio, VllO. Violoncello. 
 
 Viol., VI., Vno. Violino. 
 
 Viv. Vivace. 
 
 V. S. Volti Subito. 
 
 Vv., Vin. Violini. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS BY NUMBERS AND 
 WORDS. 
 
 A 2. Both instruments rendering the same part in unison. 
 
 !<> First voice or instrument. 
 
 no. Second voice or instrument. 
 
 jma Prima. 
 
 jmo Prfmo. 
 
 nda c. Seconda Corda. 
 
 n iza C. Terza Corda. 
 
 IVt* C. Quarta Corda. 
 
 4to. Quartetto. 
 
 jfo- Quintetto. 
 
 &to. Sestetto. 
 
 jtto. Septetto. 
 
 SIGNS. 
 
 . Dot. Staccato. No longer used as a sign of sforzato. 
 t I Staccatissimo. Martellato. 
 -r- Forte tenuto. Marcato. 
 
 Mezzo staccato. Portamento. 
 
 Written. Played.
 
 ABB RE VIA TIONS 
 
 135 
 
 Two or more dots placed above a note, in violin music, 
 indicates the number of notes of equal time-value into which 
 the given note is to be divided. 
 
 ^~_ _^ Mezzo legato. 
 
 Sign used in vocal music denoting that the notes 
 
 2 under which the sign is placed are to be sung to 
 
 one syllable. 
 
 /rs Hold. 
 
 > Repeat the chord or figure (Abbreviation). 
 
 Written. 
 
 
 Written. 
 
 Played. 
 
 
 liO>|| Breve, or Double note ; time-value 
 
 equal to two whole notes. 
 Written. 
 
 (Abbreviation.) 
 
 Played. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Abbreviation.)
 
 1 3 6 
 
 ABB RE VIA TIONS 
 
 A form of tremolo in which the lower note alternates with 
 the upper note as rapidly as possible, the tremolo having 
 the time-value of one whole note. 
 
 The four notes at (a) are played in the same manner as 
 the chord (b). 
 
 
 (Abbreviation.) Direct. Continue the figure. 
 
 -- Commonly called " whole rest," which is, however, 
 rather misleading, inasmuch as the sign indicates one of two 
 meanings, either the whole measure is silent, or a part of 
 the measure equal in time- value to a whole note is silent. 
 
 (a) 
 
 (d) 
 
 The " whole rest " at (a) (b) (c) and (d) indicates that the 
 whole measure is silent. 
 
 Example (e) is a quotation from the Missa Papae Mar- 
 celli by Palestrina ; it is in Alia Breve time. The rest in the 
 first measure has the time-value of a whole note.
 
 ABB RE VIA TIONS 
 Written. 
 
 137 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 The double G clef, used in some choral works for the 
 tenor part ; it denotes that the part is to be sung an octave 
 lower than written. 
 
 True Pitch. 
 
 1 
 
 Written. 
 
 Con 8va bassa. 
 
 Played. 
 
 (Abbreviation.) 
 
 - 
 
 <5j 
 
 Written. 
 
 ^P 
 
 | r 
 
 \ j- 
 
 -= H (Abbr 
 
 
 4 
 8 '*" 
 
 i.~ . 
 
 f 1 ^ u 
 
 <? <!? ^ 
 Played. 
 
 [9*fF 
 
 3=T 
 
 ^g^=H
 
 
 ABB RE VIA TIONS 
 
 Written. 
 
 -X~ j-j (Abbreviation.) 
 
 Played. 
 
 Broken chords ; beginning with the lowest note, the re- 
 mainder follow in succsssion as rapidly as possible. 
 
 
 The g and d in the second measure are played like a 
 broken chord ; the b is held over from the first measure 
 (Pianoforte music). 
 
 (a) (b) (c) (d) 
 
 10 
 
 (a) Two measures rest ; (b) four measures rest ; (c) seven 
 measures rest ; (d) ten measures rest, or more, according to 
 the number given. 
 
 I 
 
 Stopped notes for the horn.
 
 ABB RE VIA TIONS 
 
 139 
 
 55'#'lfi' &' See Segno, 
 (a) /w, (b) 'Mv, (c) <g*g>, (d), tremu (e) /vw), (f) 
 (a) Inverted mordent ; (b) mordent ; (c) turn ; (d), (e), 
 (f), trill 
 
 First ending ; second ending. 
 > or -=c Rinforzando. AV> Sforzato. 
 1 or Fed. 
 
 | Modern signs for using the 
 damper (loud) pedal of the pianoforte. 
 
 2 Crescendo, r Decrescendo. 
 
 TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS IN 
 SONATAS. 
 
 Anhang (Ger.) Coda. (Abbr. Anh.) 
 Durchfuhrungssatz (Ger.) Development. (Abbr. DS.) 
 Hauptsatz (Ger.) Principal theme. (Abbr. HS.) 
 Mittelsatz (Ger.) Middle theme. (Abbr. MS.) 
 Ruckgang (Ger.) Returning passage. (Abbr. Rg.) 
 Schluss-satz (Ger.) Close (Cadence). (Abbr. Schls.) 
 Seitensatz (Ger) Secondary theme. (Abbr. SS.) 
 Uebergang (Ger.) Transition. (Abbr. Ug.) 
 Zwisschenatz (Ger) Intermediate theme. (Abbr. Zws.)
 
 A POCKET MUSIC VOLUME 
 
 * 
 
 Waltzes of Johann Strauss 
 
 With a Biographical Introduction by HBNRY T. FiNc,a Photogravure 
 Portrait of the Author, and 112 pages of Music. 
 
 J* 
 
 Thfe volume of music and biography combined, being issued in a 
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 The music is printed from finely engraved plates, is admirably clear 
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 It has a literary interest and value quite unusual for a book of its 
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 Collectors of Musical literature as well as all musicians and lovers 
 of music will welcome this unique and useful book. 
 
 This volume will be followed by others of a like character, the titles 
 of which will be announced from time to time. 
 
 Square i6mo (size 5x7 inches) bound in full 
 flexible leather, gilt top $1.35 
 
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 KNIGHT & MI LLE T 
 
 221 Columbus Avenue, BOSTON.
 
 RICHARD WAGNER 
 His Life and Works 
 
 By ADOLPHB JULLIEN, Translated from the French. With an In- 
 troduction by B. J. Lang. Illustrated with fifteen Portraits of Wagner 
 and one hundred and thirteen text-cuts ; scenes from his operas, views of 
 theatres, autographs and numerous caricatures. 
 
 Extract from Mr. Lang's Introduction : 
 
 " In view of the fact that almost the whole of our English Wag- 
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 To all lovers and students of Wagner as well as all who are fond of 
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 Two volumes, octavo (size 7 1-4 x 10 inches) 
 maroon cloth, gilt tops . . $3.00 for the set. 
 
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 KNIGHT & MI LL E T 
 
 221 Columbus Avenue, BOSTON.
 
 University of California 
 
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