iilliiiiliiiipilil jiAiixi:.\i.\x.\. HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY AND ITS INSTITUTIONS IN AMERICA Their Founders, Benefactors, Faculties, Officers, Hospitals, Alumni, Etc., with a Record of Achievement of Its Representatives in the World of Medicine ■flllustrate^ VOLUNIE I EDITED BY WILLIAM HARVEY KING, M. D., LL. D. Dean of the Faculty Neiv York Homoeopathtc Medical College and Hospital NEW YORK CHICAGO THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY 1905 Copyright, ,^qo5 BT LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY New York :: Chicago 4J2. 70 To SAMUEL CHRISTIAN FRIEDERICH HAHNEMANN and the GERMAN PROVERS This Work Is Dedicated No mere Words can Adequately Express the Affection and Loyalty 'which e'very True Homoeopathist must feet for Hahnemann and His Co-ivorkers, If these Volumes of the History of Homoeopathy and its Institutions in America in the Least Degree do Honor to Our Master, then They ha've not been Written in Vain INTRODUCTION The honiu'opathic school of medicine was founded in Germany, but its growth has been most noteworthy in America. This has been due not to greater abiHty on the part of Hahnemann's followers in this country, nor to greater loyalty and enthusiasm among the adherents of homoe- opathy here, but to liberal laws which have enabled the physicians of this school to establish colleges where the law of siniilia similibus curantur could be properly taught, and physicians graduated who had not been prejudiced against it by contact with the allopathic profession, whose chief aim was to imbue the mind of the students with a belief in its supposed fallacies. The same spirit of liberality that encouraged the building of colleges also opened the way for the founding of hospitals and clinics, wherein the superiority of the homceopathic treatment has been established. To record the growth of these institutions in America and the labors of the men who established them under trying circumstances, often fighting their way through storms of opposition, rising above all difficulties, is the province of this work. Thirty years ago Dr. Carroll Dunham undertook the preparation of a histon,' of homoeopathy, but ill health and an untimely death prevented its completion by his hand, and others took up the task he was obliged to relinquish. This history appeared in a supplemental volume of the tran- sactions of the World's Homoeopathic Convention held in Philadelphia during the centennial of 1876. The substantial growth of homoeopathy in America has been since that time. Then scarcely a homoeopathic college owned any jiroperty, and there were few well-equipped homceopathic hos- pitals in the land. To be sure, some vigorous homoeopathic societies ex- isted, and it is to their vigor and activity that we owe the chief part of our advancement. These societies have lieen the organized force of the school. They have furnished it with inspiration and have, at the same time, been its critics. They have acted as censors on colleges and facul- ties, and m many ways have lx;en the parent of the vigorous homf£0])athy of to-day. We owe much to those men who, early foreseeing the difficul- ties which were to beset the establishment of a new school of medicine, INTRODUCTION vii and recognizing the necessity of an organized force, were moved to estab- lish the first national medical society in the United States, the American institute of Homoeopathy. Like tribute may be paid to the genius of those who organized the state societies, which in time came to exercise a strong influence over state legislatures, as it is these bodies which govern medical practice in this country, and conserve the welfare of the whole school. The history of medical legislation as it relates to our school to-day is interesting, showing what was done by a small band of men who believed in their cause, and asked for nothing but justice against a powerful organization actuated by malice, hatred, and ofttimes by superstition. Were it not for the work done by our state societies most of the institutions that we have to-day would not be in existence. Another potent force in the building up of the homoeopathic school of medicine has been its literature as presented in its journals and text books. The same wisdom that foresaw the necessity of organization foresaw the necessity of an individual literature. Homoeopathic jour- nals were early established, not only carrying each month fresh encour- agement to the physicians of the school, but bringing much help in the way of new provings, thus widening their therapeutic field. At the same time these journals kept abreast of the best there was in the whole domain of medicine and surgery. Text books of homoeopathic thera- peutics were issued by the score within a comparatively short time after the establishment of the school in America. Thus it was that the homoeo- pathic physician became independent of his allopathic rival and enemy, and the increasing strength of his school gave him confidence in his system and confidence in himself. All this, however, was only the means to an end. The real strength of the entire system lay in the superiority of the homoeopathic principle over the empiricism of the then dominant school of practice. But no matter how great an advancement our system may have been over that already in practice, it could not by its truth alone have made headway against bigotry, which is sometimes called conservatism, together with an animositv which is not scientific and which in this case reflects no credit on the self-st\]ed regular school of medicine. It was no easy task that our predecessors set for themselves in es- tablishing a new schod of medicine under these conditions, and what we are to-day, and what we will be in the future, we owe to the ability, energy- and self-sacrificing cliaracter of those who fought the battle when viii INTRODUCTION it was raging hottest and who never swerved from the course they had laid out for themselves. It is to preserve the work of these men that this history has l>een written. This history of homceopathy takes up events in their natural se- quence. After a resume of Hahnemann's Hfe and the events attending the founding of the system in Europe, it brings us to America with the landing in New York of Hans Burch Gram and the planting of homoe- opathy in the metropolis. Of much greater importance, however, was the landing of Constantine Hering and his comrades, and the opening of the Allentown Academy, afterwards the college in Philadelphia. That was really the nucleus of the homoeopathic school in America. From these two points the growth of homoeopathy in every state, city and territory, and the "founding of societies, colleges and hospitals are taken up in convenient order. In preparing a comprehensive history of homoeopathy and its insti- tutions, it has been necessary to draw information from many and varied sources. The names of the collaborators are sufficient to guarantee the sincerity, and thoroughness of the work. They are not only the repre- sentative men and women of the school, but the subjects upon which they have written have been those of which they were above all the most competent to treat, and their personal sympathy and interest has given to their papers a value which could not attach to the work of the ordinary- writer of historical facts. Each contributor has done his work cheer- fully, and any words which might be set down here, no matter how fulsome in praise, would but poorly express the appreciation which the editor and publishers feel for their careful and faithful assistance. The great aim has l>een reliability, and no pains have been spared to make it such a work as will live in the annals of true historv. THE COLLABORATORS William Harvey King, M.D., LL.D. . . New York City Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M.D. . . . Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Willis Alonzo Dewey. M.D Ann Arbor, Michigan Pemberton Dudley, M.D., LL.D. . . . Philadelphia, Pennsylvania George Theodore Shower, M.D. . . . Baltimore, Maryland Daniel A. MacLachlan, M. D. . . . Detroit, Michigan George Royal, M.D Des Moines, Iowa Charles Edgar Walton, M.D., LL.D. . Cincinnati, Ohio JiRAH Dewey Buck, M.D Cincinnati, Ohio James Polk Willard, M.D Denver, Colorado Andrew Leight Monroe, M.D Louisville, Kentucky William Davis Foster, M.D Kansas City, Missouri Howard Roy Chislett, M.D Chicago, Illinois LuciEN Claude McElwee, M.D Saint Louis, Missouri Allen Corson Cow pert hwaite, M.D., Ph.D., LL.D. Chicago, Illinois John Blair Smith King, M.D Chicago, Illinois David Herrick Beckwith, M.D. . . . Cleveland, Ohio James Rickey Horner, A.M., M.D. . . . Cleveland, Ohio Gaius J. Jones, M.D Cleveland, Ohio Wilbert B. Hinsdale, M.D Ann Arbor, Michigan Guernsey Penny Waring, M.D Evanston, Illinois M. Belle Brown, M.D New York City Annie S. Higbie, M.D New York City John Preston Sutherland, M.D. . . . Boston, Massachusetts James William Ward, M.D San Francisco, California Henry C. Allen Chicago. Illinois Lewis Cass Aldrich Binghamton, New York CONTENTS CHAPTER I, The Subject Introduced— Discovery in Medical Science— Brief Allusion to the Founder —Homoeopathy in Germany— Bohemia— Austria— Russia— France— Italy— Amer- ica— Sweden— Great Britain— Spain— Belgium— Cuba i? CHAPTER H The Beginnings of Homoeopathy— Hahnemann, the Founder— His Birth and Educa- tion—His Trials and Triumphs— His Death— Brief Allusion to Some of the Provers, Disciples of the Founder 22 CHAPTER HI HOMOEOPATHY IN NEW YORK Introductory Observations — Condition of Homoeopathy at the Time of Gram's Arrival in America — He Settles in New York — His Practice and Followers — Homoeo- pathic Medical Societies, State and Local — Hospitals and Charitable Institutions — The Pioneers of Homoeopathy in New York 44 CHAPTER IV HOMOEOPATHY IN NEW YORK — (CONTINUED) The Cholera Epidemic of 1832 — Hahnemann an Honorary Member of the New- York Medical Society — The Pioneer Homoeopathic Medical Society — Reminiscences of Early Homoeopathic Practitioners — Curtis — Kirby — Vanderburgh — Paine — Dutcher — Wright — Ball — Freeman — Cook — Bowers^ — Harris — Palmer — McVickar — Joslin — Belcher — Stewart — Hallock — Quin — Wells — A Chapter of Reminiscences "](> CHAPTER V HOMOEOPATHY IN NEW YORK — (CONTINUED) Outspreading of the Homoeopathic Doctrine from New York City into the Several Counties of the State — The Pioneers and Their Trials and Triumphs — Reminis- cences and Sketches ! 94 CHAPTER VI HOMOEOPATHY IN PENNSYLVANIA Introductory Remarks— Primacy of Pennsylvania in Homoeopathic Institutions— Ho- moeopathic Medical Society of Pennsylvania— Other State and Local Societies— Allentown Academy— Recollections of Early Practitioners— Detwiller. the Pre- scriber— Wesselhoeft and Freytag, the Founders— Becker and Helfrich, the Preacher Physicians— Ihm, the Pioneer m Philadelphia— Hering, the Prover, Phil- osopher. Scientist and Founder— Brief Allusion to Other Early Practitioners-^Lists of Pioneer Physicians — Homoeopathic Dispensaries Ill CHAPTER VII HOMOEOPATHY IN VIRGINIA Early Introduction of Hahnemann's System in the West and Southwest— Virginia Societies— Allentown Academy Bears Good Fruit— The Pioneer in Virginia a Layman— The Caspari Brothers— Campos— I lardy— Hobson—Atwood— Hughes- Other Early Practitioners in the Old Domini. mi 162 CONTEXTS xi CHAPTER VIII. HOMOEOPATHY IN OHIO Gradual Introduction of Homoeopathy in the West — Cope, the Pioneer of the New- System in Ohio — Beckwith's Recollections of Sturm- — Pulte, the Pioneer and Founder of a Great School of Medical Learning— Cholera Plague of 1849 3»d Later Years — Homoeopathy attacked by the Old Enemy — Early Homceopaths in Cincinnati and Cleveland — Attempts to Establish a Medical College — Eclectic Med- ical Institute Establishes a Chair of Homoeopathy — Reminiscences of Early Prac- titioners 166 CHAPTER IX HOMOEOPATHY IN OHIO — (CONTINUED) Purpose of the Homoeopathic Society of Cincinnati — Hill of the Eclectic Medical In- stitute of Cincinnati Converted to Homoeopathy — Shepherd, tlie Pioneer in Hamil- ton County— Reminiscences of Early Physicians — Pulte, the Founder, Scholar and Physician — The Western College of Homoeopathic Medicine 177 CHAPTER X HOMOEOPATHY IN LOUISIANA Condition of Medicine in Louisiana in Martin's Time — The Southern Homoeopathic Medical Association — Charity Homoeopathic Hospital — Dr. Joseph Martin, the Pioneer Homoeopath in Louisiana — Taft, the Second Practitioner — Reminiscences of Other Early Homoeopathic Practitioners 188 CHAPTER XI HOMOEOPATHY IN MARYLAND The Maryland Homoeopathic State Medical Society — Other Societies — Felix R. Mc- Manus, the Pioneer — His Life and Experiences — Schmidt, the Prussian Convert — Haynel, the German, and Busch, the Saxon — Cyriax, Hardy and Geiger — List of Early Practitioners 194 CHAPTER XII HOMOEOPATHY IN CONNECTICUT The First Prescriber of Homoeopathic Doses in Connecticut — Early Planting and Sub- sequent Growth of Homa-opathy in the State— Societies and Hospitals — The Taylors, Father and Son— New Mil ford First to Have a Homoeopathic Physician — The Tafts in Hartford — John Schue — Introduction of the New System in the Counties — Pioneers. Early Practitioners and Reminiscences — List of Old Practi- tioners 200 CHAPTER XIII HOMOEOPATHY IN MASSACHUSETTS How the Seed was First Sown in the Old Bay State — New York Furnishes the Pioneer — Gregg and Flagg, the Standard Bearers — Their Followers and Proselytes — The Homoeopathic Fraternity of Massachusetts — Its Organization and Membership — The Massachusetts Homoeopathic Medical Society — Brief Allusion to the Homoeo- pathic Institutions, and the Pioneers of the Profession in the Several Counties of the Commonwealth 210 CHAPTER XIV HOMOEOPATHY IN NEW JERSEY Occupation of New Jersey by Homoeopaths from New York on the North and Phila- delphia on the West — The First Practitioner Converts from the Allopathic Ranks — Dr. Isaac Moreau Ward, the Pioneer — Early Society Organization — Pioneers of Homoeopathy in the Several Counties of New Jersey — Reminiscences of Prom- inent Early Practitioners 240 Xll •CONTENTS CHAPTER XV HOMOEOPATHY IN VERMONT Sowing the Seed of Homoeopathy in the Old Green Mountain State— Baird, the Inde- pendent, Self-Educated and Successful Practitioner, the Pioneer— Brief Allusion to State, District and County Societies— How and by Whom Homoeopathy was Introduced in the Counties of Vermont 258 CHAPTER XVI HOMOEOPATHY IN DELAWARE Treatment of Gosewisch at the Hands of Delaware Allopaths— His Great Work for Homceopathv— Harlan, the Second Homoeopathic Physician in the State— Quinby —Negendank—Swinney— Curtis— Lawton—Tantum 269 CHAPTER XVn HOMOEOPATHY IN RHODE ISLAND Parlin, the Pioneer of Homoeopathy in Rhode Island— His Accomplishments and Polit- ical \Iisfortunes — Early Homoeopathic Practitioners in the Several Towns of the State— Reminiscences, Statistics and Biography 275 CHAPTER XVni HOMOEOPATHY IN KENTUCKY A Hospitable Welcome Greets Homoeopathy in Kentucky — Bernstein, the Pioneer, Finds Warm Friends Among the Allopaths — Their Estimate of His Worth — Early Practitioners in Various Parts of the State — A Chapter of Statistics, Reminis- cences and Biography 282 CHAPTER XIX HOMOEOPATHY IN NEW HAMPSHIRE Dr. Moses Atwood, a Convert of Gregg's, the Pioneer of Homoeopathy in New Hamp- shire — The State Homoeopathic Medical Society — Early Practitioners in the Sev- eral Counties 289 CHAPTER XX HOMOEOPATHY IN INDIANA Dr. Isaac Coc, the Pioneer of Homoeopathy in Indiana, was Hull's Converted Allopath — Outspreading of the Practice in the State — The State and Other Homoeopathic Medical Societies — Recollections of Early Practitioners — A Table of Converts... 295 CHAPTER XXI HOMOEOPATHY IN MAINE Early Homoeopathy in the Pine Tree State— Characteristics of the Early Practitioners — The State and Other Medical Societies— Sandicky, the Itinerant Homoeopath — His Converts and Followers — List of Early Practitioners 303 CHAPTER XXII HOMOEOP.\THY IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Brief Allusion to the Hahnemann Monument— Ceremonies of the Unveiling— The Washington Convention— Homoeopathic Societies and Hospitals— Dr. John Piper, the First Homoeopathic Physician in the District of Columbia— Reminiscences and List of Early Practitioners 315 CHAPTER XXIII HOMOEOPATHY IN MICHIGAN Beginnings of Homoeopathy in Michigan— Early Practitioners all Converted Allopaths —Record of Medical Societies— Hall and Lamb, the Pioneers— Reminiscences and Lists of Early Practitioners ^2^ CONTENTS xiii CHAPTER XXIV HOMOEOPATHY IN GEORGIA This State not Highly Productive of Homoeopathic History — Gilbert and Schley, the Pioneers — Reminiscences of Other Early Practitioners 334 CHAPTER XXV HOMOEOPATHY IN WISCONSIN The Pioneers of Homoeopathy in Wisconsin — The Conditions There Described by Dr. Chittenden — Wisconsin State Homoeopathic Medical Society — Recollections of the Pioneers and Their Early Experiences — List of Old Practitioners 337 CHAPTER XXVI HOMOEOPATHY IN ALABAMA Homoeopathy Never Strong in Alabama — Dr. Monroe Describes Some Early Ex- periences — The State Medical Association — Ulrich and Schafer, the Pioneers — Later Accessions to the Homoeopathic Ranks — Reminiscences and Tables of Early Practitioners 342 CHAPTER XXVII HOMOEOPATHY IN ILLINOIS Early Homoeopathic Conditions in Illinois — Experiences of Dr. David Sheppard Smith, Allopath and Homoeopath — Zabina Eastman and the " Western Citizen " — ElTects of the Chicago Fire of 1871 on Homoeopathy in that City — Homoeopathic Medical Societies and Hospitals — Reminiscences and Lists of Early Homoeopathic Prac- titioners 345 CHAPTER XXVIII HOMOEOPATHY IN MISSOURI Early Homoeopathy in Missouri — Subsequent Growth of the System — Dr. John Temple and His Works — Medical Societies and Hospitals — Reminiscences and Lists of Early Homoeopathic Practitioners 363 CHAPTER XXIX HOMOEOPATHY IN TENNESSEE Nashville a Center of Medical Education — Experiences of Drs. Harsh, Wheaton and Kellogg, Early Homoeopathic Practitioners in Tennessee — Homoeopathic Medical Society of Tennessee — Reminiscences and List of Early Practitioners in the State 369 CHAPTER XXX HOMOEOPATHY IN TEXAS Introduction of Hahnemann's System in the Lone Star State — The Texas Plomoeo- pathic Medical Association — Dr. Parker, the Pioneer — His Life and Works — Other Early Practitioners in Various Parts of the State 373 CHAPTER XXXI HOMOEOPATHY IN CALIFORNIA Homoeopathy Finds Lodgment on the Pacific Slope in 1849 — Pioneers were both Physicians and Gold Hunters — The State Medical Society — Benjamin Ober, the Pioneer Homoeopath — Reminiscences and List of Practitioners 377 CHAPTER XXXII HOMOEOPATHY IN IOWA Trials of Dr. Beck, the First Homoeopathic Physician in Iowa — Subsequent Permanent Introduction and Development of the New System in the State — Iowa Medical Societies — Reminiscences and List of Early Practitioners 385 xiv CONTENTS CHAPTER XXXIII HOMOEOPATHY IN MINNESOTA Relations of Civil and Homceopathic History in Minnesota— Planting Hahnernann;s System in the State— Societies and Hospitals— Reminiscences of Early Practi- tioners ^ ^ CHAPTER XXXIV HOMOEOPATHY IN MISSISSIPPI The Planting of Homoeopathy in Mississippi by Dr. Davis— His Early Experiences- Growth of Hahnemann's System of Medicine in the State— The State Medical Society— Reminiscences and List of Early Practitioners 395 CHAPTER XXXV HOMOEOPATHY IN NEBRASKA Homoeopathy Instroduced in Omaha in 1862— Wright, the Pioneer— Drs. Way and Hemingway in Nebraska City— The State Homceopathic Medical Society— Gradual Growth of the System in Nebraska— Reminiscences of Early Practitioners 398 CHAPTER XXXVI HOMOEOPATHY IN WEST VIRGINIA A Brief Chapter of Reminiscences— Dr. Alfred Hughes and His Sister— List of Prac- titioners in the State 402 CHAPTER XXXVII HOMOEOPATHY IN NORTH CAROLINA Homoeopathy Introduced in the State by Dr. Freeman — Reminiscences and List of Other Early Practitioners in North Carolina 405 CHAPTER XXXVIII HOMOEOPATHY IN COLORADO, MONTANA AND FLORIDA Late Planting and Rapid Growth of Homoeopathy in Colorado — Ingersol, the First Practitioner, and Marix, the Permanent Practitioner — State Medical Society — Homoeopathy in Montana begins in 1866 — Its Subsequent Growth — Meagre History on Florida — Early Practitioners in all these States — The Florida Homoeopathic Medical Society — Reminiscences 407 CHAPIT.R XXXIX HOMOEOPATHY IN OREGON, SOUTH CAROLINA AND KANSAS Dr. Leslie Jacob Coombs, the Pioneer Homoeopath in Oregon — Later Growth of the System in the State — Medical Societies and Hospitals in Kansas — Dr. John Hazard Henry, the First Hoinceopath in South Carolina — Dr. John Doy, the Pioneer of Homoeopathy in Kansas — Societies and Hospitals — Reminiscences 412 CHAPTER XL IIOMoKorATIIV 1.^ LTAH. WVD.MING, THE DAKOTAS, ARIZONA, IDAHO AND ALASKA Dr. Isaiah Wiiite. the I'"irst HouKcopath in Salt Lake City — Dr. John Bowman. Cheyenne— Dr. H. J. Morrison in Arizona — Dr. E. O. Plumbe in Dakota — Dr. D. G. Strong in Idaho — Limits of Early Practitioners 417 CHAPTER XLI HOMOEOPATHV IN ARKANSAS, NEVADA. INDIAN TERRITORY, WASHINGTON, NEW ME.XICO AND OKLAHO.MA 422 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Hahnemann Frontispiece Dr. Johann Ernst Staff ' 19 Dr. Gustav Wilhelm Gross 23 Hahnemann's Birthplace in Meissen 24 Dr. Carl Gottlob Franz 25 Dr. Franz Hartmann 28 Dr. jMoritz Muller 30 Dr. Carl Haubold 31 Dr. Carl F. Trinks 32 Dr. G. a. H. Muhlenbein 34 Hahnemann's Home in Coethen 36 Friedrich Rummel, M. D 37 Dr. Georg Aug. Benj. Schweikert 39 Dr. Carl Georg Ch. Hartlaub 41 Dr. Julius Schweikert 42 Hans Burch Gram, M. D 46 Main Entrance, Middletown State Hom. Hospital -. 51 Main Building, Middletown State Hom. Hospital 53 Metropolitan Hospital, Blackwell's Island 55 Utica Homoeopathic Hospital 59 M. O. Terry, Surg. Gen. S. N. Y 62 John Franklin Gray, M. D 65 A. Gerald Hull, A. M., M. D 69 Dr. S. R. Kirby tj Federal Vanderburgh, M. D 81 E. E. Snyder, M. D 83' Walter C. Palmer, M. D 85 J. A. McVickar, M. D 87 B. E. JosLiN, M. D 89 Lewis Hallock, M. D 91 P. P. Wells, M. D 92 Horatio Robinson, M. D 96 H. C. Hubbard, M. D 97 Horace M. Paine, M. D 103 Allentown Academy 115 Main Group of Buildings, Pennsylvania Homoeopathic: State Hospit.vl kok Insane. itS Children's Homoeopathic Hospital 120 Hering Building, Medical and Surgical Dept 121 LippE Isolated Pavilion 122 Sargent or Maternity Building 123 Homoeopathic Hospital, Pittsburgh 124 McClelland in the Oper.\ting Room, Pittsburgh Hom. Hosp 126 Willard in the Operating Room, Pittsburgh Hom. Hosp 127 Henry Detwiller. M. D 129 Samuel R. Dubs, M. D 131 H. H. Hoffman, W. D 135 J. C. Burgher, M. D 137 Hering's Lachesis Snake 141 John Henry Floto, M. D 143 Charles Neidhard, M. D 146 James Kitchen. M. D 149 Alvan E. Small, M. D 151 Joseph Berens, M. D 152 G. Reichhelm, M. D T53 Benjamin Becker, M. D 155 Obadiah C. Brickley, M. D 157 John F. Cooper, M. D 158 Ohio Hospital for Women and Children, Cincinnati 171 James G. Hunt, M. D 173 John Wheeler, M. D 175 xvi ILLUSTRATIONS Seven Old Fellows ^77 Alfred Shepherd, M. D • ' ^79 William Owens, M. D 182 Storm Rosa, M. D 183 Prominent Cleveland Homoeopaths ' 184 Wm. H. Holcombe, M. D 191 Thomas Shearer. M. D ^95 Westboro Hom. Asylum for Insane 212 Milton Fuller, M. D 217 Famous Patrons of Homoeopathy 220 Alvin M. Gushing, M. D • 224 Geo. W. Swazey, M. D ^^1 G. F. Matthes, M. D : 229 A. A. Klein, M. D 230 Henry B. Clarke, M. D 231 Elisha J. Jones, M. D 232 Geo. Russell, M. D 233 Geo. W. Richards, M. D 243 Daniel R. Gardiner, M. D 246 Bowman H. Shi\trs, M. D 247 Jos. C. Boardman, M. D 250 Samuel A. Jones, M. D 254 Theodore Y. Kinne, M. D 255 G. N. Brigham, M. D 260 Geo. E. E. Sparhawk, AI. D 262 C. B. Currier, M. D 264 Jos. R. Tantum, M. D ■ 270 Homoeopathic Hospital of Delaware 271 Caleb Harlan, M. D 272 Ch AS. H. Lawton, M. D 273 George B. Peck, M. D tt/^ Wm. L. Breyfogle, M. D 285 Joshua F. Whittle, M. D 290 Oliver L. Bradford, M. D 291 Oliver P. Baer, M. D 296 George W. Bowen, M. D ". . .299 Wm. E. Payne, M. D 304 Euphalet Clark, M. D 306 James H. Payne, M. D 309 Nancy T. Williams, M. D 311 Hahnemann Monument — Presentation Ceremony 314 Hahnemann Monument — Presentation by Dr. Walton 316 Ode to Hahnemann, by Dr. Wm. Tod Helmuth 316 TuLuo S. Verdi, M. D 318 Susan Ann Edson, M. D 319 Jehu Brainerd, M. D 32c W. Hanford White, M. D 323 Edwin M. Hale, M. D 328 Charles J. Hempel, M. D 332 F. H. Orme, M. D !.'."."..'..!!.;!;!!!;; -335 Wm. L. Cleveland, M. D 336 Chicago Homoeopathic Hospital 346 T. C. Duncan, M. D 350 F. F. de Derky, M. D 353 C. Ferd. Kuechler, M. D 355 Leonard Pr.\tt, M. D .359 T. G. comstock. m. d .!!!.!.!.!..!.!!.!. .365 Jabez P. Dake, M. D .vj\ E. J. Eraser, M. D 378 Frederick Hiller, M. D W '.' 379 John Esten. M. D .■^\ George W. Barnes, M. D -g, Wm. H. Leonard, M. D ".""."'."!'..".'.*..'".!".!'.'.'..".'.'.!!!!!!!". [391 INDEX. Abell, D. T., 2l^T. Abbott, Jehial, 233. Academy, Allentown, 114. Academy, North American, 114. Act to Protect Citizens from Quackery, ZT^- Adams Co. Homo. Med. Assn., 351. Adams County, Pa., Homo, in, 153. Adam, Dr., 41. Adams, Ira, 98. Adams, R. E. W., 174, 356. Alabama, Homo, in, 342. Alaska, Homo, in, 420. Albany City Homo. Hosp., 54. Albertson, J. A., 380. Albright, G., 343. Aldrich, Henry C, 392. Allen, John R., 371. Allen, Samuel Smith, loi. Allentown Academy, 114. Allentown Academy, Founders of, 117. Alley, W. W., 96. Anderson, Moses, 149. Angell, E. P., 375- Angell, Henry C, 225. Angell, James, 375. Angell, Richard, 190. Angell, Richard, 285. Angell, Richard, 343. Annin, Jonathan D., 243. Anthony, W. C, 357. Appleton, John W. M., 403. Archiv fur die Homoopathische Heilkunst, 40. Arcoli, Dr., 164. Arizona, Homo! in, 419. Arizona State Homo. Med. Assn., 419. Arkansas, Homo, in, 422. Arkansas State Homo. Med. Assn., 422. Armstrong County, Pa., Homoeopathy in, 150. Arnold, Rawdon, 413. Arthur, Asa A., 266. Asiatic Cholera, 172. Atwood, Aaron H., 163. At wood, Aaron H., 292. Atwood, Moses, 290. Austin, James H., 204. Austin, John Hayden, 249. Ayers, E. Darwin, 422. B Babcock, J., 357. Bachmeister, Theodore, 360. Baer, Oliver P., 298. Bagley, Alvan, 424. Bailey, Charles, 235. Baird, David H., 258. Baker, David, 99. Baker, Mary G., 235. Balch, Edward T., 382. Baldwin Place Home, 214. Ball, Alonzo S., 85. Baltimore Homo. Med. Soc, 195. Banks, W. H., 334. Bannister, Charles B., 340. Barker, G. W., 175. Barlow, Samuel B., 88. Barnes, George W., 180, 383. Barrows, George, 229. Barrows, Ira, 231, 276, 279. Barrows, J. H., 308. Bartlett, Abner, 361. Bauer, Adolph, 152, 177. Bayard, Edward, 91. Bayer, Charles, 151. Beakley, John Stoat, 381. Beardsley, Herman, 424. Beaumont, Eckhart L., 375. Beaumont, John H., 359. Beaver County, Pa., Homo, in, 154. Beck, Dr., 385. Becker, Benj., 153, 156. Becker, Rev. Chris. J., 135. Beckwith, Ephraim C., 179. Beebe, Gaylord D., 354. Beebe, Nelson D., 359. Beeman, J., 176. Belcher, George Elisha, 91. Belden, Charles D., 419. Belden, James G., 190, 343. Belgium, Homoeopathy in, 20. Bell. James B.. 311. Bell, William C. 204. INDEX Bennett, lluUis K.. 2C6. Bennington Co.. Homo, in, 266". Berens, Bernard, 149. Berens. Joseph, 148. Berks County. Pa., Homo. in. 153. Biegler. Augustus P.. 94. Bigelow, Thomas, 264. Bigler. George W., 174. Birch. George B., 366. Birnstill. Joseph. 94. 234. Bishop. David F.. loi. Bishop, Herbert M.. 207. Bishop. Leverett, 100. Bishop, Robert S., 102. Bissell, Arthur T.. 179. Bitely, Eugene, 330, 331. Blackwood, B. W., 249. Blackwood, Thomas. 326. Blackwood. Thomas R.. 249. Blair County, Pa.. Homo, in, 1^4. Blaisdell. J. M., 310. Blake. Edmund H.. 375. Blake, James H., 375. Blodgett, T. S., 264. Boardman, Joseph C., 249. Bolles. Richard M.. 89. Bosler, Jacob, 176. Boston, Early Physicians, 237. Bowen, Eleazer, 252. Bowen, George W.. 300. Bowers, Benj. P., 89. Bowie, Alonzo P., 154. Bowman, John R., 417. Bradford Co., Pa.. Homo. in. 153. Bradford, Oliver Leech, 237, 292. Bradford, Richmond. 308. 312. Bradley, E. W., 384. Brainerd, Jehu. 321. Bramon, Joaquin, 20. Bratt. James D.. 192. Breed. Simeon R.. 361. Breyfogle. Charles W., 382. Brigham. Gershom N., 260. Briry, Milton S., 312. Brooklyn Homo. Hosp.. 53. Brooklyn Maternity Hosp., 55. Brooklyn Nursery and Infants" Hosp.. 35. Brooklyn, X. Y., Early Homo. Practice in, 99 Brooks, C. A.. 237. Brooks, John B., 422. Brooks, Paschal P., 339. Broome County, N. Y., Homn. in. loi. Brown, Asa W.. 204. Brown. Henry R.. 207. Brown. Joseph R.. 375. Brown. L. W., 234. Brown, Titus L., loi. Browne, Faulcon. 406. Browne. Gardner S.. 202. Browncll. H. T.. 202 P.rownson. Dr., loi. Bruchhausen, Caspar, 95. Brugger. Ignatius, 156. Bryan, Thomas, 154. Brjant, Charles J., 380. Bu'ddeke, Ivo W., 372. Buffalo Homo. Hosp., 55. 59. Bugbee, Rev. Aurin, 234. Buih, George B.. 366. Bulkeley, Wm. E.. 205. Bull. John, 422. Bumstead, L. J., 400. Bunting, J. Crowley, 154. Burnham. N. G., 298. Burnside. Aaron W., 360. Burr, Charles H., 307. Burr, E. D., 330. Burr, W. A., 399. Burrett, Alex. H.. 151. Burritt, Alex., 174. Burritt, Alex. H.. 189. Burritt, Amatus R., 343. Burritt, Ely, 174. Busch, Lewis, 199. Bute, George Henry. 137. Butler, W. P., 340." Byer, Rev. Father, 154. Byron, E. S., 343, 410. C Caboche, Louis, 189. Caledonia Co. Homo. Med. Soc. 239. California, Homo, in, 377. California State Homo. Med. Soc. 378. Cambria County, Pa.. Homo, in, 134. Camp. Arthur A., 392. Campos. F. T., 163. Capen, Robert, 222. Carbon County, Pa.. Homo, in, 134. Carels, Samuel. 249. Carley, D. H. W., 400. Carr. Marvin S., 355, 337. Cartier, Adolph, 191. Case. S. C, 400. Caspari. Edward. 150, 174, 286. Casselbcrry. Melville L.. 393. 403. Cate. Shadrach M.. 225. Cator, Harvey Hull, 96. Cator, Henry Hull, 337. Caulkins, Russell. 202. Cedar Valley Homo. Med. Soc, 386. Central Homo. Med. Assn., 304. Central Homo. Med. Assn., 386. Central Ills. Homo. Med. Assn., 349. 351. Central New York Homo. Med. Soc. 49. Central County. Pa., Homo. in. 134. Chamberlain. Charles H., 261. Champlin. H. C, '236. Channing. William. 74. Chapman, H. D., 235. Charity Homo. Hosp., 189. INDEX Chase, A. P., 360. Chase, Hiram L., 233. Chase, Ira Eaton. 236. Cheever, Daniel A.. 360. Chester County, Pa., Homo, in, 150. Chester, Crozer Home and Hosp. at, 125. Chicago Acad, of Homo. Phys. and Surgs., 349- Chicago Acad, of Med., 350. Chicago Bapt. Hosp., 352. Chicago City Hosp., 351. Chicago Homo. ^led. Soc, 349. Chicago Paed. Soc, 350. Children's Homo. Hosp. of Phila., 119. Children's Hosp., 364. Children's Hosp. of Five Points House of Ind., 53. Cholera Epidemic, 76. Cholera Hosp. of Phila., 119. Cincinnati, Homo, in, 171. Cincinnati Hosp. for Women and Children. 170. Cincinnati, Pioneer Homo, of, 171. Clapp, E. H., 358. Clark, Eliphalet, 306, 312. Clark, Francis H., 222. Clark, Joseph K., 234. Clark, Luther, 218. Clarke, Henry B., 229. Clarke. John Lewis, 229. Clarke. Peleg. 277, 280. Clay. Geo. B. L., 247. Cleckley, Francis V., 414. Clemens, Rev. Father, 389. Cleveland Homo. Hosp., 169. Cleveland, Homo, in, 174. Cleveland. William L., 335. Clinton County, Pa., Homo, in, 154. Coe, Daniel, 357. Coe, Isaac, 295. Cohen, Solomon W., yi^- Colby, Isaac, 225. Cole. Harvey, 202. Collins State Homo. Hosp.. 52. Colorado. Homo, in, 407. Colorado State Homo. Med. Soc, 407. Columbia County, Pa., Homo, in, 154. Communipaw Med. Soc. 241. Comstock, Thomas G.. 365. Connecticut, Homo, in, 200. Conn. State Homo. Med. Soc. 200. Cook Co. Homo. Med. Soc. 349. Cook Co. Hosp.. 352. Cook. George W.. ?%. 97. Cooley, George P.. 204. Coombs, E. H.. 402. Coombs. Leslie J.. 384. 412. • Cooper, Isaac, 253. Corliss. C. T.. 297. Cornell, George B.. 252. Cortland County, N. Y.. Homo, in, 97. Covert, Dr., loi. Cowles, E. W., 179. 328. Cowperthwaite, Allen C, 400. Cragin, John, 343. Craighead, James B., 369. Crane, William, 341. Crispell, Garrett D., 95. Cropper, Charles, 181. Cross, Edwin C, 392. Cross, L. E., 382. Cuba. Homoeopathy in, 20. Cumberland County, Homo, in, 150. Cummings, James M., 307. Curran, William. 366. Currie, Joseph C, 251. Currier, Chris. B.. 2.(i2. Curtis, John Mitchell, 274. Curtis, Joseph Thomas, 78. Cuscaden, T. W.. 181. Gushing, Alvin M., 224. Gushing, John J., 380. Custis, J. B. Gregg, 315. Cutler, William W., 218. Cyriax, E. C. Bernard, 199, 356. D Daily, J. C. 422. Dake, Chauncey M., 98. Dake, Jabez P., 370. Dake, Jabez W., 102. Dake, William C, 370. Dakota, Homo, in, 418. Dakota Homo. Med. Assn., 418. Danforth. Willis, 354, 360. Darby, Pa., Homo, in, 150. Dart, J. M., 417. Davies, John, 340. 355. Davis, Augustus F., 395. Davis, F. A. W., 173. Davis, J. H. H., 2>76. Davis, John W., 387. Davis, Rev. Dr., 233. DeDerky, Francis F.. 354. DeGersdorfF, E. Bruno, 222. Delaware Co., N. Y.. Homo, in, loi. Delaware Co., Pa.. Homo, in, 150. Delaware, Homo, in, 269. DeMoor, Apostle of Homoeopathy. 20. Des Moines Homo. Clin. Soc, 386. Detwiller, Henry, 128. DeWolf. John J., 276. Dickinson, Wilmot H., 386. Diederich, Peter. 415. Dillingham. Thomas M., 310. Dinsmore. J. B., 236. Dispensaries in New York, 102. Dispensaries in Pa., 157. District of Columbia, Homo, in, 315. Dodge, Lewis, 179. 326. 330. Dodge, Moses, 306. Dodge, Nathaniel, 386. INDEX Doran, Charles R., 370, 410. Dornberg, A. G.. 393- Douglas, James S., 338. Dow, Frank E., 265. Doy, John, 327, 4U- Drake, Elijah H., 329- Dubs, Samuel R., 148. Duffield, Alfred M., 343- Duncan, Thomas C, 354- Dunham. Dr., 391. Duncombe, Charles S., 339- Dunn, McCann, 357. Dunnell, Henry Gale, 87. Dunwody, William E., 335- Dutcher, Benjamin C, 84. Eastern Dist. Homo. Med. See, 241. Eastern Ohio Homo. Med. Soc, 168. Eaton, Morton M., 354-- Ebers. H.. 365. Edie, John J., 415. Edmonds, W. A., 371. Edson, Susan Ann, 321. Eels, Oliver J.. 265. Egbert, William A., 420. Eggert, William A., 298. Ehrhart, William J., 399- Ehrmann. Benjamin, 173, 181. Ehrmann, Ernest J., 151, 30i- Ehrmann. Francis, 150. Ehrmann. Frederick, 151. Ehrmann, Isedorich, 179. Eldridge. Isaac N., 326, 331. Elliger, Dr. G., I49- Ellis, Erastus R., 330. Ellis, John. 326, 330. Ellis. Sarah M., 410. Ely. Elihu. loi. Ensign. Chas. W.. 208. Erie Co., N. Y., Homo, in, 97. Erie Co., Pa., Homo, in, 154. Esrey, Wm. P., 152, 156. Essex Co. Homo. Med. Soc, 241. Essex Co., N. Y., Homo, in, 98. Esten. John, 381. Evans, Charles H., 418. Evans, J. W., 339- Everett, .\mbrose S., 408. Fabiola Hospital. 380. Fairchild, Stephen, 255. Falk, Herman, yjo. Falligant. Louis .\., 335. Farley, Charles I., 393. Farmington, Homo. in. 310. Farnham. Llewellyn D.. lOi. Fayette Co., Pa., Homo, in, 154. Fee, John. 366. Fell, Ezra, 152. Fetterman, Wilford W., 419. Field, F. S., 97- Finster, Frederick, 330. Finster, Frederick, Sketch, 332. Fischer of Brunn. Dr., 43. Fisher, Charles E., 375. Fiske, Isaac, 229. Flagg, Josiah F., 215. Fleniken, Dr., 266. Florence Hospital, 58. Florida, Homo, in, 410. Florida State Homo. ?^Ied. Soc, 410. Floto, John H., 143. 224, 382. Folger, Robert B., 62. Foote, Charles C, 203. Foote. Elial Todd, 203. Fomies, Dr., 95. Foster, H. L.. 360. Fourteenth Dist. Homo. ^led. Soc, 350. Fowler, Samuel M., 410. Franklin Co., Homo, in, 266. Franklin. Edward C, 365, 387. Franz, Karl Gottlob, 39. Fraternity, Mass. Homo., 210. Frazer, Edwin J.. 380. Frederick, Grand Duke of, invites Hahne- mann to Coethen, 35. Free Homo. Hosp., 364. Freeland, James C. 237. Freeman, Alfred, 86. Freeman, W^illiam K., 405. Freligh, Martin, 95. Freytag, Eberhard, 134. Friederick, Dr., 376. Fuller, Milton, 217. Furgus Falls, State Hosp., 389. Gale, Amory, 281. Gale, Stephen M., 226, 235. Gallup, William, 233, 307. Gardiner, Daniel R., 246. Garrettson, Jesse, 174. Garrettson, Joseph, 174. Garrique, Richard. 279. Gatchell, -Edwin A., 406. Gatchell. Hoi-atio P., 180, 406. Gause. Owen B., 251, 414. Gause, Percival O. B.. 414. Geary, John F.. 380. Gee, Rodman S., 339. Geiger. Rev. Jacob, 199. Geist. Chris. Fred.. 144, 227. Georgia, Homo, in, 334. German Central Homoeopathic Union, 35. Gifford, J. R., 236. Gilbert, Edward Aug., 358. Gilbert, James B., 334. Gilbert. Samuel H., 341. Giles, Albert, 339. INDEX Oilman, John, 179. Oilman, Martin, 396. Glass, Robert, 189. Oohier, Marie M. d'H. Marriage with Hahnemann, 2)7- Oood Samaritan Hosp., 364. Goodrich, D. O., 329. Goodwin, D. M., 392. Goodwin, T. S., 310. Gorham, G. E., 418. Gosewisch, J. C., 271. Goiirhea, J., 154. Gowanda State Homo. Hosp., 52. Grace Homo. Hosp., 201. Grace Homo. Med. Soc, 201. Grace Hospital, 325. Graham, David, 341. Grainger, John, 364. Oram, Hans Burch, life of, 60. Oram, Hans Burch, the Pioneer of Homo'y in America, 44. Graves. Samuel W., 230. Gray. John F., 67. Great Britain, Homoeopathy in, 20. Green, Daniel H., 280. Green, George S., 202. Green. Jonas, 145, 319. Green, W. E., 422. Greene, Nathaniel, 279, 281. Gregg, Samuel, 210. Gregg, Samuel, life of, 215. Griswold, W. N., 380. Gross, Gustav Wilhelm, 39. Grove, Charles E., 424. Guernsey, Henry N.. 261. Guernsey, William F., 261. Guilbert. Edward A., 387. Gulby, John B., 360. H Hadfield, J. H.. 422. Haeseler, Charles, 144. Hahnemann Acquires Great Wealth. 38. Hahnemann, at Dessau, 25. Hahnemann, at Georgenthal. 27. Hahnemann, at Gommern, 26. Hahnemann, at Hamburg. 28. Hahnemann, at Hermanstadt, 24. Hahnemann, at Konigshetter. 28. Hahnemann, at Leipsic. 23, 26. Hahnemann, at Molschleben, 28. Hahnemann, Birth, 23. Hahnemann Club, Terre Haute, 297. Hahnemann, Death of His Wife, 35. Hahnemann, Discoveries of, 18. Hahnemann, Early Life and Education, 23. Hahnemann, Family Misfortunes, 27. Hahnemann, Fiftieth Birthday, 35. Hahnemann. First Marriage, 25. Hahnemann, His Character, 18. Hahnemann, His Death, 38. Hahnemann, His Dogma, 18. Hahnemann, His New Principle, 28. Hahnemann, His Organon, 29. Hahnemann, Honorary Member of N. Y. Co. Med. Soc, yy. Hahnemann Hosp., N. Y., 54. Hahnemann Hosp., Scranton, 128. Hahnemann, Lectures to His Disciples, 34. Hahnemann Med. Soc. of the Old Do- minion, 162. Hahnemann Monument, 315. Hahnemann, Persecution Renewed, 34. Hahnemann, Personal Characteristics, 36. Hahnemann, Poverty and Persecution, 29. Hahnemann, Relations with His Pupils, 40. Hahnemann, Removes to Dresden, 26. Hahnemann, Removes to Paris, 38. Hahnemann, Second Marriage, 37. Hahnemann, Summoned to Court, 34. Hahnemann, the Founder, 22. Hahnemannian Society, 112. Hale, Edwin M., 330. Hale, Edwin M., Sketch, 331. Hall, A., 95- Hall, E. Bentley, 252. Hall, S. S., 325- Hallock, Lewis, 91. Hamilton Co., Ohio, Homo, in, 177. Hammond, H. H., 414. Hampden Homo. Hosp., 213. Hand, Stephen D., loi. Hardenstein, A. O. H., 396. Hardin Co. Soc. of Homo. Phys., 386. Hardy, James E., 199. Hardy, Thos. L, 163. Hargous Memo. Hahn. Hosp., 58. Harlan, Caleb, 271. Harlem Homo. Hosp. and Disp., 59. Harris, C. F., loi. Harris, Jerome, 236. Harris, John T., 223, 230. Harris, Zina, 89. Harsh. Philip, 369. Hart. Charles N., 408. Hartford. Homo, in, 201. Hartmann, Franz, 40. Hasbrouck, Joseph, 256. Haseler, Henry, 400. Haslam, D. B., 393. Hastings, Charles, 329. Hatch, Philo L., 39i- Hatfield, George T., 390. Hawley, Liverus B., loi. Hay ward. Joseph Warren, 231. Ha'vward. M. P., 202. Haynel, Adolph F., 198. Hayes, Dr., loi. Hebber, W. W., 235. Helfrich, John Henry, 136. Helfrich, Rev. Johannes, 136. Helmuth. William Tod, 366. INDEX Hemingway, Dr., 399. Hempel. Charles J., 333. Henrj". J0I1" H-. 343- Henry. John Hazard, 413. Hering. Constantine, 138. Hering, Constantine. a Latin Scholar, 139. Hering, Constantine, Becomes a Natural- ist, 139. Hering, Constantine, Birth and Earlv Life, 138. Hering, Constantine, Converted to Homce- opathy, 140. Hering, Constantine, Goes to Philadelphia, 142. Hering. Constantine, His Death. 143. Hering, Constantine, Lands at Martha's Vineyard, 142. Hering, Constantine, Marriage, 142. Hering, Constantine, Offends the King, 141. Hering, Constantine, Practices in Para- maribo, 141. Hering, Constantine, Receives His Degree, 140. Hering, Constantine, the Lachesis Snake, 141. Hering, Constantine, the Three Fates, 139. Hering. Constantine. Visits Surinam, 140. Herkimer County. N. V., Homo, in, 98. Higgins, Sylvester B., 406. Hill, Benj. L.. 177. Hill, George, 179. Hill, Rev. Moses, 205. Hill, Rev. Mr., 310. Hill, Robert Louis. 387. Hiller, Frederick. 381, 423. Hines, Frank, 405. Hobson, Joseph V., 163. Hoffendahl, Charles F., 94, 218. Holcombe, William H., 192. Holcombe, William H., 396. Holland, H. \., 300. Holt, Aaron P.. 360. Holt. Captain, 366. Holt, Daniel, 202, 227. Home, J. Lewis Crozer, 125. Homo. Clin. Soc. of Md., 195. Homoeopathic Clin. Soc. of Rock Island, etc., 351. Homoeopathic Fraternity of Mass., 210. Homoeopathic Hospital, Chicago, 351. Homoeopathic Hosp. for Chil., 214. Homoeopathic Hosp. of Essex Co., 242. Homo. Hosp. for Insane at Allentown, Pa., 118. Homfeopajhic Hospital at Leipsic, 37. Homceopathic Hosp., Minneapolis. 390. Homo. Hosp. of Phila., 119. Homceopathic Hosp. and IV. Sch., Kansas City, 364. Homoeopathic Hosp., Ward's Isl., 57. Homreopathic Med. Acad., 49. Homoeopathic Med. Assn. of Alabama. 342. Homoeopathic Med. Assn. of Wabash Val., 351- Homoeopathic Med. Soc. of Camden, 241. Homceopathic Med. Soc. of Del., 269. Homo. Med. Soc. of Eastern Ohio, 168. Homoeopathic Med. Soc. of King Co., 424. Homoeopathic Med. Soc. of Mich., 324. Homoeopathic 'Sltd. Soc. of No. Md. and So. Mich.. 297. Homoeopathic Med. Soc. of Northern New York, 49. Homo. Med. Soc. of Ohio, 167. Homoeopathic Med. Soc. of Penna., 112. Homoeopathic Med. Soc. of Tennessee, 370. Homo. Med. and Surg. Hosp. of Pitts- burgh, 122. Homo. ^led. and Surg. Hosp. of Reading, 123. Homoeopathic Society of Central New York, 49. Homoeopathic Society of Northampton and Cos. Adj., 113. Homceopathy in Alabama, 342. Homoeopathy in Alaska, 420. Homceopathy in Arizona, 419. Homceopathy in Arkansas, 422. Homceopathy, Beginnings of, 17. Homceopathy in California, 377. Homceopathy in Colorado, 407. Homceopathy in Connecticut, 200. Homoeopathy in the Dakotas, 418. Homceopathy in Delaware, 269. Homceopathy in District of Columbia, 315. Homoeopathy in European Countries, 18. Homoeopathy, First Use of the Name, 30. Homoeopathy in Florida, 410. Homoeopathy in Georgia, 334. Homoeopathy in Idaho, 420. Homceopathy in Illinois, 345. Homceopathy in Indiana, 295. Homoeopathy in Indian Ter., 424. Homoeopathy in Iowa, 385. Homoeopathy in Kansas, 414. Homoeopathy in Kentucky, 283. Homo, in Louisiana, 188. Homoeopathy in Maine, 303. Homo, in Maryland, 194. Homceopathy in Massachusetts, 210. Homceopathy in Michigan, 322. Homoeopathy in Minnesota, 389. Homceopathy in Mississippi, 395. Homceopathy in Missouri, 363. Homceopathy in Montana, 409. Homoeopathy in Nebraska, 398. Homoeopathy in Nevada, 423. Homceopathy in New Hampshire, 289. Homoeopathy in New Jersey, 240. Homceopathy in New Mexico, 425. Hornoeopathy in New York, 44. Homoeopathy in North Carolina. 405. INDEX Homoeopathy in Ohio. i66. Ilomoeopathy in Oklahoma, 425. Homoeopathy in Oregon, 412. Homoeopathy in Pentia., ill. Homoeopathy in Rhode Island, 275. Homoeopathy in So. Carolina. 413. Homoeopathy in Tennessee, 369. Homoeopathy in Texas, 2>72>- Homoeopathy in Utah, 417. Homoeopathy in Vermont, 258. Homoeopathy in Virginia, 162. Homoeopathy in Washington, 424. Homoeopathy West of Allegheny Mts., 154. Homoeopathy in West Virginia, 402. Homoeopathy in Wisconsin, ^2>7- Homoeopathy in Wyoming. 417. Hoppin. Courtland, 280. Hoppin, Washington, 277, 2S0. Hornburg, Chris. Gottlob, 39. Hospital, Albany City Homo.. 54. Hospital, Brooklyn Homo., 53. Hospital, Brooklyn Maternity. 55. Hospital, Brooklyn Nursery and Inf'ts, 55. Hospital, Buffalo Homo.. 55. 59. Hospital, Chicago Baptist, 352. Hospital. Chicago City. 351. Hospital, Chicago Homo., 351. Hospital, Children's of Boston, 214. Hospital, Children's Five Points House of Md.. 53. Hospital. Children's of Philadelphia, 119. Hospital, Children's. St. Louis, 364. Hospital. Cleveland Homo., 169. Hospital, Collin's State Homo., 52. Hospital, Cook Co., 352. Hospital. Fabinla of Oakland, 380. Hospital. Florence. 58. Hospital, Free Homo., 364. TTospital, Good Samaritan, 364. Hospital, Good Samar. Dea., 57. Hospital, Gowanda State Homo., 52. Hospital, Grace, Detroit, 325. Hospital, Grace of New Haven, 201. Hospitil, Hahnemann. Ladies' Aid Soc, 54. Hospital, Hahnemann. N. Y., 54. Hospital, Hahnemann at Scranton, 128. Hospital, Hampden Homo., 213. Hospital, Llargon's Memo. Hahn., 58. Hospital, Harlem Homo., 59. Hospital, Homo, of Fssex Co., 242. Hospital, Homo, of Phila., 119. Hospital, Isabella Helmnth, 57. Hospital, J. Lewis Crozcr. 125. Hospital, Kansas City Homo., 364. TTospital. Kansas Surg., 415. Hospital, Laura Franklin Free. 57. Hospital, Maryland Homo., 195. Hospital, Mass. Llomo., 213. Hospital, Med.. Surg, and Matern., of Penna.. 121. Hospital. ]\led. and Surg, of Reading, 123. Hospital, Memo, for Women and Chil.. 57. Hospital, Metropolitan, 56. Hospital, Middletown State Homo., 51. Hospital, Minneapolis Homo., 390. Hospital, Mt. Vernon Homo., 59. Hospital, National Homo., 317. Hospital, Newburyport Homo., 214. Hospital, New Orleans, 189. Hospital, N. Y. Homo. Surg., 54, 57. Hospital, N. Y. Homo, for Women and Chil, 54- Hospitals, Ohio, 168. Hospital, Passaic Homo., 242. Hospital, Penna. Homo., 119. Hospital, Pittsburgh Homo., 122. Hospital, Portland Meth., 413. Hospital, Rhode Island Homo., 276. Hospital, Rochester Homo., 57. Hospital, St. Luke's, 410. Hospital, St. Luke's of Phila., 125. Hospital, St. Mary's Homo., 242. Hospital. St. Paul Homo., 390. Hospital, St. Vincent's, 169. Hospital. Syracuse Homo., 59. Hospital, Toledo Prot., 171. Hospital, Utica Homo.. 59. Hospital, Ward's Island. 57. Hospital, West Jersey, 242. Hospital, West Phila., 128. Hospital, Wichita Homo., 415. Hospital, Wm. McKinley Memo., 242. Hospital, Wilmington Homo., 270. Hospital for Women and Children, Ohio, 170. Hospital, Woman's Homo., St. Louis, 364. Hospital, Woman's Southern of Phila., 125. Hospital, Worcester Homo., 214. Hospital, World's Fair Homo., 352. Hospital, Yonkers Homo., 59. Hotchkiss, Jesse Temple, 102. Houghton, Milo G., 263. Houghton, Thomas, 365. House of Good Samar. Dea., 57. Hoyt, Daniel O., I74- Hubbard, Henry C, 97- Hubbard, Levi, 415. Hudson Co. Homo. Med. Soc, 242. Hudson River Homo. Med. Soc, 51. Huff. E., 286. Hughes, Alfred, 163, 402, 403. Hughes, Eliza C, 402. Hull, Amos Gerald, 72. Humphreys, Erastus, 100. Humphreys, Frederick, 100. Humphrey, Gideon, 144. Hunt, F. G., 344. Hunt, Henry Francis, 248. Hunt, James George, 173, 181. Hunt, R. S., T54. Hunt, Samuel P., 335. Hunter. Rev. Wm., 403. 1 INDEX Hunter. Iliomas C, 301. llHiitcr. W.. 154. Hnniinglon, T. Roinayn, 392. Hurlburt. Edwin T. M., 400. Hiison. Richard, loi. Hntawa, Charles, 367. Hutchinson, James B., 302. Hyde, \V. A., 367. I Idaho, Homo, in, 420. Ihm, Carl, 137. Illinois, Homo, in, 34. Illinois State Homo. Med. Assn., 347. Illinois Val. Homo. Med. Soc, 349. Indiana County, Pa., Homo, in, 154. Indiana, Homo in., 295. Indiana Institute of Homo., 297. Indianapolis Homo. Inst., 297. Indian Territory, Homo, in, 424. Inevarity, Dr., 344. Ingalls. William, 219. Ingersol. .Dr., 407. Ingerson, H. H., 383. Inglis, George, 154. Insane Asylum. Westboro, 212. Iowa, Homo, in, 385. Iowa Homo. Med. Assn., 386. Isabella Helmuth Hosp., 57. Isham, Henry, 206. Italy, Homoeopathy in, 18. Iverson, Rev. A. M., 341. Jackson, Mercy B., 222. Jackson, William F., 223. Jamaica, Homoeopathy in, 20. James, Richard M., 387. Jeanes, Jacob, 144. Jefferson County, Pa., Homo, in., 154. Jeffords, George P.. 308, 312. Jeffries, Charles, 327. Jewett, John R., 327. Jcwett, John R., Sketch, 331. J. Lewis Crozer Home and Hosp., 125. Johnson, Daniel A., 223. Johnson, James D., 202. Johnson, Perry E., 358. Johnston, James, 420. Jones, Elisha Utley, 230. Jones, Erasmus D., 98. Jones, Samuel Arthur, 253. Joslin, Benj. Fr., 90. Judkins, Charles W., 408. K Kankakee and DesPlaines Val. Homo. Med. Assn., 350. Kansas City Homo. Hosp., .364. Kansas. Homo. in. 414. Kansas Homo. Med. Soc, 415. Kansas Surg. Hosp., 415. Keep, Lester, 205. Kellogg, Edward W^, 202. Kellogg, George M.. 369. Kentucky, Homo, in, 283. Kentucky State Homo. Med. Soc, 283. Kimball, Daniel S., 97. Kings County, N. Y., Homo, in, 99. Kirby. Stephen Reynolds, 78. Kirkpatrick, Alex., 253. Kitchen, James, 147. Kittinger. Leonard, 273. Knapp, Franklin L., loi. Knapp, H., 326. Knight, Elam C, 206. Knight, E. C, 236. Knorr, Louis, 335. Koers, J. H., 375- Koller, Baron Francis, 42. Kuchler, Johanna, First Wife of Hahne- mann, 25. Kuechler, Karl F.. 356. Kimimel. Ernest R., 339. Kyle, Dr., 179. Ladies' Aid Soc. of Hahn. Hosp., 54. Lafon, Thomas, 244. Lamb. C. A., 325. LaMoille Co.. Homo, in, 266. LalMunyon. Ira ^^^. 400. Lancaster county. Pa.. Homo, in, 151. LaSalle Co.. Homo. Med. Soc, 351. Laura Franklin Free Hosp. for Children, 57- Lawton, Charles H., 274. Lebanon County, Pa., Homo, in, 153. Leech, J. Stuart, 153. Leech. J. W., 179. Lcipsic. Homoeopathic Hospital, ■^'j. Lcritz, Jacob, 147. Leon. Alexis. 190. Leonard, William H., 392. Lewis County, N. Y.. Homo, in, 98. T-ewis, Edwin W., loi. Lewis, Emlin. 399. Lexington. Homo, in, 367. Lillie. Rev. James. 95. Lindsay. Albert, 223. Lingen. George, 147, 343. Linn Co., Homo. ]\Ied. Soc, 386. Linnell. J. E., 235. Lippe, Adolph, 153. Livingston County, N. Y., Homo, in, 98. Loguc. John D.. 374. Lord, Israel S. P., 357. Louisiana. Homo, in, 188. Lounsbury, George, 404. INDEX 9 Lovejoy, Ezekiel, loo, 153. Medical Society, Ludlam, Reuben, 353. Medical Society, Lund, Dr. Hans Chris., 42. Medical Society, Lund, Oscar F., 252. Medical Society, Lux, Wilhelm, Veterinarian Homoeopa- 113. thist, 41. Medical Society, Lyon, Irving M., 202. Medical Society, Lytle, Randal M., 370. Medical Society, Medical Society, ■^ Medical Society, Medical Society, Madison County, N. Y., Homo, in, 102. Medical Society, Maine, Homo, in, 303. Medical Society, Maine Homo. Med. Soc, 304. Medical Society, Mann, Thos. H., 279. Medical Society, Mansa, Edward, 150. and Cos. Adj., Mansfield, Wm. Q., 415. Medical Society, Manter, N. H., 176. Medical Society, Marion Co. Homo. Med. Soc, 297. Medical Society, Marix, Martin M., 407, 415. Medical Society, Marsden, John H., 153. Medical Society, Marsh, Anna E. P., 408. Medical Society, Marsh, Horatio R., 421. Medical Society, Marston, Mortimer, 386. Medical Society, Martin, Joseph, 189. Medical Society, Marvin, S., 154. Medical Society, Maryland Homo. Hosp., 195. Medical Society, Maryland, Homo, in, 194. Medical Society, Maryland State Homo. Med. Soc, 194. Medical Society, Massachusetts, Early Physicians, 238. Medical Society, Massachusetts Homo. Hosp., 213. Medical Society, Massachusetts, Homo, in, 210. Medical Society, Massachusetts Homo. Med. Soc, 210. Medical Society, Materia Medica Pura, Presented to the Medical Society, World, 2S- Medical Society, Maternity Hosp., Minneapolis, 396. Medical Society, Matlack, Charles F., 137. Medical Society, Matthes, Gustavus F., 229. Medical Society, May, Robert, 152. Medical Society, McAffee, Edwin M., 360. Medical Society, McCanless, W. W., 406. 297. McCarthy, Lewis, 96. Medical Society, McCheeney, Alfred B., 354, 358. shire, 289. McClure, W. B., 402. Medical Society, McGeorge, Wallace, 253. Medical Society, Mclntire, Dr., 343. Medical Society, McKinley Memo. Hosp., 242. Medical Society, McManus, Felix R., 196. Medical Society, McNeil, Daniel, 252. Medical Society, McVickar, John Aug., 90. Medical Society, Medical Investigation Club, 195. Medical Society, Medical Science Club of Chicago, 351. Medical Society, Medical Society, Baltimore Homo., 195. Medical Society, Medical Society, Caledonia Co., 259. Medical Society, Medical Society, Calif. State, 378. Medical Society, Medical Society, Camden Homo., 241. Medical Society, Medical Society, Central Ills. Homo., 349- Medical Society, Medical Society, Central N. Y., 49. Medical Society, Medical Society, Chicago Homo., 349. Medical Society, JMedical Society, Clinical of Balto., 195. Medical Society, Ixicdical Society, Colorado State, 407. Medical Society, Communipaw, 241. Conn. State, 200. Cook Co. Homo., 349. County and Local in Pa., Delaware Homo., 269. Eastern Dist. Homo., 241. Eastern Ohio, 168. Essex Co. Homo., 241. Florida State, 410. Fourteenth Dist, 350. Grace of New Haven, 201. Hahnemannian, 112. Homo, of Alabama, 342. , Homo, of Northampton 113- Homo, of Penna., 112. Hudson Co. Homo., 242. Hudson River Homo., 51. Illinois State Homo., 347. Illinois Valley, 349. Indiana Institute, 297. Kansas Homo., 415. Kentucky State. 283. La Salle Co. Homo., 351. Maine Homo., 304. Maryland State, 194. Mass. Homo., 210. Medico-Chirurgical, 50. Michigan Homo., 324. Military Tract, 349. Miss. State Homo., 395. Nebraska State, 398. New Hampshire, 289. New Haven, 201. New Jersey State, 241. N. Y. Homo., 48, 82. Northern Ills. Homo., 349. N. Ind. and S. Mich., 297. Northern Indiana Inst., Northern New Hamp- Northern New York, 49. N. W. Ills. Homo., 351. Ohio Homo., 167. Old Dominion, 162. Oregon State. 412. Pacific of Cal., 379. Rhode Island Homo., 276. Rockford Homo., 351. Southern, 188. Southern Tier, 50. Tennessee Homo., 370. Terre Haute, 297. Topeka Homo., 415. Vermont Homo., 258. Washington Homo., 317. Washington State, 424. Wayne Co. Homo., 297. Western Dist. N. J., 241. 10 INDEX Medical Society, Western Kentucky, 284. Medical Society, Western N. Y., 50. Medical Society, West Va., 163. Medical Society, Wisconsin State, 338. Medical Society, Women's of Chicago, 351. Med., Surg, and Matern. Hosp., 121. Medico-Chirurgical Society of Central New York. 50. Melrose, James, 358. Memorial Hosp. for Women and Chil., 57. Mercer County, Pa., Homo, in, 154. Mercer. William M., 375. Merrill. John, 312. Merrill. S. A., 387. Merriman, Charles L., 328. Metropolitan Hosp. on Blackwell's Isl., 56. Michigan, Homo, in, 322. Middleton, John D., 404. Middleton, R. S., 244. Middletown State Homo. Hosp., 51. Militarj' Tract Homo. Med. Soc. 349. Miller, Adam. 173. Miller, Adam, 3^4. 359. Miller, A., 408. Miller, A. C, 403. Miller, John J., 419. Minneapolis Homo. Hosp., 390. Minneapolis Matem. Hosp., 390. Minnesota, Homo, in, 389. Minnesota State Homo. Inst.. 390. Minter. Samuel, 190. Mississippi. Homo, in, 395. Missouri Homoeopathic Inst., 364. Missouri, Homo, in, 363. Missouri Inst, of Homo., 364. Moffat, Reuben Curtis. 102. Moffit, Elizabeth, 364. Montana, Homo, in, 409. Monument to Hahnemann. 315. Moore, G. T., 154. Moore. John D., 244. Moore, J. Murray. 381. Morgan, John C, 358. Morgan. J. H., 372. Morgan, Louis A.. loi. Morgan, W. L., 402. Morrill, Alpheus, 175. Morris, M.. 415. Morrison, H. J.. 419. Morse, Nathan R.. 225. Morton, Lucien H., 203. Mosher, John, 325. Mosher, John, Biog., 331. Mount Vernon Homo. Hosp., 59. Muhlcnbein. Dr. Geo. A. H., 42. Mulford. Charles W.. 255. Miiller. Moritz Wilhelm. 42. Mimgcr. Erastus A.. 100. Munsey, Barton, 405. Murphy, William, 287. Murrell, William J., 343. N National Homo. Hosp., 317. Nebraska. Homo, in, 398. Nebraska State Homo. Med. Soc, 398. Negendank. August, 272. Neidhard. Charles. 147. Nevada. Homo, in, 423. Newburyport Homo. Hosp., 214. Newell. William H.. 252. New Hampshire, Homo, in, 289. New Hampshire Homo. Med. Soc, 289. New Haven, Homo, in, 202. New Haven Homo. Med. Soc, 201. New Jersey. Homo, in, 240. New Jersey State Homo. Med. Soc, 241. New Mexico, Homo, in, 425. New Orleans, Homo, in, 189. New Orleans. Pharmacies, 192. Newton, Charles, 253. New York City, Early Homos., 99. New York Homo. Hosp. for Women and Chil., 54. New York, Homoeopathy in, 44. New York Homoeopathic Medical Society, 48. New Y'ork Homo. Society, 82. New York Homo. Surg. Hosp., 54, 57. New York State Sch. for Tr. Nurses, 55. Niagara County, N. Y., Homo, in, 101. Nichols, Lemuel B., 234. Nichols, Z. B., 390. North American Acad, of the Homo. Healing Art, 114. North Carolina, Homo, in, 405. Northeastern Iowa Homo. Med. Soc, 386. Northern 111. Homo. Med. Assn.. 349. Northern Indiana Homo. Inst., 297. Northern N. H. Homo. Med. Soc, 289. North Mo. Val. Homo. Med. Soc, 386. Northrup, Daniel W., 202. Northwestern Ills. Homo. Med. Soc, 351. Novelle, Orleans, Soc. Hahn., 188. O Oakland Homo. Hosp. and Disp. Assn., 380. Ober, Benjamin, 377. Ober, Levi E., 340, 357. Ockford, George M., 253. O'Dell, Charles M., 329. Oehme, Ferdinand, 222. Ohio Homo. Hosps., 168. Ohio, Homo. in. 166. Ohio, Homo. Med. Soc, 167. Ohio Hosp. for Women and Chil., 170. Oklahoma, Homo, in, 425. Okie, Abraham H., 275. Old Dominion, Hahn. Med. Soc, 162. Olds, E. F., 326. INDEX 11 Oliphant, D. S., 191. Orange County, N. Y., Homo.' in, 102. Orange Co., Vt, Homo, in, 267. Orcutt, Hiram C., 259. Ordway, L. S., 422. Oregon, Homo, in, 412. Oregon State Homo. Med. Soc, 412. Organon, Its First Appearance, 29. Orleans County, N. Y.. Homo, in, 102. Ornie, Francis H.. 334. Osborne, James H., 204. Osgood, David, 221. Owens, William, 181. Pacific Homo. Med. Soc, 379. Pahl, H. R, z-?^. Paine, Henry Delavan, 84. Paine, Horace M., 102. Paine, Joseph P., 221. Palmer, Walter C, 89. Parker, Henry C, 373. Parkhurst, Charles B., 259. Parlin, Louis, 275. Parsons, Ephraim, 358. Parsons, George R., 375. Parsons, William H., 415. Passaic Homo. Hosp., 242. Patton, J. H., 164. Paulson, Dr., 380. Payne, John, 307. Payne, William E., 305. Peabody, Adams, 387. Peabody, Ira W., loi. Peacock, Thomas, 247. Pearce, Henry, 340. Pearson, Clement, 386. Peck, William, 174. Pelton, Harrison S., 420. Pelton, Sylvester, loi. Penniman, William, 392. Penna. Homo. Hosp. for Chil., 119. Pennsylvania, Homo, in, iii. Pennsylvania, Old Practitioners in, 160. Perkins, Robert S., 163. Perrine, George W., 339. Perrine, James K., 420. Perry, J. D., 325. Peterson, James, 290. Pfeiffer, Geo. S. F., 147, 249. Pfonts, John S., 339, 413, Pharmacies in New York State, T02. Pharmacies in Ohio. 185. Philadelphia, List of Old Homo. Practi- tioners, 159. Phillips, Albert W., 208. Pike, A. J., 261. Piper, John, 317. Pitney, Aaron, 345. Pittsburgh, Homo, in, 153. Plumbe, E. O., 418. Polk Co. Homo. Med. Soc, 386. Pollock, Alex., 360. Pomeroy, Thomas F., Sketch, 331. Fond, I. W., 154. Pope, Gustavus W., 319. Porter, David C, 154. Porter, Isaac G.. 202. Porter, Maria W., 387. Porter, William W., 357. Portland Meth. Hosp., 413. Potter, E.. 356. Powers, David C, 330. Practitioners in New York, Early, 104. Practitioners in Penna., 160. Practitioners in Phila., 159. Pratt, Leonard, 153, 358. Pratt, S. Milton, 415. Prentice, Nathan Fay, 359. Pretsch, Dr.. 154. Price, Dr., 174. Price, E. H., 372. Provers' Union, 38. Provers' Union and Mat. Med. Club. 351. Pulsifer, Moses R., 310. Pulsifer, Nathan G. H., 310. Pulte, Joseph H.. 152, 171. Pyburn, George, 408. Q Quin, James M.. 92. Quinby, Watson Fell, 2~2. R Raue, Charles G., 250. Ravold, Jacques. 366. Raymond, Jonas C., 383. Rea, Albert, 312. Reading Homo. Hosp., 123. Reed, Maro Mch., 358. Reichhelm. Gustavus, 154. Reid, Fidelia R. H., 340. Reinhold, C. G., 150. Reisner. J. C, 153. Rensselaer County, N. Y., Homo, in, 97. Reud, William R., 382. Rhees, Morgan John, 245. Rheiwinkle, F. H., 177. Rhode Island Homo. Hosp., 276. Rhode Island, Homo, iij, 275. Rhode Island Homo. Med. Soc, 276. Rich, Jane A.. 266. Richards, George W., 244. Richmond, B. W.. 175. Richter, F. L., 418. Richter, Moritz, 380. Ring, Hamilton. 180. Rivera, D., 2>1^. Roberts, Francis A., 308. Roberts, Jacob, 308. 12 INDEX Robinson, Henry D., 253. Robinson, Horatio, 95. Robinson. Lucy, 400. Robinson, Samuel A., 154. Roche, Manning B., 228. Rochester Homo. Hosp., 57. Rockford Homo. Med. Soc, 351. Rock River Inst, of Homo., 350. Rockwell, R. W., 205. Rodman, \Vm. W., 206. Rogers, Smith, 329. Romig, George M., 135. Romig, John, 135. Romig. William H.. 135. Rosa, Lemuel K., 183. Rosa. Storm, 182. Rosenstein. L G., 283. Rossman, Robert, 98. Routh, G. E.. 376. Royer, Dr.. 375. Rueckert. Ernst Ferd., 40. Runner, Reuben C., 367. Russell, George. 232. Rutherford, C. E., 301. Rutland Co., Homo, in, 267. Rutter, J. C, 154. Saal, Gerhard, 176. Sabine, L., 325. St. Luke's Homo. Hosp., 125. St. Luke's Hosp., 410. St. Mary's Homo. Hosp., Passaic, 242. St. Paul Homo. Hosp., 390. St. Vincent's Hosp., 169. Sanborn, Beniah, 263. Sanborn, J. AL, 263. Sanborn. John, 264. Sandicky, Dr., 305. Sanford, Charles E., 204. Sanford, Edward, 235. San Francisco Co. Soc. of Homo. Practi- tioners, 380. San Francisco Surg, and Gynec. Inst.. 380. Saunders. Chas. F., 278. Savage, A. M.. 102. Sawin, Isaac \\'., 281. Sawyer, Alfred I., Sketch, 332. Sawyer, Benj. F... 236. Saxenburger, F., 399. Saynisch, Lewis, 149. Schafer, Dr., 343. Schcurer. P., 143. Schlagel, Dr., 174. Schley. James M., 334. Schmidt, Jacob. 144, 198. Schmoele. William, 144. Schue, John, 202. Schuyler County. N. Y.. Homo, in, loi. Scott Co. Homo. Med. Soc, 386. Scott. Dr., 154. Scott, M. L., 407. Searles, Samuel. 154. Sears, R. H., Reminiscences, 301. Seidlitz, George M., 387. Sel fridge, J. M., 382. Shackford, Rufus, 307. Shawnee Co. Homo. Med. Soc, 415. Shearer, Thomas, 414. Sheffield, Henry, 369. Shepherd, Alfred, 177. Shepherd, David. 175. Sheppard, Wm. R., 254. Sherman, John H., 237. Shipman, George E., 353, 355. Shivers. Bowman H., 247. Sieze, Emanuel, 94. Similia Similibus Curantur, Principle of. 22. Sisson, Edward R., 229. Sisson, William H. H., 399. Sioux City Homo. Med. Assn., 386. Skeels, Alfred P., 393. Skiflf, Charles H., 202. Skiff, Chas. W., 203. Skiff, Paul C, 203. Slye. Lawton C, 340. Small, Alvan E., 150. Smith, David S., 345. Smith, D. S., 357. Smith, Eugene, 422. Smith, F. S., 154. Smith. John Elisha. 400. Snow, Robert A., 179. Societc Hahn. De La N. Orleans, 188. Society of Homo. Pract., 380. Society of Homo. Phys. of Iowa, 386. Sook. Henry L., 176. South Carolina. Homo, in, 413. Southern Cal. State Asy. for Insane and I neb., 380. Southern Homo. Med. Assn., 188. Southern Kan. Homo. Med. Assn., 415. Southern Tier Homo. Med. Soc, 50. Spain, Homoeopathy in, 20. Sparhawk, George E. F., 262. Sparhawk, Samuel H., 263. Spaulding. Dr., 99, 364. Spencer, Nathan, 98. Sperry, Dr., 390. Spooner, John P., 216. Spranger, F. X., 154. Springer. C. F.. 375. Stapf. Johann Ernst. 38. Starr, Edward W., 335. Starrctt. Simon P.. 393. State Asylum for Insane, Mo., 364. State Homo. Med. Soc. of Miss., 395. Stearns. Daniel Edward. JX Stegemann. Dr., 42. Steinestel, J. D., 365. Stevens, Charles A., 98. INDEX 13 Stevens, Grenville S., 277. Stevens, Porter, 383. Stewart, David G., 300. Stewart, Jerry W., 415. Stewart, Walter, 91, 396. Stone, Henry E., 205. Storke, Eugene F., 408. Stout, Henry Rice, 410. Stratton, C. W., 236. Streeter, George D., 376, 399. Sturdevant, Thomas, 254. Sturm, William, 171. Suffolk County, N. Y., Homo, in, 102. Swain, Marcus, 340. Swan, Daniel, 216. Swazey, George W., 226. Sweden, Homoeopathy in, 19. Swinney, John G., 273. Syracuse and Utica Com. of Homo. Phys. 100. Syracuse Homo. Hosp., 59. Tacoma Homo. Acad, of Med., 424. Taft, Cincinnatus A., 201. Taft, Gustavus M., 201. Tantum, Joseph R., 274. Taplin, T. C, 259. Tarbell, John Adams, 219. Taxil, L. V. M., 189. Taylor, Charles, 201. Taylor, Charles W., 234. Taylor, Dr. George, 201. Taylor, John, 92. Taylor, Oliver B., 204. Temple, John, 363. Temple, Peter, 367. Tennessee, Homo, in, 369. Terre Haute Homo. Med. Soc, 297. Texas, Homo, in, 373. Texas Homo. Med. Assn., 373. Tifft, John, 176. Tioga County, Pa., Homo, in, 149. Thayer, David, 221. Thayer, S. B., 327. Thayer, S. B., Biog., 331. The Dakotas, Homo, in, 418. Thomas, Wm. Way, 273. Thompson, Greenfield, 310. Thorp, John H., loi. Thome, Joshua, 366. Thorne, L., 406. Todd, W. S., Sr., loi. Toledo Protestant Hosp., 171. Tomlinson, Rev. Mr., 222. Topeka Homo. Med. Soc, 415. Tracy, L. M., 96, 338. Train, Horace Dwight, 223. Trinks, Dr. C. F., 41- Troyer, Moses, 355. Tucker, S. Giles, 202. Tyson, Dr., 367. U Ulrich, Dr., 343. Utah, Homo, in, 417. Utah Homo. Med. Assn., 417. Utica Homo. Hosp., 59. V Vail, Ira, 364. Vail, J., 190. Van Beuren, Louis Folk, 78. Van Buren, L. H., 295. Vanderburgh, Federal, 79. Van Deusen, H. A., 237. Van Deusen, James M., 261. Van Dusen, A., 327. Vastine, Thomas J., 364. Veith, Prof. S., 41. Venango County, Pa., Homo, in, 154. Verdi, Giro S., 321. Verdi, Tullio S., 320. Vermont, Homo, in, 258. Vermont Homo. Med. Soc, 258. Vinal, L. G., 255. Virginia, Homo, in, 162. Virginia, Old Phys. of, 164. Voak, John Emory, 357. von Gottschalk, Wm., 281. W Wager, Sanford, 265. Waggoner, Calvin C, 388. Wahlenberg, Dr. George, Introduces Hom'y in Sweden, 19. Wakeman, John A., 360. Walkenbarth, Dr., 366. Walker, Amos, 326. Walker, Charles, 222. Walker, George S., 366. Walker, L., 400. Walthall, Dr., 164. Walther, Edward, 388, 391. Ward, Isaac M., 242. Ward, Walter, 245. Ward's Island Homo. Hosp., 57. Warner, Nash Hull, 97. Washington Co., Pa., Homo, in, 154. Washington, D. C, Homo, in, 315. Washington Homo. Med. Soc, 317. Washington, Homo, in, 424. Washington Medical and Surgical Club, 3^7- Washington State Homo. Med. Soc, 424. Wauke, Dr., 152. Way, Jacob H., 399. Wayne Co. Homo. Med. Soc, 297. Wayne County, Pa., Homo, in, 154. 14 INDEX Weber, Charles S., 392. Webster, Elias, I79- Webster, H. D. L., 422. Webster, William, 179. Wedelstaedt, H., 390. Weisicker, Dr., 383. Weld, Chris. M., 219. Wellman, Washington I.. loi. Wells, Phineas P., 93 Werder, Max J., 154. Werder, Maximilian, 382. Westboro Asylum for Insane, 212. West, Edwin, 154. West Jersey Homo. Hosp., 242. West Phila. Homo. Hosp. and Disp., 128 West Virginia, Homo, in, 402. West Virginia Homo. Med. Soc, 163. Wesselhoeft, Robert, 134, 233. Wesselhoeft, William. 132. 218. Western Dist. N. J. Homo. Med. Soc, 241. Western Ky. Homo. Med. Soc, 284. Western New York Homo. Med. Soc, 50. Wheat, John N., 392. Wheaton, P. M.. 327, 369. Wheeler. John, 174. White, Isaiah, 417. White, Wm. H., 329. Whitehead. Cobiirn. 149. Whitfield, N. C. 418. Whitman, Joshua A., 413. Whitman. Marcus, 412. Whittier. Daniel B., 237. Whittle, Joshua F., 290. Wichita Homo. Hosp., 415. Wiestling, Dr., 154. Wigand, Henry, 179. Wilcox, George D.. 281. Wild, Charles. 216. Wilder, Daniel, 229. Wilkinson, Ross M.. 246. Williams, Chas. D., 179. Williams, George W.. 376. Williams, John A.. 370. Williams, Xancy T., 310. Williams, Savina L., 387. Williamson, Walter, 150. Williamson, Walter M., 340. Wilmington Homo. Hosp.. 270. Wilmington Med. Club, 270. Wilsey, Ferd. Little, 63. Wilson, Abraham Duryea, 70. Wilson, G. Herrick. 206. Wilson, Pusey, 247. Vvindham Co., Homo, in, 267. Winslow, Caroline B., 321. Vv'isconsin, Homo, in, ai- Wisconsin Institute of Homo., 338. Wisconsin State Homo. Med. Soc, 338- Wislicenus, W. E., 40. Witherill, A. A., lOi. Witherill, Edwin C, I73- Wolf. Dr. Paul, 41. Woman's Homo. Hosp., St. Louis, 364. Women's Homo. Med. Soc. of Chicago, 351. Woman's Infirmary Assn. of Wash. Hts., 54. Woman's So. Homo. Hosp. of Phila., 125. Wood, John Gage, 225. Wood, Orlando S., 399- Woodbury Co.. Homo. Med. Soc, 386. Woodruff. Francis, 329. WoodrufT, William L., 4i9- Woodvine. Denton G.. 234. Woodward. Edward P.. 204. Worcester Homo. Hosp., 214. Worcester. Samuel, 265. World's Fair Homo. Emerg. Hosp., 352. Wright, A. J., 422. Wright, A. S., 382. Wright, Augustus S., 297, 398. Wright, Clark, 84. Wright, Nathaniel Van W., 424. Wyoming, Homo, in, 417. Yonkers Homo. Hosp., 59. Youlin, John J., 251. I History of HoiiKtopathy HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY ITS INSTITUTIONS IN AMERICA CHAPTER I ■ he Subject Introduced — Discovery in Medical Science — Brief Allusion to the Founder — Homoeopathy in Germany — Bohemia — Austria — Russia — France — Italy — America — Sweden — Great Britain — Spain — Belgium — Cuba. The discovery of glaring and inexcusable inconsistencies in the practice and administration of medicine during the last quarter of the eighteenth century led to the promulgation of a safer method of cure than the world had before known. It is said that evolution and development were the talis- manic watchwords of the nineteenth century, during which were made the greatest strides in advancement in the arts and sciences that the world had known in all history, and that among the thousands of remarkable discov- eries which marked that century most of them dated within the last half thei-eof. This may be true, and if it is homoeopathy is to be credited to the advances in medical science of the preceding century, and to have attained its greatest degree of development and perfection during the last fifty years. Homoeopathy at the beginning of the twentieth century rests on the solid fundamental principle established by its founder more than a hundred years ago, and from that beginning has advanced in every conceivable direction,- keeping even step witli the grand march of progress in every branch of science throughout all subsequent time. It was not that Hahnemann was raised up for his special mission in life; he was bom and raised and trained as were others of his time ; in childhood and youth endowed with mental qualities as were those with whom he asso- ciated, not more gifted than they, perhaps, but, unlike them, was possessed of a studious mind, an inquiring nature, and he loved the companionship of his books more than the pleasures of idle hours, and far more than he loved his father's workshop, v/here he was sought to be kept with the brushes and paints and porcelain wares until he was skilled in the art of his father. But whatever the environment of his vouth, his early advantages in education and his ultimate determination to enter upon the life of a physician, Hahne- mann was in manv respects a remarkable man, and what he did was only the right employment of the talents with which he had been endowed by nature and directed by circumstances. It has been said with nuich truth that the early history of homoeopathy in Gcrmanv was only the history of Hahnemann's life in that country, the 18 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY storv of wliich is told b\ Bradford in these pages, as it has been told by hun- dreds of other commentators. " It is easy to show," Puhlman says of Hahne- mann. '• that when he advanced his new doctrine he not only made opposi- tion to the spirit of that time, but that he necessarily paid a tribute to the latter by plantmjr the roots of the new system into the old soil. We know from his biography that he withdrew in disgust from the old shallow mode of practice and devoted himself for some time to the study of chemistry." To appreciate the worth of Hahnemann's character one must also know something of the condition of medicine in his time, but a thorough study of this subject leads into a limitless field, dangerous and uncertain even to the cautious logician of the twentieth century, for the greatest achievements in this particular branch of science are credited to the last fifty years. This is true not onlv of the homa:opathic school, but as well of the so-called (by themselves) regular school. Rut the opponents of the doctrine propounded by Hahnemann, and im- proved upon and elaborated by his more modern followers, never have regarded homoeopathy in the light of advanced medical science, and with the truth before them of the enlightened age in which they live, still charac- terize the principles of similia similibus curanhir as one of the fallacies of a former era : but they practice it, at times consult its " dogmatic " theories, and having intelligently investigated and compared it with the teachings under which they themselves were schooled, they are frequently led to accept its truths and employ them in practice. It is a fact that in America to-day just about one-sixth ]iart of the medical practitioners employing the agencies of cure taught exclusively in homoeopathic schools are graduates of allo- pathic colleges, and that notwithstanding the fact that of the hundred schools of medical instruction in America onlv one-fifth of them are distinctly homoe- opathic in teaching. Hahnemann pro|~jOundcd his startling dogma in Germany in 1790. after which the new school passed through many wonderful and prolonged tests, trials and opposition before it was recognized and tolerated in other countries. But the reed had been sown in fertile German soil, grew there and flour- ished, au'l eventually spread out its branches into other lands. According to Altschul. the new doctrine was introduced in Bohemia in 181 7, and in the next year \'eith, the great nestor, had his attention directed to it by Krastiansky, the famous army surgeon. In Austria it found lodgment in i8ig, with Gossner practicing in Oberhollabrun and Mussek in Seafeld, but in the same year Emperor Francis I ordered that " Dr. Hahnemann's homre- opathic method of cure should be crencrally and strictly forbidden ;" but the prohibition was only tcmnorarv. In Russia the system was first introduced by laymen as early as 1823. and soon afterward Dr. Adams, the friend of Hahnemann, bec:an jiractice in .St. IVtcrsburg. France caught the infection in 1830, when the new doctrine found there its first expounder in Count des Guidi, a doctor ot medicine, doctor of science, and inspector of the Uni- versity at Lyons, who had occasion to consult de Romani. a homoeopathic physician of great reputation in Naples. In writing of the introduction of homoeopathv into Italv, Dadea, M.D. of Turin, says the seed was sown in the soil of' Naples by the Au'striatis who eiUered that citv m ^March. 1821. "to deprive its noble inhabitants of the liberty they had gained bv the revolution of the same vear. The general in command of the army of occupation. Baron Francis 'Roller a devoted HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 19 friend of homoeopathy, presented to the Royal Academy of Naples a copy of Hahnemann's Organon and Materia Medica, inviting them to make use of it for the benefit of conscience and humanity." Gram carried the new system on his voyage to America in 1825, when he set foot on the soil of New York, then, as now, the first city in the land, and he the first exponent of the doctrine, a scholar, teacher, and in every respect a gentleman, but not well calculated to combat the prejudices of those who made war on his principles. This was the home-coming of Gram, but the tidings he bore found no warm welcome on this side of the Atlantic. Further than this it does not become this chapter to treat of homoeopathy in Dr. Johann Ernst Stapf. America, that being the principal subject of the greater work of which these comments arc only introductory. The honor of having introduced homoeopathy in Sweden is accorded to Dr. George Wahlenberg, a professor in the University of Upsala, whose duties required him to lecture on the subjects of botany and pharmacia and organica, and who in order to qualify himself for his work felt bound to study the few homoeopathic books then extant ; and having studied them, he became convinced of their rational truth, although he himself never prac- ticed the new system. This honor fell to Leidbeck and Souden, whose first proselyte was Sondcrberg, the eminent botanist and ornithologist, who had settled in the little ancient town of Sigtuna. Kerr, ]\I.D. of Cheltenham, in his historical narrative says that although Hahnemann published his Organon of Medicine as far back as 1810, it was 20 HISTORY OF PIOMCEOPATHY not until 1826 tliat professional notice of homoeopathy was taken in Great Britain, when at a meeting of the Medical Society of London in that vear the subject was introduced, inquired into, voted upon, and " dropped ;" a most natural result when the condition of the medical profession in the United Kingdom at that time is considered. In the next year, however, there settled in London Frederic F. Quin, physician and one of the suite of Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg. Quin had studied homoeopathy in Ger- many, practiced it in Naples, and had the honor of introducing it in England. But Quin, on account of his presumption in practicing in England without license from that august body, the censors of the Royal College of Physicians, was brought to bar by them, threatened with penalties, but not giving heed to tliese admonitions was left severely alone to pursue his own pleasure in undisturbed peace. Later on, however, homoeopathy came under the ban of persecution in Great Britain and was subjected to a series of bitter attacks, but withstood them all and emerged from the contest stronger and better than ever before. " In 1829 there came to Madrid," says the narrative of the homoeopathic society of the Spanish capital city. '' a royal commission sent by the King of Naples to attend the marriage of Donna Maria Christina with Don Ferdi- nand VII, to which commission Dr. Horatiis, a practitioner of homoeopathy, was attached as physician. But as his stay in Spain was short he left no notable results of the reformed medicine which he practiced." Of more importance were the services rendered by a layman, Zuarte, a merchant of Cadiz, who, when travelling for his health, made the acquaintance of Necker, and became an enthusiast on the subject of homoeopathic treatment. Zuarte was the friend of Senor \^ilalba of the diplomatic corps, and they traveled together to Coethen to visit Hahnemann and consult with him concerning the illness of the former. Following the founder's advice, he went to Lyons and was cured, and in the* gratitude of his heart he bought copies of Hahne- mann's works and distributed them among the phvsicians of Andalusia; and he sent to Leipsic, at his own expense, a medical student to receive the instructions of the most famous German homoeopaths of the time. Thus the homoeopathic doctrine first became known in Spain in 1829 and 1830, and was first practiced in the Andalusian provinces of that countrv. Belgium in the center of Western Europe has for centuries excited the covetonsness of her powerful neighbors— Holland on the north; the German empire ot^ the cast; France on the west and southwest, and England on the west and separated from her by the North Sea. During the last five cen- turies Belgium has been occupied in turn bv France, Spain and Germanv, and not until 1830 was she separated from' Holland to establish an inde- pendent government. About 1829 homoeopathv made its appearance in the country, when DeMoor of Alost, titular surgeon of the civil hospital, made himself the apostle of the new system. About two vears afterward Varlez and earlier adopted homoeopathic practice in Brussels, and in 18^7 thev with the .^ssistance of Brixhe. Dugniolle. \'an Meerbur, Dunemberg and others founded the Belgian Homrtopathic Societv. Homc£ojiathy was introduced into Havana about 1842 bv Francisco de P. Escopet. who came from Spain at that time. The earliest practitioner ot the school in Santiago de Cuba was. Joaquin Bramon, who came from Barcelona in Spain in 1845 and continued in practice until 1847 In Jamaica HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 21 homoeopathy was practically unknown until after 1870, and then its advocates were for a time suppressed by the civil authorities. Such, then, is a mere outline of the introduction of homcEopathy in various European countries and some of their western possessions. It is not the province of this work to treat in detail the history of homceopathy in other countries than America, but only to trace in a general way the gradual outspreading of the system from its original home in Germany to other foreign principalities and ultimately into America ; and whatever is written in these introductory pages is only to lay the foundation of the ex- haustive narrative wliich begins with the story of Hahnemann's life and his subsequent achievements as told b}' Bradford. r 22 HISTORY ()]' H()Mn':OPATHY CHAPTER n The Beginnings of Homceopathy— Hahnemann, the Founder — His Birth and Education — His Trials and Triumphs— His" Death— Brief Allusion to Some of the Provers, Disciples of the Founder. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. The principle of similia similihus cnranhir is as old as the history of medicine. The fact that a substance capable of producing a certain series of symptoms will also remove like symptoms when produced by some other cause, was known to the ancient fathers of medicine. But like many another truth, although cures resulted occasionally and were noted by medical writers, no effort ever was made to understand and make practical use of this law of nature until Hahnemann, a German chemist and physician, whose attention was by chance called to it, began by personal experimentation to test its truth. After much effort, through trials, through trouble and ridicule, harassed by poverty, ostracised by his fellows, he steadily pursued his way, destined to triumph in the end and to lay his burden down, having passed by many years the usual span of life, in the most brilliant of the cities built by men,, rich, respected, and honored, recognized as the founder and the master of a great medical system whose practitioners were established in many coun- tries. And it was no idle utterance that fell finally from his lips — " ATow inutilis vixi " — I have not lived in vain. It has been said that genius consists in a capacity for taking infinite pains. It is equally true that the exercise of that faculty is not entirely at the option of the individual. There is a force within man that impels him to labor at an appointed task, at the picture, the book, the nation's cause, or humanity's. The artist is unhappy away from his canvas where every touch is a means to the fulfilment of a definite purpose, and he must continue to lay tint u]ion tint and color beside color until the glorious conception of the perfect picture is fixed upon the canvas to delight future generations of man. The author must write on regardless of his surroundings; he can not help himself: his tale must be told. The general must direct his army piti- lessly onward over rough ways, where dead bodies are, past burning homes, onward to victory or death ; it is his destiny and he must fulfill it. The "reformer must walk steadily, with unheeding ears, and with eyes fixed upon a future beyond the ken of his fellows; he must bear the jeers of the world^s idlers,, pressing onward to the end, be it stake or laurel crown. Each by the impell- ing power within him is driven to accompli.sh his destiny. It is only at cer- tain periods in the world's history that such a man is born, kindling in his heart from childhood the sacred fire. The results of these rare birth-gifts to the world mark epochs in its history, and by them mankind is advanced a step toward the fulfilment of the Creator's end. Such a man was Hahne- miinn. the story of whose remarkable life and metlical svstem is about to be told. HISTORY OF HOMCEOrATHV 23 Samuol Christian FrcdtMick Hahnemann was born on the night of April lo. 1755, at Meissen, Saxony, the son of a porcelain painter. It is related that the father gave his son when the latter was five years old lessons in thinking, devoting a certain time each day to that instrnction. The good father during these hours would advise the boy to prove all things and fo hold fast to that which was good. Early in life he was placed in the village school, and it was a habit of his boyhood to wander over the beautiful hills of Meissen. He loved to study the plants and made an herbarium : he was fond of natural ' | history. So apt v/as he that when twelve years i old the good Master Midler intrusted to him to teach the rudiments of Greek to the other pupils. About this time the frugal father wished to take him from school and, after the way of German fathers, set him to work, but Magister Miiller. the principal, entreated the father and offered to remit the tuition, upon which the bright, studious lad was allowed to remain at his books. At sixteen he entered the ^Meissen private school. Several times the father took his son from school only to be per- suaded to allow him to return. Once he ap- prenticed him to a grocer at Leipsic, but the lad ran away and returned home, where his mother concealed him for several days until the father's heart was softened. It is also re- lated that the father objected to the waste of lighting fluid needed for midnight study, upon which the son fashioned a rude clay lamp anfl hid himself with his books at night .in a retired nook in the rambling old Eck-house where he lived. There was a wonderful native force within the boy impelling him to study, to store his mind wnth useful knowledge, and that despite paternal frowns and other difficulties. He had to learn — it was destiny — and the father at last began to realize that there was sometlii.ng in this country-bred lad of twenty years; this eccentric son, who already knew somewhat of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, history, and physics, and whom nothing in the way of oppo- sition could deter from knowing, and that he ought no longer attempt to curb. And so when Samuel was twenty years old. in 1775. and when the Easter bells were linging, Hahnemann, the student, received from his father about twenty dollars, with permission to journev to Leipsic, the university town, and win his way m his own manner. He began stxident life in Leipsic by attending lectures during the day and devoting the nights to translations from the English into German, and he also taught (ierman and French to a rich young Greek. A generous citizen of Meissen had presented him with free tickets to the medical lectures, but his literary occupations were such as to prevent him from attending them regularly; but he studied hard and saved his money that he might sooner go to the more advantageous schools of \'ienna. Soon after he went to Leipsic he was defrauded of his savings, and for nine months was obliged to live on a little more than sixty-eight florins, and then to seek a self-supporting position. Rut the way was pro- vided in the person of Dr. \ou Ouarin, who was physician to Maria Theresa Dr. Guslav Wiihclm Gross. 24 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY and Emperor Joseph. He assisted this young Saxon scholar, who thus spoke of his benefactor many years afterwards : " He respected, loved and in- structed me as if I had been the first of his pupils, and even more than this, and he did it all without expecting any compensation from me. To him I am indebted for my calling as a physician. 1 had his friendship and I may almost say his love, and I was the only one of my age whom he took with him lo visit his private patients." XOn Ouarin secured for Hahnemann the position of private physician and librarian to the Baron von Bruckenthal, who was governor of Sieben- burgen and li\ed in the city of Hcrmanstadt. For a year and nine months he remained in the delightful seclusion of \'on Bruckenthal's great library, filled with priceless books and manuscripts. He catalogued his collections tjiiljiinnnniis lOcliiirlsljuus m .'llcifeni. Hahnemann's Birlliplacc in Meissen. of rare coins and also the books, and arranged them. And he studied them. He was always studying, making ready for the future that as yet he dreamed not of, and was impelled always by an unknown inward force to gain new and varied knowledge. When Hahnemann left Hermanstadt he was master of Greek, Latin, English. Hebrew, Italian, Syriac, Arabic, Spanish, German, and had besides a little knowledge of Chaldaic ; and then he was onlv twenty- four years of age. This is the man who has been called "that ignorant German fanatic!" He bade the gr>od baron farewell in the spring of 1779, and went to the Uni- versity of Erlangen to take his degree as doctor of medicine, chosing Erlan- gen because the fees were less than at \'ienna. At this place on August 10, 1779, he successfully defended his thesis, and received his diploma. From the time of gr-iduation in August until some time in the year 1780, it is HISTORY OB' HOMGEOPATHY 25 probable that Hahnemann travelled about in the towns of Lower Hungary. In the summer of 1780 a home-longing overcame him and he returned to Saxony, locating in the little town of Hetstadt in a copper mining country, where he found little to do but study the mining. He remained there nine months, going thence in the springtime of 1781 to Dessau, where he first turned his attention to chemistry, of which he afterwards became one of the most able exponents and experimentalists of the time. Here also he gained much knowledge of practical mining and smelting, which he afterwards utilized in writing upon those subjects ; and, as he so quaintly said : " I filled the dormer windows of my mind." In Dessau Hahnemann met Johanna Henrietta Leopoldine Kuchler, daughter of apothecary Kuchler, who became his life companion. Thev were \)v. C.til li...;;. i. 1 ;aiiz. married in Dessau. December i, 1782. He was twenty-seven and she nine- teen years old. He had a short time previous taken the i)ost of parish doctor at Gommern. a small town not far from Magdeburg. They went there and he at once began regularly to practice his profession. Hahnemann said that there had previously been no physician at this place, and that the inhabitants had no desire for any such person. Here he remained two years and nine months. While there he made some important translations and published liis first original book " On the Treatment of Old Sores and Ulcers." In this work he gave the results of his experience in Transylvania, and said that the patients probably would have done quite as well without him. And in writing of his treatment of a case of caries of the metatarsal bone he said : 20 ■ HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY " I scraped the carious bone clean out and removed all the dead part, dressed it with alcohol and watched the result" (not a bad method of treatment for the surj^erv of the present day. and that was in 1784). The matter of hygiene was mentioned in his book, although at that time it was very ^little under- stood. Even then the master was teaching in advance of his time. He now began, as he says, to taste the delights of home; he was con- tented ; his books and his official position supported him ; but the rude and barbarous medical methods of the day disturbed his logical and educated mind, which was trained to expect definite results ; and he disliked to give compounds of whose effects on patients he was ignorant. He could not accept the loose ways and methods of the existing medical schools. In the celebrated letter to Hufeland, the " Nestor of German medicine," on the ■■ Necessity of a Regeneration in INIedicine," published some time afterward, Hahnemann fully explained his feelings at that period of his life, and his reasons for giving up the old practice of medicine hampered by dogmas of doubt. He resigned his position at Gommern in the autumn of 1784 and entirely gave up practice that (in his own words) " I might no longer incur the risk of doing injury, and I engaged exclusively in chemistry and in liter- ary occupations." His mind was now reaching out toward his ideal. As he once said to Hufeland, he could not understand a God who had not provided some certain method of contemplating diseases from their own aspect and of curing tliem with certamty. " Rut why has this method not been dis- covered during the twenty-jfive or thirty centuries in which men have called themselves physicians ? Because it is too near us, and too easy ; because to attain it there is no need of brilliant sophisms or seducing hypotheses." Im- pelled by a something within him to seek, Hahnemann gave up the old prac- tice of medicine and reduced himself and familv to comparative poverty for conscience sake, and in the fulfillment of the immutable law in his nature that he was powerless to overcome. From Gommern he removed to brilliant Dresden, then the home of the arts and the sciences, and devoted his time to translations and the study of chemistry. He also studied medical juris- prudence with Dr. ^^'agner. the town physician or health officer, who became his friend and gave him charge of the hosjiitals of the town for a vear. At this time Hahnemann was well known in Germany as a scholarly translator of scientific books, and a daring and successful experimentalist in chemistry. He was received with warm welcome by the distinguished scholars who re- sided in Dresden. Adelung. who had made a compilation in five volumes of the history of all the known languages and dialects (" Mithridates ") and who was perhaps the foremost philologist in the world ; Dasdorf. the libra- rian of the great Electoral library — himself a ripe scholar ; Blumenbach, the naturalist ; and Laviosier, the ill-fated chemist, a victim of the reign of terror. Such was the company Hahnemann enjoyed, a scholar in a scholarly atmosphere, and in the companionship of men of wisdom. This life con- tinued four pleasant years. Up to this time all the translations of scientific works and the original books he had written were of such a nature as to render him more fit for the great discoveries he was soon destined to make. In Septeml^er. 178V. Hahnemann removed to Leipsic and continued his lilerarv work. Ikfore this it is probable that he had no idea that he was- to be a medical reformer. There is nothing in his writings to indicate such a thought. He was simply a learned physician and chemist, too honest to- bleed and purge pnd d.se hi^ fellow nHMi, and vaguelv sc-eking in his owrt HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 27 iiiind for some more reasonable and safe method of cure. Soon after his arrival at Leipsic and while he was translating from the English the materia nedica of the great Scotch physician, William Cullen, he was led by certain ■statements in the book to make some original experiments upon himself re- garding the effects of Peruvian bark. As a result he added a footnote to the -econd volume of his translation, in which he said : " I took by way of ■xperiment, twice a day, four drachms of good China. My feet, finger tips, i!tc., at first became cold ; I grew languid and drowsy ; then my heart began to palpitate, and my pulse grew hard and small ; intolerable anxiety, trembling I but without cold rigor), prostration throughout all my limbs; then pulsation m my head, redness of my cheeks, thirst, and — in short — all these symptoms which are ordinarily characteristic of Intermittent Fever, made their appear- ance, one after another, yet without the peculiar chilly rigor. This paroxysm isted two or three hours each time, and recurred, if I repeated the dose, not otherzvise. I discontinued it and was in good health." This discovery led to experiment ; analysis led to synthesis. Hahnemann passed six years in noting the effects of different drugs and poisons on healthy persons. and in studying old volumes of recorded experi- ments in materia medica. His family was pressed into the service and friends also assisted him. Each was tried in various doses and in every possible variety of circumstance, that the real efl:'ect might be clearly understood. All the time he could spare from his translations was devoted to these provings and to chemical research. He now had several children and was so poor that the whole family lived in a single room, while the father pursued his work in one corner, sep- arated from the others only by a curtain. It was his custom to sit up every other night translating in order to gain more time for his experiments. In 1791 poverty compelled him to go to the little village of Stotteritz, where he could live still more cheaply. While there he helped in the work of the house, wore the garments and the heavy wood.en clogs of the poor German, and even kneaded the bread with his own hands. Sickness befell his family. He had lost faith in medicine. Of this period he writes : " Where shall I look for aid, sure aid? sighed the disconsolate father on hearing the moaning of his dear, inexpressibly sick children. The darkness of the night and the dreariness of the desert all around me; no prospect of relief for my oppressed paternal heart.'' Yet always he had in mind the determination to continue his experiments, to elaborate the new law that he had begun to make practicable. Previous to this time Hahnemann had no opportunity of testing on the sick the result of the drug-provings on the healthy, but now it came. A certain influential man, Flerr Klockingbring, had by ridicule been lendered violently insane, and his wife, having heard of Hahnemann, was induced to request him to attend her husband. Through her influence the Duke of Gotha gave up to Hahnemann for the experiment a wing in his old hunting castle at Georgenthal at the foot of the Thuringian mountains, nine miles from his own capital of Gotha. He caused it to be properly arranged for the reception of the maniac and his keepers. He was taken with the madness in the winter of 1791-92. It probably was in the spring of 1792 that Hahne- mann's attention was first called to the case, and during that summer he went to Georgenthal. It was a case of acute mania and Klockingbring was very violent, requiring several keepers. Hahnemann says that for two weeks he watched him without giving h'm anv medicine. It was the fashion then 28 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY to treat insane persons with orreat severity, chaining, beating and placing- |l' them in dark (hnigeons. Halinemann (Hd not approve of this and treated ! his distinguished patient \vitli great gentleness. It has been claimed that Hahnemann was in advance of the celebrated alienist Pinel in this plan of treating the insane. It was during this same year of 1792 that Pinel first ^ unchained the maniacs in the hospital of Bicetre at Paris. In 1793 Klock-i ingbring returned to Hanover completely cured. ■ Hahnemann left Georgenthal in Mav, 1793, going thence to Molschle- bcn, a small village near Gotha. From letters written at this time by him to a ])atient, and which have been published, we are able to determine his wlu'realx)uts verv correctlv. He went from Molschleben to Pvrmont. and from Dr. ]""ranz llartmann. there in 1 796 to Wolfenbuttel, and thence to Konigslutter, where he remained until 1799, when he went to Hamburg. The life at Konigslutter is mem- ■orable because while living there he published, in 1796, in " The Journal for Practicing Physicians," edited by his friend Hufeland, and which was the most important medical journal of that time, his celebrated essay on a "New Prin- ciple for Ascertaining the Curative Powers of Drugs." In this he gave to the world for the first time his principle — similia similibns ciirantur, explain- ing how he had experimented and the result. It was only after six years of constant trial and study that he shared his wonderful secret with the medical world. During the last year of the life at Konigslutter an epidemic of scarlet fever occurred, and Hahnemann put his new found knowledge to the proof. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 29' and declared that belladonna, inasmuch as it would produce a similar drug CI (udition, would cure scarlet fever — and it did ; and because he first tested tlic cure on the sick and did not reveal its name until he was sure of its (.iTect, his enemies even to the present day, have accused him of dealing in secret remedies and nostrums.* But in prescribing with his own medicines for these patients he had iil'lended against the law, and the jealous apothecaries of Konigslutter hovmded limi forth to fresh wanderings. In the autumn of 1799 he packed all his l;( )ods and his family into a large wagon, and with heavy heart left the town wliere life had begun to present some sunshine, and started on the road to ! lamburg. On the journey over a precipitous part of the way the wagon w as overturned ; the driver was thrown from his seat ; Hahnemann himself. was injured; a daughter's leg was broken; an infant son Ernst was so hurt liiat he soon died, and his property was damaged by falling into a stream. ^\i the nearest village of Muhlhausen he was obliged to remain six weeks at. ci msiderable expense. He settled after this at Altona and did not go to Hamburg until 1800. it was in this year that Fleischer, the Leipsic publisher, gave to Hahnemann t' ' translate an English book containing medical prescriptions. He trans- lated the text into good German, but added an original preface in which he >< < ridiculed and satirized and belittled the compound prescriptions of the .i;icat lights of the English medical world that it put an end to his employ- ment by that publisher. His only further translation was the Von Haller Materia Medica from the Latin, which was published in 1806. At this, period he wrote several essays for Hufeland's journal. In 1802 he went from Hamburg to Mollen in the. duchy of Lauenburg, and from there jour- neyed to Eilenburg in beloved Saxony. He was not allowed to remain there, however, as the health officer ordered him away. From thence he went tof Machern, a village four miles from Leipsic, where poverty again distressed him. It is related that after toiling all day at translating (at the Haller jMateria Medica) he often assisted his wife to wash the family clothing at night, and as they could not purchase soap they employed raw potatoes in- stead. The portion of bread allowed to each was so small that he was accus- tomed to weigh it out in equal proportion. From Machern he went to Wit- tenburg, dcjjarting soon after for Dessau, where he lived for two years. Hahnemann left Hamburg about the beginning of 1802. He could not have remained long in one place. He was poor and persecuted, driven from town to town. He passed about two years at Dessau and, according to a letter written by him. he was in June, 1805, domiciled at Torgau. where he remained until 181 1. when he went to Leipsic. As his essays in the medical journals only brought him into condemnation he afterwards published his articles in the "General German Gazette of Literature and Science." Hahnemann's first collection of provings — " Fragmenta de Viribus " — was published in Latin while he was at Torgau, in 1805. Five years later the first edition of the Organon appeared. In this he gave to the world a careful explanation of his new medical discc^veries and beliefs. It contained every- thing relating to the new medical method and in it he for the first time men- "This was the nnlv occasion on which Hahnemann ever withheld the name and purpcfse of an\' medicament employed by him. 30 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY tioned ihc name Hmnccopatlfy. The work appeared in 1810, from the press of his friend and patient, Arnold. The book consists of an introduction and the ( )r^£^anon itself. The introduction is entitled '* Review of the medication, allopalhv and palliative treatment that have prevailed to the present time in the old 'school of medicnie/" and comprises the first one hundred pages of the Organon. Hahnemann here presents the curious story of the eft'orts of mankind to conquer disease. He writes : " But ever since that time (soon after Hippocrates, therefore for 2.500 years") men have occupied themselves with the treatment of the ever-increasing multiplicity of diseases, who, led astray by their vanity, sought by reasoning and guess- ing to excogitate the mode of furnishing this aid. Innumerable and dissimilar ideas respecting the nature of diseases and their remedies sprang from so many dissimilar brains, and the theoretical views these gave rise to, they called (structures) systems, each of which was at variance with the rest and self-contradictory. Each of these subtle expositions at first threw the readers into stupefied amazement at the incomprehen- sible wisdom contained in it, and attracted to the system monger a number of fol- lowers, who re-echoed his unnatural soph- Dr. Moriiz Miiller. istry, to none of whom, however, was it of the slightest use in enabling them to cure lietter. until a new system, often diametrically opposed to the first, thrust that aside, and m its turn gained a short-lived renown. None of them was in consonance with nature and experience ; they were mere theoretical webs constructed by cimning mtellects out of pretended consequences which could not be made use of in practice, in the treatment at the sick-bed, on account of their excessive subtlety and repugnance to nature and onlv served for emptv disputations. '■ Simultaneously, but quite independent of all these theories, there sprung up a mode of treatment with mixtures of unknown medicinal substances, against forms of disease arbitrarily set up, and directed towards some ma- terial object, completely at variance with nature and experience, hence, as may idc supposed, with a bad result— such is old medicine. Allopathv, as it is termed. ■' Without disparaging the services which many phvsicians have rendered to the sciences auxiliary to medicine, to natural philosophv and chemistrv, to natural history in its various branches, and to that of man in particular, anthropology, physiology and anatomy, &c., I shall occupv mvself here with the practical part of medicine onlv, with the healing art' itself, in order to show how it is that diseases have hitherto been imperfectly treated, I speak merely of the niedical art as hitherto practiced, which. " presuming on its antifiuitv. imaL'ines itself to possess a scientific character." riahnemann then discusses various medical methods, blood letting, evac- HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 31 uant, stimulating, &c. He says again : " The presumed character of the affection, they regarded as the cause of the disease, and hence they directed I heir pretended casual treatment against spasm, inflammation (plethora), fever, -eneral and partial debility, mucus, putridity, obstructions, &c., which they thought to remove by means of their antispasmodic, antiphlogistic, tonic, stimulant, antiseptic, dissolvent, resolvent, derivative, evacuant, a.ntagonistic remedies, (of which they only possessed a superficial knowledge). "But all semblance of appropriate treatment of diseases was completely Inst, by a practice, introduced in the earliest times, and even made into a rule: 1 mean the mixture, in a prescription, of various medicinal substances, whose .real action was, almost without an exception, unknown, and which without any one exception, invariably differed so much among each other. One Dr. Carl Haubold. medicine (the sphere of whose medicinal cft'ects was unknown) was placed foremost, as the principal remedy (basis), and was designed to subdue what the physician deemed the chief character of the disease ; to this was added some other drug (equally unknown as regards the sphere of its medicinal action) for the removal of some particular accessory symptom, or to strengthen the action of the first (adjiivans) ; and besides these, yet another (likewise unknown as to the sphere of its medicinal powers) a pretended corrective remedy (corrigens) ; these were all mixed together (boiled, infused) — and along with them, some medicinal syrup, or distilled medicinal water, also with dift'ercnt properties, would be included in the formula, and it was sup- posed that each of the ingredients of this mixture would perform, in the 82 HISTORY OF HOM CEO PATH Y diseased body, the part allotted to it by tbe prescriber's imagination, without suffering itself to be disturbed or led astray by the other things mixed up along with it ; which, however, could not in reason be expected." He then goes more fully into the absurdity of medicinal mixtures and cites from medical writers to show that such a plan is ridiculous. Again he says : " It was high time for the wise and benevolent Creator and Preserver of mankind to put a stop to this abomination, to command a cessation of these tortures, and to reveal a healing art the very opposite of this, which should not waste the vital juices and powers by emetics, perennial scourings out of the bowels, warm baths, diaphoretics, or salivation; nor shed the life's blood, nor torment and weaken with painful api^liances ; nor, in place of curing pa- Dr. Carl 1-". Trinks. tients suffering from diseases, render them incurable by the addition of new, chronic, medicinal maladies, by means of the long continued use of wrong, powerful medicines of unknown properties ; nor yoke the horse behind the cart, by giving strong ]ialliativcs. according to the old favorite axiom, con- traria contrariis curantur; nor in short, in place of lending the patient aid, to guide him in the way to death, as is done by the merciless routine practi- tioner, but which on the contrary should spare the patient's strength as much as possible, and should rapidly and mildly effect an unalloyed and perma- nent cure, by mean^ of the smallest doses of simple medicines well considered, and selected according to their proved effects, by the only therapeutic law conformable to nature, similia simHibus curantur. " It was high time He should permit the discovery of homioeopathy. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 33 '' By observation, reflection, and experiment, I discovered that in oppo- sition to the old allopathic method, the true, the proper, the best mode of treatment, is contained in the maxim : To effect a mild, rapid, certain, and permanent cure, choose, in ever}^ case of disease, a medicine which can itself produce an affection similar to that sought to be cured. '■ Hitherto no one has ever iaHght this homoeopathic method of cure, no one has practiced it. But if the truth is only to be found in this method, as I can prove it to be, we might expect that, even though it remained unper- ccived for thousands of years, distinct traces of it would be discovered in every age. And such is the fact." Hahnemann devoted about sixty pages to quotations from the writings of old physicians from Hippocrates to Sydenham, describing cures effected according to the doctrine of similars. Each cure is plainly stated with a reference in each case to the medical writer responsible for the statement. The book itself is devoted to instructions in practical homoeopathy. Hahne- mann never clamied to discover the law of similia, but he did claim that he was the first person to make any practical demonstration of that law. It is needless to say that the propositions advanced in the Organon brought down upon the head of the reformer an avalanche of abuse. He had raised his hand against the traditions of years and he was attacked by the medical journals of the day. Books and pamphlets were fulminated against him. The reviews were so virulent that even the better of Hahne- mann's enemies condemned them. He was called a charlatan, a quack, an ignoramus. In 1811 his son published a refutation, which it is believed Hahne- mann himself wrote. All this storm of abuse he answered in no other way. He gave his answer in a better way, in 181 1, when he presented to the world the first volume of " Materia Medica Pura." But the grand impulse was strong within him. He felt that he must find a wider platform from which to shout his glad tidings to sick and suf- fering humanity, and in the year 181 1 he transferred his "Lares and Pe- nates " to his old home in Leipsic, the place he had first entered as an enthu- siastic and scholarly lad of twenty. Since then — Vienna, Hermanstadt, Er- langen, Dessau, Gommern, Dre§den, Georgenthal, the wander-years, and after- wards Torgau, with its literary results. Trials, malevolence, privation, and false accusation, all had followed him like furies, and yet, impelled by a strange force, the genius of right and justice, he had ever and steadily gone on towards the future of whose brightness even yet he did not know. That Hahnemann ever planned any "means of promulgating a new med- ical system for his own personal advantage, as his enemies ever asserted, anyone conversant with his character must utterly discredit. He was all through his long life the victim of circumstance, or, as some of his followers claim, of a " Providence " that fashioned every event and from the seemingly tangled threads in his web of life wrought the perfect picture; and every bitter trial of his life was but bringing better equipment for the glorious end. It now became impressed upon Hahnemann's mind that he must teach this doctrine of medicine publicly to men ; and he went to Leipsic and began to lecture on the principles of homoeopathy. In December, 181 1, he inserted a notice of his " Medical Institute " in a journal of the city. But before he was permitted to lecture he was compelled to defend a thesis before the fac- ulty of medicine. This he did on June 26, 181 2. Its title was " A Disserta- tion on the Helleborism of the Ancients," and it was such a marvel of erudi- 34 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY H tion that no one attempted to dispute it. In its pages containing quotations from the Hebrew, Latin, Greek, Arabic, ItaHan. French, English and Ger- man there was evidence of profound knowledge. It seemed an echo from the great libraries of Hermanstadt and Dresden. Hahnemann now began lecturing Wednesday and Saturday afternoons from 2 to 3 o'clock. The lectures were continued semi-annually during his entire stay at Leipsic. and soon attracted hearers from the medical and law students and the younger of the Leipsic physicians. The fame of his learn- ing and a desire to see the man who taught such medical " heresies " attracted many to him. Soon from the audiences he gathered a circle of young men under his direction who began to make provings on themselves. The result was the " Materia Mcdica Pura. " These faithful disciples lived near Hahne- mann's house and were almost constantly with him. Each had his duty to perform, and Hahnemann, after collect- ing the symptoms, verified them, sub- icctine' them to the finest scrutiny and with, tlic most scrupulous exactitude an- alyzed them. The plants were collected, the preparations according to the for- mrla of the master were made, and results noted. They who sat at the feet of the teacher afterwards carried the :h'\v doctrine into many places. Fortu- nately, the story has been told by some among the number so that it is known how the reformer lived at this time. He was full}- occupied with his lectures and the reception of patients at his home. He did not visit them at their houses. Dail\ with his wife and daughters he walked in one of the public gardens of tl^e city. After the day's labor he was :'ccustomed to sit among his students in the evening, and with the mug of "ghose" at his side and the long German pipe in his hand, he would tell his disciples of the curious actions and ways (jf the older physicians at the sick bed. or relate circumstances of his former life; anci then he would become lost to the sur- round'ngs. his pipe would go out, and one of his daughters would at once be called to relight it. P.ut ])ersecution came. The students were accustomed to prescribe for patients and Hahnemann's reception room was thronged daily; both master and student gave medicine. This practice was contrary to the law of that time, and the apothecaries whose privileges were supposed to be encroached upon appealed to the courts against Hahnemann, and he was cited to appear. He did so. and also addressed a letter to the authorities in which he argued that he did not give compound prescriptions but only simple remedies in such minute doses, and of whose preparation the apothecaries knew nothing, that they could not put up these medicines; that their exclusive right was only to make up compound prescriptions and that homoeopathy did not compound Dr. (i. A. II. .\lulilt'nl)ciii. HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 35 -or dispense. He was soon notified that he would be fined twenty thalers for every dispensation afterwards. In 1820 a celebrated e^eneral, Prince von Schwartzenberg, who had been a leader of the allied armies against Napoleon, applied to Hahnemann for treatment, asking that he attend him at Vienna. Hahnemann replied that if he wished his services he must come to Leipsic as he was too busy to go to Vienna. So desirous was the prince to consult Hahnemann that he came to Leipsic and established himself in a suburb of the city. His case was incur- able, and he died about six months afterwards, of apoplexy. His death was the cause of renewed attacks on Hahnemann, and the legal persecutions, that during the treatment had been prevented by the Saxon government on account of his illustrious patient, were resumed with redoubled vigor. Hahnemann's students were arrested, fined, and even imprisoned. He himself w^as so per- secuted that he must either give up practice or resume his journeying in quest of another abiding place. Of a truth it may be said : "His life was like a battle or a march, And like the wind's blast, never resting, homeless, He stormed across the war-convulsed earth." Xot far from Leipsic was one of the many little principalities of which at that time Germany was composed. It was the duchy of Anhalt-Coethen. One of its notables, the Grand Duke Frederick, had heard of Hahnemann's wonderful cures and was, besides, a lover of justice. He offered an Asylum to the persecuted old teacher, appointed him his privy physician with the title of Hofrath, and by edict gave him permission to dispense and prescribe within the hmits of his kmgdom. Early in May. 1821, Hahnemann shook the dust of inhospitable Leipsic from his feet and with his faithful students accom- panying him on the road set out for Coethcn. It Was a delightful place, nestled in the valley of a small river, and in its quiet the master passed fifteen years of his eventful life. In a summer- liouse at tlie end of a paved garden he studied and wrote and meditated, for- mulating, completing and perfecting his life work. His " Chronic Diseases " was written at Coethen, the last four editions of Organon, and the last two ■editions of " Materia Medica Pura." The vear 1829 was memorable because on August 10 Hahnemann cele- brated the fiftieth anniversary of his graduation at Erlangen. His disciples came to him, bringing gifts. The old savant's portrait was done in oil and his bust v;as modelled." Stapf, his favorite pupil, had collected the fugitive essavs he had written, and brought the first copy from the printer as his token. Albrecht, the Dresden friend and after-time biographer, delivered a poem in his praise. Rummel presented the honorary diploma from his alma mater. The scholarly Muhlenbein made a Latin oration, giving a sketch, of "his life and labors. ' The good duke and duchess remembered their beloved physician. Afterwards there was a grand dinner. The disciples came from all parts of the countrv, and those who could not come sent letters of amity. This occasion resulted in the formation of the German Central Homoeopathic Union. Soon afterward, however, a great sorrow came, and the wings of ashen grav were unfolded over the good housewife. For years she had devoted her- self to the cares of life that her husband might be free to pursue his studies. At the time of her illness Hahnemann also was ill, but he kept himself at her 36 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY bedside and comforted her. After her death their daughters continued tO' ca^e for the household, and there was httle real change in its domestic life. The cholera year of 1832 came, and although Hahnemann never had seen a case of that character his knowledge of the effects of medicines upon the system enabled him to suggest the remedies that would be found useful. His opinion proved correct, because it was founded upon a law. Now the years passed peacefully and happily ; the wanderer at last had a home. Homoe- opathy was known and men of ability, physicians and laymen, journeyed to the little village to hear the old sage talk and to learn more of the new and rational method of healing. Coethen became the schoolhouse of homoe- opathy, from whence went willing disciples to carry the teachings to all parts of the world. Hahnemann always was a very industrious man ; he never was idle. He proved about ninety medicines on himself ; he wrote about seventy original works on chemistry and medicine, some of them in several volumes ; he trans- Ilahncmann's Home in Coethen. lated fifteen large medical and scientific works from the English, six from the French, one from the Italian, and one from the Latin. These translations were not alone on medicine, but on chemistry, agriculture and general liter- ature. Among them was " History of the Lives of Abelard and Heloise," which was considered a remarkable work irom a literary standpoint. Besides this was the labor of attending to a very large practice, a great part of which was by letter. He was not only a physician, reformer and chemist, but he was an accomplished classical scholar and critic, well versed in astronomy and meteorology, and especially fond of geography. In the days at Coethen- he was at seventy-five years interesting himself in the habits of spiders, still studying chemistry, and keeping himself by letter en rapport with his fol- lowers in different parts of the world. In stature Hahnemann was a small man. inclined to stoutness ;■ his car- riage was upright and his walk dignified ; his step was firm and all his motions active; his forehead was ven,' high, arched, and bore the impress of thought. In early life he wore a queue ; later on he became bald on the top of his head^ HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 37 and long locks of curling white hair fell over each temple. His eye was particularly piercing and brilliant, as though a great soul looked out defiantly upon the noisy world. He seldom smiled ; life had been too real for much laughter, yet he enjoyed the pleasure of others, In early life he wore small clothes, knee breeches and shoes with buckles, and later on the long trousers ; his coat was dark. In his home life a gaily figured dressing gown with long skirts, wadded slippers and always a black velvet cap on his head, completed his attire. In Paris it was said that he wore his hair in curl papers at night. In food he was abstemious ; he was fond of sweets and preferred a sort of simple cake to bread. His vegetables were cabbage, new beans and spin- ach. He usually took a nap after eating. Daily he took exercise in the open air, and worked until late at night. His usual companion was a little pet dog that lay near his chair. Hahnemann had eleven children. Friedrich Rummel, M. D. In January, 1833, a fond wish of the great teacher was realized. A homoeopathic hospital was formally opened at Leipsic. He visited it later on and had the satisfaction of knowing that there was at least one institution pledged to a fair trial of his doctrines. There were differences afterward between the ph}sicians and himself, but he continued his interest in the hos- pital as long as he remained in Germany. In 1835 this old man who had for some time thought that according to the law of nature he might finish his pilgrimage at any time, renewed his lease upon life. He married a French lady of thirty-five years, one Marie Melanie d'Hervillv Gohier, daughter of a painter who had been adopted by HH HISTORY OF HOAICEOPATHY a prominent Frenchman. She had heard of Hahnemann, and on visiting him they were mutually attracted. He made a will giving his children most of his property, and on January 28, 1835, he married ; and on the first day of* Whitsuntide of the same year he departed from Coethen with his bride. His children and grandchildren dined with them at Halle, and the doctor and his wife went on to Paris. Madame Hahnemann was a woman of ability, an artist and poetess, and she soon became also a physician. She was of good family and the life became a gay and busy one. They lived in style in a fashionable part of the city. Soon Hahnemann, though it was supposed that he intended to rest from his labors at Paris, was engaged in a larger and more exacting practice than he ever before had, and contrary to the old custom he now made visits, driving about in his carriage after the manner of other city physicians. His clientage constantly increased, and although he had given away most of his propert}^ oh leaving Germany, it is said that during the eight years of his life in Paris he earned 4,000,000 francs. The French Homoeopathic Society honored him by making him their honorary president, and his every birthday was made the occasion of a festival in his honor. Many distinguished strangers called on and recognized him as the founder of a new and successful school of medicine. His home life was happy; he enjoyed the opera and public receptions, but he did no more liter- ary work. Death came at last to take away the great man, and calmly, trustingly, uncomplainingly, although at the last he suffered much, he passed away early in the morning of Sunday, July 2, 1843, gently whispering " I have not lived in vam." Previous to 181 1. the year in which Hahnemann established his school in Leipsic, none but himself had practiced his system. But now with the students from the university attending his lectures and becoming one by one convinced of the truth of homoeopathy, they also began to practice quietly. The first of them to embrace homoeopathy was Johann Ernst Stapf. who studied the new system as early as 181 1, and in 1812 practiced with onlv the remedies mentioned in the first volume of " Materia Medica Pura." Hart- mann says that in 1814 Stapf was no longer living in Leipsic, but came occa- sionally from Naumburg. where he was established, to visit his old friends. He was the first pupil of Hahnemann and was very near and dear to him. From 1812 to 1821 the lectures by Hahnemann were delivered semi- annually on Wednesdav and Saturday afternoons. These were attended bv both students and physicians. During this time Hahnemann was at work on his "Materia Medica Pura." The first volume had been published in 181 1; the second and third were issued in 1816-17: the fourth in 1818; the fifth in 1819. and the sixth in 1821. This consisted of a record of the svmptoms resulting from various medicinal substances that had been proven upon them- selves by a number of the young men who were attending Hahnemann's lectures. 'I hcsc men had organized themselves into a Provers' Union, subject to the control and advice of the master. The members were Stapf, Gross, Hornburg. Franz, Wislicenus, Teuthorn, Herrmann. Reuckert. Langham- mcr and Hartmann ; and l)y means of this devoted band homoeopathv was introduced from the medical family of Hahnemann in Leipsic into the differ- ent parts of Germany. Johann Ernst Stapf was born September g. 1788, at Xaumburg. He was educated in the Nobility school of Xaumburg and Leipzig Universitv. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 89 He began to investigate as early as 1811 and was practicing homoeopathy at Naumburg as early as 1814. He was one of the stalwarts of German^ homoe- opathy. Gustav Wilhelm Gross, born at Kaltcnborn near Juterbogk, September 6, 1794, went to Leipsic in 1814 and there became acquainted with Hahnemann and his followers. He remained in Leipsic until 181 7, when, after taking his degree, January 6, 1817, he established himself in practice as a homoeopathic physician at Jtiterbogk, a small village between Leipsic and Berlin, near the Saxon frontier. Like the others he was exposed to much obloquy, but Ijccame one of the most eminent of the German practitioners. Christian Gottlob Hornburg, born at Chemnitz October 18. 1793, went to Leipsic to study theology m 1813. He attended Hahnemann's lectures on Dr. Georg Aug. Bcnj. Scliwcikt-rt. homoeopathy and decided to study medicine. He was one of those who prac- ticed homaopathy in Leipsic and became involved in the trials and fines that overwhelmed the students of Hahnemann in 18 19. It is said that his case of medicines was taken from him by the authorities in November, 1819, and was burned with considerable public formality in the Paulina (St. Paul's) cemetcrv. His early death is said to have been due to bitter persecution by the relentless enemies of homoeopathy. Karl (iottlob Pranz, born at Plaucn. May 8, 1795. went to Leipsic in 18 [4 and .'^oon became assistant to Hahnemann. He remained in Leipsic until 1825 and then went to \'ienna as physician to a lady of noble family, who wished homoeopathic treatment. 40 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY W. E. Wislicenus introduced homoeopathy into Eisenach in the duchy of Weimar, at an early date. He had been of the Leipsic coterie. It is said that in 1821 he made trials of horaoeopathy in the Garrison hospital at Berlin, which was under control of the military surgeons. The results were favorable to homoeopathy. The hospital doctors took away the journal in which he had recorded the results of his experiments, to read, but in spite of his earnest €ntreaties for its return they would not bring it back. Ernst Ferdinand Rueckert was born near Herrnhut, March 3, 1795. He went to Leipsic m 18 12, and was one of the first of Hahnemann's pupils. From 1816 to 1817 he visited the Medico-Chirurgical Academy at Dresden. He first settled at Grimma, but soon went to Mutchen and soon after again changed location, going to Bernstadt in 1819. He practiced homoeopathy in a number of other localities in Germany and was instrumental in spreading the new doctrine. A distinguished follower of Hahnemann was Franz Hartmann, who was born in Delitsch May 18, 1796, and who joined the disciples of the new medical faith in 1814. After passing certain examinations and after some persecution, he finally (1821) located at Zschopau as a practicing physician. Although he covered up his homoeopathic practice to a certain extent the variations in his m.ethods and the brilliant cures he made caused remark and tended to spread the new doctrine. Frederick Flahnemann had also practiced for a time in an erratic way in Wolkenstein, a neighboring town, and homoe- opathy was not unknown in that vicinitv. Hartmann removed to Leipsic in 1826. Previous to the opening of the Medical Institute by Hahnemann in Leipsic in 1 81 2, the story of homoeopathy is embraced in the life of its founder. From 1 81 2 to 1821 many enthusiastic students were being educated to become future missionaries in disseminating the principles of the new school. Medi- cines Avere being proven, and faith in their efficacy was made stronger by ill- founded and wanton persecution both of Hahnemann and his pupils. When in 1821 the master gladly accepted the peaceful home at Coethcn a new epoch was begun in the history of homoeopathy. Previous to this Hahnemann had exercised more or less control over his students, but now they were located in diiTerent towns and began to act independently. It was not long before there were homoeopathic practitioners in many localities in Germany and other countries. Hahnemann from Coethen advised his followers and many physicians journe\cd there to visit and learn from him. In 1 82 1 Dr. Stapf established at Leipsic a journal devoted to homoeopathy. It was an octavo, issued three times a year, and was called " Archiv fur die homoopathische Heilkunst " (Archives for Homoeopathic Healing). This was the first magazine ever published in the interest of homoeopathy. On the reverse of the title of each number is a quotation from Romeo and Juliet that seems to prove that Shakespeare must have heard of the principle of similia : "Tut. man, one fire burns out another's burning; One pain is lessened bv another's anguish, Turn giddy and be holn by backward turning; One desperate grief cures with another's languish. Take thou some new infection to the eye. • And the rank poison of the old will die." The provers and the disciples wrote for this journal and it soon became an established power for the promotion of the new doctrine. HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 41 At this period, about 1821, Gross was practicing homceopathy at Juterbogk. Moritz Miiller and Carl Hatibold were settled at Leipsic, where the veterinary surgeon, Wilhelm Lux, also was located. He had employed homoeopathy in his practice since 1820, and to him the doctrine of isopathy'is due. He argued that every contagious disease carried in its own contagium the means of its cure, and therefore as a remedy for anthrax he diluted up to the thirtieth potency a drop of the blood from an animal afflicted with anthrax. He pre- pared in the same way other pathological products and took for a motto acqiialia aeqnalibus instead of similia similibns. In 1833 ^""^ published a small pamphlet entitled " Isopathy of Contagia," and in 1837 another called " Zooiasis or Homoeopathy in its Application to the Diseases of Animals." The opinions of Lux have had a decided elTect upon homoeopathic practice. t/" Dr. Carl Georg Ch. Hartlaub. In 1821 Drs. C. F. Trinks and Paul Wolf were located at Dresden. As early as 1819 one Dr. Gossner was practicing homoeopathy in OberhoUabrun in Lower Austria, and Dr. Mussek in Seefeld, a neighboring town. In Prague Dr. Marenzeller, military stafif surgeon, and attending physician to the Archduke John, was interested in homoeopathy. In Vienna' Professor S. Veith, as early as 1817. had become interested in the system through the army surgeon Krastiansky in Klattau. He and his brother, who was a pastor of St. Stephen's, practiced homoeopathy for years in Vienna, In 1823 Dr. Adam located in St. Petersburg. Russia. He had met Hahnemaim in Germany and became a convert to his teaching. Witliin two 42 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY years Dr. Stcii'eiiiann introduced homoeopathy into tlie provinces of the j{astern sea. At Dorpat he induced the cHnical ])rofessor, Sahmen, to experi- ment with homceojiathic remedies, and in 1825 he pubHshed a work on the suljject. In 1827 AT Marcus at Moscow expressed a leaning toward homoe- opathy. A convert of the time was Dr. Bigel, physician to the wife of th» Grand Duke Constantine in Warsaw. He had accompanied the duke to Dresden and during a fierce medical controversy that was raging was led to study Hahnemann's Organon. He became convinced of the truths contained therein, and in 1825 published his " Justification of the New Curative Method of Dr. Halinemann named Homccopathy." In 1829 he treated homoeopath- ically the inmates of a hospital in Warsaw for the children of soldiers. In. fact he introduced homoeopathy into Warsaw. In 1 82 1 Baron Francis Roller, an Austrian, had carried the Organon to [ ' ^ '; Naples and where a translation had I ■ I been made under the auspices of the Royal Academy. In 1822 he had called j to him Dr. George Necker, who had I been a student of Hahnemann and who ' was the first physician to practice homoeopathy in Italy. In May, 1823, he opened a homoeopathic dispensary for the poor in his own house in Naples. It was not long before Drs. Francisco Romani. Giuseppe Mauro and Cosmo Maria de Horatiis became converts. In 1 82 1 Dr. Hans Christian Lund, a medical practitioner of Copenhagen, then fifty-six years old, adopted homoe- opathy and introduced it in Denmark. He translated into Danish many books and pamphlets on the subject, and in ^^?>?) published a weekly paper. It is Dr. Julius Sihwrikni. claimed that Lund was the means of inducing Hans Burch Gram to investi- gate the teachings of honKeonathy. In 1S22 Dr. George A. H. Muhlenbein, an eminent practitioner of medi- cine in the duchy of Brunswick, became acquainted with the principles of homoeopathy by reading the '.'Materia Medica Pura," and he soon adopted it in his practice that extended over the whole of Northern Germany. He was born October 24. 1764. at Konigslutter, and died at Schoeningcn' Tanuarv 8, 1845. ■ " Aloritz Wilheim Miiller. one of the bright lights of the allcjpathic pro- fession in Germany, became a convert to homceopathy in 1819. Hartmann thus mentions his conversion : " I remember very well that time in the vear 1819 when Miiller sent his amanuensis to me with the request to lend him for a short time ni}- copy of the Organon to read through. Shaking my head. I handed it to him with the remark that so celebrated a star of the first mag- nitude in the allopathic firmanent would hardly accept homceopathv with firm faith. But as we are sometimes deceived in this life it was so in this case." Miiller became one of the most aggressive of the homoeopathists and was for HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 4a many years a prominent factor in the advancement of hom(jeoi)athv in (ier- many. His home was in Leipsic. Dr. Fischer of Brunn used homoeopathic remedies before 1825 in Eibcn- shutz, Saar and Rossitz, in Moravia. In Brunn he had two alHes, Steigen- tisch, a merchant, and Albrecht, a government official. The former had gone through a course of surgery and had performed medical service in the army. He treated chronic cases and had many adherents, chiefly among the higher classes. Albrecht was a correspondent of Hahnemann and devoted himself to the preparation of homoeopathic remedies. He also was successful as a practitioner. He was not a physician but was closely identified with the his- tory of homoeopathy. In 185 1 he published a biographical sketch of Hahne- mann. 44 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY CHAPTER HI HOMOEOPATHY IN NEW YORK. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. Introductory Observations — Condition of Homoeopathy at the Time of Gram's Arrival in America— He Settles in New York — His Practice and Followers — Homoeopathic Medical Societies, State and Local — Hospitals and Charitable Institutions — The Pioneers of Homoeopathy in New York. At the end of the first quarter of the nineteenth century homoeopathy in Europe was in a satisfactory condition, increasing in popularity, and its exem- plars were daily performing good works. Hahnemann at Coethen was busy with his pen, his fertile brain evolving and sending forth into the world new- principles for the guidance of his followers, encouraging them with sugges- tion and advice ; and he was contented, his mind at peace with itself, and he with the world, and his personal comfort was equally assured. His Organon had passed its third Germ.an edition, was translated into French and his " Materia Medica Pura " in six volumes had been issued in its second edi- tion. The school of medicine he had founded was then planted and firmly rooted 'in nearly all the stronger European countries, but as yet the English speaking people had not shown an inclination to accept the doctrine, or even to investi- gate it, but had brushed it aside as a worthless invention put before a credu- lous public for purposes of personal gain. Such were the conditions with reference to the homoeopathic school of medicine at the time of which we write, about the year 1825, when the whole number of its practitioners probablv numbered less than an hundred men, and they equipped with not more than the limited knowledge acquired from the study of such works as then were published on the subject. But out of this comparative darkness there came a man of education and refinement, if not of strong determination of character, and to him fell the lot of bearing the gospel of homoeopathy across the Atlantic ocean to free America. There was no unusual circumstance attending the voyage of Gram to America, nor did he come for the especial purpose of proclaiming a new doctrine in medicine to the people. Indeed; his purpose appears to have been quite to the contrary, for then he possessed a competency, and his return to the land of his birth was in the nature of a home-coming with its attending enjoyments in a wide circle of friendships, which were his both then and afterward throughout the period of his interesting life. In the course of time Gram came to the city of New York, to visit with relatives, and there was nothing then that indicated an inclination to take up the practice of medicine until reverses of fortune compelled him to resume that avocation as a means of livelihood ; and thus by force of circumstances — necessity is a hard master — Hans Burch Gram became the pioneer of homoe- opathy in America. Had misfortune overtaken him in Maine, where he first landed, the pleasant distinction would have been accorded to the Pine Tree rather than the Empire state. HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 45^ Gram stood alone in the practice of medicine according to the law of simi- lars less than two years, and within the next ten years nine were gathered together in the name of homceopathy and organized themselves into that whicb they called the New York Homoeopathic Society, of which Gray was the honored head, while its membership included the entire coterie of Hahne- mannians — Strong, Baxter, Vanderburgh, Seymour, Lohse, Hull, Wilsey, Pat- terson, Strong, Butler and Bock, physicians and believers but not all active in the practice of medicine at that time. Seven years later, 1841, the New York Homoeopathic Physicians Society- was organized in the city and admitted only medical practitioners to the benefit of membership ; but its life was short and it passed out of existence in the course of six or seven years. Just a little later New York city and the com- monwealth was chiefly instrumental in organizing the American Institute of Homoeopathy, the national society, whose province was then, as now, to safe- L;uard the homoeopathic profession and practice against the wiles and schemes- f those who would bring its principles and practice into ridicule and disre- pute. The purpose of the institute was and is perfectly honorable ; its prin- ciples are securely based in established truth, and its functions always have l)cen administered so as to elevate the profession and hold between it and alt unworthy methods an impassable barrier. Even before the organization of the institute the gospel of the school it fostered and maintained had spread out into remote parts of the state, and' through its instrumentality societies were organized, many of them to continue^ in life and usefulness to the present time, and a few to fall by the wayside and pass into history in the ephemera of homoeopathy. In the state in 1852^ three hundred and one homoeopathic practitioners were at work, and five years later the number had increased to four hundred and fifty-three. In 1870 the number was seven hundred and twenty-seven ; in 1880, nine hundred and sixty-eight: in 1899 twelve hundred and three, and in ,1904 twelve hundred and six — more than a full regiment of professional soldiers, including many offi- cers, and in the ranks about one-sixth of the whole are those who abandoned the allopathic and allied hosts to combat the ills of life under the standard set up by Hahnemann something more than a century ago. The old homoeopathic profession in New York did something more than organize societies for mutual benefit and protection ; something more than merely work out the salvation and conversion of hundreds of medical practi- tioners who were dissatisfied with the harsh and arbitrary requirements of the allopathic school, and something more than recruit its ranks with dis- sentients from the eclectic school. The homoeopathic profession through welf directed efifort made early and careful provision for the thorough education of its representatives in the world of medicine, in the establishment of boards of examination to exercise censorship of the qualifications of practitioners and others who aspired to the homoeopathic ranks. And as soon as the schooF had become well grounded in the state an earnest eflfort was made to estab- lish an institution of medical instruction. In this respect, however, Pennsyl- vania preceded New York by several years, and through the endeavors of Hering, Wesselhoeft, Detwiller and others, founded Allcntown Academy, the first institution of its kind in the world, and which ended its career after about six rears of indifferent success. It was followed in 1848 by the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, with a seat of operation in Philadelphia. However, in 1846 a petition was presented to the legislature of New York: 46 HISTORY OF nOMCEOFATHY prayinj^ for an act of incorporation of a homoeopathic medical college to be located at Auburn, but the application was not favored by the legislative com- mittee and the enterprise was compelled to be abandoned. It was not that the legislature itself opposed the proposition to charter the college, but the influence of the allopathic profession was strong enough to sway the legisla- tive mind and accomplish the defeat of the measure. The effort was renewed in 1853 under the influence of the state homoeopathic medical society, and while more material progress w^as made at that time the project was again abandoned, although provision was made in another way for the education •of those who sought to practice homoeopathic medicine. The first perma- nent school of homoeopathic medical instruction in this state was founded in i860, and from that time has been an active factor in the history of the pro- fession not only in New York. l:)ut throughout America. Such is a mere glance at homoeop- athy in the state since Gram's advent into its history in 1825. The retro- spect has been brief, and little attention has been given to the lives and works of the pioneers or those who followed him in the profession, that branch of the subject being reserved for detailed mention in later pages. In the early history of homoeop- athy in the state its votaries were fre- quently subjected to indignity and in- sult at the hands of their inconsiderate brethren of the allopathic school, and as the right to license physicians was vested in that school through its socie- ties and officers, the latter were never slow in showing proper appreciation of duty by refusing homoeopathic ap- plicants license to practice, and if any attempted so to do without the re- quired authority, the offenders were promptly brought to bar under charge.^ of malj)ractice or any other " trumped-up " complaints that would best serve the purjxjse of tlie dominant school and keep the homoeopath out of the professional field. As a matter of fact the first practitioners of homoeopathy in New York city were subjected to persecution as well as prosecution by the opposing school but the first open act of mean hostility was displayed in 1843, when Drs. Hull and Wells applied for membership in the Kings County Medical Society. The ai)plications had been made in due form, all the requirements had been complied with, their qualifications were unquestioned, for they were thoroughly educated physicians, but thev were rejected because they were homa^opaths. and for no other reason. Wells accepted his rejection, but Hull, of more determined character, brought the matter into court, and after the suit had been dragged along through sixteen years of tedious routine, it was jlaiis Iriiirch dram, M. D. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 47 linally decided in his favor. Then the society with much condescension oltered him a seat in its councils, but with his characteristic determination he coldly declined the honor. These incidents of persecution and petty annoyance of homoeopathic practitioners by the narrow partisans of allopathy are only a few of the hun- dreds of similar proceedings indulged in; and while they served the purpose >f a temporary expedient, they accomplished no good results for their own l)rofession, and only served to draw more closely together those who were the victims of their venomous attacks, and at the same time aroused public sen- riment in sympathy with the persecuted school. As the law stood in 1844 all physicians not members of the county so- ciety, or who had not the diploma of an incorporated medical college, were presumed to be practicing without license, and therefore liable to prosecu- tion and punishment; and under the provisions of the law then on the statute books the allopaths enjoyed a rich harvest of persecution by refusing mem- bership to homoeopathic applicants and then prosecuting them for unlawfully practicing medicine. This period of oppression continued until along about 1855, when the legislature first showed a disposition to recognize the right of the homoeopath to live and move and have his being. During the next year an act passed the senate to authorize the incorporation of homoeopathic so- cieties, but for some reason the bill "hung fire" in the lower house and failed to pass. In the next year, however, the act was revived, passed both branches of the legislature, and was approved by the governor, April 13. 1857. This act always has been referred to as that "legalizing" homoeopathy in the state of New York, which is a misnomer, and presupposes at some time in the historv of homoeopathy in the state that its practice was illegal, which never was the case. However this may have been, the legalizing act was secured largely through the influence of the Homoeopathic Medical So- ciety of Northern New York. Since that time the state has given reasonably fair treatment to the claims of the homoeopathic school, although no favors ever have been asked, and under the laws now in force the regents of the university have supervision of the regulations and requirements of admission to practice medicine : and under established provisions homoeopathy stands on just the same footing as th.e allopathic school, with an equal standard of efficiency and proficiency in its disciples. But notwithstanding the so-called legalizing act of 1857, homoeopathy was frequentlv afterward the target for allopathic shafts, and the spirit of venom and malice was not at any time more strikingly shown than just be- fore and during the war of 1861-1865. In treating of the incidents of this period free use is made of the writings of contemporary historians. Says one of them : In 1861 Dr. T. D. Stow endeavored to procure a surgeoncy in a regi-fient of volunteers. He made application in due form and fulfilled all the requirements of the law, but was rejected because he was a homoeopath. At the beginning of the war the homoeopaths made strenuous cfiforts to "be admitted as army surgeons and to the army hospitals ; many of the men in the regiments preferred houKeopathic treatment, but were denied it. Much was published at the time on the subject, and detailed accounts are to be found in the "Transactions" of the New York State Homoeopathic Medical Society. This societv took a decided stand for the introduction of homoeopathy in the army, claiming it as a right, but that right was challenged and refused "by the allopathic authorities who were in power. But the most conspicuous 48 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY attempt to crush homoeopathy, and which excited the indignation of the entire country, was the contemptible action of \^an Armar^, an official of the pensions department, who made the wonderful discovery in 1870 that Dr. Spooner, a homoeopathic physician at Oneida, New York, was also pension surgeon and examiner ; and for this offense against the allopathic sense of fitness Spooner was deposed. But homceopathv refused to submit tamely to this gratuitous insult and promptly applied itself at the doors of the proper authorities in Washington, and with such vigor and energy that the over-hasty official was given an opportunity to resign. Soon afterward both houses of congress passed an act providing that all appointments to medical service under the government should be open to all graduates of legally chartered institutions, without reference to preferred theories of treatment. NEW YORK HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL SOCIETY The first gathering of physicians for the purpose of forming a homoe- opathic medical society in New York state was held at the common council room in the city hall m Albany, ]\Iay 15, 1850. The organization then per- fected was called Academy of Medicine of the State of New York. At the first annual meeting held in Albany, February 19, 1851, the name was changed to Homoeopathic Medical Society of the State of New York. It was com- posed of individual members and was not a representative body. The meet- ing was called to order by Dr. John F. Gray of New York city. Dr. D. Oiase of Palmyra was chosen president, and Dr. H. D. Paine of Albany, secretary. The following regular officers were then elected : President, J. M. Ward, Albany; vice-presidents, D. Chase, P'almyra, R. S. Bryan, Troy, A. S. Ball,. New York ; secretary, H. D. Paine, Albany. The society held annual meet- ings at different places until 1859, after which for two years there were no meetings. A general feeling existed among the homoeopathic physicians of the state that a new society should be organized as a thoroughly representa- tive body, consisting of delegates from the various county and other societies in the state, and pursuant to a call by the members of the Homoeopathic Medi- cal Society of Oneida County, a meeting was held at Albany, February 28, 1861, composed mostly of such delegates. Dr. H. D. Paine, who was still secretary of the old society, called the meeting to order. Dr. L. B. Wells was chosen chairman, and H. M. Smith and H. M. Paine, secretaries. The following officers were then elected : President, A. E. Potter, Oswego ; vice- presidents, S. A. Cook, Troy, A. R. Wright, Buffalo, C. Ormes, Panama; secretary, H. M. Paine, Clinton; treasurer, ]. W. Cox. Albanv ; censors, from eight districts, Drs. T. Franklin Smith, H. Beaklev, W. S. Searle, B. F. Cor- nell, W. H. Watson, J. R. White, C. W. Boyce and A. S. Couch. An act of incorporation was procured April 17, 1862, and at a meeting held in Albanv,. May 6, 1862, it was decided to proceed as if the society had not before existed. At this meeting the following officers were elected : ^ President, Jacob Beak- ley. New York: vice-presidents, A. R. Wright. Buffalo, E. A. Munger, Wa- terville, W'. S. Searle. Troy ; secretary, H. M. Paine, Clinton ; treasurer, L. B. Wells. Utica. This society is still in active existence, and meets annually in February at Albany, and semi-annually in various cities in September. Members in 1903, 494. It has published transactions, addresses, etc., from the time of organization. The volumes from 1863 (Vol. I.) have been issued at the expense of the state. Yoh. I to XT are large octavo of from 200 to 1.200 pages. From 1874 the volume? have been bound in paper. The series of HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 49 transactions were largely compiled by Dr. H. M. Paine, who has been called the "Homoeopathic Organizer." They are rich in history, biography and sta- tistics of the growth of American homoeopathy. The fiftieth anniversary of the society was celebrated in Brooklyn, October 3-5, 1900. The Homoeopathic Society of Central New York, a branch of the Ameri- can Institute of Homoeopathy, had its origin in an informal meeting held in Syracuse", September 13, 1849, fo^ the purpose of promoting the interests of homoeopathy. Dr. A. L. Kellogg of Bridgewater was appointed chairman, and Dr. Augustus Pool of Oswego, secretary. The follow'ing committee of correspondence was appointed to perfect a plan of organization : S. W. Stew- art and Fred Humphreys of Utica. and E. A. Alunger of Waterville. This committee called a meeting at the National hotel in Utica, January 16, 1850, at which time the society w^as regularly organized and the following officers were chosen : President, A. L. Kellogg, Bridgewater ; vice-president, L. B. Wells, Pompey; corresponding secretary, Fred Humphreys, Utica; record- ing secretary, E. A. Munger, Waterville ; censors, S. W. Stewart, F. Hum- phreys, H. R. Foote, Leveritt Bishop, J. C. Raymond. Met semi-annually and annually in January. The society was continued but a few years. The "Min- utes" were published in 1850. The society made an exhaustive proving of the apis mellifica. which was publislied in pamphlet form. The Central New York Homoeopathic Medical Society was the out- growth of a convention of homoeopathic physicians of the counties of Broome, Cayuga, Cortland, Jefferson, Madison, Ontario, Oneida, Onondaga, Oswego, Seneca and Wayne, held at Syracuse May i, 1866. Officers elected: Presi- dent, Lyman Clary, Syracuse ; vice-president, E. A. Potter, Oswego ; secre- tary, E. R. Heath, Palmyra. It is still in active existence. At first it met quarterly in September, December and March, the annual meeting being in June. It still meets in Rochester and Syracuse, but the annual meeting is held in September in the latter city. Members in 1903, 40. Transactions have been published irregularly. The Flomoeopathic Medical Academy of the State of New York, includes in its membership physicians of Yates. Ontario and Steuben and neighlwring counties. It was organized at Penn Yan, January i, 1853, wnder the law of 1848. First officers : President. Geo. W. Malin, Jerusalem ; vice-president, Richard Huson. Dundee ; secretary. Samuel K. Huson, Dundee ; treasurer. O. W. Noble, Penn Yan. The academy met quarterly in April, July and Octo- ber at dift'erent places. The annual meeting was held in January. The Homoeopathic Medical vSociety of Northern New York was organ- ized at Fort Ann. Washington county. October 16, 1852. Seven homoeopatliic physicians residing in Washington and Saratoga counties had formed an as- sociation called the Homoeopathic Medical Society of the Counties of Washing- ton and Saratoga, of which the society here considered is the outgrowth. The following officers were chosen at that meeting; President, B. F. Cornell, Mcreau Station ; vice-president, E. B. Cole, Easton ; secretarv, S. G. Perkins, Waterford : treasurer, W. G. Walcott, Whitehall : censors, Z. Clements, Vic- tory Mills, D. J. Easton. Saratoga Springs. W. G. Walcott, Whitehall. Met semi-annually. Migratory. Additions from the counties of Rensselaer. Schcncctadv and Warren greatlv enlarged the society, and it was decided to call it the Homoeopathic Medical Society of Northern New York. It was in- corporated in 1857. To this society belongs the honor of oriHnating the movement to secure legal rights tor the homoeopathic societies of New York 50 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY state. At a meeting in 1856 a committee was appointed to memorialize the leg- islature to that effect, and a bill was passed April 13, 1857. In July, 1859, ^ committee of correspondence was appointed to urge the organization of county medical societies and to elect delegates to the meeting of the state society. A circular was to have been issued, but in the meantime the Oneida County Homoeopathic Society had issued such a document without knowledge of the action of the northern society. Although the Oneida county members took the active part at a meeting of the state society on February 10, 1863, ^^^^ credit was given to the initiative work of the northern society. It met an- nually in January, and was discontinued some years ago. The Southern Tier Homoeopathic Medical Society was organized at El- mira. Jainiary 20, 1874. First officers: President. Henry Sayles, Elmira; vice-president, \V. S. Purdy, Corning; secretary and treasurer, W. J. Bryan, Corning: incorporated April 16, 1878; published for a short time a journal "The Regular Physician," Dr. A. P. Hollett, editor : no transactions ; still existent. The annual meeting is held at Corning in January : quarterly meet- ings in April, July and October in different places. Members in 1903, 21. The Western New York Homoeopathic Society was organized at Water- loo, Seneca county, in 1845, '^"d meetings were provided to be held at the call of the secretary. The first officers were C. D. Williams of Geneva, president ; H. H. Cator of Syracuse, vice-president ; A. Childs of Waterloo, secretary. The society published its proceedings in 1852, at wdiich time, and indeed from the year of its organization, it occupied a position of prominence in homoe- opalhic medical circles in Western New York and enjoyed the honor of hav- ing taken the first steps toward the establishment of a homoeopathic medi- cal college in New York state. The undertaking failed of success, however, but the ambition of its promoters is worthy of commendation and special men- tion. The society became decadent in the course of a few years, but was re- vived at a meeting held in Buffalo. February 28, 1852, and then took the name, of "Homoeopathic Association of \\^estern New York and Branch of the Ameri- can Institute of Homoeopathy." The first officers after the reorganization were A. W. Grav, president : I. J. ]Meacham, D. A. Baldwin, C. C. Crossfield, L. N. Kenyon, t. C. Schell, S. Z. Haven, F. Ehrman, W. H. Bell, A. Childs and C. Parker, vice-presidents; J. L. Gage, secretary; J. F. Baker, treasurer. The society continued in existence onh' a few vears after the reorganization, but during its brief career was an instrument of much good in the homoe- opathic profession in \\'cstern New York. The Western New York Homoeopathic ISIedical Society was organized j at the Tifft house, Buffalo, .-\pril 10, 1885. First officers: President, L. M.j Kenyon, Buffalo: vice-presidents, J. F. Baker, Batavia. W. B. Gifford, At« tica ; recording secretarv. los. T. Cook, Buffalo: treasurer. E. P. Hussey, Buf- falo: censors. A. R. \\'right, F. D. Ormes. S. W. Hurd. J. D. Zwetsch, A. M. Cunis. Quarterly meetings are held in different places in July, October and. January. The annual meeting is held in April in Buffalo and Rochester, alternately. Members in 1003, 160. The society celebrated its first anniver- sary with a banquet on Hahnemann's birthday, in union with the Monroe; County Homoeopathic Medical Society. The Medico-Chirurgical Society of Central New York was organized in 1896. and is not incorporated. It m.eets annuallv in Svracuse in June, and semi-annually in different i:)laccs in December. Membership in 1903, 72. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 51 The Hudson River Homoeopathic IMedical Society was organized at Poughkeepsie in 1874. The county medical societies of the state, with year of organization, are as follows: Albany county, January, i860; Allegheny, July 10, 1883; Broome, 1863; Cayuga, February 16, i860; Chautauqua and Cattaraugas, 1863; Chemung, including Steuben and Schuyler, February 5, 1861 ; Chenango, September 27. 1871 ; Columbia and Greene, October i, 1861 ; Dutchess, No- vember 2y, 1861 ; Erie, December 14, 1859; Kings, November 12, 1857; Liv- ingston, December i, 1857; Madison, January 4, 1865; Monroe, January 2, 1866; Montgomery (including Fulton), February 4, 1869; New York, Aug- ust 13, 1857; Niagara and Orleans, October 3, 1871 ; Oneida, October 20, 1857; Onondaga, 1862; Ontario and Yates, 1862; Orange. February 28, 1852; Oswego, January 23, 1S61 ; Otsego, June 20, i860; Queens, June, 1873; Rensselaer, June 9, 1859: Saratoga. 1863; Schuyler, 1850; Seneca, Septem- ber 26, 1872; Steuben, ]\Iay 25. 1867; St. Lawrence, October 4, 1871 ; Tioga, I\Iain Entrance Middletovvn State liomccopathic Hospital. July 29, 1870; Tompkins, Cortland and Tioga, September 25, 1874; Ulster, May 10, 1865 : Washington and Warren, October 16, 1852 ; Wayne, February 9, 1864; Westchester, February i, 1865. In the establishment of institutions of charitable and benevolent charac- ter homoeopathy secured an early foothold and worked with comfhendable zeal until the school became well represented in all the larger municipalities of the state ; but among the several early endeavors at founding institutions that which led to the ultimate establishment of a state hospital for insane patients is of first importance. MIDDLETOWN STATE HOMOEOPATHIC HOSPITAL This institution was originally founded in pursuance of an act of the legislature passed April 28, 1870, establishing at Middletown. in Orange county, a state lunatic asylum for "the care and treatment of the insane and the inebriate upon the principles of medicine known as homoeopathic." The movement, however, which led to the ultimate establishment of the hospital had its inception in the address of John Stanton Gould before the State Homoe- 52 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY opathic Medical Society at its session in Albany in February, 1866. The sub- ject of the orator's discourse was "The Relation of Insanity to Bodily Dis- ease," and in the course of his remarks attention was called to the necessity of a new state asylum for lunatics in the southern tier counties of the state, and claimed as a matter of justice that when organized the institution should be placed under the homoeopathic school of medicine. This seems to have been the crystallizing point of the earnest desire of the homoeopathic profession throughout the state, for at the next meeting of the state society in February, 1867, a resolution was offered by Dr. Paine of Albany to the effect that "Whereas, a bill authorizing the erection of a new lunatic asylum is now pending before the legislature," therefore a committee should be appointed to prepare a memorial asking "for such action as shall place said institution under the care of the homoeopathic school." But notwithstanding the laudable efforts of the advocates of the enter- prise and their apparent zeal for its consummation, nothing was accomplished until some years afterward. In the meantime, however, Dr. Hilon Doty had come forward with a proposition to turn over his private asylum, "Margaretts- ville Retreat for the Insane," to a board of trustees or managers of an incor- porated institution under homoeopathic control, and wdiile an act of incorpora- tion was secured in 1869 through the influence of the state medical society, nothing was done until December of that year, when Dr. George E. Foote of Middletown presented to the homoeopathic profession a plan to establish an insane asylum, founded by subscription and endowment, and organized as a close corporation. This proposition met with favor, and sufficient subscrip- tions were received to insure success, but it soon became necessary to give the institution a more public character and to enlist state support. Accord- ingly, it was planned to make it a state asylum ; the time was deemed ripe for such a movement, and the governor in his last message had pointed out the need of better and more accommodations for the insane charges upon the public bounty. The friends of the movement were quick to see their opportunity and threw themselves earnestly into the work, leaving no* stone unturned until their desires were gratified in the passage of an act, April 28, 1870, establishing a state lunatic asylum at Middletown under homoeopathic managem.ent. It was not the first homoeopathic asylum in the world, as has been asserted, but was the first of its kind in America under purely homoe- opathic management. It was formally opened for patients, April 20. 1874. The name was changed in conformity to the provisions of an act of the legis- lature, and then became known as ]\Iiddlctown State Homoeopathic Hospital. The Gowanda State HomcEopathic H^ospital had its inception in a reso- lution of the board of supervisors of Erie county, passed in 1888 in pursuance of an act of the legislature authorizing the erection and maintenance of a county homoeopathic insane asylum. Under the original authorization the necessary preliminary steps were taken, but after a few years the question of state ownership and support was discussed with much earnestness, with result in 1894 of such action on the part of the state as vested the ownership of the institution and its property in the commonwealth, and created what then was known as the Collins State Homoeopathic Hospital. This result, however, was not accomplished without determined action on the part of the homoeopathic profession ?nd particularly of its state and Western New York medical societies. The first trustees, now designated as managers, comprised Dr. A\'illiam Tod Helmuth, president ; Fred J. Black- ♦ HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 53 man, secretary ; and Dr. Asa S. Couch. This board was continued until 1897, when it was increased to seven members, constituted as follows : William Tod Helmuth of New York city, president; Dr. Asa S. Couch, of Fredonia, secretary ; Fred J. Blackman of Gowanda, treasurer ; Dr. Sidney F. Wilcox of New York city ; G. W. Seymour of Westfield ; F. D. Ormes of Jamestown ; and Dr. E. H. Walcott of Rochester. In 1899, by an act of the legislature, the name was changed to Gowanda State Homoeopathic Hospital. The insti- tution was opened for patients August i, 1898. The present managers are Dr. Eugene H. Porter of New York city, Fred J. Blackman of Gowanda, Frank W. Crandall of Westfield, Edwin H. Walcott of Rochester, and Erwin C Fisher of Gowanda. Superintendent, Dr. D. H. Arthur. The Brooklyn Homoeopathic Hospital resulted from the enlargement and modification of the old Brooklyn Homoeopathic Dispensary, which was in- corporated in December, 1852, and opened for patients in January of the fol- lowing year. This splendid charity was founded by Edward Dunham, father of Dr. Carroll Dunham, and was organized with seven trustees. In 1871 a ^ <: j^B^^^PoJalr W^^^^^^K ■■» fivm Main Building IMiddletown State Homoeopathic Hospital. ■special act of the legislature changed the name to the Brooklyn Homoeopathic Hospital, and authorized its trustees to buy, sell, lease or encumber real estate for the purposes of the corporation in establishing and maintaining the hospital. At the time the state appropriated $10,000 for the hospital, and a charity ball held at the Academy of Music in Brooklyn netted the trustees $3,000 more. In December, 1871, the trustees purchased the preinises and iDuilding formerly the property of the Brooklyn Orphan Asylum, made sev- eral important alterations, and formally opened it as their own hospital home on February 13, 1873; but such additions have been made in later years that the building bears little resemblance to its original self. The nurses' school in connection with the hospital was opened in 1878. In 1901 the hospital and property passed under the ownership of the citv of New York. The Children's Hospital of the Five Points "House of Industry was estab- lished under that name in 1886, yet its histor\^ dates to the year 1861. when old Dr. Joslin, of honored memory, was asked to give homoeopathic treatment to the sick children of the old house of industry. The hospital was the natural o4 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY and gradual outgrowth of the older institution and the building for its occu- pancy was erected in i8S6, the corner stone being laid in August of that year, while the formal opening was held in April. 1887. Since Dr. Joslin's time this institution has been conducted under homoeopathic management. The Woman's Infirmary Association of Washington Heights was organ- ized mainlv through the efiforts of the late Dr. J. W. Mitchell. It was incor- porated in October, 1863, opened May 19, 1864, and in 1868 was removed from its former location to the corner of Sixth avenue and West Forty-eighth street. In 1869 this charity was merged in the woman's department of Hahne- mann Hospital. The Albany City Homoeopathic Hospital was incorporated April 9, 1868, as the Albany Homoeopathic Dispensary, although a previous organization had been in existence since 1867. A new incorporation was effected October 30, 1872, at which time the institution took its present name. The first meet- ing of trustees was held November 6, 1872. The dispensary and hospital occupied the same building and were under the same management, although in a sense distinct organizations, but in May, 1875, they were united by act of the legislature under the name of Albany City Hospital and Dispensary. The institution always has been under homoeopathic control, and is supported by city appropriations, individual contributions and revenues derived from private patients. Hahnemann Hospital. New York city, is one of the noblest institutions of homoeopathy in America, and also is one of the most extensive of its kind in the world. The original hospital association w'as formed September 7, 1869, and on the evening of December 14 following a large meeting was held in the Union League Club theatre to inaugurate a movement to establish a homoeopathic hospital in the city. Dr. John F. Gray, one of the oldest and best representatives of his school in the city, was chairman of the meeting,, and imder his inspiration much enthusiasm was shown in the proceedings, and the movement W'hich before had been one of discussion only at once took more definite form. A building was secured at 307 East Fifty-fifth street,. and a hospital capable of accommodating fifteen patients w^as opened in Jan- uary, 1870, there being one ward for men and one for women. Dr. F. Seeger was the first medical director. The Ladies' Aid Society of the Hahnemann Hospital was organized ir» December. 1869, and at once took measures to raise funds for the hospital. The state, through the legislature, gave material aid to the association in the way of property rights to the value of from $70,000 to $80,000, and also gave through the charity appropriation bill $20,000: the city of New York appro- priated $10,000. In 1871 the trustees of the New Y^ork Homoeopathic Medi- cal College dispensary held a meeting to establish in connection with the col- lege a surgical hospital for clinical purposes. In this project, too, the ladies became interested and undertook to raise funds for a building bv a fair held in the spring of 1872, from which enterprise they realized the net sum of $35,- 000. With this fund the trustees purchased the property at 26 Gramercv park, but owing to opposition from, adjoining owners the site was abandoned for another at Thirty-seven<-h street and Lexington avenue. At this time there existed in New York three distinct hospital organiza- tions, all under the patronage of homoeopath v and its friends. These were the Hahnemann Hospital, the New York Homoeopathic Surq-ical Hospital and the New York Homoeopathic Hospital for ^^'omen and Children. After con- HISTORY OF HO^rCEOPATHY 55 siderable discussion these institutions were merged and consolidated under one organization in pursuance of an act of the legislature passed March 20, 1875. The new corporation at once set vigorously about the task of provid- ing a hospital home; the ladies association held another fair, and presented the trustees the neat sum of $25,000; the sum of $3,000 was acquired from other sources, and $15,000 was already in the treasury; the city gave the land at Fourth avenue and 67th and 68th streets, and on that site the erec- tion of a hospital was begun, the corner stone being laitl October 25. 1876. The hospital was formally opened October 31. 1878, and since that time has been one of the most useful charities of the cit\. The Brooklyn Maternity Hospital was organized under charter of Jan- uary 24, 1871, as the Brooklyn Homoeopathic Lying-in Asylum, and its ob- ject was to furnish patients exclusive homoeopathic treatment and care dur- ing confinement. In ]\Iarch, 1873, ^ children's nursery was established in connection with the hospital, and in October of the same year a training school Metropolilan Hospital. Ulickwcir^ Island. for nurses was organized, being llie first school for the exclusive and thor- ough training of nurses in this country, it was then known as the New York State School for Training Nurses. In 1873 the name of the hospital was changed from Brooklyn Homceopathic Fying-in .Asylum to T.rooklyn Mater- nity Hospital, as since and now known. The Brooklyn Nursery and Infant's llospit'il was incorporated and organ- ized August 7, 1871. as the Flatbush Inlustrial School and Nursery. The present name was adopted February 15. 1872. The institution is managed under honuieopathic supervision, and Is* supported l»y city appropriations and donations from j)rivate .sources. The I'.uffalo Homceopathic Hospital dates its historv from the year 1872, when application was made to the trustees of the RufYalo General Hospital for a ward to be set apart for such patients as preferred homoeopathic treat- ment : and wdiile it was proposed from the outset that the expense of the separate ward should be borne b>' friends and ]iatrons of homoeopathy, the 50 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY application was refused on the ground that th.e charter of the institution pro- hibited practice there of any other than representatives of the allopathic school. This refusal may have been justifiable under the strict construction of the terms of the charter, but it had the efifect to stimulate action on the part of friends of homoeopathy in the matter of establishing in the city a hos- pital which should be entirely under homoeopathic control. For that purpose an organization was perfected in August, 1872, in pursuance of an act of incorporation passed June 25 previously. Lands were at once secured, funds were raised, and in October of the same year the first homoeopathic hospital in Buffalo was formally opened. After two years the original property was sold and a new and more desirable site was secured. The nurses' home and nurses' school were established in 1887. The hosjiital with its auxiliary build- ings and associations is one of the most praiseworthy charitable institutions of the city, and in the public estimation occupies a position of importance. It has been the beneficiary of several notable donations, and the entertainments in its behalf have always attracted the favor of the substantial element of the community. The i\IetropoHtan Hospital on Blackwell's Island dates its history from the year 1894, and is the outgrowth of the older institution known in history as the New York Charity Hospital on Ward's Island. The latter institution was the result of a movement which originated as far back as 1857, when the homa'opathic profession in New York was making an earnest and honest endeavor to introduce its treatment in some of the great charities of the city. The efiforts then made were well directed but the petition presented to the authorities seems to have fallen into the hands of the old allopathic enemy, as the majority report of a select committee declared "that it would be both unwise and inexpedient to change the medical government of Bellevue Hos- pital, or place any portion of it in charge of a board of homoeopathic practi- tioners for the purpose of experimenting with that system of practice upon its inmates." The minority member of the same committee also made a re- port, but liis declarations availed nothing against those of the majority. Although the adverse report of the commissioners had not a disheartening ef- fect upon the hopes of the homoeopathic profession and its friends in the city, there was no further well organized attempt to introduce homoeopathv into the pul)lic charitable institutions until the winter of 1874-5. when the sub- ject of homoeopathic succe.'^s in general was being discussed in one of the leading clubs by several men of prominence in professional and ofificial circles. A narrative of the events of the occasion are not deemed important here, but the consensus of opinion inclined to the belief that the homoeopathic profes- sion was entitled to representation in the great charitable institutions of the city : and out of the opinions then well voiced there grew a petition which was so strongly reinforced with names of representative men that the commis- sioners of charities could not turn a deaf ear to its presentations, for it asked only tlie recognition of a right, and not a favor. The county homoeopathic society also took an active part in the movement, and as its result, on August 7, 1875. the commissioners agreed that a part of the old inebriate asylum on Ward's Island should be set apart for a hospital to be under the charge of homoeopathic physicians, subject to such rules as the charities department might establish. A homoeopathic medical board was created and held its first meeting September 4, 1875, at the residence of Dr. W. H. White, electing at that time these officers : Dr. Egbert Guernsey, president ; W. Hanford HISTORY OF trOMGEOPATHY 57 White, vice-president ; A. K. Hills, secretary. Dr. Selden H. Talcott was appointed chief-of-staff of the new hospital, and the first house staff comprised Drs. Duncan, Macfarlan, Madden, Sullivan and Nichols. On September 21 the New York State Homoeopathic Medical Society visited the hospital, and on October 15 the institution was formally opened for the reception of patients. On March 26, 1894, the Homoeopathic Hospital on Ward's Island ceased to exist, and on that date the patients from the homoeopathic hospital were transferred to Blackwell's Island, where the Metropolitan Hospital was estab- lished. Like its predecessor, it is under the care of the board of charities, but is in charge of homoeopathic practitioners, and one of the most useful aux- iliaries of the medical colleges of the greater city. The New York Homoeopathic Surgical Hospital was one of the three institutions that eventually merged to form the Hahnemann Hospital. It was opened at Fifty-fourth street and Broadway under the auspices of the Ladies' Aid Society, Jvme 4, 1875; the first patient was received June 18, 1875. The Memorial Hospital for Women and Children was incorporated and organized in 1883 as the Brooklyn Women's Homoeopathic Hospital and Dis- pensary, but later on the name was changed to that which heads this brief sketch. This is one of the splendid charities for which the city of Brooklyn is famous. It is supported by private contributions, private patients, and the earnings of the nurses' department. The institution in all its departments is managed by women alone. The Isabella Helmuth Hospital for the care and treatment of chronic invalids was founded in New York city in 1889. The Laura Franklin Free Hospital for Children, for several years one of the notable charities of New York city, was founded largely through the personal influence of the late Dr. Timothy Field Allen, the great homoe- opathic organizer and builder up of institutions. The hospital, however, was built by Mr. and Mrs. Franklin Delano as a memorial of their daughter. It was opened under homoeopathic supervision, November 9, 1886. and is located on One Hundred and Eleventh street between Fifth and Madison avenues. The House of the Good Samaritan I^eaconesses at Thirty-eighth street and Seventh avenue. New York city, an institution of the ^Methodist Episcopal ■church, and under homoeopathic medical supervision, was opened January 3, 1887, as an adjunct of the western dispensary. In 1889 it was united with Hahnemann Hospital. The Rochester Homoeopathic Hospital, one of the best institutions of its character in the state, is the outgrowth of a meeting of the iMonroe County Homoeopathic Medical Society held at Rochester in the spring of 1886. At that time the desirability of establishing a homoeopathic hospital was discussed, and a committee was appointed to select a site for a hospital building and arrange for its erection. The members of the committee were Drs. Sumner, Adams, Buell, Wolcott, Carr, Fowler, Dayfoot, Spencer and Lee. Hovvever. nothing definite was accomplished until May of the next year, when thirteen interested persons were incorporated as trustees of the Rochester Homoeopathic Hospital. The first meeting of the board was held December 4. 1888. A lot was soon afterward secured, buildings were erected and on the opening of the institution. September 18, 1889. visitors were greeted with a view of four splendid buildings — hospital, nurses house, dispensary and laijndry. The nurse's school was opened December i. 1889. In 1890 donations were re- ceived from Don Alonzo Watson and Mr. and Mrs. Hiram Sibley, amounting 58 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY in the aggregate to the sum of $30,000, which enabled the hospital corporation to free itself of debt. In 1892 the trustees secured additional lands, a desir- able tract of eight acres, and at once set about the erection of a series of mod- ern hospital buildings, adopting the then new but- now popular cottage plan of construction. The work was completed and the new buildings opened No- vember 21, 1894, and comprised a series of comfortable structures known re- spectively as the administration building, \\'atson pavilion, Sibley pavilion, Watson surgical pavilion, Hollister building, Brothers cottage, the morgue, and the kitchen building. The department of bacteriology was established in 1896, and the new maternity ward was built in 1899. Thus the trustees of the Rochester Homoeopathic Hospital have become possessed of one of the most complete institutions of its kind in the country, and one in which the people of Rochester feel pardonable pride. It is indeed the popular hospital of the city, and its corporation has at various times been made the recipient of generous benefactions. The Florence Hospital of New York city was established and incorporated in 1889, and was opened for patients in the following year. It was founded largely through the influence of the late Dr. William Tod Helmuth and the generosity of other friends of homoeopathy in the city. The Hargous Memorial Hahnemann Hospital of Rochester dates its his- tory from the year 1888, when certain homoeopathic physicians of the city became satisfied that the practice of medicine as approved by the majority of members of the Monroe County Homoeopathic INIedical Society was not in accord with the strict teachings of Hahnemann, and they therefore withdrew their membership in that organization and formed the Rochester Hahneman- nian Society and issued a circular advocating the founding of a hospital agree- able to the strict principles laid down by the founder — Hahnemann — in the Organon. The physicians most directly connected with the move- ment and who were chiefly instrumental in founding the hospital were Drs. Biegler, Schmitt. Johnson, Brownell, Carr. Grant, Hoard. Hermance and Nor- man. Several jneetings were held, which were attended by both physicians and laymen, an7l resulted in the organization of a hospital board. An incor- poration was effected April 4. 1889. but even before the act was passed Dr. Biegler had secured an option on the Judge Selden property on Oakland street, comprising three acres of land on an eminence commanding a view of the city. On February 5, 1889, the premises were leased, with the privilege to purchase at a later date. The Selden residence was at once refitted for its intended new occupancy ; an association of lady managers was formed in February, 1889. and on April 10 following (Hahnemann's birthday) the institution was formally opened, the orator of the occasion being Dr. Clarence Willard Butler of Montclair, New Jersev. and the subject of his address "An Appeal for Hahnemann's Homoeopathy."' \\'hen the trustees and managers desired to raise funds for the purchase of hospital property and the establishment of endowed beds, the nniltitude of friends of homoeopathy came to the relief of the corporation with generous donations. In August, 1890, Mrs. Appleton of Boston, daughter of Louis Stanislaus Hargous, gave the trustees the sum of $35,000 as a memorial of the professional services of Dr. Biegler to her family, and also a<; a means of expressing her gratitude to him and to homoeopathy. A gift also of $10,000 bv Susan Jeanette and Louis Stanislaus Hargous en- dowed free beds in the hospital, am! as an appreciation of these benefactions the hospital was given the name Hargous Memorial Hahnemann Hospital of HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 59 Rochester. A new building was erected in 1902, and since that time the insti- tution has occupied a new and advanced position among the charities of the city. The Buffalo Homoeopathic Hospital was founded and opened in 1892 for the especial purpose of furnishing dispensary treatment to patients who are unable to pay the ordinary physician's charges. The institution was founded through the generosity of several men of means, who were interested in phil- anthropic work. Its doors were opened lor patients June i, 1892. The Utica Homoeopathic Hospital at Utica, New York, was founded in 1895, and was opened for patients September 28 of that year. Among those diiectly concerned in the enterprise in its early history, and who also were its officers, were Dr. William H. Watson, president ; Dr. F. F. Laird, medical director; and Dr. M. O. Terry, surgeon-in-chief. A nurses' training school is conducted in connection with this hospital. The Syracuse Homoeopathic Hospital w^as founded in 1896. An organi- Utica HonnEopatliic Hospital. zation was effected in the early part of that year, and at a meeting of the Onondaga County Homa'0])athic Medical Society held in May a committee of the hospital trustees announced to the society that they had resolved upon the purchase of a site for a hospital building. An original hospital incorpora- tion had been effected in 1895, and just one year afterward the institution was ready for patients. The affairs of the association prospered for a time, then seemed to become decadent and in a bad way financially until the generous offer of a new site for a hospital building by John Lyman and wife awakened new and lively interest in its welfare. Mr. Lyman's deed of gift of the Salina street property bears date January t. 1903. The Harlem Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensary, New York city, was founded and opened in March. 1896. The Yonkers Homoeopathic Hospital and Maternity Home was establishcfl in 1896. The Mt. \^ernon Homoeopathic Hospital was incorporated anrl organized in 1897. 430 HISrOKV OF HOMCEOPATHY REMIXISCEXCES. The story of the origin and marvellous growth of homoeopathy in the United States had its beginning in the year 1825 in the city of New Vork, ■when Dr. Hans Burch Gram, a brilliant surgeon, physician and scholar, visited that city, where his brother, Xeils B. Gram, resided. Dr. Gram, an American by birth, had recently come from Copenhagen in Denmark, where he had been educated and where he had become a believer in the medical doctrines promul- gated by Hahnemann the founder. Thus, in America Gram was the lirst exemplar to teach and to practice medicine according to the law of homoe- opathy. Hans Burch Gram was the son of Hans Gram, w-hose father was a wealthy sea captain of Copenhagen. Hans Gram when a young man was private secre- tary to the governor of the Danish island of Santa Cruz. While travelling in the United States in 1782 or 1783 he became interested in a Miss Burdick, the daughter of a hotel keeper in Boston, where Gram was then living. He mar- ried her and for his action his father disinherited him, but relenting on his deathbed, left him his fortune. Mr. Gram settled permanently in Boston after his marriage, but the records of his life are m.eagre. At one time he was liv- ing in Cambridge and was an organist. He afterward lived on Common street, where he died in 1803. Mr. Gram on hearing of the death of his father prepared to leave Boston and return to his native land and receive his patri- mony, but the night before he was to have sailed for Denmark he was taken sick and died- in a few hours. His widow survived him but two years, dying in 1805, Hans Burch Gram, the son, a year later, in 1806, at the age of eighteen years, went to Copenhagen to claim the fortune left by his grandfather. He obtained a portion of it and was successful in finding friends and relatives willing to aid him. Prof. Fenger, physician-in-ordinary to the king, was his uncle, and through his favor Gram received a superior education. He was placed in the Royal Medical and Surgical Institution, and Dr. Fenger gave him every advantage of the other schools and later of the hospitals of \orthern Europe. Within a year after his arrival in Copenhagen he was appointed by the king assistant surgeon to a large military hospital. This appointment was preceded by a rigorous examination in Latin, Greek, philosophy, anatomy and minor surgery. He was officially connected with the hospital as surgeon during the last seven years of the Napoleonic wars, residing therein much of the time. In 1814 he resigned his position, having been advanced to the rank of surgeon, and won the highest grade of merit in the Royal Academy of Surgcrv, with the degree of C. M. L., the highest of three degrees. He then devoted himself to general practice in Copenhagen, and so successfullv that at the age of forty years he had acquired a competence for himself and also was enabled to assist the members of his family, all of whom had remained in the United States. During the years 1823 and 1824. Gram had become acquainted with the principles of homoeopathy and had tested the new system very carefullv on his own person and in his extensive practice, and had become convinced of the truth of the doctrines propounded by Hahnemann. But he longed to see his family in America, and therefore returned to the land of his birth. He sailed from Stockholm in the ship "William Penn." Captain William Thompson, and landed with him at ^Tount Desert, Maine, where he lived for some time as a HISTORY OF HOI^ICEOPATHY HI guest of Dr. Kendall Kittridge, the first doctor ever settled on the island. Gram afterward took passage with Captain Thompson for New York, where he landed some time in 1825 and where his brother, Neils B. Gram, was estab- lished in business. He lost his fortune by endorsing notes for this brother, who seems to have been unfortunate, and was obliged to resume the practice of medicine. It is probable that Gram was induced to return to America more because he believed he could disseminate the doctrines of homoeopathy than with any thought of entering into active practice. He was a ripe scholar and in Europe had been the associate of many learned men. However, he opened an office in New York, though on account of his modesty it was several years before he became well acquainted with his brothers in the profession. Gray says of him : "He was too modest by far in his intercourse with his fellow men. He was not diffident nor timid, for no surgeon knew better how to decide when or how any operation of the art should be performed, and very few, indeed, could operate with his skill and adroitness ; but in conversing with a fellow practitioner he very much preferred hearing the sentiments and opinions of others to delivering his own. He made it a rule never to express his opinions on scientific matters until they were sought for in detail. Yet Gram was apt and willing to converse and to teach." It is thought that he must have been a homoeopathist in Copenhagen for ten or twelve years previous to his depar- ture, and he claimed to have been one of the earliest of the European believ- ers. Desiring to call the attention of the medical profession of New York to the subject of homoeopathy, a few months after his settlement he made a translation of Hahnemann's " Geist der homoeopathischen Heil-lehre " and pub- lished it in a small pamphlet of twenty-four octavo pages, with the title " The Character of Homceopathy." This work was dedicated to Dr. David Hosack, at that time president of the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons and professor of theory and practice in that institution. This essay was first published in a German newspaper of March, 1813, and afterward in a volume of the second edition of the " Materia ^Nledica Pura."' It was printed in the form of a letter to Hosack, and was gratuitously distributed among the lead- ing members of the medical profession, and especially to the medical schools. Gram had long been away from the country and his English was liad.. His twenty years in Denmark gave this little missionary tract such a Danish- German-English grotesqueness and such complicated grammatical construc- tion that it was difficult to read understandingly. Gray doubted whether any one to whom it \Yas sent ever did read it. Hosack said he had not done so. Gram was greatly disappointed that the truth he so firmly believed in should be so coldly received, and with the exception of certain manuscripts afterward loaned to Eolger, and lost by him, nothing further was written by hiiii. 'i^his pamphlet was the first ever published in the United States on the subject of homoeopathy. Only one copy is known to exist, and that was presented by Mrs. Wilsev to Dr. Henry M. Smith and by him donated to the New York library. A powerful factor in the introduction of Gram to his fellows in New York was that he was an enthusiastic royal arch mason, and it was through the influence of the lodge room that he formed several close friendships with influential persons; he met Eolger at a masonic meeting. It is said that he was an officer in Jerusalem chapter No. 8, and took part in the exaltation of Foleer at an extra" meeting on Mav 2^, 1826. After the ceremony Gram intro- €2 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY duced himself to Folger and thus formed an acquaintance that lasted until the latter left the city, in 1828. Robert B. Folger, born in Hudson, X. Y.. in 1803, commenced the prac- tice of allopathic medicine in New York in 1824. For some time after he met Gram he ridiculed the new method of small doses, but in August, 1826, Gram, at Folger's request, treated successfully several cases that the latter had deemed incurable. He then became interested and began the study of German under Gram's tuition, reading with him the Organon and the " Materia Medica Pura." Folger began the practice of homoeopathy in 1827, but having no confidence in his own knowledge of the system, Gram accompanied him when he visited his patients. In 1828, on account of ill health, he was obliged to visit the south, M. O. Terry, M. D., L.CI1. S. N. Y and Gram bade him goodbye at the vessel when he sailed. During this time Folger was Gram's only student and assistant. After Folger went south his connection with Gram ceased and he did not again practice medicine. He re- turned to New York in 1835 and gave his attention to mercantile pursuits. During the first week of their acquaintance. Gram introduced the subject of homoeopathy, presented him with his pamphlet and with a manuscript article on the pharmacodynamic properties of drugs. While Folger was in North Carolina Gram determined to go there, and was to have joined him in Char- lotte in 1828. but reverses in business on Folger's part caused the project to be abandoned. In November. 1827. Gram was proposed for membership in the INIedical and Philosophical Society of New York, and was elected the following Feb- HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 63 ruary, initiated in June, 1828, and at the general meeting the next month was elected corresponding secretary. In July, 1830, he was elected president. He had taken a prominent part in all the proceedings of the society and in Janu- ary, 1829, proposed a plan of correspondence with the fellows, soliciting their co-operation in collecting facts, especially respecting diseases and remedies, whereby much knowledge could be obtained, erroneous opinions corrected, and sound doctrines become better known and appreciated. In September, 1826, Folger introduced Gram to Ferdinand Little Wilsey, a merchant, who also was a prominent mason and master of a lodge, in order that Gram might instruct him on certain important masonic points. Mr. Wil- sey was born in 57 Reade street, New York, June 23, 1797. A friendship was at once established between the successful merchant and the physician, and the former often entertained Gram at his house. Wilsey was a sufferer from dyspepsia and his own physician, Dr. John F. Gray, having failed to relieve him, he was induced to place himself in his friend's care, and thus became the first patient who was treated with homoeopathic remedies in the United States. The success of the treatment was such that Wilsey, who for some time had inclined toward the healing art, began the study of medicine under Gram, at the same time attending lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. He began practice in private, acquiring the title of doctor and quite a reputa- tion among his friends, with whom his medical services w-ere entirely gratui- tous. The panic of 1837 caused him to give up mercantile pursuits and, being somewhat reduced in fortune, his friends procured for him a situation in the custom house, which he accepted, still continuing his private practice. Dr. Wilsey received the medical degree from the College of Physicians in 1844. In 1845 lie joined a company for mining copper in Cuba, and sailed for that island to superintend operations. The project was a failure, his health became poor, and returning to New York, he at once opened an office and commenced for the first time the public practice of medicine. His efforts were successful and he amassed a considerable fortune. A few years previous to his death ill health caused him to give up practice and remove to Bergen, N. J., where he died May 11, i860. He was devotedly attached to Gram and remained so during his life; was his companion in his last illness, and the last at his final resting place. He was the first convert to the doctrines of homoeopathy in the United States, and also the first American who made any pretension to practice the same. Wilsey had frequently urged his old family physician. Dr. John Franklin Gray, to be introduced to Gram, but Gray considered him a quack and refused to meet him until in 1827, when in Wilsey 's store they be- came acquainted. Gray soon became interested in the new theory of cure and permitted himself to discuss it with Gram. It was with reluctance, how- ever, that he consented to Wilsey's placing himself under Gram's treatment for his dyspepsia. Dr. Grav thus told the story of Wilsey's conversion to homceopathy : "I had treated Wilsey for dvspepsia for a long time with such poor success that at his request I consented with much reluctance and almost boorishly to place him. under Dr. Gram's care, to test the value of the improved practice, lender his treatment the patient experienced early and marked benefits. At that time I ascribed the change to his improved diet. But as I could not answer Gram's arguments in support of the new method, and as my training, reading and ex- perience, which had been unusually extensive for so young a man. had failed to inspire me with confidence in any past or existing plan of therapeutics. I 64 HISTORY OF HOMQiOPATHY was soon ready to put the method of Hahnemann to the test of a fair and rigorous observation. Moreover, Gram's inimitable modesty in debate, and his earnest zeal for the good and the true in all ways and directions, and his vast culture in science and art, in history and philosophy, greatly surpassing in these respects any of the academic or medical professors I had known, very much shortened mv dialectic opposition to the new system. I selected three cases for the trial, the first, hemoptysis in a scrofulous girl, complicated with amenorrhoca; the second, mania puerperalis, of three months' standing; and the last, anasarca and ascites in an habitual drunkard. Following Gram's instructions, 1 furnished the proper registry of the symptoms in each case. He ])atiently and faithfully waded through the six volumes of Hahnemann's "Materia Medica" (luckily we had no manuals then) and prescribed a single remedy in each case. The first and third cases were promptly cured by a single dose of the remedy prescribed, and the conditions as to diet and moral impressions were so arranged by me (Gram did not see either of the patients) that, greatly to my surprise and joy, very little room was left for a doubt as to the efficacy of the specifics applied. The case of mania was perhaps the stronger testimony of the two. The patient w^as plated under the rule of diet for fourteen days previous to the administration of the remedy chosen by Gram. Not the slightest mitigation of the maniacal sufifering occurred in that time. At the time, of the giving of the remedy, which was a single drop of very dilute tincture of nux vomica in a drink of sweetened water, the patient was more furious than usual, tearing her clothing ofT, and angrily resisting all attempts to soothe her. She finally recovered her reason within half an hour after taking the nux vomica and never lost it afterward. I was determined the patient should not have the advantage of imagination, so I gave her a junk bottle full of molasses and water during the fourteen days and made her take a tablespoonful every two hours, put the nux vomica in molasses and water, so that she did not know that we had made any change of remedies. The husband came for me after she had taken the nux vomica and said his wife was dying; she had recovered her reason and begged me to go and see her. i .saw the lady and she thanked me for her restoration ; she was perfect- ly well. I was her physician for a number of years afterward. A fourth case was soon treated with success, which had a worse prognosis, if possible, than either of the others. It w^as one of traumatic tetanus. During the first year of my accuiaintance with Gram I subjected only my incurables and tiie least promising instance of the curables to Dr. Gram's experiments ; but this was simply because I could not read the language of the materia medica, and it was impossible to do any more without a knowledge of the German. 'During that time I surmounted this difficulty and became a competent prcscriber and a full convert to homoeopathy." The year 1839 witnessed the first break in the circle of faithful enthusiasts who had dared and suffered so much for the cause of homoeopathy. Gram, who had been the guide, the teacher, the counsellor, grave, w^ise and afifec- tionate. was suddenly stricken with apoplexy. Gray says : "Gram failed in health completely just as the new period began to dawn upon us. Broken in heart by tiie misfortunes, insanity and death of his only brother, upon whom he had lavished all the estate he brought with him from Europe, he was at- tacked with apoplexy in May, 1830. from which he awoke with hemiplegia; after many months of suffering he passed away on February 13. 1840. Wilson and I tenderly cared for him. and Curtis watched him as a faithful son would HISTORY OF HOMCEOIWTHY 65 a beloved father. He was an earnest Cliristian of the Swedenboro^ian faith, and a man of the most scrupulously pure and charitable life I have ever known. In the presence of want, sorrow and disease, secluded from all observation of the world, he ministered with angelic patience and with divine earnestness." Dr. (iram was buried in St. Mark's burial ground, New York, but on September 4, 1862, his old-time friend and pupil. Dr. Gray, removed the re- mains to his own lot in Greenwood cemetery. ]n the October number of the "American Homoeopathic Review" is a long article by Dr. S. B. Barlow, and another by Dr. H. \l. Smith, on Gram. Dr. Barlow writes: "Hans B. Gram, M. D., died February 13, 1840, aged fifty-four years. So reads a marble tomb- stone erected over his grave in St. ^Mark's burial ground between Fleventh and Twelfth streets, on the east side of Second avenue, in the citv of Xew i John F. Gray, :\I. D. York. On the fourth day of September, 1862, the grave of Dr. (Irani was opened and the remains taken up for removal to the private ground of Dr. John F. Gray in Greenwood cemetery, where in a lovely sjiot his remains have reached a permanent resting place. I had requested to be present at the ex- humation, which request was readily and kindly granted. I estimated his height to have been five feet ten inches. Gram's skull was of medium size, with good breadth of forehead showing that he had possessed a great amount of volume of the perceptive and reflective faculties." Dr. Barlow describes at length in this article the characteristics of Gram from the iihrcnological exam- ination of his skull at this time, thus: "\'eneration. conscientiousness, benev- olence, combativeness, cautiousness, firmness, attachment t(t friends, and to €6 HISTORY Oi' HOMCEOPATHY Avhatever was good, true, just and humane, were all characteristics of Gram and the active operations of those sentiments could not but render their pos- sessor a pleasant companion, a good man, a kindly physician, the central lum- inary of whatever circle he was placed in, not assuming, dictatorial or ar- rogant in manner. Whatever feelings of superiority he may have felt toward those by whom he was surrounded, he could not but endear himself strongly to his friends and pupils, creating ties, the severing of which at his departure must have been painful indeed. Hence I find every person who knew him well still speaking in terms of the most endearing tenderness of him as a most estimable friend. Naturally he was, doubtless, a brilliant, cheerful and happy man; but opposition, detraction and persecution had rendered him somewhat morose, taciturn, suspicious and distrustful — even of his best friends, embit- tering the evening of his days, producing infirmities which brought a gloomy obscuration over his faculties and sentiments and throwing clouds of disap- pointment and unhappiness over his fastest friends. "Future generations of physicians will do honor to the memory of Hans B. Gram. The plate of his cofiin bore the following inscription, portions of wh^ch were difficult to decipher, but I am sure it was all finally made out in perfection : Hans B. Gram, M. D., a Knight of the Order of St. John, died Feb. 13, 1840, aged 53 years." (There is a discrepancy of one year in his age as given upon the coffin plate and that inscribed on his tombstone.) At a meetmg on Hahnemann's birthday, April 10, 1863, the meeting at which Gray gave his address on "The Early Annals of Homceopathy in New York," after the banquet there were various toasts, and the talk turned on the early times of homoeopathy in New Y'ork city. Dr. Barlow w^as asked to give his opinion of the character of Gram, and he said : " The impressions I received from viewing the craniology of Dr. Gram were, first, the massiveness of his mind or brain, of his ability to grapple with whatever subject he under- took. Secondly, I was impressed with the idea of his courage. I do not mean brute courage, exactly, but courage for all good purposes, courage for anything except for evil. A man whose skull gave me the impression of a man who knew no fear except the fear of doing evil, doing wrong. I was impressed with his ability for general scholarship. His organ of languages was very good, his head could be called well balanced." This story is told by Dr. Mofifatt of New York, illustrating the fearless- ness of Gram : "I heard it from his own lips. When he lived in Copenhagen and was a physician or surgeon in the National Military and Naval Hospital, a menagerie of wild beasts was there exhibited, among the animals being a full grown lion. The keeper. entered the cage of the lion, intoxicated, which enraged the lion and he attacked the man and escaped from the cage. Gram was talking with a friend, and picking a nut with a nut-picker, when there was a sudden cry and the people ran out shrieking. Looking, he saw that the lion had escaped. Everybody fled but himself and he stood in a defiant attitude, front- ing the beast, which came so close that he felt the heat of his breath, and Gram's purpose at the time was to plunge his hand with the instrument into the beast's mouth as the only means of staving the destruction that would fol- low should he attempt to escape with tliose behind him. As the creature crouched to spring, he felt his hot breath. While he stood fronting him in that attitude the attendants came with rods and cords and secured him. When it was over Gram fainted. He did not get over the efifect for six months." The only portrait of Dr. Gram in existence is a pencil sketch bv Dr. Cur- lii HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 07 tis, which Vv^as lithographed and pubUshed in the "United States Medical and Surgical Journal" for July, 1867, and is that from which is produced the por- trait in this work. Gray said the original was wonderfully accurate. At the 1863 meeting Gray mentioned that a cast was taken of Gram's head, but did not know if it was then in existence. At the meeting Gray, Wilson and Ball Avere appointed a committee to arrange for erecting a monument over the grave in Greenwood, but nothing seems to have been done at that time. In 1869 the New York State Homoeopathic Medical Society inaugurated a move- ment to invite dollar subscriptions for a monument to Gram. At a meeting held September 14, 1869, at Cooper Institute, the following committee was appointed : Drs. John F. Gray, L. Hallock, S. B. Barlow, B. F, Bowers, Car- roll Dunham, H. D. Paine, of New York ; R. C. Moffatt, of Brooklyn ; I. T. Talbot, of Boston ; Walter W^illiamson, of Philadelphia ; G. E. Shipman, of Chicago, and Wm. H. Holcombe, of New Orleans. Circulars were issued and some subscriptions were raised, but the matter was allowed to drop. Dr. Gray's open adoption and profession of homoeopathy dated from 1828. He was born in Sherburne, Chenango county, New York, September 24, 1804, and was the fourth of five sons of John Gray, first judge of Chenango county. W^hen sixteen ■ years of age his parents removed to Jamestown, Chautauqua ■county. Thrown on his own resources, he devoted himself to obtaining an education and a profession. After working for a time at a mechanical employ- ment as a means of supporting himself, he obtained a situation as assistant and student with Peter B. Havens of Hamilton, Madison county, where there was an academy, and where he gave his services for his. board and the oppor- tunity for study and instruction. After two years he found a position as teach- er in a neighboring district school. With money thus earned he was able to visit his home, and the journey of two hundred and fifty miles he accomplished on foot. While teaching and studying he fitted himself for a medical school. He was for a time under the tuition of Dr. Ezra Williams of Dunkirk. He -went to New York in 1824, provided w-ith letters to members of the college faculty. One from Governor Clinton to Dr. Hosack brought him to the favor- able notice of that leading physician, who soon became attached to him, ad- mitting him to his private classes and otherwise aiding him. In 1825 he passed an examination for a license before the county medical society with a view of. taking the position of assistant surgeon in the navy, but which, by the advice of friends, he declined. He received his medical degree from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1826. Dr. Hosack through his own influence and that of DeWitt Clinton and Thomas Eddy, two of the governors, secured for Gray a position in the New York Hospital as assistant physician. His appointment had been opposed by many who were unfriendly to Hosack, and was coupled with the condition that "he should undergo examination by the men who opposed him. Dr. Watts, •who had been a strong opponent, became as earnest a friend, and advised him to open an office in the more thinly settled but rapidly growing parts of the city. He had now formed an attachment with the lady who afterward became "his wife, the daughter of Dr. Amos G. Hull, a well known surgeon of New York, and father of Dr. A. Gerald Hull. He opened an office in Charlton street and soon gained considerable practice. At this time he was regarded by his professional brethren as a young man of unusual promise and ability. And now, with everything favorable to liim in a professional way, because of lionest conviction he became a devoted adherent to the medical system which 68 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHV \\hcn spoken of ai all. was considered as the latest medical absurdity, not worthy of serious attention. With his full adoption of homoeopathy in 1828, the immediate effect was to alienate his patrons and diminish the number of his families. Even those who had been cured, without knowing it was with homoeopathic medicines, declmed longer to trust themselves in his hands. His carriage which for some time had been a necessity was given up as a useless extravagance. At a meeting of the Homoeopathic Medical Society of the County of New York on April 10, 1863, to celebrate the birthday of Hahnemann, Dr. Gray, the president, addressed the society on "The Early Annals of Homoeopathy in New York." Several toasts were given and the talk, turning to the trials of the pioneers of homoeopathy, the following remarks were made, and are here quoted to ^how something of the trials which beset the pathw^ay of the early homoeopathic practitioners : Dr. Phineas F. Wells said : "The gentleman said he wished he had known the happiness of witnessing the birth of homoeopathy in this country. I wish to say to him that there are but three gentlemen in this room who knew the facts personally. In those days when it was known that a physician had adopted this view his friends forsook him like a leper, and he became the ob- ject of scorn and calumny. Xow it is all changed. You will never forget it, sir (turning to Dr. Gray) and I shall never forget wdiat we have suffered. You never can have any conception of it. So much the better because you liave not the load to carry which your predecessors bore. You have only to take up the great work freed from shackles, from obloquy, and to carry it to perfection in these times which God has made your happv days." Dr. Smith said: 'T would rather be Dr. Gray having passed through this than any other man in the United States. The w-arrior has no happiness when at the cannon's mouth, or when he is pierced by a bullet, but his happi- ness comes when he has achieved the victory in fighting for his suffering country. So in the light of present enjoyment I would be willing to s;o through with that bitter experience for the sake of the pleasure and satisfac- tion and the unmistakable intelligence that writes itself on the front part of the brain in letters in fire — in letters of fire — to remain while life lasts, as though they were written u])on the blue arch of heaven with pencil of living- light." Dr. Gray said: "What Dr. Wells says is more true than I like to recall. I went through eight years of persecution before the second epoch began. I had many friends init none nearer than Dr. Hering. a magnanimous man, full of sense and learning. He has been very kind to me. In an interview with my old preceptor he said to me: T had some hopes of you. I expected you to be one of those who would hold high the standard that I left. Xow I give you up. You have taken up with that crazy Gram and that contemptible medical nonsense of Hahnemann, and I excommunicate you.' And he spoke with great feeling. Then my own father in medicine and most intimate friend at college (probably Hosack ) and in the profession, cut me in the street as though I had been a horse thief or some horrible outcast. It stuck to me like thistles and thorns, everywhere. Mv mind is sensitive. But better it is that a man should be so persecuted if it bring him forward in the great path of hun:an progress; his soul will blossom unless tainted with vice, and he will gain all the more power, all the more magnanimity toward those who differ from him. .\s brother Wells so feelingly suggested, though on account of HISTORY OF HO^ICEOPATHY 69 some sensitiveness of organization I have not had the very greatest pleasure of that sort, yet now I look back with unmixed delight to the hour when the world was turned against me both in my profession and friehdships. God bless those days ! God bless the man who led me, and the men- who were with me ! There were some, however, although they did not accept homoe- opathy, whose faces never changed toward me. Some who went through the college course with me, notwithstanding our difference of opinion, have nev- er changed. Never has the cord of friendship that bound us together as bovs, nearly forty years ago, suffered the slightest break. And there are other con- solations. So that the man who will preserve his justice of character, his truth, and his devotion to what is right, as I have endeavored to do. will al- ways have friends, even under the most oppressive and depressing circum- stances. But the best friend after all lies in the depths of the soul. Whoso- ever communes with truth within him. whosoever sacrifices for truth within, shall be paid, as the Man of Nazareth said, in this life an hundred fokl, and infinitely more in that which is to come." But Dr. Gray outlived his ostracism and for many years upheld the new law of cure, and it was his pleasure to see homoeopathy become popular and powerful as a medical system. In 1829 Gram and Gray were alone in the practice of homoeopathy in New York city. Grav devoted himself to learning German and soon was able to read Hahnemann's work in the original. He also mastered French, but from 1830 to 1838 he was poor and had a struggle to support his family. In 1835 his father-in-law. Dr. Hull, who had Ixx-n in the truss business, died, 70 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY leaving him executor. In attending to the estate much of his time was taken- up, and from 1835 to 1838 he had an office in Vesey street, under the Astor house, where he could attend both to his profession and to his duties as exe- cutor. In h'ls later years he was very fond of reading philosophical and med- ical writings m Latin. In 1871 he received an honorary degree from Hamilton College. it is said of Gray that he received pupils without fee, and that he always was ready to aid poor students of medicine. He died at the Fifth avenue hotel in New York, June 5, 1882, after an illness of three weeks. Gray was one of the first physicians who advocated a more extended and thorough sys- tem of medical education, and that the state should grant the license to prac- tice. At a discussion in 1832 before the Philosophical Society he offered a resolution that but one medical school should exist in a state ; that rival schools" ought not to be approved ; that every physician in the state should be a teacher in such school, and that there should be one board in each state that should have the sole power of recommending candidates for license or degree. In November. 1832, he delivered a lecture on the policy of chartering medical colleges, the same being introductory to the course on theory and practice in the New York School of Medicine. The next to join the homoeopathic ranks was Dr. Abraham Duryea Wil- son. Gray and Wilson had been medical friends. In fact the coterie of bril- liant young physicians, students and associates of Hosack, who one by one accepted the truth of homoeopathy, were intimates, members of the Philosophi- cal Society, and it can readily be understood how they became acquainted with Gram. Wilson, who had been in practice in New York since his graduation in 1822, was introduced to Gram by Gray. At first Wilson was incredulous, deeming, like his brethren, the new doctrine simply humbug, but the argu- / ments of Gram and the surprising cures accomplished induced Wilson to make further experiments. These tests resulted in his conviction of the truth of the homoeopathic law, and in 1829 he publicly adopted that method in his practice. Dr. Wilson was born in Columbia College. New York citv, September 20, 1801. His father, Peter Wilson, was professor of languages and Greek and Roman literature in that institution. He was educated in the college, graduating in 1818, when but seventeen years of age; but he did not receive his diploma until of legal age, in 1822. A.fter graduation he at once com- menced the study of medicine under Drs. Hosack and Francis, receiving the degree from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 182 1. He at "once settled in practice, locating on Walker street. New York city. In 1824 he married Eliza Holmes. He died of pulmonary apoplexy, January 20, 1864; aged sixty-three years. On Hahnemann's birthday anniversary, April 10. 1865. Dr. Gray deliv- ered a eulogy on the life of the founder, and spoke of the period of Wilson's 'adoption of homreopathv as follows: "\\'ilson was alreadv a conspicuous practitioner of medicine wlien he adopted homoeopathv. This change took place in 1829. the eighth year after his graduation from' the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons, and the twelfth after receiving his baccalaureate in Co- lumbia College. His social status and professional standing were such as to make a strong sensation respecting the new practice in a wide circle of the community at the time. His father, an eminent Scottish scholar, was profes- sor of the Greek and Latin languages at the time of his son's birth, and for many years after. His brother, the late George Wilson, an accomplished HlS'l'ORV OF HOMCFaOPATIIY* 71 counsellor at law in the city, who w^as twenty years his senior, and therefore able to aid him socially, took unwearied pains in his behalf. Moreover, this l)rother, as Wilson told me, earnestly interested himself after the venerable father's departure, in his culture in ancient and modern literature and phi- losophy. Whatsoever the elder brother coidd accomplish for him in society md in aid of his professional career was certainly effected with gratifying -access. Dr. Wilson had also the great advantages in that day resulting from the personal friendship and patronage of his illustrious preceptor in medicine, the late Dr. David Hosack, in whose private classes he was a diligent pupil. Hosack had received classical traiining from Wilson's father, to whose mem- ory he was gratefully attached ; and thus it can be imagined how readilv this \oung man's studious qualities were appreciated and his aspirations in the outset of life fostered by his powerful preceptor. And that Wilson was a keen and prompt student under Hosack, accepting and using all the advantages afforded by his great master's private and public lectures and by the great clinique of the New York hospital in which Hosack took the leading position, was abundantly demonstrated by him when, in the capacity of a censor in the county medical society, he officiated as examiner of candidates for the diploma of that body. Wilson made the acquaintance of Gram and myself and encoun- tered the great new problem of his life work, homoeopathy. After a patient study of its principles and a protracted trial of its art-maxims at the bedside, during all of which study and trial he refrained from expressing a judgment, he decided the question firmly and fully for himself and for all his future pa- tients, in the afffrmative ; and thenceforward he openly avowed his adherence to the doctrine and discipline of Hahnemann. Wilson came into our circle with all his stores of sound culture and with all his indomitable courage in defence of the right and true. I have said that the avowal of his change of practice ensued upon a very mature and thorough examination of the ques- tions involved in the change ; and I may add that this was his method in all other philosophical and administrative problems. His powers of analysis were never embarrassed by the perturbations of his emotional nature. Though generous, even to a decided fault on some occasions, and full of sympathy at all times and in every fibre of his being, yet he could at all times set his reason to work in the precision and cool steadiness of mathematical logic ; and thus it was his v;ant so to apply his happily dormant rational power to the largest questions of faith and of practice in ethics and theosophy, as well as in ours of medicine. His characteristic lay in this rare peculiarity of constitution, one which belonged to the old time philosophers, that he could apply his conscious- Iv rational test processes over all the lines sketched by his intuitions ; and his merit as a man consisted in the ever rare quality that he openly avowed and sustained whatsoever he found to be true by this his double process of inves- tigation, pocolepsis, and demonstration. Wilson took this great step, homoe- opathy, with a deliberation and courage consonant with his training in letters and science and with his constitution as a man. He was no adventurer in the community, with nothing to lose by the change, and perhaps a gain to make bv heralding a novelty in medicine. Nor was he bv any view of his constitution, an eager innovator, a reformer of popular mistakes; but rather from his harmonic tendencies (he loved music) and his cordial, social rapport with all pood meaning people of his place and time, he was a conservative; was indulgent to harmless errors and indisposed to violent uiinxitings. Xev- 72 HISTORY OF HOAICKOPATHY erthcless he went with his conviction of truth whensoever these were fully ripe in his soul. "Bitter were the i)ano;s and sore the costs of this bold change for the accomplished and successful young Wilson. In less than two years after the adoption of the new method, that is to say in 1831, when the birth of the last of his children had rendered the demands of family support strongest upon him. his change had deprived him of all his family ])ractice save one ; of that goodK broad basis founded by his familiar associates among the Masons in the Dutch church, of which he was a cherished member, and from among his familv adherents, including those of his brother, the Counsellor Wilson, only one stood by him. Mr. Thomas Dugan, sexton of St. George, who happened to be the mutual friend of Wilson and myself." Wilson did not study German, therefore could not determine the remedy for himself, and as he was ever" anxious to do his utmost for his patients, he was in the habit of taking them to Gram for advice ; and Wilson and Channing held daily consultations with Gram. But long before his professional reputa- tion was re-established. Wilson's careful methods and cures greatly advanced the system in the community. The next in order to be mentioned is Amos Gerald Hull, who was the first native American to take up the study of medicine as a student of homoe- opathy. He was born in New Hartford, New York, in 1810, and was edu- cated at Union College, Schenectady. Dr. John F. Gray writes : "Mr. Hull took his degree in the arts at Union College, v.dth distinguished rank, in 1828. He remained there some months pursuing a post-graduate course of studies in chemistry and anatomy under our late and justly revered colleague, Dr. Joslin, at tiiat time and for many years after a professor at Union. Dr. Joslin and I had studied medicine together, graduating in the same class, in the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons, and I suggested the course taken by Hull, well knowing the unusual advantages he could reap from Joslin's exact and full attainments in the natural sciences. On his coming to the city Hull en- tered Rutger's Medical College. Hosack, Mott, ]\Iacneven, Francis and the great Irish surgeon, Bushe, were the professors. With Francis and Bushe he also studied in extra college courses of lectures as a private ]:)upil. But best of all the assistance he enjoyed, in my estimation, was the daily guidance and conversation of the good pioneer Gram. In the summer time Gram taught him botany, master and pupil making frequent foot excursions for the pur- pose, in the neighborhood of the city, analyzing the wayside and wood flow- ers as they wandered through the rich floral regions of our coast. Wilson and 1 sometimes joined this party, and also made some advances in botany under Gram. In the winter evenings Gram reviewed descriptive anatomy with Hull, in a methodic course of dictation in the Latin language, which the pupil was required to record in writing as it fell from the master's lips; a task proliably no public teacher in any of our American colleges could have executed, and I am quite sure no other pupil could have performed his share of the exercise better than did young Hull. * * * In all Hull spent four years in professional studies, after his full terms and graduation at Ihiion, in this way." The Medical Society of the County of New York had just established a- public and recorded examination of all applicants for a license to practice, and Dr. Hull was the first to undergo the ordeal. He graduated in medicine in 1832 and commenced jiractice in 1833. After practicing for some vears he HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 73 removed to Newburgh. remaining- a few years, but returned to New York, where he practiced until his death. He joined the Medical and Philosophical Society in 1828, and was a member of the New York County Medical Soci- (ty and a censor in 1835. At the time he joined membership was obligatory upon every physician by the law of the state. Hull visited Hahnemann iii Taris in 1836-37. of which visit he wrote a very interesting account for the Homceopat'.iic Examiner" in 1 841, and which was also published as a pam- phlet. He died in New York, x-\pril 25, 1859. aged forty-nine years. Gray had married Hull's sister, and the brothers-in-law went into practice together. In 1835 they were joint editors of the "American Journal of Homoe- opathia," and in 1840 of the "Homreopathic Examiner." Hull edited an edi- tion of Everest's "Popular Mew of Homoeopathy." originally published in England, and several editions of Laurie's "Domestic Practice." He also edited several editions of Jahr's "iManual of Homoeopathic Medicine," and was co- editor of the translation of that great symptomatology, Jahr's "Symptomen Codex." Gray places Hull after Wilson in the order of precedence, probablv be- cause the latter was a student as early as 1828. but the man who entered into homoeopathic practice next after Wilson was Daniel Edward Stearns. He was born in 1801 at Hinesburgh, Vermont, where he received his early edu- cation. His medical studies were with Dr. David Deming. He attended the University of Vermont, at Burlington, where he graduated in 1828. Dr. Stearns, like many of the students of his day, was oblig'ed to gain an educa- tion under difficulties. With little money and ]K)orly clad he earned b}- teach- ing in the winter and by working in the summer the means to enable him to attend the two courses of medical lectures then required by law. In the fall of 1826, while attending his first course of lectures at Burlington, he was oflfered a situation in a drug store in New York city. This he declined, but being ofifered the same place in 1827, and as he had attended his full course of lectures, he accepted and went to New York. He remained in this posi- tion until September, 1828, when he returned to \'ermont to receive his diplo- ma. Undecided what next to do, he received from New York a letter advising him not to allow the want of money to hinder his return to the city. If he should pay for his diploma, his funds would be exhausted. If he returned to New York he could not take with him the coveted evidence of graduation. The means were provided, however, and he returned to New York. In a letter written in 1870, Stearns himself said: "I came into the city in the fall of 1827. I had attended my two courses of lectures at our University of Ver- mont at Burlington and read my three years as the law required. In Septem- ber, 1828, I left for Vermont, then and there received my diploma; returned the same fall to New York city, had an introduction to John F. Gray, M. D.. spent a part of the winter in his office, and at that time became accpiainted with H. B. Gram, M. D., and A. D. Wilson, M. D., Dr. Channing and Dr. Joseph T. Curtis, who then was a student of Dr. Gram. And now I say these were, with myself, the only gentlemen who had the boldness and courage to rally in the ranks of homoeopathy." In the winter of 1827 Stearns attended lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons and visited the hospital. Thus, in company with these enthusiasts. Gray and Gram and A\'il.son, Stearns soon became convinced of the truth and certainty of the homoeopathic law of healing. In the spring of 1821; he commencetl the jiractice of lionnc- opathy in New York, continuing there until in 1852 or 1853, when he removed 74 HISTORY OF HOAICEOPATHY to Tremont station, Westchester county, a suburb of New York. For two \ ears he practiced in the city, but the increase of his Tremont practice obhged him to devote to it all his time. In 1856 by accident he became disabled for active practice. In 1872 he was still living at Tremont. A notable convert to the teachings of Gram, was William Channing, of whom Gray writes : "Dr. William Channing was a man of large culture in letters and very thoroughly educated in medicine. He was in the mid-prime of life at the time of his conversion to homoeopathy, which occurred in 1832, during the first appearance of the Asiatic cholera in this country. He had joined Gram's party in the County Medical Society for the establishment of the public and recorded examination of candidates, and having been elected in that body to the office of censor, with Gram and Wilson for colleagues, he was frequently in our little circle, and often, of course, the new practice was discussed with him." Thus Channing became familiar with the doctrines of homceopathy, in- terested in them, and was liberal enough to be willing to test their truth. When in 1832 the cholera appeared in New York, be tendered his services to the hospitals. This gave him a chance to make a test of the new system, and as Hahnemann had just published his advice about the use of camphor, veratrum and cuprum in cholera, Channing made a public triaj of these rem- edies on the victims. So great was his success that he published the results over liis own signature in the "Commercial Advertiser," and soon after de- clared himself to be a believer in homoeopathy. Channing was a brilliant man, of large culture in letters, and thoroughly educated in medicine. Gray says "Channing's was an eminently logical mind, attending with full earnestness to all topics of a philosophical character till he arrived at definite conclusions, and when he reached these he was firm and decided in their maintenance. He was not of the skeptical class on any subject. * * * With Channing's conver- sion came the first divergence of practice among the homoeopaths in this coun- try. He was a thorough Hahnemannian in all his views and practice, which neither of his predecessors were. Gram, W^ilson and myself held from first to last that these expedients of the old practice which had attained such a solid basis of empirical certainty as to good results in given and well defined cases of disease, ought not to be laid aside. When Gram arrived, the founder of the school had not adopted the later practice of attenuating the remedies, and our method was, in 1833, to administer doses equivalent to the first and second centesimal dilutions. Channing went up promptly with Hahnemann in his doses, fully believing in the potentizing process and faith of the master, and even after the death of Hahnemann, going out of the very roof of all scientific observation with the enthusiastic Jenichen of Hanover." In 1838 Channing delivered an essay on the "Reformation of iMcdical Science De- manded by Inductive Philosophy " before the New York Physician's Society. The society published it, and a second edition was published by the homoe- opaths in 1851. W^illiam Qianning was born in Massachusetts about t8oo. His father was a Congregational minister. He was educated at Phillip's Academy, at Exeter, New Hampshire, and graduated in medicine at Rutger's College, New Brunswick. New Jersey, in April, 1830. He was a cousin of William Fllery Channing of Boston. Dr. H. M. Smith writes of him: "He differed from some of the other physicians, who adhered to the empiric use of the remedies of the old school and believed with Hahnemann that' such practice g HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 75- was unjustifiable. He accepted homoeopathy as a principle, was satisfied with it, saw in it an all-sufficient guide for the administration of remedies for dis- eases, and believed that a failure to cure a curable case did not disprove the universal applicability of the law, but want of knowledge on the part of the prescriber. The accession of Channing marks an era in the history of homoe- opathy. The profession had paid little attention to this subject, considering it one of Gram's vageries, but the success of the treatment in cholera brought the practice into notice, awakened an opposition which was increased as the system gained in public favor, and the loss of patients affected the pockets of the old school physicians. Highly esteemed by all who came in contact with him, and having many friends, Dr. Channing was so reticent that few knew about his family or social affairs. He took a prominent part in the meetings of physicians. He failed in health in 1844. There was a gradual breaking down of his mental powers, and after many years of disease he died at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. February 11. 1855. 76 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY CHAPTER IV HOMCKOPATIIV IN NEW VOKK (cOXTINUED) The Cholera Epidemic of 1S32 — Hahnemann an Honorary Member of the New York Medical Society — The Pioneer Homoeopathic Medical Society — Reminiscences of Early Homoeopalhic Practitioners — Curtis — Kirby — Vanderburgh — Paine — Dutcher — Wright — Ball — Ereeman — Cook — Bowers — Harris — Palmer — McVickar — Joslin — Belcher — Stewart — Hallock — Quin — Wells — 'A Chapter of Reminiscences. At the outbreak of the epidemic of cholera in 1832 the physicians whose names are mentioned in the precedino- chapter constituted the entire homoe- opathic force in New York. Thouc^h they were few in number and with no hos- pitals under their administration, the comparative results of the allopathic and the homceopaihic methods of treatment of that disease produced a powerful reaction in favor of homoeopathic school among the people, and a new impetus was given to the examin.ation of its claims bv physicians. This inquiry was facilitated by the fact that Hahnemann's Organon and the Materia Medica Pura were now printed in French. Ernest G. de Brunnow had translated the Organon into French and Arnold had published it in Dresden in 1824. issuing a second edition in 1832. A. J. L. Jourdan had made a translation of the fourth edition into French, which was published in Paris by Bailliere in 1832. Charles H. Devriant, a lawyer of Dublin, had translated the fourth edition into English, with notes by Dr. Samuel Stratton, and it had been published in Dublin and London. In 1828 Bigel had rendered the IMateria Medica Pura into French, and in 1834 Jourdan also had made a translation of the same. So it becanre possible to investigate homoeopathy without first devoting very nnich time to the studv of German. Gray writes of this epoch : "About the time of Channing's coming over to homoeopathy, namely, in 1832 and 183^. Dr. Jourdan of Paris translated the Materia Medica Pura and Jahr's Manual into the French language, and these works very soon made their way into this country. This event marks an im- portant epoch in the extension of homoeopathy, the world over. Prior to it no physician could test the practice or study its principles with any approach to success, without first making a fair conquest of the German language; and very few men in middle life, especially physicians engaged in the cease- less cares and toils of their profession, could surmount this barrier. Hull. Curtis and I had done so. at the instigation of Gram, and doubtless Channing would have accomplished this ardtious task had not the labors of Jourdan rendered it far less important. This difficulty fully explains the slowness of the expansion of our system during the first eight years of its practical, exis- tence here in New York.- Moreover, it readily suggests the reason whv the earlv converts here did not press the subject on the attention of their medical, brethren in their private intercourse. We enjoved a wide circle of profession- al acquaintance, and had frequent meetings with them in the medical society. and in large private consultations during the two years we were agitatin*? the medical reform, but with very few exceptions the topic nearest our hearts HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 77: was treated of sparingly in all this interconrse. It was treated with still great- er reticence among our patients for the same reason ; and it was wholly impossible, except among the few educated Germans then in New York, to- speak of the new practice among the people generally, without incurring, however incorrectly, the odium of quackery. When occasionally we were asked by medical men. who saw in the European journals the angrv diatribes which now and then appeared against Hahnemann, whether we too were his disciples, we answered truly, "ves, and that for good reasons," but we shunned ilebate with them and avoided all explanations to the laity, as being alike use- less and uncongenial to our tastes and sense of duty, under the circumstances." Regarding the discretion and reticence in speech that was undoubtedly enjoined upon his disciples by Gram, its failure on the part of Channing caused a great breach between these two friends. Dr. Barlow thus comments upon it: "Possessing firmness in a large degree in conjunction with large combativeness and cautiousness, made him persistent in his resentments, an instance of which may be still well remembered by many of his friends — his resentment toward Dr. Channing. a most es- timable and friendly man, for having incau- tiously given airing to the fact of his (Gram ) being a homoeopathist. Dr. Gram never for- gave his friend for this indiscretion, for that was the first step toward Gram's fall in the estimation of the faculty in New York, where such men as Hosack, Post, AIcNeven, Alott, Rogers, .^tevens and a host of other eminent names who up to that time had been his ad- mirers and had considered him one of the most talented, learned and skillful men in this country, at once became his bitter, persistent, unrelenting and unscrupulous enemies and persecutors, and so remained until he died, when the mantle of obloquy and wrath de- scended with no gossamer lightness and gen- tleness upon the heads of his surviving con- i 'r. S k Kni.y freres." "But we were not idle ; we worked for the future in mutual education and preparation ; and when the translations were elTected into all the spoken languages of Europe, as they were in 1837 and in 1838, we re-established our journal of homoeopathy and our flistinct public hoiiKieopathic society. The hour of manly open combat arrived at last, and it found us. after so many years of patient waiting, harnessed for the fight." It is to be remembered that the physicians of New York were all mem- bers of the New York County Medical Society, and that it was necessary be- fore a person was allowed to practice that he have a license from that society ; and thus at its meetings the members of the little homoeopathic family of New York met with their professional brethren. A curious circumstance happened in 1832. Dr. PI. M. Smith thus relates it: "At a meeting held September 10. 1832, Dr. Gray projxjserl Hahnemann for honorary meml)ershi]). Refore do- ing so he had lent a copv of his 'Fragmenta de viribus Medicamentorum' to the president of the society who was a Latin scholar. Dr. Bernheisel ob- jected on the ground that Hahnemann was a (|uack. and was immediatcK- 7B HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY V called to order by the chairman, who said that no one should so stigmatize a man who had written such a book as the work of Hahnemann in the Latin tongue. This effectually silenced all the opposition. Many of the members indeed had probably never heard of homoeopathy. At a subsequent meeting, November 12, Hahnemann was elected. In filling out the diploma it was customary to state why the honor was conferred and the president asked Dr. Gray how he should make out Hahnemann's diploma. 'Why,' answered Dr. Gray, 'you can say The Founder of Homoeopathy,' and so it was filled out. At this date there had been but little opposition. Eleven years after, how- ever, at a meeting held July 10, 1843, i* ^^'^s 'Resolved, that the resolution of this society of November 12, 1832,. conferring honorary membership in this society on Samuel F. Flahnemann of Germany be and the same is hereby re- scinded.' Hahnemann, however, had not been admitted by resolution but had been elected by ballot. He had died at Paris eight days previous to this vote, in the 88th year of his age. He had. been sixty-two years a doctor of medi- cine, more years than many of the members of the medical society had breathed, had written two hundred dissertations on medicine, more medical works than probably the majority had read, and as the discoverer of a system of therapeutics left a name to be revered." Among the early students of Gram was Louis Folk Van Beuren, who was with him in 1832. He graduated and for a number of years practiced in New York. In 1865 he was practicing in Louisville, Kentucky. The second student of Gram was Joseph Thomas Curtis. He was born at Danbury, Connecticut, January 29, 181 5. Giving promise of talent at an early age, his parents gave him a thorough English and classical education. At the age of eighteen, in 1833, he became a student in Gram's office. He passed one of the most brilliant public and recorded examinations ever held in New York, receiving his license to practice March 23, 1836. He at once began the practice of homoeopathy with Gram. In 1852 he was elected presi- dent of the Hahnemann Academy of Medicine, and delivered an inaugural essay on the " Relation of Homoeopathy to Qiemistry." In 1843 he edited, with Dr. James Lillie, an " Epitome of Homoeopathic Practice." This was compiled from Jahr, Reuckery, Boenninghausen and others. His practice was large and successful during the ten years in which he could work, but his health became poor. His sight failing, he went to Europe for a cure, but with only partial success. He afterwards tried the West Indies, but did not remain there. He tried other means without success and resumed his prac- tice shortlv before his death, which took place November 13, 1857. Smith says of him : '" He possessed great power of analysis and comparison, and being profoundly versed in anatomy, physiology and materia medica, it was a great delight after carefully preparing his record to select the remedy from the scanty resources at his command. Plis confreres soon learned where to go for assistance in their daily practice. He was regarded as one of the most learned of practitioners, esteemed by his colleagues as well as his patients, but lacking the ?.rts and blandishments bv which many commend themselves to their patients, he obtained neither wealth nor fame." Dr. Valentine Mott said of him : " Dr. Curtis is a medical scholar of rare attainments, and a gentleman of spotless character.' Dr. ^\'illard Parker said: "He possesses a superior and highly cultivated intellect which he has most ardently devoted t6 the science of medicine and its collaterals." Another of the early friends nf Gram was Dr. Stct)hen Rcvnolds Kirbv. HISTORY OF HOAICEOPATHY 71t In the summer of 1830 he was one of the coterie who met at Gram's house for instruction in homoeopathy. He was born at Middle Patent, town of Bedford, Westchester county. New York, May 21, 1801, and came to New York at the age of fifteen. Later on he taught school. He was principal of public school No. 7 when it opened on Chrystie street, in 1827, and then began the study of medicine. He was a temperance advocate and president of the New York society ; was a member of the New York volunteer fire department, and an active member of the Methodist Episcopal church. He died in New York, March 6, 1876. Dr. Kirby in 1864 delivered an address on " The Introduction and Progress of Homoeopathy in the United States " before the New York County Homoeopathic Medical Society, in which he mentioned that in the summer of 1832 Gram, Wilson, Channing and himself were the only ones who treated cholera chiefly with camphor, and that the practice was ridiculed and termed the " small dose camphor treatment." He did not learn German, and it is stated that he practiced with indifferent success until after the publication of the Organon and Materia Medica Pura, and that he hesitated to declare himself a homoeopathic physician. He was well known as the editor of the " American Journal of Homoeopathy," which was issued in nine volumes from 1848 to 1857, and was the principal homoeopathic journal of those important years. He was one of the original organizers of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, and its first treasurer. He was president, while still treasurer, in 1846. He also was a member of various other New York homoeopathic societies. With Dr. Phineas P. Wells and James M. Ouin, he opened in October, 1845, ^^e first homoeopathic dispensary in the United States. He was also a member of the faculty of the New York Homoeopathic Medical College and professor of materia medica in the New York Medical College and Hospital for Women. An important personage among the associates of Gram was Federal Van- derburgh. In a letter to Dr. Henry M. Smith, dated February i, 1867, Dr. A'^anderburgh wrote : " I was attending Mr. M. in Pearl street, one of whose toes was set at right angles with his foot by a contraction of its tendon. I advised him to have it divided. ' Not without Mott's approbation,' he replied. The next day Dr. Paine and I met at his house and he dismissed us both. Thirty days afterwards I met him walking the street with his toe adjusted, I asked him how it was done and he said that Dr. Gram had given him some sugar pellets of the size of a mustard seed, which straightened his toe. As I picked up the gems from all classes and having no prejudice to encounter, I straightway introduced myself to Dr. Gram. I found him working a gigan- tic intellect with the simplicity of a child, and entirely unconscious of its power." Vanderburgh thus tells of his first trial of the great skill of Gram : " A lady of 36 came to consult me ; she had been four years ill with what she called black jaundice. I had lost a sister with the same disease. I took a careful record of the case and on my return I met Gram at the door and asked him to read the record. He said she had been poisoned with bark (quinine) and that chamomilla would cure her; that in three days after the chamomilla was given the old chill of four years ago would re-appear, but so feebly that she -would recover without another. His prophecy proved true." Just when Vanderburgh embraced homoeopathy is not known, but it must have been previous to 1834. as he then was corresponding secretary of the New York Homoeopathic Society. 80 HISTORY OF HOMd-.orATHV I'cdcral \ anderbnrgh was born at licekman. Dutchess county, New York, May ii. 1788. He was the seventeenth child in a family of nineteen (his father having been twice married) and of Dutch descent. He received the meagre common school education of that day. but by self-education and strict ai)])lication he was able to learn enough Latin to afterward pursue his medical studies with facility. At the age of seventeen he entered himself as a student of medicine with Dr. Wright, a physician of New Milford. Connecti- cut. Dr. Hall, an old student of X'anderljurgh. thinks he was licensed to practice about. that time by the medical faculty of Litchfield county. At the age of nineteen he went to New York to enjoy the advantages of the hos- pitals and medical lectures. There he entered the offtce of Dr. Stephen Smith,. a leading physician. After attending two courses of lectures he graduated, before he was twenty-one. His manly appearance, for he was six feet in height, and finei\- proportioned, never suggested to the professors a doubt as to iiis age. Dmino his student life he was subject to attacks of pulmonary hemorrhage that threatened his life. By some they were thought to be o^ cardiac origin and bv others of a tuberculous character. But he never allowed this illness to depress his spirit. Nande'rburoh must have graduated iti 1808, but biographical accounts differ as to his residence' immediately afterward. Dr. J. F. ■\lerritt, who wrote his obituary for the " American Homoeopathic Observer," says that he w^ent to Geneva in 1812 or 1813, remained there for twenty years and returned to New York about 1830. Smith says that he practiced in New York until 181 1, when on account of failing health he went to Geneva, New York, where he practiced ten years. He then gave up practice there to Dr. Martyn Paine, and returned to New York, which dates his return to the city about 1821. A report in the transactions of the American Institute of Homoeopathy for 1871 says that he located in his native town and after a few years removed to Hudson. Columbia county, remaining there until 181 5, when he went to Geneva, where he practiced until he removed to New York in 1823 or 1824. Soon after he began practice he married Hester Orinda Boardman, of New Milford. Connecticut. The climate of Geneva agreed so well with him that he became robust and until old age was a model of muscular develo])ment, and maintained an erect stature even when very old. Just when he embraced homceopathy does not seem to be known, but there is no doubt that he prob- ably had an early acquaintance with (jram. In a letter written October 18, 1867, during his last illness, to Dr. George E. Shipman. he said: " You ask me for my photograph and its biographical appendage. My photograph I send you. My homoeopathic appendage began with Dr. Gram. When he arrived in New York Gram was a friendless stranger and when he opened his little manuscript no faith was found in his statements. The city was then under the spell of Post. Hosack and ?^f ott ; the schools were animated with their errors, and there was no time for them to look at atoms when the masses were before them, (iram was grave and thoughtful, and gained his ascendency over h.is little circle by the interest he manifested in his future min- istr\- ; and when unheard of doctrines — such as little dose.s — came forth, one by one, they were tested on the sick, the results of infinitesimal doses were recorded, and \\'ilson. Gray and Curtis saw the light with its guiding star before them. These three scholars, with one teacher, lit the lamp whose cruse of oil will never empt>- until the educated errors of our ancient brethren arc buried beneath their own monuments. .At this time, if T rememlier. the I HISTORY OF HOMQiOPATHY 81 sale of my medical errors had reached $10,000 a year in the higher circles of society before my acquaintance with Gram, and my introduction to him enabled me to plant the reformation of medical science on that circle to great advantage. I then drew to my aid the lamented Curtis, the brightest star in homoeopathy, expanding so rapidly under Gram's tuition that he (Gram) once said to me, ' I should not care to go to Heaven if I could not meet with Curtis there.' I made it his interest to be my preceptor ; and with his guidance many time-honored errors were consigned to oblivion, and many hoary preju- dices were marched off the stage." Dr. Smith says that his name Federal was thus acquired : " When he was born, the adoption of the federal constitution being the grand political- event of the time. Chancellor Kent, then a young lawyer, suggested that the Federal Vanderburgh, M. 1 ). infant Vanderburgh be named Federal Constitution, but his mother objected to the ' Constitution,' and that word was omitted." Vanderburgh remained in active practice in New York until 1840, when he purchased Linwood hills in Rhinebeck, and resided there until his death. About one year before his death he contracted, severe pleuro-pneumonia, in- duced by exposure to inclement weather in connection with professional duties, which produced an attack of dyspnoea. He graduallx' failed until, without suffering, he expired January 23. 1868. \'an(lorhurgh's ])ractice was very largely among the wealthy class, and he was often summoned to attend pa- tients at some distance from home. He practiced vniedicine because he loved it. It is related that at the age of seventv-sevcn. when traveling with a patient. 82 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY the latter said to the doctor after he had reached his destination, " Well, doctor, you will stay with us a few days and rest yourself." " No," said Dr. Vanderburgh, " I must return to-morrow.'" " So soon," replied the host, " well, what can I dc to entertain you ? " " Oh, show me some sick folks." A physician who knew him writes : " Dr. Vanderburgh's mind was peculiar ; his conclusions were so often the result of intuition. This ran through a large portion of the writings of his later years. He practiced medicine from a love of his profession. He became absorbed in his cases. In speaking of his patients he rarely called them by name. He usually designated them as ' the cardiac case with the valvular disease.' or ' the man with diabetes,' etc. He was kind to the poor, as thousands could testify. His advice was sought at his home, on the highway, in the railroad station, on the railroad car, on the steamer, at his dinner, at the hotel in the city, in bed and out of bed. He never turned a deaf ear to a case. He was proverbial for punctuality in his appointments, and woe betide the m.an who kept him w^aiting in the consiilta- tion room. A homily was the certain penalty." The ten years from Gram's arrival in 1825 to the establishment of the first homoeopathic magazine in 183.^, may be called the first epoch in the his- torv of American homceopatby. There was this little company of believers in New York city who had been timid in advancing the claims of the new medical system, for they were all men of trained intellect, men who did not decide hastily, but quietly were following the precept — prove all things and hold fast to that which is good. Over in Pennsylvania also there were cer- tain earnest and cultured men who had become convinced of the truth of homoeopathy and w^ere about to found a college for its proper teaching; so that in two distinct centers in the United States in this first epoch of its Amer- ican existence, the law of healing of the German doctor had gained a firm footing. The New York men now had become so confident that the time seemed proper to assume a more public attitude and to establish a homoeopathic society. Previous to the year 1834, the only society which the little band of homoe- opathists attended was the New York Medical Society, numbering as its mem- bers all the physicians in regular practice in New York. But now the friends determined that it was time to form some union exclusively for the believers in homoeopathy, therefore the New York Homoeopathic Society was organized September 23, 1834. The following preamble was published to the consti- tution : " Whereas a great share of the reformation which is now taking place in the art of education, in criminal jurisprudence, in political science, and in the science of medicine, is to be attributed to the increased attention with which the studious and humane have investigated the natural history of man, and the influence which physical and moral agents exert upon his growth, health, morals and happiness ; and whereas there exists in the archives of homoeopathia an extensive fund of testimony (as yet unknown to English readers) which is believed to be very essential to the right understanding of the subjects above named — " Therefore, the subscribers, holding the advancement of the public wel- fare by the diffusion of knowledge to be a most sacred and noble duty, in- cumbent upon all who enjov the rights and means of inquiry, have resolved to associate, and, bv this instrument, do associate, under the style of the 'New York Homoeopathic Society ' for the purpose of protecting, enriching and dis- HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 83 seminating- such of the propositions and testimonies of Homoeopathia as upon mature trial they shall find to be sound and available," etc. Officers of the society for 1834-5 : President, John F. Gray ; vice-presidents, Edward A. Strong, George Baxter; corresponding secretary. Federal Vanderburgh; re- cording secretary, Daniel Seymour; treasurer, F. A. Lohse; registrar, A. Gerald Hull ; librarian, F. L. Wilsev ; finance committee, J. H. Patterson, Oliver S. Strong, L. M. H. Butler, William Bock. This society was composed of physicians and laymen. William Cullen Bryant, the poet-editor, was a member. He was an early convert to homoe- opathy and all his life was a strong supporter of its principles. The year 1835 was memorable as being the period of the establishment of the first homoeopathic magazine in the United States, " The American E. E. Snyder, M. D. Journal of Homoeopathia." It was a small octavo of forty-eight pages, edited by Drs.John F. Grav and Amos G. Hull. Four numbers were issued — Feb- riiarv, April, June and August. In a letter to Dr. Geddes M. Scott, published in the "Homoeopathic Examiner" for February, 1841, Dr. Hull says: '" Your course in Scotland is just such as that pursued by the late Dr. Gram and his friend. Dr. Grav, the first American confessors of homoeopathy. They continued from 1826 ti'll 1832 to observe a silence on the subject which was much blamed bv the later converts. I was during these years an earnest student and adherent of the science, and approved their course till the year 1834, when Dr. Grav and mvself published the 'American Journal of Homoe- 84 HISTORY OF HO^ia':OPATHV opatliia.' * ■■'■ * Our publications m 1834 were still too early for public opinion here, but it occurred in 1833 (as it soon may in your city and king- dom) that imperfectly educated and unscrupulous physicians began to drive a trade in the new system by a series of mountebank arts. This proceeding rendered it necessary to forestall the consequences of this despicable, but cer- tainly not surprising conduct." A notable convert of this time was Henry Delavan Paine, a student of Dr. Hull, father of A. Gerald Hull. Dr. Paine was born in Delhi, Delaware county, New York, June 19, 1816, and graduated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1838. While a student in New York he often heard earnest discussions on homoeopathy between Hull, Gray and others, and determined after graduation to embrace that system, and for a year devoted himself to its study, adopted its principles and located at Newburgh-on-the-Hudson. As- a junior student during the cholera epidemic of 1834, he visited the hospitals and assisted in the care of the patients, and there again had opportunity to see the beneficial efifects of homoeopathic medication in that fatal disease. While practicing in Newburgh he applied for membership in the Orange County Medical Society, but his application was refused on the ground " that he practiced a system of medicine disapproved by the members thereof." Thus, it became necessar}^ for a practitioner to be a member of the county society as the course of the Orange county organization was likely to be fol- lowed by other societies throughout the state for the purpose of checking the progress of the so-called heresy. It was important to ascertain by a judicial decision the power of county medical societies to determine the eligi- bility of any legally authorized practitioner, and Dr. Paine therefore applied to the Supreme court of the state for a mandamus requiring the Orange county society to admit him as a member, the validity of his credentials having been fully conceded. The case was decided by Judge Cowan in favor of the society, the application being denied. This decision was really favorable to the cause of homoeopathy, as it led to legislation which repealed many of the objectionable laws and authorized the formation of homoeopathic societies, with- ail the rights and privileges of the allopathic school ; and it was largely through Dr. Paine's efforts and influence that this was accomplished. In 1844 Dr. Vanderburgh addressed a letter to Judge Cowan protesting against the decision, and entitled it " An Appeal for Homoeopathy." This was pub- lished in a pamphlet by Radde in 1844. In 1845 Dr. Paine removed from Newburgh to Albany, where he lived and practiced until 1865, when he re- turned to New York. He passed the years 1884 to 1886 in Europe and returning resumed his practice, but on account of ill health gave it up and devoted himself to literary pursuits. He was a member of the first conven- tion of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, and held many important positions in societies, hospitals and colleges. He was a member of the board" of Regents of the University of the State of New York, and also of- the first board of state medical examiners. He died at the residence of his son-in-law, Francis H. Delano, in New York city, June 11. 1893, at the age of seventy- seven years. Dr. P>enjamin C. Dutcher came from Utica to New York city in 1831. In 1834 he studied German in order to more thoroughly study homoeopathy. He practiced for four or five \ears when he became a flentist. He died in- Newark, New lersey, October 20, 1889. Dr. Clark- ^^^right embraced homoeopathy in 1839. Son of Asahel Wright^ HISTORY UF HO:\l(EOPATHY 85 Tie was born at Windsor, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, in 1799. He studied with his brother, Dr. Orin Wright, at Pittsfield, Massachusetts, at- tended lectures and graduated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York in 1823. An epidemic of ophthalmia had raged in the Protestant Half Orphan Asylum from 1838 to 1842, and Dr. Wright prescribed for four cases. In a month they were well, and he was requested to take charge of all the cases of the disease. He invited Drs. Parker and Gilman, professors in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, to examine forty-three cases, and six weeks afterwards Dr. Parker, finding them cured, pronounced " the suc- cess of the treatment unprecedented." Dr. Wright was then asked to take charge of the children having skin diseases, which he did with such good Walu, V. . ,,.■■,>.,. .>,. i). results that he was invited to take entire medical charge. He died in New York in March, 1863, aged sixty-four years. Dr. Alonzo S. Ball became interested in homoeopathy in 1838. He was born ill Keene, New Hampshire, February 11, 1800. When he was two years old his parents removed to Lowville, New York, where he was educated. He entered the office of Dr. Sylvester Miller at Lowville in 1821, and in 1824 ■attended kctures at Fairfield Medical College. In 1825 he went to New York to attend lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, but ill "health interfered and he took only a partial course. He did not receive a diploma, but returning to Lovv'ville took a license to practice from the Lewis County Medical Society, and located at Salina (afterward a part of Syracuse). He remained there ten years, returning to New York in 1835. Dr. Ball thus S6 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY speaks of this lime: " I was a poor man entirely dependent on my own ex- ertions, with a family to provide for, and I came to this city as a sort of • necessity of business. I had some leisure, as you may well understand, and I had some friends. I had a friend who said to me, ' Doctor, may there not be some truth in homoeopathy?' I said to him (he was a clergy-man), * Doctor, it grieves me exceedingly to think that you lend your name to that humbug.' At the end of three years I came to the conviction that there might be truth in homoeopathy.'' In 1838, Dr. Ball was introduced by- his pastor. Rev. Dr. Patton, to Dr. Vanderburgh, the minister's physician J His friend. Dr. Cook, had given him a book on the new medical idea and had spoken highly of Dr. Curtis, Gram's student. So Ball went one evening to visit Curtis. Of this visit he says : " I heard that there was a young man in the city by the name of Curtis, who was with Gram, an enlightened homoe- opathist. So I ventured one nighl, like Nicodemus, to see this young man and I was interested in him exceedingly. His very presence magnetized me with the impression that I was in the presence of a man of might; and he treated me kindly and I just told him my story that I had a patient that the doctors could not cure. It was a lady forty years of age, with chronic larvngitis." Dr. Ball had treated this lady for three months without relief. Dr. Cook, the consultant, said she could not live two months more and thought it was a case that would be a good test of the new system. Dr. Curtis saw the case with him and that the result was doubtful, but was willing to try the new remedies. He prescribed belladonna 2d, twelve pellets in one-third turribler of water, a teaspoonful at night and one in the morning. In speaking- of it Dr. Ball said : " On my visit the next day she remarked that she would take no more of that medicine as it increased her sufferings. I told her to stop it and without a word of encouragement left the house ; indeed ' I had been told too often by her that she was worse "to feel particularly encouraged by it. However, I called the next day but one, when she met me at the door of her room with the' astounding declaration, ' Why, doctor, I don't know but that I am cured. On the morning following your last visit I found my throat, better, and from that time it has been improving steadily until it really seems as if I was almost well.' So astonished was I at the statement, not a little provoked with myself, too, that three or four pellets should have done more in a few hours for my patient than all my pills, boluses" and blisters in six months ; so astonished v.as I, that I sat down beside her and entered into a careful examination of her symptoms which resulted in the conviction that her statement was true. The improvement continued and she was discharged entirely cured by the time Dr. Cook had predicted her death." The result of this and other trials soon made Ball an enthusiastic homoeopathist. He was one of the original members of the institute. He died at Saratoga, New York. December 17. 1893. Dr. Alfred Freeman was induced by Dr. Ball to investigate homoeopathy. He was born in Salem, Washington county, New York, November 6. 1793, and was a son of .\ndrew and Elizabeth Freeman. He studied medicine with hi? uncle. Dr. Asa Fitch. \\'hile a student he was called on to bear arms at the battle of Plattsburg. He passed the winters of 1816 and 1817 in New- York city attending medical lectures, and having graduated he returned to his native place where he practiced seventeen vears. He removed to New York in 1834 and established himself in a practice which in a few years became large. He had opposed homceopathy, as did his professional brethren, but his HISTORY OF H0:MCE0PATHY 87 friend Ball induced him to investis^^ate, and he became convinced. Dr. Ball, telling the story, said: " I started out and made it my business to tell my story. I told it to some young men whom I knew and among them Dr. Free- man. I had great respect for him as a man who delighted to listen to truth. I had an appointment to go to the eastern part of the town, and I called at his house and told him my story. After hearing me he looked at me pitifully and said, ' Doctor. I should as soon have expected you to become an author.' ' Very like,' said I. ' nevertheless. I think you will do well to look at it,' and I left him. And the doctor did look at it and as you know, became a convert and went into it with all his heart." It was probably about the year 1839 that Dr. Freeman began to investigate the new sxstem. He died of paralvsis March 8, 1861. J. A. Mc\K-:eeman. I knew him to be a man of truth. I had had frequent intercourse with him and could place dependence upon his word. I asked Freeman about the matter and he said, ' I tell you it is true and I advise you to look into it.' ' Do you see proofs of its truth ? ' said I. ' Yes,' he replied. He loaned me some books and I went to reading. I took the matter up very slowly. I had previously held some con- versation with Dr. Channing, and I had seen him trying fearlessly to cure cholera in 1832 with his minute doses of camphor, and 1 was more inclined to trust my secret with Channing than with m.y friend. Dr. Gray, for fear he would laugh at me. It was some time after that before I became a convert. Dr. Freeman came to the city in 1835 and located on Hudson street. I was just opposite. As we had leisure and common sympathies, our circumstances brought us together. Soon after Dr, Freeman moved to the east side, and I was converted to homoeopathy, and then I wanted to convert the whole pro- fession." This cure of Dunnell's patient occurred in the early part of 1840. He continued to practice in New York city until his death, which occurred September 4, 1868. He was an original member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy. Another of the members of this first union was George W. Cook, who was born at Hyde Park, Dutchess county, New York, May 21, 1806. He commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Wingfield in Crawford and com- pleted his term with Dr. Pomeroy White of Hudson. He graduated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York in 1828, and commenced practice in Stockport. In 1836 he removed to Hudson and in 1838 began there the practice of homoeopathy. In I\[ay, 1844, he went to New York and was in partnership with Dr. Channing one year. He then practiced alone until 1848, when he became partner with Dr. Jacob Beakley, but in the spring of 1849, o" account of ill health, he returned to his brother, Dr. A. P. Cook, at Hudson, where he died October i, 1850. Sanniel Bancroft Barlow adopted homoeopathy in 1837. He was born in Granville, Massachusetts, April 10, 1798. After educating himself he taught school from 1814 to 1817, meanwhile studying history and botanic medicine. In 1819 he entered the office of Dr. Vincent Holcombe, and two years later became the student of Dr. Joseph P. Jewett of Granby, Connecti- cut. Fle graduated from Yale Medical School in 1822. He practiced medi- cine in New England until 1834 or 1835, when he went to Florida. Orange county. New York. As early as 1837 ^^ was openly practicing homoeopathy. While he was investigating, when there was doubt about a case, he was ac- customed to write to Hull or Vanderburgh or Curtis for advice. He removed to New York in 1841. In 1863 he became professor of materia medica in the New York Homoeopathic Aledical College, retaining that position for eight years. In 1850 he imported some of the woorara poison from South HISTORY OF HOMCF.OPATHY 6i» America, and was successful in using it in paralytic cases. In July, 1868, he Avas sunstruck, was sick for four years, and then retired from active practice. He died February 27, 1876. Among the physicians belonging to the second epoch of homoeopathy who •were influential in its growth in New York, may be mentioned Dr. Benjamin Franklin Bowers, born in Billerica, Mass., in 1796; graduated at Yale in 1819; formed a partnership with Dr. B. F. Joslin in New York in 1837; was appointed physician to the New York Dispensary, but in 1839 was expelled for investigating homoeopathy. In 1847 ^^e became physician to the Half Orphan Asylum in New York, retaining the position for many years. A remarkable mental feat of this man was that when nearly eighty years old, at the time of the appointment of a state board of medical examiners by the regents of the university, he voluntarily entered upon a thorough review of all the de- partments of medical science, with a view of presenting himself as a candidate for a state degree. He passed a rigid examination, much to the great aston- ishment and admiration of the examiners, and was the first successful can- didate for that distinction. His death occurred ,a few weeks afterwards, on February 7, 1875. Dr. Zina Harris was born in Vermont in' 1792. About 1840 he was practicing homoeop- athy in New York city. In 1842 he had an office in Canal street, near Laight street, and was then a homoeopathist. He was eccentric and reticent, and little is known of his birth and education. He died in Brooklyn, April 30, 1859, of apoplexy, and was buried in Green- wood cemetery. Dr. Richard M. Bolles was born Septem- ber 16, 1797, at Hudson, New York. He studied with Dr. White of Hudson and was licensed to practice about 1818 by the medical society of Columbia county. He received a diploma from the medical college at Pittsfield, IVIassachusetts, in 1832. He practiced for a B. F. Joslin, M. D. time with his preceptor and then went to Delhi, New York. He returned to New York city in 1824 and in 1832 married a Miss Hodgkinson. Dr. Bolles formed an acquaintance with Channing prior to 1840. A personal observation of Gianning's successful treatment led him to make experiments for himself with homoeopathic medicines. In 1841 he declared his belief and ever afterward practiced homoeopathy. He studied the Materia Mcdica Pura in the German, and used as a constant handbook Jahr's Manual, in French, for which he prepared a synoptical index. He also wrote a poetic description of chest pains and their remedies, and a tabulation of Boenning- hausen's " Pocket Book." He died in New York, August 9, 1865. Dr. Walter C. Palmer was born in New Jersey, February 9, 1804. In 1826 he graduated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. In 1827 he mar- ried Phoebe Wc^rall and located in New York city. Soon after Ball's con- version to homoeopathy, he met Palmer at a religious meeting held at the house of the latter. After the meeting they were introduced, when Ball men- tioned homoeopath} , to which Palmer replied that when lie adopted such a system his friends might consider him a fit subject for a lunatic asylum. Tti ;iO . HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 1840 Palmer had a case of hip disease that baffled the skill of many physicians and was not improving. He then asked Ball for a homoeopathic prescription for the patient, and uas surprised and disappointed that the invalid began to improve after the first dose. Thinking the case really resulted from the effect of the previous medicine and not from the homoeopathic prescription, he tried a homceopathic remedy in a case of diarrhoea, expecting to prove its fallacy, but the patient was cured and he was compelled to acknowledge the truth of the system of Hahnemann, and practiced it for eighteen years, until 1858, when he retired. He was an institute member of 1846. He died Julv 20, 1883. Dr. John Augustus McVickar was born in Schenectady, New York, June 16, 1812, graduated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1833, and was the first professor of obstetrics in the medical department of the New York University. He became interested in homoeopathy in 1841, through Dr. Zina Harris, and acknowledged that it was a principle in medicine, but not an exclusive medical system. He died January 29, 1892. Dr. Benjam.in Franklin Joslin was born at Exeter, Rhode Island, Novem- ber 25, 1796. When a boy he gave up his interest in his patrimony to be allowed to spend his time in study. For several years he taught and studied, and graduated at Union College in 1821 ; studied medicine in New York, graduating from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1826. He then took the professorship of chemistry and natural sciences in a polytechnic school at Chittenango, where he practiced and lectured one year. In January^ 1827, he took the chair of mathematics and natural philosophy in Union Col- lege, which he held ten years. In 1835 he removed to New^ York and gave up part of his college duties "in order to devote himself to practice. For some years he gave lectures on anatomy and physiology wnth dissections. Dr. Bowers, who wrote an exj;ended biography of Joslin, published in the " Trans- actions of the New York State Homoeopathic Medical Society " for 1863, says: "In 1837 he resigned his professorship, formed a partnership with the writer and removed to New York. His scientific reputation had preceded him and led to his appointment in 1838 to the chair of mathematics and nat- ural philosophy in the University of the City of New York, which he held until 1844. In 1839 I was led to examine and adopt homoeopathy. In 1840 our partnership was dissolved. Dr. Joslin was prejudiced against homoe- opathy, and was not convinced by my experience. I assured him that he could soon be convinced of its truth, and that the easiest way of testing it was to try it on himself. A physician of his acquaintance, having published an attack on homoeopathy, wrote to Dr. Joslin for his opinion of the system, intending to publish it. Pr. Joslin was unwilling to publish an opinion which was not founded on a knowledge of the subject and determined to make practical experiment. * I took,' he says, ' the third attenuation of a medicine and avoiding the study of its alleged symptoms as recorded in books, I made a record of all the new symptoms which I experienced. When this record was completed I examined a printed list of symptoms and was surprised to find a remarkable coincidence betweeen them and those I had experienced." " Dr. Joslin tried Other experiments to convince himself of the scientific cer- tainty of the homoeopathic provings, and was finally obliged to admit their truth. This was in 1842, after sixteen years of allopathic practice. Joslin for thirty years made daily meteorological observations. He wrote many HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 91 important scientific and medical essays. He died of paralysis December 31, 1861. Dr. George Elisha Belcher was born in Greenwich, Connecticut, Febru- ary 7, 1818. He graduated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1839, and practiced with his father s-everal years. Hearing casually of homoe- opathy, he decided to investigate its merits. He procured a copy of Hahne- mann's Organon and the Allentown Jahr, which he read, and then experi- mented with homoeopathic remedies. The result was that in 1844 he em- braced homoeopathy. He was a leading figure among the homoeopathic phy- sicians of New York for many years. He died of pleuro pneumonia compli- cated with chronic asthma, November i. 1890. Dr. Edward Bayard was born in Wilmington, Delaware, March 6, 1806. Lewis Hallock, M. D. He studied law in Canandaigua, Xcw York, and was admitted to the bar. He then studied medicine, graduating from the medical department of New York University in 1845. \\h\\e studying law in Seneca Falls he practiced homoeopathy as a layman, and introduced it in that vicinity. He died October 28, 1889. I^or many years he practiced in New York city. Dr. Walter Stewart was a graduate of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York in 1848. He was a pupil of Gray and also of Car- nochan and was a man of superior education, fine talents, and a surgeon of rare ability. He practiced in New York city. He died of consumption in Natchez, Mississippi, in August. 1863. aged about forty-one years. Dr. Lewis Hallock was born in New York, June 30, 1803. He studied 92 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY at Clinton University, commenced the study of medicine with a relative, Dr. Lewis Hallock of Southhold, and a year after returned to New York and entered the office of Dr. John W. Francis, professor of obstetrics in the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons, where he graduated in 1826. In this class were four others who afterward became homoeopathists : Gray, Joslin, Dun- iiell and Palmer. Hallock had practiced allopathy for fifteen years when he was induced to tr}- homoeopathic remedies in a case, with the result that he became convinced of the truth of homoeopathy and an avowed practitioner of it. He joined the institute m 1846. He died March 3, 1897, in New York city, where he had practiced seventy-five years, having reached the great age of ninety-four. Dr. Tames M. Quui was born m New York in 1806. He graduated with P. P. Wells, M. D. honors from Columbia College, and afterwards was professor of Latin and Greek in that institution. He studied medicine with Hosack, but after prac- ticing allopathy for several years embraced the method of Hahnemann. To thoroughly master its principles he studied German and French. He became well known as a specialist in diseases of the throat and chest. He also was an accomplished nuisician and instrumental in promoting musical progress. He died March 26, 1868. Dr. John Taylor was born in Hallowell (or Augusta), Maine, in March", 1802, and graduated in New York. He was converted to homoeopathy by Dr. Caleb ticknor. He removed from New York to Ann Arbor. Michigan, and from there went to Rochester. New York, succeeding Dr. Biegler. He began to practice homoeopathy in Ann Arbor, probably in 1844 or 1845. ^^ finallv located in New York, where he died. April 5. 1850. HISTORY OF HOMCBOPATHY 9:^ Dr. Phineas Parkluirst Wells was born in Hopkinton, New Hampshire, in 1808, and was the son of Dr. Thomas G. Wells. In youth he worked as a printer, but decided to study medicine, working at his " case " during the daytime, rising at four in the morning and reading late at night at his medical studies. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1833. He began practice in Rox- bury, Massachusetts, where he remained until 1839. when, impaired in health, he went to Cincinnati. Ohio. Afterward he located in Providence. Rhode Island, where he was first interested in homoeopathy through Dr. A. H. Okie. He studied German in order to understand homoeopathy. About this time he became acquainted with Dr. Wesselhoeft, who had recently removed to Boston from Philadelphia, and who gave him a letter of introduction to Hering. He visited him, and Hering turned the key of his office door, refusing to see any more patients that day, and they talked until the next morning at four o'clock. Wells found the knowledge he sought in the conversation of Hering. In December, 1843, he located in Brooklyn, Avhere he practiced until his death, November 22, 1891. He was one of the stalwarts of Hahnemannian homoe- opathy. , 94 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY CHAPTER V HOMOKOPATIIV IN NEW YORK (CONTINUED) Outspreading of tlie Homoeopathic Doctrine from New York City Into the Several Counties of the State — The Pioneers and Their Trials and Triumphs — Reminiscences and Sketches. While the doctrine of Hahnemann was becoming adopted by so many of the best known physicians in New York city, the progress of the system was also rapid in other parts of the state, especially in Northern New York. In 1833 Dr. Joseph Birnstill, who had been converted to homoeopathy in Germany by Dr. Griesselich, came to America, reaching New York in May. He soon went to Dunkirk, Chautauqua county, and attempted to prac- tice the new system. At that time the name of homoeopathy was hardly known in the county. Dr. Birnstill could converse only in German and hardly a person in the county could speak that language, but notwithstanding these difficulties he made some cures in chronic cases. In about eight months he went to Westfield, in the same county. He gradually acquired a knowledge of English and an increase in practice, but meeting with little sympathy from other physicians he went to Buffalo. In a few months he returned to West- field. When he applied for membership in the Chautauqua County Medical Society with authentic evidence of having received the degree of doctor of medicine, he was rejected solely on account of his medical practice. He was so embarrassed by his ignorance of English and by his foreign birth, and by the ridicule of the physicians, that he finally went to Erie, Pennsylvania, in 1839, thence to Massillon, Ohio, and from there to W'orcester, ^Massachusetts. He practiced in V/orcester three years and in 1847 went to Boston, and in 1849 to Newton. Corners, where he died in 1867. As early as November, 1837, Dr. Augustus Philip Biegler began practice in Albany. In 1838 he was admitted to membership in the medical society of the city and county of New York. In the spring of 1840 he went to Schenectady, being the pioneer there, and in the autumn of the same >'ear located at Rochester. Later, in 1840, Dr. Biegler visited Hahnemann in Paris. He returned to Rochester, where he remained until his death in 1849. ^^ 1838 Dr. Biegler was partner with Dr. Rosensteiii in Albany. Dr. Emanuel Sieze opened an office in Hudson, Columbia county, pre- vious to 1839, and during that year went to Albany. It is said he was instru- mental in persuading Dr. Biegler to leave Germany for America, and that they journeyed together. Dr. Charles Frederick Hoffendahl, coming to this coun- try in 1837, after remaining three years in Philadelphia, located at Albany in 1840. As earlv as 1835 or 1836 homoeopathy was introduced into Dutchess county by a practitioner who went from Albany to Clinton to attend a case of chronic rheimiatism. However, Dr. Federal Vanderburgh was the real pioneer in this county, locating at Rhinebeck in 1843. Soon after he settled there he HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 95 induced Dr. A. Hall of Fishkill to adopt the new method. About this period one Dr. Formes introduced homceopathy in Poughkeepsie. Dr. Vanderburgh also converted the Rev. James Lillie to homoeopathic belief. This was in 1840. Dr. Lillie had studied in the University of Edin- burgh, a part of the time in the medical department, and as he had acquired a taste for medicine he was easily induced to investigate homoeopathy and be- came convinced of its truth. Dr. Lillie in his pastoral visits was wont some- times to prescribe, though reluctantly, for the temporal welfare of his flock. His custom was to take the Materia Medica Pura (Jourdan's French transla- tion ) with him to the bedside. In 1842 he went to New York and was regu- larly graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons. He afterward went to Toronto, Canada. The pioneer in Chenango county was Dr. Caspar Bruchhausen, who lo- cated in Green in 1842. He was born August 25, 1806, in Frankfort-on-the- Main, received, a classical education and became a literary man. In the spring of 1836 he came to America and was employed by George Wesselhoeft of Philadelphia, who imported and dealt in books and homoeopathic medicines and also published a German newspaper. He thus became acquainted with Hering, Green, Humphrey, JMatlack and other early homoeopathic practi- tioners. Among them was Dr. Charles F. Hoffendahl, from Berlin, Prussia, who befriended Bruchhausen and under his encouragement and tuition the latter commenced the study of medicine. In 1839 he went with him to Al- bany, where Dr. Hoffcndahl entered practice. He afterward studied in Hud- son, New York, with Dr. George W. Cock. Ill health caused him to relin- quish graduation and for a time he devoted himself to literature. In 1842, learning of an opening for a homoeopathic physician in Chenango county, one of the then recently settled counties of New York, he located at Green. In -May, 1843, he went to Oxford, remaining there five years, and in 1848 set- tled permanently in Norwich. He died December 28, 1891. In 1836 Dr. Martin Freligh, of Saugerties, Ulster county, became inter- ested in homoeopathy. He visited Vanderburgh in New York and was sent to Channing, who gave him his first instructions in homoeopathic medication. Dr. Freligh left Ulster county, going to Rhinebeck, Dutchess county. In 1841 Dr. Garrett D. Crispell investigated the subject. He had been ah old school practitioner for eighteen years. Homoeopathy was introduced into Auburn, Cayuga county, by Horatio Robinson, who was born in Lebanon, Connecticut, in 1804. He graduated at the Berkshire Medical School and commenced practice at the age of twenty- one. For the next twelve years he resided at Stonington, Connecticut, after which he went to Yates county, New York, where he remained four years and then settled in Auburn. While living in Yates county he became ac- quainted with Air. Bayard of Seneca Falls, afterwards Dr. Bayard of New York, who was then testing the merits of the homoeopathic system. Tliis was Dr. Robinson's first introduction to homoeopath v. He, like others, be- came convinced only after practical demonstration. When he located in Au- burn in May, 1841, he formed a partnership with Dr. Humphrey, who- was physician to the hospital of Auburn state prison, and who was ignorant of his partner's change of medical faith. The day after he arrived Dr. Humphrey took him to see a case and the next day went to New York, leaving Rob- inson to attend the business. The patient had been sick for seven weeks, and had been seen bv two allopathic pliysicians in consultation. Dr. Robinson :»G HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY treated th?s case secretly and successfully ^vith homoeopatliic medicines, and the result caused the new system to be favorably received. Soon afterward cholera broke out in the prison, and Dr. Robinson at Dr. Humphrey's request treated certain cases with arsenic and veratrum, and with marked success. In July. 1841. Dr. Robinson was called to Throopsville to see a patient for Dr. McCarthy, who was anxious to observe the effect of the homoeopathic reme- dies. The success in the case was so complete that he began to investigate, only to become convinced and soon to adopt the new system. Dr. McCarthy was the second convert to homoeopathy in Cayuga county. He afterward went to Utica. The old school opposition to homoeopathy was malignant and even threat- ened prosecution, and in order to test the matter Mr. Peterson of Springport, a lawyer, sup]:)lied hunself with homoeopathic books and medicines and began practice, visiting patients and taking fees, without having a diploma. Suit was brought, trial followed, and the jury brought in a verdict of three- quarters of a cent for the plaintiff, and at the same time donated their fees to the defendant. Dr. Robinson practiced for many years and died July 28, 1889. It is said that his homoeopathic outfit con- sisted of a small paper box. in which were eleven vnals of homoeopathic pellets, each vial about the diameter of a goose quill, and one and a half inches /"^^ '^^L in length ; also a copy of Epps' " Domestic Homoe- £* ^ opathy.'' It is said that Auburn prison was the W ^Hfl> [IB first public institution in which homoeopathy was *^ '-Sm introduced. Dr. W. W. Alley, contemporary with Robin- son, lived to be the oldest homoeopathic physician in the world, having practiced for sixtv-five years, lie was born in 1802 in Sullivan county, New ^'ork. and died at Moravia, New York, January 24. 1802. Dr. Harvey Hull Cator introduced homoeopathy Hnratid Robinson. M. ] ). into Onondaga county, locating in Syracuse in 1842. He was born in Roxbury, Delaware county, Xew York, July 12. 1815, and graduated from the Geneva Medical College in 1840. In 1 84 1 he commenced the practice of allopathy at Moravia, Cayuga count\. His attention was first called to homoeopathy by Dr. Robinson of .-\uburn. His own wife was cured by homoeopathic medicines after being given up by the allopathic physicians and he was led to adopt the new medical system. Syracuse seemed to be a favorable field in which to begin the new practice and he located there in 1842. He remained for several years. A notable circumstance of his sojourn was that he published there the " Homoeo- paihic Pioneer," a scientific and practical journal of homoeopathy. Twelve numbers were issued, July. 1845, to June, 1846. It was a small quarto of sixteen pages. Dr. L. M. Tracy was associated with Dr. Cator in this venture. The latter was compelled on account of his wife's health to leave Syracuse in 1846, at which time he went west, opening an ofifice in Milwaukee with Dr. Tracy. He subsequently returned to New York and in 1874, after living in several places, opened an office in Camden, New Jersey, where he died Feb- ruary 21, 1882. In 1852 there were but five homoeopathic physicians in Syra- HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 97 cuse; in 1857, seven; in 1870, eleven; in 1880, seventeen; in 1890, twenty- one; in 1899, thirty, and in 1904, thirty-one. The first practitioner of homceopathy in Rensselaer county was Dr. F. S. Field, a graduate of Knigs College Hospital, London, an accomplished man, but being unknown and advocating a new doctrine, he was unable to support himself and left after two years. This w-as in 1839 or 1840. He was ac- quainted vv'ith Drs. Richard S. Bryan and Richard Bloss and furnished them with the translation of Jahr's ^Manual, then lately published, Bloss openly adopted homoeopathy in 1841, being influenced by witnessing several remarkable cures. In 1852 there were in Troy but three homoeopathists, Drs. Bryan, Bloss and Simeon A. Cook; in 1857 there were four; in 1870, eleven; in 1880, thirteen; in 1890, eleven; in 1899, ten. In 1842 Dr. Daniel Starkweather Kimball, who had been for some vears practicing allopathy at Sackett's Harbor, Jefferson county, declared his belief in homceopathy. He was born in Charlcstown, Montgomery county, Xew York, January 7, 1806, and w^as in part educated at Auburn Theological Seminary. In 1824 he com- menced the study of medicine under Dr. Joseph F. Pitney, of Auburn. He graduated at Fairfield ^Medical School in 1828, and settled at Sackett's Harbor. When Dr. Kimball adopted homoeopathy he was the only practitioner of that school within an area of eightv miles. He died December 12. 1882. Dr. George W. Cook introduced homoeopathy into Columbia county in 1838. He was born at Hyde Park, Dutchess county. May 21, 1806, and studied medicine with Dr. Winfield of Crawford. Orange countv, and with Dr. Pomeroy White, of Hudsor.. He graduated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York in 1828, H. C. Hubbard. M. 1). and settled in Stockport, Columbia county, rema^ining there until 1836, when he located at' Hudson. He began practice in 1838, two years after he had located in the town. In 1844 he removed to Xew York. His health failed and after short partnerships with Qianning and Beakley he returned to Hudson, where he died October i, 1849. Dr. Plenry C. Hubbard was the pioneer of homoeopathy in Cortland county, and practiced many years in the town of Scctt. He was born in Berlin, Rensselaer county, March 24, 1810, and died in Scott, March 22, 1867. In 1842 Dr. Willis R. Browne, after practicing allopathy for five years, read the Organon, became convinced of its truth, and began the practice of homcEO- pathy. In a letter written about that time he says : " For about five years previously I had practiced on the principles of the old school under a diploma from the professors of one of the colleges, but I can distinctly see that my knowledge of the art of healing commenced with my acquaintance with that invaluable book.'' To Dr. Nash Hull Warner is due the honor of having introduced homoe- opathy into Erie county. Dr. Warner was born in Plymouth. Connecticut, January 14, 1808. graduated from Yale Medical Sch(X)l in 1831. and com- menccil practice in Van Duscnville, Mass., where he remained imtil 1836, when ho went to Buffalo. Early in 1844 ^le became impressed with the "truth r98 HISTORY OF no.M(K( )l'ATHY of homoeopathy, and in his diary tmder date of February 6, of that year, is the following note : " This day I have made my first purely homoeopathic prescription." The next year he fully adopted the system. At that time there were but one or two homoeopathic physicians in Western New York, and Dr. Warner was the victim of the most bitter opposition from his former col- leagues. During the prevalence of cholera in 1849, he fully demonstrated the efficacy of the doctrine of Hahnemann. He jiracticed in Buffalo for many years, and died June 24. i860. Dr. Charles A. Stevens practiced homoeopathy in Buffalo as early as 1844. In 1852 there were six homoeopathic physicians in Buffalo; in 1857, ten; in 1870, fifteen; in 1880, twenty-six; in 1890, fifty-six; in 1899, forty- nine; and in 1904, forty-six. In Herkimer county Dr. Nathan Spencer, born in Sangerfield, Oneida county, March 29, 1809, was the pioneer of homoeopathy. He read medicine with Dr. Eli G. Bailey of* Brookfield, Madison county, remaining with him until the spring of 1834. During this time he attended three full courses of lectures, one in Castleton, Vt,, and two in F'airfield, Herkimer county, where he graduated. He began practice at Winfield a short time after becoming a member of the county society. Being of liberal mind, he began to investigate homoeopathy about 1846, and was summoned before the bar of trial of the county society, expelled, and the records of the action were published in the county papers. But Dr. Spencer defended the system splendidly, and con- fessed to but one dereliction of duty, that, having by his agreement to the by-laws promised to make progress in the healing art, he had failed in not long before telling the society of his success w'ith homoeopathic medicines. He practic-ed in Winfield with excellent success, and died there December 7, Dr. Erasmus Darwin Jones introduced homoeopathy in Essex county in 1844. He was born in Upper Jay. Essex county, September 10, 1818; was graduated from the Albany ^Medical College in 1841. and at once began prac- tice at Keeseville. In 1844 he adopted homoeopathy in his practice. In 1846 he went to Albany, where he resided for many years. Dr. Ira Adams, an old school physician of Lowville, became dissatisfied with allopathy and through the influence of friends adopted the homoeopathic system, lie had been practicing for thirty years and was the first homoeo- pathic practitioner in Lewis county. He died in 1856. In 1843 Dr. Chauncey ]\I. Dake introduced homoeopathy into Livingston county. He was the son of Dr. Jabez Dake, of Nunda, and was born Decem- ber I, 1816. He attended medical lectures at Geneva, but was obliged to discontinue his studies in 1836, and began to practice under a state license. He was converted to homoeopathy by his brother-in-law, Dr. H. Hull Cator, in 184 1, ^^'hile at Rushville he sutfered with inflammatory rheumatism, and becoming steadily worse called in Dr. Cator. who relieved and cured him with homoeopathic treatment. When he recovered he procured homoeopathic books and medicines and soon accepted the truth of the " little pills." In 1843 he located at Geneseo. He practiced for a time at Pittsburgh, Pa., but finally retired to a farm near Rochester, X. Y.. where he died July 15, 1872. In the spring of 1840 Dr. Robert Rossman removed from Hudson to Brooklyn, where he was the first to raise the standard of homoeopathv. He remained alone there for three years nhen he fonved a partnership with Dr. Aaron Cooke Hull, then of New \'ork citv. Four or five months after Dr. HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 99 liossman settled in the city, Dr. David Baker commenced practice there, and to their earnest efforts the great success of the system of Hahnemann in Brooklyn was largely due. Dr. Rossman was born in Claverack, Columbia county, October i8, 1807. He graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, and located at Hudson, Columbia county, where he became a convert to homoeopathy in 1839. He lived in Brooklyn until his death, December 25, 1859. The history of homoeopathy in Kings county is practically included in that of Brooklyn. In 1852 there were the following practitioners of homoe- opathy in that city : George R. Beebe, Abraham C. Burke, Joel Bryant, Car- roll riunham, Samuel Smith Guv, Charles Julius Hempel, Aaron Cooke Hull, O. R. King. Edwin Albert Lodge, Reuben Curtis Moffatt, George \\ New- comb. J. R. Orton, Robert Rossman, C. D. Rossiter, Phineas Parkhurst Wells, . In 1857 the homoeopathic physicians there were D. Baker, J. Barker, J. B. Bennett, Joel Bryant. Abraham C. Burke, J. Pitman Dinsmore, S. B. Doty, J. Duffin, Carroll Dunham, Joseph Bailey Elliott. Bernhard Fincke, H. S. Gilbert, Samuel Smith Guy, S. H. Hanford, William H. Hanford, Aaron Cooke Hull, Edwin Albert Lodge, Benjamin Clasby Macy, H. May, Henry Minton, Reuben Curtis Moffatt, George V. Newcomb, \Villiam L. R. Per- rine, Edward T. Richardson, M. A. Richter, Robert Rossman, John Gaul Ross- man, Dr. Saltzweidel, Dr. Stamm, John Turner. James H. Ward, J. I. Watson, Phineas Parkhurst Wells, Albert Wright. William Wright, J. Young. In 1870 there were sixty-seven practitioners in Brooklyn; in 1880. one hundred and twenty-nine; in 1892, two hundred and one; in 1904, one hun- dred and seventy-six. Dr. Charles Harvey Hadley practiced at Blyther- bourne. Dr. Robert Boocock at Flatbush and Dr. John C. Robert at New Utrecht. In New York city in 1852 there were the following homoeopathic practition- ers : James H. Allen, Moses Anderson, H. D. Appleton, Alonzo S. Ball. Samuel Bancroft Barlow. E. H. Bartlett, Edward Bayard, George Beakley, Jacob Beak- ley, George Elisha Belcher, H. W. Bell, T. j. Blakeney, Richard Montgomery Bolles. Benjamin Franklin Bowers. Josiah Bowers, Edward V. Brown, Wil- liam Channing. Eliza D. Cook, J. Croffut, Joseph Thomas Curtis, H. G. Doyle, Henry Gale Dunnell, Benjamin C. Dutcher. Joseph T. Evans, Alfred Free- man. Martin Freligh, John Franklin Gray. Egbert Guernsey, Lewis Hallock, Benjamin Franklin Joslin. Edwin Merritt Kellogg, C. Kiersted, Hudson Kins- ley, Stephen Reynolds Kirby, J. F. Mahon, Erastus Edgerton Marcy, Dr. Morton. James Mairs, M. J. Mayer. H. G. McGonegal, Robert McMurray, John Augustus McA'ickar, James Whiting Metcalf, Walter C. Palmer. Miles Wesley Palmer. John C. Peters. James M. Quin. A. Reisig, S. E. Shepherd. Hunting Sherriil, Daniel E. Stearns, W. Stewart. John L. Sullivan, Federal Vanderburgh. Lewis T. Warner. J. Westcott. Edwin West. E. G. Wheeler. Ferdinand Little Wilsey. Abraham Durve?. Wilson. J. D. Worrall. Gark Wright. In 1857 New York city contained ninety-three homoeopathic prac- titioners; in 1870. one hundred and forty-eight; in 1880. two hundred and five: in 1890. four hundred and thirty-nine: in 1904. three hundred and twentv-two. Homfpopathv was introduced into Queens county by Dr. Spaulding, who settled in Flushing in 1825 as an allopathic physician, and who embraced homoe- opathv in 1839. He left Flushing in 1844. The pioneer in Monroe county was Dr. Augustus T'hilip Biegler. who 00 HISTORY OF HOMCEOFATIIY went from Albany to Rochester in 1840. In 1852 there were ten homceopathic physicians ni Rochester; in 1857 there were thirteen; in 1870, seventeen; in 1880, twenty-five; in 1890, fifty-two, and in 1899, sixty-three. In 1904 there are recorded seventy-one. Abont 1845 ^r- Ezekiel Lovejoy, then located at Owcgo, the county seat of Tioga county, introduced the new system to his patients. He had begun practice as an allopathic physician at Owego in 1828. A\'hile visiting a sister his attention was called to homoeopathy. He met Dr. Granger in New York and tested its truth, and on his return home he adopted it in practice. He was born at Stratford, Conn., July 6, 1803, and died in 1871. In the winter of 1843-44 Dr. Erastus Humphreys opened an office in Utica for the practice of homoeopathy. He had been previously in practice in Auburn where, in 1840, through the instrumentality of Dr. Horatio Robin- son, who had recently become his partner, he was converted to a belief in homcEopathy. He was an important acquisition, being one of the prominent medical men of the vicinity, physician to the Auburn state prison, and having great social influence. In 1842 he went to Syracuse where he practiced for a year and a half, and where he was joined by Dr. H. Hull Cator, having been the first to open an office in Onondaga county. In the fall of 1843 he went to Utica, being the pioneer both in the city of Utica and of Oneida county. Dr. Humphreys remained in practice in Utica until 1847, when he went to New York, leaving his son, Dr. Frederick Humphreys, who later became the proprietor of " Humphreys' Specifics," and Dr. Samuel Stewart, to succeed him. In New York he endeavored to found a homoeopathic hospital, but he was prostrated by a sunstroke, from which he never recovered. He died on March 14, 1848. He was born in Canton in 1784 and received his diploma from the State Medical Society of Connecticut at Hartford in 1808. He practiced with Dr. Everest for two years, when he went to Marcellus, Onon- daga county, where he remained until 1823, when he went to Auburn. Dr. Erastus A. Munger of Waterville, Oneida county, in the summer of 1843 went to New York for the purpose of learning something of the new system. While there he became acquainted with Drs. Gray, Freeman, Bayard and Kirby, purchased Jahr's New Manual and other homoeopathic books and a supply of medicines, and on his return began the practice of homoeopathy. At this time there was no other homoeopathic physician in the county or nearer than Syracuse. Dr. Levcrett Bishop acquired an understanding of homoeopathy from the Babcock brothers and Dr. Douglass of Hamilton. Madison county, in the winter of 1843-44. Dr. Erastus Humphreys furnished him with his first outfit of homoeopathic medicines, and with Hull's Jahr and Organon. The Central New York Homoeopathic Medical Society was organized at Utica in June, 1849, ^"<^1 was a means of union of the homoeopathic physi- cians in the vicinity, and also the cause of rapid growth of the system. This was called the " Syracuse and Utica Convention of Homoeopathic Physicians. "^ The first informal meeting was held in Utica, September 13. 1849. The fol- lowing persons signed their names to the constitution at a meeting held at Utica, January 16, 1850: Drs. A. L. Kellogg, Bridgewater; S. W. Stewart, Utica : Silas Bailey, Brookfield : Leverett Bishop. Sauquoit ; N. Stebbins, Clin- ton : Erastus A. Munger. Waterville ; Lucian B. Wells, Pompey ; Daniel S- Kimball. Sackett's Harbor; Daniel Barker. Madison; Frederick Humphreys, HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 101 Utica; Jonas C. Raymond, Waterville; Jesse M. Peak, Cooperstown ; Jere- miah Green, Hamilton ; H. R, Foote, Utica. It is probable that Dr. Louis A. Morgan was the pioneer homoeopath in Cattaraugus county, as he was in Chautauqua county. He was born March 20, 1 80 1, at West Sprmgfield, Mass. He attended the Berkshire Medical College and studied with a number of distinguished physicians. When he married Cornelia Spellman in 1826, they took a wedding trip of fifteen hun- dred miles through New York and Pennsylvania, during which Dr. Morgan, the groom, gave lectures on the sciences. He had graduated from Williams College in 1828, and for a time was a teacher. In 1845 his attention was directed to homcEopathy and he became convinced of its truth. Previous to that he had been ordained in the ministry and had labored in Western New York as missionary and physician to the poor. He was called to the church in Coiiewango, Chautauqua county, and practiced medicine there for six years, the only homceopathist in the region. About 1851 he removed to Gowanda, where he had to combat the opposition of three allopaths and three eclectics. He remained there six years, but a disastrous fire impoverished him. He then went to Buffalo, where his wife died. After a year spent in Illinois, he returned east and opened an office in Hornellsville, Steuben county, and re- mained there live years, after which he resided in Conewango. In Allegheny county the homoeopathic pioneers were Drs. John H. Thorp, Washington Irv- ing Wellman, Samuel Smith Allen, Llewellyn D. Farnham, Dr. Hayes, Syl- vester Pelton and W. S. Todd, Sr. In Niagara county the pioneer was Dr. Franklin L. Knapp, who was born in Pembroke, Genesee county, September 22, 1817; educated at Geneva Medical College and graduated in 1845. At a public debate between Dr. Williams, a homoeopathic physician of Geneva, and Professor Thomas Spen- cer of the college, Dr. Knapp was so impressed with the arguments in favor of homoeopathy that he decided to investigate its claims. He sought out Dr. Williams at his office and soon became convinced that there was indeed a specific law governing the remedial action of medicinal drugs. He at once commenced the study of homoeopathy in the office of Dr. Matthews, of Roch- ester. He afterward was associated with Dr. C. M. Dake at Geneseo. Called by his father's health to Gasport, he established himself there as a homoeo- pathic physician in 1846. Dr. David Fowler Bishop commenced the practice of homoeopathy in Lockport iri 1850. The pioneers in Broome county were Drs. Titus Lonson Brown, Dr. Brownson, Dr. Covert, E. Ely, T. Mather, Ira W. Peabody, Stephen D. Hand, A. A. Witherill. Dr. C. F. Harris introduced homoeopathy into Binghamton in the spring of 1847. I" 1853 there were four homoeopathists practicing in that criy. The introduction of homoeopathy into Schuyler county was due to Dr. Richard Huson, then living in the village of Dundee in the adjoining county of Yates. His professional duties frequently brought him into the northern and middle towns of the county, and where in connection with his practice he gave frequent lectures on homoeopathv at school houses. Thus the knowledge spread rapidly through the neighboring towns. Dr. Edwin W. Lewis com- menced to practice at Watkins in 1846, at which time there were but two fam- ilies there who acknowledged their belief in homoeopathy. In Delaware county the first practitioner of homoeopathy was Dr. Liverus B. Hawley, who was born in Delaware county, August 22, 1828. He served lu-2 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY in the Mexican war and was dischaTged and pensioned on account of a wound- received in jjattle. Jn 1849 'i^' commenced the study of medicine and grad- uated from the Homa-opathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1853. He at once located at Delhi, Delaware county, but in 1855 removed to Phoenix- ville, Pa., where he resided until his death, March 20, 18^0. Dr. Jesse Temple Hotchkiss introduced homoeopathy into Orange county, beginning its practice in 1851 at Blooming Grove. He was a graduate of tlae University of Pennsylvania in 1842. He practiced in Monroe, Blooming Grove and Cornwall. He died at Cornwall, June 11, 1886. In 1850 Dr. Reuben Curtis Moft'at introduced homoeopathy into Suffolk county, being called to see a case of consumption. In 185 1 Dr. Burke of Brooklyn passed a few weeks at Greenport and advised a Mrs. Davis to study homoeopathy in order to doctor her own family. In 1857 ^^- Samuel Ban- croft Barlow visited Mrs. Davis and found her so successful in practice among her neighbors that he advised her to charge a fee for her services. Dr. Jabcz W." Dake located in Albion, Orleans county, in 1863. Several homoeopathic physicians had previously tried to practice there, but were com- pelled to abandon the field, but Dr. Dake bought a house, moved into it, sent word to his allopathic friends that he had paid for his house and had enough to keep him for a year and that he had come to stay. He remained five years and then gave up the place because of his health. At that time Medina alone in the whole county could boast of a homoeopathic physician. In Madison county Dr. Robert S. Bishop was the pioneer homoeopath, locating in 1863 at Chittenango. Previously he had been a partner with Dr. David Fowler Bishop at Lockport. In 1865 he removed to Medina, Orleans county. Dr. Bishop was born in Paris, N. Y., November 22, 183 1. The records of homaopathy in Washington county are meagre. It was first introduced by a clergyman. Dr. J. Savage, an allopathic physician, adopted it, and soon afterwards was followed by Dr. A. M. Savage. In 1852 there were about ten homoeopathic practitioners in the county. Great credit is due to one of the pioneers of homoeopathy in Albany county for his painstaking labor of historical compilation in the first ten volumes of the transactions of the State Homoeopathic Medical Society. These volumes contain a very complete history of the advance of homoeopathy in New York state, and that this is so is due to Dr. Horace Marshfield Paine. Dispensaries in Nezv York State: Albany, 1868; Brooklyn, E. D. Asso- ciation, 1872; Brooklyn. 1853; Buflfalo Free, 1867; Buffalo Eye and Ear In- firmary, 1878; Central of Brooklyn, 1882; Gates Ave., Brooklyn, 1867; Pough- keepsie Medical and Surgical, 1865; Prospect Heights, Brooklyn, 1889; Roch- ester Free, 1874; Syracuse Free, 1890; Women's Hospital, Brooklyn, 188 r ; Avenue A, New York, 1883; Bayard Homoeopathic, 1886; Bond St., 1855; Central Homoeopathic. New York, 1854; Five Points House of Industry, 1861 ; Hamilton, 1891 ; Harlem Homoeopathic, 1872; Heilenstadt, 1859; J^o'y Trin- ity, 1889; New York Homoeopathic, 1890; Metropolitan, 1868; Morrisiana, 1869; New York Homceopathic. 1845 (the first established in the United States); New York Homoeopathic, i860; College for Women, 1863; New York Homoeopathic College. 1859; Northeastern, 1869; Northern, 1857; Tompkins Square, 1874; Western, 1868; West Side, 1889; Yorkville, 1871. Plmnnacies: The first to deal in homoeopathic books and medicines was J. G. Wesselhocft, a printer and publisher of Philadelphia. He was located in 1835 at 142 Fulton street. New York city, ^^'illiam Radde was his clerk HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATH V 103 and had charge ot the Xcw York store. Mr. Radde afterward bought the business in both cities. Jn 1840 Radde had a store at 322 Broadway, and was the agent for the Central Homoeopathic Pharmacy of Leipsic. In 1869 '""e sold out to the firm of Dr. F. E. Boerickc and Mr. A. J. Tafel (Boericke & Tafelj. This firm is still doing business and has several stores in Xew York city. In 1843 J-^^""'' T. S. Smith, who was a patient of Dr. A. Gerald Hull, began to prepare tnictures and triturations for him and Dr. J. F. Grav. As soon as other phAsicians learned this they called on him for supplies, and soon his time was entirely occupied in the manufacture of homoeopathic med- icines. In ]\Iay, 1846, this pharmacy was located at 488 Broadwav, In 1868 Dr. H. M. Smith and his brother were admitted to the firm and in 1869 the style became H. M. Smith & Bro. This pharmacy is still continued bv the Horace M. Paine. M. D. sons of Dr. Henry M. Smith. In December, 1849, one J. Edward Stohlmann opened a liomoeopathic pharmacy at 24 North William street. In July, 1852, J. T. P. Smith established a pharmacy at 50 Court street, Brooklxn, which he sold to Pierce Brothers in 1865. and thev in 1874 to S. G. Clarke. In 1852 Charles T. Hurlburt opened a pharmacy at 437 Broome street, New York. In 1874 he removed to 898 Broadway, and in 1879 to 3 East Nineteenth street, and m 1881 located at 6t \\'est 125th street. He has a branch at Harlem. Dr. C. B. Currier for a time in 1876 conducted a pharmacy at 1005 Sixth avenue. Mr. J. B. Bell had one in \'esey street in 1884. In 1879 E. D. Clark Armstrong located at 276 Sixth avenue. J. O. Noxon opened a pharmacy March i, 1869, at 323 \\'ashington street. I'nxjklyn. Lewis' H. Smith located at 59 Court street, in 1859. In 1875 W. Sommers was estab- 104 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY lished at 120 Fourth street, Brooklyn. F. P. Carter also conducted a phar- macy for a time in Brooklyn. Dr. Samuel Swan prepared his " nosodes " for sale, but kept no pharm- acy. Thev are now sold by Boericke & Tafel. The first homoeopathic pharmacy in Buffalo was opened by Dr. Dio Lewis in 1850. He also edited "The Homoeopathist." He prepared his own atten- uations, oft'ering them for sale at ten cents per vial of 250 drops. In 1864 Adolph J. Tafel opened a pharmacy at 6 Eagle street, Buft"alo. In 1867 he sold to C. S. Halsey. H. T. Appleby, Mr. Halsey's manager, bought him out in 1870. It was afterward conducted by Dr. McCrea and C. F. Buck. In 1891 Halsey Brothers opened a pharmacy at 535 Washington street, Buffalo. About 1851 Dr. David A. Baldwin established the Rochester Homoeopathic Pharmacy at 17 Arcade street. In 1856 James Bryan, operative chemist and druggist at 68 State street, Rochester, conducted as an adjunct to his store a homoeopathic pharmacy directed by ]Mr. L. D. Fleming. E. W. Farrington for a time had a pharmacy at 68 State street, Rochester. In 1877 Tuckes & Fitch established a pharmacy at 26 Warren street, Syracuse. Dr. H. R. Smith had a small pharmacy at his residence in Brockport, and in 1865 E. B. Sprague had a pharmacy in Owego. List of physicians who practiced homoeopathy in New York city previous to and including the year i860. The character * opposite a name indicates that the practitioner originally w-as of another school of medicine, and subse- quently a convert to homoeopathy ; the year preceding the name indicates the time of beginning practice, except that the character x following a name indi- cates that practice was begun before that date : 1845 Allen, James Hart * 1852 Anderson, Moses 1852 Appleton, H. D. 1856 Alley, James T. * 1839 Ball, Alonzo Spafford * 1853 Baldwin, Jared G. 1857 Banks, H. M. x 1857 Banks, W. x 1857 Barker, Helen Cooke x 1837 Barlow, Samuel Bancroft * 1852 Bartlett, E. H. 1849 Bartlett, Rodman 1846 Baruch, Meyer 1844 Bayard, Edward * 1852 Beakley, George 1X44 Beakley, Jacob * 1839 Belcher, George Elisha 1849 Berghaus, Julius Martin * 1846 Bell, Henry W. 1853 Bissell, A. F. x 1852 Blakene/, J. T. 1840 Bolles, Richard Montgomery * 1839 Bowers, Benjamin Franklin * 1841 Bowers, Josiah * 1857 Boskowitz, H. x 1857 Brainard. E. W. x 1857 Brenna. D. x 1852 Brown. Edward V. ^^33 Channing, William * 1852 C( ok. Eliza D. x 1857 Crane, J. W. x 1852 Croffut, J. 1833 Curtis, Joseph Thomas 1857 Doyle, J. R. x 1852 Doyle, G. H. x 1840 Dunnell, Henry Gale * 1834 Dutcher, Benjamin C. 1857 Eckhart, C. x 1852 Evans. J. T. x 1857 Fowler, Almira L. x 1855 Fowler, Edward Payson 1840 Freeman, Alfred * 1854 Freeman, Warren 1848 Freligh, Martin 1854 Fullgraff, Otto 1826 Folger, Robert B. * 1857 Geraud, F. x 1857 Gourlay, G. x 1827 Gray, John Franklin * 1825 Gram, Hans Burch * ^^33 Granger, John 1848 Guernsey, Egbert * 1846 Guy. Samuel S. 1841 Hallock, Lewis 1840 Harris, Zina H. 1852 Houghton, A. x 1833 Hull, Amos Gerald 1848 Jacobson, R. S. 1842 Joslin, Benjamin Franklin * 1852 Joslin, Benjamin Franklin, Jr. 1852 Kellogg. Edwin Merritt 1857 KeufTner, F. A. x HISTORY OF HOMQtOPATHY 105 1852 Kiersted, C. x 1850 1854 King, O. R. 1856 1847 Kinsley, Hudson * 1857 1857 Kip, R. B. 1852 1830 Kirby, Stephen Reynolds 1857 1857 Kirby, T. x 1839 1857 Leach, George H. x 1840 1844 Leon, Alexis 1829 1840 Lovejoy, Ezekiel * • 1852 1852 ]\Lihon, J. F. X 1856 1836 Mairs, James * 1845 1848 ■\larcy, Erastus Edgerton * 1844 1857 Morton x 1844 1852 Mayer, Martin x 1857 1857 McDonald, William Ogden x 1838 1852 McGonegal, H. G. x 1832 1844 McMurray, Robert * 1857 1841 ISIcVickar, John Augustus * 1857 1857 Miller, C. x 1847 1849 Metcalf, James Whiting 1857 1857 Muhr, H. X 1857 1857 Newcomb, O. x 1852 1840 Palmer, Miles Wesley 1849 1840 Palmer, Walter C. * 1852 1847 Petherbridge, J. B. x 1826 i860 Pardee, Walter 1829 1840 Peters, John C. 1852 1858 Peterson, Wilson 1852 1857 Perkins, Roger Griswold .... 1867 Powell, Hans * 1854 1842 Quin, James M. * 1842 1832 Reisig, Gottlob Adolph * Homoeopathic physicians who have practiced in Brooklyn and Williams- burgh previous to and including the year i860: Reisig, Richard Richards, George Washington Ring, T. L. X Shepard, S. E. x Saltonstall, G. D. x Schue, John Sherrill, Hunting * Stearns, Daniel Edward * Stewart, Walter x Smith, Daniel Drowne x Snow, Ralph Albert Sullivan, John L. Taylor, John * Tranchand, R. x Vanderburgh, Federal * Van Beuren, Louis Folk Wade, Joseph L. x Wallace, J. W. x Warner, Lewis Tillman Weisse, J. A. x Wellman, Washington Irving x Westcott, J. X West, Edwin Wheeler, E. G. x Wilsey, Ferdinand Little Wilson, Abraham Duryea * Worrall, J. G. x Wilder, Louis DeValois x Ward, A. B. Ward, John Augustine Wright, Clark * 1858 Ascoli, Achille * 1840 Baker, David * 1853 Barker, John * 1855 Bateman, H. 1859 Bates, Charles E. * 1852 Beebe, George R. 1847 Bennett, J. B. 1857 Bond, Frank 1849 Bryant, Joel 1847 Burke, A. C. * 1841 Cox, George * 1848 Culbert, W. A. M. * 1859 Gate, Hamilton J. 1859 Dickinson, John 1853 Dinsmore, J. P. i8s3 Doty, S. B. 1853 Duffin, J. P. * 1849 Dunham, Carroll 1854 Elliott, J. B. * 1854 Fincke, Bernhard 1859 Flanders, A. H. 1858 Hahne, Victor de 1848 Hanford, S. Cullen * 1849 Hanford, William H. 1859 Hawks, Jonathan * 1843 Hull, Aaron Cooke * 1858 Hunt, F. G. 184s Hempel, Charles J. 1856 Gilbert, H. S. i860 Gilbert, H. O. 1848 Guernsey, Egbert * 1846 Guy, Samuel S. * 1852 Johnson, F. G. * 1854 Kmg, O. R. i860 Keep, Lester * i860 Keep, J. Lester 1853 Lodge, Edwin A. 185s Macy, Benjamin C. 1852 May, H. * 1853 Minton, Henry 1848 Moffat, R. C. 1856 Morrill, H. E. * 1852 Newcomb, George V. 1852 Orton, J. R. 1854 Palmer, A. J. 1854 Palmer, G. W. * 1857 Palmer, W. W. 1855 Perrine, W. L. R. * 1855 Richter, U. A. 1837 Rockwell, John 1833 Richardson, Edward T. * 1858 Rossman. J. (iaul 1840 Rossman, Ri^l)ert * 1852 Rossiter, C. D. lot] HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 1856 Saltzwedel, H. i860 Samson, C. M. i8v Skiff. Charles H. * i860 Skiff. Charles W. i860 Smith, J. W., Jr. 1853 Stamm, Frederick F. 1850 Stansbury, — 1856 Stiles, Henry R. 1859 'lalmage, J. F. 1S56 Thomas, Edward List of ph>sicians who were practicing previous to and including i860: 1853 Turner. John 1851 Ward, Isaac Moreau * 1850 Ward, James H. 1856 Watson, James L. 1842 Wells, Phineas P. * 1859 Wood. L. 1850 Wright, Albert * 1852 Wright, William * 1849 Young, John 1853 Zimmerman, — homoeopathy in New York state I 846 Adams, Henry * Coxsackie 860 Adams, Ira R. Lowville 859 Adams. Henry F. Canastota 849 Allen, Charles S. Albany 840 Allen, George Auburn 858 Allen, Samuel S. * Angelica 852 Allen, Joseph H. x Oswego S41 Alley, William W. * Moravia 853 Austin, Alexander G. Williamson 858 Armstrong, T. S. * Speedsville 848 Ayres, Dr. Havana 854 Ayres, Dr. Brownsville 857 Bacon, W. H. x Corning 845 Bailev. Silas * Watertown 857 Bailey. E. S. x Brookfield 850 Baldwin, David A. Rochester 852 Baker, J. F. x Albion 857 Baker, C. x Clarksville 852 Ball, A. R. X Clarkson 852 Ball, Jay x Virgil 857 Ball, W. L. X Homer 852 Barr, D. T. Ludlowville 852 Barker, Daniel x Madison 857 Barnes, Dr. x Spencertown 852 Batty, B. A. x Lockport 857 Beers. A. H. x Buffalo 853 Blanchard, H. C. Buffalo 854 Blancliard. J. A. Rochester 857 Beakley, Henry Peekskill 846 Bell. H. W. Peekskill 849 Bartlett, Rodman Rhinebeck 857 Bartlett. A. C. x Cato 858 Bass. Edgar C. Cazenovia 857 Bartlett, L. x Skaneateles 860 Belding, Dexter R. Malone 847 Benedict, H. S. * Havana 842 Bennet, Dr. * Batavia 858 Bennett, A. M. Rochester 840 Bennett, Hilem * Rochester 845 Baxter, William * Fishkill 840 Berry, James * Gloversville 853 Bigelow, Franklin Syracuse 851 Bigelow, Alfred G. Mavsville 849 Bigelow, J. G. Syracuse 833 Bigelow. Thomas * Hartford ^[{7 Bieglcr, A. P. Albany 837 Hicgler, Jos. A. Rochester 837 Billings. Geo. H. Cohoes 83;^ Birnstill, Joseph Dunkirk. 850 Bishop, David F. Lockport 844 Bishop, Leverett * Sauquoit 848 Blodgett, T. S. ' Cooperstown 853 Bloss, Jabez P. * Troy 847 Boyce, Capt. Wm. * Auburn 852 Bradner, Ira S. * Scotchtown 853 Brewster, A. J. Cato 830 Brooks, Paschal P. * Alban\ 848 Brown, D. T. Fredonia 833 Brown, Titus L. Binghamton 842 Brown, Wm. R. * Homer 852 Brownson, Dr. x Windsor 842 Bruchhausen, Caspar Norwich 841 Bryan, Richard S. * Troy 852 Bryant. Chas. G. Albany 848 Bucknell, Hanley N. * Cape Vincent 857 Bucknell, Jr. * x Cape Vincent 848 Bull, Alexander T. Buffalo 857 Bull, M. L. X Granville 854 Burdick, Edwin Whitesville 857 Burling, Dr. Waverly 858 Butler, Charles F. 857 Bui-ritt, — X Canandaigua 857 Buckley, M. x Easton 857 Burroughs, G. W. x Poughkcepsie 857 Burke. W. x Rochester 857 Bowers. J.. Jr. x Smithtown 852 Blakcsiv, J. M. x Livonia 860 Bullard. D. H. * Glens Falls 852 Brush, Henrv N. x Moira 833 Campbell, M'. W. Stillwater, 836 Carpenter. Chas. H. * Troy 844 Cass, O. D. * Clinton 846 Case, Ephriam * Clinton 837 Cate, H. J. X Poughkcepsie 842 Cator, Harvey H. * Kingston 837 Cator, John J. x Roxbury 832 Champlin, H. C. x Owego 841 Chase, Durfee * Palmyra 859 Chase, Edwin R. * Keeseville 837 Clark, L x Eaton 845 Clary, Lyman * 841 Coburn, Edward * Chatham Corners 846 Childs, Amherst x Waterloo 832 Childs, G. C. X Clyde 837 Chappell, A. W. x Pompcy 837 Churchill. Dr. x Peekskill '^'37 Clements, D. F. x Victoryville 837 Clements, Z. x \'ictory Mills HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 107' 1852 Clements, J. x Victoryville 1857 1857 Comstock, A. L. * Buffalo 1852 1852 Coman, J. W. x Buffalo 1852 1852 Cone, Dr. x Coventry 1852 1857 Coon, Dr. x Weedsport 1857 1857 Cander, W. H. x Speedsville 1852 1850 Camp, Mr. H. W. (non-grad.) Owego 1852 1852 Corbin, E. L. x Waverly 1844 1850 Cowell, C. (layman) Spencer 1857 1842 Coburn. E. L. * Ghent 1852 1841 Coburn, Stephen * Ghent 1848 1846 Cole, Edgar B. Easton 1852 1S56 Cole, Sam'l P. * Henderson 1857 1857 Collins, — X Spafiford 1857 1840 Cook, A. P. * Kinderhook 1859 1838 Cook, Geo. W. * Hudson 1855 1850 Cook, E. G. Fredonia 1854 1849 Cook, Simeon A. * Troy 1856 1S60 Cooke, S. G. Stanfordville 1859 1852 Cornell, B. F. x Moreau Station 1852 1855 Couch, Asa S. Fredonia 1836 1857 Covert. I. X Deposit 1852 1859 Cox, George A. Albany 1844 1852 Cox, James W. Albany 1853 1857 Crane, Dr. x Holland Patent 1857 1857 Crittenden, J. x Morristown 1845 1841 Crispell, Garret * Kingston i860 1845 Crossfield. C. C. Attica 1844 1852 Culbert, Wm. A. x Ncwburgh 1852 1857 Dake, D. L. x Newark 1852 1845 Dake, David M. * Nunda 1852 1852 Dake, Chas. A. * Warsaw 1857 184T Dake, C. M. * Genesee 1844 1850 DcForest. S. H. Havana 1852 T848 Dunham, Rufus C. * Canton Canal 1850 1845 Dunning, Dr. * Watcrtown 1838 1846 Doty, Hilem * Baldwinsville 1846 1850 Doane, Wm. C. Elmira 1856 1848 Donovan, T. W. New Brighton 1842 1850 Dykeman, H. H. x Cohoes 1852 1845 Dodge, Lewis Buffalo 1848 1857 DeWolf, — X Bath 1858 1852 De LaMontagnie, J. x Fishkill Ldg. 1847 1854 Dewey, Geo. A. x Piatt sburgh 1846 1852 Duane, James x Duane 1846 1857 Ely, E. X Binghamton ' 1853 1858 Evarts. Edgar S. Cato 1853 1850 Everett. D. E. * Modena 1851 1851 Ely. W. A. * Hempstead 1857 1857 Fay, — x Fort Ann i8.s7 1852 Farnam, L. D. * Almond i8=i7 1840 iMeld. F. S. * Troy 1844 1852 l''oote, S. H. X Walton New Road 1852 T848 Foote, E. T. * Jamestown 1852 1857 Foote, H. R. X Utica 18^2 1850 I'oote. G. F. * T852 18,18 Ff)rmes, — * Poughkcepsic 1852 1843 Freligh, Martin * Saugertics 1851 1852 Freeman, G. W. CiJcnoove 1846 1832 l'"rceman. Geo. L. (ilcnlicad 1859 T857 iMillcr, H. R. Eansingburgh 1850 1851 Inihnn, Samuel J. Norwich 1832 Fortune, J. x Canandaigua Fox, C. W. X Morris Gage, J. L. x Leroy Garner, James x Constable Garret, R. x Morris Gross, J. E. X Clinton Hasten, D. J. x Saratoga Springs Eddy, H. L. Canoga Village Elwood, L. X Schenectady Ehrmann, Lewis x Buffalo Flagg, Levi W. * Yonkers Fleming, L. D. x Rochester Flowers, B. F. x LUica Fisher, D. L. x Webster Gardner, M. M. * Holland Patent Gaylord, Edward P. * Syracuse Getman, Norman H. Richfield Spgs. Getman, Norman * Pierpont Manor Gillett, U. H. * Springfield Govan, William x North Haverstrav\7 Graham, J. H. A. * Berne Gray, Patrick W. x Buffalo Gray, Alfred W. Portland Gregg, R. R. Buffalo Gerow, Stephen W. New Paltz Gulick, William * Watkins Guiwitz, Abram * Salisbury Centre Guernsey, C. P. * Clinton Gorton, Wm. R. x Skaneateles Gove, Geo. V. R. x Fort Covington Goodspeefd, J. L. x Burke Graves. E. x Nelson Green, Jeremiah x Utica Green, PI. x Peoria Hadley, Hiram * Boonville Hall, .A. * Poughkeepsie Hall, L. B. Baldwinsville Hall, Geo. A. Westfield Haight, Charles * Poughkeepsie Hand, S. D. x Binghamton Hannum. Dr. * Hainesville Harter, Dr. * Salisburj' Harris, C. F. * Binghamton Havens, S. F. x Cortlandville Haven, Simeon Z. * Utica Hawley, L. B. Delhi Hawley, William A. * Hawley, William H. Syracuse Hennery, — x Hallsville Holbrook, P. R. x Keeseville Merrick, S. x Hoos;ck Heath. PL H. x Seneca Falls Hosford, O. T. x Malone Hopkins. Dr. x Quincy Hayes, F. B. x Cuba Hewitt, Dr. x Farmcrsville Heming, L. D. x Canandaigua Hedeuberg, James 'i'roy Pledges, Wm. .S. * Jamestown Hill. Charles J. Utica Hindlev. .Alonzo S. Buffalo Hoffcndahl. C. F. Albany 108 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 1852 Hoffman, Ernst F. * Poughkeepsie 1857 1857 Holden, A. W. * Glens Falls 1852 1854 Hornby, John * Poughkeepsie 1852 1858 Horton, Heman B. * Eden 1852 1851 Hotchkiss, J. T. * Bloomingrove 1857 1852 Houghton, H. A. Keeseville 1852 1852 Houghton, A. x St. Andrew 1852 1853 Howe, E. C. * Troy 1846 1844. Howe, Israel Rushville 1850 1846 Hoyt, Wm. H. Salina 1857 1840 Hubbard, Henry C. Scott 1858 1852 Hull, Amos G. x Newburgh 1852 1842 Humphreys, E. * Auburn 1842 1850 Humphreys, F. Auburn 1857 1852 Hunt, W. W. Candor 1855 1849 Hurd, Edwin H. * Rochester 1842 1846 Hurd, George * Fayetteville 1852 1852 Huntington, D. N. x Malone 1850 1842 Huson, Richard * Dundee .... 1857 Huson, S. K. X Dundee 1857 1853 Ingham. Geo. W. Elmira 1852 1842 Jayne. DeWitt C. * Florida 1845 1858 Jernigan, C. P. * Saugerties 1848 1852 Jolls, Augustus Albany 1848 1844 Jones, Erasmus D. * Keeseville i860 1856 Jones, Henry C. Mount Vernon 1847 1852 Jones, Reuben x Keeseville 1852 1846 Jones, C. D. * Albany 1852 1857 Johnson, H. x Mayfield 1852 1858 Kellogg, George Troy 1857 1847 Kellogg, John L. * Bridgewater 1843 1857 Kellogg, A. D, X Wolcott 1857 1846 Kenyon, L. M. * Westfield 1852 1857 Kcyes, Alvah E. Jamestown 1857 1857 Keys, D. C. x Corning 1852 1848 Kiersted, J. A. Saugerties 1852 .... Kirk, Isaac E. Hudson 1857 1853 Kinne, Theodore Y. 1857 •1844 Knapp, Franklin L. * Gasport 1852 1854 Knapp, Theodore P. * Union .... 1852 Knapp, J. P. x St. Andrews 1840 1857 Kornbach. — * Poughkeepsie 1845 T842 Kimball. D. S. * Sackett's Harbor 1857 1852 Kendrick, — x Granville 1857 1857 Kingsley, W. J. C. x Rome 1852 1843 Leman, E. H. * 1857 1859 Landon, Eliza T. Fredonia 1852 1852 Lansing, G. C. * Rhinebeck 1846 1863 Lansing. B. * Hyde Park 1852 1858 Landt. William Mohav.k 1852 1855 Laurie. P. B. * Rhinebeck 1852 1847 Lilicnthal, Samuel * Haverstraw 1838 1S40 Lillie, James * Rhinebeck 1849 1858 Little. Edward * Oneida 1843 1857 Loomis, D. D. x Bridgewater 1852 1844 Loomis, Isaac G. * Westmoreland 1847 1847 Lorillard, George 1853 1840 Lovcjoy, Ezekiel * Owego 1856 1857 Loucks. J. x Lyme 1852 1857 Marien. L. J. x Northampton 1842 7852 Manning, Warren L. x Ft. Covington T858 1852 Lathrop, E. x Syracuse T852 Lakin, E. L. x Jamestown Lawrence, Dr. x Port Jervis Lackey, S. M. x Rochester Leggatt, C. J. X Flushing Levanway, W. A. x Lyons Lewis, Geo. W. x Buffalo Lewis, George x Rochester Lewis, Edwin W. Watkins Lewis, Dioclesian x Buffalo Loersch, P. x Buffalo Macy, Benj. C. Dobbs Ferry Mather, Thaddeus x Binghamton Matthews, Moses M. * Rochester Maura, J. P. x Adams Merritt, J. F. * Pleasant Plains McCarty, Lewis * Throopsville McGonegal, H. G. Marcellus Melvin, John Shortsville Mitchell, G. H. Saratoga Springs Mitchell, John J. Newburgh Morgan, Alonzo R. Svracuse Morgan, Louis S. Gowanda Mosher, Charles * Shagticoke Mosher, James P. * Shagticoke Mosher. J. C. Pittstown Mott, Orville H. Fort Edward Moore, Samuel x Lyons Mower. John W. West Schuyler Mull. Philip W. Ghent Mull, G. H. X Ghent Munger, Erastus A. * Waterville Minier, Wm. E. x Elmira McCall, S. H. X Batavia Manter, — x Corning Marvin, Harvey x Evans Mason, — x Galesville Morse, A. W. x Hamilton Morse, G. S. x Waterville Morgan, Edward J. x Ithaca McLaren, P. M. Morristown , Mai in, George W. * Naples Meacham. Isaac J. * Nunda McClellan. C. H. x Poughkeepsie Miller. Frederick x Sing Sing Nelson. Thomas J. x Kingston Noble. O. E. x Penn Van Norton, S. S. x Vernon Ormes, Cornelius * Panama Ostrom, J. X Goshen Osborn. O. x Schoharie Owen, J. N. x Sherburne Paine. Henry D. Albany Paine, Horace M. Albany Paine, John Alsop * Albany Parker. C. M. x De Rnyter Parker. Charles * Fredonia Parson. Ovin C. Newark Palmer. Geo. B. East Hamilton Peabody. Ira W. x Vestal Peterson, P. H. Auburn Pearsall, S. J. Saratoga Springs Patrick. Abram x Cobbleskill HISTORY OF HOMCF.OPATHY 109- 1854 Pettit, Thos. J. Fort Plain 1858 Peck, Oliver J. * North Chatham 1848 Peer, Geo. W. Rochester 1846 Peak, J. M. x * Cooperstown 1852 Perkins, S. G. x Waterford 1853 Perrine. Geo. W. * Pittsford 1852 Phillips. J. G. X Sherman 1841 Phillips, John * Kindcrhuok 1857 Phillips. S. X Catskill 1852 Phelps, Elias P. x Fort Plain 1852 Phillips, J. S. x Ansterlit/ 1841 Phillips, John * Columbia 1857 Piatt, J. H. X Albany 1845 Poole, A. * Oswego 1845 Potter, E. A. * Oswego 1852 Potter, E. T. V. x Moravia 1857 Potter, F. W. x Oswego 1857 Potter, Asaph LeRov Dundee 1856 Pelton, S. * Wellsville 1859 Peterson, Orton W. Waterloo 1852 Peterson, P. H. x Union Springs 1853 Pomeroy, T. F. Utica 1847 Potwine, Benjamin * Corry 1854 Pratt, L. M. Albany 185T Purdy, W. S. * Corning 1857 Prime, A. x White Plains 1855 Quick, Theodore Milton 1857 Randall, W. W. X Mexico 1851 Randall, Wm. H. Albany 1851 Raymond, Jonas G. Utica 1857. Read, T. W. x * Elmira 1844 Rice, F. * Cazenovia 1857 Richardson, S. x Syracuse 1857 Roberts, M. P. x Gowanda 1852 Roberts, G. W. x Greene 1857 Reynolds, O. x Webster 1845 Richardson, E. T. * Syracuse 1848 Ring, Tobias S. Yorkville 1845 Roberts, Elisha 1840 Robinson, Horatio * Auburn 1858 Robinson, S. A. W. New Brighton 1847 Roe. L. S. Schenectady 1854 Rosa, W. V. * Waterloo 1838 Rosenstein. I. G. Albany 1839 Rossman, Robert * Hudson 1845 Rogers, E. W. Watkins 1857 Royston, T. P. x Seneca Falls 1857 Russell, A. W. X Albany 1857 Search, — x West Granville 1852 Searle, J. x Granville 1857 Scofield, E. X Poughkeepsie i860 Scott, Fremont W. Modena 1S49 Scudder, Samuel O. Rome 1852 Seward, W. x Liverpool 1859 Searle. Wm. S. Troy 1857 Seeley, Nathaniel R. 1846 Seward. Stephen * Liverpool 1849 Seymour, S. * Rome 1852 .Sibley, S. Louis x Tthaca 1839 Sier.e, Emanuel Albany 1845 Sloan. Ja'-'-'Os D. * Sing Sing 1855 .Slnciini. ?\li)rtinicr 832 Skiflf, Charles H, * Albany 860 Sloan, Henry S. Binghamton 858 Smith, R. G. Rochester 860 Smith, Henry W. Rushville 842 Smith, Ezra P. K. Moravia 857 Smith, G. X Phoenix 857 Southwick, David E. Ogdensburg. 852 Smith, H. E. x Rochester 839 Spaulding, Dr. * Flushing 846 Springsteed, D. * Bethlehem 847 Sprague, Ezra B. * Owego 846 Spencer, Nathan * Herkimer 852 Spooner, Stillman x Wampsville 857 Stebbins, N. x Clinton 854 Stebbins, J. H. Geneva 857 Stebbins, Wm. B. * x Little Falls- 857 Stevens, C. D. x Cortlandville 841 Stevens, Chas. A. Buffalo 845 Stewart, Samuel W. * Clinton 848 Stockton, C. L. * Ripley 852 Stone, Joshua Randolph 854 Stow, Timothy D. Mexico 856 Strong, Walter D. O. K. * Owasco- 850 Stone, Henry E. * Otego 857 Steenburg, — x Dunning Street 857 Stanton, J. B. x Ellicottville 857 Sayles, H. x Elmira 857 Schell, T. C. X Geneseo 847 Stoddard, J. L. * Glens Falls 846 Swift, Charles E. Ithaca 851 Schenck, Benj. B. * Plainville 852 Schuch, Chas. E. x Rochester 852 Sherman, Stephen x Lyons 858 Sullivan, N. B. * Plainville 857 Shuld, P. X Warren 852 Sullings, Hervey x Batavia 8=;6 Sumner, Charles Rochester .\. Shattuck, A. Buffalo 857 Sunderlin, — x Hammondsport 848 Switz, Harman Schenectady 852 Talmadge, Rufus x Enfield 852 Throop, B. F. x Palmyra 852 Thorp, John H. Whitesville 858 Tisdale, T. P. Lowville 859 Todd, W. S., Sr. * Angelica 856 Towner, Enoch, Jr. Turin 844 Tracy, L. M. * Fairfield 846 Towner, Daniel A. * Elmira 857 Tuttle, Dr. x Oneida 846 Van Buren, Roswcll * Frewsburg 838 Vanderburgh, F. * Poughkeepsie 853 Van Rensselaer, D. S. Randolph 852 Valk, W. W. X Flushing 857 Von Wackerbarth, Dr. x Narrows- burgh 857 Warren, S. C. x Otego 857 Washburn. G. x lUica 852 Van Vleck, — x Valatia 852 Wager. J. L. x Ithaca 857 Wager, W. L. x Deposit S32 Ward, Isnac M. * Albany 844 Warner. N. U. Buffalo 110 i854 1857 1857 1857 1846 1852 1855 i8;6 1854 1859 1852 1857 1857 1857 1852 1852 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY Watson, Will. H. Utica 1857 Ward, H. R. x Oriskany Falls 1857 Weed, Hiland A. Jordan 185 1 Wellman, W. I. x Friendship 1847 Wells, Liicien B. * Pompey 1852 Weeks, Benj. x Fulton 1846 Wheeler, Jared P. Brighton 1850 White, Joseph R. Butternuts 1852 White, Joseph N. Amsterdam 1854 White, Theodore C. Rochester T843 Whitney, J. I. x Bainbridge 1858 W^ilber, E. C. x Dundee 1844 Wallrath. C. H. x Evans Mills 1847 Wisner, G. S. x Florida 185.3 White, Daniel x Geneva 1S40 Wilder, Louis DeV. x Geneva West, Dr. x Warsaw Woodbury, Dr. x Pompey Wilbur, Charles A. Williams. E. D. Wright, J. C. X Newtown Witherill, E. C. x Canandaigua Witherill, A. A. Union Woodward, J. W. x Dobbs Ferry Woodruff, Charles S. Troy Wolcott, Wm. G. * Westfield Wright, Andrew R. Buffalo Wright, Noah H. * Buffalo Wright, Ira * Watertown Wright. W^m. * Fort Edward Wright. Albert Williamsburg II HISTORY OF HOMCF.OPATHV 111 CHAPTER VI HO>rOEOPATHY IN PENNSYLVAXIA. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, INI. D. Introductory Remarks — Primacy of Pennsylvania in Homoeopathic Institutions — Homoe- opathic Medical Society of Pennsylvania — Other State and Local Societies — Allen- town Academy — Recollections of Early Practitioners — Detwiller, the Prescriber — Wesselhoeft and Freytag, the. Founders — Becker and Helfrich, the Preacher Phy- sicians — Ihm, the Pioneer in Philadelphia — Hering, the Prover, Philosopher, Scien- tist and Founder — Brief Allusion to other Early Practitioners — Lists of Pioneer Physicians — Homoeopathic Dispensaries. HomcEopath}' gained a foothold in Pennsylvania in much the same man- ner as the system was planted in New York, and within three years after Gram left the New England coast and settled permanently in the great metropolis of America. As was Gram to homoeopathy in New York, so was Detwiller to the new system in Pennsylvania, yet in the latter commonwealth greater prominence seems to have been given to the introduction of Hahne- mann's doctrine than in the former; and in Pennsylvania all chroniclers of ■contemporary history have dated its advent to the day when Detwiller admin- istered the first homoeopathic dose. And unlike Gram in New York, Detwil- ler in Pennsylvania from the time he began to investigate homoeopathy was encouraged by the sympathy and assistance of zealous co-workers. Wessel- hoeft and Freytag, and soon afterward by acquisitions from abroad and the converts they made among the German settlers in the locality in which the scene of their early experiences was laid. Although the Hahnemannian doctrine was first planted in New York and afterward in Pennsylvania, the latter in some respects holds primacy in the establishment of institutions and the natural development of the homoe- opathic system. Indeed, there seems to have been less onposition to contend against and overcome in the Kevstone state than in New York, which may in part be accounted for in the fact that in Pennsylvania homceopathy first found lodgment in a part of the state remote from its metrojwlis, and the practitioners had gained a strong foothold with the people when Ihm set him- self up as a practitioner of the new school in the city of Philadelphia. Again, in less than eight years after Detwiller and Wesselhoeft had made their first practical demonstrations of homoeopathy the numl^er of converts had so increased that a medical society was formed, and just a little later these same determined pioneers had the courage to go beyond society organization and found a school of homceopathic medical instruction. The so-called Allentown Academy was the result of their enterprise, and while that institution was destined to a brief existence it always has figured in historv as the first insti- tution of its kind in the world ; and after it had passed out of being some of its best elements were utilized in founding the Plomceopathic Medical College of IVnnsvlvania. which was organized in Philadelphia in 1848. The two 112 11 fST( )K Y ( )1- 1 lOMCEOPATHY schools were (|uitf unlike in manv respects, yet the experiences of the first en.leavor were (.f threat vahie in !a\inii the foundation of the latter institu- tion. THE HOMOEOPATIIIC MEDICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSVIAANIA. , Tlie Homoeopathic Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania, while not the first organization of its character in the state, is nevertheless of first importance and is regarded as the conservator of the peace and dignity of the homoeopathic profession and its other societies the extent of whose author- ity and jurisdiction is less than that of the mother organization. The State Society, as commonly known, was organized at a convention of physicians held June 5, 1866, in the Homoeopathic Hospital of Pittsburgh in pursuance of a call emanating from the Allegheny County Homoeopathic Medical Soci- ety. This informal meeting Avas called to order by Dr. J. C. Burgher of Pittsburgh, who stated briefly the object of assembling the homoeopathic physicians of the state. Dr. J. P. H. Frost was chosen chairman and Dr. Bushrod W. James secretary pro tem. An informal organization was then perfected and a committee of one from each county Avas appointed to prepare a constitution and by-laws for the government of the society's affairs. These preliminaries being settled the convention proceeded to perfect a permanent organization by electing officers for the ensuing year, as follows: Dr. J. B. Wood of West Chester, president; Drs. J. H. P. Frost of Philadelphia and J. C. Burgher of Pittsburgh, vice-presidents ; Bushrod W. James of Phila- delphia, recording secretary ; Robert J. McClatchey of Philadelphia, corre- sponding secretary; David Cowley of Pittsburgh, treasurer; Coates Preston of West Chester, Robert Faulkner of Erie, and H. H. Hoffman of Pittsburgh, censors. Thus permanently organized and officered the society began its active career and history, and during the period of its existence in all later years it has been instrumental in promotmg and safeguarding the interests of the homoeopathic profession in the Keystone state, and through its members has exercised an influence for good in directing the aifairs of that greater body, the American Institute of Homoeopathy. There were thirty original members of the society, all of whom were subscribers to the constitution. In the course of the next year the membership increased to seventy-one, and in the third year to ninety-eight. In 1903 the society, numbered three hundred and fifty- eight members, which represented about one-half the strength of the profes- sion in the state. The policy of the society ever has been to hold its annual meetings in diflferent cities. Previous to 1873 these meetings were held in Mav or )\me, and since then in September or October; now they are held in the former month. Transactions have been published since the society was first organ- ized. The first six volumes were issued in paper covers and later ones in substantial cloth binding. In 1889 the societv published a repertory to Her- ing's "Condensed Materia :\Iedica." Several' important annual addresses bv presidents of the societv also have been published. The Hahnemannian Society was the pioneer organization of homoeopathy in Pennsylvania and indeed in the entire countrv, and dates its historv to April 10. 1833, when Drs. Ihm, Bute. Matlack, Hering and Wesselhoeft. with a few laymen, associated themselves for the purpose of disseminating among the people some knowledge of the historv and doctrines of homoeopathv. and HISTORY OF HO-MCEOPATHY 113 its advant^ii^cs over other methods of medical treatment. In pursnance of this desii^n Dr. Herins^- prepared an interestinj^- address, an EngUsh version of whicli. furnished by Dr. Alatlack. was read before the society April i8, 1833. and was afterward published under the title of "A Concise \^iew of the Rise and Progress of Plomoeopathic Medicine." This address and notices of it by the pi ess were the means of promoting to a considerable extent the de- sign contemplated b}- its publication. The society having issued this brochure, anrl having addressed a letter to Hahnemann, informing him of its formation on the anniversary of his birth, and bearing his name, was succeeded by another society, from membership in which laymen were excluded, and which was known as the Homoeopathic Medical Society of Philadelphia, organized in 1838, with a membership of physicians only. This was the first regularly constituted homoeopathic society in the city of "Brotherly Lx)ve." Another notable organization of Hahnemann's disciples of which chron- iclers of homceopathic history in Pennsylvania have given little account was that known as the Homoeopathic Society of Northampton and Counties Adja- cent, which was formed soon after the Hahnemannian Societ\-. and of which Detwiller many years ago gave this description : 'Tn 1834, 23d of August, the Homoeopathic Society of Northampton and Adjoining Counties was formed by Drs. W^sselhoeft, Fre}tag, Romig, myself and Rev. Christian J. Becker, D. D. The object of the association was the advancement of homce- opathy amongst its members— by interchange of experience and reciprocal encouragement to persevere in the studv and spread of the doctrine and prac- tice of similia similibus curantur." The meeting at which the society was organized was attended by several notable characters in earlv homceopathic history in Pennsylvania. They were Wesselhoeft, Freytag. Romig, Detwil- ler, Becker, the minister, Joseph H. Pulte, afterward founder of a homoe- opathic medical college in Cincinnati, Ohio, J. C. Gosewich, assistant to Wes- selhoeft, Rev. R. Wohlfrath, Gustav Reichhelm the pioneer homoeopath west of the Allegheny mountains. Rev. John Helfrich and Rev. Mr. Waage. The first officers of the society were E. Freytag, president; William ^^'esselhoeft, vice-president; Rev. C. Becker, recording secretary; Henry Detwiller. corre- .sponding secretary and librarian. For more than half a century Pennsylvania has been the home of manv important medical societies and associations, some of them district organiza- tions and others of a purely local character. The older of these are the Alle- gheny County Medical Society, organized November 25, 1864, and still exist- ing; Allegheny County Anatomical Society, organized October 19, 1864, incorporated December 4, 1865 ; Allegheny County Materia Medica Club, May 3, 1875 ; American Provers' Union, organized at Philadelphia. August 15, 1853; Beaver County Homoeopathic Medical Society, January 8. 1883; Berks and Schuylkill Counties Homoeopathic Medical Society, November 9, 1869; Boenninghausen Club of Philadelphia, November, 1867; Chester Coun- ty Homoeopathic Medical Society, September 5, 1858 ; Chester Organon Club, 1887; Crawford County Homoeopathic Medical Society, July 28, 1882: Cum- berland Valley Homoeopathic Medical Society, May 8, 1866; Dauphin County Homceopathic Medical Society, 1866; Erie County Homoeopathic Medical Society, July t, 1891; Farrington Materia Medica Club of Allegheny County, 1888; Germantown Homoeopathic Medical Society. October, 1879; German- town HomcTeopathic Medical Club, about 1889; Hahnomannian .Association of Penns\]yania. organized in I 'hilade]])hia, OctoIxT 11, 1887: Hahnemann 114 HISTORY OF IIOMa-:OPATMY Club of Philadelphia, January, 1874; llahnemanuian Society, organized at Philadelphia. April 10, 1833, the first homoeopathic society in America; Hahne- mann Medical Society of Reading", November 23, 1882; Plahnemann Medical Institute, a students' society organized 1849-1850; Hering Club of Phila- delp.hia, JX'cember 20. 1880; Homceopathic Medical Council of Pennsylvania, November 24, 1880; Lehigh \'alley Homoeopathic Medical Society, March 24, 1881 ; Lippe Society of" Philadelphia, January 5, 1880; Luzerne County Homoeopathic Medical Society, 1868; Northeastern Philadelphia Society of Homoeopathic Physicians. February 9, 1883; Northwestern Pennsylvania Homoeopathic Medical Society, July 5. 1866; Northwestern Pennsylvania Homoeopathic Medical Society, "January 13, 1874; Northern Pennsylvania Homoeopathic Medical Society, June 20. 1882; Northampton and Adjacent Counties Homoeopathic Medical Society, organized August 23. 1834; Organon and Materia Mcdica Society, November 6, 1888: Pennsylvania Homoeopathic Pharmaceutical Association, April 9, 1881, incorporated October 3. 1881 ; F^hiladclphia Branch of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, organized at Philadel])hia June 6. 1846; Philadelphia Homoeopathic Clinical Society, 1877; Philadelphia Homoeopathic Medical Society, 1838; Philadelphia Homoeopathic Medical Society, July 19. 1852 ; Philadelphia County Homoeopathic Medical Society, April 13, 1859; Philadelphia Medical Club, 1882; Women's Homoe- opathic Association of Pennsylvania, 1883-1884; Women's Homoeopathic Med- ical Club of Philadelphia, October 15, 1883; Ladies' Association of the Homoe- opathic Hospital of Philadelphia for Sick and Wounded Soldiers, Septem- ber 8, 1862; Pittsburgh ^Microscopical Society. 1881 ; Doctors' Round Table Club of Allegheny County, 1891 ; .Schuylkill County Homoeopathic Medical Society, July 28, 1883 : Scranton Homoeopathic Clinical Club, March, 1892 ; Homoeopathic Medical Society of the Twenty-Third Ward, Philadelphia. Octo- ber 21, t88i ; Homoeopathic Medical Societv of Western Pennsylvania. Au- gust 3, 1881 ; West Philadelphia Homoeopathic Medical Association. 1882. ALLEXTOWN ACADEMY. In reality there never was an institution in existence under the proper name of Allentown Academy, yet for convenient designation that name was assumed in preference to that adopted by the founders — The North American Academy of the Homa-opathic Healing Art; btit under whatever name the institution was brought into existence it was the first school of homoeopathic medical instruct'on in the world, and as such is worthy a place in Pennsyl- vania homa^opathic history, although it is also made the subject of somewhat extended mention in the chapter devoted particularly to the old Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania and its successor, the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia. It may be said, however, that the events narrated in this chapter relate to elements of history which are not specially treated in the college article, hence the double mention must not be regarded as a duplication of subject matter. The so-called Allentown Academy had its inception in the Homoeopathic Society of Northampton and Counties Adjacent, to which reference has been made, and also, although in a less degree, to that pioneer organization of homeopathy in this state known as the Hahnemannian Association. The estab- lishment of this society, the circulation of Hering's pamphlet, and the other efforts of the friends of homoeopathy at an earlv dav excited considerable interest not onlv among the clergy and other laymen but among physicians. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 115 and many of the latter \Yere disposed to investis^ate the new doctrine ; but it was soon found that there was need of some method by which the principles of homoeopathy could be taught. Bering's plan was to devise a course of lectures on the subject, and to encourage students of medicine to learn the German language in order to understand and appreciate the value of the Allentown Academy. founder's teachings. At the same time the members of the Northampton soci- ety felt the need "of a school for the teaching of homoeopathy, and in writing on the subject Det wilier said that as early as December 30, 1833, Wesselhoeft, Romig and himself waited on Hering in Philadelphia and adopted a plan which ultimately resulted in the establishment of the academy. The plans were maturecl on Hering's birthday, January i, 1834. and provided for an lit; 1 1 1ST( )KY ( »!• I K )M(EOPATHY academy to be located in Allentown. with Hering as president and principal instructor, for which purpose he was to remove to that place from Philadel- phia "as soon as they would i^uarantee him a salary equal to that of a first class Allentown clergyman." The plans of the founders contemplated the procuring of- a charter from the legislature through the influence of the homceopaths in Northampton and Lehigh counties, which being accomplished, Wesselhoeft proposed to invite there medical students who attended the allopathic colleges for instruction, during the summer months, there being no summer courses at that time, and that thev should have the benefit of lectures devoted to the science and appli- cation of pure homo-opathy. Such a thing as opposition from any source was not thought of. as there was to be no interference with the regular courses in other schools, but such violent opposition and bitterness of feeling as was- soon aroused was as surprising as it was unwarranted. The commendable purpose of the founders was to devote considerable time during the winter months to the preparation of text works with which to promulgate the doctrines of homoeopathy ; also to pledge all students to continue their courses in other schools, except those who came for the express- purpose of perfecting themselves in homoeopathy alone. All books previously published on the subject of homoeopathy were to be translated into English. Another original ])urpose of the founders was to organize a stock com- pany for the purchase of land and the erection of an academy building. For this object about one hundred subscribers from Allentown. Bethlehem, Phila- delphia and New York did create a fund sufficient to purchase a tract of land comprising one entire square in the very center of Allentown. The greater part of this fund was in fact raised in Philadelphia through the eflforts of William Geisse, who is said to have been the real pioneer of homoeopathy in that city. According to the original plans, which as a matter of fact were not fully carried out. the academy building was to comprise a main structure with two wings, each forty by sixty feet in size, three stories high, and of brick con- struction, and another two story building for use as a chemical laboratory and also for anatomical and dissecting purposes; for these old patriarchs of honifjeopathy had in mind the establishment of a college curriculum which included both didactic and clinical teaching, and furnished instruction in sur- gery as well as medicine. But the elaborate plans of the founders never were- consummated ; discouragements awd obstacles arose before them and confused their operations to a considerable extent. They did, however, succeed in open- mg the academy and carried forward its work for several vears, though with not better than indifferent results so far as medical education was concerned and at some loss from a financial standpoint. The principal mistake was irr giving medical instruction in German in an English speaking countrv, and rather than educate themselves in German the American students were inclined to enter other schools and thus quite naturallv adopted some other svstem of medicine than homcEopathv. To receive an Allentown diploma was a medical distinction. The profes- sors were graduates of German universities and subjected the candidate to- the same rigorous examination as they had received. Manv who sought to- pass were rejected. ' , Several important books were issued under the auspices of the Allentowrr Academy. "Einige Wort ueber Xothwendigkeit"— the address at the dedica- HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 117 lion of the academy; the "Homoeopathic Domestic Physician," by Hering, 1S35-38, and Hahnemann's Organon. a reprint of the Stratton edition. This \as pubhshed at the "Academical Bookstore," 1836, and contains a preface liy Hering: the "Correspondenzblatt," 1835-37; "Wirkungen des Schlangen- giftes" (Effects of Snake Poisons), by Hering, Allentown, 1837. So much of the early history of Allentown Academy as is here nar- rated will suffice for the purposes of this chapter, which is devoted more par- ticularly to the history of homoeopathy in Pennsylvania than that of its schools of medical instruction. Again, the academy history is made the subject of sufficient mention in the chapter w-hich relates especially to the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania and its successor, Hahnemann Medical Col- lege and Hospital of Philadelphia, the former of which was in a way the indi- rect outgrowth of the older institution at Allentown, although not immediately a part of it. It is proper to state, however, that this first school of homoe- ■opathic medical instruction in the world was founded in 1835, and that its <;ornerstone was laid with due ceremony on May 27 of that year, the contents of the box being as follows : Hahnemann's Organon and picture ; the con- stitution of the academy corporation, printed in German and English ; names of members of the academy household and the incorporators ; Hering's ad- to-M 3 S ^ c" -v"X — "« - c "o c ~ _o a. o *> w ^^ N-^ o o t- (fi C3 c i; w c C- Jj "« Oi _o oT s ^ £ i c ^^ ^^ ^^^ I'his curriculum was broad enough £or the most advanced medical schools of the "day in which the founders wrought, and theirs was hardly more than an experimental institution. Indeed the prescribed course would do justice to many modern colleges. Those old founders built better than they knew, and liad the English language been spoken by the fac- ulty as freely as twenty years later the academy undoubtedly would have endured to the present time. However, its downfall has been attributed, in part at least, to other causes than the mere fact of hav- ing been a school in which German only was spoken. HOMOEOPATHIC HOSPITALS OF PENNSYLVANIA. The HomcEopathic Hospital for the Insane at Allentown. In 1876 an effort was made to secure a homceopathic hospital for the insane in this state, liut the attempt was not well organized hence noth- ing came of it; nor of a similar movement in 1888, although considerable interest was then awakened in legislative circles and also generally in the med- ical profession. However, another twelve years l^assed before any well organized effort was inaugu- rated in the direction of such an institution, and then the initial steps were taken by the Germantown Homcieopathic jNledical Society of Philadelphia, an organization of about two hundred influential ho- mceopathic physicians of that city, who fathered the movement, raised the necessary preliminary funds, and aroused public interest in favor of the enterprise to such extent that the legislature in 190T appropriated $300,000 for the purchase of lands and the erection of hospital buildings, but the governor cut the appropriation to $50,000, pleading in justification of his action economy in public ex- ])enditures. The commission appointed under the act to select a site, purchase grounds and erect the build- ings comjjrised Dr. William P. Snyder of Chester count)-, William F. Marshall and Dr. Louis H. Wil- lard of Allegheny county, W. R. Stroh of Carbon county, and Dr. Isaac W. Heysinger of Philadelphia, the latter the representative of the homceopathic profession and chairman of the executive commit- tee of the Germantown medical society which had taken such earnest interest in the enterprise from the Vicginning. In 1903 the legislature appropriated $300,000 (reduced to $250,000 bv the executive) "for the erection of h()S]Mtal buildings at East Allentown on HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 111> lands purchased by the state for that purpose, and on June 2"], 1904, the cor- nerstone of the main structure was laid with formal ceremonies, the governor being present and taking part in the exercises. The Qiolera Hospital of Philadelphia was the first public charity of the homoeopathic school of medicine in this country, and was established by the authorities of that city during the cholera epidemic of 1832. It was located in a building on Cherry street, and was placed in charge of Dr. George Bute, one of the homoeopathic pioneers of the city and state. The hospital was established for a temporary purpose and when the period of the epidemic had passed the institution was closed. The Homoeopathic Hospital of Philadelphia was chartered April 20, 1850. For its purposes a building at the southeast corner of Chestnut and Twenty- fourth streets was rented, a hospital stafif was organized, and in 1852 the institution was opened for the reception of patients. This was the second institution of the kind in America. Indeed, it may be regarded as the first regularly organized homceopathic hospital in this country. It was continued only two years. The Homoeopathic Hospital of Philadelphia for sick and wounded soldiers was the outgrowth of a meeting of patriotic women held September 9, 1862, at the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania for the purpose of organizing a soldier's hospital. The board of managers of the college fitted up a building for the reception of ]:)atients, with the hope that the war department would allow such soldiers as preferred homoeopathic treatment to become its temporary inmates. This, however, was refused, and only disabled soldiers who had been discharged were received there. Several reports were pub- lished by the managers, and the institution during its existence was the means of much good for the public welfare. The Pennsylvania Homoeopathic Hospital for Children was established largely through the efforts of a number of charitable persons of both sexes who appreciated the advantages of homoeopathic treatment of children, and who conceived the idea of an institution especially for them. A building in West Philadelphia was secured and fitted up for the purpose, and was opened April 24, 1877; a board of managers was created, of which Mrs. \\'illiam H. Furness was president and Miss H. W. Hinckley secretary. The hospital staff comprised Dr. W. C. Goodno, attending surgeon ; Dr. C. B. Knerr, at- tending physician ; Dr. C. R. Norton, resident physician ; Drs. Hering, Lippe, Raue. H. N. Guernsey and Thomas Moore, consultants ; Dr. C. ]\I. Thomas, >urgeon. In 1880 a gift of $15,000 from the estate of William Weld enabled the association to purchase the hospital property, and the institution was char- tered June 19 of that year. The hospital occupied one-fourth of a city square, furnished acconnnodations for twenty-five patients, and was provided with a dispensary department. It was continued until after the death of Mrs. Fur- ness, who had been its chief supporter, when (January, 1886) the hospital was merged in the Hahnemann Hospital of Philadelphia. In the latter a ward was established in honor of Mrs. Horace Howard Furness and Mrs. Will- iam H. Furness, which became known as the Mrs. Furness ward. The Children's Homoeopathic Hospital of Philadelphia is one of the most completelv appointed institutions of its kind in the world, and is known from one end of the country to the other. It was founded as a public charity, the result of an incident which was not uncommon to life in a great city, but in its immediate foundation was the result of the action of members of the 120 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY Hahneniaiin Club and their deterir.ination to establish an institution in which sick and injured children could receive proper care and attention. To this end a meetinfj^ of friends of the enterprise was held at the house of Dr. Bush- rod W. James on January t6. 1877, and at that time a temporary organization was effected. On March 5 following the institution was incorporated, a char- ter was secured, and on April 14 a permanent organization was effected in the election of a board of directors and officers, as follows : Henry C. Carey, president ; Enoch Turley. vice-president : William X. Shoemaker, treasurer ; Thomas M. Montgomery, secretary. In connection with the immediate management of the hospital a board of lady managers was formed, with these officers: Mrs. Joseph Elwell, presi- dent ; Mrs. V. C. Haven and Mrs. Enoch Turley, vice-presidents ; Mrs. Will- iam Shoemaker, treasurer: Miss Georgiana Sturges, secretary. The medical staff' of the hospital was composed of members of the Hahne- mann Club, viz.: Drs. Robert J. McClatchey, A. H. .Ashton, C. S. Middleton. E. A. Farrington. Pcmberton Dudley. B. F. Betts, M. M. Walker, J. R. Ear- hart, W. H. H. Xcville, M. S. Williamson, J. Frishnnith and R. C. Smith, i Cliildren's Homoeopathic Hospital, Philadelphia. attending ])liysicians : Mrs. Beulah M. Townsend, matron: Dr. Thomas L. Bradford, resident physician. The hospital was opened June 20. 1877. at the northwest corner-of Eighth and Poplar streets (now 901 North Eighth street). A dispensary was estab- lished in the same building. The building in this location was occupied by the hospital association five years, and in 1883 the hospital was removed to North Board street, where a new site had been secured by purchase at an expense of $24,000. The new building was formally opened March 14, 1883. The hos- pital had thirty-six beds; the disjKnsary was in a separate building in the rear: the nurse's school was opened in 1886. The new quarters were much larger and better suited to the purposes of the hospital association than the former home on Eighth street, but within the brief space of ten years it became evident to the managers that still more comrnodious buildings must be provided in the near future, and to this end the directors began the work of determining upon a new location with lands of sufficient extent to meet the requirements of the institution for many years. Soon afterward the committee on site and buildings secured lands at HISTORY OF HO.MQ-:()l'ATHY 121 the corner of Franklin and Tlionipson streets, distant one sfjnare tr(Dni Girard avenue. The plans for the new hospital contemplated a larj^e central building with extensions on both sides, and the latter have been built as occasion made nec- essary. On September 14. 1898, ground wa-s broken for the main building and on November 19 following the cornerstone was laid. The structure was completed and formally opened during the week of June 5-12, 1889, and on the latter date the inmates of the old hospital on. Broad street were transferred to the new building. The new south wing was begun August 26, 1903, and was finished and opened June 15. 1904. The north wing, now nearly com- pleted, will cost $30,000. The buildings previously erected cost $55,000. The main building has fifty-four beds ; the isolation building four beds ; the south building seventy-two beds, a total of one hundred and twenty-six beds in the hospital. The institution is supported chiefly by the state, and in a less degree bv endowments and voluntary contributions. In 1894, at the earn- est suggestion of Dr. Bushrod W. James, free beds were set ai:)art for sick and injured newsboys. Heriiij,' I^uildiiij;, Medical and Snrf;iral Df^jKirtiiifMit. The Medical, Surgical and Maternity Hospital of the Women's Homoe- 'opathic Association of Pennsylvania, in the city of Philadelphia, comprising one of the most worthv institutions in a city famous for noble charities, was founded in 1882, by seventeen women who previously had been members of the auxiliarv board of managers of the Homreopathic Hospital of Pennsyl- vania, and who from their experiences in that institution were in position to appreciate the necessity of a home in the city for the care of women in confine- ment. In carrying their resolution into effect a society was formed, and on December 13, 1882, the Women's Homceopathic Association of Pennsylvania was incorporated under the laws of the state. \'arious means were resorted to in order to arouse public interest in the proposed institution, and loyal friends soon provided the means to place the association on a safe and lasting basis. In June, 1883, through the generosity of Charles D. Reed, lands at the northeast corner of Sus(|uehanna avenue and Twentieth street were purchased and paid for, Mr. Reed donating the entire purchase price ($30,000) and also 122 HISTORY OF ilO.MdCOPATHY contrihutiiiii lilicralK to the general building fund. Another generous bene- factor was Miss Mary Jeanes, who gave to the association the occupancy of two houses on 'Twentieth street, and at lier death devised the same for the benefit of the institution. On ^ larch 20. 1884. the hospital was opened in these houses. On July 17 of the same year work was begun on the new building- and was completed in October. 1887. The state appropriated $20,000 for the construction fund of the association. The main structure when com- pleted was called Hering building, in memory of the late Constantine Hering. It was opened October 13, 1887. The maternity pavilion was finished May 16, 1890, and was called Sargent building, in allusion to Dr. Rufus Sargent. The isolation building was begun in the latter part of 1890, was finished in the next year, and was named Lippe building, in honor of the late Dr. Adolph Lippe, whose admirers had contributed generously to its construction fund. The nurse's school was opened soon after the completion of the hospital. The entire institution is maintained strictly in accordance with the principles of pure homcEopatiu and temperance, and its staff includes nearlv all the Hahnemannian homopopaths in Philadelphia. Lippe Isolated Pavilion. The Homoeopathic Medical and Surgical Hospital and Dispensary of Pittsburgh, one of the best institutions of its kind in the country, was the result purely of homceopathic initiative born of the old-time prejudice on the part of the allopathic school and its disposition to deny homoeopathic access to the hospitals of the city. The homoeopathic practitioners of Allegheny county having failed to secure accommodations in the then existing hospital's of the city for patients who desired their treatment, determined to establish a hospital of their own, and for their exclusive use and benefit. For this purpose an informal organization was effected and grounds and buildings on Second avenue near Smithfield street were secured and held, through "the influence and gCK^l offices of Drs. Burgher. Cote and Hofifman, until a more permanent organization could be accomplished. On April 4, 1866, a charter was obtained, trustees and officers were chosen and the work of the corporation was begun in earnest. Ikiildings were arranged for the occupancv of the hospital, and the institution was opened for patients on August i, 1866. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 123 The hospital was continued in its ori<2:inal building until April. 1882, when the trustees determined to erect new buildings and extend the area of the surrounding grounds. A considerable fund was required to carry out the plans of the corporation, but friends were' found in the time of need. William Thaw gave the trustees $50,000 ; the legislature appropriated for the hospital in 1882 the sum of $50,000, and a like sum in 1884. The Ladies' Association '"house warming" netted more than $17,000; Miss Jane Holmes gave $15,000, and many smaller contributions were received from various other sources. With the splendid fund thus created the trustees erected the present hospital structure, comprising two main buildings, one on First ave- nue and one on Second avenue, the total cost of which was nearly $234,000. From 1882 to 1884 hospital work was suspended on account of the improve- ments, but the completed structure was opened for patients on April i, 1884; the formal opening was held April 15. On that occasion Dr. Cooper on be- - n s Sargent or Maternit_v Building. half ot the building committee handed the kev to Dr. McClelland of the exec- utive committee, who accepted the same with the responsibilities of the trust implied by it. From that time the hospital has been recognized as one of the most worthy institutions of the great city in which it is located, and through the good works there accomplished has been the means of elevating the stand- ard of the homoeo]Dathic profession both in Pennsvlvania and in America. In connection with its general work an excellent nurses' school is. maintained. The institution is supported by the interest on its invested funds, the pay of patients, and contributions from benevolent persons. The "Hospital News" is a publication issued monthly by an editorial statTt' chosen by the ofificiary of the hospital corporation. The HomcEopathic Medical and .Surgical Hospital of Reading is the out- growth of the still older Reading Homoeopathic Dispensary Association, which was organized in 1887 and located on Franklin street. A ladies auxiliary association was formed in November, 1888. After active measures for organ- ization and the creation of a necessary fund, a charter was obtained in 1890. Soon afterward the trustees purchased the Dr. Luther Diller property on li-ni'LLipuLhic Huapitul, I'ittshiUKli. HIST(;K\' ()!• HOMCKorATHV 125- Sixth street, wliich was ecjuipped for its intended occuiiancv through the generosity of the ladies auxihary. The formal opening was held July i, i8()i, and since that time the hospital has taken rank with the best of the city's charities. The hospital stafif is chosen from the homoeopathic physicians of the city. In 1897 the institution received a l>equest of $12,000 from the estate of Maria Von Neida. The Woman's Southern HouKcopathic Hospital of Philadelphia dates its history from the year 1895, and is the outgrowth of a dispensary opened in September, 1893. by Dr. Amelia L. Hess and Miss Annie M. Miller in a small first floor room in what now is Rodman street. The dispensary accom- ])lished much good work and the constantly increasing demands upon it neces- sitated frequent removals to more commodious quarters. In 1894 Dr. Han- nah R. Mulford became a part of the life of the dispensary, and soon after- ward it was resolved into a private hospital, and was located on South Seventh street. In 1895 the Woman's Homoeopathic Club began taking an interest in the work, and the outcome of its efforts was a charter (October 31, 1896) for a hospital corporation and the conduct of a hospital, dispensary and mater- nity home under the name of the Woman's Southern Homoeopathic Hospital of Philadelphia. In 1897 the jnemises on the south side of Spruce street, near Eighth, was jjurchased and arranged for hospital occupancy. The dis- pensary is an important department of the work of the hospital. The Ann ^lay memorial home became a de]:)artnient of the greater institution in 1904. It is the gift of Mrs. Albionia Whartenbury of Philadelpiiia as a memorial of her daughter, Ann May Whartenbury Robinson, and was formally opened at Spring Lake, New Jersey, June 10, 1904. St. Luke's Homoeopathic Hospital of Philadelphia had its origin in a meeting of physicians and laymen held in November, 1895, to discuss the need of a hospital in. the north part of the city. An association was formed and a house on North Broad street was secured and equipped for its intended occu- pancy. The formal opening was accompanied with a ihrce days' public recep- tion, January 7-9, 1896. In October following a training school for nurses was established in connection with the hospital. The trustees incorporation was effected January 30, 1896. On September 14, 1899, the trustees, com- prising men only, resigned and their places were filled with women, under whose management the institution has since been conducted. However, the constantly crowded quarters of the hospital made it necessary for the man- agement to secure more commodious quarters in another location, and to that end a building committee was chosen to accomplish the work. In May, 1904. the trustees purchased, at a cost of $75,000, the j^roperty formerly owned by Dr. Meyer at the southwest corner of Broad and Wingohocking streets. The stone buildings on this site are now being arranged for hospital uses. The site is most desirable for the puqxjse for which the property is intended. Ac- cording to the plans, a dispensary will he provided, and located in a separate building, fronting on Fifteenth street. The main building when fully arranged will contain rooms for fiftv beds, and a sejiarate building will be provided for servants" quarters. The J. Lewis Crozer Home and Hos])ital for Incurables, near Chester, was founded through the benevolence of tlie late Mr. Crozer, for whom the institution is named. He died in April, 1897, and in his will made provision for founding a home for incurables .and also a homceopathic hospital, for which purpose the sum of $50,000 was set apart from his estate. After his 12S JIISIC'KV (.)1' lloAia^OPATHY death his widow immediately set out to carry the provisions of the bequest into effect, and in October of that year the w^ork of erectintj the home was begun. J'he buildings are located at Upland, near Qiester, and within its com- fortable walls are lOO rooms, and 40 beds. The medical staff is selected from the members of the (Jrganon Medical Club of Chester, who have management of the home and hosjjital. In 1902 a hospital building was erected, and opened July 17, 1903. The grounds of the institution include 36 acres, the gift ot Airs. Crozer independent of her husband's original bequest. The Hahnemann Hospital at Scranton became one of the incorjxjrated institutions of the city December 13, 1897, and since that time has been num- bered among the worth} charities of northern and northeastern Pennsylvania. It is a public institution in a sense, in that it is in part supported by the state and in return receives within its hospitable walls patients who are public charges ; otherwise its support is derived from pay patients and voluntary con- tributions. In the early part of the year mentioned the homoeopathic physi- cians of Scranton and interested friends of that school of medicine determined to establish in the city a homoeopathic hospital, and for that purpose associ- ated together and became a body corporate. This accomplished, the trustees secured the James Blair homestead at the corner of Washington and Alulberry streets, which was the first home of the hospital, but later on more permanent quarters were found through the generosity of W. W. Scranton, who equipped for the trustees a comfortable building at the corner of Linden and Alonroe streets. A nurses" school was opened in 1898; the home for nurses was pro- vided in 1902. The trustees and hospital association are now taking steps toward the erection of a new and modern hospital building. The West Philadelphia Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensary was founded in June, 1903, and permanently organized in 1904, when the property at the corner of Girard avenue and Fifty-fifth street was secured as the home of the institution. REMINISCENCES. The first epoch in the history of homoeopathy in Pennsylvania extends to 1835, when the first college of homoeopathy in the world — AUentown Acad- emy — was established. During this first epoch the system of Hahnemann had been introduced into two states at nearly the same time and without con- cert of action. To Dr. Henry Dctwiller, then of Hellertown, is due the honor of having given the first homceopathic prescription in Pennsylvania, and the time, July 2^, 1828. He was born in Langenbruch, Canton Piasil, Landschaft, Switzer- land, December 13, 1795. At the village school he showed such aptitude for learning that when he was thirteen he was sent to a French institute at St. Immier, where he remained until he was fifteen, when he became a private pupil of Laurentius Senor, M. D.. a graduate of Wurzburg, under whose tui- tion he prepared for matriculation in the medical department of the Univer- sity of Freiburg, in the grand duchy of Baden. He was admitted in this insti- tution in the spring of 181 4, and studied there for five consecutive semesters. After leaving the university, having barely reached his majority, and being fond of the natural sciences, he felt a strong desire to investigate and to ex- plore the regions of America. So he left Basd in the spring of 181 7. Several hundred emigrants accompanied him to Amsterdam, and'on the passage he acted as physician to the comjiany. \\ ben he arrived at Muvden, near Amster- HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 129 dam, he was asked to present himself to a medical board for examination, which he did. and passing successfully, was appointed physician on the ship "John of Baltimore," an American vessel from Boston. It was an old three- master, on its farewell trip, almost worn out and unseaworthy, but it took on board over four hundred men. women and children. The captain taking a southerly course, going south of Bermuda in the middle of July, the oppres- sive heat produced dysentery, cholera morbus and a prostrating diarrhoea. The ship's medicine chest was not properly supplied and Dr. Detwiller and General Vandame were obliged to furnish medicines from their own private stores. The vessel reached Philadelphia the last of July. The passengers were largely redemptioners and were obliged to remain on board until prop- erly disposed of. ^Ian\ were sick and they with those similarly afflicted from Henry Detwiller, M. D. another vessel in port were entrusted to Dr. Detwiller by the port physician, and the official physician at quarantine placed the .same trust in him. While thus detained in Philadelphia Dr. Detwiller through General Van- dame became acquainted with Dr. Monges, a French physician who often called him in consultation in the family of General X'andajue and other French refugees then in Philadelphia. At the suggestion of Joseph Bonaparte, Gen- eral Vandame and Dr. Monges, Detwiller" abandoned his original purpose of going into the Indian country, and decided to establish himself in a locality where the German language was chiefly spoken. Being well provided with letters of introduction, he went to Allen'town, Pa., and on September 2, 181 7, entered the office of Dr. Charles H. Martin as an assistant. Here he remained for seven months. During the fall and winter of 18 17-18 there appeared in 130 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY manv parts of Lehigh and the adjoining counties a disease attacking whole famihes with more or less severity, and attended in convalescence with fre- quent relapses, the patients being sick for months and then often dying from phthisis or dropsy. This disease was diagnosed by the physicians as bilious colic, as one of the most prominent symptoms was abdominal or intestinal pain, with very obstinate costiveness and vomiting. The treatment had been with opium' and calomel in very large doses, powerful laxatives, tobacco smoke even being forced into the rectum, while salivation was indulged in extensively. Detwiller was able to discover that the real cause of the preva- lent epidemic was lead poisoning produced from the glazing with litharge of earthen pots in which apple butter, often rather sour, had been kept. This discovery and his successful antidotal treatment gained for the young doctor a great reputation, and he was urged to settle in many dififerent localities. He finally selected Hellertown, and in April, 1818, opened an office there. In December he married Elizabeth Appel, a native of the vicinity, and who died seventeen years later, leaving three sons and four daughters. Dr. Detwiller writes of himself: 'T began to practice homoeopathy in the year 1828, July 23, at Hellertown, Pa. Dr. W. Wesselhoeft at that time practicing in Bath, Dr. E. Freytag in Bethlehem, Dr. Becker in Kreidersville, myself at Hellertown, all in Northampton county, met frequently at the house of Dr. Freytag, interchanged our experiences in the then to us, new practice, prepared a kind of repertory for our own use. Homoeopathic treatment in an epidemic of dysentery in the fall of 1829 (where out of 86 only two proved fatal) urged us to closer studies. Dr. Wesselhoeft furnished books and medi- cines which he received from his frjend Dr. Stapf as a present. In 1831 I received the then extant whole library of works on homceopathy, together witli the medicines, from my friend Dr. Siegrist in Basil." Dr. Wesselhoeft in Bath was twelve miles north of Hellertown, but he often met Detwiller socially and in consultation. At one of these meetings Wesselhoeft said that he had received from his father and Dr. Stapf in Ger- many some books on homoeopathy and a box of homoeopathic medicines. They commenced to investigate the new system. Detwiller studied up a case he then had on hand and decided that Pulsatilla was the proper remedy. He gave it, the first dose of homoeopathic medicine given in Pennsylvania, on July 23, 1828. The result was a speedy cure. From this time he was a steady practitioner and champion of the principles of homceopathy. Dr. Wesselhoeft soon began to give homoeopathic medicines, and Dr. Eberhard Freytag also. The Rev. Qiristian J. Becker of Kreidersville. of whom Detwiller speaks, was a clergyman who had been partially educated in medicine and became greatly interested in the new method. The result of the investigations convinced him of its truth and he practiced with consider- able success among the poor of his neighborhood. In 1830 Dr. John Romig joined this band of workers. In 1836 Dr. Detwiller visited Europe in company with his eldest son, whom he placed at school where he was to remain for four vears. While in Europe he visited Professors Schoenlein, Oken and Schintz at Zurich to converse upon scientific subjects. He also had several interviews with Hahne- mann in Paris in the interests of homoeopathy in the United States, and espe- cially of the Allcntown Academy, then just started. He also visited his alma mater, presenting his certificates of examination (absolutorium) executed in the fall of 1816, when he was unable because of youth to receive his diploma. HISTORY OF HOMOiOPATHY 131 Thus, after an absence of twenty years, he appHed to the medical faculty for a re-examination. After a most thorough examination on the different branches including operations on the cadaver, he was granted a diploma. He returned to the United States and resumed practice at Hellertown, remaining there until 1852, when he removed to Easton. He introduced homoeopathy into Easton and had much opposition at first to contend against. During his long residence at Hellertown, Detwiller, notwithstanding his verv extensive and arduous practice, always found time to follow his favorite study of natural science. He collected his "Flora Sauconensis," his specimens hav- ing been gathered largely in upper and lower Saucon. He made manv botan- ical excursions with his friends De Schweinetz and Huebner. His ornitho- logical specimens, the mammals, reptilian, cheloniae, etc., represent nearly the whole fauna of Pennsylvania. The greater part of this collection was Samuel R. Dubs, M. D. donated to public institutions and museums in Europe, especially to the I ni- versity of Basil, he being corresponding member of the Natural History Society there. In 1836 he became a member of the faculty of the Allentown Academy. He was one of the organizers of the American Institute of Homoeopathy in 1844. In 1866 he assisted in the formation of the Pennsylvania State Homoe- opathic Society. In 1886 at the dedication of the Hahnemann Medical College building on Broad street, Philadelphia, he was present, bowed with the weight of years, and with long whitened hair, but with eyes still bright and skin clear. Dr. Detwilkr died at Easton April 21, 1887. He had been seventy-two years in practice and was ninety-two years of age. About three weeks before 132 ' HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY his death he arose at an early hour, as had been his habit from childhood, took his regular morning walk, and near the corner of Fourth and Northampton streets fell, striking his forehead on the pavement. He was assisted to his feet, returned to hfs office, partook of his customary lunch and went to Beth- lehem to attend several patients. The next day he made professional calls at Frenchtown, N. J., and in the evening of the third day began to feel the effects of his fall. He was then confined to his room but almost to the last gave directions for the treatment of his patients. He was interested in educa- tional matters and in many business enterprises. His family consisted of three sons and four daughters'. He left twenty-seven grandchildren, twenty-one great-grandchildren and two great-great-grandchildren. As has been stated, the companion of Dr. Detwiller in the first investiga- tion in Pennsylvania of the truth of homoeopathy was Dr. William Wessel- hoeft* of Bath in Northampton county. He was the second son of Karl Wes- selhoeft, who, with his brother-in-law, Friedrich Frommann, owned the largest publishing house in the university town of Jena during the palmy days of Saxe-Weimar. William was born in 1794 and w-hen he was four years old his father moved from Chemnitz. When he was ten years of age Goethe took a kindly interest in his education and gave him pencils and paper and friendly advice, in order to foster a love for drawing, for he believed that art was an essential to early education, and he himself excelled in it. Nor did Karl, the father, stint these educational advantages, though impoverished by the wars with Napoleon. He had residing in his family as private tutor to his children the celebrated De Wette» afterward professor of theology at Ber- lin and later at Basle ; and after De Wette, Grossman, who became superin- tendent of the Lutheran churches at Leipsic. This family school consisted of William, his brothers Edward and Robert, his sister Wilbelmina, and a ward of his uncle Frommann, Minna Herzlied, celebrated in the "Memoirs of Goethe" as one of the ladies who for a time held the sentimental poet's heart. In 1809 Wesselhoeft became a pupil at the Real-Schule of Nuremburg, then under the direction of G. H. von Schubert, the great natural philosopher and psychologist, in whose autobiography may be found frequent mention of young Wesselhoeft. Here, besides studying Latin and Greek, he began his profound studies in the natural sciences, including anatomy, of which he was very fond, becoming very expert in anatomical drawings. His botanical studies also were extensive, and he prepared a valuable hortus siccus. Dur- ing his student life, he was in the habit of making extensive tours for the purpose of explorations in botany, mineralogy and geology, and his collections of mineral and geological specimens were given to Dr. Adolph Douai for the benefit of the students in the Perkins Institution for the Blind. Our young savant also studied transcendental physics with the celebrated Oken. In 1813, being nineteen years old, he entered the University of Jena,, graduating there seven years afterward as doctor of medicine, having per- fected his general and medical education at the universities of Berlin and Wurzburg, at each of which he resided for a season, and at which he passed the second and third examinations necessary in Germany to obtain a license to practice medicine. Wesselhoeft was not only a scholar of parts but also an attractive man of the world. At this time Goethe was much interested in meteorology, and ♦Memorial of Dr. William Wesselhoeft, by Elizabeth P. Peabody, Boston, 1859. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 133 Wesselboeft enjoyed making- observations of the clouds for liim at the observa- tory at Je«a. Wesselboeft was in sympathy with the young patriots who had returned from German army service, in which struggle Koerner fell in 1806. When in Berlin in 1819 he became intimate with "Old Jahn," who invented the mod- ern system of gymnastics and had in Berlin a gymnasium as early as 181 1. It was the time of the Burschenschaften in Germany, or secret political societies to promote nationality ; and William and Robert Wesselboeft. who were stu- dents at Jena, were very active in promoting these organizations. These Burschenschaften were betrayed by a traitor and manv were arrested, among them William and Robert Wesselboeft. William, who was at the time pur- suing his studies at Berlin, was thrown into the political prison, and Robert was confined in the fortress at Magdeburg. William escaped after a two months' imprisonment and was for a long time concealed in his father's house at Jena. Then young Dr. William wished to go to the assistance of the Greeks, who were struggling for freedom. He became surgeon to the Ger- man Pbilbellenen and started well equipped with surgical appliances. Indeed so ample was the quantity of lint and of bandages prepared by his sister Wil- helmina, his friend P'erdinanda, and others in the secret, that it is said to have served him all his life. When he arrived at Marseilles an injunction wa3 laid on the vessel, and no more volunteers could go to Greece. From Mar- seilles he went to Switzerland, where were his friends Follen and Beck and De Wette, who had found positions at the University of Basle. In this uni- versity Wesselboeft also found employment as demonstrator of anatomy and assistant oculist. He remained there two years, and spent his vacations in tours among the lofty mountains not only for love of natural science but for the picturesque. During the later years of his life he often talked of revisit- ing Switzerland, and the last picture he purchased was a painting of the Alps reminding him, as he said, of his own youth. But there was interference by the allied powers with the German refu- gees, driving Drs. Follen and Beck from Switzerland, and compelling Wessel- boeft to leave for America at the same time. Some letters showing his sym- pathy with Follen had fallen into the hands of the despots. He sailed from Antwerp and was four months on the voyage. On his arrival he went to Le- high county, Pa., where lived a German family he had known at home. From there he went to Northampton county, seeking a place to practice, and finally settled at Bath, where the population was largely German. Follen and Beck, who also came to America, made efforts to induce him to go to Massa- chusetts. In 1825 Ticknor wrote asking him to take charge of the gymnas- ium at Cambridge and Boston, but already a large practice occupied him at Bath and he refused; Here he married Sarah Palmer, in whose family he had become known bv his professional calls as an allopathic physician. Even then he was meditating a change, and studying the system of Flahnemann. He franklv told his fiancee his plans, of the unsatisfactory methods of the prevailing tbf-rapeutics, and of the possibility that his change in medical prac- tice would for a time hurt his income. Soon after Wesselboeft had come to America certain of his old class- mates had become interested in homoeopathy and wrote to him to test the medicines. His old friend Stapf sent him the Organon provinirs. together with homoeopathic medicines. At first it seemed absurd to him, but a love of fair play to the man who had devoted so much time to this new materia 134 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY medica induced him to test its virtues. Infinitesimal doses were hardest to accept. His first experiment was in a case of ozaena whose symptoms indi- cated Hahnemann's thirtieth dihition of some medicine. He said: "I was really ashamed to give the thirtieth dilution and substituted the sixth." When he went the next day his patient was sitting up in bed, the symptoms much worse and she very angry. The disease was cured, however, without another dose. Among his first successes was his treatment of croup with pongia and hepar. He communicated these cases to Freytag, Detwiller and to others, and they engaged in personal investigation. So great was the confidence in him that his patients were willing to take the small doses that he soon began to prescribe. The story of the first provcrs' union, the first society, the Allen- town Academy, with all which Wesselhoeft was identified, will appear in proper sequence. When the success of the academy became doubtful, Hering went to Philadelphia and Wesselhoeft to Allentown to try to support the institution. In 1842 Wesselhoeft decided to remove to Boston. His brother Robert, who had been a lawyer in Weimar and an officer of the government, was arrested with other members of the Burschenschaften, and for seven years was kept in mild imprisonment, but on the accession of Frederick William IV of Prussia, he was released, returned to Jena, married, and was given his old government position. But his principles were too liberal, and he was requested by the authorities to leave Europe and take up his abode in America. With his family he came to Allentown and made his home with his brother. Robert was taught the materia medica during the year they resided at Allen- town. He afterward removed to Cambridge, Mass., and William to Boston, and it was not long before they together founded the Brattleboro (Vt.) water cure. This was established in 1846, and was continued until 185 1. Dr. William expected in removing from the interior of Pennsylvania to Boston to find again that cultured companionship he had known in Germany, and doubtless believed the physicians of Boston would be liberal enough to investigate the new medical system ; but he was met by ridicule and contempt. He passed his sons and nephews through Harvard AJedical School, however, and set himself quietly to practice. At that time there were four or five homoeopathic physicians in Boston, among whom Wesselhoeft's greater experi- ence gave him the lead. He was soon engaged in a large and lucrative practice. During the last year of his life he became aware that he was overtaxing his constitution. He went for a vacation to the country, but a cold brought him back to the city. He sent to Philadelphia for Hering, his old friend, refusing to see all others that he might have strength to talk to him. About twelve hours before he could expect him to arrive he was sitting near his wife, her hand in his, when suddenly 'he brought his other hand upon it, pressed it tenderly several times and said "Will you go with me?" Then he arose, made two or three firm steps towards the bed and fell. On being raised up it was seen that he "was beyond and above "—September i, 1858. Another of this little medical fraternity in Pennsylvania was Eberhard Freytag, then practicing in Bethlehem. At that time he was sixty years old. He was associated with all the advancements of the new system in Northamp- ton county, in the first society and the academy. Until the time of his death. March 14. 1846, he was an enthusiastic believer in the new medical law.' He was one of the charter members of the institute, and his was the first death presented to that society. He was 82 years when he died. The records HISTORY OF HOMGEOPATHY 135 of his life are meagre. The Northampton County Homoeopathic Medical Society passed resolutions of regret and resolved to report the death at the meeting of homoeopathic physicians about to assemble in convention at Phila- delphia in May. These resolutions appear in the transactions of the American Institute of Hornoeopathy for 1846. Rev. Christian J. Becker was an original director of Allentown Academy. He became a successful practitioner among his parishioners and was a member of the first homoeopathic medical society. About 1838 he practiced homoe- opathy at Harrisburg. Dr. John Romig was born in Lehigh county, January 3, 1804, and was of German ancestry. He graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1825, and located at Fogelsville, Lehigh county. • In the spring of 1829 he H. H. Hoffman. M. D. removed to Allentown, forming a partnership with Dr. Charles H. Martin. About 1832 or 1833 he commenced to practice homoeopathy and was asso- ciated in all the homoeopathic enterprises of that time. He was professor of obstetrics in the Allentown Academy. In 1838 he removed to Baltimore with others to introduce homoeopathy. Drs. Haynel and McManus were then in homoeopathic practice there. He remained but two years, returning to Allentown, where he passed the rest of his life. He had two sons, William H. and George M. Romig, both graduates of the University of Pennsylvania and of the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia, George in 1870 and William in 1871. One of the important members of this homoeopathic brotherhood and 136 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY one whose influence was extensive, was Rev. Johannes Helfrich. He was the son of Rev. John Henry Helfrich of Mosbach in Germany, who was sent to America by the Moravian synod of Holland in 1771. He was placed at Weisenberg in Lehigh county (then called Northampton) and at this place Johannes was born January 17, 1795. He was educated for the ministry at Philadelphia and while yet there pursuing his studies he was called to the charge kft vacant by his father's recent death. This was in the spring of 1816. He was licensed and accepted the call, and three \ears later he received ordination at the synod of Lancaster. He served this charge all his life. On April 19, 1818, he married Salome Schantz. Three years after marriage he purchased a home within a mile from that in which his father had resided. He was a warm friend of the Germans and his house became a hospitable home for many immigrants. L'ntil his two sons were grown to manhood he kept, at different times, six very able German teachers who were well versed in the sciences. At this time his home was known a.11 about the country as the " W'eisenberg Academy." He was the means of educating many who afterwards became professional and influential men. Among the German professors at his academy was Dr. William Wesselhoeft. It was through Wesselhoeft that Mr. Helfrich became interested in homoeopathy. He read his medical books, listened to his discussions on the new medical law, and with him made many botanical expeditions in order to find new remedies. Mr. Helfrich also became intimate with Hering and was greatly influenced by his enthusiasm. For a number of years Mr. Helfrich in connection with his pastoral labors was accustomed to prescribe homoeopathic remedies for the ailments of his parishioners, but this so overtaxed his strength that he required all patients to call at his home. It was soon filled with invalids and took the form of a hospital, rather than a school. In the fall of 1830 Mr. Helfrich arranged his work to devote two davs weekly to medical treat- ment. On these days as many as twenty or thirty patients were regularly present and homoeopathy w^as given a practical test. Dr. Wesselhoeft, at that time settled at Bath, made Aveekly visits to the Weisenberg hospital to assist in the treatment and to further instruct Helfrich. The results of this clinic and dispensary were very encouraging. These meetings were con- tinued until the establishment of the Northampton society in 1834. Then came the establishment of the Allentown Academy, of which Mr. Helfrich was a founder. From this institution Mr. Helfrich received one of the first diplom.as granted. He was now fully established as a phvsician and the demands uijon his medical skill constantly increased. His eldest son, John Henry Helfrich, graduated in Philadelphia as a physician in 1846 and estab- lished himself in his father's home in Weisenberg. In 1849 Mr, Helfrich published a German book on homoeopathic veterinarv practice, the first book on the subject published in this countrv. Dr. J. H.' Helfrich, the son, prac- ticed in Allentown until his death. The elder Helfrich died April 8, 1852. The weekly reunions of these earnest physicians, Wesselhoeft, Detwiller, Freytag and Becker, were begun in 1828, and were held for convenience at the house of Dr. Freytag in Bethlehem. In 1829 an epidemic of dvsenterv occurred in Northampton county, and at that time Dr. Wesselhoeft gave up the old practice and devoted himself entirely to the practice of homoeopathv. For a year he treated free all cases that came to him. wishing to learn more thoroughly the new m.ateria medica. He established offices in Bath and sur- rounding places, where he invited the sick to come for treatment, and he HISTORY OF HOAIGEOPATHY 137 devoted a part of each day to these cHnics. Previous to 1830 he furnished all the medicines and books, but in that year Dr. Detwiller received the com- plete publications of homceopathy and also its medicines from Dr. Siegrist of Basel (Basle), who had been practicing homoeopathy in Switzerland for several years. But there was need of a more extended organization, and on August 23, 1834, was formed the Homoeopathic Society of Northampton and Counties Adjacent, of which mention is made elsewhere in this chapter. In the meantime, however, homoeopathy had been introduced into Philadelphia by Dr. Carl Ihm, a native of Frankfort-on-the-Main, and a graduate of the University of Wurzburg, in Bavaria. It is supposed that his coming to Philadelphia was induced by William Geisse, a wealthv German merchant of that city, and a personal friend of Hahnemann, with the purpose of investi- gating the truth of homoeopathy. Dr. Ihm studied the doctrine, adopted its tenets and began practice. He was the first homoeopathic physician in the city. In the latter part of 1833 he went to Tioga county, practiced there with Dr. Lewis Saynich, and afterward went to Cuba. The question of precedence in next prescribing homoeopathic medi- cines in Philadelphia seems to lie be- tween Dr. Charles F. Matlack and Dr. George H. Bute. Matlack graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1820. In an autograph letter ho writes : " I may here remark that I be- lieve I was the first American physi- cian in chronological order who prac- ticed in Philadelphia according to the homoeopathic method. I employed it by way of experiment as earlv as the winter of 1832-33." He practiced homoeopathy in the city for manv years, removing thence to German- town in 1851. In 1833 he translated Hering's address before the Hahne- mannian Society— Kurze Uebersicht der Homoeopathischen Hcilkunst (A Con- cise View of the Rise and Progress of Homoeopathic Medicine). He died in 1874. Dr. Matlack was a member of the Society of Friends and his early stand for homceopathy probably influenced the course taken bv so many of that sect, both in the United States and in England, in relation to the adoption of homoeopathy. George Henry Bute was born in the duchy of Schaumburg Lippe Buecke- burg, May 20, 1792. During the French dominion in Germany he left home to escape military conscription. He led a roving life for several years, serving on a Dutch man-of-war. He visited the soudiern parts of Europe, even Constantinople, but deserted at Genoa, traversed Germany on foot and came to the United States, reaching Philadelphia in August, 1810. He became acquainted with the M(M-avians through their liishop. and in 1822 J. C. Burgher, I\I. D. 138 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY entered Nazartth Hail, the ^Moravian boarding school at Nazareth, Pa., as teacher. Pie married at Xazareth Mary Bardill. daughter of a Moravian missionary, in April 1825, and returned to Philadelphia, where he was em- ployed in a store until after the arrival from Germany of his younger brother Charles, when the two started a sugar refinery. In 1828 he received a special commission to go to Surinam (Dutch Guiana) as a Moravian missionary. Being stationed in the city of Paramaribo, he became acquainted with Dr. Constantine Hering, who was there as a botanist and geologist for the Saxon government, and who was also practicing homceopathy. Bute became a stu- dent of Hering, but returned to the United States in 183 1. He landed in Boston and later went to Nazareth to perfect himself in medicine. The chol- era epidemic of 1832 broke out in Philadelphia and he went there, devoting his time to the care of the victims and the custody of the hospital on Qierry street. He was a partner with Hering in Philadelphia and practiced there for six years, when ill health compelled his return to Nazareth, where he passed the rest of his life. He died there February 13, 1876, aged eighty-three vears. He was the prover of several important remedies and all his life was enthusiastic in the advancement of homceopathy. Constantine Hering was the most powerful factor in the growth of early American homoeopathy. He was a physician, poet, scientist, naturalist, psy- chologist, scholar and author. Reaching America just at a time when there was need of some one to organize the few men who were practicing homoe- opathy and to find methods to spread the new medical doctrine, Hering was alDle to accomplish all these things. When he had been in this country only a few months we find him addressing the little Philadelphia Homoeopathic Society on the subject of homceopathy, in which address he gave a complete account of Hahnemann and his discoveries and practice. He was the principal mover in the establishment of that first college of homoeopathy, the Allen- town Academy, whose graduates spread the truths of the new doctrine all over the country, although in 1835, when the academy was opened, there were no practitioners of the system in any state except New York and Pennsyl- vania ; in 1840 there were practitioners in sixteen different states, and the pupils of the Allentown Academy had carried the new medical system into all of them. Constantine Hering was born in Oschatz. a small town between Dresden and Leipsic, January i, 1800. The family originally was from Moravia and the family name was Hrinka. His father was devoted to teaching and music, and published several works on musical instruction. In 1795 he was given the position of conrector and organist of the church of Oschatz, with the title of magistcr. His family consisted of three daughters and four sons. When Constantine Hering was born his father was seated at the organ, and when the news was brought to him, answered with that grand old anthem of praise, "Nun Danket Alle Gott." The diligence passed through the town of Oschatz and often a traveller of note stopped over night and spent the even- ing with Magister Hering. Hering listened to their talk. Seume, a literary man, inspired him with his talk about America and democracy and love of freedom and hatred of the privileged classes. His teachers were cultured men ; August Rudolph was an excellent mathematician and taught him to love mathematics. History young Hering called "a collection of foolish and hor- rible things.'' He preferred the study of plants, insects and stones. He earned reproof from Herr Rudolph by refusing to call Peter of Russia, Peter HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 139 the Great, but wrote in his composition, "Peter, whom fools call great." Her- ing in his boyhood saw the march to Russia of the French army, and its ter- rible retreat. A part of the army passed by his father's door, and one day a company halted and demanded food. Constantine, then twelve, ran out with a loaf of black (rye) bread, which an officer took only to fling it on the ground where it was kicked about by the soldiers. "It's good bread,'' said the boy, "my mother made it; don't you know God will punish you for throw- ing bread away?" On the retreat the same squad stopped again at the door and again young Hering took out bread, this time white bread, to them. The same officer, wasted and in rags, his arm in a sling, met the boy. "Ah ! my boy," he explained, "the curse you told us of has fallen upon us." Hering found his first stimulus to natural history on a grapevine, the caterpillar called sphynx atropos. This atropos, followed in later years by the lachesis (the poisonous snake), reminded him of the "Three Fates." He once said : "The destinies have come to me in reverse order." First came atropos, the inflexible, who cuts the thread of life, next lachesis, who spins it, and finally clotho, holding the distaff. He likened his work in writing the materia medica to the spinning of threads in a fabric, and when the web was well done, he said, "When I shall be called hence the work will be left on the loom for other hands to weave." He now became enthusiastic in col- lecting insects, stones and plants. He made long excursions to the neigh- boring hills and valleys and returned laden with specimens. He would stop at some inn to arrange them, and it was there he learned the plain simple language he so much loved. In 1817 the }'Oung naturalist was sent to an academy in Dresden, where he studied surgery. A year later a copy of Euclid fell into his hands at an old book stall. He resolved to go home and give himself to Greek and mathe- matics, which he did until 1820, when he went to Leipsic, where he studied seven courses in medicine. He then went to Wurzburg. attracted by the fame of Schoenlein, the pathologist, with whom he formed a friendship which his conversion to homoeopathy never disturbed. He graduated at Wurzburg with the highest honors, in 1826. As was the custom, he presented at gradu- ation a thesis which he was obliged to defend in public disputation with mem- bers of the faculty and students. The following preamble in Latin was printed, on the cover of his dissertation : " Johann Lucas Schoenlein, Dean pro tempore of the gracious order of physicians, Doctor of Philosophy, Medicine and Surgery, and public professor in ordinary, etc., etc., with all due courtesy, invites the noble vice-rector of the Academy, the senate fathers, the professors of all grades, the academic citizens, finally men of letters and the patrons of letters, to public disputation, to be held March 22d. 1826, at 9 A. M., by the very noble, illustrious and learned man. INIr. Constantine Hering, Saxon, under the presidency of Caritanus Textor, Doctor of Philosophy, Aledicine and Surgery, Aulic Councillor to the August King of Bavaria, and public professor in ordinary, etc., etc., for the purpose of duly obtaining the highest honors in Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics." This printed invitation which young Hering had to extend for his dis- putatio inauguralis contained a number of short propositions or theses in Latin, each one of which he stood ready to defend in argument. A transla- tion of the "Qiiestioncs inaugiilares and Theses" is here given : 1. Springs are living fossils. 2. I hold that there are nerves in the placenta. . ^^ 3. The "ganglion petrosum " is to the ear what the "ganglion ophthalmicum is to the eye. 14(1 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 4. The olfactory, cptic and acoustic nerves are apophyses of the cerebrum and cerebellum, not nerves. 5. The old man is the perfect man. 6 Materia Medica is to Hahnemann what Pathology was to Hippocrates. 7. Such as life is, is disease. 8. The rational system is not merely the better, but the only one in pathology. 9. I deny psychical diseases. 10. Any disease may be removed at any stage. Hering received his degree of doctor of medicine, surgery and obstetrics. March 22. 1826. His medical examination was severe, doubly so because of his known devotion to homoeopathy. From 1817 to 1826, the nine years previous to graduation, Hering's life was that of a student. By his fellows he was nicknamed "Wisent," from his studious habits. He was poor and his privations were many. He first became interested in homoeopathy by promising to write against it. His preceptor in the University of Leipsic, Dr. J. Henry Robbi, who had been surgeon in the army of Napoleon and had served in Larrey's ambulatice, introduced Hering into practical surgery and in 1820 made him one of his assistants. Baumgartner, the founder of a pub- lishing house, wanted a book written against homoeopathy, for after Hahne- mann was obliged to leave Leipsic to escape persecution it was thought that homoeopathy would die out, but as this death seemed too slow this book was intended to hasten the end. Robbi was offered the work but refused and recommended his assistant. It was nearly completed when, in order to make quotations, Hering was provided with Hahnemann's books. In the third vol- ume of the "Materia Medica" he found the "nota bene for my critics." This induced him to make experiments, and ended in convincing him of the truth of homa-opathy. The book was never finished. An old friend, an apothe- cary, was delighted that he was writing against homoeopathy, but when Her- ing went to him one day for some peruvian bark, telling him he wished it for a homoeopathic proving, his friend said. "My young friend, don't you know there is danger in that?" Herins" replied that as he was a luathematician he •, believed he could distinguish the true from the false. His old friends and others now shunned \iim and said he was going crazy. In making an autopsy Hering poisoned a finger, which soon became gangrenous. Leeches, calomel and caustics were of no avail and amputation was advised and rejected. He did not yet believe that external diseases could be benefited by internal remedies and when an older practitioner of homoe- opathy proposed to treat the hand with homoeopathic pellets, he ridiculed the suggestion, but permitted him to give him some small doses of arsenic. The wound soon began to heal. Hering said of this: "I owed to it far more than the preservation of a finger. To Hahnemann, w^ho had saved my finger, I gave my whole hand, and to the promulgation of his teaching, not only my hand, but the entire man, body and soul." " After graduation Hering became a teacher of natural sciences and mathe- matics in the Blochmann Institute, an academy in Dresden for educating young noblemen. On recomiuendation of Blochmann, he was sent by the king of Saxony on a botanical and zoological expedition to Surinam and Cayenne. An old friend. Christophe Weigel, was appointed botanist to the expedition. He remained in Surinam six years. While he pursued his naturalist work he also practiced homceopathy. He resided in the INIoravian colony of Surinam and had every opportunity to practice his profession. During his stav he wrote letters and papers on homoeopathy for his friend Stapf, editor of the » i HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 141 "Arcliiv fur die liomoopathishee Heilkunst," a homoeopathic journal of that period. This offended the physician of the king, and orders were sent from the government to abandon his homoeopathy and to attend to his zoological duties alone, and in future to avoid publishing such offensive articles. The day after he received this letter Hering made up his accounts and sent them with a letter resigning further connection with the governmental mission. He then commenced the practice of homoeopathy in Paramaribo, at the same time continued collecting specimens. This double pursuit he soon found too much, and learning through a friend, George Bute, that an academv of natural sciences had been founded in Philadelphia, and that Rev. Mr. Schweinitz, a well known mycologist, was a prominent member, he decided in 1830 to send all his botonical collections, mostly cryptogramic, and zoological collections 11 (.ring's Lachesis bnaKc. to this academy. He did so and became a corresponding memlier. 1 he life of Constantino Hering in Guiana was interesting. He was a visitor to the leper colony of Surinam, seeking to alleviate the terrible suffering, and his observations there greatly enriched the therapeutics of leprosy. He studied the habits and customs of the Creoles, mulattoes, negroes and Arrowackian Indians. He penetrated deep into the trackless forest to meet this tribe, and it was there he found the surukuku snake — the lachesis — whose atten- uated venom has relieved many sick peoi)le since that time. While he was in South America in July. 1828. Hering and his wife w^ere living in a little camp on the upper Amazon river, on the edge of the great tropical forests. The natives were his assistants and had told him much of a deadly serpent living there and 142 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY he had offered them a reward for a Hve specimen. One day they brought in a bamboo box, and then fled from the place. They had brought him a hving ghurukuku, the most venomous of their snakes. It was the lachesis trigon- acephalus, or lance-headed viper. He and his wife were alone, and he was about to risk life itself in order to obtain its venom. As the box was opened he struck the snake a blow on the head, and then placed the head under a forked stick and pressed out the poison on sugar of milk. The poison thus obtained was for many years the onlv supply used in preparing the attenua- tions of our lachesis. He brought the dead snake with him to the United States and it is now preserved in the Academy of Natural Sciences in Phila- delphia. The ship in which Hering sailed from South America was old and badly handled. She was bound for Salem, jMass.. but went ashore on the Rhode Island coast, and finally put in at Martha's Vineyard. Hering stepped ashore on a Sunday morning in January, 1833. On the ground lay snow, the first he had seen in seven, years. 'T took it up," he said, "and was happy." He soon went to Philadelphia, and there passed the rest of his life. Dr. Hering always retained pleasant recollections of his life in South Am-erica. He kept the golden piece, his first fee there, as a keep-sake and his son-in-law, Dr. Knerr, still has it. In Pennsylvania in 1833 there were ten physicians practicing homoe- opathy, and of these, Drs. Bute, Ihm and ]\Tatlack were in Philadelphia. Bute at once welcomed Hering, who became associated with him in practice. Al- though he had to fight bitter prejudice, it w^as not long before his skill gained for him a large clientage. In (he first year of his residence in the city he married Alarianne Hussman, daughter of George Hussman. Dr. Hering's influence was at once felt. There was the faithful coterie in Northampton county. Louis Saynich was at Blossbm-g and Edward Mansa in Buffalo township. Hering was welcomed, and in that same year of 1833 there "was formed in Philadelphia the Hahnemannian Society. It was organized on Hahnemann's birthday, April 10, 1833, but three months after Hering reached the city, and was composed of both physicians and laymen. On i\pril 18, 1833, Hering delivered a schoiarlv address "A Concise View of the Rise and Prog- ress of Homoeopathic Medicine," in which he gave an account of the life of Hahnemann, his progressive discoveries in medicine and a lucid explanation of the real principles underlying homoeopathy. He said : "May our benefi- cent Society largely contribute to the wider prevalence and reception of the Hahnemannian doctrines ; may that which single individuals can of them- selves scarcely achieve be effectuated bv united efforts ; then in this blessed country, may the miseries of disease be diminished, future generations be rescued from its leaden fetters, the bitterest human misery — disease bearing down all earthly iov become less from year to year and the sweetest boon on earth — health and domestic felicity, become the portion of growing thousands. * * * It will succeed here sooner than in Europe, for, ' among a free people,^ who with practiced eyes, soon discern the truly useful, a treasure like this new art must quickly be estimated in a degree commensurate with its real value. * * * The American people demand facts and upon these we can confidently and .securely rest for our support. The language of opposition may be employed against it, but truth is not long obscured here by forms of speech. The victory will be ours, and in a century to come the anniversary of our society, this first step on the way which must lead to the public and HISTORY OF HOMGEOPATHY 143 general acknowledgment of the new doctrines will be solemnized with grate- ful remembrance. So great an aim cannot be attained without labor, but we are prepared to undertake it ; we shall not arrive at it without conflict, but we stand equipped for conflict ; we shall not reach it without defamation, but we v/ill suffer ridicule and defamation with composure." Hering's address was published in German by Wesselhoeft, and was translated into English by Matlack and published by the Hahnemannian Soci- ety in 1833. It made a small octavo pamphlet of thirty pages, and was the second homoeopathic publication printed in the United States. Having been printed in German and English, and being largely circulated and extensively John Ilcni-y l-lnt,,, M. 1). noted and quoted by the public press, the address brought homoeopathy to the notice of the people. Dr. Hering died in Philadelphia, July 23, 1880, Dr. P. Scheurer was of the Allentown coterie. He was born in Lehigh county, August 18, 1799, and labored in the ministry for fifty years. Ill health induced him to read medical books and he acquired a knowledge regarding the practice of medicine. In 1839 he became interested in homoeopathy and afterward practiced successfully, devoting nearly all his time to it. He died at Hanover, April 20, 1875. In the list of directors of Allentown Academy appears the name John Henry Floto. He also was a student and received a diploma. He went to California and lived to enjoy the distinction of being the oldest homoeopathic physician in the world. Jn January, 1896, the "Pacific Coast Journal of Homoe- 144 HISTORY OF HO^KEOPATIiY opathy" published liis picture with the legend: "John H. Floto, the oldest practicing homcopathist in the world." Christian Frederic Geist was a member of the Allentown Academy in 1836. He afterward practiced in Boston. Another of the students of Allentown Academy was Charles Haeseler. After graduation in 1836 he went to Lewistown in Lebanon county, where he J remained two years. He afterward settled in Pottsville. Jacob Schmidt was a student at Allentown. He was born at Kreuznach, Germany, June 29, 1813, came 10 the United States in 1836 and found em- ployment in his profession as civil engineer. Fie was received by Hering as a student in his office and member in his family. He remained three years, having meanwhile attended lectures at the Pennsylvania College (allopathic), and received a degree from the Allentown Academy. Dr. Schmidt located in Baltimore. GROWTH OF HOMOEOPATHY IX PEXXSVLVANIA. While homoeopathy in Xew York was establishing itself through its cir- cle of enthusiastic investigators, the band of earnest physicians at the neiw homcEopathic school at Allentown were busily engaged in teaching the doc- trines of similia, and it was gaining a strong foothold in Philadelphia and certain towns throughout the state. The second epoch includes the period between the establishment of Allentown Academy and the organization of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, in 1844. In January, 1833, '^vhen Hering reached Philadelphia, there were but the two homoeopaths, Ihm and Bute, in practice there. During the year 1833 sev^^ral physicians had begun to investigate. Dr. Matlack began practice about the same time as Bute. In 1833 William Schmoele, a native of Ger- many, came to Philadelphia and became a student and assistant of Bute's. He graduated at the Allentown Academy and established a large practice in the city, where he remained until 1844, when he returned to Germany and spent four years in studying special branches of m.edicine, especially pathology and morbirl anatomy, under Rokitansky and other pathologists. Returning to Philailelphia, he assisted in organizing Penn Medical University in 1854. Schmoelc is said to have been one of the first men in this country to advo- cate the germ theory of disease. After 1857 liis. time was in part devoted to business operations. The date of his death is unknown. In 1835 Drs. Jacob Jeanes, Gideon Humphrey and Jonas Green, three allopathic physicians, joined the homoeopathic ranks. Each began the investigation of homoeopathy on the same day. Dr. Jeanes was born in Philadelphia, October 4, 1800, and died December 18. 1877. As one of the founders and faculty of the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania his professional life is made the subject of extended mention in that connection, hence need not be repeated here. Gideon Humphrey, the next of the three who embraced homoeopathy in 1835, was born at Simsbury, Conn., in the year 1776 or 1778. His parents were of the ancient family of Homfray of Normandy. At an early age^he lost his father and at fourteen he left home and made his way oti foot to Fort Niagara to join his brother. Major Enoch Humphrev of the army, who was stationed there, and who in later years highly distinguished himself at the battle of Xew Orleans. The country about the' fort was almost a w^ilder- ness and the boy arrived there shoeless and with bleeding feet. He was too HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 145 }oung" to be of service and spent the most of his time with the Indians, join- ing' them in hunting excursions and often sleepmg in the snow wrapped in his blanket. After some years of wandering hfe he devoted himself to the study of medicme in New York city, and graduated at Columbia College. He afterward received appointments as surgeon on board various vessels, sailing to almost every part of the world ; was once captured at Havre, France, and tried as a spy, but was acquitted. He visited the West Indies and was pres- ent during the revolution of Santo Domingo, and was instrumental in saving manv of the planters froni massacre. He joined the Miranda expedition in 1806, which was intended to revolutionize a portion of South America, and was appointed surgeon on the ship "Emperor." They were attacked by a Spanish fleet and captured, with the exception of one or two small vessels, on one of which he escaped and returned to New York, where he commenced the practice of his profession ; but inducements were offered him to move further south and he located in Delaware county. Pa. After residing many vears in Delaware county he went to Philadelphia. He soon became well known and was celebrated for his great skill and success. As age began to tax his powers, he wearied of city life and purchased a home on the confines of Burlington, X. J., where he lived in almost total seclusion. Subsequently he went to Beverly, \. J., where he passed the rest of his life, devoting his time to reading, meditation and the cultivation of his grounds, for he was a lover of nature. He gradually became blind. He continued the practice of allopathy until 1834, when he became acquainted with Hering and was induced to investigate homoeopathy. He resisted for some time, but being broad and progressive in his views and an earnest seeker after truth, he was honest in liis trials and at last became a convert to Hahnemann's law and adopted it in his extensive practice. . He published an "Address to the Public on the Regular Practice of Medicine'' (Burlington, 1848), and edited "Ruoff's Rep- ertory," "Broackes on Constipation," and Curie's "Domestic Homoeopathy." He died at Beverly, August 3, 1872, aged 94 years. Of. Jonas Green there is but little record. He practiced allopathy in Philadelphia, and became interested in homceopathy in 1835. In 1836 he published a pamphlet of 24 pages, "A Familiar Exposition of Homoeopathia, or a New Mode of Curing Diseases." After explaining the new doctrme he' says : "For years after 1 first heard of homoeopathia, I had no knowledge of its' doctrines, except that which I obtained through the distorted medium of the English medical journals. The ridicule there cast upon it by ignorant and interested writers at that time produced upon my mind, warped as it was by prejudice, a conviction of its utter worthlessness and folly. Time rolled on and the subject was forgotten only when my attention was called to it by relations of alleged cures performed by homoeopathic practitioners; the cause of which I was willing to attribute to' chance, to nature, to any thing rather than to homoeopathia. At length, however, some of my personal friends, who, 1 knew had long labored under severe indisposition and who had sought the aid of the most distinguished members of the facult)-, not only in vain, but whose disease had been aggravated when under their treatment, had recourse to homoeepathia, and with benefit. An accumulation of similar facts which could be solved only by an admission of the efficacy of the. new treatment left me no alternative and I determined to investigate the principles of this wonder working power. I accordingly experimented upon my own person, being then in a state of health, and found to my surprise that I was very 140 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY sensibly affected b>- the small doses. Still doubting, however, the issue of the first experiment, I repeated it again and again with similar results. Two or three of my friends about the same time took the same article and acknowl- edged that they were also affected, some slightly, others more severely accord- ing to their different susceptibilities. The evidence of such facts I could no longer resist, though I had cherished in advance a strong desire to disprove the truth of the doctrine. My next step was to try the medicines upon the sick ; an opportunity soon offered, I studied the symptoms carefully, selected the remedy according to the directions of the svstem, and had the pleasure of witnessing a complete recovery. This was the case of a young lady who had suffered from repcatinl attacks of Fevep and Ague, which from time to time I Charles Neidhard, M. D. had removed by the use of sulphate of quinine. On this occasion, however, being the third time she had relapsed-, I. administered two or three doses of Qiina, which effected a permanent cure, as more than a year has elapsed and she has had no return of the disease. The cure could not be attributed to the force of the imagination as the patient knew nothing of my plan of treatment. An equally wonderful mstance of the power possessed by aconite in reducing arterial action and febrile excitement, occurred in the case of a young man of very full habit to whom I was called one evening and was informed that during the preceding night he had been restless and delirious, getting no sleep, during the day he had much heat and fever, and was becoming every moment worse, pain in the head violent, pulse full and quick with great force, thirst intolerable, face flushed and much heat in the head. To this patient I fur- nished a dose of aconite, ordering it to be dissolved in three or four table- spoonfuls of water, one to be given every two or three hours until relieved; after the second dose the fever subsided, "the heat abated, he fell into a gentle HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 147 sleep which continued till late in the morning. When I visited him next dav all the unfavorable symptoms had subsided and he was about to walk out. nor did they ever return." Dr. Green was an original member of the Amer- ican Institute of Homoeopathy. He practiced in Philadelphia, where he died December 25, 1868. In 1836 Dr. Charles Neidhard came to Philadelphia and Dr. G. S. F. Pfeififer settled in Germantown. Drs. Jacob Lentz, Caleb B. Matthews, George Lingen and Richard Gardiner were added to the homoeopathic pro- fession in Philadelphia in the same year. Reminiscences of the professional life of Dr. Neidhard may be found in the history of the Homoeopathic Medi- cal College of Pennsylvania, in which he was a conspicuous factor. Of Dr. G. S. F. Pfeiffer little is known. He removed to Philadelphia in 1837 and in 1846 was still living in that city. There is but meagre record of Dr. George Lingen. He embraced homoe- opathy in 1836, and about that time engaged in the sale of homoeopathic med- icines. In 1848 he v/as located at Yellow Springs. Pa. Later he went south. Dr. Malcolm iVIacfarlan says that Dr. Lingen was practicing homoeopathy at Mobile in 1862-63. He was a German of fine education with a taste for the arts. He died in 1868 at the age of fifty years. Of Dr. Jacob Lentz there is no record. He embraced homoeopathy in 1836, practiced in Philadelphia, and died in 1841. He was a member of the Homoeopathic Society in 1838. Dr. James Kitchen, of Welsh descent, was born in Philadelphia March 8, 1800. His early education was acquired in a private school kept by a Mr. Robinson. Later he prepared for college at a boarding school at Newtown, Pa. While there he became acquainted with Dr. William S. Helmuth. He entered the academic department of the University of Pennsylvania in 181 7. receiving the degree of A. B. in 1819. He at once entered the medical department under the preceptorship of Dr. Thomas A. Hewson. and gradu- ated in 1822. Soon after he went abroad, spending two years in travel and study in England. Scotland, Holland and France. In Paris he listened to Laennec as he demonstrated the use of the stethoscope, then just invented by him ; walked the wards of the hospital with Dupuytren. who made his visits before breakfast in dressing gown and slippers; and attended the lectures of Larray, army surgeon to Napoleon, of Broussais and other eminent medical men. He returned to Philadelphia in 1824 and opened an office next door to his father's house. His first year of practice yielded $40.00 ; the next year, $80.00. Finding little encouragement in Philadelphia, Dr. Kitchen determined to settle in New Orleans. His trunks were packed and the day fixed for de- parture, when his father was taken suddenly sick, and after a short illness died. Before his death his son promised him that he would remain in Phila- delphia and care for his mother and sisters. The trunks were unpacked, he opened an office in his father's house and assumed the responsibility of the head of a family. Though Dr. Kitchen never married he was always at the head of a large household and a large familv of relatives looked to him for support and counsel. For sixty-six years his sisters, nephews, nieces, grandnephews and nieces received his fatherly devotion, and all of them honored their "Uncle Doctor" Kitchen. His business and influence now rap- idly increased. He was placed in charge of the quarantine station in 1831 and was post physician from 1832 to 1836. Dr. Kitchen's attention was called to homoeopathy in 1836, and having 148 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY made a test of its medicine and treatment, he was so pleased with the result that in 1839, after fifteen years practice of allopathy, he formally became a homoeopathic practitioner. He was a ready writer and contributed many valu- able articles to the journals. In 1828 he translated from the French Bouil- lard's "Treatise on Rheumatism," and in 1841 made a translation of Jahr's "Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia," which was for some time the standard text- book of homoeopathic pharmacy. In its introduction he gave his reasons for embracing homoeopathy. He was one of the corporators of the Homoeopathic College in 1848, and took a lively interest in that institution. He was one of the editors of the "Philadelphia Journal of Homoeopathy." He practiced medicine over seventy years. After an attack of cholera in 1832, and of ship fever in 1847, l^^ l^^d a severe attack of malarial fever in 1877, after which he was obliged to decline night calls. From July, 1893, ^^ was confined to his room and kept his bed six months prior to his death, which occurred August 19, 1894. When celebrating his ninety-first birthdav he said: "When I was born Philadelphia was a town of 70,000 people, and nov/ I have seen an in- crease of over a million." In 1840 there were several accessions to the homoeopathic ranks, among them being Drs. William S. Helmuth, Coburn Whitehead. Bernard Bernes and Samuel R. Dubs. Mention of Dr. Helmuth will be found in the history of the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania. Samuel Richard Dubs w^as born in Philadelphia, November 8, 181 1, and was educated in the public and high schools of that city. At the age of sixteen he was placed in a drug store, where he remained for a year without pay. In 1829 he entered the office of Prof. Charles D. Meigs and attended a par- tial course of lectures in the medical department of the Pennsylvania Univer- sity. Being thrown on his ow^n resources, he bought a drug store on credit and conducted it so successfully that he was able to continue his studies and graduate in 1836. For three years Dr. Dubs practiced allopathy and then was prostrated for months with haemoptysis. When recovered sufficiently to walk about he still suflfered with a cough and gastromalacia. Obtaining no relief from allopathy, and having studied Hahnemann's Organon and Materia Medica, he tried nux vomica, following it with doses of sulphur, and was cured. He then adopted the system. He continued in active practice until in 1858 when he had another attack of haemoptysis and retired to his farm in Doylestown, where he remained for two years quietly. He w^as then induced to practice in the neighborhood. In 1868 he returned to Philadelphia to practice, remaining until 1872, when he was obliged to return to Doyles- town on account of his health. He died at Doylestown, December 26. 1889, in his seventy-eighth year. In 1839 and 1840 Dr. Dubs first advised the use of the decimal scale in preparing medicines instead of the Hahnemannian centesimal. He was one of the founders of the American Institute, a mem- ber of. the Prover's Union, and a corporator of the Philadelphia Homoeopathic College. He married, first, in 1866, Adelaide Ross, and after her death, Marv E. Wolfe. Joseph Bcrcns adopted homoeopathy in 1841. He was born in Eslohe. Westphalia. December 2. 18 13. His early education was obtained in Germany. In 1840 he attended lectures in the medical department of the Pennsvlvania College, and graduated in March 2. 1841. During his young life Dr. Berens was subjected to much heroic treatment, saw its efifects in his familv and was led by the unsatisfactory methods of the old school to turn to homoeopathv. HISTORY OF HOlilCEOPATHY 149 He first practiced it in Cincinnati, but soon returned to Philadelphia, where Tie died. Dr. Bernard Berens began the practice of homoeopathy in Philadelphia in 1840. He joined the institute in 1846. But little is found regarding him. He died in Philadelphia, May 15, 1886. Moses Anderson practiced homoeopathy in Philadelphia in the forties, and his name is given in the list of Philadelphia homoeopathists published in the transactions of the institute for 1846. He died April 18, 1855. Dr. Coburn Whitehead established himself in Philadelphia as a homoe- opathic physician in 1840, and went from there to Harrisburg. His name iippears as a member of the American institute in the transactions for 1846. At tiiat time he was located in Harrisburgf. G. Eiligcr, a native of Strasburg. Germany, introduced homoeopathy in Germantown about 1845. He traveled in the stage coach from Philadelphia to Bethlehem, stopping at towns on the way one day each week. Afterward he passed half of his time in Philadelphia and the other half in Germantown. During the years between 1828 and 1844, which comprise the first epoch of homoeopathy in Pennsylvania, the new school had become established in many towns iii the state.' As early as 1832 Dr. Lewis Saynisch. a German, highly educated and a graduate of medicine from a German university, lo- cated at Blossburg, Tioga county. He had met Hahnemann shortly after graduating, and during a discussion with him had become convinced of the truths of the new law of cure. After coming to America he was for a time 150 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY associated in practice with Carl Ihm in Philadelphia, and he was considered the best physician in that part of the state. His practice extended into New York and he was often called to visit the sick in Buffalo, Albany, Utica, Syracuse, and other places in that state as w^ell as in northern Pennsylvania. He died in 1857. In 1832 or 1833 Dr. Edw^ard Mansa came from Germany and settled in Buffalo township, Armstrong county, where he began practice. He remained there until 1857, then went to Illinois and from there to Missouri, where he died in 1870. He was succeeded by Dr. S. Simpkins, an allopath, who in 1859 settled at Slate Lick and was obliged to study homoeopathy, so great was the demand for homoeopathic remedies. His practice was of either school, as the people desired. He died in 1871, and was succeeded by his student, Dr. A. D. Johnson, who was a graduate of the Cleveland Homoeopathic Col- lege in 1868. Dr. Edward Caspari located at Prestonville, now^ called West Grove, Chester county, as early as 1835. He had been a student under Hering. He remained there but a short time, going thence to Kentucky. Dr. Francis Ehrmann introduced homoeopathy into Carlisle, Cumber- land county, in 1835, remaining there until 1844. Rev. Christian J. Becker who had been a director of the Allentown Acad- emy practiced at Harrisburg for a short time in 1839 or 1840. Dr. Walter Williamson introduced homoeopathy into Delaware county in 1836. Dr. Manning B. Roche was its second practitioner. He settled near Darby in 1839, remaining for three years when he went to New Bedford, Mass., introducing homoeopathy into that city in 1841. Dr. Roche was born in Wilmington, Del., in 1790, graduated at Princeton College, and in medi- cine at the Allentown Academy. He retired from practice in 1861 and died at Riverside, N. J., July 8, 1863, aged seventy-three years. Dr. Alvan E. Small of Maine located as an allopath at Darby in 1840 and became a homoeopath in 1842. He practiced there until 1845. ^vhen he went to Philadelphia. Homoeopathy was introduced into several counties about this period by Dr. C. G. Reinhold. He was born in Muhlhausen.^ Germany, November 8, 1802, and was educated at Leipsic. While a medical student in Leipsic he became intimately acquainted with a disciple of Hahnemann, from whom he first heard of homoeopathy and with whom he studied that medical system. He practiced for several years at Muhlhausen. In 1830 he came to the United States and began to practice homoeopathy in Philadelphia, and was associated with Dr. Carl Ihm for a time. He remained in Philadelphia until 1834, when he went to Lebanon, remaining in that town until 1836, and from there went to Harrisburg and associated himself with Dr. Becker. They dissolved part- nership in the spring of 1838, at which time Dr. Reinhold removed to Miftlin, Juniata county, where he remained until 1840 and then located at Lewistown. He practiced nine years in Lewistown and then went to Boalsburg in Centre county, locating in 1849 a»d remaining there until 1858. In 1864, with his son, Hahnemann E. Reinhold, he settled at Williamsport, where he died from over-exertion. June 28, 1865, aged sixty-three years. Dr. Reinhold did much to introduce homoeopathy in a number of towns. In all the places where he settled he was obliged to submit to ridicule, slurs, and jeers at homoeopathy; but he gained a large practice. While at Boalsburg his professional circuit I HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 151 was extensive. He frequently was called to Mifflin and Lewistown and into Huntington, Perry, IN'Iontour, Union and Northumberland counties. Dr. Frederick Ehrmann was a physician of Wurtemburg, Germany, and the son of a physician. He had five sons, all of whom became homcEopathic physicians. They were Benjamin, Frederick, Christian, Louis and Ernest Ehrmann. Dr. Ehrmann, the father, came with his family to Pennsylvania and settled in York county about 1833. The Ehrmanns were impwDrtant fac- tors in the introduction of homoeopathy into various towns. Benjamin, when he reached this country, was twenty-one. He soon joined the Allentown circle and graduated from that institution. After graduation he settled in Harrisburg and there in 1842 married Elizabeth Bigler, About 1845 he intro- Alvan E. Small, M. D. duced homoeopathy into Lancaster county, settling in Lancaster, where he remained for a few months, and then went to Cincinnati. Francis Ehrmann (or Frederick) located at Carlisle, Cumberland county, about 1845. He later went to Maryland. Ernest J. Ehrmann studied medicine with his father and located in Liverpool, York county, being the first homoeopathic practitioner there. In 1840 Dr. Alexander II. Burrett introduced homoeopathy into Craw- ford county, at Guy's Mills. He also practiced for several years at Conneaut- ville. removing from there to Cincinnati and thence to New Orleans. Dr. Charles Baver, a native of Wurtemburg, located in Allegheny City in 1841 or 1842. He had been educated for the ministry at Tuliingen. but had decided to study medicine. He is said to have been retired in manner ir)2 HISTORY OF HOMCKOrATHV and especially devoted to the materia medica. In the winter of 1865, while going home from a professional visit, he fell on the ice, his injuries proving fatal in a few days. In 1834 Dr. Adolph Bauer established himself in Lynn township. He received a diploma from the Allentown Academy and afterward went west. Dr. Ezra Fell commenced the practice of homoeopathy at Norristown, Montgomery county, in 1842. In 1840 one Dr. W'auke had located at Trappe in the northern part of the county and was very successful as a practitioner. Dr. Fell continued in ])ractice in Norristown until 1848, when he was suc- ceeded by Dr. Thomas Pierce. Dr. William P. Esrey practiced for a short time in Norristown, about 1845. I Jw.-Lpli Uercns, M. D. Dr. Joseph 11. rulic. who had been one of the professors at the Allen- town Academy. i)raciico(l for a short time at Troxlertown, Northampton county. As has been stared. Dr. Edward Caspari practiced for a short time in West Grove in 1835. After he left there was no homoeopathic physician in the county of Chester until 1840, when Dr. Robert ]\Iay settled in Warwick- township, near Warwick Furnace, where he had been a practitioner of allop- athy since his graduation from the University of Pennsylvania in 1822. Dr. May said: "I ceased to use calomel and the lancet and finally gave it up altogether, being fully convinced of its absurdities. I used for a short time after this Thompsonian or the botanic practice, but I also gave that up. I then took a trip to the west. After my return I heard of the svstem of homoe- HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 153 opathy and determined to inquire into its truthfulness. Accordingly, I went to Philadelphia and visited Dr. Williamson and others. I purchased books and medicines, and ever since have been an earnest advocate of its truths." During Dr. May's residence at Warv^dck he lectured in various places on homoeopathy. AVhile at Warwick he married; his wife had studied medicine and also practiced to some extent before and after the death of her husband, January 26, 1867. In 1 841 or 1842 Dr. Adolph Lippe introduced the system of Hahnemann to the people of Reading, Berks county. He remained there but a year or two when his place was taken by a Dr. Moore, who after a sojourn of two years removed to Philadelphia. Dr. Caspari practiced for a few months at Reading in 1843. Dr. Ezekiel Lovejoy was the pioneer in Bradford county, as early as 1841. His professional life, however, was more active in Owego, New York. Leonard Pratt located at ; Towanda previous to 1851. Homoeop- athy was introduced into Union county hy Dr. Ignatius Brugger, who located at New Berlin in 1838. Dr. J. Stuart Leech, after studying medicine at Pittsburgh, graduated in 1841 at the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia. He settled that fall to practice allopathy in Downington, thirty miles from Philadelphia. He became a friend of William Downing, who had re- cently been made a convert by the cure of a daughter after the local physicians had failed. One evening Dr. Leech, go- ing to his house, made the remark : " Well, old Mother Juniper must die to- night or to-morrow." She was a very old negress suffering with asthma and lived on a hill back of the town. She had been turned over to the young physician bv three old ones, as a hopeless case. Tlien said Mr. Downing, " Why not try some homoeopathic remedies ? It can do no h.arm, can it? " Dr. Leech thought it could do neither harm nor good but "he was induced to give some pellets of arsenicum from Mr. Downing's domes- tic case. He gave her half the contents of the bottle during the night and the aggravation nearly killed her, but the next day she was better and soon per- fectly recovered. Dr. Leech returned to Philadelphia, gained all the informa- tion possible about homoeopathy and returned to Downington in 1842 to prac- tice it. He soon established a very large apd lucrative business. He was born in 1811. The first person to use homoeopathic medicines in Lebanon county was a Mr. J. C. Reisner, who in 1835 prescribed them for his neighbors and others. Dr. Benjamin Becker settled in the town in 1835, but remained only a few months. In 1840 Dr. John Hatton Marsden introduced homceopathy in Adams count V. He was at the time a clergyman located at York Sulphur Springs. G. Rfichliclm, M. D. 154 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY ^ | He afterward regularly studied and graduated. In 1845 Dr. Ehrmann, of Carlisle, treated certain cases, and one Jacob Bender, with a box of medicines and a book, practiced gratuitously among his neighbors. In 1853 Dr. Thomas Bryan introduced homoeopathy in Beaver county, locating at New Sheffield. Dr. Pretsch was the first pioneer in Blair county, settling at Hollidaysburg. A Catholic priest first brought homcEopathy to Butler county, about 1854, being stationed at Saxonburg. In 1864 Dr. Max J. Werder located at Johnstown, Cambria county. Dr. J. Crowley Bunting located at Mauch Chunk, Carbon county, in 1855. Dr. C. G. Rheinhold intro- duced it into Centre county in 1849. Dr. F. S. Smith settled in Qinton county in 1859. being the first homceopathist there, locating at Lockhaven. Dr. J. C. Rutter settled at Bloomsburg. Columbia county, in 1855. Dr. S. Marvin settled at Springfield, Erie county, in 1848. Dr. Alonzo Potter Bowie set- tled as the first homceopathist in Fayette county, at Uniontown. Dr. J, Gourhea. in 1876, was the only practitioner of the system in Green county. In Huntington countv Dr. Wiestling was in 1859 the homoeopathic practitioner. In Indiana county Dr. W. Hunter was the pioneer, located at Blairsville. In JefTerson countv Dr. R. S. Hunt was the pioneer, located at Brockville. Drs. Samuel Searles and David C. Porter as early as 1848 located at New Castle, Lawrence county. In 1865 Dr. G. T. Moore located in Mercer county. In Montour county a Dr. Scott was the pioneer, located at Danville. In Venango county Dr. I. W. Pond was the pioneer ; in Warren county, Dr. Samuel Adams Robinson ; in Washington county. Dr. George Inglis : in Wayne county. Dr. EdwMn West, at Honesdale. in 1849; i^ Westmoreland county. Dr. F. X. Spranger, who located at Greensburg in 1861. HOMOEOPATHY WEST OF THE ALLEGHENY MOUNTAINS. In the summer of 1837 the Rev. Father Byer, a Catholic clergyman sta- tioned in Pittsburgh, having learned of the advantages of homoeopathy, wrote a letter to Dr. Hermg, then at Allentown, asking him to send a homoeopathic practitioner to the city beyond the Alleghenies. Hering presented this re- quest to some of the younger of the men attending his post-graduate school at Allentown, and among those asked to consider this call was Gustavus Reichhelm, a young and enthusiastic Prussian, who had learned the princi- ples of homoeopathy from Wesselhoeft, Hering and others of the Allentown faculty. . , Gustavus Reichhelm came to America in the autumn of 1834 and became acquainted with Hering and his followers. He was born at Alt Damm, a village near Stettin in Prussia, January 30, 1807. He and his brother Fred- erick began their studies at the preparatory g)-mnasium. Their father died January 30. 1816. Gustavus remained at the gymnasium until ready to enter the University of Halle, where he applied himself to the study of jurispru- dence, but soon changed to medicine. He continued his medical studies at Berlin. The .Vllentown Academy had just been opened w-hen he reached Pennsylvania, and he entered as a student of homoeopathy. He had already commenced to practice at Hamburg, Pa., when the request came from Pitts- burgh. To leave this medical brotherhood and to go out into what then was the wilderness of an unknown region seemed a difficult undertaking; but when Herin,2: urged him to accept he said, "Give me five minutes to think of it," and before the time of deliberation was passed he had decided to make the journey. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 155 Dr. Reichhclm was gladly received by Father Byer and the few others who believed in the new method. He began his work in Pittsburgh October lo, 1837. He was known at first as the "Dutch Doctor," and the "Sugar- powder Doctor," and he was denounced by the old school physicians, ostra- cised by the clergy and boycotted by the druggists, but he went his way quiet- ly, making cures and gaming friends among the people. He was employed as attending physician at the Catholic Orphan Asylum and the cures he made there attracted much attention. During twelve years under his administra- tion, with several epidemics of measles, whooping cough and scarlet fever, there were but two deaths in the institution. It is said that more children died within one year after Reichhelm was superseded by an allopathic physi- Benj. Becker, M. D. cian than during the whole term of his service. The change of doctors was made because the institution had passed into control of another order of sisters, who knew nothing of homoeopathy and preferred a Catholic medical attendant. When the physicians found that ridicule failed to check the new practice they resorted to slander. Two prominent allopaths circulated a mali- cious report. A respectful but prompt demand was made for retraction. One physician offered an explanation but the other ignored Reichhelm's note. A suit for damages was brought and friends of the parties effected a compro- mise. For eight years Reichhelm was alone in Pittsburgh, until 1845, when Dr. Charles Bayer located at Allegheny City, on the other side of the river. Dr. Reichhelm remained in Pittsburgh until 1853, when he went to Phila- delphia, where he practiced until his death, which occurred November 21, 156 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 1861. Dr. Dake thus describes him: "Reichhelm was finely educated, of commanding presence, self reliant, of few words, and always cheerful and kind." He was a strong figure in the army of the stalwart pioneers of homoe- opathy in America. Benjamin Becker, born in Sumneytown. Montgomery county, Pa., March 22, 1796, was a son of Dr. J. J. Becker, a German, who came to this country in 1775. When fifteen years old young Becker assisted his father in preparing medicines, and also in minor surgical operations, and often went with him to the bedside. After his father's death, in 181 3, he wished to continue his studies, but having no means was obliged to work for several years to earn them. In 1819 he attended his first course at the University of Pennsyl- vania. In 1820 he settled at Lyneville, Lehigh county, and soon had a good practice. In 1824 he moved to Hamburg, near the line of the Schuylkill canal, then being excavated, and soon had a large practice from the accidents and the malarial fevers prevalent there. In an epidemic of dysentery that fol- lowed, Dr. Becker by his novel methods of practice was very successful. In 1833 he was appointed steward, physician and clerk of the Schuylkill county poorhouse. In July, 1835, he removed to Orwigsburg, where on account of some remarkable cures of which he had heard, he became interested in homoe- opathy and finally adopted it. He now had to undergo the customary ridi- cule, sarcasm and proscription that always befell the conscientious seeker after medical truth, but his practice increased so rapidly and he had so many calls to Lebanon, that he decided to move there. He soon had an extensive prac- tice in many neighboring towns. He thus introduced homceopathy into Leb- anon, Harrisburg, Dauphin, Lancaster, York, Cumberland, Perry, Snyder, Juniata, Northumberland and Luzerne counties. In 1839 ^^ removed his family to Orwigsburg, surrendered his practice to his associate, and during the next seven years traveled in the west ; and in five successive journies he practiced homoeopathy in Ohio, Kentucky, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Cali- fornia. Colorado and Utah. In 1866 he received a degree from the Homoe- opathic Medical College of Pennsylvania. Dr. Ignatius Brugger, who first located in New Berlin, was born at Uper-Eichsel, Ober Amt Schopheim, in the grand duchy of Baden, July 31, 1809. His father died when he was two years old. He attended day school until he was eleven years of age, then was obliged to work for a farmer, remaining with him until he was fifteen. He then received several months tuition in German, Latin and French from a teacher in Rheinfelden, Switzer- land. In November, 1826, he entered the gymnasium at Freiburg, remaining until 1827. He then studied at the lyceum at Constance, Baden, for two and a half years, when he went to the University of Freiburg, attending lectures in philosophy, medicine, surgery and obstetrics until April, 1834, when he came to America and arrived in New York in October, 1834. He at once sought Dr. Detwiller of Hellerstown, Pa., who received him kindly and invited him to study homoeopathy with him and assist him in practice. He accepted, remaining with Detwiller for several months and then commenced practice in Bucks county, near Quakertown, but soon removed to Skippacksville. and from there to Philadelphia. In January, 1838, he located in New Berlin, where he remained until 1856, when he settled at Lewisburg and was for two years associated with Dr. J. F. Harvey. In January, 1842, he married Mary M. Smith of Berlin. The date of his death is unknown. William P. Esrey was the oldest son of Joseph Esrey of Maple town- HISTORY OF HO^I(T:OrATHY l.")? ship, Delaware county, and was born in 1818. In 1841 he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Walter Williamson and graduated at Jefferson Medical College in 1844. After graduating he remained for some months with Dr. Williamson in order to obtain a more thorough knowledge of homce- opathy. He then went to Norristowri. but was soon afterward summoned back to Philadelphia by his preceptor as an assistant. After a year he opened an office for himself in the city. He joined the institute in 1846. He was the author of a work on anatomy and physiology, and also compiled a reper- t' >ry to the materia medica of American provings, which was published as part ' f the transactions of the American Institute of Homoeopathy. He also trans- lated 'several works from the German into English. He died in Philadelphia September 28, 1854. Obadiah C. Buckley. M. 1). Dispensaries. The following homceopathic dispensaries have been cstab- h'shed in Pennsylvania : Allegheny City Free Dispensarv, organized, April, 1875; Allentown Homoeopathic Dispensary, opened in 1884; Chester Homoe- opathic Dispensary, 1882 ; Dispensary of Children's Homoeopathic Hospital of Pennsylvania, April 24, 1877; Dispensary of Qiildren's -Homoeopathic Hospital of Philadelphia, June 20, 1877; Dispensary of Little Wanderer's Home. Philadelphia, 1870;" Frankford Homoeopathic Dispensary; Free Dis- pensary of Homoeopathic Medical Societv of Twenty-third Warcl. Philadel- phia, 1882; Germantown Homoeopathic Dispen'^ary, July 20, i860: Hahne- mann :\Iedical College Dispensary, 1867; Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital Dispensary; Homoeopathic Hospital Dispensary, Philadelphia, 1869; 158 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY I Homoeopathic Infirmarv of Philadelphia, 1859: Homoeopathic Dispensary of Southeastern Philadelphia. Xovemhcr 14, 1859: Johnstown Homoeopathic Dis- pensary, 1889; Xc^rthea'^tern Homoeopathic Dispensary, 1874; Philadelphia HomcEopathic Dispensary. 1848: Philadelphia Homoeopathic Eye, Ear, Throat and Surgical Dispensary ; Pittsburgh Homoeopathic Hospital Dispensary, 1866; Reading Homoeopathic Medical and Surgical Dispensary, 1887; Ridge Avenue Homoeopathic Dispensary, Philadelphia. J. G. Wesselhoeft was the first to sell homoeopathic books and medicines in Pennsylvania. As early as 1833 he was located on Broad street in Phila- delphia. Dr. George Lingen sold homoeopathic supplies, and they were also Obadiah C. Bricklev. iM. D. sold at the Academical book store in Allentown. Jacob Behlert made cases for Hering's domestic physician. In 1838 Dr. John Tanner returned from Leipsic, where he had been a student of the Leipsic Homoeopathic Pharmacy, and opened the United States Homoeopathic Pharmacy at No. 104 Chestnut street, Philadelphia. Dr. Gideon Humphrey sold homoeopathic medicines, as also did Di'. Jonas Green. About 1835 Mr. William Radde, clerk to Mr. Wesselhoeft, went to New York city, taking possession of that branch of his business. Not long after Mr. Radde bought out the Philadelphia interests. In 1843 Mr. Charles L. Rademacher opened a pharmacy at No. 39 North Fourth street. In 1848 Dr. Jacob Sheek became his partner and they located at 239 Mulberry street (now No. 635 Arch street). Mr. Rademacher with- drew in 1855 Dr. Sheek continued the business until his death in 1858. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 15U W^illiam Radde, Jr., son of William Radde, bought Dr. Sheek's stock, con- tinuing in the same place imtil his death in 1862. Dr. Francis E. Bo'ericke succeeded him at the same location.. In 1869 Dr. Boericke formed a partner- ship with Mr. Adolph J. Tafel, under the firm name of Boericke & Tafel. In 1852 Matthews and Houard opened a pharmacy at Eighth and Spruce streets. The pharmacy afterward passed into the hands of Dr. Boericke. There have been several others engaged in the sale of homoeopathic medicines in Philadelphia. At present there are the firms of Boericke & Tafel, Boericke and Runyon, and Mr. Carl Vischer. Homoeopathic physicians in Philadelphia and Pennsylvania previous to i860. The date preceding the name indicates the year the physician beo-an the practice of homoeopath)-. The character '^ indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school ; the character x indicates that physician practiced medicine before the date given. PHILADELPHIA. Houghton, John S. H liber, A. x Humphre}'. Gideon Hussman, F. C. Ihm, Carl James, Davis * James, Richard S. James, Bnshrod Washington Jeanes, Jacob * Johnson, J. x Johnston, Edward R. Kern, B. F. x Kitchen, James * Koch, August Wilhelm Koeifier, E. x Kreeger, G. H. x Leech, Charles A. Lee, John K. Lcntz, Jacob Leon, Alexis x ^ Lingen, George Lippe, Adolph Loomis, Joseph G. * McAllister, James Mairs McClatchey, Robert John Matlack, Charles F. * Matthews, Caleb Bentley Metcalfe, William Middleton, R. S. x Miles, Dr. x Moore, Thomas * Morgan, John Coleman Murphy, William Musgrave, John Freedley Neidhard, Charles * Nuncy. C. x Pehrson, J. G. G. x Pearson. S. A. x Powers. W. R. * Pfeiffer, George S. F. Raue, Charles Gottleib Randel, John Massey 1856 Aldey, John H. 1856 1846 Anderson, Moses x • 1857 1852 Ashton, Adolphus H. 1835 1846 Bell, Sanford x 1835 1840 Berens, Bernard I6J9 I84I Berens, Joseph 1848 1856 Brooks, Silas Swift * i^5.S 1857 Brown, T. x 1S57 1857 Burdett, S. D. x 1835 1855 Bunting, Thomas Crowell 1857 1857 Campton, C. B. x 1853 1857 Climte, J. C. x 1846 1853 Cowley, David 1837 184s Coxe, John Redman. Jr. 1847 1855 Cresson, Charles C. 1857 1839 Dubs, Samuel Richard * 1857 J857 Duhring, George H. x 1856 1852 Duffield, Henry 1851 1855 Earhart, Jacob R. 1836 1857 Elder, W. x 1846 1857 Evans, R. T. x 1836 1844 Esrey, William P. • 1838 1847 Fellger, Adolph * 1844 1837 Freedley, Samuel * 1856 1850 Frost, James H. P. 1856 1855 Gallagher. Joseph H. 1832 1855 Geary. John Fitzgibbon 1836 1836 Gardiner, Richard * 1 8,2 1843 Gardiner, William A. 1857 1846 Geib, William x 1857 1857 Gause, Owen Beverly 1849 1857 Gilman, J. B. x i8s6 1857 Greenbank, J. x 1854 1844 Guernsey, Henry Newell 1853 1853 Gumpert, B. Barton 1836 1853 Hclmuth. William 'Pod 1857 1839 Helmuth, William Sheaff * 1846 1840 Hempel. Charles Julius 1857 1826 Hering, Constantine * 1849 I85I Houard. John Gustavus 1837 T858 Hitchens, Peter S. i8so 1857 Houghton, C. J. X 1852 IGO HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY ' 1852 i«35 1846 1833 1840 1846 1844 1846 1844 1839 1857 1857 1857 1857 1838 1857 1852 1856 1857 1851 1845 1857 1855 1854 1855 1857 1850 1837 1842 1857 1835 1832 1845 1845 1857 1854 1S61 1852 1858 1846 1855 1857 1857 1838 1853 1855 1854 1857 1840 1833 1837 1 83 1 1833 1835 1858 1854 1857 1859 1853 Reed, William Ashton Reichhclm. Gustavus Schmoele, Henry x Schmoelc, William SchaefFer, Casper x Schwartz, Gustavus x Sims, Francis * Smith. Edward M. x Small. Alvan Edmond Semple. Matthew Sheek, Jacob F. x Simons, W. J. x Stecks. J. X Stiles, William x Tanner, John Thomas R. W. x Tindall, Daniel M. 1 85 1 Toothaker, Charles Everett 1836 Thomas, Amos Russell 1848 Vinal, L. G. x 1855 Ward, John Augustine 1838 Ward, Isaac Moreau 1841 Ward, Walter x 1857 Watson, James L. x 1846 Weick, John M. * 1840 Whitehead, Coburn 1845 Williams, George Cushman x 1856 Williams, John Henry 1836 Williamson, Walter * 1857 Williamson, Walter Martin 1846 Withey, Samuel J. x i8s5 Wolfe, George 1857 Wright, W. R. x PENNSYLVANIA. Aldey, J. H. Reading Acker, E. x Frceport Armor, Smith Columbia Armstrong, John * Carlisle Baelz, C. * Pittsburgh Baker, Joshua T. Lancaster Bardin, D. R. * Coatesville Barr, Benjamin W'ollsboro Barnes, M. V. x Bath Barden, William M. * Mansfield Bauer, Adolph AUentown Bayer, C. Allegheny City Behlert, Jacob x Emmaus Becker, Benjamin Orwigsburg Becker, Christian J. Harrisburg Behne, John H. Reading Bender, Jacob Bendersville Belden, L. C. x Le Raysville Blanchard, J. A. Pittsburgh Black, Alexander * Pittsburgh Bloede, Gustavus Norristown Bratt, Benjamin R. Reading Brickley, George * York Brickley, Obadiah C. 1 ork Brisbane, Dr. x Wilkes-Barre Brisbane, W. x Wyoming Brugger, Ignatius * New Berlin Bryan, Thomas * New Sheffield Bunting, Thomas C. Mauch Chunk Burgher, John C. Pittsburgh Burbank, J. C. x Towanda Burrett, Alexander H. Guys Mills Busch, Lewis HoUiday.sburg Busk, H. X Alexandria Bute, George H. Nazareth Caspari, Adolph Caspari, Edward Prestonville Church, William J. Pittsburgh Clay, George B. L. Germuniown Coburn, E. x Le Raysville Cooper, F". B. Allegheny City Cooper. John F. Allegheny City 846 Cote, Marcellin * Pittsburgh 857 Corbin, E. L. x Athens 853 Cowley, David Pittsburgh 845 Coxe, John Redman Jr. Williamsport 856 Dake, Chauncey M. Pittsburgh 846 Dake, David j\L Pittsburgh 851 Dake, Jabez Percy Pittsburgh 854 Dare, Charles V. Chester 828 Detwiller, Henry * Hellerton 854 Detwiller, John J. Easton 857 Dickson, P. x Allegheny 857 Dininger, C. x Reading 857 Doolittle, J. F. X Wilkes-Barre 844 Dornberg, A. G. Mifflinburg 854 Downing, William * Downingtown 857 Eckhart, Dr. x Allegheny 835 Ehrmann, B. F. Harrisburg 840 Ehrmann, Christian Carlisle 835 Ehrmann, Francis Carlisle 840 Ehrmann, Frederick Carlisle 844 Ehrmann, Ernest J. Liverpool 840 Ehrmann, Louis Carlisle 845 Elliger, C. Germantown 857 Elliott P. X Allegheny 857 Entriken, Sarah A. x West Chester 857 Everhart, »0. T. * Goldsboro 857 Eustace, Andrew Summit Hill 849 Faulkner, Robert * Erie 857 Eager, John M. * x Harrisburg 848 Faulkner, P. * Erie Fell, Ezra Norristown 857 Farmin, M. x Edinborough 838 Fehrenthal, Major, AUentown 857 Fjcard, x Bethlehem 839 Floto, John Henry * AUentown 857 Foote, J. A. x Wellsboro 859 Foster, George S. East Liberty 82.8 Freytag, Ebcrhinl l^ethlcheni 860 Friese, Michael Carlisle 851 Gardiner, A. P. Carbondale 835 Green. Jonas 856 Griffith, Jethro J. Manayunk I i HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY IGl [850 1857 i860 1852 1836 1857 1857 1857 1865 1853 1837 1857 i8S7 1856 i8S7 1840 1848 1856 1835 1856 1857 1857 1856 1857 i860 1852 1858 1853 1857 1842 1857 t854 1838 184 1 1833 1849 1857 1858 1857 T848 1838 1857 T857 1857 i8;o 1853 1840 1841 1849 1857 1848 1857 1850 1852 185 T i8xS 1853 183s Gross. James Eldridge Darby 1858 Grosch, B. C. x AndersonburgH 1852 Brumbein, William, Anneville 1847 Guernsey, William F. Frankford 1S57 Haeseler, Charles Lebanon 1857 Haeseler, H. A. x Pottsville 1835 Hardmeyer, Dr. x Allegheny 1834 Hark, J. x Nazareth 1830 Harvey, Joseph F. Levvisburg 1846 Hawley, Liverus B. Phoenixville 1850 Helffrich, John Kutztown 1857 Helffrich, H. x Weisenburgh 1857 Heigel, M. x Strasburgh 1839 Herron, James A. Pittsburgh 1830 Hindman, David R. Cochranville 1857 Hoffman, Herman H. Pittsburgh T865 Hoffman, Charles Pittsburgh 1855 Houghton, Milo G. Pittsburgh 1852 Huber, Peter Allentown 1832 Ingham, A. M. Lawrenceville Ingham, G. W. x Troy 1839 Irvine, W. x Bellefonte 1857 Irons, Alexander Marietta 1850 Island, W. P. x Shamokin 1849 Jacobson, Dr. Bethlehem 1845 Johnson, William H. JNIarysville 1857 Johnson, Isaac D. Kennett Square 1852 Jones, Joseph E. * West Chester 1857 Jones, Stacey Darby 1848 Kern, J. x Siegersville 1857 Leech, J. Stuart * Dovvningtown 18^7 Lefevre, J. H. x Paradise '.^j^y Lintz, Henry S. Chestnut Hill 18^2 Lippe, Adolph Reading i860 Lovejoy. Ezekiel * Towanda ^."r7 Mansa, Edward. Buffalo Township T859 Marsden, John H. York Sulphur Spg. T'^-9 Martin, C. L. x Allentown i^^.^J Malin, George W. Germantov n 1857 Masser, J. P. x Sunbury 1*^55 Marvin, S. Springfield 1855 May, Robert * Warwick t'-'^t May, N. x Holmesburg 1856 ^IcClure, D. x Shippensburg T^^3 Meal, T. I. x Germantown t^^G Miller. C. Carlisle ^^^7 Moore, Francis R. Pittsburgh 1856 Morris. Joseph P. Mansfield ^8-17 Okie, Abraham H. Allentown 1846 Owen, W. F. * Conncautville 1840 Ober, Benjamin Wilkes-Barre 18^7 Penniman, William * Pittsburgh 1853 Pellichodv, Dr. x Birmingham i8/'9 Porter, David C. New Castle 182S Pitcairn, R. x Allegheny 1^.17 Pierce. Thomas .A. Xorristown 18J5 Pratt. Leonard Towanda 18=0 Pratt. Theodore L. Canton 1858 Pratt, David S. Towanda tS^./ Pretch, Dr. C. Hollidaysburg 18=4 Preston, Coates Chester i860 Pultp, Joseph H. Chcrryville 1857 Rankin, John S. Allegheny City Randcl, John M. Reading Reading, John R. Somerton * Reed, J. K. x Conshohocken Records. Dr. x Bristol Reichhelm, Gustavus Pittsburgh Reisner, Mr. J. C. Lebanon Reinhold, C. G. Lewistown Rhees, Morgan J. Hollidaysburg Ring, Hamilton Columbia Richter, A. x Williamsport Roberts, E. W. x Harrisburg Roche, Manning B. Upper Darby Romig, John Allentown Romig, W. X Allentown Rousseau, Louis M. * Pittsburgh Rutter. John C. Bloomsburg Sargent, Rufus Reading Saynisch, Lewis * Blossburg Seeger, Joseph Scheurer, P. Hanover Schultz, J. T. X Claytonville Schultz, Jonas Y. Colebrookdale Schucking, Proctor Chambersburg Schmidt, Jacob Shields, D. x Sewickly Bottom Shearer, John H. Wellsboro Shaw, Alexander R. Chambersburg Searles, Samuel New Castle Seymour, N. x Erie Silby, Dr. x Erie Skeeles, I. S. x Albion Skiles, Francis W. Pittsburgh Smedley, Robert C. Oxford Smith. T. K. x Carlisle Smith. F. S. Simpkins. S. * Slate Lick Speth, Dr. * Lewistown Souci, J. M. X Canton Starkey, George R. Reading Stewart, Isaac * Butler Stevenson, Thomas C. Carlisle Sutton, J. L. Lancaster Taudte, Frederick Birmingham Towner, Enoch, Jr. x Rome Towner, Enoch x Towanda Thorne. Joshua Norristown Tyson. Henry Reading Valentine, P. E. Cochranville Wauke, Waage, Dr. x Quakertown Weed, Theodore J. Phoenixville West, Edwin Honesdale Wesselhoeft, William Bath White, Newell * New Castle Williams, George C. West Chester Williams, Theodore S. Germantown Williams. Alban * Phoenixville Willis, A. X Harrisburg Wood. James B. West Chester Wood. Orlando S. Phoenixville Yeager. ^^. x Hiiltown 162 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY CHAPTER Vn HOMOEOPATHY IN VIRGIXIA. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. Early Introduction of Hahnemann's System in tlie West and Southwest — Virginia Societies — Allentown Academy bears Good Fruit — The Pioneer in Virginia a Layman — The Caspari Brothers — Campos — Hardy — Hobson — Atwood — Hughes — Other Early Practitioners in the Old Dominion. In 1835, at the end of the first epoch of homoeopathy in the United States, its practice was confined to New York and Pennsylvania. During the years between 1835 and 1844, which may be called the second epoch of American homceopathy, it had been introduced in Virginia by a lay practitioner in 1830. It is our purpose in this chapter to relate something of the story of the rapid progress of homceopathy in this state, and to show the influence of Allentown Academy in the dissemination of the doctrine of Hahnemann. From the time when Reichhelm went over the Allegheny mountains, the progress of the system of mild medication was indeed marvelous. It will be remembered that the Mississippi river was the dividing line between settlement and wil- derness. It was a period of immigration in the unknown west. Travel was by rivers or canals or roads, and even by trails. Cincinnati in 1835 had a popula- tion of but 31.000. In 1837 the population of Chicago was estimated at 8,000, with 120 stores, 12 public houses, three newspapers, fifty lawyers and thirty phvsicians. In Louisville the population in 1840 v/as but 21,000. Iowa was still a territory. When Reichhelm went to Pittsburgh that city had a popula- tion of about 30,000. But the growth of this new country was marvelous, and the growth and expansion of homoeopathy throughout the land must be to the mind of the thinker a most conclusive proof of its truth. HAHNEMANN MEDICAL SOCIETY OF THE OLD DOMINION. It was not until half a century had passed after homoeopathy had been introduced in Virginia that the state medical society began its existence. The Hahnemann Medical Society of the Old Dominion was organized at Richmond in 1880, but of its history during the first thirteen years of its existence little is known. The first officers were Dr. Joseph V. Hobson. president ; Dr. James H. Patton, secretary. The society met annually for several years, after which there were occasional lapses and interest in its afifairs seemed to decline. A reorganization, however, was eft'ected in the latter part of 1893. and on December 13 a number of physicians met in Danville and re-established the society on a basis so secure that it has since continued and been the means of accomplishing much good work for the welfare of the profession in the state. The officers elected in 1893 were Dr. M. E. Douglas, president; Drs. Noah Jackson, George A. Taber and Millson R. Allen, vice-presidents; George F. Bagby, secretary ; Charles B. Young, treasurer ; Drs. A. A. Bancroft, George F. Bagby, Noah Jackson, H. C. Corbett, \V. J. Hobart, W. B. Pryor Jones, i HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 163 W. S. Lyon, W. P. Moncure, Charles R. Moore. Clinton INIaynard, N. H. Rid- dick and E. Cone Williams, censors. The West \'irginia Homceopathic Medical Society was organized May 19, 1898, at Wheeling, and its first officers were Dr. M. L. 'Casselbury, presi- dent; Drs. C. M. Boger and J. M. Fawcett, vice-presidents; Dr. C. A. Rob- erts, secretary ; Dr. C. H. Wilsey, treasurer ; Dr. John W. Morris, necrologist. The second meeting was held at Sisterville, October 11, 1898. This society is in active existence and holds its annual meetings in different cities. REMINISCENCES. Virginia was the third state into which homoeopathy was introduced. About 1830 a lay practitioner established himself at Norfolk, and his name was pronounced Kuper. He remained for a year or two. The two brothers, Adolph and Edward Caspari, who were students at the Allentown Academy, were some time betw^een 1832 and 1838 residents at Norfolk. In 1838 Dr. F. T. Campos went to Norfolk and in 1839 commenced to practice homoeopathy. He is said to have graduated in medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, and to have practiced several years in Brazil. He enjoyed a good reputation as man and physician, and made many cures by the new method. He was active in the epidemic of yellow fever during the summer and winter of 1855. He died in 1857. Dr. Thomas I. Hardy practiced in Norfolk at the same period as Campos. In Smith's ''Homoeopathic Directory" for 1857 both names are given. Dr. Hardy died October 31, 1886. Dr. Robert Shield Perkins, a graduate of Hahnemann ]\Iedical College of Philadelphia in 1872, commenced practice in Norfolk and is still there. In 1858 Dr. Joseph Virginius Hobson began the practice of homoeopathy in Richmond. He was a son of Joseph and Mary Mumford Hobson and was born in Cumberland county. Va., November 11, 1810. His father removed to Powhattan county, purchasing the estate of Blenheim, where Joseph's boyhood was passed. He graduated from Hampden-Sydney College in 1828, and entered as a student of medicine with Dr. Thomas Nelson of Richmond. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1832, and began practice at Cartersville, Va. He spent the years 1839-40 in Paris in study. Returning, he settled at Lynchburg in 1840, and went to Powhattan in 1847, remaining in practice there until 1858. In 1856 his attention was drawn to homoeopathy by Henderson's works and by the cure of a case by Dr. John F. Gray, and this led to investigation and adoption of the homoeopathic school in his prac- tice. In 1858 he removed to Richmond, but at the outbreak of the war he went to Blenheim, resuming practice in Richmond at the close of the war. In 1890 advancing years caused him to retire from practice and he returned to Lynchburg, where he remained until his death, October 10. 1895. Dr. Aaron H. Atwood went to Richmond in the fifties from New Hamp- shire. He had introduced homoeopathy into Manchester in 1845 and was m partnership with Dr. Emil Custer, but ill health caused him to go to Virginia, where he died. Dr. Alfred Hughes began the practice of homoeopathy in Wheeling in 185 1. He was born there September 16, 1824. His great-grandfather. Felix Hughes, came from Ireland and settled in Loudon county in 1732. He had foLir sons, one of whom, James, grandfather of Alfred, was a famous hunter. He settled in Green countv, Pa., then in Virginia, and married a Miss Dur- 164 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY ham of Jefferson county, in 1772. At his death he owned large tracts of land in Virginia, Kentucky and Indiana. He was among the first white settlers in that region. He left three sons and a daughter. One son, Thomas, married Mary Odenbaugh of Winchester. Their seventh son was Alfred. Young Hughes graduated at the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1853. tJe married Mary Kirby Adrian of Wheeling, November i, 1849, ^"^1 began to practice homoeopathy at Wlieeling amid common prejudice and a hard fight, but succeeded in vindicating his cause. When the cholera of 1854 appeared, he labored night and day, being the only homoeopathic physician in the city, and he met with great success in its treatment. Homoeopathy was thus firmly established. During the war of 1861-1865, he espoused the cause of the south, and was arrested for disloyalty in 1861. He w'as held a prisoner at Camp Chase, near Columbus, Ohio, for eight months, when he was exchanged for a brother of Dr. Pancoast of Philadelphia, and was allowed to go with his family to Richmond. He at once began practice and again had to fight for homoeopathy, but soon secured a good clientage. He was elected to the legis- lature of Virginia, remaining a member until the fall of Richmond. On Decem- ber 18, 1865, he removed to Baltimore, where he built up a practice. He died in that city about 1876. Dr. Walthall located in Richmond. Dr. Arcoli, an Italian, also settled in that city. Dr. J. H. Patton. a graduate in 1870 of Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia, located at Richmond soon afterward. In 1857 I-^^^- J- B- Doudall and R. H. Stabler were located at Alexandria; Drs. C. H. Connelly and F. Pitcher at Fairmount : M. L. Casselburg and A. C. Miller at Morgantown ; F. S. Campos, T. I. Hardy and Dr. Walthall at Norfolk; Dr. Daniel Janney at Purcel's Store; Dr. I. P. Clayton at Pierce- town ; Drs. A. L. Bilisoly, L. A. Bilisoly and V. B. Bilisoly at Portsmouth ; Drs. A. H. Atwood; J. F. Gardiner and J. B^ Walthall at Richmond; and Drs. Blum and A. Hughes at Wheeling. In 1870 there were but two homoeopathic physicians in Richmond, Drs. R. Gardner and William Q. Mansfield, and in the Avhole state there were but thirteen. In 1875 Dr. Thomas Hardy and Dr. Robert Shield Perkins were in practice at Norfolk ; Dr. Eldridtre Lippincott was located at Petersburg ; Dr. L. A. Bilisoly was at Portsmouth, and Drs. Joseph Virginius Hobson and James H. Patton were at Richmond. In 1886 Drs. William L. Morgan and Charles B. Y'oung were at Lynchburg; Drs. Thomas Hardy, Robert S. Per- kins, Henley N. Riddick, Frank P. Webster, were at Norfolk ; Drs. William B. Pryor Jones and M. J. Lincoln were at Petersburg; Dr. L. Augustus Bilisoly at Portsmouth ; Drs. James H. Patton, George L. Stone and George A. Taber were at Richmond. In 1899 there were thirty-one homoeopathists in Virginia, of whom eight were located in Richmond, viz. : Drs. George F. Bagley, Harry S. Corey, John W. Hobart, A. L. Marcy, S. Abagail Roope, George L. Stone, George A. Ta- ber, Williams E. Cone. In 1904 there were thirty homoeopathic physicians in the state. Homccopathic physicians in Virginia previous to i860. The date preceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoeopathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school ; the character x indicates that physician practiced medicine before the date given. . HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 1G5 1854 Atwood, Aaron H. Richmond 1857 1857 Bilisoly, Antonio L. Portsmouth 1858 1855 Bilisoly, L. Augustus Portsmouth 1840 1857 Bilisoly, V. B. x Portsmouth 1853 1857 Blum, Dr. x Wheeling 1850 1853 Casselbury, M. L. Morgantown 1830 1857 Connelly, C. H. x Fairmount 1853 1857 Clayton, I. P. x Piercetown 1857 1857 Doudall. J. B X Alexandria 1852 1833-4 Caspari, Adolph Norfolk 1857 1839 Caspari, Edward Norfolk 1857 1839 Campos, F. T. Norfolk Gardiner, J. F. x Richmond Hobson, Joseph H. Lynchburg Hardy, Thomas I. Norfolk Hughes, Alfred Wheeling Janney, Daniel Purcels Store Kuper, Dr. Norfolk Miller, Alexander C. Morgantown Pitcher, F. x Fairmount Randel, John Massey Norfolk Stabler, R. H. x Alexandria Walthall, J. B. x Richmond 166 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY CHAPTER Mil HOMOEOPATHY IX OHIO. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. Gradual Introduction of Homoeopathy in the West — Cope, the Pioneer of the New System in Ohio — Beckwith's Recollections of Sturm — Pulte, the Pioneer and Founder of a Great School of Medical Learning — Cholera Plague of 1849 and Later Years — Homceopathy Attacked by the Old Enemj- — Early Homoeopaths in Cincinnati and Cleveland — Attempts to Establish a Medical College — Eclectic Medical Institute Establishes a Chair of Homoeopathy — Reminiscences of Early Practitioners. Next 111 the order of states brought under the beneficent influence of the homoeopathic system of medicine was Ohio, the "Buckeye" state, where the doctrine is said to have found lodgment in 1836 under the ministrations of one Dr. Cope, of whom Httle appears to be known except that at the time men- tioned he was practicing in the vicinity of Plymouth in Richland county., and that he was credited with being a high potentist, administering only a single pellet and repeating the dose at the end of fourteen days, if the case required such "radical" treatment. Yet tradition says that the worthy doctor accom- plished some remarkable cures and acquired a considerable practice in the region in which he was the pioneer. Tradition has it, too, that sometime during the first half of the last century a German doctor was settled in Delaware county, and treated his patients with "very little pills, and whose habit was in typhoid cases to give the patient one dose, and then return at the end of a week to observe how it was working." This method smacks strongly of homoeopathic methods of three-quarters of a century ago, and there is little doubt that the "German physician" whose name is not now recalled was some faithful fol- lower of the strict Hahnemannian doctrine as then understood and practiced. The history of homoeopathy in the "Buckeye" state — every loyal Ohioan is proud of the synonym — from first to last is a subject of interesting study, and is remarkable in that the first disciple of the new doctrine planted its seed in the state only ten years after it had been brought to America by Hans Burch Gram. Ohio herself had laid aside the territorial character and entered the sisterhood of states only a little more than thirty years before, and few indeed of the counties in that now great commonwealth were more than sparsely set- tled, while the commercial cities for which the state is now noted were then little larger than villages. When the age of the state itself is considered, dat- ing from 1803, and the advent of the first representative of the Hahnemannian school of medicine a little more than thirty years afterward, the inference is natural that homoeopathy entered Ohio during the formative period of its his- tory and that the subsequent growth of each was in even step until both became firmly planted on solid foundations. But in the civil and political history of Ohio there were many events which contributed to its progress, while in the early history of homoeopathy in the same jurisdiction every conceivable obstacle was thrown in the way of homoeopathic practitioners in the vain endeavor to oppose the progress of the school the disciples of Hahnemann had chosen to represent ; HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 167 yet even in this period of adversity the Httle host of homoeopathic pioneers was not without friends, and an educational home was offered them in the house of the eclectic school in Cincinnati. The chair of homoeopathy in the Eclectic Medical Institute was not long continued, but its establishment was an evidence of friendship and good faith ; it was a foundation sufficiently strong to build upon, and the representatives of the homoeopathic school, preferring to act within their own principles, soon afterward set about the task of founding a college for themselves. Their first endeavors were not rewarded with the degree of success they deserved, but the mistakes of early experience served as beacon-lights to guard against their repetition in later years. And the purpose was well served, for in 1849 ^ college of homoeopathic medical instruction was founded in Cleveland, the second institution of its kind in America. It has endured to the present time, and has accomplished as much good work in the propagation of the homoeopathic gospel in the west as any similar school in the land. The Cleveland Homoeopathic Medical College, as now known, sec- ond in seniority only to Hahnem^ann of Philadelphia, was established in 1849 on an original foundation, and was not the outgrowth of any institution in the east, although some historians have traced its origin to old Allentown Academy. In the course of time other medical colleges were founded in Ohio, a few of them to fall by the wayside or to merge in those more strongly supported, and at the beginning of the twentieth century there are two principal' homoe- opathic colleges in the state, one in Cleveland and one in Cincinnati. The his- tory of each of these is made the subject of extended mention in another depart- ment of this work. In this connection it is interesting to note the gradual increase in the num- ber of homoeopathic physicians in Ohio. In 1836 the pioneer, a layman, led the way. Twenty years later, in 1857, the number was 120; 1875, 422; 1885, 498; 1899, 968; and in 1905 it is estimated that there are in the homoeopathic ranks in Ohio a total of one thousand practitioners. Ohio has been both faithful and prolific in the work of homoeopathic soci- ety organization, and in that respect ranks with the foremost states of the union. A brief allusion to the more important of these societies is proper in this connection, not for the purpose of exhaustive narrative but as a necessary part of an interesting record. HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO. A society of homoeopathic physicians was organized in Cleveland as early as 1846, which was just ten years after the system had been introduced in the state. Reports of the organization and meagre reports of the society are found in the "American Journal of Homoeopathy," Vol. i, p. 46, and also in the Michigan " Journal of Homoeopathy " for June, 1849. The old society was Continued only a short time, and then was dissolved. The next attempt at per- manent organization was made in 185 1, at a meeting held in Columbus on September 23 of that year, when the work previously begun was improved upon and made more complete. The customary constitution and by-laws were adopted, and the society took the name Ohio College of Homoeopathic Physi- cians. The first officers Avere Drs. O. A. Blair, president; J. H. Coulter of Colum.bus and John Tifift of Norwalk, vice-presidents; C. A. Leuthstrom of Columbus, secretary; G. St. C. Hussev of Portsmouth, corresponding secre- tarv; C. D. Williams of Cleveland, H. P. Gatchell of Cincinnati, J. W. Dennis of Portsmouth, Jacob Bosler of Dayton and L. K. Rosa, censors. In 1852 and 168 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 1853 meetings were lield in Cleveland, the next year in Columbus, but none were afterward held until 1864. when the homoeopathic physicians of the state met in convention in the capital city of the state, revived the dormant organi- zation, and brought into existence the Homoeopathic Medical Society of the State of Ohio. The officers then elected were as follows : Dr. A. O. Blair of Cleveland, president ; Drs. E. C. Witherill of Cincinnati and W. W. Webster of Dayton, vice-presidents ; Dr. Charles Cropper of Cincinnati, secretary ; Dr. C. C. \Miite of Columbus, treasurer ; Drs. A. Shepherd of Springdale, G. H. Blair of Columbus, Charles Osterlin of Findlay, T. P. Wolson of Cleveland, Lewis Barnes of Delaware, T. ]M. Miller of Stubenville and E. C. Beckwith of Zanes- ville. censors. At first the society met annually at Columbus, but later adopted the rule of meeting in different cities. The society was incorporated in 1878. Membership, about 275. Since 1865 transactions have been published annually. In this connection, also, it is proper that some mention be made of the several sectional, district and local medical societies of the state, although the record of necessity must be brief, and limited to mention of the name, field of operation and date of organization of each. The record follows : Homoeopathic Medical Society of Eastern Ohio, organized April 2. 1873, by union of the Homoeopathic ^Medical Society of the Seventeenth Congressional District (organized August i, 1866) and the Homoeopathic Medical Associa- tion of Summit and Portage Counties (organized June, 1871) ; Northwestern Ohio Homoeopathic Medical Society, June, 1889; Ohio Valley Medical Society, 1901 ; Miami Valley Homoeopathic Medical Society, June 14, i860; Seven- teenth Congressional District of Ohio Medical Society, August i, 1866; Sum- mit and Portage Counties Homccopathic Medical Society, June. 1871 ; the Cleveland Academy of Medicine and Surgery, 1872; Cleveland Academy of Medicine, February 4, 1891 ; Cleveland Medical Association, about 1865; Cleveland Homoeopathic ^Maternity Society, October 12, 1891 ; Columbus Clin- ical Club, June 2, 1890; Cincinnati Homoeopathic Medical Society, 1862; Cin- cinnati Homoeopathic I>yceum, October 28, 1889; Cincinnati Homoeopathic Society; Cuyahoga County Homoeopathic Medical Society, November, i86.':5; Dayton City Homoeopathic Medical Society, 1879; Homoeopathic Medical Society of Eastern Ohio, April 2, 1873; Hahnemann Society of Cincinnati, April 10, 1855; Homoeopathic Association of Cincinnati, 1849; Homoeopathic Club of Cincinnati, December, 1885; Loraine and Medina County Homoe- opathic Medical Society, July 18, 1868; Lucas County Homoeopathic Medical Society, i860; Miami County Homoeopathic Medical Society, June 14, i860; Montgomery County Homoeopathic Medical Society, November 6, 1868; Muskingum \'alley Homoeopathic Medical Society, 1867; Northeastern Ohio Homoeopathic Medical Society, 1864; Perry County Homoeopathic Medical Society. October 26. 1870; Philadelphos Society: Round Table Club, August 28. 1889; Summit County Homceopathic Ginical Society, January 15, 1885; Toledo Clinical Society, 1884 ; Union Homoeopathic Medical" Society of North- ern Ohio, June 6, 1868. HOSPITALS. 1 lie establixlimcnt of homoeopathic hospitals in Ohio was an important ele- ment of the early endeavor of the medical profession, and engaged the attention of homa'opathic practitioners almost as early as the efforts in organizing medi- cal societies. This subject is of much importance in the history of homoeopathy HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY UYJ in the state, but the extent to which it demands consideration in this place is questionable, inasmuch as the principal institutions of this character are in a lari,'e measure a part of the life of the homoeopathic medical colleges, particu- larly in the large cities of Cleveland and Cincinnati. The Cleveland Homoeopathic Hospital, the first organized hospital in Cleveland, Ohic^, was opened in May, 1856, by S. R. Beckwith, M. D., who was the surgeon for the Lake Shore and the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati railroads. It was established as a private surgical hospital to accommodate those injured by the railroads; but was open to all surgical cases. It was situated on Lake street, and accommodated twenty patients. George H. Bet- tely, M. D., was the house surgeon. In i860 St. Vincent's Hospital was completed and opened for the recep- tio!i of patients. Physicians and surgeons of both schools being permitted to treat patients therein, there seemed no necessity for the separate maintenance of the hospital on Lake street, and consequently it was closed. St. Vincent's Hospital was under the control and management of the sisters of a Catholic order and for five years remained the only hospital in Cleveland. In 1865, however, there was set on foot a project for the establishment of a Protestant hospital, and in May of the next year a committee of three, consisting of Dr. D. H. Beckwith, Mr. Horace Brockaway and Mrs. S. F. Lester, was formed for the purpose of obtaining a building suitable for hospital purposes. A large and roomy building at 83 Wilson street was selected and pur- chased at a cost of $8,000. An organization was efifected and a board of trustees formed, and these gave the name of Wilson Street Hospital to the building. Of the trustees, one-half were chosen by adherents of the old school, the remainder by those of the homoeopathic school. The board of trustees was composed of Mrs. Samuel Williamson. Mrs. A. B. Stone, Mrs. Mary Severance, W. S. Stanley, T. W. Pelton, Mrs. Daniel P. Rhodes, Mrs. Peter Thatcher, Mrs. L. M. Hubbey, Jacob Lowman and H. C. Blossom. The medical and surgical staff represented both schools of medicine and consisted of Drs. A. Maynard, A. A. Brooks, H. F. Cushing, D. H. Beckwith, B. P. Brown and George H. Blair. Within a very few weeks a group of ladies interested in the work col- lected sufficient funds to pay for the building and its thorough equipment for hospital purposes. For some time complete harmony reigned in the medical stafif. but differences began to show themselves, with the result that early in 1867 the president, Mr. H. B. Hurlburt, for the adherents of the old school of medicine, made to those who favored the new school a proposition to either buv or sell their interests in the hospital. The homoeopathic adherents with- drew from the hospital and later united with the Cleveland Protestant Homoe- opathic Hospital, which was opened for patients November 3. 1869. The trustees of the Wilson Street Hospital, now adherents of the old school of medicine, adopted the following resolution : " Resolved. That in the future no homoeopathic phvsician or surgeon shall be allowed to treat any patient, free or pay, in this hospital." This resolution was in force for nearly twenty years, its immediate effect being the uniting in a strong l>ond of friendship the homoeopathic phvsicians and their clientele. The previous year Humiston Institute had been purchased for college and hospital purposes, at a cost of $35,000. This hospital was under the con- trol of the homoeopathic school of medicine, but patients therein had the privi- 170 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY lege of any treatment they preferred, thus giving physicians of the old school the right of entry. After five years of successful operation the trustees, deeming it advisable to seek a new location, purchased the property where the hospital now stands on Huron street, February 4, 1873. This building was opened for the recep- tion of patients, but within a very short time, however, it was found to be inadequate to the demand made upon it, and in May, 1878, the hospital asso- ciation decided upon the erection of a new structure. As a means to this end, the ladies' association united with the board of lady managers of the City Hos- pital and gave a great charity fair and loan exhibition, the proceeds of which were to be divided between the hospitals. This was a great success, the citizens of Cleveland having come forward with enthusiasm, loaning their fine paint- ings, statuary and works of art in the effort to get together a collection to attract and interest the people. The collection gathered was so fine that the city virtually put it in charge of the police and fire departments, so that no harm might come to it. The net proceeds amounted to $12,816.54, half of which was awarded the homoeopathic hospital. In June, 1878, the trustees appointed a building committee, consisting of George H. Warmington, Dr. D. H. Beckwith, Edward Bingham and Capt. A. Bradley. Excavations were begun in April, 1879, and so rapidly did the work progress that during the following year, September 29th, the hospital was dedicated and opened to receive patients. The new building acted as a stimulus in many directions, the effect being shown by many actions which attested to the loyalty and generosity of the citizens of Cleveland toward homoeopathy and homoeopathic institutions. The work of the hospital increased to such a degree during the next decade that additional accommodations were found to be imperative. It was not, however, until 1894 that provision was made for a new building. This was completed by the first of April, 1895. It is a large four-story building connected with the main building by a covered gallery, and is very fully utilized for the hospital needs. In it are the sleeping rooms for nurses and a number of employees, one entire floor being taken up by patients. The basements contain laundry, sterilizers, store rooms, and mortuary. During the past ten years the hospital has more than doubled its work. It is now entirely out of debt and has an endowment of $20,000; the estimated value of the property owned by the hospital corporation is $150,000. Those in charge of the work realize that the present building is entirely inadequate to the demands made upon it, so that it will be but a short time until new build- ings and a new location must be sought. The Ohio Hospital for Women and Children, Cincinnati, is the direct outgrowth of a free dispensary which was opened in Cincinnati, June ii, 1879, by Drs. Ellen M. Kirk and Martha M. Howells. assisted by thirty-five philanthropic women, who united in an organization for its support known as the Free Dispensary Association for Women and Children. The clinics were increasingly large and out of them grew the need of a hospital. This need stimulated the members to determined effort and on October 11, 1881, the Free Dispensary for Women and Children became the Ohio Hospital for Women and Qiildren by an act of incorporation, May 9, 1882. A house affording suit- able accommodations in West Ninth street was rented, equipped and formally opened as a hospital the following June. In a few years this house proved too small for the growing work and a permanent home was purchased for twenty HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 171 thousand dollars in December, 1888. This commodious house, No. 549 West Seventh street, was opened March 4, 1889. The object of this institution has been to offer to women an opportunity to consult homoeopathic women physi- cians, and to women physicians clinical advantages and experience. The train- ing of nurses has been a prominent feature since 1887. Some three thousand patients have been received in its private rooms and wards. The hospital dur- ing three years has received several bequests and is supported outside of its income from private patients by annual dues from members of its association, donations, etc. A free dispensary has always been an adjunct of the hospital and thousands of the needy of the city have shared its benefits. The medical staff consists of 'the fol- lowing physicians : Ellen M. Kirk, dean ; Mary E. Minor, Sophia P. Georgi, Ida E. Mc- Cormick, Ella E. Huntington, Bertha Van Houten Anthony, Florence M. Pollock. The general management of this hospital for women by women is vested in a board of man- agers as follows : Mrs. Robert Hosea, presi- dent ; Mrs. J. D. Park, vice-president ; Mrs. Wm. N. Hobart, second vice-president ; Mrs. E. D. Albro, secretary ; Mrs. T. B. Collier, treasurer; Dr. Ellen M. Kirk, dean; Mrs. Ellen Clarke. Mrs. E. G. Carpenter, Mrs. G. W. El- lard, ]\Iiss Lida Galigher, Mrs. J. J. Hooker, Mrs. W. P. Harrison, Mrs. Taylor Latta, Mrs. Langtrie. Mrs. A. S. Lowenberg, Mrs. G. W. Oyler, Mrs. C. D. Robertson and Miss Fanny E. Turner. The Toledo Protestant Hospital, an institution under homoeopathic medi- cal supervision, is the result of a movement begun in 1874, and which reached fruition in 1877, when its rooms were opened for patients. It was incorpo- rated December 12, 1876, and is under the medical and surgical supervision of the Lucas County Homoeopathic Medical Society. Originally the hospital staff was chosen from both schools of medicine, but the allopaths refused to attend an institution where homoeopathy was permitted to be practiced and severed their connection with it ; upon which the hospital was placed under homoe- opathic medical supervision, but the representatives of that school have been considerate of allopathy, and have admitted its representatives to the privi- leges of the institution. REMINISCENCES. Dr. William Sturm, it is said on excellent authority, began the practice of homoeopathy in Cincinnati in 1839, which event gives him precedence in the long and honorable line of homoeopaths who followed him in the field in after years. He was born in Saxony in June, 1796. and was educated in medicine in Germany, a pupil of Hahnemann, the founder of the homoeopathic school. Sturm is said to have been a man of liberal education, and in medi- cine his success in the treatment of cases of an acute character gave him an extensive practice and proclaimed his name and fame throughout the Ohio river valley. The second disciple of homoeopathy in Cincinnati was Dr. Joseph H. Pulte, Ohio Hospital for Women and Children, Cincinnati. 172 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY who took up the practice of medicine in Cincinnati in 1840, an incident of travel having impelled him to change his determination to visit his brother in St. Louis and undoubtedly to practice medicine in that city ; and this was a fortunate resolution on Pulte's part for the development of homoeopathy in Ohio, for this great exemplar of the Halinemannian doctrine was a man of learning, a plnsician of repute, and a citizen whose every walk in life was correct. And Pulte in later years was the founder of the great college of homoe- opathic medical instruction in Cincinnati which bears his name and most worthily promulgates the doctrines he first expounded in that city more than three score years ago. The life and services of Dr. Pulte are subjects of men- tion in the history of the college referred to, hence need no further commen- tary in this place. In 1849 Asiatic cholera laid its scourge upon the west, and during its prev- alence Pulte with a few other capable homoeopaths proved that medicines in attenuated doses administered according to the law of Hahnemann could in a great measure lessen its ravages ; and while certain physicians and ministerial editors were inclined to cavil at the success of the homoeopaths, the people accepted the fact and the new doctrine found favor throughout the entire region. This period in our history in Ohio was marked with what is known as the "cholera pamphlet war" in Cincinnati. The plague first appeared in that city in 1849, ^^^ from the first the allopaths made reports to the authorities, while the homoeopaths, not knowing the requirem.ents, failed to do so; and for this they were brought to bar. Pulte and Ehrmann, homoeopaths, were tried before the mayor, but were dismissed, the health board not being law- fully organized. However, after this affair both Pulte and Ehrmann made public their practice and its results during the continuance of the epidemic. At that tmie in Cincinnati there lived a minister, who also was an editor of a religious paper called the "Methodist Expositor," and who with his other attainments w'as an allopathic physician. He appeared to have been some- what exercised in his mind regarding the followers of Hahnemann and their practice in Cincinnati, and in his paper he attacked the report of Pulte and Ehrmann, and also attacked homoeopathy in general, using language and expressions more bitter dian befitted a man of the cloth. In one of his lamen- tations he quoted scripture : "If the trumpet give an uncertain sound who shall prepare himself to the battle." The worthy editor entitled his articles "Hor.ioeopathic Trumpet," and they were answered by Pulte and Ehrmann in a determined yet more christianlike spirit. After this controversy had con- tinued some time an association of citizens was formed, called the Homoe- opathic Association, and a committee from it was appointed to investigate the matter and report. This committee comprised Alphonso Taft, B. F. Barrett, George Carlisle, Nathaniel L. Sawyer and George Crawford. After making a careful examination of the various cases treated, the committee reported at a meeting of the association held in October, 1849, ^"d exonerated Drs. Pulte and Ehrmann from blame or discredit, at the same time recommending that the reverend medico-editor "promptly correct what he finds to be incorrect in his published statements of this subject." The homoeopathic journals of the time, Shipman's " Northwestern Jour- nal of Homrcopathia," the " Quarterly Homoeopathic Journal," of Boston, the " Southwestern Ilomceopatbic Journal." and " Review and the American Journal of Homoeopathy," all published editorials. The pamphlets were widely HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 173 circulated, and there is no doubt that the outcome was largely of benefit to homoeopathy in the west. Contemporary with Dr. Pulte in the early history of homoeopathy in Cin- cinnati was Dr. Benjamin Ehrmann, another of the Allentown graduates. He had drifted west, following the tide of emigration, and located at Chillicothe, and in 1848 becoming acquainted with Pulte was by him persuaded to go to Cincinnati, where they formed a partnership. Dr. F. A. W. Davis went to Cincinnati in 1846 to spend the summer. He met Pulte and was induced to study homoeopathy. During the cholera epi- demic he did great service, opened a free dispensary and treated a great many poor people gratuitously. He afterward went to Tennessee. James G. Hunt, M. D. Dr. James George Hunt was another of the early practitioners in Cin- cinnati. He had become a homoeopathist during the cholera epidemic of 1849. Dr. Adam Aliller practiced homoeopathy in Cincinnati about 1850 and soon afterward w^ent to lUmois. Another of the earlv homoeopaths in Cincinnati was Edwin C. Witherill. who was born in New Hampshire in 1821, and when nine years old his par- ents moved to Auburn. N. Y. At sixteen he made a voyage to Liverpool, and on his return taught in the public schools and studied medicine, receiving his diploma from a medical school in New York city. He practiced in Auburn and Canandaicua. and then was appointed to the chair of anatomy and physi- ology in the Western Homoeopathic College at Cleveland. Before accepting 174 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY this position he spent some time in the hospitals of London and Paris. He was a professor in the college from 1850 to 1853. Later on he went to Cin- cinnati where he remained in practice until his death, October 30. 1865. Dr. Jesse Garrettson began the practice of homcEopathy in Cincinnati in 1849. He died in that city, July 3. 1876. His brother, Dr. Joseph Garrettson, was with him during the later years of his life. Dr. George W. Bigler located in Cincinnati in 1850. He was a native of Harrisburg, Pa., and originally was an allopathic physician, but becoming convinced of the truth of homoeopathy he adopted it and became a prominent practitioner in Ohio. He was of the Swedenborgian faith, a member of the American institute and also of the state and county homoeopathic societies. He died at his home in Cincinnati. April 28, 1871. Dr. William Peck, an allopathic physician of Cincinnati, adopted homoe- opathy in 1849. He was the son of Benjamin and Sarah (Bachelor) Peck, and was born in Sutton, Mass., April 6. 1798. He graduated from Brown University in 1820. He opened an office in Providence, R. L, and on May 21, 1823, married Jane, daughter of Dr. Samuel Thane. Two years later he removed to New Rochelle, X. Y., where he practiced until 1831, when he located in Cincinnati. Dr. Ira Barrows, his cousin, of Providence, R. L, induced him to 'become a homoeopath. He joined the institute in 1850. and was on his way to the meeting in 1857, when in a collision on the Erie railroad on June 3, he was instantly killed. Dr. George B. Peck of Providence is his nephew. Dr. Price, another allopathic physician of Cincinnati, became a convert about 1849. Homoeopathy was introduced in Cleveland by Dr. R. E. W. Adams in 1843. He remained there a few years and then went to Illinois. In 1844 Dr. Daniel O. Hoyt went to Cleveland, associating himself with Dr. Adams. Dr. Hoyt was a graduate of Dartmouth College, and practiced allopathy for several years before he went to Qeveland. where he took up homoeopathy. He prac- ticed for over thirty years in Cleveland, and died August 10, 1874, aged eighty-seven years. Dr. John Wheeler, the third homoeopathic physician in Cleveland, com- menced to practice in that city in 1845. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 181 7 and practiced as an allopath in Troy from 18 18 to 1845, when he became a convert to homoeopathy. In 1845 he located in Cleveland and re- mained there until his death. February 12. 1870, aged seventy-nine years. Dr. Wheeler was one of the best known and beloved of the earlier Qeveland physi- cians. It was largely through his persuasions that Dr. David Herrick Beckwith was converted to homoeopathv. Dr. Wheeler was for many years president of the Cleveland Hospital College. Dr. Edward Caspari practiced for a time at Ravenna in 1843. He after- ward went to Louisville. Ky. Dr. Schlagel, a German physician, located at Amherst in 1844, and from that place his nractice extended to Oberlin. Flyria and other towns. Dr. Alexander H. T'.urritt located at Burton in 1840. He was born in Trey, N. Y.. April 17. 180^. His father. Dr. Elv Burritt, was a practitioner in Troy for nearly thirtv vcars. His partner was Dr. Robbins. Alexander stud- ied medicine with his father, and graduated at the College of Phvsicians and Surgeons in New York in the spring of 1827. He practiced allopathy in Washington connt> until 1838. about which time his friend and relative, Dr. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 175 John F. Gray, induced him to investip^ate the homoeopathic system and exam- ine its merits. He visited New York to witness the success of Gray and Hull, and soon became satisfied with the new medical doctrine. In a few months he located in Pennsylvania and was the pioneer in Crawford county, where he devoted himself to the study of the new system. He practiced at Conneaut- ville and then went to Burton. In 1850 he was appointed to the chair of obstetrics in the Western Homoeopathic College, but ill health caused him to resign his professorship. He afterward removed to Canandaigua, N. Y., and thence to New Orleans, where he remained until his death. He was still in practice in 1876. Dr. David Shepherd began practice in Bainbridge in 1845, where he John Wheeler, M. D. had a large farm and combined both occupations. He died in June, 1887, aged seventy-nine vears. Dr. Alpheus Morrill located at Akron in 1846, remaining theretwo years, after which he went to Columbus to practice. An attack of intermittent fever compelled him to remove, and he went to Concord, N. H., where he passed his life. He died in t868. Dr. Crosby, his partner, was also obliged by sick- ness to leave Akron and go east. Dr. B. W. Richmond located at Chardon, Dr. Stevens at Wmdsor, and Dr. H. Plimpton at Painesville, in 1845. Dr. G. W. Barker opened an office in Cleveland in 1848 and a few months later Dr. Thomas Miller became his partner. Soon afterward Dr. Barker went to Detroit and Dr. Miller to Missouri. ITi; HISTORY OF HOMCEGPATHY In 1847 L)'- Gerhard Saal was practicing homceopathy in Springfield. He was educated in Germany and came to America in 1846. In 1852 he went to Cincinnati and became partner of Dr. E. C. Witherill. In 1872 he held the chair of chnical mctHcine in Puke College. He died May 4, 1875. In 1852 he published in the "" American Magazine of Homceopathy " a series of articles on kinesitherapy. i)r. Jacob Uosler commenced to practice homoeopathy in Dayton in 1848, and assisted in organizing the state societies. He died at the age of seventy- six. Dr. Henry L. Sook began the practice of homoeopathy in 1853 at Pom- eroy. He says : " The first homoeopathic medicine I ever saw, and I believe the first time I ever heard of it, was in 1844. A friend of mine had brought a small case and book from Ithaca, N. Y. Of course, like other simpletons, I attempted to make sport of the little pills, but afterward being convinced of their superiority, studied the system in opposition to all friends and relations excepting the one first named. I had a course of lectures at Cleveland the winter of 1852-53 and commenced the practice. After eight years I returned and graduated." After remaining three years at Pomeroy he went to Steu- benville. In 1869 he located at Newark, and joined the institute that same year. Dr. X. H. .Manter began the practice of homoeopathy at Elyria, the county town of Lorain county, in 1848. He had been practicing medicine about twen- ty-five years. In 1S52 Dr. H. P. Gatchell made a trip through Ohio, visiting the physicians who were interested in homoeopathy and writing a series of edi- torial letters to the " American Magazine of Homoeopathy and Hydropathy," of which he, with Dr. Pulte, was joint editor. One of his articles says : '" Dr. Manter, one of the oldest physicians in that section, has been practicing medi- cine in Elyria for some twenty or twenty-five years. Of a superior educa- tion, literary and medical, he soon obtained an extensive practice. But hav- ing been attracted by the reputation of homoeopathy some two or three years since, to give it an examination, and having derived some benefit from it in his own person, he has abandoned his former destructive practice, and now demon- strates by superior success the merits of homceopathy." Dr. Manter died about 1866 or 1867. Dr. Rosa, Jr., was at that time his partner. Dr. John Tifft, of Norwalk, practiced allopathy for many years, but in 1852, through the influence of Dr. Horatio Robinson of New York, he took up homoeopathy. Dr. D. H. Beckwith was his partner at Norwalk for three years. Dr. J. Beeman, who had been an eclectic physician in Birmingham, became a homoeopath in 1851. He said: "In testing the homoeopathic law and in availing myself of its valuable application when tested, I have only acted in accordance with the principles inculcated in my medical education. I received that at an eclectic college from professors who were free to investigate, whose maxim was to 'prove all things, and to hold fast that which is good.' Their graduates, therefore, unlike the graduates of allopathic schools in general, were untrammelled. Governed by the principles there taught, I have ever felt free to receive truth from every source. Nor have I suffered myself to be blind- ed by the influence of custom or the desire for popularity. I have respected no error because it is old — 1 have rejected no truth because it is new. Antiquity or popularity count for nothing with me in estimating the value of systems of medicines." 1U^T;)KV ( )!• IK )M(i:( irA'riiv 177 cii.\i''ri-:K IX I cm;;!".' I'ATUN i.\ Oil 10 — (coNi ixui::)) Purpose of the HomcEopathic Society of Cincinnati — Hill of the Pxleclic Mcdic-il Insti- tute of Cincinnati Converted to Homoeopath}' — Shepherd, the Pioneer in Hamilton County — Reminiscences of Early Physicians — Pulte, the Founder, Scholar and Phy- sician — The Western College of Homoeopathic Medicine. The period from 1849 to 1852 in the Iv'siory of Ohio hoinceopathy is important. The Homoeoi^alhic Society of Cincinnati was con^^osed largely of laymen and had a thousand members whose purpose was to vindicate homce- opathy and to uphold the truth regarding: the cholera epidemic ; to i)etition the assembly of 1849 ^or an act establishing a homctopathic college; to ijromulgate the lectures by Storm Rosa in 1849; to organize a college at Cleveland in 1850; and to promote the advancement of the system throughout the towns of the state. On September 2. 185 1. a convention of the houKTeopathic physicians of Ohio was called to meet at Columbus and organize a state society. The occasion witnessed several interesting events. Dr. Benjamin L. Hill, who had been a member of the faculty of the Cincinnati Eclectic Institute, avowed his conversion to homoeopathy and gave his reasons, which were afterward pub- lished in a series of articles in the " Magazine of Homceopathy." Dr. Hill was born December 8. 1813. For some years he was professor of anatomy and surgcrv in the Eclectic ATedical Institute, Cincinnati. ?mi(1 was one of the founders of the Western Homoeopathic College at Cleveland. He was profes- sor of the principles and practice of .surgery in that school, and also oave a course of lectures in the St. Louis Homoeopathic College in i860. He was the author of a work on tidectic surgery, published in i8!;o, and in conjunction with Dr. J. C. Hunt, ])ublished a work on h(imoeopathic surgery, issued in Clevel.indin i8;5. In 1859 he published a small domestic book called '•Epi- tome of the Hom(eo])athic Healing .Art." which became i)opular and which ' passed through eighteen editions. In 1863 he was appointed bv President Lin- coln, consul to Xicarngua. where he passed one year, when his health became impaired and he returned. He also served two terms in the Ohio legislature. He removed from Cincinnati to Berlin in 1852. and practiced until a short time before his death, when he went to :\rarysville. California, where he died. Mav 13, 1871. ' The pioneer hcma:oi)ath of Hamilton county was Dr. Alfred Shepherd. He graduated at the Eclectic Medical Institute in Alarch. 1849. settled at Springdale. and commenced the practice of honKcopathy. He was the only bomcx^opnthic physician at that time between Cincinnati and Dayton. A few years later he removed to Glendale. He joined the American Institute of Homoeopathy in 1865. Llis death occurred in ^May, 1891. F. H. Rheiwinkle succeeded Dr. B. F. Ehrmann at Chillicothe in 1849. and practiced homceopathy there two years when he abandotied medicine for dentistry. Dr. Adolph Bauer, one of the Allentown coterie who practiced for a time Seven Old Fellows. HISTORY OF HOAJCEOPATHY 179 at Lynn township, Pa., and graduated from the academy, was born and edu- cated in Germany. He located in Cincinnati in 1848, where he acquired a large practice and where he passed his Hfe. He died suddenly October 13, 1867, aged 61 years. He joined the American Institute of Homoeopathy in 1846. ' Isedorich Ehrmann, brother of Benjamin, was lx>rn in Jaxsthausen and received his medical education in Germany. He arrived in New York in the spring of 1833, settling at first at Carlisle, Pa. He later went to Baltimore, Md. In 1857 he was m practice in Buffalo. N. Y., and afterward located in Cincinnati. He died June 7, 1890. J. W. Leech was for a time located at Xenia. In i860 he settled in Cincinnati. Ephraim Craig Beckwith was born in Bronson, Huron county, Ohio, De- cember 6, 1824. In 185 1 he attended his first course of lectures in the medical department of Michigan University. In 1853 '^e graduated at the Geneva, N. Y., Medical College. The next year he located at Marietta, Ohio, in part- nership with Dr. A. J. Sawyer. In 1856 he married Fanny Forest. After ten years of practice he removed to Zanesville where he remained for twelve years. In 1873 he took charge of the sanitarium at College Hill, Ohio. This position on account of ill health he relinquished in 1874 and went to Columbus, where he remained in practice until his death, November 21, 1880. He was a member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy and of the state societies. Arthur T, Bissell located at Toledo in 1848. He was professor in the Western College in 1852. He removed to New York and engaged in manu- facturing. S. S. Lungren settled at Toledo in 1862 and took Dr. Bissell's office apartments. Dr. Lungren died March 6, 1892. In 1849 D^- Jolm Gilman located at Cleveland, where he remained but a few years. With several others he started the " Northern Ohio Medical and Scientific Examiner." It was not long continued. In 1852 Dr. Kyle, an old school graduate, was practicing homoeopathy at Birmingham. Dr. George Hill, brother to Benjamin, graduated from the Western Homoe- opathic College. February 26, 1853. He located at Berlin Heights where he practiced imtil his death. Dr. E. W. Cowles commenced the practice of homoeopathy at Cleveland in 1845. He was a graduate of Jeft'erson Medical College of Philadelphia and a convert to homoeopathy. He had been practicing since 1832, or earlier, as an allopath. Dr. Robert Albert Snow was the first homoeopathic student in Cleveland, studying with Dr. W^heeler. After graduating he went to New York. Dr. Henry Wigand located at Ravenna in 1846, later went to Sandusky, from there to Springfield, and later located in Dayton. In 185 1 he published the Davton '' Heralfl of Health." Charlss D. Williams located in Cleveland in 1846. He aided in the organ- ization of the homoeopathic college and was professor of principles and practice of homoeopathy. He went to St. Paul, Minn., in i860. In August, 1850, Lewis Dodge came from Detroit and located in Cleve- land, and later filled the chair of materia medica in the college. William Webster was born in Monroe county, Ohio. January 12. 1827. His father. Dr. Elias Webster, was a pioneer homoeopathic physician. He had been an allopath in Pennsylvania, and later in Butler county, Ohio. He 180 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY was a descendant ui Xoah Webster, the lexicographer. His mother. Mary Kain, was the daughter of an Ohio pioneer. Dr. Webster was educated at the Ohio Weslevan University, and also at Farmer's College, where he graduated in 1848. He then entered the Cincinnati Eclectic Institute, graduating in 1851. He moved to JMiddletown, Ohio, where he began the practice of allopathy, but he had listened to the lectures of Dr. Rosa, and they had impressed him. He made trials of homoeopathy, and in two or three years adopted the new sys- tem. Dr. Webster remained nine years at Middletown. but in 1858 went to Davton. At that time there were but two homoeopathic physicians in Day- ton. Dr. Bosler and Dr. Wigand, and Webster bought out Wigand. He remained in Dayton the rest of his life. He had three sons, two of whom are phvsicians. He was a member of the institute and of the state and county societies. His death occurred May 22. 1894. Dr. Horatio P. Gatchell was a graduate of Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine. He studied for the ministry and as late as 1843 ^^ was a preacher of the gospel. He subsequently studied med- icine, and in 1849-50 was a professor in the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati. At that time he was in- vestigating homoeopathy. In 1850 he became associated with Dr. Pulte in the "American Magazine of Homoeop- athy." In 1 85 1 he became professor of pathology and practice in the Cleveland Homoeopathic College. In 1865 he was connected with the Hahn- emann Medical College of Chicago. He estabhshed a sanitarium at Ken- osha, Wis., and later removed to Ashe- ville, N. C. where he remained until his death. March 2j, 1885. In May. 1852. Dr. Gatchell writes: "When last year I wrote you from Painesville I was here as a visitor, now I write from under my own rooftree ; then I was eng.iged in private practice in Cin- cinnati : now I am laying the founda- tions of an infirmary upon one of the most salubrious spots in the western country." Dr. George \\'illiam Barnes graduated at the Western Homoeopathic Col- lege in 1852. In 1869 he went to California. Dr. Hamilton Ring graduated at the Homoeopathic Mexlical College of Pennsylvania in 1851. He then located at Urbana. He writes: "Homoe- opathy had few supporters in Urbana- in the beginning of 1852, three or four families only being prepared to rely upon it in cases of severe sickness. Two physicians had been here for very short periods a year or two before, but had not found the encouragement to remain they wished. During 1852 my income from practice was but $300: in 1833 o"ly S450. From year to year the prac- tice has steadily increased, except during the war period, when the field was in charge of two men who neglected the interests of practice. With the excep- -A If red Shepherd. M. 1). HISTORY OF HO:MaiOPATHY ISl tion of the period between 1857 'ii""^! 1865, during- which period I practiced homoeopathy at Port Gibson, j\Iiss., I have resided in I'rbana." Dr. Ring died on November 12. 1884. In 1854 or 1855 Dr. T. W. Cnscaden, a graduate of the Eclectic Medical Institute, located in Lebanon, Warren county, and was the first homoeopathic physician in that locality. Although it was said that he could not remain, he did so until his death in 1861. Dr. Charles Cropper went to Lebanon in Januar}^ 1861. remaining there until 1863. when he went to Cincinnati. He practiced there until 1869, when he returned to Lebanon. He was born at Lexington. Ky., September 16, 1826, graduated from Eclectic Medical Insti- tute in 1854. in 1864 he founded the " American Homoeopathist," which was published three vears. Benjamin Khrmatui was a native of Wurtemburg, Germany, born in the village of Jaxsthausen. March 3, 1812. His father and grandfather were physi- cians and both practiced medicine in his native village. As has been stated, he came to America when a young man, attended lectures in Philadelphia, graduated at Allentown Academy, and then located at Harrisburg, where he married. Later on he determined to follow the western emigration and lived for a time at Chillicothe, where he practiced for a short time in 1848, but becom- nig acquainted with Dr. Pulte, he was persuaded to remove to Cincinnati and there formed a partnership with Pulte. Then came the terrible epidemic of chcler.-i in 1849 ^"d the two made a reputation most enviable, despite of the env\- of the opposing medical school that sought to destroy the "ignorant Ger- man fanatics." Ehrmann was one of the early members of the American Insti- tute of Homoeopathy, joining in 1846. He was a Swedenborgian, as were many of the older homoeopathists. His last illness was of short duration and he died March 15, 1886. in his 75th year. He left six children, of whom two sons became practicing physicians in Cincinnati. James George Hunt was born in Cincinnati September 2, 1822. He attended Woodward College, Cincinnati, and Yale College. He studied medi- cine with Dr. F. V. Morrow, the founder of the Eclectic Medical College of Cincinnati. On graduating he was offered the professorship of chemistry in a medical school recently established in Memphis, Imt declined it and became partner with Dr. Morrow in the spring of 1849. The same year he married Sarah E. Palmer. During the prevalence of the cholera epidemic, Dr. Hunt made his first experiments in homoeopathy, and his success was such that he soon began its practice. In 1855, with Dr. ?>. L. Hill, he published a book on the homoeopathic practice of surgery, which had a ready sale. The same year he was elected to the chair of surgery in the Western College of Homre- opathic Medicine. He was for a time connected with " The Homoeopathist," a journal started by Dr. Cropper. In 1872, with Dr. Alonzo Bishop of Ithaca, N. Y., Dr. Hunt established a sanitarium at the White Sulphur and Tar Springs, near Cloverport, Ky. He died a few years later. V\'i!liam Owens commenced to practice homoeopathy in Cincinnati in 1849. He was born in Warren, Trumbull county, April 24, 1823: went to Cincinnati in 1837; attended Woodward College, and then entered a drug store. He volunteered for service in the Mexican war and was in several bat- tles. At the close of the war he returned to Cincinnati and began to study medicine, graduating in 1849. T" the fall of that year he began the practice of homceopathv and became demonstrator in the institute. Later, he held the ^ame position in the Western College of Homoeopathy at Cleveland. In 1855 182 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY he took cliarj^e of a water cure establishment at Granville. In 1861 he raised a company of cavalry and was appointed first lieutenant, and later was pro- moted captain. He also acted as assistant surgeon and quartermaster. After the war he returned to Cincinnati to practice. On May 12, 1853, he married Sarah E. Wilcox of Cincinnati. June i, 1865, he w^as appointed a pension examining- surgeon for Hamilton county. He was also professor of anatomy in Pulte Medical College. Dr. Storm Rosa was born in Coxsackie, Green county, N. Y., July 18, 1 79 1. He studied medicine with Dr. Doubleday, of Catskill, Dr. Taw Green, of Chenango county, and Dr. Clyde, of Broome county, N. Y. After three vears studv he was examined bv the board of censors of Senaca county, and William Owens, M. D. was granted a license March 9. 1816. He then located in ^ladison, Ohio, prac- ticed there until October. 181 8. when he removed to Painesville. While in Madison he mairied Sophia Kimball, by w^hom he had two children, Lemuel K, and Catherine Rosa. Lemuel became a homoeopathic physician. In 1841 Dr. Rosa began to investigate homoeopathy at the suggestion of friends who had been using homoeopathic medicine with success. He received the assis- tance of Dr. Barlow, of New York, and Dr. Pulte, of Cincinnati, who supplied him with books and medicines. In 1843 ^^^ formally adopted the system. Dr. E. M. Hale thus writes of him: " When the Eclectic ^Tcdical College of Cin- cinnati was organized, it was understood by the legislature that chartered it and the original faculty that it was to be organized upon the broadest basis of ture eclecticism. Drs. Morrow, Hill, Gatchcll and other able men were mem- bers of the faculty, and Dr. Rosa was selected bv the homoeopathists of Ohio HISTORY OF HOAICEOPATHY 18S as a suitable person to occupy the chair of theory and practice of homoeopathy. His labors in that ct^llege mark an era of homoeopathy in the west. They gave an impetus to the system that is felt even to this dav. He began one course of lectures, which had the effect of converting not only one-tliird of the class, but two of his most prominent eclectic colleagues in the faculty. Drs. Hill and Gatchell. This was a result not relished by the eclectic school and Dr. Rosa was deposed from his position." The trustees formally abolished this chair August 22, 1850. A trustee published a letter to the " American Journal of Homoeopathy " for October, 1850, in which he said that as there were many errors in homoeopathy, and as the students were already overburdened with study, and as the professors w^ere quite competent to teach the doctrines of homoeopathy as much as necessary, a special homoeopathic professorship was of no utility, especially as there had been considerable opposition in the ranks of the homoeopathic school. When the Western College of Homoeopathic Medicine was opened in Cleveland in the fall of 1850, Dr. Rosa was tendered the chair of ob- stetrics and diseases of women, which position he occupied for sev- eral years. When the St. Louis Homoeopathic College was estab- lished he was offered the chair of theory and practice, but declined. He presided over the first meeting of homoeopaths held in Ohio, at Bur- ton, and there were but nine phy- sicians present. Dr. Rosa died at Painesville. Mav 3, 1864. Lemuel K. Rosa was born in 1827. He graduated at the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati, and soon afterward, 1849, associated in practice with Dr. Adam Miller of Cincinnati, with whom he remained a year. In the spring of 1850 he became associated with Dr. H. P. Gatchell. His health was now feeble, he having for some time been subject to pulmonary hemorrhage. He returned to his' father's home and attempted to practice with Dr. IManter, of Elyria, but was again obliged to give it up. He died February 29, 1854, aged twentv-seven vears. Dr. David Herrick Beckwith was born at Bronson. Feb. 13, 182^). and read medicine with Dr. John Tifft, of Norwalk, from 1846 to 1849; attended lectures at Cleveland Medical College in 1847-48. and graduated from the eclectic and homoeopathic departments of the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati in 1849. I" 1850-51 he attended the first course of lectures at the Eastern College of Homoeopathic Medicine, and received an honorary degree in the latter vear. He became a partner with Dr. Tifft at Norwalk. remaining there until 1852, when he removed to Marietta, being the first homoeopathist Storm Rosa, M. D. D. H. kkck ;. M. n. H. F. BiGOAR, m;d. J. k. HoRNKk. .. (,. H. yiAV, M. D. 11. ViKTS, M. D. H. B. V\s NORMA.N. M. D. O. A. Palmer, M. D. H. O. BOHOP. M. D. G. J. Jones. M. D W. A. Phili.ii^, M. D. H. H. Baxter, M. D. PROMIXEXT CLEVELAND HOMOEOPATHS. HISTORY OF HOiMCEOPATHY 185 there. In 1853 'le located at Zanesville, and in 1861 settled in Qeveland. During the first two years of practice he used allopathic medicines largely, testing homceopathy. His attention was first called to it while a student. In the Cleveland Lyceum the topic was presented : "Resolved, That Homoeop- athy is the greatest humbug of the age." Dr. Beckwith was appointed on the negative side, which compelled him to investigate the principles of the new school. He consulted Drs. John Wheeler and C. D. Williams, who loaned him homoecipathic books and assisted him in understanding the doctrines of Hahnemann. The debate lasted for five hours and was decided in the nega- tive. In 1 85 1 and 1852 Dr. Beckwith, with others, w^ho had entire control of the county buildings, tested thoroughly the comparative merits of homoeopathy and allopathy in scarlet fever and dysentery. The result was so much in favor of honireopathy that the old use of drugs was abolished. Dr. Beck- with is a representative man among the Ohio homoeopathists. He is a mem- ber of the American Institute of Homceopathy, an organizer of the state society and member of various county societies. He is still in practice in Cleveland. In the year 184G the first liomcEopathic pharmacy in Ohio was opened in Cleveland by B. H. Bartlett, at the corner of Superior street and public square. In 1845, J- ^- DeSilver opened a pharmacy in Cincinnati. He was agent for the Lcipsic pharmacy. In July, 1849, Dr. H. F. Davis opened a pharmacy in the same city and at the same time conducted a free dispensary for cholera patients. He sold out to Dr. Parks in the summer of 185 1. In the Cincinnati " Jouinal of Homoeopathy " he advertises that " having bought Dr. Davis' pliarmac}' and entirely resigned out-door practice will prepare prescriptions at the pharmacy. " This pliarmacy was sold in 1863 to G. W. Smith and A. F. Wortb.ington. who dissolved partnership in 1873. In Febru- ary, 1892, Boericke & Tafel bought out Mr. Worthington. Dr. S. Bailey opened a small pharmacy in Toledo in 1865, and Dr, G. WolflF conducted a pharmacy at Zanes\ille in 1886. A Mr. Hernig had a pharmacy at Wheeling at one time, and T. L. A. Greve had one in Cincinnati. William Fiskc conducted a homoeopathic drug store in Cleveland about 1850, and later took John Hall as partner. On January i. 1853. Mr. Fiske left the firm and Mr. Hall continued the business for a time and was then succeeded by his son, John B. Hall. In 1865 he sold out to Drs. D. H. Beck- with and N. Schneider. On January i. 1867. Dr. T. 1'. Wilson entered the firm. In 1866, Dr. Beckwith bought the pharmacy, taking as partner Mr. L. II. Witte, who in 1869 bought out Dr. Beckwith and became sole pro- prietor. ■ In 1851. Drs. B. Ehrmann. Adam Miller and G. W. Bigler established " The Cincinnati Journal of HonKeojxathy." It was issued by the Society of Hom(EO|;.athic Physicians in Cincinnati. Homoeopathic physicians in Ohio previous to i860. The date preceding the name indicates the year the physician began the i)ractice of homceopathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school: the character x indicates that physician practiced medicine before the date given. 184^ Adams, R. E. W. Cleveland 1857 Bauer, Ad.. Jr. x Cincinnati 1857 .\ppleby. Dr. x Dayton 1847 Barker, G. W. Cleveland 1858 .Arnott. :\Irs. C. .\mherst 1857 Bartow. .\. C. x Lancaster 1840 Bauer, Adolph Cincinnati 1845 Bartlett, B. H. Cleveland 186 i857 185 1 1857 1857 1851 1853 1850 1857 1848 1857 1848 1850 i8s8 1851 1857 1857 1857 1857 1857 1849 1857 1844 1857 185 1 1835 1857 185 1 1836 1852 1857 1853 1859 1857 1845 1846 1854 1854 1846 1848 1857 1859 1857 1861 1857 1850 1845 1840 1833 1857 184S 1865 1852 1857 1857 1 840 i860 HISTORY OF HOMa:OPATHY I Barber, Dr. x Zanesville Barnes, George W. Mount Vernon Barnes, L. x Delaware Barry. Mrs. E. H. x Cleveland Beach, S. A. Beeman, J. Beckwith, David H. Cleveland Beckwith, Ephriam C. Cleveland Beckwith, I. B. Norwalk Beckwith, Seth R. Cleveland Beck, W. X Cincinnati Bigler, George W. Cincinnati Bigelow, F. X Toledo Bissell, Arthur F. Toledo Blair, Alonzo O. x Columbus Blair, Giles S. * Galion Blair, George H. Columbus Blakeney, J. T. x Somerset Bliss, A. A. X Columbus Bottsford, O. K. x Wellsville Bosler, Jacob x Dayton Boyle, Dr. x Dayton Brainard, Jehu Cleveland Brush, A. X Cincinnati Burritt, Alexander H. Burton Bush, R. B. X Cadily Bryce. Dr. Cain, William Ravenna Caspari, Edward Ravenna Chase, H. H. x Painesville Coman, Isaac W. Jefferson Cope, Dr. Plymouth Cook. Helen Coburn, S. H. x Adrian Coulter, James H. x Columbus Cushiui?. Charles F. Cleveland Connolly. P. J. x Massillon Cowlcs, E. W. Cleveland Crosby, Dr. x Akron Cropper. Charles Cincinnati Cuscaden, T. W. Lebanon Davis, Frederick A. W. * Cincinnati Davis, H. F. Cincinnati Davis. H. J. X Cincinnati Davis. John Greenfield Dawayer. A. I. x Norwalk Detweiler. Wm. M. River Styks P. O. Dennis, J. W. De Silver Diller. J. M. x Ashland Drake, S. L. x Cleveland Dodge. Lewis Adrian Ehrmann, Benjamin F. Chillicothe Ehrmann. I. * Cincinnati Edson. Mrs. S. A. x Cleveland Fall. John C. * Springfield Ferris. O. * LTpper Sandusky Flowers. F. L. * New Lexington Fuller. Dr. x Fairfield Fulton, S. J. X Toledo Garrettson, Jesse Cincinnati Garrettson, Jos. x Cincinnati 1849 Gatchell, Horatio P. * Cleveland 1S54 Gaylord, Edward P. Toledo 'X47 Gilman, John Cleveland 857 Gilson, E. D. X Ohio City 851 Gray, W. W. x Cleveland 853 Goff, Philip H. Geneva 857 Goodrich, W. B. x Hiram 842 Gorgas, Charles R. * Wooster 857 Gross, E. F. x Marion 857 Harris, Dr. x Mansfield 857 Hawk, J. A. x West Lebanon 863 Hamisfar, C. H. * St. Marys Herrick, C. B. 857 Hering, H. x Steubenville 848 Hill, Benjamin L. * Berlin Hts. 853 Hill, George L. Berlinville 851 Hollingsworth. Z. Oregon 852 Holcombe, William H. * Cincinnati 841 Hoyt, Daniel O. * Cleveland 857 Howells, X Urbana 849 Hunt, James G. Cincinnati Hussey, C. St. C. 8s7 Johnson, J. M. x Cleveland Kinsell, D. R. 850 Keys. D. C. x Oberlin 857 Koch, W. x Zanesville 857 Kissey, J. x Oregon i^^7 Kramer, D. T. x Sandusky 8s2 Kyle. Dr. Leech, J. W. 857 Leach, William C. x Xenia 857 Linton, J. G. x Hamburgh 852 Macy, Benjamin C. * Elyria Ss^ Massey, Isaiah B. * Sandusky S48 Manter, N. H. Elyria 849 Miller, Adam * Cincinnati 852 Miller, Thomas * Cleveland 850 Myers, Jacob x Ashland 843 Morrill, Alpheus * Akron 857 Nicss, J. X Canton 857 Northrup, D. W. x Sherman 842 Oesterlin, Charles * Findlay 849 Owens, William * Cincinnati 853 Parks, John M. x Cincinnati 868 Peckham, George F. * Rawsonville 850 Pearson, Clement Wellsville 851 Pearson, William x Dayton 851 Prentiss. A. N. Jefferson 849 Peck. William Cincinnati 845 Plymouth. A. H. Painsville 846 Podzoe. Father Somerset 846 Price. William x Cincinnati Prowell, Dr. 860 Pritchard, J. A. * Eaton 840 Pulte, Joseph H. Cincinnati 848 Pretsch. Curt Wellsville Reynolds, 849 Rheiwinkle. F. H. Chillicothe 851 Ring. Hamilton Urbana 845 Richmond. R. W. Charlton 843 Rodgers. George B. * Chagrin Falls 84T Rosa, Storm Painesville HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 1S7 1849 Rosa. Lemuel K. 1854 Rush, Robert B. Springfield 1846 Saal, Gerhard Springfield 1855 Sanders. John Chapin Cleveland 1857 Sapp, G. W. X Tiffin 1857 Sachse, H. S. x Chillicothe 1843 Schlagel, Amherst T857 Sceale, Dr. x Cincinnati 1857 Schueler, G. x Cleveland 1857 Schell, D. x Canton 1849 Shepherd, Alfred Springdale 1845 Shepherd, David * Bainbridge 1857 Smith, H. L. X Mount Vernon 1857 Smith, E. W. X Higginsport 1844 Snow Ralph A. Cleveland 1853 Sook, Henry L. * Pomeroy 1854 Spangler, R. W. Chillicothe Stanley, Nelson 1851 Starr, Calvin Springfield 1857 Steemm, C. W. x Piqua 1845 Stevens, D. Windsor 1839 Strum, William Cincinnati 1857 Stockton, C. L. x Painesville 1857 Straw. J. X Cincinnati 1857 Stohl, F. X Ganges Stokes, Dr. 1857 Storm, I. W. X Cincinnati 1857 Storm, George x 857 Sturges, J. J. X Cleveland 857 Sweeney, E. I. x Nelson 857 Swany, I. x Charlton 857 Teller, E. R. x Newark 857 Thompson, W. x Solon 852 Tifft, John Norwalk 853 Townsend, Enoch W. * Warren 857 Turrell, G. x Cleveland 857 Turrell, G. Y. x Cleveland 855 Vail, George W. * Arlington 857 Watson, J. x Lexington 853 Wakeman, John A.* Portsmouth 853 Webster, William * Middletown 857 Werner, J. x Canton 845 Wheeler, John * Cleveland 857 Wheelan, G. x Columbiana 857 Wheat, J. N. x Oberlin 857 Whitney, Sullivan x Cleveland 854 White, Cornelius C. Marion 847 Whipple. A. Dry Ridge 852 Witherill, Edwin C. Cincinnati 857 Wilson, Thomas P. Lanesville 840 Williams, Charles D. * Cleveland 855 Wilmot, Silas G. * Rawsonville 846 Wigand, Henry Ravenna 857 Wolfard, H. L. x Wooster 857 Wooley, P. H. X Newburgh 857 Worley, H. P. x Cleveland 1S8 ITISTORV or llo.Mfy.Oi'ATHV CHAPTER X HOMCEOrATHY IX LOUISIANA. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. Condition of iMcdicine in Louisiana in Martin's Time — The Southern Homoeopathic Medical Association — Charity Homoeopathic Hospital — Dr. Joseph Martin, the Pio- neer Homoeopath in Louisiana — Taft, the Second Practitioner — Romini'^oenoe-^ of Other Early Homoeopathic Practitioners. Authentic historical accounts state that homoeopathy first found lodgment in Louisiana in 1836, in which year the system was also introduced in the states of Ohio and Alaryland. The people of the far south took kindly to the new doctrine, and welcomed its pioneers with the warm impulses of their na- _ tures ; and while the allopathic school refused to countenance the disciples of Ilahnemann, they did not carry their opposition to the extreme length of bit- terness with which they greeted the homoeopaths in many of the states farther north. The story of the planting and subsequent growth of homoeopathy in Louis- iana is not wholly unlike that of other states, yet for some, reason not easy of explanation the 'school never acquired great or even proportionate strength in the region under consideration, and this despite the fact that the physical afflictions of mankind in the south, the peculiar maladies with which the southerners have been periodically visited, yield more readily to homoeopathic treatment than to that of the old school. This has been proven time and again. The people, too, always have been ready to welcome the general outspreading of homcjeopathy, but the young practitioners fresh from the college have set their faces in another direction, choosing the more densely populated states and the large commercial centers as the field of professional activity. In 1878, twenty-five years after Martin, the former French ship surgeon, first treated in New Orleans with the little doses, there were only seventeen homoeopathic practitioners in the . state, and ten years later the number had decreased to eight. In 1904 there were twenty-six homoeopathic physicians in the state, twelve in New Orleans and fourteen in the sparsely settled parishes outside of that city. THE SOUTHERX HOMOEOI'ATI tlC MEDICAL ASSOCIATIOX. In 1880 the less than twenty homoeopathic practitioners of the state met in the city of New Orleans and organized a medical association under the name of Hahnemann Medical Association of Louisiana. This body soon became decadent and was succeeded in 1885 by the Southern Homoeopathic Medical Association. The latter society has enjoyed a continuous existence to. the present time, although a re-organization was affected in 1890. The annual meeting is held in Xcw Orleans in January, with bi-monthly meetings for ordinary purposes in the same city. The membersbiii in 1903 was twenty- two physicians. Societe Hahnemannienne De La Novelle Orleans was oro^anized some- I HISTORY OF H()M(i:()|'A'rHV 189. time between 1858 and i860. It published a monthly paper called "■ l/llo- moion," which, like the society itself, was soon discontinued. The Charity Homoeopathic Hospital of New Orleans was founded in 1892 by the homoeopathic profession and its friends in the city, and was the direct outgrowth of a refusal of certain hospital authorities to permit homeopathic treatment of a patient in that institution. The incident hap- pened in 1891, and the new hospital was established in March of the next year. It was a worthy enterprise, founded for an equally commendable pur- pose, yet its life was short, due to a want of proper interest in its affairs, hence its " passing " was only a natural consequence. REMINISCENCES. Homoeopathy was introduced in Louisiana about the same time as in Ohio. Dr. Joseph Martin, a physician connected with the h'rench navy, vis- ited New Orleans and became enamoured of that brilliant city. Returning to France, he was converted by Dr. Tournier, who practiced homteopathy in Lyons as early as 1834. Martin returned to America and located in New Orleans in 1836. Dr. Holcombe says Martin was the first man who practiced homoeopathy in the southern states, and that he practiced in New ( )rlcans until his death, m 1861. The next pioneer was a layman named Formel, who had been an old soldier of the " Empire " and who practiced with great zeal. The French and American people were at that time entirely separated from each other, and the American residents knew but little of the ]<"rench practitioners. The first homoeopathic physician who established a practice among the Americans was Dr. Robert Glass, of Hopkinsville, Ky., who from 1840 to 1844 spent the winters in New Orleans and practiced the system of Hahnemann. About the same time two German physicians, Drs. Kiefer and Luyties, were for a short time in practice. In 1845, Dr. Gustavus M. Taft, of Hartford, Conn., went south. He was born in Dedham, Mass., December 7, 1820; read medicine with Dr. Josiah F. Flagg, of Boston; graduated at the University of New York in 1842, and be^an practice in Hartford, being the second practitioner of houKTeopathy in that city. His health failed and he went to New Orleans in November, 1845. Dr. Holcombe says he was an elegant and accomplished gentleman, a thor- oughly educated physician, and to fascinating address he added the charm of fine personal appearance. He acquired an immense business, and hi^s sudden death, .August 10, 1847, was regarded as a public calamity. Dr. Taft was one of the original members of the American Institute of Homoeopathy. Another (jf the earlv homceopathists was Dr. Alexander Hamilton Rur- ritt, who went to New Orleans in July, 1854, and of whom further mention is made in the history of earlv homoeopathy in Ohio. Another noteworthy, practitioner was Dr. L. V. M. Taxil, who had been an allopathic i^rofessor in France. He located in New Orleans previous to 1857, and in 1859 estab- lished a French monthlv journal, " LTIomoion, " an organ of Hahnemannian doctrine. While attending professional duties Dr. Taxil was severely injured, having been run over bv a street car, from the effects of which he died. .\ug- ust 6', 1864, aged sixty-eight years. Dr. Taxil received his medical degree from the Western Homoeopthic College in 1858. Another of the FY-ench homceopathists was Dr. Louis Caboche, who set- tled in New Orleans about 1856. He also published a paper, " Le I'raclicien Homoeopathique", a monthly commenced in 1857 and continued one year. In lt>0 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 1861 he edited " L'Homoion, " which was the organ of the Societe Hahne- mannienne of New Orleans. He died of typhoid fever in November, 1863. aged seventy-two years. Alexis Leon was born in Philadelphia in April, 181 5. After practicing a few years in that city he removed to New Orleans, where he remained twelve years. He was practicing homoeopathy previous to 185 1. He went to New Orleans about 1844 and left there in 1856 for New York, where he established himself in practice. Under the direction of Dr. E. E. Marcy, he gave him- self treatment and greatly recovered his health. During the summer of 1866, the fear of cholera in New York caused the physicians to be overworked and Dr. Leon was affected. In August he was taken ill and died at Long Branch, N. J., September 2, 1866. He joined the American Institute of Homoeopathy in 1846. Dr. J. Vail was practicing homoeopathy in New Orleans as early as 1853. In a letter he said: "We had in 1853 and 1854 five homoeopathic physicians in full practice; this year (1855) we have four more. For the three years the yellow fever prevailed here our loss has been six per cent. " The homoeopathic pioneer in Mobile was Dr. James Gridley Belden, who was born in Moscow, N. Y., September 12., 1822. He took a course at Har- vard Medical School, studied a year with Dr. Winslow Lewis, of Boston, two years with Dr. Taft, of Hartford, Conn., and graduated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York in March, 1846. The same year he went to Mobile. Alabama, remained there a year and then located in New Orleans. His attention was called to homoeopathy by seeing its good results in the cases of friends, and making a study of it, he soon became convinced of its truth and openly adopted it in practice. In 1852 he married Arabella Trent, of Bufifalo. N. Y. He died July 6. 1896. at New Orleans. In 1855 Dr. Richard Angeli went to New Orleans to take charge, in con- junction with his son. of the Orphans' Home. He bought out Dr. Luyties' pharmacy the same year. He was born in London, England, March 16, 1804. After a year devoted to the study of pharmacy he attended the Middlesex Hospital, then under the supervision of his uncle, Thomas Chevalier, surgeon to George IV. Afterward he came to America, locating in Washington, D. C. where he studied medicine with Drs. Sewall and Mc Williams of Columbia Medical College, from which he graduated in March. 1826, having held for three years previouslv the position of pharmaceutist and house surgeon in the Corporation Asylum and Hospital. He engaged in country practice in Mississippi until 1843, Avhen he went to Louisville. Ky. While there he be- came a homocopathist and adopted it in his practice. His wife's ill health com[)ellcd a return to the south in 1847. and he practiced in Huntsville, Ala., until 1855, when failing health unfitted him for active work. He then went to New Orleans and died there June 10, 1879, at the age of seventy-five years. Dr. Samuel Minter Angeli was the son of Richard Angeli. and was born in Jefferson county. Miss.. August 2. 1833. He began the study of medicine with his father at Huntsville, Ala., and attended lectures at the Cincinnati Eclectic Medical Institute in 1854-55. The next year took a course at the Medical School of Louisiana (Tulane University). In 1856-57 he attended the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, where he graduated in 1857. and he also graduated from an allopathic collesfe at Louisville. Ky. He settled in New Orleans in practice with his father in 1858, and the partnership lasted for twenty years until the father's death. During the yellow fever HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 191 epidemic of 1878, Dr. Angell became well known for his successful treat- ment. He died in New Orleans, October 5, 1895, leaving a widow, two daughters and two sons. Dr. Adolphe Cartier, an old school practitioner of New Orleans, became a convert to homoeopathy about 1845. In Sniith's " Homoeopathic Directory " for 1857 the names of A. Cartier, F. Cartier, Dr. Bailey, L. A. Bianchini,'F. W. Ferris and J. Mathieu are given as practicing homoeopathy in New Or- leans. Dr. D. S. Oliphant was practicing in New Orleans in 1857. An in- teresting letter from hnn may be found in the " Family Journal of Homoeo- pathy" for October, 1854, regarding the yellow fever in Mississippi in 1853. At that time Dr. Oliphant was living in Natchez. He says: "During the \Vm, H. llolcombe, M. D. height of the epidemic 1 remained at Natchez assisting in attendance on the more critical cases of yellow fever occurring in homoeopathic families. For several vears I had abandoned medical practice on account of feeble health; and had not the urgency of the case impelled me, I should have remained an indilterent spectator of the struggle between the several schools of medicine. But the calls of my friends for aid at this trying crisis forced me to active duty ; and gratitude to Dr. Davis for his kind attention to me personally dur- ing a relapse of yellow fever, mduced me to give him all the aid I could as nurse and assistant in his cases. " Tn the midst of this duty Dr. Oliphant was called to Jefferson county, thirty-six miles distant, where the epidemic was so severe that the planters had banded together for mutual aid. The few homoeo- pathic families living there preferred that treatment, and it was their appli- cation to Drs. Davis and Holcombe that induced Dr. Oliphant to go there. iri2 llISTom' Ml- 11()M(T.(^1\\TI1V WM. 11. IIOI.COMBI-:, M. D. Tlic one man whoso name always will be associated with the growth of homoeopathy in the south, the Hering of southern homoeopathy, is William Henry Holcombe, physician, author, poet, humanitarian. He was born in Lynchburg, \'a., May 29, 1825. His grandfather was Colonel Philemon Holcombe, w^ho ran away from Hampden College and enlisted at the begin- ning of the revolutionary war. serving through it. He was an officer in Harry Lee's famous regiment and acted as aide-de-camp to General LaFay- ctte at the seige of Yorktown. Dr. Holcombe's father was Dr. William J. Holcombe, a successful physi- cian of Madison, Ind., with whom the young man studied medicine. He at- tended one year at Washington College, \'a., and had just prepared to enter the junior class at Yale College when his jDarents liberated their negroes and removed to Madison. He took a scientific course in Washington College, Lexington. \'a., attended medical lectures at the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania in 1845-47, and graduated there in the latter year. After practicing three years with his father in Madison, he went to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he resided from 1850 to 1852. A\'hile there he became a convert to the teachings of Swedenborg, and also to homoeo- pathy. He practiced in Natchez, Miss., from 1852 to 1855 and then he re- moved to Waterproof, La. In 1864 he went to New Orleans and lived in that city until his death, excepting a short time spent in Cincinnati in 1886. In 1852 he married Rebecca Palmer, of Cincinnati, who was interested in medi- cine and was seen in the doctor's office nearlv as frequently as himself. He was a voluminous writer both of medical articles and books. He also published several volumes of poems and one novel. His first pamphlet, " The Scientific Basis of Homoeopathy, " was issued in 1851, and was of great value in mak- ing converts to the new medical system. The manuscript of his last book, " The Truth About Homoeopathy, " was found in his desk after his death. In 1853, during the yellow fever epidemic. Dr. Holcombe and Dr. F. A. \\'. Davis were appointed physicians to the AEississippi State Hospital, and although powerful efforts were made in the legislature to expel them from office the committee which investigated the matter reported favorably and they were retained. Dr. Holcombe became a member of the American Institute of Homoeo- pathy in i860, and also was a member of various other medical societies. His books on non-medical subjects were " Our Children in Heaven, " " The Sexes Here and Hereafter, " " In Both Worlds. " " The Other Life, '' and a work of poetry called " Southern Voices. " Dr. Holcombe died November 28, 1893. Another of the pioneers of homoeopathv in Louisiana was Dr. James D. Bratt, son of Edward Rratt, of Pittsburgh, Pa., and a graduate in 1852 of the Homan])athic Medical College of Penns\ Ivania. He died September 22, 1855. In the directory of 1857 appear the names of Dr. Booth, at Newell's Ridge ; Dr. Couel, at Catahoola Parish ; Dr. L. H. Dorsay, at Kirk's Ferry ; Dr. (iab, at Carrollton ; Dr. Postlethwaite, at Carroll Parish ; Dr. L: Stempel. at Star, and Dr. Wirz, at Milliken Bend, but no data are obtainable of them. In 1853 Dr. Luyties established a homoeopathic pharmacy in New Or- leans, and in 185^ sold out to Dr. Richard Angell. In 1856 Drs. Leon and Burritt estalilished a nhnrmacv in New Orleans and carried on business fo" a short time. Dr. de V'ilUiKi've kejit a small pharmacy in the city for six HISTORY OF HOM(EOPATHY 1!i:J months. About i860 Dr. J. A. D'Hemiconrt o])ene(l a pharmacy, which was closed in 1875, after his death. Jn Xovember. 1877, Doericke & Tafel estab- lished a branch pharmac\- in the city and placetl it under the charge of Mr. T. Engelbach. who on IMarch i, 1884. bought and has since continued it. A French society was formed in Xew Orleans in 1858, and was con- tinued for a short time. The Xew Orleans Relief Association was continued during the yellow fever e])idemic of 1878. It furnished food, nurses and homoeopathic medicines to the sick. The Hahnemann Medical Association of Louisiana was organized in 1880. but was discontinued in 1885. Homoeopathic physicians in Louisiana previous to i860. The date pre- ceding the name indicates the >ear ihe physician began the practice of homoeo- pathy.- The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school: the character x indicates that the physician practiced medicine before the date given. 1844 1857 1857 1846 1857 1857 1852 1840 1857 1850 i8^o 1856 1857 1857 i860 i860 1857 Angell, Richard * New Orleans 1858 Angell. Samuel M. New Orleans 1857 Baile}', Walter * New Orleans 1840 Belden, James G. * New Orleans 1*^52 Rianchini, L. A. x New Orleans (840 Booth. Dr. X Newells Ridge r-'46 Bratt. James D. Waterproof 1853 Burritt, Alexander H. New Orleans ' 57 Biirritt, ^Irs. x New Orleans • '36 Cartier, Adolphe * New Orleans ■ 1,7 Cartier. F. New Orleans 1S57 Caboche, L. New Orleans ' 37 Couel. Dr. x Catahoola Parish ''"'.•4 Dorsey, L. H. x Kirks Ferry '"8 D'Hemiconrt. J. A. New Orleans ? ,'/ Delcroix, P. New Orleans ! '7 Ferris, F. W. x New Orleans Formel, Dr. New Orleans Gab, Dr. x Carrollton Glass, Robert New Orleans Holcombe, William H. * New Orleans Kiefer, Dr. New Orleans Leon. Alexis New Orleans Luyties, Dr. New Orlean> Mathieu, J. x New Orleans Martin, Joseph New Orleans Oliphant, D. S. x New Orleans Postlethwaite x Carroll Parish Stempel, L. x Star P. O. i aft. Gustavus M. New Orleans Taxil, L. V. M. New Orleans Vail, J. x New Orleans Wirz, 11. X Millikcn Bond. 11)4 HISTORY OF TIOMCEOPATHY f CHATTKR XI HOMOEOPATH V IX MARYLAND. By Thomas Lindslej^ Bradford, M. D. The Maryland Hoinreopathic State Medical Society— Other Societies— Felix R. Mc- Manus. the Pioneer — His Life and Experiences — Schmidt, the Prussian Convert — Haynel, the German, and Busch, the Saxon — Cyriax, Hardy and Geiger — List of Early Practitioners. The pioneer of homoeopathy in Maryland was a najive of the state and, withal, a physician of excellent ability, perfectly conscientious, and of suffi- cient determination of character to withstand the opposition of the forces of the Medical and Chirur,^ical Faculty, as the organized allopathic profession in the state always has been known. Dr. Shower's historv of the Southern Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital of Baltimore in another chapter of this work gives an interesting account of early homceopathv in Baltimore, and also presents a faithful nar- rative of the conditions existing in the state when the first homoeopaths en- tered the field. In 1875 there were fifty-seven homoeopathic practitioners in Maryland, thirty-five of whom were in Baltimore. THE MARYLAND STATE HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL SOCIETY. The society of the name above given dates its history from the year 1887. and was the outgrowth of the Medical Institute of Homoeopathy, estab- lished in 1882, while the latter was the direct successor of the still older Mary- land Homoeopathic Society of Baltimore City, which was incorporated in 1875, and was a state society notwithstandmg the local character implied by its name. The society last mentioned was organized in Baltimore on December 16, 1875, at which time a constitution was adopted, and officers were elected as follows: Dr. Elias C. Price of Baltimore, president; Dr. Thomas F. Pomeroy and Dr. H. R. Fetterhofif, both of Baltimore, vice-presidents; Dr. H. A. Un- derwood of Baltimore, secretary; Dr. Jacob Schmidt of Baltimore, treasurer; Dr. J. B. Crane of Bel Air. George Fechtig of Flagerstown and Dr. A. A. Roth of Frederick, censors. The society held annual meetings with fair reg- ularity until 1882, and was then dissolved. On November 15 of the same year a meeting of homoeopathic physicians of the state was held in Baltimore and organized the Maryland Institute of Homoeopathy, with these officers: Dr. Elias C. Price of Baltimore, president; Dr. George T. Shower of Balti- more, vice-president; Dr. O. Edward Janney of Baltimore, secretary and treasurer ; Dr. Eldridge C. Price of Baltimore, historian ; Drs. Flora A. Brew- ster, A. R. Barrett and William B. Turner, censors. This society met semi- annually in Baltimore and continued its existence until April 11. 1887, when it adjourned sine die. It was immediately succeeded- bv the present society, which dates its history from the dav mentioned. The first officers were Dr. Joseph Lloyd Martin, president; Drs. N. W. Kneass and Thomas E. Sears, k HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 195 vice-presidents; Dr. Irving Miller, secretary; Dr'. T^iomas Shearer, treasurer; Drs. N. W. ^lark, E. S. Conlyn and H. Wilbur, cengors-:^Tliis sc^ietv has maintained an active and useful existence to the present time,'^ind numb^efs about seventy-five members. The Baltimore Homoeopathic Medical Society was organized at Baltimore September 24, 1874, and was continued until 1883, when it was dissolved. The Medical Investigation Club of Baltimore was organized November 5, 1881, with five members, for the especial purpose of promoting the investi- gation of medical and scientific subjects, and social intercourse of those who united with it. In this respect the club had fulfilled an important mission in the homoeopathic professional life of Baltimore and generally has been the Thomas Shearer, M. D. means of accomplishing much good. Its methods arc wholly democratic and its meetings are occasions of social enjoyment. The Homoeopathic Clinical Society of Maryland and the District of Co- lumbia was organized October i, 1890, a union of the Homoeopathic Society of Maryland and the Homoeopathic Medical Society of the District of Co- lumbia, The Maryland Homoeopathic Hospital of Baltimore was opened October 9, 1890. Its history is sufficiently mentioned in connection with that of the college of which it forms a part. 19(3 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY KliMINISCENCES. 'Dr. 1-eiix d. Mc.Manus, lo whom is accorded the honor of having first carried the gospel of Hahnemann to the Marylanders, was born in Baltimore, May 30, 1807. He ^vas educated chiefly at Georgetown University, and later was a student :n medicine at the Baltimore Infirmary. He took his degree in medicine at the University of Maryland in April, 1829, and began practice in Baltnnore in that year, but in 1837 the (to him) unaccountable loss of a patient so disturbed his mind m regard to the settled rule of practice of that school that he instinctively turned hi another direction in the hope of arriving at some satisfactory conclusion respecting the evident mistakes of that school's methods, and at the same time to provide himself with more rational and sane means of cure. It was then that his attention was called to homoeopathy by one of the Catholic clergy ; he was led to investigate, and investigation brought him into a new light in the world of medicine. " I claim the honor of having been the first physician of Maryland who attempted such investigation. " said Dr. McManus in writing the story of homoeopathy in his native state. And again he says : " Homoeopathy here, as W'ell as elsewhere, had a ' hard road to travel,' as, in all other places, nothing but its success could vindicate its adoption ; and now it enjoys a proud and en- viable position." This most worth.y pioneer of homoeopathy lived to good old age, and died in his native city March 3, 1885. He was a charter member of the American Institute of Hc^mcEopathy, and for manv years was a conspicuous figure in the assemblages of his professional brethren. The story of his early experiences always found willing listeners, and he was looked upon as the father of his school in Maryland as long as he lived. At a meeting of the institute held at [Milwaukee in 1880 he narrated the history of his early practice and of his conversion to homceopathy. and the published accounts of his story have been drawn upon to illustrate in this chapter something of the life of the practi- tioner of Hahnemann's doctrine during the second quarter of the last century. Dr. McManus frequently ex})ressed regret that there was so little organ- ization among his professional brethren in Maryland, and in one of his public addresses he announced that the state was without either college or hospital and that no homceopathic publication was issued from within its borders. I he worthy old veteran live'd, however, to participate in the organization of a flourishing state society and to witness the establishment of others ; and had he lived five more years his desire to witness the establishment of a college of liomoeopathic medical learning would have been gratified, for in 1890 th.-; Southern Homcropathic Medical College and Hospital was founded and entered upon its useful career. This institution, however, is made the subject of more extended mention in another department of this work. Dr. ]^IcManus frequently narrated the story of his conversion to homoe- opathy. He secured Hering's " Domestic P^hysician, " with thirty or forty remedies, and bought a box containing one hundred and seventeen remedies, prepared, as he supposed, in Leipsic. He mentioned several cures with the thirtieth potencies, of which he once spoke as follows: " I saw an announce- ment in a paper of a homceopathic physician bv the name of Radcliffe. and at that time I had a very singular case, and I did not know what to do with it. It was a case that I defined to be neuralgia, rheumatic pain or rheuma- tism. The neuralgia was intermittent neuralgia. The ladv was nineteen vears HISTORY OF 1I().M(K()PATHY 197 of age, very sensitive in her organization and in her nervous system. Every day at two o'elock after an intermission of six weeks, she was taken with what she called a needle pain. She felt as if a needle were stuck into her heart, and that was immediately followed by a convulsion which lasted from thirty minutes to two or three hours. I commenced the treatment on the tonic plan ; I commenced with sulphate of qumine. Still the pain came on at two o'clock. 1 gave the medicine faithfully for two or three days but it had no result. Then I resorted to a preparation of arnica flowers and a solution. Finally I anticipated the paroxysm by sinapisms anteriorly and posteriorly. These were applied to the heart. I thought by the time we began to irritate the sur- face it would produce some effect ; this was counter irritation. I thought by this plan I might break up the paroxysms. I did not know what to do. I saw this advertisement and said. I do not know Dr. Radcliffe ; nobody can tell me who he is ; I will go and see him. I went and told him the object of my visit. I asked him if he had ever treated such a case. He said, 'No.' He was a very intelligent man and very agreeable in his presence, bearing and conversation. He listened to my story patiently and after hearing me said, * Doctor, I think a dose of spigelia the thirtieth will cure that case." ' One dose of spigelia,' said I, 'a-Ou do not mean the ^Maryland pink root?' 'Yes,' he replied, ' I will give you a dose.' It was then ^en o'clock in the morning. ' What will I do with it? ' said I. His reply was: ' You put this powder on the tongue of the patient.' I saw him pour out the pellets in a little sugar of milk. I had the curiosity to take up the bottle ; it bore the mark, ' Spigelia. 30.' I left the house and thought to myself that man must be a fool, and yet he told it to me with that kind of assurance that would baffle suspicion. I thought, if this dose of spigelia will cure her. I will try it. I went to see the young lady about ten o'clock and I put the powder of spigelia on the end of her tongue. I thought to myself it was a real piece of folly, but I told her I would come again in the afternoon. I was very busy, but told her I would go to the house about five o'clock. Now you must recollect that this patient had not missed a paroxysm for six weeks. Her mother met me at the door. She was standing "on the portico and she raised her hand and said: 'Mary missed her pain to-day.' " 'Missed her pain. Had she any spasm?' 'Not at all, come in.' " I went in. The girl was sitting up. The first thing I did was to feel her pulse. ' Well, Mary, how do you feel-? ' She answered, ' I feel better than I have for a long time. I think it is because I missed this pain.' 'Had you no svmptom of it?' ' No, ' she said, ' I never had any* premonition at all, until it came like a needle sticking in mv heart. But to-day I had nothing of it.' I looked at the girl and I looked at myself. What conclusion could I come to? It must be the 'efifect of the spigelia. I waited v/ithout seeing Dr. Radchfife until the morrow, and at five o'clock I went to see the gir.l, who felt remark- ably well. That ni.?ht I went to see the doctor.^ ' Well. ' he said. ' did that powder have anv effect upon that young woman ?' ■• I said. 'Really I do not know how to answer that (luestion. I called at four or five in tlie' afterno'-)n and the girl had neither pain, spasm nor con- vulsion, and I called'to see her this afternoon and she had neither the one nor the other.' '• • Well. sir. vou told me that if I would cure that crfse — and 1 have cured it with one dose of medicine— that vou would believe in homoeoijathv.' ' Well. do<:tor. if I tell vou that I believe, you will say that 1 am a very visionary 198 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY man. How could one dose cure that girl after I had done so much? How could one dose do it?* He replied, 'the dose of spigelia that I gave was what the girl's case required, and what you did amounted to nothing.' " Notwithstanding the fact that Dr. McManus rightfully laid claim to pioneership in the practice of homoeopathy in Maryland, his honor in that respect must be shared with Rev. Jacob Geiger, a Maryland pastor of German extraction and Pennsylvania parentage and birth, who had frequently been brought under the beneficent teachmgs of Allentown Academy and thus ac- quired a fair understanding of the principles of Hahnemann's school of medi- cine. In 1836, contemporary with Dr. McManus, Rev. Geiger took up the practice of medicine in connection with the pastoral charge of his flock, and continued both until the time of his death in 1848. This allusion to Pastor Geiger's medical endeavors is important when it is mentioned that nine of his descendants were graduates of homoeopathic colleges and practitioners of medicine. In this connection also it may be stated that Dr. Shower's history of the Southern Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital credits one Dr. Schwartz with being the first regular homoeopathic physician in the city of Baltimore, and 1837 as the year of his beginning practice. However, he stayed in the city only one vear. Much that is interesting in relation to early homoeopathy in Maryland may be found in Dr. Shower's narrative. Dr. Jacob Schmidt located in Baltimore in 1843. He was born in Kreutz- nach, Prussia, June 29, 1813. He was educated in the government gymna- sium, and at nineteen entered the engineer corps. At the expiration of his time of service, and after an examination, he was promoted to the rank of officer in the reserve corps of the Prussian army. In 1836 he came to the United States, where he found employment in the department of coast survey. Prostrated bv illness in Philadelphia, he was attended by Dr. F. Hussmann, assistant to Hering, and by him was persuaded to abandon his profession and study medicine. He was received into the Hering household, where for three years he studied, at the same time attending lectures at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1843 he received the degree of the Allentown Academy. The next year he assisted in organizing the American Institute of Homoe- opathy. About this time he married a sister-in-law of Dr. Hering, Johanna Hussmann, and being invited bv Dr. Haynel, he went to Baltimore, where he established a practice and where he resided until his death March 20, 1880, aged 67 years. In 1867 he received the degree of the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania. Another of the Baltimore pioneers was Dr. Adolph Ferdinand Haynel. He had been a personal student of Hahnemann's. Speaking of the journey of Hahnemann from Leipsic to Coethen, Hartmann says : 'T was not with them, having left Leipsic. Hahnemann took two of his pupils with him, Dr. Haynel and Dr. Mossdorf. Haynel led the life of a true nomad; was at Berlin at the first invasion of the cholera ; then at Merseberg ; finally visited me in 1830 in Leipsic, where he provided himself with a large stock of homoe- opathic medicines with the intention of going to North America." Dr. Haynel died at Dresden, August 28, 1877, aged 81. He was an inmate of Hahne- mann's family for more than ten years, and proved a number of remedies for him. About 1835 he came to America, and resided first in Reading. Pa., then in Philadelphia. In 1843 he lived in New York and still later at Balti- more, from whence he returned to Europe several years previous to his death. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATliV 199 Grey sa)s that Haynel established himself in Baltimore as a homoeopathist as early as 1838. Dr. Lewis Busch was born in Gotha, Saxony, in 1808, and practiced allo- pathy there from 1829 to 1831, and homceopathy from 1833 to 1836. He then left Germany, came to America, and landed at Baltimore. He practiced there a short time and then he went to Adams county. Pa. He was located at Hollidaysburg as early as 1842, remained there until 1859. He went to Hunt- ington county, and from thence to Altoona. Dr. E. C. Bernard Cyriax was born in Gotha, Germany, August 11, 1820. He graduated in medicine in 1837, at Gotha, and went to America in 1843, locating in Baltimore. Here he was led to examine homoeopathy, and finally to accept it; after 1846 he practiced it openly. In 1847 he went west, locat- ing in Springfield, 111. He practiced with Dr. F. Kuechler, the firm being the pioneers of homceopathy in that locality. In December, 1848, he returned to Baltimore, where he remained until 1857, when he again went to Illinois, locating in Atlanta, Logan county. In 1861 he removed to Cleveland, Ohio. Dr. James E. Hardy was born in Norfolk, Va., October 31, 1842. He graduated at the University of Edinburgh, returned to America, and in 1868- 69 attended lectures at the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia, from which he graduated. He then returned to Baltimore to practice. Rev. Jacob Geiger introduced homoeopathy -in Carroll county in 1836, and Dr. Radclifife introduced it in Washington county in 1841. The first hom.oeopathic pharmacy in Baltimore was opened by John Tanner in 1850. Dr. Tanner in connection with his pharmacy also practiced medicine. He had been cured by homoeopathy when a young man after the allopaths had given him up. He went to Leipsic in 1840, establishing a homoeopathic pharmacy there. Ten years later he went to Baltimore. He sold to Dr. Amelia A.. Hastings, a woman graduate, and in April, 1865, she sold to Dr. Elias C. Price. He kept the establishment two and a half years, then selling to Dr. Boone, who in turn sold to Dr. F. E. Boericke in 1868. In T869 the proprietors were Boericke & Tafel, who have since continued the business. Homoeopathic physicians in Maryland previoiis to i860. The date pre- ceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoe- opathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school ; the character x indicates that the physician practiced medi- cine before the date given. 1857 Arnold, Dr. x Baltimore 1853 Lungren, Samuel S. * Hagerstown 1857 Buckner, Dr. x Baltimore 1846 Martin, Joseph L. Baltimore 1833 Busch, Louis * Baltimore 1836 McManus, Felix R. * Baltimore 1846 Cyriax, E. C. Bernard * Baltimore 1856 McManus, F. S. Baltimore 1861 Doran, Charles R. * Hagerstown 184S Middleton, John D. Baltimore Dysen, R. Nanjemoy 1857 Miller, Dr. Baltimore 1835 Ehrmann, Francis Hagerstown 1850 Rayborg, C. H. Baltimore 1840 Ehrmann, Frederick Baltimore 1841 Radclifife, Dr. Washington Co. 1836 Geiger, Jacob (Rev.) Cumberland 1852 Randel, John Massey Randelia 1854 Geiger, Theodore S. Manchester 1839 Schmidt, Jacob Baltimore 1851 Geiger, Charles A. Manchester 1838 Tanner, John Baltimore 1851 Hammond, Milton * Baltimore 1857 Welner, M. x Baltimore 1820 Haynel, Adolph F. Baltimore 1857 Wisman A. x Fredericktown 1857 Howe, Dr. x Baltimore 1857 Worman, A. D. x Fredericktown 200 HISTORY' OF H(l^[a^O^ATHY CHAPTER XII HOMOEOPATHY IN CONNECTICUT. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. The First Prescriber of Homoeopathic Doses in Connecticut — Early Planting and Subsequent Growth of Homoeopathy in the State — Societies and Hospitals — The Tay- lors, Father and Son — New Milford First to have a Homoeopathic Physician — The Tafts in Hartford — John Schue — Introduction of the New System in the Counties — Pioneers, Early Practitioners and Reminiscences — List of Old Practitioners. The doctrine of homoeopatliv first gained a foothold in Connecticut in 1837. when Ur. Federal Vanderburgh on a social visit to New ^lilford was called to professionally attend the wife of an old school physician. This was the beginning- of the new system in the region under consideration, and the immediate results of X'anderburgh's treatment was the recovery of his patient and tlie conversion of her husband to the teachings and practice of Hahne- mann, which previous to that time he had ridiculed. As evidence of the sub- sequent growth of the homoeopathic system in the state it may be said that in 1857, twenty years after Vanderburgh's missionary effort there, forty-two physicians of that school were in practice. In 1870 the number had increased to sixty-three, in 1875 to eighty-four, in 1882 to one hundred and nineteen, and in 1904 to one hundred and fifty-three ; and to-day there is no county and hardly a single town that has not at least one homoeopathic physician. And this is not all ; in less than fifteen years after \'anderburgh's first cure, the hardly more than two score homoeopathic practitioners took steps to organ- ize their forces for mutual protection and advantage and proceeded to form a state medical society. CONNECTICUT STATE HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL SOCIETY. The first society of homceopathic physicians in Connecticut was formed in Hartford. November 17, 1851. and was known as the Connecticut Institute of 1 lomoeop,ath\-. At this meeting seven pioneers of the new system were hi attendance. Thev were Drs. leremiah T. Dennison. of Fairfield; \V. W. Rodman, of Waterbury; W. C. Bell, of Middletown; C. H. Skiff and E. T. F'oote, of New Haven ; and C. A. Taft and George S. Greene, of Hartford. Dr. Dennison was elected president, Dr. Rodman vice-president. Dr. Greene secretary, and Dr. Skiff' treasurer. At the same time the constitution and 1).\- laws were presented and adopted. At a meeting held June 10, 1864, a reor- ganization was effected, and the society was incorporated under the name of Connecticut Homaopathic Medical Society. A new constitution was adopted in 1880. Since 1891 the annual transactions have been published, as also have several of the important addresses by presidents. On November 18-19, 1901, the society celebrated its semi-centennial at Hartford. Addresses were made by distinguished physicians of various states, and the occasion was otliervvise enlivened with social entertainments. In 1904 the membership of the society numbcre tion of the principles of therapeia. I soon after obtained a Gorman case of medicines, contjiining one hundred and seventy vials of the mother tinctures and first triturations. From these I began to make mv own preparations, and have continued to prepare all that I have used ever since. In my early administration of homoeopathic medicine I was under exceeding obligations to Dr. Vanderburgh for counsel and assistance ; for often in my lonely ex- plorations I was troubled, and whenever I applied to him I was sure to re- ceive instruction by return of mail ; and I trust I have not been unmindful of it toward my juniors. Thus I continued my investigations. I had a reasonable share of patronage in my allopathic practice, and when I told my patients I had more confidence in the new system than I had in the old, they were willing to abide by my decision; and after having once made the experience I have seldom found any one willing to return to old school treatment of disease. My first associate in my new adventure was my friend Dr. J. F. Flagg. He was not then in general practice, but had given his attention to dentistry. He had long suffered from dyspepsia, and in the summer of 1838, while on a visit at Philadelphia, he was persuaded by his friends there to take some medicine from Dr. Humphrey, who was then in homoeopathic practice. Dr. Flagg was so well satisfied with the efficiency of the reme- dies, that he furnished himself with what books he could and commenced the investigation for his own satisfaction. Not relinquishing his dentistry, his practice was mostly confined to a kind of dispensary practice among his immediate friends. Thus he continued for some months supposing himself alone, until, having occasion to send to New York for some medicine he was told he could obtain it from me. Sometime during the year 1840 Dr. J. P. Spooner of Dorchester and Dr. Charles Wild of Brookline, became interested in examining the subject of homoeopathy, at the suggestion of their mutual friend. Dr. Flagg, In December, 1840, we commenced associate meetings •for mutual improvement; and in February, 1841, we adopted the constitution and by-laws of a regular association called the Massachusetts Homoeopathic Fraternity, which held meetings until a state society was organized." Dr. Samuel Gregg was born in New Boston, N. H., July i, 1799. He acquired a goo'd New England education, though not collegiate, and at eigh- teen was teaching school. He graduated from Dartmouth Medical School in 1825, practiced for a short time with Dr. John Stearns in Charlestown, Mass.. and then decided to go to Medford. With him in his first trip to Med- ford was a friend, Thatcher Magown, who went with him to call on one Dr. Brooks, then a practicing physician in Medford and who had been gov- ernor. Dr. Brooks after" listening to him said: ''Young man, I would not advise you to settle here; there are physicians enough in this place." Dr. Gregg looked at the ex-governor coolly and stamping his foot answered, ■' You do not, well, then I will stay." He remained in Medford fifteen years, having a large and lucrative practice. In November, 1840, he removed to Boston. He was one of the founders of the American Institute of Flomoe- opathv in 1844 and a prominent member, a founder of the Massachusetts HomcEOpathic Hospital and of the various homoeopathic societies of the city and state. He died at Amherst. Mass., October 25, 1872. The next physician to adopt homoeopathy in the state was Dr. Josiah Foster Flagg, who was born in Boston, January 11. 1789. His father. Josiah Flagg. was a dentist. He entered as a student of medicine with Dr.- John C. Warren, in i8ti. During his student life he perfected improvements in 210 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY many surgical instruments, notably the bone forceps. In 1813 lie undertook, with Dr. Warren, the publication of a work on the arteries, the first of its kind ever issued. Tlie engravings for this work were done with his own hand. This book had a good sale. A few years later he prepared drawings for Dr. Warren's "' Comparative View of the Nervous System." Dr. Flagg graduated from Harvard Medical School in 181 5, being it is said particularly well educated in surgical knowledge. For some time after graduating he practiced at Uxbridge, Mass. He continued in practice for several years, when he removed to Boston and established himself as a den- tist. His reputation was such that his rooms were constantly filled with patients, and he was considered one of the most scientific and skillful men in his profession. Among his surgical inventions are the tooth forceps, and an improvement on Desault's apparatus for fracture of the femur, this latter being introduced by Dr. Warren into the Massachusetts General Hos- pital. In 1838-9 his attention was attracted to homoeopathy by facts and exper- iments of such convincing character that he was obliged against his pre- judices to believe. After some months of careful study of the principles of homoeopathy, he collected the symptoms of a few cases and submitted them to the consideration of experienced homoeopathic practitioners in New York and Philadelphia, who were his personal friends, and he gave the remedies according to their directions. He did this for some time, not trusting to his own judgment, and after he had witnessed the eftect of this prescribing on a number of well marked cases he became satisfied that there was some- thing more than imagination in the good results that followed. He collected the records of 300 cases treated by himself and the results of several were published. His methods of examining cases were strictly according to the directions of Hahnemann. As has been stated, he w^as interested with Dr. Gregg in the advancement of homoeopathy. He died December 20, 1853. Dr. Charles Wild was born in Boston, January 15. 1795. He graduated from Harvard College in 1814. completed his medical studies, and estab- lished himself in Brookline in 1818. He practiced there for forty years and then went to Providence, and only resumed his practice for a few months in the early part of the rebellion in order that his son. Dr. Edward A. Wild, afterwards brigadier general, might enter the army. It was through the influence of his friend Dr. Flagg that Dr. Wild first investigated homoe- opathy in the year 1840. He died May 3, 1864. The fourth member of the fraternity quartette was Dr. John P. Spooner, who graduated at Hanover m the academic and medical departments. He took his medical degree in 1820 and located in Boston. In 1838 he went to Dorchester. His attention was called to homoeopathy in 1839 by some re- markable cures that he had seen. He got som.e of the books and medicmes of that school and began to investigate. He was so well satisfied that he declared himself a homoeopathist, and it was at his house in Dorchester that the first meeting of the homoeopathic fraternity was held. Dr. Gregg induced a brother practitioner, Dr. Daniel Swan, to investi- gate h(imoeopathy. Dr. Swan was born in Charlestown February 28. 1781. He graduated at Harvard in 1803, and for a time was a teacher. He then began the study of i-.iedicine in ^ledford with Doctor (afterwards governor) Brooks, who on cntcnng political life gave Swan his practice. He married a lady of wealth and was very charitable to the poor. A favorite prescrip- HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY I'lT tion read : "Recipe, Aiiri quantum sufficit," and he was fond of dispensing it. In 1839, influenced by the remarkable success of Dr. Gregg, who had a year before adopted homoeopathy, Dr. Swan began to experiment with homoe- opathic medicines and soon became a convert. He died December 5, 1864, aged eighty-four years. Dr. Swan commenced practice in Brighton, but in 1816 took Dr. Brook's practice in Medford. For several years in the latter part of his life he made no charges and received no fees, and when he re- tired from practice he gave up his rich patients and kept a few poor families. He bought many books on homoeopathy and collected a valuable library, which at his death went to the Massachusetts Homoeopathic Society. Medford was the first town in the state to receive the new system. Be- sides Dr. Gregg, whose history has been noted, there was Dr. Milton Fuller, .\ Ilium Fuller, M. D. who succeeded to the pioneer's practice in 1841 when he went to Boi Milton Fuller was born in Westmoreland, N. H., January 5, 1799. He Boston, was XVJ.I11U11 J. unci vvaa uui ii in v v ^^ollll>^l >-»mivj, *'• -'*•, j , .." i .' ^ a farmer's son, and when eighteen entered a store, but soon becommg dis- satisfied, entered Chesterfield academv to fit himself for the study of medicme. He remained there two vears and then went to Boston, becommg a student under Dr. Solomon D. Townscnd at the Marine Hospital ni Charlestown. He attended lectures at Harvard Medical School and two courses by Dr. Ingalls of Brown Univer.^^itN. He married in 1823 and began practice in Scituate, remaining there until 1841. It was due to several conversations with his friend Dr.^Flagg in 1841 that Dr. Fuller became a believer in homoe- opathy. He procured a tew medicines but did not dare give them. At last 218 HISTORY OF HOMOiOPATHY a case which he was sure must terminate in lung fever, induced him to try the value of aconite. The experiment resulted in a return to health in two days, and the result was so wonderful that he made further experiments and became confirmed in the belief that this was the real method of healing. In 1841 he located in Medford, and in 1842 became a member of the frater- nity. Dr. Fuller remained in Medford until 1855, when he located in Boston. He was a charter member of the institute and a member of the state and other societies. He died March 11, 1885, at the advanced age of eighty-six years. Dr. Fuller was succeeded in Medford by Dr. Elwell Woodbury, who shortly after went to Chelsea, and gave up practice soon after on account of ill health. He died June 15, 1874. Dr. Alfred B. Stone practiced for a short time in Medford. He was a student of Dr. Gregg. He died suddenly June 3, 1855. James Hedenberg of Troy, N. Y., a graduate of Castleton Medical College in 1852, located at Medford, June 20, 1855, succeeding Dr. Stone. Dr. Flagg introduced homoeopathy in Boston, but his attention was con- fined to chronic cases, and the first professed homoeopathic physician to prac- tice actively in that city was Dr. Luther Clark, who was born in Waltham, Mass., July 30, 1810, and was educated at Harvard, graduating A. B. in 1833, and M. D. in 1836. He practiced in Boston until 1870, when ill health compelled him to remove to Waltham. In 1833 he met Hennig G. Linberg, a learned Dane living in Santa Cruz, who was acquainted with Hering, and who so strongly recommended that he study homoeopathy that Dr. Clark was induced to examine it. He read the Organon and was tempted to believe the principle of similia until stopped by the ridiculously small doses. For seven years he remained an allopath, but in 1840 he became fully converted to the new school. He died at Lincoln, Mass., September 26, 1884. Dr. William W. Cutler was another early practitioner in Boston. He was a graduate of Harvard, both of the academic and medical departments. He joined the fraternity in 1841, and was its first secretary. After practic- ing homoeopathy for several years he engaged in mercantile pursuits with his father, Pliny Cutler. He was always an ardent advocate of homoeopathy. Boston received an important addition to its few homoeopathic practi- tioners in 1 841 m Dr. William W^esselhoeft, who reached that city in Septem- ber, coming from Allentown, Pa., and his influence was soon felt. He at once took his place as a leader, and so continued during his long and import- ant life. In 1841 another of the Philadelphia homoeopathists located in Boston, Charles Frederic Hoffendahl. He was born in New Brandenberg, Mecklen- berg-Strolitz, Germany, June 28. 1798. At the age of sixteen he commenced medical studies : at eighteen he became a student at the Austrian military medical trainmg school (St. Joseph's), and on finishing his course entered the Austrian service as assistant surgeon. He served in an infantry regiment and accompanied it through a campaign in Italy. While in this position he became interested in homoeopathy through Dr. Schmidt, the chief of the med- ical staff. After leaving the service he finished his medical studies, taking the full degree at Berlin in 1829. After graduation he was for seven years physician to Hermann, Count Schwerin of Mecklenberg, practicing homoe- opathy exclusively. In 1837 he came to America and began practice in Phil- adelphia, remaining there until 1840. when he went to Albany, N. Y. From HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 'nd there he went to Boston, which city he afterwards made his home. In 1846 ■he maintained a dispensary over Boylston market, which for two years he conducted successfully. H'e died April 24, 1862. Dr. Christopher Minot Weld of Roxbury became a member of the fra- ternity in March. 1841. He was ben in Boston, January 19, 1812, graduated at Harvard in 1833, studied medichie with Dr. Geo. C. Shattuck and gradu- ated in medicine from Harvard Medical School in 1837. He began practice in Boston, but soon afterwards went to Jamaica Plain. In 1840 one of his patients went to New York to consult Dr. Gray and found complete reUef in his homoeopathic treatment. She returned entirely cured and so enthusias- tic that she persuaded Dr. Weld to investigate the system. To accomplish this more thoroughly he went to New York and passed some time with Gray, and in the study of Hahnemann and his tenets. He returned to Boston and soon announced his adherence to the new school. He practiced and defended homoeopathy for more than twenty years, always living at Jamaica Plain. He was a charter member of the American Institute of Homceopathy. He died March 13, 1878. Dr. William Ingalls became an investigator of and believer in homoe- opathy at the age of seventy-three. He was born at Newburyport, Mass., May 3, 1769, received the degree of A. B. at Harvard University in 1790, of M. A. in 1794, and M. D. in 1801. He was professor of anatomy and surgery in Brown University and also practiced in Boston for many years. He retired from active work in 1834, and in 1843 hecame interested in homoeopathy. He was a member of the committee of the American Institute of Homoe- opathy appointed to prepare a work on topographical anatomy. He died September 8, 1851. Dr. John Adams Tarbell was born in Boston, March 31, 1810, graduated at Harvard in 1832 and soon after commenced to study medicine with his uncle, Dr. Samuel Adams of Boston. In 1833 he went to Paris, where he spent nearly two years in medical study. He then re- turned to Boston, continued his studies and received the medical degree from Bowdoin College in 1836, and at once began practice. He was dissatisfied with the uncertain methods in vogue, and had about decided to give up medicine when he became interested in homoeopathy. Dr. Gregg thus writes of Tarbell : " In the winter of 1842-3 there was a young schoolboy who was familiar in my office, and who was also an intimate acquaintance with Dr. Tarbell. Occasionally he repeated some jeers upon homoeopathy from Dr. Tarbell. Upon inquiring who this Tarbell was, I learned that he was a young physician who after graduating in his profession here had spent two years in medical study in Paris; made himself familiar with the French language; and on his return had commenced the practice of his profession, but soon after relinquished it, and was giving his attention to other pursuits. I complimentarily sent some expositions on homoeopathic medicine for him to read. After reading them, he sent them back with kind regards, saying he had leisure and would be happy to read anything I might furnish him on the subject. He became interested and called upon me. He told me that soon after commencing his profession he had a particular friend who had typhoid fever and called on him. He gave much attention to the case. As the patient grew worse, he had counsel and the patient finally recovered, but he felt that he could not take such responsibility again, and gave up practice. After this conversation he obtained a homoeopathic library, gave his attention to study and practice." In 1849 Dr. Tarbell published the " Pocket Homoe- WKMIF.M. I'HII.I.l JULIA WAKl \Y Aia:ott. Rl.I/.AnETH >Ti .AKT I'ni;i rs. Namiamii. Haw 1 HMKNi. EUZABETH PalSiHK PEAIIUDV. ' Henkv \Vai»<\m,htii I.i>N..ii:i.Mnv.. William Lloyh Carrisos. Tueouoke Parker. Thomas Starr Kino. a Bronso.v > i Higginson. Thomas Bailky Aldruj FAMOUS PATRONS OF HOMOEOPATHY. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY T2\ opathist;" in 1832 he wrote "Sources of Health;" in 1852-3 was associate editor of the " Quarterly Hcnioiopathic Journal." He edited Epps " Do- mestic Homoeopathist," and published " Homoeopathy Simplified." For sev- eral years he had heart trouble which caused his sudden death on januarv 21, 1864. Dr. David Thayer was another of die early Boston houKeopathists. He was born in Braintree. Mass., July 19, 1813, of " Mayflower " ancestors. He fitted for college at Phillips (Andover) Academy, and Appleton Academv, New Ispswich, N. H. Fie graduated at Union College in Schenectadv, X. Y., in 1840. Dr. Thayer thus v^^ritcs : '" My first connection with homceopathy was in 1836, when I was a patient of two homoeopathic physicians in Albanv, N. Y. In that year I began the stud}' of anatomy and physiology with our good Dr. Joslin of New York .city, then an allopath, subsequently a homoe- opathic physician. While a student of medicine I read a few hoiiifjeopathic books. In 1844 I bought some homoeopathic medicines of Xathanitl C. Peabody, pharmaceutist in Snft'olk place. Boston, and tried them, as I had plenty of time to experiment and to observe the results of mv treatment. At this time I did not know of the existence of such a rara avis in our citv as a homoeopathic physician, though there were several, Gregg, Osgood, Tarbell, Hoffendahl. I became so much a homoeopathic physician without knowing one in New England. I became acquainted with Tarbell, Osgood and Hoffendahl. In the fall and winter of L846-7 Dr. C. F. Hoffendahl and I opened a honicjeopathic dispensary in a room over Boylston market, for the gratuitous treatment of the poor (we had a flaming sign which I presume may now be found in the attic of the market). The first homoeo- pathic doctor I ever called on was Dr. John A. Tarbell. I learned some- thing of Dr. C. F. Hoff'cndahl and humbly sought for information where I could. Was admitted a member of the old homoeopathic .fraternity in 1845 or '46. In 1847 I joined the American Institute of Homoeopathy at its meet- ing in Boston." Dr. Thayer graduated m medicine at the Berkshire Medical College, at Pittsfield. Mass., in 184.3, ^nd at once began practice in Boston. He was a member of the legislature several terms, for many yeai^ a coroner of Suft'olk county, and for twenty-five years was surgeon of the Ancient and Honoralile Artillery of Boston, He died December 14, 1893. Dr. David Osgood was a noteworthy figure among the early practi- tioners. He had called on Hahnemann in 1839 in Paris with an old friend, the Rev. Charles Brooks, but he at the time plainly showed that he had no faith in homoeopathy. He was a graduate of Harvard, taking the academic degree in 1813, and the medical in 1816. But despite his expressed di.sbelicf in his medical system during the visit to Hahnemann, Dr. Osgood was led to embrace homoeopathy in 1846, and became one of its most zealous advocates. He died February 23, 1863. The homoeopathic directorv of i8.S7 Sives the names of the practitioners in Boston at that time as follows: L. M. Barker, D. F. Birnstill, Luther lark, Milton Fuller, C. F. Geist, Samuel Gregg. C. F. Hoft'endahl. L. Mac- larland, R. W. Newell, David Osgood. George Rus.sell. O. S. Sanders, D. F. Snndvckv. Israel Tisdale Talbot," John A. tarbell. David Thayer. \\'illiam Wcsselhoeft and Benjamin H. We.'^'t. The homoeonathic physicians in Boston in 1861 numbered 16; in 1870, 57; 1875, 74; 1882, 124: 1899, 200. and in 1904, 645. 222 HISTORY OF HO^ICEOPATHY In Plxmouth Dr. Robert Capen was one of the earliest homoeopathic practitioners. He joined the fraternity in 1842. He received his medical degree at Harvard in 1818, and after practicing in Stoughton and North Middleboro. removed to Plymouth in 1829, In 1839 he Avas induced by Mrs. Mercy B. Jackson, who afterw^ard became a practitioner in Boston, to investigate homoeopathy. In 1842 he went to Boston on account of approach- ing blindness. In 1843 ^^^ ^^"^s operated on for cataract, with partial relief, but he continued to study and in a measure to practice until his death, Novem- ber 6, 1853. Mrs. Jackson, being unwilling to return to allopathic treatment, took up the study of medicine for her own benefit. She soon found outside practice and after three years of gratuitous services she found it necessary to make professional charges. Her practice extended to the neighboring towns of Kingston, Duxbury, Carver, Middleboro and Pembroke. She graduated at the New England Female Medical College in February, i860, and settled in Boston the following May. Dr. Jackson was for many years a promi- nent practitioner in the city. She died December 13, 1877. The Rev. Mr. Tomlinson was for several years a lay practitioner in Ply- mouth. Dr. Ferdinand Gustav Oehme located there in 1866. He was born in Tschopau, Saxony, July 27, 1826. He graduated at Leipsic in 1852, and visited the universities of Prag, Vienna and Paris in 1853. Being a witness of the success of homoeopathy, he studied its tenets and openly practiced it in Dresden in 1854-55. In June, 1855, he came to the United States and located at Con- cord. In 1872. owing to ill health, he went to Tompkinsville, New York. In Northampton Dr. Charles Walker was the first practitioner of homoe- opathy. He was born in Belchertown in 1803, studied medicine with Dr. Hunt of Northampton, and graduated from Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia in 1828. He settled in Northampton and practiced for a year and a half, then went to Hudson, N. Y., and studied homoeopathy under Dr. George W. Cook. Returning to Northampton, he practiced homoeopathy until his death, January 17, 1855. He was succeeded by Dr. H. J. M. Cate, who remained until 1857, and then went to Milford, N. H, In 1870-75 he was practicing at Amherst, Mass. In 1857 Dr. Osmore O. Roberts, who was a graduate of the Homoeopathic College of Pennsylvania in 1853 and who had been in practice in Milford, N. H., located in Northampton. In Andover the pioneer homoeopath was Dr. Francis H. Clark, a graduate of Harvard in 1835. His attention was called to homoeopathy by some friends in New York, and in 1840 he began to practice it. In the summer of 1840 he called on Dr. Gregg, who prepared him a case of medicines and helped him to get such homoeopathic books as had been published in English. He was at that time practicing in Andover. He remained there but a few years, and in 1846 engaged in manufacturing in Ballardvaie. He died in 1848. Dr. E. Bruno De GersdorfT succeeded Dr. Clark. He was born in Es- march, Germany, July 18, 1820, was educated at Jena, and graduated in medi- cine in Leipsic in 1846. Political troubles sent him to America. Dr. De Gersdorff's father was a warm friend of Hahnemann, who had at one time saved young De Gersdorfif's life. He came to America in 1846. His first location was Bethlehem, Penn.. where he remained a few months. Though after the cure of De Gcrsdorfif his father was a firm believer in homoeopathy and a prover of several medicines, the young man, infatuated with the new ideas on the pathology and physiology of the time, had abandoned homoe- opathy, but on his arrival in the United States, through the influence of a for- HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 223 mer tutor, Dr. Lingen, whom he met in Pennsylvania, and Dr. Hoffendahl, he was led to again adopt the homoeopathic law. Dr. De Gersdorff died in Pleas- antville, N. Y., June 28, 1883. Dr. J. Howarth succeeded him in practice. Dr. Milton Berry practiced there for several years. Dr. J. C. W. Moore suc- ceeded Berry, remaining but a short time. Dr. Oliver Leech Bradford went from Peterboro, N. H., in 1868 and remained there until 1876, when he located in Fitchburg. In 1882 Mary Briggs Harris, Frank B. Kimball and Emma M. E, Sanborn were practicing in Andover. In Roxbury the first homoeopathic practitioner was Dr. Horace Dwight Train. He graduated from Harvard in 1846 and in February, 1847, com- menced practice in Roxbury, where he remained until 1853, when he went to Sheffield. He died April 24, 1879. Dr. Albert Lindsay located in Roxbury in 185 1. He was born in July, 1822, in Wakefield, N. H, In 1846 he became acquainted with Dr. C. B. Matthews, of Philadelphia, and through him obtained his first knowledge of homoeopathy while living at Newburyport, Mass., and working at cabinet making". He was supposed to have consumption and was adyised to try out- door pursuits. This he did, and recovered his health. Dr. F. A. Gordon urged him to study medicine, and he began to read with him. Soon after he went to Springfield, where he entered the office of Dr. G. W. Swazey, whose niece he had married. He attended lectures at Brunswick. Me., but graduated at the Philadelphia Homoeopathic College in 1851. Ill health com- pelled him to remove, and in 1856 he located in Laconia, N. H., in the bracing air of the White mountains, where he practiced until his death. December 13, 1886. Dr. William F. Jackson was born in Brunswick, Me. ; graduated at Bowdoin College in 1846; studied medicine with Dr. Wm. E. Payne, of Bath; graduated at Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia in 1849; practiced in Gardner, Me., until 1853, when he settled in Roxbury, residing there until his death, April 3, 1879. Dr. Joseph P. Paine, a native of M^aine, graduated from Homoeopathic College of Pennsylvania in 1852: practiced at Damariscotta, Me., one year; then removed to Dedham, Mass., where he practiced ten years, and in 1863 located at Roxbury. Dr. John T. Harris was born in Marblehead; graduated at the Homoe- opathic College of Philadelphia in 1853; commenced practice in Taunton; practiced in Abingdon and East Bridgewater. and then located in 1863 at Roxbury. He died about 1893. aged seventy-eight years. In Lynn Dr. Daniel A. Johnson was the pioneer of houKeopathy. He graduated" from Harvard Medical School in 1848. While attending a patient he was attacked with ship fever from which he received no relief until of his own accord he applied a cold water bandage. As soon as he could be removed he' went to Nashua, N. H., where he received so much benefit from the homoe- opathic treatment given him by Dr. J. F. Whittle that he became a convert to homreopathv. He opened an office in Lynn in 1848, and in 1854 removed to Chelsea. Dr. E. P. Eastman adopted homoeopathy in 1850. but failing health compelled him to give up practice in 1855. In 1854 Dr. John M. Blaisdell succeeded Dr. Johnson. After remaining three years he went west, but afterwards practiced in Bangor, Me. In 1858 Dr. Freeman Horton moved from Weare. N. H. He died March 3, 1861, aged forty-five years. Drs. B. F. Green and J. Brown also practiced in Lynn. In 186 1 Dr. H. Ahl- 224 HISTORY OF H0Ma':01'ATHY born went from Marblebead to Lynn, remaining there until 1867, when he located in Boston. Dr. Alvin ]\latthew Gushing has been for many years identified with homoeopathy in L.ynn. He was born in Burke, Vt., September 28, 1820; studied at Lyndon, Vt., with Dr. Charles B. Darling and Dr. Henry A. Houghton; attended lectures at Dartmouth, and also at the Vermont Med- ical College, Woodstock, and graduated from the Homoeopathic Medical Col- lege of Pennsylvania in 1856. He located in Bradford, Vt.^ being the first to introduce homoeopathy in that town. He practiced for a short time in Lansingburgh, N. Y., and then settled in Lynn, where he is still in practice. Drs. J. H. Kimball and "Alartha J. Flanders were in practice in Lynn in 1870. Dr. Flanders was born in Concord, N. H., January 15, 1823. She was a stu- Alvin M. Cusliing, M, D. dent of Dr. Alpheus Morrill, and graduated from the Xew England Femak College in 1861. She was the first woman practitioner in Concord, where she remained two years ass/iv. M. I ). 228 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 1 rnencccl the practice of honueopathic medicine in October, 1845, i" Lowell. Dr. Geist, now of Boston, and Dr. Pike, who died in Lawrence some ten years since, were here previously a few months each. Dr. R. Shackford, now of Portland. Me., commenced here at the same time as myself. He remained here three years. I was then alone most of the time for some ten years when Dr. Hiram Parker, who had been in practice here since 1835. in large business, studied and gradually adopted the homoeopathic principle. He brought most of his patrons into the new practice and largely increased it among the people. Before and after this, however. Dr. Gross, now of Wis- consin. Dr. A. H. Flanders, and Dr. C. H. Walker, son. of Dr. Qiarles Walker of Northampton, were here two or three years each. Dr. Walker went to Kentucky, where he died. Dr. Harwood. a student of mine, opened an of- fice here about i860. He was an accomplished surgeon and went as assistant surgeon to the war and died in service. Dr. Aaron Walker, another student of mine, who was superintendent of schools in New Orleans during the war under (icnoral Ikitler. a graduate of Amherst College and of the New York Homceopathic College, opened an office here in 1868. but is now in !\lan- chester. N. H. Dr. A. Buswell came here and located in 1866. He investi- gated the principle and attended a course at the Philadelphia Homoeopathic College and openly adopted our practice. He is a graduate of the military school at Woodstock, \'t.. and of Dartmouth Medical College. Dr. David Packer, who had long been in some practice in X'ermont. and also a Method- ist circuit preacher, graduated at the Homoeopathic ^ledical College of Penn- sylvania (1866) and came here in 1867 and stayed two years; he is now lo- cated in Chelsea. Dr. E. H. Packer and Dr. A. Thompson from the Phila- delphia Homoeopathic College have been here some two years each. Dr. E. B. HoH. a graduate of Harvard Medical College and Philadelphia Homoe- opathic Medical College, is now here with me (son of Dr. Daniel Holt). Dr. A. E. Aldrich, graduate of Harvard Medical College, located here last autumn. Dr. Daniel Parker, of Billerica. has an office in our city ; he is homoeopathic in medicine, but makes a specialty of the battery. \\'e think we have from one-third to one-half the practice in the city." Dr. Holt was born in Hampton. Conn.. July 2. 1810. He studied at Ash- ford. Connecticut., at Amherst. Mass.. the Yale scientific school, with his brother. Dr. Hiram Holt of Pomfret. Conn., and graduated at the New Haven Medical School in 1835. For ten years he practiced in Glastonbury. He wrote several monographs, and being appointed to write a paper for the Massachusetts Medical Society, chose as his subect " Homoeopathy." that he might " show up " its absurdities. But upon studying the subject his ideas so changed that the paper which was intended to prove its false doctrine was really i)ublished under the title " X'iews of Homoeopathy, or reasons for ex- amining and admitting it as a Principle in Medicine." Dr. Holt lost no time in studying under Dr. Skiff of New Haven, and by frequent conferences with Drs. Gray. Hull. Joslin. Wells and others of New York. After this publica- tion the Massachusetts Medical Society promptly expelled Dr. Holt, upon which he moved to Lowell and liegan the practice of homoeopathv. He died April II. 1883. In 1857 the homceopathic ])hysicians in Lowell were Drs. Hiram Parker and Charles \\'alker. Jr. In 1857 there were i 1899. 15. The pioneer homettled homrcopatlnc i)hy- sician. having located there in 1846. He was born in .\ttleborough, Mass.. May 12, 181 S: graduated from Amherst College in 1S40: studied medicine with his brother. Dr. Ira Barrows, then of Norton. Mass.; attended one G. F. MatilKs. .M. I). Bedfcird ; in 1875. 18S2, 10 Ht 230 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY course of lectures at Woodstock. \'t.. and two at Pittsfield (Berkshire Medi- cal School), where he .2:raduated in 1847. He at once located in the new city of Taunton. In 1856 he attended a course of lectures in the Homoe- opathic Collesje of Pennsylvania, graduating therefrom in 1852. During his ^. term at Pittsfield. he read a paper entitled "What is Homoeopathy?" Dur- ing the thirty-one years of his active life he was associated in practice with, and professionally introduced Drs. Samuel \\'. Graves, Elijah Utley Jones and J. W. Hay ward. He died of paralysis and brain fever. January 18, 1878. He was led to homoeopathy by his brother's success and also that of Dr. William Peck, of Cincinnati. Dr. Samuel W'. Graves remained in Taunton two years when he went to Springfield, and afterward to Chicago where he died July 6. 1854. Dr. Charles Harris was a graduate of Pittsfield in 1847. ^^ settled in Taunton in 1851. remaining a few years and then went to ^^'areham. He was sue- I A. A. Klein, M. D. ceeded in 1855 by bis father. Dr. Handy Harris, who. after remaining three years, located at Yarmouth. Dr. Elisha Utlev Jones was born in Augusta. Me.. May 2. 1826. and graduated at Waterville College and at Colby University, in medicine at the latter institution. He studied under Dr. W. P. Jackson, of Gardner. He graduated at the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1854. He went to Concord. X. H.. as assistant to Dr. Alpheus Morrill ; ])racticed at Dover. X. H.. in 1853. 3"^^ ^^y special request of Dr. George Barrows, he went to Taunton in 1854. He died Xovember 25, 1893. He was a promi- nent physician in Taunton, for many years president of the board of health, and held several public offices. In 1871 he published in volume one of the " Transactions of the Massachusetts Homoeopathic Medical Society," a valu- able i)ai)er on the '" Early History of Homoeopathy in Massachusetts." Dr. John T. Harris was a graduate of the Homoeopathic College of Penn- sylvania in 1853. He practiced two years in Taunton and then removed to East P.ridgewater. In 1859 he removed to Abington. and afterward went to Roxburv. when.' he died. HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 231 Dr. Joseph Warren Hayward was born July ii. 1841, at Easton, Mass. He graduated from the state normal school at Bridgewater in i860, and at- tended his first course at Harvard Medical School in 1862-63. He was then appointed medical cadet of the United States, after passing an examination ";>y the army board in Philadelphia. He served for one year in the general hospitals in Memphis and Louisville and then returned to New England, tak- ing his degree in medicine from the ^^lainc Medical School in June, 1864. He was commissioned assistant surgeon United States volunteers, and was or- dered to report to General Butler of the department of Virginia, and army of the James. He served through the Petersburg and Richmond campaigns. He w^as honorably discharged after the war and opened an office in New York city. The conversation leading him to adopt homoeopathy occurred Hcin-y K. Clarke. M. D. while he was in Richmond. An allopathic physician of repute, a member of the board of health, in his search for cholera remedies wished to find the one used by the homoeopathic ph\sicians, saying that in the two epidemics which occurred within his recollection, the homceopathists had been much more successful than the allopaths, and he thought they had " stumbled " on a specific for the disease. In Dr. Hayward's search for this remedy he discovered that it was the knowledge how to use the homeopathic remedies and the application of a right principle that gave success. In March, 1866, he became partner with Dr. Narrows at Taunton. HomcEOpathv was introduced in Norton by Dr. Ira Barrows in 1842. He was practicing allopathy when. hapi)ening to call on Dr. P. P. Wells who had then just commenced the study and practice of homoeopathy in Provi- 232 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY dence, his attention was called to the subject. Dr. Barrows is referred to more fully in the chapter relating to homoeopathy in Rhode Island. Dr. Ben- jamin M. Rounds settled in Norton in 1847, and practiced there for many years. In W'althani Dr. (jeorge Russell bei;an the i)ractice of homoeopathy in 1839 or 1840. remaining until 1848, when he went to Boston. Dr. Russell was born in Lincoln, Mass.. September 23, 1795. He graduated from" Har- vard Medical School in 1820 and located in Lincoln, where he practiced for seventeen years and then removed to Waltham. a neighboring town. Soon after his settlement in Waltham he became interested in homoeopathy and adopted it in practice, probably a"s early as 1839. In 1845 ''•^ located in Boston, where he continued in practice until his death, February 18, 1883. Dr. Russell's busi- ness extended from ^Valtham to the towns of Newton. Brighton, Wayland. Lincoln and Cambridgeport. He was succeeded in Waltham by Dr. W. W. HebBerd, who joined the fraternity in 1850, and was then living in Waltham. Dr. Thomas B. Wales practiced there two or three years and then went to Ran- dol])h. where he died February 2, 1861, aged thirtv-eight years. Dr. Charles F. Adams went to Wal- tham about 1850. and joined the fra- ternity in 185T. In 1858 he went to Rutland. \ t. Dr. C. F. Saunders prac- ticed in Waltham two or three years. He died January 4. 1862, aged twenty- nine. Dr. Edward Worcester, a grad- uate of the L'niversity of New York in 1851. removed from St. Albans, \'t., to Waltham in i860, and has since resided in that city. Dr. Luther Clark has prac- ticed in Waltham at times while residing there with his family. In Woburn Drs. (iregg and Fuller had prcviousl\- introduced some knowledge of homceopathy by occasional practice, but it was not until Sep- tember. 1848, that there was a settled homoeopathic physician in that place. At that time Dr. Thomas Spencer Scales located there. He was born at Colchester, Conn., ^larch 28. 1822. He graduated from Middlebury Col- lege, \'t., m 1843, after which he took a trip to Illinois. He then returned east and studied dentistry, and i:)racticed it at Nashua, N. H., for several years. Deciding to study medicine, he became a student of Dr. Knight, of Franklin. N. 11.. attended n^edical lectures in New York city, and later at Woodstock, \'t.. where he oraduated in 1848. He studied hom(toi)athy with Dr. Gregg, of Boston, and then made Woburn his home until his death, June 6. i88i." Sniitl"'"^ directory fcr i8=;7 gives two honKeopathic nlnsicians. .S. Alden and N. Washburn, as li\irig in Bridgewater. Nalunn Wasliburn uraduated Elisha J. Jones. M. D. HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 23?> from Dartmouth College iu 1832. but became dissatisfied with the prevail- ing therapeutics and devoted himself to dentistry, locating at Bridgewater. In 1840, reading statements of the wonderful cures effected bv honKjeopathy, lie procured a book and some remedies to test the truth of the matter. He Nvas successful in the treatment of certain cases of obstinate skin disease, and was sent for from neighboring towns to try his remedies. However, Having satisfied himself of the truth of homeopathy, he turned his cases over t) Dr. Alden. whom he interested in homoeopathy, and who finally became ;, homoeopathic practitioner. Dr. Alden was a graduate of Dartmouth Aledi- ral School in 1824, and was converted to homoeopathy in 1840. The first physician to practice homoeopathy in Concord was William ( iallup. He was born in Plainfield. X. H., August 30, 1805. In 1826 he l>rgan the study of medicine with his brother. Benjamin (iallup of Lebanon, \. H. He attended five courses of medical lec- tures, two at the clinical school of medicine at Woodstock. \'t., and three at Dartmouth, where he graduated in Xovember, 1830. In April. 1831, he began practice at Plainfield. In September. 1833. he removed to New Ipswich, and in 1837 \ ent to Concord. Mass. Late in 1839. he met. I ladv who had been subject to frequent attacks of enteralgia, very severe in character and un- yielding to allopathic treatment. She told him of the good results from liomtTeopathic treatment and he decided to look into the matter, but found it difificult to obtain means to experiment. His professional brethren were ready with abuse of homoeopathy, denouncing it as arrant quackery. He finally obtained some books and subscribed for the " Homoeopathic Examiner." Later he obtained Hahnemann's Organon. Experiment ^'^*"- Kussdl. M. 1). satisfied him. and he became a homoeopathist. In 1844 he went to Bangor. ■\Ie., where he passed his life. The first homceopathic phvsician in Cambridge was Dr. Robert W essel- hoeft, brother of Dr. William Wesselhoeft. He was a graduate of Basle, and came to America in 1840 and settled in Cambridge in the summer of 1841. He practiced there four vears. In 1845 ^^^ removed to Boston, and a year later went to Brattleboro, \'t.. where he founded a hydro])athic establish- ment with emploved homoeopathic medication. In November, 1847, Hiram Luce Chase settled in Cambridge. He was born in Boston, i\Iav 19. 1825. and graduated from Harvard Medical School in 1846. About the time of graduating, his attention was called to homoe- opathv and he entered the office of Dr. Samuel Gregg to study its doctrines. He settled in Cambridge, joined the fraternity, and soon built up a large business. As earlv as 1844 Rev. Dr. Davis, jirincipal of Westfield Academy, prac- ticed homoeopathv as a lavman. and owing to his successful treatment of some cases during an epidemic period. Dr. Jehial Abbott, a practicing allo- pathic phvsician of Westfield. was led to investigate homceopathic teachings. i)r. Abbott was born in Tolland. Conn.. September 3. 1795. and graduated from Yale Medical School. It is probable that ho commenced to investigate 234 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY homoeopathy about 1840. He joined the fraternity in 1845. ^^ passed his Hfe in W'estfield. His death occurred September 23, 1872. Dr. Charles W. Taylor, the next practitioner in Westfield. was born De- cember 26, 1820. at Ashburnham, ]\Iass. He graduated from the Western Homoeopathic College at Cleveland in 1853, ^"<^1 began practice at Westfield. He removed to Maiden in 1856, and from there to Xewtonville. Dr. Denton George Woodvine was born at Little Meadley. England, ]\Iav 3. 1834. His parents came to America while he was an infant, and settled in Albany, N. Y. When he was eighteen he went to Springfield, where he was encouraged by Drs. Swazey and Collins to study medicine. He at- tended lectures in Philadelphia and received a diploma from the eclectic college there in 1857. He took the practice of Dr. C. W. Taylor in 1857, remaining in Westfield until 1866, wdien he graduated from the University of Pennsylvania. From this time he practiced in Boston. He died Novem- ber 23, 1894. Dr. Frank Mullen located in Westfield in 1866. In Worcester Dr. Joseph Birnstill was the first homoeopathic practi- tioner, locating there in 1844. He was born in Rastadt, Baden, Germany, August 9, 1809. He was educated at the universities of Frieberg and Heid- elburg, studied medicine at Wurzburg under Schoenlein, and was converted to homoeopathy by Dr. Greisselich. He left Germany for political reasons in May, 1833, landed in New York July 10, and soon after went to Dunkirk, N. Y., at a time when homoeopathy was unknown in Chautauqua county. He could speak only German, and as no one could understand him he remained there but eight months, then going to W^estfield in the same county. He gradually acquired a knowledge of English and his practice increased rap- idly. Two years later he Avent to Buffalo for a few months, and then re- turned to Westfield, but when he applied for membership in the Chautauqua County Medical Society, although he gave ample evidence of having a medi- cal degree, he was rejected because he was practicing homoeopathy. More- over, he was liable to prosecution and fine under the medical law of the time. His poverty and foreign birth, with the ridicule of the physicians, drove him away. He went to Erie, Pa., in 1839, and thence to Massillon, O., where his health failed. He then went to Worcester in 1844, and prac- ticed there three years. In 1847 went to Boston, and in 1849 to Newton Corners, where he built up an extensive practice, and where he died Feb- ruary 16. 1867, aged fifty-six years. In 1849 he was one of the editors of the " Quarterly Homoeopathic Journal." In 1849 I^r. Joseph K. Clark, who had just graduated from the Homoe- opathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, located in Worcester. In 1855 he went to Elizabethtown. Ohio, and thence to Louisville. Ky. In 1849 Dr. Lemuel Bliss Nichols settled in Worcester. He was born in Bradford. N. H.. October 6, 1816. He graduated at Brown University in 1842, taught in the Arnold street grammar school. Providence. R. I., for several years, studied medicine with Dr. A. H. Okie, a homoeopathic physi- cian of Providence, and graduated at Philadelphia in 1848 or 1850. He died September 28. 1883. His son. Dr. Charles L. Nichols, succeeded him in his practice and is still in Worcester. In 1854 Rev. Aurin Bugbee located at Worcester. He claimed to have introduced homoeopathy into Worcester county, having settled at Charlton as early as 1840. In 1856 he attended medical lectures in Boston, and after- ward went to Warren, Vt., where he died in 1859. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 235 Dr. J. E. Linnell succeeded Dr. Clark. He was a graduate of Amherst College, and of the medical school at Dartmouth in 1844. While in practice at East Douglas in 1853 he became interested in and began the practice of homoeopathy. He went to Worcester in January, 1855, remaining there un- til 1866, when failing health caused him to go to Norwich, Conn. Dr. Will- iam Baker Chamberlain established himself in W'prcester in 1866. He had previously practiced in Fitchburg. having come from Kenne, X. H. He died in Worcester. In 1857 Drs. Jonathan E. Linnell, Lemuel Bhss Nichols and Dr. Rosen- thall were in practice at Worcester. In 1875 there were six homoeopathic physicians in the city; in 1882, 9; 1899, 24. Dr. Mary G. Baker graduated in 1862, and practiced homoeopathy in Middleboro until 1868, when she went to Worcester. Dr. Joseph Birnstill located in Newton in 1849. I" 1863 Dr. Edward P. Scales settled there. He was born in Henniker, N. H.. July 17, 1831, studied with his brother, Dr. Scales of Woburn, and in 1857 attended medical lectures at Dartmouth. In March, 1859, he graduated from the Cleveland Homoe- pathic College and began practice at Norwood, where he remained until 1861. He then practiced at Winchester, and located in 1863 at Newton. He fell while leaving the library at Newton, and died from the injury at the Newton Hospital. In Egremont Dr. H. D. Chapman began the practice of homoeopathy in 1846, remaining until 1856, when he went to Mrginia. He was the pioneer of homoeopathy in Berkshire county. As early as 1840 homoeopathy was planted in Pittslield, and found its way within the walls of the Berkshire Medical College, for many of the students had seen the good effects of the little doses ; but no regular homoeopathic practitioner settled in Pittsfield un- til 1847, when Dr. Van Vleck, a graduate of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, commenced practice there. Dr. Van \'leck remained until 1851 and then he went to Kinderhook, N. Y. In 1849 Charles Bailey located in Pittsfield. He was born in East Medway, Mass., September 2, 182 1, and was educated at Brown L^niversity. He studied medicine with Dr. Nathaniel Miller, attended lectures at ^lason Street College. Boston, also at the Chelsea Marine Hospital, and in 1843 graduated at Berkshire Medical- College. He began practice in Springfield, remained there four years, then went to Holyoke for two and a half years, and afterward took a journey to the south. He stopped at Philadelphia on the way home to attend a course of lectures at the homoeopathic college, and while there became enthusiastic on homoeopathy. When he went south he had been in poor health, and he regained it by homoeopathic treatment. He returned to Pittsfield in 1849- 50 and commenced the practice of homceopathy. Dr. Harvey CoW, a graee- land. born in Becket. Mass., June 21, 1831. He studied with his" father, at- tended lectures at Pittsfield, and graduated at Western Homoeoijathic Medi- cal College of Cleveland in 1862. In 1855 be went with his father's familv to Fitchbui-g, where, with the exception of a -year with Dr. Chamberlain in Keene. X. H.. he practiced until his death, April 23, 1871. Dr. Daniel Brainard \\hittier was born in Coffstown, X. H.. October ji, 1834. He studied medicine with his brother-in-law, Dr. W. B. Cham- iKM-lain of Keene, attended lectures at Harvard Medical College in 1859-60, iind graduated at Xew York Homoeopathic Medical College in March, 1863. Jn 1861 he went to Fitchburg to assist Dr. Freeland. After graduation he returned and practiced there until his death, April 16, 1895. Dr. Oliver Leech Bradford settled in Fitchburg in 1877, having come there from Andover. He was a native of Francestown. X. H., born Xo- vember 5, 1832. Dr. C. A. Brooks graduated from the Homoeopathic Medi- cal College of Pennsylvania in 1857 and went to Clinton. Dr. H. A. \an Deusen commenced practicing homoeopathy in Great Barrington in 1858. Dr. William Babbitt, a graduate of the University of X^ew York in 1859. began the practice of homoeopathy in Braintree in i860, but went to the war and was promoted surgeon of 103d U. S. Inf. After his return he set- tled in Randolph. Dr. John Howard Sherman located in Xantucket in 1857. He was a graduate of the Castleton Medical College. \'ermont, in 1857. He remained in Xantucket four years, then went to San Francisco, remaining four years, and practiced at Middleboro, ]\Iass., for four and a half years. in May, 1870, he settled in Lynn. Homoeopathic physicians in Massachusetts previous to i860. The date preceding the name indicates the vear the physician began the practice of homoeopathy. The character " indicates that the practitioner originally was of some otiier school ; the character x indicates that the physician ])racticed medicine before the date given. r.osTox. 1856 Barker. Lemuel M. i8.=;7 1857 Rirnstill. D. K. x i8s6 1844 Birnstill. Joseph 1829 1858 Biishnell. William x i8=;2 18.19 Capen, Robert * 1842 i«53 Cross, William Pliimcr * i860 1840 Clark, Luther * 1847 1858 Cullis, Charles 1856 1840 Cutler. William W, 1857 1857 Dennett. George William 1846 1838 Flagg, Josiah Foster ■ 1853 1841 Fuller, Milton * 1840 18^2 Geist, Christian V. 1840 1838 Gregg, Samuel * 1848 1857 Gove, H. X 1840 1844 Hale, Eben i8s8 Hall, L. X Hernisz, Stanislaus x Hoffendahl, Charles Frederick Hoffendahl. Herman L. H. Ingalls. William. Sr. * Krehs, Francis ilugo Martin. Joseph Lloyd Macfarland. Lafayette Newell. R. W. x 1846 Osgood, David * Palmer, Frederick Xiles Pease, Giles Russell. Cieorge * Sanders. Orrin S. * Sandicky. D. F. Sherman. John lii)\\ar 353- HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 241 THE NEW JERSEY STATE HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL SOCIETY. The first homoeopathic society in New Jersey was the New Jersey Branch of the .\merican Institute of Homoeopathy, which was organized at Mount Holly, July 20, 1846. On that occasion Dr. J. Richardson Andrews was chairman; M. J. Rhees, secretary; Drs. John A. Paine and J. C. Boardman, censors. The next meeting was held November 26, 1846, when only Drs. Boardman, Paine and Rhees were present. The constitution and by-laws were published and promulgated in 1846, and the society was in existence in 1850, but was decadent and not recognized as a legally organized body under the laws then in force. Under the then existing statutes any person practicing medicine in the state who had not the diploma of an allopathic college, or who had not been licensed by an authorized medical society was deemed to be practicing unlawfully and liable to a fine of $25 for each prescription, one- half of said fine to go to the prosecutor; but in 1854 this obnoxious and un- just law was repealed, and thereafter homoeopathy had legal rights in the state. At a meeting held in Trenton, February 13, 1855, a state homoeopathic medical society was organized, with officers as follows: Dr. Thomas Lafon of Newark, president ; Drs. William A. Durrie of Jersey City, J. R. Andrews of Camden and J. C. Boardman of Trenton, vice-presidents ; Dr. J. B. Pether- bridge of Trenton, recording secretary ; Dr. J. J. Youlin of Jersey City, pro- visional secretary ; Dr. J. B. Scott of New Brunswick, corresponding secre- tary ; Dr. P. E. Vastine of Trenton, treasurer ; Drs. J. D. Annin, J. D. Moore, R. M. Wilkinson, J. S, Bassett and R. Titsworth, censors. The society con- tinued to hold meetings until 1858, after which there is no record of any such, though probably the members held informal gatherings. On February 4, 1868, a reorganization meeting was held in Jersey City, and on April 15 following the old society was revived, with Dr. Youlin president and Dr. Tompkins secretary. Tliis society was incorporated February 9, 1870. under the name of New Jersey State Homoeopathic Medical Society, by which it has since been known. It holds semi-annual meetings in May and October in different places in the state; membership, 230. The society celebrated its semi-centennial anniversary at Deal Beach, June 3-4, 1903. The Western ^District New Jersey Homoeopathic Medical Society was organized in Camden, May 19, 1869, at which time also a constitution was adopted and officers elected, as follows: Dr. D. R. Gardiner of Woodbury, president; Dr. R. M. Wilkinson of Trenton, vice-president; Dr. Wallace McGeorge of Hightstown. secretary; Dr. J. G. Streets of Bridgton, treasurer; Drs. W. H. Maline, H. F. Hunt and Isaac Cooper, censors. In November, 1869, the name of the society was changed to West Jersey Homoeopathic Medical Society, and under that name was incorporated in May, 1872. It has since maintained an active and healthful existence and meets regularly in Camden. Its membership numbers about seventy-five physicians. Among the other homoeopathic societies with which the state is well pro- vided, for our school of medicine always has been strong in New Jersey, there may be mentioned the Homreopathic Medical Society of Camden, organized in 1878; the Communipaw Medical Society, organized in 1886; the Eastern District Homoeopathic Medical Society, organized February 6, 1868; the Essex Countv Homoeopathic Medical Society, organized in 1885; the Hahne- mann Medical Club of Plainfield, organized in 1885 and dissolved in 1889; 242 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY the Hudson County Homoeopathic Medical Society, organized March 8, 1871 ; Hudson Homoeopathic IMedico-Chirurgical Society, December 8, 1886; Medi- cal Club of Northern New Jersey, 1882; Newark Homoeopathic Medical Un- ion, 1871-1885; Newark, Union and Hudson Counties Homoeopathic Medical Society ; New Jersey Medical Club, March 29, 1869 ; Trenton Club of Homoe- opathic Physicians, 1888. The West Jersey Homoeopathic Hospital, which had its beginning in 1892, was the outgro-vvth of the Camden Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispen- sary Association, organized and incorporated February 5, 1885, and opened for patients March 2 following. On March 22, 1888, the institution was re- moved from its original quarters to a new location on West and Stevens streets. This building was purchased for $8,cxx), and was provided with pub- lic and private wards, operating room, etc. For a time considerable interest was taken by the profession in the welfare of the hospital, but later on there seemed to be a decline, and in December, 1890, the doors were closed, the dispensary, however, remaining in operation and receiving muncipal aid. In April, 1891, the building was sold, passing into the ownership of the West Jersey Homoeopathic IMedical Society, by whom the hospital department was re-opened in 1892. It is a good institution, contains forty beds, and is sup- ported largely by voluntary contributions. The William McKinley Memorial Hospital of Trenton, one of the most \vorthy charities of that city, formerly under strict homoeopathic direction but now open to physicians of both schools, is the outgrowth of the still older Trenton Homoeopathic Hospital, the latter dating its history from its dedication, June 6, 1889, and its formal opening, November i following. The older institution and its training school for fiurses were maintained until 1902, and then re-incorporated under the name of The William McKinley Memorial Hospital. The hospital has seventy-five beds : value of property, $75,000. St. INlary's Homoeopathic Hospital in Passaic was incorporated in 1895 and opened for patients during the same year, and then was an allopathic institution, supported by vohyitary contributions. Its medical supervision passed under homoeopathic control in 1899. The Passaic Homoeopathic Hospital was opened October 27, 1897. The first staff of physicians and surgeons was chosen from the ranks of the allo- pathic profession, but in 1898 this regulation was modified. The Homoeopathic Hospital of Essex county, in Roseville, was incor- porated in 1903 by the Homoeopathic Hospital Association. It was opened for patients, jNIarch 28, 1903. REMINISCENCES. Dr. Isaac Moreau W^ard was the first resident practitioner of homoe- opathy in the state. He became interested in the new system in 1839 or 1840. He was born in Bloomfield. N. J., October 23, 1806, graduated from Yale College in 1825, studied medicine with Dr. Hosack and graduated from Rut- ger's College in 1829. He located in Newark and soon established a large practice. In 1832 when the cholera appeared in New York he was chosen lay the state and county societies to investigate the character of the plague and note the comparative effects of different remedial agents. He saw homoe- opathv and allopathy tried side by side in the Park Hospital, and the superior advantages of homoeopathy there demonstrated. Then he met Dr. Alonzo HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 243 S. Ball of New York at a religious meeting in Newark, and invited liim to dinner, and the conversation turning on homoeopathy, he learned that Ball had adopted its practice and obtained from him a few remedies vvitli which to experiment in certain cases. Without mentioning to his patients that he had made any change in his school of medicine, his success was so great with the homoeopathic remedies that he adopted them and began the practice of homoeopathy. In 1841 he was induced to go to Albany, N. Y., by Drs. Gray, Hull and Ball. He practiced there until 1849, when on account of his health he retired to a home near Newark, giving his time to horticulture. After several years he again began practice. From 1853 to i860 he held chairs in the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania. In i860 he became (u<.r-c W. Richards, M. D. one of the founders of the New York Homoeopathic Medical College, and for a time was its dean and professor of obstetrics. He then retired to his country home at Lyons farm, where he practiced only among friends and neighbors until his death, which occurred March 24, 1895. Another of the early practitioners of Newark was Dr. Jonathan Dicken- son Annin. He was born at Libertv Corner, N. J., November 26, 1806. He attended lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, but the date of his graduation is not known. He commenced practice at Irv- ington, N. J., and afterward removed to Newark. In ^1840 he married Eleanor Mead.' Some time after 1840 he began to question the superiority of the allopathic practice, and after experimenting began to regularly practice homoe- opathy. He became a member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy in 244 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 1846. The last few years of his hfe were marked by extreme weakness and debihty. He died at the Sheldon house, Ocean Grove, September 26, 1883. Dr. Thomas Lafon was practicing- homoeopathy in Newark in 1847. He was born in Chesterfield county, Va., in 1802. In 1805 he entered the medi- cal department of Transylvania University, graduating therefrom. Two years later he became interested in the American Board of Foreign Missions, and volunteered to go as medical missionary to the Sandwich islands. For seven years he labored there both as doctor and spiritual teacher. At the end of that time the ill health of his wife, and the condition of his eyes, com- pelled his return to the United States. After a few months of rest he at- tended a course of lectures in the Philadelphia ^Medical College. In 1846 he opened an office in Paterson, N. J., and while there began to investigate the claims of homoeopathy. He soon became satisfied of its truth and openly avowed and adopted it. Dr. Lafon introduced homoeopathy into Passaic countv. In 1847 '""^ removed to Newark where, despite most bitter opposi- tion bv the allopathic society, he built up a large practice. Suddenly, while at the bedside of a patient, lie was stricken with apoplexv and died on March 20. 1876. In 1857 Drs. J. D. Annin, T. Lafon, I. M. Ward, C. H. Liebold and J. B. Scott were practicing in Newark. In 1875 there w^ere 29 homoe- opathy practitioners there; in 1880, 25; in 1899, 33. Dr. George W. Richards opened an office in Orange about i860. Dr. E. Caspari was in practice there as early as 1857. Dr. Richards graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons 'of New York in 1853, spent some time abroad, and on his return located in New York city. After a few years he went to Newark, where he became a partner with Dr. Lafon and opened an office in Orange, establishing the first homoeopathic dispensary in the state. A year later the partnership v.-as dissolved and he went to Orange to live. He died ]\Iay 2, 1893. Homoeopathy was introduced into Burlington county in 1840 by Dr. R. S. Middleton, who located at Burlington city. He remained there until 1855 when he went to Philadelphia. He joined the American Institute of Homoe- pathy in 1847. ^^- Plumphrey went from Philadelphia to Burlington after he had retired from practice and he exercised an influence favorable to homoe- opathy. He afterward went to Beverly, where he died. In 1857 Drs. John D. Moore and Edward M. Smith were m practice in Burlington. Dr. INIoore was born in Philadelphia, March 7, 1802. He studied medicine with Dr. James McClintock, attended a course of lectures at the Jefferson Medical College, and two courses at the Pennsylvania College, where he graduated in 1847. Jfn 1849 he became interested in homoeopathy. He practiced for several years in Newtown. Pa., but about 1853 located in Burlington, where he died September 20, 1867. One who knew him said he was a man who would weigh upwards of two hundred. The boys called him "Powwow Moore " on account of his devotion to homoeopathy. When he was taken with his last illness Dr. Gant, an allopathic physician, called and asked his wife if he might see him. Dr. Moore sent word that the doctor could visit him as a friend but not as a physician. Dr. Gant said he had come as a physician and urged to be allowed to prescribe for him, saying that he would die if he continued to take homoeopathic medicine. Dr. Moore would not see him and Dr. Gant afterward said that he died because he would not give up homoeopathy. Dr. Alexander Kirkpatrick afterward practiced in Burlington. In 1875 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 245 Drs. Charles R. Cloud and Alexander Kirkpatrick were in that city, and from 1880 to 1899 Drs. J. P. Shreve and Eugene F. Rink practiced there. Dr. Morgan John Rhees introduced homoeopathy into Mount Holly in 1846. He was born in Philadelphia, July 15, 1824. His parents had become converted to homoeopathy about 1834 under the treatment of Dr. George H. Bute. Young Rhees, in deference to his mother's wishes, decided to become a physician, and during the winter of 1842-43 studied the German language. In April, 1843, he went to Nazareth, the home of Bute, and entered his of- fice as a student of homoeopathy. He read the works of Hahnemann in the German during the summer, in the fall he entered Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia, where he graduated in 1846. In April he began the prac- tice of homoeopathy in INIount Holly. In June of the same year he went to the meeting of the American Institute of Homoeopathy in Philadelphia, be- coming a member. On his return home he issued invitations to the homoeopathic physicians in New Jersey, and as a result the New Jersey branch of the insti- tute was formed. Drs. Middleton of Burlington, Andrews of Camden and Boardman of Trenton met in Dr. Rhees' office and adopted a constitution and by-laws and elected oflficers. Dr. Rhees was chosen secretary, and also delegate to the 1847 meeting of the institute. In 1849, although he had built up a large practice in Mount Holly, he was seized with the gold fever and went to California, via Cape Horn. After a varied experience of six years he returned to Mount Holly, and in October, 1855, resumed professional work. In April, 1868, he sold his practice and retired to a farm where in sixteen months he lost his property and was again compelled to return to his profession. In November, 1869. he went to Hollidaysburg, Pa. During his residence in California, he practiced medicine at times and was physician to a homoeopathic hospital. In 1853 he married Charlotte L. Head, formerly of Boston, Mass. He also became a member of the central bureau of the institute. In 1873 he went to Newtonville, Mass., and five years later re- moved to Wheeling, West Va., where he died, March 26, 1890. Another pioneer was Dr. Walter Ward, who settled in Alount Holly in 1849. He was born in Keene, N. H., January 7, 1816. He was educated at Ipswich Academv, and began the study of medicine with Dr. William Gal- lup of that place.' He also spent a year in the office of Drs. Smith and Batch- eiler of Massachusetts. He attended medical lectures at Woodstock, Vt., and then at Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia, where he graduated in 1840. Having heard much of the new system of homoeopathy and liavmg witnessed some remarkable cures, he decided to investigate it for himself. He therefore placed himself under the guidance of Dr. Jeanes of Philadelphia, and was soon led to adopt the new system. He joined the institute m 1846. While Dr. Ward was located in Philadelphia he became professor of phvsiol- ogv at the first session of the newly established Homoeopathic Medical Col- leg'e of Pennsylvania, and signed the diplomas of the first class. He mar- ried Sarah Groves of Philadelphia. He remained in Mount Holly until his death. March 29, 1888. Drs. Rhees and Ward were the onlv homoeopathic practitioners in Mount Holly until i860. Drs. E. K. Bancroft and Walter Ward were there from 1875' to 1880. Dr. Bancroft was a graduate of the ,?Tomoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1865. In 1886 Drs. Samuel Caley and Willett W. Whitehead, and in 1899 Drs. Tohn W. Branin. Samuel Carey. Oscar L. 240 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY Grumbrecht, W. W. Whitehead and George U. Yan Derveer were in practice in Mt. Holly. Dr. Ross M. Wilkinson located at Bordentown about 1856. He became a member of the institute in 1853. Dr. David E. Gardiner located at Borden- town about 1859. He was the grandson of Dr. William Gardiner and the nephew of Dr. Richard Gardiner, with the latter of whom he studied medi- cine. He graduated from the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsyl- vania in 1857, ^"^1 settled in Manayunk. removing in 1858 to Bordentown, where he practiced twenty-one years. He then returned to Philadelphia, where he remained until his death, July 10, 1890. Dr. Rufus Sargent com- menced the practice of homoeopathy in Bordentown in 1852, remained there DaniL'l R. Gardiner, M. D. until 1857 and then went to Philadelphia. Dr. Levi D. Tebo graduated from the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia in 1873, and settled at Bor- dentown. In 1886 he was the only homoeopathist there. Dr. Edward E. French settled there in 1888. having graduated in 1887 from Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia. Dr. Daniel R. Gardiner located at IMoorestown about 1855. He was born in Pottsville, Pa., October 21, 1828, and completed an academic course in Hamilton College, New York state ; commenced the study of medicine in 1846; attended two courses at Jefferson Medical College, and graduated at Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1849. He practiced for some time in Philadelphia, removing thence to Moorestown in 1855, where he was the pioneer of homoeopathy. After a few years he went to Smyrna, Del., where again he introduced homoeopathy. From there he went to Wood- HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 24" bury in 1S62. In 1871, on account of failing; health, he sold his practice to Dr. Wallace McGeorge, and in November went to Pottsville, Pa. In 1875 he returned to Woodbury and associated with Dr. McGeorge. Dr. Gardiner died at Woodbury, June 30, 1889. Dr. George Bolton L. Clay took Dr. Gardiner's place at Moorestown in 1858. He was a graduate in 1853 of the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, but previously practiced in Manayunk, Pa. He remained in Moorestown until his death in 1898. Dr. Pusey Wilson, a native of Dela- ware and a graduate of the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1862. located in Moorestown previous to 1866, and practiced there until his death, May 20, 1900. Dr. Alfred Matson also practiced at Moorestown. Bowman II. Shivers, M. D. Dr. Bowman Henry Shivers settled in Marlton in 1858. lie was born at Haddonfield, July 6, 1836. He studied allopathic medicine for two years when, becoming convinced of the truth of homoeopathy, he commenced its study with Dr. Julius Holterholf. in Marlton. After attending four courses at the Pennsylvania Medical University, he graduated in April, 1858. He then went to^ Marlton, taking the practice of Dr. Holterholf, who removed to Morristown. In 1862 ill health caused him to remove to Philadelphia, but in a few months he resumed practice in Marlton, where he remained until August, 1864, when he went to Haddonfield. Dr. E. V. Sharp also prac- ticed at ]\Iarlton. In 1870 Dr. Thomas Peacock settled in Medford, but in a year or two went to Philadelphia where he has since practiced. He is a graduate of the Homoeopathic College of Pennsylvania, class of 1868. Dr. Wilson succeeded 248 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY him in Medford, and Dr. George U. Van Derveer located there about 1874, after graduating from Hahnemann ^ledical College of Philadelphia in 1873. Dr. Coy practiced in Pemberton, and Drs. J. G. L. Whitehead and Joseph A. Moke at Crosswicks. Dr. James V. Roberts and Dr. Joseph J. Curry are at Beverly ; Dr. N, T. Chafifee at Chesterfield ; Dr. Geo. W. H. and Dr. Laura A. Calver at Columbus, and Dr. Harry K. Weller at Delanco Dr. White- head was a Philadelphian. He died at Crosswicks, June 30, 1901. In 1875 there were but 14 homoeopathists in Burlington county; in 1899, 26. In Passaic county homoeopathy gained a foothold before 1840 through the visits of physicians from New York. After 1840 Dr. Stephen R. Kirby of New York established a regular practice in this county, giving to it a cer- tain part of his time. The first resident physician was Dr. Thomas Lafon, who was for a time in Paterson. In 1845 Dr. Joseph B. Petherbridge lo- cated at Paterson. His name appears in the list of members for 1848 as si ill at Paterson. In 1850 his letters to the institute from the New Jersey branch are dated from Trenton, in which city he took up his residence in 1851. In 1848 Dr. R. G. Belt, from Woonsocket, R. I., located in Paterson and remained there until 1852, when he went to Milford, Mass. In 1854 his address was Woonsocket. He was succeeded in Paterson by Dr. John S. Bassett, who remained until 1861, when he went to New York. Since 1861 Drs. E. Nott. McPherson, Porter S. Kinne, Theodore Y. Kinne and David Neer have practiced there. In 1857 there was but one homoeopathic physi- cian in Paterson ; in 1899 there were eleven. In 1875 Dr. Jacob R. Gedney was at Little Falls, and Drs. John Not- tingham and Norton C. Ricardo at Passaic. In 1899 there were at Passaic Drs. Charles A Church, Edwin De Baun, Alfred C. Pedrick and Norton C. Ricardo. Camden county was visited by the homoeopathic physicians of Philadel- phia as early as 1838. The first resident physician, however, was Dr. John R. Andrews, who began practice there in 1841. He was an allopathic grad- uate, and was well supported by his friends, but after two years he went to Wilmington, Delaware. He remained there a short time and was induced by his patrons in Camden to return. His practice grew rapidly and he con- tmued there until his death, February 19, 1864, at the age of forty-six years. He joined the institute in 1846. Dr. Henry Francis Hunt succeeded Dr. Andrews. He was born in Cranston, R. I., March 28, 1838. He commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Howell, an allopathic physician at Aurora, Ills., where he (Hunt) was engaged in teaching. He remained there two years, then returned east and took two courses of lectures at Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York. MHiile he was with Dr. Howell he had seen in a severe epidemic of diphtheria the successful results of homoeopathic treatment, and he resolved to investigate its methods. He entered the office of Dr. Okie in Providence, and attended two courses of lectures at the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, where he graduated in 1864. Dr. Hunt at once took the place in Camden made vacant by the death of Dr. Andrews. He was an influential practitioner there until his death, which occurred while he was visiting Providence, October 3, 1895. ^e joined the institute in 1867. In 1857 Drs. J. R. Andrews, S. Carels and G. S. F. Pfeiffer were prac- ticing homoeopathy in Camden. In 1875 Drs. Purnell \\'. Andrews, James HISTORY OF HOAICEOPATHY 249 H. Austin, Thomas R. Blackwood, J. K. Bryant, Samuel Cards, C. J. Cooper, Wm. H. Crow, Henry F. Hunt, Melbourne F. Middleton, Geo. S. F. Pfeifferl Silas H. Quint and H, K. Stewart were in practice there. Dr. Samuel Carels was a graduate of Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia in 1838, and of the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsyl- vania in 1855. The name Carles is given in Smith's " Homoeopathic Direct- ory " (1857) and in Godfrey's "History of the Medical Profession in Cam- den County," but in the catalogue of graduates of Jefferson Medical College and also in that of the HomcEopathic Medical College, the name is Carels. Dr. George S. F. Pfeift'er was a native of Wurms, Germany, born in 1806, and came to America in 1833. While a student at Strasburg he en- tered the Holland navy as medical cadet. In 1825 while cruising off the coast of Algiers, he with a number of shipmates made an inland trip and was captured by Bedouins, and retained a prisoner until 1830, when the French captured Algiers. He then entered the French army, remaining six months, when he was permitted to return to Germany to complete his medical studies. In 1833 he came to America, and in 1854 located in Camden. In 1856 he graduated from the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania and soon afterward accepted the chair of theory and practice in Penn Medical Uni- versity of Philadelphia, which he retained until 1864, when he became as- sistant surgeon of the i86th regiment, Pennsylvania volunteers. He was mustered out of service in 1865 and returned to Camden. He was con- versant with eight languages. He died in November, 1883. Dr. Thomas R. Blackwood was born in Moorestown, July 30, 1835. He graduated from Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1870, practiced for one summer in Atlantic City, and then located in Camden, con- tinuing there until his death, July 30, 1895. Dr. John Hayden Austin was born in Trenton, July 24, 1842, gradu- ated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1864, and served as assistant surgeon in U. S. navy under Farragut. While in Philadelphia in the sum- mer of 1865, ^16 became an interested witness of the success of the homoe- opathic treatment of typhoid fever. Entering practice soon after in New Jersey, he sought every means to practically test the truth of the system until he was compelled to adopt it as the true method of practice. In 1868. he located in Camden. Dr. B. W. Blackwood, of Haddonfield, an allopathic physician, em- braced homoeopathy in 1855 and practiced it until his death in 1866. Dr. B. H. Shivers located in Fladdonfield in 1864. In Berlin Drs. S. Shivers and S. H. Johnston were in practice in 1875, and Dr. Richard Gardiner, Jr., at Gloucester. Drs. Wm. L. Delap and Seaver C. Ross were at Gloucester in 1899, and Dr. Edgar B. Sharp was then at Berlin. Dr. Joseph Shreve settled in Berlin in 1866 and afterward lo- cated at Haddonfield. He also practiced at Burlington. The pioneer of homoeopathy in Mercer county was Dr. Joseph Canfield Boardman, who introduced it into Trenton in 1845. Dr. Boardman was born in Wethersfield, Conn., May 4, 1813. He graduated at Westfield Academy, Westfield, Mass., and afterward devoted several years to teaching in Penn- sylvania. He studied medicine with Dr. Neff at Lancaster, attended lec- tures at the Pennsylvania Medical College, and later at the University of Pennsylvania, where he graduated in 1844. The next year he located in Trenton. He was one of the organizers of the American Institute of Homoe- 250 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHS opathy in 1844, and was active at the s£cond meeting in New York, in 1845. It is " said that he was in practice in New York when the institute was founded, which was previous to his advent in Trenton. He remained in that city with the exception cf short intervals of practice in Brooklyn, Balti- more and New York, until his death, Julv 26, 1896. Dr. Charles Gottleib Raue, after graduating from the Philadelphia Col- lege of Medicine in 1852, commenced practice in Trenton, where he remained until 1858. Dr. Boardman was ill at the time and unable to practice and Dr. Raue attended to his business and also that of another doctor. In 1857 Drs. Boardman. Raue and Yastine were located there. Peter E. Vastine, of Baltimore, went to Trenton in 1851, joining the institute the same year. I Jos. C. Boardman, ]\r. D. He was a graduate of Jefferson Medical College in 1838, and originally was an allopathic practitioner. In 1875 there were located at Trenton Drs. Allen, Boardman, Cooper, Grover, Compton, Wilkinson and Worthington. Dr. Samuel E. Allen was a graduate of the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1869, ^^^ joined the institute in 1871. He located at Tren- ton after graduation. Cornelius B. Compton graduated from the same col- lege in 1854; Isaac Cooper graduated from the same college in 1868 and went to Mullica Hill, going in 1870 to Frenchtown, Hunterdon county, and a little later to Trenton, where he still remains. Ross M. Wilkinson gradu- ated from the old Philadelphia college in 1853, and located in Bordentown. The date of his advent in Trenton is not known. Anthony H. Worthington graduated from the same institution in i860. George Thompson was in Trenton in 1880. He graduated from Hahnemann Medical College of Phila- delphia in 1877. In 1857 there were three homoeopathic practitioners in Trenton; in 1875, seven; in 1880, seven; in 1899, sixteen. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 2:a In 1875 Drs. Joseph J. Currie and Joseph P. Johnson were located at Kightstown. Dr. Currie was born at Carpenter's Landing, Gloucester county, September 10, 1836; studied with Dr. Gardner at Woodbury; gradu- ated at Philadelphia in 1866; settled at Glassboro, Gloucester county, and remained there six months. He then went to Flemington, Hunterdon county, where he practiced five years. He next located at Hightstown. In 1880 he was practicing in Columbus, Burlington county, and later located in Beverly, where he is still in practice. Dr. Joseph Price Johnson was born in Chester county, Pa., January 25, 1840; took his degree in medicine in Philadelphia in 1867 ; began practice in Lancaster county ; removed to Philadelphia, and thence in 1870 to Hightstown. • In 1875 Dr. D. W. Sexton was located at Princeton, Dr. J. A. Miller at Hopewell, and Dr. Joseph J. Whittington at Windsor. Dr. Owen Beverly Cause practiced at Trenton from the time of his graduation in 1857 until 1862, when he located in, Philadelphia. Drs. Jo- sephus Gunning, J. B. Petherbridge, Record, and E. H. Trego also practiced in Trenton. Dr. E. Bentley Hall was for a time located at Hightstown. Hudson county, extending from Bergen Point to the palisades, and directly opposite New York city, was occupied by a homoeopathic physician in 1847, ^\^lien Dr. William A. Durrie located at Jersey City. He was born in New Haven, Conn., in 1822; was educated at Yale, graduating from the academic department in 1843, ^"d from the medical school in 1846. He commenced the practice of allopathy in New Haven, but his attention having been called to homaopathy he went to New York and placed himself under the guidance of Gray and Hull. He qualified as a homceopathic practitioner and settled in Jersey City in 1847. Early in 1848 Dr. John Juvenal Youlin located in Jersey City. He was born in Rupert, Bennington county, Yt., December 31, 1821. He was edu- cated at Auburn. \. Y., studied medicine under Dr. Augustus Willard, at- tended lectures at Geneva College, and became a student of Dr. Alanson Briggs, professor of surgery in the Geneva school. He entered the medical department of the University of New York in 1846, but certain investigations into homoeopathy prevented him from graduating. At that time he was a bitter opponent of homoeopathy. In his preceptor's library were various homoeopathic books and in them he sought statements with which to ridicule their authors. He procured some of the medicines described and carefully studying the symptoms adminisrered them in cases of prisoners under his charge. (Dr. Briggs was physician to the Auburn state prison.) The good results surprised him. Then he was seized with typhoid fever and in this emergency was persuaded to allow a homoeopathic physician to be called and his health was restored. This recovery, following close upon the experi- ments he had previously made, led him gradually to a belief in the truth of the doctrines of Hahnemann. He went to Jersey City in 1848 and began practice. He graduated from the Western College of Homoeopathic Medi- cine m 1854. He made his home in Jersey City until his death. October 30, 1881. Dr. Youlin was a member of many societies, and joined the institute in 1858. He started a homoeopathic dispensary for the poor in Jersey City. Drs. Youlin and Durrie were alone in Jersey City until 1857. Dr. J. R. Petherbridge practiced there until the beginning of the war, wlien he entered the army. He died shortly after its close. In 1875 the following physicians w'cre located in Jersey City : Drs. Wm. 252 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY H. Abercrdmbic, Eleazer Bowen, Horace Bowen. George B. Cornell. William A. Durrie. Tames Harkness. Alexander H. Laidlaw. C. Holmes McNeil, Dan- iel ^IcNeil. ^^'illiam H. Newell, Frank Nichols, E. W. Pyle, G. D. Salstonstall, L. Scott. Charles S. Shelton, Geors^e N. Tibbies and John Juvenal Youlin. Dr. Daniel AlcNeil was a surgeon in the army during the rebellion, but had previously practiced in Jersey City. His son. Dr. C. Holmes McNeil, took the place made vacant by his father's death. He died December i8, 1898. Dr. Eleazer Bowen located in Jersey City in 1864. He was born at Rehoboth. Mass.. in October, 1829. He studied medicine with Dr. Usher Parsons in Providence, .and graduated at the Pittsfield Medical College in 1853. After practicing six years in Barnstable, Mass., he was led to investi- gate homoeopathy. He went to New York to study under its practitioners, returned to ^lassachusetts in 1859 and settled in Lynn, where he remained until 1864 when he went to Jersey City. Dr. George Boardman Cornell, a graduate of the New York University in 1864. practiced allopathy until 1869, when he investigated and adopted homoeopathy. Dr. William Henry Newell was born in New York. February 19, 1837, and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1859. He passed the next few vears in travel and arrived in Baltimore the day after "the riot" in 1861. He served through the war as a confederate surgeon and after his discharge located in Jersey City. After an examination of the claims of homoeopathy he began practice under its principles. Dr. Oscar F. Lund, previously an allopathic practitioner, began the prac- tice of homoeopathy in Jersey City about 1870. He died in 1875. In 1857 there were two homoeopath ists in Jersey City; in 1875, 17; in 1880. 20: in 1899, 31; and in 1904, 25 In Monmouth county Dr. W. S. Kimball was the first homoeopathic physician. He located at Eatontown in 1854. and for many years was the only homoeopathic phvsician at the Long Branch hotels. In i860 Dr. Ellis B. Hall practiced at Freehold. Dr. C. C. Currie also practiced there. In 1864 Dr. W. A. Bevin located at Freeport. Dr. G. F. Marsden set- tled at Red Bank in 1870. In 1875 Dr. H. H. Pemberton was at Long Branch, Dr. L. Bushnell at Keyport and^Dr. W. H. Burnett at Freehold. ' In 1880 Drs. Ernest P. and G. Macomber were at Kevport and G. F. IMarsden and Alfred J. Trafford at Red Bank. In Gloucester county Dr. Ellis Bentlcy Hall, a graduate in 1849 ^^ the first session nf the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, and who had been practicing since that time at Bridgeton. located at Woodbury in 1855. ^^ ^^'i^ the first qualified homoeopathic phvsician in the county, and left Woodbury in 1857. Later on he practiced in Hightstown, Camden, Free- hold and Beverly, and died in Beverly in 187^. Dr. E. J. Record succeeded Dr. Hall at Woodbury, he remained there a short time, and afterward went into mercantile pursuits. Dr. Thomas Shearer, a graduate of i8;8 of the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pcnnsvlvania, settled in Woodburv. and removed thence to Baltimore. Dr William .A. Gardiner was located there a short time about i86t. He removed to Phil- adelphia and died there April 29. 1863. Dr. Daniel R. Gardiner, brother of William A. Gardiner, located in Woodburv in 1862 and in 1871 removed to Pottsville. Pa. In 187.S he re- turned to ^^'oodbury and remained there until his death. June 30. 1889. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 253 ' Dr. Wallace McGeorge, who bought out Dr. Gardiner, was born in Bath, England, January 31, 1843. He came to America in 1850, and was educated in the public schools of New York. He then learned the printing business, and during the early years of the war was an earnest union man. In 1864 he applied for appointment as hospital stew-ard, and was advised by the board of examination to attend medical lectures and then apply for a medical cadetship in the regular army. After the war he obtained a position in charge of a printing establishment in Philadelphia, still continuing his medical studies. In 1866 he became a student of Dr. J. H. P. Frost. The same year he urged Dr. Malcolm Macfarlan to resign from the regular army and come to Philadelphia. He did so and was elected professor of surgery in the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania. Mr. McGeorge then became his student. He graduated from the college in 1868. He first located at Hightstown, N. J., remaining there two years and then went to Crescent, Saratoga county, N. Y., being the first homoeopathic physician there. In January, 1871, he became partner with Dr. Daniel R. Gardiner in Woodbury, where he remained until 1893, when he removed to Camden, his present residence. Dr. Charles Newton, a graduate in 1867 of the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, located in Woodbury in 1869 and in 1870 T\'ent to Sharpstown, Salem county. In November, 1872, Rev. William M. White- head, who had just graduated from the Hahnemann Medical College of Phila- delphia, settled in Woodbury. He was pastor of the Baptist church, and united the duties of that office with those of a physician. He died in Jan- uary, 1874. Dr. Alexander Kirkpatrick a graduate of the Homoeopathic :Medical Col- lege of Pennsylvania in 1861, practiced first in Swedesboro and afterward settled in Burlington. Dr. John F. Musgrave took Dr. Kirkpatrick's place in Swedesboro. Dr. Isaac Cooper located in Mullica Hill in 1868, remammg until 1870. Dr. Jacob Izard graduated from the Hahnemann Medical College of Phda- delphia in 1870, and settled in Glassboro, where he still remams. In 1886 Dr. Howard Izard also located there. In 1875, Dr. Albert T. Beckett located at Mullica Hill. Dr. Samuel E. Newton located at Paulsboro m 1873, be-, ing the first homoeopathic physician in that place. Dr. Samuel Arthur Tones introduced homceopathy mto Bergen county in i860. He located in Englewood in that year and remained there until 1875 when he took the chair of homoeopathic materia medica in the Univer- sity of Michigan. Dr. H. M. Banks succeeded Dr. Jones at Englewood. In 1880 Drs. D. M. Baldwin and H. M. Banks were in practice there and Dr. George B. Best afterward located there. In 1875 Dr. H H. HoUister was located at Rutherford Park. Dr. Addison P. Macomber located at Hacken- sack in 1867. He was a graduate of the University of New York m 1853, but had become converted to homoeopathy. He joined the institute in 18O7, at which time he was located at Maiden, Mass. He went from there to Hackensack. Dr. George M. Ockford was born in England. March 29. 1845, and was brought when a child to northern New York He learned the printing trade and became a journalist. He began the study of medicine under Dr. A. P. Macomber, at Maiden, Mass.. and graduated from the Cleveland Hospital College in 1872. He then went to Hackensack^ wliere his preceptor was in practice. He has practiced at Hackensack. Burling- 2:)4 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY ton, Vt., Vincennes, Ind., and Lexington, Ky. In 1891 he located in Ridge- wood, N. J. Dr. William R. Sheppard graduated from the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1861, and located at Cape May, Cape May county, being the first homoeopathic physician there. Drs. W. F. Hedstrom and W. R. Sheppard were practicing at Cape May from 1875 to 1880. Dr. E. H. Phillips was practicing there in 1899. Homoeopathy was introduced in Cumberland county by Dr. E. Bentlev Hall about 1849. Smith's directory for 1857 gives one homoeopathic physi- cian in Cumberland countv. Dr. Moore, at Bridgeton. In 1875 Drs. A. W. Bartlett, L. W. Brown, E. B. Griswold, W. T. Sherman, E. R. Tuller and ^ , ,^c^ ^^f ' ^1 Samuel A. Jones, M. D. M. B. Tuller were located at \^ineland ; L. J. Bumstead. T. Walter Gardiner, Thomas Sturdevant, J. W. Thompson, at Millviile; Charles T. Hill, at Divid- ing Creek; M. E. Hunter, at Commercial; Joseph Moore, at Bridgeton. Dr. L. W. Brown was born in Lorain county, Ohio, February 2, 1844, and graduated at the New York Homoeopathic College in 1865. He then returned to Cleveland, but about 1869 '^^ located at Vineland. In a personal letter written in 1870 Dr. Sturdevant says: "My full name is Thomas Sturdevant, graduated from Penn Medical University, i860, at- tended lectures at Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania. I have practiced homoeopathy exclusively five years. I practiced allopathy five years in Old Southwark, Philadelphia, first ward, for four years ; was the out-of- door physician for that district for three years. I removed from there to Greenwich, Cumberland county, X. J., staved there twentv-two months, but ! HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 255 climate did not agree, and removed from there to Millville and have been here nearly four years. I have had an uphill road of it. Some three homoe- opathic physicians had been here previous to my coming but the old ' reo-u- lars ' succeeded in running them off in a year or so." Dr. Charles W. Mulford introduced homoeopathy into Hunterdon county in 1854. In 1875 Dr. J. B. J. Bard was at Flemington; John Newton Lowe at Milford, and John E. Stiles at Lambertville. Dr. Henry D. Robinson was the pioneer homoeopath in Middlesex county, having located in New Brunswick about 1849. He was of French parentage, but was born in England, educated in Paris, and came to this country in 1829. For a number of years he lived in New York, but in 1849 went to New Theodore Y. Kinne, M. D. Brunswick, where he remained until his death, November 22, 1876, aged seventy-eight years. In the 1857 directory, Drs. C. Blumenthal and H. D. Robinson are men- tioned as living in New Brunswick, and T. Vernon at Perth Amboy. In 1875 there were at New Brunswick, Drs. John G. Greenbank, Samuel Long, J. L. Mulford, H. D. Robinson and Giro S. Verdi. Dr. Stephen Fairchild mtroduced homoeopathy into Morris county m 1841. In 1857 Dr. W. De IT. Quinbv was at Morristown ; Drs. R. B. W. Fairchild and S. W. Fairchild a? Parsipanny ; Drs. J. and W. I. Jackson at Rockaway. In 1875 Mrs. Woodruff practiced at Boonton, and Drs. Macom- ber and Ubellacker at Morristown. In Salem countv Dr. L. G. Vinal was the homceopathic pioneer. In 256 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 1857 Dr. J. B. Stretch was in Salem, and Drs. P. Coates and C. Preston in Woodstown. Dr. Preston had also practiced in Sculltown. Dr. Stretch was a native of Salem county, born August 27, 1825, graduated at the Homoe- opathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1853, and located at Salem, where he lived until his death on March 7, 1865. Dr. Preston remained but a short time in Woodstown, removing thence to Pennsylvania. In 1875 Dr. Aquilia B. Lippincott was at Salem ; Dr Charles Newton at Sharpstown ; P. G. Souder at Woodstown, and A. W. Zane at Pennsgrove. Miles W. Wal- lens located at Woodstown in 1863, and in April, 1870, went to Somerville. Dr. Quinby introduced the system into Somerset county in 1846. In 1857 Dr. T. W. Edwards was in Raritan. In 1875 Drs. Henry Crater and P. H. Mason were in Somerville. Dr. Joseph Hasbrouck was the pioneer homoeopath in Sussex county, about 1870. In Union county' Dr. Tits worth was the first homoeopathic physician to open an office. Dr. Randolph Titsworth located at Plainfield in 1853. He was a graduate of the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1853. He died March 18, 1890. In 1857 Drs. J. Green and J. A. Roesch were at Elizabeth; S. Cook at Rahway. In 1875 there were 18 homoeopathic phy- sicians in Union county. In 1875 Dr. W. P. Sharkey was in practice at Phil- lipsburg. About 1874 Dr. Obed S. Crosby began practice in Atlantic City. In 1880 Drs. O. S. Crosby, R. A. Martin and J. H. Warrington were in prac- tice there. In 1886 Drs. Alfred W. Bailey, George W. Crosby, Obed H. Crosby, Henry K. Stuart and Maurice D. Youngman were located there. In 1899 the physicians there were Drs. Alfred W. Bailey, Lorenzo D. Bailey, Theodore J. Bieling, Walter A. Corson, George W. Crosby, Howard J. Evans, John R. Fleming, Mary Miller, Milton L. Mnnson, Walter C. Sooy and Maurice D. Youngman. In 1904 there were fifteen physicians of the homoeopathic school in Atlantic City. Homoeopathic physicians in New Jersey previous to i860. The date preceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoeopathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school ; the character x indicates that the physician practiced medicine before the date given. 1845 Annin, Jonathan D. * Newark 1857 1845 Andrews, John R. * Camden 1853 1851 Armour, Thomas Allowaystown i86g 1865 Austin, John H. * Camden 1847 1857 Bassett, John S. * x Paterson 1857 1845 Boardman, Joseph C. Trenton 1842 1857 Bhnnenthal, Charles x New Bruns- 1857 wick 18.32 1853 Blackwood, Benjamin W. * Haddon- 1857 field 1853 1856 Brvant, J. Kemper Camden 1843 1846 Beit, R. G. X * Paterson 1849 1854 Compton, Cornelius C. 1857 1857 Crittenden, J. x Morristown 1857 1857 Crittenden, W. H. x 1855 Carels, Samuel * Camden 1857 1835 Caspari, Edward Orange 1849 1857 Cook, S. X Rahway 1835 Coates, P. X Woodstown Clay, George B. L. Moorestown Cornell, George B. * Jersey City Durrie, William A. x Jersey City Edwards, T. W. x Raritan Fairchild, Stephen * Parsippany . Fairchild, R. B. W. Parsippany Geist, C. F. Egg Harbor City Green, Jonas x Elizabeth City Greenbank. John G. New Brunswick Gardiner, Wm. A. Woodbury Gardiner, Daniel R. Moorestown Gardiner, David E. Bordentown Gause, Owen Beverly Trenton Grover. Lewis P. Trenton Hand. W. R. x King wood Hall, Ellis Bentley Woodbury Humphrey, Gideon * Burlington HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY lioT 1857 Jackson, J. x Rockaway 1843 1857 Jackson, W I. x Rockaway 1846 i860 Jones, Samuel Arthur Englewood 1857 1853 Miller, Alexander C. Gloucester 1850 1859 McPherson, William H. 1849 1853 Musgrave, John F. Swedesboro 1854 Kimball, W. S. Eatontown 1846 i860 Kirkpatrick, Alexander Swedesboro 1858 1846 Lafon, Thomas * Newark 1852 185s Liebold, Carl T. * Newark 1846 1850 Leaming, Jonathan * Cape May 1857 Court House 1858 1840 Middleton, R. S. Burlington 1858 1849 Moore, John D. * Burlington 1857 1857 Moore, Joseph x Bridgeton 1857 1851 Mulford, Joseph L. Middletown 1853 1854 Mulford, Charles W. Hunterdon Co. 1857 1865 McNeil, Daniel * West Hoboken 1850 1859 Newell, William H. Jersey City 1848 1857 Orton, Dr. x Madison 1841 1845 Petherbridge, J. B. Paterson 1838 1856 Pfeiffer, George S. F. * Camden 1857 1856 Pease, I. H. x Irvington 1853 1853 Preston, Coates Woodstown 1854 1855 Pretch, C. Trenton Paine, John A. * Newark Quinby, W. de H. x Morristown Roesch, J. A. x Elizabeth City Raue, Charles G. Trenton Robinson, Henry D. * New Bruns- w'ick Rhees, Morgan J. Mount Holly Richards, George W. * Newark Sargent, Rufus Bordentown Smith, Edward M. x Burlington Sheppard, S. W. x Bloomfield Shearer, Thomas Woodbury Shivers, Bowman H. Marlton Scott, J. B. X Newark Stretch, J. B. x Salem Titsworth, Randolph Plainfield Vernon, T. x Perth Amboy Vastine, P. E. x Trenton Vinal, L. G. x Salem Ward, Walter * Mount Holly Ward, Isaac Moreau * Newark Warner, S. C. x Cooperstown Wilkinson, Ross M. Bordentown Youlin, John J. * Jersey City 258 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY CHAPTER X\' HOMOEOPATHY IN VERMONT. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. Sowing the Seed of HomcEopathy in the Old Green Mountain State — Baird, the Inde- pendent, Self-educated, and Successful Practitioner, the Pioneer — Brief Allusion to State, District and County Societies — How and by Whom Homoeopathy was Introduced in the Counties of Verm.ont. HomcEopathy in \'ermont was planted in much the same manner as state- hood itself in that jurisdiction, and was an independent action on the part of its pioneer, David H. Baird, who is remembered as a man of good sound common sense, with an excellent understanding of medicines and their use in general, but who was not a graduate of any school of medicine. Whether Dr. Baird employed other methods in the healing art before beginning prac- tice according to the law of similars does not appear, but it is known that he administered the little homoeopathic doses in Coventry and Troy in Or- leans county as early as about the year 1840, and thus became the pioneer of the profession in the historic Green Mountain state. But Dr. Baird was not long the sole exemplar of homoeopathy in Ver- mont, and within the next twenty years following lijs advent into the ranks of the profession there were about thirty-five practitioners in that field ; and even before that period was passed, and as early as 1854, the homoeopathic physicians of the state gathered together their numbers and organized the Green IMovmtain Homoeopathic Medical Association, which has continued its existence to the present dav and since 1858 has been known as the Ver- mont State Homoeopathic ^ledical Society. In 185 1 the Caledonia County Homoeopathic Medical Society was organ- ized, and three years afterward united with the parent body. The subse- quent kindred organizations have been the Connecticut and Passumpsic Val- ley Hoiuoeopathic Medical Society, about 1866, and the Champlain Valley Homoeopathic Medical Society, organized in 1874. Homoeopathic medical statistics show that the number of physicians of that school in the state in 1857 was 31; 1875, 63; 1880, 83; 1899, 67; and in 1904, 54. This noticeable decrease in numbers during recent years in no sense indicates an unhealthful condition of affairs in the profession, and is dtie to exactly the same causes which have contributed to the loss of popula- tion in the state in general. In X^rmont today homoeopathy is as firmly rooted in the soil as at any previous time in its history, and among the exem- plars there are found some of the best practitioners who have ever honored anv profession with their achievements. VERMONT HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL SOCIETY. Vermont has not figured conspicuously as the home of numerous homoe- opathic societies, but such as have been given life have been noted for vigor and longevity, qualities which are characteristic of all elements of life in HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 259 the healthful regions of the Green Moimtain state. In 1854 eight homoe- cpathic physicians comprising nearly all of that school then in the state, met in Montpelier on the 22d of February and organized the Green Mountain Homoeopathic Association. Its first officers were Dr. Beniah Sanborn of St. Johnsbury, president ; Dr. Cephas Taylor of Hardwick, vice-president ; Dr. C. B. Darling of Lyndon, secretary; Dr. Joshua Stone of St. Johnsburv, treasurer. The society held annual meetings in St. Johnsbury. At a meet- ing held October 21, 1858, the name was changed to Vermont Homoeopathic Aledical Society, and was so incorporated in the same year. The first officers f the new society were Dr. Thomas Bigelow of Burlington, president; Dr. C. B. Currier of South Troy, corresponding secretary; Dr. G. E. Sparhawk of Rochester, recording secretary; Dr. T.' C. Tapli'n of Montpelier, treas- urer; Dr. C. W. Scott of Irasburg, auditor. This society still maintains an active existence and holds semi-annual meetings in Montpelier. Its trans- actions were published in 1891. The Caledonia County Homoeopathic Medical Society was organized in 1 85 1, chiefly through the efforts of Dr. Beniah Sanborn. The Connecticut and Passumpsic Valley Homoeopathic ^Medical Society was organized in 1866. The Champlain Valley Homoeopathic Medical Society was organized at Mid- dlebury, May 5, 1874. REMINISCENCES. Dr. Baird's pioneer efiforts in Orleans county have been referred to in an earlier paragraph. His successor in that locality was Dr. Levi C. Moore, who practiced in North Troy many years, and was there as late as 1882. Dr. Willard W. Jenness began practice in Derby about 1850, and removed thence to Chicopee in Massachusetts. In 1852 Dr. Hiram C. Orcutt, a Dartmouth graduate, began practice in Troy, reniaining there until 1865, when he settled in Derby. Dr. George "^tarr Kelsea. from Lisbon. New Hampshire, and a graduate in 1867 of the leveland Homoeopathic Medical College, located in Derby, but two years later settled in Newport, where he died September 26, 1884. In 1854 Dr. Chester Walter Scott, a graduate in 1854 of the old Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, began practice in Irasburg, and in 1865 removed to Caledonia county. At one time he practiced in Hardwick. Drs. C. B. Darling and I. R. Taylor also practiced in Irasburg at an early day. Dr. Charles B. Parkhurst, a graduate in 1866 of the New York Homoe- opathic Medical College, located in Irasburg and remained there until about 1870, when he removed to Owego, New York, and from thence two years later to Chicago, and won fame in that great city; but failing health com- pelled him to go farther west, and in 1874 he removed to Colorado Springs, where he died January 16, 1877. In 1875 Drs. Frederick M. Perry and Anson M. Ruggles were in prac- tice in Barton; F. L. Snell at Barton Landing; Oscar A. Bemis at Crafts- bury; Ezra W. Clark at Derbv ; John W. McDuffie and John H. Peck at Derby Centre ; Edward D. L. Parker at Derby Line : George Rowell at Iras- urg'; George S. Kelsea at Newport, and Levi C. Moore at North Troy. Washington county in \'ermont was the second to receive a homoeopathic practitioner,' and Dr. f. C. Taplin was its pioneer. He had previously prac- 'ced dentistry, but having became acquainted with Dr. Baird. he soon was interested in homoeopathy and took up its study and sulisequent practice, in 2G0 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY Danville, Caledonia county ; but he soon removed to Montpelier. where he died in 1864. The next homoeopath in Orleans county was Dr. Gershom Xelson Brig- ham, who began practice in Waitsfield in 1850. He was born in X'erniont in 1830, studied medicine with Dr. Joslyn in Waitsfield, afterward with Drs. Thayer and Palmer, and completed his medical education in the Vermont Medical College in Castlcton, where he graduated in 1845. He settled in Warren, and while practicing there was led to investigate homoeopathy. He matriculated at the College of P^hysicians and Surgeons in New York in 1849. He learned of the experiments of Teste in St. Marguerite's Hospital, Paris, and of the success of Dr. Gray and the other homoeopathic physicians in New * i I G. X. Brigham, M. D. York, and in 1850 he too began the practice of homoeopathy, at Waitsfield. He was one of six who founded the A'ermont State Homoeopathic Medical Society. In 1855 he removed to Montpelier and was for a time associated with Dr. Taplin. In 1875 ^^^ removed to Grand Rapids, Mich., but he died at Roger's Park, Chicago, June 21, 1886. Drs. H. C. Brigham and Willard I. Brigham are sons of this pioneer of homoeopathy in Vermont. In 1875 there were the following homoeopathic physicians in Washing- ton county: Chas. H. Chamberlain, Barre ; John Q. A. Packer, Marshfield; Gershom N. Brigham, H. C. Brigham, Montpelier; James Haylitt, More- town ; James M. Van Deusen. Waitsfield ; Merrill W. Hill, Waterbury. In 1870 Dr. J. Dorr was practicing in Cabot ; George Colton at Barre ; A. George HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 201 at Calais; E. J. Foster at Montpelier; S. H. Colburn and M. F. Styles at Northfield; Dr. L. C. Moore and George B. Rowell at Troy. In i860 Dr. L. H. Thomas, a graduate of Castleton Medical College, began to practice at Waterbury. In 1868 Dr. George Colton graduated from the New York Homoeopathic Medical College and located at Waterbury. Dr. Charles H. Chamberlain graduated from the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1863 and settled at Barre. He built up a large practice, and remained there until his death. February 2, 1881. Dr. H. E. Parker took his place. Dr. James M. \an Deusen graduated from Castleton Medical College in 1849, ^"d went from there to Warren. He became dissatisfied with the old school and adopted homoeopathy and began its practice at Warren. In July, 1867, he removed to Waitsfield. In 1880 there were at Lower Cabot, Dr. John Lance ; Dr. W. B. Mayo at Northfield. a graduate New York Homoeopathic Medical College, 1877; Dr. I. H. Fiske, Roxbury ; Dr. R. W. Lance. South Woodbury ; Merrill W. Hill and C. S. Hoag, Waterbury. In 1899 Dr. Elroy B. Whittaker was at Barre ; Willis S. Gillett, Calais ; Frank J. Gale, East Calais ; H. S. Boardman and Ira H. Fiske. Montpelier : Tames Havlett, ■Nloretown : W. B. Mavo, Northfield ; George Guv Hall, South "Woodbury; J. M. Van Deusen, Waitsfield; W. F. Minarcl, Waterbury. In Windsor county homoeopathy Was introduced in 1844 by Dr. A. J. Pike and Dr. Amos Dean, who came from Lowell, Mass., and located at Woodstock, where they spent a year practicing in partnership. In 1845 Dr. Pike, having ah increasing practice in the adjoining town of Barnard, de- cided to go there. He remained two years and had very good patronage. He removed from there to Lawrence, Mass., where he passed the rest of his life. The opposition to homoeopathy at that time at Woodstock was very t;reat. That town was the seat of the Vermont Medical College and more than half the population was related to allopathic physicians by marriage or otherwise. One who was then a student there wrote as follows : " In 1852 a clinical case of indolent ulcer came before the class. The profes- sor pronounced it incurable and so dismissed it. A dentist, then a resident of the town, and attending lectures at the time, invited the patient into his office, and proposed to cure the case if he would take homoeopathic pellets. He prescribed for him and in a few weeks the ulcer was healed. At that time one-fifth of the class were homoeopaths, but such was the abuse of the svstem, and ridicule of those who believed in it, that every one kept his own counsel, and it was not until after years that they knew each other as homoe- opaths at the Vermont Medical College." In 1857 Dr. H. C. Chase practiced in Woodstock. In i860 Dr. J. R. Hamilton located there but on account of opposition left in 1863, and until 1870 there was no homeopathic physician in that town. Dr. G. W. Colton decided to trv the field, and during the first six months there he did not have a single call,' but he staved and eventually built up a Inisiness. In 1870 Dr. Nathaniel Randall located there. In 1882 Dr. C. P. Holden was m \yood- stock, and later Dr. A. N. Logan, after practicing at Wmdsor, located and has since been in practice there. . r 1 i. In Rochester Dr. Henrv N. Guernsey, who was a native of the town, did much to introduce honioeopathy during his visits to the place. His brother William F. Guernsey, a farmer, had a domestic case and handbook. 2G2 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY and acquired quite a reputation as a practitioner among his neighbors. About 1851 he left the farm and after completing a medical course under his brother's tuition, located in Philadelphia. Another lay practitioner in the town was J. C. Tilden, who was a good nurse, and a keen observer. He had Hering's '* Domestic Physician." and did much good by dispensing medi- cines gratuitously. In 1851 Dr. H. W. Hamilton, an eclectic physician, set- tled in Rochester. In 1852. Dr. H. N. Guernsey on one of his visits became acquainted with Dr. Hamilton, and proposed to him to adopt the new sys- tem. The friends of homoeopathy in town also urged this and the doctor consented to change. Dr. Guernsey fiu-nished him the needful books and a set of remedies from his own stock, and Dr. Hamilton soon became satisfied that homoeopathy was the right method. In the winter of 1852-3 a violent epi- demic of pneumonia occurred, and the number of fatal cases under homoeo- pathic treatment was so small compared with those under allopathic, that the position of homoeopathy in the place was definitely established. In June, 1853, Dr. George E. E. Sparhawk located at Rochester. He was a native of the town, born February 20, 1830. He was educated, at Ran- dolph Academy, and afterward, hkc many of the ambitious boys of his day, he taught school, from 1846 to 1852. He had begun a course of medical reading in 1849 ^"^ in March, 1852, entered the \^ermont Medical College at Woodstock. He then went to Dr. Wm. F. Guernsey at Frankford, Pa., where he remained until October, when . he entered the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, graduating in the spring of 1853. In June he re- turned to Rochester and began practice with Dr. Hamilton, who remained with him until January, 1854, when Dr. Sparhawk took entire charge of the business. In the latter part of 1858 he removed to Gaysville, Vt., and remained there until 1880, when he located in Burlington. Dr. Sparhawk also practiced at West Randolph. Dr. Qiristopher Bodwell Currier took Dr. Sparhawk's place at Roches- ter. He was the eldest son of Capt. Benjamin Currier of La\vTence, Mass. He was educated at Guilford Academy at Meredith Bridge, N. H., studied medicine with Dr. Jerome Harris of Lawrence, Mass., for two years and later with Dr. Belmont of New York city. Threatened with phthisis at the end of his first year with Dr. Belmont, he went to the northern part of Ver- mont, entering the office of Dr. Jenness in Derby. He was soon able to at- tend lectures at Woodstock, then at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, and still later at the University of Pennsylvania, where he graduated in i860. The name of C. B. Currier in the homoeopathic directory E. E. Sparhawk, ^I. D. HISTORY OF HOAICEOPATHY 263 of 1857 is noted among the physicians of South Troy. He went probably the same year to Rochester, and he also practiced for a time in Cornwall. In 1863 he disposed of his practice to Dr. J. W. McDuffee and went to Middle- bury, where he remained until 1875, when he went to New York city. In 1873 he received an honorary degree from the Qeveland Homoeopathic Medi- cal College. He afterward located in San Francisco. Dr. McDuffee in a few years went to Derby Center from Rochester. There was no homceopathic physician in Rochester for a time after Dr. McDuffee left, but Dr. Clarence P. Holden, graduating from the New York Homoeopathic Medical College in 1880, went there the same year. He soon after settled in Woodstock, but in 1866 was practicing in Windsor. Dr. Samuel Henry Sparhawk located at Rochester about 1870. He was a brother of Dr. G. E. E. Sparhawk and a graduate of Cleveland Homce- pathic Medical College in 1865. He practiced at Pittsford, where he intro- duced homoeopathy, and where he remained until 1867, then removing to Morrisville and from there to Rochester. Dr. S. H. Colbourn'was located at Springfield in 1875^ but soon went to Athol, Mass., and Dr. N. R. Perkins, a graduate of Boston University,, succeeded him. In 1875 there were in Gaysville the Drs. Sparhawk ; Hart- ford, M. E. Smith ; Springfield, Samuel H. Colbourn ; White River Junc- tion, E. L. Styles ; Woodstock, George W. Colton. In 1899 Dr. F. E. Steele was at Gaysville; Dr. Adam Kilmer at Ludlow; Dr. F. W. Martin at North Springfield ; Dr. W. C. Phillips at Springfield ; Dr. A. N. Logan at Woodstock. Dr. T. C. Taplin was probably the first to practice homoeopathy in Cale- donia county. Dr. Charles B. Darling was an early practitioner there. He graduated at the Woodstock Medical College in 1844 and began the practice of allopathic medicine at Lyndon. In 1847 he became interested in homoeo- pathy and afterward practiced it for thirteen years, until his death, at Lyndon, June 10, i860. In 1857 Dr. C. Woodward was practicing homoeopathy in Danville; Drs. J. Sanborn and C. R. Taylor at Hardwick; Drs. B. Sanborn, A. B. Stone and J. Stone at St. Johnsbury. In 1846 Dr. Beniah Sanborn became interested in homoeopathy. He was born in Waterford, Vt., in 1799. He graduated at the University of Vermont in 1827. and located at Lyndon, where he built up a successful prac- tice. He procured some homoeopathic works in New York, and after several years of experiment openly espoused the new system in 1850. He then lo- cated at St. Johnsbury, where he established a large practice and remained until his death, October 4, 1867. Dr. J. M. Sanborn, son of Dr. John Sanborn of Hardwick. was born September 28, 1840. He studied with Beniah Sanborn, attended the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, also the New York Homoe- opathic Medical College, returned and practiced for a year with his preceptor, then went to Stanstead. Canada, where he remained three years. He then settled in Hardwick. , • nc i- 1 i- n r Dr Milo G. Houghton, a graduate of Homoeopathic Medical College ot Pennsvivania in i856,\ook the practice of his brother. Dr. H. A. Houghton, in Lvndon He was born in Lvndon. Tune 8. 1832, and studied medicine with his brother. He spent most of the next twenty years in practice in Lyndon and St. Johnsburv. anc also practiced at Barnet, \^t., and Claremont, N. H. In 1876 he located in Boston, where he died May 22, 1885. 264 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY Dr. Horatio M. Hunter, a g^raduate of the Homoeopathic Medical Col- lege of Pennsylvania in 1857, located at St. Johnshury in 1863 or 1864. In 1875 Dr. Hiram J. Hazelton was at Barnet ; Calvin Woodward at Danville ; J. M. Sanborn at East Hardwick ; Alpheus D. Smith at Lyndon- ville; George R. Drew at North Danville; Milo G. Houghton and Willis G. Pope at St. Johnshury and William A. Donaldson at West Burke. Dr. John Sanborn was a pioneer of homoeopathy in Vermont, a convert from allopathy, and practiced for some time in Hardwick. In 1880 Dr. H. J. Hazleton was at Barnet ; J. JM. Tabor at Burke : C. W. Woodward at Dan- ville ; J. M. Sanborn at East Hardwick ; W. A. Donaldson and E. Bernard Squire at Lyndenville ; George R. Drew at Xorth Danville; E. B. Gushing C. B. Currier, M. D. at St. Johnsburv; George B. Colbv at Sutton; and Chas. B. Davis at West Burke. Later Dr. Charles L. Bailev practiced at Danville; S. S. Martin and W. H. Weeks at East Hardwick ; F. H. Davis at Lyndonville ; E. W. Hitch- cock and Samuel H. Sparhawk at St. Johnshury; and W. R. Noyes at West Burke. In Qiittenden county the first homfeojiathic ]:)ractitioner was Dr. T. b. Blodgett, who located in Burlington about 1850. He remained but a few months, going thence to Cooperstown, N. Y., and was succeeded by Dr. John A. Ward, wlio remained but a short time. In 1854 Dr. Thomas Bigelow was induced through the efforts of his brother-in-law to settle in Burlington. He rgennes. Dr. Melvin D. Smith at first was an eclec- tic physician, but was converted to homoeopathy, and in 1880 was practicing in Addison. Dr. I. V. Daggett, graduate of New York Homoeopathic Medi- cal College, 1868. student of Dr. Currier, commenced practice in Canton, N. Y., but soon settled in Whiting. In 1870 Dr. J. R. Hamblin began prac- tice at Ripton, remained until 1875, then went to Starksboro, and in 1880 he was in practice at Bristol. Dr. Hollis Kendall Bennett practiced for a time at Bristol and then went to Massachusetts. Dr. Jane A. Rich graduated at the New York Medical College for Wom- en in 1875 ^"d practiced in Shoreham through the summer and fall of 1875. In January, 1876, she went to New York city, where she died April 23, 1876. Dr. J. H. Norton was practicing in Leicester and Dr. Chas. A. Flanders was at West Cornwall in 1880. Drs. D. C. Noble and M. D. Smith were at Mid- dlebury in 1899. They were the only homoeopaths in Addison county in that year. In Bennington county Dr. H. Smith was in practice at Bennington in 1857, and in the same year Dr. R. B. Bruce was at North Bennington ; Dr. Harlan P. Partridge was at Bennington ; Dr. Chester N. Chamberlain was at West Rupert in 1875; Dr. H. P. Partridge. Emma E. Stone, and N. S. Morgan at Benning- ton in 1880; Dr. A. D. Ayres at Bondville; E. L. Wyman at Factory Point; F. R. Hudson at North Bennington; C. N. Qiamberlain at Rupert, and Stanton L. Hall at Bennington in 1870. ^ In Franklin county in 1875 Dr. Caleb N. Burleson was at Franklin, and Drs. Stebbins A. Smith and Theodore R. Waugh at St. Albans. In 1880 Dr. H. W. Hamilton was at Fairfax, and Dr. C. N. Burleson at Franklin. In 1899 Dr. H. De L. Knickebocker and Dr. T. R. Waugh were at St. Albans. In La Moille county Dr. Nathan Howland Thomas was the homoeopathic pioneer. He was born at Woodstock, March 13, 1802, studied medicine with Dr. Joseph Gallup, and graduated in medicine at Woodstock in 1830. He went to Stowe and in 1831 opened an office, but was obliged to teach school while gaining a professional foothold in the town. About 1832 a disease ap- peared in the town which was supposed to be smallpox, but which he diag- nosed as measles. It spread and raged and Dr. Thomas gained the name of the " measles doctor." As another physician had diagnosed the disease as smallpox, Thomas' reputation was established, and he soon had a good busi- ness. For twenty-two years he practiced allopathy, but after 1854 he was a homoeopath; and at the time of his death was the oldest homoeopathic prac- titioner in the state. He always lived in the town of Stowe. Dr. Merrit G. Powers in 1875 was in practice at Johnson, and Chas. A. Jackman at Morrisville. In 1880 Dr. H. S. Boardman was at Cambridge; HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 267 Moses E. Smith at Johnson ; George E. Woodward at Morrisville, and N. H. Thomas at Stowe. In Orange county Dr. A. M. Gushing introduced homceopathy into Brad- ford in 1856. He remained but a short time, going to Lansingsburg, N. Y., and later to Lynn, Mass. He was succeeded in Bradford bv Dr. JuHan Henry Jones, a graduate of Hahnemann Medical Gollege of Philadelphia in 1869. In 1875 Dr. Erdix T. Smith was at East Gorinth ; Marcus J. Bixby at East Orange; and Martin L. Scott at West Randolph. In 1880 there were in Orange county : Dr. J. H. Jones at Bradford ; Gelia Elizabeth Harris at Eliza- beth; M. J. Bixby at East Orange, and Martin L. Scott at West Randolph. In 1899 Dr. Jones was still at Orange; William E. Locke at Gorinth; John F. Shattuck at Wells River, and Dr. Scott at Randolph. Dr. Francis A. San- born located at Strafford in 1859, ^"d removed to Ohio in 1864. In Rutland county Dr. Gharles Frederick Adams was the earliest homoe- opathic practitioner, having located at Rutland in 1858. Dr. Gharles Wood- house settled there in 1867. In 1875 Dr. II. W. Hamilton was at Brandon; Alonzo E. Horton at East Poultney ; Ghas. H. Garpenter at Fair Haven ; A. V. Marshall at Mendon ; George j. Growley at Shrewsbury. In 1880 Dr. Horton was at East Poultney ; G. H. Garpenter at Fair Haven ; A. V. Mar- shall at Pawlet ; Geo. J. Growley, G. T. Flanders and Ghas. Woodhouse at Rutland; in 1899 Orrin A. Gee was at Brando^; Glenn A. Roberts at Gastle- ton ; Arthur S. Murray at Fair Haven ; Dr. Horton at East Poultney ; Horace B. Denman at Pawlet; Ghas. A. Flanders at Poultney. In Windham county Dr. Gharles F. Adams located at Londonderry in 1849. He was a graduate of Dartmouth. At Brattleborough in 1848 Dr. Robert Wesselhoeft erected a hydropathic establishment in connection with homoeopathic medication. He left in 1852 and he was succeeded by Drs. G. W. Grau and F. Mueller. Dr. Grau died and Dr. Mueller soon afterward went to Montreal, Dr. David P. Dearborn taking his place. In 1880 Drs. Da- vid P. Dearborn and Henry Tucker were at Brattleborough, and W. Gleason Willis at Jamaica. Homoeopathic physicians in Vermont previous to i860. The date pre- ceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoe- opathy The character * indicates that the practitioner ongmally was of some other school; the character x indicates that the physician practiced medicine before the date given. 1838 Baird, David H. Troy 1854 Bigelow, Thomas * Burlington 1847 Blodgett, T. S. X * Burlington 1850 Brigham, G. N. * Waitsfield 1857 Bruce, R. B. North Bennington 1857 Carpenter, H. H. x Derby Centre 1857 Chase, H. C. x Woodstock 1857 Currier, C. B. * South Troy 1856 Cushing, Alvin M. Bradford 1843 Dean, Amos Woodstock 1857 Dorr, John x Cabot 1847 Darling. Charles B. * Lyndon 1854 Eels, Oliver J. * West Cornwall 1852 Evans, Dr. Barre 1857 Grau, C. W. x Brattleboro 1857 Green, R. C. West Cornwall 1857 George A. x Calais i860 Hamilton. J. R. Woodstock 1852 Hamilton. H. W. * Rochester 1852 Houghton. Henry A. Lyndon 1856 Ploughton. Alilo G. Lyndon i8'54 Holbrook, P. R. x 1857 Hunter, Horatio M. St. Johnsbury 1854 Tenness. Willard W. X Derby Centre i860 Jones. Julian H. Bradford .1857 Mueller. F. x Brattleboro i8s7 Neal. J. x Canaan 1R57 Paige, J. X Ashuelot 1857 Perkins, S. G. x Castleton 1844 Pike. A. J. Woodstock 1856 Packer. David x 1850 Randall, Nathaniel Woodstock 268 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 1857 Redfield, Dr. x Burlington 1845 1859 Ruggles. Anson M. Barton 1854 1846 Sanborn, Beniah * St. Johnsbury i860 i860 Sanborn, G. R. * New Haven 1854 1850 Sanborn, John * Hardwick 1850 1854 Scott, Chester W. Irasburgh 1849 1857 Smith, H. X Bennington 1847 1853 Sparhawk, George E. E. Rochester 1846 1857 Stone, A. B. x St. Johnsbury 185.? 1854 Stone, Joshua x St. Johnsbury 1856 1857 Stevens. J. x Newbury Taph"n, T. C. Danville Taylor, Cephas R. x Hardwick Tucker, Henry Brattleboro Thomas, Nathan H. * Stowe Tilden, J. C. Rochester Van Deusen, James AI. Warren Ward, John A. Burlington Wesselhoeft, Robert Brattleboro Wager, Sanford Burlington Woodward, Calvin x Danville HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 2G1) CHAPTER XVI HOMOEOPATHY IN DELAWARE. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. Treatment of Gosewisch at the Hands of Delaware Allopaths — His Great Work for Homoeopathy — Harlan, the Second Homoeopathic Physician in the State — Quinby — Negendank — Swinney — Curtis — Lawton — Tantum. Delaware belongs to the second epoch in the history of homoeopathy in America. The first homoeopathic practitioner to enter the state was Dr. J. C. Gosewisch, who had been a private pupil of Wesselhoeft, had graduated from Allentown Academy, and then located in Wilmington, in August, 1839. Few people then knew anything of the system, and his advent was met with oppo- sition and ridicule. The law of the state required that no person not a practi- tioner prior to February 4, 1802, should practice medicine or surgery and collect fees therefor, without having first obtained a license from a board of examiners consisting of three members of the state medical society. Gose- wisch asked for such an examination, received it, and the board expressed satisfaction, but the next day he received an official notice refusing his re- quest for a license. Then a petition signed by many friends of homoeopathy, and of fair play, was presented to the next legislature asking for redress. In answer to this demand an act was passed and the following is an extract from it: "That such practitioners of medicine upon the homoeopathic system exclusively, shall have full power and right, and are hereby fully authorized, permitted and allowed to charge, receive, demand, claim, sue for and recover, any fee, compensation, reward or pay whatsoever, for or on account of any such practice of medicine, or for or on account of any manner of service rendered, or medicine administered or prescribed in or about the same, as the nature of the case may admit, and as may be consonant to right, equity and good conscience; to be recovered in the like manner, as debts of the same' amount are recoverable according to the laws of this state, any custom, usage or law to the contrary notwithstanding." A law excluding homoeopathic practice had been passed m Delaware m January, 1835. but the act just quoted from, passed January 27, 1843, through the efforts of Dr. Gosewisch, placed homoeopathy upon precisely the same legal basis as that of the allopathic system of medicine. HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL SOCIETY OF DELAWARE. The first general homoeopathic society organization in the state was that known as the Delaware State Homoeopathic Medical Society and was organ- ized in Wilmington in November, 1874. It was not mcorporated and held its annual meetings in different parts of the state. The first officers were Dr. L. Lukens of Newport, president; Dr. L. Kittinger of Wilmington, vice-presi- dent; Dr. J. M. Curtis of Wilmington, secretary and treasurer; Dr. L. H. Lawton of Wilmington, corresponding secretary ; Drs. J. R. iantum. J. K. Shaw and C. H. Lawton, censors. The society held meetings with reasonable regularitv for several years, but later there came a decline followed by a re- 270 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY organization in 1884 under the name of Homoeopathic Medical Society of Delaware and the Peninsula. The society was incorporated in 1889. At first it met annually in Wilmington, later semi-annually, and afterward quar- terly in different places. At the present time the annual meeting is held in Wilmington in November. Membership in 1903, thirty. The Wilmington Medical Club, otherwise known as the Hughes Club, was organized in Wilmington in 1883 and was incorporated under the laws of the state in 1889. Its meetings, held weekly, are social in character, and are made specially interesting by the discussion of medical and scientific subjects. The Homoeopathic Hospital, Wilmington, is one of the noblest charities of the city and state, and was brought into existence in answer to a positive Jos. R. lantiim, M. D. need for such an institution. The movement to that end began in 1887. and its chief promoter outside the profession was Mrs. J. Taylor Cause, who promised and gave substantial aid to the undertaking. For the purpose of carrying out the plans then suggested a hospital association of homoeopathic physicians was formed, and its chief auxiliary was a ladies' aid society. Mrs. Cause was president of the aid association, organized November 19, 1887, the other officers being as follows: Mrs. L. Kittinger, vice-president; Mrs. Ceorge W. Stone, recording secretary and treasurer; Mrs. C. B. Smyth, cor- responding secretary. Various committees and advisory boards were consti- tuted, resolutions were adopted, and the hospital became an assured fact. The board of lady managers numbered twenty-seven members. ]\Irs. Cause gen- erously offered the association the free use of a comfortable building for one HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 271 year, with the privilege of its purchase at the end of that time. The hospital was opened February lo, 1888; the association was incorporated January 31, 1889, and on February 9 following organization was perfected under the in- corporation. On March 2, 1888, an auxiliary association known as "Juniors " was formed, and in June following the " Children's Band of Hospital Work- ers " was organized. The donations of ]\Irs. Cause, including rent of build- ing, equalled $3,000, and later the institution was still more largely benefited by her generosity. In April, 1889, Mr. and Mrs. Cause presented a furnished hospital pavilion to the corporation. In 1899 the debt of $9,000 owing by the corporation was paid by Emma and Annie R. Latimer. The new build- ing cost about $40,000. It has accommodations for fifty patients. REMINISCENCES. Dr. Gosewisch, the pioneer homoeopath in Delaware, was a native of Peine, kingdom of Hanover, born May 14, 1808, and practiced medicine in Wilmington many years, establishing a large business and making many friends. His death occurred in May, 1854. It is said that he never gave medi- cine below the thirtieth potency. TT(im(EO])atliu' Hospital of Delaware. Dr. Caleb Harlan was probably the second practitioner of homoeopathy in Delaware. He had graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1836, and had practiced allopathy in Milltown, Newcastle county, where he was born on October 13', 1814. In 1846 his attention was called to the new medical system, and in 1847 li^' removed to W^ilmington, where he began its practice. Being the first physician of the prevailing school to adopt homoe- opathy, his action met with the most violent opposition from his former col- leagues; he was attacked in public debate and in the daily papers, but was well able to defend himself and the system. In 1855 he published an able pamphlet entitled " A Lecture on Allopathy and Homoeopathv." He was a man of considerable literary ability and in i860 pubhshed a poem, " Ida Randol])h of X'irginia," and in 1870 another, " Elflora of the Susquehanna." For several years he delivered lectures on anatomy 272 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY and physioloiT^y, hygiene and organic chemistry in the State Normal Univer- sity at Wihnington. In 1852 Dr. W'atson Fell Ouinby located in Delaware, where he began the practice of homoeopathy. He had graduated from the Jefiferson Medical College of Philadelphia in 1847, ^"'ant. J. K. Newark 1852 Quinby, Watson F. Milltown 1869 Curtis, John M. Dover 1854 Negendank, August Wilmmgton 1839 Gosewisch, J. C. Wilmington Tantum, J. R. Wilmmgton 1846 Harlan, Caleb Wilmington i860 Thomas, William W. Wilmmgton !l HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 275 CHAPTER XVH HOMOEOPATHY IN RHODE ISLAND. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford. M. D. Parlin, the Pioneer of Homoeopathy in Rhode Island — His Accomplishments and Politi- cal Misfortunes — Early Homoeopathic Practitioners in the Several Towns of the State — Reminiscences, Statistics and Biography. The pioneer of homoeopathy in Rhode Island was Dr. Louis Parlin, be- lieved to have been a Frenchman, or of that extraction, who settled in Provi- dence in 1839, and during the next two or three years practiced his profes- sion and even went beyond the limits of ordinary professional duty to enlist himself under the banner of one Dorr in an abortive attempt to overthrow the established system of government and set up a new rule for the political guidance of the inhabitants of that jurisdiction. Naturally, the Dorr move- ment came to an abrupt end and its leaders were dispersed without severe punishment ; and Parlin who for the time had forsaken his small phials and little doses for the weightier cause of liberty, as he understood it, found him- self personce non grata in Rhode Island, and forsooth, to save himself from the law — not justice, for the cause he espoused was well grounded in justice — he left the state. Sic transit gloria miindi. Whatever the justice of the political movement in which our good Dr. Parlin was such an earnest participant, the fact remains that his departure from the state under cloud was greeted with allopathic approval, for tradition says that Parlin was decidedly a man of parts, a scholar, conversant with several foreign languages, versed in the classics, popular with the people, al- ways a courteous gentleman, and withal, so well grounded in homoeopathic medicine as to set at naught all the assaults of the allopathic enemy against the doctrine promulgaated by Hahnemann. Dr. Parlin took his degree at old Bowdoin College at Brunswick, Maine, but where and through just what influences, other than his own sense of ap- preciation, he was led to accept the doctrine of similia is not nov/ known; nor is it important, as his professional career in Providence extended only from 1839 to 1842, and it is said that the scene of his later life was laid in foreign parts. . . Following Dr. Parlin's time Rhode Island for some years was a mission- ary field for homoeopathic practitioners from New York and Boston, among whom were Dr. William Channing, who visited Providence occasionally from 1839 to 1841 • Dr. Phineas Parkhurst Wells, who also visited there from his home in Brooklyn ; Dr. Josiah Foster Flagg, whose labors there were directed from his home in Boston; and Dr. Abraham Howard Okie, a product of Allentown Academy, and who settled in Providence in 1842. Rhode Island never has been known as the prolific mother of homoe- opathic societies, but such as have been formed have been of an enduring character and instrumental in the accomplishment of much good work in ad- vancing the interests of the profession. The Rhode Island Homoeopathic 276 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY Society dates its history from the year 1850, and was organized largely through the efforts of Drs. Okie and Preston ; the Hahnemann Medical So- ciety of Rhode Island was organized in 1854; the Ladies' Rhode Island Homoe- opathic Hospital Aid Association in 1873, ^"d the Rhode Island Homceopathic Library Association in 1877. The Rhode Island Homoeopathic Hospital, at Providence, was incorporated in 1878 and organized in 1881. RHODE ISLAND HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL SOCIETY. The Rhode Island Homoeopathic Society was organized and a charter secured in 1847, ^^^d for a short time held quarterly meetings. On May i, 1850, Drs. A. H. Okie and H. C. Preston issued a circular to all homoeopathic physicians in the state inviting them to meet in Providence for the purpose of forming a state homoeopathic society ; and in response to this request a meeting was held in that city May 11, 1850, eleven physicians present. An organization was then effected and Dr. Okie was elected president of the society then formed. Of the subsequent history of this pioneer organization of homoeopathy in the state little is now known, except that it was of com- paratively brief existence, and was succeeded by the Hahnemannian Medical Society of Rhode Island, organized in Providence, October 21, 1854, with these officers : Dr. A. Howard Okie, president ; Dr. G. C. McKnight, vice- president; Dr. N. Francis Cooke, secretary and treasurer; Drs. J. J. DeWolf and Washington Hoppin, censors. The society began its history with seven- teen members, but it was discontinued about 1862. In 1873 the present so- ciety was organized. On September 23 of that year, at a meeting held in Providence, the Rhode Island Homoeopathic Medical Society held its first session under the reorganization, and the first annual meeting was held in the same city January 2, 1874. At that time the officers elected were: Dr. Ira Barrows, of Providence, president ; Dr. J. E. Wheaton, of Pawtucket, vice-president; Dr. G. A. Wilcox, of Providence, treasurer; Dr. Edward B. Knight, of Providence, secretary. For a time the society held monthly meetings, but afterward m.et quarterly in April, July and October, with the annual meeting in Providence in January. Membership in 1903, forty-seven. The Rhode Island Homoeopathic Hospital, which passed out of existence as an institution of the city of Providence, was incorporated in May, 1878, and the business association for the conduct of its aft'airs was organized in the latter part of 188 1. In 1885 the trustees purchased the property formerly owned by Governor Smith, in Olney street, which was arranged and refitted for its intended new occupancy largely through the kind offices of the Ladies' Aid Association, the latter also having been regularly incorporated. The hospital buildings were dedicated February 16, 1886. and the formal opening took place March 23 following. In 1801 the property was sold under mort- gage foreclosure proceedings. REMINISCENCES. In 1843 Dr. John J. De Wolf, who had been an allopathic practitioner in Bristol. R. I., became convinced of the truth of homoeopathy and settled in Providence. Dr. Ira Barrows went to Providence from Norton, Mass., in 1850. In 1842, in conversation with Dr. P. P. Wells concerning the truth of homoe- opathy he was induced to make a trial of that treatment in a number of stub- born cases, and the result was that he continued his experiments, and after HISTORY OF HO^ICEOPATHY 277 some months became satisfied of the truth of the system and openly adopted it in his practice in Norton. He became one of the most popular physicians in Providence, living there for many years. His influence was largely in- strumental in establishing homoeopathy on a firm basis in the state. Dr. William Ezra Barrows, son of Ira, and a graduate of the Hahnemann Med- ical College of Philadelphia in 1871, was associated tvith his father in practice. About 1845 Washington Hoppin entered the office of Dr. Okie as his first student. After his graduation in 1850 he returned to Providence and in 1857 entered into partnership with Dr. Barrows, and later with his brother, Dr. Courtland Hoppin. Dr. Grenville S. Stevens opened an office in Providence in 1854. Dr. George B. Peck, M. D. Addington K. Davenport graduated from the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1855, and located at Providence. He died in 1864. . Dr. William A. Von Gottschalk settled in the city in 1855, and Dr. George D. Wilcox, a graduate of the medical department of the University of New York, located there about the same time. He became partner with Dr. Barrows. Dr. Courtland Hoppin graduated from the College of Physicians and Sur- geons of New York and located in Providence in i860. For ten years he held the position of physician to the Protestant Orphan Asylum. Dr. Isaac W. Sawin went to Providence in 1867. A noteworthy pioneer in Rhode Island was Dr. Peleg Clark, who after practicing allopathy for many years, in 1844 became convinced of the truth of homoeopathy and began to practice 278 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY it. He went to Providence from Ouidnunck. Dr. Henry Canfield Preston practiced in Providence from 1848 to 1857, removing thence to St. Johns, N. B. He began to practice homoeopathy in 1848. Dr. Charles G. McKnight was one of the pioneers of the profession in Providence. He began practice previous to 1847, ^o^ in that year he joined the American Institute of Homoe- opathy. Dr. A. P. King was a graduate of Harvard University, and prac- ticed allopathy in Providence for several years, but became a convert to homoeopathy through the influence of Dr. Okie. Dr. Isaac Senter Crocker was a graduate of the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 185 1, and afterward practiced in Providence. He died there October 26, 1866, aged thirty-eight years. Dr. M. F. Cooke also was in practice there. Dr. Avery B. Foster graduated from the New York Homoeopathic Medical College in 1856, attended hospital practice one year, and in 1857 settled in Providence. Dr. George L. Barnes, a graduate of the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1862, settled in Providence in 1870. Drs. Charles P. Loring, Robert Hall, George B. Peck, William Jay Smith, have also been in practice in Providence. Dr. Peck is a leading practitioner there at the present time. In 1852 there were in the state of Rhode Island but twelve practitioners: Drs. Ira Barrows, Isaac S. Crocker, John J. De Wolf, Washington Hoppin, Charles G. McKnight, Abraham H. Okie and Henry C. Preston, located in Providence ; Dr. Peleg Clark at Coventry ; Dr. Daniel H. Greene at East Greenwich ; Dr. Amory Gale at Woonsocket ; and Charles P. Manchester and James S. Wheaton at Pawtucket. Dr. Manchester adopted the homoeopathic practice in 1843 ^"^ made his beginning at Pawtucket. Dr. James Lucas Wheaton graduated at the Berkshire I\Iedical College in 1847. I^ 1867 Dr. Oliver Henry Arnold graduated at Harvard Medical College and the same year settled in Pawtucket. Dr. Charles F. Saunders, a graduate of the Homoeopathic Medical Col- lege of Pennsylvania in 1855, practiced in Pawtucket. He died January 4, 1862, aged twenty-nine years. Dr. C. W. Harris was located in Pawtucket in 1847. ^is name is on the list of members of the institute for 1848. In 1844 Dr. Peleg Clark, who was located at Centreville, became a homoeopath. In 1853 Dr. Asa W. Brown graduated from the Cleveland Homoeopathic Medical College and settled in Centreville, remaining two years, and then went to Mystic Bridge, Conn. Drs. A. W. Brown and Robert Hall were at Centreville; Dr. A. G. Sprague located in Centreville in 1866, having been discharged from service as surgeon at the close of the war. In Slaters- ville Dr. Elam Clark Knight practiced for a time in 1852, but went to Water- bury, Conn. He became a convert in 1852. Dr. Allen Tillinghast gradu- ated from the Berkshire Medical College in 1843, ^"^ after practicing allop- athy until 1854 adopted homoeopathy. He was located in Coventry. He also practiced for a time at Clayville and Washington village. Dr. William Hughes Richards graduated at Harvard Medical College in 1866, and the same year began the practice of homoeopathy in Phoenix. Dr. J. B. Tilling- hast, a graduate of the New York Homoeopathic Medical College in 1872, commenced practice at Summit, R. I., and was in partnership with his father there for a year. At the end of that time he located at Phoenix. In Scituate, Dr. James E. Roberts, who had graduated at the University of New York in 1842 and who had practiced allopathy, in 1856 declared his belief in homoe- opathy. Dr. Gilbert Clark was located at Warren for several years. Dr. HISTORY OF HOAICEOPATHY 279 Henry Boynton was for a time located at Bristol. Dr. Nathaniel Greene is regarded as the father of homoeopathy in Newport. He studied at Brown University and Amherst College, and commenced the practice of homoeopathy in 1850 at Newport. In 1873 he withdrew from practice, leaving in his place his partner, Dr. N. G. Stanton, a graduate of Harvard University in 1868. Dr. Squire, a classmate, afterwards became Dr. Stanton's partner. In 1872 Dr. Nathaniel Ray Chase graduated from Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia and located at Newport. Dr. Tullio Suzzara Verdi commenced the practice of homoeopathy in Newport in 1856, having just graduated from the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania. He went to Washing- ton in 1857. Homoeopathy was introduced into Woonsocket in 1858 by Dr. Richard Garrique. Dr. J. H. Knowles, who for thirty years had been an old school practitioner, became a homoeopathist in 1850. His field of practice was Woodville. Dr. E. G. Carpenter became his partner about 1875. In Wakefield Dr. W. H. Hazard, who had been an allopath, began the practice of homoeopathy in i860. In Westerly, Dr. L. A. Palmer, who was a graduate of the Shurtleff Medical College of Alton, 111., in 1840, practiced allopathy for twenty years, but in 1861 became a homoeopath, being in- duced to make the change by a fellow practitioner. Dr. William Robinson. Dr. Robinson had practiced in Westerly for sixty years and had become con- verted to homoeopathy by his son-in-law. Dr. Horatio Robinson, of Auburn, N. Y., about 1856. Drs. S. M. Fletcher and Lucy A. Babcock also practiced in Westerly. Dr. Thomas H. Mann settled at New Shoreham on Block Island in 1870. When he went there an allopath held full sway, but the new system soon gained favor and within a year the old school man departed, leaving the homoeopathic physician in control. After five years Dr. Mann found himself in a peculiar situation, having no patients. He had cured them all, and under his system of medication and hygiene there was little sickness. He could not support his family on the limited practice there, and in 1876 de- cided to leave the island, but the town council induced him to remain by voting him a fixed annual salary of $1,800. In 1857 there were twenty-nine homoeopathic practitioners in the state, thirteen being in Providence. In 1870 there were thirty-six, fifteen being in Providence; in 1875 there were forty-six in the state, twenty-seven being in Providence; in 1887 there were 73, thirty-seven being in Providence. In 1899 there were in Providence forty-nine homoeopathic physicians, and eighty- four in the state. In 1904 there were fifty-nine homoeopathic practitioners in the state. Dr. William B. Hamlin opened a homoeopathic pharmacy in Providence in 1854, and sold in 1866 to William E, Clarke. This pharmacy, after pass- ing through various hands, was discontinued. In 1875 Henry J. Denham opened a pharmacy in Providence. On December i, 1877, Otis Clapp & Son opened a branch establishment in Providence. This is still continued. Dr. Ira Barrows, of whom incidental mention has been made, was born in South Attleborough, Mass., November 18, 1804. He graduated from Brown University in 1824, and at once commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Artemus Johnson in Pawtucket. He graduated from Harvard Med- ical School in 1827 and began practice in Pawtucket. In 1837, suffering from feeble health, he sold his business to Dr. Benoni Carpenter and went to Cin- 280 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY cinnati. He returned to the east in 1840 and located in Norton, Mass., thir- teen miles from Pawtucket, where he entered into partnership with Dr. Car- penter. This relation continued about eight months. In 1842 Dr. Barrows adopted the homoeopathic system of practice. His rides extended through the towns in Bristol county and into Pawtucket. Early in his practice ques- tion arose as to his right to practice in that place after having sold his business to Dr. Carpenter. Dr. Barrows contended that the partnership rendered void the pledge and that his practice as a homoeopath could not affect Dr. Carpenter, an allopath. The Massachusetts Medical Society, of which both were members, decided against Dr. Barrows and expelled him. In 1850 he removed to Providence and entered into partnership with Dr. George D. Wilcox. Here he remained until his death, October 14, 1882. at the age of i:eventy-eight years. He joined the American Institute of Homoeopathy in 1846. He was a founder of the Rhode Island Homoeopathic Society, and a stalwart in his profession. Dr. Washington Hoppin, another of the Rhode Island pioneers, was born in Providence, January 2, 1827. In 1843 he entered Brown Univer- sity, but on account of ill health was compelled to leave before graduation. In 1844 he began the study of medicine with Dr. Okie, attended lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York and afterward at the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, where he graduated in 1850. He then returned to Providence and entered into a partnership with Dr. Ira Barrows, and later with his own brother, Dr. Courtland Hoppin. He died April I, 1867, leaving a widow and five children. Dr. Courtland Hoppin was born in Providence, September 5, 1834. He graduated from Brown University in 1855, read medicine with Drs. Barrow and Hoppin, and graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York in i860. He practiced in Providence until his death, October 19, 1876. Dr. Peleg Clarke was born in Richmond. R. I., August 5, 1784. He studied medicine with Dr.- Nathan Knight, of South Kingston, and with Dr. Caleb Fiske, of Johnston. In 1808 he commenced practice in Johnston, where lie continued until 1813. In that year he attended lectures at the medical <-lepartment of Brown University. In 1832 he went to Coventry, practicing there until 1844. He then adopted homoeopathy, and practiced it in Coven- trv for some years, but later went to East Providence, where he died January 1, 1875, in his ninety-first year. He had practiced for sixty years, his circuit extending through the villages on the north and south branches of the Paw- tuxet river in central Rhode Island. He was a founder of the Rhode Island Homoeopathic Society ; joined the American Institute of Homoeopathy in 1846; was a petitioner for the charter for the, first medical society in the state; was an active temperance reformer, and an earnest anti-slavery advocate. Of him William Lloyd Garrison wrote : " By those who knew him well he was equally revered and beloved ; and to them his memory will be ever precious." Dr. Daniel H. Green was born in East Greenwich, April 15, 1807. He studied with Dr. Caleb Fiske, of Scituate, and after completing his medical education ' opened an office at Natick, where he practiced eight years. In 1840 he removed to East Greenwich, where he afterward lived. He also maintained an office in Providence. He became a believer in homoeopathy in 1850. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 2S1 Dr. Isaac Warren Sawin was born in Dover, Norfolk county, Mass., December 30, 1823. He studied medicine with Dr. P. T. Bowen, of Provi- dence, and graduated from the Western College of Homoeopathic Medicine at Cleveland in 1857. He then located in Centre Dale, near Providence, and remained there several years, removing to Providence in 1867. Dr. Gren- ville Smith Stevens was born in Raynham, Mass., July 10, 1829. He gradu- ated from Brown University in 1852. studied medicine with Drs. Barrows and Graves, of Taunton, and with Dr. Okie, of Providence. He attended medical lectures at the Pittsfield Medical School, and at the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons of New York, where he graduated in 1854. In July of the same year, during the cholera epidemic, he went to Chicago. He re- mained there three weeks when, being taken ill. he returned to the east and in August, 1854, opened an office in Providence, where he established a large practice. Dr. Nathaniel Greene was born in Cumberland Island, Ga., about 1808. He became a homceopath in 1850, and practiced for manv years in Newport. He withdrew from practice in 1873 and removed to Middletown. R. I., where he passed the rest of his life. He died the first week in July, 1899. Dr. George D. Wilcox v,^as born in West Greenwich. August 28, 1825, and graduated from the University of New York. In 1856 he began prac- tice in Providence. Later on he studied in Germany and London, returning in i860. He died suddenly July 23, 1897. Dr. William von Gottschalk was born at Wahau, Saxony, near Leipsic, November 12, 1826, and was a graduate of Leipsic University. In 1848 he joined the revolutionary movement in Germany and was obliged to flee. He first sought refuge near Baden Baden, but afterward went to Switzerland, where he lived during the years 1849 ^"^ 1850, part of that time acting as a dentist's assistant. He then came to New York and in connection with the practice of medicine carried on a drug store. While there, through the in- fluence' of Dr. Charles J. Hempel, he became a convert to homoeopathy. In 1854 he went to Paris to perfect himself in medicine. He returned to America in 1855 and settled at Providence. He established a large practice and became one of the best known homoeopathic physicians of his time. He was a leader among his fellow countrymen, and was styled " the father of the German Leiderkranz," and also was forward in other of the German societies. His death occurred on Monday, September 15, 1888. Dr. Henry Canfield Preston was born in New York city, March 5, 1822. He was a graduate of Trinity School in Hartford in 1842. He attended medical lec- tures at the University of Pennsylvania and the University of New York, graduating from the latter institution in 1844. He commenced practice as an allopath in Windsor, Conn. In 1846 he married and removed to Hart- ford, where he investigated homoeopathy and became convinced of its truth. In the spring of 1848 he went to Providence and at once began practice. He remained there until the spring of 1858, when he located in St. Johns, N. B. Dr. Amory Gale was born in Warwick, Mass., in 1800. He attended medical lectures at Dartmouth College and Brown Lniversity, graduating from the latter institution in 1824. He then commenced practice at Royal- ston, Mass., and after one year removed to Barre. He practiced allopathy at Barre, Amherst, N. H., and Scituate, Mass. In South Scituate he studied theology and was ordained evangelist at Kingston. Mass., in 1844. While 282 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY in the ministry he investigated the claims of homceopathy and through the influence of his friend, Dr. Barrows, became convinced of its truth ; and about 1850, when bronchial troubles compelled his retirement from the pul- pit, he began practice at Woonsocket. He died February 20, 1873, aged seventy-two years. HomcEopathic practitioners in Rhode Island from 1839 to i860. The date preceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoeopathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school ; the character x* indicates that the physician prac- ticed medicine before the date given. 1857 Aldrich, H. Brands Iron Works 1857 1842 Barrows, Iwa * Providence 1850 1857 Beverly, Julia Providence 1852 1853 Brown, Asa W. Centerville 1843 1844 Clark, Peleg * Coventry 1846 1851 Crocker, Isaac S. Providence i860 1843 DeWolf, John J. * Providence 1857 1855 Davenport, Addington K. Provi- 1857 dence 1857 1840 Flagg, Josiah F. * Providence 1842 1856 Foster, Avery B. Providence 1839 1850 Gale, Amory Woonsocket t86t 1858 Garrick, Richard Woonsocket 1848 1854 Gottschalk, Wm. A. von * Providence 1856 1850 Green, Daniel H. * Natick 1856 1850 Green, Nathaniel * Newport 1855 1859 Green, Wm. Bowen * Providence 1857 1850 Hoppin, Washington Providence 1854 i860 Hoppin, Courtland Providence 1854 i860 Hazard, W. H. * Wakefield 1856 1853 Hall, Robert Centerville ' 1847 1846 Harris, C. W. Pawtucket 1856 1857 King, A. P. * X Providence 1842 King, H. X Natick Knowles, J. H. * Woodville Knight, Elam C. Slatersville Manchester, Chas F. * Pawtucket AIcKnight, Chas. G. Providence Mowrey, Airs. H. M. Providence Nicholas, C. E. x Clayville Nichols, J. S. X Woonsocket Nutting, T. x Georgiaville Okie, A. H. Providence Parlin, Louis * Providence Palmer, L. A. * Westerly Preston, Henry C. Providence Roberts, James E. * S. Scituate Robinson, William Westerly Saunders. Chas F. Pawtucket Sawin, Isaac W. Centerdale Stevens, Grenville S. Providence Tillinghast. Allen * Washington Verdi, Tullio S. Newport Wheaton, Lucas Pawtucket Wilcox, George D. Providence Wells, Phineas P. * Providence HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 283 CHAPTER XVni HOMOEOPATHY IN KENTUCKY. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. A Hospitable Welcome Greets Homoeopathy in Kentucky — Bernstein, the Pioneer, Finds Warm Friends among the Allopaths — Their Estimate of his Worth — Early Practitioners in Various Parts of the State — A Chapter of Statistics, Reminiscences and Biography. Quite unlike the reception accorded the pioneers of homoeopathy in many other states of the union, Kentucky and its allopathic practitioners greeted the advent of Dr. I. G. Rosenstein in Louisville with cordial welcome, ad- mitted him to their most intimate friendships, and showed him many other evidences of fraternal regard, even if he was indeed the exponent of a new and to them untried medical system. But then, this somewhat unusual treatment of the representative of an opposing school by the allopathic physicians of Louisville is not really su-rprising when we consider the hospitable, generous na- ture of the Kentuckians at the time of which we write, and before and after- ward. Early homoeopathic history in Kentucky records that Dr. Rosenstein originally was an allopathic physician and when he took up his abode in Louis- ville in 1839 it was as a disciple of the Hahnemannian school, but whence he came and his final end no biographer gives any clear light. We only know that he was in the city just mentioned until 1842 and then left for the far south ; but he left an impress upon the times in the publication in 1840 of his " Theory and Practice of Homoeopathy," a work which attracted consid- erable attention and evoked complimentary allusion from his own and the opposing school of medicine, for his utterances were fair, rational and just, granting to the allopathic system the right to exist, and asserting for that to which he was a convert undeniable supremacy. KENTUCKY STATE HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL SOCIETY. In a letter written November 30, 1849, to the " Southwestern Journal of Homoeopathy," Dr. Huflf said : " The homoeopathists of Kentucky have held a convention in this city, and organized a society called the Kentucky State Homoeopathic Society. Homoeopathy is gaining ground in this state since its unparalleled succes in the treatment of Asiatic cholera has been made manifest." Little is now known of this old pioneer society of homoeopaths except that it was among the earliest institutions of its kind in the south. The Kentucky State Homoeopathic Medical Society, the present organiza- tion and probably the successor to the society just mentioned, was organized in Louisville, May 7, 1873, with these officers : Dr. Henry W. Kohler of Louisville, president ; Dr. W. H. Blakeley of Bellevue, vice-president ; Dr. J. W. Kline of Louisville, secretary. Later on Dr. W. L. Breyfogle was hon- ored with the permanent presidency of the society ; but the organization, like 284 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY its piiedecessor, at length became decadent, and was finally revived and re- organized in Lexington, July 14, 1886, with about thirty constituent mem- bers. The officers then chosen were Dr. J. A. Lucy of Georgetown, president; Dr. George M. Ockford of Lexington, vice-president ; Dr. S. M. Wadsworth of Versailles, recording secretary ; Dr. C. P. Meredith of Eminence, corre- sponding secretary ; Dr. J- A. VanSant of IMount Sterling, treasurer ; Drs. A. Leight Monroe of Louisville. H. C. Kasselman of Midway and O. H. Buck of Paris, censors ; Drs. J. T. VanSant of Paris, H. C. Kehoe of Cynthiana and W. H. Dougherty of Corinth, auditors. This society was incorporated in 1888. It meets annuall}- alternately in Louisville and Lexington. Mem- bership, 75. The Western Kentucky Homoeopathic Medical Society was organized in Princeton, January 10, 1892; membership in 1903, 35. REMINISCENCES. Among Rosenstein's acquaintances in Louisville were Drs. McDowell, Meriwether and Bell, all old school practitioners, each of whom took occa- sion to say some kind word for their proselyted friend. These remembrances of the pioneer of homoeopathy in the region under consideration are worthy of reproduction in these annals, especially as they tend to show that Jordan is not always " a hard road to travel," even in the vicissitudes of homoe- opathic pioneer life. In speaking of his relations with Rosenstein, Dr. Mc- Dowell wrote : " My acquaintance with you has been sufficient to induce the belief that you possess the science and the ability to furnish, in a candid treatise, a fair exposition of homoeopathy ; an exposition which will at least suffice to indicate to the profession whether a translation of Hahnemann's ponderous quartos would be worth the trouble. And I hope, sir, that you will be duly encouraged to prosecute your design to that effect." Dr. Meriwether wrote : " Since Dr. Rosenstein's introduction into our city I have cultivated habits of unrestrained intimacy with him, because I believe him to be an amiable gentleman as well as a refined and learned phy- sician. In this way I have been thrown in contact with a great amount of homoeopathic practice. I am at length prepared to say, without hesitation, though I do not comprehend the modus operandi of his remedies, that his surprising success, in many cases apparently hopeless, has astonished me to such an extent as to induce me to pause and wonder. I am therefore con- strained to say, finally, in relation to Dr. Rosenstein's contemplated publica- tion, that I most cordially give him and his laudable enterprise my best wishes, believing that if his system is false it will only be ' as a tale that is told ' and readily pass under the wave of oblivion, but, if true, it will be on- ward in its career, even amidst the moral cut-throats who may maliciously array themselves against it, for the same reasons that influenced Demetrius in denouncing the redeeming doctrines which Saul of Tarsus preached on the subject of Christianity." This is the only time in the history of the progress of homoeopathy in the United States when the allopathic physicians of a town were fair enough to give the system a reasonable hearing; and this occurred at a period when calumny, ridicule, villification, and legal efforts were resorted to to prevent the spread of the svstem. Dr. C. F.. Brevfogle suggests that Dr. Rosenstein located in Louisville HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 285 as early as 1838. His book, " Theory and Practice of Homceopathy," was a work of 288 pages. It gave a general description of the system, opinions of allopathic physicians on medicine, reviews of writings against homoeopathy, a short life of Hahnemann, a description of the homceopathic materia medica, certain chapters on hygiene, and the state of homoeopathy in Europe, quoted from Dr. Hull's article published at that time in the " Homoeopathic Ex- aminer." In 1836 Dr. Rosenstein had written " A Treatise upon a New Man- ner of Medical Practice called Homoeopathic, eludicated by comparing the High Station of Homoeopathie with the usual Mode of Practice, called Allo- pathic. Dedicated to our Patients, and to the Friends of Truth and Human- Wm. L. Breyfogle, M. D. ity. By I. G. Rosenstein, M. D., allied in practice with two skillful homoe- opathic physicians, M. Bigler and M. Seitz, Albany. 1836." The relationship with Drs. Biegler and Scitz in Albany continued only a few months, during which time Dr. Rosenstein went to Louisville. He was a man of learning and scientific attainments. Dr. Logue settled the same year in Louisville, where he remained in practice until 1845, when he became associated with Dr. Richard Angell, who had been engaged in practice in Mississippi, and who went to Louisville in 1844. It was while in that city that he investigated homoeopathy. Dr. Angell writes of himself : "My full name is Richard Angell. I graduated at Columbia Medical College, Washington city, in the year 1826. 286 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY My present address is New Orleans, La., where I have resided since 1854. Previous to that time I practiced in Alabama, Mississippi and Louisville, Ky. I began to practice homoeopathy in the year 1844 at Louisville, Ky." Soon after 1845 Dr. Logue went to New Orleans. Dr. Angell continued in Louisville until 1847, when the feeble health of his wife compelled him to return south, and he went to Huntsville, Ala., remaining there until 1855, when he went to New Orleans and in connection with his son took charge of the Orphans' House on Seventh street. Dr. Campbell located in Louisville about 1845, and remained there in practice until 1855, when he was killed by being thrown from his horse. Dr. Edward Caspari located in Louisville in 1846 and remained there until his death in 1870. Dr. E. Huff located in Louisville in 1849. In Kirby's " American Jour- nal of Homoeopathy " is a letter from Dr. Huff' stating that the homoeopathists of Kentucky have held a convention in Louisville and organized a state Homoe- opathic Society. He says : "Homoeopathy is gaining ground in this state since its unparalleled success in the treatment of Asiatic cholera has been made manifest. The number of practitioners is steadily increasing and the doctrine is becoming more and more popular daily among the most intelli- gent of our community. The editors of our papers are now favorable to it, and their columns opened to us for anything pertaining to it." Here, as in Ohio and New York, homoeopathy scored a triumph with this terrible disease. The practitioners of the new system were not afraid to test the methods of Hahnemann in a disease that baffled the practitioners of the old school, and homoeopathy stood the test. The next arrival was Dr. H. W. Koehler, who was a graduate of Mar- burg, Germany. Dr. Armstrong settled in L,ouisville in 1850. In 1857 the following homoeopathic physicians were in practice in Louisville : Drs. J. K. Clark, C. Ehrmann, T. Meurer, L. Van Buren. At that time there were only thirteen homoeopathic physicians in the state. In 1859 ^^- Kueffner and Dr. Lewis Ehrmann settled in Louisville; in 1862 Dr. Swift; in 1867 Drs. Bernard and Charles W. Brevfogle; in 1869 Dr. William L. Breyfogle; in 1871 Dr. D. W. Pierce, and in 1873 Drs. J. W. Klein. R. D. Poole and John R. Pirtle. Dr. Charles W. Breyfogle entered into partnership with Dr. Caspari, but in 1872 was compelled through ill health to go to San Jose, Cali- fornia. In 1870 Dr. Caspari sold his interest in the business to Dr. William L. Breyfogle, who, after his brother's departure, associated with Dr. R. W. Pierce, a graduate of the Louisville University and who had been for twenty years a practitioner of the old school and a convert to homoeopathy. Edward Caspari was a native , of Prussia. He came to America in the early thirties, settled in Philadelphia and became a student under Hering and one of his followers at Allentown Academv. from which institution he was graduated. It is said that he practiced in Chester county, Penna., about 1835. After graduation he went to Norfolk. Virginia, practiced there sev- eral' vears and afterward in the region of Ohio called the Western Reserve, and in 1846 located in Louisville. In that city he built up a successful prac- tice, and founded, in 1867, an institution near the city, where he employed homoeopathy and hydropathy together. He arranged with Dr. Charles W. Brevfogle to attend his practice in the city while he devoted his own atten- tion to the management of his private enterprise, to which he gave the name HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 287 " Rock Spring- Water Cure of Purvee Valley." Dr. Caspar! died March 5, 1870, aged sixty-one years. Dr. Clark, of whom mention has been made, left Louisville in i860, and Dr. Lewis Ehrmann went to St. Louis in 1870. In 1857 there were four homoeopathic physicians in Louisville; twelve in 1870, sixteen in 1880, the same in 1890, twenty-seven in 1899, and thirty in 1904. Dr. William Murphy introduced the homoeopathic system in eastern Kentucky about 1850. He was a graduate in 1846 from Transylvania Uni- versity, and afterward practiced allopathy four years at Hanging Rock, Lawrence county, Ohio, then returned to his native place, Maysville, and took up the practice of homoeopathy. He was succeeded by Dr. Jonathan R. Pad- dock, a graduate of Worthington Medical College in 1827, and afterward one of its professors. He retired from active work soon after the war. Dr. William H. McGranaghan, his former student and a graduate of the Eclec- tic Medical College of Cincinnati, abandoned that school of practice and be- came a homoeopath ; and his son, William H. McGranaghan, junior, a grad- uate of Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia in 1876, was afterward associated in practice with his father. Among the other early homoeopathic practitioners in Maysville mention may be made of Drs. George W. Martin, who began in 1866, and Maurice H. Phister in 1874. Dr. George I. Bauer crossed the Ohio river from Cincinnati in 1847 and settled in Covington, where after a few months he was succeeded by Dr. Robert B. Lnyd. Dr. John W. Fox, a graduate of the Homceopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, located in Covington in 1854, remained there until 1861 and then went to San Francisco. In 1856 Dr. William Henry Hunt, a graduate in 1855 of the Jefferson Medical College of Phila- delphia, became a convert to homoeopathy and settled in Covington. His brother, a graduate of Pulte Medical College, became associated with him in 1872. In i860 Dr. James T. Gushing located in Covington, and was followed in 1861 by Dr. Jeremiah Haynes, and the latter in turn, in 1867, by Dr. J. Russ. In 1869 Dr. E. S. Stuart, and in 1872 Dr. William M. Murphy, the latter the pioneer homoeopath in Maysville, were in practice in Covington. Dr. F. von Kranenburg, who was a graduate in 1850 of the Leyden Medical College in the Netherlands and who had become a homoeopathist in 1858, went to Covington, although his chief practice was in Cincinnati. Dr. E. M. Hunt went there in 1875. Dr. Henry Gunkel settled at Newport about 1856. Dr. J. Russ Haynes settled there in 1866, remaining eight years. In 1872 Dr. E. "W. Reany went there. In Lexington in 1857 Drs. A. Lehr and I. K. Minton were in practice. Dr. J. K. Morton was there about 1854 and Dr. L. N. Howard in 1872. In 1857 Drs. E. D. and M. E. Payne were at Bowling Green; Dr. A. H. Flanders was at Danville, but was called to the chair of chemistry in the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1858. He lectured one ses- sion and then he located in Williamsburgh, N. Y. In 1857 Dr. D. J. Gish was located at Hopkinsville, Dr. Gushing at Sandy, and Dr. S. Sands at Trenton. In 1872 Drs. Alonson Bishop and James George Hunt established a sanitarium in Cloverport, at the White Sulphur and Tar Springs. Dr. Cas- pari also at one time conducted a sanitarium in Kentucky. ■ In 1857 there were thirteen homoeopathic physicians in the state; the 288 HISTORY OF HO^ICEOPATHY number in 1875 was thirty-five; in 1880, sixty-eight; in 1885, ninety-two; in 1895, one hundred and five ; and in 1904, one hundred and seventeen. Homoeopathic physicians in Kentucky previous to and including the year 1870. The date preceding the name indicates the year the physician be- gan the practice of homoeopathy. The character * indicates that the prac- titioner originally was of some other school ; the character x indicates that the physician practiced medicine before the date given. 1843 Angell, Richard Louisville 1850 Armstrong, Dr. Louisville 1847 Bauer, George L Covington 1867 Bernard. Dr. Louisville 1868 Breyfogle, Chas. W. Louisville 1868 Breyfogle, Wm. L. Louisville 183s Caspari, Edward Louisville 1857 Campbell, — Louisville 1858 Clark, J. K. Louisville i860 Cushing, James T. Sandy 1852 Ehrmann, Christian Louisville 1859 Ehrmann, Lewis P. Louisville 1854 Fox, John W. Covington 1857 Flanders, A. H. x Danville 1857 Gish, D. J. X Hopkinsville 1854 Gunkel, Henry Newport 1861 Haynes, Jeremiah Covington 1865 Haynes, J. Russ Covington .... Hubbell, L. 1850 Hunt, James George Covington 1856 Hunt, William H. Covington 1849 Hufif, E. Louisville 859 Keuffner, — Louisville 848 Koehler, H. W. Louisville 858 Kranenburg, F. von * Covington 857 Lehr, A. x Lexington 842 Logue, Dr. Louisville 848 Lynd, Robert R. Covington 866 Martin, George W. May?\-ille 858 McGranaghan, Wm. H. * Maysville 857 Metcalfe, Thomas x Louisville 857 Meurer, T. x Louisville 857 Minton, L K. x S53 Morton, J. K. Lexington 850 Murphy, Wm. M. =*= Maysville 855 Paddock, Jonathan R. * Maysville 857 Payne, E. D. x Bowling Green 857 Payne, M. E. x Bowling Green 836 Rosenstein, L G. Louisville 857 Sands, S. x Trenton 857 Swift, — X 869 Stuard, E. S. Covington 856 Van Beuren, L. H. Louisville HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 289 CHAPTER XIX HOMOEOPATHY IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. Dr. Moses Atwood, a Convert of Gregg's, the Pioneer of Homoeopathy in New Hampshire — The State Homoeopathic Medical Society — Early Practitioners in the Several Counties. HomcEopathy in New Hampshire — the " Old Granite State " — belongs to what is known as the second epoch in the history of the system promulgated by Hahnemann, and dates from the year 1840, when Dr. Moses Atwood, who had been a student of Dr. Gregg of Boston, located in little Frances- town in Hillsborough county and began practice there. His stay was short, however, and he afterward carried the doctrine into Nashua, then to Con- cord, then to Manchester, and finally to New Boston, where his life's work was closed in 1850. As Dr. Gallinger has said : " His name is held in sweet remembrance as the pioneer of homoeopathy in the state." Record and tra- dition both say that Moses Atwood was a capable physician, deeply interested in his work and especially in the welfare of the school of medicine to which he was the direct means of bringing several converts. He did not live, how- ever, to take part in the organization of the first medical society, although some of those whom he was instrumental in proselyting were among its founders. The New Hampshire Homoeopathic Medical Society was organized at a meeting of homoeopathic physicians held in Concord, June 3, 185 1, and on January 8, 1853. it was incorporated under the laws of the state. In June following the society completed its permanent organization and since that time has maintained a healthful existence. The incorporators were Alpheus Merrill and Hamilton J. M. Gate of Concord; Israel Herrick of Lyndebor- ough ; Joshua F. \\'hittle of Nashua ; Emil Custer of Manchester ; John Le Bosquet of Greenfield ; James Peterson of Weare ; and A. W. Pike of Dover. Since its organization meetings of the society have been held with reason- able regularity, the fixed place of the annual assemblage being Concord, the capital city of the state. The present membership is about seventy-five phy- sicians, which represents nearly the strength of the homoeopathic profession in the state. The only other homoeopathic society of a general character is that known as the Northern New Hampshire Homoeopathic Medical Society, which was organized in 1874. These comprise the chief institutions of homoeopathy in New Hampshire, and other than as herein mentioned the history of the system is written in the lives of the exemplars who have practiced within the borders of the state during the past three score years. It cannot be said that the state is non-progressive in homoeopathic history, for such is not the case; the seed sown bv Atwood in 1840 became firmly rooted in the soil and has yielded bountifully in later years, although the profession here as else- where has recorded little of its own history. 290 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY REMINISCENCES. In Weare, twelve miles from Francestown, Dr. James Peterson had been for several years a practitioner of the old school, but was persuaded through the influence of Dr. Atwood to adopt the practice of Hahnemann. Of his conversion Dr. Peterson himself said : " Dr. Moses Atwood was the first practitioner of homoeopathy in New Hampshire; myself the second. I pre- scribed my first globule in 1843." Dr. Peterson practiced many years at Weare and died there April 8, 1870. He was called into many towns of Hillsbor- ough county, and his name as a successful practitioner extended through all Joshua F. Whittle, M. D. that region. In the same year, 1843, Dr. Joshua F. Whittle, a nephew and student of Dr. Peterson, graduated from the Castleton Medical College and settled in Nashua, then a city, and distant from Weare about forty miles. He continued in practice in Nashua until his death, August 17, 1888, at the age of seventy-eight years. The next convert was Dr. Israel Hcrrick, who was in practice at Lyndeborough, another small town a few miles from Frances- town. Pie began the practice of homceopathy in 1844, and died February 18, 1866, aged seventy-one years. Dr. S. A. Bard of Francestown began to practice homoeopathy about 1844. In 1847 Dr. Willard Parkman Gambell located in that place. He had graduated at Pittsfield in 1845, and spent a year or more in investigating the HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 291 homoeopathic system. He remained in Francestown ten years, then went to Hav- erhill, Mass., and thence to Boston, where he died December i, 1887. The next practitioner in Francestown was Dr. Levi Pierce, who located there in 1857. He had graduated from the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1854. He remained two years and then went to New London, Conn., and in 1864 to a town in Massachusetts. He died April 28, 1891. Dr. Pierce was followed by Dr. Andrew J. Moulton, who at the begin- ning of the war of 1861-65 enlisted as a private and was reported missing after the battle of the Wilderness. He now lies in an unknown grave. He was a graduate of the Cleveland Homoeopathic College in i860. The next to practice in Francestown was Dr. Thomas E. Fisher, who has Oliver L. Bradford, M. D. been there for many years. Drs. A. J. Todd and Edwin D. Stevens have also been located there. In 1850 Dr. Oliver A. Woodbury located at Nashua, remaining there until his death in March, 1875. In 1870 only Drs. Whittle and Woodbury were located in Nashua. From 1875 to 1880 there were Drs. Whittle and Charles Sumner Collins, the latter a graduate in 1875 of the Boston Univer- sity School of Medicine. In 1899 Dr. Henry H. Jewell, a graduate in 1882 of Hahnemann College of Chicago, settled in Nashua. In 1904, Drs. Collins, Jewell and Rouncevel were located, there. In 1855 Dr. Freeman Horton associated with Dr. Peterson in Weare, 202 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY remaining there three years, when he went to Lynn, Mass., where he died March 3, 1861. Dr. James P. Whittle also practiced in Weare. HomcEopathy was introduced into Concord in 1844 by Dr. Augustus Frank, who came from Boston, remained two years, then he went to Man- chester, and later to Norwich, Conn. In 1845 Dr. Atwood settled in Con- cord, and in 1849 Dr. Alpheus Morrill, a graduate of Dartmouth College in 1832 and a convert to homoeopathy in 1843, settled there. He was succeeded by his sons, Drs. Shadrach C. and E. Morrill. In 1851 Dr. Hamilton J. M. Cate, a graduate of 1849 o^ the Woodstock Medical College, went to Con- cord and practiced there until 1855, when he removed to Northampton, Mass. He was succeeded in 1856 by Dr. Ferdinand Gustav Oehme, who remained for ten years. Dr. J. C. Baker also practiced there but removed in 1857 to Middleboro. Mass. Dr. Jacob H. Gallinger settled in Concord in 1862, and still lives there. Dr. Isaac Colby began practice in Concord in 1846. In 1857 Drs. J. C. Baker, Isaac Colby, Alpheus Morrill and F. G. Oehme were located in Concord; in 1875, Drs. Edward H. Foster, J. H. Gallinger, Shad- rach M. Morrill, and Ezekiel Morrill; in 1880, Dr. J. C. Moore; in 1887, Drs. Joseph Chase, Jr., J. H. Gallinger, Ezekiel Morrill, B. D. Peaslee and Moses Whitcomb; in 1899 Drs. J. H. Gallinger, Almond W. Hill, Maude H. Kent, A. B. Morrill. E. Morrill, George F. Roby and Arthur F. Sumner; in 1904, Drs. Alpheus B. INIorrill, Ezekiel Morrill, A. F. Sumner, J. H. Gallinger and Almon W. Hill. Dr. Aaron H. Atwood introduced homoeopathy into Manchester. He was a nephew of Moses Atwood, the pioneer, and an allopathic graduate. In 1847 Dr. Emil Custer became his partner. A few years later Dr. Atwood went to Virginia and died there. In 1844 or 1845 Dr. Henry C. Parker be- came a convert to homoeopathy and began practice in Manchester, where he remained until his death, December 8, 1861. In 1853 Dr. Charles H. Walker graduated at the Homoeopathic ^ledical College of Pennsylvania and located in Manchester. He remained there several years and then went to Chelsea, Mass. In 1856 Dr. Israel P. Chase, a gradua'te of the homoeopathic college at Cleveland, came from Richmond, Ya., practiced for a time in Manchester, and later removed to Henniker. The pioneer homoeopath in Keene was Dr. D. White, who went there about 1850. He seems to have been both energetic and zealous in his work, and in connection with his practice published for a short time the " Homoe- opathic Advocate and Guide to Health." Dr. William B. Chamberlain located at Keene in i8;4, rcmaininsr there until 1863, when he went to Fitchburg, Mass. He was' followed bv Dr. Henrv H. Darling, and later by Dr. G. W. Flagg. In 1855 Dr. Tames Chester Freeland entered into partnership with Dr. Chamberlain in Keene. Dr. Joseph C. Baker practiced there in 1857. Drs.' Francis Brick, J. H. Darling. Frank D. Worcester and John F. Jenni- son are also to be mentioned among the homoeopathic physicians of Keene. Dr. Richter located at Portsmouth in 1850, and Dr. J. S. Donaldson m t87zI In 1857 Drs. Richter, Parant and Parrv were there. Drs. F. L. Bene- dict, H. F. Clark, S. J. Donaldson, R. C. Grant. F. L. Snell. Tristram Rogers, have also practiced in Portsmouth. Homoeopathv was introduced into Peterboro by Mr. Seavey, a layman. In 1867 Dr. Oliver Leech Bradford settled there, remaining until 1875, when he went to Fitchburg, Mass.. where he is still located. He was followed m HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 293 Peterboro bv Dr. Levi Dodge, who remained until 1873 and then went to Fall River, Mass. Drs. Harry M. Morse, Mary T. Kimball, F. A. Hodgdon and Mrs. M. Marcy have been located there. In 1856 Dr. David D. Moore was in practice at Lake Village, Belknap county. Drs. J. Clifford Moore and Thomas M. Sanborn also have practiced there. In Dover the first homoeopathic practitioner was Dr. A, W. Pike. He was succeeded in 1853 by Dr. E. M. Jones, who remained until September, 1854, and then went to Massachusetts. His place was filled by Dr. Jerome Harris. Dr. Harris graduated from Bowdoin College in 1830, practiced allo- pathy until 1845 s"d then adopted homoeopathy. In 1856 he went to New- buryport, Mass., exchanging places with Dr. William E. Thompson. Dr. Thompson remained at Dover until 1865, when he went to Augusta, Me. He was succeeded by Dr. J. W. Drake. In 1854 Dr. C. H. Horsch located in Dover. Drs. Eugene B. Cushing, Jason W. Drake, Florelia Estes, George R. Smith, J. Nelson Ricardo, N. M. Payne and IMary E. Nutter have also prac- ticed in Dover. In Wilton Dr. Israel Herrick visited patients previous to 1854. In that year Dr. William A. Jones, a graduate of the Cleveland Homoeopathic Medical Col- lege, located there. Dr. A. Herrick also introduced homoeopathy into Milford. Dr. O. O. Roberts was the first resident physician in that town, having located there in 1854. A few years later removed to Northampton, Mass., and was succeeded in Milford by Dr. H. J. M. Cate. Other and later practitioners in Milford have been Drs. Marston, L. W. Wilkins, W. H. W. Hinds, J. W. Finerty, Mrs. Mary A. Lull and W. H. W. Hinds, Jr. As early as 1855 Dr. L. T. Weeks settled at Canterbury. In 1856 Dr. Albert Lindsay settled in Laconia. Dr. Levi Judson Pierce, a graduate in i860 of the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, located in Ant- rim and practiced there until his death in 1863. Dr. J. Morris Christie has for many years been in practice in Antrim. He became a convert from the allopathic school in 1863. In 1868 Dr. Edwin A. Knight, a graduate of the New York Homoeopathic Medical College, settled for practice in Lebanon, having removed there from Boston, Mass. Homoeopathic physicians in New Hampshire between the years 1839 and i860. The date preceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoeopathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school ; the character x indicates that the physi- cian practiced medicine before the date given. 1839 Atwood, Moses, Francestown 1857 1845 Atwood, Aaron H. * Manchester 1844 1856 Baker, Joseph C. Concord 1847 1851 Cate, H. J. M. Milford i860 1846 Colby, Isaac * Concord 1845 1857 Colby, E. L. X Claremont 1844 1854 Chamberlain, Wm. R. Keene 1854 1857 Chapman, F. D. x Haverhill 1855 1854 Chase, Israel P. Manchester 1854 1857 Colcord, A. D. x Sutton 1853 1847 Custer, Emil Manchester .... 1858 Cummings, E. P. Exeter 1S56 1857 Flanders, T. x Durham 1857 1848 Freeland, James C. * Keene 1843 Foster, P. A. x Shaker Village Frank, Augustus Concord Gambell, Willard P. Francestown Gallinger, Jacob H. * Concord Harris, Jerome * Dover Herrick, Israel * Lyndeborough Horsch, C. H. Dover Horton, Freeman * Weare Jones, William A. Wilton Jones, E- M. Dover Jenness, E. Rochester Lindsay, Albert Laconia Le Bosquet. John x Greenfield Morrill, Alpheus * Concord 294 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 1855 Moore, D. R. Lake Village 1854 i860 Moulton, Andrew J. Francestown 1850 1854 Oehme, F. G. * Concord 1856 1849 Parker, Henry C. Bedford 1857 1843 Peterson, James * Weare 1847 1857 Perry, — x Portsmouth 1855 1857 Parant, — x Portsmouth 1843 1857 Patterson, D. Groton 1850 1850 Pike. A. W. Dover . 1850 i860 Pierce, Levi Judson Antrim Roberts. Osmore O. Milford Richter, E. Portsmouth Thompson, William E. Dover Volkes, — X Claremont Walker, Charles H. Manchester Weeks, Lorain T. * Canterbury Whittle, Joshua F. Nashua Woodburj', Oliver A. Nashua White, D. Keene HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 295 CHAPTER XX . HOMOEOPATHY IN INDIANA. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. Dr. Isaac Coe, the Pioneer of Homreopathy in Indiana, was Hull's Converted Allopath — Outspreading of the Practice in the State — The State and Other Homoeopathic Medical Societies — Recollections of Early Practitioners — A Table of Converts. Well authenticated records state that homoeopathy first found its way into Indiana in 1840 through the medium of one Dr. Isaac Coe, a physician of the allopathic school and a convert to homoeopathy through the offices of that noble old defender of the faith, A. Gerald Hull of New York city. Hull always was known by his works, and a careful analysis of homoeopathic his- tory in the eastern states will reveal in some manner the immediate associa- tion of his name with that of the earliest exemplars of the new doctrine. Hull treated Coe for a bodily ailment, and cured him, which so impressed the learned allopath that he readily listened to Hull's instructions on the sub- ject of homoeopathic materia medica and the basic principles of the doctrine of Hahnemann ; and listening, he was convinced — Hull was an able teacher — and freely accepted its teachings and just as freely put them to use in his subsequent professional career. Thus through Dr. Isaac Coe homoeopathy first found lodgment in In- diana in 1840, but a fair measure of the honor usually accorded to pioneer- ship in such cases, belongs to Dr. L. H. Van Buren, who practiced in partner- ship with Coe for several years in Indianapolis, from which point homoeopathy always has radiated in this state. History gives at best a poor account of the life and professional career of the pioneer after his removal from Indiana. He is said to have settled in Kentucky, as did his partner, Van Buren, who was afterward a conspicuous figure in homoeopathic circles in Louisville, a famous seat of medical learning half a century ago, as it is even to this day. The development of homoeopathy in Indiana was not slow and was in keeping with the growth of the system in other states, but in later years the outspreading of the doctrine was more rapid than in many other of the states, while its practitioners increased and multiplied several fold within the brief space of half a century, and that notwithstanding. the fact that Indiana never could lay claim to a school of homoeopathic medical instruction within her own borders. But in Indiana the standard of education in general is higher than in any other state in the union, and that fact alone in part accounts for the increase in homoeopathic popularity in the state during the last fifty years. In 1857 there were twenty-one homoeopathic practitioners in the state, and in 1870 the number had increased to eighty-four. Ten years later there were one hundred and fifty-eight; in 1890 two hundred and twenty-eight, and in 1904 there were three hundred and eight. A table appended to this chap- ter will show the names of the homoeopathic practitioners in the state between 29G HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY the year's 1840 and i860, almost all of whom were converts from the allo- pathic school, with a few from other schools. As early as 1867, when the number of homeopathic practitioners in the state was less than seventy-five, a movement was made among them to organ- ize a state medical society. This was the result of the influence of the Ameri- can Institute of Homoeopathy upon and with the profession in general, for it always has been one of the cardinal principles of the mother institution to foster permanent organization as a means of attaining the best results in the world of homceopathic medicine and surgery. From this it must not be in- ferred that the institute was directly instrumental in the creation of the state societv, for at least four or five years before the organization was accom- Oliver P. Bacr. JM. D. plished the scattered homoeopaths. of the state had discussed the subject among themselves and were only awaiting opportunitv to assemble their strength for that purpose. The result of their endeavors was the state medical society, to which a brief allusion in this chapter is appropriate. On May 23, 1867, a number of homoeopathic ])hysicians met in the senate chamber in the state house in Indianapolis and organized the Indiana Homoe- opathic Institute, with officers as follows : Dr. O. P. P)aer, president ; G. T. Parker and P. M. Leonard, vice-presidents: J. T. Boyd, recording secretary; N. G. Burnham. corresponding secretary ; W. Eggert, J. T. Boyd, G. H. Stock-ham, A. J. Cnmpton, M. H. Waters, censors. On May it, 1870, the so- HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 297 ciety was reorganized under the name of Indiana Institute of Homoeopathy, which it still bears, and under which it was incorporated in 1882. Its meet- ings are held semi-annually in Indianapolis. Proceedings were issued in 1867 and 1870. The membership at the present time is about one hundred and fifty physicians. The Marion County Homoeopathic Medical Society was organized at In- dianapolis on December 10. 1871, but was not incorporated. Its meetings were held semi-annually until 1881, when the society passed out of existence. The Northern Indiana Homoeopathic Institute, otherwise known as the Northwestern Indiana Society, was organized at Elkhart, February i, 1876, and enjoyed a brief career of varied interests until about 1882, when it was dissolved, not having published its transactions and leaving only a meagre record history. The Terre Haute Homoeopathic Medical Society was organized at Terre Haute in 1882. The Wayne County Homoeopathic Medical Society was organized at Richmond on September 16, 1884, and was discontinued in 1888. The Hahnemann Club of Terre Haute was organized in 1889, and was a social organization devoted chiefly to the interesting study of Hahnemann's Organon. The Indianapolis Homoeopathic Institute was organized November 25, 1889, flourished for several years, then became decadent, without entirely losing its identity. The Homoeopathic Medical Society of Northern Indiana and Southern Michigan was organized at Elkhart, September 22, 1891. It meets semi-an- nually, is migratory in its assemblages and publishes reports, although not hav- ing a journal of its own. Having thus referred to the planting and early growth of homoeopathy and the organization of some of the more important of its institutions in the state, we may now with propriety turn to the record of those who were a part of the history of the period under consideration, leaving to subsequent chap- ters of the present work to record something of the lives and works of those who came upon the field of action at a later period. REMINISCENCES. As has been stated the pioneer of homoeopathy in Indiana was Dr. Isaac Coe, whose immediate follower was Van Buren, his partner. In 1855 Dr. Shard, of whom little is known, settled in Indianapolis, and was followed soon afterward by Dr. Augustus S. Wright, a graduate in 1850 of the Homoe- opathic Medical College of Pennsylvania. He afterward removed to Nebras- ka and is said to have been the pioneer of homoeopathy in that state. In 1874 he went to California. Dr. C. T. Corliss located in Indianapolis in 1856, and Dr. James Thomas Boyd in 1859. Dr. Boyd was a graduate of Starling Medical College in 1850, and practiced allopathy until 1857, when his attention was called to hornoe- opathy through a newspaper controversy between physicians of the opposing schools. One of Boyd's articles was so pleasing to his medical friends that he was urged to carefully investigate homoeopathy that he might more effect- ually revile and ridicule it ; but his investigations were, the means of his un- doing, and the more he studied the doctrine of Hahnemann the more con- 298 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY vinced was he of its truth, until at last he became a convert and afterward one of the best exemplars of homoeopathy in the city, a practitioner, a teacher, lecturer, surgeon in the army during the war of 1861-1865, and afterward for a time a professor in one of the homoeopathic medical colleges of St. Louis. Dr. Boyd was a native of Albany, N. Y., born April 23, 1823, but the chronol- ogy of later events of his life is meagre. Dr. N. G. Burnham located in Indianapolis in 1862 and Dr. William A. Eggert in 1863. Dr. Burnham was a graduate in 1855 o^ the Western Col- lege of Homoeopathic Medicine in Cleveland. Dr. Eggert was a graduate of Berlin University, and in 1863 of the New York Homoeopathic Medical College. He had practiced in Ottawa, Canada, and in other places as an allo- pathic physician, but had become a homoeopath in 1859. Drs. Burnham and Eggert were partners and succeeded in building up a lucrative practice. In 1857 Drs. K. Hornberg, G. W. Shaw and A. S. Wright were located in Indianapolis. In 1869 Drs. J. T. Boyd, N. G. Burnham, C. T. Corliss, Will- iam Eggert, K. Hornburg and T. P. Tisdale were in practice there. In 1877 there were Drs. A. A. Allen, T. E. Allen, R. S. Brigham, J. T. Boyd, J. A. Compton, C. T. Corliss, W. Eggert, David Haggart, J. R. Havnes, S. D. Jones, J. W. Mitchell, G. W. Biddle,''Moses T. Runnels, O. S. Runnels, Mrs. H. J. Sprague, E. E. Williams and Charles S. Wymond. There were fourteen homoe- opathic physicians in Indianapolis in 1890, and thirty in 1904. As early as 1847 homoeopathy gained a foothold in Wayne county, being mtroduced into Richmond by James Austin, Esq., of Philadelphia and later of Cincinnati. He did not claim to be a physician but made use of an adver- tisement after this style : " Diseases treated here according to Samuel Hahne- mann." In 1848 Dr. C. W. Steemm located in Richmond, remained during the cholera epidemic of 1849, ^^^ afterward went to Ohio. The next homoeopath in Richmond was Dr. Oliver Perry Baer who set- tled there September 3, 1849. He was born in Frederick City, Md., August 25, 1816, and educated in Ohio, taking the degree of doctor of medicine in Louisville in 1841. The following letter written by Dr. Baer in 1867 tells the story of early homoeopathy in Richmond : " Took the degree of A. M. in 1838, the degree of M. D. in 1841 (Allop). Practiced ' allopathy ten years. Became a convert to homoeopathy in 1848. moved to Richmond, Ind., in 1849, where I found Drs. Steemm and Austin both trying to do something in the Hahnemannian system, but not at all to their satisfaction, or that of their em- ployers, as they rarely prescribed even in acute cases oftener than once in forty days. They advised me not to stay, stating for reasons that the people could not appreciate homoeopathy, that it would not pay five dollars per annum. I thought these not sufficient reasons for leaving so important a point unrep- resented by our art. I located by purchasing property and going at once to work to build up a homoeopathic practice. I used the thirtieth dilutions en- tirely, and succeeded far beyond my most sanguine expectations. My first year's practice amounted to over one thousand dollars, with a steady increase until in four years I found it necessary to add a second physician, and accord- ingly Dr. Minier came, but being timid to fight his way among so many allo- paths, he in a few months left for Rock Island, 111., and Dr. Cuscaden took his place. He after some two years' commendable practice moved to Lebanon, Ohio, where after some three years of practice he contracted consumption and HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 299 died. And about eleven years ago Dr. Joseph Garrettson came here from Richmond, Ohio, and soon acquired a good living practice. In 1865 he went to Cincinnati. Dr. T. H. Davis next came here about nine years ago, and is still here. Dr. S. D. Jones came here two years ago, has a good practice. He was formerly an eclectic and hydropath, and once had a water cure. About one year ago Miss Dr. Eliza Knowles, graduate of New York, came and is doing pretty well, is of good mind, and I believe thoroughly competent to prac- tice with any of our craft. About six months ago Dr. George Swan came. We have now five homceopaths and homoeopathy has gradually gained in the community until we have a decided ascendency. Our whole county is now so strongly in favor of our system that the old school men are rampant with rage George W. Bowen, M D. to have laws passed to prohibit the spread of homoeopathy. Being of the old school though not with the old school, I last winter thought it prudent to more perfectly identify myself with the true system of healing by taking anew the degree of M. D. in Philadelphia." Dr. Baer may be called the father of homoeopathy in Indiana. His death occurred at Richmond, August 10. 1888. In 1870 Drs. Baer, F. H. Davis, S. D. Jones, G. E. Swan were in Richmond. Drs. John Emmons, M. M. Hamp- ton, Joseph Howells, E. G. McDevitt, I. C. Teague and J. T. Teague also have been in practice there. At present the homoeopathic physicians there are Drs. Joseph M. Bulla, T. H. Davis, Frank H. Dunham, Elmer B. Gros- 300 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY venor. Minnie E. Hervey, Donald B. Holloway and William ^^'. Zimmerman. Dr. Potter located at Cambridge in 1862, remained there a short time and went to Terre Haute. Dr. William Carnahan succeeded him, but in 1875 went to Hamilton, Ohio. Dr. Jacob H. Borger, a student of Dr. Carnahan, took Carnahan's practice. Drs. Steddom and Wright have practiced there. The homcEopathic practitioners in Indiana in 1857 were as follows: Aurora, Dr. Schmidt; Bristol. Dr. L. Dornbergh ; Deep River, Dr. Martin; Evansville, Dr. E. J. Ehrmann ; Fort Wayne, Drs. G. W. Bowen, T. H. Gotsch ; Indianapolis, Drs. K. Hornberg, G. W. Shaw, A. S. Wright ; Lafay- ette, Dr. J. Weaver ; Laporte, Drs. G. S. Hill, Karr and Plympton ; Madi- son, Drs. Ennis and J. B. Hutchinson ; New Albany, Dr. G. D. Stewart ; New Harmony, Dr. D. O. Owen; Richmond, Dr. O. P. Baer; South Bend, Dr. N. Miller; terre Haute, Dr. I. Potter. Fort Wayne had a homcEopathic practitioner in 1847, i" the person of Dr. Collins. Dr. P. W. Leonard settled there in 185 1 and Dr. George W. Bowen in 1852. Dr. Leonard practiced there for many years. Dr. Bowen graduated from a homoeopathic college in Cleveland in 1852, having been a student of Dr. D. S. Smith of Chicago. He has long been a well known expo- nent of homoeopathy in Wayne county, and is still in practice in Fort Wayne. In 1857 Drs. Bowen and Gotsch had the field. In 1869 Drs. Bowen, John Frietzsche and P. W. Leonard were there, and in 1877 Drs. M. F. Green, H. Myers and A. C. Williams had joined them. Drs. M. F. Green, Ella F. Harris, Christian Martz, Henry G. Merz, Arthur L. Mikesell, George A. Ross, John A.. Stutz, A. L. Wilson, Carina B. Banning, Edmund P. Banning, Isaac E. Morris, George A. Ross and S. F. Sutton are also to be mentioned among those who have practiced at Fort Wayne. In 1865 Dr. Chase located in Muncie. In 1867 Dr. J. A. Compton, a graduate of Cleveland homoeopathic college, settled there, and removed to In- dianapolis in 1873. Dr. E. Beckwith located in Muncie in 1873. I^^s, Casper L. Bacon, Harry H. Baker, William A. Egbert, Seth G. Hastings, John S. Martin, Arthur J. Phinney, J. Edward Wallace, Emma A. Whitney, William D. Whitney, A. H. Hastings and W. Owen have practiced there. The father of homoeopathy in Floyd county was Dr. David G. Stewart, who began practice in New Albany, July i, 1843. Dr. Stewart said: "I be- gan to practice medicine in the year 1824. I passed an examination by a legal medical board of the medical society at Vincennes, Knox county, Indiana, in 183 1, and received a diploma. The Western Homoeopathic College of Medicine conferred on me an honorary degree at Cleveland, in 185 1." There were several homoeopathic physicians located in New Albany be- tween 1843 and 1846, but none permanently. In 1856 Dr. Theodore Meurer settled and remained there. In 1868 Dr. William L. Breyfogle located there but after two years went to Louisville, Ky. In 1868 Dr. L. W. Carpenter, and in 1875 Dr. A. :McNeiIl located in New Albany. Drs. W. F. LeFavre, R. S. Brigham, John H. Baldwin, G. Oscar Erni, Louis D. Levi, H. J. Needham, Carrie M. Reis and Edwin A. Sevringhaus also practiced there. In Clark county Dr. H. N. Holland introduced homceopathy into Jeffer- sonville in 1855. Dr. Holland had been practicing allopathy since 1849, but in 1855 investigated the claims of the new medical method and adopted it. He was born in Chemung, N. Y., November 10, 1807: studied at the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati : commenced the practice of medicine in Scott HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 301 county, Indiana, in 1837; removed to Jeffersonville in 1848, and the next year graduated from the Louisville Medical College. Drs. J. H. Holland (son of N, H. Holland), J. Loomis, Sarah C. Jackson, George W. Lampton, Solomon H. Secoy and John H. Baldwin have also been in practice in Clark countv. Homoeopathy was introduced into Wabash county in 1859 by Dr. Thomas C. Hunter, formerly of Ohio, who practiced in Wabash one year and then re- turned to Ohio. After that for a time there was no homoeopathic physician in Wabash. One Dr. Jones conducted a water cure establishment a mile from there, in which the medication was homoeopathic. In 1865 Dr. Jeremiah W. Stewart, who had been a student of Dr. Hunter and who had been in practice in Henry county, Ohio, returned to Wabash and commenced practice. In 1869, while there were in Wabash county about twenty-five allopaths, there were but two homoeopaths, Drs. Stewart and Dedrich, Dr. C. E. Rutherford was the pioneer in Peru. Miami county, about 1862. Dr. Moses H. Waters, a graduate from the New York Homoeopathic Medical College, commenced practice in Peru about 1865. In 1868 he located at Terre Haute. Dr. Freese was the first to practice homoeopathy in Warsaw, Kosciusko county, locating there about 1854 or 1855. Dr. Seizor practiced there about 1866-68. Drs. Saunders and Ramsey practiced in Logansport, Cass county, comm.encing in 1861 or 1862. Homoeopathy was introduced into Evansville, Vanderburg county, by a German Methodist minister whose name was Barenburgh. He was followed by Dr. Ernest J. Ehrmann, who was born in Germany in 1819. His father w^as a physician who followed the allopathic practice many years. He came to America in 1823, locating in York county. Pa., being the first to introduce homoeopathy into that county. Young Ehrmann studied with his father five years and in 1844 located for practice in Liverpool, York county. In 185 1 he attended a course of lectures at the Homoeopathic Medical College of Penn- sylvania, in Philadelphia, and then removed to Reitzville, introducing homoe- opathy there. In 1852 he went to Evansville, Ind., where he established a good practice. In 1865 Dr. L. S. Herr located in Evansville. In 1866 Dr. Field- ing L. Davis located there. In 1868 Dr. R. H. McFarland went there from Paducah, Ky. About i860 Dr. Theodore Shultz established himself in Evans- ville. His practice was largely among the German population. The following letter written by Dr. R. H. Sears was published in the July, 185 1, number of the Cincinnati "Journal of Homoeopathy." " Point Commerce, Ind., June 16, 1851. " Gentlemen : I practiced medicine for four years on the old system. T attended lectures at St. Louis, Mo., and left college filled with prejudice, not only against homoeopathy, but everything liberal. I took the ipse dixit of the professors as law in the premises, that homoeopathy was a humbug and nothing else. Consequently I did not investigate it for myself but plodded my way amidst the mazes of allopathic darkness for four years. At length, becoming disgusted with the uncertainty of such means for the relief of suffering humanity, I pondered in my mind whether, after all, my sapient professors might not be mistaken ; whether there might not be a better sys- tem than the ' old,' ' regular,' ' legitimate ' system ; whether, indeed, homoe- opathy was not the system. "When I saw a homoeopathic chair announced in the Eclectic school I 302 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY determined to attend and hear for myself what these two systems had to oflfer. The result was that I became a convert to homoeopathy and have practiced it with the most gratifying success." As early as 1851 Dr. James B. Hutchinson settled in Madison, Jeffer- son county. He had graduated from the Jefferson Medical College of Phila- delphia in 1837, and located in Cincinnati. In 1846 he investigated and adopted homoeopathy, and began its practice. Dr. Alice B, Stockham began the practice of homoeopathy at Lafayette, Tippecanoe county, in 1856. She was a graduate from the Cincinnati Eclectic Medical College in 1854. Her husband. Dr. G. H. Stockham, also practiced in Lafayette. In 1869 they removed to Leavenworth, Kansas. Physicians who practiced homoeopathy in Indiana between the years 1840 and i860. The character * indicates that the practitioner was a con- vert to homoeopathy. The character x indicates that practice was begun be- fore the year noted. 1847 Austin, James Richmond 1857 1848 Baer, Oliver P. * Richmond 185 1 1855 Burnham, N. G. Indianapolis 1856 1852 Bowen, George W. Fort Wayne 1857 1857 Bovd, James T. * Indianapolis 1854 .... Briice, J. E. 1857 1847 Collms, Dr. Fort Wayne 1857 1840 Coe. Isaac * Indianapolis 1857 1858 Corliss, C. T. Indianapolis 1857 1853 Cuscaden, Dr. Richmond 1862 1855 Davis, T. H. Richmond 1857 1857 Dornbergh, L. x Bristol 1850 1857 Ennis, Dr. x Madison 1856 1852 Ehrmann, Ernest J- Evansville 1857 1859 Eggert, Wm. A. * Indianapolis 1843 1840 Frietzsche, John Fort Wayne 1843 1854 Freese, Dr. Warsaw 1848 1859 Garrettson, Joseph Richmond 1850 1857 Gotsch, T. H. X Fort Wayne 1856 1855 Holland, H. N. * Jeffersonville 1847 1857 Hornberg, K. Indianapolis 1850 1857 Hill, G. S. X Laporte 1857 1859 Hunter, Thomas C. Wabash 1857 1846 Hutchinson, J. B. * Madison Karr, — x Laporte Leonard, P. W. Fort Wayne Meurer, Theodore New Albany Martin, Dr. x Deep River Minier, Dr. Richmond Miller, N. x South Bend Owen, D. O. x New Harmony Plympton, Dr. x Laporte Potter, L. x Cambridge Rutherford, C. E. Peru Schmidt, — x Aurora Sears, R. H. * Point Commerce Shard, — Indianapolis Shaw, G. W. X Indianapolis Stewart, Jeremiah W. Wabash Stewart, D. G. * New Albany Steemm, C. W. Richmond Stockham, G- H. * Lafayette Stockham, Alice B. * Lafayette Van Buren, Dr. Indianapolis Wright, A. S. Indianapolis Weaver, J. x Lafayette Weaver, Dr. x Lafayette HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 303 CHAPTER XXI HOMOEOPATHY IN MAINE. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. Early Homoeopathy in the Pine Tree State — Characteristics of the Early Practitioners — The State and Other Medical Societies — Sandicky, the Itinerant Homoeopath — His Converts and Followers — List of Early Practitioners. In the year 1840 homceopathy was introduced in three states : Indiana, New Hampshire and Maine, and while in New Hampshire the medical de- partment of Dartmouth Colleg-e and in Maine the Bowdoin Medical School were respectively situated, in each of these states the growth of the new sys- tem was exceedingly rapid. In the ten years from 1840 to 1850 homoeopathy was planted in the towns of Bath, Portland, Belfast, Bangor, Brooks, Vas- salboro. Auburn, China, Augusta, Gardiner and Kennebunkport, and the men who became its best exemplars and most able defenders had been practitioners of the old school. Maine was represented at the first meeting of the Ameri- can Institute of Homceopathy in 1844 by Drs. Albus Rea, Eliphalet Clark and John Merrill of Portland, and they were apppinted to perform the duty of censors of one of the six boards created by the institute for the examination of candidates for membership. During the first ten years of life of homoeopathy in the state, the in- crease in the number of its practitioners was remarkable, especially when we consider the comparatively undeveloped condition of the homoeopathic sys- tem at that time, and the further fact that it had no school of medical instruc- tion in the country. Again, nearly all these old pioneers in the state had been converted from the allopathic school, and few indeed of them were in- duced to take up the new practice until its merits had been fully tested and proved. As in New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and other states, the meth- ods of medical treatment during the cholera epidemic of 1849 brought homoe- opathy into prominent view in Maine, and its practitioners there as elsewhere were able to report far better results in the use of attenuated medicines than could be shown by the allopaths with their so-called " heroic doses." This difference was particularly noticeable in Bangor and that vicinity, where the ravages of the disease were very severe. Again, during the series of epidemics of diphtheria which ravaged the state about i860 the homoeopathic physicians scored signal success over their less modest brethren of the old school in the treatment of those afflicted with that disease. As was the suc- cess then, so was it afterward, and so it is even at the present day. An idea of the growth of homceopathy in the state may be obtained in the statement that in 1850 there were twenty of its practitioners in Maine, and in i860 the number had increased to thirty-five; in 1870 to forty-five; in 1880 to seventy-five; in 1890 to one hundred; and in the year 1904 there were in practice in the state ninety-five homoeopathic physicians and surgeons. 304 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY MAINE HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL SOCIETY. As early as 1866 the homoeopathic physicians Hving in the valley of the Kennebec river formed the Central Homoeopathic Medical Association of Maine, the meetings of which were held quarterly in different towns. It is said that this society was the result of a conversation between Drs. Bell and Thompson of Augusta. Soon afterward a call was issued and on Aug- ust 22. 1866, the society was organized in Augusta, with officers as follows: Dr. William E. Payne of Bath, president; Dr. Herbert C. Bradford of Lewis- town, vice-president; Dr. N. G. H. Pulsifer of Waterville, treasurer; Dr. James B. Bell of Augusta, secretary. After July 14, 1868, the society met Wm. E. Pavne, M. D. semi-annually. Soon after the organization of the state society the older body lost its identity. The Maine Homoeopathic Medical Society was formed from the society just mentioned at a meeting held in Augusta, January 15, 1867, and was in- corporated May 23 following. Its first officers were Dr. William E. Payne of Bath, president; Drs. C. H. Burr of Portland and Hosea B. Eaton of Rockport, vice-presidents; Dr. N. G. H. Pulsifer of Waterville, recording secretary; Dr. J. B. Bell of Augusta, corresponding secretary; Drs. Eliphalet Clark of Portland, George P. JefTords of Bangor, Richmond Bradford of Auburn, Moses R. Pulsifer of Ellsworth and M. S. Briry of Bath, censors. This society is still in existence, and meets annually in June in different towns ; membership in 1903, sixty-six. Transactions have been published annually I HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 305 since 1887. The number for 1892 contains a complete history of homoe- opathy in Maine, being the president's address at the quarter-centennial cele- bration of the society's existence. REMINISCENCES. The history of homoeopathy in Maine naturally belongs to what is conveniently termed the second epoch of homoeopathy in America. The first practitioner of the system in the state was Dr. D. F. Sandicky, a Polish physician who visited several towns, practicing in each a short time and not locating permanently. The honor of pioneership, however, is generally accorded to Dr. William E. Payne, who came to Bath in 1840 and found Sandicky in practice there. In speaking of his intercourse with the itinerant, who really converted Dr. Payne to homoeopathy, the latter said : " I found him intelligent, and as the reserve from professional antagonism wore away our conversation turned to the subject of medicine. A concise presentation of homoeopathy showed that I had, through misrepresentation, misapprehended its principles ; and I felt a growing desire to know some- thing more of the system of which I had up to this time, entertained so mean an opinion. I therefore gladly accepted the doctor's proposition to loan me the Organon of Homoeopathic Medicine ; and well do I remember with what impatience I looked forward to an opportunity to read it. After the labors of the day were over, I retired to my sleeping apartment, locked the door, and sat down to its perusal. In running rapidly through the introductory chapter I became intensely interested ; for light was thrown upon certain in- cidents that had occurred in the course of my practice which I had in vain endeavoured to comprehend and explain. Here, I thought, is enunciated a principle, which, if true in practice will take the place of all the theorizings and speculations of the schools." Dr. Payne determined to take no man's word regarding the truth of Hahnemann's statements, but to test it care- fully, and as a result the i6th day of October, 1840, he made his first pre- scription in accordance with the law of similars. When Dr. Payne proclaimed himself a believer in homoeopathy he was ridiculed and m.isrepresented by his former colleagues, but he kept his pa- tients and afterward declared that the notoriety given the matter by his villi- fiers was of great benefit to the cause and to his practice. For twenty years after this he was the only homoeopathic practitioner in Bath. < Dr. Sandicky, his teacher, remained but a few weeks in Bath, going from there to Port- land in the latter part of November, 1840. In 1856 Dr. Milton S. Briry, an 11 allopath who had located in Bath the year before, became interested in homoe- pathy and placed himself under the instruction of Dr. Payne. After careful investigation he gave up his allopathic practice and became an earnest expo- nent of the new system in Bath, where he lived many years. Drs. Pavne and Briry held the field until 1868, when Dr. Payne's son, Dr. Fred W. Payne, a graduate from the Harvard Medical School and the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania (also having spent some months in study abroad) entered into partnership with his father. In 1877 the cause was strengthened in Bath by the advent of Dr. Levi S. Kimball, who had just graduated from the Boston University School of Medicine. Since that time Drs. E. P. Roche. James W. Savage, A. K. Gilmore, Percy W. Roberts, C. Frederick Curtis and Charles D. McDonald have also been practitioners in Bath. 3 (Mi IITSTORV OF HOMa:OPATHY As has been stated, Dr. Sandicky in the latter part of 1840 removed from Bath to Portland. He was not long in that city before his earnest mis- sionary work brought forth results. Among the allopathic physicians there were three who had been for some time in practice and who held the esteem of the community, Drs. Eliphalet Clark, Albert Rea and John Merrill. They became interested in the medical propaganda of the wandering Sandicky and it was probably about the same time that they began the practice of homoe- opathy. This was in the year 1841. Dr. Payne says of this that he does not know who was the first to adopt the system, but that Dr. Merrill always claimed that honor. Dr. Payne writes : " In the winter of 1841 I first be- came cognizant of the fact that Drs. Clark and Merrill were engaged in the Eliphalet Clark, .M. D. practice. In the latter part of thai winter I visited them in Portland, and in return was visited by Dr. Merrill at Bath. Meeting and taking by the hand a professional brother in these early days of homoeopathy was an 0C7 casion of extreme pleasure. It was like meeting an old and long absent friend." It is said that Dr. Rhea was converted by Dr. Clark, but it was the in- fluence of Dr. Sandicky that resulted in the introduction of the law of similia in the two widely separated towns of Bath and Portland. Another of the notable pioneers of Portland was Dr. Moses Dodge, an allopathic physician who while on a tour in search of a place to locate stopped HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 307 for a few days at Portland. During- this visit his son was taken sick with croup, and after vainly trying^ the rei^ular remedies of which he knew, with- out any result, he was persuaded by friends to call in Dr. Clark and try homoeopathy. The effect was so marked that Dr. Dodi^e gave the matter a thorough investigation, and this induced him to remain in Portland and prac- tice under the new system. He became one of the leading physicians of that city and lived there the rest of his life. In 1848 Dr. Rufus Shackford located in Portland. He had graduated at Harvard Medical School in 1845, and practiced for three years in Lowell, Mas&. In 1850 Dr. James Merrill Cummings, who had been the preceptor of Dr. Shackford, after practicing in several towns in Massachusetts, was in- duced to settle in Portland. Dr. Charles Hartwell Burr opened a dental office in Portland in 185 1, but in 1857 decided to study medicine. He graduated at the Homoeopathic Medi- cal College of Pennsylvania in 1859, '^"d i" the same year he married the daughter of Dr. Rea. He became one of the notble practitioners of homoe- opathy in Maine. The following homoeopathic physicians have been at different periods prac- titioners in Portland : Drs. George A. Clark. R. L. Dodge, Silas E. Sylves- ter, Greenleaf P. Thompson, Mrs. Annie G. C. Ohler, John T. Palmer, M. C. Pingree, E. F. Vose, George P. Wesselhoeft, J. W. "Whidden, Luther A. Brown, Francis D. Coleman, Rudolph L. Dodge, Leslie C. Jewell, and Samuel Worcester. In the autumn of 1843 ^^- John Payne, an allopath then residing tem- porarily at Northport, became interested in homoeopathy through the influence of Dr. William E. Payne. After making a trial of the remedies he went to Belfast in February, 1844, and renouncing the old practice which he had fol- lowed for fifteen years, devoted himself to the new method. He remained in Belfast until his death, October 8, 1857. His son, Dr. Lycurgus V. Payne, who died in 1853, was associated with him from 1846 to 1849. It was through the influence of Dr. John Payne that Dr. Jacob Roberts, of Brooks, another old school physician of many years' experience, was induced to adopt homoe- opathy. The successor of Dr. Payne at Belfast was Dr. David P. Flanders, who located there in 1858. Dr. J. A. Savage also practiced there. In 1843 Dr. Snell; of Bangor, sought to practice homoeopathy in that city with a domestic book and a box of medicines. In July, 1844, Dr. William Gallup removed from Concord, Mass., to Bangor, where he announced him- self a homoeopathic physician. While in practice in Concord in 1839 he met a lady who had been subject to severe attacks of enteralgia and had not been able to obtain relief from allopathic treatment. She told Dr. Gallup of the very satisfactory results experienced from the use of homoeopathic remedies and he was by this interview led to investigate the matter for himself. After some difficulty he obtained a few books, subscribed for the " Homoeopathic Examiner," then published in New York, secured a copy of the Organon and began to experiment in his treatment. He was soon converted, and after he located in Bangor he practiced nothing but the most rigid homoeopathy. From 1844 to 1849 t)r. Gallup w-as the only practitioner of homoeopathy in Bangor, but in the spring of 1849 ^^- James H. Payne removed there from Mont- ville. Drs. Gallup and Payne remained alone in Bangor until the autumn of 1854, when Dr. James H. P. Frost opened an office there, being followed in 308 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 1855 by Dr. George Kellogg, who removed two years later to New York state. In December, i860, Dr. George P. Jefferds took the place of Dr. Payne. He had previously been located at Kennebunkport. where he had been prac- ticing homoeopathy since 1850. His attention had been drawn to that system by Dr. Hoffendahl of Boston. In 1865 Dr. Frost went to Philadelphia and was succeeded in Bangor by Dr. John M. Blaisdell. Dr. Herbert C. Brad- ford also practiced in Bangor for a short time about 1857. Dr. John M. Prilay went there in 1885, having graduated from Hahnemann Medical Col- lege of Philadelphia the same year ; Dr. Henry Clark Jefferds graduated from the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia in 1885 and located in Bangor, where he remained until 1889, when he went to Oregon. Dr. Will- iam F. Shepard settled there in 1875. Dr. William E. Fellows went there in 1890. In 1899 Dr. Byron D. Spencer was located in Bangor. In 1844 Dr. Jacob Roberts, of Brooks, who had been engaged in allo- pathic practice for forty years, became a convert to homoeopathy. His grand- son, F. A. Roberts (then a child but afterward a homoeopathic physician), was suffering from whooping cough. Dr. Roberts had tried in vain to aid his afflicted grandson. At last he went to Dr. Payne and told him about the case and within twenty-four hours after Dr. Payne's homoeopathic pre- scription the child was better. After this Dr. Roberts investigated homoe- opathy and in 1846 removed to Vassalboro, introducing the system in that town. He remained there until his death in ^Nlarch, 1856. Dr. Roberts v/as born in Brookfield, Maine, in 1784. Dr. J. H. Barrows was an early practitioner of homoeopathy in \'assal- boro, where he remained until 1865. Later on he went to Gardiner, a few miles away, and resided there until his death, June 20, 1870. Dr. Rufus R. Williams in 1858 introduced homoeopathy in Clinton, where he remained un- til 1863, and then went to North Vassalboro. Later he removed to Gardiner, practicing there until 1875, when illness compelled him to seek a southern climate. He died in Malvern, Arkansas, March 25, 1875. Dr. Francis A. Roberts commenced practice in China in February, 1861. The next year he went to Vassalboro and took up the study of homoeopathy with Dr. Barrows. In September of the same year he returned to China, where he practiced until 1865 and then located in North A-'assalboro, taking Dr. Barrows' practice while the latter went to Gardiner. In 1883 Dr. Rob- erts removed to Waterville. where he remained until his death, May 26. 1892. Drs. J. Donnell Young, Thomas M. Dillingham, Gertrude E. Heath, Huldah McA. Potter and Alanson T. Schuman have practiced in Gardiner. Drs. Daniel C. Perkins, M. K. Dwinell and Ralph H. Pulsifer have practiced in Vassalboro. In 1845 ^" important addition was made to the ranks of homoeopathy by the conversion of Dr. Richmond Bradford of Auburn. He was a member of the Bowdoin " banner class " of 1825, among whose members were Long- fellow, Hawthorne, John S. C. Abbott, George B. Giecver and Jonathan Cil ley. He graduated in medicine from the Maine Medical School in 1829, After practicing allopathy for fifteen years he became a convert to homoe-' opathy, abandoning the old practice in September, 1845. He attended a course of lectures at the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania and returned to Maine to practice. He influenced many to believe in homoeopathy, including an old allopathic medical friend, Dr. Calvin Gorham, and was a power for the principles of Hahnemann in that part of the state for many r i. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 309 years. He was identified with the history of homoeopathy in Auburn and the neighboring city of Lewiston. He died December 21, 1874, and was succeeded by his son, Dr. Herbert C. Bradford, Avho studied with his father, graduated from the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1856, and then located in Lewiston. Drs. David N. Skinner, Mary W. Bates Stevens, Ward J. Renwick and Alfred Sails have practiced in Auburn. In Lewiston Drs, Robert L. Dana, W. S. Howe, H. N. Parker. N. E. Parker, Aurelia Springer, Arthur D. Bow- man and Austin L. Harvey have been located and in practice. In 1847 or 1848. at the suggestion of Dr. Jonathan Roberts, Dr. Will- iam B. Chamberlain introduced homoeopathy to the people of China. He re- James H. Payne, M. D. mained there, however, only a short time. He was a graduate of the Western College of Homoeopathic Medicine in 1854. Dr. Green introduced homoeopathy m Augusta in 1847, but the first real practitioner there was Dr. Shadrach M. Cate, who located in that city in 1850. He had graduated from the Western College of Homoeopathic Medicine in Cleveland in 185 1. He remained in Augusta until i860, when he went to Salem, Mass. His place was taken by Dr. Danforth Whiting, who for sev- eral years previously had been associated with him. In 1865 Dr. William L. Thompson took the practice of Dr. Whiting. In 1861 Dr. James Batch- elder Bell located at Augusta and remained there until 1880. when he went 310 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY to Boston. Dr. Bell made for himself in Maine a most enviable reputation as a surgeon and careful prescriber. In 1874 Dr. Thomas M. Dillingham went to Augusta, remaining there for five years in partnership with Dr. Bell. In 1882 Dr. Nancy T. Will- iams settled in Augusta. To Dr. Williams is due the honor of having been the largest single contributor to the Hahnemann monument in Washington, D. C, her gifts for that purpose amounting to $4,510. At present the homoe- opathic field in Augusta is occupied by Drs. W. Scott Hall and William S. Thompson. Homoeopathy was introduced in Gardiner by Dr. W. F. Jackson in April, 1849. Previous to that time a clergyman named Howard had practiced as far back as 1843. About 1853 Dr. Jackson went to Roxbury, Mass., and Dr. F. N. Palmer succeeded him. Dr. George P. Jefferds introduced homoe- opathy in Kennebunkport in 1849, ^"d Dr. B. H. Batchelder located the same year at Montville. In 1850 Dr. Greenfield P. Thompson introduced homoeopathy in Yar- mouth, and Dr. Moses R. Pulsifer in Ellsworth, each. of these physicians hav- mg previously been engaged in allopathic practice. In 1872 Dr. Olin M. Drake located in Ellsworth. Drs. Walter M. Haines, Atwater L. Douglass, James T. McDonald and Harry W. Osgood have practiced in Ellsworth. Dr. James C. Gannett located in Yarmouth in 1878. A Rev. Mr. Hill introduced the system in Winthrop. He was followed by Dr. F. N. Palmer, who soon went to Gardiner. In 1857 Dr. Charles A. Cochran located in Winthrop. In 1858 Dr. Mitchell went to Calais and later that field was occupied by Dr. D. E. Seymour, who went there in 1862. In 1862 Dr. Nathan G. H. Pulsifer introduced homoeopathy in Water- ville. In 1883 Dr. F. A. Roberts located there, and in 1887 Dr. W. M. Pulsi- fer was there for a short time. In 1887 Dr. Maurice K. Dwinell went there, and about that time Dr. Joseph H. Knox went from Bangor to Waterville. In Rockland Dr. J, M. Blaisdell was the pioneer in 1862. In Damaris- cotta the same year Dr. J. P. Paine introduced the practice. Dr. Joseph M. King is in practice there at the present time. Richmond and Rockport (Camden) were the only new points in Maine in which homoeopathy was introduced in 1854. Dr. J. D. Young was the pio- neer in Richmond and Dr. Hosea B. Eaton in Rockport. In 1857 Dr. David S. Richards went to Richmond, remaining there permanently. In 1856 Dr. Herbert C. Bradford introduced homeopathy in Lewiston. Dr. J. O. Moore in Saco, and Dr. Edward W. Morton in Kennebunk. Dr. T. S. Goodwin opened an office in Skowhegan in 1857, -^"cl the next year Dr. J. H. Hamilton went there, remaining two years. Dr. Goodwin re- mained until 1865 and was succeeded in the next year by Dr. Sumner H. Boynton. He left in 1867. In April, 1869, Dr. Thomas L. Bradford grad- uated from the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania and located at Skowhegan, where he remained until the spring of 1877 and then removed to Philadelphia, his present residence. In 1874 Dr. Winfield S. Wright prac- ticed in Skowhegan for a few months. Dr. Fellows continued in practice there until 1890, when he went to Bangor. Dr. Cora M. Johnson located at Skowhegan in 1883. Dr. Samuel G. Sewell went to Skowhegan in 1882 or 1883. Drs. William M. Pulsifer and Johnson are now located there. Homoeopathy was introduced in Farmington in 1861 by Dr. W. H. Ham- HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 311 ilton. In 1863 Dr. O. W. True located there. Drs. F. O. Lyford, William Randall and Mary F. Cushman have practiced in Farmington. In 1862 Dr. J. W. Savage opened an office in East Wiscasset. In 1866 Dr. S. E. Hartwell located in Strong. Dr. B. L. Dresser located at Sears- port about 1866. Later Dr. William R. Knowles went there. Dr. William E. Payne was born in Unity, Kennebec county, November 15, 1815. He graduated from the Maine Medical School in 1838 and located in Bath. In September, 1840, he embraced homoeopathy. He was prominent both in the councils of his professional brethren in the state and in the Ameri- can Institute of Homoeopathy. He was active and emeritus professor in the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, Boston University, and the Nancy T. Williams, M. D. New York Homoeopathic Medical College. He was one of the editors of the " North American Journal of Homoeopathy," and was honorary member of several state societies. He was several times connected with the city gov- ernment in Bath, traveled extensively in Europe, and may be considered the father of homoeopathy in Maine. He died in Bath, May 9, 1877. Dr. James Batchelder Bell was born in Monson, Piscataquis county, Feb- ruary 21, 1838. He graduated from the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1859, passed the following year in the hospitals of Vienna, and in 1861 located in Augusta, remaining there until 1880, when he went to Boston, Mass., where he became associated with Dr. William P. Wesselhoeft, He is still in practice in Boston. 312 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY Dr. Eliphalet Clark was born in Stroigg, Maine, in 1801. He attended medical lectures at the Rowdoin Medical School and graduated from there in 1824. He began practice in Wilton, but in 1830 removed to Portland, where he built up a large business. He died in Portland, June 8, 1883. Dr. John ]\Ierrill was born in Conway, N. H., in 1782; attended Phillips (Exeter) Academy; graduated from Harvard College in 1804; studied medi- cine with Dr. John Warren, and graduated from the Harvard Medical School in 1807. He then located in Portland and began the practice of homceopathy in 1841. He died there, June 7, 1855. Dr. Richmond Bradford was born in Turner, Me., in 1801 ; graduated from Bowdoin College in 1825 ; in medicine from the same institution in 1829, and located in Turner. In 1835 he went to Auburn, being the only physician there and the adjoining town of Lewiston. He adopted homoeopathy in 1845. He died in Auburn, December 21, 1874. Dr. George P. JefTerds was born at Kennebunkport, May 7, 1816; grad- uated from the Bowdoin Medical School in 1845 ■ located in his native place and remained there until i860. In 1849 ^^ became a homceopathist. Dr. IMilton S. Briry was born in Bowdoin, May 17, 1825; graduated from the Maine Medical School in 1853, ^^^ settled in Bath ; adopted homoe- opathy in 1855; died in Bath, August 2, 1899. Dr. Albert Rea was born in Windham, Cumberland county, ]\[e., in 1795; graduated from the Harvard Medical School in 1819, and in 1820 settled in Portland. He became a convert in 1841. He died in Portland, October 14, 1848. Dr. James Merrill Cummings was born in Boston. Mass.. July 27, 1810; graduated from the Bowdoin Medical School, and located in Calais, Me.; removed to Nashua. N. H., and from there to Cairo, 111. ; returned east and settled in Groton, Mass.; remained there until 1846, and then went to Salem; adopted homoeopathv in 1844; died in Portland. July 20. 1883. Dr. Moses Dodge was born in Sedgewick, Me., March 9. 1812; grad- uated from the Bowdoin Medical School in 1838, and commenced the prac- tice of medicine at Sedgewick. In 1846, desiring a larger field, he started westward and located at Portland, Oregon. He died there, October 18, 1879. Homoeopathic physicians in Maine previous to i860. The date preceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoeopathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school ; the character x indicates that the physician practiced medicine be- fore the date given. 1849 Batchelder. B- H. * Montville 1845 Dodge, Moses * Portland 1857 Barrows, J. H. x North Vassalboro 1854 Eaton, Hosea B. * Rockport 1859 Bell, James B. Augusta 1857 Flanders, David P. Belfast 1845 Bradford, Richmond * Auburn 1850 Frost, James H. P. Bangor 1856 Bradford, Herbert C. Lewiston 1840 Gallup, William * Bangor 1859 Briry, Milton H. * Bath 1857 Goodwin, T. S. Skowhegan 1857 Brown, E. W. x Portland 1847 Green, Dr. Augusta 1859 Burr, Charles H. Portland 1855 Hill, Rev. Mr. Winthrop 1845 Gate, Shadrach M. Augusta 1858 Hamilton. J. H. Skowhegan 1847 Chamberlain, William B. China 1840 Jackson, W. F. Gardiner 1840 Clark, Eliphalet * Portland 1849 JeflFerds, Geo. P. * Kennebunkport 1856 Cochran, Oiarles A. Winthrop 1852 Kellogg, Edwin Merritt Bangor 1844 Cummings, James M. * Portland 1841 Merrill, John * Portland 1857 Currier, Dr. x Readfield 1857 Morton, E. W. x Kennebunk HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 313 1849 Moore, James Otis Saco 1858 Mitchell, Dr. 1857 Miilvey, B. C. x Saco 1853 Palmer, F. N. Gardiner 1843 Payne, John * Belfast 1840 Payne, William E. * Bath 1846 Payne, Lvcurgus V. Belfast 1851 Pulsifer, Nathan G. H. * Waterville 1850 Pulsifer, Moses R. * Ellsworth 1857 Putnam, James T. x York 1840 Rea, Albert * Portland 1857 Richards, D. S. * Richmond 1861 Roberts, F. A. * China 1844 Roberts, Jacob * Brooks 1840 Sandicky, D. F. Bath— Portland 1858 Seymour, D. E. Calais 1845 Shackford, Rufus Portland 1843 Snell, Dr. * Bangor 1850 Thompson, G. P. * Yarmouth 1857 Thonipson, William L. Augusta .... Whiting, Danforth Augusta 1858 Williams, R. R. Qinton 1854 Young, J. D. Richmond O HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 315 CHAPTER XXH HOMOEOPATHY IX THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. Brief Allusion to the Hahnemann Monument — Ceremonies of the Unveiling — The Wash- ington Convention — HomcEopathic Societies and Hospitals — Dr. John Piper, the First Homoeopathic Physician in the District of Columbia — Reminiscences and List of Early Practitioners. " We give into your keeping this testimonial of our recognition of one of the world's most pronounced benefactors. Take it under the national pro- tection; guard it as the cherished object of millions of our people." These words were spoken by Dr. Charles Edgar Walton, of Cincinnati, in his official capacity as president of the Ainerican Institute of Homoeopathy to Col. Theodore A. Bingham, superintendent of public buildings and grounds in the District of Columbia, on the occasion of the national conven- tion of the American Institute of Homoeopathy in the city of Washington dur- ing the week beginning June 19, 1900. The annual convention oi the institute in 1900 waslield in the capitol city for the complete fulfillment of a special object, the accomplishment of which in all its details had engaged the attention of that body for several years, and now had attained fruition. The occasion was that of the formal unveiling and presentation of the Hahnemann monument, and its presentation to the national government through the custodian of the public properties. This event alone was sufficient to give the District of Columbia unusual prominence in the annals of homoeopathy in America ; an importance which overshadowed all else besides in the history of the Hahnemannian school of medicine in the region in question, even from the time when Dr. John Piper graduated from the allopathic University of Maryland, fell under the influence of that worthy pioneer of Baltimore — Dr. Felix MclManus — and was by him proselyted to the teachings of Hahnemann. On this subject, however, more will be said in a later part of this chapter. The exercises at- the unveiling and presentation were presided over by Dr. J. B. Gregg Custis, of Washington, who called the assemblage to order and then said : " We are gathered together upon an .occasion which in some of its aspects is solemn, in some glorious, in all momentous. Solemn, because \vc have assumed the responsibility of setting as an ideal for the twentieth century a character to whom a memorial con- stituting the greatest testimonial ever received by any in the w^alks of life followed by our confrere, Samuel Hahnemann, we are now about to dedicate. " Glorious, because it represents a completed work, conceived in Washington, nur- tured by the American Institute of Homrjeopathy, and made possible by the liberality of the adherents and patrons of the school founded by him, in whose honor this grand work of art and architecture is erected. " jNlometitous, because it places in bold relief the fact that truth, represented simply by a thought, can, in so short a :ime, in a country whose motto is freedom, reach its Presentation, by Dr. Charles E. Walton. Ode to Hahnemann, by Dr. W'm. Tod Heimuth. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 317 highest development. This monument is erected in the hope that from it, as a center, truth may be spread, which will result in the lessening of suffering, and the increased usefulness of mankind." Following Dr. Custis's address, and the invocation of Rev. B. F. Bel- linger, the monument was formally presented to the American Institute of Homoeopathy by Dr. James H. McClelland of Pittsburg, chairman of the monument committee, Avho said : "Eight years ago at a meeting of the American Institute of Homoeopathy in this city this committee was charged with the extra professional duty of erecting a monument which should be a suitable memorial to the man whom we wish to honor and be com- mensurate with the dignity of the body we have the honor to represent. Your committee, after many failures, finally secured a design which it feels sure will meet the approval of our parent body and all those who love the beautiful in art as well as that which repre- sents a great and noble idea. We are indebted for this beautiful sculpture to an American — Mr. Charles Henry Nieuhaus — and for the exquisite architectural effects to Mr. Julius F. Harder of New York. " Mr. President, I take pleasure in transferring to your keeping, for the time, this monument erected to the honor and glory of Samuel Hahnemann." After the formal presentation of the monument to the institute an orig- inal ode to Hahnemann was read by Dr. William Tod Helmuth, of New York city, in which the achievements of the founder of the homoeopathic school were treated at length. In presenting the monument to the government President Walton made a splendid address, and at its close turned to Col. Bingham and said the words quoted at the beginning of this chapter. The monument is in the form of the Greek exhedra and is elliptical in plan. Four steps in front lead up to the lesser axis, at the back of which rises the superstructure. The sitting statue of Hahnemann, heroic in size, and mounted on a granite pedestal, is placed in the central portion, which is composed of four columns supporting an entablature, above which is an attica with the inscription, " Hahnemann." On the base of the pedestal is the motto, " Similia Similibus Curantur." The statue itself is the culmina- tion of the plan of the monument. By the expression of the features and the pose of the figure it is designed to convey the characteristics of the philos- opher, philanthropist and teacher, and above all the leader of a great reforma- tion in the medical practice of his period. (D. M. C. Journal, Ap. 1900.) The Washington convention, held during the winter of 1871, was a mem- orable occasion in homoeopathic medical annals. It was composed of dele- gates from the several state medical societies, and its object was to protest against the open hostility to the school on the part of a certain prominent of- ficer of the pension department, and, if possible, to accomplish his removal from office. The purpose of the convention was entirely successful, the ob- noxious official was removed, and the integrity of the homceopathic profes- sion was fully vindicated. The Washington Homceopathic Medical Society was organized in the city of Washington in the District of Columbia, May 20. 1870, in pursuance of an act of congress passed April 15 of that year. Its first officers were Dr. Tullio S. Verdi, president ; Dr. C. W. Sonnenschmidt, secretary ; Dr. G. W. Pope, treasurer; Drs. J. Brainerd, J. T. O'Connor and S. J. Grout, censors. The Washington Medical and Surgical Qub was organized in 1866 but was not incorporated. The National Homoeopathic Hospital of Washington is the outgrowth of a movement which had its beginning in 1881 in the organization of a hos- 318 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY pital association of which Montgomery Blair was the first president. This association organized the Homoeopathic Free Dispensary, which dates its his- tory from November, 1882. Two years later steps were taken toward the erection of a hospital building, and after various attempts to maintain such an institution without an appeal to congress for aid, such action was taken and an appropriation of $15,000 was voted in its behalf. A new hospital was built and opened February i, 1886. The officers of the hospital association comprise a president, a vice-president from each state, a secretary, treas- urer, board of trustees, and a medical staff of thirteen physicians who are members of the homoeopathic medical society of the district. A nurse's school Tullio S. Verdi, M. D. was opened in 1893. In 1903 preparations were made for the erection of an addition to the hospital establishment, to be knowm as the Gardner Memorial, for which congress appropriated $50,000. REMINISCENCES. History accords to Dr. John Piper the honor of having first carried the gospel of Hahnemann into the District of Columbia, and biographers say that the pioneer had left the University of Maryland school of med- icine in 1839, bearing the diploma of that honored institution; but before he entered the district territory he came under the influence of Dr. Felix R. McManus, who made known to him the sounder philosophy of Hahne- HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 319 mann and easily persuaded him to adopt it in his practice; and thus con- verted and equipped with the necessaries for professional work he took up his abode in the city of Washington in 1841. He died there, March 16, 1871. During the fifteen years next following the advent of Dr. Piper the in- crease in number of practitioners in the district was small, being only five in 1857, and seventeen in 1870. In later years the growth of the system was more rapid, statistics showing thirty-seven practitioners of the school in the district in 1883, seventy-five in 1899, and seventy-two in 1904. Dr. Jonas Green, who had been a practitioner of homceopathy in Phila- delphia, went to Washington about 1845. His name appears in the register of the American Institute of Homoeopathy in 1846 as located at Washington, Susan Ann Edson, M. D. ... ... ^^• although in 1844 he is mentioned as dwelling in Philadelphia. Dr. Green died in 1868. Dr. Gustavus William Pope settled in Washington in 1856. He was a native of Niagara, N. Y., graduated from the Albany Medical College in 1 85 1, and in 1852 was assistant physician in the New York State Lunatic Asylum at Oneida. He remained there two years and during that time his attention was called to homoeopathy. Despite all the opposition of his fam- ily; in which were two distinguished allopathic physicians, he continued to study the subject and test it carefully for three years. Finally he avowed his belief in it, resigned from the Oneida County Medical Society, and in 1856 320 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY went to Washington, where his ability soon secured for him a large practice. Dr. Pope for many years was one of the well known figures in Washington life. His death occurred in July, 1902. Dr. TuUio Suzzara Verdi, a native of Italy, who had been in the Sardinian army in 1848, and in consequence had been proscribed by the Austrians, came to New York in 1857, landing in that city with but five dollars in his pocket. He there met Garibaldi, who introduced him to George Washington Greene, professor of modern languages in Brown University, in Providence. He was soon able to support himself by teaching French and Italian, and he soon gained such knowledge of English that he was able to lecture in that language upon the Italian revolution. Two years later Professor Greene resigned his Jehu Brainerd, M. D. office and it was tendered to Verdi. He then sent for his two brothers, and while still holding his professorship devoted his leisure hours to the study of medicine under Dr. A. Howard Okie, a homoeopathic physician then lo- cated in Providence. In 1856 he graduated from the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, and located in Newport, R. I., but in 1857 removed to Washington. In 1871 he was appointed a member of the only board of health of the District of Columbia created by congress, and was its secretary, and also was chairman of the sanitary commission. It was through his efforts that a charter was obtained for the Washington Homoeopathic Society, with all the rights and privileges of the other older societies. He also was of in- HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 321 fluence in securing the admission of homoeopathic physicians as examining surgeons for pensions. Dr. Verdi Hved for many years in Washington, but in 1895, on account of failing health, decided to retire from practice and re- turn to Italy. In 1861, at the beginning of the \var, Dr. Susan Ann Edson went to Washington to devote herself to her country's cause. She had graduated from the Western College of Homoeopathic Medicine in 1854, and afterward practiced in Cleveland and in Ashtabula, Ohio. At that time Columbia Col- lege on Meridian Hill was used as a hospital, and Dr. Edson acted as nurse there from August, 1861, to March, 1862. From there she went to the Hygeia Hospital at Fortress Monroe. She also occasionally acted as physician. She was engaged in hospital work during the entire war, after which she located as a practicing physician in Washington. She died there November 12, 1897. Dr. Caroline Brown Winslow located in Washington in 1864. She had graduated from the Western College of Homoeopathic Medicine in 1856, and for a time practiced in Utica, N. Y. Dr. Jehu Brainerd went to Washington and opened an office for practice in 1 86 1. He was for many years a teacher and processor in various colleges, holding chairs of natural sciences and of chemistry. His attention was drawn to homoeopathy in 1842, while living in Ohio. He was connected with the Western College of Homoeopathic Medicine, the Agricultural College of Ohio, and the Women's Homoeopathic College of Cleveland. He died in Washington, in March, 1878. Dr. Ciro Suzzara Verdi graduated from the New York Homoeopathic College in 1861, and then located in Georgetown. He died in 1887. Homoeopathic physicians in the District of Columbia previous to 1861. The date preceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoeopathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner orig- inally was of some other school ; the character x indicates that the physician practiced medicine before the date given. 1857 Appleton, H. D. x" Washington 1840 Piper, John R. * Washington 1842 Brainerd, Jehu Washington 1S55 Pope, Gustavus W. * Washington- 1854 Edson, Susan Ann Washington 1857 Thorne, J. x Washington 1835 Green. Jonas Washington 1856 Verdi, Tullio S. Washington 1857 Herniss, S- x Washington 1861 Verdi, Ciro S. Georgetown 322 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY CHAPTER XXHI HOMOEOPATHY IN MICHIGAN. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. Beginnings of Homoeopathy in Michigan — Early Practitioners all Converted Allopaths — Record of Medical Societies — Hall and Lamb, the Pioneers — Reminiscences and Lists of Early Practitioners. History and tradition both accord to homoeopathy in Michigan a lodg- ment sometime between the years 1841 and 1843, and at a time when the tide of emigration first set strongly toward the great northwest territory of which the " Wolverine " state then formed a part. Here homoeopathy was intro- duced soon after the region in question evolved from a territory into a state of the federal union. In the years following the growth of the new system was more rapid than in many other states farther east and south, and the work of the pioneers soon spread the doctrine of Hahnemann throughout the entire region. One of the most noticeable facts in connection with early homoeopathy in Michigan was that almost every one of its pioneers was a converted allo- path, an excellent practitioner and a man of influence, well equipped in every respect to battle against the cholera ravages which soon came upon the coun- trs', and also to wage battle in the war of words and argument which pre- ceded the absolute recognition of homoeopathy in the state and gave to it a separate department in the state university. This movement began in 1850 and was carried forward with varying degrees of success until a school of homoeopathic medical instruction was founded in connection with that insti- tution of learning. Drs. Thayer and Ellis, who figured conspicuously as edi- tors and publishers of the '' ^Michigan Journal of Homoeopathy,'' were among the most zealous advocates of the endeavor, and from the time their journal was founded neither spared time or energy in striving for the accomplish- ment of the desired end. As early as 1855 the legislature passed an act which authorized at least one professorship of homoeopathy in the university, which was a gain, yet produced comparatively small results, but was the foundation of the splendid homoeopathic department which in later years has accomplished grand re- sults in the world of homoeopathic medicine. This subject, however, is men- tioned at greater length in another department of this work. In 1871 a private homoeopathic medical college was started in Lansing, and was known as the Central Michigan Homoeopathic Medical Institute, a name more formidable perhaps than the college itself, as its life continued only one session. In 1872 the Detroit Homoeopathic College was established, and lived through about four years of vicissitudes ; but it was a beginning of homoeopathic col- lege life in that city, a subject which is fully discussed by Dr. MacLachlan in another volume of this work. In 1847, when the Michigan 'Institute of Homoeopathy was first started, there were only eight practitioners of the school in the state, and the system * HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 323 then had an abiding place in the towns of Adrian, Detroit, Pontiac, Ann Arbor, Dexter, Birmingham and Lyons, all in the southeastern part of the state. Ten years later, in 1858, the number of practitioners had increased to fifty- eight and the system then had been introduced in thirty-three towns. In 1870 there were two hundred and nineteen homoeopathic physicians in the state, and the methods of the school were being practiced in one hundred and twen- ty-five towns. In 1896 there were four hundred and sixty, and in 1904 five hundred and one practitioners in Michigan, of whom eighty were in Detroit, thirty in Grand Rapids, nineteen in Ann Arbor, eleven in Battle Creek, with one or more in every other settled town in the state. From 1859 to 1864 and from 1872 to 1876 homoeopathic treatment was W. I Ian ford While, M. D. practiced m the Michigan state prison, but in other years the allopathic school has succeeded in maintaining supremacy in that penal institution. The first homoeopathic pharmacy in the state Avas opened in Detroit in 1850 by Dr. John Ellis, who was succeeded in 1859 by Dr. Edwin A. Lodge, and the lat- ter in turn in 1875 by his son, Albert Lodge. The senior Lodge then opened a pharmacy in Orchard Lake and about the same time in Pontiac. In 1856 Drake & Foster opened a pharmacy in Detroit, and Dr. H. C. Driggs started a similar business there in 1852, and Dr. Benjamin E. Sickler in 1873. ^^ 1858 Farnsworth & Spinney opened a pharmacy in East Saginaw, the same now carried on by Drs. A. & W. A. Farnsworth. Eberbach & Son opened a 324 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY pharmacy in Ann Arbor in 1875. and the Michifjan liomceopathic pharmacy in Grand Rapids was started in 1880 by J. S. Alortlock & Co. HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL SOCIETY OF MICHIGAN. Michigan was early in the field with organization, the first society hav- ing been formed October 20, 1847, by the eight physicians of that school then in the state. Their pioneer organization took the name of Michigan Homoeopathic Institute, probably in allusion to the American Institute of Homoeopathy, of which it was an offshoot and branch. Its first officers were Dr. C. A. Lamb of Pontiac, president; Dr. Thomas Blanchard of Ann Arbor, vice-president ; Dr. P. M. Wheaton of Detroit, secretary ; Dr. John Ellis of Detroit, treasurer. This society passed out of existence in 1855, ^"cl was suc- ceeded in 1866 by another society of the same name, the history of which dates from October 3 of the year last mentioned to May 16, 1871, when it was merged in the then newly organized Homoeopathic Medical Society of the State of Michigan. Previous to the organization of the latter society the homoeopathic pro- fession in the state had become divided in opinion regarding the establish- ment and maintenance of a school of homoeopathic medicine in connection with the university, but the main purpose of the successor organization, its principal mision in life at the time, was the accomplishm.ent of that very ob- ject, and in which its endeavors were rewarded with ultimate success. The new society was founded at a meeting held in Jackson, November 10, 1869, and soon afterward was incori:)orated ; and it has since maintained an active, healthful existence, publishing yearly transactions. It was re-incorporated February 18. 1900. Among the other nrincipal homoeopathic society organizations which have been or are incidental to the history of the profession in the state, each worthy of greater recognition than the scope of the present chapter per- mits, mention may be made of the Central District Homoeopathic Medical Society, organized in Lansing in 1866; the Central Michigan Homoeopathic Medical Society, organized in East Saginaw, Julv 13, 1869; the College of Physicians and Surgeons, organized in Detroit, October 21, 1878; the De- troit Institute of Homoeopathy, organized April 12, 1876. subsequently a part of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and still later of the Homoe- opathic Medical Association of Detroit ; the Grand Rapids Society, organized in 1875; the College of Homoeopathic Physicians and Surgeons, Grand Rap- ids, organized April 26, 1890; the Hahnemann Medical Society of Eaton and Barry Counties, organized in 1879; the Huron District Medical Society, organized in 1886; the Ingham, Shiawassee, Clinton and Eaton Counties Homoeopathic Society, organized June 18. 1868; the Jackson County Homoe- opathic ^ledical Society, organized March, 1876; the Kent County and Grand Valley Homoeopathic Medical Society, which dissolved in 1879; the Northern Michigan Homoeopathic ]\Iedical Association ; the Saginaw Vallev Homoe- opathic Association, organized in 1886; the Homoeopathic Medical Society of Southwestern Michisfan, organized in December, 1886; the Homoeopathic Medical Society of Southern Michigan and Northern Indiana ; Homoeopathic Medical Society of Tuscola and Adjacent Counties; Thayer Homoeopathic Medical Society of Southern Michigan. 1876; Wayne County Homoeopathic Institute. 1868; Western Michigan Institute of Homoeopathy, 1886; Homoe- opathic Society of Western }^Iichigan, 1903. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 325 Grace Hospital, Detroit, as an institution of homoeopathy, is closely allied to the Detroit Homoeopathic College, in which connection its full history is narrated. In this connection, also, it is proper to make some brief mention of the hornceopathic relation to the Michigan Asylum for Insane Criminals, in Ionia, which is a state institution, under homoeopathic care, incorporated in 1883 and opened in 1885. REMINISCENCES. Sometime between 1841 and 1843 Dr. S. S. Hall, who had for many years practiced medicine and was then living in Detroit, became in- terested in homoeopathy. His son was suffering with a bronchial trouble for which he could obtain no relief, and he procured homoeopathic books and medicines and devoted hihiself to the study of his own case. Relying on his father for proper diagnosis, he also prescribed for other patients, and it is said that during the year 1843 the father and son treated one hundred and fifty difficult chronic cases and cured one hundred of them. Another physician, Dr. C. A. Lamb, living in Pontiac, became interested in the new medical practice and borrowed books and medicines from Dr. Hall and began to practically investigate the subject of homoeopathy. In 1843 Rev. J. D. Perry, who had been restored to health by homoe- opathic medicines while living in the east, went to Michigan. He became acquainted with Dr. Hall and was largely instrumental in inducing him to adopt the hom.oeopathic practice. Mr. Perry also persuaded Dr. Thomas Blackwood of Plymouth. Wayne county, to test the truth of the new prac- tice, with the result that he soon became an avowed follower of the doctrines of Hahnemann. In a visit to a patient Dr. Blackwood met Dr. Lamb and the result of the treatment caused the latter to espouse the new cause. Mr. Perry was a zealous missionary of homoeopathy and made many converts. He was of value in assisting young physicians, and was held in great esteem. He is said to have been a skillful prescriber. There seems to be some doubt as to the first practitioner of homoeopathy in the state. Dr. A. Bagley, a pioneer, gives that honor to Dr. John Mosher. Dr. E. M. Hale called Dr. Mosher the pioneer in central and southern Michi- gan, Dr. Francis Woodrufif accords the honor to Dr. Hall. It is certain that Dr. Mosher was practicing homoeopathy in Somerset, Hillsdale county, as early as 1842. He lived in Cayuga county. New York, as early as 18 10. He had become converted through a young lawyer named Peterson, who had occupied a part of Dr. Mosher's office in Union Springs, N. Y. This was in the thirties. Peterson had visited New York where he became interested in the new medicine, then unknown in LInion Springs, and on his return told Dr. Mosher of its wonderful results and something of its methods in prac- tice. Soon after this Dr. Mosher removed to Somerset, Hillsdale county, Michigan, where homoeopathy never had been heard of, and, notwithstand- ing the opposition of the allopaths, in a few years he established a large prac- tice. He was a man of strong will and great mental energy, and fought the battle for homoeopathy manfully and successfully. In 1850 Dr. Mosher was a member of the convention to revise the constitution of the state and he was largely instrumental in effecting the change in the law so that any quali- fied person could practice medicine and collect fees. Dr. L. Sabine located near Dr. Mosher in the town of Adams. Hillsdale county, in 1844, and practiced in that vicinity until his death in 1855. 326 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY Dr. Lewis Dodge settled in Adrian, Lenawee county, in 1843, remaining there until 1850. He had a wide practice, often riding from thirty to fifty miles, and he gained a good reputation. Dr. John Ellis located in Grand Rapids in 1843. -'^ short time before, while he was in practice at Chesterfield, Mass., his attention was called to homoeopathy, and he procured books and medicines and devoted himself to its study, but did not practice it until he had settled in Michigan. He was a noted surgeon and performed a number of remarkable operations, one of which mention was made in Mott's notes on " Velpeau's Surgery," and was also commented on in the allopathic journals of that day. Dr. Ellis practiced in Grand Rapids three years and then went to New York for further study. In 1846 he returned to Michigan and located in Detroit, forming a partner- ship with Dr. P. M. Wheaton, who had succeeded Dr. Hall. He remained there fifteen years. He was one of the men who were instrumental in secur- ing a professorship of homoeopathy in the University of ]\Iichigan. Dr. Thomas Blackwood was the pioneer homceopath in Ypsilanti and Ann Arbor, settling in the latter town in 1847. While living in Plymouth he was challenged by Dr. E. F. Olds, a champion of allopathy, to a public dis- cussion of the merits of the two systems of medicine, with the result that Dr. Olds became a believer in homoeopathy. In 1847 Dr. Olds removed to Ann Arbor and was invited by his allopathic brethren to repeat his lectures against homoeopathy, w^hich he refused to do, being half-convinced of its truth. Dr. Isaac Xewton Eldridge was converted to homoeopathy in New York state by Dr. A. P. Biegler of Rochester, and after studying under Dr. C. M. Dake of Genesee, for three years, he went to Michigan in 1846 locating in Ann Arbor, where he was a partner a short time with Dr. Blackwood. Dr. Eldridge cured several cases that Dr. Olds had given up, and this completed the latter's conversion. The two were then associated for a short time. In 1 85 1 Dr. Eldridge located in Flint, being the pioneer there. Dr. H. Knapp became a convert to homoeopathy in 1849 ^^'^ located in Adrian. In relating his early professional experience he once wrote : " I pitched my tent in Brooklyn, Jackson county, in October, 1839, where for ten years I practiced medicine under the old school banner. During my residence in Brooklyn I heard of Dr. Adams living west of CHnton, and Dr. Mosher of Cambridge, practicing homoeopathy occasionally, but the first homoeopathic physician with whom I came in contact was Dr. Amos Walker. We were allopathic competitors for a few years in Brooklyn." * * * " About this time it became my duty to deliver an essay before the Jackson County Med- ical Society, of which I was president, in which I paid particular attention to humbugs, claiming homoeopathy to be the chief and explaining it away ac- cording to my philosophy. I have preserved that essay as a curiosity. After Dr. Walker went east I felt it a duty I owed to the friends who had so val- iantly stood by me to prove to them that what I had claimed was true. So I sent to Drs. Ellis and Thayer of Detroit, then the principal homoeopaths of Michigan, for some remedies, and a book of instructions for using them. I was determined to prove experimentally that in practice homoeopathy was a humbug. They sent me ' Jahr's Ten Remedies ' and ten of the principal medicines, aconite, arnica, arsenisum, belladonna, bryonia, etc. After trying these remedies for nearly a year I was convinced that there was something in the svstem. sent for more books and medicines and was soundly converted HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 327 to homoeopathy. This I afterward acknowledged to Dr. Walker, and said that in opposing him I became converted. Twenty years of my homoeopathic experience were in Adrian, in which place T located in October, 1849. Dur- ing the first ten years of my practice in Adrian, my business was very large and my practice very successful. At first T had ten old school competitors, but after some four years only five remained, as I had taken their best fam- ilies. When I first went to Adrian I was associated with Dr. Lewis Dodge, who subsequently removed to Cleveland, being appointed professor in the homoeopathic college established there about that time." Dr. Lamb, after his conversion by Dr. Hall, went to Farmington, Oak- land county, where he delivered lectures on homoeqpathy. He then located in Pontiac and remained a short time, returning thence to Farmington. Later on Dr. Lamb removed to Clinton county, retired from practice and entered the ministry. He continued to preach until his death in 1884, when he was in his eighty-fifth year. He was greatly respected and was known as " Father Lamb." Dr. S. B. Thayer located in Detroit in 1847 ^^^ began the practice of homoeopathy. He had practiced allopathy in Kalamazoo until 1846, when his attention was called to homoeopathy by Dr. E. A. Atlee of Philadelphia. He tested the system at the bedside, adopted it, removed to Detroit, and be- came partner with Dr. Ellis. Dr. Thayer was of great assistance in gaining for homoeopathy recognition in the University of Michigan. Dr. John Doy was one of the pioneers of Michigan homoeopathy. He came to the United States from England in 1846. He had been an old school practitioner, and soon after 1846 located in Battle Creek. He says in a let- ter written in 1867 : " I practiced as a regular, as the dominant school is called, for twelve years, came to this country in 1846 and have practiced homoeopathy more or less ever since, the less part was while making Kansas a free state ; I was not allowed by the invaders to practice with little pills, but distributed large blue pills from and with a ' Beecher's Bible' (a rifle). While in Kansas Dr. Doy was persecuted, arrested, imprisoned, and rescued by force. Dr. P. M. Wheaton located in Detroit at a date not now definitely known, but it must have been as early as 1845, ^^ he became partner with Dr. John Ellis in 1846. In December, 1848, he was practicing in Nashville, Tennessee. In a letter written in 1847, Dr. Wheaton said : "Homoeopathy is progressing steadily and surely throughout Michigan. We have now more than a dozen avowed and acknowledged practitioners of homoeopathy throughout the state, and several allopaths are investigating its truth. The result of the investiga- tion I anticipate will be the same as it always has been when homoeopathy has been examined and tested by honest men. I mean its unhesitating adoption." Dr. John R. Jewett began to practice homoeopathy in 1846 in Lyons, Ionia county, farther west than his fellow practitioners. In 1832 he received a ter- ritorial license and had practiced the old school system at Lyons. In 1838 his attention was called to homoeopathy by the address of Dr. Hering, pub- lished in " A Concise View of Homoeopatliy " in 1833 and by a communica- tion from Dr. Gideon Humphrey of Philadelphia ; but it was not until 1846 that he declared his belief. In 1851 he attended lectures and received a de- gree from the Western College of Homoeopathic Medicine. Dr. A. Van Dusen introduced homoeopathy in Birmingham, Oakland county, previous to 1846. Dr. Charles Jeffries began practice in Ingham 328 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY county before 1846, and Dr. E. W. Cowles located in Adrian about the same time. Besides the regularly educated physicians who had become converts to the mild system of medicine, there were several laymen who procured Her- ing's " Domestic Practice " and some homoeopathic remedies for use in the then sparsely settled towns in which they lived, and were wont to prescribe for their neighbors. Among them were the Rev. Mr. Kanosh of Washtenaw county. Rev. J. N. Reed, H. C. Knight, and Rev. Mr. Perry, of whom men- tion has been made. •Dr. Charles L. ]\Ierriman located in Jackson about 1847. In 1849 the following letter was written by him to Drs. Ellis and Thayer, and very plainly Edwin M. Hale, M. D. shows the conditions with which the early homoeopathic practitioners in Michigan were surrounded. " The excitement here in Jackson in favor of homoeopathy amounts to a perfectly wild enthusiasm. I address you to learn if there is within the bounds of your acquaintance an experienced, scientific and practical homoeopathic physician, who can be procured to come to my assistance. I am willing to guarantee a business that will be entirely satis- factory to such a man. You can scarcely imagine my anxiety on account of the circumstances under which I am placed. I have on hand from twenty to thirty patients at present, and I am rejecting daily about the same number. Many of these I have taken from the hands of the allopathic physicians after HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 329 the friends, and in some cases the physicians, have despaired of their re- covery. Among the latter, I am happy to state, I have had thus far the most marked success." Dr. Charles Mann O'Delh located in Paw Paw in 1850 and began the practice of homoeopathy. He had come from Canada, where he had prac- ticed allopathy and the eclectic system. He had been cured of a lingering sickness by Dr. J. I. Lancaster, a homoeopathic practitioner of Canada, and this decided him to practice homoeopathy. He graduated from the Detroit Homoeopathic College. He was a zealous Methodist, and in 1863 was ordained to the ministry, after which he combined the two professions. Dr. Charles Hastings, a graduate of the Columbian Medical College, adopted homoeopathy previous to 1850 and located in Detroit. In 1852 the board of auditors of Wayne county appointed him county physician. The " Detroit Tribune " in commenting upon this said : " This, we believe, is al- most the only instance of the appointment of a homoeopathic physician to such a post." Dr. Hastings, writing to Drs. Pulte and Gatchell in 1852 regarding the introduction of homoeopathy into the University of Michigan, said : " The assertion that homoeopathy is going down in the west is false, and in Michi- gan it stands higher and promises sooner to redeem the people from the er- rors and sufferings of allopathy than ever before. In no state has homoe- opathy succeeded better than in Michigan, and the future promises quite as much as the past has realized. Seven years since, there was scarcely a physi- cian in our state practicing the new system, and now there are not less than forty, and perhaps as many more who are investigating it, with adher- ents numbering nearly one-third of the reading and intelligent citizens of the state." Dr. O. D. Goodrich located in Allegan, Allegan county, in the western part of the state in 1855. He had practiced in Allegan as early as 1836, in 1845 had gone to Connecticut, and there had become satisfied of the truth of homceopathv. He was the first homoeopathic practitioner in Allegan county. Dr. Srnith Rogers, who had attended the Western College of Homoe- opathic Medicine during the session of 1851-52, located in Union City, Branch county, in 1852, being the first homoeopathic practitioner there. He re- mained five vears and" then went to Battle Creek. In 1856 a Dr. Rodgers was practicing there, and in 1867 there were five homoeopathic practitioners in Union Citv. Dr. Francis Woodruff graduated from the Western College of Homoe- opathic Medicine, Cleveland, in 1852, and located in Ann Arbor, where he re- mained until 1875 and then went to Detroit. Dr. Woodruff was one of the earnest workers in establishing homoeopathy in the University of Michigan. Dr. Elijah H. Drake, having studied medicine in New York state, and having received a practitioner's" license from the Steuben County Medical Societv, settled in Rattle Creek in 1845, and began the practice of allopathy. The principles of homoeopathy were brought to his attention by Drs. Ellis and Thayer, and in i8=;4, after attending lectures and graduating from the Rush Medical College, he began the practice of homoeopathy in Detroit. He lived twentv years in Detroit and became a leader in his school of medicine. He was killed in a railroad accident in Ypsilanti, November 16, 1874. Dr. William Hanford White began the practice of homoeopathy in Cold- 330 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY water, Branch county, in 1854. In 1866 he removed to New York city, enter- ing into a partnership with Dr. E. E. Marcy. Dr. David C. Powers located in Coldwater in 1855 and became partner with Dr. White. He had graduated in 1848 from the Berkshire Medical Col- lege, Pittsfield, Mass. In 1849 he went to California but returned the next •year, married and located in Auburn, N. Y., where he became converted to homoeopathy. In the autumn of 1855 he settled in Coldwater. Dr. Frederick Finster graduated from the Western College of Homoe- opathic Medicine in 1855, and at once entered into partnership with Dr. E. H. Drake in Detroit. He remained there two years and in 1857 went to Port Huron, where he died in 1885. Dr. Edwin M. Hale was an early practitioner in Michigan and a physi- cian of ability. While a young man he had been cured of pneumonia by homceopathic treatment and this resolved him to study homoeopathy, which he did against the advice of his father. He attended the Western College of Homceopathic Medicine at its first session, and in 1850 located in Jones- ville, Hillsdale county, being the pioneer in that section. He remained in that town until 1864. Dr. E. D. Burr located at Mason, Eaton county, previous to 1846, and afterward settled in Lansing. In 1857 he was practicing in Eaton Rapids. He formerly had been a practitioner of allopathy. Dr. Eugene Bitely graduated from the Western College of Homoeopathic Medicine in 1853. and located at Paw Paw, where he practiced until his death, March 31, 1873. Dr. Erastus R. Ellis, nephew of Dr. John Ellis, studied with his uncle, graduated from the Western Homoeopathic College in 1857, ^^^ ^t once lo- cated in Grand Rapids, where he remained until 1867, and then went to De- troit. BIOGRAPHICAL. Dr. John Ellis was born in Ashfield, Mass., November 26, 181 5. He studied medicine at Berkshire Medical College, Pittsfield, where he grad- uated in 1 84 1. He first located in Chesterfield, remained there about a year, and then went to Grand Rapids. He became interested in homoe- opathy while in Chesterfield. In 1846 he located in Detroit where he practiced for fifteen years, during the last six of which he devoted a part of his time to lecturing on theory and practice of medicine at the Western Homoeopathic College of Cleveland. In 1861 he went to New York, opened an office, and accepted the chair of theory and practice of medicine in the then recently opened New York Homoeopathic Medical College. About 1868 he gave up practice and entered manufacturing pursuits. He was an earnest advocate of temperance and other reforms, and wrote a number of books on hygienic subjects. He died December 3, 1896. Dr. Lewis Dodge was born in Utica, N. Y., June 27. 181 5.' He was edu- cated at Woodstock Academy. Hamilton College, Geneva Medical College, and the Ohio State and Union Law School. From 1840 to 1843 ^^ was pro- fessor in Granville College, Licking county. Ohio, being principal of the pre- paratory department. Leaving that position, he opened a private training school for boys and young men for college or business. While thus occupied he met Dr. John Ellis in Detroit. In 1844-45 he attended lectures at Geneva College and then commenced the practice of homoeopathy in Adrian. He at- HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 331 tended the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1849-50 and graduated from there. Two years later he received an honorary degree from the same institution. In 1850 he becamiC a professor in the Western College of Homoeopathic Medicine. About i860 he removed to Chicago. He died in June, 1890. Dr. S. B. Thayer was born in Canandaigua, N. Y., February 12, 181 5. He was educated in Medicine at Geneva, and graduated from the medical de- partment of the Western Reserve College, Ohio, in 1842. He practiced in Kalamazoo county until 1846, when his attention was called to the homoe- opathic practice by Dr. E. A. Atlee of Philadelphia. He adopted the system and removed to Detroit, entering into partnership with Dr. John Ellis. In 1861 he was appointed surgeon to the 2d Missouri cavalry (Merrill's Horse) and afterward became brigade surgeon and medical director of a military district. He left the army in 1863 and settled in Battle Creek. He was a persistent anti-slavery man. He died September 16, 1874. Dr. John Mosher was born in Washington county, N. Y., in 1783. In 1809 he was elected a member of the Washington County Medical Society. In 1810 he went to Cayuga county, where as a physician, merchant, and faithful public officer, he was greatly esteemed. In 1842 he removed to Hills- dale county. His death occurred November 5, 1856. Dr. John R. Jewett was born in Saybrook, Middlesex county. Conn., March 5, 1809. In 1829 he commenced the study of medicine in Ann Arbor with his cousin. Dr. David Lord. In the winter of 1831-32 he attended lectures in Cincinnati, and the next year received a license to practice from the Terri- torial Medical Society. In 1838 his attention was called to homoeopathy, and in 1846 he adopted that system. He received the degree from the Western College of Homoeopathic Medicine in 1853. Dr. Isaac Newton Eldridge was born in Livingston county, N. Y., Aug- ust 5, 1819. He studied medicine under Dr. C. M. Dake of Genesee, N. Y. He located in Ann Arbor in 1846, and in 1851 went to Flint, where he died, January 18, 1893. Dr. Thomas Fuller Pomeroy was born in Cooperstown. Otsego county, N. Y., May 11, 1816. He was educated at Hamilton and Union Colleges, graduating from the latter in 1836. After reading law one year, he went to Cleveland, Ohio, and engaged in mercantile pursuits, and fourteen years later took up the study of medicine, having in the meantime become a convert to homoeopathy. He graduated from the Western College of Homoeopathic Medicine in 1853, and located in Utica, N. Y., where he was in partnership with Dr. Lucien B. Wells, an old friend of his father, until 1859. when he re- moved to Detroit. In 1891, his health failing, he sought relief in Philadelphia, and being restored, he went to Providence, where he resided until his death, April 2, 1892, at the age of seventy-six years. Dr. Eugene Bitely was born in Moreau, Saratoga county, N. Y., April 17, 1824. He graduated from the Western College of Homoeopathic Medi- cine in 1853, and acted as demonstrator of anatomy in his alma mater during the winters of 1854 and 1855, being at the time located in Paw Paw. He died March 31, 1873. Dr. Edwin M. Hale was born in Newport, N. H., February 2, 1829, his father, Dr. S. Hale, also being a practitioner of medicine. The elder Hale removed from New Hampshire to Ohio when the son was seven years of age, locating in Fredonia, near Newark. At the age of eighteen young Hale 332 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY learned the trade of printing and became associate editor of a newspaper in Newark. While there he was attacked with pneumonia and was attended by Dr. A. O. Blair, then the only homoeopathic physician in the place. He was cured so promptly that he became a believer in homoeopathy, and a.^ainst the wishes of his father began the study of the new system under Dr. Blair. He attended the Western College of Homoeopathic Medicine in 1850, and then located at Jonesville, Hillsdale county. He remained there twelve years and in 1864 located in Chicago, where he passed the remainder of his life. His death occurred January 15, 1899. Dr. Hale was best known by his voluminous writings and publications on homoeopathic materia medica. He also was the author of some works upon the diseases of women. At one time he held the chair of materia medica in the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago. Charles J. Hempel, M. D. Dr. Frederick Finster was born in Bavaria, Germany, April 3, 183 1. He came to this country when six years of age, and in 1850 became a student of medicine with Dr. John Ellis and Dr. S.^B. Thayer of Detroit. He attended the University of Michigan in 1853, ^"d graduated from the Western College of Homoeopathic Medicine In 1855. He became partner with Dr. E.- H. Drake, and two years later removed to Port Huron. Dr. Alfred Isaac Sawyer was born m Lyme township, Ohio, October 31, 1828. He graduated from the Western College of Homoeopathic Medicine in 1854, and entered into partnership with his former preceptor, Dr. D. H. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 333 Beckwith of ]\ [arietta. He also practiced in Zanesville. In 1856 he passed some time in New York in study. In the spring of 1857 he settled at Mon- roe, where he remained until his death, May 7, 1891. Dr. Charles Julius Hempel located in Grand Rapids in 1859, making that place his permanent home until his death, September 24, 1879. Homoeopathic physicians in Michigan previous to i860. The date pre- ceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoe- opathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school; the character x indicates that the physician practiced medicine before the date given. 1857 Bagley, A. x Marshall 1846 1857 Bagg, Dr. x Corunna 1846 1857 Ball, Dr. x Grand Lodge 1850 1848 Baldwin, S. C. x Jackson's Mills 1857 1853 Bitely, Eugene Paw Paw 1850 1845 Bissell, A. F. Grand Rapids 1849 1857 Botsford, A. H. x Grand Rapids 1846 1845 Blackwood, Thomas * Plymouth 1857 1846 Burr, E. D. * Mason 1846 1857 Brown, Dr. x Farmington 1848 1857 Brown, Dr. x Pinckney 1857 1857 Carpenter, R. x Ann Arbor 1842 1857 Cronell, Dr. x Kalamazoo 1857 1857 Cranmer, Dr. x Kalamazoo 1848 1857 Clark, Dr. x Niles 1850 1847 Cowles, E. W. X Ann Arbor 1857 1857 Day, S. B. x Detroit 1851 1845 Dodge, Lewis Adrian 1843 1846 Doy, John * Battle Creek 1857 1854 Driggs, H. C. * Detroit 1853 1853 Drake, Elijah H. * Detroit 1846 Ellis, John * Grand Rapids 1857 1857 Ellis, Erastus R. Grand Rapids 1864 1846 Eldridge, Isaac N. Flint 1852 1859 Farnsworth, A. M. East Saginaw 1857 1855 Finster, Frederick Detroit 1854 1857 Fish, Dr. x Otisco 1844 .... Fulton, S. J. Tecumseh 1857 1857 Godfrey, E. x Quincy 1857 1855 Goodrich, O. D. * Allegan 1857 1857 Gray, A. x Dexter 1857 1841 Hall, S. S. * Detroit 1857 1850 Hale, Edwin M. Jonesville 1847 ICJ50 Hastmgs, Charles * Detroit 1850 1857 Hawley, Dr. x Lansing 1845 1845 Hempel, Charles J. Grand Rapids 1847 1857 Hemingway. Dr. x Flint 1857 1850 Hewitt, J. I. Detroit 1845 1857 Hopkins, T. H. x Pomfret 1854 1857 Huntington, Dr. x Howell 1852 Jewett, John R. * Lyons Jeffries, Charles x Dexter Kanosh, Rev. Washtenaw county King, Dr. x Detroit Knight, H. C. (Hon.) layman Knapp, H. * Adrian Lamb, C. A. * Pontiac Lander, Dr. x Monroe Meacham, W. P. x Pontiac Merriman, Charles Jackson Miller, W. x White Pigeon Mosher, John * Somerset Mott, P. W. X Hillsdale Olds, E. F. * Salem O'Dell, Charles M. * Paw Paw Pattison, Wm. x Ypsilanti Powers, David C. * Cold Water Perry, J. D. (Rev.) Detroit Pierce, Dr. x Ypsilanti Pomeroy, Thomas F. Detroit Reed, J. N. (Rev.) Reynolds, I. C. x Jackson Rice, M. B. * Lansing Rogers, Smith Union City Rudolph, S. B. X Detroit Sawyer, Alfred I. Monroe Sabine, L. Adams Sill, J. X Kalamazoo Shepherd, Dr. x Grand Rapids Smith, Dr. x Monroe Sullings, H. X Battle Creek Sangen, Dr. x Detroit Thayer, S. B. * Battle Creek Turrill, G. F. Detroit Van Dusen, A. Birmingham Walker, Amos * Pontiac Wheeler, Dr. x Pontiac Wheaton, P. M. * Detroit White, William B. Cold Water Woodruff, Francis Ann Arbor 334 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY CHAPTER XXIV HOMOEOPATHY IN GEORGIA. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. This State not Highly Productive of Homoeopathic History — Gilbert and Schley, the Pioneers — Reminiscences of Other Early Practitioners. While homceopathy was known in Georgia as early as 1842, the condi- tions m the state were of such character that the few practitioners there were inclined to limit the field of their operations to the commercial centers. Pre- vious to the war of 1861-1865 the slave people furnished at least half of the physician's patronage, and in consequence of this many medical men were stationed on the plantations, where they supported themselves in comfort, but after the war the country was in an impoverished condition, while the ex- penses of living were much increased, hence the more promising fields of the western country drew away many homoeopathic physicians whose ambi- tion in life was to accomplish something. The pioneer of homoeopathy in Greorgia was Dr. James Banks Gilbert, who settled in Savannah in 1842. He was a graduate of the University Medical College of New York, and a former student of Dr. John F. Gray of that city. His remarkable success in the state was due wholly to his splendid capacity and attainments, and he succeeded in building up for himself a large practice, and at the same time gave the homoeopathic school an excellent stand- ing in the south. On his arrival in Savannah he presented his diploma and became a member of the Georgia Medical Society, and after he was fairly established his success attracted the attention of a fellow member. Dr. James M. Schley, who soon afterward went to New York and placed himself under Gray's medical instruction. On his return he also began the practice of homoe- opathy, but before long both these worthies were arraigned for trial before the medical society on charge of promulgating the heresies of Hahnemann's doctrine^ and they were expelled, but they were not crushed nor subdued, and the people employed them whenever they had need of medical attention. Dr. Gilbert died in 1853, ^^d Dr. Schley in 1874. Dr. W. H. Banks settled at an early date in Savannah, becoming part- ner with Dr. Gilbert. In 1850 Dr. Francis, Hodgson Orme entered the office of Dr. Gilbert as a student, and completed his studies in the medical depart- ment of the University of New York. He graduated from that institution in 1854, returned to Savannah and entered into partnership with Dr. Banks. Almost his first professional experience was during the epidemic of yellow fever that so terribly decimated the south in 1855, and during which one thousand people died of that disease. During the height of the epidemic, of five homoeopathic physicians then resident in Savannah, Dr. Orme alone was able to practice, the others having sickened and left the city. He escaped the fever until late in the season, when a severe attack compelled him to leave his post for a time. His great success with homoeopathic remedies caused the sys- tem to become very popular. The partnership with Dr. Banks continued for four HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 335 years, when another epidemic of yellow fever visited the region, and Dr. Orme for the second time contracted the disease. He went to Atlanta, in which city he afterward made his home. In 1878 he was a member of the Homoe- opathic Yellow Fever Commission. He has taken an active part in sessions of the American Institute of Homoeopathy. Dr. Louis Knorr also was an early practitioner of homoeopathy in Savan- nah. He was a graduate of the University of Munich in 1848, and became a convert to homoeopathy in 1850. Dr. Louis Alexander Falligant located in Savannah in 1858, associating himself with Dr. Schley. He then had just graduated from the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania. At the commencement of the war he en- I-'. H. Ornic. .M. \). tered the confederate army, serving as captain and aide-de-camp, and from 1862 to 1864 as health officer at Savannah. Dr. Edward Worthington Starr settled as an allopathic physician in Co- lumbus in 1836, but after a time he became convinced that homoeopathy was the true system of healing and adopted It in his practice. In i860 he attended lectures in New York and Philadelphia, and returned to Columbus, where he practiced until his death in 1862. Dr. William Elliott Dunwody practiced allopathy in Marietta from 1845 to 1856, when he adopted the homoeopathic system. Dr. Samuel Pierre Hunt became a convert to homoeopathy in 1858, and after serving through the war in the confederate army, located with his fam- ily in Augusta. Dr. William Earned Cleveland located in Atlanta in 1858, after gradual- 336 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY ing from the Western Homoeopathic College of Cleveland. The cure of his sister by Dr. Bayard of New York first turned his attention to homoeopathy. He built up a large practice in Atlanta, where he died May 20, 1876. *# \Vm. L. Cleveland, M. D. Homoeopathic physicians in Georgia previous to i860. The date pre- ceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoe- opathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school ; the character x indicates that the physician practiced medicine before the date given. 1850 Banks, W. H. x Savannah 1857 1856 Clcckley, H. M. Columbus 1857 1856 Cleckley, Marsden A. Columbus 1850 1859 Cleveland, William L. Atlanta 1857 1856 Dunwody, William E. * Marietta 1854 1858 Falligant, Louis A. Savannah 1857 1857 Gebhardt, Dr. x Augusta 1844 1857 Goode, S. W. X Lumpkins 1859 1857 Geiger, C. A. x Roswell 1857 1842 Gilbert, James B. ♦ Savannah 1857 Home, W. x Savannah Hunt, Samuel Pierre * Augusta Knorr, Louis Savannah Kohlhaus, Dr. x Savannah Orme, Francis H. Atlanta Roosevelt, C. J. x Macon Schley, James M. * Savannah Starr, Edward W. ♦ Columbus Thayer, H. R. x Augusta Van Voorhies, H. x Augusta HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 337 CHAPTER XX\' HOMOEOPATHY IN WISCONSIN. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. The Pioneers of Homcieopathy in Wisconsin — The Conditions there Described by Dr. Chittenden — Wisconsin State Homceopathic Medical Society — Recollections of the Pioneers and their Early Experiences — List of Old Practitioners. Homoeopathy preceded statehood in the region now called Wisconsin, and dates its history in the territory from 1846, when Dr. Henry Hull Cator,^ a former practitioner in Syracuse, New York, removed from that city to Mil- waukee on account of the health of his wife. Tradition says, however, that homoeopathic medicines were first used in the state by the wife of an Episco- pal clergyman, and that Green Bay in Brown county was the scene of her ministrations. During the ten years following Dr. Cator's coming to Milwaukee, the development and outspreading of the system were comparatively rapid, and records show that in 1857 thirty-two physicians of the school were in prac- tice in the state. In 1870 the number had increased to more than one hun- dred and fifty, and in 1880 to almost two hundred. In 1904 there were two hundred and thirty-four homceopathic physicians in the state. The conditions which surrounded the early practice in this state are interestingly described in an article written in 1851 by Dr. Chittenden, and from which a few ex- tracts are here given : " In this state, as through the great west, the mighty ball of homoe- opathic truth is fast rolling on. It is always waxing and knows no waning. The old school has taken the alarm and sounded it throughout the country. Organized efforts are made in almost every county (when a homoeopathist enters) to oppose its progress, and what is very remarkable, the object of these societies is always to promote medical science. They have worked hard in this county, bringing everything possible to bear, from the foolish story of the child's eating a whole phial of the little sugar pills without hurting it, up to the great extermination of the Rev. Dr. Latta; a large number of which were gratuitously circulated in the town for the protection of the dear people against quackery. The first has been much more effectual than the last, but we survive both to the tune of a large increase in our practice." From this it is seen that misrepresentation and abuse prevailed in Wis- consin as in other states, and that to be a homoeopathic practitioner there in early days meant hardships and vicissitudes. In 1848 the homoeopathic prac- titioners formed an association called the Western Institute of Homoeopathy, for the main purpose of proving drugs. About the same time the allopathic society was reorganized, and soon afterward renewed its attacks on the new school practice with such vigor that the " Homoeopathic Medical Reporter," a journal of the new school published in Milwaukee, gave vent to its feelings in an article from which a few excerpts are made : " It was perfectly understood that the members were not only to avoid 338 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY recognizing ns as physicians, but that they were not to know us as human beings in any of the relations of Hfe. Scarcely an individual member acceded to us any of the common civilities of life. When we accidentally met at the house of a common friend, and had, as a matter of common civility, an in- troduction, we were treated with such marked incivility that the family felt that they, as well as we. were insulted in their own house. One of the members of the association having been seen to recognize us in the street, received a severe reprimand for it. He excused himself by saying that he did not recognize us as physicians, but as men. He thought us clever fellows and liked to talk with us. The reply was, it is no matter, you have no busi- ness to know them at all." WISCONSIN STATE HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL SOCIETY. In 1848, four years after the organization of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, the Wisconsin members of that body aroused themselves in the work of creating a branch of the parent society in their own state, and to that end brought into existence what was called the Wisconsin Institute of Homoeopathy, which was organized in Milwaukee, and was continued a few years with indifferent success. Ten years later, June 16, 1858, the homoe- opathic profession in the state held a meeting in Milwaukee and organized the Homoeopathic Medical Association of the State of Wisconsin, a larger and stronger body than its predecessor, though the period of its existence was comparatively brief. The third homoeopathic state society was that which still exists, and which dates its history from October 18, 1865. The first officers were Dr. T. J. Patchin of Fond du Lac, president ; Dr. E. L. Ober of La Crosse, vice-presi- dent ; Dr. H. B. Dale of Oshkosh. secretary ; Dr. P. Moore of Nenah, treas- urer : Drs. Pierce of Green Bay, Page of Appleton and Swetting of Berlin, censors. The society was incorporated in 1868. Its annual meetings are held in dift"erent cities, with occasional semi-annual meetings for special busi- ness purposes; membership in 1904, about 115. REMINISCENCES. Dr. Cator, who located in Milwaukee in 1846, practiced in that city in partnership with Dr. L. M. Tracy during his residence there ; but soon after the recovery of his wife's health he left the field and returned to New York state. In the autumn of 1847, soon after Dr. Cator returned east. Dr. James S. Douglas, who had for three years previouslv been practicing homoeopathy in the state of New York, located in Milwaukee and at once entered into partnership with Dr. Tracy. Pie was an energetic man and in the east had delivered lectures on medicine in Madison, N. Y., and in Milwaukee he en- deavored by all means possible to interest the people in the subject of homoe- opathy and advance its cause. In 1848, with his partner he edited and pub- lished a small journal, the " Milwaukee Homoeopathic Medical Reporter." Drs. Douglas and Tracy also conducted a homoeopathic pharmacy, which was opened as early as 1847 or 1848. Dr. Douglas passed the rest of his pro- fessional life in Milwaukee. He was the author of several books. He died at Macomb City, Miss., in August, 1878, at the home of his daughter. He was born in Westmoreland, July 4, 1801. Dr. Tracy practiced in Milwaukee manv vears. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY :}39 Dr. George W. Perrine located in Milwaukee in 1855. He had been practicing- for sixteen years in the state of New York, all but the last two years as an allopathic physician. He also became a partner of Dr. Douglas. In 1866 they published for one year a little monthly called the " Homoeopathic Expositor," which was intended as a missionary paper. Dr. Perrine was born in Lyons, N. Y., December 16, 1816, and died in Milwaukee, April 20, 1872. Dr. Ernest Rupertus Kiimmel located in Milwaukee in 1859. He was a graduate of the Royal University in Halle, Prussia, in 1856, and began the practice of homoeopathy in Coethen, Germany, soon afterward. In 1859 he came to Wisconsin, where he lived for a number of years. In 1857 the following physicians were engaged in the practice of homoe- opathy in Milwaukee: Drs. T. D. Brown, James S. Douglas, J. S. Graves, Dr. Gunther, M. Mayer, G. W. Perrine, Purlewitz, L. M. Tracy and Rob- ert J. Wilcox. In 1870 there were ten practitioners in Milwaukee; in 1880, twenty-three; in 1899, thirty-four; in 1904, thirty. Dr. J. W. Evans introduced homoeopathy in Beloit, Rock county, in 1846, remaining there until his death in 1867. He was the pioneer in that part of the state. In 1848 Dr. Lewis Merriman went from Bloomington, 111., to Be- loit, and located permanently. In 1848 homoeopathy was introduced in Janes- ville, another town in Rock county, by Dr. W. H. Chittenden. In 1850 Dr. G. W. Chittenden settled in Janesville. Dr. Albert Giles, a graduate from ihe Berkshire Medical College, Pitts- field, Mass., in 1835, and who had been practicing allopathy in Troy, Wis., since 1839, located in Racine in 1847. He became a convert to homoeopathy in 1846. He remained in Racine several years, then went to Madison and entered into partnership with Dr. J. Bowen of that place. In 1854 they edited the " Madison Homoeopathy " of which only a few numbers were published. Dr. Giles soon returned to Racine and entered into partnership with Dr. Rufus B. Clark. His death occurred June 7, 1862. Dr. Rodman Stoddard Gee settled in Racine about 1857. He had pre- viously lived in Detroit and was a convert to homoeopathy and afterward an occasional lecturer. He is said to have delivered twenty-five hundred lectures on the relative merits of the two systems and to have published thirty thou- sand pamphlets for gratuitous distribution. In a letter written in 1889 Dr. Gee said : " I never wrote an article in my life for popularity but from pur- pose to defend the truth ; nor have I to make money. My pamphlets and lectures were for humanity, and were freely given. God will take care of the count. Let us be faithful to our trust. My work is nearly done. May the light burn while I live is my earnest desire." Dr. Charles Spencer Duncombe settled at Racine in i860, entering into partnership with Dr. Rufus B. Clark. .Dr. Duncombe had graduated in Geneva, N. Y., in 1844, and located in Walworth county, Wis., immediately afterward. He had practiced also in St. Thomas, Ontario. In i860 he re- ceived a diploma from Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago. Dr. Paschal P. Brooks was the first homoeopath in La Crosse, in 1855. He had been for many years a practitioner of allopathy. He continued prac- tice in La Crosse until his death, July 2.2, 1865. Dr. John S. Pfonts located in La Crosse in 1854, and began the practice of homoeopathy. He had grad- uated from an allopathic medical college in Philadelphia in 1853, but meet- ing Dr. N. Seymour, a homoeopathic physician in Erie, Pa., he had become 340 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY convinced of the truth of homoeopathy. He remained three years in La Crosse and then went south. Dr. Levi E. Ober located in La Crosse in 1857, having graduated from the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati in 1850. He died in La Crosse, March 26, 1881. He had previously practiced in Illinois, Dr. Porter practiced homoeopathy in Monroe, Green county, in 1850, re- maining there many years. Dr. Sherman located in Monroe about the same time. Dr. Lawton Colvin Slye settled in Waukesha, then known as Prarie- ville, in 1843. While on a visit to Chicago in 1853 he was induced to investi- gate homcEopathy and becoming satisfied of its truth purchased a case of medicines and devoted a year to testing the results of its practice. He after- ward located in Baraboo, Wis. Dr. Crosby located in Green Bay, in 185 1. In i860 Dr. Henry Pearce cam.e from London, England, and settled in Green Bay, where he remained until his death, in 1875. Drs. Stringham and Pantillon were the pioneers of homoeopathy in Fond du Lac county. Dr. Stringham locating in Fond du Lac, and Dr. Pantillon in Faycheedah. In 1855 Dr. T. J. Patchen settled in Fond du Lac. Dr. John Davies studied medicine with Dr. D. M. Dake of Pittsburgh, then went to Cleveland for a course of lectures at the Western Homoeopathic College, and in 1858 located in Oshkosh. He received a diploma from the Western Homoeopathic College in 1859. He practiced in Oshkosh about three years, going from there to New York for further study. Dr. E. P. Gaylord succeeded Dr. Davies and lived in Oshkosh two years, when he was succeeded by Drs, H. B. Dale, W. H. Sanders, Eugene F. Storke and others. In 1899 Oshkosh supported seven homoeopathic physicians. Dr. Marcus Swa.in located in Oshkosh in 1857, remained there three years and then removed to Waupun, where he permanently located. He had practiced allopathy in Chittenden county, Vermont, twenty years, but in 1857 embraced homoeopathy. From 1861 to 1865 he was physician to the states prison at Waupun. Dr. Fidelia Rachel Harris Reid began practice at Beaver Dam in 1857, having recently graduated from the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati, In i860 Dr. Harris married Rev. H. A. Reid. She soon after became inter- ested in homoeopathy and studied it with her -husband, who had left the medi- cal profession a few years previously. During the war, she formed a corps of nurses under sanction of the governor. She also was connected with the sanitary commission at St. Louis. In 1869 she removed to Nebraska. Dr. Walter Martin Williamson, son of Dr. Walter Williamson of Phila- delphia, graduated from the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1857, and went to Appleton, Outagamie county. He remained there three years, when his father's health necessitated his return to- Philadelphia. W. P. Butler and family located in Wood county in 1855. While there Mrs. Butler obtained books and medicines and studied homoeopathy in order to prescribe for her own family. Mr. Butler, writing in 1867, said : " My wife is the only homoeopathic practitioner in the county, or for many miles around. She is not a graduate of any medical institution, but commenced to study and practice for the sole benefit of our own family, and because of her excellent success at home our neighbors would send for her to attend their children and act as a midwife." Dr. Charles Byron Bannister went to Muswonago in 1856 and taught V, HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 341 school. He became acquainted with a homoeopathic physician from whom he acquired some knowledge of the system. He then purchased a domestic work and a case of medicines and commenced practice. In 1865 he went to Eagle and opened an office. He had previously studied medicine with Dr. Samuel Fuller at Chittenango, N. Y. Dr. Samuel H. Gilbert graduated from the Western Homoeopathic Col- lege of Cleveland in 1857, and located in Kenosha, remaining there only a few months. In Door county, the peninsula extending along Green Bay, Dr. David Graham located as a homoeopathic practitioner as early as 1840. In 1867 Dr. Graham wrote : " I am not a graduate of any medical school. I studied medicine and practiced nearly two years under an old allopathic physician in the state of Ohio, in 1844 ^^id 1845, but before I had an opportunity to grad- uate I became disgusted with the treatment and abandoned practice entirely. I became acquainted about that time with Dr. Ross, who was practicing homoe- opathy in the village of Painesville, Lake county, Ohio. I told him my diffi- culties and obtained a small case of medicines and a small book of instruc- tions and came to Wisconsin. I studied my little book and prescribed the little pills in my own family until in 1852, when I obtained Jahr's " Manual of Homoeopathic Practice," with medicines, and began to prescribe for my neighbors, and was soon given the title of Dr. Graham." Rev. A. M. Iverson began practice in Door county in 1858. Dr. William Crane introduced homoe- opathy in Trempaleau county, in the extreme western part of the state, in 1861. Homoeopathic physicians in Wisconsin previous to i860. The date pre- ceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoe- opathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school ; the character x indicates that the physician practiced medicine before the date given. 1857 Bannister, Christian B. Eagle 1857 Gray, A. W. x Beloit 1857 Bartlett, Edward G. x Madison 1857 Gunther, Dr. x Milwaukee 1858 Betteley, George W. x 1857 Heckleman, L. A. x Schleisingerville 1855 Brooks, Paschal P. * La Crosse i8s7 Hendrick, Dr. x Waukesha 1855 Butler. Mrs. W. P. Grand Rapids 1S57 Hovt, W. S. x Kenosha 1857 Brown, D. T. x Milwaukee 1858 Hoyt, P. B. x 1850 Bowen, R. J. Madison 1858 Iverson, A. M. Egg Harbor 1850 Burke, — x Milwaukee 1856 Kiimmel, Ernst R. Milwaukee , 1842 Cator, Harvey H. * Milwaukee 1857 Mayer, M. x Milwaukee 1850 Chittenden, George W. Janesville 1857 Maine, E. C. Portage City 1848 Chittenden, W. H. Janesville 1840 Merriman, Lewis * Beloit 1856 Cole, Samuel P. Whitewater 1857 Morse, Dr. x Delavan 1857 Coffin, T. L. X Wyocena 1850 Ober, Levi E. La Crosse i860 Crane, William Trempaleau county 1858 Pearce, Henry Green Bay 1850 Crosby, Dr. Green Bay 1853 Perrine, George W. x Milwaukee 1858 Clark, Rufus B. Racine 1850 Pantillon, Dr. Faycheedah i860 Dale, H. B. Oshkosh 1854 Patchin. T. J. Fond du Lac 1858 Davies, John Oshkosh 1850 Porter, Dr. Monroe 1844 Douglas, James S. * Milwaukee 1857 Purlewitz, Dr. x Milwaukee 1859 Duncombe, Charles S. * Racine 1854 Pfonts, John S. * La Crosse 1857 Everett, Dr. x Beloit 1857 Robinson, O. P. x Janesville 1846 Evans, J. W. Beloit 1857 Swain. Marcus * Oshkosh 1857 Fish, Dr. x Bradford 1850 Stringham, William Fond du Lac 1856 Gee, Rodman S. Racine 1853 Slye, Lavvton Colvin * Waukesha 1846 Giles, Albert * Troy 1845 Tracy, L. M. Milwaukee 1857 Gilbert, Samuel H. Kenosha 1857 Treat, R. B. x Janesville 1857 Gregory, L. M. x Lake Mills 185 1 Wilcox, Robert J. x Milwaukee 1846 Graham, David Egg Harbor 1857 Williamson, Walter M. Appleton 1857 Graves, J. S. x Milwaukee 342 JilSTORV OF IJOMCKUrATHY CHAPTEF< XX\ I HOMOEOrATHY IX ALAIiAMA. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, 'SI. D. Homceopathy never Strong in Alabama — Dr. Monroe Describes some Early Experiences — The State Medical Association — Ulrich and Schafer, the Pioneers — Later Acces- sions to the Homoeopathic Ranks — Reminiscences and Tables of Early Practitioners. The Hahnemannian system of medicine has not ^e^ained a strong foothold in Alabama, a condition due to several causes, not all worthy of presentation in these pages, but some of which are referred to in a letter written in Birm- ingham in 1883 by Dr. A. Leight Monroe, as follows : " I had hardly begun to make permanent arrangements toward living and practicing here when the following information caused my heart to strike my fifth rib with a dull thud : By the law of Alabama * Mr. Homoeopath ' must pass an examination before an allopathic board of examiners in anatomy, physiology, chemistry and the mechanism of labor. In spite of the fact, since discovered, that they used every effort to keep me out, the ordeal was safely passed. I have since doubted whether the men who so impressively asked me the ' difference be- tween the corpus luteum of pregnancy and menstruation,' the ' difference be- tween an isomorphous and an isomeric body,' and ' mechanism of labor in a posterior lateral position, if spontaneous version were relied upon, (which it never is) knew the answers themselves. It is really a delightful exper- ience to pass this examination and turning this allopathic weapon back upon themselves enter practice with their forced endorsement." HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF ALABAMA. In 1850 Drs. Lingen of Mobile, Angell of Huntsville, and Ulrich, Henry and Albright of Montgomery held a meeting and formed the Homoeopathic Medical Society of Alabama, the pioneer organization of its kind in the state, and the predecessor of the Homoeopathic Medical Association of Alabama, although a number of years passed after the dissolution of the old society before the new one came into existence. The present association dates its history from May 15, 1889, and at the organization meeting these officers were elected : Dr. F. F. DeDerkey of Mobile, president ; Dr. A. N. Duffield of Huntsville, vice-president ; Dr. George G. Lyon of Mobile, secretary ; Dr. A. P. Myers of Mobile, treasurer. In the same year the society was incor- porated, and on November 13 a reorganization was effected. Since that time the association has maintained a healthful existence, although on account of its limited membership meetings are occasionally held in conjunction with the Tennessee Homoeopathic Medical Society. REMINISCENCES. So far as history discloses homoeopathy was first practiced in the state by a layman whose name is not given by chroniclers of homoeopathic annals in Alabama, but who dispensed the little doses in Montgomery with good effect HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 343 as early as 1843. Two years later the field was occupied by two German physi- cians — Ulrich and Schafer — whose advent was welcomed, for at the time an epidemic of fever was ravaging the plantations and the known means of cure within reach of the afflicted people furnished no relief ; hence the arrival of homoeopathic pioneers was thrice welcome in that their treatment was success- ful where that of the old school was a failure, Drs. Ulrich and Schafer were followed in 1850 by Dr. G. Albright, and in 1851 by Dr. John Hazzard Henry, who became partner with Dr. Ul- rich. Two years later he (Henry) removed to Charleston, South Carolina, but in 1857 returned to Alabama, settling in Selma, where he afterward lived. Dr. Mclntire was another of the early homoeopathic physicians in Mont- gomery, having settled there in 1850. Dr. E. S. Byron, whose medical educa- tion was acquired in London, settled in Montgomery in 1859. Such is the early history of homoeopathy in Montgomery, from whence the exemplars of the new school extended their work into other parts of the state, choosing their places of location largely in the cities where the practice promised better returns than in the less populous districts. It cannot be said, however, that the doctrine ever has found a numerous following in the state, the total number of homoeopaths in practice there in 1857 being only eight; in 1870, seven; in 1875, six; in 1899, thirteen, and in 1904, twelve. Dr. Richard Angell, who had become a convert to homoeopathy while residing in Louisville, Kentucky, was compelled on account of the health of his wife to go south, and settled in Huntsville in 1847. He remained there until 1855, when he went to New Orleans. Dr. Angell had the field in Hunts- ville until 1853, when Dr. Amatus Robbins Burritt, just graduated from the Western College of Homoeopathic Medicine in Cleveland, went there and be- came a partner with his predecessor. Dr. Burritt was for many years the only homoeopathic physician in the town, but in 1884 Dr. Alfred Manley Duffield located there. Soon after Dr. Burritt located in Huntsville a severe epidemic of scarlet fever occurred, and his success in its treatment won for him an extensive reputation and made homoeopathy popular in that vicinity. Dr. James Gridley Belden was the first homoeopathic practitioner in Mobile, having located there in the autumn of 1846. He was a graduate of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York. He remained one year at Mobile, going from there to New Orleans. Dr. George Lingen, who had been one of the men connected with the Allentown Academy, and who in 1835 sold homoeopathic medicines in Phila- delphia, went to Mobile in 1849. He was a German of fine education, and established a large practice in the city, where he lived until his death in 1868. Dr. John Cragin settled in Mobile about 1855. He had graduated from William and Mary College, and commenced the study of medicine in the of- fice of an allopathic physician ; but finding that medical practice was based upon no certain system, he gave up his studies and turned to politics and literature. In 1845 ^^ became associated with the democratic press of Ala- bama and proved to be an able political writer. While thus occupied his at- tention was attracted to homoeopathy. He investigated, and after two years of study located for practice in Annapolis, Maryland. A year later he re- turned to Alabam.a and established himself in Mobile, where he practiced until his death. May 24, 1877. Dr. William J. Murrell, a native of Mobile, graduated from the New York Homoeopathic Medical College in 1861 (having previously received a 344 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY diploma from the University of New York) and opened an office in Mobile, where he began the practice of homoeopathy. Drs. Mandeville, F. F. De- Derkey, Merrick, George G. Lyons and Augustus P. Myers have practiced in Mobile. Dr. Inerarity, a native of Scotland, who had practiced allopathy for sev- eral years, became convinced of the truth of homoeopathy and practiced it in Mobile. Dr. F. G. Hunt located in that city in 1887, but remained only a short time, going thence to St. Louis. Homoeopathic physicians in Alabama previous to i860. The date pre- ceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoe- opathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school ; the character x indicates that the physician practiced medi- cine before the date given. 1850 Albright, G. Montgomery Inerarity, John Forbes * Mobile 1844 Angell, Richard * Huntsville 1835 Lingen, George Mobile 1846 Belden, James Gridley Mobile 1S57 Merrick, Dr. x Mobile 1856 Byron, E. S. x * Montgomery 1850 Mclntyre, Dr. Montgomery 1853 Burritt, Amatus R. Huntsville 1855 iViandeville. Dr. x Mobile 1849 Cragin, John * Mobile 1861 Murrell, William J. * Mobile 1857 Geijjer, Charles x Montgomery 1857 Poe, R. M. x Montgomery 1850 Henry, John Hazard * Selma 1845 Schafer, Dr. Montgomery 1857 Howard, J. H. x Salina 1845 Ulrich, G. A. Montgomery HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 345 CHAPTER XXVn HOMOEOPATHY IN ILLINOIS. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. Early Homoeopathic Conditions in lUinois — Experiences of Dr. David Sheppard Smith, Allopath and Homoeopath — Zabina Eastman and the " Western Citizen " — Effects of the Chicago Fire of 1871 on Homoeopathj' in that City — Homoeopathic Medical Societies and Hospitals — Reminiscences and Lists of Early Homoeopathic Prac- titioners. At the beginning of the twentieth century the great metropoHtan city of Chicago is looked upon as the central point of homoeopathy not only in Illinois and the west, but in America as well. In many respects the planting and subsequent outspreading of the doctrine of Hahnemann was co-extensive with the planting of the city itself, and with its growth and development in later years, until it came to be regarded as the most remarkable municipality on this side of the Atlantic. If the accounts of past chroniclers of homoeopathic history be true, Chi- cago medical colleges have educated and sent out into the professional world more homoeopathic physicians than any other dity in America, not even except- ing Philadelphia, where a large institution of homoeopathic medical instruc- tion was in operation almost before the first homoeopath had carried the gos- pel of Hahnemann into the " foreign parts " which sometimes has been re- ferred to as the " Sucker State." But it was no sparsely settled region into which Dr. David Sheppard Smith ventured and first dispensed the little doses in 1843, for even then the city of Chicago laid just claim to importance, although then its population was less than twenty thousand inhabitants. However, in the year mentioned. Dr. Smith was hardly a stranger in the city of which we write; he had first gone there in 1836, fresh from the associations of an allo- pathic college in Philadelphia, the city of " brotherly love," and he was the proud possessor of a "regular" sheepskin; and he had lived and practiced in the city a full year before he returned to his native town in New Jersey and there incidentally investigated the principles of homoeopathy — just to gratify certain of his Camden friends ; but investigation led to serious consideration and finally resulted in his full conversion to the new medical system and a determination to promulgate its doctrines in the western city in which his professional life had been begun. It was not Dr. Smith's good fortune to be the sole occupant of the new field for a considerable length of time, for he was soon joined by Dr. R. E. W. Adams, an allopath, but who entered practice in partnership with the pio- neer and soon laid aside the old system for the new. Later on he removed 10 Springfield, where his subsequent useful life was spent. Dr. Aaron Pitney came into the field in the latter part of the same year, and was an important acquisition to the little force of homoeopathic exemplars who were laying the foundation of their school of practice in the state, and who also bore the brunt of the conflict with the allopathic opposition. Pit- 340 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY ney had studied medicine with Dr. Valentine Mott, the distinguished sur- geon, and afterward had served as surgeon in the American army during the second war with Great Britain. Later on he practiced allopathy in Au- burn, New York, where he first began to investigate homoeopathy, and his con- version was made complete under the guiding mind of Dr. A. Gerald Hull of New York city. Dr. Pitney died April 7, 1865. Dr. Smith, the pioneer, seems to have been a close observor of homoe- opathic development in the west and particularly in this state, and he also was something of a chronicler of its history. He mentioned Pitney as being an excellent physician, and spoke with zeal regarding the style and equipage always maintained by him, Smith also gives us an account of the splendid service to homoeopathy rendered by Zabina Eastman, editor and publisher of the " Western Citizen," a strong anti-slavery newspaper, and an open advo- cate of homoeopathy, its pages always being open to the champions of our school. Thus with at least one good and reliable " organ " to defend its prin- ciples against the wanton attacks of an unscrupulous enemy, the early prac- titioners of homoeopathy were not compelled to run the gauntlet of allopathic abuse as in many less favored localities ; and with the foundations of the sys- tem thus firmly laid during the period of its early history in the west and in the state, it is not surprising that homoeopathy early became one of the fixed institutions in the region in advance of states where settlement and de- velopment were of much earlier origin. However, in 1854 there were only eleven homoeopathic physicians in Illinois and only fourteen in 1857. In 1870 the number had increased to forty-nine, and in 1880 to one hundred and twenty-one. In 1896 there were four hundred and fifty-nine practitioners HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 347 of the school in the state, and in 1904 there were five hundred and thirty-two, which number of homoeopaths gives IlHnois a place in the front rank of the Hahnemannian hosts in America. The history of the school in this state discloses that its representatives have been subjected to the usual embarrassments visited elsewhere, and at times there have been rivalries which have worked adversely, but from each of these periods of family disturbance the house of Hahnemann has emerged stronger and better than before ; and it was only improved conditions that followed the visitation of fire in 1871, which created consternation through- out the country and for a time disrupted the entire municipal system of the city of Qiicago. In this great disaster homoeopathy suffered loss with all other interests, but re-established itself within the brief space of a few years. It may be said, however, that the fire of October, 1871, brought the medical profession together in Chicago, and for the time there was no distinction of " school." The " Medical Investigator " of February, 1872, commented freely on the incidents of the fire and of the professional affiliations which grew out of it. A single excerpt from the pages of that journal will be interesting here: " The next day after the fire Drs. J. E. Oilman and C. Horace Evans re- ported for duty to the citizens committee. Mayor Gleason, chairman. They were informed that the medical part had received no attention. The board of health had not been heard from. These doctors were commissioned a medi- cal bureau to organize and send relief to the poor suffering sick on the prairies. They assumed charge, ordered the police to notify physicians to report for duty, pressed in carriages, wagons, etc., as ambulances, and in a few hours physicians were attending the sick everywhere, and hundreds were being brought into the hospitals, school buildings and churches. Dispensaries and temporary hospitals were established and supplied with medical stores and physicians. In a day or two the board of health appeared, and all worked together harmoniously, only one narrow-minded allopath objecting. It was good to see allopaths, homoeopaths and eclectics working together as we were for the general good of suffering humanity. Dr. Johnson, member of the board of health, professor in Chicago Medical College, and a prominent allopathic physician, was made chairman of the committee on sick, hospital and sanitary measures, and Dr. Oilman, who had managed the medical relief so fairly and efficiently, was appointed secretary. Dr. R. Ludlam, dean of our college, was placed on the committee, and Dr. H. B. Fellows is visiting physician in one of the districts of which Dr. Freer is medical superintendent. During a con- versation Dr. Johnson remarked, ' We are not allopaths nor homoeopaths, we are all physicians.' " In a large measure the success of the homoeopathic system in this state has been due to early and efficient organization, both 'deman and J. W. Paxton were also among the early practitioners, in Knoxville. In 1869 Dr. E. H. Price located in Chattanooga, introducing the practice there. Dr. D. G. Curtis located there in 1871. In 1874 a bill was introduced in the legislature of Tennessee to control the pupilage of medical students, and to establish a monopoly of allopathic principles in the state. It was an " Act to Protect the Citizens from Quack- ery," and provided that the entire control of the practice of medicine should be placed in the hands of the State Medical Association of Tennessee. The friends of homceopathy began to assail this measure with satire and ridicule. A series of articles appeared in the daily papers over the signature of " Hugh Bedam," burlesquing the affair. A pamphlet also was issued, entitled " State Medicine and a Medical Inquisition, by a Citizen." These articles put the matter forcefully before the people and when the time came the meas- ure received three votes, which were cast by allopathic physicians. In 1870 the Medical Association of Tennessee (allopathic) held its annual meeting and went through the farce of dropping the name of Dr. Eugene R. Smith from the rolls, although he had had nothing to do with the association for five years. Homoeopathic physicians in Tennessee previous to i860. The date pre- ceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoeopathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school ; the character x indicates that the physician practiced medicine before the date given. 1867 Allen, John R. * Memphis 1856 Hunt, Samuel P. * Nashville .... Barfield, Dr. * Franklin 1840 Kellogg. George * Nashville 1853 Citarotto, John * Memphis 1866 Lytle, Randal M. * Nashville 1851 Craighead, J. B. (layman) Nashville 1857 Skyles, F. W. x Memphis 1855 Edmonds, W. A. * Memphis 1852 Sheffield, Henry Nashville .... Hall, B. W. Nashville 1852 Williams, John A. Memphis 1844 Harsh, Philip * Nashville HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 373 CHAPTER XXX HOMOEOPATHY IN TEXAS. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. Introduction of Hahnemann's System in the Lone Star State — The Texas Homoeopathic Medical Association — Dr. Parker, the Pioneer — His Life and Works — Other Early Practitioners in various parts of the State. Homoeopathy has been a known factor in the history of medicine in Texas since 1844, a year that has marked that which for convenient designa- tion is referred to as the second epoch of homoeopathy in America. From the time when Dr. Parker first began the practice of medicine according to the law of similars to the close of the nineteenth century, the system enjoyed a steady, conservative growth, but was not rapid at any intermediate period. Records disclose that in 1857, ^ kittle more than twelve years after the advent of homoeopathy in the state, there were only five practitioners of the school in the territory, and in 1870 the number had only doubled. In 1876 there were twenty-four homoeopaths in Texas, and twenty-two in 1878. However, from the year last mentioned to the end of the century the increase was indeed rapid, if our sources of information are reliable, for in 1899 there were ninety-nine practitioners of homoeopathy in the state; and in 1904, ac- cording to Polk, the number was seventy-four. TEXAS HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The Texas Homoeopathic Medical Association, the pioneer society of its kind in the state, was organized in Galveston, March 18, 1874, at which time these officers were chosen : Dr. H. C. Parker of Houston, president ; Dr. William M. Mercer of Galveston, secretary ; Dr. James H. Blake of Houston, treasurer ; Dr. Edward P. Angell of Double Bayou, essayist. The association was incorporated in May, 1874. and continued its existence about ten years, although at times on account of lack of interest and its small membership its dissolution was threatened. It was reorganized, however, at a meeting held in Austin, May i, 1884, at which time these officers were elected: Dr. Charles E. Fisher of Austin, president; Drs. Joseph Jones of San Antonio and Mrs. A. T. Hall of Waco, vice-presidents ; Dr. J. C. Tucker of San Antonio, secre- tary ; Dr. T. H. Bragg of Austin, treasurer. In 1903 the membership was forty-five. REMINISCENCES. The early history of homoeopathy in Texas is largely the record of achievement of Dr. Henry C. Parker. From the outset his system was favor- ably received, a fact diie to the courage and unselfish devotion of this verita- ble " father of homoeopathy " in the '' Lone Star " state. Dr. Parker was born in Georgia in 181 9. He was the son of a farmer and his youth was one of poverty and toil. For six years he never went to bed without reading one hundred pages by the uncertain light of a pine knot. At eighteen he became 374 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY a student of medicine, and devoted five years to its study, although he attended but one course of lectures. He began practice in the Tombigbee valley in Mississippi, a populous region where the prevailing diseases were congestive and bilious fevers of malignant type. In 1845 typhoid was brought into the neighborhood and it spread rapidly, visiting every planta- tion with a terrible mortality. Medical treatment proved unavailing. After spending the entire night with two favorite negroes who, despite every aid that medical science could render, died before daybreak, Dr. Parker started for home disgusted with remedies of uncertain action and with futile theories. He determined to take no more patients. On his way home he was besought to prescribe for a young lady just taken ill. He yielded and retired from her bedside to his own chamber sick. He lay there for several days prescribing from verbal reports brought to him. One afternoon the messenger reported symptoms that seemed to him dangerous. He speedily visited her, found her chatting with friends, but detected the presence of grave danger. He told the family that he had no power to avert death, and that unless other remedies than his were applied she would die in a few hours. He had heard of the success attending the practice of Dr. John D. Logue, a homoeopathic physician of Meridian, and he besought them to send for him, but they refused, and the patient died before daybreak. He then sought Dr. Logue, visited his patients, saw his practice, studied homoeopathy, and soon became a convert and Dr. Logue's business partner. He sought a broader field, and in April, 1848, opened an office in Houston and became the pioneer of homoeopathy in that region at a time when Texas was attracting to her borders young men from the older states. There were then in Houston sixteen allopathic phy- sicians, men of ability, but prejudiced by professional jealousies. Dr. Parker's library was the best and the largest in the town, and with professional courtesy it was opened to every physician. They soon found him to be in diagnosis and practical skill the equal of the best of them, and his kindness and fair dealing commanded their respect. When a critical case called for counsel Dr. Parker was sent for, and while the allopaths disagreed with each other, they all for the time agreed with the homoeopath. While consulting it was Dr. Parker's practice to advise allopathic medi- cines if there was a probability that they would succeed, but if not to offer homoeopathic treatment, and this was never refused. In this way the phy- sicians of the city acquired some knowledge of a few leading homoeopathic remedies, and they did not hesitate to make use of them. In September, 1848, the year of Dr. Parker's settlement in Houston, yel- low fever broke out v;ith great violence. The old school doctors now saw a chance to test the claims of homoeopathy, and they called the young doctor to almost the first case that appeared. He had anticipated this, and had care- fully studied all that had been written on the subject. There was no homoe- opathic authority on the treatment of yellow fever, but Dr. Parker relied on its treatment in accordance with the law of similia. During the epidemic he treated one hundred and eighty cases, receiving many after they had been abandoned by the old school practitioners. The same winter Asiatic cholera raged in Texas. The people reasoned that if homoeopathy could cure yellow fever it could also cure cholera, and soon Dr. Parker was burdened with patients. He saw many cases and lost none that he saw in the first stage, and saved many that had lain in collapse. All opposition to homoeopathy now ceased, and Dr. Parker's life until 1853 '^vas one of pleasant and successful HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 37» practice. Then came the terrible epidemic of yellow fever and he treated four hundred and seventy-four patients with a loss of but forty-two. For five weeks he averaged four visits in every hour of the twenty-four. Sleep was impossible and at its close he found himself broken in health and prematurely aged. During the next year the epidemic reappeared and was treated with the same success as before. Dr. Parker's health now declined so rapidly that in 1855 he was compelled to ask Dr. Blake of Brenham, who had a few years before embraced homoeopathy, to remove to Houston and become his partner. After the epidemic the distinguished pioneer retired from active practice and passed his time on his plantation in Montgomery county; but when the epidemic of yellow fever appeared in Galveston, in 1867, ^e again entered the field, remaining there until it had nearly run its course and had appeared in Houston, and then went to that city. After this epidemic Dr. Parker prepared a pamphlet entitled " Some Account of the Yellow Fever as it appeared in Galveston and Texas in 1867, with Symjitoms, Treatment," etc. The next homoeopath in Texas was Dr. Eldmund H. Blake, who began practice as an allopath in Washington county in 1846, and was converted to homoeopathy in 1853 through the influence of Dr. Parker. In 1855 he re- moved to Houston. His son. Dr. James Harris Blake, graduated from the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia in 1870 and joined his father in Houston. In 1899 there were seven homoeopathic practitioners in Houston. Homoeopathy was introduced in Galveston in 1850 by Dr. Joseph R. Brown. He had been practicing in Phoenix, New York, and in 1850 went to Texas, where two years later he practiced in partnership with Dr. Richard L. Bryan, who was a native of Brazil. In December, 1854, Dr. James Angell went from Mississippi and began the practice of homoeopathy in Galveston. Nine years before, while visiting the city, he had treated some patients but had not adopted homoeopathy, though at the time he was interested in it. In 1867 his son. Dr. E. P. Angell, located with his father, remaining until 1876, when he removed to Qiambers county. Dr. Rover went from San Antonio to Galveston in 1865, dying of yellow fever in 1867. Dr. J. H. Koers located in Galveston in 1865. Dr. Ulrich of Alabama located there in 1867 and died in the yellow fever epidemic the same year. Dr. William M. Mercer graduated from the University of Louisiana in 1859 and until 1867 practiced allopathy in New Orleans. In 1867 he be- came a convert to homoeopathy and began practice in New Orleans, but removed in 1868 to Galveston. Dr. C. F. Springer located in Galveston in 1873. He graduated from the Homoeopathic Medical College of Missouri in 1874. Drs. George A. Crawfish, "Joseph E. Hurff and William R Mercer have practiced in Gal- veston. Dr. Eckhart L. Beaumont, whp was a graduate of Tulane University in 1848, was a pioneer in San Antonio. Dr. Charles E. Fisher of Kansas, a graduate of the Homoeopathic Medical College of Detroit, and of Pulte Medical College (1875), became the partner of Dr. Beaumont in 1875. Dr. George R. Parsons, a graduate of the Hahnemann Medical College of Chi- cago in 1874, went to Texas in the fall of 1875. Dr. S. Slocum also practiced for a time in San Antonio. In 1878 there were but three, and in 1899 there were eleven homoeopathic practitioners in San Antonio. 376 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY An early practitioner in Huntsville, Lavaca county, was Dr. Friederick, who was located there as earlv as 1858, remaining until his death, about 187 1. Dr. J. J. H. Davis practiced in Austin previous to 1870. Dr. Peter P. Cluff, who had been an old school physician, practiced in Austin previous to 1875. Dr. G. E. Routh located in that city about 1875. In Brenham there were located previous to 1875 Dr. H. F. Pahl, a gradu- ate of the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1868, and Dr. C. T. Miller, formerly of Illinois. In Dallas Dr. D. Rivera practiced for several years. Dr. Thomas C. Mc- Curdy was located there in 1870. Drs. Andrew P. Davis, Edward E. Davis, Fergus S. Davis. Fines J. Dickey, Francis Keller, John G. Achenbach, Thomas J. Crowe, Cannon A. Hart, William L. Hill Alexander P. Stewart and John E. and Wilbur F. Thatcher have practiced in Dallas. Dr. George Washington Williams was located in Dennison as early as 1872. Drs. Charles E. Johnson, A. C. Williamson, William L. Smith have practiced in Dennison. Dr. Edwin Mussina was practicing in Sherman as early as 1872. Dr. W. W. Wilson located in Palestine about 1870. Dr. Solomon W. Cohen went to Waco in 1879 ^^^ i" 1883 wrote for the " Texas Pellet "' the history of homoeopathy in that town. The pioneer in Waco was Dr. Fountain Jones, who in 1874 was looking for a location in the south on account of ill health in his family, and located in Waco. Dr. George D. Streeter went to Waco in 1877, and by his advice Dr. S. W. Cohen settled there in 1879. ^^- Carlton H. Rew also practiced in that city. Homoeopathic physicians in Texas previous to 1870. The date preceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoeopathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school ; the character x indicates that the physician practiced medicine before the date given. 1854 1868 Angell, James * Galveston 1873 Angell, E- P. Galveston 1867 .... Beaumont, Eckhart L. * San An- 1857 tonio 1875 1853 Blake, Edmund H. * Houston 1870 1870 Blake, James Harris Houston 1872 1847 Brown, Joseph R. Galveston 1848 1850 Bryan. Richard L. Galveston 1868 1868 Boynton. F. M. Henderson 1874 1857 Clarke, J. x Benton 186=^ 1875 CluflF. Peter P. x * Austin 1875 1870 Davis, J. J. H. X Austin 1870 1870 Edwards. G. x Anderson 1874 1872 Fisher, Charles E. San Antonio 1867 i8^8 Friederick. Dr. x Huntsville 1870 1868 Gebhard. L. H. x Hillsboro 1872 1872 Jones. Fountain * Waco 1875 1865 Koers, J. H. x San Antonio Lee, W. S. Dallas Mercer, W. Mosby * Galveston Messner, Dr. x Benton Miller, C. T. x Brenham McCurdy, Thomas C. x Dallas Mussina, Edwin Sherman Parker, Henry C. * Houston Pahl, Henry F. Brenham Parsons, George R. Kerrville Royer, Dr. x Galveston, Routh, G. E. X Austin Rivera, D. x Dallas Springer, C. F,. Galveston Ulrich, Dr. x Galveston Whittock, F. W. X Farmington Williams, George W. Denison Wilson, W. W. X Palestine HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 377 CHAPTER XXXI HOMOEOPATHY IN CALIFORNIA. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. HomcBopathy finds Lodgment on the Pacific Slope in 1849 — Pioneers were both Physi- cians and Gold Hunters — The State Medical Society — Benjamin Ober, the Pioneer HomcEopath — Reminiscences and List of Practitioners. Homoeopathy was a " Forty-Niner " in California and was drawn into the land of gold on the great wave of human emigration that swept across the country in 1849 S"*^ carried to the Pacific slope thousands of adventurous spirits who were alarmingly afflicted with the gold fever — a malady for which neither the old nor the homoeopathic school furnished a specific in all the vast volumes of materia medica or therapeutics ; but a remedy was found at last which cured this " fever " most effectually and speedily, and that cure was " experience," a modest remedial agent, perhaps, but one which had its compensations in various ways, chief among which was the discovery of a delightful, salubrious climate, in itself a mighty healing force which soon being supplemented with the intelligent administration of homoeopathic medica- ments restored normal mental and physical conditions and at the same time gave to the Hahnemannian theory of medicine a pre-eminence west of the " Rockies " which has ever since been maintained. In the rush and turmoil of " fevered " life in the region under considera- tion small heed was given to occurring events, hence there is little to record of the earliest history of homoeopathy in the " affected " district. Gold, the almost sole object of the early adventurers, was found in abundance, but fortune rewarded the strenuous endeavors of comparatively few of those who sought it ; but the ambition to become so possessed overshadowed all other considerations, and it was only when necessity — stern master — com- pelled that even the homoeopath turned away from the " diggings " to pros- pect for " pay dirt " in the practice of his profession. It is known, however, that Dr. Benjamin Ober was the pioneer of homoeopathy in California ; that he crossed the " Rockies " in the early sum- mer of 1849, arrived in San Francisco July 3, and was a part of the subse- quent life of that city and the state until the time of his death, May 13, 1867. Throughout that period he was an important part of homoeopathy in the region, and his experiences there have served as the foundation of numerous medical journal articles in all later years, and in the re-telling none of them has abated its original force. Late in December. 1849. Ober sent a letter to Dr. Kirby of the " American Journal." in which he said : " Since I had the pleasure of seeing you I have seen the Elephant, as the phrase goes. I have travelled over a good portion of the El Dorado, explored its mountains, its valleys, its streams, and its diggings, both wet and dry. I have been familiar with grizzly bears and grim death: have contended both in hospital and private practice with all the forms of disease which have been so fatal to the armv of gold seekers." 378 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY In a letter written in 1854 Ober describes improved conditions: "We are at present free of almost everything in the shape of sickness, as the boats at this season bring no invoices for doctors and undertakers." Little is knov^rn of Dr. Ober's early life and education. He practiced homoeopathy in Wilkes- Barre in Pennsylvania and became a member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy in 1850. He is said to have been a graduate of a New York university. Whatever the trials and tribulations of the early exemplars of homoe- opathy in California, the school itself enjoyed a healthful growth after the period of gold excitement was passed and normal conditions were established in the various departments of domestic life in the homoeopathic household. r E. J. Eraser, M. D. However, in 1857 there were only five homoeopathic physicians in the state, and twenty-four in 1870; two hundred and one in 1885, three hundred and ninety-five in 1899, and three hundred and eighty in 1904. In this connection it may be said that of the pioneers of the profession in the state many were impelled to locate there in the hope of regaining health which had become for some cause impaired in the east. CALIFORNIA STATE HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL SOCIETY. The California State Medical Society of Homoeopathic Practitioners was organized in San Francisco, March 24, 1871, and was incorporated HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY H79 April lo, 1872. For a time it was a progressive body, but later on discordant elements impaired its efficiency, led to dissensions and resulted in virtual dis- solution. However, a reorganization was effected as the result of a confer- ence, and on August 8, 1874, the Pacific Homoeopathic Medical Society of the State of California was brought into existence, with these first officers : Dr. J. M. Selfridge of Oakland, president ; Dr. H. Knapp of San Francisco, vice-president; Dr. J. S. Beakley of San Francisco, secretary; Dr. J. A. Albertson of San Francisco, treasurer; Drs. George M. Pease and H. H. Ingerson of San Francisco, and J. J. Gushing of Sausalito, censors. In 1875-76 the legislature passed an act to regulate the practice of medi- cine in Galifornia, and authorized the state medical societies then in existence Frederick Hiller, Al. D. to appoint a board of state medical examiners : but before the act went into effect the Pacific Medical Sckriety was regularly organized and incorporated, and later an action was brought to annul the charter, which proceeding, it is said, was instigated by the older society. As a result of this litigation the new organization lost its charter, but not its entity, and in 1877 the two societies were united and formed the Galifornia State Homoeopathic Medical Society, the first officers of which were as follows : Dr. G. M. Dixon, presi- dent ; Drs. J. N. Eckel and A. A. Thiese, vice-presidents ; Dr. George H, Jenks, secretary; Dr. A. Liliencrantz, treasurer; Drs. T. G. Goxhead, J. A. Albertson. J. M. Selfridge, G. W. Breyfogle, H. H. Lyon, censors. The so- 380 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY ciety was incorporated December 22, 1877, and appointed its annual meetings to be held in May, at the Homoeopathic Medical College in San Francisco. The Society of Homoeopathic Practitioners being incorporated and having the appointment of the board of state medical examiners, assumed to scrutinize all diplomas and issue certificates of qualification for practice ; and in con- nection with the authority thus possessed is said to have made arbitrary use of the privilege, which led to another contest in the legislature to determine which society should have the right to nominate the members of the examin- ing board, which right was awarded to the California State Homoeopathic Society. The Practitioners' society then passed out of existence, In this connection the hospital institutions of the state are entitled to at least brief mention. The first homoeopathic hospital in the state was founded in 1854 by Dr. Frederick Hiller, and was given the name of Nevada City Hospital. The building was burned in 1862, and the hospital was not re- opened. The San Francisco Surgical and G)'naecological Institute was founded and conducted by the members of the San Francisco County Society of Homoe- opathic Practitioners, and was in all respects a praiseworthy institution, although its life was short. The Fabiola Hosiptal in Oakland had its origin in the Oakland Homoe- opathic Hospital and Dispensary Association, the latter of which dates its history from November 6, 1877, and owes its existence to the philanthropic efforts and liberality of Mrs. R. W. Kirkham, who frequently has been men- tioned as the " Fabiola of Oakland." The hospital and dispensary were main- tained in various and convenient places until the erection of a permanent building, which was dedicated May 25, 1888. In 1886 the name was changed to Fabiola Hospital. The Southern California State Asylum for Insane and Inebriates in Patton, near Redlands, was opened in 1893 under homoeopathic supervision. REMINISCENCES. Dr. Moritz Richter arrived in San Francisco in the latter part of 1850 or early in the next year. From his own story and the state- ments of friends and patients as reported by Dr. J. N. Eckel, who married Richter's daughter, he was the first practitioner of homoeopathy in San Fran- cisco. Two years later, in 1853, ^r. John J. Cushing opened an office on Kearney street, opposite the plaza. In the latter part of 1853 Dr. David Springsteed settled in the city, but remained only a short time, and was suc- ceeded by his former student. Dr. Charles G. Bryant, who became partner with Dr. Cushing. He died about 1856. About the same time Dr. Kafka, a native of Prague and a veteran of Napoleon's campaign in Russia, located in the city. Dr. John FitzGibbon Geary, a graduate of the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, and who had practiced in Philadelphia, came to San Francisco in 1862. and remained there until his death, October 3, 1883. Dr. Paulson located in San Francisco about this time, and in 1866 Dr. J. A. Albertson went there. He was a graduate of Hahnemann Medical Col- lege of Chicago. It was in Dr. Albertson's office that several physicians met in 1861 to consider the establishment of the homoeopathic college in San Francisco. He died July 7, 189Q. In the spring of 1867 Dr. W. N. Griswold located in San Francisco. In June, 1870, Dr. Edwin J. Eraser came there. He had graduated from the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago in 1864, HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 381 and commenced practice in Chicago. The next year he went to Erie, Pa,, where he took the practice of Dr. N. Seymour. About the same time Dr. J. P. Dinsmore settled in San Francisco. In September, 1874, Dr. J. Murray Moore, who had practiced eight years in Liverpool, England, went there, as also in 1868 did Dr. John Stoat Beakley, a graduate of the New York Homceopathic Medical College, and who practiced four months in New York city. Dr. Frederick Hiller was one of the pioneers in San Francisco. He graduated at the Royal Academy of Surgeons in 1840, and practiced in Europe until 1848, when he came to America. The next winter he became a convert to homoeopathy through the influence of Dr. Pantillon, with whom John Esten, M. D. he studied in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. ' In 1852 he journeyed with his wife and child in a great caravan of adventurers, to the Pacific slope. The cholera broke out in the desert and he had an opportunity of putting into practice the homoeopathic treatment which he had lately learned. He reached San Francisco February i, 1853. and soon established a paying practice, but at the solicitation of friends he went in 1854 to Nevada City, where he established the first homoeopathic hospital on the Pacific coast. Later on he went to Virginia City, Nevada, remaining there seven years, and in 1870 removed to San Francisco. Dr. John Esten practiced allopathy four years, then became a convert 382 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY to homcEopathy and in 1858 opened an office in Rockland, Maine. In Sep- tember, 1868, he Avent to San Francisco, where he permanently located. Dr. Maximilian Werder, a native of Wurtemburg, came to America in 1854. In 1859 a severe affliction of the eyes compelled him to relinquish studies in St. Vincent College, Pennsylvania. The allopathic physicians declared the case incurable. He became acquainted with Drs. F. X. Spranger and Dake of Pittsburgh, placed himself under Spranger's care, and w^as completely cured in one year. He then studied medicine with Dr. Spranger, graduated from the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1866, and in 1868 started for California in search of a milder climate, locating permanently in San Francisco. Dr. John Floto started for California in 1850, but stopped when he reached New Orleans. In i860 he again went west and settled in San Francisco, practiced there twenty years and then made Oakland his home. Dr. Floto was born in Prussia ; was educated in Germany and came to America in 1830, as a Lutheran minister. He attended Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia, but in 1839 matriculated at the Allentown Academy, where he graduated. He then located in Selma, Miss. He was one of the best known physicians in California, and lived to enjoy the distinction of being the oldest homceopathic physician in the world. He died at Oakland, June 10, 1904. at the age of ninety-nine years. Drs. Carreras, Hahn and Royer were among the early practitioners in San Francisco. In 1857 there were in the city but four homoeopathic physicians; in 1870, fourteen; in 1885, forty-eight; in 1899, eighty-eight, and in 1904, ninety. As early as 1851 Dr. Bucknell commenced the practice of homoeopathy at the mission of San Jose, then in the northern part of Santa Clara county, now Alameda county. On account of weak lungs he went into the interior in the fall of 1852. Dr. Kimball located at Haywards about 1861. Dr. J. M. Selfridge commenced practice in Washington township, Ala- meda county, in 1863. In October, j866, he removed to Oakland, where he found Dr. T. C. Coxhead, who had been there two years and was the pioneer homoeopath in Oakland. He first located at Oroville in 1856. practiced there five vears, then removed to Mendocino, and from there to Oakland in 1864. Dr. i. M. Nicholson located in Oakland in 1868. In 1874 Dr. A. S. Wright, who had been pioneer in Nebraska, removed to California, locating in Santa Rosa. Dr. Charles W. Breyfogle was the pioneer in San Jose, having located there in 1872. His brother. Dr. Fdwin S. Breyfogle, located there a year or two later. Dr. Breyfogle had been in practice in Louisville, and ill health com- pelled him to go to California. He died in San Jose February 26, 1895. Dr. Hardenstein introduced homoeopathy in Sacramento about 1851 or 1852, and left there in 1853. After he left Dr. Blackburn opened an office in the capital city, but remained onlv a few months. Dr. William Robert Reud located in Sacramento in 1870. He had graduated from the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1869 He remained there two years, and was succeeded by Drs. J. K. Clark and H H. Ingerson. In 1874 Dr. Tngerson went to San Francisco. In 1873 Dr W. A. Hughson settled in Marysville and removed thence to Sacramento About this time Drs. Huessinger. Kellogg and Dixon located in Sacramento The pioneer in Stockton was Dr. L. E. Cross, who went there in 1873 His brother. Dr. S. N. Cross, located there in 1877. A pioneer in Santa Barbara was Dr. Edward T. Balch. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 383 The pioneer homoeopath in San Diego was Dr. George W. Barnes. He graduated from the Western College of Homoeopathic Medicine in 1851, and located in Cleveland, but in 1869 ill health caused him to go to California. Drs. H. R. Arndt and E. V. Norman have practiced there. Dr. H. H. In^erson, a graduate of the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in i860, was a native of Vermont. He first located in Fonda, and after having served as surgeon with the nth New York Volunteers he practiced in Watertown. From there he went to Cairo, Illinois, being the first homoeopathic physician in that city. He afterwards practiced in Kansas City, Missouri, and later in Peoria, Illinois, where he was partner with Dr. Troyer. George W. Barnes, M. D. In 1871 ill health compelled him to seek the Pacific coast and he located in Sacramento. Dr. Weisecker introduced homoeopathy in Los Angeles and Dr. Eady Stevenson was the second practitioner there. Dr. Andrew S. Shorb went there in 1871. In 1899 there were fifty-seven homoeopathic physicians in Los Angeles. Dr. Porter Stevens located in Napa City in 1866. He had been an old school practitioner in Wisconsin, and in 1848 became interested in homoeopathy and in 1849 announced himself a practitioner. He was a native of New York state. Dr. Jonas C. Raymond, who had previously practiced in Utica, N. Y., 384 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY went to Oakland in 1877. He died there on March 3, 1901. Dr. Harrisqn Seth Pelton located there in 1888. Dr. E. W. Bradley practiced for many years in Oakland and in Grass Valley. Dr. Leslie Jacob Coombs located in Grass \'alley in 1866. He had previously practiced in Oregon. HomcEopathic physicians in California previous to 1875. The date pre- ceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoeopathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school ; the character x indicates that the physician practiced medicine before the date given. i860 Albertson, J, A. San Francisco 1851 Barnes, George W. San Diego 1857 Bector, Dr. x San Francisco 1866 Beakley. John Stoat San Francisco 1870 Biber, M. x Stockton Blackburn, Dr. Sacramento 1853 Bryant, Charles G. San Francisco 1867 Breyfogle, ■ Charles W. San Jose 1851 Bucknell, Dr. San Jose 1857 Brink, C. W. x San Francisco 1870 Carreras, Dr. x San Francisco 1870 Clark, J. K. X Sacramento 1852 Coombs, Leslie J. * Grass Valley 1856 Coxhead, T. C. Oraville 1870 Cross, L. E. X Stockton 1851 Gushing, John J. San Francisco 1870 De Hart, E. J. x San Francisco 1849 Dinsmore, J. Pitman San Francisco 1853 Eckel, J. N. San Francisco 1858 Esten, John * San Francisco 1839 Floto, John Henry San Francisco 1864 Eraser, Edwin J. San Francisco 1870 Gardiner, F. B. x Cloverdale 1855 Geary, John F. San Francisco 1870 Gibson, W. C. x San Jose 1865 Griswold, W. N. x San Francisco 1870 Hahn, Dr. x San Francisco 1830 Hardenstein, A. O. H. Sacramento 1848 1873 i860 1852 i860 1866 186s ■1847 1853 1870 1870 1869 1850 1870 1846 1863 1850 1866 1870 1859 1857 1870 1862 18=0 Hiller, Frederick * San Francisco Hughson, W. A. x Marysville Ingerson, H. H. Sacramento Kafka, Dr. San Francisco Kimball, Dr. Haywards Moore, J. Moray San Francisco Nicholson, I. E. Oakland Ober, Benjamin San Francisco Paulson, Dr. x San Francisco Porter, S. R. x Oakland Rudolph, S. F. X Oakland Reud, William R. Sacramento Richter, Moritz San Francisco Royer, C. L, x San Francisco Rhees, Morgan John Stockton Selfridge, J. M. * Oakland Springstead, David San Francisco Shepherd, James * Petaluma Shorb, Andrew S. x Los Angeles Stevenson, Eady Los Angeles Stevens, Porter * Napa City Thiese, A. A. San Francisco Tobey, S. W. x Sacramento Warren, Mrs. Dr. Los Angeles Weisecker, Dr. x Los Angeles Werder, M. San Francisco Wright, Augustus S., Santa Rosa HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 385 CHAPTER XXXII HOMOEOPATHY IN IOWA. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. Trials of Dr. Beck, ihe First Homoeopathic Physician in Iowa — Subsequent Permanent Introduction and Development of the New System in the State — Iowa Medical Societies — Remmiscences and List of Early Practitioners. While there is no lack of homoeopathic history in Iowa, the profession there has recorded so little of its interesting annals that the chronicler of its events is at once confronted with a lamentable absence of material from which to weave the historical narrative. Indeed, the pioneers of homoeopathy in the region now called Iowa were from the outset bent on a more important errand than noting the history of their movements ; theirs was a struggle for comfortable livelihood in a region which then had recently come into the sisterhood of states, for if local tradition be true, it was only five years after the character of territorial government had been laid aside that Dr. Beck planted the seed of Hahnemann's "tree of life " in that fertile soil, in the face of such obstinate resistance on the part of old school practitioners that the worthy pioneer was compelled to yield to the pressure of adversity and betake himself to a more congenial neighborhood, where he would be less beset by enemies. The story of the growth of homoeopathy in the state during the ten years next following Beck's advent is correctly told by Dr. Seidlitz in a nar- rative in which he said that it was " not very marked," but that in later years the outspreading of the system surpassed the development of the state in other respects. In 1857, in all this rich region there were only nineteen homoeopathic practitioners, and in 1870 they had increased to eighty-two in number. In the next decade, 1870- 1880, in respect to increase in number of practitioners, splendid progress was made, the number in the state in 1880 being three hundred and eleven ; in 1890 three hundred and twenty-four; and in 1904 three hundred and seventy. Much of this notable progress during the last thirty years has been due to the founding of a homoeopathic department in the state university, and in the sweeping away of the obstacles which the old school doctors placed in the pathway of the homoeopath to impede the progress of his school of medicine and the advancement of its science. The establishment of a homoe- opathic department in the university was nothing more than a recognition of right and justice, and was not in any sense a concession; and its successful accomplishment required only the application of intelligent effort on the part of the powers controlling the physical affairs of that public institution. How- ever, the homoeopathic department of the University of Iowa is made the subject of special mention in one of the later chapters of this work. 386 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY MEDICAL SOCIETIES. The Iowa Homoeopathic ]\Iedical Association was organized at a meet- ing of physicians held in Davenport, May 21, 1862, and while from the first the interest shown in its welfare was commendable, the disturbed conditions which then prevailed throughout the country on account of the civil war made the continuance of the society impracticable. The Society of Homoeopathic Physicians of Iowa was organized in Des Moines, ]\Iay 31, 1870. The Cedar Valley Homoeopathic Medical Society was organized at Waterloo, September 30. 1875. The Central Homoeopathic Med- ical Association was organized at Cedar Rapids, January 29, 1879. The Hardin County Society of Homoeopathic Physicians was organized about 1875. The Linn County Homoeopathic Medical Society was organized at Marion, June 23, 1875. The Northeastern Iowa Homoeopathic Medical So- ciety was organized at the second meeting of the Cedar Valley Society, at Waterloo, October 28, 1875, by changing the name of the latter. The North Missouri \'alley Homoeopathic Medical Society was organized at Hamburg, Iowa, June i, 1876. The Polk County Homoeopathic Medical Society was organized at Des Moines in May, 1882. The Scott County Homoeopathic Medical Society was organized at Davenport in 1883. The Homoeopathic Medical Society of Woodbury County was organized at Sioux City. Decem- ber 27, 1888, and on May 7, 1889, the name w^as changed to Sioux City Homoeopathic Medical Association. The Des Moines Homoeopathic Clinical Society was organized in 1890 or 1891. REMINISCENCES. In 1853, about the time that Dr. Beck abandoned his station in Du- buque, Dr. Nathaniel Dodge brought the new system to Mount Pleasant in Henry county, but left in 1855, being succeeded by Dr. C. P. Smith, who maintained himself there until 1859. Among the other early practitioners in that vicinity were Dr. C. A. Miller, who settled in Mount Pleasant in 1858 and left in 1861 ; Dr. C. A. Ritcher, who later removed to Florida ; Dr. F. C. Pitcher, of whose coming and going little is known ; Dr. Clement Pearson, who began practice in 1850 in Wellsville, Ohio, removed to Iowa in 1857, to Washington. D. C. in 1874, and died there January 29, 1886; Dr. John Peter Connelly, born in Ireland, came to America in 1833, taught school in Ohio and studied homoeopathy at the same time, secured a supply of medicines and began practice about 1840, and located himself in Tuscarawas county in 1863. Dr. Wilmot Horton Dickinson located in Des Moines in 1858. He had graduated from the Western College of Homoeopathic Medicine in Cleveland in that year. He studied medicine with Dr. Hunter of Louisville, Ky.. and with Dr. Jones of Penfield, Ga. Dr. Dickinson became one of the leading phvsicians of the homoeopathic school in Iowa. He died October 26. 1898. Drs. W. B. Hart well. K. W. Garberich, A. O. Hunter, S. S. Hersey, C. W. Eaton, Mrs. E. F. D. Fletcher, H. Matter and R. M. Stone were among the other early practitioners in Des Moines. In 1876 there were but seven homoeoppthists there; m 1904. twenty-seven. The pioneer practitioner in Clinton count} was Dr. Mortimer Marston, who located in Clinton in 1863. Dr. Marston had studied with Dr. Wag- goner of DeWitt. and attended lectures in Keokuk. He established a large HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 387 practice in Clinton, and died March 21, 1868. Dr. C. H. Cogswell, Mrs. Cogswell. Drs. E. H. King, S. P. Yeomans and Mrs. Dr. Yeomans also prac- ticed in Clinton. In 1856 Dr. Edward Augustus Guilbert located in Dubuque. He had graduated from the Rush Medical College of Chicago in 1847, ^^d com- menced practice in Ottawa, Illinois, going from there to Waukegan, where he remained until 1852. During this time he experimented with and con- vinced himself of the truth of homoeopathy and adopted it in his practice. In 1856 he removed to Dubuque, where he has since lived. He has been one of the most prominent physicians in the state and has taken an earnest inter- est in the contests for legislative rights and other advancement of the cause of homoeopathy. In 1876 he published one volume of the " Northwestern Annalist," a popular paper devoted to the championship of homoeopathv in the fight that raged at that time for the introduction of homoeopathy into the Iowa state university. Dr. Robert Louis Hill was a student of Dr. Guilbert and in 1864, after graduating from the Rush Medical College of Chicago, became junior part- ner with his preceptor. In 1867 he removed to Illinois. About 1857 Dr. Edward C. Franklin returned from California and prac- ticed for a short time in Dubuque after he became a convert to homoeopathy. He went to St. Louis in 1857. Drs. S. H. Guilbert, E. R. Jackson, S. Mills Fowler and R. S. Gee were early practitioners in Dubuque. As early as 1857 there were four homoeopathic practitioners in Daven- port, Drs. Gehson. C. Haight, W. S. Minier and H. E. Stone. Dr. Savina L. Williams, who had been a practitioner of homoeopathy in Ohio since 1856, located in Clarence, Cedar county, in 1869. Her husband, Dr. Isaiah Williams, was also a practitioner. In 1865 Dr. S. A. Merrill commenced the practice of homoeopathy in Council Bluffs. At the beginning of the war he accepted a position in the United States Military Hospital in Kansas City, which was at that time under homoeopathic care, remained there two years, and then began practice. In 1863 Drs. W. L. Patten, W. D. Stillman and T. Jeffries were practitioners in Council Bluffs. In 1899 nine homoeopathic physicians were practicing there. The first woman physician to settle in Iowa, and perhaps the first to locate between the Mississippi river and the Rocky mountains, was Dr. Maria W. Porter, who studied medicine in Pittsburgh with Df. J. P. Dake, and took two courses in the Women's Medical College of Philadelphia, graduating in 1859. She then came with her family to Davenport and gained considerable prominence by giving a course of medical lectures. Few of the people there had heard of a woman physician and in consequence Dr. Porter had many prejudices to overcome; not only prejudice against her sex, but the fact that she was a homoeopathist. She overcame this, however, and became one of the leading women in the town in various charitable works. She died Sep- tember 8, 1888. Dr. George M. Seidlitz located in Keokuk about 1864. He received his medical education in Europe and practiced allopathy several years, becoming a homoeopath about 1850. Dr. John W. Davis, a graduate of the medical department of the George- town University in Washington, D. C. became a convert to homoeopathy in 1865, and began its practice in Lansing. Dr. Richard M. James was a pioneer homoeopath in Knoxville, about 388 HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 1854, having been an old school practitioner previous to that time. He left Knoxville in July, 1867. Dr. Edward Walther was the pioneer homoeopath in Elkader, Clinton county, in 1862. He was successful in a severe epidemic of diphtheria that occurred at that time. He afterward went into partnership with Dr. C. D. Williams in St. Paul, Minn. Dr. Calvin C. Waggoner practiced in Cedar Rapids from about i860 to the time of his death in 1867. Homoeopathic physicians in Iowa previous to 1870. The date preceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoeopathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school ; the character x indicates that the physician practiced medicine before the date given. 1862 Austin, p. A. X Muscatine 1867 1870 Baker, R. F. x Davenport 1867 1869 Bancroft, Augustine A. Burlington 1870 1857 Barthol, Dr. x Guttenburgh 1857 1853 Blakesley, James M. Iowa City 1865 1862 Blanding, A. O. x Lyons 1863 1862 Brown, J. Emory x E. Mitchell 1858 1870 Brewer, E. x Independence 1857 1858 Burt, William H. Lyons 1870 1857 Chase, H. C. x Yankee Settlement 1862 1866 Cogswell, C. H. Clinton 1857 1840 Connelly, Peter J. Des Moines 1870 1858 Dickinson, Wilmot H- Des Moines 1857 1853 Dodge, Nathaniel Mount Pleasant 1850 1865 Davis, John W. * Lansing 1870 1862 Ehinger, G. E. x Franklin Centre 1870 1870 Fintel, P. C. x Blue Grass 1870 1870 Fletcher, L H. x Toledo 1857 1856 Franklin, Edward C. * Dubuque 1857 1857 Gehson, Dr. x Davenport 1870 1870 Greene, S. W. x Manchester 1870 1852 Guilbert, Edward A. * Dubuque 1862 1857 Guilbert, S. H. Dubuque 1850 1857 Haight, C X Davenport 1870 1852 Hatch, Philo L. Dubuque 1857 1857 Hindman. David R. Marion 1855 1864 Hill, Robert Louis, Dubuque 1870 1857 Holcomb, Dr. x Keokuk 1857 1857 Hollingsworth, Dr. x Keokuk 1870 1862 Hummer, J. N. x Keokuk 1870 1869 Hunter, A. O. x Des Moines 1862 1869 Hillis, L. X Winterset i860 1869 Holt. L. E. B. X Marshalltown 1870 1857 Jaeger, C. A. x Guttenburgh 1862 1862 Jackson, E. x Epworth 1856 1854 James, Richard M. * Knoxville i860 King, Edward H. Clinton King, JohJi E. Fairfield Kludge, Albert x Elkport Lillis, W- B. x Dubuque Marston, Mortimer D. Clinton Merrill, S. A. * Council Bluffs Miller, A. x Mount Pleasant Minier, W. S. x Davenport Olney, S. B. x Fort Dodge Palmer, N. H. x St. Charles City Patchen, U. R. Burlington Patchen, G. H. x Burlington Paine, E. R- x Burlington Pearson, Clement Mount Pleasant Porter, Mrs. M. W. x Davenport Pitcher, A. C. x Mount Pleasant Pitcher, F. C. x Mount Pleasant Potts, O. G. x Keokuk Prowell, J. M. x Keokuk Poulson, P. W. X Council Bluffs Russell, W. C. X Calamus Rust, J. D. X Floyd Seidlitz, George M. * Keokuk Stanley, George M. x Cedar Rapids Skiles, Dr. x Iowa City Smith, C. P. X Mount Pleasant Starr, C. x Iowa City Stone, G. E. x Davenport Virgin, W. T. x Burlington Waggoner, M. R. x DeWitt Waggoner, G. J. x Maquoketa Waggoner, Calvin C. Cedar Rapids Whitlock, F. W. X Farmington Worley. P. H. x Davenport Williams, Savina L. * Waterloo Walther, Edward Elkader HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 389 CHAPTER XXXHI HOMOEOPATHY IN MINNESOTA. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. Relations of Civil and Homoeopathic History in Minnesota — Planting Hahnemann's System in the State — Societies and Hospitals — Reminiscences of Early Practitioners. History records the discovery of the Falls of St. Anthony in 1680, the cession of the territory by France to Great Britain and the final extinction of the French dominion in America in 1763, and the acquisition of the same territory by the United States under the treaty with Great Britain in 1783. The Territory of Minnesota was organized by congress March 3, 1849, ^""^ on May 11, 1858, became a state of the federal union. In 1852, three years after the creation of the territorial jurisdiction, one Dr. Sperry carried the gospel of Hahnemann into the region of St. Paul, and before statehood was established several other homoeopathic physicians were promulgating the same doctrine in the territory. From this humble beginning homoeopathy has grown in Minnesota until the state is reckoned among the foremost states of the union in fostering and advancing the teachings of the system, giving encouragement to its repre- sentatives, and teaching its principles to whomsoever may apply at the doors of the university with the equipment of proficiency. The establishment of a homoeopathic department in the university was not difficulty of accomplish- ment, yet required earnest and well directed effort ; and once installed as a part of institutional life it proved its usefulness in the wide field of medical education. There were in the state in 1857 four homoeopathic practitioners ; seventy in 1877; one hundred and eleven in 1881 ; and one hundred and eighty-eight in 1904. Again, Minnesota is one of the few states that have public hospitals, sometimes referred to as insane asylums, under exclusive homoeopathic med- ical supervision. The state hospital at Furgus Falls was opened July 29. 1890, with Dr. Alonzo Potter Williamson as medical superintendent, and Dr. A. S. Dolan, first assistant physician. Dr. Williamson resigned his office in 1892 and was succeeded by Dr. George O. Welch, the present superintendent. Among the early notable characters in promoting the interests of the homoeopathic system in Minnesota was one who was not of the profession in practice as a means of livelihood, yet was an important part of it in that he gave his services for the welfare of suffering humanity. Rev. Father Qemens Staub was an authorized practitioner of medicine, and also was the faithful head of the Church of the Assumption (German Catholic) of St. Paul, which city and its locality constituted the field of his activities for many years. He practiced medicine as he served his church — without accepting fees for his services; and whatsoever was given him as a gratuity was devoted to the work of his mission. "Father Clemens." died in 1886. The homoepathic profession of Minnesota was early in the field witli the work of organization, both in the formation of societies and iiospital asso- 390 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY ciations, and in this respect the state is as well supplied with institutions as anv in the northwest. Of some of the more prominent of these a brief notice in this place is proper. MINNESOTA STATE HOMOEOPATHIC INSTITUTE. The foundation of the state homoeopathic medical society was laid at a meeting of three physicians — Huntington, Boyd and Williams — in St. Paul late in the winter of 1867. and at a formal gathering of the physicians of the state on February 13 of that year the organization was perfected, with these officers : Dr. A\'illiam A. Penniman of Minneapolis, president ; Dr. E. Cooley of Faribault, vice-president ; Dr. T. R. Huntington of Minneapolis, corre- sponding secretary ; Dr. H. Wedelstaedt of St. Paul, recording secretary. Since that time the institute has maintained an active, healthful existence and has accomplished much good as the conservator of homoeopathic life and practice in the state. The Southern Minnesota Homoeopathic Medical So- ciety was organized in October, 1871, but later was merged in the state society. The Homoeopathic Hospital of Minneapolis had its foundation in a pro- vision in the last will of Dr. William A. Penniman, who died in 1872 and bequeathed the sum of $30,000 to be used in establishing a homoeopathic hos- pital in the city. Under the plan of organization adopted by the corporation created to carry out the purposes of the testator, the institution was given the name of Penniman Hospital of Minneapolis, but after much of the pre- liminary^ work had been done the project failed through a technical irregu- larity in the will, which left the hospital association without funds. How- ever, steps were at once taken to create a new fund through other sources, and in January, 1883, a homoeopathic hospital was opened under the patron- age of the Hahnemann Ward Association. It was continued until 1896. The Maternity Hospital, Minneapolis, was incorporated July 29, 1887, although the institution itself had been founded and opened in November of the preceding year. It still exists and is supported by pay patients and volun- tary contributions. It always has been strictly homoeopathic in medical super- vision. The St. Paul Homoeopathic Hospital was incorporated in January. 1887, and was opened August 15 following. The present hospital building was erected and the nurses' training school established in 1889. REMINISCENCES. The honor of having been the pioneer of homoeopathy in the state is due to Dr. Sperry, who has been mentioned, and Dr. Z. B. Nichols, both of whom are said to have located in St. Paul in 1852; but the stay of the former was short, while the latter remained and became an important figure in professional circles, especially as physician to the asylum for deaf, mute and blind in Faribault, of which institution he was the efficient medical head for seventeen years. Later on he removed to Portland, Oregon. Dr. George T. Hatfield settled in St. Paul in 1854, and remained there until 1859, when he removed to Cincinnati, Ohio. While in St. Paul he pub- lished the " Minnesota Homoeopath," a bi-monthly journal started in 1854. In the same year Dr. E. A. Boyd came from Maine, practiced for a time in St. Paul, and then located in a little settlement five miles north, known as Little Canada. In 1855 Dr. H. Wedelstaedt opened an office in the town, and in HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 391 the same year Dr. John C. Merrill, a nephew of Dr. Boyd, located in St. Paul, but after about two years returned to the east. Dr. T. C. Bunting came in 1856, and remained two years. Dr. Dunham located in St. Paul in 1857. He was a native of New York, and at the end of two years returned to that city. In 1859 Drs. T. C. Schell of New York and William C. Caine of Ohio, located in the city. In 1861 Dr. Charles D. Williams removed from Qeveland, Ohio, to St. Paul, where he became a partner with Dr. Caine. Dr. Williams had practiced in New York state and later in Cleveland, and was interested in the homoe- opathic college of that city. He died May 7, 1882. Dr. Edward Walther, who had been in practice in Elkader, Iowa, located W'm. H. Leonard, M. D. in St. Paul about 1865, and became partner with Dr. Williams. In 1867 Dr. James T. Alley located in the city. He was a former New York practitioner, and came to Minnesota on account of his health. He died September 17, 1878. In 1857 there were three homoeopathic physicians in St. Paul ; in 1875, nine; in 1880, eleven; in 1896. thirty-six; and in 1904, twenty-nine. The pioneer homoeopath in Minneapolis was Dr. Philo L. Hatch, who had practiced in Dubuque from 1852 to May, 1858, when he removed to Minne- apolis. Dr. Hatch has been for many years a student of natural sciences, and also a member of various societies of natural history. For thirteen years he was state ornithologist, and for several years has been connected with the homoeopathic department of the University of Minnesota. 392 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY In 1859 Dr. William Huntington Leonard announced his belief in homoeopathy. He had practiced allopathy in Orangeville, Wyoming county. New York, from 1853 to 1855, then went to Minneapolis and continued prac- tice according to the old school four years more. He entered the army as assistant surgeon, and later became surgeon of the Fifth regiment, Minne- sota volunteers, serving three years. He was associated with Thomas Gardner under the firm name of W. H. Leonard & Co., operating the first drug store in Minneapolis. In March, 1903, Dr. Leonard celebrated his fiftieth anni- versary as a physician, at which time physicians of both schools extended hearty congratulations. In 1856 Dr. William Penniman, who had been in practice in Pittsburgh, Pa., came to Minnesota, locating in St. Anthony, but two years later removed to Minneapolis, where he practiced until 1870, when he retired from active Hfe. He was a graduate of the Jeflferson Medical College of Philadelphia, and practiced allopathy until 1849, when he became a homoeopathist. He be- queathed to his adopted city thirty thousand dollars for a homoeopathic hos- pital, and ten thousand dollars for a chair of homoeopathy in the University f)f Minnesota. Ho died in Elizabeth, Pa., in 1872. Dr. T. Romayn Huntington located in Minneapolis in 1867. He was a graduate of Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia in 185 1, and adopted homa-opathy the next year. He had previously practiced in Kalamazoo, ^lichigan. He died in March, 1873. Dr. D. M. Goodwin from Vermont, located in St. Anthony in 1867. ^^ 1868 Dr. Julius Nelson DeWitt, who had an extensive practice in St. Louis, removed to Minneapolis on account of his health, remained two years, and then returned to Illinois, his home, where he died in 1870. In 1870 Dr. Otis M. Humphrey from Boston, located in Minneapolis, and in t88i Dr. Henry W. Brazie settled in that city, having previously practiced in Ypsilanti, Michigan. He was a graduate of the Western Homoeopathic Medical College of Cleveland in 1870. Dr. Henry C. Aldrich graduated from the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia in 1881, practiced for a few years in Iowa, and located in Minneapolis in 1887. Dr. Arthur A. Camp located there in 1878. He graduated from the New York Homoeopathic ]\Icdical College in 1878. In 1859 there was but one homoeopathic practitioner in Minneapolis: in 1877, eight; in 1881, twenty-four; in 1896, sixty-two; in 1904, fifty-eight. As early as 1856 Dr. John N. Wheat located in Austin, Alower county, where he remained many years. He was a graduate of the Western College of Homoeopathic Medicine in 1852. In 1899 there were five homoeopathic practitioners in Austin. Dr. A. G. Dornberg, formerly of Pennsylvania, settled in Mankato in 1858, and in 1865 Dr. A. L. Dornberg, his son, also commenced the practice of homoeopathy in that place. The town now supports four homoeopathic phy- sicians. Dr. Charles S. Weber located in St. Goud in 1862, and carried on a pharmacv in connection with his practice. He died in 1881. Dr. A. Hageman was in practice in St. Goud in 1867. Later Dr. James H. Beatty occupied that field. Dr. Edwin C. Cross located in Rochester in 1857. He had graduated from the Woodstock Medical College. \^crmont, and in 1846 commenced the practice of allopathy in Levden. Mass. From 1850 to 1857 he practiced in Brattleboro, \crmont, and while there adopted the homoeopathic system. HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 393 During the civil war he served as surgeon of the provost board for the first congressional district of Minnesota. Dr. Qiarles Isaac Farley graduated from the medical college of the Uni- versity of Vermont in 1859, and after practicing in New York state attended lectures at the New York Homoeopathic Medical College. He resumed prac- tice in Malone, N. Y., in the spring of 1862, and came to Minnesota in August of the same year. He arrived there just before the terrible massacre of whites by the Indians and took part in several of the battles ; he served in the Second Minnesota cavalry. In the fall of 1864 he went to Fort Wads- worth, Dakota, remaining there eighteen months as surgeon. In 1866 he was mustered out and then practiced in Winnebago City, Faribault county, remain- ing there until 1867, when he returned to New York state. Dr. D. B. Haslam settled in Chatfield, Fillmore county, in 1866. He had been assistant to a physician with a large practice in England, but had be- come disgusted with allopathy and gave up his position. He investigated homoeopathy and began its practice in 1847. Dr. M. L. Casselberry settled in Winona and practiced there previous to 1857. Dr. Thomas Adams Peirce located there in 1863. He was a gradu- ate of the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1850, had prac- ticed in Wilkes-Barre. Pa., and in Waukegan, Illinois, and in 1862 or 1863 located in Winona, where he made his permanent home. Dr. Simon P. Starrett located in Anoka in 1880 and succeeded in build- ing up a good practice, but was stricken and died January 3, 1883. Dr. George Henry Hawes graduated from the Hahnemann Medical Col- lege of Chicago in 1876 and located in Hastings, Dakota county, where he practiced until his death, April 27, 1892. Dr. Alfred P. Skeels located in Northfield in 1869. For three years he had a large practice, but died in 1872 of pulmonary trouble. Homoeopathic physicians in Minnesota previous to 1870. The date pre- ceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoe- opathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school; the character x indicates that the physician practiced medicine before the date given. 1855 Alley, James T. * St. Paul 1869 Allen, Wilson A. Rochester 1866 Beach, Dr. x Faribault 1866 Berlin, T. N. x Farmington 1865 Beckwith. Edmund Rochester 1869 Bell. J. S. X Rochester 1869 Bird, O. X Duluth 1854 Boyd, E. A. x St. Paul 1871 Brazie, Henry W- Minneapolis 1855 Bunting, Thomas C. St. Paul 1S52 Caine, William C. * St. Paul 1868 Canney, F. E. J. x Lake City 1857 Casselberrv. M. L. x Winona 1868 Chapman. F. D. x St. Paul 1866 Cooley, Edson x Faribault 1855 Cross, Edwin C. * Rochester 1867 DeWitt, Julius N. Minneapolis 1857 Dornberg, A. G. x Mankato 1865 Dornberg, A. L. Mankato t8=;7 Dunham. Dr. St. Paul i860 Farley, Charles T. Winnebago City 1855 French. D. S. Shakopee 1870 Goodwin, D. M. c Minneapolis 1863 Gilchrist. James G. Owatonna 1867 Hall, John B. x Shakopee i8';2 Hatch, Philo L. Minneapolis 1853 Hadfield, George T. St. Paul 1867 Hageman. A. x St. Cloud 1847 Haslam, D. B. * Chatfield i86g Horst, John x 1865 Higbee, C G. St. Paul 1852 Huntington'. T. R. * Minneapolis 1870 Humphrey, Otis M. Minneapolis 185Q Leonard. W. H. * Minneapolis 1870 Lathrop, E. x Northfield 1854 Merrill. John C. x St. Paul 1863 Messenger. Dr. x Owatonna 1850 Nichols, E. B. Faribault 1840 Penniman. William A. * Minneapolis i8t;o Peirce, Thomas A. Winona 394 i867 1863 1859 1867 1852 1870 1870 1862 1866 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY I Righter. C. C. x Hastings 1867 Staub, Rev. Clemens St. Paul 1855 Schell, Thomas C. x St. Paul 1867 Skeels, Alfred P. Northfield 1867 Sperry, Dr. x St. Paul 1866 Store, Robert St. Paul 1866 Timmons, I. W. Houston 1867 Walther. Edward St. Paul 1852 Warner, Edward S. x 1840 Wakefield, Dr. x Monticello Wedelstaedt, H. St. Paul Weber, Charles S. St. Cloud Weigman, Carl x St. Paul Westfall, J. M. x Rochester Whittemore, J. G. x Glenwood Whiteman, Russell x Anoka Wheat, John N. Rochester Williams, Charles D. * St. Paul HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 395 CHAPTER XXXIV HOAIOEOrATHV IX MISSISSIPPI. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. The Planting of Homa;opathy in Mississippi by Dr. Davis — His Early Experiences — Growth of Hahnemann's System of Medicine in the State — The State Medical Society — Reminiscences and List of Early Practitioners. Homoeopathy was introduced in Mississippi about 1847 by Dr. Augustus Frederick Davis, a native of Kentucky, born in Washington, Mason county, in 1802. He graduated from Transylvania University in 1824, and began practice in Augusta, remaining there nine years. In 1833 he settled for prac- tice in Natchez, but having soon become disgusted with the old school meth- ods, he dropped it, went to Cincinnati in 1846, and under the guidance of Dr. Pulte took up the study of homoeopathy. In 1847 he returned to Natchez, where he soon established a large practice according to the law of similars. Such was the beginning of homoeopathy in this state, and from it the later growth of the school here has developed. At no time, however, has the num- ber of its practitioners exceeded eleven, in 1878, and in 1904 there were only four homcEopathic physicians within the borders of Mississippi. But, not- withstanding the lack of numerical strength a state medical society was formed in 1889, under the name of the State Homoeopathic Medical So- ciety of Mississippi, and incorporated during the same year. Its constituent members were Drs. Eugene A. Guilbert, H. J. Coleman, J. C. French, A. O. Hardenstein, B. D. Chase, H. P. Cook, H. Bewlay and Jesse R. Jones, which represented about the strength of the profession in the state at that time. As near as can be determined, the earliest homoeopaths in the state were Dr. Davis, the pioneer, in Natchez ; Dr. Brown in Jackson ; Dr. W. C. Wren in Woodville ; Dr. J. B. Smith in Camden ; Dr. F. K.' Hammond in Aber- deen ; Dr. H. J. Colem.an in Rodney ; and Drs. Fegarden and W. J. Gibson in Fayette. In relating his early experiences both as an allopath and as a homoe- opath. Dr. Davis said: "I landed here (Natchez) on the third of May, 1833. Cholera w^as prevailing as an epidemic. Having had some experience in the treatment of it in Kentucky I was better prepared to meet it than were the resident physicians. Mv success was such that in less than a year I had a large and lucrative practice. In 1837 we had yellow fever as an epidemic and I was taken down with it in September. I took a little calomel and quinine for two days, then abandoned medicines and let nature, untram- meled, do her own work. In a few days I was convalescent. Although I continued practice my faith in drugging was terribly shaken. In 1846 I had abandoned old school teachings and after a careful examination of the homoe- opathic svstem, I adopted it and announced to the public that I would treat diseases to the best of my ability in accordance with the homoeopathic law, I was the first physician located in the lower valley of the Mississippi that proposed practicing homoeopathy, with the exception of one in New Orleans, 396 HISTORY OFHOMCEOPATHY who died after a few months" residence. In 1853 Dr. Wilham H. Holcombe came to my neighborhood to take charge of the family of Mr. Marshall, a large planter. He was stricken down with yellow fever and after his recov- ery his wife had the disease. I took them to my home, and afterward asso- ciated the doctor with me in practice." Dr. Davis died in Natchez, January 12, 1885. The second of the pioneers of homoeopathy in the state was Dr. Wil- liam Henry Holcombe, who went to Natchez in 1852 and became Dr. Davis's partner. He removed from the state in 1855. So strong w-as the confidence of the people in the skill of Drs. Davis and Holcombe that in 1854 they were appointed physicians and surgeons to the Mississippi State Hospital at Natchez, which was a large and well en- dowed institution. This is said to be the first hospital in the United States that passed from allopathic to homceopathic control. Dr. Kirby in an edi- torial at the time said that the trustees felt justified in the act by the success- ful treatment of yellow fever by the new school of medicine. Another early practitioner in Natchez was Dr. Walter Stewart. He probably located there as early as 1855. He died in Natchez is 1863, at the age of forty-one years. Another homoeopathic practitioner in the city pre- vious to i860 was Dr. J. Foster. Dr. Martin Gilman introduced homoeopathy in Port Gibson as early as 1853. He graduated from the New York University in the spring of 1846, and began practice is Jefferson county, New York. In 1848 his cousin. Dr. John Gilman, then practicing homoeopathy in Columbus. Ohio, urged Dr. Martin to visit him and to investigate the new system of healing. He went, and became convinced. In 1849 ^^^ located in Lexington and accepted the chair of chemistry is the Memphis Medical Institute, and later held the chair of obstetrics. In the spring of 1853 he located in Port Gibson, where his success in the treatment of yellow fever won for him a distinguished repu- tation. He removed to Vicksburg in 1859. In 1858 Dr. A. O. H. Hardenstein, who had been for several years an extensive traveler, located in Vicksburg, introducing homoeopathy in that part of the state. He was a native of Greece, but was educated in Germany, re- ceiving his medical diploma at the University of Berlin. In 1828 his duties took him into Russia to study the treatment of cholera, and an investigation of allopathy as applied to this disease proved that more than seventy-five per cent of the cases proved fatal. While in Russia he was led to investigate homoeopathy by observing the cures wrought by the wife of a missionary, who had been a pupil of Hahnemann. On his return to Prussia he also became a student of Hahnemann and adopted his system. In 1836 he settled in New Orleans ; in 1840 went to Kentucky, and in 1849 to California. He practiced many years in* Vicksburg, and died in that city, October 15, 1880. Homoeopathic physicians in Mississippi previous to 1870. The date pre- ceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoe- opathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school ; the character x indicates that the physican practiced medicine before the date given. 1857 Brown. Dr. x Jackson ' 1847 Davis, Frederick A. * Natchez 1870 Chase, B. D. x Natchez 1857 Fegarden, Dr. x Fayette 1870 Coleman, H. J. x Rodney 1857 Foster, J. x Natchez HISTORY OF HOMGEOPATHY 397 1857 Gibson, W. J. X Fayette 1851 Holcombe, William H. * Natchez 1849 Gilman, Martin * Port Gibson 1857 Smith, J. B. x Camden 1857 Harper. T. J. x Vicksburg 1857 Stewart, Walter x Natchez 1830 Hardenstein, A. O. H. * Vicksburg .... Stewart, A. P. 1870 Hammond, F. K. x Aberdeen 1870 Wren, W. C. x Woodville 398 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY CHAPTER XXXV HOMOEOPATHY IX NEBRASKA. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. Homoeopathy Introduced in Omaha in 1862 — Wright, the Pioneer — Drs. Way and Hem- ingway in' Nebraska City — The State Homoeopathic Medical Society — Gradual Growth of the System in Nebraska — Reminiscences of Early Practitioners. Nebraska makes no claim to pioneership in the field of homoeopathic medical practice. In 1862, while the state was still a territory, Dr. Augus- tus S. Wright left his former home in Indiana and took up his abode in Omaha — the Omaha of two score years ago and not the modern city of the twentieth century which inen have built on the site of the town of which, in 1869, Saxe wrote : " Hast ever heard of Omaha Where rolls the dark Missouri down. And four strong horses scarce can draw An empty wagon through the town? Where sand is blown from every mound To fill our eyes and ears and throat, Where all the teamsters are aground And all the shanties are afloat?" This Dr. Wright, the homoeopathic tidings-bearer before mentioned, was the only practitioner of his school in the state until 1866, when Drs. Way and Hemingway, who were partners, established themselves in Nebraska City and gave their system a foothold in that vicinity. During the next ten or twelve years several other practitioners settled in various parts of the state, some in the more populous centers and others in the less thickly in- habited districts, until in 1878 there were eighteen physicians of the school in the state. Three years later the number had increased to forty, and in 1885 to one hundred and nineteen ; in 1893 to one hundred and thirty-nine, and in 1904 the number in the whole state was one hundred and twenty-five. But notwithstanding the moderate early growth of the homoeopathic school in the region under consideration, the few practitioners held a general meeting in September, 1873, ^"d organized the Nebraska State Homoeopathic Medi- cal Society, then known, however, as the Nebraska State Homoeopathic Medi- cal Association, and with these first officers: Dr. E. M. T. Hurlbut of Lin- coln, president; Dr. C. S. Wright of Omaha and Dr. J. H. Way of Nebraska City, vice-presidents ; Dr. Allen C. Cowperthwaite of Nebraska City, secretary ; Dr. J. L. Bumstead of Lincoln, provisional secretary; Dr. O. S. Woods of Omaha, treasurer; and Drs. Way, Burr, Casley, Lewis and Wright, censors. About 1883 the society was incorporated and made the change in name as above indicated. It is still in active existence and has a membership of more than two hundred. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 399 REMINISCENCES. Dr. Wright's professional life in Omaha was not made especially pleas- ant by the practitioners of the old school there, but their persecutions served to bring him new friendships and it was with reluctance that he gave up practice on account of his health and removed to California in 1874. Dr. Hemingway in Nebraska City died before practicing there a year, but in the meantime Dr. A. M. Smith had come in, and was there as late as 1881. Dr. Jacob Heald Way was a graduate of Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia in 1866 and practiced allopathy for a time in Nebraska City. Later on returned to Philadelphia and took lectures in homoeopathy and then returned to Nebraska, but failing health caused his removal to Pennsylvania. He served nine months in the 124th Pennsylvania regiment, then located in West Chester, and finally went to Arizona, where he died September 3,. 1887. Dr. William H. H. Sisson was in service during the early part of the civil war, and graduated from the Homoeopathic Medical College of Penn- sylvania in 1863. He practiced in New Bedford and Falmouth, Mass., about two years, and in 1868 went to Omaha and identified himself with that growing city. He lived there until his death, January 25, 1873. Dr. Orlando S. Wood located in Omaha in the summer of 1868. After educating himself in Pennsylvania, he began the study of homoeopathy in the spring of 1857, graduated from the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in i860, and commenced practice in Phoenixville, Pa. In 1861 he took the practice of Dr. R. R. Gregg at Canandaigua. N. Y., remaining there five years. Ill health then compelled him to sell, when he went to Philadelphia, graduated again from the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1868, and in June of the same year started for Omaha. He practiced in the state many years and also identified himself with its homoe- opathic institutions and progress. Drs. Marsden and William J. Ehrhart, partners, located in Omaha in 1869. The partnership, however, was soon dissolved, and Dr. Ehrhart went to Fremont. Dr. Marsden the next spring returned to New Jersey. Dr. Ehrhart was a graduate of the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsyl- vania in 1864. In 1871 Dr. F. Saxenburger located at Omaha, remaining there until 1874. when he left the state. Dr. Emlin Lewis entered the office of Dr. Sisson in 1870. He had been a school teacher, and his first impressions of homoe- opathy were received through a copy of Pulte's " Domestic Physician." He graduated from the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago in 1872, located in Papillion and later removed to Omaha, taking the practice of Dr. Sisson, who had just died. In the summer of 1872 Dr. G. D Streeter reached Omaha and became a partner with Dr. J. H. Way. In October, 1872. Dr. Eugene F. Hoyt set- tled in Omaha and became partner with Dr. O. S. Wood, but in the next year removed to New York city. Other early homoeopathic practitioners who located in Omaha were Dr. James M. Borghem, 1874; Dr. H. C. Jessen and Dr. H. A. Worlev. 1875; Dr. C. M. Dinsmoor, 1875: Dr. John Ahmanson, 1879; and Dr. Willis B. Gifford and Dr. C. S. Hart. 1880.' In 1869 Dr. W. A. Burr located in Lincoln, then a city two years old. In 1875 ill health compelled him to go farther west. I 400 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY In January, 1872, Dr. L. J. Bumstead joined Dr. Burr in Lincoln, where he practiced for many years. Dr. Edwin Taft Monroe Hurlburt, who graduated from an allopathic college in Buffalo in 1867, soon afterward adopted the homoeopathic system and located in Lincoln in 1873. Dr. L. Walker settled in Seward in 1867. He had a large country prac- tice. Dr. Frederick Churchi-ll located at Grand Island in the summer of 1872. In 1875 he went to California. Dr. D. H. W. Carley settled in Pal- myra in 1 87 1. Dr. Allen C. Cowperthwaite graduated from the Homoeopathic Medi- cal College of Pennsylvania in 1869, practiced for a time in Illinois, and in 1873 located at Nebraska City and became a partner with Drs. Way and Streeter. Dr. Streeter soon withdrew from the firm and went to Quincy, Illinois. A few months later Dr. Way gave up practice and Dr. Cowperth- waite was left alone. Dr. S. C. Case located at Syracuse in 1874. Dr. Ira Walker La Mun- yon located at North Platte in 1871. Dr. La Munyon had been a railroad engineer, and government surveyor of public lands. His studies were geol- ogy, botany and natural history. In 1859 he became a convert to homoe- opathy through Dr. B. S. Hill of Ohio. On locating in Nebraska he engaged in surveying, but having recovered his health, he bought a news- paper and, in company with Mr. Peake, became its editor. Dr. John Elisha Smith went to Guide Rock about 1873. He was a grad- uate in 1856 of the Western College of Homoeopathic Medicine at Cleveland, had practiced in Michigan, served in the army, and by ill health was com- pelled to seek the climate of Nebraska. Mrs. F. R. H. Reid went to Ne- braska City when only four homoeopathic doctors were there. Dr. Henry Haseler met his death at Belleview about 1856, while intro- ducing the practice there. He was a son of Dr. Charles Haeseler of Potts- ville, Pensylvania. Dr. Lucy Robinson settled in Lincoln in 1875. In March of that year Dr. W. J. Ehrhart returned to Omaha from Fremont, but soon went to the east. In 1875 Dr. Hullhorst located at Headland. Homoeopathic physicians in Nebraska previous to 1880. The date pre- ceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoe- opathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school ; the character x indicates that the physician practiced medicine before the date given. 1879 Ahmanson, John x Omaha 1855 Haeseler, Henry x Belleview 1868 Burr, W. A. x Lincoln t866 Hemingway, Dr. x Nebraska City 1872 Bumstead, Lucius J. Lincoln • 1870 Hoyt. Eugene F. Omaha 1874 Borgham. James M. Fremont 1867 Hurlburt, Edwin '[". M. * Lincoln 1855 Buntmg, Thomas C. 1875 Hullhorst, F. x Headland 1878 Brewer. S. H. x Columbus 1877 Huss, George x Sutton 1874 Case, S. C. x Syracuse 1878 Jessen, H. C. Omaha 1870 Carley, D. H. W. x Palmyra 1878 Johnson, Mrs. J. C. x Nebraska City 1878 Chubbuck. C. K. x Tecumseh 1878 Jeflferies. Dr. x Guide Rock 1872 Churchill. Frederick x Grand Island 1872 Lewis. Emlin Omaha 1869 Cowperthwaite, Allen C. Nebraska 1869 Marsden, Dr. x Omaha City 1859 LaMunyon, Ira W. North Platte 1878 Davies, H. B. x Nebraska City 1877 Paine, Bartlett * Lincoln 1864 Ehrhart. William J. Omaha Reid. Mrs. F. R. H. Nebraska City 1874 Dinsmoor, C. M- x Omaha .... Reid, H. A. Nebraska City HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 401 1875 Robinson, Lucy A. Lincoln 1878 Starr, C. x Nebraska City 1870 Saxenburger, F. x Omaha 1872 Way, Jacob H. * Nebraska City 1878 Schildknecht, D. x Plattsmouth 1867 Walker, L. x Seward 1878 Smith, A. M. x Nebraska City i860 Wood, Orlando S. Omaha 1856 Smith, John E. Guide Rock 1873 Worley, H. A. Omaha 1863 Sisson, William H. H. Omaha 1850 Wright, Augustus S. Omaha 1872 Streeter, G. D. x Nebraska City 402 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY CHAPTER XXXVI HOMCEOPATHY IN WEST VIRGINIA. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. A Brief Chapter of Reminiscences — Dr. Alfred Hughes and His Sister — List of Practi- tioners in the State. The introduction of homoeopathy in West Virginia antedates the sepa- rate organization of the state itself. West Virginia, the western portion of the old state of Virginia, was made an independent state in 1863. This is the part of the old dominion west of the Cumberland mountains and in the valley of the Monongahela river. Homoeopathy was introduced in this val- ley as early as 1848. and in two places at the same time; in Wheeling by Dr. Alfred Hughes and his sister, Eliza Hughes, and in Fairmount by the Rev. William Hunter. Dr. W. L. Morgan, writing in 1904, said : " My native home was near Fairmount, West Virginia. My father's house was a home for itinerant preachers and politicians. I had never heard of homoeopathy till about the year 1848 when the Rev. William Hunter, a Methodist presiding elder, came into the district. He was a man of learning and a homoeopathist. He ad- vised me to study for a physician, so I studied at home and experimented upon myself .and my neighbors. Dr. Hunter gave me great assistance. I often treated a neighbor and sometimes got ' thanky ' and sometimes ' cusses ' for pay. In 1868 I went west and met a man whom I had treated years before and he persuaded me to go into practice, and after long deliberation I did so, and after a few years, to be better equipi)ed I studied at Pulte College. I came east on account of ill health in i86t, first to Lynchburg. Va.. and then to Baltimore. Dr. Hunter introduced homoeopathy into the valley of the Monongahela river, and myself. Festus Pitcher of Fairmount. and Drs. Coombs and Casselberry, of Morgantown. where his students." Dr. W. B. McClure of Martin's Ferry wrote : " Dr. Alfred Hughes and his sister. Miss Eliza, began in 1850. They continued practice there until death. Dr. Hennig came there in 1853. and died in 1900." Dr. Alfred Hughes must have begun practice before graduating in medi- cine, which he did at tlie Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1853. He was a native of Baltimore. Md. After his graduation he located in Wheeling and upheld the truth of homoeopathy. During the cholera epidemic of 1854 he labored night and day. being the only homoeopathic physician in the city. He built up a large practice in Wheeling. In 1862 he went to Richmond, his sympathies being with the south, and practiced there until in 1865. when he removed to Baltimore. Dr. Fliza C. Hughes commenced the study of medicine in 1855. atid graduated at the Pennsylvania Medical College at Philadelphia in i860. She was the first woman graduate who practiced medicine in \^irginia. Dr. F. H. Coombs was another early homoeopath in western ^''^rginia. He said of lumself: ''I was not a pupil of Dr. Pitcher of Fairmount. I HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 403 was not acquainted with him but knew that there was such a person, and I think he practiced homoeopathy to some extent between the years 1850 and i860. WiUiam Hunter, a Methodist preacher here in Morgantown, was the first to introduce homoeopathy in this place, and I think it was through his influence that Dr. Miller, my preceptor, came here (Morgantown), which was about 1855. I do not think Dr. Hunter was an M. D., but had prob- ably given the matter some attention. Dr. M. L. Casselberry came here between 1850 and i860. I commenced practiced here in the spring of i860." Dr. Melville L. Casselberry, who is still in practice, writes of the be- ginings of homoeopathy in West Virginia : " The first man to introduce homoeopathy in Morgantown was Mr. Hunter, a Methodist minister who located here about 1851 or 1852. He had a chest of medicines and would give his friends and the members of his church medicine for the headache, colds, etc. He continued this until about 1853 or 1854. when he wrote over to some one connected with the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsyl- vania, asking them to send a graduate here, which they did. They induced Dr. A. C. Miller to come here and locate, which I think was in 1854. He soon built up a large practice and in the spring of 1855 he wrote to my preceptor (W. A. Gardiner, M. D., of Philadelphia), then professor of anatomy in the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, for a partner. Dr. Gardiner induced me to come here, which I did in the spring of 1855, re- mained one year in partnership with Dr. A. C. Miller, when I left, but came back in the fall of 1859 and have been here ever since. Dr. E. H. Coombs graduated from the Homoeopathic College in 1862, located here, and in 1870 he and I entered into partnership, worked together until 1887, when Dr. Coombs gave up the practice of medicine and was elected cashier of what is now the Monongahela A'alley bank, with which institution he is connected, now being president. There was a Dr. Alfred Hughes, who practiced in Wheeling along about 1850. He attended lectures in Philadelphia and graduated the spring I did, in 1853. He had been practicing in Wheehng prior to his graduation. He died a few years after he graduated, and I think his sister practiced for a time afterward. When I came here in 1855 I think there was a man in Fair- moimt by the name of Pritchard, who had a medicine chest and gave out sugar pills, as they were called, to many of the citizens of Fairmount. Along in 1855 or 1856 there was a Dr. Hyde located at Fairmount for a short time. A man came there from. Fayette county. Pa., who read under Dr. Bowie of Uniontown about i860. He located at Kingwood, remained there a year, then went to Clarksburg and later to Texas, where he died." Dr. John W. M. .A.ppleton, writing from Charleston, says : " Homoe- opathy has not much of a record in this end of the state in the forty years of my time. I came to Kenawha in August, 1865. having resigned from the army in that month. I had charge of a cannel coal mine and employed a number of people. Called upon to practice among them, T took out a U. S. license. None of the people had any knowledge of our system, and the patients getting well with no medicines but spoonfuls of clear water made some of them think it some kind of conjuring. I have never depended on practice entirely for a livelihood, but have never entirely ceased to prac- tice when called on. Moving to Charleston from the mine and engaging in manufapturing, patients still come to me, and in 1882, moving to Salt Sulphur Springs, Munroe county. West Yt^., T still do what I can for the country peo- 404 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY pie, and in the summer season for those of the guests at our hotels who de- sire homoeopathic treatment. A Dr. Kirk came to Charleston in the seventies. He did not stay long and depended more on teaching school than on medi- cine. A Dr. Henry came, who seemed to be efficient. He stayed longer than Dr. Kirk and then went away. Dr. George Lounsbury came down from Coalsburg mines a number of years ago and is still here." Dr. John D. Middleton was an early practitioner in Wheeling, locating there as early as 1849. He was a student of Dr. F, R. McManus of Balti- more, and graduated in 1848 from the University of Maryland. He re- turned to Baltimore in 185 1 and practiced there until his death, April 26, 1870. In 1877 Dr. S. C. Bosley was in practice in Clarksburgh; Dr. F. Pitcher in Fairmount; Dr. R. F. Harman in Martinsburg; Drs. Casselberry and Coombs in Morgantown; Dr. C. W. Jamison in Point Pleasant; and Drs. Eliza C. Hughes, J. W. Morris, C. J. Hennig, S. A. Muhleman, C. C. Olmstead and B. F. Turner in Wheeling. In 1870 there were but five homcEopathic practitioners in West Vir- ginia; thirteen in 1876; twenty-five in 1896, and thirty in 1904. HomcEopathic physicians in West Virginia previous to 1870. The date preceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoeopathy. The character x indicates that the physician practiced medi- cine before the date given. 1865 Appleton, John W. M. Kenawha 1855 Hyde, Dr. Fairmount 1853 Casselberry, Melville L. Morgan- 1848 Hunter, Rev. William Fairmount town 1848 Middleton, John D. Wheeling i860 Coombs, E. Hoflfman Morgantown 1853 Miller, Alexander C. Morgantown 1853 Hennig, C. J. Wheeling 1850 Morgan, W. L. Fairmount 1870 Harman, R. F. x Martinsburg 1850 Pitcher, Festus Fairmount 1848 Hughes, Alfred Wheeling i860 Turner, B. F. Wheeling 1850 Hughes, Miss Eliza Wheeling HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 405 CHAPTER XXXVn HOMOEOPATHY IN NORTH CAROLINA. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. Homoeopathy Introduced in the State by Dr. Freeman — Reminiscences and List of Other Early Practitioners in North Carolina. The pioneer of homoeopathy in this state was Dr. WilUam K. Free- man, who introduced it in Wilmington in 1850. He was a native of Hert- ford county, and graduated from the Charleston Medical School in 1847. I" 1848 he removed to Wilmington, where he practiced allopathy two years and then publicly announced his belief in the doctrines of Hahnemann. His action at that particular time required great moral courage; there was no homoeopathic practitioner south of Virginia, and for twenty years he was the only one in the whole state of North Carolina, and he had to contend alone with the prejudices that assailed his fellows of the same faith in other parts of the country. He passed his life in Wilmington and succeeded in influencing public sentiment in favor of the practice which the people at first had ridiculed. He died in Wilmington in February, 1879. Dr. Barton Munsey was another of the early practitioners in Wilming- ton. He was a native of New Hampshire, and while living in Manchester became acquainted with Dr. Atwood, a homoeopathic physician in that city, whose student he himself became. In 1846 he went to Harvard University, and the next year applied in the New York Medical School for a course, but Dr. Mott informed him that " he would not be allowed to graduate with homoeopathic notions." He went to South America, introducing homoe- opathy in Curacoa, then returned to the United States and located in Wil- mington, where he practiced dentistry and homoeopathy. He attended the first course of lectures at the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsyl- vania, a student of Dr. Walter Williamson, and graduated from the college in 1850. He then returned to Wilmington. At the breaking out of the civil war he was surgeon in the union army. In 1864 he married Mary E. Weeks, who afterward became a homoeopathic physician, graduating from the Homoeopathic Medical College of Missouri in 187 1. Dr. Munsey died in 1888. In 1873 Dr. Frank Hines located in Wilmington. Dr. W. E. Storm graduated in 1877 from the New York Homoeopathic Medical College, and soon after settled in Wilmington. The following extract from a letter writ- ten by him in 1884 gives an idea of the condition of homoeopathy in North Carolina at that time : "Five years ago I was the only homoeopathic doctor in North Carolina. One year later the allopathic State Medical Association labored — yea, girded up their loins to the conflict — to pass a bill through the state legislature, making it punishable by fine or imprisonment for any per- son to practice medicine in the state unless he was a member of the said aug- ust body. Ye Gods ! with what anxiety this solitary ' Pellet ' awaited the verdict. I could feel myself already bound with contraria lashing strong 4015 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY npon the wild ]\Iazeppa. and hear the cries of hie jacct similia as they gloated over the place ' where I had been." But, alas, there's many a slip. The bill did not pass and I settled down quietly to my knitting and fed my prosperity with the flames of adversity." " They damn, they cuss, they raise a fuss, Keep up a perfect chatter. They howl, they squeal, so mean they feel, I wonder what's the matter." As early as 1857 Dr. L. Thorne was practicing in Edonton. In 1877 Dr. Faulcon Browne was located in Vaughan; Dr. Charles Cliff in Ashe- ville; Dr. J. T. Walsh in Newburn. Dr. Sylvester Burr Higgins was lo- cated in Charlotte in f876. He was a graduate of the University of Bogota in 1868. About 1886 Dr. W. W. McCanless was located in Danbury. The health giving properties of Asheville attracted the veteran, Dr. Horatio P. Gatchell, from Kenosha, Wis. He passed the rest of his life in Asheville, and died March 27, 1885. In 1878 Dr. Edwin A. Gatchell lo- cated in Asheville. In 1857 there were but two homoeopathic practitioners in the state, and in 1870 Dr. Freeman was the only homoeopathist there; in 1886 there were five; in 1896, three; in 1899, six; and in 1904, eight. Homoeopathic physicians in North Carolina previous to 1886. The date preceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoeopathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school ; the character x indicates that the physician practiced medicine before the date given. .... Browne, Faulcon Vaughan 1846 Munsey, Barton Wilmington Cliff. Charles Asheville .... IVIcCanless. W. W. Danbury 1850 Freeman, William E. Wilmington .... Parker, Charles 1876 Gatchell. Edwin A. Asheville 1880 Pigford. E. Scott Wilmington 1850 Gatchell, Horatio P. * Asheville 1877 Storm, W. E. Wilmington i860 Higgins. Sylvester B. Charlotte 1857 Thorne, L. x Edonton 1873 Hines, Frank Wilmington .... Walsh, J. T. Newburn HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 407 CHAPTER XXXVni HOMOEOPATHY IN COLORADO, MONTANA AND FLORIDA. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. Late Planting and Rapid Growth of Homoeopathy in Colorado — Ingersol, the First Prac- titioner, and Marix, the Permanent Practitioner — State Medical Society — Homoe- opathy in Montana begins in 1866 — Its Subsequent Growth — Meagre History on Florida — Early Practitioners in all these States — The Florida Homoeopathic Medical Society — Reminiscences. HOMOEOPATHY IN COLORADO. In 1904 there were one hundred and sixteen practitioners of homce- pathy in Colorado; thirty years ago there were ten. In 1863 Dr. Ingersol, the pioneer of the school in the state, located in Denver, practiced there a short time, then left, and for the next three years there was no disciple of Hahnemann in the region. In 1866 Dr. M. L. Scott, a Vermonter, came to Denver, practiced two years, then returned east and left this vast field un- occupied until 1869, when Dr. Squires came and practiced a few months and then yielded to Dr. A. O. Blair, formerly of Qeveland, who visited Denver in search of relief of chronic asthma. His stay, too, was short, and he was succeeded in the spring of 1870 by Dr. Martin Marix, a German, graduate of the University of Leipsic, a convert to homoeopathy and a practitioner of several years' experience before taking up his residence in this state. His biographers say that he practiced homoeopathy in Leipsic in 1852, in Bufifalo, N. Y., in 1857, later in Appleton, Wis., and came to Denver for the good of his health, as did his predecessors, but unlike them, he remained there imtil his death, January 19, 1877. At the beginning of the twentieth century homoeopathy had a strong hold upon the people of the state, and had earned by honest work a warm place in their affections. This finds confirmation in the fact that in 1869 there was only one homoeopathic practitioner in the state, while in 1900 the number was over one hundred and twenty. Again, in Colorado homoe- opathy has not been compelled to contend against the enforced opposition of old school practitioners, and indeed there seems to have been an exchange of professional courtesies among the representatives of both schools which really is refreshing and interesting. Only two or three years ago the allo- paths tendered membership in their societies to the homoeopaths if the latter would drop the " homoeopath " for their distinguishing titles, and in return the disciples of Hahnemann made a similar tender to the allopaths if they would merely investigate the principles of homoeopathy. Thus inedical so- ciety life has become an interesting part of the history of both schools in the state. The Colorado State Homoeopathic Medical Society was organized in Denver in June, 1881, and was reorganized in May, 1891. with these officers: Dr. S. S. Smythe of Denver, president ; Drs. William A. Burr of Denver, and 408 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY W. C. Allen of Colorado Springs, vice-presidents; Dr. J. Wylie Anderson of Denver, secretary; Dr. Renal Bartlett of Boulder, treasurer. The society had a membership of sixty-four in 1903. REMINISCENCES. In 1870 Dr. A. Miller removed from Lowell, Mass., to Denver. The same year Dr. S. B. Fletcher located there, having previously practiced in Chicago. He remained in Colorado four years, returning east in June, 1875. Denver was the only town in the territory in which there was a homoe- opathic physician previous to 1871. In 1872 Dr. B. A. Wheeler of Boone, Iowa, located there. In 1873 ^^- J- M. Walker of Winchester, Illinois; Dr. U. S. Qark of Iowa, and Dr. A. Miller of Chicago, settled in Denver. In 1875 Dr. S. T. Bowne of New York, and in 1882 Dr. William Alton Burr came there. Dr. Burr had graduated from the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago in 1869, practiced in Lincoln, Nebraska, and in 1874, on account of his health, removed to Georgetown. Later he went to Denver. While in Georgetown he was the only advocate of homceopathy in that part of the country. He has practiced in Denver for many years and is one of the best known homoeopathic physicians in the state. Dr. Eugene F. Storke, Avho had been for years in practice in Wiscon- sin, went to Denver in 1891, and located there permanently. Dr. Anna E. P. Eastman Marsh located in the city in 1879, having just graduated from the University of Michigan. In 1880 she married Dr. Lebbeus E. Marsh and located in Greeley. She died February 20, 1896, leaving her property to her alma mater to found the Anna E. P. Eastman scholarship. Dr. Charles Nelson Hart graduated from the Homoeopathic Medical College of Missouri in 1875, ^"d Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago in 1 881. He then located in Denver. Dr. Qiarles William Judkins graduated from the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia in 1881, practiced in Maine until 1888, when he lo- cated in Aspen. Dr. George Pyburn, a native of England, practiced in Canada, and grad- uated in 1859 froni the Western College of Homoeopathic Medicine in Cleve- land. After practicing in several locations in the United States he became interested in the union colony and in 1870 went to Colorado as one of the settlers of the town of Greeley. An event in the history of homoeopathy in Colorado is that homoeopathic treatment was introduced in the Arapahoe county jail and poorhouse hos- pital in 1881. which was then placed under the medical supervision of Dr. Ambrose S. Everett. He made some interesting statistical reports on the small death rate and the successful treatment. There are at the present time homoeopathic practitioners in nearly all the principal towTis in the state. Many of its practitioners went to that in- vigorating climate originally for their health and nearly all were formerly practitioners of experience in other parts of the country. Homoeopathic physicians in Colorado previous to 1880. The date pre- ceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoe- opathy. The character x indicates that the physician practiced medicine be- fore the date given. HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 409 1876 Benbow, T. A. x Colorado Springs 1852 Marix, Martin M. Denver 1877 Benham, S. x Denver 1876 Marsh, L. E. x Central City Blair, Alonzo O. Denver 1870 Miller, Adam x Denver 1875 Bowne, S. Townsend x Leadville 1877 Owen, W. R. x Pueblo 1875 Brace, Charles C. Boulder 1877 Parkhurst, C. B. x Colorado Springs 1877 Brooks, John F. x Gardner 1859 Pybum, George Georgetown 1869 Burr, William A. Georgetown 1870 Rice, Hyland W. Central City 1854 Burnham, Norman G. Denver 1866 Scott, M. L. x Denver 1875 Coombs, L. D. Colorado Springs 1877 Seymour, Dr. x Colorado Springs 1877 Cortright, C. W. Pueblo 1869 Squires, Dr. x Denver 1873 Clark, Uri S. Boulder 1877 Stebbins, H. H. x Golden 1877 Crepiu, E. A. x San Luis 1879 Tennant, C E. Denver 1877 Dobbins, William A. x Lake City 1868 Walker, Aaron Denver 1856 Fletcher, S. M. Denver 1871 Walker, James M. Denver 1876 Gatchell, H- T. F. x Colorado 1867 Wheeler, Byron A. Denver Springs 1877 Wegener, Henry F. x Denver 187s Hart, Charles N. Denver 1877 Way, Mrs. H. H. x Colorado 1863 Ingersol, Luther J. Denver Springs HOMOEOPATHY IN MONTANA. Bordering the Dominion of Canada, east of Idaho, north of Wyoming and west of Dakota, is situated the new state of Montana. It was settled about 1861 and admitted to the union in 1889, being the forty-first state. So far as can be ascertained the first person to practice homoeopathy within its borders was Dr. Stephen Roby Mason, who in 1864-65 journeyed through the gold regions of Montana, Idaho and British Columbia. He opened an office in Virginia City, and introduced the practice of homoeopathy. Dr. Mason was a native of Chichester, N. H., studied medicine in Matamora, Illinois, and graduated from the Rush Medical College of Chicago in 1852. He then returned to his father's home in Illinois, where he commenced prac- tice. He soon afterward investigated homoeopathy and became convinced of its truth. He was a member of the Henry County Medical Society, from which he was expelled upon his adoption of the new system of medical prac- tice. In 1861 he traveled through the New England states with an invalid corps, and in 1864-65, himself an invalid, he emigrated to Montana. In 1876 Drs. A. E, Ingersol and C. S. Ingersol were in practice at Helena. In 1886 Dr. Robert M. Whitefoot w^as located in Bozeman; Drs. Charles W. Qark, Frederick Hiller, J- W. January, Adolph Mamor, Winfield S. Nor- cross and George B. Sarchet were in Butte City; Drs. Maria M. Dean, Thomas Eccles and Charles S. Thompson were in Helena ; Dr. Fox E. H. Canny was in Waterville. in 1886 there were ten homoeopathic practitioners in the territory; in 1896, fifteen ; in 1904, nineteen, of whom six were located in Butte. Homoeopathic physicians in Montana previous to 1886. The date pre- ceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoe- opathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school ; the character x indicates that the physician practiced medicine before the date given. 1868 Canny, Fox E. H. Walkersville 1883 Green, Wilber F. Miles City 1886 Clarke, Martha J. x Butte City 1883 Hedger, Frank S. Missoula 1885 Clark, Charles W. Butte City 1852 Hiller, Frederick Butte City 1885 Crutcher, C- S. x Townsend Ingersol, C. S. Helena 1883 Dean. Maria M. Helena 1871 Ingersol, A. E. Helena 1885 Eccles, Thomas x Helena 1881 January, J. W. Butte City. 410 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 1878 Kellogg, Edwin S. Helena 1870 Sarchet. George B. Butte City i860 Mamor. Adolph * Butte City 1880 Thompson. Charles S. W. Helena i860 Mason, Stephen R. * Virginia City 1866 Whitefoot, Robert M. Bozeman 1886 Norcross, Winfield S. * Butte City HOMOEOPATHY IN FLORIDA. The early records of homoeopathy in Florida are meagre. Dr. Charles Roney Doran, a graduate of the Eclectic Medical College of Philadelphia in 1856, and of the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1866, after practicing in Baltimore and Nashville, located in Jacksonville about 1869. Dr. Henry Rice Stout, having graduated from the Hahnemann Medi- cal College of Chicago in 1868 and having practiced in Chicago, located in Jacksonville about 1880 or 1881. As early as 1857, Dr. A. C. McCantz and Dr. J. A. Mitchell were practicing homoeopathy in that city, and in 1877 Dr. P. E. Johnson was located there. In 1869 Dr. Sarah M. Ellis, who was a graduate of the Western Col- lege of Homoeopathic Medicine in 1859 and who had been practicing in New York city and had been connected with the New York Medical College for Women, spent the winter in Jacksonville and devoted herself to prac- tice. She was the wife of Dr. John Ellis. Dr. E. S. Byron located in Monticello previous to 1857. Dr. D. M. Walker was situated at Station No. 5 in 1870. In 1883 Dr. Samuel Mills Fowler, who had been in practice in Michi- gan and in Iowa, went to DeLand and devoted himself to the practice of medicine, and also to growing oranges. While living there an epidemic of typho-malarial fever appeared in St. Augustine and he went there and treated the disease with marked success. In 1888 he went to Gainesville, Texas. He was a graduate of the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago in 1872, and died in Chicago, March 28, 1899. In 1857 there were three practitioners of homoeopathy in Florida, three in 1870, seven in 1876, nine in 1886, twenty-five in 1896, and thirty in 1904. The State Homoeopathic Medical Society of Florida was organized in Jacksonville, January 19, 1889, with these first officers : Dr. H. R. Stout of Jacksonville, president : Dr. Ada F. Bruce of Tampa, vice-president ; Dr. C. W. Johnson of Jacksonville, secretary; Drs. T. J. Williamson, Blanding and E. Johnson, censors. St. Luke's Hospital was founded as an institution of the allopathic school so far as concerned its medical department, but in March, 1878, through the efforts of Mrs. Alexander Mitchell of Milwaukee, president of the board of lady managers, a homoeopathic ward was established in the hospital. Homoeopathic physicians in Florida previous to 1880. The date pre- ceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoe- opathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school ; the character x mdicates that the jihysician practiced medicine before the date given. 1876 Ames, Mrs. x Tallahassee 1859 Ellis, Mrs. Sarah M. Jacksonville 1857 Byron, E. S. x Monticello 1872 Flanders, George F. Tallahassee 1877 Craft, E. T. x Longwood 1854 John.son. P. E. x Jacksonville 1866 Doran, Charles R. * Jacksonville 1857 McCantz, A. C. x Jacksonville HISTORY OF HOMa^OPATHY 411 1857 Mitchell, J. A. X Jacksonville 1876 Parker, H. P. (or Porter) Bis- i877 Pen''b^V^"x Jacksonville 1868 Stout" Henry R. Jacksonville ;872 Pfckard, A. J. Pensacola 1870 Walker, D. M. x Station No. 5 412 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY CHAPTER XXXIX HOMOEOPATHY IN OREGON, SOUTH CAROLINA AND KANSAS. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. Dr. Leslie Jacob Coombs, the Pioneer Homoeopath in Oregon — Later Growth of the System in the State — Medical Societies and Hospitals in Kansas — Dr. John Hazard Henry, the First Homoeopath in South Carolina — Dr. John Doy, the Pioneer of Homoeopathy in Kansas — Societies and Hospitals — ^Reminiscences. HOMCEOPATHY IN OREGON. Dr. Marcus Whitman had lived for several years in the wilderness re- gions of the almost boundless Oregon country when in 1842 he conceived the idea that the best means to prevent the English from gaining absolute pos- session of the region was to form a settlement there of American colonists, and to that end journeyed on horseback four thousand miles overland to Washington to lay his scheme before congress and to explain to that body that the country from whence he came was indeed worthy of settlement. When he returned in 1843 he was leader of a train of two hundred emigrant families, whose purpose was to occupy the country which now forms the states of Oregon, Washington and Idaho. Ten years after this event, in 1853, ^^- Leslie Jacob Coombs emigrated to Oregon and engaged in the practice of medicine. He was a native of Pennsylvania, and had read medicine with several physicians, one of whom was Dr. Charles A. Geiger of Manchester, Maryland, who turned the young man to the subject of homoeopathy and induced him to adopt it in practice. In 1852 he graduated from Washington University in Baltimore, and at once went to the far west, in his travels treating in the country through which he traveled, giving special attention to diseases of the eye ; and tradition says he was a personage of consequence and a physician of learning. In the Rogue river Indian war of 1855-56 he served as senior surgeon of mounted volunteers, and during the civil war which followed was assistant surgeon in charge of Forts Yamhill and Hoskins in Oregon. In Oregon his prac- tice was very extensive. In medicine he doubtless treated with homoeopathic remedies, but he is recalled as having been quite liberal in this respect, and combined both the old and the new school methods. Such, in brief, was the beginning of homoeopathy in Oregon, but how- ever well the system may have been represented in the early endeavors of Dr. Coombs, there was no rapid increase in number of practitioners for sev- eral years, and in 1876, more than twenty years after the events mentioned, there were only eleven physicians of the school in the state ; fourteen in 1878; twenty-three in 1886; thirtv-nine in 1896; sixty in 1899, and fortv in 1904. The Oregon State Homoeopathic Medical Society was organized and incorporated in 1876, and is still in existence, holds annual meetings, and publishes transactions. Its first officers were Dr. H. McKennell, president; HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 413 Drs. William Geiger and A. Pohl, vice-presidents; Dr. G. A. Wilcox, re- cording secretary; Dr. T. J. Sloan, corresponding secretary; Dr. Francis C. Paine, treasurer. The Portland Methodist Hospital was organized and opened as an in- stitution of the allopathic school in 1886, and became homoeopathic in 1895. It is one of the largest hospitals in the northwest country. As early as 1876 Dr. Rawdon Arnold was in practice in Albany, Linn county, having previously lived in Missouri, where he was educated in medi- cine. In 1871 he was in Marysville, Gal., and came thence to Oregon. Dr. Levi Henderson began practice in Salem in 1878, having just graduated from the Homoeopathic Medical Gollege of Missouri. Homoeopathic physicians in Oregon previous to 1880. The date pre- ceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoeopathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school ; the character x indicates that the physician practiced medicine before the date given. 1864 Arnold, Rawdon * Albany 1848 Pohl, Albert Portland 1877 Burr, A. C. x Portland 1877 Paine, T. C. x Salem 1852 Coombs, Leslie J. Portland 1877 Saunders, A. E. x Amity 1876 Forstner, B. x Salem 1876 Sloan, T. J. x Portland 1876 Geiger, William x Forest Grove 1876 Shieb, E. x Portland 1878 Henderson, Levi Salem 1878 Wilcox, G. W. Albany 1876 McKinnell, H. x Portland 1876 Wright, H. x Goose Lake 1864 Nichols, Sophronia Albany 1877 Wyatt, J. H. x Eugene City HOMOEOPATHY IN SOUTH CAROLINA. The story of homoeopathy in South Carolina is but a meagre one. As in some of the other southern states, and for obvious reasons, the advancement of the system has been slow. In 1853 Dr. John Hazard Henry, who had graduated from the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1851 and had been in practice in Montgomery, Alabama, went to Charleston to take the practice of Dr. Kniffner. In 1854 the yellow fever appeared, and Dr. Barton, the only other homoeopathic physician in the city, being incapacitated for work. Dr. Henry found his duties very arduous. Late in the fall of 1856 his health became so impaired that he was compelled to return to Ala- bama, where he resumed practice. Dr. John S. Pfonts was the pioneer in Columbia, where he located in 1854. He had graduated from the Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1853. Forming an acquaintance with Dr. N. C. Moore, a homoeopathic physician, he became a convert, and in 1854 went to La Crosse, Wisconsin. Ill health compelled him to return to the east, and he went to Columbia. At the open- ing of the war of the rebellion he went to Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Dr. Joshua Adams Whitman was the first to practice homoeopathy in Beaufort. He went there an invalid in 1874, bought a case of homoeopathic medicines and a work on practice. While studying he conducted a small machine shop, and in the meantime practiced homoeopathy among his friends in a quiet way. His first efiforts were successful and in 1879 he sold his shop, took a course of lectures and went into practice, but as he was not a graduate his practice created disturbance in the community. Having cured many cases that were considered hopeless by the allopaths, his friends in- sisted that he obtain a diploma, which he did after a course at the Chicago 414 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY Homoeopathic Medical Q)llege in the spring of 1886. He made Beaufort his permanent home. In 1887 Dr. Owen Beverly Cause, who had been in practice in Philadel- phia, went to Aiken where he practiced during the winter, passing the sum- mer in Asbury Park. He continued until his death in Philadelphia, January II, 1895. His son, Dr. Percival O. B. Cause, after graduating from the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia in 1881 and practicing in Phila- delphia for a time, located in Aiken. He lived only a year, dying at the age of twenty-seven. The following letter written in March, 1905, by Dr. Francis V. Qeckley of Charleston, gives a very good idea of the condition of homoeopathy in the state at the present time : " I only know that my father, Hervey Milton Cleckley, came here after the war. He is now deceased. I think Dr. Thomas Shearer of Baltimore, Md., was here before the war and removed to Balti- more after the war. My father and I were the only homoeopathists here since the war. Only two homoeopaths are now in South Carolina, Dr. Whitman of Beaufort, and I here in Charleston." In 1857 Dr. H. H. Hammond was located in Beach Island and Dr. J. Barton in Charleston. In 1870 Miss L. M. Towne was practicing in Beau- fort, Dr. P. T. Schley was in Qiarleston, and Dr. Hammond in Beach Island. In 1877 Dr. H. M. Cleckley and Dr. P. T. Schley were in Charleston, no others being in the state. In 1899 Dr. Joshua A. Whitman was in Beaufort, Drs. Francis V. Cleckley and Hervey M. Cleckley in Charleston, and Dr. William L. Hood in Greenwood. In 1904 Dr. Whitman was in Beaufort, Dr. Frank E. Nichols in Greenville, Dr. William L. Hood in Greenwood and Dr. F. V. Cleckley in Charleston. Homoeopathic physicians in South Carolina previous to 1904. The date preceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoeopathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school ; the character x indicates that the physician prac- ticed medicine before the date given. 1852 Barton. J. x Charleston 1889 Hood, William L. Greenwood 1881 Cleckley, Francis V. Charleston 1881 Peters, William C. Frogmore 1859 Cleckley, Hervey M. * Charleston 1902 Nichols, Frank E. Greenville 1881 Cause, Percival O. B. Aiken 1866 Schley, Philip T. Charleston 1857 Gause, Owen B. Aiken 1S58 Shearer, Thomas Charleston 1857 Hammond, H. H. x Beach Island 1870 Towne, Miss L. M. x Beaufort P. O. 1886 Whitman, Joshua A. Beaufort 1851 Henry. John H. * Charleston HOMOEOPATHY IN KANSAS. The first homoeopathic physician to enter Kansas was Dr. John Doy, who went to that state in 1854 with the first party of settlers from Boston. He was an Englishman and had graduated in Cambridge, England, in 1834, practiced allopathy there until 1846. and then came to this country. He prac- ticed homoeopathy after that time. In 1854 he was living in Rochester, N. Y., and was the delegate selected to visit Boston and obtain information concerning the organization of emigrant companies. The first party which Dr. Doy joined consisted of twenty-nine persons, who took possession of their land on August i, 1854. He himself said he put up the first logs for a cabin on the hill where Lawrence stands. Those were troublous times HISTORY OF HOMOEOPATHY 415 for the doctor, who had avowed himself to be an aboHtionist; he was im- prisoned and nearly lost his life. After his release he returned to practice in Lawrence. In 1857 Dr. M. Morris was located in Ossawatomie. About 1865 Dr. Martin Mayer Marix settled in Leavenworth. He was a native of Germany and adopted homceopathy in 1852, before leaving that country. He remained a few years in Kansas and then removed to Denver. About 1867 Dr. John Jacob Edie formed a partnership with' Dr. Marix in Leavenworth, and after the latter went away, the former still continued practice there. Dr. Jerry Woods Stewart located in Waterville in 1870, making- it his permanent home. In the fall of 1869 Dr. William Q. Mansfield located at Emporia. He graduated in 1857 from the Buffalo Medical College, and at that time considered homoeopathy a delusion. He served through the war as a surgeon and then settled in Emporia. In 1870 he removed to Winfield. Dr. Levi Hubbard settled in Atchison in 1871. He graduated from the Berkshire Medical College in 1835 and practiced six years in Massachu- setts. While in Plymouth his attention was called to homoeopathic remedies, and after some years he avowed belief. He practiced in Dutchess county, N. Y., fifteen years, and in company with his son-in-law. Dr. William H. Parsons, located in Atchison. Later he went to Illinois. Dr. William H. Parsons studied with Dr. Hubbard, graduated from Hahnemann Medical College of Qiicago in 1871, and became his preceptor's partner in Atchison. In 1871 Dr. S. Milton Pratt settled in Hiawatha. He graduated from the Homoeopathic Medical College of Missouri in 1861, practiced in Illi- nois, served as a surgeon in the army, and then removed to Kansas. Dr. Peter Diedcrich graduated from Strasburg in 1870. came to the United States in 1873. and located in Wyandotte, now Kansas City. The growth of homoeopathy has been good in Kansas. In 1857 there was but one homoeopath in the state. In 1870 there were seventeen ; in 1886. one hundred and twenty-seven ; in 1896, two hundred and seventy, and in 1904 there were one hundred and eighty-eight, sixteen being in To- peka, and eleven in Kansas City. The Homoeopathic Medical Society of Kansas was organized in Leaven- worth, April 14. 1869. incorporated in 1S71, and has been in successful operation more than thirty-five vears. Membership in 1903. fifty-five. The Topeka Homoeopathic Medical Society was organized in t88i and incorpo- rated in 1882. The Southern Kansas Homoeopathic Medical Association was organized December 15. t886. The Shawnee County Homoeopathic Medi- cal Society was organized October 29. 1890. The Kansas Surgical Hospital of Topeka was founded and incorpo- rated in 1882. The Wichita Homoeopathic Hospital was founded and in- corporated in December, t888. Homoeopathic physicians in Kansas previous to 1872. The date pre- ceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoe- opathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school : the character x indicates that the physician practiced medicine before the date given. 416 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 1870 1866 1866 1867 1866 1867 1853 1866 Ashboroiigh, A. x Topeka .... Cowles, Edwin El Dorado 1852 Cowan, A. M. * Valley Falls 1857 Baker, P. Bayless, J. V. 1861 Edie, John J. Leavenworth .... Graham, William G. Leavenworth 1871 Hiatt, L. B. Mound City Halstead, Milton A. x Leavenworth ^ 1870 Hubbard, Levi * Atchison ' i860 Klemp, F. Topeka .... Mansfield, William Q. * Emporia .... Mason, S. K. Lawrence Mason, Richard Lawrence Marix, Martin M. Leavenworth Morris, M. x Ossawatomie Morgan, Mrs. E. K. Leavenworth Pratt, S. Milton Hiawatha Pratt, Robert Sacs and Foxes Parsons, William H. Atchison Stockham, G. H. Leavenworth Sherburne, Frank B. Dunlap Stewart, Jerry W. Waterville Weeds, T. Leavenworth Weaver, A. J. Mouska HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 4r CHAPTER XL IIOMOEorATHY IN UTAH, WYOMING, THE DAKOTAS, ARIZONA, IDAHO AND ALASKA. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. Dr. Isaiah White, the First Homctopath in Salt Lake City — Dr. John Bowman, Cheyenne —Dr. H. J. Morrison in Arizona— Dr. E. O. Plumbe in Dakota— Dr. D. G. Strong in Idaho — Lists of Early Practitioners. HOMOEOPATHY IN UTAH. The history of homoeopathy in the several jurisdictions included within the scope of the present chapter is indeed meagre, and necessarily must be limited to mention of the names of the earliest representatives in the region immediatel}" under consideration. The first practitioner of homoeopathy in Utah was Dr. Isaiah White, who located in Salt Lake City in 1875. He was a graduate of the University of the City of New York. Dr. J. M. Dart was another early practitioner there. In 1875 the homoeopathic physicians in the city were Drs. J. D. Crockwell, E. Lindsley, W. J. Smith and I. White. Dr. H. C. Hullinger was then in Big Cottonwood and Dr. Wangaman in Ogden. There were seven homoeopathic practitioners in Utah in 1876, twelve in 1886, thirteen in 1896, and sixteen in 1904. The Utah Homoeopathic Medical Association was organized in Salt L,ake City, January 21, 1892, and was incorporated the same year. For sev- eral years the society maintained a healthful existence, but since 1895 it has become decadent. Homoeopathic physicians in Utah previous to 1886. The date preceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of hoinoeopathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school ; the character x indicates that the physician practiced medicine bo- fore the date given. 1875 Beattie. Jeremiah Salt Lake City 1877 Lindsley, E. x Salt Lake City 1886 Cook. James x Spanish Fork 1886 Mallory. Marv B. Salt Lake Cilv 1877 Crockwell. J. D. M. x Salt Lake 1S86 Nelson, A. R. x Ogden Citv t886 Nelson. R. W. x Ogden 1876 Dobbins. William A. x Salt Lake 1886 Norton, Mrs. H. C. x St. George City 1877 Smith. W. T. x Salt Lake City 1875 Dart, James M. Salt Lake City rS8i Schock, William H. Plateau 1877 Holland, J. x Salt Lake City 1871 Ulrich, Edward Ogden City 1886 Higgins. W. S. x Murray 1855 White. Isaiah * Salt Lake City 1876 Hullinger, H. C. x Big Cottonwood 1877 Wangaman, Dr. x Ogden City ]10M()I':oi'A'I"HY I.V WYOMING. Dr. John Raymond P.owman located in Cheyenne in 1875. He had graduated from the New York Homreopathic Medical College in 1874, and after practicing a year in Grand Rapids went to Wyoming, where he re- 418 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY mained about a year. He probably was the pioneer in that territory. In 1877 Dr. G. E. Gorham located in Cheyenne. The appended list of physicians includes all who have practiced in the state. In 1877 there were but two iiractitioncrs ; in 1886 there were five; in 1899, seven; in 1904, seven. Homoeopathic i)hysicians in \\'\(iiiiin_i:; ])iT\i(ius to 1904. The date pre- ceding^ the name indicates the \ rar tlu' physician bc^an the ])racticc of liomce- opathy. 1881 Barnes, LeRoy S. Laramie i.Sgo Howe, William F. Evanston 1883 Blackburn, Charles H. Evanston 1878 Kucney, B. F. Dayton 1879 Blackburn, Gideon E. Evanston 1808 Lane, Frances. Cody 1874 Bowman, John R. Cheyenne igo2 Mahaf¥ey, Andrew D. Cheyenne .... Churchill, H. J. Evanston 1895 Mills, Mrs. Caroline Evanston .... Foote, N. Fort Fred Steele .... Quinby, S. J. Cheyenne .... Graham, E. B. Cheyenne 1S74 Rccker, A. C. Cheyenne 1883 Green, Wilber F. Sheridan 1800 White, Arthur E. Baggs .... Gorham, G. E. Cheyenne 1898 Wctlaufer, Ellen J. Cheyenne 1882 Kingston, James W. Cheyenne 1898 Wetlaufer, Nelson A. Cheyenne 1881 Holmes, Horace P. Dietz 1879 Woodruff, E. D. Rock Springs HOMOEOPATHY IN THE DAKOTAS. The outspreading of the homoeopathic system in both North and South Dakota has been reasonably ra|)id ; and while the vast region of country north of Nebraska was still a territory several homoeopathic physicians were established within its borders. As 'to who was the pioneer among them, or the year of his advent, is not known, but as early as 1877 Dr. E. O. Plumbe was located and in practice in Canton, Dr. F. L. Richter in Fargo, Dr. N. C. Whitfield in Rapid City in the Black Hills, and Dr. Charles Horace Evans in Vermillion. In 1870 there were no homoeopaths in the territory, but in 1886 there were fifty-three physicians of that school in the region, or ten more than in 1904. The Dakota Homoeopathic Medical Association was organized June 25, 1884, with these officers: Dr. G. V. Parmalee of JMitchell, president ; Dr. J. M. Westfall of Watertown, vice-president; Dr. C. C. Hufif of Huron, sec- retary; Dr. M. L. Reed of Ashton. treasurer; Drs. H. Ross of Huron, M. H, Chamberlain of Pierre and G. A1. DePu\- of Jamestown, censors. On the admission of Dakota into the sisterhood of states the society just men- tioned ceased to exist, and in its stead was organized the South Dakota State Homoeopatliic Medical Society, which came into existence May 16, 1893, both by informal organization and incorporation. It still exists, has about fiftv members, holds regular annual meetings, and is in all respects a healthful body. Homoeopathic physicians in the Dakotas jjrevious to 188^). The date preceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoeopathy. The character * indicates that the practitioner originally was of some other school ; the character x indicates that the physician practiced medicine before the date given. 1881 Anderson, Horace G. Grand Rapids 1S82 Buchanan. J. Yankton 1866 Bell, James P. Canton 1881 Bennett, Gilbert P. Sioux Falls 1877 Baker, J. A. Castalia 1881 Bennett, Mrs. Alma S. Sioux Falls 1882 Buchanan, Helen M. Yankton .... Carpenter, A. J. Yankton HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 419 1878 Chamberlin, Myron H. Pierre 1868 Calvert, Williaai J. Dawson .... Cox. J. P. Sykeston .... Cushman, R. A. De Smet .... Churchill, H. J. Hermosa 1865 Davis, D. A. Forestburg 1881 DePuy, Richard G. Jamestown .... Donaldson, E. S. Sanborn 1883 Epps, Franklin Blunt Elliott, L. W. Watertown .... Everly, W. E. Twin Brook 1869 Evans, C. Horace Vermillion .... Fowler, D. C. Aberdeen 1878 Franklin, William A. Bismarck .... Folsom, E. Fargo 1885 Fluno, F. J. Flandeau .... Fiege, Mrs. F. Lake Byron 1880 Fulford, George H. Sioux Falls 1878 Goeschel, Louis New Salem 1885 Hassler, Frank Pierce .... Higgins, C. W. Brookings 1872 Hill, Sylvester J. Fargo 1885 Hill, Anna S. Fargo 1881 Huff. C. C. Huron .... Iverson, A. M. Alexandria .... Kinney, D. S. Deadwood x88i Kendrick, Fayette B. Bismarck .... Karten, J. W. Ludden 1878 Lane, D. E. Lead City 1880 Link, O. C. .Mtoona 1873 Marcy, A. L. Sioux Falls .... McGowan, H. B. Bismarck McKay, J. H. Castleton 1876 McKay, Augustus F. * Fargo .... Martinet/, A. V. Grand Forks .... Matthews, T. W. Hudson 188s 1X78 1877 1878 1883 T&S4 1857 1883 1877 1876 t868 1874 1S82 Maltbie, E. H. Huron Mattson, N. Puckwana Morse, S. E. Miller Murray, Elmore W. Redfield Neville, Abby S. Woonsocket Neville, H. Woonsocket Odell, D. W. Athol Perkins, Mrs. W. T. Bismarck Perkins, J. Kate Bismarck Parmelee, G. V. Mitchell Plumba, E. O. x Canton Plackett, R. Redfield Primm, J. W. Wessington Read, Edward W. Mandan Remington, Frederick A. Woon- socket Richter, F. L. Fargo Russell, M. L. V. La^Moure Rockwell, C. B. Wahpeton Rogers, Alexander H. Plankington Reed, M. L. Ashton Rosenbaum, F. W. Canton Robertson. B. Fargo Rutledge, Samuel W. Grand Forks Ross, H. Huron Sage, R. W. Parker Sill, E. E. Huron Spates, F. C. Milbank Sullivan, D. T. Bristol Smith, J. Howard Groton Tuttle, Adelmer M. Chamberlain Vidal, James W. Valley City Wheeler, H. W. Custer City Whitfield, N. C. Puckwana Wood. E. H. Ree Heights Wes'tfall, I. M. Watertown I IIOMOKOPATIIV IN ARIZONA. There is record of a Dr. II. J. Morrison, located in Sacaton in 1876. In 1886 Dr. John J. Miller, a graduate of the homoeopathic department of the University of Michigan in 1880, was located in Clifton. In 1890 Dr. Wilford Washington Fetterman, a graduate of the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia in 1872, was in Tombstone. In 1893 Dr. Charles D. Beldcn, a graduate of the New York Homoeopathic Medical College in 1868, and Dr. William L. Woodrufif, a graduate of the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia in 1882, were located in Phoenix. Dr. H. H. Pilling was in Tucson. In 1896 Dr. A. E. Marden was in Harqua Hala, Dr. Charles D. Belden in Phoenix, Dr. Henry H. Pilling in Tucson, and Dr. G. W. Horney in Williams. These were the only .hor.ioeojjathists then in the territory. In 1899 there were fifteen homoeopathic practitioners in Arizona, seven of them being located in Phanix. In 1904 there were twelve in the territory, three of whom were in Phoenix, three in Prescott, one in Chloride, one in Mesa, one in Troy, one in Tombstone and two in Tucson. The Arizona State Homoeopathic Medical Association was organized in 1900, but no meetings have been held since 1902, it being difficult for the members to assemble. 420 TTTSTORV OF HOMO^OPATTTY HomcEOi)athic physicians in Arizona previous to 1900. The date pre- ceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoe- opathy. The character x indicates that the physician practiced medicine be- fore the date given. 1868 Belden, Charles D. Phoenix 1885 Jones, A. Cuvier Tucson 1885 Burgess, Grant Phoenix RlcNally, J. B. Prescott 1879 Butler, Edward Prescott 1889 Marden, Augustus E. Harqua Hala .... Davis, John B. Morcnci 1877 Morrison, H. J. x Sacaton Davis, William J. Morenci 1880 Miller, John J. Clifton .... Evans, John M. Phoenix 1870 Pilling, Henry H. Tucson 1872 Fetterman, Wilford W. Tombstone 1864 Pool, Josiah Schultz 1857 Goodwin, David M. Phoenix .... Thomas, John Wix Phoenix .... Hawley, Amasa S. Phoenix 1874 Tuttle, A. M. Phoenix Hyde, 'William A. Phoenix 1882 Woodruff, William L. Phoenix .... Ingalls, Mrs. E. A. Phoenix HOMOEOPATHY IN IDAHO. As early as 1877 ^^'- ^- ^"'- Strong was practicing homoeopathy in Idaho City. In 1886 there were five practitioners in the territory, among them Dr. Daniel H. Bricn, a gradtiate in 1885 of Hahnemann Medical College of Chi- cago, at Delta; Dr. J. Q. IMaxley at Lewiston ; Dr. G. A. Kenney at Salmon City ; Dr. ,S}lvester P. Hunt at Salubria, and Dr. A. E. Sanders at Moscow. In 1890 there were eight homoeopathic physicians in the territory, five in 1893, eleven in 1899, and twelve in 1904. Homoeopathic practitioners in Idaho previous to 1900. The date pre- ceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoe- opathy. 1883 Adair, William A. Moscow 1869 Hunt, Sylvester P. Salubria 1885 Brien, Daniel H. Delta 1891 Hughes, J. Edwin Moscow .... Blake, H. B. Moscow 1896 Tnman, L. F. Lewiston 1897 Beck, John A. Genessee 1891 January, J. W^ Boise 1887 Beck, Peter S. Genessee .... Kenney, G. A. Salmon City 1872 Bearby, M. Jennie Mountain Home .... Maxley, J. Q. Lewiston 1879 CoUister, George Boise 1891 Rogers. Rebecca W. Caldwell Campbell, U. G. Wallace .... Sanders. A. E. Moscow 1886 Gill, Dr. Lewiston .... Strong. D. G. Idaho City 1897 Hamilton, Angelina G. Lewiston 1883 Ustiqk, Harlan Page Boise i86g Henry, George A. Salmon IlOMOKOl'ATHV IN ALASKA. So far as concerns the planting of homoeopathy in far off Alaska little is known, except that in 1877 ^^^- Janies Johnston was living and practicing in Sitka, and seemed to hold the territory without competition for several years. In 1896 Dr. William A. Egbert was in Juneau. He graduated in 1875 from the Homoeopathic Hospital College of Cleveland. In 1899 Dr. James K. Perrine, a graduate in 1893 'of Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia, and Dr. Edwin Rollin Gregg, also of Hahnemann, class ot 1892, were practicing in Dawson City, while at that time Dr. Egbert was still at Juneau, Dr. Horatio Richmond Marsh at Point Barrow, and Dr. B. K. Wilbur at Sitka. In 1898 Dr. Harrison Seth Pelton, a graduate of the homceopathic med- ical college in San Erancisco in 1888, and a previous practitioner in Oak- land, sailed as surgeon on a ship sent out by eastern capitalists bound for TITSTORY OF TTOMCEOPATHY 421 Kotzebiie Sound. They arrived there in July, 1898, and went up the Kovvark river three hundred and fifty miles and wintered. There was much sickness in the party during the winter, but Dr. Pelton cared for the sufferers in the company and also in another party several miles distant. While thus em- ployed he was frozen to death in a blizzard. Dr. Horatio R. Marsh is the only homoeopath now in the region mentioned. Homoeopathic physicians in Alaska previous to 1904. The date pre- ceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homceopathy. The character x indicates that the physician practiced medi- cine before the date given. 1875 Egbert, William A. Juneau 1888 Pelton, Harrison S. Kowark River i8q2 Gregg, Edward R. Dawson City 1893 Perrine, James K. M. Dawson City 1877 Johnston, James x Sitka 1891 Wilbur, B. K. Sitka 1897 JNIarsh, Horatio R. Barrow (Hoonah) 422 HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY CHAPTER XLI. HOMOEOPATHY IN ARKANSAS, NEVADA, INDIAN TERRITORY, WASHINGTON, NEW MEXICO AND OKLAHOMA. By Thomas Lindsley Bradford, M. D. The " North American Journal of Homoeopathy " for April, 1847, says : " The following loiul voice from Arkansas is an extract from a letter received a few days since from an old and valued friend, to whom I have occasionally sent a pamphlet on' the subject of homoeopathy." The friend in question said that he entered upon the study of the Hahne- mannian system " with a degree of pleasure unknown at any time " during his long sojourn of guessing in the allopathic school ; and further : " I shall send on in a short time for such works as will aid me in reducing to practice such rules as are laid down, and hope that you will occasionally lend a hand in aiding a mind somewhat blunted by fifty-eight years of exercise and dulled by its attachment to doctrines which T now believe to be altogether hvpo- thetical." The first record of a homoeopathic physician in Arkansas is that of Dr. E. D. Ayers, who introduced homoeopathy in Little Rock in 1859, and to whom always has been accorded the honor of having been the pioneer of the system in the state. In 1876 there were nine homoeopathic physicians in the state; in 1878 there were ten; in 1899, thirty-four; and in 1904, according to the best information obtainable, thirty-six. In the year last mentioned there were six homoeopaths in Little Rock and ten in Hot Springs. The Arkansas State Homoeopathic Medical Association was organized in Little Rock, April 12, 1903, with these officers: Dr. W. E. Green of Little Rock, president ; Dr. V. W. Hallman of Hot Springs, vice-president ; Dr. Z. N. Short of Hot Springs, secretary ; Dr. P. C Williams of Texarkana. treasurer. Members in 1904, twenty. The Pulaski County Homoeopathic Medical Society, organized in Little Rock, May 24, 1887, was the first and for a long time the only society of homoeopathic physicians in the state. Dr. J. H. HadfieUi settled in Little Rock in 1859, remained there until 1863 and then returned to Cincinnati. He was a physician of note and the inventor of the Iladfield equalizer, used in the treatment of paralysis. Dr. E. Darwin Ayers. formerly of New York, located in Little Rock in 1859, practiced there until the close of the civil war, when he engaged in other pursuits ; but in 1876 he returned to practice and so continued until his death, in 1903. Dr. H. D. L. Webster of Cleveland came to Little Rock about 1869, prac- ticed there a few years and then returned to Ohio. In 1870 Dr. A. J. Wright of Bloomington, Ills., settled in Little Rock, and died in 1872. Among the other early practitioners in the state mention may be made of Dr. Pierce, who practiced in Ft. Smith after about 1869; Dr. W. E. Green, in Little Rock; Dr. Eugene Smith of Nashville, who also practiced in Little Rock ; also Dr. John Bull of Wisconsin, in Little Rock ; Drs. John B. Brooks and L. S. Ord- HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 423 way, who located at the Hot Springs about 1874 and were the pioneers of homoeopathy in that section ; and Dr. J. C. Daily, who settled in Ft. Smith in 1883 ^"d died there in 1900. Homoeopathic physicians in Arkansas jirevious to 1880. The date pre- ceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoe- opathy. The character "'' indicates that tlic j^ractitioner original!}- was of some other school ; the character x indicates that the physician practiced medi- cine before the date given. 1859 1864 1871 1870 1875 1877 1883 1872 1877 1873 1859 Ayers, E. Darwin Little Rock Brooks, John B. Hot Springs Bull, John Little Rock Chambers, E. W. * Bentonvillc Cline, A. H. x Fort Smith Collins, A. H. X Little Rock Daily, J. C. Fort Smfth Dobbins, W. A. Carlisle Dungan, H. D. x Little Rock Green, William E. Little Rock Hadfield, J. H. Little Rock 1876 McCalmont, J. J. x Hot Springs . . . . Nestman, Fred Helena Ordway, L. S. x Hot Springs Pierce, C. W. x Fort Smith Streeter, George D. x Hot Springs Smith, E. R. x Little Rock 1876 Walker, A. x Little Rock 1876 Weathers, I. V. Hollywood i86q Webster, H. D. L. Little Rock 1S70 Wright, A. J. Little Rock 1877 Wright, J. H. X Van Buren 1877 1S76 1876 1876 HOMOEOPATHY IN NEVADA. The first disciple of Hahnemann to set up the standard nf homoeopathy in what now is the state of Nevada, but then was a territorial jurisdiction, was Dr. Frederick Hiller, a former resident of Nevada City in California, and who located in Virginia City in 1862, remained there until 1870 and then removed to San Francisco. He is said to have traveled at times as far as three hundred miles over the mountains in visiting his patients. In speaking of his professional experiences in the far west, Dr. Miller said : " I am yet the only homoeopathic practitioner in the state of Nevada, but I hope that soon this number may multiply ; here is and will be a large field for work." Soon afterward the desires of the pioneer were satisfied, for in 1870 Dr. E. A. Wild was in practice in Austin, and Drs. E. R. and H. Knapp in Vir- ginia City. In 1886 Dr. L. A. Herrick was in Carson City, Dr. L. Kent in Ward, Dr. A. Marlotte in Columbus and Dr. Frederick H. Parker in Vir- ginia City. In 1904 there were only two homoeopathic practitioners in the state, Dr. Phillipina Wagner in Carson City and Dr. Floyd J. Nutting in Searchlight. Homoeopathic physicians in Nevada previous to 1886. The date preced- ing the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoe- opathy. The character x indicates that the physician practiced medicine before the date given. 1872 Fetterman, Wilford W. Virginia 1885 Marlotte, A. x Columbus City 1876 Herrick, L. A. Carson City 1852 Hiller, Frederick Virginia City 1851 Knapp, HeiiVy Virginia City .... Knapp, E. R. Virginia City 1872 Kent, Luke Ward Price, R. Eureka 1S71 Packer, Fred H. Virginia City .... Parker, Dr. Virginia City 1885 Richardson, A. S. x Belmont 1859 Stevenson, Eady Virginia City .... Tufts, J. E. Virginia City 424 HISTORY OF HO M CEO PATH Y HOMOEOPATHY IN INDIAN TERRITORY. Dr. Nathaniel \"an Wert Wright settled at Okmulgee in 1881, being the pioneer homoeopath in that region. He graduated from the St. Louis College of Homoeopathic Medicine and Surgery in 1881, and at, once went to the Indian Territory, where he remained twelve years. He then returned to Baltimore, his native town, and died there February 16, 1895. In 1890 Dr. Jonas W. Fishor, a graduate of the Chicago Homoeopathic ^ledical College, was locatctl at Oklahoma. In 1896 Mrs. C. J. Rutherford was located at Wagoner. In 1904 the following physicians were located in the territorv : Dr. Julius H. Peterman at Ardmore : Dr. Elmer H. Cutts at Bradley; Dr. George H. Harry at Leon ; Dr. George C. Hatfield at Newburg ; Dr. Samuel B. Leslie at Okmulgee ; Dr. Bertrand M. Porter at Rush Springs ; Dr. Martin E. Plumstead at Sapulpa ; and Dr. Xoah B. Ruhl at Sulphur. Homoeopathic physicians in the Indian Territory previous to 1904. The date preceding the name indicates the year the physician began the i)ractice of homoeopathy. The character x indicates that the j^hysician practiced medi- cine before the date given. 1899 Cutts, Elmer H. Bradley 1889 Porter, Bertrand M. Rush Sprinss 1879 Fisher. Jonas Oklahoma 1897 Phmistead, Martin E. Sapulpa 1898 Harry. George H. Leon 1896 Rutherford. Mrs. Z. J. x Wagoner. 1870 Hatfield. George C. Newburg Creek Nation 1902 Leslie, Samuel B. Okmulgee iSq6 Ruhl, Noah B. Sulphur 1894 Peterman, Julius H. .Ardmore 1881 Wright, Nathaniel V. Okmulgee HOMOEOPATHY I .V WASHINGTON. The first homaopathic physician to locate in what now is the state oi \\'ashington was Dr. Alvan Bagley, a graduate in 1855 of the Western Col lege of Homoeopathic Medicine, and who settled for practice in Seattle some- time previous to 1875. Dr. Herman Beardsley 'graduated from the same insti- tution in 1865 and subsequently located in Seattle. Dr. H. B. Bagley, also a practitioner, died in Seattle in 1899. Dr. Charles E. Grove began practice in Spokane in 1889. He graduated at Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia in the same year. Dr. Fred- erick W. South worth, a graduate in 1887 of the medical department of the University of Iowa, located in Tacoma in 1888. Dr. Francis B. Kellogg settled there in 1889, having graduated in 1887 from the Xew York Homoe- opathic Medical College. Dr. W. W. Mysner came to Tacoina soon after 1890. In 1876 there were four homoeopathic practitioners in the state ; in 1886. eighteen; in 1896, forty-three; in 1904, fifty-eight, of whom, in that year, four were in Dayton, fourteen in Seattle, eleven in Spokane, five in Tacoma, and three in Walla Walla. The Washington State Homcjeopathic Medical Society was organized in Seattle in November, 1889. The Tacoma Homoeopathic Academy of Medi- cine was organized in 1890. The Homoeopathic Medical Society of King County was organized in September, 1889. Homoeopathic physicians in Washington previous to 1886. The date preceding the name indicates the year the ])hysician began the practice of homoeopathy. The character * mdicates that the practitioner originally was HISTORY OF HOMCEOPATHY 425 of some other school ; the character x iiKHcatcs that the physician practiced medicine hefore the date given. 185s 1865 1868 1883 1852 1882 1877 1875 Bagley, Alven Seattle Bagley, Herman B. Seattle Booth, H. W. Cheney Capps, William Centralia Day, William W. * Dayton Churchill, Frederick A. Seattle DeVoe, Miss Marmora Seattle Egbert, W. A. Walla Walla Mineer, W. S. Waitsburg 1883 Mysner. William W. Tacoma 1872 Munson, Clinton Tacoma 1880 Pcnfield, Charles S. Spokane Falls 1869 Rico, William H. 'i'acoma 1886 Simmons, Mrs. N. J. Waitsburg 187s "Vandervoort, M. x Walla Walla Whituorth, F. H. Seattle 1884 Whitworth, Geo. F., Jr. Olympia HOMOEOPATHY IN NEW MEXICO. It cannot he said that New Mexico ever has been rich in homceopathic history, although the practice has been fully rooted there for more than twenty years. In 1893 there were eight physicians in the territory, six in 1896, eight in 1899, and twelve in 1904. Among the early practitioners in the territory mention may be made of Drs. M. D. Alien. J. ^1. Cunningham and J. H. Sutfin in Las Vegas ; Dr. C. L. Kendall in Lordsburgh, and Dr. William Eggert in Santa Fe. Homoeopathic physicians in New i\Iexico previous to 1900. The date preceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoeopathy. , .... Allen, M. D. Las Vegas 1883 Beals, W. Guy Tierra Bianca Sierra 1893 Bishop, Frank D. Albuquerqwe 1887 Bishop, Marian S. Albuquerque 1874 Blinn, Elmer P. Chloride .... Burgess, Manus Albuquerque .... Calk-n, J. A. Tiptonville 1870 Cunningham, J. M. Las Vegas j8go Edmond-son, R. H. Bernalillo 1863 Eggert, Wnnam Santa Fe .... ^lahafFy, A. L. Albuquerque 1894 Matchett, John Dorlores 1889 Marden, A. E. Mescalero .... Kendall, Mrs. C. L. Lordsburg .... Sutfin, J. H. Las Vegas 1888 Shepard, William T. Albuquerque .... Stevens, M. D. Albuquerque .... Wilms, Frederick Gallup HOMOEOPATHY IN OKLAHOMA. This territory was organized in 1P90, and three years later, in 1893. the following homcEopathic practitioners were located there: Dr. George W. Light in Britton ; Dr. John Harrington in El Reno ; Dr. W. A. F^rasier in Hennessy, and Drs. Charles A. Dean and Jonas W. Fisher in Oklahoma. In 1896 there were seven homoeopathic physicians in the territory; in 1899 there were six- teen, and in 1904. forty, three being located in Guthrie. Homoeopathic physicians in Oklahoma previous to 1904. The date pre- ceding the name indicates the year the physician began the practice of homoe- opathy. 1862 Atkinson, Mrs. S. E. Oklahoma 1882 Boulson, Isaac C. Clifton 1890 Brown, F. A. Oklahoma Dean, Charles A. Oklahoma 1893 Edington, A. L. Bond 1885 Frasier, E. A. Holt 1879 Fisher, Jonas W. Oklahoma 1878 Harrington, John El Reno 1895 Hamilton, Wilbur S. Norman 1S88 Kimberley, W. T. Guthrie 1869 Light, George W. Britton 1876 McMurty, R. F. Ingalls 1862 Moore, S. A. Perry 1868 Morse, Martin V. B. Noble 1866 Pearce, Clinton W. Cleveland 1897 Petty. C. S. Guthrie 1896 Ruhl, Noah B. Edmond 1888 Steele, Corwin J. Chandler 1878 Southard, Robert W. Perry 1868 Vandervort, M. Guthrie UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. Biomedical L>Draky JUNO 3 199Z Rfc.CtlvEd) J« 315 '%^r JHBgH M--^ i j ■ L^Si^